Audiology - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AUDIOLOGY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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AUDIOLOGY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Audiology: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00112-8 1. Audiology-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on audiology. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUDIOLOGY .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Audiology...................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 27 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AUDIOLOGY .............................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON AUDIOLOGY ................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Dissertations on Audiology ......................................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON AUDIOLOGY........................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Audiology................................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Audiology............................................................................................... 74 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON AUDIOLOGY .............................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 85 Chapters on Audiology ................................................................................................................ 86 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON AUDIOLOGY ................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 91 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUDIOLOGY ................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 93 Newsletters on Audiology............................................................................................................ 94 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 95 Academic Periodicals covering Audiology ................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 122 AUDIOLOGY DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 145

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with audiology is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about audiology, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to audiology, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on audiology. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to audiology, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on audiology. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUDIOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on audiology.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and audiology, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Comprehensive Rehabilitative Audiology in the Management of Progressive Hearing Impairment Source: Seminars in Hearing. 16(3): 257-265. August 1995. Summary: Currently, the practice of aural rehabilitation (AR) is defined by most audiologists as hearing aid evaluation, fitting, and orientation. This article describes the consequences of this narrow focus and suggests directions for the expansion of AR into current clinical practice for those with progressive hearing impairment. Topics covered include hearing aid use and satisfaction, underutilization of hearing aids, lack of understanding of how to operate hearing aids, patient desire for additional services, and benefits of a more comprehensive approach. The remainder of the article broadly outlines the components of a comprehensive rehabilitation audiologic approach and

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suggests areas of intervention for clinical audiologists. Sources for practical implementation ideas are given. 1 table. 52 references. (AA-M). •

Are Schools Responsible for the Costs of Audiograms? Source: Odyssey. 1(1): 39. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University. 800 Florida Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20002-3695. Voice/TTY (800) 5269105 or (202) 651-5340. Fax (202) 651-5708. Website: www.gallaudet.edu. Summary: States or their local education agencies (LEAs), that is, schools or school districts, are responsible for providing, acquiring, or paying for a wide range of audiology and speech pathology for deaf and hard of hearing children, as well as for assistive devices for these children. This brief article explains the reasons why this is so. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) includes regulations that require states to implement a policy that children with disabilities are assured of a free appropriate public education. LEAs must identify, locate, and evaluate all children with disabilities who attend their schools or classes. Not only must the LEA conduct a full and individual initial evaluation, but the child's educational needs must also be determined. In addition, IDEA regulations state that LEAs must provide 'related services.' Related services for deaf and hard of hearing children include audiograms, transportation to an audiologist's office if the LEA does not have an audiologist equipped with a sound booth and properly calibrated equipment, speech pathology services, and parent counseling and training, including sign language training. The author notes that, unfortunately, many parents and caregivers across the country report that school personnel insist that obtaining audiograms and paying for them is the family's responsibility. The author encourages readers to educate themselves about their child's rights. The article concludes with a website from which readers can obtain more information (www.members.tripod.com/listenup/who-pays.htm).

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Diagnostic Audiology and Central Auditory Processing Disorders Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 5(5): 308-311. October 1997. Summary: The central auditory pathways are complex and serve many important functions that may cause auditory complaints in both children and adults. This article reviews diagnostic audiology and central auditory processing disorders. The author notes that understanding of central auditory pathways has been enhanced by the advent of physiologic methods of diagnosis, such as otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked responses. The author briefly reviews studies of the effects of aging, otitis media early in life, and defined central nervous system (CNS) pathology. He notes that this type of research has provided better definition of the pattern of test results and the types of auditory symptoms expected. Understanding of listening complaints helps focus compensatory techniques, allows both the clinician and the patient to understand why conventional amplification is not functioning as expected, and targets rehabilitation toward alternative assistive devices. 24 references (8 annotated). (AA-M).

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Guidelines for Audiology Service Delivery in Nursing Homes Source: ASHA. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 39(Supplement 17): 15-29. Spring 1997.

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Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. Summary: These guidelines for audiology service delivery in nursing homes are an official statement of the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA). They provide guidance on the use of specific practice procedures, but are not official standards of the Association. The guidelines state that all persons who are living in nursing home settings should receive or have access to comprehensive and continuing integrated audiology services for the purpose of attaining and maintaining the highest practicable level of physical, mental, and psychosocial well being. Hearing management protocols for nursing home facilities should encompass identification, evaluation, management, and caregiver education. The guidelines discuss the provision of quality audiology services with consideration for the changing health care climate, personnel shortages, public policy initiatives, economic considerations, and reductions in provider reimbursements. Other topics covered include demographics, indications for referral, hearing aid assessment and fitting, assistive listening devices, and documentation. 1 figure. 3 tables. 33 references. (AA-M). •

Recreational Audiology: Is It Blue Sky or a Golden Opportunity? Source: Hearing Journal. 48(5): 13-22. May 1995. Summary: This article explores the field of recreational audiology, the practice of assessing noise-induced hearing loss in recreational settings. Topics covered include the controversy over terminology; the promotion of recreational audiology as an extension of accepted hearing conservation goals; the need to continue the focus on noise-induced hearing loss in the workplace; the Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA) and their related training seminars; the need for greater awareness in the general population of the hazards of nonoccupational noise; risk factors for children in rural areas; the potential market for recreational audiology and how to reach that market; specific risk factors related to auto racing, hunting, war reenactments, and music; early intervention; and results through hearing conservation. One sidebar summarizes various programs aimed at school-age children that are available to hearing professionals interested in the early-intervention approach. 2 tables.

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Meeting the Needs for Education, Products and Services in Recreational Audiology Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 4(32): 12-13. December 12, 1994. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue West, King of Prussia, PA 19406. (800) 355-1088. Summary: This article reports on a subfield of audiology in which audiologists promote awareness by educating the public about the hazards of recreational noises and the available hearing protection devices (HPDs). The author stresses the importance of proactive measures to help prevent noise-induced hearing loss related to recreational activities. Topics covered include organizing audiologists to participate in noise conservation programs; other specialty areas of audiology, including rehabilitation, dispensing, medicine, and industry; marketing audiological services; targeting children and teenagers to initiate early awareness of hearing conservation; the impact of loud music on audiences and musicians; damage risk criteria scales as established by OSHA and Equal Energy (EE); specialized HPDs for musicians, including in-ear monitors;

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hearing loss in participants and observers of shooting and motor sports; and the need to encourage manufacturers to develop more HPDs that are activity-specific. •

Role of Dispensing in Audiology Evolves with Profession Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 4(23): 12-13,17. October 10, 1994. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue West, King of Prussia, PA 19406. (800) 355-1088. Summary: This article reports on the role of hearing aid dispensing as a component of audiologists' scope of practice. Topics covered include how dispensing fits on a continuum of services provided by audiologists; the history of audiology and hearing aid dispensing; regulatory and legislative issues regarding hearing aid dispensing; the role of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) in the changes in hearing aid dispensing through the years; professional licensure; insurance and reimbursement issues; and the need for a comprehensive hearing health approach that includes hearing aid dispensing. The author reprints anecdotes from numerous audiologists highlighting the changes in requirements through the past 35 years.

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Beyond the Audiogram: An Integrated Approach to Audiological Rehabilitation Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists [and] Audiologists. 6(39): 7, 38. September 30, 1996. Summary: This article, from a professional newsletter for speech-language pathologists and audiologists, presents an integrated approach to audiological rehabilitation. The model integrates diagnosis and treatment, going beyond audiograms and hearing aids to helping clients manage every day problems associated with hearing loss. The article describes the impact of a hearing loss on family, friends, and co-workers and quality of life issues. The author discusses hearing loss in children and compares rehabilitation issues for children who have never had normal hearing with those for adults who have lost their hearing. The article describes confusing hearing loss with learning disability in children. Other topics include patient compliance, measuring client satisfaction, and cost considerations. The article concludes with the addresses and telephone numbers of the clinicians and researchers quoted.

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Educational Audiology Association Newsletter Source: Educational Audiology Association Newsletter. 13(2): 1-24. Spring 1996. Contact: Available from Educational Audiology Association. 4319 Ehrlich Road, Tampa, FL 33624. (800) 460-7322; Fax (813) 968-3597. PRICE: $10.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This issue of a newsletter for educational audiologists focuses on central auditory processing disorders (CAPD). The issue includes a letter from the editor sharing her experiences with assessing a child with CAPD; a fact sheet summarizing the basics of definnitions, etiology, and symptoms of CAPD; an article outlining three approaches to the remediation of CAPD; a list of student and classroom observation checklists that may prove useful in the comprehensive assessment of students referred for possible listening or CAP problems; brief reports on other assessment and diagnostic tools; an article on the 'odd-ball' paradigm and CAPD; and a suggested reading list.

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Scope of Practice in Audiology Source: ASHA. (American Speech-Hearing-Association). 38(Supplement 16): 12-15. Spring 1996. Summary: This scope of practice statement on audiology is an official policy of the American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA). The statement delineates the scope of practice of audiology, describing the services offered by qualified audiologists as primary service providers, case managers, or members of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teams. The statement is a reference for health care, education, and other professionals; consumers; the general public; and policy makers concerned with legislation, regulation, licensure, and third party reimbursement. The statement also informs members of ASHA, certificate holders, and students of the activities for which certification in audiology is required in accordance with the ASHA Code of Ethics. It defines the roles and services of audiologists, then lists 23 areas covered by the practice of audiology. In conclusion, there is a listing of the types of outcomes that consumers may expect to receive from an audiologist. 3 references.

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Is Audiology in Phase? Source: ASHA. 35(11): 47-49, 62. November 1993. Summary: Traditionally, the approach to communication disorders due to hearing impairments has emphasized secondary and tertiary prevention, with audiology emphasizing secondary prevention (screening and intervention programs) and speechlanguage pathology emphasizing tertiary prevention (speech-language services). In this article, the authors discuss all three levels of prevention. They focus on prevention activities at the primary level, which have traditionally been underemphasized. One table lists selected examples of hearing impairments and phases of prevention for each. 1 table. 4 references.

Federally Funded Research on Audiology The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to audiology. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to audiology. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore audiology. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for audiology:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: A NOVEL EAR CAMERA FOR MAKING CUSTOM-FIT HEARING DEVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhuang, Ping; Genex Technologies, Inc. 10605 Concord St, Ste 500 Kensington, Md 20895 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-2002; Project End 14-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): More than 28 million Americans suffer from some type of hearing impairment, according to the statistics from National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (NIDCD). It is estimated that over 260 million people are hearing impaired worldwide. Based upon the huge population involved, the hearing impairment is the number one disability in today's world. Fortunately, many of these people can benefit from the use of hearing aid devices. However, hearing aids cannot work for everyone. Those who can be helped need to be carefully fitted in order to gain the enhanced hearing functionality. Current manufacturing process of custom-fit shells of hearing aids is highly labor-intensive and manual process and quality control of the fitting/performance of hearing aids is difficult. The custom-fitting process starts with taking ear impression of a patient at the office of an audiologist or dispenser. There are 8000 hearing aid dispensers' throughput the United States, many can make a ear impression for a fee. The impression is then shipped to manufacturer's laboratory. Each shell has to be custom-made by skilled technicians using manual operations. The quality and consistency of the fitting vary significantly with technician's skill level. A typical process of producing a shell takes about 40 minutes from start to finish. Major drawbacks of manual process include: Speed: manual and lengthy fabrication process and not scalable for mass production; Delay: The mailing of physical impressions from dispensers to manufacturers takes several days to deliver. Quality: lack of consistency of quality, resulting in high level of re-make and return of products (currently the typical return rate is very high (25%)); and shortage of skilled worker and long training time. Genex Technologies, Inc (GENEX) proposes herein a SBIR project to develop a novel Three Dimensional (3D) Ear Camera technology that promises to eliminate traditional physical ear impressions, thus revolutionizes current custom-fit hearing aid fabrication process and brings audiologists into a new era of "digital audiology". The technical objective of this SBIR effort is to investigate the feasibility of a miniature, non-contact, lowcost, handheld 3D camera that enables audiologists to acquire multiple 3D images of external ear (auricle) and era canal, and to produce complete 3D digital ear model that serves as a "digital ear impression". The digital ear impression data is then sent instantly to manufacture's lab via Intemet, reducing dramatically the delivery time. The digital impressions enable the hearing aid manufacturers to take advantages of the latest breakthrough of computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies and product mass customization hearing aid device within one-day time frame. Even including the quality insurance, electronics calibration, and shipping back the hearing-aid device, the entire process making custom-fit hearing aid devices would be shorted from weeks to few days. More importantly, the digital impression technology to be developed herein would improve the quality of fit, thus enhance the hearing functionality for impaired people. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AGING AUDITORY SYSTEM--PRESBYCUSIS AND ITS NEURAL BASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Frisina, D Robert.; International Center for Hearing & Speech Research; Rochester Institute of Technology 1 Lomb Memorial Dr Rochester, Ny 14623

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Aging Auditory System: Presbycusis and its Neural Bases: The process of aging in modern, technologically advanced societies is accompanied by hearing impairment known as presbycusis. This age-related disorder often causes significant communication problems in person who have had no previous hearing or speech deficits, resulting in impaired relationships at home and in the workplace, as well as increased costs to the individual, families and society. After reaching 60 years, the percentage of the population experiencing difficulty in perceiving speech doubles per decade, 16% at 60, 32% at 70, 64% at 80, and virtually all of the population beyond 85 years of age. The major goal of this proposal is to increase our knowledge of auditory processing deficits of presbycusis and to advance our understanding of its neural bases. A thematic focus is applied to distinguishing the effects of peripheral and central nervous system aging effects. This proposal puts forth a five-year series of interrelated hypothesis tested with tightly coupled and truly interdisciplinary experimental and clinical methodologies. These investigations in mammals examine both human and animals populations. Disciplines of neuroimaging, psychoacoustics, audiology, evoked potentials, and reflex psychology are brought to bear on testing hypothesis in human subjects. Scientific disciplines of reflex psychology, evoked potential and single-unit neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, and cellular physiology will test hypothesis utilizing animal populations. Comparisons will be made between young, middle-age and elderly subject groups to determine aging effects in hearing loss, and comparisons will be made between subjects with cochlear sensitivity losses and those with normal hearing to assess the effects of peripheral hearing loss. Special attention will be given to interdisciplinary, repeated- measure experimental designs, quantitative multivariate data analyses, in determining the effects of different types of background noise on neural and perceptual processing. The goal of this hypotheses-testing thrust concerning the neural bases of age-related hearing los is to contribute knowledge that eventually leads to medical interventions that prevent, alleviate or minimize the hearing and communication problems with presbycusis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Ison, James; Professor; Rochester Institute of Technology 1 Lomb Memorial Dr Rochester, Ny 14623 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: This project is guided by the hypothesis that the aging auditory system loses its ability to process acoustic transients efficiently, so that elderly listeners are unable to perceive rapidly modulated speech sounds in complex acoustic environments. This deficits yields minor problems in quiet for the human listener, but causes serious problems in naturalistic settings with competing uncertain signals. The goal of this project is to describe and understand this effect of acoustic complexity in animal models, consisting of aging CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice, and young KCNA1 and KCNA3 potassium-channel knockout mice. Behavioral experiments in mice parallel those in human psychophysics (Project 1) as well as physiological and anatomical studies in mice (Projects 3 and 4), in similar acoustic settings. We will test the hypothesis that temporal, spectral, and spatial acuity in old mice will suffer in the presence of multiple sound sources, as human listening does in complex surroundings. We hypothesize that KO mice will respond to non-synchronous inputs (KCNA1) but fail to track fast repetitive inputs (KCNA3), and we will test the hypothesis that young KO mice, old normal mice and old human listeners share similar problems. These experiments with KO mice are

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coordinated with Projects 3 and 4 in order to understand the molecular bases of these deficits, and to examine the hypothesis that the aged mouse, and by extension, the aged human listener has an altered expression of these ion channels. We will examine the effects of neurochemical intervention (increases and decreases in 5HT, GABA, and ACH) on temporal, spectral, and spatial acute to parallel studies in electrophysiology, testing hypotheses generated by data showing neurotransmitter changes in old rodents. In addition to extending our understanding of age effects on hearing, these identify acoustic variables and physiological processes most sensitive to age-related deficits. This work is intended to identify targets for intervention strategies and to provide direction for studying the genetic substrates of presbycusis. Note: Project 1= Binaural and Spatial/Temporal Hearing and Audiology (Frisina); Project 3= Animal Single Unit and Evoked Potentials Neurophysiology (Walton); Project 4= Animal Neuroanatomy, Emissions, and Cellular Neurobiology (Frisina). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AUDIOLOGY & SIGNAL PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Tyler, Richard S.; Professor and Director of Audiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project addresses issues related to cochlear implantation using audiological and speech-perception techniques. We will perform experiments that should expand selection criteria and improve performance. First, we will implant adults with more residual hearing to determine if the current selection criteria can be broadened to benefit more patients. Second, three different experiments will test opportunities to improve speech perception and music by novel speechprocessing approaches. We will use a high-rate conditioning processor to produce more natural nerve-fiber activity. A short electrode will be inserted in patients with good lowfrequency hearing, and then the ear will be stimulated with combined acoustical and electrical signals. Some patients will also receive binaural implants, and studies with independent processors will attempt to improve the binaural advantage for localization and speech perception in noise. The Electrophysiology Project will assist in fitting and the Music Project will assist in the evaluation of these studies. Third, many of our patients are older and can be expected to experience cognitive difficulties. However, hair-cell loss due to aging will not affect these patients, so their performance may not deteriorate as occurs in adults with hearing aids. More children are being identified early with hearing loss, and accurate measures are needed to determine behavioral thresholds in children before 12 months of age. A computer-based visual reinforcement audiometry system will be used to measure a head-turn response, and these same children will be tested later with play audiometry using the exact same equipment. Parallel measures will be made by the Electrophysiology Project. In our effort to further define appropriate selection criteria in children, we will work with the Language Project to determine if the advantage afforded by early implantation extends down to children 12 months of age. To further explore which children should get cochlear implants and which should get hearing aids, we will also measure the speech perception of hearingimpaired school-aged children using well-fit hearing aids. Fifth, we will evaluate children who have been using their implants for many years to document the levels of benefit that can be expected and the factors that contribute to success. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUTOMATED TEST OF WORD RECOGNITION - PHASE I Principal Investigator & Institution: Margolis, Robert H.; Professor, Director of Audiology; Audiology, Inc. 4410 Dellwood St Arden Hills, Mn 55112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 5 million word recognition tests are administered annually by audiologists in the United States with an associated cost of more then $100 million. These tests are currently performed manually by high-trained audiologists. This application describes a Phase I development of an automated clinical speech recognition test using clinical test recordings and an automated speech recognition system to score the subjects' responses. Methods for automatically interpreting the test scores will also be explored. The objectives are to increase the accuracy and efficiency of this clinical test while substantially reducing the cost. The automated speech recognition test in combination with the automated puretone audiogram (currently an STI'R Phase II project) will perform diagnostic testing of a majority of audiology patients, freeing the audiologists' time for activities that require their training and skill. Contemporary changes in training and reimbursement patterns create a high demand for automated clinical procedures. The automated procedure could be implemented on existing audiometers with a personal computer that would control the audiometer and run the speech recognition software. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUDIOLOGY

BINAURAL

AND

SPATIAL/TEMPORAL

HEARING

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Frisina, Robert D.; Professor; Rochester Institute of Technology 1 Lomb Memorial Dr Rochester, Ny 14623 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: Presbycusis is characterized by deficits understanding speech in complex, acoustic backgrounds. Changes in monaural temporal acuity can explain some, but not all, of the speech processing problems. Preliminary studies show that the detection and localization of binaural transient auditory signals also deteriorate with age. Such deficits in binaural processing may add to the difficulties that older adults experience in understanding speech in everyday life. Therefore, our aim is threefold: a. First, we will determine in younger, middle-aged, and older adults the relationship between the detection of transient auditory signals and word recognition in fluctuating, acoustic backgrounds where the monoaural inputs to the binaural system are similar; b. Second, we will determine the relationship between the detection of temporal gaps and understanding of speech in fluctuating, backgrounds in younger, middle-aged, and older adults where the monoaural inputs to the binaural system contain interaural timing and intensity disparities and c. Third, if age-related changes in binaural temporal and speech processing are shown to occur, we will determine the decades during which the changes arise and whether these changes occur independently or are related. Rationale: In monaural and diotic listening conditions, there are no interaural disparities in the neural representation of the signal that serves as input to the binaural auditory system. In these conditions, age-related changes in gap detection thresholds and speech understanding reflect deficits in monaural, rather than binaural, processing. We have demonstrated that these monaural deficits in temporal and speech processing are present, even in older adults with normal hearing. However, in everyday listening conditions, temporal and intensity interaural disparities are present throughout the two monaural patterns that serve as the inputs for the binaural system. We hypothesize that

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Audiology

age-related changes in gap detection thresholds and speech understanding, when determined in complex conditions that simulate everyday communication, will reflect not only those deficits already demonstrated in the monaural and diotic conditions but in addition, reflect age-related changes in binaural processing of great importance in everyday life. Also, we will audiologically characterize the representative samples of young, middle-aged, and old subjects with normal hearing and hearing loss who will undergo comparative experiments in psychoacoustics (this subproject), and speech perception (this subproject). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BUILDING RESEARCHERS IN AUDIOLOGY AND HEARING SCIENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryals, Brenda M.; Professor; Communication Scis & Disorders; James Madison University Harrisonburg, Va 22801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: This application requests funding to support two new and unique additions to the annual meeting of the American Auditory Society (AAS). The AAS was founded in 1974 as a multi-disciplinary association whose mission is to foster dissemination of knowledge and exchange of information about hearing and balance among professionals in Otolaryngology, Audiology and the Hearing Industry. Until 1999, this mission was accomplished through journal publication (Ear and Hearing), special sessions at other professional meetings and through our own meetings held in conjunction with other related professional conferences (ASHA, AAA, AAOO, IHAC). Since 1999 we have held our own stand-alone conferences. These meetings have been well attended (approximately 200 attendees each year) and represent a unique opportunity to share the latest applied, clinical research in otolaryngology, audiology and prosthetic development in a small meeting venue. The requested additions to the AAS meeting are a lecture series in translational research and a sponsored poster session for mentored student research. The purpose of the translational research lectures is to facilitate the transfer of basic research findings into clinical application. While there are excellent meetings for basic research in these fields, fewer opportunities exist for the presentation of rigorous clinical research and there is no one venue for the integration of both basic and applied research. The purpose of the poster session for mentored student research is to promote the future of our disciplines through recognition and mentorship of doctoral students in Audiology. The profession of Audiology has reached a crisis level in the training of professionals interested in careers in research. There has been a constant decline in the number of Ph.D. audiology graduates (69% fewer since 1990) and fewer and fewer of those graduates enter academic or research careers. We propose a poster session venue designed to showcase doctoral student research and encourage individual interaction of students with noted scientists and mentors in Audiology, Otolaryngology and Bioengineering. The addition of these speakers and student poster session will provide a unique opportunity for the integration of basic scientific study to be presented in a format which will encourage its application to clinical practice and which will promote future research in Audiology through the development of doctoral student research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BUILDING RESEARCHERS-AAS

THE

NEXT

GENERATION

OF

13

CLINICAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorga, Michael P.; Director; Father Flanagan's Boys' Home Boys Town, Ne 68010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 20-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests continued funding for a period of 3 years to support translational research lectures, a special interdisciplinary session, and the presentation of student/resident research at the annual meeting of the American Auditory Society (AAS). These functions were funded by NIH conference grants in 2002 and 2003, and both were highly successful. The AAS was founded in 1974 as a multi-disciplinary association whose mission is to foster dissemination of knowledge and exchange of information about hearing and balance among professionals in Otolaryngology, Hearing Science, Audiology and Industry. Since 1999, we have held our own stand-alone annual conference. The attendance at these meetings has steadily increased from less than 180 in 1999 to over 275 in 2003. The meetings represent a unique opportunity to share the latest applied, clinical research in otolaryngology, audiology and prosthetic development in a small meeting venue. While there are excellent meetings for basic research, fewer opportunities exist for the presentation of rigorous clinical research, and there is no single venue in which basic and applied research are integrated. The purpose of the translational research lectures is to facilitate the transfer of basic research findings into clinical application. The purpose of the special session is to provide a focused interdisciplinary session on one topic of current interest to the disciplines represented in the AAS. The purpose of the Mentored Student/Resident Research Poster Session is to promote the future of research in our disciplines through recognition and mentorship of doctoral students in Audiology and residents engaged in research in Otolaryngology. There has been a decline in the number of Ph.D. Audiology graduates, and increasingly fewer of those graduates enter academic or research careers. Research by clinician scientists in Otolaryngology has also declined in recent years, although trends are changing. We propose a poster-session venue designed to showcase and support Ph.D.-student and resident research, and to encourage individual interaction with noted scientists and mentors in Audiology, Otolaryngology, Hearing Science and Bioengineering. The invited speakers and student/resident poster session provide unique opportunities for basic scientific research to be presented in a format that will encourage its application to clinical practice and will promote future research in Hearing Science, Audiology, and Otolaryngology. Our approach also provides an opportunity for interdisciplinary discussion and cross fertilization, which should foster more productive, applied research endeavors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BUILDING THE RESEARCHERS IN AUDIOLOGY AND HEARING Principal Investigator & Institution: Tucci, Debara L.; Associate Professor of Surgery; Surgery; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-FEB-2003; Project End 16-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests funding to support two functions at the annual meeting of the American Auditory Society (AAS). The AAS was founded in 1974 as a multi-disciplinary association whose mission is to foster dissemination of knowledge and exchange of information about hearing and balance among professionals in Otolaryngology, Hearing Science, Audiology, and the Hearing

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Audiology

Industry. Since 1999 we have held our own stand-alone conferences. These meetings have been well attended (~200 attendees each year) and represent a unique opportunity to share the latest applied and clinical research in otolaryngology, audiology, and prosthetic development in a small meeting venue. The requested funding for the AAS meeting is for support of a lecture series in translational research and a poster session for mentored doctoral and post doctoral (Otolaryngology resident) research. Both functions were funded by an NIH conference grant for the first time last year, and this meeting was highly successful. The purpose of the translational research lectures is to facilitate the transfer of basis research findings into clinical application. While there are excellent meetings for basic research in these fields, fewer opportunities exist for the presentation of rigorous clinical research and there is no one venue for the integration for both basic and applied research. The purpose of the Mentored Research Poster Session is to promote the future of our disciplines through recognition and mentorship of doctoral students in Audiology and applied research in Otolaryngology. There has been a constant decline in the number of Ph.D. audiology graduates (69% fewer since 1990) and increasingly fewer of those graduates enter academic or research careers. Research by clinician scientists in Otolaryngology has also declined in recent years. We propose a poster session venue designed to showcase doctoral student and resident research and encourage individual interaction with noted scientists and mentors in Audiology, Otolaryngology and Bioengineering. The addition of theses speakers and student poster session will provide a unique opportunity for the integration of basic scientific study to be presented in a format which will encourage its application to clinical practice and which will promote future research in Hearing Science and Audiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL FUNCTION USI*

ASSESSMENT

OF

COCHLEAR

TRANSDUCER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bian, Lin; Hearing and Speech; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The sense of hearing is initialized in the inner ear by signal transduction; i.e., the transformation of sound to electrical signals. Normal cochlear function relies on the integrity and functionality of the hair cells that act as mechano-electric transducers. Cochlear transduction is vulnerable to structural and metabolic alterations in the inner ear that consequently lead to hearing loss; therefore, techniques that can assess cochlear transduction would be a desirable clinical tool to evaluate cochlear function. The long-term goal of the proposed research is to characterize cochlear transduction in cochlear disorders and, in turn, to develop a diagnostic tool that can no invasively distinguish cochlear hearing losses. The transduction processes in the hair cells produce sound or acoustic emissions that are measurable in the ear canal. Evoked by two-tone stimuli, the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are generated from the nonlinearity in cochlear transduction. Recently, we have developed a technique to derive a nonlinear transducer function of the inner ear from low-frequency modulation of DPOAEs. The modulation patterns of the DPOAEs provide physiologic indices of cochlear transduction. To continue our research towards the long-term goal, three studies, two in animals and one in the humans, are proposed. In the animal studies, the specific aim is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the transducer function and the associated indices in detecting cochlear pathologies. The sensitivity of the transduction indices will be tested

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in animals with moderate temporary hearing loss induced by exposures to pure tones. The specificity will be evaluated by differences in the change of transducer functions obtained from animals with hearing losses produced by different ototoxic drugs. The specific aim of the human study is to obtain normative values, the variability and reliability of the cochlear transduction indices derived from the low-frequency modulation of DPOAEs. Successful completion of the proposed research will provide a solid base for future development of a clinical tool that is helpful in the early identification of cochlear disorders, a critical practice in otology and audiology for treatment and hearing preservation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL MEASURES OF AUDITORY LINEAR/NONLINEAR PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chertoff, Mark E.; Hearing and Speech; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: A common finding in clinical audiology is that hearing-impaired listeners with similar audiograms perform differently on measures of speech perception and differ in the benefits they receive from amplification. One reason for the lack of homogeneity among hearing-impaired listeners is that the audiogram provides only a rough estimate of cochlear pathology. It is possible that hearing-impaired listeners differ in their underlying cochlear pathology and pure-tone thresholds lack the sensitivity to distinguish individuals. Cochlear pathology alters cochlear transduction processes. Mechano-electric transduction processes are modified, either directly through changes in hair cell structure, or indirectly through structures on which hair cell transduction relies. An objective measure that characterizes these processes will describe the physiologic consequences of cochlear disorders and supply a more accurate description of sensorineural hearing loss then presently available. The long term goal of this research is to develop clinical measures of cochlear transduction to provide a new categorization scheme of sensorineural hearing loss based on the underlying pathophysiology. With future developments in hair cell regeneration and gene therapy, this information will be useful for targeting therapeutic agents towards physiologic sites as well as for developing new signal processing algorithms for hearing aids and cochlear implants. Indices describing cochlear transduction processes are estimated from an engineering-based nonlinear systems identification procedure applied to cochlear potentials and from a modeling approach applied to distortion product otoacoustic emissions. One specific aim of this research is to determine the optimal signal parameters to obtain indices of cochlear transduction in humans. In an animal model, the aims are to determine the influence of the middle ear transfer function on cochlear transduction processes, and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cochlear transduction indices to distinguish cochlear pathology in ears with permanent hearing loss. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF HEARING AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baird, John C.; Psychological Applications, Llc 74 N Pinnacle Ridge Rd Waterbury, Vt 05676 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003

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Audiology

Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Phase I proposal is to refine and field test a computerized judgment method called Dynamic Assessment of Hearing Aids (DAHA). This method uses an intuitive graphical computer interface to record visual analogue ratings of a patient's satisfaction with various features of his/her hearing aid. The results of each assessment are immediately and effortlessly available to the clinician. Both current and historical results, as well as normative data are easily available for each patient. The program will be available both in English and Spanish. At present, questionnaires are most commonly used, but drawbacks of these methods include laboriousness for both the patient and the person who administers and scores the scale, delayed availability of the results, difficulties in retrieval and comparison with earlier assessments for the same patient, and/or normative data. A successful pilot test of this new method has been conducted with 39 patients in a typical clinical setting, but the psychometric characteristics of the method, such as validity and reliability, have yet to be established. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The number of audiologists practicing in the US is approximately 7000 (source: American Academy of Audiology), and the number of people in the U.S. with hearing loss sufficient to affect daily living exceeds 25 million. Successful completion of the proposed project will fulfill the existing demand by providing computer assessment of perceived quality of hearing aids that can be used in a variety of areas of clinical practice, clinical research, as well as R&D and marketing for designers and manufacturers of hearing aid devices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Abbas, Paul J.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project addresses a number of issues related to cochlear implantation using electrophysiological techniques. Since we plan to implant children at very young ages, the issue of hearing assessment becomes important. Experiments using acoustic stimuli and the steady state evoked potential as a response measure will be used to address this issue. Once implanted, the limitations of behavioral testing in young children make the use of electrically evoked physiological responses a viable tool for determining appropriate parameters for stimulation. Experiments using electrical stimulation will assess the correlation between a variety of physiological measures and behaviorally determined programming levels. Once implanted, both adults and children display a wide range of abilities with the implant. We plan a series of experiments under Aim 4 that attempt to use physiological means to assess effective means of stimulation. In conjunction with the Audiology and Music projects will test the relationship to perceptual abilities. The implantation of individuals with significant residual hearing affords the opportunity to novel speech and music processing schemes as outlined in the Audiology and Music projects. Physiological experiments are planned which specifically measure the effects of functional hair cells on electrical stimulation of neurons and also the interaction of acoustic and electrical stimulation of the cochlea. These experiments are designed to assist in understanding the limitations of stimulation under these conditions as well as to suggest specific directions for signal processing parameter manipulations. Finally, the population of subjects with cochlear implants has been followed for as long as 15 years using a variety of physiological and perceptual measures. The longitudinal changes that take place as children mature into adults or as adults become older provide a unique opportunity to assess the source of such changes. Physiological data from the auditory periphery can serve as an important comparison to

Studies

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perceptual data collected as part of the Audiology and Music projects as well as language development and speech production data in children collected as part of the Language project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEARING ACUITY, COGNITIVE AGING, AND MEMORY FOR SPEECH Principal Investigator & Institution: Wingfield, Arthur; Professor; Psychology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although many adults maintain good hearing into older adulthood, large numbers of older adults manifest age-related hearing declines that significantly interfere with comprehension and memory for speech. Few issues are as important to the quality of life of older adults as the ability to recall heard information, whether it is instructions from medical care providers, verbal instructions on how to complete forms, or the latest news of family and friends. Natural speech is rapid, ranging from 90 words per minute (wpm) for thoughtful conversation, to rates far in excess of 200 wpm. Added to this high input rate is the fact that speech is very often accompanied by background distraction. Both factors are known to be especially disruptive to older adults. This application centers on an interdisciplinary approach combining expertise from cognitive psychology and audiology to the understanding of how age-related cognitive factors interact with agerelated hearing loss (presbycusis) in memory for speech. In order to separate the effects of cognitive aging and hearing acuity, four groups of adults will be tested: older adults with age-related hearing loss, older adults with good hearing in the speech range, young adults with hearing loss in the speech range similar to that of the older adults, and a young adult group with good hearing. The research will focus on (1) the effects of rapid speech and auditory distraction on memory for spoken messages, (2) how the features of the spoken messages interact with age and hearing loss, and (3) the extent to which the use of context can be flexibly employed by older adults with poor hearing as distinct from reflecting an enduring perceptual "style" that may not always be appropriate. On the theoretical level one of the goals will be to test the hypothesis that the extra effort expended on lower level perception of speech can draw resources that would ordinarily be available for "down-stream" processes such as memory encoding for later recall. On the applied level, the data obtained will be valuable for developing guidelines for tests of hearing that are sensitive to the special needs of older adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEARING LOSS AND PROSTHESIS SIMULATOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Zurek, Patrick; President; Sensimetrics Corporation 48 Grove St, Ste 305N Somerville, Ma 02144 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of the proposed work is a system that simulates the auditory-perceptual effects of hearing loss in combination with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other auditory prostheses. This simulator will be completely wearable so that it can be used in everyday settings without occupying hands or eyes. Alternatively, it can be used while tethered to a computer for extensive changes of system characteristics. It will be a binaural system, with loss and prosthesis characteristics independently specifiable for the left and right channels, and it will provide simple

18

Audiology

controls so that when it is un-tethered from the PC the user can switch among several loss and prosthesis settings. The eventual goal is to make the simulator available at moderate cost (approximately $700) for the following applications: training audiologists and educators of the deaf; demonstrations in hearing- conservation and public education programs; demonstrations for families of hearing-impaired and deaf persons; demonstrations for prospective hearing aid users; and as a research tool. The work in Phase I will develop the core DSP technology for the system and will assess the feasibility of a hybrid method employing passive attenuation, masking noise, and automatic gain control that is expected to enable simulation of hearing losses as large as 100 dB for a user immersed in a sound field. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The primary market for the simulator consists of training programs in audiology and deaf-education, parent/relative-counseling programs, and researchers. The size of this market in the U.S. is estimated to be about a thousand units, with a similar-sized market in the rest of the world. A larger market group, though one with less motivation to purchase, is the roughly 10,000 hearing-aid dispensers in the U.S. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEARING LOSS AND THE PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX SOUND Principal Investigator & Institution: Leek, Marjorie R.; Senior Research Audiologist; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1989; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract) A primary operation of the inner ear is the division of acoustic stimuli into the activities of separate bands, often called cochlear filters. A history of experimentation directed at measurement of these filters has shown them to be wider in listeners with cochlear impairments than in subjects with normal hearing, an important consideration in explaining diminished speech intelligibility in noise generally found with such impairment. Historically, studies of cochlear filter have concentrated on their amplitude spectra, i.e., their frequency responses, but the present program of research has joined cutting edge research on phase responses of the filters. These data will have a dual function. First, they have considerable value for our basic understanding of auditory function; secondly, in providing information about the dynamic processing of components both within and across channels, they address issues related to the lister's ability to utilize information in the intensity and frequency contours of speech. The traditional way to tailor a hearing aid for the individual was to match the gain characteristics of the aid to threshold data from the patient. However, with the advent of powerful digital techniques for modifying the processing algorithms for new aids, it will be possible to take advantage of knowledge of the phase characteristics of cochlear filters in the patient to increase the effective signal-to-noise ratios and hence the discriminability of speech signals in everyday listening. With this in mind, the experiments on phase effects in normal and abnormal cochleas will ask how temporal processing within the auditory channels enhances spectral contrast and sensitivity to change. Both normal hearing and impaired listeners will be tested using psychophysical methods as well as tests of the acoustic reflex, a tool commonly used in audiology to measure sensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPACT OF FALSE POSITIVE NEONATAL HEARING SCREENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Elkin, Thomas D.; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of Mississippi Medical Center 2500 N State St Jackson, Ms 39216

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Support for universal neonatal hearing screening has increased dramatically in the years since the NIH Consensus Statement (1993). However, concerns have been raised regarding potentially negative effects of the screening process, particularly false positive results. Bess & Paradise (1994) and Paradise (1999) point out that little is known about the potential impact of false positive results on parental anxiety and subsequent parent-child relationships. Existing data is minimal and contradictory. This study will investigate the effects of a false positive hearing screen on both short- and long-term maternal anxiety and parent-infant relationships. Specific aim #1 is to identify the short-term and long-term psychosocial effects on mothers of false-positive hearing screening of newborn infants; specific aim #2 is to identify predictor variables for mothers who are at increased risk for experiencing shortterm and long-term psychosocial problems as a result of false-positive hearing screenings on their newborn infants. All study participants will be recruited from one of 3 area hospitals. Infants who fail the hearing screen in the newborn nursery return to the hospital for repeat screening within 2 weeks of discharge. Infants who fail this second stage screen are then appointed to an audiology facility for diagnostic evaluation. Two groups of patients will be followed: (1) the parents of those newborns who fail their inpatient hearing screening but pass a subsequent outpatient screening [experimental group], and (2) the parents of those patients who pass (receive a true negative) initial hearing screening examination [matched control group]. Parents in both the experimental and control groups will complete a series of questionnaires designed to assess for parental anxiety, parent-child interactions, and maternal attitude toward the infant. Questionnaires for both study groups will be administered prior to hospital discharge and at 2-3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months post-discharge. Ultimately, this study aims to improve the long-term well-being and overall quality of life of mothers and their newborn infants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF AUDITORY DYSFUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, David A.; Associate Professor; Otolaryngology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This Program Project Grant, Mechanisms of Auditory Dysfunction, consists of interrelated mulitdisciplinary investigations of psychophysical, speech perception, and physiological aspects of auditory dysfunction. The collaborative theme during this renewal is mechanisms of electrical hearing. Subprojects 1 and 2 are concerned with perceptual measures of electrical hearing in human cochlear implant subjects. They will characterize important aspects of intensity and temporal coding in electrical hearing, and relate psychophysical measures of intensity and temporal processing to specific aspects of speech recognition performance obtained in Subproject 3. Subproject 4 examines the physiological correlates of electrically stimulated hearing, the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation excites surviving auditory nerve fibers, and the limitations to psychophysical performance that might be imposed by auditory nerve responses. This program is a multidisciplinary effort involving collaboration among eight investigators, with expertise in auditory physiology, sensory psychology, audiology, phychoacoustics, and otolaryngology. The program, currently in its twentythird year, makes use of the Program-Project Grant mechanism to achieve scientific collaboration and productivity in a cost effective manner. Research funded by this grant

20

Audiology

will continue to advance our understanding of the characteristics and mechanisms of hearing and hearing dysfunction and will have direct implications for clinical diagnosis and eventual management of hearing disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MONAURAL AND BINARUAL SPECTRO/TEMPORAL PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Eddins, David A.; Associate Professor; Communicative Disorders & Scis; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Buffalo, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: From the proposal) Characterization of normal and impaired auditory perception necessarily requires an understanding of how simple and complex auditory signals are perceived and encoded. A void in this area of research is a global or unifying framework with which to understand such processing as it relates to everyday communication in listeners with normal and impaired hearing. This proposal requests support for a comprehensive study focusing on the perception of spectral and temporal patterns characteristic of sounds in the natural environment. One long-term goal is to provide a global explanation of spectral and temporal envelope perception. One specific hypothesis to be tested here is that the perception of envelope changes (spectral or temporal) is consistent with a general set of physical constraints mediated by domainspecific envelope channels in the central auditory system. Two sets of channels are proposed, temporal and spectral, which are tuned to domain-specific envelope frequency and which reflect similar properties (e.g., position invariance) throughout the audio spectrum. It is also proposed that temporal envelope channels might exist that receive both monaural and binaural input. Because so many individuals with cochlear hearing impairment have difficulty processing complex sounds, but relatively little difficulty on many "local" tasks, it is crucial to understand the nature of these deficits and how (putative) domain-specific envelope channels might be affected. The experiments and analyses will provide a substantial contribution to the fields of hearing science, experimental psychology, and clinical audiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MUSIC PERCEPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gfeller, Kate; Professor; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Music is a common part of cultural rituals, social events, and is valued for its artistic and emotional expression. Following speech perception, music appreciation is the next most commonly expressed desire of implant recipients. However, current devices and coding strategies have been designed with speech perception in mind. Implant recipients commonly describe the sound of music through current implants as unnatural or unpleasant in quality, and find tasks requiring good pitch perception (e.g., song recognition) very difficult. Given attainment of reasonable transmission of speech sounds in current devices, and the emergence of advanced processing strategies, musical enjoyment seems a logical objective with regard to implant benefit, and one can argue is a more stringent test than speech of implant design. In collaboration with Audiology and Electrophysiology, we will investigate several novel signal processing schemes to determine if music perception and appreciation can be enhanced. We will also examine the relations among

