OMEPRAZOLE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Omeprazole: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84533-6 1. Omeprazole-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on omeprazole. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OMEPRAZOLE ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Omeprazole ................................................................................... 9 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OMEPRAZOLE.................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Omeprazole .................................................................................. 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 67 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND OMEPRAZOLE ........................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 General References ....................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON OMEPRAZOLE ............................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Dissertations on Omeprazole ....................................................................................................... 81 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OMEPRAZOLE ........................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Recent Trials on Omeprazole ....................................................................................................... 83 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON OMEPRAZOLE ........................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Patents on Omeprazole ................................................................................................................ 87 Patent Applications on Omeprazole .......................................................................................... 107 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON OMEPRAZOLE .......................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 119 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 120 Chapters on Omeprazole ............................................................................................................ 120 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON OMEPRAZOLE ............................................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 125 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OMEPRAZOLE ............................................................ 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 127 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 132 Academic Periodicals covering Omeprazole............................................................................... 133 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 135 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 136 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 139 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 141
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Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 143 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 145 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 151 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 153 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 153 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 153 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 159 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 159 OMEPRAZOLE DICTIONARY .................................................................................................. 161 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 211
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with omeprazole is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about omeprazole, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to omeprazole, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on omeprazole. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to omeprazole, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on omeprazole. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on omeprazole.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and omeprazole, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Omeprazole 40 mg Once a Day Is Equally Effective as Lansoprazole 30 mg Twice a Day in Symptom Control of Patients with Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Who Are Resistant to Conventional-Dose Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 14(12): 1595-1603. December 2000. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Comparative studies of omeprazole and lansoprazole are scarce, and even more rare are comparisons of higher doses of these drugs. Most of the comparative studies have assessed the effect of the these two proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on gastric acid secretion or gastric pH. This article reports on a study undertaken to
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determine the clinical efficacy of omeprazole 40 mg daily as compared to lansoprazole 30 mg twice a day in symptom control of patients with severe symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients (n = 96) who failed a standard dose of lansoprazole (30 mg once daily), were enrolled in a prospective fashion from three medical centers and were randomized to receive 6 weeks of either omeprazole 40 mg daily (n = 46) or lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily (n = 44). Patients reported daily on symptom severity and frequency, antacid consumption, and side effects. Although not statistically significant, there was a consistent trend of better symptom control in the omeprazole group for daytime and nighttime heartburn and acid regurgitation. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in mean antacid consumption overall and at the end of each of the 6 weeks of the study. In addition, there was no significant difference in the overall frequency of side effects between the two groups nor for each individual side effect. The authors conclude that omeprazole 40 mg once daily is equally effective and tolerated as well as lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily in symptom control in patients with GERD. 3 figures. 4 tables. 21 references. •
One-Week Triple Therapy with Esomeprazole Provides Effective Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Duodenal Ulcer Disease Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 14(12): 1605-1611. December 2000. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Esomeprazole is the first proton pump inhibitor to be developed as an optical isomer for the treatment of acid related diseases. This article reports on a study of 1 week triple therapy with esomeprazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in duodenal ulcer disease. Patients with H. pylori infection, confirmed by C urea13 breath test (UBT), and no current ulcer, were randomized to double blind treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily (n = 224) or omeprazole 20 mg twice daily (n = 224), in combination with amoxicillin 1 gram twice daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 1 week. A negative UBT at both 4 and 8 weeks after completing therapy indicated successful H. pylori eradication. Between group differences in eradication rates were not statistically significant. Both regimens were well tolerated, with an adverse event profile and frequency typical of proton pump inhibitor plus antibiotic combination therapy. The most commonly reported adverse events were diarrhea and taste changes, which were most likely attributable to amoxicillin and clarithromycin, respectively. The 90 percent eradication rate exceeds that of current recommendations and national guidelines. 4 figures. 3 tables. 17 references.
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Effects of Pumaprazole (BY841), A Novel Reversible Proton Pump Antagonist, and of Omeprazole, on Intragastric Acidity Before and After Cure of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 13(1): 27-34. January 1999. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science Ltd. Journal Subscriptions, P.O. Box 88, Oxford OX2 ONE, UK. 44(0) 1865 206180 or 206038. Fax: 44(0) 1865-206219. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) produces a higher intragastric pH in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection before cure than after cure. This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate whether this effect also occurs with pumaprazole (BY841), a reversible proton pump antagonist which, in contrast to
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omeprazole, does not require activation in the acid compartment of the parietal cell. In a randomized, crossover, double blind study, 24 hour intragastric (in the stomach) pH was measured in 13 H. pylori positive subjects before and after a 1 week course of omeprazole or of pumaprazole. The studies were repeated after the infection was cured. In the absence of drug administration, the median 24 hour pH values before cure did not differ from those after cure. However, the 24 hour pH values were higher before cure of the infection than after during both pumaprazole and omeprazole. Both before and after cure, there were no significant differences between the two drugs with respect to acid inhibition over the 24 hour period. The median decrease in acid inhibition after cure of the infection during pumaprazole was no different from that during omeprazole. H. pylori infection similarly augments the pH increasing effect of both drugs. This authors stress that this effect is related to H. pylori infection and not to an increased activation of acid inhibitory agents in the parietal cell compartment. 4 figures. 2 tables. 28 references. •
Omeprazole Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 324(14): 965-975. April 1991. Summary: Omeprazole is the first of a new class of drugs that inhibit gastric secretion. In the United State, omeprazole has been approved only for short-term use in certain patients with reflux esophagitis and for patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, because of concerns raised by the results of long-term studies of toxicity in animals. This review article discusses the pharmacologic features of omeprazole and the results of trials of the drug in patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis, and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. 4 figures. 181 references.
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Omeprazole Excels Against Reflux Source: Medical World News. December 1991. p. 16. Summary: Omeprazole, a drug that shuts off gastric acid release, is the best treatment for refractory gastroesophageal reflux, reports a team of Oklahoma researchers in this brief news article. The gastroenterologists noted that the only problem with this therapy is the difficult transition that some patients face when switched to a less powerful maintenance therapy. The author reports on the clinical trials of omeprazole used in this fashion and also notes the concern surrounding the elevation of plasma gastrin that accompanies long-term suppression of gastric acid with omeprazole. One sidebar reports on the common practice of self-medication by patients with reflux.
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Omeprazole: A New Approach to Gastric Acid Suppression Source: American Family Physician. 41(4): 1225-1227. April 1990. Summary: Omeprazole, one of a new group of antisecretory drugs, is a substituted benzimidazole that does not exhibit the anticholinergic or histamine H2 antagonistic properties of drugs such as cimetidine (Tagamet). Omeprazole suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the proton pump mechanism, thereby blocking the final step of acid secretion. The authors discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic applications of omeprazole. Omeprazole is indicated for severe erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease that does not respond to H2 receptor antagonists, and hypersecretory diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis. Because of the theoretic risk of carcinogenesis, short-term therapy is recommended, although long-term therapy is required for hypersecretory diseases. 15 references. (AA-M).
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Comparison of Rabeprazole 20 mg Versus Omeprazole 20 mg in the Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer: A European Multicentre Study Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 13(2): 179-186. February 1999. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Rabeprazole sodium is the newest member of a class of substituted benzimidazole molecules known as proton pump inhibitors. Other proton pump inhibitors have been shown to be effective in healing active duodenal ulcer. This article reports on a randomized, double blind, multicenter study, conducted at 25 European sites, that compared the efficacy and tolerability of rabeprazole and omeprazole in patients with active duodenal ulcers. One hundred and two (102) patients with active duodenal ulcer received rabeprazole 20 mg and 103 patients received omeprazole 20 mg once daily for 2 or 4 weeks, with ulcer healing monitored by endoscopy. After 2 weeks, complete ulcer healing was documented in 69 percent of patients given rabeprazole and in 62 percent of patients given omeprazole (not a significant difference). After 4 weeks, healing rates were 98 percent in the rabeprazole group and 93 percent in the omeprazole group (P = 0.083). At the end of the study, patients treated with rabeprazole had significantly greater improvement in daytime pain symptom relief than those treated with omeprazole. Both drugs were well tolerated over the 4 week treatment period. Mean changes from baseline to end point in fasting serum gastrin were significantly greater in the rabeprazole group, but at end point, mean values were well within normal limits for both groups. 2 figures. 3 tables. 31 references. (AA-M).
