Buerger's Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BUERGER’S DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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BUERGER’S DISEASE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Buerger’s Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00189-6 1. Buerger’s Disease-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Buerger’s disease. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUERGER’S DISEASE .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Buerger’s Disease .......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUERGER’S DISEASE ........................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Buerger’s Disease......................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUERGER’S DISEASE.................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 47 General References ....................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BUERGER’S DISEASE .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 49 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 70 BUERGER’S DISEASE DICTIONARY........................................................................................ 73 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 99

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Buerger’s disease is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Buerger’s disease, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Buerger’s disease, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Buerger’s disease. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Buerger’s disease, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Buerger’s disease. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BUERGER’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Buerger’s disease.

Federally Funded Research on Buerger’s Disease The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Buerger’s disease. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Buerger’s disease. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Buerger’s disease. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Buerger’s disease: •

Project Title: NICOTINIC RECEPTORS IN NONNEURONAL CELLS AS TARGETS FOR NICTOINE TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Conti-Fine, Bianca M.; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: Bronco epithelial cells, endothelial cells and esophagus keratinocytes express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of neuronal type (nAChR) sensitive to nicotine (Nic): the overall goal of the proposed studies is to identify new mechanisms of Nic toxicity resulting from a direct effect on those nAChRs. Block of the nAChR in bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells causes cell paralysis and cell-cell detachment. Long term exposure to Nic causes nAChR desensitization, and will likely result in cell-cell detachment, leading to bronchitis and esophagitis, atherosclerotic lesions, and facilitated entrance of carcinogenic compounds. Acute exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to Nic causes apoptosis, that might be an additional mechanism of Nic toxicity. The proposed studies will have three major (1 to 3), and three minor (4-6) specific aims: 1) to investigate the structural and functional properties of nAChRs expressed by bronchial epithelial cells, endothelial cells and esophagus keratinocytes; to extend these studies to lung alveolar epithelial cells; by patch clamp and binding studies using ligands specific for different nAChR subtypes; by immunohistochemistry, using antibodies and protein probes specific for different nAChR subtypes; by PCR using subunit specific primers, followed by cloning and sequencing of the products; by in situ hybridization using subunit specific probes. 2) to demonstrate in these cells the presence of the enzymes that metabolize ACh; by immunohistochemical and to demonstrate in these cells the presence of the enzymes that metabolize ACh; by immunohistochemical and biochemical assays of the enzymes choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase. 3) to investigate the cellular functions modulated by Nic and ACh binding , and the effects of acute and chronic Nic exposure in vitro, using functional assays of cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation, and by measuring the rate of cell death and apoptosis after exposure to Nic. 4) to investigate the possibility that the nAChRs expressed by bronchial epithelial cells are a port of entry for rabies virus, explained rabies cases that result from airborne exposure. 5) to investigate the characteristics of the endothelia nAChRs expressed in patients with Buerger's disease, a vasculitis of the limb blood vessels caused or triggered by tobacco usage. 6) to do pilot investigations to test whether nAChRs are expressed at other non-neuronal locations involved in tobacco toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Buerger’s disease, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Buerger’s disease (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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86 years of Buerger's disease--what have we learned? Author(s): Cutler DA, Runge MS. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1995 February; 309(2): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847444

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90 years of Buerger's disease--what has changed? Author(s): Stvrtinova V, Ambrozy E, Stvrtina S, Lesny P. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 1999 March; 100(3): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458053

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A case of Buerger's disease associated with high levels of lipoprotein(a). Author(s): Biasi D, Caramaschi P, Carletto A, Pasqualini R, Bambara LM. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10088954

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A case of Buerger's disease causing ischemic colitis with perforation in a young male. Author(s): Guay A, Janower ML, Bain RW, McCready FJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1976 March-April; 271(2): 239-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1266894

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A case of Buerger's disease with pathology confirmation. Author(s): Balas P, Faliakou E, Papalambros E. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1991 October-December; 10(4): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797935

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A case of Buerger's disease with very high levels of lipoprotein(a) Author(s): Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Carletto A, Poli G, Bambara LM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 May-June; 14(3): 347. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8809456

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A case of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Ambrosi CN, Rapini RP. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 March; 51(3): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444049

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A challenging treatment for an ischaemic ulcer in a patient with Buerger's disease: vascular reconstruction and local flap coverage. Author(s): Chang H, Hasegawa T, Moteki K, Ishitobi K. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2001 January; 54(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11121326

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A point scoring system for the clinical diagnosis of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Papa MZ, Rabi I, Adar R. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1996 April; 11(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601245

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ABO blood groups and serum proteins in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Gupta RL, Papiha SS. Source: Human Heredity. 1978; 28(4): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=658973

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Accelerated thrombolysis and angioplasty for hand ischemia in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Lang EV, Bookstein JJ. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1989 March-April; 12(2): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2525419

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Acute myocardial infarction in a patient with Buerger's disease. A case report and a review of the literature. Author(s): Kim KS, Kim YN, Kim KB, Park SK. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 1987 July; 2(2): 278-81. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3154840

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Acute myocardial infarction in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Ohno H, Matsuda Y, Takashiba K, Hamada Y, Ebihara H, Hyakuna E. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1986 March 1; 57(8): 690-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3953458

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Amounts of coronary arterial luminal narrowing and composition of the material causing the narrowing in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Mautner GC, Mautner SL, Lin F, Roggin GM, Roberts WC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1993 February 15; 71(5): 486-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430652

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An extreme example of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Cabezas-Moya R, Dragstedt LR 2nd. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1970 November; 101(5): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5479713

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Aneurysm of the radial artery in a patient with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Giler S, Zelikovski A, Goren G, Urca I. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1979; 8(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=463287

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Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Coppeto JR, Adamczyk D. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1988 September; 20(9): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3190111

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Aortic involvement in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Gilkes R, Dow J. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1973 February; 46(542): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4686810

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Aortitis presenting as Buerger's disease. Author(s): White RA, Peng SK, Klein SR, White G, Uitto J. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1987 December; 1(5): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504700

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Are anticardiolipin antibodies really important in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)? Author(s): Olin JW. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2002; 7(4): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710839

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Arterial insufficiency of the upper extremity with special reference to Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Mishima Y. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1982 March-April; 23(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123515

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Arterial obstruction of the upper limb in Buerger's disease: its incidence and primary lesion. Author(s): Hirai M, Shionoya S. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1979 February; 66(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420983

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Arterial reconstruction in Buerger's disease: by-pass to disease-free collaterals. Author(s): Shindo S, Matsumoto H, Ogata K, Kubota K, Kojima A, Ishimoto T, Iyori K, Kobayashi M, Tada Y. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2002 September; 21(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12384642

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Association of HLA-A9 and HLA-B5 with Buerger's disease. Author(s): McLoughlin GA, Helsby CR, Evans CC, Chapman DM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 November 13; 2(6045): 1165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=990826

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Autoantibodies in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Gulati SM, Madhra K, Thusoo TK, Nair SK, Saha K. Source: Angiology. 1982 October; 33(10): 642-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6751163

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Autoimmune mechanisms in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): the role of tobacco antigen and the major histocompatibility complex. Author(s): Papa M, Bass A, Adar R, Halperin Z, Schneiderman J, Becker CG, Brautbar H, Mozes E. Source: Surgery. 1992 May; 111(5): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1598672

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Autoimmunological aspects of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Smolen JS, Youngchaiyud U, Weidinger P, Kojer M, Endler AT, Mayr WR, Menzel EJ. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1978 October; 11(2): 168-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=367656

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Autonomic functions in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Singh K, Sood S. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 October; 45(4): 470-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883155

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Beyond peripheral arteries in Buerger's disease: angiographic considerations in thromboangiitis obliterans. Author(s): Hoppe B, Lu JT, Thistlewaite P, Yi ES, Mahmud E. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2002 November; 57(3): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410515

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans). Author(s): Mills JL, Porter JM. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1991 November; 5(6): 570-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1772769

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans). Author(s): Joyce JW. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1990 May; 16(2): 463-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2189162

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans): a reversible cause of upper limb digital infarcts. Author(s): Young C, Beynon H, Haskard D. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 April; 39(4): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817780

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Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans): an analysis of the arteriograms of 119 cases. Author(s): Suzuki S, Mine H, Umehara I, Yoshida T, Okada Y. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1982 March; 33(2): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7067357

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Buerger's disease affecting mesenteric arteries: a rare cause of intestinal ischemia--a case report. Author(s): Siddiqui MZ, Reis ED, Soundararajan K, Kerstein MD. Source: Vascular Surgery. 2001 May-June; 35(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452353

