APRAXIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Apraxia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84337-6 1. Apraxia-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on apraxia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APRAXIA ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Apraxia ......................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APRAXIA ......................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Apraxia ........................................................................................ 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APRAXIA ................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 General References ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APRAXIA ..................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Dissertations on Apraxia ............................................................................................................. 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND APRAXIA ................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Recent Trials on Apraxia ............................................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON APRAXIA ................................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patent Applications on Apraxia................................................................................................... 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON APRAXIA.................................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 87 Chapters on Apraxia .................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON APRAXIA ......................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APRAXIA ...................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 96 Academic Periodicals covering Apraxia....................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 The Genome Project and Apraxia .............................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 109 Associations and Apraxia .......................................................................................................... 112
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Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 113 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 121 APRAXIA DICTIONARY............................................................................................................. 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with apraxia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about apraxia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to apraxia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on apraxia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to apraxia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on apraxia. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on apraxia.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and apraxia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Constructional Apraxia in Alzheimer's Disease: Contributions to Functional Loss Source: Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics. 9(3): 53-68. Spring 1991. Contact: Available from Haworth Press, Inc. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904. (800) 3-HAWORTH. PRICE: Call for information. Summary: This article describes a study that examined the relationship of constructional apraxia to the performance of activities of daily living through the stages of Alzheimer's disease. According to the authors, the nature and assessment of constructional apraxia, or difficulty in assembling one-dimensional units into two-dimensional patterns or figures, is currently being debated. Numerous studies into the measurement of constructional apraxia, its causes, and how it influences the performance of daily living activities are cited and discussed. This study consisted of assessments of the following
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groups of individuals: 113 people without dementia; 27 people with questionable dementia; 34 people with mild dementia; 29 people with moderate dementia; and 52 people with severe dementia. Results from data obtained through the constructional apraxia test items, an assessment of the caregiver's perception of the patient's functional capacity, language function tests of the patients, and a memory assessment using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire showed that constructional deficits increased as dementia progressed. Of the activities of daily living tasks, dressing performance was slightly more impaired than the others. The authors assert that the results of this study demonstrate that constructional deficits exist in some patients during the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and that these findings indicate the need for early assessment and intervention to help the patient and his or her family address functional loss. 30 references. •
Meeting the Challenge of Suspected Developmental Apraxia of Speech Through Inclusion Source: Topics in Language Disorders. 19:(3): 19-35. May 1999. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21704. (800) 234-1660. Website: www.aspenpublishers.com. Summary: This article proposes an inclusion classroom as a service delivery model for children with severe intelligibility problems (often diagnosed as developmental apraxia of speech or DAS). This full day, year round kindergarten classroom was developed through a partnership involving university faculty and school district personnel interested in the assessment and treatment options for these children. The classroom is unique in that it pairs children with phonological disorders with individuals who have speech and language behaviors that are typically developing. In addition, a speech language pathologist is teamed with a regular kindergarten teacher for instructional purposes. Academic information is presented along with activities designed to improve speech production capabilities. The authors first discuss clinical issues associated with identifying and treating DAS. The authors then identify aspects of program development, including the successes and areas for improvement noted in their own classroom experience. 4 figures. 33 references. (AA).
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Developmental Apraxia of Speech: III. A Subtype Marked by Inappropriate Stress Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 40(2): 313-337. April 1997. Summary: This article reports on a study of developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), focusing on a subtype marked by inappropriate stress. This study, the third in a series, is of particular interest because it cross-validates the prior stress findings. The studies use conversational speech samples from 19 children with suspected DAS, provided by five DAS researchers at geographically diverse diagnostic facilities in North America. Summed across the three studies, 52 percent of 48 eligible samples from 53 children with suspected DAS had inappropriate stress, compared to 10 percent of 71 eligible samples from 73 age-matched children with speech delay of unknown origin. The authors first discuss the implications of these stress findings for theories of the origin and nature of DAS. Perspectives in psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and developmental biolinguistics lead to five working hypotheses pending validation in ongoing studies. The five hypotheses are: inappropriate stress is a diagnostic marker for at least one subtype of DAS; the psycholinguistic loci of inappropriate stress in this subtype of DAS are in the phonological representational process; the proximal origin of this subtype of DAS is a neurogenically specific deficit; the distal origin of this form of DAS is an
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inherited genetic polymorphism; and significant differences between acquired apraxia of speech in adults and findings for this subtype of DAS call into question the inference that it is an apractic, motor speech disorder. The authors conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for research and clinical practice in DAS. 2 figures. 4 tables. 127 references. (AA-M). •
Developmental Apraxia of Speech: I. Descriptive and Theoretical Perspectives Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 40(2): 273-285. April 1997. Summary: This article reviews descriptive and theoretical perspectives related to the developmental apraxia of speech (DAS). DAS is a putative diagnostic category for children whose speech errors presumably differ from the errors of children with developmental speech delay (SD) and resemble the errors of adults with acquired apraxia of speech. The studies reported in this series concern both premises, with primary focus on the first: that children with DAS can be differentiated from children with SD on the basis of one or more reliable differences in their speech error profiles. Immediate goals are to identify a diagnostic marker for DAS and to consider implications for research and clinical practice. A long-term goal is to identify the phenotype marker for DAS, on the assumption that it may be a genetically transmitted disorder. 1 figure. 1 table. 89 references. (AA-M).
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Vocal Apraxia: Identification Contributes to Rehabilitation of Whole Person Source: Advance for Speech Pathologists and Audiologists. 5(25): 8, 17. June 26, 1995. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue, Box 61556, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0956. (800) 355-1088 or (610) 265-7812. Summary: This article, from a professional newsletter for speech-language pathologists and audiologists, discusses rehabilitation of patients with vocal apraxia. The article consists primarily of an interview with Tish Moody, a private speech language therapist. Moody defines the core characteristics of vocal apraxia as asynchronic respiratoryphonatory responses, disruption of vocalization, and the inability to initiate vocalization. The article covers the incidence and prevalence of this condition, particularly in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI); etiologic considerations; clinical presentation and diagnostic issues; and treatment options for stimulating vocal productivity in individuals with the disorder. Skill areas discussed include: initiation of vocalization; respiration for phonation and sustained vocalization; pitch range control and prosody; volume control; and quality and resonance. The article concludes with Moody's address and telephone number.
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Development of Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia and Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 150(5): 742-747. May 1993. Summary: This case series study examined whether the rate of clinical decline varied among persons with Alzheimer's disease who showed early development of aphasia (dysfunction in using language), apraxia (dysfunction in ability to carry out actions), and/or agnosia (dysfunction in recognizing what should be familiar). Study participants were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) every 6-12 months; each participant was assessed at least three times. Results showed that participants who developed aphasia and apraxia declined more rapidly on the MMSE than those who did not. These results suggest that Alzheimer's disease does not progress through a series of stages. Rather, they support the notion that there are distinct subtypes of Alzheimer's
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disease, each of which may have its own pattern of decline. In this case, it seems that accelerated decline is associated with the relatively early onset of certain neurological signs. 22 references. •
Motor Apraxia in Dementia Source: Perceptual and Motor Skills. 79(1 Part 2): 523-528. August 1994. Summary: This study assessed motor apraxia in 25 patients with presumed dementia of the Alzheimer type and 23 patients with presumed multi-infarct dementia. Apraxia was assessed using a test in which the patient is required to carry out five actions in each of four categories: facial (e.g., whistle), upper limb intransitive (e.g., wave goodbye), transitive (e.g., pretend to use a spoon to eat), and complex (e.g., pretend to light a cigarette). Findings suggest that apraxia was common in both groups and was usually only mild. It correlated most strongly with language-related impairments in the Alzheimer group, as has been found in other patient groups, whereas in the group with multi- infarct dementia the pattern of correlation was less clear. It was not strongly related to performance on tests involving constructional praxis or to age in either group. Implications of the findings for clinical assessment are noted. 2 tables, 14 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Apraxia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to apraxia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to apraxia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore apraxia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for apraxia: •
Project Title: ARTICULATORY AND PERCEPTUAL CORRELATES OF SYLLABLE STRUC Principal Investigator & Institution: De Jong, Kenneth J.; Linguistics; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This proposal describes research which will determine articulatory, acoustic and perceptual correlates of the basic syllabic types in English speech production. This research also provides the basis for future research which will determine the factors
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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which contribute to the appearance of syllabic organization in speech. Two projects are described which employ an elicitation paradigm in which speakers repeat tokens of various syllable structures in time to a metronome. Each experiment, then, examines the effect of producing sequences at different rates. A pilot study has revealed that each syllable type is characterized by stability in various temporal aspects across an extreme variety of rates. Also the pilot reveals modality shifts which occur as speakers change rates. The first proposed project will analyze a previously acquired set of articulatory data which includes articulatory motion in the sagittal plane as well as an indicator of the time course of glottal opening. These articulatory records will be analyzed for correlates of basic syllable structures, as well as for gradient and sudden changes in temporal organization due to rate changes. Such analyses will reveal aspects of gestural timing which remain stable for a particular syllable structure, and which are subject to systematic rate variation. In the second project, acoustic records will be submitted to perceptual analyses in order to determine which aspects of the articulation and acoustics are used by listeners in identifying a syllabic type. In this manner, perceptual correlates of syllable structure will also be obtained. The research proposed here will provide a definitive characterization of the temporal structure of basic syllable types, as well as provide a foundation for determining what factors in production and perception give rise to syllabic structure in speech in general. The findings of this project will thus be important for advances in research in speech production, speech apraxia, language acquisition and linguistics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COGNITIVE AND SPATIAL SYSTEMS IN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Buxbaum, Laurel J.; Albert Einstein Healthcare Network 5501 Old York Rd Philadelphia, Pa 191413098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The distinction between a ventral visual processing stream devoted to processing object identity and a dorsal stream coding object location and body movements guides two decades of research in perception and action. A number of lines of evidence, including work from our laboratory, suggest that the model requires refinement. This work described in this proposal has two general aims. The first is to develop a model of the action system within a computational framework. The model includes two anatomically and functionally distinct components: the action representation system, mediated by the inferior parietal lobe, and the action execution system, mediated by dorsal stream structures in fronto-parietal cortex. The second general aim is to reconcile a major clinical syndrome, ideomotor apraxia (IM), with recent advances in the cognitive neuroscientific study of action. There are four specific aims. First, we will relate the diverse presentation of IM to the two components of the action system by evaluating a two-subtype model of lM. Second, through study of patients with IM, we will assess the distinction between two types of spatial coding of body position and body movement information. Third, we will assess the roles of objects in performing skilled movements, and the distinctions between object representations used in different contexts. Finally, we will elucidate internal models of movement used in programming actions. The proposed program of research is expected to continue to contribute to our understanding of the relationship of distinct representational and dynamic processing modules in normal and disordered action, and the neuroanatomic substrate for these processes. In addition, it is expected to significantly advance our understanding of lM, a common clinical disorder whose presentation, subtypes, and neuroanatomic substrate remain poorly understood.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shriberg, Lawrence D.; Professor; Waisman Ctr/Mr & Human Devlmt; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1988; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Speech delay of unknown origin (SD) (Shriberg, 1980) is a risk factor for a child's literacy achievement, positive self-concept, peer acceptance, and vocational choices. The high prevalence of SD (3.8% at 6 years of age; Shriberg, Tomblin, & McSweeny, 1999) places it among the most frequently occurring childhood disorders requiring public health resources for research and long-term treatment. The present research program has developed an etiological classification system for SD that proposes to explicate the distal causes for over 90% of children referred for treatment (Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1994). Specific aims for the next period of study are to cross-validate the accuracy of phenotype and diagnostic markers for each of three subtypes of SD and to describe associated speech acquisition processes. Seven large, demographically diverse databases will be used to complete six study series including data from over 2,200 children with SD. Project I: Speech-Genetics Studies. Approximately 60% of children with SD are posited to have a genetic subtype inherited as a quantitative (i.e., non-Mendelian) trait. Study Series 1 and 2 will cross-validate two perceptual and two acoustic phenotype markers for probands and family members. Study Series 3 will cross-validate prior familial aggregation findings, and Study Series 4 will explicate short-term and long-term normalization processes in this subtype of SD. Project Ih Speech-Otitis Media Studies. Approximately 30% of children with SD are posited to have histories of fluctuant hearing loss associated with recurrent otitis media with effusion. Research indicates that this proposed etiological subtype of SD is clinically under-diagnosed (i.e., false negatives). Study Series 5 will cross-validate a perceptual and an acoustic diagnostic marker for this subtype of SD. Project IIh SpeechApraxia Studies. Approximately 1-2 children per 1000 are posited to have a subtype of SD that reflects the speech motor constraints associated with a disorder of speech praxis. Research indicates that this proposed etiological subtype of SD is clinically overdiagnosed (i.e., false positives). Study Series 6 will cross-validate two acoustic diagnostic markers for this subtype of SD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EYELID SENSORIMOTOR NETWORKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ledoux, Mark S.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Normal eyelid motor function depends on neurons that innervate the orbicularis oculi muscles that clone the eyes during blinks and levator palpebrae muscles that open the eyes. Neural structures afferent to orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneurons control the parameters of voluntary eyelid opening and closure, spontaneous and reflexive blinks, and eyelid activity that accompanies eye movements. The motor circuitry mediating spontaneous and reflex blinking is critical for the maintenance of normal ocular function and prevention of ocular injury. Disorders of the nervous system associated with abnormal blinking such as blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening can produce significant functional disability including blindness. Lid
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retraction and decreased blink frequency seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as progressive supranuclear palsy can cause dry eye and exposure keratitis. Blepharospasm is an involuntary, typically bilateral, closure of the eyes secondary to spasmodic contractions of the orbicularis oculi musculature. Blepharospasm, although usually idiopathic, has been associated with structural lesions of the central nervous system, particularly the rostral brainstem and mesencephalon. Light sensitivity (photophobia) is a symptom with most patients. Some patients with blepharospasm have a history of irritative ocular stimuli such as blepharitis or dry eye; one hypothesis is that maladaptive responses to these stimuli are critical to the development of blepharospasm. Pharmacological, physiological, and postmortem-pathological evidence suggest that monoaminergic systems, particularly serotonergic, may play a role in the pathophysiology of blepharospasm. The neural circuits premotor to orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneurons will be defined anatomically in both rats and primates using both standard and viral transneuronal tracers. These experiments will also determine the relationship of orbicularis oculi premotor neurons to the central terminations of trigeminal afferents from the eyelid and cornea. The simultaneous use of two transneuronal tracers will localize neural structures critical to the bilateral coordination of orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneuron activity. Finally, the components of the orbicularis oculi premotor network activated either acutely or chronically by irritative ocular stimuli will be determined in rats. The data generated from these experiments will contribute to the development of models of eyelid motor function and dysfunction, improve understanding of clinical blink reflex testing and conditioning studies of the blink reflex, and provide important information regarding the cell-specific transport of viruses into rodent and primate nervous systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILIAL STUDY OF SEVERE PHONOLOGY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Barbara A.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: This project will examine the familial and genetic basis of developmental phonology disorders, the most prevalent group of communication disorders in children. Behavioral and molecular genetic techniques will be used to differentiate clinically based phenotypes of developmental phonology disorders, including phonology disorders in isolation, phonology disorders that are comorbid with other language disorders, and developmental apraxia of speech. A large cohort of sib pairs, N=500, ascertained through a proband with a phonology disorder, will be examined on measures of phonology, expressive and receptive language, speech, and reading. Data analysis, including segregation analyses, will examine family resemblance, sibling correlations, and heritability. Model-free approaches to genetic linkage analysis based upon sibling pairs will be used to evaluate candidate genes that have been associated with phonological processing abilities in studies of reading. Gender differences in phenotypes and modes of transmission of phonology disorders will be examined. Longitudinal follow-up of individuals with histories of preschool phonology disorders will provide data on adolescent outcomes for speech, language, reading, spelling and writing abilities. The overall aim of the project is to improve understanding of genetic basis, behavioral phenotypes, and developmental outcomes of phonology disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HIT PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brenner, Charles M.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Histidine triad (HIT) proteins are a superfamily of nucleotide hydrolases consisting of two branches we have characterized structurally, biochemically and genetically. Mammalian Hint and yeast homolog Hnt1 hydrolyze the natural product AMPNH2 and we showed that enzyme activity is required for biological function. Yeast hnt1 mutants fail to grow at elevated temperatures on galactose and are synthetically less viable with mutants in TFIIK components Kin28, Ccl1 and Tfb3, and with Cak1. The Fhit branch of the HIT superfamily contains enzymes that hydrolyze diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA). Deletions in human FHIT are among the earliest and most frequent genetic changes in epithelial tumors such as lung, which are responsible for 100,000s of annual US deaths. While yeast genetic experiments prove that Fhit homolog, Hnt2, controls ApnA levels in vivo, specific ablation of the ability of Fhit to hydrolyze but not to bind ApnA does not block the ability of Fhit to suppress tumor formation. These discoveries contributed to a Ras-like model of Fhit function in which the crystallographically defined Fhit-substrate analog complex is seen as the active signaling form. The structure led to novel fluorescent substrates, aided inhibitor synthesis and characterization, and wild-type and mutant enzymology, and began to enable Fhit imaging/diagnostics. Nonetheless, the cellular mechanism of Fhit as tumor suppressor and cellular function of Hnt2 are major unsolved problems that are tractable via synthetic lethal analysis. Specific aims of this proposal are as follows. 1) We will use chemical methods to define the small molecule and/or polypeptide Hnt1 substrates that account for genetic interactions between kin28 and hnt1 2) We will apply biochemical and genetic methods to discover the mechanism for the gene expression and carbon source utilization consequences of hnt1-deficiency. 3) We will complete a synthetic lethal and suppression screen with hnt2 and probe a protein array with APnAbound Hnt2 and use these genes to characterize HNT2 function. 4) We will use a collection of Fhit mutants we have purified to test rigorously the hypothesis that Fhitsubstrate complexes are the active signaling form of Fhit. Work on Hint/Hnt1 will clarify a newly discovered, conserved regulatory mechanism acting on TFIIK that affects carbon source use and cell viability in yeast, which appears related to the defect responsible for ataxia with oculomotor apraxia. Work on Fhit/Hnt2 is designed to uncover the pathway of one of the most frequently lost cancer genes and may lead to identification of novel targets for prevention and treatment of lung and stomach cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETICS OF AUTISM AND OTHER COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gernsbacher, Morton A.; Professor; Psychology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this research project is to advance rapidly the current genetic research on autism. I suggest that the existing results of genetic (i.e., genome screen) studies have been less definitive because of the heterogeneity among persons with autistic spectrum disorders. Even when diagnosed according to strict and consistent criteria (e.g., the Autism Diagnostic Inventory),
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symptom profiles of persons with autism vary greatly, suggesting variability in etiology. Thus, I propose to identify and validate a putative subtype of autism, which I refer to as "developmental verbal dyspraxia." Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) is a motorspeech programming disorder resulting in difficulty coordinating and sequencing the oral-motor movements necessary to produce and combine speech sounds (phonemes) to form syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. I hypothesize that a sizable minority of minimally or nonverbal persons with autism are characterized by developmental verbal dyspraxia. Support for my hypothesis comes from behavioral, genetic, and neuroanatomical evidence. In ongoing research (in collaboration with Hill Goldsmith) I am identifying and validating a DVD subtype of autism by screening all children with autism (under age 18) in a metropolitan area; identifying the members of this group who are also characterized by DVD; selecting an autism control group of children not characterized by DVD and a typically developing control group; collecting extensive behavioral, medical, and developmental histories of all children in these groups; obtaining neuroanatomical (structural MRI) data; and collecting and storing DNA. The goal of the research training for this fellowship is to construct indices of the DVD subtype from the diagnostic instruments that have been used in the previously conducted genome screens (e.g., the ADI and A-DOS) and apply those indices to the existing screen data to identify candidate gene regions for the autism-DVD subtype. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INVESTIGATING ALGORITHMS
SPEECH
DISORDERS
WITH
EMERGING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Salvatore, Anthony P.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project proposes to investigate various speech disorders with emerging computational algorithms. Specifically, it is in our plan to develop an expert system based upon the use of recent advances in neural networks, fuzzy logic and other computational algorithms. Although several researchers in communication disorders have already claimed some initial success with these recently emerging tools, a thorough investigation is warranted to tap the full potential of these algorithms. It is anticipated that the proposed system will be capable of objectively analyzing communication disorders based on multi-dimensional measures of speech fluency, acoustic variables, and some selected physiologic assessments. Specifically, the proposed system will be applied to differentiate between the set of data from normal and speech-language disordered individuals so that the burden of perceptual judgment by the clinician is objectively resolved by the expert system. There is significant evidence from clinical experience that this corpus of measures contain the information necessary to make the differential diagnosis. However, this information has not been mined successfully through objective means because of the multitude of simultaneous variables present in these tasks, and lack of sufficient technical thrust in this province. It is expected that this project will include a wide variety of communication disorders such as: stuttering, spasmodic dysphonia, aphasia, apraxia and dysarthria. This technology is expected to benefit clinicians in objective decision-making. Currently individual clinicians perform this task. It is subjective and time consuming. The clinical decisions on treatment methods depend upon the nature and extent of the training and any biases inherent in that training of individual clinicians. This limitation may be overcome by the unlimited learning potential of the computer. Another aim of this project is to develop a model of communication disorders based upon the underlying mechanisms of the