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Long-Term Omeprazole Treatment in Resistant Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Efficacy, Safety, and Influence on Gastric Mucosa Source: Gastroenterology. 118(4): 661-669. April 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 19106-3399. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: The efficacy and safety of long term acid suppression (to treat recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD) remains a subject for debate. This article reports on a study of patients refractory reflux esophagitis who were undergoing maintenance therapy with a regimen of greater than 20 mg omeprazole daily for a mean period of 6.5 years (range, 1.4 to 11.2 years). Patients with severe reflux esophagitis resistant to long term therapy with H2 receptor antagonists and who were not eligible for surgery were evaluated at least annually for endoscopic relapse and histological changes in the gastric corpus (the base of the stomach). In 230 patients (mean age, 63 years at entry; 36 percent were older than 70 years), there were 158 relapses of esophagitis during 1490 treatment years (1 per 9.4 years), with no significant difference in relapse rates between Helicobacter pylori positive and negative patients. All patients rehealed during continued therapy with omeprazole at the same or higher dose. The annual incidence of gastric corpus mucosal atrophy was 4.7 percent in H. pylori positive patients and 0.7 percent in H. Pylori negative patients, which was mainly observed in elderly patients who had moderate or severe gastritis at entry. In patients with baseline moderate or severe gastritis, the incidences were similar: 7.9 percent and 8.4 percent, respectively. Corpus intestinal metaplasia was rare, and non dysplasia or neoplasms were observed. The adverse event profile was as might be expected from this elderly group of patients. The authors conclude that long term omeprazole therapy (up to 11
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years) is highly effective and safe for control of reflux esophagitis. 3 figures. 3 tables. 40 references. •
Clinical Implications of Drug Interactions with the Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System Associated with Omeprazole Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 36(12): 1665-1669. December 1991. Summary: This article considers the clinical implications of drug interactions with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system associated with omeprazole. The author reviews the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies designed to assess the potential of omeprazole, and presents a perspective on potential drug interactions and their clinical uses. The author concludes that, although caution should be exercised when initiating omeprazole therapy in patients taking concomitant diazepam, warfarin, and phenytoin, clinically significant drug interactions appear unlikely. 2 tables. 16 references. (AA-M).
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Critical Drug Appraisals: Omeprazole Source: Hospital Therapy. 15(4): 533-534, 537-538, 541, 549-558. April 1990. Summary: This article presents a comprehensive look at omeprazole for the pharmacotherapeutic management of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Topics include its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy; trials in esophagitis, ZollingerEllison Syndrome, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer; and a safety profile of the drug, including concerns for hypergastrinemia-induced carcinoid tumor formation. The author notes that unlike the action of H2 antagonists, omeprazole's interference with the target enzyme is independent of the gastric acid stimulus. Omeprazole has been shown to be as effective as H2 antagonists in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer, and is useful in treating reflux esophagitis and hypersecretory conditions in patients unresponsive or refractory to H2 antagonists. 2 figures. 4 tables. 85 references. (AA-M).
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Omeprazole: Overview and Opinion Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 36(4): 385-393. April 1991. Summary: This article presents an overview of omeprazole, a powerful inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. At this time, omeprazole has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of severe grades of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), GERD unresponsive to treatment with currently available agents, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and other gastric hypersecretory states. Most recently, omeprazole has been recommended by a Food and Drug Administration committee for approval as first-line therapy in duodenal ulcer disease. 3 tables. 93 references. (AA-M).
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Accuracy of the Stool Antigen Test in the Diagnosis of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Before Treatment and in Patients on Omeprazole Therapy Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 15(1): 73-79. January 2001. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the Helicobacter pylori stool antigen (HpSA) test in the assessment of H. pylori infection and the effect of omeprazole treatment on its accuracy. In the first study, 140 patients with dyspepsia (heartburn, indigestion) were enrolled and defined as H. pylori positive if histology and
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rapid urease test, or culture alone, were positive. HpSA was performed on all patients and 13C urea breath test (UBT) on 87 patients. In the second study, 75 patients testing positive using both UBT and HpSA were given omeprazole 20 mg for 2 weeks (Group A) or omeprazole 40 mg for 2 weeks (Group B), or omeprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin OAC for 1 week (Group C). Results showed that 80 of 140 patients were H. pylori positive. The sensitivity and specificity of HpSA were 93.8 and 90 percent, similar to UBT (93.9 and 92.1 percent, respectively). Omeprazole significantly reduced both HpSA and UBT values, resulting in a decreased accuracy. Of 25 patients receiving 20 mg of omeprazole, HpSA gave 5 and 6 false negatives after 7 and 14 days treatment respectively, while UBT gave 4 and 7 false negatives after 7 and 14 days treatment. Of the 25 patients receiving 40 mg omeprazole, HpSA gave 7 and 9 false negatives after 7 and 14 days of treatment, while UBT gave 8 and 9 false negatives after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Two weeks after stopping omeprazole treatment, the HpSA and UBT were positive in all cases. The authors conclude that the H. pylori stool antigen test is valuable in the assessment of H. pylori infection. Short term omeprazole treatment decreases the accuracy of both HpSA and UBT in a similar manner. 3 figures. 1 table. 33 references. •
Impact of Omeprazole and Laparoscopy Upon Hiatal Hernia and Reflux Esophagitis Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 183(4): 413-418. October 1996. Summary: This review article analyzes the treatment successes on hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis that are attributable to omeprazole and laparoscopy. Both approaches challenge the accepted multimodal, nonoperative therapy of the past two decades and the reproducible efficacy of the open fundoplication procedure. As a proton pump blocker, omeprazole decreases gastric acidity by directly blocking acid production. Omeprazole has a long duration of acid suppression that does not appear to affect gastroesophageal sphincter function or gastric motility. However, long-term use of omeprazole is questionable in terms of both safety and efficacy. The authors note that operative therapy, especially if minimally invasive (as in laparoscopy) is being more widely practiced. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) has proved to be a very safe operation overall and the principles of reconstruction of the lower esophageal sphincter, which have been learned from open techniques, can be strictly maintained with the minimally invasive approach. The authors conclude with a call for additional studies to fully evaluate the clinical effectiveness of LNF and to define the 'learning curve' required for physicians. 6 tables. 46 references.
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Use of Omeprazole in Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 36(4): 394-404. April 1991. Summary: This review article discusses the use of omeprazole, a powerful inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). The authors review their experience, as well as the published data on 210 patients with ZES who have required omeprazole for control of gastric acid hypersecretion over the past seven years. The authors discuss dosage, adverse effects, and effect of omeprazole on serum gastrin concentration and on gastric endocrine cells. The authors conclude that omeprazole is safe and effective in patients with ZES and is the drug of choice for management of gastric acid hypersecretion in these patients. However, yearly assessment is indicated to evaluate clearly the long-term risk of gastric carcinoid as well as therapy directed at the gastrinoma itself. 2 figures. 8 tables. 79 references. (AA-M).
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Federally Funded Research on Omeprazole The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to omeprazole. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to omeprazole. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore omeprazole. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for omeprazole: •
Project Title: AGENTS AND MECHANISMS OF TUMOR PREVENTION IN THE MIN MODEL OF FAP Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, Stanley R.; Professor and Head; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The ultimate goal of this project is to identify safe chemopreventive agents to reduce morbidity and mortality from sporadic colorectal neoplasia and provide basic insights into the genetic and molecular causation of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. We will evaluate agents and characterize their mechanisms of action in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (MIN) mouse model and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). MIN mice and FAP patients have germline mutation of the adenomatous polyposis col (APC) gene and are therefore ideal models for the somatic APC mutations responsible for initiation of sporadic colorectal tumors. The specific aims of our project are: l. Administer the selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors SC58635 and SC-49046 to MIN mice and evaluate tumor outcome and appropriate biomarkers. As primary endpoint we will assess numbers of tumors. Sizes of tumors, COX-2 expression, prostaglandin levels, epithelial proliferation rates, and apoptotic indices will also be determined. 2. Administer the histamine type 2 (H2) receptor blocker cimetidine to MIN mice and evaluate tumor outcome and appropriate biomarkers. As primary endpoint we will assess numbers of tumors. Sizes of tumors, histamine levels, numbers and types of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cytokine profiles, mucosal DNA adducts, serum gastrin, epithelial proliferation rates, and apoptotic indice will also be determined. We will compare cimetidine to other H2 blockers (ranitidine and famotidine) and to the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole. 3. Administer to MIN mice a combination of two candidate chemopreventive agents with different mechanisms of effects identified in Specific Aims #1 and #2 and evaluate tumor outcome and associated biomarkers. 4. Administer candidate chemopreventive agent(s) to FAP patients in a randomized, sulindac-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial and sequentially monitor for polyp number by video endoscopy. We will
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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also sequentially assess polyp size and appropriate biomarkers in adenomas and colorectal mucosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS ABLATION WITH CELOCOXIB TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lightdale, Charles J.; Professor of Clinical Medicine; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: We propose to conduct a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib, in combination with endoscopic thermal ablation of Barrett's esophagus, to placebo and thermal ablation. COX-2 is overexpressed in Barrett's metaplasia. In this double-blind trial, 20 patients will be randomized to celecoxib or placebo (ratio 1:1) immediately following ablation. Celecoxib will be administered orally; 200 mg twice per day; the dose schedule for the placebo will be the same. Thermal ablation of Barrett's metaplasia will be carried out during endoscopy using argon plasma coagulation. Medication will be continued for one year, at which time a second endoscopy will be carried out to assess the outcomes. Endoscopic mapping of the Barrett's areas will be carried out at baseline and at one year. Primary study outcomes will be the comparison of the area of recurrent Barrett's metaplasia after ablation in the patients receiving celecoxib versus those receiving placebo, and the comparison of adverse events in the two treatment groups. Secondary outcomes will include change from baseline for the following measures in tissue samples from the treated areas: COX-2 mRNA, p53, cyclin D-1, Ki-67, and TUNEL assay. Eligible individuals will have an established diagnosis of Barrett's metaplasia without dysplasia. Individuals who have used corticosteroids or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) chronically (except for low dose aspirin equal to < 100 mg/day) will not be eligible. Patients will be accrued during the first study year, and will be followed until the last patient enrolled completes one year of treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHLORIDE CHANNELS IN LUNG DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Zeitlin, Pamela L.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mammalian fetal lung development is a highly coordinated process of growth and differentiation of airways, parenchymal tissue, and vessels. The developing airway epithelial cells actively secrete chloride ions, which drive the accumulation of fluid and the development of a critical distending airway pressure that promotes differentiation. During the initial 2-year period of this 3-year R01 award, the laboratory focused on the ClC-2 pH- and voltage-activated chloride channel, which we showed was highly expressed in fetal rat lung airway epithelia and rapidly down regulated at birth. We next showed that ClC-2 protein expression in fetal and adult rat lung type II epithelial lines is exquisitely sensitive to SP1 and SP3 expression. The goal of this competitive renewal is to determine the consequences of regulated overexpression or elimination of ClC-2 to lung development and to the pathogenesis of diseases caused by chloride channel malfunction such as cystic fibrosis. The hypothesis is that chloride channel species redundancy in fetal mouse airways protects against malfunction of a single type of chloride channel. Aim 1 is to examine endogenous
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regulation of ClC-2 expression in adult and fetal airway epithelial cell lines. The hypothesis in Aim 1 is that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of SP-1 and SP-3 transcription factors is a major factor controlling the level of ClC-2 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that control of ClC-2 gene and protein expression in turn regulates chloride transport phenotype. Aim 2 is to complete characterization of the doxycycline-regulated epithelial-specific hClC-2 mouse model that has been generated in our laboratory during the previous 2-year period. This new mouse model will be critical to defining the safe window for ClC-2 over-expression, and define the maximum level of chloride transport function deliverable to the mouse nasal airway. Mice carrying a k18-rtTA, a tetON-hClC2, or both were generated in the laboratory for these experiments. Aim 3 is to manipulate ClC-2 expression in CF mice to modulate disease phenotype. We will test the hypothesis that knocking two chloride channels out will lead to immature lungs at birth or murine lung inflammation at baseline or both. Combining the hClC-2 TET-On model with the CF knockout will be the approach for the second hypothesis that CF might be treated by over-expression of hClC-2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL OF ACID REFLUX THERAPY IN ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wise, Robert A.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is frequent in asthmatics with poor asthma control, often occurs without symptoms, and can induce bronchoconstriction. Poorly controlled asthmatics are often treated for GERD with drugs that suppress gastric acid, but this treatment is expensive and the benefit of such treatment is not established. The objective of this proposal is to conduct a multi-site randomized clinical trial testing the hypotheses that treatment of GERD with protonpump inhibitors will reduce the frequency of exacerbations in patients with inadequately controlled asthma. The proposed trial will enroll 400 asthmatics, ages 1860, who have poor asthma control on inhaled steroids, defined on the basis of excessive bronchodilator use, nocturnal awakenings, or frequent exacerbations. Participants will be randomly assigned to treatment with either a proton pump inhibitor, esomeprazole (Nexium) 40 mg BID, or matching placebo. The presence, severity, and temporal relationship of GERD to asthma symptoms will be documented with 24 hour ambulatory esophageal pH probe monitoring, but participants will be enrolled irrespective of the severity of GERD. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of participants who have exacerbations of asthma within a 6-month period defined by asthma diaries and interviews. Secondary outcome measures include asthma symptom and control scores, asthma-specific and generic health-related quality of life, GERD symptoms, health care use, pulmonary function, and airways reactivity. Pre-specified subgroup analyses will be conducted to determine if there are clinical or demographic characteristics that predict benefit from treatment of GERD in asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION DURING H. PYLORI-HOST INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Solnick, Jay V.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Helicobacter pylori causes an inflammatory infiltrate in gastric mucosa that in about 10% of cases progresses to peptic ulcer disease or gastric cancer. Disease results from an interaction between strain-specific bacterial virulence genes and the particular host response, neither of which is well understood. Since experimental inoculation of rhesus macaques with H. pylori causes gastritis that closely mimics human infection, this model provides a unique opportunity to further our understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis. Rapid progress in genomics and gene expression technologies makes it possible to use the macaque model to study the H. pylori host-pathogen interaction by in vivo analysis of gene expression. We propose to extend our work in the rhesus model of H. pylori into an analysis of bacterial (Specific Aim 1) and host (Specific Aim 2) gene expression during experimental infection. Monkeys will be inoculated with a wild type H. pylori strain that reproducibly infects macaques, or with an isogenic mutant deleted in a specific gene implicated in H. pylori pathogenesis. Since pH is fundamental to host gastric physiology and to the niche in which H. pylori thrives, bacterial and host gene expression will also be examined after pharmacological manipulation of gastric pH. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR will be used to examine expression of H. pylori gene families that are likely involved in H. pylori-related disease or immune evasion. Gene expression in bacterial cells grown in vitro will be compared to that in cells isolated directly from infected monkeys. DNA microarray analysis will be used to study host expression of genes thought to be important in the fundamental processes of inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. Since the host immune response is increasingly recognized as a critical variable in the outcome of infection, we will also study host gene transcription after immunization with urease coupled with either CpG or alum adjuvant, in order to promote aTh1 or Th2 immune response, respectively (Specific Aim 3). These studies will provide a functional genomic understanding of the H. pylori host-pathogen relationship that may have implications for novel treatment or vaccine strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HELICOBACTER PYLORI ORAL GR122311X W/ CLARITHROMYCIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bozymski, Eugene; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MICROGLIA GENERATE EXTERNAL H+ & K+ ION GRADIENTS UTILIZING H & K ATPASE FAMILY Principal Investigator & Institution: Shirihai, Orian; Marine Biological Laboratory 7 Mbl St Woods Hole, Ma 02543 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Microglia isolated from newborn rat brains and cultured for 7 days, actively extrude protons in exchange for potassium ions creating a gradient of excess protons and a deficit of potassium ions in close proximity to the outer surface of the cell membrane. These concentration gradients, measured with an ion selective selfreferencing electrode, dissipate over a distance of 10mm away from the cell and are activated by high concentrations of extracellular potassium ions or protons. Pharmacological and immunohisto-chemical studies revealed that an H+/K+-ATPase is
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the major generator of these gradients. Neither the Na+/K+-ATPase nor the inward rectifier potassium channel make significant contributions to the generation of these gradients. At 5mM extracellular potassium concentration, a gradient of -9.43+ 4.2 mM (n=48) was recorded dissipating over a distance of 10mm from the cell membrane. While the transporter activity could be blocked by Omeprazole (10mM) and by the specific H+/K+-ATP ase blocker SCH28080 (1mM), it was insensitive to ouabain and strophantidine. The Kd of the glial transporter for K ions is an order of magnitude higher (3.7 mM) than that of the epithelial H+/K+-ATPase. This is a first report of an H+/K+ transporter in microglial cells with Kd in the physio-logical range of [K+]out. Implications of the H+/K+-ATPase on potassium homeostasis in microglia under high extracellular potassium and low pH, as found at the site of brain injury, are discussed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PH IV: PHARMACOKINETICS OF ITRACONAZOLE ORAL SOLUTION & OMEPRAZOLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Melissa D.; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY FOR THE ABLATION OF DYSPLASIA IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sivak, Michael V.; Professor of Medicine & Chief, Division; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: It is anticipated that photodynamic therapy (PDT) using PHOTOFRIN at 2.0 mg/kg and a uniform laser light application will reduce the esophageal stricture rate seen and potentially reduce the intensity of the inflammatory reaction without compromising efficacy. The primary objective is to assess the efficacy of PDT with PHOTOFRIN (porfimer sodium) for injection plus omeprazole compared to omeprazole alone in the complete ablation of highgrade dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus, in conjunction with a strict endoscopic surveillance and biopsy protocol. Ablation of HGD should confer a significant clinical benefit to the patient as it eliminates the immediate precursor to invasive cancer and removes the indication for esophagectomy which is associated with mortality and morbidity risks. The secondary objectives are to assess the safety and efficacy of PHOTOFRIN PDT plus omeprazole and systematic endoscopic surveillance compared to omeprazole therapy alone plus systematic endoscopic surveillance in terms of: quality of complete response; duration of complete response; delaying progression to cancer (time to progression); delaying the need for esophagectomy treatment failure; survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREDICTION OF DRUG INTERACTIONS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO Principal Investigator & Institution: Trager, William F.; Professor; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002
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Summary: The recent successes of in vivo-in vitro correlations for metabolically based drug interactions suggests that enzyme behavior is largely conserved. However, current approaches to the prediction of inhibition based interactions have remained essentially qualitative. For numerous inhibitors, inhibition constants determined in vitro do not adequately predict the extent of interaction in vivo. These inhibitors appear to be more potent in vivo than in vitro. A fundamental problem in the field of in vitro-in vivo correlations is the absence of a general methodology for obtaining the concentration of inhibitor at the enzyme site and the inhibition constant that actually prevails at the site. In the present application, we will test the "free drug hypothesis," i.e. the concept that inhibitor effect is governed by unbound inhibitor at the actual site of the enzyme. In the first two specific aims, we will demonstrate that the free drug hypothesis is valid for competitive inhibitors in in vitro systems so long as unbound concentrations are measured using an extensive list of inhibitors with different protein binding and lipophilicity characteristics. Specific Aims 2(a) and 2(b) will test the validity of the "free drug hypothesis" in vivo. This will be accomplished using a new parameter, the "inhibition constants ratio" (R/kI). Theory suggests that this ratio (defined as K/i/(pre) determined in a purified recombinant system divided by the K/i/iv determined in vivo) will equal one and that it will be independent of enzyme. This proposal will thus provide a useful framework to effectuate quantitative in vivo predictions from data derived in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: QUANTIFYING EFFECTS OF TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC DYSPHONIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmurray, James Scott.; Surgery; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The diagnosis and management of childhood dysphonia is a significant clinical problem; however, there have been few studies aimed at defining standard assessment methods for pediatric dysphonia. Accordingly, pediatric dysphonia is difficult to diagnose and it is difficult to quantify change following treatment. The long-term goal of this research program is to develop valid, responsive, reliable, and age-appropriate methods for assessing vocal pathology in children. In the present small grant, our objective is to define assessment methods that are appropriate for use in determining response to treatment. Our main focus, therefore, is the issue of assessment responsivity. The first specific aim is to develop a set of responsive measures of vocal pathology in school-aged children by inducing short-term change in vocal status via behavioral and medical management of extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD). Because we are treating children suspected of EERD, this study also presents the opportunity for examining the benefits of combined vocal hygiene and medical management in the treatment of pediatric EERD. Accordingly, our second specific aim is to determine predictive criteria for improvement in vocal status in dysphonic children suspected of EERD. Our hypothesis is that a particular set of measurements will emerge as particularly responsive to change in vocal pathology in this population, and will allow for informed prediction of degree of improvement with treatment. The proposed research is significant in filling a gap in knowledge in childhood dysphonia assessment and treatment, which are important clinical issues consistent with the mission and intent of the NIDCD. Because phonatory disorders in children may have lasting negative effects, studies geared toward accurate assessment and treatment are very important.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for omeprazole in the PubMed Central database: •
Antileishmanial Activity of the Antiulcer Agent Omeprazole. by Jiang S, Meadows J, Anderson SA, Mukkada AJ.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127324
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Drug interaction: Omeprazole and Phenprocoumon. by Enderle C, Muller W, Grass U.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30938
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Effect of omeprazole on concentrations of clarithromycin in plasma and gastric tissue at steady state. by Gustavson LE, Kaiser JF, Edmonds AL, Locke CS, DeBartolo ML, Schneck DW.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162884
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Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia: randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus omeprazole treatment. by Manes G, Menchise A, de Nucci C, Balzano A.; 2003 May 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156019
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Helicobacter pylori infection in a pediatric population: in vitro susceptibilities to omeprazole and eight antimicrobial agents. by Loo VG, Sherman P, Matlow AG.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188850
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In vitro antibacterial activity of omeprazole and its selectivity for Helicobacter spp. are dependent on incubation conditions. by Sjostrom JE, Fryklund J, Kuhler T, Larsson H.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163169
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Interaction study of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin with omeprazole and comparative pharmacokinetics. by Stuht H, Lode H, Koeppe P, Rost KL, Schaberg T.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162680
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Partial characterization and effect of omeprazole on ATPase activity in Helicobacter pylori by using permeabilized cells. by Belli WA, Fryklund J.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162814
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Symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: double blind controlled study of intermittent treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine. by Bardhan KD, Muller-Lissner S, Bigard MA, Porro GB, Ponce J, Hosie J, Scott M, Weir DG, Gillon KR, Peacock RA, Fulton C.; 1999 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27748
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Synergistic In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Omeprazole and Quinine. by SkinnerAdams T, Davis TM.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89267
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with omeprazole, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for omeprazole (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparative pharmacodynamic study of IY-81149 versus omeprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Periclou AP, Goldwater R, Lee SM, Park DW, Kim DY, Cho KD, Boileau F, Jung WT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 September; 68(3): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014412
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A double-blind, randomized comparison of omeprazole Multiple Unit Pellet System (MUPS) 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg in symptomatic reflux oesophagitis followed by 3 months of omeprazole MUPS maintenance treatment: a Dutch multicentre trial. Author(s): Mulder CJ, Westerveld BD, Smit JM, Oudkerk Pool M, Otten MH, Tan TG, van Milligen de Wit AW, de Groot GH; Dutch omeprazole MUPS study group. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 June; 14(6): 649-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072599
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A pharmacoeconomic comparison of the efficacy and costs of pantoprazole and omeprazole for the treatment of peptic ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux disease in The Netherlands. Author(s): van Hout BA, Klok RM, Brouwers JR, Postma MJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 February; 25(2): 635-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749518
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A proton-pump inhibitor expedition: the case histories of omeprazole and esomeprazole. Author(s): Olbe L, Carlsson E, Lindberg P. Source: Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 2003 February; 2(2): 132-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563304
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A randomised trial of amoxycillin versus clarithromycin in combination with omeprazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in Singapore. Author(s): Fock KM, Ng HS, Ng TM, Law NM, Lim CC. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 October; 41(10): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281438
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A randomized comparative study to determine the effect of omeprazole on the peak serum concentration of itraconazole oral solution. Author(s): Johnson MD, Hamilton CD, Drew RH, Sanders LL, Pennick GJ, Perfect JR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562722
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A randomized comparison of four omeprazole-based triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Author(s): Laurent J, Megraud F, Flejou JF, Caekaert A, Barthelemy P. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 November; 15(11): 1787-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683693
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A randomized open trial for comparison of proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole versus rabeprazole, in dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in relation to CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism. Author(s): Miyoshi M, Mizuno M, Ishiki K, Nagahara Y, Maga T, Torigoe T, Nasu J, Okada H, Yokota K, Oguma K, Tsuji T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 July; 16(7): 723-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446878
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A randomized trial comparing seven-day ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin dual therapy to seven-day omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Chiba N, Barkun A, Fallone C, Farley A, Cockeram A, Dallaire C, Simms L, Nicholls B. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 September; 17(9): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532926
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A randomized, double-blind trial of the efficacy and safety of 10 or 20 mg rabeprazole compared with 20 mg omeprazole in the maintenance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease over 5 years. Author(s): Thjodleifsson B, Rindi G, Fiocca R, Humphries TJ, Morocutti A, Miller N, Bardhan KD; European Rabeprazole Study Group. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562446
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A randomized, double-blind, comparative study of standard-dose rabeprazole and high-dose omeprazole in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Holtmann G, Bytzer P, Metz M, Loeffler V, Blum AL. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 March; 16(3): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876701
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A randomized, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, cross-over study of duodenal or jejunal administration compared to nasogastric administration of omeprazole suspension in patients at risk for stress ulcers. Author(s): Phillips JO, Olsen KM, Rebuck JA, Rangnekar NJ, Miedema BW, Metzler MH. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 February; 96(2): 367-72. Erratum In: Am J Gastroenterol 2001 August; 96(8): 2528. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232677
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A review of omeprazole use in the treatment of acid-related disorders in children. Author(s): Zimmermann AE, Walters JK, Katona BG, Souney PE, Levine D. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 May; 23(5): 660-79; Discussion 645. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394727
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A review of the clinical and economic impact of using esomeprazole or lansoprazole for the treatment of erosive esophagitis. Author(s): Raghunath AS, Green JR, Edwards SJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 July; 25(7): 2088-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946553
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A study of 13 patients with gastric tube in place after esophageal resection: use of omeprazole to decrease gastric acidity and volume. Author(s): Yamanaka Y, Mammoto T, Kita T, Kishi Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 August; 13(5): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11498319
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A summary of Food and Drug Administration-reported adverse events and drug interactions occurring during therapy with omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Author(s): Labenz J, Petersen KU, Rosch W, Koelz HR. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 Apr15; 17(8): 1015-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694083
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A turnover model of irreversible inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole in the dog. Author(s): Abelo A, Eriksson UG, Karlsson MO, Larsson H, Gabrielsson J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000 November; 295(2): 662-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11046103
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Ablation of Barrett's epithelium by endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in combination with high-dose omeprazole. Author(s): Schulz H, Miehlke S, Antos D, Schentke KU, Vieth M, Stolte M, Bayerdorffer E. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 June; 51(6): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10840296
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Absence of an inhibitory effect of omeprazole and nizatidine on phenytoin disposition, a marker of CYP2C activity. Author(s): Bachmann KA, Sullivan TJ, Jauregui L, Reese JH, Miller K, Levine L. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 October; 36(4): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959321
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Accuracy of the stool antigen test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection before treatment and in patients on omeprazole therapy. Author(s): Manes G, Balzano A, Iaquinto G, Ricci C, Piccirillo MM, Giardullo N, Todisco A, Lioniello M, Vaira D. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 January; 15(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136280
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Acid inhibitory potency of twice a day omeprazole is not affected by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Thomson AB, Keelan M, Lastiwka R, Appelman-Eszcuck S, Zuk L, Drozdowski L, Prentice A, Sinclair P. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 February; 8(1): 46-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603616
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Acute hyperkalemia associated with intravenous omeprazole therapy. Author(s): Tashiro M, Yoshikawa I, Kume K, Narita R, Sugihara Y, Otsuki M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 May; 98(5): 1209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809858
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Acute interstitial nephritis due to omeprazole. Author(s): Myers RP, McLaughlin K, Hollomby DJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 96(12): 3428-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11774962
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Amoxicillin and ampicillin are not transferred to gastric juice irrespective of Helicobacter pylori status or acid blockade by omeprazole. Author(s): Ortiz RA, Calafatti SA, Corazzi A, Souza JM, Deguer M, De Souza CA, Marchioretto MA, Bernasconi G, Ferraz JG, Pedrazzoli J Jr. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 June; 16(6): 1163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12030960
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An open non-comparative clinical study for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of esomeprazole in patients of reflux oesophagitis in Indian population. Author(s): Dinakaran NH, Rajkumar JS, Potdar NP, Desai A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2002 October; 100(10): 624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452520
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Antimicrobial activity of esomeprazole versus omeprazole against Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Gatta L, Perna F, Figura N, Ricci C, Holton J, D'Anna L, Miglioli M, Vaira D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562719
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Appropriateness of omeprazole prescribing in Quebec's senior population. Author(s): Gregoire JP, Moisan J, Chabot I, Gaudet M. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 September; 14(8): 676-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185532
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Are the orally administered proton pump inhibitors equivalent? A comparison of lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole. Author(s): Thomson AB. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2000 December; 2(6): 482-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079051
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Are twelve days of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin better than six days for treating H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer and in non-ulcer dyspepsia? Author(s): Gisbert JP, Hermida C, Pajares JM. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 September-October; 48(41): 1383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11677970
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Assay of omeprazole and omeprazole sulfone by semi-microcolumn liquid chromatography with mixed-function precolumn. Author(s): Yim DS, Jeong JE, Park JY. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 April 25; 754(2): 487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339292
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Bioequivalence between omeprazole MUPS 20 mg as tablet and omeprazole MUPS 20 mg as tablet encapsulated in a hard gelatine capsule. Author(s): Schaltenbrand R, Huber R, Cotoraci CA, Mascher H, Potthast H, Hole U. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 October; 39(10): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11680670
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Bismuth-based quadruple therapy using a single capsule of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter, North American trial. Author(s): Laine L, Hunt R, El-Zimaity H, Nguyen B, Osato M, Spenard J. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 March; 98(3): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650788
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Bismuth-based quadruple therapy with bismuth subcitrate, metronidazole, tetracycline and omeprazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Lahaie R, Farley A, Dallaire C, Archambault A, Fallone CA, Ponich T, Hunt R, Oravec M, Whitsitt P, Van Zanten SV, Marcon N, Bailey R, Dumont A, Nguyen B, Desrochers S, Spenard J. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2001 September; 15(9): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573100
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By the way, doctor.No need to take Prilosec forever. Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 September; 25(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10966656
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CD63 expression by flow cytometry in the in vitro diagnosis of allergy to omeprazole. Author(s): Gamboa PM, Sanz ML, Urrutia I, Jauregui I, Antepara I, Dieguez I, De Weck AL. Source: Allergy. 2003 June; 58(6): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757465
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Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in reducing the risk of recurrent ulcer bleeding in patients with arthritis. Author(s): Chan FK, Hung LC, Suen BY, Wu JC, Lee KC, Leung VK, Hui AJ, To KF, Leung WK, Wong VW, Chung SC, Sung JJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 26; 347(26): 2104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12501222
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Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. Author(s): McKeogh DF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 12; 348(24): 2464-6; Author Reply 2464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803214
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Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. Author(s): Nurmohamed MT, Lems WF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 12; 348(24): 2464-6; Author Reply 2464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803213
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Celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. Author(s): Lanas A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 12; 348(24): 2464-6; Author Reply 2464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802035
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Cetraxate, a mucosal protective agent, combined with omeprazole, amoxycillin, and clarithromycin increases the eradication rate of helicobacter pylori in smokers. Author(s): Kamada T, Haruma K, Miyoshi E, Mihara M, Kitadai Y, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Kajiyama G, Tahara K, Mukai T, Kawamura Y, Hattori N. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 August; 14(8): 1089-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930905
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Chronic cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with omeprazole. Author(s): Kiljander TO, Salomaa ER, Hietanen EK, Terho EO. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 October; 16(4): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11106204
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Clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori has a major impact on the efficacy of the omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin therapy. Author(s): Tankovic J, Lamarque D, Lascols C, Soussy CJ, Delchier JC. Source: Pathologie-Biologie. 2001 September; 49(7): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11642014
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ClC-2 Cl- channels in human lung epithelia: activation by arachidonic acid, amidation, and acid-activated omeprazole. Author(s): Cuppoletti J, Tewari KP, Sherry AM, Kupert EY, Malinowska DH. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2001 July; 281(1): C46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401826
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Clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease converted from omeprazole to lansoprazole. Author(s): Nelson WW, Vermeulen LC, Geurkink EA, Ehlert DA, Reichelderfer M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 September 11; 160(16): 2491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979061
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Clinical pharmacology and safety profile of esomeprazole, the first enantiomerically pure proton pump inhibitor. Author(s): Tonini M, Vigneri S, Savarino V, Scarpignato C. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 October; 33(7): 600-6. Review. Erratum In: Dig Liver Dis 2002 January; 34(1): 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816552
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Comparable clinical efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg pantoprazole and 20 mg omeprazole in patients with grade I reflux oesophagitis. Author(s): Bardhan KD, Van Rensburg C. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 October; 15(10): 1585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11563998
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Comparable efficacy of pantoprazole and omeprazole in patients with moderate to severe reflux esophagitis. Results of a multinational study. Author(s): Korner T, Schutze K, van Leendert RJ, Fumagalli I, Costa Neves B, Bohuschke M, Gatz G. Source: Digestion. 2003; 67(1-2): 6-13. Erratum In: Digestion. 2003; 67(3): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743434
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Comparing lansoprazole and omeprazole in onset of heartburn relief: results of a randomized, controlled trial in erosive esophagitis patients. Author(s): Richter JE, Kahrilas PJ, Sontag SJ, Kovacs TO, Huang B, Pencyla JL. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 96(11): 3089-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721754
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Comparison of oral omeprazole and endoscopic ethanol injection therapy for prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels or fresh adherent clots. Author(s): Jung HK, Son HY, Jung SA, Yi SY, Yoo K, Kim DY, Moon IH, Lee HC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 July; 97(7): 1736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135028
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Comparison of the effect on intragastric pH of a single dose of omeprazole or rabeprazole: which is suitable for on-demand therapy? Author(s): Inamori M, Togawa J, Takahashi K, Yoneda M, Fujisawa N, Iwasaki T, Ozawa Y, Kikuchi T, Muramatsu K, Chiguchi G, Matsumoto S, Kawamura H, Abe Y, Kirikoshi H, Kobayashi N, Sakaguchi T, Takamura T, Nakajima A, Ueno N, Sekihara H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 September; 18(9): 1034-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911659
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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of different formulations of omeprazole-based triple therapies in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-positive peptic ulcer. Author(s): Kim HS, Lee DK, Kim KH, Jeong YS, Kim JW, Seo JI, Baik SK, Kwon SO, Cho MY. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 February; 36(2): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11227677
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Comparison of the efficacy of octreotide, vasopressin, and omeprazole in the control of acute bleeding in patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy: a controlled study. Author(s): Zhou Y, Qiao L, Wu J, Hu H, Xu C. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 September; 17(9): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167118
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Comparison of three triple regimens with omeprazole or ranitidine bismuth citrate for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): Farup PG, Tholfsen J, Wetternus S, Torp R, Hoie O, Lange OJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 December; 37(12): 1374-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12523585
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Comparison of two provocative tests for calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma: omeprazole vs pentagastrin. Author(s): Vitale G, Ciccarelli A, Caraglia M, Galderisi M, Rossi R, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Lupoli G. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002 September; 48(9): 1505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194927
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Control of intragastric pH with omeprazole 20 mg, omeprazole 40 mg and lansoprazole 30 mg. Author(s): Katz PO, Xue S, Castell DO. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 May; 15(5): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328258
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Control of nocturnal gastric acidity: a role for low dose bedtime ranitidine to supplement daily omeprazole. Author(s): Robinson M, Rodriguez-Stanley S, Ciociola AA, Filinto J, Zubaidi S, Miner PB Jr, Gardner JD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 February; 47(2): 265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11855540
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Correlation between omeprazole hydroxylase and CYP2C19 genotype in North Indians. Author(s): Lamba JK, Dhiman RK, Singh R, Kohli KK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 November; 57(9): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791894
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Cost effectiveness of esomeprazole compared with omeprazole in the acute treatment of patients with reflux oesophagitis in the UK. Author(s): Wahlqvist P, Junghard O, Higgins A, Green J. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(4): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950384
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Cost effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease without oesophagitis: comparison of on-demand esomeprazole with conventional omeprazole strategies. Author(s): Wahlqvist P, Junghard O, Higgins A, Green J. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(4): 267-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950383
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of high-dose omeprazole infusion as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer. Author(s): Lee KK, You JH, Wong IC, Kwong SK, Lau JY, Chan TY, Lau JT, Leung WY, Sung JJ, Chung SS. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 February; 57(2): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556776
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Critical effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on the effectiveness of omeprazole for prevention of gastric or duodenal ulcers among chronic NSAID users. Author(s): Graham DY. Source: Helicobacter. 2002 February; 7(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886469
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Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Kuipers EJ, Nelis GF, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Snel P, Goldfain D, Kolkman JJ, Festen HP, Dent J, Zeitoun P, Havu N, Lamm M, Walan A. Source: Gut. 2004 January; 53(1): 12-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684569
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Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with omeprazole. Author(s): Odeh M, Lurie M, Oliven A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 February; 78(916): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807212
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CYP2C19- and CYP3A4-dependent omeprazole metabolism in West Mexicans. Author(s): Gonzalez HM, Romero EM, Peregrina AA, de J Chavez T, Escobar-Islas E, Lozano F, Hoyo-Vadillo C. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 November; 43(11): 1211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551175
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Decreasing oesophageal acid exposure in patients with GERD: a comparison of rabeprazole and omeprazole. Author(s): Galmiche JP, Zerbib F, Ducrotte P, Fournet J, Rampal P, Avasthy N, Humphries TJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 September; 15(9): 1343-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552904
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Delivery of omeprazole and lansoprazole granules through a nasogastric tube in vitro. Author(s): Dunn A, White CM, Reddy P, Quercia RA, Chow MS. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 November 15; 56(22): 2327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10582827
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Determination of omeprazole and its metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Okada A, Matsushima Y, Yokota H, Okubo S, Mashige F, Nakahara K. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2002 March 8; 949(1-2): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999727
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Determination of the enantiomers of omeprazole in blood plasma by normal-phase liquid chromatography and detection by atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Stenhoff H, Blomqvist A, Lagerstrom PO. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 November 12; 734(2): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595717
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Development of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablets with stability enhancement in human saliva. Author(s): Choi HG, Kim CK. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2000 September 3; 68(3): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974393
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Diagnostic test with omeprazole in patients with posterior laryngitis. Author(s): Siupsinskiene N, Adamonis K. Source: Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2003; 39(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576765
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Different effects of short-term omeprazole, lansoprazole or pantoprazole on the accuracy of the (13)C-urea breath test. Author(s): Parente F, Sainaghi M, Sangaletti O, Imbesi V, Maconi G, Anderloni A, Bianchi Porro G. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 March; 16(3): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876710
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Discussion on simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: effect of omeprazole. Author(s): Booth M. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 May; 122(5): 1545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984542
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Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of omeprazole in irritable infants with gastroesophageal reflux. Author(s): Moore DJ, Tao BS, Lines DR, Hirte C, Heddle ML, Davidson GP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 August; 143(2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970637
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Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Author(s): Andersson T, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G, Rohss K. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2001; 40(7): 523-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510629
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Drug interaction: omeprazole and phenprocoumon. Author(s): Enderle C, Muller W, Grass U. Source: Bmc Gastroenterology [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 2. Epub 2001 April 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11313000
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Economic analysis of celecoxib versus diclofenac plus omeprazole for the treatment of arthritis in patients at risk of ulcer disease. Author(s): Lee KK, You JH, Ho JT, Suen BY, Yung MY, Lau WH, Lee VW, Sung JY, Chan FK. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 July 15; 18(2): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869082
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Effect of different doses of furazolidone with amoxicillin and omeprazole on eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Roghani HS, Massarrat S, Shirekhoda M, Butorab Z. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 July; 18(7): 778-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795748
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Effect of esomeprazole 40 mg vs omeprazole 40 mg on 24-hour intragastric pH in patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Rohss K, Hasselgren G, Hedenstrom H. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 May; 47(5): 954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018920
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Effect of omeprazole 10 mg on intragastric pH in three different CYP2C19 genotypes, compared with omeprazole 20 mg and lafutidine 20 mg, a new H2-receptor antagonist. Author(s): Shimatani T, Inoue M, Kuroiwa T, Horikawa Y, Mieno H, Nakamura M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 December; 18(11-12): 1149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653835
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Effect of omeprazole on plasma zinc levels after oral zinc administration. Author(s): Ozutemiz AO, Aydin HH, Isler M, Celik HA, Batur Y. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546170
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Effect of omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of voriconazole. Author(s): Wood N, Tan K, Purkins L, Layton G, Hamlin J, Kleinermans D, Nichols D. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 December; 56 Suppl 1: 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616415
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Effect of oral omeprazole in reducing re-bleeding in bleeding peptic ulcers: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Author(s): Kaviani MJ, Hashemi MR, Kazemifar AR, Roozitalab S, Mostaghni AA, Merat S, Alizadeh-Naini M, Yarmohammadi H. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(2): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534405
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Effect of sex and menstrual cycle phase on cytochrome P450 2C19 activity with omeprazole used as a biomarker. Author(s): Kim MJ, Bertino JS Jr, Gaedigk A, Zhang Y, Sellers EM, Nafziger AN. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 August; 72(2): 192-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189366
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Effect of short-term treatment with regular or high doses of omeprazole on the detection of Helicobacter pylori in bleeding peptic ulcer patients. Author(s): Udd M, Miettinen P, Palmu A, Julkunen R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 38(6): 588-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825865
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Effects of 6-12 months of esomeprazole treatment on the gastric mucosa. Author(s): Genta RM, Rindi G, Fiocca R, Magner DJ, D'Amico D, Levine DS. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818266
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Effects of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole or rabeprazole), amoxycillin and clarithromycin in Japan. Author(s): Dojo M, Azuma T, Saito T, Ohtani M, Muramatsu A, Kuriyama M. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 November; 33(8): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11785712
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Effects of primary metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance to Helicobacter pylori on omeprazole, metronidazole, and clarithromycin triple-therapy regimen in a region with high rates of metronidazole resistance. Author(s): Wong WM, Gu Q, Wang WH, Fung FM, Berg DE, Lai KC, Xia HH, Hu WH, Chan CK, Chan AO, Yuen MF, Hui CK, Lam SK, Wong BC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37(7): 882-9. Epub 2003 September 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13130398
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Effects of rabeprazole, 20 mg, or esomeprazole, 20 mg, on 24-h intragastric pH and serum gastrin in healthy subjects. Author(s): Warrington S, Baisley K, Boyce M, Tejura B, Morocutti A, Miller N. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 July; 16(7): 1301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12144580
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Efficacy and safety of single-triple capsules of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline, given with omeprazole, for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: an international multicentre study. Author(s): O'Morain C, Borody T, Farley A, De Boer WA, Dallaire C, Schuman R, Piotrowski J, Fallone CA, Tytgat G, Megraud F, Spenard J; International multicentre study. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562455
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Efficacy of esomeprazole in controlling reflux symptoms, intraesophageal, and intragastric pH in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Author(s): Yeh RW, Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 2003; 16(3): 193-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641308
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Empiric esomeprazole in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Author(s): DelGaudio JM, Waring JP. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 April; 113(4): 598-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671413
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Empirical prescribing for dyspepsia: randomised controlled trial of test and treat versus omeprazole treatment. Author(s): Manes G, Menchise A, de Nucci C, Balzano A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 24; 326(7399): 1118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763982
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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases nocturnal intragastric acidity during dosing with rabeprazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole and placebo. Author(s): Williams MP, Usselmann B, Chilton A, Sercombe J, Nwokolo CU, Pounder RE. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 March 15; 17(6): 775-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641499
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Eradication therapy with rabeprazole versus omeprazole in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Catalano F, Terminella C, Branciforte G, Bentivegna C, Brogna A, Scalia A. Source: Digestion. 2002; 66(3): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481161
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Esomeprazole 20 mg and lansoprazole 15 mg in maintaining healed reflux oesophagitis: Metropole study results. Author(s): Lauritsen K, Deviere J, Bigard MA, Bayerdorffer E, Mozsik G, Murray F, Kristjansdottir S, Savarino V, Vetvik K, De Freitas D, Orive V, Rodrigo L, Fried M, Morris J, Schneider H, Eklund S, Larko A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 24; Discussion 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614304
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Esomeprazole 20 mg and lansoprazole 15 mg in maintaining healed reflux oesophagitis: Metropole study results. Author(s): Lauritsen K, Deviere J, Bigard MA, Bayerdorffer E, Mozsik G, Murray F, Kristjansdottir S, Savarino V, Vetvik K, De Freitas D, Orive V, Rodrigo L, Fried M, Morris J, Schneider H, Eklund S, Larko A; Metropole study results. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 333-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562445
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Esomeprazole 40 mg and 20 mg is efficacious in the long-term management of patients with endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a placebocontrolled trial of on-demand therapy for 6 months. Author(s): Talley NJ, Venables TL, Green JR, Armstrong D, O'Kane KP, Giaffer M, Bardhan KD, Carlsson RG, Chen S, Hasselgren GS. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 August; 14(8): 857-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172406
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Esomeprazole administered through a nasogastric tube provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing. Author(s): Sostek MB, Chen Y, Skammer W, Winter H, Zhao J, Andersson T. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 September 15; 18(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969084
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Esomeprazole magnesium (Nexium). Author(s): Baker DE. Source: Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2001; 1(1): 32-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12120118
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Esomeprazole: a clinical review. Author(s): Johnson TJ, Hedge DD. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2002 July 15; 59(14): 1333-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132559
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Esomeprazole: a review of its use in the management of acid-related disorders in the US. Author(s): Scott LJ, Dunn CJ, Mallarkey G, Sharpe M. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(7): 1091-118. Erratum In: Drugs 2002; 62(15): 2183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11985491
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Esomeprazole: a review of its use in the management of acid-related disorders. Author(s): Scott LJ, Dunn CJ, Mallarkey G, Sharpe M. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(10): 1503-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093317
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Esomeprazole: update and clinical review. Author(s): Baker DE. Source: Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2002 Fall; 2(4): 189-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481170
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Esomeprazole-based one-week triple therapy with clarithromycin and metronidazole is effective in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in the absence of antimicrobial resistance. Author(s): Miehlke S, Schneider-Brachert W, Bastlein E, Ebert S, Kirsch C, Haferland C, Buchner M, Neumeyer M, Vieth M, Stolte M, Lehn N, Bayerdorffer E. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 October 15; 18(8): 799-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535873
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Evaluation of omeprazole in the treatment of reflux laryngitis: a prospective, placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Evans BA, Desper E, Mittal RK, Reibel JF, Levine PA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 December; 111(12): 2147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802014
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Factors that may affect treatment outcome of triple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Author(s): Georgopoulos SD, Ladas SD, Karatapanis S, Mentis A, Spiliadi C, Artikis V, Raptis SA. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 January; 45(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695615
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Famotidine versus omeprazole in combination with clarithromycin and metronidazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori--a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Gschwantler M, Dragosics B, Schutze K, Wurzer H, Hirschl AM, Pasching E, Wimmer M, Klimpfinger M, Oberhuber G, Brandstatter G, Hentschel E, Weiss W. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 August; 13(8): 1063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468682
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Famotidine versus omeprazole, in combination with amoxycillin and tinidazole, for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Hsu CC, Chen JJ, Hu TH, Lu SN, Changchien CS. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 August; 13(8): 921-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11507356
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FDA panel advises against omeprazole as over the counter drug. Author(s): Gottlieb S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 November 4; 321(7269): 1099. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061726
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Formation of omeprazole sulphone but not 5-hydroxyomeprazole is inhibited by grapefruit juice. Author(s): Tassaneeyakul W, Vannaprasaht S, Yamazoe Y. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 February; 49(2): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671908
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Formulation and in vivo evaluation of omeprazole buccal adhesive tablet. Author(s): Choi H, Jung J, Yong CS, Rhee C, Lee M, Han J, Park K, Kim C. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2000 September 3; 68(3): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974394
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Four-day, twice daily, quadruple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tinidazole and omeprazole to cure Helicobacter pylori infection: a pilot study. Author(s): Calvet X, Tito L, Comet R, Garcia N, Campo R, Brullet E. Source: Helicobacter. 2000 March; 5(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672052
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Fundic gland polyps under omeprazole treatment. Author(s): Declich P, Ambrosiani L, Bellone S, Tavani E, Prada A, Bortoli A, Gozzini C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 October; 112(4): 576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510676
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Fundic metaplasia with parietal cell hyperplasia of the antrum: a lesion possibly associated with long term use of omeprazole. Author(s): Declich P, Ambrosiani L, Prada A, Bortoli A, Bellone S, Tavani E, Gozzini C. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 August; 94(8): 2317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445579
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Gastric acid control with esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole: a five-way crossover study. Author(s): Miner P Jr, Katz PO, Chen Y, Sostek M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 98(12): 2616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687806
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Gastric acidity and acid breakthrough with twice-daily omeprazole or lansoprazole. Author(s): Katz PO, Hatlebakk JG, Castell DO. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 June; 14(6): 709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848653
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Gastric juice, gastric tissue and blood antibiotic concentrations following omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin triple therapy. Author(s): Nakamura M, Spiller RC, Barrett DA, Wibawa JI, Kumagai N, Tsuchimoto K, Tanaka T. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 August; 8(4): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950601
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Gastric polyps and nodules in children receiving long-term omeprazole therapy. Author(s): Pashankar DS, Israel DM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 November; 35(5): 65862. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454582
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Gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatics: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with omeprazole. Author(s): Kiljander TO, Salomaa ER, Hietanen EK, Terho EO. Source: Chest. 1999 November; 116(5): 1257-64. Erratum In: Chest 2001 August; 120(2): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10559084
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Healing and relapse rates in gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with the newer proton-pump inhibitors lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and pantoprazole compared with omeprazole, ranitidine, and placebo: evidence from randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Caro JJ, Salas M, Ward A. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 July; 23(7): 998-1017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11519776
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Heartburn treatment in primary care. Prescribing omeprazole would conflict with desire to control prescribing costs. Author(s): Williams A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 May 20; 320(7246): 1406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858061
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Helicobacter pylori and omeprazole therapy in GERD. Author(s): Kuipers EJ, Schenk BE, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 November; 94(11): 3378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10566757
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Helicobacter pylori eradication and standardized 3-month omeprazole therapy in functional dyspepsia. Author(s): Koskenpato J, Farkkila M, Sipponen P. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 October; 96(10): 2866-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693319
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High dose Omeprazole in esophagitis with stenosis after surgical treatment of esophageal atresia. Author(s): Sheth NP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 June; 37(6): 946. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037776
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High-dose omeprazole in esophagitis with stenosis after surgical treatment of esophageal atresia. Author(s): Van Biervliet S, Van Winckel M, Robberecht E, Kerremans I. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 September; 36(9): 1416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11528618
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High-dose omeprazole: use of a multiple-dose study design to assess bioequivalence and accuracy of CYP2C19 phenotyping. Author(s): Kovacs P, Edwards DJ, Lalka D, Scheiwe WM, Stoeckel K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1999 October; 21(5): 526-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10519449
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Histopathology of the gastric oxyntic mucosa in two different patient groups during long-term treatment with omeprazole. Author(s): Hage E, Hendel L, Gustafsen J, Hendel J. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 July; 15(7): 781-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811309
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Hypercalcaemia and acute interstitial nephritis associated with omeprazole therapy. Author(s): Wall CA, Gaffney EF, Mellotte GJ. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2000 September; 15(9): 1450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10978407
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Hypericin-induced phototoxicity of human leukemic cell line HL-60 is potentiated by omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+K+-ATPase and 5'-(N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger. Author(s): Mirossay L, Mirossay A, Kocisova E, Radvakova I, Miskovsky P, Mojzis J. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 1999; 48(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534017
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Identification of human liver cytochrome P450 isoforms mediating omeprazole metabolism. Author(s): Andersson T, Miners JO, Veronese ME, Tassaneeyakul W, Tassaneeyakul W, Meyer UA, Birkett DJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 December; 36(6): 521-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959268
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Impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin on the efficacy of the omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin therapy. Author(s): Tankovic J, Lamarque D, Lascols C, Soussy CJ, Delchier JC. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 May; 15(5): 707-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328266
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Impact of intravenous omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori eradication by triple therapy in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Author(s): Sheu BS, Chi CH, Huang CC, Kao AW, Wang YL, Yang HB. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 January; 16(1): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856088
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Improved high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of omeprazole in human plasma. Author(s): Yuen KH, Choy WP, Tan HY, Wong JW, Yap SP. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 February; 24(4): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272330
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Inducibility of CYP1A2 by omeprazole in vivo related to the genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2. Author(s): Han XM, Ouyang DS, Chen XP, Shu Y, Jiang CH, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 November; 54(5): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445035
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Influence of anti-Helicobacter triple-therapy with metronidazole, omeprazole and clarithromycin on intestinal microflora. Author(s): Buhling A, Radun D, Muller WA, Malfertheiner P. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 September; 15(9): 1445-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552917
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Influence of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Kang BC, Yang CQ, Cho HK, Suh OK, Shin WG. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 2002 March; 23(2): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932962
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Influence of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on 13C aminopyrine breath test: comparison among omeprazole-, lansoprazole-, or pantoprazole-containing regimens. Author(s): Giannini E, Romagnoli P, Fasoli A, Chiarbonello B, Malfatti F, Botta F, Risso D, Lantieri PB, Savarino V, Testa R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 October; 95(10): 2762-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11051345
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Influence of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on the occurrence of gastrointestinal events in patients treated with conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs combined with omeprazole. Author(s): Bannwarth B, Dorval E, Caekaert A, Barthelemy P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 September; 29(9): 1975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233895
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Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection and omeprazole treatment on gastric regional CO2. Author(s): Leodolter A, Glasbrenner B, Wiedeck H, Eberhardt H, Malfertheiner P, Brinkmann A. Source: Digestion. 2003; 67(4): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966225
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Influence of omeprazole on multidrug resistance protein 3 expression in human liver. Author(s): Hitzl M, Klein K, Zanger UM, Fritz P, Nussler AK, Neuhaus P, Fromm MF. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 February; 304(2): 524-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538803
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Inhibition of drug metabolism in human liver microsomes by nizatidine, cimetidine and omeprazole. Author(s): Furuta S, Kamada E, Suzuki T, Sugimoto T, Kawabata Y, Shinozaki Y, Sano H. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2001 January; 31(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334262
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Inhibitor effect of omeprazole in isolated human myometrial smooth muscle. Author(s): Yildirim K, Sarioglu Y, Kaya T, Cetin A, Yildirim S. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 June 15; 69(4): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11459434
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Inhibitory effect of omeprazole on transmigration of leukocytes through endothelial cell monolayers and leukocyte adhesion. Author(s): Hofbauer R, Losert H, Gmeiner B, Wagner O, Kapiotis S, Frass M, Kaye AD. Source: Microvascular Research. 2000 January; 59(1): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10625584
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Inhibitory effect of troleandomycin on the metabolism of omeprazole is CYP2C19 genotype-dependent. Author(s): He N, Huang SL, Zhu RH, Tan ZR, Liu J, Zhu B, Zhou HH. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2003 February; 33(2): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623762
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Inhibitory potency of twice-a-day omeprazole on gastric acidity is enhanced by eradication of H. pylori in duodenal ulcer patients. Author(s): Thomson AB, Keelan M, Lastiwka R, Appelman-Eszczuk S, Zuk L, Drozdowski L, Prentice A, Sinclair P. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 October; 48(10): 2045-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627354
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Initial potency of lansoprazole and omeprazole tablets on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion-a placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Muller P, Goksu MA, Fuchs W, Schluter F, Simon B. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 September; 14(9): 1225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971240
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Interaction of omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole with P-glycoprotein. Author(s): Pauli-Magnus C, Rekersbrink S, Klotz U, Fromm MF. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2001 December; 364(6): 5517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770010
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Intragastric distribution of Helicobacter pylori during short-term omeprazole therapy: study using Carnoy's fixation and immunohistochemistry for detection of bacteria. Author(s): Ishihara S, Okuyama T, Ishimura N, Ono M, Hashimoto T, Kazumori H, Kaji T, Sato H, Fujishiro H, Adachi K, Fukuda R, Kinoshita Y. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 September; 15(9): 1485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11552923
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Omeprazole
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Intragastric volatile N-nitrosamines, nitrite, pH, and Helicobacter pylori during longterm treatment with omeprazole. Author(s): Vermeer IT, Engels LG, Pachen DM, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC, van Maanen JM. Source: Gastroenterology. 2001 September; 121(3): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11522734
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Intra-oesophageal pH profiles and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole and esomeprazole: a crossover study in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Simon B, Muller P, Pascu O, