Arsenic Poisoning - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARSENIC POISONING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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ARSENIC POISONING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Arsenic Poisoning: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00089-X 1. Arsenic Poisoning-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on arsenic poisoning. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARSENIC POISONING ................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Arsenic Poisoning ......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARSENIC POISONING ...................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Arsenic Poisoning........................................................................ 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARSENIC POISONING ................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 53 ARSENIC POISONING DICTIONARY ..................................................................................... 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 69

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with arsenic poisoning is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about arsenic poisoning, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to arsenic poisoning, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on arsenic poisoning. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to arsenic poisoning, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on arsenic poisoning. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARSENIC POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on arsenic poisoning.

Federally Funded Research on Arsenic Poisoning The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to arsenic poisoning. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to arsenic poisoning. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore arsenic poisoning. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for arsenic poisoning: •

Project Title: A CONTINUOUS MONITOR FOR ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER Principal Investigator & Institution: Dietze, William T.; Tracedetect, Inc. 180 N Canal St Seattle, Wa 98103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): TraceDetect and Frontier Geosciences aim to develop a stand-alone ASV instrument with performance that is comparable to or better

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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than most atomic spectroscopic detectors currently used for the determination of arsenic in waters. This instrument will also constantly monitor the concentration of arsenic in any fluid stream. We have designed an on-line pretreatment system and a novel flowcell that will use the patented and proven technology of Nano-Band (TM) Electrodes to determine arsenic concentrations at or below 0.2 ppb. This innovative trace metal monitor integrates our advanced-technology Nano-Band Electrodes with an integrated fluidics system and instrument controller capable of automated measurements. It will also feature in-situ sensor regeneration and calibration, and a sample pretreatment manifold to extract and speciate arsenic in the incoming stream of drinking water. The development plan starts with construction and testing of a prototype system, including viable pretreatment chemistries which will allow arsenic speciation and suppression of interferences from organic compounds (fouling) and other metals (false positives). The successful prototype system will be beta tested: on-site performance will determine the final Phase Ill design and feature specification of the product. Successful completion will be immediately beneficial and commercially viable: arsenic exposure is a worldwide problem, and chronic arsenic poisoning is a serious issue for China, Taiwan, Thailand, Mexico, Chile, India, and Bangladesh. The sources of arsenic exposure vary from burning arsenic-rich coal (China) and mining activities (Malaysia, Japan), to the ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water (Bangladesh, Taiwan, Inner Mongolia, China). Furthermore, the US EPA considers arsenic to be a contaminant of primary concern (CPC). Even though the target concentration of arsenic in drinking water is 0 mu g/L, in a compromise between technical feasibility, economic impact, analytical capabilities and toxicological concerns, the US EPA has lowered the drinking water criterion for arsenic to 10 mu g/L. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOLOGICAL FATE OF ARSENIC SPECIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Aposhian, H Vasken.; Professor; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The biochemical fate of inorganic arsenate and arsenite and their biotransformants are the major interest of this laboratory. Elucidation of the fate of inorganic arsenic in mammals would be expected to lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of chronic inorganic arsenic poisoning, which is an ongoing public health problem in many countries, such as India, China, Chile, Mexico, Bangladesh, Inner Mongolia, Argentina and Taiwan and a potential one in the United States. Inorganic arsenic in the drinking water of millions of people has become a problem of global proportions. Populations are drinking water containing levels of arsenic that far exceed the maximum contamination levels established by World Health Organization and the United States EPA. Arsenic is a carcinogen for humans. Yet, how the human and other mammals process and detoxify the toxic inorganic forms of arsenic is still beset by conflicting reports, ambiguities and unknowns. This laboratory plans to study the enzymes in the human body that modifies the toxicity of arsenic species. This will be done by purifying these enzymes and studying their molecular mechanisms of action. Inhibitors of this process will also be sought as a possible way to block conversion to any carcinogenic biotransformant. A compound of high concentration is the cell is glutathione and it is known to form complexes with arsenic species. We shall study these complexes and determine the role of glutathione in how arsenic species efflux the cell. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMMUNITY ASSIST OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA Principal Investigator & Institution: Estrada, Ramon M.; Program Director; Child and Family Resources, Inc. 1040 N Alvernon Way Tucson, Az 85711 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provide by applicant) The long term objectives of the community-directed Community Assist of Southern Arizona (CASA) are to reduce the communities' exposures to environmental pollutants, link members of communities who are affected by adverse environmental conditions with healthcare providers, provide relevant and culturally sensitive information about environmental pollutants, promote a communitywide interest in the project, and act as a liaison between researchers and agencies and communities to help disseminate research results in an easy to understand format. The specific aim of this project is to expand the Child Health Champion Campaign (CHCC) in four ways: 1) to include all border regions of southern Arizona where Child & Family Resources, Inc. has an office (Nogales, Douglas, southern metropolitan Tucson, and Yuma; 2) to include additional information on mitigation measures and to assist with families' mitigation; 3) to expand the program to include additional environmental health areas of concern to the communities, in particular childhood lead poisoning; and 4) to further act as liaison between the community and researchers and government agencies. The two measurable goals of CASA are reduction in the number of visits to school nurses caused by respiratory illnesses and reduction in the number of childhood lead and arsenic poisoning cases reported by doctors and laboratories. The objectives which define the design and methods of the project are to finish laboratory analysis of items of concern for heavy metals; to develop survey instruments appropriate for each community; to conduct a minimum of 200 home visits in each community; complete mitigation in at least 75% of those homes requiring and desiring mitigation; to conduct six workshops for parents and children in each community; to develop at least one school program in each community; to present at least one radio broadcast in each community; of those identified with health problems, to assist at least 75% to obtain medical care; to conduct at least one workshop for farmacias and yerberias on the heavy metal content of home remedies; and to complete the evaluation of the project and the input of researchers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with arsenic poisoning, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for arsenic poisoning (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid in human arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Lenz K, Hruby K, Druml W, Eder A, Gaszner A, Kleinberger G, Pichler M, Weiser M. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1981 June; 47(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6268016