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expert system. It is anticipated that such a model will provide helpful insights into the pathophysiology of communication disorders. Furthermore, the results of this research is expected to improve the current knowledge of the comparative strengths and weaknesses of existing algorithms and develop means to combine the advantages of several computational methods within one operating system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fossett, Tepanta R.; Communication Sci & Disorders; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this research is to advance understanding of the cognitive, linguistic and motoric mechanisms involved in normal and pathologic speech production systems. The specific aim of this proposal is to examine the effects of speaking rate manipulations on phonologic encoding in normal and aphasic persons without dysarthria or apraxia of speech (AOS). Changes in speaking rate may affect phonologic encoding and/or motor level processes. Sound production errors frequently occur in aphasia and are often used as evidence to establish differential diagnosis among types of aphasia and other neurogenic communication disorders (e.g., AOS). The frequent co-occurrence of language and motor level deficits following stroke has caused confusion regarding what types of errors can serve as evidence for disruption of specific levels of the production system. Serial order errors, however, are generally assumed to result from disruption of phonologic encoding processes in some individuals with aphasia who are without concomitant deficits in the speech motor system. Based on a spreading-activation model, it is hypothesized that manipulating speaking rate will affect serial order errors in predictable patterns in individuals with aphasia and in unimpaired speakers. In this repeated measures design, subjects will produce sentences at three speaking rates, in response to auditorily presented tongue-twister stimuli. Phonological-level serial order error (anticipation, perseverative and exchange) ratios will serve as the primary dependent variable. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Camilla L.; Speech and Hearing Sciences; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002 Summary: The proposed program of research aims to investigate spoken language processing in both normal and disordered populations, focusing on the process of lexicalization (word retrieval). Specific topics include identifying the stages, their time course, and the units entailed during spoken language production, to better understand the mechanisms through which language is transformed into speech. This research will be conducted using cross-modal picture-word interference, an online method that uses reaction time methodology to obtain information about these processes. Participants name pictures while auditory stimuli are presented at varying intervals relative to the presentation of the pictures. By manipulating types of auditory stimuli and time of presentation, inferences can be made about the time course and processing mechanisms operating within the stages of spoken language production while they are unfolding in real time. Of particular interest are the stages from phonological encoding to motor
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programming, as the source of breakdown in several communication disorders, including stuttering, aphasia, apraxia of speech, and developmental phonologic impairments, has been associated with these stages. Due to the fleeting nature of these processing stages, research into the time course and processing mechanisms operating within and between these stages requires online methodology. Therefore, the program of study being proposed specifically aims to develop and apply online methods to examine these difficult-to-measure processes both among typical adults and individuals with the aforementioned communication disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF RETT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Zoghbi, Huda Y.; Professor and Investigator; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Rett syndrome (RTT, MIM 312750), an X-linked disorder, is a leading cause of mental retardation and autistic features in females. Affected girls achieve the expected physical and intellectual milestones until some point between 6 and 18 months of life, when they lose whatever language skills have acquired, their cranial growth slows, and they develop ataxia, gait apraxia, seizures, breathing dysrhythmias, and autistic behavior. Our laboratory recently found that mutations in the gene encoding methylCpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT). We also found that the phenotypic consequences of MECP2 mutations vary from normal or mild learning disability to classic RTT, depending on the pattern of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), MeCP2 mediates transcriptional silencing by binding 5 methyl-cytosines with its methyl- binding domain (MBD) while the transcriptional repressor domain (TRD) recruits a co-repressor a complex containing Sin3A and histone deacetylase. We thus propose that the RTT phenotype is caused by altered expression of genes that are key for normal neuronal development, and that mutations in MECP2 are responsible for some cases of autism, mental retardation or learning disability. The overall goal of this project is to test these main hypotheses and to investigate the mechanism or learning disability. The overall goal of this project is to test these main hypotheses and to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis in RTT. To define the full phenotypic spectrum of MECP2 mutations we will screen a large number (approximately 800-1,000) of females who have a diagnosis of learning disability, mental retardation, autism, and atypical or classic RTT for mutations in this gene. To carry out pathogenesis studies we will first generate and characterize mouse models of RTT using both gene targeting and transgenic approaches. To identify genes whose proper expression depends on normal MeCP2 function, we will use microarray expression analysis to compare gene expression in mutant and wild-type mice at different times during nervous system development. Lastly, we will investigate possible therapies (such as treatment with methyl group donors, agents which can modulate pathways we uncover through pathogenesis studies or supportive therapies) in mice to determine the effects of early intervention on outcome. These studies should provide insight about the pathogenesis of RTT as well as common disabling neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and non-syndromic mental retardation and could lead to effective therapy in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING COMPLEX, PURPOSEFUL MOTOR ACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Georgopoulos, Apostolos P.; Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This collaborative effort is an extension of work supported by a grant funded for monkey studies (RO1 NS17413-20, 7/1/96 - 6/30/2001). It is conducted in a synergistic fashion together with similar and parallel experiments to be carried out with humans using. The general goal of this research is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying praxis, that is complex, purposeful motor actions; these mechanisms are largely unknown. In the monkey studies, rhesus monkeys are trained to perform tasks commonly used to determine the presence of constructional apraxia in brain-damaged human patients, including copying simple geometrical figures, assembling objects out of component parts, and route finding in a maze. The activity of single cells during task performance is recorded in key cortical areas of the monkey brain using a 7microelectrode system. We have started examining in human subjects using fMRI at 4 Tesla which regions are activated during identical or analogous tasks. Extensive preliminary data has been collected demonstrating that activity is primarily in the frontal cortex, a finding that was unexpected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROSODY AND ARTICULATORY DYNAMICS IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Byrd, Dani M.; Linguistics; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): As research in speech production becomes more integrated with linguistic theory, it has become increasingly clear that segmental articulation cannot be understood independently of prosodic structure; such structure includes, but is not limited to, accent and phrasal organization. These high-level prosodic aspects of language pervade low-level articulatory behavior. Despite the pervasiveness of these effects, only a very few prosodic signatures have been identified at the level of articulatory patterning. The long term objective of the proposed research program is to understand how linguistic structure conditions the spatiotemporal realization of speech. Specifically, we investigate the relation between one aspect of prosodic structure -- phrasal structure -- and the control and coordination of articulation within a dynamical systems model of speech production. We adopt a three-pronged approach: experimental, theoretical, and computational. Experiments using articulatory kinematic data and concomitant computational modeling of their results will provide a profile of the manner in which patterning of articulatory gestures is shaped by prosodic context. Understanding the organization of these units of speech production as a function of the informational composition of utterances is critical to developing a unified account of the how abstract linguistic structure is communicated in spoken language. Hence, the research program will provide valuable insight into disorders, such as apraxia, that affect language production at the articulatory level, and it will contribute to a better understanding of prosody for speech recognition and synthesis purposes, also of importance to those with communication disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF SKILLED MOVEMENTS BY SUBCORTICAL BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLAR LOOPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Houk, James C.; Professor; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the dynamic brain mechanisms underlying spatio-temporally integrated motor and cognitive tasks using magetoencephalography (MEG). The tasks are designed to test hypotheses regarding temporal integration of information as the tasks are being carried out in space. We will focus on praxis, namely complex, purposeful motor actions, such as copying figures from visual templates and finding exist routes in mazes. These tasks are commonly used in clinical neurology underlying these tasks require planning across, and unfold within, space and time, and therefore, exemplify the theme of this program project research application. Data will be acquired using a state-of-the-art whole-head MEG instrument with 248 axial gradiometers. The hypotheses will be tested (a) that specific praxis tasks involve cooperative interactions of specific brain areas, especially in the parietal and frontal cortex, (b) that there is a partial overlap among the dynamic patterns of this activation across tasks, and (c) that this overlap corresponds to the common functional core shared by these tasks. The dynamic processing aspects of the core as well as signal analysis of individual MEG channels and their relations. A 64-processor Linux cluster will be used for these analyses. The results to be obtained will provide novel insights into how the brain deals with dynamic spatiotemporal processes and carries out purposeful eupractic motor actions. It is expected that these insights will lead, in turn, to the generation of specific hypotheses concerning altered neural mechanisms underlying constructional apraxia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RETT SYNDROME: DETERMINANTS OF OUTCOME AND BURDEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Leonard, Helen M.; University of Western Australia Crawley, Wa, 6009 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This population-based study will follow the current cohort of live (n=225) cases with Rett syndrome in Australia for a further five years. New cases ascertained during the study period will also be included. It will describe the natural history of Rett syndrome and assess its impact on resource utilization and the economic and social burden on families and community in comparison with Down syndrome and a normal comparison group. Baseline data on communication, mobility, symptoms and classification have been gathered on the cohort since 1993. In 2000 data were collected on functional ability in daily living, behavior, hand function, medical conditions, and use of health and education services. Mutation data, collected on 80 percent of cases will be continued. A questionnaire has been developed, piloted and will be used to collect data on function, health and well-being of the Rett syndrome subjects and family in 2002, 2004 and 2006. Data will be gathered for the Down syndrome comparison group in 2003. Participants will respond via paper-based or through secure on-line formats. Optical scanning or on-line data capture will be used for data entry. In 2003 and 2005 clinical assessments or clinical file review will provide EEG, ECG, blood parameters, bone densitometry and autonomic nervous system data. A video protocol developed in 2001 to record functional ability will be extended to include gross motor and oral motor function, hand apraxia, gait assessment and language function. Serial
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videos collected in 2003 and again in 2005 will enable us to monitor changes over time and the effect of therapy or surgery. Yearly telephone interviews to families will record anthropometric data, current medication usage and update previously collected family tree data. Every two years a validated questionnaire to identify epilepsy type will be included. Resource data to determine the direct, indirect and opportunity costs associated with Rett syndrome will be compared with a normal and Down syndrome comparison group. Data analysis will use multiple regression models to examine effects of different variables on child and family level outcomes and discriminant analysis, recursive partitioning and machine learning to identify genotype/phenotype associations at the individual child level. Feedback to families on study progress will be given through the study Web site. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TEACHING NONVERBAL CHILDREN WITH AUTISM USEFUL SPEECH Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Sally J.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism has a devastating effect on language development. Fifty percent of persons with autism do not develop complex, communicative speech, and lack of speech is associated with very poor outcomes in autism. Yet there is evidence that specific treatments delivered early in life can increase the number of children with autism who can learn useful speech. Various early intervention projects have indicated that 75-95 percent of children receiving very intensive and carefully constructed early intervention programs develop some useful speech by age 5. However, we have very few manualized, empirically demonstrated treatments to guide practitioners in developing expressive speech in young children with autism. The mechanisms that underlie the language impairment in autism are not clear. Lack of social engagement and mental retardation are assumed to play pivotal roles and treatments have generally focused on increasing social engagement, imitation skills, and understanding of language in order to develop language. The approach used to teach speech and language in the Denver Model is built from such a conceptualization. However, in the past few years, empirical findings have begun to suggest that the presence of oral-motor dyspraxia in at least some children with autism may be an additional barrier to speech development. A promising treatment for oral motor dyspraxia solidly based in neuromotor aspects of speech production has been successfully used for the past 20 years: the PROMPT approach. While originally developed for other neurologically based speech impairments, it has begun to be used clinically successfully with young nonverbal children with autism after more traditional approaches to speech development have failed. The main objectives of the project are to complete standardization and refinement of these two treatments for expressive language in autism: PROMPT and the Denver Model, and to examine their effects on nonverbal preschoolers with autism by obtaining initial pilot data on efficacy of each for developing expressive speech. These activities are prerequisite for a full-scale experimental treatment study comparing these two treatments for developing speech in young nonverbal children with autism. (1) Treatment manuals both for therapists and for parents will be completed, tested, and refined. (2) Treatment fidelity measures will be developed and tested for both therapy and home components. (3) Pilot testing will be used to establish appropriate "dosages" of treatments to assure reasonable progress. (4)
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Finally, a short-term pilot study using random assignment of matched participants and single subject design will be conducted to examine efficacy of each approach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with apraxia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for apraxia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of dressing apraxia: contributory factor to dressing apraxia. Author(s): Yamazaki K, Hirata K, Mimuro I, Kaitoh Y. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 March; 248(3): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11355161&dopt=Abstract
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A child with signs of developmental apraxia of speech with whom a palatal lift prosthesis was used to manage palatal dysfunction. Author(s): Hall PK, Hardy JC, LaVelle WE. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1990 August; 55(3): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381187&dopt=Abstract
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A summary of treatments for apraxia of speech and review of replicated approaches. Author(s): Wambaugh JL. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 293-308. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461728&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal cerebral blood flow findings in transplant patients with posttransplant apraxia of speech. Author(s): Eidelman BH, Pulipaka U, Wiley C, Charron M, Bohnen NI. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 June; 33(4): 2563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11406249&dopt=Abstract
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Acoustic and perceptual correlates of stress in nonwords produced by children with suspected developmental apraxia of speech and children with phonological disorder. Author(s): Munson B, Bjorum EM, Windsor J. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 2003 February; 46(1): 189-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647898&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of task demands in apraxia. Author(s): Roy EA, Square-Storer P, Hogg S, Adams S. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1991 January-February; 56(1-4): 17786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938133&dopt=Abstract
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Aphasia and apraxia caused by ischemic damage to the white substance of the dominant hemisphere. Author(s): Sanguineti I, Agostoni E, Aiello U, Apale P, Bogliun G, Tagliabue M. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1989 February; 10(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925350&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia and beyond: life and work of Hugo Liepmann. Author(s): Goldenberg G. Source: Cortex. 2003 June; 39(3): 509-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870824&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia in a patient with atypical cerebral dominance. Author(s): Rapcsak SZ, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1987 October; 6(4): 450-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3663384&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia in a patient with lesion located in right sub-cortical area. Analysis of errors. Author(s): Mozaz M, Marti JF, Carrera E, De la Puente E. Source: Cortex. 1990 December; 26(4): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2081402&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Rapcsak SZ, Croswell SC, Rubens AB. Source: Neurology. 1989 May; 39(5): 664-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2710357&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia is not associated to a disproportionate naming impairment for manipulable objects. Author(s): Rosci C, Chiesa V, Laiacona M, Capitani E. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607193&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid closure complicating right parietal infarction. Author(s): Hamano T, Kimura S, Miyao S, Teramoto J. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(2): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244277&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid closure in Huntington's disease. Author(s): Bonelli RM, Niederwieser G. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 February; 109(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075860&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid opening in a case of atypical corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Sepe-Monti M, Giubilei F, Marchione F, Colosimo C. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2003 October; 110(10): 1145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523626&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid opening secondary to a dominant hemispheric infarction. Author(s): Kaiboriboon K, Oliveira GR, Leira EC. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 March; 249(3): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993536&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid opening secondary to right frontal infarction. Author(s): Algoed L, Janssens J, Vanhooren G. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 1992; 92(4): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1441901&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of eyelid opening secondary to right hemisphere infarction. Author(s): Johnston JC, Rosenbaum DM, Picone CM, Grotta JC. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 June; 25(6): 622-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2742362&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of lid opening associated with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Roh JK, Kim BG, Kim DE, Ahn TB. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150843&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of lid opening in blepharospasm. Author(s): Jordan DR, Anderson RL, Digre KB. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1990 May; 21(5): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381654&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia of tool use: an autopsy case of biparietal infarction. Author(s): Fukutake T. Source: European Neurology. 2003; 49(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464718&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxia, mechanical problem solving and semantic knowledge: contributions to object usage in corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Spatt J, Bak T, Bozeat S, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 May; 249(5): 601-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021951&dopt=Abstract
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Apraxias and the lateralization of motor functions in the human parietal lobe. Author(s): Leiguarda RC. Source: Adv Neurol. 2003; 93: 235-48. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894412&dopt=Abstract
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Are specific reading and writing difficulties causally connected with developmental spatial inability? Evidence from two cases of developmental agnosia and apraxia. Author(s): Lamm O, Epstein R. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1992 May; 30(5): 459-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1620326&dopt=Abstract
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Asymmetric cortico-cortical inhibition in patients with progressive limb-kinetic apraxia. Author(s): Okuma Y, Urabe T, Mochizuki H, Miwa H, Shimo Y, Mori H, Mizuno Y. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 102(4): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071110&dopt=Abstract
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Ataxia telangiectasia presenting as an extrapyramidal movement disorder and ocular motor apraxia without overt telangiectasia. Author(s): Churchyard A, Stell R, Mastaglia FL. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1991; 28: 90-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1726561&dopt=Abstract
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Basic mechanisms of constructional apraxia in unilateral brain-damaged patients: role of visuo-perceptual and executive disorders. Author(s): Carlesimo GA, Fadda L, Caltagirone C. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993 March; 15(2): 342-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491856&dopt=Abstract
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Blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in lithium intoxication. Author(s): Micheli F, Cersosimo G, Scorticati MC, Ledesma D, Molinos J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1999 May-June; 22(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367183&dopt=Abstract
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Both parietal lobes are involved in drawing: a functional MRI study and implications for constructional apraxia. Author(s): Makuuchi M, Kaminaga T, Sugishita M. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 2003 May; 16(3): 338-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706214&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum A toxin for the so-called apraxia of lid opening. Author(s): Lepore V, Defazio G, Acquistapace D, Melpignano C, Pomes L, Lamberti P, Livrea P, Ferrari E. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995 July; 10(4): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7565842&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum A toxin treatment for eyelid spasm, spasmodic torticollis and apraxia of eyelid opening. Author(s): Defazio G, Lepore V, Lamberti P, Livrea P, Ferrari E. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1990 June; 11(3): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2387698&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum therapy for apraxia of eyelid opening. Author(s): Katz B, Rosenberg JH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 May 15; 103(5): 718-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578473&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum toxin improves lid opening delays in blepharospasm-associated apraxia of lid opening. Author(s): Forget R, Tozlovanu V, Iancu A, Boghen D. Source: Neurology. 2002 June 25; 58(12): 1843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084888&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum toxin therapy for apraxia of lid opening. Author(s): Boghen D, Tozlovanu V, Iancu A, Forget R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 956: 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960846&dopt=Abstract
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Botulinum toxin treatment of apraxia of eyelid opening in progressive supranuclear palsy: report of two cases. Author(s): Piccione F, Mancini E, Tonin P, Bizzarini M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 May; 78(5): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9161374&dopt=Abstract
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Brain lesions associated with oral apraxia in stroke patients: a cliniconeuroradiological investigation with the CT scan. Author(s): Tognola G, Vignolo LA. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1980; 18(3): 257-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7413061&dopt=Abstract
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Brainstem dysgenesis: report of five patients with congenital hypotonia, multiple cranial nerve involvement, and ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Roig M, Gratacos M, Vazquez E, Del Toro M, Foguet A, Ferrer I, Macaya A. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 July; 45(7): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828404&dopt=Abstract
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Buccofacial apraxia and left cerebral haemorrhage. Author(s): Maeshima S, Truman G, Smith DS, Dohi N, Itakura T, Komai N. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1997 November; 11(11): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354254&dopt=Abstract
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Buccofacial apraxia without aphasia due to a right parietal lesion. Author(s): Kramer JH, Delis DC, Nakada T. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1985 October; 18(4): 512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073845&dopt=Abstract
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Carbamazepine responsive epileptic oral motor and ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Naqvi SZ, Greenwood RS, D'Cruz OF. Source: Neurology. 1998 May; 50(5): 1475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596012&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1: clinical and genetic studies. Author(s): Le Ber I, Moreira MC, Rivaud-Pechoux S, Chamayou C, Ochsner F, Kuntzer T, Tardieu M, Said G, Habert MO, Demarquay G, Tannier C, Beis JM, Brice A, Koenig M, Durr A. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 December; 126(Pt 12): 2761-72. Epub 2003 September 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506070&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal translocation in a child with SLI and apraxia. Author(s): Weistuch L, Schiff-Myers NB. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1996 June; 39(3): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783144&dopt=Abstract