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psychophysical, psychological, and speech perception measures, and perception of complex musical sounds. Past research indicates that systematic training can improve some aspects of music appreciation, even for implant recipients who use current speech processors. We will examine the effect of systematic training versus long term use for implant recipients who use conventional speech processing strategies as well as novel signal processing that has been optimized for music listening. Because we have a large group of implanted children who are long-term users, we can follow changes in music perception and appreciation that occur as a result of experience with the device, and examine the impact of audiological history (e.g., age of implantation). In collaboration with the Language Project, we will compare how music perception of prelingually deafened children, who are now approaching young adulthood, compares with that of postingually deafened adults. We will also cooperate with the Language Project to follow changes in auditory perception (using music as a nonlinguistic stimulus) in infants, young children who use cochlear implants, and a comparison group of children who use conventional hearing aids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NARROW-BAND ACTIVE NOISE REDUCTION FOR DPOAE MEASUREMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kline-Schoder, Robert J.; Creare, Inc. 16 Great Hollow Road Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of this project is to enable accurate acquisition of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements in relatively high noise environments for use in hearing evaluations and screening. DPOAE measurements have been shown to be an effective and efficient method for screening infant, children, and adult hearing. Environmental noise, however, has been shown to adversely affect the ability to successfully obtain DPOAE measurements, especially at frequencies below 1500 Hz. We will achieve our aim by developing a narrow-band, adaptive active noise reduction system that will seamlessly augment existing DPOAE measurement protocols. Our innovation will supplement existing DPOAE measurement systems with both low-cost acoustic hardware and advanced signal processing techniques. By reducing background noise levels in a narrow frequency band near the DPOAE test frequencies, we will enable higher signal-to-noise ratio DPOAE measurement sequences. The increased SNR will result in the ability to obtain DPOAE measurements in relatively high noise environments such as the newborn intensive care unit and nursery, offices of pediatricians, schools without special audiology facilities, field hospitals, and remote or mobile clinics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OUTCOMES OF FURLOW&CONVENTIONAL PALATOPLASTY PROCEDURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Havlik, Robert J.; Surgery; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This clinical trial planning grant is to design a multicenter, multi-disciplinary prospectively randomized trial to evaluate the outcomes following two cleft palate repair techniques--Furlow double-Z palatoplasty (Double Z) and intra-velar veloplasty (IVV). The specific aims of the study are to determine if the

22

Audiology

primary endpoints of the occurrence of oro-nasal fistulae and the rate of velopharyngeal insufficiently of children undergoing double Z or IVV palatoplasty at 10-12 months of age are the same. It is also believed that cleft type and cleft width may influence these primary endpoints, a series of specific measurements of palatal architecture will be made at the time of palatal repair. Secondary endpoints will be to determine if the occurrence of oro-nasal fistulae or velopharyngeal competence differs as a result of any of these architectural parameters in the two techniques of palatal repair. Patients will be recruited from four major referral sites: Riley Hospital for Children, Children's Medical Center of Akron, Mott Children's Hospital and Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City. Total planned enrollment in the trial is 300 cleft patients over three years. Prior to surgery, appropriate screens will be performed to exclude patients with cognitive delay, sensori-neuronal hearing loss, or neuromuscular disorders. All non-syndromic patients with cleft palate, with or without cleft lip, will be offered participation in the trial. Audiology testing will be performed throughout the study to minimize the influence of hearing loss upon the data. A speech-language assessment will be performed at nine months of age, and follow-up speech language assessments will be at six-month intervals until 36 months of age, and on an annual basis thereafter until six years of age, or until secondary surgical management is recommended. In addition, a master tape at the 48-month visit will be sent to five independent speech-language pathologists for evaluation in a blinded fashion. Velopharyngeal assessment will be made using nasometry management and analysis will be performed through a separate data center. There are no randomized controlled trials published that compare these techniques of double Z or IVV, and, furthermore, there have been very few randomized trials published in cleft studies, despite this being the third most common birth defect. In addition, there have been no studies on the palatal architecture parameters and their influence upon oronasal fistulae and velopharyngeal competence that have been published. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE AND MENTAL HEALTH IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsiske, Michael; Associate Professor; Ctr for Gerontological Studies; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Institute on Aging (IoA) at the University of Florida (UF) seeks funding to support its predoctoral research-training program in aging of physical, cognitive and mental health in social contexts. With the co-location and cooperation between UF's health sciences and liberal arts campuses, as evinced by the strong levels of collaboration documented in this proposal, located close to urban and rural environments, UF is uniquely positioned to offer training in the psychosocial elements of health and disease (e.g., sensorimotor antecedents of cognitive decline in aging), in a socially diverse State. The training program is led by a Training Director with over seven years of experience with a particular model that includes multidisciplinary research training coupled with strong disciplinary education. UF has recently reinvigorated its investment in aging research, although its institutional commitment to aging (as evidenced by the establishment of its first Center on aging) is over 50 years old. In the past two years alone, 14 new aging faculty (to date) have been hired at UF. At present, over 40 faculty have identified themselves as "Core Training Faculty" in the IoA, representing the disciplines of psychology, sociology, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, medicine, geography, audiology, linguistics,

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interior design, and others. This group is committed to mentoring students in a program that includes simultaneous admission to a disciplinary department (for the Ph.D.) and to the IoA Predoctoral Research Training program. The core components of the IoA training program include: (1) assignment of each student of multi-disciplinary mentoring team, literally on their first day of arrival, including a primary mentor form the performance model, in which students begin each academic year with their mentoring team to set career plan-relevant quantifiable goals in the domains of research, education, and service. Mentoring team meetings throughout the year to assess and support goal progress; (3) a weekly campus-wide colloquium series featuring atop national speakers, local researchers in aging, and professional development sessions; and (4) required supplemental coursework in Aging and Statistics/Methodology. In addition, our mentoring team approach allows us to actively engage energetic newer faculty in primary mentoting roles, while supplementing and complementing them with seasoned, productive senior investigators. Our students are therefore poised not only for research in traditional departments, but also in clinical research facilities, and multidisciplinary gerontology environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIRECTIONS

PHYSIOLOGY

AND

ACOUSTICS

OF

SINGING

II:

NEW

Principal Investigator & Institution: Nix, John P.; Denver Center for the Performing Arts Performing Arts Denver, Co 802042154 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The National Center for Voice and Speech at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts will host the 2nd International Conference on the Physiology and Acoustics of Singing on October 7-9, 2004. The 2004 conference will bring together performers, voice educators, voice scientists, medical doctors, and behavioral therapy specialists in a unique format of lectures, demonstrations, and performances. Information sharing about singing will catalyze discussions about bridging the gaps between voice disciplines. In a similar fashion to how the field of medicine has benefited from work done with astronauts and athletes, conference organizers believe what is learned from the exceptional vocalizations of singers can help all voice professionals in understanding 'normal' behavior and in developing new therapeutic approaches, including those which integrate technology into vocal training. The conference proceedings will be disseminated through a website which will feature streaming videos of presentations, audio files, links to other related websites, and text versions of presentations. All attendees will receive a CD of all accepted abstracts and highlights of presentations. The conference meetings will be lead by the following international speakers: Thomas Cleveland, Ph.D., most recently known for his research with non-classical singers; Sten Ternstrom, Ph.D., a leader in the field of voice synthesis and an expert on ensemble effects in choral singing; Garyth Nair, M.A., author of the widely read text, Voice-Tradition and Technology, and Professor of Voice and Choral Music at Drew University, NJ; Johan Sundberg, Ph.D., for 30 years regarded as one of the most distinguished researchers in the world in the acoustics and physiology of singing and author of The Science of the Singing Voice; Ingo R. Titze, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor, Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology and the School of Music, the University of Iowa, and Executive Director of the National Center for Voice and Speech; and Harm K. Schutte, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Medical Voice and Speech Pathology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and one of the primary organizers of the first PAS conference. The conference organizing committee

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Audiology

includes John Rubin, M.D., FACS, FRCS, President-Elect of the British Voice Association and Consultant ENT Surgeon/Lead Clinician in Voice Disorders at the Royal National ENT Hospital Division of the Royal Free NHS Trust, London, England; Paul Kiesgen, M.M., Professor of Voice and Chairman of the Singing Voice Faculty at Indiana University; Donald Miller, Ph.D., Groningen Voice Research Lab, Groningen, the Netherlands, and former Professor of Voice at Syracuse University, NY; Ingo Titze, Ph.D.; and Harm K. Schutte, M.D., Ph.D. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PURDUE UNIV. HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rutledge, Charles O.; Interim Vice Provost for Research,; Medicinal Chem/Molecular Pharm; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The Human Subjects Protection Program at Purdue University has been going through substantial growth and transformation in the past two years. With the overarching goals--of enhancing the protection of human research subjects, strengthening oversight and management of human subjects research, facilitating collaboration and providing for the education and training of stakeholders--substantial effort and resources are needed. This project will "jump start" our institutional effort and facilitate our collaboration with Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI)/Indiana University (IU) with the goal of individually and jointly improving our effectiveness in ensuring the protection of human research subjects. While Purdue is not home to a medical school, we have clinical health-related research occurring in Biomedical Engineering, Foods and Nutrition, Nursing, Pharmacy Practice, Veterinary Medicine, Audiology and other fields. Purdue and IUPUI have a long history of collaboration at an administrative level as evidenced by our ten-year Human Subjects in Research Cooperative Agreement; at a programmatic level with our combined M.D./Ph.D. degree in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering; and, at the level of investigators collaborating to bridge basic research to clinical trials (e.g. Purdue's NIH funded Botanical Center). The proposed project has two specific aims: 1) information technology infrastructure development and implementation of an on-line web-based protocol submission and review software package in a three-way collaboration with IUPUI (lead developer) and the University of Minnesota (UMN) based on a database system already in use at UMN; and, 2) collaboration with IUPUI in the development of educational materials and training for various stakeholders while improving dissemination and access to information about our Human Subjects Protection Program. As designed, this project will stimulate and advance collaboration among IUPUI/IU, Purdue, and UMN This three-way partnership where each party is contributing to the development of a larger product and sharing the results is a more efficient use of time and resources for all. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN SPEECH AND HEARING SCIENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Moore, Christopher A.; Professor; Speech and Hearing Sciences; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2006

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Summary: (from applicant's abstract): Advanced training in the speech, language, and hearing sciences is at a critical point in its short history. Although the national need for services and the demand for graduate training are steadily increasing, doctoral training in speech, language, and hearing sciences has been insufficient in keeping up with these needs. Projected faculty retirement and departmental growth outstrip production of doctoral graduates by approximately 50%. Doctoral training in the speech, language, and hearing sciences at the University of Washington has played a significant role in addressing this growing need. University of Washington graduates consistently compete for the best faculty and research positions in the country. Training experiences afforded by the UW training mentors include active research programs in: clinical audiology, hearing aid design and evaluation, neonatal hearing screening, psycholinguistics, phonology, auditory electrophysiology, multicultural aspects of communication, psychoacoustics, bioacoustics, social communication, speech perception, speech physiology, speech acoustics, motor speech disorders, neurogenic speech-language disorders, inner hair cell regeneration, oromotor coorination and biomechanics, song development in songbirds, cochlear implants, neuroimaging, and cognitive neuroscience. Program trainees are exposed to a wide range of research in speech, language, and hearing, emerging well versed in these disciplines and able to conduct technologically and theoretically ambitious programs of research. Independent projections and observations yield the common conclusions that: (1) The need for health care professionals in speech, language, and hearing sciences will rise steeply over the next several decades. Research efforts will need to rise commensurately. (2) The supply of new professionals remains limited by the number of graduate programs. Existing programs must maintain or increase their training efforts. (3) Growth in training programs is limited by a lack of qualified professor-ial research faculty. (4) Research institutions represent a compara-tively small proportion of training programs. This proposed research- training program addresses these needs by providing a highly enriched educational environment for predoctoral students. These students will be exposed to a broad range of interdisciplinary research as well as being mentored to develop as independent investigators within their more narrowly defined scope of research in preparation for academic careers encompassing both research and teaching. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUMMER PROGRAM IN GENETICS FOR AUDIOLOGY FACULTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnos, Kathleen S.; Professor; Biology; Gallaudet University 7Th St & Florida Ave Ne Washington, Dc 20002 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The proposed project will support an educational program in genetics for faculty of audiology training programs and audiologists from early hearing detection and intervention programs with the goal of improving training of future audiologists in the clinical, technical, ethical, social and legal issues surrounding the provision of genetic services and molecular testing for hereditary types of hearing loss. This goal will be accomplished through the following specific aims: 1) the development and implementation of a needs assessment survey of existing graduate-level training programs in audiology concerning the incorporation of genetics into their curriculum, 2) the establishment of an Advisory Board consisting of genetics professionals, audiologists, educators and bioethicists to guide the development of an educational program in genetics, 3) the implementation of a 7-day summer workshop during each of 3 consecutive summers targeted to faculty of audiology training programs as well as to audiologists from early hearing detection and intervention

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Audiology

programs, 4) the development of an educational notebook for participants in the educational workshop containing materials which will assist them in integrating genetics information into their own curricula for audiology students and 5) the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation component to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in accomplishing the goal of the project. This project will be performed by a team of experienced geneticists. educators, evaluators and bioethicists to effectively accomplish the specific aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EXPERIENCE OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wallhagen, Margaret I.; Physiological Nursing; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hearing impairment ranks among the top four chronic conditions experienced by older adults, and rapidly increases with age; 50% of those aged 85 and over report hearing impairment. Hearing impairment alters one's ability to communicate with others, and data consistently demonstrate its negative impact on psychosocial and physical functioning. However, although hearing impairment can alter long standing relationships and mandate re-negotiation of roles and communication patterns, minimal data are available on the experience of hearing impairment in older adults and their communication partners (CPs) (partner/spouse/caregiver). To address this critical gap in our understanding, this longitudinal qualitative study with a naturalistic (non-manipulated) intervention will investigate the experience and consequences (psychosocial, functional, clinical) of hearing impairment for community dwelling hearing impaired elders (aged 60 and over) and their CPs across one year. One hundred dyads will be recruited from participating audiology clinics when they make a first time appointment for a hearing assessment and evaluation for a hearing aid. Interviews will occur before the hearing assessment (T1), at 3 months post assessment and hearing aid recommendation (T2), and again at 12 months (T3). Through in-depth interviews the meaning of heating impairment, its effects on salient aspects of each partner's life, and its effects on each partner's psychosocial, functional, and clinical status will be explored at each data collection point. In addition, factors that facilitate or hinder adaptation to a hearing aid and processes by which roles and relationships are re-negotiated will also be investigated. Post hearing assessment interviews will explore the processes by which changes (if any) have occurred as a result of a hearing aid. Select quantitative data on the effects of hearing impairment will be collected to augment the qualitative data and allow for triangulation of methods. This study will fill a critical gap in our understanding of the experience of hearing impairment: it will inform health professionals regarding this meaning of hearing impairment and how older adults and their CPs manage this chronic condition within the context of their on-going lives, and will underpin the development of targeted interventions to facilitate adaptation to hearing impairment and thereby enhance quality of life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: TRAINING COMMUNICATION

IN

SPEECH,

HEARING

AND

SENSORY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pisoni, David B.; Psychology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 25-SEP-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal requests support to continue the multidisciplinary training program in Speech, Hearing and Sensory Communication at Indiana University. The program provides specialized research training in the Communications Sciences and Disorders for postdoctoral, predoctoral and medical students. Faculty and laboratory facilities will be drawn from Psychology, Linguistics, Speech & Hearing Sciences, Cognitive Science and Neural Science in Bloomington and Otolaryngology and Radiology in the School of Medicine in Indianapolis. The program has ten core faculty members and an additional twenty-six affiliated and supporting faculty. Trainees will be expected to carry out research in one of the laboratories and gain specialized knowledge in areas such as: speech analysis, synthesis and perception; anatomy and physiology of the auditory system; psychophysics of hearing and complex sound perception; acoustic and articulatory phonetics; experimental and clinical phonology; perceptual development, phonological acquisition and development; tactile psychophysics and perception; clinical audiology, speech-language pathology, hearing impairment and cochlear implants; spoken word recognition and lexical access; and spoken language processing. Postdoctoral trainees will be drawn from Speech & Hearing Sciences, Clinical Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Linguistics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Cognitive, and Developmental Psychology. Predoctoral trainees will be drawn from the Ph.D. programs in Psychology, Linguistics, Speech & Hearing Sciences, Cognitive and Neural Science. As in the past, training activities will consist of: (1) individual and collaborative research projects; (2) participation in weekly laboratory meetings, research seminars, journal clubs and workshops, and attendance at scientific or professional meetings; and (3) formal coursework as needed in Psychology, Speech & Hearing, Linguistics, Cognitive Science or Neural Science. Access to clinical populations for research is available through the Speech and Hearing Clinic in Bloomington and the ENT Clinics at the IU Medical Center in Indianapolis. Our long-term goal is to provide specialized research training in the Communication Sciences and Disorders in order to increase the number of qualified biomedical and behavioral research scientists working on basic and clinical problems in Speech, Hearing and Sensory Communication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for audiology in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Audiology

A use study of speech pathology and audiology periodicals at Illinois State University. by Duran N, Buckley CE, Ng ML.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=226294

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with audiology, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for audiology (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

1974 survey of training programs in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Willis CR, Willis JB. Source: Asha. 1976 July; 18(7): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=999754

•

1985-86 National Examination scores in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology: some new findings. Author(s): Lingwall JB. Source: Asha. 1987 May; 29(5): 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3297077

•

1988 Audiology Practice Act. Author(s): Konrad HR. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1997 June; 76(6): 410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210811

•

21st century audiology. Author(s): Sweetow RW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 March; 21(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10733176

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A brief history of audiology at Mayo Clinic. Author(s): Olsen WO, Rose DE, Hedgecock LD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2003 May-June; 14(4): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940701

•

A clinical and audiology study of hearing impaired pre-school children. Author(s): Yiap KH, Abraham KA, Loh LE. Source: Singapore Med J. 1984 February; 25(1): 34-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6463660

•

A new challenge for pediatric audiology: Public Law 99-457. Author(s): Roush J, McWilliam RA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1990 October; 1(4): 196-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2132604

•

A proposal for the measurement of the level of fluctuating background noise used in audiology. Author(s): Tschopp K, Beckenbauer T, Harris F. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1991; 20(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1842289

•

A prospective evaluation of direct referral to audiology departments for hearing aids. Author(s): Swan IR, Browning GG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 February; 108(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8163911

•

A skill-based clinical audiology practicum evaluation procedure. Author(s): Frank T. Source: Asha. 1980 April; 22(4): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7426077

•

A study on cost effectiveness of audiology services Baffin Region, N.W.T. Author(s): Goodbody ML, Stubbing P. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1991; Suppl: 646-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365250

•

A survey of rural public awareness of speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Killarney GT, Lass NJ. Source: Asha. 1981 June; 23(6): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6763871

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•

A survey of the deaf community concerning their opinions, needs and knowledge of audiology and audiology services. Author(s): Butler CE, Martin FN. Source: Am Ann Deaf. 1987 July; 132(3): 221-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3434522

•

ABR in pediatric audiology. Author(s): Rahko T, Karma P. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1981; 13: 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6944772

•

Adaptive testing in audiology. Author(s): Levitt H. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1978; (6): 241-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=292144

•

Advanced techniques in clinical audiology. Author(s): Young IM, Harbert F. Source: Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1973 Fall; 26(2): 131-6 D. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4750175

•

An analysis of commitments made by student clinicians in speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Shapiro DA, Anderson JL. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1988 May; 53(2): 202-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3283448

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Analysis of records from an open-access audiology service. Author(s): McCormick B, Wood SA, Cope Y, Spavins FM. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1984 August; 18(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6333260

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Application of artificial intelligence in audiology. Author(s): Juhola M, Viikki K, Laurikkala J, Auramo Y, Kentala E, Pyykko I. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 2001; (52): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318498

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Applied audiology. Author(s): Oyer HJ. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 1996; 48(3): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8768360

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Arctic audiology: trials, tribulations, and occasional successes. Author(s): Ilecki HJ, Baxter JD. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1981 August; 10(4): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6170765

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Assessing service quality in paediatric audiology and early deaf education. Author(s): Bamford J, Battersby C, Beresford D, Davis A, Gregory S, Hind S, Moore L, Reeve K. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 2001 December; 35(6): 329-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848175

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Audiogram fine structure and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wiebe Horst J, de Kleine E. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1999 September-October; 38(5): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548374

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Audiology and hearing impairment: improving the quality of care. Author(s): Meecham E. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1999 July 14-20; 13(43): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10531983

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Audiology and its links with physical sciences in medicine. Author(s): Elliott C, Stevens JC. Source: Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement : an Official Journal of the Hospital Physicists' Association, Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Medizinische Physik and the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics. 1988 May; 9(2): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3391018

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Audiology and otolaryngology. A continuing partnership. Author(s): Alford BR, Jerger J. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 May; 103(5): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=856131

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Audiology and otology. 3. Author(s): Nober EH. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1968 July; 47(7): 315-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5728727

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Audiology and otology. II. Author(s): Nober EH. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1968 June; 47(6): 292-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5729145

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Audiology and otology: a special relationship. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1979 January; 58(1): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=761578

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Audiology and speech pathology in Ceylon. Author(s): Sklar M. Source: Asha. 1973 August; 15(8): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4733234

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Audiology and the America's Cup: communication challenges in an extreme environment. Author(s): Keith W, Lyes R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2001 October; 12(9): 490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699820

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Audiology and the ethics of leadership. Author(s): Gladstone VS. Source: Asha. 1995 November-December; 37(11-12): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8561812

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Audiology for clothing? Author(s): Rahe FA. Source: Asha. 1993 February; 35(2): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8466556

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Audiology in an ecological perspective--development of a conceptual framework. Author(s): Borg E. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1998; 49: 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10209788

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Audiology in Australia. Author(s): Rosen J, Goodall L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1979 August 25; 2(4): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=514127

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Audiology in Greenland. An audiological program in a remote area. Author(s): Rojskjaer C. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1974; 13(5): 408-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4412130

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Audiology in Latin America: hearing impairment, resources and services. Author(s): Madriz JJ. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 2001; (53): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409785

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Audiology in medicine. Author(s): Allard B, Templer JW. Source: Mo Med. 1991 October; 88(10): 702-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1944116

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Audiology programs: another viewpoint. Author(s): Smith AD, Tataryn K, Simser J. Source: Can Nurse. 1979 January; 75(1): 21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=251451

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Audiology services in the schools. Author(s): Huffman N. Source: Asha. 1989 November; 31(11): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2818699

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Audiology technicians' training manual. Author(s): Armstrong-Bednall G, Lightfoot G. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1984 May; 18(2): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6733317

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Audiology, the Association, and occupational hearing conservation. Author(s): Yantis PA. Source: Asha. 1975 December; 17(12): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1201136

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Audiology. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1981 November; 60(11): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7333217

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Audiology. Author(s): Menzel OJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1966 September; 45(9): 106-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5945581

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Audiology. Author(s): Menzel OJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1966 August; 45(8): 84-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5946396

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Audiology. Impedance: its present and full potential. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1979 October; 58(10): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=499014

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Audiology. Turning up the volume. Author(s): Hall B, Sirimanna T. Source: Health Serv J. 2000 August 31; 110(5720): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11184529

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Audiology: a problem oriented approach. Author(s): Page JM. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1978 October; 11(3): 801-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=733261

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Audiology: basic elements in hearing testing. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1979 February; 58(2): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436669

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Audiology: basic principles of masking. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1979 March; 58(3): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=436685

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Audiology: defining hearing impairment. Author(s): Egan JJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1980 March; 59(3): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7371567

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Audiology: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Author(s): Reger SN. Source: N Y State J Med. 1968 June 1; 68(11): 1431-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4872003

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Audiology--state of the art. Author(s): Brooks DN. Source: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 1986 July-August; 10(4): 167-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3783647

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Auditory brainstem response in paediatric audiology. Author(s): Mason S, McCormick B, Wood S. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1988 May; 63(5): 465-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3291782

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Auditory evoked potentials from the cortex: audiology applications. Author(s): Cone-Wesson B, Wunderlich J. Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 October; 11(5): 372-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502069

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Aural rehabilitation and graduate audiology programs. Author(s): Sykes S, Tucker D, Herr D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1997 October; 8(5): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9328893

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Aural rehabilitation of hearing-impaired adults (official policy of the British Society of Audiology). Author(s): Markides A, Brooks DN, Hart FG, Stephens SD. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1979 February; 13(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=435658

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Behavioral methods in pediatric audiology: past, present, future. Author(s): Matkin ND. Source: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1980 September-October; 89(5 Pt 2): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786191

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Biophysics in audiology. A theoretical study. Author(s): Gaudin EP. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1974; 28(4-5): 553-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4440484

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Bonferroni's bound--a control of significance level errors in speech pathology and audiology research. Author(s): Kass CV, Wahlhaus MM. Source: S Afr J Commun Disord. 1988; 35: 75-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3059511

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Boston University Doctor of Science Degree Program: clinical doctorate in audiology. Author(s): Kidd GD Jr, Cox LC, Matthies ML. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 2003 June; 12(1): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894860

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Brain stem auditory evoked potentials: applications in clinical audiology. Author(s): Noffsinger D, Fowler CG. Source: Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc. 1982; 47: 43-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7183365

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Brazilian Portuguese speech material and its application in occupational audiology. Author(s): Da Costa EA. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2001 MayJune; 40(3): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465294

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British Society of Audiology Short Papers Meeting on Experimental Studies of Hearing and Deafness: British Journal of Audiology, 32.2, 1998. Author(s): Lenarz T. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1998 August; 32(4): 255. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923987

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California pacesetter: audiology in the schools. Author(s): Garbee FE. Source: Asha. 1977 March; 19(3): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=856225

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Can present day audiology really help in diagnosis? An otologist's question. Author(s): Coles RR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1972 March; 86(3): 191-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5014913

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Characterization of severely and profoundly hearing impaired adults attending an audiology clinic. Author(s): McClymont LG, Browning GG. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 July; 105(7): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1875134

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Clinical education in audiology. Style and status. Author(s): Cunningham DR. Source: Asha. 1992 September; 34(9): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456993

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Clinical record keeping in audiology and speech-language pathology. Author(s): Paul-Brown D. Source: Asha. 1994 May; 36(5): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8037783

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Cochlear nerve in neurilemomas. Audiology and histopathology. Author(s): Ylikoski J, Collan Y, Palva T, Jauhiainen T. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1978 December; 104(12): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718522

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Cochlear potentials in clinical audiology. Author(s): Ferraro JA, Krishnan G. Source: Audiology & Neuro-Otology. 1997 September-October; 2(5): 241-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9390835

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Comment on "Neurodiagnostic audiology: contemporary perspectives". Author(s): Miller MH. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 December; 8(6): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3428481

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Community based education in speech pathology and audiology at the University of Durban-Westville in an under served community. Author(s): Jager GW. Source: S Afr J Commun Disord. 1994; 41: 93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602547

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Community provision of hearing aids and related audiology services. Author(s): Reeves DJ, Alborz A, Hickson FS, Bamford JM, Gosden T. Source: Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2000; 4(4): 1-120. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858636

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Comparison of risk of conductive hearing loss among three ethnic groups of Arctic audiology patients. Author(s): Moore JA. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1311-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599614

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Computer applications in audiology and rehabilitation of the hearing impaired. Author(s): Levitt H. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1980 December; 13(6): 471-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6450225

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Computer assisted interaction analysis in speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Oratio AR. Source: Asha. 1979 March; 21(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=426897

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Considerations in design and use of scales in rehabilitative audiology. Author(s): Hutton CL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1991 April; 2(2): 115-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1768873

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Contemporary aspects of diagnostic audiology. Author(s): Musiek FE, Bornstein SP. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1992 January-February; 13(1): 23-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1585982

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Contemporary issues in audiology: a hearing scientist's perspective. Author(s): Parker DJ. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2002 October-December; 37(4): 367-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396839

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Contemporary office audiology. Author(s): Brookler KH, Berko DR, Feder T. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1984 October; 5(6): 438-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6393770

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Continuing education in audiology: what do we want? Author(s): Helfer KS. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 1999 June; 8(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499112

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Cortical electric response audiometry (slow vertex responses) in forensic audiology. Author(s): Boniver R. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1994; 48(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7810306

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Counseling in audiology, or learning to listen: pre- and post-measures from an audiology counseling course. Author(s): English K, Mendel LL, Rojeski T, Hornak J. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 1999 June; 8(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10499117

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Creating the tapestry of audiology. Author(s): Gladstone VS, Moss SE. Source: Asha. 1999 November-December; 41(6): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570548

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Criteria for assessing therapy outcome in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Silverman FH. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977 March; 20(1): 5-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=846203

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Decision making in rehabilitative audiology. Author(s): McCarthy PA, Montgomery AA, Mueller HG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1990 January; 1(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2132578

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Developing a model program in speech-language pathology and audiology for the inner-city university. Capitalizing on our assets. Author(s): Pietro MJ, Weinstein B, Goldfarb R. Source: Asha. 1993 December; 35(12): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8135887

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Diagnostic and rehabilitative aspects of geriatric audiology. Author(s): Alpiner JG. Source: Asha. 1965 November; 7(11): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5834945

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Diagnostic audiology: a golden anniversary, 1936-1986. Author(s): McConnell FE. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 August; 8(4 Suppl): 4S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3308598

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Diagnostic audiology: historical perspectives. Author(s): Jerger J. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 August; 8(4 Suppl): 7S-12S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3308601

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Digital wireless telephones and hearing aids: new challenges for audiology. Author(s): Levitt H, Harkins J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2001 June; 12(6): 2P Preceding 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440317

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Doctor of Audiology program at the University of Florida. Author(s): Holmes AE, Griffiths SK. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 2003 December; 12(2): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964320

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Doctor of audiology program. Author(s): Welsh LW. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 January; 18(1): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989966

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Dutch audiology. Author(s): Grobben LM, van Ligtenberg CL. Source: J Am Audiol Soc. 1977 July-August; 3(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=893198

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Edith Whetnall's contribution to British audiology. Author(s): Beagley HA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1978 December; 71(12): 870-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368335

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Educational needs of speech and language therapists in the field of audiology. Author(s): Huttunen KH. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 2001; (52): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318495

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Electrocochleography: a new dimension in otology & audiology. Author(s): Beal DD, Van Ausdal JK, MacIver NL. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1991; Suppl: 648-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365251

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Electronystagmography in clinical audiology. Author(s): Rosenberg PE, Toglia JU. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1967 May; 32(2): 170-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024317

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Epidemiologic issues in audiology: impact on professional training and service delivery. Author(s): Cameron TH. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1997 July-August; 30(4): 285-300; Quiz 300-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208364

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Epidemiology of the UK population of hearing-impaired children, including characteristics of those with and without cochlear implants--audiology, aetiology, comorbidity and affluence. Author(s): Fortnum HM, Marshall DH, Summerfield AQ. Source: International Journal of Audiology. 2002 April; 41(3): 170-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12033635

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Epidemiology: an essential science for speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Lubker BB. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1997 July-August; 30(4): 251-65; Quiz 2657. Review. Erratum In: J Commun Disord 1998 March-April; 31(2): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9208362

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Establishment of standards for speech pathology and audiology services in facilities for the retarded. Author(s): Lloyd LL, Crosby KG. Source: Mental Retardation. 1972 April; 10(2): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5018842

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Ethics education in speech-language pathology and audiology training programs. Author(s): Pannbacker M, Lass NJ, Middleton GF. Source: Asha. 1993 April; 35(4): 53-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8484823

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Evidence-based audiology. Author(s): Burton M. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1999 October; 33(5): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890151

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Experiences from ERA in paedo-audiology. Author(s): Salmivalli A. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1978; (Suppl 8): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=299117

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Facets of audiology. Advice from a master. Author(s): Moeller MP. Source: Asha. 1989 November; 31(11): 34-5, 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2818697

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Facets of audiology. President's page. Author(s): Herer GR. Source: Asha. 1989 November; 31(11): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2818696

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Forensic audiology. Author(s): Chuang WP. Source: J Laryngol Otol Suppl. 1986; 11: 1-57. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2945886

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Foreword to Scandinavian Audiology Supplement Hearing International and the Promotion of Global Ear Care (G.E.C.) programs. Author(s): Lundborg T. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1997; 45: 5-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9309815

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Four years of British audiology. Author(s): Brooks DN. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1984 February; 18(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6539139

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Future directions in audiology. Author(s): Miller MH, Deutsch LJ. Source: Asha. 1983 February; 25(2): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6847741

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Georg von Bekesy--audiology and the cochlea. Author(s): Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1993 July; 68(7): 706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8350644

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Giuseppe Gradenigo and his contributions to audiology. Author(s): Stephens D, Orzan E, Galleti Di San Cataldo F. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 May; 111(5): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9205599

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Guidelines for audiology programs in educational settings for hearing impaired children. Author(s): Ross M, Calvert DR. Source: Am Ann Deaf. 1976 June; 121(3): 346-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=961555

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Has British audiology come of age? Author(s): Stephens D. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1988 February; 22(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365519

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Hearing aid fitting: application of telemedicine in audiology. Author(s): Wesendahl T. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2003; 9(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763332

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Hearing assessment in general practice, schools and health clinics: guidelines for professionals who are not qualified audiologists. Education Committee of the British Society of Audiology. Author(s): Smith PA, Evans PI. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 2000 February; 34(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759078

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Hearing impairment, hearing aids and audiology. Author(s): Goldstein DP. Source: Asha. 1984 September; 26(9): 24-35, 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6487402

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Impact of an audiology clinic in one general practice. Author(s): Khunti K, Carr M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 October; 47(423): 643-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9474829

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Impairment, disability and handicap in audiology: towards a consensus. Author(s): Stephens D, Hetu R. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1991; 30(4): 185-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755748

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International cooperation and audiology in D-countries. Latin American panorama. Author(s): Berruecos P. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1988; 28: 79-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3187389

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Internet application to tele-audiology--"nothin' but net". Author(s): Givens GD, Elangovan S. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 2003 December; 12(2): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964319

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Introduction to the round table on application of psychoacoustical techniques to clinical audiology. Author(s): Stephens SD. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1975; 14(4): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1147849

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Introduction to the round table on electrophysiology: its application in clinical audiology. Author(s): Portmann M. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1973 September-December; 12(5): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4744308

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Is audiology in phase? Author(s): Diefendorf AO, Renshaw JJ, Reitz PS. Source: Asha. 1993 November; 35(11): 47-9, 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8292077

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Is there still a consensus on impairment, disability and handicap in audiology? Author(s): Hinchcliffe R. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1999 February; 33(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10219724

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Is there still a consensus on impairment, disability and handicap in audiology? Author(s): Arnold P. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1998 October; 32(5): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9845024

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Malpractice in audiology and speech-language pathology. Author(s): Rowland RC. Source: Asha. 1988 January; 30(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3277649

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Manpower resources and needs in speech pathology/audiology. Author(s): Curlee RF. Source: Asha. 1975 April; 17(4): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1131290

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Medical audiology. Author(s): Rintelmann WF. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1970 August; 92(2): 206-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5428321

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Medical audiology. Author(s): Sataloff J, Vassallo L. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1970 February; 91(2): 208-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4905384

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Medical audiology. Author(s): Sataloff J, Vassallo LA. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1967 November; 86(5): 594-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4952844

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Medical audiology. Author(s): Sataloff J, Vassallo L. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 November; 84(5): 587-92. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5333998

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Microcomputer-controlled psychoacoustics in clinical audiology. Author(s): Lutman ME. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1983 May; 17(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688744

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Microcomputer-controlled psychoacoustics in clinical audiology. Author(s): Lutman ME. Source: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 1983 March-April; 7(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688096

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Microprocessors in audiology and neurophysiology. Author(s): Stevens JC. Source: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. 1983 November-December; 7(6): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6668598

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Model nursing home audiology service. Author(s): Karp A. Source: Contemporary Longterm Care. 1987 November; 10(11): 59-60, 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10284804

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More education in paediatric audiology needed for child welfare clinic nurses and doctors. Author(s): Maki-Torkko E, Sorri M, Jarvelin MR. Source: Public Health. 1997 March; 111(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9090284

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National examinations in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Yantis PA, Lawrence CF. Source: Asha. 1967 April; 9(4): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6043399

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National survey of educational preparation in pediatric audiology. Author(s): Oyler RF, Matkin ND. Source: Asha. 1987 January; 29(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3814233

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National trends in third party reimbursement in speech-language pathology and audiology: our professional crisis. Author(s): Chwat SE, Gurland GB. Source: Asha. 1984 July; 26(7): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6466404

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Needed: education reform in audiology. Author(s): Kileny PR, Spar C. Source: Asha. 1989 May; 31(5): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730702

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Needs and services in geriatric speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Mueller PB, Peters TJ. Source: Asha. 1981 September; 23(9): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6763533

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Neurodiagnostic audiology: contemporary perspectives. Author(s): Schwartz DM. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 August; 8(4 Suppl): 43S-48S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3308599

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New audiology certification standards: what they mean to you. Author(s): Nodar RH. Source: Asha. 1999 May-June; 41(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10356850

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One measure of supervisory effectiveness in speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Shapiro DA, Anderson JL. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1989 November; 54(4): 549-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2682000

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Organisation of paediatric audiology services. Author(s): Bamford JM. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1985 February; 19(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4005466

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Organization of audiology services in Glasgow. Author(s): Dunn M. Source: Public Health. 1973 May; 87(4): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4755579

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Overview of audiology in Brazil: state of the art. Author(s): Russo IC. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2000 JulyAugust; 39(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963441

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Paediatric audiology and cochlear implantation in the UK: taking off in the fast lane. Author(s): McCormick B. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1997 October; 31(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9373739

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Paediatric audiology in the United Kingdom: moving off in several directions. Author(s): Bamford J. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1986 August; 20(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3742106

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Paediatric audiology: high-frequency stimulation, diagnosis and amplification. Author(s): Bauer HR, Niswander P, Kent RD. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1988 May; 22(2): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3390632

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Pediatric audiology: poised for the future. Interview by Susan Boswell. Author(s): Cherow E. Source: Asha. 1999 May-June; 41(3): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10356853

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Pharmacological treatment of immune-mediated inner ear disorders. A clinical immunology and audiology survey. Author(s): Veldman JE. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1986; 26: 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3472327

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Philosophical controversies in audiology: an allegory. Author(s): Schwartz DM. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 August; 8(4 Suppl): 55S-57S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3653539

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Place of audiology in the Hospital Scientific Service. Author(s): Coles RR. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1972 October; 65(10): 855-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5084605

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Practical audiology. Author(s): Harrison A. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1967 May; 32(2): 162-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6024316

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Practice versus evidence in diagnostic audiology. Author(s): Wiley TL, Stoppenbach DT. Source: Asha. 1997 Fall; 39(4): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343880

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Presbycusis: correlations of clinical audiology with morphological changes in the cochlea and the ventral cochlear nucleus. Author(s): Armstrong D, Stoney P, Hawke M, Farkashidy J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1992 October; 21(5): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1469753

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Prevalence and status of correspondence courses offered in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Mowrer DE. Source: Asha. 1977 May; 19(5): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=901602

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Problems in modern clinical audiology. Author(s): Haug O. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1965 October; 58(10): 1298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5841456

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Professional education in audiology. Survey of California audiologists. Author(s): Van Vliet D, Berkey D, Marion M, Robinson M. Source: Asha. 1992 September; 34(9): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456997

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Professional issues curriculum for audiology and speech-language pathology. Author(s): Cunningham DR, Lingwall JB, Steckol KF, Baker BM, Gore LB. Source: Asha. 1981 November; 23(11): 885-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6763865

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Professional leadership: women in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Melrose BM. Source: Asha. 1975 September; 17(9): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191369

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Professionalism and the audiology student: characteristics of master's versus doctoral degree students. Author(s): Doyle LW, Freeman BA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2002 March; 13(3): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936168

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Profile of educational programs in speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Punch JL, Fein DJ. Source: Asha. 1984 January; 26(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6367759

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Public health audiology in rural Alaska: an interagency approach. Author(s): Canterbury DR. Source: Asha. 1978 October; 20(10): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718734

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Questions and answers about OSHA's Hearing Conservation Amendment and industrial audiology. Author(s): White SC. Source: Asha. 1982 February; 24(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7082411

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Rehabilitative audiology. Author(s): Alpiner JG. Source: Rehabil Rec. 1973 May-June; 14(3): 9-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4703459

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Relationship of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests, the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test, and clinical observations accompanying them to evaluations in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, and audiology: two descriptive case studies. Author(s): Royeen CB, Lesinski G, Ciani S, Schneider D. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1981 July; 35(7): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246719

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Reorganization of audiology services. Author(s): Chadwick DL. Source: Public Health. 1973 May; 87(4): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4755578

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Requirements of structure and resource for an adequate audiology service in the postGriffiths Health Service. Author(s): Haggard MP, Armstrong-Bednall G. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1984 November; 18(4): 183-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6525470

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Residential audiology delivery systems. Author(s): Syfert GA. Source: Asha. 1992 April; 34(4): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1575802

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Resource allocation in audiology. Author(s): Brooks DN. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1985 August; 19(3): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4063554

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Role of audiology in identification of acoustic tumors. Author(s): Podwall A, Gordon TG, Lamendola P. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1992 September; 107(3): 495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1408247

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Salaries in the speech-language pathology and audiology profession. Author(s): Punch JL. Source: Asha. 1984 July; 26(7): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6380508

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Screening tests for hearing. Hearing conservation in rural communities: a successful mobile audiology project in Kansas, U. S. A. Author(s): Budetti JA. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1970 January; 71(1): 7-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5410127

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Self-assessment of hearing in rehabilitative audiology: developments in the USA. Author(s): Schow RL, Brockett J, Sturmak MJ, Longhurst TM. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1989 February; 23(1): 13-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706405

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Seminar held by Joint Committee on Audiology and Education of the Deaf. Author(s): Castle WE. Source: Asha. 1967 April; 9(4): 126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6043396

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Slow auditory evoked potentials: the end of malingering in audiology. Author(s): Boniver R. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2002; 8(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763238

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Some aspects of acoustics in relation to audiology. Author(s): John JE. Source: Public Health. 1973 November; 88(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4804872

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Speech pathology and audiology in India. Author(s): Stewart JL, Kapur YP. Source: Asha. 1970 January; 12(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5414528

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Speech pathology and audiology in India: 1975. Author(s): O'Neill JJ, Deal LV, Kapur YP. Source: Asha. 1977 June; 19(6): 420-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=901609

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Speech pathology and audiology in Israel. Author(s): Bergman M, Reichstein J. Source: Asha. 1971 January; 13(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5540684

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Speech pathology and audiology in the United States. Author(s): Lawrence CF. Source: Br J Disord Commun. 1969 April; 4(1): 89-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4888632

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Speech pathology and audiology officially represented in the American Association on Mental Deficiency. Author(s): Lloyd LL. Source: Asha. 1966 December; 8(12): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5974440

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Speech-language pathology/audiology: service delivery in rural and isolated regions of South Africa. Author(s): Weddington G. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2002 March-April; 54(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037427

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Staffing and structure for paediatric audiology services in hospital and community units. Author(s): Haggard MP, Pullan CR. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1989 May; 23(2): 99-116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2752221

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Staffing structures for paediatric audiology services in hospital and community units. Author(s): Gumpel SM. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1990 June; 24(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2364190

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Supportive personnel in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Irwin JV. Source: Asha. 1967 September; 9(9): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6064576

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Survey of staff-to-student ratios and workloads in audiology and speech-language pathology training programs. Author(s): McLauchlin RM. Source: Asha. 1981 December; 23(12): 949-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6763869

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Survey of training programs in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Willis CR, Willis JB. Source: Asha. 1974 April; 16(4): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4825106

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Teams and teamwork. An audiology perspective. Author(s): Diefendorf AO, Reitz PS, Cox JB. Source: Asha. 1993 June-July; 35(6-7): 39-40, 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8216461

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The acoustic reflex in diagnostic audiology: from Metz to present. Author(s): Stach BA. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1987 August; 8(4 Suppl): 36S-42S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3308597

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The audiology revolution. Author(s): Kershaw JD. Source: Public Health. 1973 May; 87(4): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4755581

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The Bari Center: an audiology and otology pilot center for Mediterranean countries. Author(s): Quaranta A. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1996; 42: 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8668909

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The bases of speech pathology and audiology. What are appropriate models? Author(s): Schultz MC. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1972 February; 37(1): 118-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5053934

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The bases of speech pathology and audiology: evaluation as the resolution of uncertainty. Author(s): Schultz MC. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1973 May; 38(2): 147-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4712945

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The computerized audiology clinic. Author(s): Yanz JL, Siegel LG. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1989 February; 22(1): 89-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2649859

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The core and corps of audiology. Author(s): Haggard MP. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1989 February; 23(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706408

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The curriculum of practice: a conceptual framework for speech-language therapy and audiology practice with a black African first language clientele. Author(s): Pillay M, Kathard H, Samuel MA. Source: S Afr J Commun Disord. 1997; 44: 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9819973

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The dawn of audiology and modern otology. Author(s): Bailey BJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 April; 107(4): 431-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9111369

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The development of audiology, phoniatry and logopedics in Poland. Author(s): Mitrinowicz-Modrzejewska. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1967 July; 10(3): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6045469

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The doctoring degree in audiology. Author(s): Goldstein DP. Source: Asha. 1989 April; 31(4): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719750

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The establishment of standards for speech pathology and audiology services in facilities for the retarded. Author(s): Lloyd LL. Source: Asha. 1971 October; 13(10): 607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5147845

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The International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology. Author(s): Stephens D. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1989 February; 23(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2565126

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The National Examinations in Speech Pathology and Audiology: philosophy and operation. Author(s): Perkins W, Shelton R, Studebaker G, Goldstein R. Source: Asha. 1970 April; 12(4): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5456725

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The practice of audiology. A national perspective. Author(s): Cherow E. Source: Asha. 1986 September; 28(9): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094549

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The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. Author(s): Cole MG, Dowson L, Dendukuri N, Belzile E. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 May; 17(5): 444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994933

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The promotion of public health audiology, and oto-rhino-laryngology in developing countries. An international cooperation project. Author(s): Lundborg T. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1988; 28: 1-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3187382

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The relationship between audit, research and policy: lessons from a community paediatric audiology service. Author(s): Fonseca S, Borgstein B, Dobson M, Hall D. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1997 January; 23(1): 63-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023032

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The role of statistics in clinical speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Lass NJ. Source: Clin Commun Disord. 1993 Summer; 3(3): 9-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8220385

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The status of education and training programs for speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Castle WE, Johnson KO, Newman PW. Source: Asha. 1966 December; 8(12): 447-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5974439

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The status of education and training programs in speech pathology and audiology-1968-1969. Author(s): Fricke JE, Johnson KO, Tiffany WR. Source: Asha. 1970 June; 12(6): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5452665

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The status of speech pathology and audiology in Korea: a report from the Dong San Medical Center in Taegu, Korea. Author(s): Kersting F. Source: Asha. 1974 August; 16(8): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4416510

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The tuning curve in clinical audiology. Author(s): Halpin C. Source: American Journal of Audiology. 2002 December; 11(2): 56-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691215

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The vocational interests of women in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Campbell DP, Schuell H. Source: Asha. 1967 March; 9(3): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6041808

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Towards an ecological audiology: stereophonic listening chamber and acoustic environmental tests. Author(s): Borg E, Wilson M, Samuelsson E. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1998; 27(4): 195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832401

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Training in audiology. Author(s): Brooks DN, Chalmers P. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1991 April; 25(2): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2054545

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Training of foreign students in speech pathology-audiology in U.S. colleges and universities. Author(s): Curlee RF, Israel RH. Source: Asha. 1975 October; 17(10): 737-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191365

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Training of supervisors in speech-language pathology and audiology. Author(s): Anderson JL. Source: Asha. 1981 February; 23(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7011335

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Training programs in speech pathology and audiology: demographic data, perceived departmental and personal functions, and productivity. Author(s): Muma JR, Mann MB, Trenholm SA. Source: Asha. 1976 July; 18(7): 419-32, 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=999755

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Universal screening for infant hearing impairment. Executive Board of the Educational Audiology Association. Author(s): Von Almen P, Allen L, Adkins T, Anderson K, Blake-Rahter T, English K, Johnson CD. Source: Pediatrics. 1994 December; 94(6 Pt 1): 957; Author Reply 959-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7971029

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Uses of ultrasound in audiology. Author(s): Alvord LS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1990 October; 1(4): 227-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2132607

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Using equipment in unfamiliar clinical settings: audiology screening. Author(s): Kratz IC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1997 October; 12(5): 307-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9330507

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What is coping? A critical review of the construct and its application in audiology. Author(s): Andersson G, Willebrand M. Source: International Journal of Audiology. 2003 July; 42 Suppl 1: S97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918616

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When is a decibel not a decibel?: The application of decibel scales and calibration in clinical audiology. Author(s): Beynon G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 November; 107(11): 985-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8288991

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Women and audiology. Author(s): Carey AL. Source: Asha. 1992 September; 34(9): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1457002

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Year 2000 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, American Academy of Audiology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. Author(s): Joint Committee on Infant Hearing; American Academy of Audiology; American Academy of Pediatrics; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association; Directors of Speech and Hearing Programs in State Health and Welfare Agencies. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 October; 106(4): 798-817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11015525

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AUDIOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to audiology. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to audiology and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to audiology: •

A tinnitus synthesizer physiological considerations. Author(s): Hazell JW. Source: J Laryngol Otol Suppl. 1981; (4): 187-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6946166

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ABR in pediatric audiology. Author(s): Mjoen S. Source: Scand Audiol Suppl. 1981; 13: 141-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6944771

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Acupuncture for the alleviation of tinnitus. Author(s): Thomas M, Laurell G, Lundeberg T.

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Source: The Laryngoscope. 1988 June; 98(6 Pt 1): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3374243 •

An in-situ calibration procedure for click stimuli. Author(s): Chertoff ME, Chen J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 1996 April; 7(2): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8652866

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Application of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions to pediatric populations. Author(s): Norton SJ. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1993 February; 14(1): 64-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8383069

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Art therapy and audiology: joining hands to hear the story of a resident in long-term care. Author(s): Elwood KH, Lewsen B. Source: Perspectives. 1999 Winter; 23(4): 18-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12026282

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Assessment and treatment of tinnitus patients using a “masking approach.”. Author(s): Schechter MA, Henry JA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2002 November-December; 13(10): 545-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12503923

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Assessment of communicating systems on the basis of an ecological conceptual framework. Author(s): Borg E. Source: International Journal of Audiology. 2003 July; 42 Suppl 1: S23-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918607

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Audiological evaluation in adult beta-thalassemia major patients under regular chelation treatment. Author(s): Ambrosetti U, Donde E, Piatti G, Cappellini MD. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2000 November; 42(5): 485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023713

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Audiology on the way into the next millennium. Author(s): Kiessling J.

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Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2000 January-June; 52(1-3): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474008 •

Band importance functions for audiological applications. Author(s): Pavlovic CV. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1994 February; 15(1): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8194673

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Binaural interaction in auditory brain stem responses: parametric studies. Author(s): Wilson MJ, Kelly-Ballweber D, Dobie RA. Source: Ear and Hearing. 1985 March-April; 6(2): 80-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3996789

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Clinical application of otoacoustic emissions: what do we know about factors influencing measurement and analysis? Author(s): Hall JW 3rd, Baer JE, Chase PA, Schwaber MK. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1994 January; 110(1): 22-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290298

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Cochlear delays and traveling waves: comments on 'Experimental look at cochlear mechanics'. Author(s): Ruggero MA. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1994 MayJune; 33(3): 131-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8042934

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Comments on 'Auditory brainstem responses to middle- and low-frequency tone pips'. Author(s): Kileny P. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1986; 25(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954685

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Comparative study between the normally hearing child and the hard of hearing child, by acoustic impedance measurements of the ear. Author(s): Gersdorff MC. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1977 June 30; 217(1): 13-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=578412

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Correlation between electrical auditory brainstem response and perceptual thresholds in Digisonic cochlear implant users. Author(s): Truy E, Gallego S, Chanal JM, Collet L, Morgon A. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 April; 108(4 Pt 1): 554-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546269

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Critical bandwidth in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Bonding P. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1979 MayJune; 18(3): 197-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=464893

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Critical bandwidth in presbycusis. Author(s): Bonding P. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1979; 8(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=515683

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Cross-modal matching of loudness and brightness as a recruitment test for hearingimpaired children. Author(s): O'Loughlin BJ. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1978 November-December; 17(6): 525-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718542

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Current clinical results of the cochlear implant program conducted on Mandarinspeaking patients. Author(s): Wang BK, Huang TS. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1988 January; 9(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3364535

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Differential recruitment of high frequency wavelets (600 Hz) and primary cortical response (N20) in human median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Author(s): Klostermann F, Nolte G, Losch F, Curio G. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1998 November 6; 256(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9853713

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Ear disease in developing countries: a proposal. Author(s): Kapur YP, Oyer HJ. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 1996; 48(3): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8768368

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Early and middle latency auditory evoked responses in audiology and neurootology. Author(s): von Specht H. Source: Otolaryngol Pol. 1992; 46(5): 511-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1301541

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Evaluation of a communication course for new hearing aid users. Author(s): Norman M, George CR, Downie A, Milligan J. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1995; 24(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7761802

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Evaluation of the nonorganic hearing loss suspect. Author(s): Durrant JD, Kesterson RK, Kamerer DB. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 May; 18(3): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9149832

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External electrical tinnitus suppression: a review. Author(s): Shulman A. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1987 November; 8(6): 479-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3324768

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From laboratory to practice. Author(s): Jerger J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2003; 14(1): Preceding 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833922

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging may avoid misdiagnosis of cochleovestibular nerve aplasia in congenital deafness. Author(s): Thai-Van H, Fraysse B, Berry I, Berges C, Deguine O, Honegger A, Sevely A, Ibarrola D, Van HT. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 September; 21(5): 663-70. Erratum In: Am J Otol 2002 May; 23(3): 412. Van Ht [corrected to Thai-Van H]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993455

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Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of tinnitus. Author(s): Holgers KM, Axelsson A, Pringle I. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1994 March-April; 33(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8179518

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Ginkgo biloba: local experiences. Author(s): Hahn A, Stolbova K.

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Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2000; 6(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689619 •

Growth of evoked otoacoustic emissions during the first days postpartum. A preliminary report. Author(s): Kok MR, van Zanten GA, Brocaar MP. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1992; 31(3): 140-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1642565

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Hypnosis in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): ROUSEY CL. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1961 August; 26: 258-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13744004

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ICRA noises: artificial noise signals with speech-like spectral and temporal properties for hearing instrument assessment. International Collegium for Rehabilitative Audiology. Author(s): Dreschler WA, Verschuure H, Ludvigsen C, Westermann S. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 2001 MayJune; 40(3): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465297

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On the combination of otometry with brainstem-evoked response audiometry. Author(s): Wit HP, Nijdam HF. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1980; 9(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7444322

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Procedures for group parent counseling in speech pathology and audiology. Author(s): Webster EJ. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1968 May; 33(2): 127-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5648170

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Psychoacoustical tuning curves in audiology. Author(s): Zwicker E, Schorn K. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1978 March-April; 17(2): 120-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=646730

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Reflex modulation: a hearing test for the difficult-to-test. Author(s): Reiter LA, Goetzinger CP, Press SE.

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Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1981 August; 46(3): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7278169

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to audiology; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Mumps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON AUDIOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to audiology. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “audiology” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on audiology, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Audiology ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to audiology. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A PROPOSAL FOR IMPLEMENTING AN EDUCATIONAL AUDIOLOGY PROGRAM FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA. by HOLT, SALLY LOUISE, PHD from Bowling Green State University, 1975, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7522948

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An educational audiology service delivery model: Needs of teachers of children with hearing loss by van Dijk, Catherine-Anne; DPhil from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f475873

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IMPACT OF THE EDUCATION FOR ALL HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ACT (PL 94142) ON SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AND AUDIOLOGY PROGRAMS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS by DUBLINSKE, STAN, EDD from University of Southern California, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f515862

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Information technology influences on productivity in school-based audiology services by Huff, Kathryn Adele Lenox, DPA from University of La Verne, 2000, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9960961

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PREPARATION OF AUDIOLOGY PERSONNEL IN NIGERIA: A TRAINING MODEL (ALLIED HEALTH, THIRD WORLD) by OYIBORHORO, JOHN MOKORO ARUEGODORE, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1986, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620328

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Technology left behind: A survey of the technology available to students among the accredited audiology programs in the United States by Brockett, Jeffrey Evan; EdD from Idaho State University, 2003, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3094889

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON AUDIOLOGY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “audiology” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on audiology, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Audiology By performing a patent search focusing on audiology, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 7Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on audiology: •

Active noise reduction for audiometry Inventor(s): Saunders; William Richard (2509 Plymouth St., Blacksburg, VA 24060), Vaudrey; Michael Allen (208 Northlake Rd., Columbia, SC 29223) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,396,930 Date filed: February 20, 1998 Abstract: The technology of active noise reduction (ANR) is incorporated into audiometry testing in a variety of formats. Analog feedback, digital feedback, adaptive feedforward, and adaptive feedback noise control schemes are presented for use in audiometry to reduce the ambient noise heard by the test subject, allowing subject testing in higher ambient noise fields. Audiometer test signals are appropriately compensated so the test results are accurate and comply with existing calibration standards for audiometers. Existing audiometry headphone technologies are modified so that ANR can be accomplished while satisfying existing standards for audiometric testing. Embodiments are also defined for alternate headphone arrangements that may not conform to current (1997) audiometric testing standards but provide sufficient performance advantages to warrant new standards for audiometry testing in the future. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the application of any one of a variety of ANR techniques to audiometry testing and to corresponding embodiments of audiometry testing headphones. Specifically, the reduction or cancellation of ambient noise of any spectral content existing in and/or around the vicinity of an audiometric testing facility is the main object of the invention. Audiometry testing stimuli are compensated in appropriate ways, after the application of the ANR method, resulting in accurate testing results that conform to standard calibration procedures. This invention includes the field of electronic equipment used for audiometry testing as well as the field of electronic devices used for personal ANR implementations. Audiometric testing requires very low ambient noise levels in order to determine a subject's hearing threshold level. (Ambient noise may refer to the noise heard by the user under the audiometric test headphones or to the noise in the immediate area surrounding the test subject. The specific meaning will be clear in the context of the subsequent discussion.) In the past, two methods have been used to achieve low ambient noise environments where test subjects can be accurately tested. Artificially quiet environments have been created by installing various sizes of soundproof testing booths (chambers or rooms) in locations that are otherwise too noisy. An alternative to this expensive option has been to add more passive attenuation materials to existing headphones, thus enclosing the ear in a chamber called a circumaural headphone architecture (such as the Audiocup). This option is not preferred by some audiologists because of non-uniformity of testing results caused by improper fitting of such headphones to the wearer. Recently, insert earphones were introduced into the industry as an alternative to booths and circumaural headphones. Although they are capable of providing accurate test results in higher ambient noise fields than most other test headsets, their low frequency insertion loss is unacceptably low for many noise fields. In addition, significant variability in testing results due to fitting issues has left a need to seek out new innovations for audiometric testing in noisy environments. The use of ANR techniques to reduce the acoustic noise perceived by a human listener has become quite popular in the last ten years. There are numerous

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patents related to the art and many of those innovations are related to various configurations of ANR headsets. Although there are substantial variations among the different types of ANR headsets that are i existence, none of the headsets have been designed to be integral components in hearing evaluation equipment or for the purpose of improving the quality of audiograms generated in situ. The instant innovations significantly advance the state-of-the-art for ANR headphones, providing a completely new design process and fabrication than previously defined by prior inventors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06396930__ •

Hearing test apparatus and method having adaptive artifact rejection Inventor(s): Killion; Mead C. (Elk Grove Village, IL), Shaw; Gregory R. (Calgary, CA) Assignee(s): Etymotic Research, Inc. (Elk Grove Village, IL) Patent Number: 6,331,164 Date filed: March 17, 2000 Abstract: A hearing test device and artifact rejection method are disclosed. The device and method may be used in, for example, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) testing. In one embodiment, the device presents a plurality of stimuli into the ear canal of a test subject, and receives responses from the ear canal. Depending on the noise power of each response received, the response is placed in one of a plurality of buffers or is discarded. The combination of buffers that yields the lowest noise power is then selected. The selected combination of buffers may then be used to calculate a signal to noise ratio, which may be used to determine whether the test has been passed or failed. Excerpt(s): Signal averaging is known, and is often employed in the measurement of experimental signals. More particularly, signal averaging is generally used to measure weak response signals to a repetitive stimulus. Such response signals often have a magnitude that is low relative to an accompanying background noise level, making accurate measurement of such response signals difficult. Signal averaging is used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of such response signals. Signal averaging is generally performed by measuring the response signals repeatedly in succession, adding all of the response signals measured, and dividing by the number of repeated measurements. Signal averaging is based on the principle that the background noise is usually uncorrelated from measurement to measurement (i.e., random) and will therefore gradually cancel out, while the desired response signal is repeatable and will therefore continue to add up. Signal averaging, as such, is therefore used to reveal response signals that are buried in the background noise, and would thus be otherwise undetectable. Many applications currently use signal averaging to improve the signalto-noise ratio of desired signals. Signal averaging is used in many medical procedures, such as, for example, electrocardiography ("EKG"), electroencephalography ("EEG"), magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI"), brainstem auditory evoked response ("BAER") testing, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) testing, distortion product otoacoustic emissions ("DPOAE") testing, and ultrasound imaging. Signal averaging is also used in many non-medical applications, such as, for example, ultrasound imaging analysis of various materials and their properties, global positioning systems ("GPS"), radio detecting and ranging ("RADAR"), various types of spectroscopy, and communications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06331164__

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Home hearing test system and method Inventor(s): Clark; Richard L. (2112 Westover Ter., Burlington, NC 27215), Hoyt; Howard (302 Brandywine Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27516), Kewley-Port; Diane (2619 Popler Dr., Bloomington, IN 47401), Miller; Carl V. (33434 Paragon Ave., Stockton, CA 95210), Navone; David (3434 Paragon Ave., Stockton, CA 95210), Watson; Charles (4104 S. Gran Haven Dr., Bloomington, IN 47401) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,928,160 Date filed: October 30, 1996 Abstract: A home hearing test for use with a conventional home audio system comprising an audio player and a set of headphones connected to the audio player. The home hearing test includes an audio medium such as a compact disc playable in the audio player and containing a calibration tone recorded at a predetermined decibel level and a number of prerecorded sequences of tones. Each sequence has tones recorded at different decibel levels and decreasing by a step value. In a first sequence for obtaining a rough estimation of hearing threshold level, the tones start at 70 dB HL and decrease by 10 dB steps to 0 dB HL. In secondary sequences, tones start and end with tones from the first sequence and decrease in 2 dB steps. The home hearing system includes a calibration device for calibrating the output of the audio system to the ears of a person wearing the headphones against the predetermined decibel level of the calibration tone. Excerpt(s): A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The invention disclosed herein relates to the field of audiology. In particular, the present invention relates to a system and method for allowing people to test their hearing at home using conventional, commercially available audio systems such as compact disk players and headphones, and to a device for calibrating the level of the sounds presented to the headphones against a calibration tone of a predetermined decibel level. Although audiometric equipment exists for testing hearing, the primary elements being audiometers (such as pure tone, speech, manual, automatic, etc.) and earphones, it is generally expensive and complex. As a result, audiometric equipment is generally available only in specialized audiometry clinics, and trained audiologists are required to operate the equipment, administer the tests, and evaluate the results. Additional information regarding existing audiometers and the procedures for accomplishing diagnostic hearing threshold measurement is available, among other places, in Davis, H. and Silverman, S. R., Hearing and Deafness, Chapter 7 (Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1970), American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ("ASHA") Guidelines for Manual Pure-Tone Threshold Audiometry (1977), and American National Standard Institute ("ANSI") Specification for Audiometers (1989), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application as background information. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05928160__

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•

Insert earphones for audiometry Inventor(s): Killion; Mead C. (935 Wilshire Ave., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,677,679 Date filed: July 5, 1984 Abstract: Insert earphones, which are especially useful for audiometry applications include a transducer which is coupled to a resonance cancellation tube as well as to a main tube which is coupled to the ear, with series acoustic dampers in the tubes, operating in a known manner to obtain a smoothly varying frequency response characteristic. An electrical equalization network is coupled to the transducer, cooperating with the acoustic components to obtain a frequency response characteristic which is either flat or which matches that of the human ear. The dampers in series with the main and cancellation tubes have acoustic resistances which are respectively about 20% lower and 20% higher than the characteristic impedances of such tubes, operating to obtain a broadband increase in output. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to earphones and more particularly to earphones which have other applications and which are especially advantageous in audiometry applications. The earphones of the invention have highly accurate frequency response characteristics which extend over a wide frequency band and which are otherwise such as to permit very accurate measurements. The earphones provide a high degree of noise exclusion and are very comfortable for use over extended periods of time. They are highly reliable while being manufacturable at relatively low cost and they are also such as to attain very accurate results in auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry applications. 4. An inaccurate real-ear frequency response for speech, so that the spectrum of speech reproduced at the eardrum of the headphone is quite different from the spectrum that would have been produced at the eardrum by the same talker in a face-to-face situation. 5. A headband force that makes the headphones uncomfortable to wear for a long period of time and produces collapsed canals in some older individuals, giving erroneous indications of high-frequency loss. Yet this headband force is still insufficient to produce a seal, giving large test-retest variability at low frequencies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04677679__

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Insert earphones for audiometry Inventor(s): Killion; Mead C. (Elk Grove Village, IL) Assignee(s): Etymotic Research, Inc. (Elk Grove Village, IL) Patent Number: 4,763,753 Date filed: October 4, 1985 Abstract: Earphones especially adapted for use in audiometry have electroacoustical transducer elements located at a distance from the ear and incorporate coupling paths and chambers so arranged as to eliminate undesirable resonances and to obtain a smooth and accurate frequency response characteristic. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to earphones and more particularly to earphones which develop a high output while having smooth and accurate frequency response characteristics and while being compact, reliable and manufacturable at relatively low cost. They provide a high degree of noise exclusion, can be comfortably worn for

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extended periods of time and are especially advantageous in auditory brainstem response (ABR) and other audiometry applications. However, various features of the invention are applicable to other earphone applications including hearing aid applications. In my aforesaid prior application, I disclose earphone apparatus in which an earmold is coupled through a main sound tube to a base unit which is of compact form and which includes a miniature receiver with a sound outlet connected to the end of the main sound tube and also to acoustic resonance cancellation means within the base unit. The base unit also includes an electrical response-equalization network which augments the effect of the acoustic elements to obtain frequency response characteristics which are not obtained with conventional audiometry earphones and which are highly desirable. One characteristic is a substantially flat response over a frequency range extending from less than 50 Hz to more than 10,000 Hz. Another frequency response characteristic obtained is one that closely matches the diffuse-sound-field response of the normal external ear. This invention was evolved with the general object of providing improved earphones and particularly to provide earphones which incorporate advantageous features of the earphones of my prior application while having increased sensitivity and output. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04763753__

Patent Applications on Audiology As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to audiology: •

Automated diagnostic hearing test Inventor(s): Harrison, Jeffrey S.; (Palo Alto, CA), Stott, Kenneth R.; (Sugar Land, TX), Strasnick, Barry; (Virginia Beach, VA), Thornton, Aaron; (West Des Moines, IA), Wasden, Christopher L.; (Sugar Land, TX) Correspondence: Daniel G. Nguyen; Jenkens & Gilchrist; STE. 1800; 1100 Louisiana; Houston; TX; 77002; US Patent Application Number: 20040006283 Date filed: May 15, 2003 Abstract: Method and system are disclosed for automated testing of a patient's hearing. The automated hearing test allows the patient to quickly and accurately test his own hearing with minimal or no assistance from an audiologist or other hearing health professionals. The test prompts and instructs the patient for inputs and responses as needed as needed. The patient can select one or several tests to be performed, including air and bone conduction testing with masking, speech reception threshold, speech discrimination, and tympanogram/acoustic reflex testing. Multiple languages are supported. Data obtained from one test may be used for another test or another iteration of the same test to calculate masking levels. The automatic hearing test also detects ambient noise and can compensate for it in the test results. If a contingency occurs, the automated hearing test is configured to page the operator for assistance.

8

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Excerpt(s): This application for patent claims the benefit of priority from, and hereby incorporates by reference, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/383,303, entitled "Audiometer" and filed on May 23, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application entitled "System and Method for Conducting Multiple Diagnostic Hearing Tests," filed on Apr. 29, 2003. This invention is directed in general to the field of audiology and in particular to an automated method and system for assessment and analysis of hearing loss. According to recent studies, over 20 million people in the United States alone have some degree of hearing loss. The number of people worldwide who have some degree of hearing loss is estimated to be much greater. Not surprisingly, many of these people are unaware that they have suffered a decrease in hearing capacity. The decreased hearing capacity may be due to several factors including age, health, occupation, injury, and disease. This loss of hearing can lead to significant reductions in quality of life, impaired relationships, reduced access to employment and diminished productivity. Failure to treat the hearing loss may worsen the impact. According to the Better Hearing Institute, the annual cost in the United States in terms of lost productivity, special education, and medical care because of untreated hearing loss is approximately $56 billion. Much of this staggering cost can be reduced or prevented by early detection and treatment. Unfortunately, few people obtain regular and frequent hearing tests as a part of their routine healthcare due, in part, to the lack of a simple, convenient, and relatively inexpensive hearing test. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for using sub-stimuli to reduce audio distortion in digitally generated stimuli during a hearing test Inventor(s): Cohen, Ephram; (San Francisco, CA), Johansen, Benny B.; (Sunnyvale, CA), Puria, Sunil; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: Haynes Beffel & Wolfeld Llp; P O Box 366; Half Moon Bay; CA; 94019; US Patent Application Number: 20030101215 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: A method of testing the hearing of a user utilizing a computer system that includes a computer and a speaker. The computer can output an electrical signal to the speaker and the speaker can convert the electrical signal into a stimulus. The method includes: downloading a computer program from a server to the computer; executing the computer program on the computer; generating a digital stimulus, the stimulus having a first sub-stimulus and a second sub-stimulus, the first sub-stimulus being within the audible range of humans, the second sub-stimulus being outside of the audible range of humans and/or outside of the range of the hearing test; and receiving an input from the user that indicates that the user heard the stimulus. The purpose of the sub-stimuli is to dither the stimuli so as to minimize distortions due to quantization of the stimuli and thus improve hearing test accuracy. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to audiology and presentation of audio signals for assessing a person's hearing using a personal computer. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and a method for reducing audio distortion in stimuli during a hearing test. Audiometric equipment exists for testing hearing. However, such equipment is expensive and is generally available only in hearing clinics. Many people are reluctant to visit hearing clinics and take a hearing test for a variety of reasons. Such reasons may include the cost of a hearing test, the time

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and inconvenience involved in scheduling of an appointment, waiting for and undergoing a hearing test, and privacy concerns. As a result, as many as 80 percent of the people who suffer from hearing loss in the United States may have not had their hearing tested. Currently, a number of companies provide hearing tests over the Internet. For example, a user may have his/her hearing tested by accessing one of the following URLs: www.didvouhearme.com, www.handtronix.com, www.onlinehearing.com, www.audiainc.com, www.NigelWorks.com, www.audiologyawareness.com or www.freehearingtest.com-. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Visual or audio playback of an audiogram Inventor(s): Moller, Jonathan; (Kilchberg, CH) Correspondence: Pearne & Gordon Llp; 1801 East 9th Street; Suite 1200; Cleveland; OH; 44114-3108; US Patent Application Number: 20040008849 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: A method for the visualization of the hearing capacity of a person. As a function of audiogram data, text is modified in any of several characteristics, including brightness, contrast, sharpness, and/or omission of letters. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for visualizing the auditory faculty or hearing capacity of a person based on the visual or audio playback of an audiogram, to a method for graphically displaying the hearing capacity or hearing loss of a person, to a method for the audiographic measurement of the hearing capacity or hearing loss of a person, and to a web site featuring a module suitable for implementing the methods defined in this invention. The hearing capacity or hearing loss of a person is usually measured by recording an audiogram of that person. Various pieces of literature also describe so-called simulation methods and procedures intended to determine the effect of ambient noise, clarity of enunciation, audio volume etc. on a person's auditory acuity. Reference is made to the articles written by Thomas Baer and Brian C. J. Moore titled "Effects of spectral smearing on the intelligibility of sentences in noise", and by Brian C. H. Moore and Brian R. Glasberg titled "Simulation of the effects of loudness recruitment and threshold elevation on the intelligibility of speech in quiet and in a background of speech". However, no known method is offered by prior art that would enable a person, on the basis of a given audiogram or other hearing-related data, to determine for himor herself the extent of his or her auditory deterioration, whether actual or potential. The same, of course, applies to a so-called healthy person who at least believes his or her hearing to be fully intact. Any such person is unable to have any sense of what hearing loss means. It may be of interest even to a healthy person to learn of the consequences of a hearing loss. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with audiology, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address:

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http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on audiology. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning audiology. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON AUDIOLOGY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to audiology. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on audiology include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on audiology: •

American Wartime Military Audiology Source: American Academy of Audiology. Reston, VA. 2002. Contact: American Academy of Audiology. Publications, 11730 Plaza America Drive, Suite 300, Reston, VA 20190. Voice 800-AAA-2336; 703-790-8466. Fax: 703-790-8631. Web site: http://www.audiology.org/store. PRICE: Members: $12.50; Non-Members: $15.00. Summary: Audiology is generally acknowledged to have evolved from the rehabilitative services developed by the military during World War I and II. Audiology pioneer Moe Bergman authors this well-documented and widely researched historical account detailing the birth of the profession. 24pp.

•

Essentials of Audiology. 2nd ed Source: New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 2001. 585 p.

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Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1588900177. Summary: Audiology is the scientific study of hearing and its disorders. This undergraduate textbook deals with audiology and related topics, supporting a 1 to 3 course sequence in speech language pathology and audiology. The text provides a comprehensive overview of audiology at the introductory level, including acoustics, anatomy and physiology, sound perception, auditory disorders and the nature of hearing impairment, methods of measurement, screening, clinical assessment, and clinical management. Other topics covered include pure tone audiometry, the audiometer and test environment, acoustic immittance assessment, clinical masking, behavioral tests for diagnostic assessment, assessments of children and infants, audiological screening, nonorganic hearing loss, audiological management of the hearing impaired, and the effects of noise and industrial audiology. Each chapter includes black and white photographs and illustrations, and concludes with a list of references. The text concludes with 15 brief appendices, and author and subject indices. •

Professional Issues in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. 210 p. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $32.00. ISBN: 0205274706. Summary: This book is intended to acquaint students and practitioners in speech language pathology and audiology with strategies for coping with a number of professional clinical issues. The issues and responsibilities dealt with include professional ethics, credentialing, contractual aspects of the client-clinician relationship, malpractice, influencing legislation, being an expert witness, marketing clinical services, managed health care, supervising paraprofessionals, copyright considerations for clinicians, documenting treatment efficacy, patient rights, scope of practice, tax implications of employment relationships, cultural sensitivity, and facilitating report writing. The author notes that the book may prove useful to increase awareness of how these issues may be applied to maintain compliance with the ASHA ethical code. Each chapter includes references and a subject index concludes the volume.

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Clinical Audiology: The Jerger Perspective Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1993. 497 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 156593234X. Summary: This book presents a collection of previously published articles by audiologist James Jerger and his colleagues. The 53 articles, published over a 40 year period, cover aspects of diagnostic audiology, central auditory processing disorder, speech audiometry, impedance audiometry, the acoustic reflex, auditory evoked potentials, aging, and professional issues. The selection of papers is intended to illustrate the breadth of Jerger's research interests and the influence of his papers on the historical development of clinical research in audiology. The editors note that the wealth of interesting patients with well-documented disorders that resonates throughout much of his work, also reflects Jerger's early realization of the value of a true partnership

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between audiology and otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Each paper includes references. (AA-M). •

Educational Audiology Handbook Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. 532 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565938917. Summary: This handbook focuses on the role of audiology and audiologists in the school environment. The text is divided into sections that reflect basic practice areas, relations with others, and program effectiveness. The authors note that educational audiologists often find that in the school environment, they need to focus more on the application of audiology practices than on the audiology skills themselves. Fifteen chapters cover the history of educational audiology, the roles and responsibilities of the educational audiologist, identification practices, assessment practices, central auditory processing disorders, amplification and classroom hearing technology, case management and aural rehabilitation, hearing conservation, community collaboration, relationships with families, individual planning, inservice training, marketing, program development, and future and contemporary issues. Chapters begin with a list of questions to help readers establish what they should gain from the material. The bulk of the text consists of extensive appendices, which also refer readers to the computer disk materials (available for separate purchase). The appendices include samples, forms, guidelines, curricula, legal and reference documents, test protocols, and other handouts. The text concludes with a list of references and a subject index. 207 references.

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What Is an Audiogram? Source: Washington, DC: Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. 1985. [16 p.]. Contact: Available from Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. KDES PAS-6, Washington, DC 20002-3695. Voice/TTY (800) 526-9105 or (202) 651-5340. Fax (202) 6515708. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $9.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This illustrated booklet explains the use of the audiogram to children. An audiogram is a graph that shows hearing loss. The booklet includes numerous blank charts for the health care provider to individualize before sharing the booklet with the young patient. For example, there are separate pages for hearing loss in low, middle, and high frequency sounds; the audiologist can demonstrate the child's individual diagnosis on each page. The booklet defines frequency and loudness and how they are measured for both sounds of everyday living and for speech. There are other pages that explain the differences between assisted (with a hearing aid) and unassisted hearing, the words used to categorize hearing loss (normal, slight, mild, moderate, severe, profound), and an audiogram of normal hearing. The last page encourages readers to replicate their own audiogram. The booklet is illustrated with four cartoon characters: three children representing different ethnic groups and a female audiologist.

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Clinical Audiology: An Introduction Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. 604 p.

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Contact: Available from Singular-Thomson Learning. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 477-3692. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $52.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 156593346x. Summary: This introductory audiology textbook provides an overview to the field of audiology. The author provides general familiarization with the many different evaluative and rehabilitative technologies and demonstrates how these technologies are integrated into answering the clinical questions facing an audiologist. Thirteen chapters cover the profession of audiology in the United States, assessment tools for behavioral measures, assessment tools for electroacoustic and electrophysiologic measures, different assessment approaches for different populations, reporting and referring, introduction to hearing rehabilitation, hearing instruments (hearing aids and assistive listening devices), the audiologist's rehabilitative strategies, and the use of different rehabilitative approaches for different populations. In each of the areas, the author includes a section of Clinical Notes, which are descriptions of particular techniques that the student might want to consider using. Each chapter includes an outline, a summary, and a list of suggested information sources; new or technical terms are defined in the margins of the text. A subject index concludes the textbook. •

Roeser's Audiology Desk Reference: A Guide to the Practice of Audiology Source: New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1996. 398 p. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865775745. Summary: This reference book compiles the facts and figures essential to everyday audiology practice. The book covers a wealth of topics from anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems, to current issues related to clinical practice, to professional requirements and standards. The book also includes a comprehensive listing of professional requirements for audiologists, including professional organizations, periodicals, textbooks, videotapes, and software. Ten chapters discuss anatomy and physiology, audiometric standards, physical acoustics, audiological procedures and materials, hearing instruments, industrial hearing conservation, rehabilitation, additional materials, professional information and materials, organizations, and periodicals. A subject index concludes the reference text.

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Audiology and Auditory Dysfunction Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1997. 304 p. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194-2310. (800) 278-3525; Fax (617) 455-7024; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.abacon.com. PRICE: $46.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0205161014. Summary: This textbook examines auditory dysfunction from a humanistic perspective that incorporates both otology and audiology in the diagnosis and management of hearing disorders. Fifteen chapters move from disorders of the outer and middle ear to disorders of the inner ear, to hearing loss management and methods of rehabilitation. Chapters 1 and 2 define terms and review the physiology and anatomy of normal hearing. Chapter 3 covers basic audiometric testing, including test procedures, tests of middle ear function, and speech audiometry. Chapters 4 and 5 review acquired disorders and anomalies of the external ear. Chapter 6 reports on the pathology and

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etiology of otitis media (middle ear infection). Chapter 7 covers bony abnormalities of the middle ear, including congenital malformations, audiological considerations, otosclerosis, medical and surgical management, and audiological management. In Chapter 8, the authors explain the complexity of congenital hearing impairment before discussing congenital genetic deafness, forms of pathology, associated anomalies, congenital non-genetic deafness, viral deafness, and protozoal infections. Chapters 9, 10, 11, and 12 review acquired hearing impairment, including that due to hereditary degenerative disorders, systemic disease, ototoxity, noise trauma, and aging (presbycusis). Chapter 13 focuses mainly on the pathology of neoplasm or tumor in discussing disorders of the auditory nerve and brain stem; Chapter 14 discusses auditory processing disorders. The final chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the hearing loss management process of children and adults. The authors focus on areas of concern related to the management of individuals with hearing loss, their sensory capabilities, communication problems, and counseling. The authors use a decision tree diagram, arranged in hierarchical order, to present the scope of rehabilitative services. The book includes black and white photographs of ear pathology, a lengthy reference section, and a subject index. 496 references. •

Geriatric Audiology Source: New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. 348 p. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865777012. Summary: This textbook is designed to incorporate issues of aging and geriatrics into the delivery of health care by audiologists and other hearing care professionals. These issues include the prevalence of hearing loss and balance problems; the consequences of untreated hearing loss and speech comprehension problems; the value of audiologic interventions in terms of their impact on the individual and families; and the role audiologists can play in helping older adults cope with one of the many losses sustained by older individuals. The author stresses that age-related hearing loss can be treatment and the available treatments have a positive impact on these individuals. The text offers 12 chapters on the demography and epidemiology of age; the biology of aging; psychosocial changes with aging; aging of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and neural pathways; behavioral manifestations on age-related changes within the ear; performance on electrophysiologic tests of central auditory nervous system function; aging and the balance control systems; an integrated approach to audiologic rehabilitation; hearing aids and assistive listening devices; health promotion strategies for identifying older adults with handicapping hearing impairment; long term care (LTC) services; and financing health care. Each chapter includes a list of learning objectives and a set of references; a subject index concludes the text.

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Educational Audiology for the Limited-Hearing Infant and Preschooler: An AuditoryVerbal Program. 3rd ed Source: Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 1997. 390 p. Contact: Available from Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $86.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0398067503. Summary: This textbook on educational audiology for the limited hearing infant and preschooler focuses on the use of acoupedics for working with this population.

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Acoupedics refers to a comprehensive habilitation program for all hearing impaired infants and their families which includes an emphasis upon learning through hearing aids, without formal instruction in speechreading or any form of manual communication. One of the major goals of an acoupedic approach is to integrate hearing into the personality of the young deaf child. This third edition is an update of the first edition (1970) and the second edition (1985). The textbook offers fifteen chapters which cover an historical review of the concept of auditory training; the acoupedic approach and its change to auditory verbal; basic auditory verbal principles; research studies and outcome surveys, audiological assessment, sensory aids; cochlear implants; the development of a listening function; phonology and early vocalizations; cognition, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics; a curriculum outline for auditory verbal therapy; parents as partners; a parent education program; modification of the program for hearing impaired children with severe learning disabilities; and parents' diaries and updates on the children in this book. The text concludes with an appendix listing national and international support programs and organizations and a pediatric case history form; a bibliography of resources; and a subject index. 404 references. •

Clinical Administration in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1994. 296 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $59.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565930886. Summary: This textbook, designed for an introductory course in administration or management, discusses clinical administration in audiology and speech-language pathology. Ten chapters cover general aspects of leadership, management and supervision; organizing an audiology and speech-language pathology department in a health care setting; planning and designing facilities; human resource management; quality improvement; managing productivity; computerized information systems; financial management; and marketing the audiology and speech language pathology program. Chapters are written by experts in the field and include charts and references. A subject index concludes the volume.

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Audiology: Diagnosis Source: New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. 654 p. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778574. Summary: This textbook, one in a series of three, provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic options available to identify and diagnose the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. In the first chapter, the authors review diagnostic procedures as they relate to the profession of audiology, including a review of the scope of practice in audiology, a review of the classical diagnostic audiological tests, and a presentation on the effectiveness of these classic tests. Chapters 2 through 10 present basic and advanced information on fundamental principles of diagnostic audiology, including the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems, disorders of the auditory system, radiology and functional brain imaging, pharmacology, acoustics and psychoacoustics, and instrumentation and calibration. Diagnostic audiological procedures are reviewed in Chapters 11 through 24. Topics include pure tone tests,

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clinical masking, speech audiometry, central auditory tests in children and adults, middle ear measures, clinical electrophysiology, otoacoustic emissions, neonatal hearing screening, intraoperative monitoring, and assessment of vestibular function. In Chapter 25, a new dimension in audiology, genetics, is reviewed. Finally, in Chapter 26, several leading audiologists offer insights into the future of diagnostic audiological procedures. Each chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, a list of references, a summary outline of the related preferred practice guidelines, and various 'pearls and pitfalls' offering practical advice to the reader. A subject index concludes the textbook.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “audiology” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “audiology” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “audiology” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Guide to the NTE Audiology Specialty Area Test (Praxis Study Guides) by Educational Testing Service (Creator); ISBN: 0886852633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0886852633/icongroupinterna

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Audiologists' Desk Reference Volume I: Diagnostic Audiology Principles Procedures and Protocols by James W. Hall, H. Gustav, Iii, Ph.D. Mueller; ISBN: 1565932692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565932692/icongroupinterna

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Audiometric Interpretation: A Manual of Basic Audiometry (2nd Edition) by Harriet Kaplan, et al; ISBN: 0205147534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205147534/icongroupinterna

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Clinical Administration in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology by Stephen R. Rizzo, Michael D. Trudeau; ISBN: 1565930886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565930886/icongroupinterna

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Cochlear Transduction and Transmission: A Series of Synopses Arising from the Auditory Function and Dysfunction Satellite Symposium of the 34th Iups Congress Special Issue Audiology and by G. D. Housley, et al; ISBN: 3805574088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805574088/icongroupinterna

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Comprehensive Dictionary of Audiology (Completely Revised Edition) by James H. Delk (Author); ISBN: 0913775002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913775002/icongroupinterna

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Computer Practice Module For The Praxis Exam In Audiology CD-ROM by Kay T. Payne, Abraham Tishman; ISBN: 0769301223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769301223/icongroupinterna

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Educational Audiology Handbook by Cheryl D. Johnson, et al; ISBN: 1565938232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565938232/icongroupinterna

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Hair Cells: Micromechanics and Hearing (Singular Audiology Text.) by Charles I., Phd Berlin, Richard P., Phd Bobbin; ISBN: 0769301258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769301258/icongroupinterna

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Practical Audiology for Speech-Language Therapists by Janet Doyle, et al; ISBN: 1861560591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861560591/icongroupinterna

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Research Design and Evaluation in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (4th Edition) by Franklin H. Silverman; ISBN: 020519799X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020519799X/icongroupinterna

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Roeser's Audiology Desk Reference by Ross J. Roeser; ISBN: 0865775745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865775745/icongroupinterna

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The Audiogram Workbook by Sharon Hepfner; ISBN: 0865777195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865777195/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Audiology In order to find chapters that specifically relate to audiology, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and audiology using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on audiology: •

Pharmacology in Audiology Practice Source: in Roeser, R.J.; Valente. M.; Hosford-Dunn, H., eds. Audiology: Diagnosis. New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. p. 139-151. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778574. Summary: At present, in the United States, audiologists do not prescribe medications to patients. However, audiologists will examine and test patients taking a myriad of medications. Therefore, it is important for audiologists to have an understanding of the untoward side effects associated with different classes of pharmacological agents. This chapter on pharmacology in audiology practice is from a textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic options available to identify and diagnose the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. Topics include pharmacokinetics; physiological considerations; potency and efficacy; therapeutic index; and drugs that cause ototoxicity, including aminoglycoside antibiotics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), loop diuretics, and antioneoplastic agents. The chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, a list of references, a summary outline of the related preferred practice guidelines, and various 'pearls and pitfalls' offering practical advice to the reader. 2 figures. 2 tables. 50 references.

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Test Battery Approach in Pediatric Audiology Source: in Bess, F.H. Children with Hearing Impairment: Contemporary Trends. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center Press. 1998. p. 71-81. Contact: Available from Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center Press. 1114 19th Avenue, South, Nashville, TN 37212-2197. (877) 844-3840 or (615) 936-5023. Fax (615) 936-5013. PRICE: $60.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963143980. Summary: Refinements in audiologic tests (e.g., conditioned behavioral tests, acoustic immittance, auditory evoked potentials) as well as the addition of new audiologic tests (e.g., otoacoustic emissions) provide the audiologist with a sophisticated test battery from which to initiate clinical decisions relevant to a patient or patient population. This chapter from a section on assessment issues in newborns is from a book of papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Childhood Deafness (Kiawah Island, South Carolina, 1996). This chapter considers the test battery approach in pediatric audiology. The application of test batteries (tests administered in isolation) is focused currently on diagnosing infants suspected of hearing loss. Diagnostic tests administered in isolation are typically combined into a test battery where test results are viewed from a holistic structure. In this approach, findings from a test battery are integrated to establish a working diagnosis that often goes beyond the sum of the individual parts. Topics include how to enhance success with a pediatric test battery, the cross check principle, a serial test battery for children with special needs, and test protocols. 5 figures. 3 tables. 24 references.

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Beyond the Audiogram: The Role of Functional Assessments Source: in Bess, F.H. Children with Hearing Impairment: Contemporary Trends. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center Press. 1998. p. 105-124. Contact: Available from Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center Press. 1114 19th Avenue, South, Nashville, TN 37212-2197. (877) 844-3840 or (615) 936-5023. Fax (615) 936-5013. PRICE: $60.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963143980. Summary: This chapter from a section on assessment issues in newborns is from a book of papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Childhood Deafness (Kiawah Island, South Carolina, 1996). This chapter considers the role of functional assessments in the approach in pediatric audiology. The authors give a rationale for the use of functional assessment tools as part of the audiologic management of children with hearing impairment. The authors describe two pediatric assessment tools: the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) and the Meaningful Use of Speech Scale (MUSS), including the validity and reliability of these two scales. The chapter includes data regarding how these tools may be useful in research and clinical settings. Research data collected on the MUSS are used to delineate performance differences in two groups of children with cochlear implants who use different methods of communication. In the final section of the chapter, the authors review case studies that illustrate how information from functional assessment tools may play an important role in the clinical management of children with hearing loss. Appendices offer both the MAIS and the MUSS scales. 6 figures. 6 tables. 21 references.

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Diagnostic Procedures in the Profession of Audiology Source: in Roeser, R.J.; Valente. M.; Hosford-Dunn, H., eds. Audiology: Diagnosis. New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. p. 1-18.

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Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778574. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic options available to identify and diagnose the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. In this first chapter, the authors review diagnostic procedures as they relate to the profession of audiology, including a review of the scope of practice in audiology, a review of the classical diagnostic audiological tests, and a presentation on the effectiveness of these classic tests. Diagnostic audiological tests covered are: tuning fork tests, air conduction and bone conduction comparison, loudness balancing, Bekesy (self recording) audiometry, Short Increment Sensitivity Index (SISI), threshold tone decay tests, Suprathreshold Adaptation Test (STAT), speech audiometry, immittance measures, auditory evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, tests for pseudohypoacusis (false hearing loss), and tests of central auditory function. The authors also consider whether or not audiologists should diagnose hearing loss and the terminology used to describe patients or clients. The chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, a list of references, a summary outline of the related preferred practice guidelines, and various 'pearls and pitfalls' offering practical advice to the reader. 10 figures. 6 tables. 24 references. •

Pure-Tone Audiometry: Air and Bone Conduction Source: in Musiek, F.E. and Rintelmann, W.F., eds. Contemporary Perspectives in Hearing Assessment. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. p. 1-20. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $65.33. ISBN: 0205274579. Summary: This chapter on pure tone audiometry is from a textbook designed to serve as a text for graduate level audiology courses concerned with the assessment of the peripheral and central auditory systems. The textbook includes an auditory compact disc (CD) that provides students with an opportunity to have some experience with acoustic stimuli. This chapter notes that pure-tone audiometry (air and bone conduction) should serve as the base for audiologic evaluation. Topics covered include whisper tests, tuning fork tests, methods of threshold measurement, the concept of threshold, psychophysical procedures, conventional procedures, history, procedures for conventional pure tone audiometry, air conduction tests, bone conduction tests, working with clients who are unresponsive or difficult to test, and variables and problems that influence measurement. The authors conclude that, when trying to obtain threshold for pure tones or other tonal stimuli, one must be sure of the calibration of one's equipment, of the ability and willingness of the patient to respond, or the condition of the test environment. One must also be sure of the interest and competence of the examiner. Failure to control any of these variables may prevent one from obtaining accurate and reliable measurements of the patient's threshold of hearing for pure tones. 1 figure. 3 tables. 68 references.

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Effects of Noise and Industrial Audiology Source: in Gelfand, S.A. Essentials of Audiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 2001. p. 501-541. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1588900177.

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Summary: This chapter on the effects of noise and industrial audiology is from an undergraduate textbook that deals with audiology and related topics in speech language pathology. The author reviews the branch of audiology that deals with the effects and ramifications of excessive sound exposure. Topics include the effects of noise on hearing ability and speech communication, its nonauditory effects, occupational noise exposure and industrial hearing conservation, and the related issue of workers' compensation for noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). The author begins by reviewing ways that noises are described and measured, which is often part of audiological practice and is also prerequisite to understanding the effects of noise exposure. The author also covers noise exposure criteria, as established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Noise can be unwanted not only because it causes hearing impairment, but because it may interfere with one's work, leisure activities, rest, or sleep; interfere with speech communication; be distracting or startling; or convey a disturbing meaning. Exposure to noise can have wide reaching negative effects on many aspects of physical and mental health and performance. The author outlines the use of hearing protection devices and the importance of workplace conservation programs. 20 figures. 9 tables. 117 references. •

Future of Diagnostic Audiology Source: in Roeser, R.J.; Valente. M.; Hosford-Dunn, H., eds. Audiology: Diagnosis. New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. p. 615-626. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778574. Summary: This chapter on the future of diagnostic audiology is from a textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic options available to identify and diagnose the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. In this chapter, five noted audiologists provide their insights into the future of diagnostic audiology. All agree that the role of diagnostic audiology is changing rapidly. Topics include audiological tests in medical diagnosis; diagnostic audiology in private practice; intraoperative neurophysiological monitoral; the audiologist's role in universal newborn hearing screening; and central auditory processing disorders. The chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, and a list of references. 58 references.

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Audiology Source: in Kurtz, L.A., eds., et al. Handbook of Developmental Disabilities: Resources for Interdisciplinary Care. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 53-56. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 200 Orchard Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 638-8437; Fax (301) 417-7650. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0834207869. Summary: This description of the roles and functions of audiologists is from a handbook on developmental disabilities. The author describes how audiologists participate as part of the interdisciplinary team in caring for children with developmental disabilities and their families. The text describes the minimal educational and certification requirements for professional practice. Suggested criteria for referral are designed to assist consumers and professionals make informed decisions about the need to request additional services. An outline presents the typical components of an initial assessment appropriate for children with developmental disabilities, as a guide for professionals who may have limited experience in pediatrics.

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Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to audiology have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:9 •

2000 Membership Directory: Educational Audiology Association Source: Tampa, FL: Educational Audiology Association. 2000. 90 p. Contact: Available from Educational Audiology Association. 4319 Ehrlich Road, Tampa, FL 33624. (800) 460-7322. Website: www.edaud.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This document is the 2000 membership directory of the Educational Audiology Association (EAA). The document first lists the EAA Executive Committee members and the EAA Executive Board. The bulk of the document is the alphabetical listing of EAA members. Each member's entry includes their name, title, work contact information (including email), and home contact information. The directory also includes a list of EAA State Representatives and a membership listing by country and state (city name and member names only).

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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “audiology” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON AUDIOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on audiology. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on audiology is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “audiology” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on audiology: •

Hearing Loss in Young Children Source: Milwaukee, WI: Maxishare. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Maxishare. P.O. Box 2041, Milwaukee, WI 53201. (800) 444-7747 or (414) 266-3428; Fax (414) 266-3443; E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 each. Item Number 201001. Summary: This videotape program addresses several basic issues that parents of children newly diagnosed with hearing loss may encounter. The program begins with scenes depicting common household sounds and a voice narration discussing how most people take everyday sounds for granted. The program then describes the emotions that parents may go through upon learning that their child has been diagnosed with a hearing loss. Other topics briefly mentioned include how proper evaluation and testing help determine the degree of hearing loss, the use of video reinforcement audiology, the audiogram, how loudness is measured, the four degrees of hearing loss (mild, moderate, severe, profound), the anatomy of the ear, the impact of ear infection on

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hearing loss, the degree of hearing loss and how it impacts language and speech development, the types of hearing aids used in children, what to expect when a child begins using a hearing aid, problems with hearing aids and otitis externa (outer ear infection), the methods of communication available (manual, oral, total), and the role of the speech pathologist and speech therapy in the child's language and speech development. The video depicts a number of families and children in household settings and in speech therapy. Parents are encouraged to seek support from other parents and health care professionals and to become educated partners in advocating for their child's health care and education.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on audiology: •

Contemporary Perspectives in Hearing Assessment Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. (textbook, compact disc). Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $65.33. ISBN: 0205274579. Summary: This textbook is designed to serve as a text for graduate level audiology courses concerned with the assessment of the peripheral and central auditory systems. The text offers seventeen chapters that cover pure tone audiometry (air and bone conduction), auditory measures with speech skills, clinical masking, tympanometry, acoustic reflex measurements, otoacoustic emissions in clinical practice, electrocochleography and auditory brainstem response (short latency auditory evoked potentials), auditory middle and late potentials, intraoperative monitoring (IOM), pediatric audiologic assessment, newborn hearing screening, audiologic assessment of the elderly, behavioral assessment of the central auditory nervous system, pseudohypacusis, clinical decisions, occupational hearing loss prevention programs, and instrumentation and calibration. The text is accompanied by an auditory compact disc (CD) that provides students with an opportunity to have some experience with acoustic stimuli. Included on the CD are calibration tones, various types of noise, a hearing in noise test (HINT), speech samples, pitch patterns, duration patterns, and dichotic chords. The CD is particularly appropriate for use with Chapters 2, 10, and 13. The last track on the CD is a presentation made by Dr. Raymond Carhart during a dedication of Northwestern University (March 1973). Each chapter in the text includes extensive references and the text concludes with author and subject indices.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUDIOLOGY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover audiology.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on audiology is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to audiology. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “audiology” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “audiology” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to audiology, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “audiology” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Audiology Find newsletters on audiology using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “audiology.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above:

Periodicals and News

•

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Hearing Conservation and Occupational Audiology Source: Special Interest Division 8, Hearing Conservation and Occupational Audiology. 4(1): 1-6. June 1997. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. Summary: This document is the first issue of the 1997 newsletter of Division 8 of the American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA), which focuses on hearing conservation and occupational audiology. In this issue, various authors address conservation issues affecting children and adults. One article considers hearing conservation in the schools and another discusses a coalition to protect workers hearing. The article on hearing conservation in the schools includes a list of several videos appropriate for school children. Other items in the newsletter include a legal and regulatory update for consultants, a report on an upcoming NHCA Excellence seminar, and a brief description of the ASHA Quality Improvement Study Section.

•

Educational Audiology Review Source: Educational Audiology Review. 16(4): 1-44. Fall 1999. Contact: Available from Educational Audiology Association. 4319 Ehrlich Road, Tampa, FL 33624. (800) 460-7322. Website: www.edaud.org. Summary: This newsletter is a quarterly publication of the Educational Audiology Association; this issue focuses on genetic and syndrome related hearing loss. The newsletter includes articles reporting on recent research efforts, conferences, and clinical procedures. This particular issue includes articles on the ten syndromes most commonly associated with hearing impairment, a summary of worldwide research in genetics and hearing loss, genetic evaluation and counseling for hearing loss, and a 'report card' article on efforts to incorporate audiology into the educational setting; a litigation issues survey, a report of the 1999 EAA summer conference. Columns offer practical information (primarily about equipment and products), EAA news, a section of brief reports from different states (and Canada), and a list of EAA materials and publications for sale.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on audiology: •

How Hearing Protection Affects the Perception of Speech and Warning Signals Source: 3M JobHealth Highlights. Special Edition: 12-13. 1997.

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Contact: Available from 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Summary: Hearing conservation professionals, such as industrial hygienists and audiologists, have struggled for years with workers' resistance to wearing hearing protectors. One of the most frequently cited objections by workers is that they feel they are unable to hear speech and warning signals when they are wearing these devices. This article on how hearing protection devices affect the perception of speech and warning signals is from a special issue of JobHealth Highlights (a newsletter from the 3M company) that includes six articles on noise, hearing conservation, and hearing protection. The articles are written by Alice Suter, PhD, a consultant in industrial audiology and community noise; Dr. Suter is known as the principal author of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment to the standard for occupational noise exposure. Topics include the acoustics of hearing speech, the role of hearing loss, and how hearing protectors can affect the ability to localize sound (determine the location of a sound signal). The author concludes with a list of five practical suggestions for helping employees cope with hearing protection devices. These suggestions include training for employees, careful choice of hearing protection devices, the use of visual warning signals, and the use of electronic communication systems where appropriate. 2 figures. •

OSHA's Noise Standard Defines Hazard, Protection Source: 3M JobHealth Highlights. Special Edition: 4-6. 1997. Contact: Available from 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Summary: In 1969, shortly before OSHA came into being, the Department of Labor issued a noise standard under the authority of the Walsh Healey Public Contracts Act. In 1971, the standard became an OSHA standard, and became the law for all noisy workplaces in the U.S. This article on the OSHA noise standard (still nicknamed the Walsh Healey noise standard) is from a special issue of JobHealth Highlights (a newsletter from the 3M company) that includes six articles on noise, hearing conservation, and hearing protection. The articles are written by Alice Suter, PhD, a consultant in industrial audiology and community noise; Dr. Suter is known as the principal author of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment to the standard for occupational noise exposure. The standard calls for a maximum noise exposure level of 90 dB (A) at an 8 hour, time-weighted average level (TWA). Higher levels are permitted for shorter durations, with a 5 dB relationship between noise level and duration (the author describes this relationship in some detail, with a chart showing permissible noise exposures). The author then discusses the process of revision, and summarizes the hearing conservation amendment (HCA), published in January 1981 and revised in 1983. 1 table. 3 references.

•

Workplace Noise Can Cause Hearing Loss Source: 3M JobHealth Highlights. Special Edition: 1-4. 1997. Contact: Available from 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Summary: Noise is probably the most common occupational health problem, especially in the manufacturing industries. Hearing protection can be a satisfactory solution, as long as protectors are properly fitted, worn, and maintained. This article on workplace noise is from a special issue of JobHealth Highlights (a newsletter from the 3M

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company) that includes six articles on noise, hearing conservation, and hearing protection. The articles are written by Alice Suter, PhD, a consultant in industrial audiology and community noise; Dr. Suter is known as the principal author of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment to the standard for occupational noise exposure. The article discusses the decibel level at which hearing may be at risk, the impact of exposure duration, the progression of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), communication interference, and the use of noise masking. Voice levels and levels of background noise, the effects of noise on job performance, and the effects of noise on health are also discussed. 1 figure. 2 tables. 3 references. •

Noise Reduction Rating: Fact and Fiction Source: 3M JobHealth Highlights. Special Edition: 7-9. 1997. Contact: Available from 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Summary: The Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) offers a simple, single number digit that manufacturers were required to print on the package of a hearing protection device. Even those who were totally unfamiliar with acoustics could get an idea of how much attenuation (noise reduction) a protector afforded and compare that with the amount of attenuation that was needed in the user's workplace. This article on the NRR is from a special issue of JobHealth Highlights (a newsletter from the 3M company) that includes six articles on noise, hearing conservation, and hearing protection. The articles are written by Alice Suter, PhD, a consultant in industrial audiology and community noise; Dr. Suter is known as the principal author of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment to the standard for occupational noise exposure. The author describes problems with the NRR that have developed over the years since the 1970s when the rating was introduced. The author outlines what the NRR does and does not provide, so that it may be used in a realistic and practical manner. The author also explains the laboratory procedures that are used to arrive at the NRR for any particular device. The author concludes that the NRR does a relatively poor job of predicting attenuation in actual field use, although it does give the purchaser a little information about the relative attenuation of one device versus another. 1 figure. 6 references.

•

Motivating, Training and Educating for Hearing Protection Source: 3M JobHealth Highlights. Special Edition: 14-16. 1997. Contact: Available from 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division. 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000. Summary: This article on motivating, training and educating for hearing protection is from a special issue of JobHealth Highlights (a newsletter from the 3M company) that includes six articles on noise, hearing conservation, and hearing protection. The articles are written by Alice Suter, PhD, a consultant in industrial audiology and community noise; Dr. Suter is known as the principal author of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment to the standard for occupational noise exposure. The author discusses the importance of motivation, OSHA's requirements for training programs, the need for management to be involved, how to conduct training and motivation programs, motivational techniques (including showing employees their audiometric test results), demonstrations, involving the employee's family, and educational aids. The author includes a brief review of how the material should be presented, and offers a list of the Hearing Conservation Program Support Materials available at 3M. The author concludes that, when employees are given the information and attention they need,

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encouraged to participate in the program, and rewarded for wearing protectors effectively, the success in terms of hearing conserved is worth the time and effort. 4 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Audiology Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to audiology. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering audiology that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2168 470 280 6 10 2934

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “audiology” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on audiology can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to audiology. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to audiology. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “audiology”:

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Acoustic Neuroma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acousticneuroma.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Ear Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html Ear Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Hearing Problems in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html Meniere's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menieresdisease.html Neurofibromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurofibromatosis.html Speech and Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechandcommunicationdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on audiology. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Adverse Drug Reactions and Audiology Practice Source: American Academy of Audiology. Reston, VA. 2001. Contact: American Academy of Audiology. Publications, 11730 Plaza America Drive, Suite 300, Reston, VA 20190. Voice 800-AAA-2336; 703-790-8466. Fax: 703-790-8631. Web site: http://www.audiology.org/store. PRICE: Members: $15.00; Non- Members: $20.00. Summary: Drugs may have a serious impact on hearing and auditory perception. This text contains a comprehensive list of 315 side effects, an important resource and reference tool for audiologists. 20 pp.

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Do Your Health Benefits Cover Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Services? Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk rates available. Summary: Many health care plans do not cover speech, language, or hearing services even though the lives of 24 million Americans and their families are affected by a communication disorder. Communication impairment is the most common disability in the United States today. This brochure offers tips on getting health plans to pay for audiology and speech-language pathology services. The brochure first offers some facts and statistics about communication disorders, then encourages readers to check their own health insurance to see if it includes coverage for evaluation and treatment of communication and related disorders. The brochure then outlines strategies for working with an insurance company or HMO to receive coverage and provides ideas for how to ask for better coverage from one's employer or union. The brochure concludes with a section defining the role of speech language pathologists and audiologists. The brochure is illustrated with full-color photographs of people in a variety of situations of everyday life.

•

Asking Your Audiologist About Preventing and Identifying Hearing Loss Through Audiologic Screening and Audiology Services Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 2000. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Action Center, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8255. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: Single copy free for members. Summary: Prevention and early detection of hearing disorders can reduce the prevalence of hearing loss and the associated disability when hearing loss interferes with daily communication and quality of life. This fact sheet offers information on the role of audiologic screening and audiology services in the prevention and identification of hearing loss. Written in a question and answer format, the fact sheet discusses the following topics: who should receive audiologic screenings; three core procedures that make up the audiologic screening program; the screening of newborns and infants; recommended screenings through childhood; adult audiologic screenings; steps that may be recommended following an audiologic screening; and the other services that an audiologist can provide. Adults who do not pass audiologic screening are counseled regarding hearing loss and may receive a recommendation for a comprehensive audiologic assessment. A medical evaluation may be recommended if the screening indicates a medical condition requiring evaluation, monitoring, or treatment. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for the American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA), including their web site (www.asha.org). 2 references.

•

Who Are the Members of the Academy of Dispensing Audiologists?: Answers to Questions About the Relationship of Audiology, Dispensing Audiologists and Hearing Care Source: Columbia, SC: Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). 199x. [2 p.].