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Activation analyses of authenticated hairs of Napoleon Bonaparte confirm arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Weider B, Fournier JH. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1999 December; 20(4): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10624934

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Acute and chronic arsenic poisoning associated with treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Author(s): Huang SY, Chang CS, Tang JL, Tien HF, Kuo TL, Huang SF, Yao YT, Chou WC, Chung CY, Wang CH, Shen MC, Chen YC. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1998 December; 103(4): 1092-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886325

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Acute arsenic poisoning from ingestion of "snakes". Author(s): Brayer AF, Callahan CM, Wax PM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1997 December; 13(6): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9434999

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Acute arsenic poisoning treated by intravenous dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and combined extrarenal epuration techniques. Author(s): Hantson P, Haufroid V, Buchet JP, Mahieu P. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12645960

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Acute arsenic poisoning: absence of polyneuropathy after treatment with 2,3dimercaptopropanesulphonate (DMPS). Author(s): Moore DF, O'Callaghan CA, Berlyne G, Ogg CS, Davies HA, House IM, Henry JA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 September; 57(9): 1133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8089687

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Acute arsenic poisoning: clinical and histopathological features. Author(s): Bartolome B, Cordoba S, Nieto S, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 141(6): 1106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606861

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Acute respiratory failure following severe arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Greenberg C, Davies S, McGowan T, Schorer A, Drage C. Source: Chest. 1979 November; 76(5): 596-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=227646

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An epidemic of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Dreifuss FE, Stewart LF, Joseph B, Feibel J. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1972 July; 99(7): 746-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5038214

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An epidemiological study on cancer in certified arsenic poisoning patients in Toroku. Author(s): Tsuda T, Nagira T, Yamamoto M, Kume Y. Source: Ind Health. 1990; 28(2): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2376527

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An epidemiological study on cancer in certified arsenic poisoning patients in Toroku. Author(s): Tsuda T, Kume Y, Yamamoto M, Nagira T, Aoyama H. Source: Sangyo Igaku. 1987 November; 29(6): 496-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3448315

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An investigation of an arsenic poisoning case. Author(s): Edwards WC, Clay BR. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1979 June; 21(3): 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=462732

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An unsuspected arsenic poisoning murder disclosed by forensic autopsy. Author(s): Mackell MA, Gantner GE, Poklis A, Graham M. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1985 December; 6(4): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4072994

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Arsenic poisoning after a barbecue. Author(s): Geschke AM, Lynch V, Rouch GJ, Golec R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 September 2; 165(5): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816697

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Arsenic poisoning and peripheral neuropathy. Author(s): Hay R, McCormack JG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1987 March; 16(3): 287, 289. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3038063

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Arsenic poisoning and seizures. Author(s): Ortel TL, Bedrosian CL, Simel DL. Source: N C Med J. 1987 December; 48(12): 627-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3480434

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Arsenic poisoning as anesthetic risk. Author(s): Wang BC, Mazzia VD. Source: N Y State J Med. 1969 November 15; 69(22): 2911-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5260119

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Arsenic poisoning associated with the burning of arsenic-treated timber. Author(s): Aitken I. Source: P N G Med J. 1976 June; 19(2): 103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1071851

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Arsenic poisoning in a family. Author(s): Jha S, Dhanuka AK, Singh MN. Source: Neurology India. 2002 September; 50(3): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391471

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Arsenic poisoning in a glass factory in Kingston, Jamaica. Author(s): Harris EN, Rodney B. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1982 December; 31(4): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7157793

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Arsenic poisoning in central Kentucky: a case report. Author(s): Kelafant GA, Kasarskis EJ, Horstman SW, Cohen C, Frank AL. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993 December; 24(6): 723-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7508681

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Arsenic poisoning in childhood. Author(s): St Petery J, Rennert OM, Choi H, Wolfson S. Source: Clin Toxicol. 1970 December; 3(4): 519-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5520442

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Arsenic poisoning in childhood. An unusual case report with special notes on therapy with penicillamine. Author(s): Kuruvilla A, Bergeson PS, Done AK. Source: Clin Toxicol. 1975; 8(5): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1222525

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Arsenic poisoning in groundwater: health risk and geochemical sources in Bangladesh. Author(s): Anawar HM, Akai J, Mostofa KM, Safiullah S, Tareq SM. Source: Environment International. 2002 February; 27(7): 597-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871394

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Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta. Author(s): Chowdhury TR, Basu GK, Mandal BK, Biswas BK, Samanta G, Chowdhury UK, Chanda CR, Lodh D, Roy SL, Saha KC, Roy S, Kabir S, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Source: Nature. 1999 October 7; 401(6753): 545-6; Discussion 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524620

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Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta. Author(s): Acharyya SK, Chakraborty P, Lahiri S, Raymahashay BC, Guha S, Bhowmik A. Source: Nature. 1999 October 7; 401(6753): 545; Discussion 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524619

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Arsenic poisoning in West Bengal. Author(s): Subramanian KS. Source: Science. 1996 November 22; 274(5291): 1287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8966593

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Arsenic poisoning in West Bengal. Author(s): Saha DP. Source: Science. 1996 November 22; 274(5291): 1287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8966592

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Arsenic poisoning mimicking polyneuritic leprosy. Author(s): Sharma VK, Soni A, Prabhakar S, Kaur I, Kumar B. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1998 June; 66(2): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728460