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Buerger's disease affecting the axillary artery. Author(s): Thavaraja Singham K. Source: Med J Malaya. 1970 December; 25(2): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4251135

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Buerger's disease and anticardiolipin antibodies: a worse prognosis? Author(s): de Godoy JM, Braile DM, Godoy MF. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2002 January; 8(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991245

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Buerger's disease and antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy. Author(s): Casellas M, Perez A, Cabero L, Segura A, Puig de Morales E, Selva O'Callaghan R. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1993 March; 52(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8484687

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Buerger's disease and antiphospholipid syndrome. Author(s): Puechal X, Job-Deslandre C, Menkes CJ, Fiessinger JN. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1993 October; 52(10): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110267

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Buerger's disease and cigarette smoking in Bangladesh. Author(s): Jindal RM, Patel SM. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1992 November; 74(6): 4367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471844

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Buerger's disease and cigarette smoking in Bangladesh. Author(s): Grove WJ, Stansby GP. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1992 March; 74(2): 115-7; Discussion 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567129

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Buerger's disease and inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 1990 February; 2(1): 76-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2223460

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Buerger's disease and multicentric fibromuscular hyperplasia mimicking Takayasu's arteritis. Author(s): Gibbons RB, Ashton AL. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1980 September; 23(9): 1067-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106482

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Buerger's disease and protein S deficiency: successful treatment with prostacyclin. Author(s): Athanassiou P, McHale J, Dikeou S, Laffan M, Dantis P, Davies KA. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 May-June; 13(3): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554568

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Buerger's disease associated with IgA nephropathy: report of two cases. Author(s): Remy P, Jacquot C, Nochy D, Fiessinger JN, Diallo M, Bariety J, Mathieu JF. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 March 5; 296(6623): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3128369

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Buerger's disease at the 'San Juan De Dios' Hospital, Santa Fe De Bogota, Colombia. Author(s): Jimenez-Paredes CA, Canas-Davila CA, Sanchez A, Restrepo JF, Pena M, Iglesias-Gamarra A. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951829

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Buerger's disease in a 19-year-old woman. Author(s): Matsushita M, Kuzuya A, Kobayashi M, Nishikimi N, Ito M, Oba Y, Yano T, Komori K. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 July; 38(1): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12844108

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Buerger's disease in a middle-aged woman with diabetes mellitus. A case report. Author(s): Fujii Y, Ohmura Y, Takeuchi R, Morimoto S, Uchida H, Hayashi K, Sano S. Source: Angiology. 1996 January; 47(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8546355

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Buerger's disease in a middle-aged woman. A unique presentation. Author(s): Mandel LR, Vidmar DA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1988 January; 83(1): 265-8, 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336609

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Buerger's disease in a patient with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Matsuo S, Nakamoto M, Nishihara G, Yasunaga C, Yanagida T, Matsuo K, Sakemi T. Source: Nephron. 2001 November; 89(3): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598405

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Buerger's disease in a young woman. Author(s): Leavitt RY, Bressler P, Fauci AS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 May; 80(5): 1003-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706362

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Buerger's disease in Hong Kong: a review of 89 cases. Author(s): Lau H, Cheng SW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1997 May; 67(5): 264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152156

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Buerger's disease in Indonesia: Clinical course and prognostic factors. Author(s): Hill GL, Smith AH. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1974 July; 27(4): 205-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4843253

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Buerger's disease in Israel. Author(s): Goodman RM, Elian B, Mozes M, Deutsch V. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1965 October; 39(4): 601-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5831901

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Buerger's disease in Israel. Investigations on carboxyhemoglobin and serum cholesterol levels after smoking. Author(s): Kjeldsen K, Mozes M. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1969; 135(6): 495-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5368937

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Buerger's disease in Nepal. Author(s): Talwar S. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 July; 30(3): 189. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902495

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Buerger's disease in Nepal. Author(s): Fleshman K. Source: Trop Doct. 1998 October; 28(4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803837

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Buerger's disease in the 21st century: diagnosis, clinical features, and therapy. Author(s): Mills JL Sr. Source: Semin Vasc Surg. 2003 September; 16(3): 179-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975757

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Buerger's disease in the modern era. Author(s): Mills JL, Taylor LM Jr, Porter JM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1987 July; 154(1): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605510

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Buerger's disease in two brothers: iliac artery occlusion by thromboangiitis obliterans--case reports. Author(s): Wysokinski WE, Kwiatkowska W, Maslowski L, Witkiewicz W, KowalGierczak B. Source: Angiology. 1998 May; 49(5): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591534

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Buerger's disease in western India. Author(s): Jindal RM, Patel SM. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 April; 69(810): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7686671

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Buerger's disease in women. A case report with critical approach to the literature. Author(s): Cavallaro A, Meloni F, Sciacca V, Transi MG, DiGiacomo V. Source: Angiology. 1985 March; 36(3): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025930

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Buerger's disease in women. A report of a case and a review of the literature. Author(s): Morris-Jones W, Jones CD. Source: Angiology. 1973 December; 24(11): 675-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4764700

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Buerger's disease involving the celiac artery. Author(s): Sobel RA, Ruebner BH. Source: Human Pathology. 1979 January; 10(1): 112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=428990

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Buerger's disease involving the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries. Author(s): Malik AK, Singh R, Basu S. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1992 April; 35(2): 137-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1483715

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Buerger's disease of the great vessels. Author(s): Haddad M, Zelikovski A, Sternberg A, Urca I. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1978; 7(3): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=695873

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Buerger's disease of the rectum: case report and literature review. Author(s): Iyer KR, Mair WS. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1991 December; 36(6): 409-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1774713

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Buerger's disease of the sigmoid colon. Author(s): Soo KC, Hollinger-Vernea S, Miller G, Pritchard G, Frawley J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1983 April; 53(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6576754

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Buerger's disease or Buerger's syndrome? An analysis of 12 cases. Author(s): Scharf GM, van Wyk FA, Cloete GN, Rautenbach BK. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1986 December 20; 70(13): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3798265

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Buerger's disease presenting as acute small bowel ischemia. Author(s): Broide E, Scapa E, Peer A, Witz E, Abramowich D, Eshchar J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1993 April; 104(4): 1192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462808

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Buerger's disease reassessed. Author(s): Eastcott HH. Source: Lancet. 1969 January 25; 1(7587): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4178437

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Buerger's disease revisited. Author(s): Welling RE. Source: Angiology. 1982 April; 33(4): 239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7073017

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Buerger's disease revisited. Author(s): Wessler S. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1969 June; 49(3): 703-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4890183

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Buerger's disease versus adrenalectomy and sympathectomy. Author(s): Naik RS, Tripathi BP, Vaidya RC, Sao VK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1978 October 16; 71(8): 199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=748471

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Buerger's disease with intestinal involvement. Author(s): Iwai T. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S257-63; Discussion S265. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951828

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Frost-Rude JA, Nunnelee JD, Spaner S. Source: Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing. 2000 December; 18(4): 128-30; Quiz 31-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995294

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Noel B, Hayoz D. Source: Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 2000 February 12; 130(6): 198. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719722

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Agarwal VK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 July; 97(7): 291. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643195

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Talwar S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1999 February 28; 68(2): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189016

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Adar R, Papa MZ. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1997 October; 14(4): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366803

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Colburn MD, Moore WS. Source: Heart Dis Stroke. 1993 September-October; 2(5): 424-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8137047

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Friedman SG. Source: Eur J Vasc Surg. 1991 June; 5(3): 362. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1864403

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Giblin WJ, James WD, Benson PM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 December; 28(10): 638-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2687180

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Giblin WJ, James WD, Benson PM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 December; 28(10): 672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2592131

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Upcavage AT. Source: Nursing. 1976 September; 6(9): 17, 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1049014

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Buerger's disease. Author(s): Agarwal SL, Trehon OP, Srivastava VK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1974 April 16; 62(8): 277-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4412258

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Buerger's disease. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): du Toit DF, Maritz J, Klompje J, Laker L, Groenewald JH. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 November 3; 66(18): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6495115

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Buerger's disease. A clinical and pathological re-examination. Author(s): Eadie DG, Mann CV, Smith PG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1968 June; 55(6): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5651545

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Buerger's disease: a review and update. Author(s): Mills JL, Porter JM. Source: Semin Vasc Surg. 1993 March; 6(1): 14-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8252225