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Contact: Available from Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). 3008 Millwood Avenue, Columbia, SC 29205. (800) 445-8629. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brief brochure provides information about audiology, dispensing audiologists, hearing care, and the Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). Audiologists hold graduate degrees in hearing science and disorders and are educated to conduct the variety of tests necessary to determine the exact nature of a person's hearing loss. Many audiologists also dispense hearing instruments, thus the term dispensing audiologist. The brochure describes the founding of the ADA and the advantages of having a hearing aid dispensed by an audiologist. The brochure emphasizes that, in addition to dispensing hearing instruments, the audiologist can provide strategies to ease communication problems, they can familiarize clients with various types of assistive listening devices, and can provide realistic information about the degree to which hearing instruments can improve a particular type of hearing loss. The brochure concludes by encouraging readers to contact the ADA for information about local dispensing audiologists. •

Useful Things from the American Academy of Audiology Source: Arlington, VA: American Academy of Audiology. 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Audiology. 1735 North Lynn Street, Suite 950, Arlington, VA 22209-2022. (800) AAA-2336 or (703) 524-1923. PRICE: Single copy free; not available in bulk. Summary: This brochure describes some products available from the American Academy of Audiology. Products included are an ear anatomy chart; ear anatomy poster; infant hearing screening poster; parent education brochures (English and Spanish); professional brochure on hearing loss in infants; an instructional package consisting of an audiocassette and posters; an audiogram chart depicting the levels of familiar sounds; and a computer mouse pad. The brochure is illustrated with full-color photographs and includes pricing information.

•

Understanding Your Audiogram Source: New York, NY: League for the Hard of Hearing. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from League for the Hard of Hearing. 71 West 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4162. Voice (212) 741-7650; TTY (212) 255-1932; Fax (212) 255-4413; http://www.lhh.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk rates available. Summary: This brochure explains how to understand the results of an audiogram. An audiogram charts two basic aspects of hearing: how loud a sound must be to be heard and, when hearing loss exists, where in the ear it occurs. In addition, most hearing evaluations also include testing of the ability to understand speech. The brochure describes how the hearing evaluation is conducted, how to interpret an audiogram (including the symbols and notation utilized), degrees of hearing loss, types of hearing loss, and speech discrimination test scores. The brochure provides six sample audiograms to help readers understand their use. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the activities and publications of the League for the Hard of Hearing, a nonprofit rehabilitation agency that promotes hearing conservation and provides public education about hearing. 6 figures. (AA-M).

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If Your Patient Has Hearing Loss: Answers to Physicians Questions About Hearing Loss, Hearing Care, and Audiology Source: Columbia, SC: Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). 3008 Millwood Avenue, Columbia, SC 29205. (800) 8629. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides information for general practice physicians on hearing loss and referral issues for their patients. Written in a question and answer format, the brochure describes when and why a referral to an audiologist might be appropriate, the professional training of an audiologist, the role of hearing instruments (hearing aids and other assistive listening devices), and the Academy of Dispensing Audiologists (ADA). The brochure emphasizes that patients who are dissatisfied with their hearing, regardless of their age, should be encouraged to receive a hearing evaluation from an audiologist. Even if the individual is determined not to wear hearing instruments, an audiologist can often provide strategies to ease his or her (or the family's) communication problems. The audiologist can also provide the patient with realistic information about the degree to which hearing instruments could improve his or her individual hearing loss. The brochure concludes by listing the five goals of the ADA.

•

Audiology and Hearing Loss: Helping Your Patients with Hearing Loss Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 199X. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: Single copy free; call for bulk orders. Summary: This brochure, written for general practice or family physicians, emphasizes the role audiologists can play in diagnosing and treating hearing loss and other hearing problems. Topics covered include the symptoms of untreated hearing loss; treatment options for hearing problems; insurance coverage for audiology care; the audiology certification process; and how to find certified audiologists. The brochure is illustrated with black-and-white photographs of audiologists at work.

•

Hearing Aids and Audiology Services: A Sound Solution to Improved Communication Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 199x. [16 p.]. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: $0.50 each for 1-99 or $0.45 each for 100 and over plus shipping and handling. Summary: This illustrated brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have hearing loss with information about hearing loss, hearing aids, and audiology services. The brochure outlines the signs of hearing loss, the credentials of an audiologist, and the services an audiologist is qualified to provide. Other topics include the information that a person will obtain from a hearing evaluation, the regulations concerning the need for a medical clearance prior to buying hearing aids, and the improvements people using hearing aids can expect when using the telephone or

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listening to sound systems in public places. The brochure answers questions on whether hearing aids will eliminate all communication problems, whether there are other hearing devices that will help a person hear with or without hearing aids, and whether all hearing aids are the same. In addition, the brochure describes the features of the in the canal and completely in the canal aids, in the ear aids, and behind the ear aids. Remaining topics include the cost of hearing aids, the sources of hearing aids, insurance coverage for hearing aids, a trial period for hearing aid use, and the steps involved in determining whether hearing aids can be beneficial. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to audiology. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to audiology. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with audiology. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about audiology. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “audiology” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “audiology”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “audiology” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “audiology” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on audiology: •

Basic Guidelines for Audiology Audiology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003341.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Audiology Hearing loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Audiology Electroencephalogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm

•

Background Topics for Audiology Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm

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Head injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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AUDIOLOGY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign

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substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artificial Intelligence: The study and implementation of techniques and methods for designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc. [NIH]

Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Audiologist: Study of hearing including treatment of persons with hearing defects. [NIH] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Audiometer: An instrument for the measurement of hearing acuity and, specifically, for the threshold of audibility. [NIH] Audiometry: The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds, and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Auditory Perception: The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination. [NIH] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Beta-Thalassemia: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Child Welfare: Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implantation: Surgical insertion of an electronic device implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally

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to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such

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as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Credentialing: The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Custom-made: Any active implantable medical device specifically made in accordance with a medical specialist's written prescription which gives, under his responsibility, specific design characteristics and is intended to be used only for an individually named patient. [NIH]

Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or

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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. [NIH]

Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of

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electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Equalization: The reduction of frequency and/or phase distortion, or modification of gain and or phase versus frequency characteristics of a transducer, by the use of attenuation circuits whose loss or delay is a function of frequency. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Financial Management: The obtaining and management of funds for institutional needs and

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responsibility for fiscal affairs. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH]

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Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inservice Training: On the job training programs for personnel carried out within an institution or agency. It includes orientation programs. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] International Cooperation: The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iteration: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an

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osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Manual Communication: Method of nonverbal communication utilizing hand movements as speech equivalents. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the

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auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU]

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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]

Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of

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hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otology: The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and diseases of the ear. [NIH] Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution,

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and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pitch Perception: A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH]

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Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustics: The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound. [NIH] Psycholinguistics: A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysics: The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

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[NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Semantics: The relationships between symbols and their meanings. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system,

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gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Songbirds: Passeriformes of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as crows, finches, robins, sparrows, and swallows. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Acoustics: The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time. [NIH]

Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Speech Intelligibility: Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable. [NIH] Speech pathologist: A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called a speech therapist. [NIH]

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Speech Perception: The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes). [NIH] Speech-Language Pathology: The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]

Telemedicine: Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases;

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vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonal: Based on special tests used for a topographic diagnosis of perceptive deafness (damage of the Corti organ, peripheral or central damage, i. e. the auditive cortex). [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving

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around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

145

INDEX A Acuity, 9, 11, 17, 76, 123, 124 Adaptation, 26, 88, 123 Adjustment, 123 Adolescence, 123, 137 Adverse Effect, 123, 141 Aetiology, 41, 123 Algorithms, 15, 18, 123, 125 Alternative medicine, 94, 123 Amplification, 4, 15, 48, 81, 123 Anatomical, 9, 123, 126, 132 Anemia, 123, 125, 142 Animal model, 9, 15, 123 Anomalies, 82, 123 Antibacterial, 123, 141 Antibiotic, 123, 141 Antibody, 123, 124, 127, 132, 133, 141 Antigen, 124, 127, 132, 133 Anxiety, 19, 124 Aplasia, 63, 124 Arteries, 124, 128, 135 Artificial Intelligence, 30, 124 Asymptomatic, 124, 125 Attenuation, 18, 70, 97, 124, 130 Audiologist, 4, 7, 8, 18, 74, 80, 81, 82, 87, 89, 109, 110, 111, 124 Audiometer, 11, 70, 75, 80, 124 Audiometry, 10, 39, 64, 70, 72, 73, 74, 80, 82, 85, 88, 92, 124 Auditory Cortex, 124, 127 Auditory nerve, 19, 83, 124, 134 Auditory Perception, 20, 21, 108, 124 Aural, 3, 35, 81, 124 B Bacteria, 123, 124, 135, 139, 141, 143 Bacterial Physiology, 123, 124 Bacteriophage, 124, 143 Benign, 124, 136 Beta-Thalassemia, 60, 125 Bilateral, 125, 138 Binaural, 10, 11, 17, 20, 61, 125 Biomechanics, 25, 125 Biotechnology, 27, 28, 94, 103, 125 Biotransformation, 125 Bladder, 125, 128, 143, 144 Bone Conduction, 74, 88, 92, 124, 125 Bone Marrow, 125, 131, 134 Brachial, 125, 135

Brachial Plexus, 125, 135 Brain Stem, 61, 83, 125, 127 Buffers, 71, 125 C Calibration, 8, 58, 60, 70, 72, 84, 88, 92, 125 Cardiac, 125, 129, 130, 135 Cell, 10, 15, 25, 124, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143 Central Nervous System, 4, 9, 125, 130, 131, 138, 140 Cerebellar, 126, 127 Cerebral, 125, 126, 130, 131 Cerebral hemispheres, 125, 126 Cervical, 125, 126, 135 Character, 126, 128 Chelation, 60, 126 Child Welfare, 46, 126 Chin, 126, 135 Chromosomal, 123, 126 Chronic, 26, 126, 133, 134, 142 Cleft Lip, 22, 126 Cleft Palate, 21, 126 Clinical trial, 7, 21, 24, 103, 126, 128, 139, 140 Cloning, 125, 126 Cochlea, 16, 43, 49, 126, 133 Cochlear Diseases, 126, 142 Cochlear Implantation, 10, 16, 48, 126 Cochlear Implants, 10, 15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 27, 41, 84, 87, 126 Cochlear Nerve, 126, 127, 144 Cochlear Nucleus, 49, 127, 144 Cognition, 84, 127, 134 Communication Disorders, 7, 8, 38, 41, 102, 108, 109, 127 Comorbidity, 41, 127 Complement, 127 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 66, 127 Complementary medicine, 59, 127 Compliance, 80, 128 Computational Biology, 103, 128 Computer Systems, 124, 128 Conduction, 88, 124, 128 Continuum, 6, 128 Contraindications, ii, 128 Control group, 19, 128, 138 Coronary, 128, 135

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Coronary Thrombosis, 128, 135 Cortex, 35, 128, 130, 131, 143 Cortical, 39, 62, 128 Cortices, 128, 132 Cranial, 124, 126, 128, 133, 137, 144 Craniocerebral Trauma, 128, 143 Credentialing, 80, 128 Curative, 128, 142 Custom-made, 8, 128 D Data Collection, 26, 128 Degenerative, 83, 128 Delivery of Health Care, 83, 129 Demography, 83, 129 Dendrites, 129, 136 Developing Countries, 55, 62, 129 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 84, 88, 94, 129 Diagnostic Services, 129, 142 Direct, iii, 20, 29, 129, 140 Discrimination, 74, 110, 124, 129 Dispenser, 8, 129 Distal, 129 Dopamine, 129, 136 Dorsal, 127, 129, 138 Drug Interactions, 129 E Eardrum, 73, 129 Efficacy, 80, 86, 129 Electrocardiography, 71, 129 Electrode, 10, 129 Electroencephalography, 71, 129 Electrolyte, 130, 138 Electrophysiological, 16, 130 Endorphins, 130, 136 Energetic, 23, 130 Enkephalins, 130, 136 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 130 Enzyme, 130, 131 Epinephrine, 129, 130, 136 Equalization, 73, 74, 130 Ethnic Groups, 38, 81, 130 Evoke, 130, 142 Evoked Potentials, 9, 10, 35, 36, 51, 62, 80, 87, 88, 92, 130 Excitation, 130, 136 Exogenous, 125, 130 Extremity, 125, 130, 135 F Family Planning, 103, 130 Financial Management, 84, 130 Fissure, 126, 131 Flexor, 131, 141

Forearm, 131, 135 G Ganglia, 131, 136, 137 Gene, 15, 125, 131 Gene Expression, 131 Gene Therapy, 15, 131 Genetics, 25, 85, 95, 131 Geriatric, 39, 47, 55, 83, 131 Gestures, 131, 141 Gland, 131, 142 Glutamic Acid, 131, 136 Glycine, 131, 136 Glycoproteins, 131, 133 Governing Board, 131, 138 Grafting, 131, 132 H Hair Cells, 14, 16, 86, 127, 131 Handicap, 44, 45, 131 Health Promotion, 83, 132 Health Services, 129, 132, 142 Hearing Disorders, 20, 82, 108, 109, 127, 132 Hemoglobin, 123, 125, 132, 142 Hemoglobinopathies, 131, 132 Hereditary, 25, 83, 132, 142 Heredity, 131, 132 Homogeneous, 128, 132 Homologous, 131, 132, 142 Hybrid, 18, 132 Hydrogen, 125, 132 I Immune system, 132 Immunology, 48, 132 Implantation, 10, 16, 21, 132 In situ, 71, 132 In vitro, 131, 132, 133 In vivo, 131, 132, 133 Infarction, 128, 133, 135 Infection, 83, 91, 133, 134, 142 Information Systems, 84, 133 Inner ear, 14, 18, 48, 82, 83, 125, 126, 133 Innervation, 125, 133, 135 Inservice Training, 81, 133 Intensive Care, 21, 133 Intermittent, 133, 134 International Cooperation, 55, 133 Intracellular, 133, 138 Intracranial Hypertension, 133, 143 Invasive, 133, 134 Involuntary, 133, 135, 140 Ion Channels, 10, 133 Ions, 125, 130, 132, 133

147

Iteration, 74, 133 K Kb, 102, 133 Kinetic, 133 L Labyrinth, 126, 133, 137, 140, 144 Language Development, 17, 134 Language Development Disorders, 134 Language Disorders, 25, 127, 134, 142 Language Therapy, 54, 134 Latency, 63, 92, 134 Lesion, 134 Leukemia, 131, 134 Lip, 126, 134 Localization, 10, 11, 134 Localized, 133, 134 Long-Term Care, 60, 134 Loop, 86, 134 Lymphatic, 133, 134 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 63, 71, 134 Malignant, 134, 136 Malingering, 51, 134 Manifest, 17, 134 Manual Communication, 84, 134 Maxillary, 126, 134 Meatus, 129, 134, 137 Medial, 126, 127, 135 Median Nerve, 62, 135 MEDLINE, 103, 135 Membrane, 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 143 Memory, 17, 135 Meninges, 126, 128, 135 Mental, iv, 5, 7, 22, 41, 52, 89, 102, 104, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140 Mental Health, iv, 7, 22, 89, 102, 104, 135, 136, 139 Mental Processes, 135, 139 Mental Retardation, 41, 127, 135 Mentors, 12, 13, 14, 25, 135 Mesoderm, 126, 135 MI, 122, 135 Microbiology, 123, 135 Migration, 126, 135 Modeling, 15, 135 Modification, 84, 130, 135, 140 Molecular, 10, 24, 25, 103, 105, 125, 128, 135 Morphological, 49, 135 Myocardium, 135 N Necrosis, 133, 135

Needs Assessment, 25, 135 Neonatal, 19, 25, 85, 135 Neoplasm, 83, 136 Nerve, 10, 19, 37, 63, 124, 125, 126, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 144 Nervous System, 83, 92, 125, 131, 136, 137 Neural, 9, 11, 27, 83, 136 Neural Pathways, 83, 136 Neuroanatomy, 9, 10, 136 Neuromuscular, 22, 136 Neuronal, 22, 136 Neurons, 16, 126, 129, 131, 136, 142, 144 Neurophysiology, 9, 10, 46, 136 Neurotransmitter, 10, 129, 131, 133, 136 Nonverbal Communication, 127, 134, 136 Norepinephrine, 129, 136 Nuclei, 127, 131, 134, 136, 144 Nucleus, 127, 136 O Occupational Health, 96, 97, 136 Occupational Therapy, 22, 136 On-line, 24, 121, 136 Ophthalmology, 50, 136 Ossicles, 136, 137 Otitis, 4, 83, 92, 136, 137 Otitis Media, 4, 83, 137 Otolaryngology, 4, 12, 13, 19, 27, 31, 35, 38, 49, 50, 51, 61, 137 Otology, 15, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 54, 58, 62, 63, 82, 137 Otorhinolaryngology, 81, 137 Otosclerosis, 83, 137 Ototoxic, 15, 137 Outer ear, 92, 137 Outpatient, 19, 137 P Paediatric, 31, 35, 46, 47, 48, 53, 56, 137 Palate, 22, 126, 137 Palliative, 137, 142 Parent-Child Relations, 19, 137 Particle, 137, 141, 143 Partnership Practice, 137, 138 Pathologies, 14, 137 Pathologist, 137 Pathophysiology, 15, 137 Patient Compliance, 6, 137 Patient Education, 108, 116, 118, 122, 137 Pediatrics, 57, 58, 89, 137 Perception, 10, 17, 20, 27, 80, 95, 96, 132, 137 Peripheral Nervous System, 130, 136, 137 Pharmacokinetic, 137

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Pharmacologic, 138, 143 Physical Therapy, 22, 138 Physiologic, 4, 14, 15, 138, 140 Physiology, 9, 19, 23, 25, 27, 80, 82, 84, 130, 136, 138 Pitch, 20, 92, 138 Pitch Perception, 20, 138 Platinum, 134, 138 Pneumonia, 128, 138 Pons, 125, 138 Posterior, 129, 137, 138 Potassium, 9, 138 Practice Guidelines, 85, 86, 88, 104, 138 Presbycusis, 9, 10, 11, 17, 49, 62, 83, 138 Presynaptic, 136, 138 Prevalence, 49, 55, 83, 109, 138 Primary endpoint, 22, 138 Private Practice, 89, 138 Problem Solving, 124, 139 Professional Practice, 89, 139 Program Development, 81, 139 Progression, 97, 123, 139 Progressive, 3, 135, 138, 139 Prosthesis, 17, 139 Protein S, 125, 139 Protocol, 24, 139 Protozoa, 139 Protozoal, 83, 139 Psychiatric, 127, 139 Psychic, 135, 139 Psychoacoustics, 9, 12, 25, 46, 84, 139 Psycholinguistics, 25, 139 Psychology, 9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 139 Psychophysics, 9, 27, 139 Public Health, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 55, 104, 139 Public Policy, 5, 103, 139 Publishing, 27, 80, 81, 84, 139 Q Quality of Life, 6, 17, 19, 26, 75, 109, 140 R Radioactive, 132, 140 Radiology, 27, 84, 140 Randomized, 21, 129, 140 Randomized Controlled Trials, 22, 140 Receptor, 123, 124, 129, 130, 140, 141 Recombination, 131, 140 Refer, 1, 70, 81, 127, 130, 134, 136, 140, 144 Reflex, 9, 18, 53, 64, 74, 80, 92, 140 Refraction, 140, 141 Regeneration, 15, 25, 140 Regimen, 129, 137, 140

Rehabilitative, 3, 38, 39, 50, 51, 55, 64, 79, 82, 83, 140 Reliability, 15, 16, 87, 140 Retroviral vector, 131, 140 Risk factor, 5, 140 S Screening, 7, 19, 21, 25, 51, 57, 58, 80, 85, 89, 92, 109, 110, 126, 140 Semantics, 84, 140 Semicircular canal, 133, 140 Senile, 138, 140 Serotonin, 136, 140 Sharpness, 76, 141 Shock, 141, 143 Side effect, 86, 108, 123, 141, 143 Sign Language, 4, 141 Skull, 125, 128, 141, 142 Social Environment, 140, 141 Social Security, 140, 141 Songbirds, 25, 141 Sound wave, 128, 141 Specialist, 113, 128, 141 Species, 130, 132, 135, 141, 144 Specificity, 14, 15, 141 Spectrum, 20, 73, 141 Speech Acoustics, 25, 141 Speech Disorders, 25, 141 Speech Intelligibility, 18, 141 Speech pathologist, 92, 141 Speech Perception, 10, 12, 15, 19, 20, 25, 142 Spinal cord, 125, 126, 135, 136, 137, 140, 142 Steady state, 16, 142 Stimulus, 21, 71, 75, 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142 Subacute, 133, 142 Subclinical, 133, 142 Suppression, 63, 142 Synaptic, 136, 142 Syrinx, 141, 142 Systemic, 83, 130, 133, 142 Systemic disease, 83, 142 T Telecommunications, 128, 142 Telemedicine, 43, 142 Temporal, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 64, 124, 132, 134, 142 Thalassemia, 125, 142 Therapeutics, 142 Thoracic, 125, 135, 142 Threshold, 18, 70, 72, 74, 76, 88, 124, 142

149

Tinnitus, 43, 51, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 137, 142, 144 Tissue, 124, 125, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143 Tonal, 88, 143 Tone, 14, 15, 61, 72, 80, 84, 88, 92, 143 Tonus, 143 Tooth Preparation, 123, 143 Toxic, iv, 143 Toxicity, 129, 143 Toxicokinetics, 143 Toxicology, 104, 143 Toxins, 124, 133, 143 Transduction, 14, 15, 85, 143 Transfection, 125, 131, 143 Translational, 12, 13, 14, 143 Transmitter, 129, 133, 136, 143 Trauma, 83, 135, 143 U Urinate, 143, 144

V Vascular, 133, 143 Vector, 143 Venter, 143 Ventral, 49, 127, 138, 143 Vertigo, 108, 137, 143, 144 Vestibular, 82, 84, 131, 144 Vestibule, 126, 133, 140, 144 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 124, 126, 143, 144 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 143, 144 Veterinary Medicine, 24, 103, 144 Viral, 83, 143, 144 Virus, 124, 140, 143, 144 Void, 20, 144 W War, 5, 57, 79, 144 X Xenograft, 123, 144 X-ray, 140, 144

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151

152

Audiology

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