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Arsenic poisoning seen at Duke Hospital, 1965-1998. Author(s): Hunt E, Hader SL, Files D, Corey GR. Source: N C Med J. 1999 March-April; 60(2): 70-4. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: N C Med J 1999 May-June; 60(3): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344130

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Arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Fuortes L. Source: Iowa Med. 1988 December; 78(12): 571-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3068187

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Arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Gorby MS. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 September; 149(3): 308-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3051677

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Arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hutton JT, Christians BL, Dippel RL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 October 21; 307(17): 1080. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7121521

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Arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Massey EW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 January; 74(1): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7455758

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Arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Schoolmeester WL, White DR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1980 February; 73(2): 198-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7355321

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Arsenic poisoning. Ongoing diagnostic and social problem. Author(s): Fuortes L. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1988 January; 83(1): 233-4, 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336607

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Arsenic poisoning: acute or chronic? Suicide or murder? Author(s): Poklis A, Saady JJ. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1990 September; 11(3): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2220708

Studies

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Arsenic poisoning: long-term follow-up of a nonfatal case. Author(s): O'Shaughnessy E, Kraft GH. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1976 August; 57(8): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=949239

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Arsenic poisoning--an occupational hazard. Author(s): Fernando RL. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1973 September; 18(3): 150-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4793729

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Arsenic residues in well water 36 y after endemic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Nakadaira H, Nakamura K, Mutoh K, Yamamoto M, Katoh K. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 September-October; 55(5): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063413

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Bangladeshis to sue over arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Clarke T. Source: Nature. 2001 October 11; 413(6856): 556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595905

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Caveats in hair analysis in chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hindmarsh JT. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 February; 35(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937073

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Chronic arsenic poisoning as a cause of increased hepatic density with CT. Author(s): Dick L, Parker LA, Mauro MA. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1990 September-October; 14(5): 8289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2398171

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Chronic arsenic poisoning from burning high-arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China. Author(s): Liu J, Zheng B, Aposhian HV, Zhou Y, Chen ML, Zhang A, Waalkes MP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 February; 110(2): 119-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836136

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Chronic arsenic poisoning from tube-well water. Author(s): Garai R, Chakraborty AK, Dey SB, Saha KC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1984 January; 82(1): 34-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6747321

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Chronic arsenic poisoning from well water in a mining area in Thailand. Author(s): Foy HM, Tarmapai S, Eamchan P, Metdilogkul O. Source: Asia Pac J Public Health. 1992-93; 6(3): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1342803

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Chronic arsenic poisoning in opium addicts in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Balachandra AT, Balasooriya BA, Athukorale DN, Perera CS, Henry KD. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1983 March; 28(1): 29-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6667522

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Chronic arsenic poisoning in the north of Mexico. Author(s): Cebrian ME, Albores A, Aguilar M, Blakely E. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1983 January; 2(1): 121-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6840787

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Chronic arsenic poisoning masquerading as Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Goddard MJ, Tanhehco JL, Dau PC. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 September; 32(9): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1396293

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Chronic arsenic poisoning masquerading as pernicious anemia. Author(s): Selzer PM, Ancel MA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1983 August; 139(2): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6636735

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Chronic arsenic poisoning mimicking Gottron's rash. Author(s): Wakhlu A, Aggarwal A, Misra R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 February; 30(2): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563706

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Chronic arsenic poisoning resembling muscular dystrophy. Author(s): McCutchen JJ, Utterback RA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1966 October; 59(10): 1139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5925401

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Chronic arsenic poisoning, a problem in anesthetic management. Author(s): Rees I, Adelman M, Pratilas V. Source: Anesthesiology. 1979 July; 51(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=453599

Studies

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Chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hall AH. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 March 10; 128(1-3): 69-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869818

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Chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Kunin RA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1983 November; 139(5): 714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6659498

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Chronic arsenic poisoning--an elusive and costly problem. Case reports. Author(s): Gorelick FS, Eckrich JD, Ross R. Source: Mo Med. 1975 April; 72(4): 187-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1128497

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Chronic environmental arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Piamphongsant T. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 38(6): 401-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397578

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Chronic renal insufficiency from cortical necrosis induced by arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Gerhardt RE, Hudson JB, Rao RN, Sobel RE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 August; 138(8): 1267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=677984

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Clinical epidemiological studies on endemic chronic arsenic poisoning in children and adults, including observations on children with high- and low-intake of dietary arsenic. Author(s): Zaldivar R, Ghai GL. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [b]. 1980; 170(5-6): 409-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7424281

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Complications of chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Ahasan HA. Source: Trop Doct. 2001 January; 31(1): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205597

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Contaminated opium as a source of chronic arsenic poisoning in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Jayasinghe KS, Misbah SA, Soosainathan S, Canagasundaram A, De Silva D, Sheriff MH, Dharmadasa K. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1983 March; 28(1): 22-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6667521

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Cyanide and arsenic poisoning by intravenous injection. Author(s): DiNapoli J, Hall AH, Drake R, Rumack BH. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 March; 18(3): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2538098

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Decreased serum concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites among Chinese in an endemic area of chronic arsenic poisoning in inner Mongolia. Author(s): Pi J, Kumagai Y, Sun G, Yamauchi H, Yoshida T, Iso H, Endo A, Yu L, Yuki K, Miyauchi T, Shimojo N. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 April 1; 28(7): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832076

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Electrocardiographic changes in acute arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Fennell JS, Stacy WK. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1981 November; 150(11): 338-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7309444

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Electrocardiographic findings with arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Glazener FS, Ellis JG, Johnson PK. Source: Calif Med. 1968 August; 109(2): 158-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5673990