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Coarticulation patterns in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Nijland L, Maassen B, Van der Meulen S, Gabreels F, Kraaimaat FW, Schreuder R. Source: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 2002 September; 16(6): 461-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469451&dopt=Abstract
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Cognition in action: testing a model of limb apraxia. Author(s): Cubelli R, Marchetti C, Boscolo G, Della Sala S. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2000 November; 44(2): 144-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041987&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive representations of hand posture in ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Buxbaum LJ, Sirigu A, Schwartz MF, Klatzky R. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(8): 1091-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667544&dopt=Abstract
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Combined semantic dementia and apraxia in a patient with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Author(s): Schumann G, Halsband U, Kassubek J, Gustin S, Heinks T, Juengling FD, Hull M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 November 20; 100(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090722&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of apraxia in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Author(s): Denes G. Source: Neurology. 2002 April 23; 58(8): 1317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11971119&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of apraxia in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Author(s): Pharr V, Uttl B, Stark M, Litvan I, Fantie B, Grafman J. Source: Neurology. 2001 April 10; 56(7): 957-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294936&dopt=Abstract
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Conceptual apraxia and semantic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease: two sides of the same coin? Author(s): Dumont C, Ska B, Joanette Y. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2000 September; 6(6): 693-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011516&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital ocular motor apraxia. Case reports and literature review. Author(s): PeBenito R, Cracco JB. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1988 January; 27(1): 27-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3275520&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital ocular motor apraxia: imaging findings. Author(s): Sargent MA, Poskitt KJ, Jan JE. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1997 November-December; 18(10): 1915-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403454&dopt=Abstract
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Considerations in target selection in apraxia of speech treatment. Author(s): Odell KH. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 309-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461729&dopt=Abstract
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Constructional apraxia in Alzheimer's disease correlates with neuritic neuropathology in occipital cortex. Author(s): Nielson KA, Cummings BJ, Cotman CW. Source: Brain Research. 1996 November 25; 741(1-2): 284-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001734&dopt=Abstract
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Constructional apraxia in Alzheimer's disease: association with occipital lobe pathology and accelerated cognitive decline. Author(s): Smith MZ, Esiri MM, Barnetson L, King E, Nagy Z. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2001 July-August; 12(4): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351139&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical and subcortical contributions to ideomotor apraxia: analysis of task demands and error types. Author(s): Hanna-Pladdy B, Heilman KM, Foundas AL. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 December; 124(Pt 12): 2513-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701604&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical correlates of gesture processing: clues to the cerebral mechanisms underlying apraxia during the imitation of meaningless gestures. Author(s): Hermsdorfer J, Goldenberg G, Wachsmuth C, Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Bartenstein P, Schwaiger M, Boecker H. Source: Neuroimage. 2001 July; 14(1 Pt 1): 149-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525324&dopt=Abstract
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Critical dimensions affecting imitation performance of patients with ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Toraldo A, Reverberi C, Rumiati RI. Source: Cortex. 2001 December; 37(5): 737-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804229&dopt=Abstract
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Crossed buccofacial apraxia. Author(s): Mani RB, Levine DN. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1988 May; 45(5): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3358712&dopt=Abstract
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Crossed face apraxia. Author(s): Papagno C, Della Sala S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 November; 69(5): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032634&dopt=Abstract
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Deconstructing apraxia: understanding disorders of intentional movement after stroke. Author(s): Koski L, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 February; 15(1): 71-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796953&dopt=Abstract
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Defective pantomime of object use in left brain damage: apraxia or asymbolia? Author(s): Goldenberg G, Hartmann K, Schlott I. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(12): 1565-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887981&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Boylan LS, Fouladvand M. Source: Neurology. 2001 February 27; 56(4): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222818&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Rapalino OA, Levine DN. Source: Neurology. 2000 December 12; 55(11): 1761. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113250&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Author(s): Brown T, Cupido C, Scarfone H, Pape K, Galea V, McComas A. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 12; 55(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10891898&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia of speech: I. Descriptive and theoretical perspectives. Author(s): Shriberg LD, Aram DM, Kwiatkowski J. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1997 April; 40(2): 273-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130199&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia of speech: II. Toward a diagnostic marker. Author(s): Shriberg LD, Aram DM, Kwiatkowski J. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1997 April; 40(2): 286-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130200&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia of speech: III. A subtype marked by inappropriate stress. Author(s): Shriberg LD, Aram DM, Kwiatkowski J. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1997 April; 40(2): 313-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130201&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental apraxia. Author(s): Lesny I. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1987 December; 29(6): 834. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691987&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic criteria of developmental apraxia of speech used by clinical speechlanguage pathologists. Author(s): Forrest K. Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology / American Speech-LanguageHearing Association. 2003 August; 12(3): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12971826&dopt=Abstract
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Diencephalic amnesia and apraxia after left thalamic infarction. Author(s): Warren JD, Thompson PD, Thompson PD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 February; 68(2): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702039&dopt=Abstract
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Different interhemispheric transfer of kanji and kana writing evidenced by a case with left unilateral agraphia without apraxia. Author(s): Kawamura M, Hirayama K, Yamamoto H. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1989 August; 112 ( Pt 4): 1011-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775990&dopt=Abstract
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Dissociated active and passive tactile shape recognition: a case study of pure tactile apraxia. Author(s): Valenza N, Ptak R, Zimine I, Badan M, Lazeyras F, Schnider A. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 November; 124(Pt 11): 2287-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673329&dopt=Abstract
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Distal-proximal differences in limb apraxia in corticobasal degeneration but not progressive supranuclear palsy. Author(s): Soliveri P, Piacentini S, Paridi D, Testa D, Carella F, Girotti F. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14598093&dopt=Abstract
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Does the presence of ideomotor apraxia affect the prognosis of functional recovery in a woman who has had a stroke? Author(s): Riolo L. Source: Physical Therapy. 2002 September; 82(9): 916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211238&dopt=Abstract
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Double dissociation between meaningful and meaningless gesture reproduction in apraxia. Author(s): Bartolo A, Cubelli R, Della Sala S, Drei S, Marchetti C. Source: Cortex. 2001 December; 37(5): 696-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804218&dopt=Abstract
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Dressing and constructional apraxia in a patient with dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy. Author(s): Ohara S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 December; 248(12): 1106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013594&dopt=Abstract
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Dysarthria and apraxia of speech associated with FK-506 (tacrolimus). Author(s): Boeve BF, Kimmel DW, Aronson AE, de Groen PC. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1996 October; 71(10): 969-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820772&dopt=Abstract
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Dysarthria and orofacial apraxia in corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Ozsancak C, Auzou P, Hannequin D. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2000 September; 15(5): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009198&dopt=Abstract
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Dystypia: isolated typing impairment without aphasia, apraxia or visuospatial impairment. Author(s): Otsuki M, Soma Y, Arihiro S, Watanabe Y, Moriwaki H, Naritomi H. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 47(3): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914550&dopt=Abstract
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Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia is caused by mutations in a new HIT superfamily gene. Author(s): Date H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Iwabuchi K, Uekawa K, Igarashi S, Koike R, Hiroi T, Yuasa T, Awaya Y, Sakai T, Takahashi T, Nagatomo H, Sekijima Y, Kawachi I, Takiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Fukuhara N, Saito K, Sugano S, Tsuji S. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 October; 29(2): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586299&dopt=Abstract
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Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia: the aprataxin gene mutations. Author(s): Shimazaki H, Takiyama Y, Sakoe K, Ikeguchi K, Niijima K, Kaneko J, Namekawa M, Ogawa T, Date H, Tsuji S, Nakano I, Nishizawa M. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196655&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological implications of ideomotor apraxia: evidence from physical activities of daily living. Author(s): Hanna-Pladdy B, Heilman KM, Foundas AL. Source: Neurology. 2003 February 11; 60(3): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578932&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological implications of limb apraxia: evidence from mealtime behavior. Author(s): Foundas AL, Macauley BL, Raymer AM, Maher LM, Heilman KM, Gonzalez Rothi LJ. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1995 January; 1(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375210&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of emotional context on bucco-facial apraxia. Author(s): Borod JC, Lorch MP, Koff E, Nicholas M. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1987 April; 9(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3558746&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of length and linguistic complexity on temporal acoustic measures in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Strand EA, McNeil MR. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1996 October; 39(5): 1018-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8898255&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of selected linguistic variables on apraxia of speech. Author(s): Hardison D, Marquardt TP, Peterson HA. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977 June; 20(2): 334-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=895103&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of treatment for sound errors in apraxia of speech and aphasia. Author(s): Wambaugh JL, Kalinyak-Fliszar MM, West JE, Doyle PJ. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1998 August; 41(4): 725-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712122&dopt=Abstract
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Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Katz WF, Bharadwaj SV, Carstens B. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599618&dopt=Abstract
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Electromyographic evidence of a multiple motor system: implications for apraxia. Author(s): Lehr RP, Coulson R. Source: European Neurology. 1992; 32(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1563458&dopt=Abstract
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Electropalatographic analysis of apraxia of speech in a left hander and in a right hander. Author(s): Sugishita M, Konno K, Kabe S, Yunoki K, Togashi O, Kawamura M. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1987 October; 110 ( Pt 5): 1393-417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676707&dopt=Abstract
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Electroretinographic findings in congenital oculomotor apraxia (Cogan's syndrome). Author(s): Magni R, Spadea L, Pece A, Durante A, Mansutti L, Brancato R. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1994; 86(3): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7813377&dopt=Abstract
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Error types in ideomotor apraxia: a qualitative analysis. Author(s): McDonald S, Tate RL, Rigby J. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1994 July; 25(2): 250-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917246&dopt=Abstract
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Explanation in apraxia with consequences for the concept of apraxia of speech. Author(s): Buckingham HW Jr. Source: Brain and Language. 1979 September; 8(2): 202-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=487070&dopt=Abstract
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Eyelid “apraxia” in patients with motor neuron disease. Author(s): Abe K, Fujimura H, Tatsumi C, Toyooka K, Yorifuji S, Yanagihara T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 December; 59(6): 62932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7500103&dopt=Abstract
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Eyelid opening apraxia in focal cortical degeneration. Author(s): Adair JC, Williamson DJ, Heilman KM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 April; 58(4): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7794398&dopt=Abstract
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Factitious apraxia. Author(s): Ballard RS, Stoudemire A. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1992; 22(3): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487391&dopt=Abstract
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Factitious clock drawing adn constructional apraxia. Author(s): Khan I, Fayaz I, Ridgley J, Wennberg R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 January; 68(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671119&dopt=Abstract
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Familial congenital ocular motor apraxia and immune deficiency. Author(s): Narbona J, Crisci CD, Villa I. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1980 May; 37(5): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7387458&dopt=Abstract
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Familial congenital ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Hsu HN, Yang ML, Lai HC. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 June; 25(6): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173672&dopt=Abstract
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Focal cortical hypoperfusion in corticobasal degeneration demonstrated by threedimensional surface display with 123I-IMP: a possible cause of apraxia. Author(s): Okuda B, Tachibana H, Takeda M, Kawabata K, Sugita M, Fukuchi M. Source: Neuroradiology. 1995 November; 37(8): 642-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748895&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of apraxia of eyelid opening in the general population and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders. Author(s): Lamberti P, De Mari M, Zenzola A, Aniello MS, Defazio G. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 23 Suppl 2: S81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548354&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal gait apraxia. Pathophysiological mechanisms and rehabilitation. Author(s): Iansek R, Ismail NH, Bruce M, Huxham FE, Morris ME. Source: Adv Neurol. 2001; 87: 363-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347240&dopt=Abstract
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Frontalis suspension combined with blepharoplasty as an effective treatment for blepharospasm associated with apraxia of eyelid opening. Author(s): De Groot V, De Wilde F, Smet L, Tassignon MJ. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 January; 16(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674730&dopt=Abstract
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Functional brain imaging in apraxia. Author(s): Kareken DA, Unverzagt F, Caldemeyer K, Farlow MR, Hutchins GD. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 January; 55(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443717&dopt=Abstract
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Gait apraxia after bilateral supplementary motor area lesion. Author(s): Della Sala S, Francescani A, Spinnler H. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 January; 72(1): 77-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784830&dopt=Abstract
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Gait apraxia and headache. Author(s): Gunatilake SB. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1993 June; 38(2): 99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8370100&dopt=Abstract
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Gait apraxia in communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Estanol BV. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1981 April; 44(4): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7241157&dopt=Abstract
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Gait apraxia in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: patterns of movement and muscle activation. Author(s): Knutsson E, Lying-Tunell U. Source: Neurology. 1985 February; 35(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3969202&dopt=Abstract
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Gaucher disease with oculomotor apraxia and cardiovascular calcification (Gaucher type IIIC). Author(s): Bohlega S, Kambouris M, Shahid M, Al Homsi M, Al Sous W. Source: Neurology. 2000 January 11; 54(1): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636167&dopt=Abstract
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Gaucher disease with oculomotor apraxia and cardiovascular calcification. Author(s): Uyama E. Source: Neurology. 2000 September 12; 55(5): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10982319&dopt=Abstract
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Glucose hypometabolism in medial frontal cortex of patients with apraxia of lid opening. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Kiyosawa M, Ohno N, Mochizuki M, Inaba A, Mizusawa H, Ishii K, Senda M. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 July; 241(7): 529-34. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819975&dopt=Abstract
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Hemispheric asymmetries of limb-kinetic apraxia: a loss of deftness. Author(s): Heilman KM, Meador KJ, Loring DW. Source: Neurology. 2000 August 22; 55(4): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953184&dopt=Abstract
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Homozygosity mapping of Portuguese and Japanese forms of ataxia-oculomotor apraxia to 9p13, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Author(s): Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Mendonca P, Barros J, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Koenig M. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 February; 68(2): 501-8. Epub 2001 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170899&dopt=Abstract
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How comparable are tests of apraxia? Author(s): Butler JA. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 16(4): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061473&dopt=Abstract
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Hypoxic brain injury with motor apraxia following an anaphylactic reaction to hymenoptera venom. Author(s): Speach DP, Wong TM, Cattarin JA, Livecchi MA. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1998 March; 12(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547954&dopt=Abstract
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Ideational apraxia. Author(s): De Renzi E, Lucchelli F. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1988 October; 111 ( Pt 5): 1173-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3179688&dopt=Abstract
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Ideational apraxia: a deficit in tool selection and use. Author(s): Ochipa C, Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 February; 25(2): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2465733&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor and ideational apraxia in corticobasal degeneration: a case study. Author(s): Chainay H, Humphreys GW. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2003 April; 9(2): 177-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925941&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia and cerebral dominance for motor control. Author(s): Goldenberg G, Hermsdorfer J, Spatt J. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 1996 March; 3(2): 95-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713550&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia in Alzheimer disease and left hemisphere stroke: limb transitive and intransitive movements. Author(s): Foundas AL, Macauley BL, Raymer AM, Maher LM, Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1999 July; 12(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10456799&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia in early Alzheimer's disease: time and accuracy measures. Author(s): Willis L, Behrens M, Mack W, Chui H. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1998 November; 38(2): 220-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853098&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia in Huntington's disease. Author(s): Shelton PA, Knopman DS. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1991 January; 48(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1824748&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia in patients with Alzheimer disease: why do they use their body parts as objects? Author(s): Kato M, Meguro K, Sato M, Shimada Y, Yamazaki H, Saito H, Yamaguchi S, Yamadori A. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2001 January; 14(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234908&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia in progressive supranuclear palsy: a case study. Author(s): Pharr V, Litvan I, Brat DJ, Troncoso J, Reich SG, Stark M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 January; 14(1): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918365&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia, visuomotor control and the explicit representation of posture. Author(s): Sunderland A, Sluman SM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(7): 923-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775703&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia: a call to action. Author(s): Buxbaum LJ. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2001; 7(6): 445-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788737&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor apraxia: evidence for the preservation of axial commands. Author(s): Howes DH. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 April; 51(4): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2454297&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor limb apraxia in Huntington's disease: implications for corticostriate involvement. Author(s): Hamilton JM, Haaland KY, Adair JC, Brandt J. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(5): 614-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559154&dopt=Abstract
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Ideomotor prosodic apraxia. Author(s): Zakzanis KK. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 November; 67(5): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577038&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired verbal reasoning and constructional apraxia in subjects with right hemisphere damage. Author(s): Benowitz LI, Moya KL, Levine DN. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1990; 28(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2325836&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of apraxia of eyelid opening by wearing goggles. Author(s): Hirayama M, Kumano T, Aita T, Nakagawa H, Kuriyama M. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 21; 356(9239): 1413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052590&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating motor control and motor learning concepts with neuropsychological perspectives on apraxia and developmental dyspraxia. Author(s): Goodgold-Edwards SA, Cermak SA. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1990 May; 44(5): 431-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1693811&dopt=Abstract
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Intermittent horizontal saccade failure ('ocular motor apraxia') in children. Author(s): Harris CM, Shawkat F, Russell-Eggitt I, Wilson J, Taylor D. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 February; 80(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8814747&dopt=Abstract
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Intransitive limb gestures and apraxia following unilateral stroke. Author(s): Heath M, Roy EA, Black SE, Westwood DA. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 October; 23(5): 628-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778640&dopt=Abstract
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Issues contrasting adult acquired versus developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Maassen B. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 257-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461725&dopt=Abstract
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Joint coordination deficits in limb apraxia. Author(s): Poizner H, Clark MA, Merians AS, Macauley B, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1995 February; 118 ( Pt 1): 227-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7895006&dopt=Abstract
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Kepinski's functional structures, Kohonen's topological structures, aphasia and apraxia. Author(s): Struzik T. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1987 September; 36(1-2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3654086&dopt=Abstract
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Kinematic analysis of movement imitation in apraxia. Author(s): Hermsdorfer J, Mai N, Spatt J, Marquardt C, Veltkamp R, Goldenberg G. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1996 October; 119 ( Pt 5): 1575-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8931581&dopt=Abstract
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Laryngectomy, aphasia, and oral verbal apraxia: report of three cases. Author(s): Keith RL, Brown JR. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1975 April; 56(4): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1119929&dopt=Abstract
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Lesion localization in apractic agraphia. Author(s): Alexander MP, Fischer RS, Friedman R. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1992 March; 49(3): 246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536626&dopt=Abstract
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Levator aponeurosis dehiscence in a patient treated with botulinum toxin for blepharospasms and eyelid apraxia. Author(s): Verhulst S, Smet H, De Wilde F, Tassignon MJ. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1994; 252: 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894756&dopt=Abstract
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Lid opening apraxia is associated with medial frontal hypometabolism. Author(s): Smith D, Ishikawa T, Dhawan V, Winterkorn JS, Eidelberg D. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995 May; 10(3): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651454&dopt=Abstract
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Lid-opening apraxia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Keane JR. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1988 March; 8(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2972748&dopt=Abstract
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Lid-opening apraxia. Author(s): Micheli F, Scorticati C, Diaz S. Source: Neurology. 1995 September; 45(9): 1788-9; Author Reply 1789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675257&dopt=Abstract
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Lid-opening apraxia. Author(s): Gilbert GJ. Source: Neurology. 1995 September; 45(9): 1788; Author Reply 1789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675256&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia and motor performance. Author(s): Haaland KY, Porch BE, Delaney HD. Source: Brain and Language. 1980 March; 9(2): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7363075&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia in patients with damage confined to the left basal ganglia and thalamus. Author(s): Ferro JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1987 June; 50(6): 824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3612166&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia in patients with damage confined to the left basal ganglia and thalamus. Author(s): De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Scarpa M, Crisi G. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1986 September; 49(9): 1030-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760891&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia without aphasia from a left sided lesion in a right handed patient. Author(s): Selnes OA, Pestronk A, Hart J, Gordon B. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1991 August; 54(8): 734-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1719136&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia. Author(s): Ochipa C, Gonzalez Rothi LJ. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2000; 20(4): 471-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149703&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxia: cortical or subcortical. Author(s): Leiguarda R. Source: Neuroimage. 2001 July; 14(1 Pt 2): S137-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373145&dopt=Abstract
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Limb apraxias: higher-order disorders of sensorimotor integration. Author(s): Leiguarda RC, Marsden CD. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 May; 123 ( Pt 5): 860-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10775533&dopt=Abstract
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Limb-kinetic apraxia in corticobasal degeneration: clinical and kinematic features. Author(s): Leiguarda RC, Merello M, Nouzeilles MI, Balej J, Rivero A, Nogues M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2003 January; 18(1): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518300&dopt=Abstract
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Limb-kinetic apraxia. Author(s): Denes G, Mantovan MC, Gallana A, Cappelletti JY. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1998 May; 13(3): 468-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613739&dopt=Abstract
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Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Dunlop JM, Marquardt TP. Source: Cortex. 1977 March; 13(1): 17-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=844304&dopt=Abstract
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Lip EMG activity during vowel production in apraxia of speech: phrase context and word length effects. Author(s): Hough MS, Klich RJ. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1998 August; 41(4): 786-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712126&dopt=Abstract
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Lip movement in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Robin DA, Bean C, Folkins JW. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1989 September; 32(3): 512-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2779196&dopt=Abstract
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L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine treatment for gait apraxia in parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Yoshida M, Noguchi S, Kuramoto S. Source: Kurume Med J. 1989; 36(2): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511378&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, NMR) scan in a case of callosal apraxia and pseudoneglect. Author(s): Watson RT, Heilman KM, Bowers D. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1985 June; 108 ( Pt 2): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005534&dopt=Abstract
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Management strategies for developmental apraxia of speech: a review of literature. Author(s): Pannbacker M. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1988 September; 21(5): 363-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3053798&dopt=Abstract
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Manual and oral apraxia in acute stroke, frequency and influence on functional outcome: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Author(s): Pedersen PM, Jorgensen HS, Kammersgaard LP, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2001 September; 80(9): 685-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523971&dopt=Abstract
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Markedness analysis of phonemic substitution errors in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Marquardt TP, Reinhart JB, Peterson HA. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1979 November; 12(6): 481-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=521506&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of dressing apraxia: a case study. Author(s): Fitzgerald LK, McKelvey JR, Szeligo F. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2002 June; 15(2): 148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050478&dopt=Abstract
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Meige syndrome with apraxia of lid opening after the discontinuation of sulpiride treatment. Author(s): Tsuji S, Kikkawa S, Horiguchi J, Yamashita H, Kagaya A, Morinobu S, Yamawaki S. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 July; 35(4): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163987&dopt=Abstract
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Melodic intonation in the rehabilitation of Romanian aphasics with bucco-lingual apraxia. Author(s): Popovici M, Mihailescu L. Source: Rom J Neurol Psychiatry. 1992 April-June; 30(2): 99-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520605&dopt=Abstract
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Memory-driven movements in limb apraxia: is there evidence for impaired communication between the dorsal and the ventral streams? Author(s): Ietswaart M, Carey DP, Della Sala S, Dijkhuizen RS. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(9): 950-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516447&dopt=Abstract
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Mental deterioration, visuoperceptive disabilities and constructional apraxia in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Villardita C, Smirni P, le Pira F, Zappala G, Nicoletti F. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1982 July; 66(1): 112-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7113675&dopt=Abstract
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Metrical analysis of the speech of children with suspected developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Velleman SL, Shriberg LD. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1444-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599626&dopt=Abstract
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Mirror apraxia affects the peripersonal mirror space. A combined lesion and cerebral activation study. Author(s): Binkofski F, Butler A, Buccino G, Heide W, Fink G, Freund HJ, Seitz RJ. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 November; 153(2): 210-9. Epub 2003 September 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13680046&dopt=Abstract
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Modality specific naming and gesture disturbances: a case with optic aphasia, bilateral tactile aphasia, optic apraxia and tactile apraxia. Author(s): Endo K, Makishita H, Yanagisawa N, Sugishita M. Source: Cortex. 1996 March; 32(1): 3-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8697751&dopt=Abstract
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Modality-specific and supramodal mechanisms of apraxia. Author(s): De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Sorgato P. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1982 June; 105(Pt 2): 301-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6177376&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of the eight-step continuum for treatment of apraxia of speech in adults. Author(s): Deal JL, Florance CL. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1978 February; 43(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=633874&dopt=Abstract
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Motor apraxia in dementia. Author(s): Taylor R. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 August; 79(1 Pt 2): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7528910&dopt=Abstract
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Motor learning in ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Motomura N, Seo T, Asaba H, Sakai T. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1989 July; 47(1-2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2793336&dopt=Abstract
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Motor performance in aphasia and ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Motomura N. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 October; 79(2): 719-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7532853&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple learning tasks in patients with ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Pistarini C, Majani G, Callegari S, Viola L. Source: Riv Neurol. 1991 March-April; 61(2): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1887197&dopt=Abstract
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Mutism associated with buccofacial apraxia and bihemispheric lesions. Author(s): Groswasser Z, Korn C, Groswasser-Reider I, Solzi P. Source: Brain and Language. 1988 May; 34(1): 157-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382930&dopt=Abstract
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Mutism, oropharyngeal apraxia and dysarthria after posterior fossa tumour excision. Author(s): Bhatoe HS. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 August; 11(4): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337934&dopt=Abstract
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Neural and cognitive bases of upper limb apraxia in corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Peigneux P, Salmon E, Garraux G, Laureys S, Willems S, Dujardin K, Degueldre C, Lemaire C, Luxen A, Moonen G, Franck G, Destee A, Van der Linden M. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 9; 57(7): 1259-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591846&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, apraxia of eyelid opening, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Author(s): Bonaventura I, Matias-Guiu J, Cervera C, Codina Puiggros A. Source: Neurology. 1986 September; 36(9): 1276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3748400&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropathological basis for drawing disability (constructional apraxia) in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Forstl H, Burns A, Levy R, Cairns N. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1993 August; 23(3): 623-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234569&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical dimensions of ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Alexander MP, Baker E, Naeser MA, Kaplan E, Palumbo C. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1992 February; 115 Pt 1: 87-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1559165&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroradiological and eye movement correlates in children with intermittent saccade failure: “ocular motor apraxia”. Author(s): Shawkat FS, Kingsley D, Kendall B, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DS, Harris CM. Source: Neuropediatrics. 1995 December; 26(6): 298-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8719744&dopt=Abstract
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New X-linked syndrome with apraxia, ataxia, and mental deficiency: clinical, cytogenetic and neuropsychological studies in two Danish families. Author(s): Tranebjaerg L, Lou H, Andresen J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 April 15-May 1; 43(1-2): 498-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1605232&dopt=Abstract
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Nonspeech and speech processing skills in patients with aphasia and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Square-Storer P, Darley FL, Sommers RK. Source: Brain and Language. 1988 January; 33(1): 65-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2449262&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular apraxia in recessive ataxia. Author(s): Koeppen AH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2002 May; 59(5): 874; Author Reply 874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020276&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular motor apraxia and ataxia-telangiectasia. Author(s): Lewis RF. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 August; 58(8): 1312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493182&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular motor apraxia and neurofibromatosis. Author(s): Glover AT, Powe LK. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1985 June; 103(6): 763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3924009&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular motor apraxia associated with intracranial lipoma. Author(s): Summers CG, MacDonald JT, Wirtschafter JD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1987 September-October; 24(5): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3681617&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular motor apraxia following cardiac surgery. Author(s): Zackon DH, Noel LP. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1991 October; 26(6): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1751914&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular motor paresis versus apraxia. Author(s): Sharpe JA, Johnston JL. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 February; 25(2): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2919873&dopt=Abstract
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Oculomotor apraxia in a case of Gaucher's disease with homozygous T1448C mutation. Author(s): Tsai LP, Sue WC, Hwu WL, Lin KH, Wang TR. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1996 January-February; 37(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936012&dopt=Abstract
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Oculomotor apraxia: the presenting sign of Gaucher disease. Author(s): Gross-Tsur V, Har-Even Y, Gutman I, Amir N. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1989 March-April; 5(2): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2712947&dopt=Abstract
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On crossed apraxia. Description of a right-handed apraxic patient with right supplementary motor area damage. Author(s): Marchetti C, Della Sala S. Source: Cortex. 1997 June; 33(2): 341-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220264&dopt=Abstract
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On the cerebral localization of constructional apraxia. Author(s): Ruessmann K, Sondag HD, Beneicke U. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1988 September; 42(1-2): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209373&dopt=Abstract
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Ontogenesis of hemispheric specialization: apraxia associated with congenital left hemisphere lesions. Author(s): Nass R. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1983 December; 57(3 Pt 1): 775-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6664762&dopt=Abstract
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Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming. Author(s): Pena-Casanova J, Roig-Rovira T, Bermudez A, Tolosa-Sarro E. Source: Brain and Language. 1985 September; 26(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413956&dopt=Abstract
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Optic ataxia and apraxia of gaze. Author(s): Damasio AR. Source: Neurology. 1980 January; 30(1): 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7188629&dopt=Abstract
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Optic ataxia and apraxia of gaze. Author(s): Botez MI. Source: Neurology. 1979 September; 29(9 Pt 1): 1319-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=573418&dopt=Abstract
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Oral form identification as a measure of cortical sensory dysfunction in apraxia of speech and aphasia. Author(s): Deutsch SE. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1981 January; 14(1): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7217351&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of strategy training in stroke patients with apraxia: a phase II study. Author(s): van Heugten CM, Dekker J, Deelman BG, van Dijk AJ, Stehmann-Saris JC, Kinebanian A. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 1998 August; 12(4): 294-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744665&dopt=Abstract
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Palpatory apraxia. Author(s): Yamadori A. Source: European Neurology. 1982; 21(4): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7117315&dopt=Abstract
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Pathologic correlates of apraxia in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Giannakopoulos P, Duc M, Gold G, Hof PR, Michel JP, Bouras C. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 May; 55(5): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9605726&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of apraxia associated with the production of intransitive limb gestures following left and right hemisphere stroke. Author(s): Heath M, Roy EA, Westwood D, Black SE. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2001 June-July; 46(1-2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527320&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of limb apraxia in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Joshi A, Roy EA, Black SE, Barbour K. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607191&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent dysarthria with apraxia associated with a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol. Author(s): Bond WS, Carvalho M, Foulks EF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 June; 43(6): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6806252&dopt=Abstract
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Persisting apraxia in two left-handed, aphasic patients with right-hemisphere lesions. Author(s): Archibald YM. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1987 October; 6(4): 412-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2444238&dopt=Abstract
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Phenobarbital-induced buccolingual dyskinesia in oral apraxia. Author(s): Sechi GP, Piras MR, Rosati G, Zuddas M, Ortu R, Tanca S, Agnetti V. Source: European Neurology. 1988; 28(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3383911&dopt=Abstract
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Phonemic behavior of aphasic subjects without dysarthria or apraxia of speech. Author(s): Halpern H, Keith RL, Darley FL. Source: Cortex. 1976 December; 12(4): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1009773&dopt=Abstract
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Planning of syllables in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Nijland L, Maassen B, Van Der Meulen S, Gabreels F, Kraaimaat FW, Schreuder R. Source: Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 1-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737052&dopt=Abstract
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Portal systemic encephalopathy presenting with dressing and constructional apraxia. Author(s): Kanda T, Nogawa S, Muramatsu K, Koto A, Fukuuchi Y. Source: Intern Med. 2000 May; 39(5): 419-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830187&dopt=Abstract
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Praxis and language: the extent and variety of apraxia in aphasia. Author(s): Kertesz A, Hooper P. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1982; 20(3): 275-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121795&dopt=Abstract
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Pretarsal injection of botulinum toxin for blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening. Author(s): Jankovic J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 June; 60(6): 704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8648354&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of apraxia among patients with a first left hemisphere stroke in rehabilitation centres and nursing homes. Author(s): Donkervoort M, Dekker J, van den Ende E, Stehmann-Saris JC, Deelman BG. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 April; 14(2): 130-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763789&dopt=Abstract
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Primary progressive apraxia in Pick's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Author(s): Fukui T, Sugita K, Kawamura M, Shiota J, Nakano I. Source: Neurology. 1996 August; 47(2): 467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757022&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive apraxia in clinically discordant monozygotic twins. Author(s): Caselli RJ, Reiman EM, Timmann D, Stelmach GE, Lawson MA, Osborne D, Moore SB, Cevette MJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1995 October; 52(10): 1004-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7575217&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive changes in articulatory patterns in verbal apraxia: a longitudinal case study. Author(s): Sands ES, Freeman FJ, Harris KS. Source: Brain and Language. 1978 July; 6(1): 97-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=698788&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged orbicularis oculi activity: a major factor in apraxia of lid opening. Author(s): Tozlovanu V, Forget R, Iancu A, Boghen D. Source: Neurology. 2001 September 25; 57(6): 1013-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571326&dopt=Abstract
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Prosody in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Boutsen FR, Christman SS. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 245-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461724&dopt=Abstract
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Psycholinguistic and motor theories of apraxia of speech. Author(s): Ziegler W. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 231-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461723&dopt=Abstract
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Ptosis, blepharospasm, and apraxia of eyelid opening secondary to putaminal hemorrhage. Author(s): Verghese J, Milling C, Rosenbaum DM. Source: Neurology. 1999 August 11; 53(3): 652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449142&dopt=Abstract
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Rate control therapy for developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Rosenthal JB. Source: Clin Commun Disord. 1994 September; 4(3): 190-200. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994294&dopt=Abstract
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Recessive ataxia with ocular apraxia: review of 22 Portuguese patients. Author(s): Barbot C, Coutinho P, Chorao R, Ferreira C, Barros J, Fineza I, Dias K, Monteiro J, Guimaraes A, Mendonca P, do Ceu Moreira M, Sequeiros J. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 February; 58(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176957&dopt=Abstract
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Recessive ataxia with ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Dawson DM. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 February; 58(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176953&dopt=Abstract
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Recognition and imitation of pantomimed motor acts after unilateral parietal and premotor lesions: a perspective on apraxia. Author(s): Halsband U, Schmitt J, Weyers M, Binkofski F, Grutzner G, Freund HJ. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(2): 200-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163376&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery from ideomotor apraxia. A study on acute stroke patients. Author(s): Basso A, Capitani E, Della Sala S, Laiacona M, Spinnler H. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1987 June; 110 ( Pt 3): 747-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580833&dopt=Abstract
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Rehabilitation of stroke patients with apraxia: the role of additional cognitive and motor impairments. Author(s): van Heugten CM, Dekker J, Deelman BG, Stehmann-Saris JC, Kinebanian A. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2000 August 15; 22(12): 547-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005744&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between primitive reflexes, extra-pyramidal signs, reflective apraxia and severity of cognitive impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Author(s): Bakchine S, Lacomblez L, Palisson E, Laurent M, Derouesne C. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1989 January; 79(1): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929273&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of constructional apraxia and body scheme disorders in dressing performance in adult CVA. Author(s): Warren M. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1981 July; 35(7): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6166199&dopt=Abstract
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Resource for kids with apraxia. Author(s): Gretz S. Source: Asha. 1998 Spring; 40(2): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9567444&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory inhibitory apraxia. Author(s): Atack EA, Suranyi L. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1975 February; 2(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1148954&dopt=Abstract
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Response generalization in apraxia of speech treatments: taking another look. Author(s): Ballard KJ. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2001 January-April; 34(1-2): 3-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322568&dopt=Abstract
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Response to Dabul and Bollier's “therapeutic approaches to apraxia”. Author(s): Field EI. Source: J Speech Hear Disord. 1977 May; 42(2): 311. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=859308&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible constructional apraxia from a floating bone flap. Author(s): Rengachary SS, Amini J, Batnitzky S. Source: Neurosurgery. 1979 September; 5(3): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=503298&dopt=Abstract
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Right frontal areas 6 and 8 are associated with simultanapraxia, a subset of motor impersistence. Author(s): Sakai Y, Nakamura T, Sakurai A, Yamaguchi H, Hirai S. Source: Neurology. 2000 January 25; 54(2): 522-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668733&dopt=Abstract
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Right hand agraphia and left hand apraxia following callosal damage in a righthander. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Iwasa H, Obayashi T. Source: Cortex. 1990 December; 26(4): 665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2081405&dopt=Abstract
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Right orbitofrontal tumor with pedophilia symptom and constructional apraxia sign. Author(s): Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 March; 60(3): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633158&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for the syndrome of ventricular enlargement with gait apraxia (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus): a case-control study. Author(s): Casmiro M, D'Alessandro R, Cacciatore FM, Daidone R, Calbucci F, Lugaresi E. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989 July; 52(7): 847-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2769278&dopt=Abstract
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Role of somatosensory feedback from tools in realizing movements by patients with ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Wada Y, Nakagawa Y, Nishikawa T, Aso N, Inokawa M, Kashiwagi A, Tanabe H, Takeda M. Source: European Neurology. 1999; 41(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023108&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for apraxia: a short assessment for stroke patients. Author(s): Almeida QJ, Black SE, Roy EA. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2002 March-April; 48(2-3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030446&dopt=Abstract
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Selective deficit of praxis imagery in ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Ochipa C, Rapcsak SZ, Maher LM, Rothi LJ, Bowers D, Heilman KM. Source: Neurology. 1997 August; 49(2): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270580&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitivity of different ADL measures to apraxia and motor impairments. Author(s): Donkervoort M, Dekker J, Deelman BG. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 May; 16(3): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017516&dopt=Abstract
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Sensorimotor learning in ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Motomura N, Redbrake A, Hartje W, Willmes K. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1995 December; 81(3 Pt 2): 1123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684903&dopt=Abstract
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Singing as therapy for apraxia of speech and aphasia: report of a case. Author(s): Keith RL, Aronson AE. Source: Brain and Language. 1975 October; 2(4): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1218380&dopt=Abstract
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Skull asymmetries bear no relation to the occurrence of apraxia. A clinical and CTscan study in patients with unilateral brain damage. Author(s): Faglioni P, Scarpa M. Source: Cortex. 1989 September; 25(3): 449-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805730&dopt=Abstract