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Buerger's disease: cigarette smoker disease may always be cured by medical therapy alone. Uselessness of operative treatment. Author(s): Corelli F. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 January-February; 14(1): 28-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690974

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Buerger's disease: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Shionoya S. Source: Cardiovascular Surgery (London, England). 1993 June; 1(3): 207-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8076031

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Buerger's disease: is it a rickettsiosis? Author(s): Bartolo M, Rulli F, Raffi S. Source: Angiology. 1980 October; 31(10): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6893791

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Buerger's disease: the role of omental transfer. Author(s): Puneet, Khanna R, Khanna AK. Source: Trop Doct. 1999 April; 29(2): 118-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418315

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Buerger's disease--a review of 105 patients. Author(s): Wong J, Lam ST, Ong GB. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1978 August; 48(4): 382-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=282868

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Carbon monoxide, blood viscosity and development of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Solvsteen P, Fristjansen PF. Source: Z Kreislaufforsch. 1968 August; 57(8): 790-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5678705

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Case of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) of the upper lip. Author(s): Azaz B, Segall N, Milhem I. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7573750

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CAT scan and immunohistochemical findings in a case of cerebral thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Kessler C, Reuther R, Berlit P, Carls C, Hofmann W. Source: European Neurology. 1984; 23(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6714279

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Cerebral manifestations of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Dzialek E. Source: Pol Med J. 1970; 9(5): 1212-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5510289

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Circulating immune complexes in Buerger's disease. Endarteritis obliterans in young men. Author(s): Roncon de Albuquerque R, Delgado L, Correia P, Torrinha JF, Serrao D, Braga A. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1989 September-October; 30(5): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808505

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Clinical and morphological aspects of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Majewski W, Marszalek A, Staniszewiski R, Majewski P, Zapalski S, Biczysko W. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1997 December; 16(4): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9543220

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Clinical and radiologic aspects of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Hagen B, Lohse S. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1984; 7(6): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6529731

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Clinical course and therapy of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Stojanovic VK, Marcovic A, Arsov V, Bujanic J, Lotina S. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 January-February; 14(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690979

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Clinical features of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Pokrovsky AV. Source: Eur J Vasc Surg. 1991 June; 5(3): 362. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1864404

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Collateral artery bypass in Buerger's disease: report of a novel procedure. Author(s): Shindo S, Kamiya K, Suzuki O, Kobayashi M, Tada Y. Source: Surgery Today. 1995; 25(1): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7749300

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Colonic ischemia reveals thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Sauvaget F, Debray M, Herve de Sigalony JP, Fichelle JM, Farge D, Lemann M, Rouffy J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 March; 110(3): 900-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608901

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Current status of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in Japan. Author(s): Sasaki S, Sakuma M, Yasuda K. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 August 31; 75 Suppl 1: S175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980360

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Current trends in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in women. Author(s): Sasaki S, Sakuma M, Kunihara T, Yasuda K. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 April; 177(4): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326851

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Decrease in prevalence of Buerger's disease in Japan. Author(s): Matsushita M, Nishikimi N, Sakurai T, Nimura Y. Source: Surgery. 1998 September; 124(3): 498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9736901

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Diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Shionoya S, Ban I, Nakata Y, Matsubara J, Shinjo K. Source: Surgery. 1974 May; 75(5): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4824428

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Diagnostic criteria of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Shionoya S. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S243-5; Discussion S247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951826

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Differences between the arterial and the venous pathomorphology in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Rosnowski A, Pratnicki A. Source: Paroi Arterielle. 1979 October; 5(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=537829

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Distal ischemia with digital gangrene secondary to Buerger's disease. Author(s): Lance BJ, Kirschenbaum SE. Source: J Foot Surg. 1991 November-December; 30(6): 534-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1770204

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Distribution of arterial involvement in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): results of a study conducted by the Intractable Vasculitis Syndromes Research Group in Japan. Author(s): Sasaki S, Sakuma M, Kunihara T, Yasuda K. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(7): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930225

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Enhanced platelet response to serotonin in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Pietraszek MH, Choudhury NA, Koyano K, Sakaguchi S, Kamiya T, Urano T, Takada Y, Takada A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1990 November 1; 60(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2084953

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Epidemiological, angiographic and clinical aspects of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Zannini G, Cotrufo M. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 January-February; 14(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690972

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Evaluation of microcirculation in Buerger's disease using 201thallium/99mtechnetium macroaggregated albumin scintigraphy. Author(s): Ates A, Varoglu E, Yekeler I, Ozyazicioglu A. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235928

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Evidence for an HLA-linked resistance gene in Buerger's disease. Author(s): de Moerloose P, Jeannet M, Mirimanoff P, Bouvier CA. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1979 August; 14(2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=91227

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Factor V Leiden, mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Mercie P, Baste JC, Sassoust G, Ged C, Parrot F, Conri C. Source: Microvascular Research. 1998 May; 55(3): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9657927

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Factors affecting the long-term outcome of Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans). Author(s): Shigematsu H, Shigematsu K. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1999 March; 18(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392482

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Fate of limbs with failed vascular reconstruction in Buerger's disease patients. Author(s): Nishikimi N. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 August 31; 75 Suppl 1: S183-5; Discussion S183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980361

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Fate of the ischaemic limb in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Ohta T, Shionoya S. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1988 March; 75(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349334

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Female adolescent Buerger's disease: objective documentation and therapeutic remission. Author(s): Laslett LJ, Ikeda RM, Mason DT. Source: American Heart Journal. 1981 September; 102(3 Pt 1): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7270391

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Free flap coverage of a gangrenous forefoot in a patient with Buerger's disease: a case report. Author(s): Van Landuyt K, Monstrey S, Tonnard P, Vermassen F. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 February; 36(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919378

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Free versus pedicled omental grafts for limb salvage in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Talwar S, Jain S, Porwal R, Laddha BL, Prasad P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1998 January; 68(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9440454

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Guess what! Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Pena-penabad C, Martinez W, del Pozo J, Garcia-Silva J, Yebra MT, Fonseca E. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 July-August; 10(5): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023339

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Hallux amputation in combination with a lumbar sympathectomy for treatment of a non-healing ulceration in a patient with Buerger's disease. Author(s): O'Connor KJ, Grady JF, Moore CJ, Axe TM, Shumaker JM. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1996 July-August; 35(4): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8872758

22

Buerger’s Disease

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HLA class II DNA typing in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Aerbajinai W, Tsuchiya T, Kimura A, Yasukochi Y, Numano F. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 August; 54 Suppl: S197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9119524

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HLA in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M. Source: Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 1986; 3(4): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3274054

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Homocysteine and "Buerger's disease". Author(s): Courtney PA, Sharpe PC, Lee RJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 August; 78(922): 500, 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185232

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Homocysteine and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Umasankar U, Huwez F. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 December; 78(926): 764; Author Reply 764. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12509706

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Images in clinical medicine. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Sims JR, Hanson EL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 September 3; 339(10): 672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9725925

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Images in vascular medicine. Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans). Author(s): Szuba A, Maslowski L. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 1996; 1(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546927

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Immunobiologic analysis of arterial tissue in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Lee T, Seo JW, Sumpio BE, Kim SJ. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2003 May; 25(5): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713785

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Immunogenetic analysis of Buerger's disease in India. Author(s): Jaini R, Mandal S, Khazanchi RK, Mehra NK. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951831

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Immunohistochemical analysis of arterial wall cellular infiltration in Buerger's disease (endarteritis obliterans). Author(s): Kobayashi M, Ito M, Nakagawa A, Nishikimi N, Nimura Y. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1999 March; 29(3): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069909

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Immunological studies in thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Gulati SM, Singh KS, Thusoo TK, Saha K. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1979 November; 27(5): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=390247

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Impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in peripheral vasculature of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Makita S, Nakamura M, Murakami H, Komoda K, Kawazoe K, Hiramori K. Source: Circulation. 1996 November 1; 94(9 Suppl): Ii211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8901748

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Implantable spinal cord stimulator to treat the ischemic manifestations of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Swigris JJ, Olin JW, Mekhail NA. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1999 May; 29(5): 928-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10231644

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Indirect self-destructive behavior in patients with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Farberow NL, Nehemkis AM. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1979 February; 43(1): 86-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=430334

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Induced hypertension as a therapy in Buerger's disease (thromboangitis obliterans). Author(s): Krahenbuhl B, Holstein P, Nielsen SL, Tonnesen KH, Lassen NA. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1975; 4(4): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1229650

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Inpatient treatment of severe nicotine dependence in a patient with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Hooten WM, Bruns HK, Hays JT. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1998 June; 73(6): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9621859

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Buerger’s Disease

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Intermittent claudication in the foot and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Hirai M, Shinonoya S. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1978 March; 65(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=638437

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Intestinal Buerger's disease. Author(s): Rosen N, Sommer I, Knobel B. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1985 October; 109(10): 962-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3840010

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Intestinal involvement in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Hassoun Z, Lacrosse M, De Ronde T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 January; 32(1): 85-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154180

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Intestinal ischemia resulting from Buerger's disease: report of a case. Author(s): Ito M, Nihei Z, Ichikawa W, Mishima Y. Source: Surgery Today. 1993; 23(11): 988-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8292868

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Intestinal manifestation of Buerger's disease: case report and literature review. Author(s): Deitch EA, Sikkema WW. Source: The American Surgeon. 1981 July; 47(7): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7258842

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Intestinal thromboangiitis obliterans in a woman: a case report and discussion of chronic ischemic changes. Author(s): Medlicott SA, Beaudry P, Morris G, Hollaar G, Sutherland F. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 September; 17(9): 559-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532931

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Intestinal type of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Schellong SM, Bernhards J, Ensslen F, Schafers HJ, Alexander K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1994 January; 235(1): 69-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8283163

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Intra-arterial streptokinase as adjuvant therapy for complicated Buerger's disease: early trials. Author(s): Hussein EA, el Dorri A. Source: Int Surg. 1993 January-March; 78(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8473086

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Intraoral manifestation of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Farish SE, el-Mofty SK, Colm SJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 February; 69(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2304748

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Involvement of the iliac artery in Buerger's disease (pathogenesis and arterial reconstruction). Author(s): Shionoya S, Ban I, Nakata Y, Matsubara J, Hirai M, Kawai S. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1978 January-February; 19(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627595

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Is there a role for genetic polymorphism of C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in Buerger's disease? Author(s): Kawasaki T, Fujimura H, Kakinoki E, Uemichi A, Miyata T. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 October; 84(4): 736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057887

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Ischaemic pain in Buerger's disease. Report of a female patient receiving long-term local analgesia. Author(s): Saddler JM, Crosse MM. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 April; 43(4): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2454039

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Juvenile arteritis revisited. Buerger's disease-Takayasu's disease. Author(s): Fiessinger JN. Source: Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2002 September-December; 32(5-6): 295-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13679660

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Lipid metabolism of the arterial wall in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Horsch AK. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histol. 1975 December 31; 369(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=814703

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Mesenteric Buerger's disease. Author(s): Cho YP, Kwon YM, Kwon TW, Kim GE. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2003 March; 17(2): 221-3. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632269

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Mesenteric involvement of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in a woman. Author(s): Raat H, Stockx L, Broeckaert L, Rogiers X, Suy R, Ectors N, Ponette E. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1993 August; 76(4): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8294383

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MICA gene polymorphism in Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Kimura A, Kobayashi Y, Takahashi M, Ohbuchi N, Kitamura H, Nakamura T, Satoh M, Sasaoka T, Hiroi S, Arimura T, Akai J, Aerbajinai W, Yasukochi Y, Numano F. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S107-13; Discussion S115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951809

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Microcirculatory characteristics in patients with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Nishikimi N, Sakurai T, Shionoya S, Oshima M. Source: Angiology. 1992 April; 43(4): 312-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558316

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Microvascular blood is distributed more to venules than to arterioles in patients with Buerger's disease. Observation of bulbar conjunctiva by intravital microscope system. Author(s): Homma S, Tsushima N, Minamiyama M, Hayashi T, Matsuo H. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2000 June; 19(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10905796

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Monitoring of axillary arterial pressure in a patient with Buerger's disease requiring clipping of an intracerebral aneurysm. Author(s): Yacoub OF, Bacaling JH, Kelly M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1987 August; 59(8): 1056-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3651275

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Morphologic change of the internal elastic lamina in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Kim EJ, Cho BS, Lee TS, Kim SJ, Seo JW. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2000 February; 15(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719807

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Multiple organ manifestations in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). A case report. Author(s): Harten P, Muller-Huelsbeck S, Regensburger D, Loeffler H. Source: Angiology. 1996 April; 47(4): 419-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8619517

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Multiple ulcers with perforation of the small intestine in buerger's disease: a case report. Author(s): Kurata A, Nonaka T, Arimura Y, Nunokawa M, Terado Y, Sudo K, Fujioka Y. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 September; 125(3): 911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949735

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Muscle sympathetic outflow in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Yamamoto K, Iwase S, Mano T, Shionoya S. Source: Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. 1993 July; 44(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8409218

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Natural history of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Nielubowicz J, Rosnowski A, Pruszynski B, Przetakiewicz Z, Potemkowski A. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1980 September-October; 21(5): 529-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7451558

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Necrotizing sialometaplasia in a patient with Buerger's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon. Author(s): Rye LA, Calhoun NR, Redman RS. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980 March; 49(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6928308

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New aspects of thromboangiitis obliterans (von Winiwarter-Buerger's disease). Author(s): Berlit P, Kessler C, Reuther R, Krause KH. Source: European Neurology. 1984; 23(6): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6391927

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Omentopexy for limb salvage in Buerger's disease: indications, technique and results. Author(s): Talwar S, Choudhary SK. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 April-June; 47(2): 137-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832609

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Omentopexy in limb revascularisation in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Subodh S, Mohan JC, Malik VK. Source: Indian Heart J. 1994 November-December; 46(6): 355-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797228

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Onset and clinicopathological course in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Nakata Y, Ban I, Hirai M, Shionoya S. Source: Angiology. 1976 September; 27(9): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1053484

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Pathology and pathogenesis of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Tanaka K. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S237-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951825

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Pathology of Buerger's disease. Clinico-pathologico-angiographic correlation. Author(s): Shionoya S. Source: Pathol Microbiol (Basel). 1975; 43(2-O): 163-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1228577

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Pattern of arterial occlusion in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Shionoya S, Hirai M, Kawai S, Seko T, Ban I. Source: Angiology. 1982 June; 33(6): 375-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7091768

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Pedicled omental grafts in the revascularization of ischemic lower limbs in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Maurya SD, Singhal S, Gupta HC, Elhence IP, Sharma BD. Source: Int Surg. 1985 July-September; 70(3): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3835169

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Pedicled omental transfer for limb salvage in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Talwar S, Jain S, Porwal R, Laddha BL, Prasad P. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2000 January 15; 72(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10646953

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Plantar or dorsalis pedis artery bypass in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Sasajima T, Kubo Y, Izumi Y, Inaba M, Goh K. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1994 May; 8(3): 248-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8043358

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Plasma catecholamines in Buerger's disease: effects of cigarette smoking and surgical sympathectomy. Author(s): Roncon-Albuquerque R, Serrao P, Vale-Pereira R, Costa-Lima J, RonconAlbuquerque R Jr. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2002 October; 24(4): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12323177

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Plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 before and after venous occlusion of the upper limb in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Choudhury NA, Pietraszek MH, Hachiya T, Baba S, Sakaguchi S, Takada Y, Takada A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1992 May 15; 66(4): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1412199

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Pregnancy in a young woman with Buerger's disease. A case report. Author(s): Young SG, Hanson FW, Kahn BB. Source: J Reprod Med. 1983 October; 28(10): 694-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6655631

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Prothrombin gene 20210 G-->A and Factor V Arg 506 to Gln mutation in a patient with Buerger's disease--a case report. Author(s): Avcu F, Akar N, Akar E, Beyan C, Yalcin A. Source: Angiology. 2000 May; 51(5): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826859

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Pulmonary embolism in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Trimble GX. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 July; 137(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7135944

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Pyridinolcarbamate, bradykinin antagonist, in patients suffering from arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease); a preliminary report on the treatment of human atherosclerosis. Author(s): Shimamoto T, Atsumi T. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1965 September; 6(5): 407-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5294603

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Radionuclide imaging of aortic involvement in Buerger's disease: case report. Author(s): Flesh LH, Kihm RH, Ciccio SS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1977 February; 18(2): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=833655

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Recent views on Buerger's disease. Author(s): Williams G. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1969 September; 22(5): 573-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5364443

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Recurrent pulmonary emboli and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Fischer MD, Hopewell PC. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1981 September; 135(3): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7340121

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Renovascular hypertension due to Buerger's disease. Author(s): Gomi T, Ikeda T, Yuhara M. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1978 March; 19(2): 308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=650911

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Response to DDAVP stimulation in thirteen patients with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Siguret V, Alhenc-Gelas M, Aiach M, Fiessinger JN, Gaussem P. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1997 April 1; 86(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9172291

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Rheumatic manifestations in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Ehrenfeld M, Adar R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 July; 27(7): 1818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914878

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Rheumatic manifestations in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Puechal X, Fiessinger JN, Kahan A, Menkes CJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 August; 26(8): 1764-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451075

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Roentgenographic diagnosis of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Rivera R. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 January-February; 14(1): 40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690976

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Role of infrainguinal bypass in Buerger's disease: an eighteen-year experience. Author(s): Sasajima T, Kubo Y, Inaba M, Goh K, Azuma N. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1997 February; 13(2): 186-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9091153

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Significance of circulatory immune complexes in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Gulati SM, Saha K, Kant L, Thusoo TK, Prakash A. Source: Angiology. 1984 May; 35(5): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6426348

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Single-stage lumbar sympathectomy and omentopexy: a new surgical approach towards patients with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Talwar S, Prasad P. Source: Trop Doct. 2001 April; 31(2): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321275

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Skin sympathetic outflow in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Iwase S, Okamoto T, Mano T, Kamiya A, Niimi Y, Qi F, Nishikimi N, Sakurai T, Nimura Y. Source: Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical. 2001 March 23; 87(2-3): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476291

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Spinal cord stimulation in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Pace AV, Saratzis N, Karokis D, Dalainas D, Kitas GD. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 December; 61(12): 1114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429549

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Staged vascular reconstruction along with repeatedly performed angiography to prevent ischemic limb loss with Buerger's disease: report of a case. Author(s): Shindo S, Saka A, Kubota K, Kojima A, Ishimoto T, Iyori K, Kobayashi M, Kamiya K, Tada Y. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(8): 754-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510620

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Study of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Halacheva KS, Manolova IM, Petkov DP, Andreev AP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1998 November; 48(5): 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822265

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Successful treatment of digital ulceration in Buerger's disease with nicotine chewing gum. Author(s): Kawabata H, Kanekura T, Gushi A, Shimada H, Higo A, Usuki K, Kanzaki T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215805

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Superselective urokinase infusion therapy for dorsalis pedis artery occlusion in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Kubota Y, Kichikawa K, Uchida H, Nishimine K, Hirohashi R, Ohishi H. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1997 September-October; 20(5): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9271650

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Surgical considerations on the terminology aand treatment of the so-called Buerger's disease. Author(s): Vollmar J. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 January-February; 14(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4690975

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Surgical lesions of the small and large intestine resulting from Buerger's disease. Author(s): Herrington JL Jr, Grossman LA. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1968 December; 168(6): 1079-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5721862

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Surgical re-establishment of the arterial circulation in the leg in Buerger's disease-with special reference to the efficacy of prostaglandin E1 used concomitantly. Author(s): Okamoto Y, Nakayama K, Watanabe H, Osaragi M. Source: Nippon Geka Hokan. 1981 May; 50(3): 501-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7197904

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Surgical treatment of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Shionoya S, Ban I, Nakata Y, Matsubara J, Hirai M, Kawai S. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1980 January-February; 21(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358786

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Surgical treatment of Buerger's disease: experience with 216 patients. Author(s): Sayin A, Bozkurt AK, Tuzun H, Vural FS, Erdog G, Ozer M. Source: Cardiovascular Surgery (London, England). 1993 August; 1(4): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8076063

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Sustained classic clinical spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Wysokinski WE, Kwiatkowska W, Sapian-Raczkowska B, Czarnacki M, Doskocz R, Kowal-Gierczak B. Source: Angiology. 2000 February; 51(2): 141-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701722

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The angiographic appearance of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in the abdominal visceral vessels. Author(s): Rosenberger A, Munk J, Schramek A, Ben Arieh J. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1973 May; 46(545): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4715156

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The answer is Buerger's disease, and the question is. Author(s): Sparks RD. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1998 April; 168(4): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9584678

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The association of atherosclerosis and Buerger's disease: a clinical and radiological study. Author(s): Mozes M, Cahansky G, Doitsch V, Adar R. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1970 January-February; 11(1): 52-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5441905

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The change in concept and surgical treatment on Buerger's disease--personal experience and review. Author(s): Nakajima N. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S273-80; Discussion S281. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951830

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The changing clinical spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Olin JW, Young JR, Graor RA, Ruschhaupt WF, Bartholomew JR. Source: Circulation. 1990 November; 82(5 Suppl): Iv3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2225420

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The definition of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Adar R, Papa MZ. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1984 June; 8(3): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6464497

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The effect of a 5HT2 receptor antagonist sarpogrelate (MCI-9042) treatment on platelet function in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Rydzewski A, Urano T, Hachiya T, Kaneko H, Baba S, Takada Y, Takada A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1996 December 15; 84(6): 445-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8987165

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The entity of Buerger's disease. Author(s): Inada K, Kattsumura T. Source: Angiology. 1972 December; 23(11): 668-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4657729

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The involvement of small vessels in Buerger's disease in their clinicopathological correlation. Author(s): Di Giacomo V, Meloni F. Source: Angiology. 1984 May; 35(5): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721255

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The rise and fall and resurgence of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1989 March; 39(3): 153-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2662703

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The role of omental transfer in Buerger's disease: New Delhi's experience. Author(s): Singh I, Ramteke VK. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1996 June; 66(6): 372-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678856

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The role of prothrombotic mutations in patients with Buerger's disease. Author(s): Avcu F, Akar E, Demirkilic U, Yilmaz E, Akar N, Yalcin A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2000 November 1; 100(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108900

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The treatment of Buerger's disease. Author(s): O'Connor H. Source: J Wound Care. 1996 November; 5(10): 462-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9117818

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Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for Buerger's disease of the upper extremities. Author(s): Komori K, Kawasaki K, Okazaki J, Eguchi D, Mawatari K, Okadome K, Sadanaga N, Sugimachi K. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1995 September; 22(3): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674482

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Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for Buerger's disease: a report on the successful treatment of four patients. Author(s): Ishibashi H, Hayakawa N, Yamamoto H, Nishikimi N, Yano T, Nimura Y. Source: Surgery Today. 1995; 25(2): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7772925

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Three cases of Buerger's disease associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Author(s): Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Carletto A, Friso S, Girelli D, Arcaro G, Bambara LM. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 March-April; 18(2): 264-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10812506

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Thrombangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): still a limb threatening disease. Author(s): Van Damme H, De Leval L, Creemers E, Limet R. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1997 October; 97(5): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9394964

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) Author(s): Mishima Y. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1996 August; 54 Suppl: S185-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9119522

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) and smokeless tobacco. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1988 June; 31(6): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382454

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) and smokeless tobacco. Author(s): O'Dell JR, Linder J, Markin RS, Moore GF. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1987 September; 30(9): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3663253

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in a saphenous vein arterial graft. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Human Pathology. 1987 April; 18(4): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3493970

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in an elderly man after cessation of cigarette smoking--a case report. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Angiology. 1987 November; 38(11): 864-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688555

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Thrombo-angiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in the west of Scotland. Author(s): Richards RL. Source: Scott Med J. 1972 February; 17(2): 50-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5018529

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in visceral vessels confirmed by angiographic and histological findings. Author(s): Michail PO, Filis KA, Delladetsima JK, Koronarchis DN, Bastounis EA. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 1998 November; 16(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854560

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in women (a reevaluation). Author(s): Yorukoglu Y, Ilgit E, Zengin M, Nazliel K, Salman E, Yucel E. Source: Angiology. 1993 July; 44(7): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328680

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in women. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1987 January; 66(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3492659

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) revisited. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: Pathol Annu. 1988; 23 Pt 2: 257-91. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3060814

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) with intestinal involvement--a case report. Author(s): Nunez Garcia A, Lopez Cubero L, Rico Zalba L, Molins Otero A, Gomez Octavio J, Arribas A. Source: Angiology. 1998 June; 49(6): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631896

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Diehm C, Stammler F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 January 18; 344(3): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11188842

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Olin JW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 September 21; 343(12): 864-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10995867

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Aqel MB, Olin JW. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 1997; 2(1): 61-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546950

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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease). Author(s): Fiessinger JN. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 May; 64(5): 281-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189999

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Thromboangiitis obliterans with eosinophilia (Buerger's disease) of the temporal arteries. Author(s): Lie JT, Michet CJ Jr. Source: Human Pathology. 1988 May; 19(5): 598-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3371984

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Thromboangiitis obliterans. An update on Buerger's disease. Author(s): Szuba A, Cooke JP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1998 April; 168(4): 255-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9584663

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Thromboarteritis obliterans and/or Buerger's disease in South India. A review of 70 cases. Author(s): Reddi HT. Source: Int Surg. 1974 October; 59(10): 555-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4443172

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Thrombolysis and angioplasty for acute lower limb ischemia in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Hodgson TJ, Gaines PA, Beard JD. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1994 November-December; 17(6): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7882401

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Treatment of Buerger's disease with electrical spinal cord stimulation--review of three cases. Author(s): Chierichetti F, Mambrini S, Bagliani A, Odero A. Source: Angiology. 2002 May-June; 53(3): 341-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12025923

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Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) by intramuscular gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor: preliminary clinical results. Author(s): Isner JM, Baumgartner I, Rauh G, Schainfeld R, Blair R, Manor O, Razvi S, Symes JF. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1998 December; 28(6): 964-73; Discussion 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9845647

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Urinary cotinine measurement in patients with Buerger's disease--effects of active and passive smoking on the disease process. Author(s): Matsushita M, Shionoya S, Matsumoto T. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1991 July; 14(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061960

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Use of omental pedicle for treatment of Buerger's disease affecting the upper extremities. A modified technique. Author(s): Ala-Kulju K, Virkkula L. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 1990; 19(4): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2291315

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Variations in oxyhaemoglobin dissociation with age, smoking, and Buerger's disease. Author(s): Birnstingl M, Cole P, Hawkins L. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1967 July; 54(7): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6026982

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Vascular reconstruction in Buerger's disease. Author(s): Shionoya S, Ban I, Nakata Y, Matsubara J, Hirai M. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1976 November; 63(11): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1000177

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Vascular reconstruction in Buerger's disease: is it feasible? Author(s): Dilege S, Aksoy M, Kayabali M, Genc FA, Senturk M, Baktiroglu S. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(12): 1042-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541020

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Visceral intestinal Buerger's disease. Author(s): Lie JT. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1998 October 1; 66 Suppl 1: S249-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951827

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What is Buerger's disease? Author(s): Shionoya S. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1983 July; 7(4): 544-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6624130

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Yes, Virginia, there is a buerger's disease. Author(s): Old L Jr, Stokes TL. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1976 February; 103(2): 115-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1246911

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BUERGER’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Buerger’s disease.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Buerger’s Disease The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Buerger’s Disease

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Buerger’s disease” (or a synonym): •

Oral iloprost in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The European TAO Study Group. Source: Anonymous Eur-J-Vasc-Endovasc-Surg. 1998 April; 15(4): 300-7 1078-5884

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

43

45

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BUERGER’S DISEASE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Buerger’s disease. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Buerger’s disease and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Buerger’s disease: •

A report on the use of pulvis resinae in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans. Author(s): Zhu BG, Sun YY, Liu TP, Gao CZ, Feng LZ, Dong YF. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1985 December; 5(4): 237-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3834234

•

Administration of hyperbaric oxygen in an individual high pressure chamber. Author(s): Baffes TG, Agustsson MH, Ketola FH, Baffes CG, Parker D. Source: Surgery. 1966 August; 60(2): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5915460

•

Chronic venous insufficiency treated with hydroxyethylrutosides (HR). Author(s): Sorensen AH, Hansen H.

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Buerger’s Disease

Source: Angiologica. 1970; 7(3): 187-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4913054 •

Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of clostridial gas gangrene. Author(s): Hirn M, Niinikoski J. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1988; 77(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3207345

•

Myocardial infarction in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Krishnamurti S, Akhtar M, Krishnan NR. Source: Indian Heart J. 1973 April; 25(2): 107-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4726259

•

The long-term effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on serum levels of lipoprotein (a) and lipids in patients with vascular disease. Author(s): Shinozaki K, Kambayashi J, Kawasaki T, Uemura Y, Sakon M, Shiba E, Shibuya T, Nakamura T, Mori T. Source: J Atheroscler Thromb. 1996; 2(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225217

•

The use of hypnosis in controlling cigarette smoking. Author(s): Crasilneck HB, Hall JA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1968 September; 61(9): 999-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5676589

•

Traditional Chinese medicine anesthesia in severe thromboangiitis obliterans. Report of 30 cases. Author(s): Zheng P. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1988 March; 101(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3136997

•

Treating principles and methods of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. Author(s): Zhang Y, Chen Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 June; 21(2): 130-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11498903

•

Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans with arterialization of the venous channel. Author(s): Pei YK, Lin MS, Jiang ZY, Wang XW. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1985 November; 98(11): 787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3938707

Alternative Medicine 47

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

49

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BUERGER’S DISEASE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic addition to online booksellers such sources for book titles on Buerger’s Database and the National Library of these titles available for loan.

book references relating to Buerger’s disease. In as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent disease include the Combined Health Information Medicine. Your local medical library also may have

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on Buerger’s disease: •

Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment Source: Totowa NJ: Humana Press. 2003. 368 p. Contact: Available from Humana Press. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512. (973) 256-1699. Fax (973) 256-8341. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.humanapress.com. PRICE: $89.55. ISBN: 588290522. Summary: This textbook acquaints physicians with all aspects of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), defined as narrowing (stenosis) or blockage (occlusion) within the arteries of the lower extremities. PAD is caused by both modifiable (diabetes, smoking, hypertension) and nonmodifiable (family history, age, gender) factors. Due to the limitations of medical therapy, there is now a special emphasis on prevention of PAD and a special emphasis on risk factors and their treatment. The text includes seventeen chapters: the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the epidemiology and natural

50

Buerger’s Disease

history of PAD, clinical evaluation of intermittent claudication, hemodynamics and the vascular laboratory, vascular imaging, chronic critical limb ischemia (lack of blood flow), acute limb ischemia, exercise rehabilitation for intermittent claudication, treatment of risk factors and antiplatelet therapy, pharmacotherapy for intermittent claudication, angiogenesis and gene therapy, endovascular therapy, surgical revascularization, perioperative cardiac evaluation and management for vascular surgery, special consideration for the diabetic foot, arterial vascular disease in women, atheromatous embolism, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), and largevessel vasculitis. Each chapter concludes with extensive references and a subject index concludes the textbook.

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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Buerger’s Disease

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

55

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1753 44 839 0 2 2638

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

57

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

59

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Buerger’s disease can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Buerger’s disease. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Buerger’s disease. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Buerger’s disease”:

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Buerger’s Disease

Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Behcet's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html Circulatory Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circulatorydisorders.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Hodgkin's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hodgkinsdisease.html Leg Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leginjuriesanddisorders.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Vasculitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vasculitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Buerger’s disease. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

Patient Resources

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

61

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Buerger’s disease. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Buerger’s disease. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Buerger’s disease. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Buerger’s disease” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit

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your search to “Organizations” and “Buerger’s disease”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Buerger’s disease” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Buerger’s disease” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

69

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Buerger’s disease: •

Basic Guidelines for Buerger’s Disease Thromboangiitis obliterans Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000172.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Buerger’s Disease Claudication Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003184.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Pain in the legs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003182.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm

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Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Buerger’s Disease Angiography/arteriography of the extremity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003772.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Doppler ultrasound of the extremity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003775.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm

•

Background Topics for Buerger’s Disease Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Tobacco use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

Online Glossaries 71

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

73

BUERGER’S DISEASE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on

Dictionary 75

the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU]

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Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriosclerosis Obliterans: Arteriosclerosis in which proliferation of the intima leads to occlusion of the lumen of the arteries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of

Dictionary 77

whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

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Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH]

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Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

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Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU]

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Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum

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lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epoprostenol: A prostaglandin that is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue. It is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas Gangrene: A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal

Dictionary 85

failure. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of epoprostenol, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using

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labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intermittent Claudication: A symptom complex characterized by leg pain and weakness brought on by walking, with the disappearance of the symptoms following a brief rest. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction

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of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or

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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Artery: A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH]

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Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesenteric Arteries: Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH]

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Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH]

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Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the

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vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-

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hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular

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changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects

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many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

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Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Arteries: Arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]

Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid

Dictionary 97

metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

98

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Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH]

99

INDEX A Abdomen, 73, 77, 86, 87, 91, 95 Abdominal, 33, 73, 78, 85, 89, 90 Acetylcholine, 4, 73, 78, 79, 90 Acetylcholinesterase, 4, 73 Adaptability, 73, 78 Adjuvant, 25, 73 Adjuvant Therapy, 25, 73 Agonist, 73, 90 Albumin, 20, 73, 91 Algorithms, 73, 76 Alkaloid, 73, 90 Allergen, 73, 81 Alternative medicine, 73 Amino Acid Sequence, 74 Amino Acids, 74, 91, 93 Amputation, 21, 74 Analog, 74, 85 Anemia, 74, 77 Anesthesia, 46, 74, 82 Aneurysm, 7, 26, 74, 97 Angiitis, 36, 74 Angiography, 8, 31, 70, 74 Angioplasty, 6, 38, 74 Anions, 73, 74, 86 Ankle, 21, 74, 98 Antibacterial, 74, 95 Antibiotic, 74, 95 Antibodies, 4, 7, 9, 10, 31, 74, 75, 86, 91 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 74, 75 Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, 74, 75 Antibody, 74, 75, 79, 85, 86, 88, 93 Anticoagulant, 75, 93 Antidepressant, 75, 80 Antigen, 8, 74, 75, 78, 79, 85, 86, 88 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 10, 74, 75 Aorta, 75, 78, 85, 89, 95 Apolipoproteins, 75, 87 Apoptosis, 4, 75 Arachidonic Acid, 75, 85, 92 Arterial, 6, 7, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 32, 36, 49, 75, 76, 78, 85, 93, 96 Arteries, 8, 49, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 85, 88, 89, 96 Arteriography, 70, 75 Arteriolar, 75, 77 Arterioles, 26, 75, 76, 77, 89 Arteriolosclerosis, 75, 76

Arteriosclerosis, 29, 76 Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, 29, 76 Arteriovenous, 76, 89 Arteritis, 7, 10, 25, 26, 76 Artery, 18, 28, 32, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82, 88, 95 Atmospheric Pressure, 76, 85 Axilla, 76 Axillary, 9, 26, 76, 77, 95 Axillary Artery, 9, 76, 77 B Bacteria, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 89, 95, 97 Base, 76, 87, 96 Bilirubin, 73, 76 Biochemical, 4, 76, 94 Biotechnology, 4, 55, 76 Blood Groups, 6, 76 Blood Platelets, 76, 94 Blood pressure, 76, 78, 85, 91 Blood vessel, 4, 74, 76, 78, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97 Blood Viscosity, 17, 76 Body Fluids, 77, 82 Bone Marrow, 77, 84 Bowel, 14, 77, 86, 95 Brachial, 77, 93 Brachial Artery, 77, 93 Bradykinin, 29, 77, 87, 91 Bronchi, 77 Bronchial, 4, 77 Bronchitis, 4, 77 Bulbar, 26, 77 Bypass, 18, 28, 31, 77, 96 C Calcification, 76, 77 Capillary, 77, 98 Capillary Permeability, 77 Carcinogenic, 4, 77 Carcinoma, 77 Cardiac, 8, 50, 78, 89 Cardiolipins, 75, 78 Cardiovascular, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 38, 78, 87, 94 Cardiovascular disease, 78, 87 Case report, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 24, 27, 29, 36, 37, 78, 83 Catecholamine, 78, 91 Catheterization, 8, 74, 78 Cecum, 78, 87

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Buerger’s Disease

Celiac Artery, 13, 78 Cell, 4, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98 Cell Adhesion, 4, 78 Cell Death, 4, 75, 78, 89 Cell proliferation, 76, 78 Central Nervous System, 73, 78, 83, 90, 94 Cerebral, 17, 18, 78 Cerebrum, 78 Chemotherapy, 73, 78 Cholesterol, 12, 78, 79, 87, 88 Cholesterol Esters, 78, 87 Choline, 4, 73, 78 Cholinergic, 79, 90 Chromatin, 75, 79, 82, 88 Chronic, 4, 12, 24, 45, 50, 79, 83, 86, 96 Chylomicrons, 79, 87 Clamp, 4, 79 Claudication, 24, 50, 69, 79 Clinical Medicine, 22, 79, 92 Clinical trial, 3, 55, 79, 81, 93 Cloning, 4, 76, 79 Coagulation, 75, 76, 79, 85, 91 Colloidal, 73, 79 Colon, 79, 87, 94 Complement, 79, 80, 84, 88, 91 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 47, 80 Complementary medicine, 45, 80 Complete remission, 80, 94 Computational Biology, 55, 80 Conjunctiva, 26, 80 Connective Tissue, 75, 77, 80, 83, 88, 96 Connective Tissue Diseases, 75, 80 Consciousness, 80, 81 Constriction, 80, 86 Contraindications, ii, 80 Contrast medium, 74, 80 Coronary, 6, 60, 78, 80, 85, 89 Coronary Thrombosis, 80, 89 Cortisol, 73, 80 Cotinine, 38, 80 Cyclic, 80, 92 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 81, 85 Cytoplasm, 75, 81, 82, 88 D Deletion, 75, 81 Desensitization, 4, 81 Diabetes Mellitus, 11, 81, 84 Diabetic Foot, 50, 81 Diagnostic procedure, 81 Diarrhea, 81, 87

Diastolic, 81, 85 Diffusion, 77, 81, 86 Digestion, 77, 81, 86, 87, 95 Digestive tract, 81, 95 Dihydrotestosterone, 81, 94 Dilation, 77, 81, 97 Direct, iii, 4, 79, 81, 93, 94, 95 Dissociation, 39, 81 Dissociative Disorders, 81 Double-blind, 42, 81 Duct, 78, 82, 95 E Edema, 82, 89, 98 Effector, 73, 79, 82 Efficacy, 32, 82 Elastic, 26, 82 Elasticity, 76, 82 Emboli, 30, 82 Embolism, 29, 50, 82 Embolus, 82, 86 Endarterectomy, 74, 82 Endothelial cell, 4, 82 Endothelium, 23, 82, 92 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 82 Endothelium, Vascular, 82 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 82 Enzyme, 73, 81, 82, 84, 91, 94, 95, 98 Eosinophilia, 37, 82 Eosinophils, 82 Epidermal, 82, 87 Epidermis, 82, 87 Epithelial, 4, 83 Epithelial Cells, 4, 83 Epithelium, 82, 83 Epoprostenol, 83, 85 Erythrocytes, 74, 76, 77, 83 Esophagitis, 4, 83 Esophagus, 4, 81, 83, 95 Eukaryotic Cells, 83, 86 Extremity, 7, 70, 83 F Family Planning, 55, 83 Fat, 75, 77, 82, 83, 87, 95 Fatal Outcome, 83, 93 Fatty acids, 73, 83, 92 Flatus, 83, 84 Fold, 83, 89 Foot Ulcer, 81, 83 Forearm, 76, 83, 93 Free Radicals, 81, 83 G Gallbladder, 73, 83

101

Ganglia, 73, 83, 89, 96 Gangrene, 19, 83 Gangrenous, 21, 83 Gas, 46, 81, 83, 84 Gas Gangrene, 46, 84 Gastric, 78, 84 Gastrointestinal, 77, 84, 94 Gastrointestinal tract, 84, 94 Gene, 20, 26, 29, 38, 50, 76, 84 Gene Expression, 84 Gene Therapy, 50, 84 Genetic Engineering, 76, 79, 84 Glucose, 81, 84 Glucose Intolerance, 81, 84 Governing Board, 84, 92 Graft, 36, 84, 86 H Half-Life, 84, 85 Hemodynamics, 50, 84 Hemoglobinopathies, 84 Hemolytic, 84, 95 Hemostasis, 9, 85, 94 Hepatic, 73, 78, 85 Heredity, 6, 84, 85 Homologous, 84, 85, 96 Hormone, 73, 80, 85, 96 Hormone therapy, 73, 85 Hydrolysis, 73, 85 Hydrophobic, 85, 87 Hyperbaric, 45, 46, 85 Hyperbaric oxygen, 45, 46, 85 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 35, 81, 85 Hyperplasia, 10, 85 Hypersensitivity, 73, 81, 85 Hypertension, 23, 30, 49, 75, 78, 83, 85 Hypertrophy, 85 I Iliac Artery, 13, 25, 85 Iloprost, 42, 85 Immune response, 73, 75, 85, 88, 98 Immunohistochemistry, 4, 85 Immunology, 8, 31, 73, 86 Immunotherapy, 81, 86 Impairment, 86, 98 In situ, 4, 86 In Situ Hybridization, 4, 86 In vitro, 4, 76, 84, 86 In vivo, 84, 86 Infarction, 86 Infection, 81, 84, 86, 88, 89, 93, 98 Infiltration, 23, 86

Inflammation, 73, 74, 76, 77, 83, 86, 92, 96, 97 Infusion, 32, 86 Intermittent, 24, 50, 86 Intermittent Claudication, 50, 86 Intestinal, 9, 15, 24, 37, 39, 86 Intestine, 77, 86, 87, 95 Intracellular, 86, 92, 93 Intramuscular, 38, 86 Intravenous, 86 Ions, 76, 81, 86 Ischemia, 6, 9, 14, 19, 24, 38, 50, 86 Ischemic Colitis, 5, 87 K Kallidin, 77, 87 Kb, 54, 87 Keratin, 87 Keratinocytes, 4, 87 L Large Intestine, 32, 78, 81, 86, 87, 94, 95 Lesion, 7, 83, 87, 97 Leukemia, 84, 87 Ligaments, 80, 87 Ligands, 4, 87 Linkages, 87, 95 Lip, 17, 87 Lipid, 25, 75, 76, 77, 78, 87 Lipoprotein, 5, 46, 87, 88 Lipoprotein(a), 5, 87 Liver, 73, 75, 83, 85, 87 Localization, 85, 87 Localized, 86, 88, 91, 97 Low-density lipoprotein, 87, 88 Lumbar, 21, 31, 88 Lupus, 74, 75, 88, 96 Lymph, 74, 76, 82, 88 Lymph node, 76, 88 Lymphocytes, 75, 88, 98 Lymphoid, 74, 88 M Major Histocompatibility Complex, 8, 88 Malnutrition, 73, 88 Maxillary, 88, 96 Maxillary Artery, 88, 96 Medial, 76, 88 Mediator, 88, 94 MEDLINE, 55, 88 Membrane, 79, 80, 83, 88, 90, 91 Mental, iv, 3, 54, 56, 81, 88, 93 Mental Processes, 81, 88, 93 Mesenteric, 9, 13, 26, 89 Mesenteric Arteries, 9, 13, 89

102

Buerger’s Disease

Mesentery, 89 Microbe, 89, 97 Microcirculation, 20, 89, 92 Mitosis, 75, 89 Molecular, 55, 57, 76, 80, 87, 89, 94 Molecule, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 89, 93 Morphological, 18, 89 Motility, 4, 89, 94 Myocardial infarction, 6, 46, 80, 89 Myocardium, 89 N Necrosis, 75, 86, 89 Nephropathy, 11, 89 Nephrosis, 89 Nephrotic, 11, 89 Nephrotic Syndrome, 11, 89 Nervous System, 27, 78, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96 Neuromuscular, 73, 89 Neuromuscular Junction, 73, 89 Neuronal, 4, 89 Neurons, 83, 89, 90, 96 Neuropathy, 7, 89 Neurotransmitter, 73, 77, 90, 96 Neutrophil, 31, 90 Nicotine, 4, 23, 32, 90 Nuclei, 84, 89, 90 Nucleic acid, 86, 90 Nucleus, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 90 O Optic cup, 90 Optic Nerve, 90, 94 Osmotic, 73, 90 P Pancreas, 73, 90 Paralysis, 4, 77, 90 Partial remission, 90, 94 Patch, 4, 90 Pathologic, 75, 80, 85, 90, 97 Pathologic Processes, 75, 90 Pedicle, 38, 90 Pelvis, 73, 85, 88, 91 Peptide, 87, 91, 93 Perforation, 5, 27, 91 Perioperative, 50, 91 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 46, 91 Pharmacologic, 74, 84, 91, 97 Pharmacotherapy, 50, 91 Phospholipids, 74, 75, 78, 83, 87, 91 Physiologic, 73, 84, 91, 92, 93 Plants, 73, 78, 84, 91, 97 Plaque, 74, 91

Plasma, 29, 73, 74, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 91 Plasma cells, 74, 91 Plasma protein, 73, 82, 91 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, 29, 91 Plasminogen Activators, 91 Platelet Aggregation, 83, 85, 92 Pneumonia, 80, 92 Polymorphism, 25, 26, 92 Polysaccharide, 75, 92 Port, 4, 92 Port-a-cath, 92 Practice Guidelines, 56, 92 Precursor, 75, 78, 82, 92, 97 Prevalence, 19, 92 Prognostic factor, 12, 92 Prostaglandin, 32, 83, 92 Prostaglandins A, 92 Protein C, 73, 74, 75, 87, 93 Protein S, 76, 93 Proteins, 6, 74, 75, 79, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97 Proteinuria, 89, 93 Psychology, 81, 93 Public Policy, 55, 93 Pulmonary, 29, 30, 76, 83, 93 Putrefaction, 83, 93 R Rabies, 4, 93 Radial Artery, 7, 93 Radiation, 73, 83, 85, 93, 98 Radiation therapy, 73, 85, 93 Radiological, 33, 93 Radiology, 6, 7, 9, 18, 32, 33, 38, 93 Randomized, 82, 93 Receptor, 34, 75, 93, 94 Receptors, Serotonin, 93, 94 Recombination, 84, 94 Rectum, 14, 79, 81, 83, 84, 87, 94 Reductase, 25, 94 Refer, 1, 79, 87, 94 Refraction, 94, 95 Regimen, 82, 91, 94 Remission, 21, 94 Retroviral vector, 84, 94 Risk factor, 49, 85, 94 Rod, 79, 94 S Saphenous, 36, 94 Saphenous Vein, 36, 94 Sclera, 80, 94 Sclerosis, 75, 76, 94 Screening, 79, 94 Sequencing, 4, 94

103

Serotonin, 20, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97 Serous, 82, 94 Serum, 6, 12, 46, 73, 79, 88, 94 Sigmoid, 14, 94 Sigmoid Colon, 14, 94 Signs and Symptoms, 94 Skeletal, 79, 94 Skeleton, 92, 94, 95 Skull, 95, 96 Small intestine, 27, 78, 79, 85, 86, 95 Soft tissue, 77, 84, 94, 95 Specialist, 61, 81, 95 Species, 89, 93, 95, 97, 98 Spectrum, 33, 95 Spinal cord, 23, 31, 38, 77, 78, 89, 95, 96 Spinous, 82, 87, 95 Stasis, 95, 98 Steel, 79, 95 Stenosis, 49, 95 Stomach, 73, 81, 83, 84, 85, 95 Stool, 79, 87, 95 Streptococci, 95 Streptokinase, 25, 95 Stricture, 95 Subclavian, 76, 95 Subclavian Artery, 76, 95 Subcutaneous, 82, 83, 95 Suppurative, 83, 96 Sympathectomy, 14, 21, 29, 31, 35, 96 Sympathetic Nervous System, 96 Synaptic, 90, 96 Synaptic Transmission, 90, 96 Systemic, 74, 75, 76, 84, 86, 93, 96 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 74, 75, 96 Systolic, 85, 96 T Temporal, 37, 96 Temporal Arteries, 37, 96 Testosterone, 94, 96 Thermal, 81, 96 Threshold, 85, 96 Thrombolytic, 95, 96 Thrombolytic Therapy, 95, 96 Thrombopenia, 75, 96 Thrombophlebitis, 21, 96

Thromboses, 75, 96 Thyroxine, 73, 96 Tissue, 20, 22, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97 Torsion, 86, 97 Toxic, iv, 89, 90, 97 Toxicity, 4, 97 Toxicology, 56, 97 Toxins, 75, 86, 97 Traction, 79, 97 Transfection, 76, 84, 97 Transmitter, 73, 88, 97 Transplantation, 88, 97 Trauma, 83, 89, 97 Tryptophan, 94, 97 Tyrosine, 97 U Ulcer, 5, 97 Ulceration, 21, 32, 97 Urokinase, 32, 91, 97 V Vaccine, 73, 97 Valves, 97, 98 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 38, 97 Vasculitis, 4, 20, 50, 60, 74, 97 Vasodilation, 85, 97 Vasodilator, 77, 97 Vein, 74, 76, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97 Venous, 19, 29, 45, 46, 75, 76, 93, 97, 98 Venous Insufficiency, 45, 98 Venules, 26, 76, 77, 82, 89, 98 Vertebrae, 95, 98 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 98 Viral, 93, 98 Virulence, 97, 98 Virus, 4, 84, 91, 94, 98 Visceral, 33, 36, 39, 98 Viscosity, 77, 98 Vitro, 98 W White blood cell, 74, 88, 90, 91, 98 X X-ray, 75, 80, 93, 98 Z Zoonoses, 93, 98

104

Buerger’s Disease

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