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Element concentrations in urine of patients suffering from chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Xie Y, Miyamoto H, Kondo M, Koga H, Zhang A, Ohmichi M, Inaba Y, Chiba M. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2001 March; 193(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315770

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Encephalomyeloneuropathy in acute arsenic poisoning: an ultrastructural study of the sural nerve. Author(s): Telerman-Toppet N, Flament-Durand J, Khoubesserian P, Couck AM, Lambelin D, Coers C. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 1982; 1(2): 47-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7168918

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Encephalopathy: an uncommon manifestation of workplace arsenic poisoning? Author(s): Morton WE, Caron GA. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1989; 15(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2929604

Studies

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Environmental and clinical investigations on endemic chronic arsenic poisoning in infants and children. Author(s): Zaldivar R, Guillier A. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig B]. 1977 October; 165(2): 226-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=595975

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Epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition studies on low-income population groups from a geographical area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Zaldivar R, Villar I, Wetterstrand WH, Robinson H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [b]. 1978 September; 167(3): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=735567

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Erythroid karyorrhexis in the peripheral blood smear in severe arsenic poisoning: a comparison with lead poisoning. Author(s): Eichner ER. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1984 April; 81(4): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6702757

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Fatal arsenic poisoning without normal anatomical postmortem changes. Author(s): Johnson CA. Source: J Forensic Sci Soc. 1978 July-October; 18(3-4): 205-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=753919

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Fatal arsenic poisoning--a case report. Author(s): Gerhardsson L, Dahlgren E, Eriksson A, Lagerkvist BE, Lundstrom J, Nordberg GF. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988 April; 14(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3387961

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Folic-acid deficiency in chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): van Tongeren JH, Kunst A, Majoor CL, Schillings PH. Source: Lancet. 1965 April 10; 1(7389): 784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4165083

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Follow up of water use in a tin mining area affected with arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Chongsuvivatwong V, Lim A, Dueravee M, Geater A, Ritsamitchai S, Oshikawa S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 December; 31(4): 769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11414427

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Fulminant malignant arrythmia and multiorgan failure in acute arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Civantos DP, Lopez Rodriguez A, Aguado-Borruey JM, Narvaez JA. Source: Chest. 1995 December; 108(6): 1774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7497814

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Further comments on chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hindmarsh JT. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 September; 149(3): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176491

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Half of Bangladesh population at risk of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Mudur G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 March 25; 320(7238): 822. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731160

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Hepatic venoocclusive disease and perisinusoidal fibrosis secondary to arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Labadie H, Stoessel P, Callard P, Beaugrand M. Source: Gastroenterology. 1990 October; 99(4): 1140-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2394335

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Homicidal arsenic poisoning. Medicolegal investigation of four cases. 2. Author(s): Adelson L. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1966 February; 39(2): A-46-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5903657

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Homicidal arsenic poisoning. Medicolegal investigation of four cases. I. Author(s): Adelson L. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1966 January; 39(1): A-72-86 Contd. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5903781

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Idiopathic portal hypertension and chronic arsenic poisoning. Report of a case. Author(s): Chainuvati T, Viranuvatti V. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1979 January; 24(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=154997

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Influence of chronic arsenic poisoning on bone marrow morphology. A case report. Author(s): Pralle H, Manz F. Source: Blut. 1985 January; 50(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967100

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Insidious arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Kaye S. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1969 March; 61(3): 90-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5257358

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Intentional overdose of dimercaptosuccinic acid in the course of treatment for arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Buchwald AL. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(1): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327220

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Lack of clinical symptoms in an acute arsenic poisoning: an unusual case. Author(s): Hernandez AF, Schiaffino S, Ballesteros JL, Gil F, Pla A, Villanueva E. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1998 December; 40(6): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830695

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Leukemia in arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Kjeldsberg CR, Ward HP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1972 December; 77(6): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4509227

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Madame Bovary died of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Vourc'h G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985 February 14; 312(7): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3881671

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Males in rural Bangladeshi communities are more susceptible to chronic arsenic poisoning than females: analyses based on urinary arsenic. Author(s): Watanabe C, Inaoka T, Kadono T, Nagano M, Nakamura S, Ushijima K, Murayama N, Miyazaki K, Ohtsuka R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 December; 109(12): 1265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748034

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Massive acute arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Jolliffe DM, Budd AJ, Gwilt DJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 April; 46(4): 288-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2024748

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Massive arsenic poisoning--effect of hemodialysis and dimercaprol on arsenic kinetics. Author(s): Mathieu D, Mathieu-Nolf M, Germain-Alonso M, Neviere R, Furon D, Wattel F. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1992; 18(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1578049

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Massive variceal hemorrhage secondary to presinusoidal portal hypertension due to arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Szuler IM, Williams CN, Hindmarsh JT, Park-Dincsoy H. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1979 January 20; 120(2): 168-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=310707

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Mathematical model of mean age, mean arsenic dietary dose and age-specific prevalence rate from endemic chronic arsenic poisoning: a human toxicology study. Author(s): Zaldivar R, Ghai GL. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [b]. 1980; 170(5-6): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7424280

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Medicinal arsenic poisoning: 27-year follow-up. Author(s): Upshaw CB Jr, Claiborne TS Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 August; 88(8): 892-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7631226

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Mees' lines: A clue for the diagnosis of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Quecedo E, Sanmartin O, Febrer MI, Martinez-Escribano JA, Oliver V, Aliaga A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 March; 132(3): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607647

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Merkel cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease and chronic occupational arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Tsuruta D, Hamada T, Mochida K, Nakagawa K, Kobayashi H, Ishii M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 139(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9767246

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Millions more at risk of arsenic poisoning than previously thought. Author(s): Kumar S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 1; 326(7387): 466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12609925

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Moonshine-related arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Gerhardt RE, Crecelius EA, Hudson JB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1980 February; 140(2): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7352816

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Multiple organ failure with the adult respiratory distress syndrome in homicidal arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Bolliger CT, van Zijl P, Louw JA. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1992; 59(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1315982

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Multiple primary cancers in a case of chronic arsenic poisoning--an autopsy report. Author(s): Tanimoto A, Hamada T, Kanesaki H, Matsuno K, Koide O. Source: J Uoeh. 1990 March 1; 12(1): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2333447

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N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of human arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Martin DS, Willis SE, Cline DM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1990 October-December; 3(4): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2248097

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Napoleon Bonaparte--no evidence of chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Lewin PK, Hancock RG, Voynovich P. Source: Nature. 1982 October 14; 299(5884): 627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6750413

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Outbreak of chronic arsenic poisoning among retired workers from an arsenic mine in Japan. Author(s): Ishinishi N, Kodama Y, Nobutomo K, Inamasu T, Kunitake E, Suenaga Y. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1977 August; 19: 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=908287

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Outbreak of fatal arsenic poisoning caused by contaminated drinking water. Author(s): Armstrong CW, Stroube RB, Rubio T, Siudyla EA, Miller GB Jr. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1984 July-August; 39(4): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6497443

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Phrenic neuropathy in arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Bansal SK, Haldar N, Dhand UK, Chopra JS. Source: Chest. 1991 September; 100(3): 878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1653683

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Polyneuropathy following acute arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Munasinghe DR, Rajasuriya K, Thenabadu PN. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1969 June; 14(2): 85-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5369121

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Prolonged encephalopathy with arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Freeman JW, Couch JR. Source: Neurology. 1978 August; 28(8): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=567305

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Protein-losing enteropathy associated with arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Kobayashi A, Obe Y. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1971 June; 121(6): 515-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5581022

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Public health hazards associated with arsenic poisoning in cattle. Author(s): Selby LA, Case AA, Dorn CR, Wagstaff DJ. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974 December 1; 165(11): 1010-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4443307

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Rehabilitation in an individual with chronic arsenic poisoning: medical, psychological, and social implications. Author(s): McFall TL, Richards JS, Matthews G. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 1998 April; 21(2): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9697091

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Repetitive endoscopy and continuous alkaline gastric irrigation in a case of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Michaux I, Haufroid V, Dive A, Buchet JP, Bulpa P, Mahieu P, Installe E. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(5): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10981956

•

Serial arsenic poisoning: two Alabama cases. Author(s): Embry JH, Walls HC. Source: Ala Med. 1990 April; 59(10): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2346095

•

Skin manifestations in acute arsenic poisoning from the Wakayama curry-poisoning incident. Author(s): Uede K, Furukawa F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 149(4): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616366

Studies

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•

Sources, symptoms, and signs of arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hutton JT, Christians BL. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1983 September; 17(3): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6886645

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Survival after massive arsenic poisoning self-treated by high fluid intake. Author(s): Kamijo Y, Soma K, Asari Y, Ohwada T. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9541037

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Thallium and arsenic poisoning in a small midwestern town. Author(s): Rusyniak DE, Furbee RB, Kirk MA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 March; 39(3): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867986

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The consequences of chronic arsenic poisoning among Moselle wine growers. Pathoanatomical investigations of post-mortem examinations performed between 1960 and 1977. Author(s): Luchtrath H. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1983; 105(2): 173-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6826638

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The content of arsenic in the hair in a case of acute lethal arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Wyttenbach A, Barthe P, Martin EP. Source: J Forensic Sci Soc. 1967 October; 7(4): 194-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5587975

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The spatial pattern of risk from arsenic poisoning: a Bangladesh case study. Author(s): Hassan MM, Atkins PJ, Dunn CE. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2003 January; 38(1): 1-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635817

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Torsade de pointes and T-U wave alternans associated with arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Little RE, Kay GN, Cavender JB, Epstein AE, Plumb VJ. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1990 February; 13(2): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1689832

•

Ventricular fibrillation caused by arsenic poisoning. Author(s): St Petery J, Gross C, Victorica BE. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1970 October; 120(4): 367-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5493839

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARSENIC POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and arsenic poisoning.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Arsenic Poisoning The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “arsenic poisoning” (or a synonym): •

Evaluation of the efficacy of dimercapto chelating agents for the treatment of systemic organic arsenic poisoning in rabbits. Author(s): Medical Division, Chemical Defence Establishment, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. Source: Inns, R H Rice, P Bright, J E Marrs, T C Hum-Exp-Toxicol. 1990 July; 9(4): 215-20 0960-3271

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARSENIC POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to arsenic poisoning. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to arsenic poisoning and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to arsenic poisoning: •

A dugwell program to provide arsenic-safe water in West Bengal, India: preliminary results. Author(s): Smith MM, Hore T, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty DK, Savarimuthu X, Smith AH. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2003 January; 38(1): 289-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635833

•

Acute arsenic exposure treated with oral D-penicillamine. Author(s): Watson WA, Veltri JC, Metcalf TJ. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1981 June; 23(3): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7245601

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Acute arsenic intoxication. Author(s): Campbell JP, Alvarez JA. Source: American Family Physician. 1989 December; 40(6): 93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2686377

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Acute lead arsenate poisoning. Author(s): Tallis GA. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1989 December; 19(6): 730-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2517192

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Arsenic and mercury intoxication due to Indian ethnic remedies. Author(s): Kew J, Morris C, Aihie A, Fysh R, Jones S, Brooks D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 February 20; 306(6876): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383555