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Slowly progressive apraxia in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Green RC, Goldstein FC, Mirra SS, Alazraki NP, Baxt JL, Bakay RA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 September; 59(3): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673964&dopt=Abstract
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Slowly progressive limb-kinetic apraxia. Author(s): Otsuki M, Soma Y, Yoshimura N, Tsuji S. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 37(2): 100-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058065&dopt=Abstract
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Slowly progressive pure dysgraphia with late apraxia of speech: a further variant of the focal cerebral degeneration. Author(s): Luzzi S, Piccirilli M. Source: Brain and Language. 2003 December; 87(3): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642538&dopt=Abstract
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Slowly progressive visual agnosia or apraxia without dementia. Author(s): De Renzi E. Source: Cortex. 1986 March; 22(1): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2423295&dopt=Abstract
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So-called apraxias of lid movement. Author(s): Lepore FE. Source: Adv Neurol. 1988; 49: 85-90. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3278556&dopt=Abstract
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Spasmus nutans and congenital ocular motor apraxia with cerebellar vermian hypoplasia. Author(s): Kim JS, Park SH, Lee KW. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 November; 60(11): 1621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623737&dopt=Abstract
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Spatial deficits in ideomotor limb apraxia. A kinematic analysis of aiming movements. Author(s): Haaland KY, Harrington DL, Knight RT. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1999 June; 122 ( Pt 6): 1169-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10356068&dopt=Abstract
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Spatio-temporal impairments in limb and body movements during righting in an hemiparkinsonian rat analogue: relevance to axial apraxia in humans. Author(s): Martens DJ, Whishaw IQ, Miklyaeva EI, Pellis SM. Source: Brain Research. 1996 September 16; 733(2): 253-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891308&dopt=Abstract
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Speech timing in apraxia of speech versus conduction aphasia. Author(s): Seddoh SA, Robin DA, Sim HS, Hageman C, Moon JB, Folkins JW. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1996 June; 39(3): 590-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783137&dopt=Abstract
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Speech, cognition, and imaging studies in congenital ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Jan JE, Kearney S, Groenveld M, Sargent MA, Poskitt KJ. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1998 February; 40(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9489497&dopt=Abstract
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Speed of motor execution and apraxia. Author(s): Spatt J, Goldenberg G. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997 December; 19(6): 850-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524879&dopt=Abstract
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Subcortical origin of visuomotor apraxia. Author(s): Classen J, Kunesch E, Binkofski F, Hilperath F, Schlaug G, Seitz RJ, Glickstein M, Freund HJ. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1995 December; 118 ( Pt 6): 1365-74. Erratum In: Brain 1996 April; 119(Pt 2): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595470&dopt=Abstract
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Supranuclear gaze palsy and eyelid apraxia in postencephalitic parkinsonism. Author(s): Wenning GK, Jellinger K, Litvan I. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1997; 104(8-9): 845-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451717&dopt=Abstract
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Swallowing apraxia: a disorder of the Praxis system? Author(s): Daniels SK. Source: Dysphagia. 2000 Summer; 15(3): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839830&dopt=Abstract
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Tactile apraxia: unimodal apractic disorder of tactile object exploration associated with parietal lobe lesions. Author(s): Binkofski F, Kunesch E, Classen J, Seitz RJ, Freund HJ. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 January; 124(Pt 1): 132-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133793&dopt=Abstract
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Task demands and limb apraxia in stroke. Author(s): Roy EA, Heath M, Westwood D, Schweizer TA, Dixon MJ, Black SE, Kalbfleisch L, Barbour K, Square PA. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2000 November; 44(2): 253-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041991&dopt=Abstract
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Task-related factors in oral motor control: speech and oral diadochokinesis in dysarthria and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Ziegler W. Source: Brain and Language. 2002 March; 80(3): 556-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896657&dopt=Abstract
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The assessment of limb apraxia: an investigation of task effects and their cause. Author(s): Belanger SA, Duffy RJ, Coelho CA. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1996 December; 32(3): 384-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8975678&dopt=Abstract
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The basal ganglia and apraxia. Author(s): Pramstaller PP, Marsden CD. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1996 February; 119 ( Pt 1): 319-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624692&dopt=Abstract
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The dependence of ipsilesional aiming deficits on task demands, lesioned hemisphere, and apraxia. Author(s): Hermsdorfer J, Blankenfeld H, Goldenberg G. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(12): 1628-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887988&dopt=Abstract
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The gene mutated in ataxia-ocular apraxia 1 encodes the new HIT/Zn-finger protein aprataxin. Author(s): Moreira MC, Barbot C, Tachi N, Kozuka N, Uchida E, Gibson T, Mendonca P, Costa M, Barros J, Yanagisawa T, Watanabe M, Ikeda Y, Aoki M, Nagata T, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Koenig M. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 October; 29(2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586300&dopt=Abstract
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The hand apraxia scale. Author(s): Burd L, Cook J, Randall T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1990 February; 70(1): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2326119&dopt=Abstract
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The integrity of the syllable in developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Marquardt TP, Sussman HM, Snow T, Jacks A. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2002 January-February; 35(1): 31-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949971&dopt=Abstract
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The neurological bases of apraxia of speech. Author(s): Miller N. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 2002 November; 23(4): 223-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461722&dopt=Abstract
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The occurrence of developmental apraxia of speech in a mild articulation disorder: a case study. Author(s): Hall PK. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1989 August; 22(4): 265-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2794108&dopt=Abstract
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The production of emotional prosody in varying degrees of severity of apraxia of speech. Author(s): Van Putten SM, Walker JP. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2003 January-February; 36(1): 77-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555762&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between buccofacial and limb apraxia. Author(s): Raade AS, Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1991 July; 16(2): 130-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1930972&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between limb apraxia and the spontaneous use of communicative gesture in aphasia. Author(s): Borod JC, Fitzpatrick PM, Helm-Estabrooks N, Goodglass H. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1989 May; 10(1): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2469448&dopt=Abstract
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The role of the dynamic body schema in praxis: evidence from primary progressive apraxia. Author(s): Buxbaum LJ, Giovannetti T, Libon D. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2000 November; 44(2): 166-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041988&dopt=Abstract
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The specific relation between perception and production errors for place of articulation in developmental apraxia of speech. Author(s): Groenen P, Maassen B, Crul T, Thoonen G. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1996 June; 39(3): 468-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8783127&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a digital voice output device to facilitate language development in a child with developmental apraxia of speech: a case study. Author(s): Bornman J, Alant E, Meiring E. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 September 20; 23(14): 623-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697460&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional computergraphic analysis of apraxia. Neural representations of learned movement. Author(s): Poizner H, Mack L, Verfaellie M, Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1990 February; 113 ( Pt 1): 85-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2302539&dopt=Abstract
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Transitive gesture production in apraxia: visual and nonvisual sensory contributions. Author(s): Westwood DA, Schweizer TA, Heath MD, Roy EA, Dixon MJ, Black SE. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2001 June-July; 46(1-2): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527354&dopt=Abstract
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Truncal and limb apraxia in corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Okuda B, Tanaka H, Kawabata K, Tachibana H, Sugita M. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 July; 16(4): 760-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481706&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral congenital ocular motor apraxia: a case report. Author(s): Kim WJ, Chang BL. Source: Korean J Ophthalmol. 1992 June; 6(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1434046&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral neglect and constructional apraxia in a right-handed artist with a left posterior lesion. Author(s): Marsh GG, Philwin B. Source: Cortex. 1987 March; 23(1): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3032514&dopt=Abstract
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Upper and lower face and ideomotor apraxia in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Capone JG, Della Sala S, Spinnler H, Venneri A. Source: Behavioural Neurology. 2003; 14(1-2): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719633&dopt=Abstract
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Upper and lower face apraxia: role of the right hemisphere. Author(s): Bizzozero I, Costato D, Sala SD, Papagno C, Spinnler H, Venneri A. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 November; 123 ( Pt 11): 2213-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050022&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a content methodology process to enhance feeding abilities threatened by ideational apraxia in people with Alzheimer's-type dementia. Author(s): LeClerc CM, Wells DL. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 1998 September-October; 19(5): 261-7; Quiz 268. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987236&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the distraction hearing test in children with congenital ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Rowe FJ, Marriage J. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1996 October; 30(5): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922699&dopt=Abstract
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Using electropalatography to treat severe acquired apraxia of speech. Author(s): Howard S, Varley R. Source: Eur J Disord Commun. 1995; 30(2): 246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7492855&dopt=Abstract
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Variants of congenital ocular motor apraxia: associations with hydrocephalus, pontocerebellar tumor, and a deficit of vertical saccades. Author(s): Anteby I, Lee B, Noetzel M, Tychsen L. Source: J Aapos. 1997 December; 1(4): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10532764&dopt=Abstract
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Velar movements during speech in a patient with apraxia of speech. Author(s): Itoh M, Sasanuma S, Ushijima T. Source: Brain and Language. 1979 March; 7(2): 227-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=466393&dopt=Abstract
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Verbal reaction time patterns in aphasic adults: consideration for apraxia of speech. Author(s): Towne RL, Crary MA. Source: Brain and Language. 1988 September; 35(1): 138-53. Erratum In: Brain Lang 1989 July; 37(1): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2460184&dopt=Abstract
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Vertical congenital ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Ro A, Gummeson B, Orton RB, Cadera W. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1989 October; 24(6): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2611714&dopt=Abstract
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Vertical ocular motor apraxia. Author(s): Ebner R, Lopez L, Ochoa S, Crovetto L. Source: Neurology. 1990 April; 40(4): 712-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320251&dopt=Abstract
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Vertical oculomotor apraxia and memory loss. Author(s): Mills RP, Swanson PD. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1978 August; 4(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=707985&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrotactile stimulation for intersystemic reorganization in the treatment of apraxia of speech. Author(s): Rubow RT, Rosenbek J, Collins M, Longstreth D. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1982 April; 63(4): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7082136&dopt=Abstract
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Visual-imitative dissociation apraxia. Author(s): Merians AS, Clark M, Poizner H, Macauley B, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 November; 35(11): 1483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352526&dopt=Abstract
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Visuoimaginal constructional apraxia: on a case of selective deficit of imagery. Author(s): Grossi D, Orsini A, Modafferi A, Liotti M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1986 July; 5(3): 255-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756003&dopt=Abstract
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Voice onset time characteristics in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Itoh M, Sasanuma S, Tatsumi IF, Murakami S, Fukusako Y, Suzuki T. Source: Brain and Language. 1982 November; 17(2): 193-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7159832&dopt=Abstract
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WAIS performance IQ in aphasia as a function of auditory comprehension and constructional apraxia. Author(s): Borod JC, Carper M, Goodglass H. Source: Cortex. 1982 July; 18(2): 199-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7128170&dopt=Abstract
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What is it? Case 1, 1990: progressive unilateral rigidity, bradykinesia, tremulousness, and apraxia, leading to fixed postural deformity of the involved limb. Author(s): Greene PE, Fahn S, Lang AE, Watts RL, Eidelberg D, Powers JM. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1990; 5(4): 341-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2259362&dopt=Abstract
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What is it? Case 1, 1994: rapidly progressive aphasia, apraxia, dementia, myoclonus, and parkinsonism. Author(s): Wojcieszek J, Lang AE, Jankovic J, Greene P, Deck J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1994 May; 9(3): 358-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7518892&dopt=Abstract
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Withdrawal syndrome is not precipitated when butorphanol is added to opiate or opioid therapy. A comment on intranasal butorphanol-induced apraxia reversed by naloxone. Author(s): Barkin RL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 September-October; 16(5): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8888097&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and apraxia.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Apraxia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “apraxia” (or a synonym): •
“Apraxia of eyelid opening” induced by levodopa therapy and apomorphine in atypical parkinsonism (possible progressive supranuclear palsy): a case report. Author(s): Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Italy. Source: Defazio, G De Mari, M De Salvia, R Lamberti, P Giorelli, M Livrea, P ClinNeuropharmacol. 1999 Sep-October; 22(5): 292-4 0362-5664
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Frequency of apraxia of eyelid opening in the general population and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders. Author(s): Department of Neurologic and Psychiatric Sciences, Section of Neurology, University of Bari, I-70124 Bari, Italy. Source: Lamberti, P De Mari, M Zenzola, A Aniello, M S Defazio, G Neurol-Sci. 2002 September; 23 Suppl 2: S81-2 1590-1874
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Lid-opening apraxia in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Department of Neurology, LAC/USC Medical Center. Source: Keane, J R J-Clin-Neuroophthalmol. 1988 March; 8(1): 31-3 0272-846X
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L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine treatment for gait apraxia in parkinsonian patients. Source: Yoshida, M Noguchi, S Kuramoto, S Kurume-Med-J. 1989; 36(2): 67-74 0023-5679
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Phenobarbital-induced buccolingual dyskinesia in oral apraxia. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Italy. Source: Sechi, G P Piras, M R Rosati, G Zuddas, M Ortu, R Tanca, S Agnetti, V EurNeurol. 1988; 28(3): 139-41 0014-3022
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to apraxia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to apraxia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to apraxia: •
Acquired epileptiform opercular syndrome: a second case report, review of the literature, and comparison to the Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Author(s): Shafrir Y, Prensky AL. Source: Epilepsia. 1995 October; 36(10): 1050-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7555956&dopt=Abstract
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Alien hand syndrome: report of two cases. Author(s): Wu FY, Leong CP, Su TL. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999 December; 22(4): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695218&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral contemporaneous posteroventral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: neuropsychological and neurological side effects. Report of four cases and review of the literature.
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Author(s): Ghika J, Ghika-Schmid F, Fankhauser H, Assal G, Vingerhoets F, Albanese A, Bogousslavsky J, Favre J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 August; 91(2): 313-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433321&dopt=Abstract •
Classical and relational psychology. Author(s): Ectors L. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1970; 18(1): 145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4329252&dopt=Abstract
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Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia. Author(s): Stordy BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 January; 71(1 Suppl): 323S-6S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617990&dopt=Abstract
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Development of praxis in children. Author(s): Kools JA, Tweedie D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1975 February; 40(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1118249&dopt=Abstract
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Disorders of perception in stroke. Author(s): Rout MW. Source: Age and Ageing. 1978; Suppl: 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=727056&dopt=Abstract
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Durational changes of apraxic speakers. Author(s): Skenes LL. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1987 February; 20(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3819004&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of auditory prestimulation on naming in aphasia. Author(s): Podraza BL, Darley FL. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977 December; 20(4): 669-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=604681&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on speech intelligibility in individuals with persistent articulatory impairments. Author(s): Ray J. Source: Int J Orofacial Myology. 2003 November; 29: 5-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14689652&dopt=Abstract
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Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Katz WF, Bharadwaj SV, Carstens B. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599618&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying, assessing and helping dyspraxic children. Author(s): Flory S. Source: Dyslexia (Chichester, England). 2000 July-September; 6(3): 205-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10989569&dopt=Abstract
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Letter imagery deficits in a case of pure apraxic agraphia. Author(s): Crary MA, Heilman KM. Source: Brain and Language. 1988 May; 34(1): 147-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382929&dopt=Abstract
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Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in chronic illness. Author(s): More J. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(6 Suppl): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630148&dopt=Abstract
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Nonverbal dialogue with the brain-damaged elderly. Author(s): Fischer T, Fischer R. Source: Confin Psychiatr. 1977; 20(2-3): 61-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=923239&dopt=Abstract
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Blomerth PR. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 February; 16(2): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8445351&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational adaptation: toward a holistic approach for contemporary practice, Part 2. Author(s): Schultz S, Schkade JK. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1992 October; 46(10): 917-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463064&dopt=Abstract
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On the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in mental imagery: the “o'Clock Test” in two clinical cases. Author(s): Grossi D, Modafferi A, Pelosi L, Trojano L.
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Source: Brain and Cognition. 1989 May; 10(1): 18-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2713142&dopt=Abstract •
Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming. Author(s): Pena-Casanova J, Roig-Rovira T, Bermudez A, Tolosa-Sarro E. Source: Brain and Language. 1985 September; 26(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413956&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of drawing disability in right and left hemispheric patients. Author(s): Gainotti G, Tiacci C. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1970 July; 8(3): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4941970&dopt=Abstract
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Potential diagnostic aids for abnormal fatty acid metabolism in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Author(s): Ward PE. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 July-August; 63(12): 65-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970715&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive impairment of constructional abilities: a visuospatial sketchpad deficit? Author(s): Papagno C. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(12): 1858-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207984&dopt=Abstract
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Role of somatosensory feedback from tools in realizing movements by patients with ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Wada Y, Nakagawa Y, Nishikawa T, Aso N, Inokawa M, Kashiwagi A, Tanabe H, Takeda M. Source: European Neurology. 1999; 41(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023108&dopt=Abstract
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Schizokinesis: fragmentation of performance in two strains of pointer dogs. Author(s): Murphree OD, Newton JE. Source: Cond Reflex. 1971 April-June; 6(2): 91-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5165331&dopt=Abstract
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Selective deficit of praxis imagery in ideomotor apraxia. Author(s): Ochipa C, Rapcsak SZ, Maher LM, Rothi LJ, Bowers D, Heilman KM. Source: Neurology. 1997 August; 49(2): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270580&dopt=Abstract
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Singing as therapy for apraxia of speech and aphasia: report of a case. Author(s): Keith RL, Aronson AE. Source: Brain and Language. 1975 October; 2(4): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1218380&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech. Author(s): Shane HC, Darley FL. Source: Cortex. 1978 September; 14(3): 444-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=710154&dopt=Abstract
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The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage. Author(s): Sirigu A, Duhamel JR, Cohen L, Pillon B, Dubois B, Agid Y. Source: Science. 1996 September 13; 273(5281): 1564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703221&dopt=Abstract
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The role of parietal cortex in awareness of self-generated movements: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Author(s): MacDonald PA, Paus T. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 September; 13(9): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902395&dopt=Abstract
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The structure of psychological processes in relation to cerebral organization. Author(s): Luria AR, Simernitskaya EG, Tubylevich B. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1970 January; 8(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5522545&dopt=Abstract
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The word. A neurologist's view on aphasia. Author(s): Hurwitz LJ. Source: Gerontol Clin (Basel). 1971; 13(5): 307-19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5113982&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acquired aphasia. Author(s): Darley FL. Source: Adv Neurol. 1975; 7: 111-45. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1090128&dopt=Abstract
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Using electropalatography to treat severe acquired apraxia of speech. Author(s): Howard S, Varley R. Source: Eur J Disord Commun. 1995; 30(2): 246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7492855&dopt=Abstract
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Visuoimaginal constructional apraxia: on a case of selective deficit of imagery. Author(s): Grossi D, Orsini A, Modafferi A, Liotti M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1986 July; 5(3): 255-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3756003&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to apraxia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Apraxia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy Apraxia Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to apraxia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “apraxia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on apraxia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Apraxia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to apraxia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Defining Ideational Apraxia through a Concensus of Professionals in the Neurogenic Field by Wilson, Kimberly Renee, MS from University of South Alabama, 2003, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412885
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Differentiating Linguistic and Motor Programming Errors According to Perceptual and Acoustic Measures in Apraxia of Speech by Smith, Melanie Suzanne, PhD from University of South Alabama, 2003, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078582
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Evaluation of Motor Proficiency and Apraxia in Autism: Effects on Sign Language Acquisition by Soorya, Latha V., PhD from State University of New York at Binghamton, 2003, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102088
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Manual Dexterity and Developmental Verbal Apraxia in Young Children. by Kornse, Diane D., EDD from Lehigh University, 1978, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7908512
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Temporal Patterning of Aerodynamic and Acoustic Events in Apraxia of Speech by Dodaro, Robert Raymond, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1987, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712098
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning apraxia.
Recent Trials on Apraxia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to apraxia.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
EEG and EMG Analysis of Ideomotor Apraxia Condition(s): Ideomotor Apraxia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine how the brain operates during execution and control of voluntary movement and what goes wrong with these processes in disease. It will use electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) to compare brain function in normal subjects and in patients with-a disorder affecting patients with stroke and other brain lesions. These patients have problems with timing, sequence and spatial organization of certain types of movements. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain. The activity is recorded using wire electrodes attached to the scalp or mounted on a Lycra cap placed on the head. EMG measures electrical activity from muscles. It uses wire electrodes placed on the skin over the muscles. Adult healthy normal volunteers and patients with ideomotor apraxia with a single left brain lesion may be eligible for this study. Study participants will be asked to make certain movements with their arms or hands, such as waving and using scissors. Brain and muscle activity will be measured during these tasks with EEG and EMG recordings. Patients may be asked to repeat these tests over time as their condition changes (such as during recovery from a stroke) to gain information about the recovery process. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below
5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00024999 •
Using fMRI to Understand the Roles of Brain Areas for Fine Hand Movements Condition(s): Ideomotor Apraxia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: Ideomotor apraxia, a disorder that affects patients with stroke and a variety of other brain lesions, features disturbed timing, sequence, and spatial organization of skilled movements. This study will look at how different areas of the human brain control fine hand movements. Thirty-five participants 21 years and older will be enrolled in this study-25 healthy, right-handed people, and 10 stroke patients. They will undergo two outpatient sessions, each lasting up to 3 hours. The first visit for the stroke patients will occur between 2 weeks and 3 months after the stroke; the second visit will be at least 6 months after the stroke. Participants will have a physical exam, give a medical history, and complete a questionnaire. Then they will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. They will lie in the MRI scanner and will be asked to do a number of skilled hand movements using the right hand (such as pretending to use a hammer or waving goodbye) in response to directions that will appear on a screen mounted over their head. Their movements will be recorded on videotape during the procedures. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063115
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “apraxia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON APRAXIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “apraxia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on apraxia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Apraxia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to apraxia:
6Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 7 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Application of aprataxin gene to diagnosis and treatment for early-onset spinocerebellar ataxia (EAOH) Inventor(s): Tsuji, Shoji; (Niigata, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030099978 Date filed: August 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides polynucleotides and proteins, which are involved in early-onset spinocerebellar ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH); and methods of using the polynucleotides and/or proteins to treat and/or diagnose EAOH. Excerpt(s): Friedreigh's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease among Caucasian populations. FRDA is characterized by the early onset of the disease usually before the age of 25, a progressive ataxia, sensory loss, absence of tendon reflexes and pyramidal weakness of the legs (Friedreich N, Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat., 68, 145-245 (1876); Freidreich N, Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat., 70, 140-142 (1877); Harding, A. E., Brain 104, 589-620 (1981); Durr, A. et al., N Engl J Med 335, 1169-75 (1996)). FRDA is known to be caused by a mutation of a gene on chromosome 9q13. The inventor has recently identified a patient group which is characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance, early age of onset, FRDA-like clinical presentations, and hypoalbuminemia. Linkage of a causative gene of this disease to the FRDA locus was excluded by linkage analysis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with apraxia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on apraxia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning apraxia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON APRAXIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to apraxia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on apraxia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on apraxia: •
Approaches to the Treatment of Aphasia Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. 274 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565938410. Summary: This book is a collection of reports from clinicians about the clinical management of specific individuals with aphasia. The volume presents readers with an opportunity to eavesdrop on some highly experienced clinicians as they grapple with the very real problems of helping their particular patients. The eight cases were originally presented to other clinicians at a conference in Cody, Wyoming in October 1996. The introductory chapter reviews the historical perspective of using case studies, particularly in the field of aphasia therapy. The other eight chapters each offer one case
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study, covering issues including a case of aphasia, apraxia of speech, and apraxia of phonation; a strategy for improving oral naming in an individual with a phonological access impairment; a cognitive approach to treatment of an aphasic patient; an experimental treatment of sentence comprehension; treating sentence production in agrammatic aphasia; treatment for letter by letter reading; alexia without agraphia; and treating real life functionality in a couple coping with severe aphasia. A final chapter summarizes the impact on clinical care of a changing health care system. Most chapters conclude with a list of references and the book concludes with a subject index. •
Motor Speech Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1994. 288 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $38.00. ISBN: 1557661375. Summary: This book is based on selected papers given at the Conference on Motor Speech Disorders held in 1992 at Boulder, Colorado. The book presents seventeen chapters organized into four sections: perspectives on motor speech disorders, clinical characteristics, advances in diagnostic assessment, and approaches to treatment. Specific topics covered include: dysarthria from the viewpoint of individuals with dysarthria; classification of individuals with dysarthria; spasmodic torticollis; Parkinsonian dysarthria; vowel variability in developmental apraxia of speech; the application of instrumental techniques in the assessment of dysarthria; accelerometric difference index for subjects with normal and hypernasal speech; increasing the efficiency of articulatory force testing of adults with traumatic brain injury; tongue function testing in Parkinson's disease; semantic context and speech intelligibility; CPAP therapy for treating hypernasality following closed head injury; accelerating speech in hypokinetic dysarthria; and the effects of syllable characteristics and training on speaking rate in a child with dysarthria secondary to near-drowning. Each chapter includes extensive references and a subject index concludes the text.
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Family Guide to Surviving Stroke and Communication Disorders Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. 273 p. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $20.95. ISBN: 0205285384. Summary: This book offers families practical information on stroke related communication disorders, particularly aphasia, apraxia, and dysarthrias. Through nontechnical terms, a short story, case studies, questions and answers, and examples, the book engages families, stroke and rehabilitation specialists, and counselors on a journey toward understanding and healing. Twelve chapters cover stroke and the ability to communicate, the loss of language, motor speech disorders, complications, loss of awareness, thinking without language, depression and the stroke survivor, anxiety and the stroke survivor, maintaining relationships, accepting unwanted change, and speech and language rehabilitation. The book includes a glossary of stroke terminology and a subject index. Appendices offer lists of associations and agencies, resources for further reading and research, and a list of aphasia community groups.
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Mentally Impaired Elderly: Strategies and Interventions to Maintain Function Source: Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. 1991. 171 p. Contact: Available from Haworth Press, Inc. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (607) 722-7068 or (800) 342-9678. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 1560241683. Summary: This book offers guidelines for both professional and personal caregivers of elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease or other mental impairment. Beginning with a theoretical model, interventions are suggested for maintaining the functional level of elderly persons with Alzheimer's disease by focusing on controlling the environment to increase the individual's self care ability. The book describes research on the role of temporal adaptation in self care, the relationship between apraxia and dressing skills, and efforts to enrich the daily lives of institutionalized residents using program enhancement. Other chapters discuss program planning in geriatric psychiatry, approaches to problem behavior, and conflicts in managing elderly parents. References are included at the end of each chapter.
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Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders. 2nd Ed Source: Malvern, PA: Lea and Febiger. 1983. [134 p.]. Contact: Available from Lea and Febiger. 200 Chester Field Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355-9725. (610) 251-2230. PRICE: $47.00 for complete package including the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Booklet, 16 Test Stimulus Cards, Boston Naming Test, and Boston Naming Test Scoring Booklet. ISBN: 0812109015. Summary: This book offers some insights into the assessment of aphasia and related disorders that can serve as a bridge to relating test scores to the common aphasic syndromes recognized by neurologists. This book's opening two chapters describes aphasic disorders and the goals and rationale of the assessment procedure. Chapter 3 cites the statistical data available up to 1982. Chapter 4 describes the test procedure, subtest by subtest, and is intended to serve as an instruction manual for the examiner. Chapter 5 describes additional, unstandardized, special language testing procedures, some of which are being investigated and others that are used informally at the Boston University Aphasia Research Center. Chapter 6 describes a supplementary nonverbal battery covering apraxia and the quantitative, visuospatial, and somatognostic problems that, in addition to language, are so often implicated. Chapter 7 describes the major aphasic syndromes, discusses some of the rare pure forms of selective aphasia, and shows how each pattern is reflected in the Aphasia Test score profile, with the help of selected case summaries. This book includes the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and 16 stimulus cards.
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Developmental Motor Speech Disorders Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1993. 283 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $42.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1879105926. Summary: This book presents nine chapters, divided into three sections, on developmental motor speech disorders. Chapter 1 presents a historical perspective focusing on traditional views of developmental dysarthria and apraxia of speech. A neurolinguistic perspective is offered in Chapter 2, in which the underpinnings of an
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explanatory model are reviewed. This chapter portrays the potential for multiple, interactive problems to exist in the child with a developmental motor speech disorder. A motolinguistic model is presented in Chapter 3. Based on the neurolinguistic principles offered in Chapter 2, this model presents a simplified conceptualization of a continuum of motor and language behaviors. Basic definitions and expected performance profiles are delineated in consideration of this model. Chapters 4 through 7 present performance characteristics of the child with a developmental motor speech disorder. Most of this information is based on work in the area of apraxia of speech, but, when possible, interpretations relevant to dysarthria are offered. Finally, Chapters 8 and 9 offer strategies for clinical assessment of and intervention for the child with a developmental motor speech disorder. A subject index concludes the volume. 6 appendices. 225 references. (AA-M). •
Desk Reference of Assessment Instruments in Speech and Language Source: San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1996. 416 p. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Psychological Corporation, Order Service Center, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; TTY (800) 723-1318; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0761632255. Summary: This book, written for clinicians, students, and researchers in speechlanguage pathology, presents detailed reviews of more than ninety commercially available assessment instruments in speech and language. The authors provide a description of the instrument content, a qualitative evaluation of its effectiveness, and information on publishers and prices. Treatment areas covered include language, articulation, phonology, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, head injury, fluency, voice, oral motor skills, auditory processing, early childhood, and special needs. An appendix lists the tests alphabetically by title and includes information about the category, age range, publisher, and price; a second appendix lists publisher's addresses. 113 references. (AAM).
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Communication Problems After a Brain Injury or Stroke Source: Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). 1994. 12 p. Contact: Available from Pritchett and Hull Associates, Inc. 3440 Oakcliff Road, N.E., Suite 110, Atlanta, GA 30340-3079. (800) 241-4925. PRICE: $3.20 for health professionals; $6.25 retail; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0939838443. Summary: This booklet is written to help patients and their families and caregivers understand common communication problems that can occur after a brain injury or stroke. Topics include communication and the brain, what happens to the brain during a stroke, the symptoms of communication disorders, using gestures as a basic way to communicate, the role of the speech language pathologist or therapist, aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, cognitive problems, writing, understanding speech, memory problems, and getting respite. For each of the common communication problems, the authors provide communication strategies to address the disorder. The booklet is illustrated with cartoon-like line drawings depicting a variety of ethnic groups.
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Hegde's Pocket Guide to Treatment in Speech-Language Pathology. 2nd edition Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2001. 576 p.
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Contact: Available from Thomson Learning Group. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 842-3636. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0769301592. Summary: This pocket guide to treatment procedures in speech language pathology has been designed for clinical practitioners and students in communicative disorders. The guidebook combines a specialized dictionary of terms, clinical resource book, and information typical to textbooks and manuals on treatment. By avoiding theoretical background and controversies, the guide gives the essence of treatment in a step by step format that promotes easy understanding and ready reference just before beginning treatment. Major topics covered are: aphasia (impairment of language comprehension), apraxia of speech (neurogenic speech disorder), articulation and phonological disorders, cerebral palsy, cleft palate, cluttering, dementia, dysarthria (motor speech disorder), dysphagia (swallowing disorders), hearing impairment, language disorders in children, laryngectomy (removal of the larynx), right hemisphere syndrome, stuttering, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and voice disorders. Under each of the main entries for these major disorders, the clinician may then look up subentries or specific types of disorders. •
Neuromotor Speech Disorders: Nature, Assessment, and Management Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1998. 339 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557663262. Summary: This textbook is a compilation of research of interest to speech language pathologists, health care professionals, basic researchers, and students who treat or study pathologies of motor systems affecting speech communication. The 18 chapters contain information about the basic nature of speech motor processes and methods by which they are evaluated; mechanisms of their breakdown in neuropathology; and resultant consequences for the physiological production, acoustic transmission, and understandability of disordered speech. In addition, specific information on the clinical characteristics and management of specific neuromotor speech disorders (e.g., the various dysarthrias, apraxia of speech, spasmodic dysphonia) is presented. One section discusses intelligibility, acceptability, and naturalness (three chapters); another addresses controversial issues in dysphonia (three chapters). Each chapter, written by specialists in the field, includes references, and the text concludes with a subject index.
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Essentials for Speech-Language Pathologists Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2001. 468 p. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning Group. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 842-3636. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0769300715. Summary: This textbook is designed to help new professionals with the transition to clinical practice in speech language pathology. The text focuses on professional issues with American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) guidelines and practice standards, followed by case law and legislation that dictate professional practice in educational and health care settings, as well as a review of the most common communicative disorders and corresponding assessment and treatment guidelines. Specific disorders covered include aphasia, apraxia, articulation and phonological
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disorders, attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), autism, cleft lip and cleft palate, dementias, dysarthria, dysphagia in adults, fluency disorders, hearing loss, language disorders in children, laryngectomy, multicultural issues in speech language pathology, pediatric feeding problems, reading and spelling disorders, syndromes, traumatic brain injury, and voice disorders. The assessment portion of each chapter reviews basic testing protocol related to the disorder. In some cases, the names of published tests are provided, as well as informal procedures that can be used to assess clients with the disorder. The text concludes with two appendixes: first, standard reading passages used for a variety of assessments; and second a list of resources, including web sites, addresses, and telephone numbers of information organizations; ordering information for AAC devices and laryngectomy equipment; and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of various companies that offer assessment and therapy materials. A list of references and a subject index conclude the book. The text is recommended reading for students and professionals who are preparing to take the Praxis Examination in Speech Language Pathology. 390 references. •
Clinical Aphasiology Source: Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. 1996. 293 p. Contact: Available from Pro-Ed. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, TX 78757-6897. (800) 897-3202 or (512) 451-3246; Fax (512) 451-8542. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0890796955. Summary: This textbook on clinical aphasiology contains original papers first presented at the 1994 Clinical Aphasiology Conference (CAC), held in Traverse City, Michigan. The book is divided into five sections that include consideration of theory-driven clinical research and various scientific, professional, and treatment issues relevant to communication rehabilitation for adults with aphasia and with right-hemisphere dysfunction. The first part, theory in clinical research, presents three manuscripts that highlight the importance of, preparation for, and pitfalls in the inferential chain used in theory building (i.e., theory, experiment, interpretation, theory). The second part, apraxia of speech and phonological output, explores the diagnostically challenging area of motor speech and aphasic output disorders. This section includes a review of acoustic analyses studies in aphasia and apraxia of speech, two acoustic investigations, and two treatment studies. Part Three, diagnostic tests and prognosis for aphasia, delineates the scoring and rationale for The Philadelphia Naming Test, presents the effects of normal aging variables on the Boston Naming Test, compares aphasic performances on two versions of the Revised Token Test, and concludes with longitudinal measures for acute aphasia on the Western Aphasia Battery. Part Four includes information and evidence for a basal temporal language area, question asking strategies, and picture naming variability in adult aphasia. The volume concludes with investigations of right hemisphere processing deficits: proverb interpretation, plausibility judgements, error awareness, and the effects of auditory distractors on comprehension performance. An author index is appended.
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Communication for the Speechless. 3rd ed Source: Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1995. 413 p. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham, MA 02194-2310. (800) 278-3525 or (617) 455-1200; Fax (515) 284-2607. PRICE: $50.85 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0013184874.
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Summary: This textbook provides information about augmentative and alternative communications methods used for children and adults with essentially normal hearing who are without speech. Their speech disorders may have resulted from one or a combination of several conditions, including severe dysarthria, severe verbal apraxia, aphasia, glossectomy, tracheostomy, dysphonia, severe mental retardation, or childhood autism. The first section defines augmentative communication strategies. The author indicates how such strategies have been used with several clinical populations, describes the need for a communication rather than a speech orientation when dealing with persons from these populations, and summarizes the relevant outcome literature. The second section describes and evaluates the various gestural (unaided), gesturalassisted (aided) and neuro-assisted (aided) communication strategies that have been developed. Finally, the author describes an evaluation procedure for selecting the appropriate communication strategy or strategies for each client. The book contains a comprehensive bibliography, a list of sources of materials for teaching the use of augmentative communication strategies, a list of sources of 'components' for communication aids, and a detailed subject index. 2300 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “apraxia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “apraxia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “apraxia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
6 Data Shts/Box 2-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 0761685278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685278/icongroupinterna
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8 Data Shts/Box 4-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 0761685294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685294/icongroupinterna
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9 Data Shts/Box 1-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 076168526X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076168526X/icongroupinterna
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Acquired Apraxia of Speech in Aphasic Adults by Paula S. Storer (Editor); ISBN: 0863771831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863771831/icongroupinterna
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Acquired Apraxia of Speech in Aphasic Adults: Theoretical and Clinical Issues (Brain Damage, Behavior and Cognition: Developments in Clinical Neuro) by Paula SquareStorer (Editor); ISBN: 086377184X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086377184X/icongroupinterna
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Agnosia and Apraxia; ISBN: 0936925019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936925019/icongroupinterna
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Agnosia and Apraxia: Selected Papers of Liepmann, Lange, and Potzl (Institute for Research in Behavioral Neuroscience) by Jason W. Brown (Editor); ISBN: 080580286X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080580286X/icongroupinterna
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Aphasia, Apraxia of Speech, and Aysarthria (Book and Cassette) by David E. Hartman, James P. Dworkin; ISBN: 1565933095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565933095/icongroupinterna
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Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia: Clinical and Theoretical Aspects, by Jason W. Brown; ISBN: 0398022119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398022119/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia of speech in adults : the disorder and its management by Robert T. Wertz; ISBN: 0808916122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808916122/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia of Speech: Physiology, Acoustics, Linguistics, Management by John C. Rosenbek (Editor); ISBN: 0316757187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316757187/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia of Speech-Set 4* by Thresher; ISBN: 076167988X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076167988X/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia Program Resource by Jane Mertz Garcia; ISBN: 0884509486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884509486/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia Theranotes (Theranotes Series) by Dawn Scott Knauss; ISBN: 0761612122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761612122/icongroupinterna
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Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action by Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0863777430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863777430/icongroupinterna
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Box 1-Apraxia Speech Library by *; ISBN: 0761685162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685162/icongroupinterna
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Box 2-Apraxia Speech Library by *; ISBN: 0761685170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685170/icongroupinterna
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Box 3-Apraxia Speech Library by *; ISBN: 0761685189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685189/icongroupinterna
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Box 4-Apraxia Speech Library by *; ISBN: 0761685197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685197/icongroupinterna
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Childhood Apraxia of Speech Resource Guide by Shelley Lynne Velleman; ISBN: 0769301657; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0769301657/icongroupinterna
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Developmental Apraxia of Speech: Theory and Clinical Practice by Penelope K. Hall, et al; ISBN: 0890795827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890795827/icongroupinterna
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Developmental Dyspraxia & Adult-Onset Apraxia: A Lecture Prepared for Sensory Integration International by Jean A. Ayres; ISBN: 1882068009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882068009/icongroupinterna
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Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech: Perspectives on Management by Christopher A. Moore, et al; ISBN: 1557660697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557660697/icongroupinterna
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Dysarthria and Apraxia: Current Therapy of Communication Disorders by William H. Perkins; ISBN: 0865774048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865774048/icongroupinterna
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Easy Does It for Apraxia & Motor Planning by Catherine E. Chamberlain, Robin Strode; ISBN: 1559992646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559992646/icongroupinterna
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Manual-Apraxia Speech Library by *; ISBN: 0761685200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685200/icongroupinterna
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Neuropsychological Studies of Apraxia and Related Disorders (Advances in Psychology, Vol 23) by Eric A. Roy (Editor); ISBN: 0444876693; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444876693/icongroupinterna
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Set 10 Tabs/Box 2-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 0761685235; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685235/icongroupinterna
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Set 14 Tabs/Box 4-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 0761685251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685251/icongroupinterna
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Set 15 Tabs/Box 1-Apraxia Libr by *; ISBN: 0761685227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685227/icongroupinterna
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Set/262 Cards-Box 2-apraxia by *; ISBN: 0761685138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685138/icongroupinterna
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Set/366 Cards-Box 4-apraxia by *; ISBN: 0761685154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761685154/icongroupinterna
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Set/417 Cards-Box 1-apraxia by *; ISBN: 076168512X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076168512X/icongroupinterna
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Sourcebook of Apraxia Remediation Activities by Kenneth G. Shipley, et al; ISBN: 0930951476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930951476/icongroupinterna
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Speech Practice Manual for Dysarthria Apraxia and Other Disorders of Articulation: Compare and Contrast by Robert L. Keith, et al; ISBN: 1556641346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556641346/icongroupinterna
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Take Time to Talk: A Resource for Apraxia Therapy, Esophageal Speech Training, Aphasia Therapy, and Articulation Therapy by Patricia F. White; ISBN: 0750697830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750697830/icongroupinterna
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The Apraxia Profile Kit by Hickman; ISBN: 076163259X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076163259X/icongroupinterna
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The Clumsy Child: A Study of Developmental Apraxic and Agnostic Ataxia by Sasson S. Gubbay; ISBN: 072164340X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072164340X/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Apraxia: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597830460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597830460/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Apraxia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to apraxia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and apraxia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the
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bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on apraxia: •
Apraxia Source: in Vinson, B.P. Essentials for Speech-Language Pathologists. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2001. p. 99-113. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning Group. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 842-3636. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0769300715. Summary: Apraxia is a neurogenic (nervous system based) speech disorder resulting from sensorimotor impairment of the ability to program and execute the muscles used to create speech. Acquired apraxia of speech may occur as the result of a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or tumor. This chapter on apraxia is from a textbook that is designed to help new professionals with the transition to clinical practice in speech language pathology. The author notes that in apraxia, the most frequent misarticulations are omissions and substitutions. Also, the number of misarticulations typically increases when the complexity of the speech task increases. Developmental apraxia of speech (DAOS) typically occurs at a time when children are acquiring language and includes inability to perform or difficulty performing the purposeful voluntary movements for speech. The author discusses assessment tools and strategies, followed by a section on treatment options. The specific speech tasks that need to be covered are listed, from easy to more difficult tasks. The chapter concludes with two appendixes: checklists for limb, oral, and verbal apraxia; and suggested words for imitation when assessing speech apraxia. 5 tables.
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Phonological Analysis of Apraxia of Speech in Broca's Aphasia Source: in Cannito, M.P.; Yorkston, K.M.; Beukelman, D.R., eds. Neuromotor Speech Disorders: Nature, Assessment, and Management. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1998. p. 309-321. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557663262. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook offering a compilation of research of interest to speech language pathologists, health care professionals, basic researchers, and students who treat or study pathologies of motor systems affecting speech communication. This chapter discusses the phonological analysis of apraxia of speech in Broca's aphasia. The authors present a study in which they describe the speech of 10 subjects with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. The authors assume a phonological analytic vantage point to address the issue of potential linguistic explanations for observed speech output characteristics of apraxia in Broca's aphasia. Subjects had clinical characteristics of effortful, groping articulation; speech dysprosody; variable articulation errors; and other symptomatology congruent with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech. The results failed to reveal evidence that subjects with Broca's aphasia exhibit impairment in phonological ability. Error rates were low with limited use of phonological processes. The results support a motor programming interpretation of
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apraxia of speech as manifested in Broca's aphasia, as opposed to an underlying deficit at the phonological level of language processing. 4 figures. 2 tables. 23 references. •
Apraxia of Speech: Another Form of Praxis Disruption Source: in Rothi, L.J. and Heilman, K.M., eds. Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action. East Sussex, United Kingdom: Psychology Press. 1997. p. 173-206. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis. Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG248PR, England. +44(0)1256 813000. Fax +44(0)1256 479438. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 0863777430. Summary: This chapter on apraxia of speech is from a neuropsychology textbook on apraxia. The authors of this chapter focus only on the manner in which aspects of speech production processes are altered as a result of damage to the left hemisphere of the brain. The discussion provides evidence indicating that language and sensorimotor speech processes may be independently disrupted as a result of left hemisphere brain damage. The authors then provide a general discussion of the neurophysiology of motor control. Preliminary evidence is provided which demonstrates that several variations of motor speech implementation difficulties may arise from left hemisphere damage. Hypotheses regarding the nature and variations of motor speech disorders subsequent to left-hemisphere brain damage are also discussed. The final sections of the chapter review the similarities between speech, buccofacial, and limb apraxia with regard to lesion sites associated with the disorders and resulting behaviors as measured both behaviorally and physiologically. The chapter concludes with a brief review of motor speech treatments for apraxia of speech. 1 table. 185 references.
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Dysarthria-Apraxia Source: in Harris, L.G.; Shelton, I.S. Desk Reference of Assessments in Speech-Language. Tucson, AZ: Communication Skill Builders. 1993. p. 165-174. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. 3830 East Bellvue, P.O. Box 42050, Tucson, AZ 85733. Voice (602) 323-7500; Fax (606) 325-0306. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0884506320. Summary: This chapter, from a reference book on current speech and language testing instruments, presents detailed reviews of assessments in the area of dysarthria/apraxia. Four instruments are reviewed, including the Apraxia Battery for Adults; the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speakers; Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment; and the Screening Test for Developmental Apraxia of Speech. For each entry, the authors provide a detailed description of the instrument content, an evaluation of its effectiveness, and current information on publishers and prices. The chapter also includes details regarding standardization data (reliability and validity), administrative considerations, and scoring.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on apraxia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on apraxia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “apraxia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on apraxia: •
Identification of Motor Speech Disorders Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA). 1997. (videocassette and study guide). Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: $120.00 for ASHA members; $130.00 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580410103. Summary: This video conference (designed for self study) offers an opportunity for clinicians to sharpen their ability to differentially diagnose motor speech disorders (the dysarthria and apraxia of speech). This includes presentation and subsequent discussion of numerous audio and videotape samples of people with a wide variety of motor speech disorders (MSD). Clinicians are asked to identify salient and confirmatory features of the speech disorders and to draw conclusions about the type of MSD and its implications for lesion localization. Clinicians are taught to express their diagnostic
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conclusions in a manner that can assist in the localization and diagnosis of neurologic disease. Topics covered in the manual and accompanying videotape include: the importance of this differential diagnosis of MSDs, basic categorization and definitions of the dysarthrias, assessment principles and procedures, flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, ataxic dysarthria, hypokinetic dysarthria, hyperkinetic dysarthria, unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, mixed dysarthria, and apraxia of speech. The self study unit includes a pretraining assessment and a posttraining assessment. In addition, the manual offers reprinted articles that are relevant to the diagnosis of MSDs. 11 appendices. 16 references. •
Confusion Source: Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Video Press. 1993. Contact: Availabile from the University of Maryland Video Press. 100 North Greene Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 328-7450 or (410) 706-5497 or FAX (410) 7065497. PRICE: $150.00. Also available as part of AZAV07855, a 7-video set (price for set: $950.00). Summary: This video, which features narration by Dr. Peter Rabins, coauthor of the '36Hour Day,' and footage of actual patients, explores the underlying causes of confusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and discusses strategies for managing this problem. Confusion is common among nursing home residents, especially those suffering from AD. Four categories of AD symptoms contribute to confusion: amnesia (inability to learn new things), aphasia (inability to communicate effectively), apraxia (inability to do things), and agnosia (impaired perceptual ability). Medications, illness, environmental changes, and depression may add to confusion. When developing care plans for confused patients, caregivers should first identify the cause of confusion, then explore different management strategies. Effective strategies include reorientation, simplifying environment and activities, using gestures in addition to verbal cues, and eliminating sources of anxiety or frustration.
•
Cerebral Localization of Production Deficits in Aphasia Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. March 31, 1993. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (602) 621-1819 or (602) 621-1787. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program discusses a new method of evaluating the relationship between lesion site and specific speech and language disorders. Three new findings with regard to the neuroanatomic correlates of non-fluent production problems in aphasia are introduced. First, the consistent relationship between apraxia of speech and a particular area of the insula is presented. Next, the involvement of the arcuate fasciculus is discussed in conjunction with the severe production problems characterized by recurring utterances. Finally, the possibility that the angular gyrus might be involved in agrammatic behavior is explored. 26 references. (AA).
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APRAXIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover apraxia.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on apraxia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to apraxia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “apraxia” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “apraxia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to apraxia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “apraxia” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on apraxia:
Periodicals and News
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Speech After Stroke: Rehabilitation Enhances Recovery and Lifestyle Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 14(8): 1-3. August 1996. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 633-4567. PRICE: $3.00 for single copy of newsletter plus shipping and handling. Summary: This newsletter article describes advances in post-stroke speech and language rehabilitation. Topics include how stroke damages brain cells; the three main strokerelated communication disorders, aphasia, dysarthria, and apraxia; how speech rehabilitation can enhance quality of life for people who have had a stroke; diagnosing speech and language problems; the components of a speech rehabilitation program, including exercise and practice, and the use of picture cards, picture boards, workbooks, and computers; and the psychosocial impact of recovering from a stroke. One sidebar outlines the role of family and friends in the recovery process.
Academic Periodicals covering Apraxia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to apraxia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering apraxia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2348 69 10 2 33 2462
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “apraxia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Apraxia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and apraxia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).19 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for apraxia: •
Apraxia of Eyelid Opening Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603119
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Ataxia-oculomotor Apraxia Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=208920
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Ocular Motor Apraxia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=257550 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome,
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Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database20 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database21 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
20
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 21 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on apraxia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to apraxia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to apraxia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “apraxia”:
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Other guides Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Movement Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Speech and Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechandcommunicationdisorders.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html Voice Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on apraxia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Help for Apraxia Source: Oceanside, CA: Academic Communication Associates. 1995. 5 p. Contact: Available from Academic Communication Associates. P.O. Box 586248, Oceanside, CA 92058-6249. (619) 758-9593; Fax (619) 758-1604; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.acadcom.com. PRICE: Single copy free; $13.00 for package of 10 booklets. Item Number 49912-T6. Summary: This brochure familiarizes readers with apraxia, a neurological communication disorder that is often observed following a stroke or a traumatic brain injury. Individuals with apraxia exhibit speech difficulties in situations where they make conscious, voluntary efforts to produce speech. The author outlines behaviors
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commonly observed in apraxia and lists guidelines for remediation. The author stresses that words commonly used in the classroom or in the work environment should be emphasized to help the individual communicate effectively in these situations. The brochure concludes with a brief section emphasizing the importance of a team approach in any apraxia treatment program. •
Apraxia of Speech: Quick Facts Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Contact: Available from NIDCD Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet provides a general overview of apraxia of speech disorder, also known as verbal apraxia or dyspraxia. It covers types of apraxia, characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, treatment, and some research information. The fact sheet includes resources and referrals for additional information. 4pp.
•
Apraxia: A Guide for the Patient and Family Source: Stow, OH: Interactive Therapeutics, Inc. 1995. 37 p. Contact: Available from Interactive Therapeutics, Inc. P.O. Box 1805, Stow, OH 44224. (800) 253-5111 or (216) 688-1371; Fax (330) 923-3030; E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $4.50 each for 1 to 25 copies; bulk rates available. Summary: This patient education booklet describes apraxia, a disorder involving a disruption in sequencing of voluntary muscle movements; the booklet focuses on the type of apraxia that affects the speech mechanism and makes talking difficult. The booklet presents information in seven chapters: definitions, causes, what it sounds like to have apraxia, other side effects of the disorder, treatment options, self-care and family participation in care, and community support options. The booklet concludes with a glossary and a list of recommended resources for additional reading. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to apraxia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not
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be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on apraxia can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Apraxia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to apraxia: •
Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America Telephone: (412) 767-6589 Fax: (412) 767-0534 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.apraxia-kids.org Background: The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America, a not-forprofit organization established in 2000, exists to strengthen the support and systems of care in the lives of children with apraxia so that each child is afforded his or her best opportunity to develop speech. The Association provides support, information, referral, education, and understanding, while also supporting research. Childhood apraxia of speech is a speech disorder in which affected children have difficulty correctly putting together the movement patterns and sequences needed to produce sounds, syllables, or words. Often, a child with apraxia understands language well, but has difficulty making his mouth do what his brain wants it to do. The Association provides information and support. Relevant area(s) of interest: Apraxia
•
Ocular Motor Apraxia Home Page Telephone: +44 1223 775664 Fax: +44 1223 775662 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.wwweb.org/oma/index.html
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Background: The Ocular Motor Apraxia Home Page is a web site on the Internet dedicated to serving as an information resource on Ocular Motor Apraxia (OMA), a rare visual disorder characterized by absence or impairment of horizontal eye movements. These symptoms may vary from child to child, and may include colic during the first several months; difficulty with horizontal eye movements; head jerks and blinking that help to break focus and then realign focus; and low muscle tone, possibly linked to developmental delay. The OMA Home Page serves as a medical information resource, using the Internet to reach a small and geographically dispersed international audience. The site is dedicated to providing understandable information on OMA, offering online networking opportunities to affected individuals and family members, and promoting research into OMA.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to apraxia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with apraxia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about apraxia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “apraxia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
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The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “apraxia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “apraxia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “apraxia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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APRAXIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agraphia: A pathological lack or loss of the ability to write, usually resulting from a brain lesion. [NIH] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures.
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Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH]
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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids. [NIH] Blepharoplasty: Plastic surgery of the eyelid. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]
Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bradykinesia: Abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. [EU] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in
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the management of severe pain. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]
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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU]
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Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU]
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Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH]
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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discriminant Analysis: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH]
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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid
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and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer
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to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fuzzy Logic: Approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. At its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. These ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. Fuzzy logic plays a key role in many medical expert systems. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gait Apraxia: Impaired ambulation not attributed to sensory impairment or motor weakness. frontal lobe disorders; basal ganglia diseases (e.g., parkinsonian disorders); dementia, multi-infarct; Alzheimer disease; and other conditions may be associated with gait apraxia. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Geriatric Psychiatry: A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossectomy: Amputation of the tongue. [NIH]
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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed
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to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic
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chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH]
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Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU]
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Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH]
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MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration,
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pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining
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to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]
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Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH]
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Parkinsonian Disorders: A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, muscle rigidity; tremor, and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see Parkinson disease), secondary parkinsonism (see Parkinson disease, secondary) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the basal ganglia. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pedophilia: A sexual disorder occuring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from APA, DSM-IV, 1994). [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia
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may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphosphates: Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energyrich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which
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another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Professional Practice: The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care. [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]
Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustics: The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound. [NIH] Psycholinguistics: A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
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Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]
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Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saccades: An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes
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through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles
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are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Speech Intelligibility: Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable. [NIH] Speech-Language Pathology: The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the
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parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases;
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vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
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Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
155
INDEX A Abdominal, 123, 128, 143 Ablation, 10, 123 Acoustic, 6, 8, 11, 18, 29, 73, 74, 85, 86, 123 Activities of Daily Living, 3, 28, 123 Adaptation, 66, 67, 83, 123 Adjustment, 123 Adverse Effect, 123, 124, 149 Afferent, 8, 123 Age of Onset, 80, 123, 126 Agnosia, 5, 20, 51, 87, 88, 94, 123 Agonist, 123, 124, 132, 141 Agraphia, 27, 36, 50, 67, 82, 123 Alexia, 82, 123, 132 Algorithms, 11, 123, 126 Alternative medicine, 96, 123 Amino Acids, 124, 125, 144, 145, 146 Amnesia, 27, 94, 124 Amygdala, 124, 125, 151 Anal, 90, 124, 131, 134 Analgesic, 124, 126, 141 Analog, 10, 124 Analogous, 14, 124, 152 Anaphylactic, 33, 124 Anaphylaxis, 124 Anatomical, 124, 126, 137, 148 Anemia, 107, 124 Antibacterial, 124, 150 Antibiotic, 124, 150 Anus, 124, 126 Anxiety, 82, 94, 124 Apomorphine, 62, 124 Aponeurosis, 37, 124 Arterial, 124, 128, 136, 146 Arteries, 124, 126, 130, 140 Articulation, 7, 14, 54, 55, 84, 85, 89, 90, 124, 132 Ataxia, 10, 13, 20, 23, 28, 33, 43, 44, 45, 48, 54, 80, 89, 106, 107, 124, 136, 151 Atrophy, 28, 106, 107, 125 Atypical, 13, 18, 19, 62, 125 Auditory, 12, 58, 66, 69, 84, 86, 125, 135 Autonomic, 15, 125, 144, 149, 150 Autonomic Nervous System, 15, 125, 144, 149, 150 Autopsy, 20, 125 Axilla, 125, 126
B Bacteria, 124, 125, 132, 140, 150, 153 Bacterial Physiology, 123, 125 Basal Ganglia, 37, 38, 54, 125, 126, 134, 136, 144 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 125, 134, 136 Base, 125, 138, 151 Benign, 125, 126, 135, 139, 141 Benign tumor, 125, 139 Bewilderment, 125, 130 Bilateral, 9, 32, 41, 65, 125, 143 Biochemical, 10, 125, 134 Biogenic Monoamines, 125, 139 Biotechnology, 17, 96, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 126 Bladder, 126, 137, 142, 146, 152, 153 Blepharitis, 9, 126 Blepharoplasty, 31, 126 Blepharospasm, 8, 20, 21, 31, 46, 48, 126 Blinking, 8, 113, 126 Blood pressure, 126, 136, 141 Blood vessel, 126, 127, 135, 138, 139, 149, 150, 151, 153 Blood-Brain Barrier, 126, 139 Body Regions, 126, 128 Bone scan, 126, 148 Bowel, 124, 126, 131 Bowel Movement, 126, 131 Brachial, 26, 126 Brachial Plexus, 26, 126 Bradykinesia, 58, 126, 144 Brain Neoplasms, 126, 136, 151 Branch, 10, 119, 126, 142, 144, 147, 150, 151 Breakdown, 13, 85, 126, 131 Butorphanol, 59, 126 C Calcification, 32, 127 Calcium, 127, 129, 140 Carbon Dioxide, 127, 134, 148 Carcinogenic, 127, 137 Carcinogens, 127, 143 Cardiac, 43, 127, 141 Cardiovascular, 32, 127, 149 Case report, 24, 56, 62, 65, 127 Case series, 5, 127 Caudal, 127, 131, 137, 145 Cell Division, 106, 125, 127, 145, 149 Cell Respiration, 127, 148
156
Apraxia
Central Nervous System, 9, 125, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141 Central Nervous System Infections, 127, 135, 136 Cerebellar, 23, 52, 125, 127, 147, 152 Cerebellum, 126, 127, 147 Cerebral hemispheres, 67, 125, 126, 128, 151 Cerebral Infarction, 128, 136 Cerebral Palsy, 85, 128, 150 Cerebrospinal, 128, 136 Cerebrospinal fluid, 128, 136 Cerebrum, 128, 151, 152 Cervical, 126, 128, 152 Chromosome, 13, 80, 128, 139, 149 Chronic, 67, 106, 128, 132, 137, 138, 145 Chronic renal, 128, 145 Cleft Palate, 85, 86, 128 Clinical trial, 6, 75, 76, 103, 128, 130, 146, 147 Clone, 8, 128 Clonic, 126, 128 Cloning, 126, 128 Cofactor, 128, 146 Cognition, 18, 19, 23, 30, 34, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 68, 70, 87, 128, 138 Colic, 113, 128 Collapse, 124, 126, 128 Complement, 129 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 71, 129 Complementary medicine, 65, 129 Computational Biology, 103, 105, 129 Computed tomography, 129, 148 Computerized axial tomography, 129, 148 Concomitant, 12, 14, 129 Conduction, 52, 130 Confusion, 12, 94, 130, 131 Conjunctiva, 130, 152 Connective Tissue, 130, 133, 134 Consciousness, 124, 130, 131 Continuum, 41, 84, 130 Contraindications, ii, 130 Control group, 11, 130 Coordination, 9, 14, 36, 127, 130 Cornea, 9, 130, 138 Coronary, 130, 140 Coronary Thrombosis, 130, 140 Corpus, 11, 130, 151 Cortex, 7, 14, 15, 18, 24, 25, 27, 32, 39, 41, 44, 46, 50, 51, 56, 58, 69, 124, 125, 130, 133, 147
Cortical, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 38, 45, 130, 149, 151 Cranial, 13, 22, 127, 130, 135, 137, 138, 143, 144, 152 Craniocerebral Trauma, 125, 130, 135, 136, 151, 152 Cues, 94, 130 Curative, 130, 151 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 130 Dementia, 4, 6, 23, 24, 41, 49, 51, 56, 58, 85, 131, 134, 142 Dendrites, 131, 142 Depressive Disorder, 131, 139 Diagnostic procedure, 79, 96, 131 Diencephalon, 131, 136, 151 Digestion, 126, 131, 139, 150 Digestive system, 77, 131 Dilatation, 131, 146 Dilation, 131, 136 Direct, iii, 16, 131, 132, 147 Discriminant Analysis, 16, 131 Disorientation, 130, 131 Dissociation, 27, 58, 131 Dissociative Disorders, 131 Distal, 4, 8, 27, 131, 146 Dominance, 18, 34, 131 Dopa, 131, 139 Dopamine, 124, 132, 139 Dorsal, 7, 40, 132, 145 Dorsum, 132 Drug Interactions, 132 Duodenum, 132, 150 Dysarthria, 11, 12, 28, 42, 46, 53, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 97, 132 Dysgenesis, 22, 132 Dyskinesia, 46, 62, 132 Dyslexia, 66, 67, 132 Dysphagia, 53, 85, 86, 132 Dysphonia, 11, 85, 87, 132, 153 Dysplasia, 107, 132 Dystrophy, 106, 132 E Efficacy, 16, 132 Elective, 50, 68, 132 Electroencephalography, 75, 132 Electromyography, 75, 132 Embolus, 132, 137 Emetic, 124, 132 Empirical, 16, 132 Encephalopathy, 46, 132 End-stage renal, 128, 132, 145
Index 157
Environmental Exposure, 133, 143 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 133 Enzyme, 10, 133, 145, 150 Epithelial, 10, 133 Erythrocytes, 124, 133 Esophagus, 131, 133, 150 Essential Tremor, 106, 133 Ethnic Groups, 84, 133 Evoke, 133, 150 Exogenous, 133, 134 Expert Systems, 133, 134 Expiration, 133, 148 Expiratory, 133, 144 Extrapyramidal, 20, 31, 62, 132, 133 Extremity, 126, 133, 143 Eye Movements, 8, 113, 133 F Facial, 6, 29, 133, 149 Family Planning, 103, 133 Fat, 132, 133, 139, 145 Fibrosis, 107, 133, 148 Fissure, 128, 133 Fixation, 133, 148 Flaccid, 94, 134 Fossa, 42, 127, 134 Frontal Lobe, 128, 134 Fuzzy Logic, 11, 134 G Gait, 13, 15, 31, 32, 39, 50, 62, 134 Gait Apraxia, 13, 31, 39, 50, 62, 134 Gallbladder, 123, 131, 134 Ganglia, 125, 134, 142, 144, 150 Gene, 10, 11, 13, 28, 54, 80, 107, 108, 126, 131, 134, 136, 143, 149 Gene Expression, 10, 13, 107, 134 Gene Targeting, 13, 134 Genetic Techniques, 9, 134 Genetics, 8, 28, 33, 43, 54, 131, 134 Genotype, 16, 134, 144 Geriatric, 24, 56, 83, 134 Geriatric Psychiatry, 83, 134 Gestures, 14, 25, 36, 45, 84, 94, 134 Gland, 134, 143, 146, 150 Glossectomy, 87, 134 Glucose, 32, 106, 135 Glycoside, 135, 136 Governing Board, 135, 145 Growth, 13, 106, 124, 125, 135, 139, 141, 143, 145, 152 H Haematoma, 135 Haemorrhage, 22, 135
Haloperidol, 46, 135 Hammer, 76, 135, 143 Headache, 32, 135, 136 Headache Disorders, 135 Hearing Disorders, 129, 135 Hemoglobin, 124, 133, 135 Hemoglobinuria, 106, 135 Hemorrhage, 48, 130, 135, 144, 147, 150 Hereditary, 135, 148 Heredity, 134, 135 Heritability, 9, 135 Heterogeneity, 10, 33, 136 Heterozygotes, 131, 136 Histone Deacetylase, 13, 136 Homogeneous, 130, 136 Homologous, 134, 136, 149 Homozygotes, 131, 136 Hormonal, 125, 136 Host, 136 Hybrid, 128, 136 Hydrocephalus, 19, 32, 50, 57, 67, 136, 138 Hydrogen, 125, 136, 140 Hydrolases, 10, 136, 144 Hydrolysis, 136, 144, 145 Hymenoptera, 33, 136 Hypertension, 136, 138 Hypokinesia, 136, 144 Hypoplasia, 52, 136 Hypothalamus, 125, 126, 131, 136, 151 Hypotonia, 22, 137 I Id, 37, 63, 70, 106, 112, 118, 120, 137 Idiopathic, 9, 50, 137 Immunodeficiency, 106, 137 Immunosuppressive, 137, 151 Impairment, 16, 19, 28, 49, 68, 82, 83, 85, 90, 113, 123, 124, 125, 132, 134, 137, 140 In situ, 110, 137 In vitro, 137, 151 In vivo, 10, 137, 151 Incontinence, 136, 137 Indicative, 87, 137, 144, 153 Infarction, 19, 20, 27, 128, 130, 137, 140 Infection, 137, 150 Inflammation, 126, 133, 137, 138, 140, 143 Initiation, 5, 137 Innervation, 126, 137 Insight, 13, 14, 137 Intermittent, 36, 42, 137 Intestinal, 137, 139 Intoxication, 21, 137 Intracellular, 134, 137
158
Apraxia
Intracranial Hemorrhages, 136, 137, 151 Intracranial Hypertension, 135, 136, 138, 152 Invasive, 138, 139 Involuntary, 9, 125, 126, 133, 138, 141, 147, 149 Ions, 125, 131, 136, 138 Iris, 130, 138, 147 Ischemia, 125, 138 J Joint, 36, 124, 138, 151 K Kb, 102, 138 Keratitis, 9, 138 Kidney Disease, 77, 102, 107, 138 Kinetic, 20, 33, 38, 51, 138 L Lacrimal, 138, 143 Language Development, 16, 55, 138 Language Disorders, 4, 9, 85, 86, 94, 129, 138, 150 Large Intestine, 131, 138, 147 Laryngectomy, 36, 85, 86, 138 Larynx, 85, 138, 152, 153 Lesion, 18, 22, 32, 36, 38, 41, 56, 75, 91, 93, 94, 123, 138, 139 Lethal, 10, 138 Lethargy, 136, 138 Leukemia, 106, 139 Levodopa, 62, 131, 139 Library Services, 118, 139 Ligament, 139, 146 Linkage, 9, 80, 139 Lip, 39, 86, 139 Lipoma, 43, 139 Lithium, 21, 46, 139 Lithium Carbonate, 46, 139 Liver, 123, 131, 134, 139, 148 Liver scan, 139, 148 Localization, 36, 44, 93, 94, 139 Lymphoid, 139 Lymphoma, 106, 139 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 76, 139, 148 Malabsorption, 106, 139 Malignant, 106, 126, 139, 141 Malnutrition, 125, 139, 141 Mammogram, 127, 139, 140 Manic, 139 Mastication, 139, 152 Medial, 32, 37, 139, 148 MEDLINE, 103, 105, 107, 140
Melanocytes, 140 Melanoma, 106, 140 Membrane, 129, 130, 138, 140, 143 Memory, 4, 24, 40, 57, 84, 124, 131, 140 Meninges, 127, 130, 140 Meningitis, 140, 144 Mental deficiency, 43, 140 Mental Disorders, 77, 136, 140, 145, 146 Mental Health, iv, 6, 77, 102, 104, 134, 140, 147 Mental Processes, 131, 140, 146 Mental Retardation, 13, 16, 87, 108, 129, 140 MI, 38, 45, 121, 140 Microbiology, 10, 123, 125, 140 Microcalcifications, 127, 140 Mobility, 15, 140 Modeling, 14, 140 Modification, 41, 140, 147 Molecular, 9, 103, 105, 126, 129, 140 Molecule, 10, 125, 129, 131, 135, 136, 140, 147 Monitor, 16, 140, 142 Morphine, 124, 141 Motor nerve, 141, 143 Motor Skills, 6, 66, 84, 141 Muscle Fibers, 141 Muscular Atrophy, 106, 141 Muscular Dystrophies, 132, 141 Musculature, 9, 136, 141 Myelin, 141, 149 Myocardium, 140, 141 Myoclonus, 58, 141 Myotonic Dystrophy, 106, 141 N Naloxone, 59, 141 Narcotic, 126, 141 NCI, 1, 76, 101, 141 Necrosis, 128, 137, 140, 141 Need, 3, 4, 81, 87, 89, 90, 93, 96, 114, 128, 141 Neonatal, 26, 141 Neoplasia, 106, 141, 142 Neoplasm, 141, 152 Neoplastic, 139, 141 Nephropathy, 138, 142 Nerve, 22, 125, 126, 131, 137, 141, 142, 143, 148, 150, 152 Nerve Fibers, 126, 142 Networks, 11, 142 Neural, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 42, 53, 55, 123, 142 Neurogenic, 12, 73, 85, 90, 94, 142
Index 159
Neurologic, 62, 94, 110, 136, 142 Neurologist, 69, 142 Neuronal, 13, 142, 144 Neurons, 8, 131, 134, 139, 142, 150 Neurophysiology, 27, 31, 91, 142 Neuropsychology, 33, 34, 35, 40, 88, 91, 142 Neurosyphilis, 142, 143 Nonverbal Communication, 129, 142 Nuclear, 125, 141, 142, 151 Nuclei, 124, 139, 142 Nucleotidases, 136, 142 Nucleus, 125, 142, 149, 151 O Occipital Lobe, 24, 142 Ocular, 8, 20, 22, 24, 28, 31, 36, 42, 43, 48, 52, 54, 56, 57, 80, 106, 112, 113, 142, 148 Oculi, 8, 47, 126, 143 Oculomotor, 10, 23, 30, 32, 33, 44, 57, 106, 143 Oncogene, 106, 143 On-line, 15, 121, 143 Operon, 143, 148 Orbicularis, 8, 47, 126, 143 Orofacial, 28, 66, 143 Ossicles, 135, 143 Otitis, 8, 143 Otitis Media, 8, 143 Otitis Media with Effusion, 8, 143 Outpatient, 76, 143 Oxygen Consumption, 143, 148 P Palate, 128, 143 Palliative, 143, 151 Palsy, 9, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34, 42, 53, 62, 143 Pancreas, 123, 131, 143 Pancreatic, 106, 143 Pancreatic cancer, 106, 143 Paralysis, 124, 143, 150 Paresis, 43, 143 Parietal, 7, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 48, 53, 69, 143 Parietal Lobe, 7, 20, 21, 53, 143 Parkinsonian Disorders, 134, 144 Parkinsonism, 53, 58, 62, 124, 139, 144 Paroxysmal, 106, 135, 144 Pathogenesis, 13, 144 Pathologic, 12, 45, 130, 144, 148 Pathologies, 85, 90, 144 Pathophysiology, 9, 12, 144 Patient Education, 110, 111, 116, 118, 121, 144
Pedophilia, 50, 144 Pelvic, 144, 146 Peptide, 136, 144, 145, 146 Peptide Hydrolases, 136, 144 Perception, 4, 7, 55, 66, 135, 144 Peripheral Nervous System, 132, 143, 144 Petechiae, 135, 144 Pharmacologic, 144, 152 Phenotype, 5, 8, 13, 16, 144 Phonation, 5, 82, 144 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 136, 144 Photophobia, 9, 144 Physiologic, 11, 123, 131, 136, 141, 145, 147, 148, 152 Physiology, 88, 142, 145 Pigment, 140, 145 Pilot study, 7, 17, 145 Pitch, 5, 145, 153 Plants, 127, 135, 145 Plexus, 126, 145 Poisoning, 124, 137, 145 Polycystic, 107, 145 Polymerase, 145, 148 Polymers, 145, 146 Polymorphism, 5, 145 Polypeptide, 10, 145 Polyphosphates, 10, 145 Polyunsaturated fat, 67, 145 Posterior, 42, 56, 124, 125, 127, 132, 138, 142, 143, 145 Postural, 58, 144, 145 Practice Guidelines, 104, 145 Precursor, 131, 132, 139, 145 Prevalence, 5, 8, 47, 146 Probe, 10, 146 Problem Solving, 20, 146 Professional Practice, 85, 146 Program Development, 4, 146 Progressive, 9, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 34, 42, 45, 47, 51, 55, 58, 62, 68, 80, 128, 131, 135, 141, 146, 152 Prostate, 106, 146 Prosthesis, 17, 146 Protein S, 107, 126, 146 Proteins, 10, 80, 124, 129, 140, 144, 145, 146 Protocol, 15, 86, 146 Proximal, 4, 27, 131, 146 Psychiatric, 62, 129, 140, 146 Psychiatry, 5, 16, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 46, 50, 51, 133, 134, 146 Psychic, 146, 149
160
Apraxia
Psychoacoustics, 146 Psycholinguistics, 4, 146 Psychology, 10, 66, 89, 91, 131, 142, 146 Psychophysiology, 142, 146 Public Health, 8, 104, 147 Public Policy, 103, 147 Publishing, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 111, 147 Pulse, 141, 147 Pupil, 130, 131, 147 Purpura, 135, 147 Pyramidal Tracts, 133, 147 Q Quality of Life, 97, 147 R Radiation, 133, 147, 148, 153 Radioactive, 126, 136, 139, 142, 147, 148 Randomized, 132, 147 Reaction Time, 12, 57, 147 Receptor, 123, 132, 147 Recombination, 134, 147 Rectum, 124, 126, 131, 137, 138, 146, 147 Red Nucleus, 125, 147 Refer, 1, 11, 129, 133, 139, 147 Reflective, 49, 147 Reflex, 8, 68, 133, 147 Refraction, 147, 150 Regimen, 132, 147 Regression Analysis, 131, 148 Reliability, 91, 148 Repressor, 13, 143, 148 Resorption, 136, 148 Respiration, 5, 127, 140, 148 Retinoblastoma, 106, 148 Rigidity, 58, 144, 145, 148 Risk factor, 8, 50, 148 S Saccades, 57, 148 Sagittal, 7, 148 Salivary, 131, 143, 148 Salivary glands, 131, 148 Scans, 76, 148 Sclerosis, 106, 148 Screening, 11, 50, 91, 128, 148 Segmental, 14, 148 Segmentation, 148 Segregation, 9, 147, 149 Seizures, 13, 144, 149 Self Care, 83, 123, 149 Semen, 146, 149 Sensory loss, 80, 149, 151 Sequencing, 11, 111, 149 Sex Determination, 107, 149
Shock, 124, 141, 149 Side effect, 65, 111, 123, 149, 152 Skeletal, 137, 141, 149 Skull, 51, 130, 149, 151 Smooth muscle, 141, 149 Social Environment, 147, 149 Solitary Nucleus, 125, 149 Sound wave, 130, 147, 149 Soybean Oil, 145, 149 Spasm, 21, 126, 149 Spasmodic, 9, 11, 21, 82, 85, 149 Spastic, 94, 149 Spasticity, 150 Specialist, 113, 131, 150 Spectrum, 10, 13, 150 Speech Disorders, 11, 82, 83, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 150 Speech Intelligibility, 66, 82, 150 Speech-Language Pathology, 27, 84, 150 Sperm, 128, 150 Sphincter, 138, 150 Spinal cord, 126, 127, 128, 140, 142, 144, 147, 150 Sporadic, 148, 150 Staging, 148, 150 Stimulus, 83, 137, 147, 150 Stomach, 10, 123, 131, 133, 150 Stress, 4, 18, 26, 125, 150 Stroke, 5, 12, 22, 25, 27, 34, 36, 39, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 66, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 90, 97, 102, 110, 150 Subarachnoid, 135, 137, 144, 150 Subclinical, 137, 149, 150 Substrate, 7, 10, 136, 150 Suppression, 10, 150 Sympathetic Nervous System, 125, 150 Symphysis, 146, 151 Symptomatology, 90, 151 Synergistic, 14, 151 Systemic, 46, 124, 126, 137, 138, 151 T Tacrolimus, 28, 151 Telangiectasia, 20, 43, 107, 151 Telencephalon, 125, 151 Temporal, 7, 15, 29, 52, 74, 83, 86, 124, 135, 151 Thalamic, 27, 125, 151 Thalamic Diseases, 125, 151 Thalamus, 37, 38, 126, 131, 151 Therapeutics, 67, 111, 151 Thermal, 131, 151 Third Ventricle, 137, 151
Index 161
Thoracic, 126, 151 Thrombosis, 146, 150, 151 Thrombus, 130, 137, 151 Tinnitus, 143, 151 Tissue, 125, 126, 130, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 152 Tonic, 126, 152 Tooth Preparation, 123, 152 Torsion, 137, 152 Torticollis, 21, 82, 152 Toxic, iv, 133, 152 Toxicity, 132, 152 Toxicology, 104, 152 Trachea, 138, 152 Tracheostomy, 87, 152 Transfection, 126, 152 Translocation, 23, 152 Tremor, 144, 152 Triad, 10, 152 Trigeminal, 9, 152 Tuberous Sclerosis, 107, 152 Tumour, 42, 152 U Unconscious, 137, 152 Urethra, 146, 152, 153 Urinary, 136, 137, 153 Urine, 126, 135, 137, 152, 153
Uterus, 128, 130, 153 V Vaccine, 146, 153 Vascular, 124, 135, 137, 151, 153 Venom, 33, 153 Venous, 128, 146, 153 Ventral, 7, 40, 136, 143, 153 Ventricle, 124, 147, 151, 153 Ventricular, 50, 136, 153 Vertigo, 110, 143, 153 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 153 Villi, 136, 153 Viral, 9, 153 Virus, 127, 153 Visceral, 125, 153 Visceral Afferents, 125, 153 Vivo, 153 Vocal cord, 144, 153 Voice Disorders, 85, 86, 110, 153 Volition, 138, 153 W Wasps, 136, 153 X X-ray, 129, 139, 142, 148, 153 Y Yeasts, 144, 153
162
Apraxia
Index 163
164
Apraxia