•

Arsenic content of homeopathic medicines. Author(s): Kerr HD, Saryan LA. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1986; 24(5): 451-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3783808

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Arsenic poisoning caused by Indian ethnic remedies. Author(s): Muzi G, Dell'omo M, Madeo G, Abbritti G, Caroli S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 July; 139(1): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445819

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Arsenic poisoning from anti-asthmatic herbal preparations. Author(s): Tay CH, Seah CS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 September 13; 2(11): 424-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1186550

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Arsenic toxicity from homeopathic treatment. Author(s): Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Saha KC, Chowdhury UK, Rahman MM, Sengupta MK. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(7): 963-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705842

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Arsenicosis in India. Author(s): Narang AP. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1987; 25(4): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3669114

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Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Author(s): Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Fuchs A, Bergoglio R, Tello EE, Nicolli H, Smith AH. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1996 March; 7(2): 117-24. Erratum In: Epidemiology 1997 May; 8(3): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834549

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Chronic arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India--a review and commentary. Author(s): Rahman MM, Chowdhury UK, Mukherjee SC, Mondal BK, Paul K, Lodh D, Biswas BK, Chanda CR, Basu GK, Saha KC, Roy S, Das R, Palit SK, Quamruzzaman Q, Chakraborti D. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(7): 683-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778666

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Chronic arsenic toxicity: clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment: experience in West Bengal. Author(s): Guha Mazumder DN. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2003 January; 38(1): 141-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635824

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Chronic oral arsenic intoxication as a possible aetiological factor in idiopathic portal hypertension (non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis) in India. Author(s): Datta DV, Mitra SK, Chhuttani PN, Chakravarti RN. Source: Gut. 1979 May; 20(5): 378-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=468068

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Clinical aspects of chronic arsenic toxicity. Author(s): Mazumder DN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 June; 49: 650-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11584943

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Clinical uses of metal-binding drugs. Author(s): Chenoweth MB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1968 May-June; 9(3): 365-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4984845

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Contaminated herbal tea as a potential source of chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Parsons JS. Source: N C Med J. 1981 January; 42(1): 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6937737

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Cutaneous manifestations of arsenic poisoning due to certain Chinese herbal medicine. Author(s): Tay CH. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1974 December; 15(3): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4451534

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Cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenicism: review of seventeen cases. Author(s): Wong SS, Tan KC, Goh CL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 February; 38(2 Pt 1): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9486671

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Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity. Author(s): Quig D. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 August; 3(4): 262-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9727078

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Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), a non-toxic, water-soluble treatment for heavy metal toxicity. Author(s): Miller AL. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 June; 3(3): 199-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9630737

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D-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Peterson RG, Rumack BH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 October; 91(4): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=908992

•

Efficacy of a potentized homeopathic drug (Arsenicum-Aalbum-30) in reducing cytotoxic effects produced by arsenic trioxide in mice: IV. Pathological changes, protein profiles, and content of DNA and RNA. Author(s): Kundu SN, Mitra K, Khuda Bukhsh AR. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2000 September; 8(3): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11068345

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Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing genotoxic effects produced by arsenic trioxide in mice: comparative studies of pre-, post- and combined pre- and post-oral administration and comparative efficacy of two microdoses. Author(s): Datta S, Mallick P, Bukhsh AR.

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Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1999 June; 7(2): 62-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10444909 •

Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing toxic effects produced by arsenic trioxide in mice: II. On alterations in body weight, tissue weight and total protein. Author(s): Mitra K, Kundu SN, Khuda Bukhsh AR. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 1999 March; 7(1): 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361568

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Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum-album-30) in reducing cytotoxic effects produced by arsenic trioxide in mice: III. Enzymatic changes and recovery of tissue damage in liver. Author(s): Kundu SN, Mitra K, Bukhsh AR. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2000 June; 8(2): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10859599

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Environmental hypothesis: is poor dietary selenium intake an underlying factor for arsenicosis and cancer in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India? Author(s): Spallholz JE, Mallory Boylan L, Rhaman MM. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2004 May 5; 323(1-3): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15081714

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Environmental variables in a holistic evaluation of land contaminated by historic mine wastes: a study of multi-element mine wastes in West Devon, England using arsenic as an element of potential concern to human health. Author(s): Hamilton EI. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 April 17; 249(1-3): 171-221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813455

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Fatal cardiac arrhythmia in a patient with interstitial myocarditis related to chronic arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Hall JC, Harruff R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1989 December; 82(12): 1557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595426

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Gee, honey, why does the iced tea have a garlic taste? Arsenic intoxication. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1983 November; 44(11): 753-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6580553

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Herbal medicine as a cause of combined lead and arsenic poisoning. Author(s): Mitchell-Heggs CA, Conway M, Cassar J.

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Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1990 May; 9(3): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2165417 •

High arsenic groundwater: mobilization, metabolism and mitigation--an overview in the Bengal Delta Plain. Author(s): Bhattacharyya R, Chatterjee D, Nath B, Jana J, Jacks G, Vahter M. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 November; 253(1-2): 347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619986

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In vitro methylation of arsenite by rabbit liver cytosol: effect of metal ions, metal chelating agents, methyltransferase inhibitors and uremic toxins. Author(s): De Kimpe J, Cornelis R, Vanholder R. Source: Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 1999 November; 22(4): 613-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10536752

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Natural non-nutrient substances in the food chain. Author(s): Fishbein L. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1972 November; 1(3): 211-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4121147

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Occupational renal disease. Author(s): Wedeen RP. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1984 January; 3(4): 241-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419586

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Papular palmoplantar hyperkeratosis following chronic medical exposure to arsenic: human papillomavirus as a co-factor in the pathogenesis of arsenical keratosis? Author(s): Gerdsen R, Stockfleth E, Uerlich M, Fartasch M, Steen KH, Bieber T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 July-August; 80(4): 292-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028865

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Poisoning due to heavy metals. Author(s): Chisolm JJ Jr. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1970 August; 17(3): 591-615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4993039

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Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit. Author(s): Biswas S, Talukder G, Sharma A.

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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 September; 13(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10479764 •

Protective effect of methionine supplementation on arsenic-induced alteration of glucose homeostasis. Author(s): Pal S, Chatterjee AK. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2004 May; 42(5): 737-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15046819

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Quackery. Spotting it and avoiding it. Author(s): Uretsky SD. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 35-6, 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533846

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Randomized placebo-controlled trial of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate (DMPS) in therapy of chronic arsenicosis due to drinking arsenic-contaminated water. Author(s): Guha Mazumder DN, De BK, Santra A, Ghosh N, Das S, Lahiri S, Das T. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(7): 665-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778664

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Results of hemodialysis & hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute arsenic ingestion. Author(s): Smith SB, Wombolt DG, Venkatesan R. Source: Clin Exp Dial Apheresis. 1981; 5(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7341026

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Simultaneous exposure to lead, arsenic and mercury from Indian ethnic remedies. Author(s): Sheerin NS, Monk PN, Aslam M, Thurston H. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1994 November-December; 48(6): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7848800

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Subacute arsenic neuropathy: clinical and electrophysiological observations. Author(s): Murphy MJ, Lyon LW, Taylor JW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1981 October; 44(10): 896900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6273506

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to arsenic poisoning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements EDTA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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APPENDICES

37

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

38

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

39

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1940 19 669 0 49 2677

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

41

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

43

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on arsenic poisoning can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to arsenic poisoning. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to arsenic poisoning. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “arsenic poisoning”:

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Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html Arsenic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arsenic.html Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to arsenic poisoning. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

45

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to arsenic poisoning. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with arsenic poisoning. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about arsenic poisoning. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “arsenic poisoning” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “arsenic poisoning”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “arsenic poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “arsenic poisoning” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

47

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

51

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ARSENIC POISONING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternans: Ipsilateral abducens palsy and facial paralysis and contralateral hemiplegia of the limbs, due to a nuclear or infranuclear lesion in the pons. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH]

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Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up

Dictionary 57

of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimercaprol: 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol. An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine). It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH]

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Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]

for

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extrarenal: Outside of the kidney. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Food Chain: The sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a larger animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoperfusion: Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH]

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Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH]

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Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or

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Arsenic Poisoning

glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 65

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Postmortem Changes: Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]

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Arsenic Poisoning

Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins

Dictionary 67

have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific

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Arsenic Poisoning

biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH]

69

INDEX A Abdomen, 55, 63, 67 Abducens, 55 Acetylcholine, 55, 64 Acetylcysteine, 19, 55 Agarose, 55, 61 Albumin, 55, 61 Algorithms, 55, 56 Alkaline, 20, 55 Alternans, 21, 55 Alternative medicine, 55 Analgesic, 55, 58, 63, 64 Anatomical, 15, 55 Anemia, 55, 65 Anions, 55, 62 Antibiotics, 55, 64 Antispasmodic, 56, 64 Antitussive, 56, 64 Antiviral, 55, 56 Apoptosis, 56 Arginine, 56, 64 Arsenic trioxide, 30, 31, 56 Astringents, 56, 63 Autopsy, 7, 19, 56 B Base, 56, 62 Bile, 56, 63 Biochemical, 4, 56 Biotechnology, 5, 39, 56 Bladder, 29, 56, 68 Blood Cell Count, 56, 65 Blood pressure, 56, 62, 63, 65 Body Burden, 56, 62 Bone Marrow, 16, 56 Bradykinin, 57, 64 Buccal, 57, 62 C Calibration, 4, 57 Callus, 57, 62 Carcinogen, 4, 57 Carcinogenic, 4, 57 Carcinoma, 18, 57 Cardiac, 31, 57, 64 Case report, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 57 Cations, 57, 62 Cell, 4, 18, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 Cell Death, 56, 57, 64 Chelating Agents, 24, 32, 57

Chemotherapy, 57 Chlorophyll, 57 Chronic, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 57, 62, 63 Chronic Disease, 57, 63 Cirrhosis, 57, 65 Clinical trial, 3, 39, 57, 66 Cloning, 56, 58 Codeine, 58, 64 Complement, 58 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 34, 58 Complementary medicine, 27, 58 Computational Biology, 39, 58 Conjugated, 58, 61 Connective Tissue, 57, 58, 60, 65 Contamination, 4, 58 Contraindications, ii, 59 Contralateral, 55, 59 Coordination, 57, 59 Cortex, 59, 60 Cortical, 13, 59, 66 Criterion, 4, 59 Cyclic, 59, 61, 64 Cysteine, 30, 55, 59 Cytotoxic, 30, 31, 32, 59 D Diagnostic procedure, 59 Dialyzer, 59, 61 Diarrhoea, 59, 62 Digestion, 56, 59, 63, 67 Dimercaprol, 18, 59 Direct, iii, 59, 64, 66 Distal, 59, 65 Dystrophy, 12, 59 E Efficacy, 24, 30, 31, 59 Electrons, 56, 59, 62 Encephalopathy, 14, 20, 59 Endemic, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 59 Endoscopy, 20, 59 Endothelium, 59, 60, 64 Endothelium-derived, 60, 64 Environmental Health, 5, 11, 17, 19, 38, 40, 44, 60 Environmental Pollutants, 5, 60 Enzyme, 60, 61, 63, 68 Epidemic, 7, 60

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Epidemiological, 7, 13, 15, 60 Erythrocytes, 55, 56, 60 Extracorporeal, 60, 61 Extrarenal, 6, 60 Exudate, 60, 64 F Facial, 55, 60 Facial Paralysis, 55, 60 Family Planning, 39, 60 Fat, 56, 60, 67 Fibrillation, 21, 60 Fibrosis, 16, 29, 60 Food Chain, 32, 60 G Gas, 59, 60, 64, 66 Gas exchange, 60, 66 Gastric, 20, 60 Gene, 56, 61 Glucose, 33, 61 Glutathione Peroxidase, 61, 66 Governing Board, 61, 65 Government Agencies, 5, 61, 65 Guanylate Cyclase, 61, 64 H Hemiplegia, 55, 61 Hemodialysis, 18, 33, 59, 61 Hemoglobin, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61 Hemoglobin A, 57, 61 Hemoperfusion, 33, 61 Hemorrhage, 18, 61 Hepatic, 11, 16, 55, 61 Homeostasis, 33, 61 Human papillomavirus, 32, 61 Hyperkeratosis, 32, 62 Hypertension, 62, 65 I Idiopathic, 16, 29, 62 Infection, 62, 64, 65, 67 Inflammation, 55, 60, 62, 64, 65 Ingestion, 4, 6, 33, 62, 65 Inhalation, 62, 65 Innervation, 62, 67 Inorganic, 4, 62 Interstitial, 31, 62 Intoxication, 28, 29, 31, 62 Intracellular, 62, 64, 66 Intravenous, 6, 14, 62 Involuntary, 60, 62, 64 Ions, 32, 56, 57, 62 Irrigation, 20, 62 K Kb, 38, 62

Keratosis, 32, 62 Kinetics, 18, 62 L Lead Poisoning, 5, 15, 62 Leprosy, 9, 62 Lesion, 55, 62 Lethal, 21, 63 Leucocyte, 63 Leukaemia, 6, 63 Liver, 31, 32, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 65 M Malignant, 16, 63 MEDLINE, 39, 63 Membrane, 58, 59, 61, 63 Mental, iv, 3, 38, 40, 63, 66 Mental Health, iv, 3, 38, 40, 63, 66 Mercury, 28, 33, 63 Methyltransferase, 32, 63 Microbe, 63, 67 Microorganism, 63, 68 Mitochondrial Swelling, 63, 64 Mobilization, 32, 63 Molecular, 4, 32, 39, 41, 56, 58, 63 Monitor, 4, 63, 64 Morphine, 58, 63, 64 Morphology, 16, 63 Mucolytic, 55, 63 Myocarditis, 31, 64 Myocardium, 64 N Necrosis, 13, 56, 64 Nervous System, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65 Neuropathy, 19, 33, 64, 65 Nitric Oxide, 14, 64 Nuclear, 55, 59, 64 O On-line, 4, 53, 64 Opium, 12, 13, 63, 64 Overdose, 17, 64 P Palsy, 55, 64 Papaverine, 64 Papillary, 62, 64 Papillomavirus, 64 Parasite, 60, 64 Penicillamine, 9, 27, 30, 64 Penicillin, 64, 65, 68 Peripheral blood, 15, 65 Peripheral Nerves, 62, 65 Peripheral Neuropathy, 8, 65 Pernicious, 12, 65 Pernicious anemia, 12, 65

71

Pharmacologic, 65, 67 Plants, 57, 60, 61, 63, 65, 68 Platelet Aggregation, 64, 65 Platelets, 64, 65 Pneumonia, 59, 65 Policy Making, 61, 65 Pons, 55, 60, 65 Portal Hypertension, 16, 18, 29, 65 Portal Vein, 65 Postmortem Changes, 15, 65 Practice Guidelines, 40, 65 Prevalence, 18, 65 Progressive, 57, 64, 66 Protein S, 56, 66 Proteins, 58, 66, 67 Psychic, 63, 66 Public Health, 4, 12, 15, 40, 66 Public Policy, 39, 66 Pulse, 63, 66 Purifying, 4, 66 R Randomized, 33, 59, 66 Refer, 1, 57, 58, 66 Regeneration, 4, 66 Regimen, 59, 66 Respiration, 19, 63, 66 Respiratory distress syndrome, 19, 66 Respiratory failure, 7, 66 S Screening, 57, 66 Seizures, 8, 66 Selenium, 31, 66 Sensor, 4, 66 Serum, 14, 55, 58, 66 Side effect, 67 Soft tissue, 56, 67 Somatic, 65, 67 Specialist, 45, 67

Species, 4, 64, 67, 68 Spectroscopic, 4, 67 Spinal cord, 61, 64, 65, 67 Stomach, 60, 67 Subclinical, 62, 66, 67 Subspecies, 67 Supplementation, 32, 33, 67 Suppression, 4, 67 Sural Nerve, 14, 67 Systemic, 24, 56, 62, 67 T Tibial Nerve, 67 Tissue, 31, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Toxic, iv, 4, 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 64, 66, 67 Toxicity, 4, 28, 29, 30, 63, 67 Toxicology, 6, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 40, 67 Toxins, 32, 61, 62, 67 Transfection, 56, 68 Trauma, 64, 68 U Urethra, 68 Urinary, 17, 68 Urine, 14, 56, 68 V Valine, 64, 68 Vascular, 59, 62, 64, 68 Vasodilators, 64, 68 Vein, 62, 64, 65, 68 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 68 Viral, 55, 68 Virulence, 67, 68 Virus, 61, 68 Viscosity, 55, 68 Vitro, 32, 68 W Wart, 62, 68

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Arsenic Poisoning

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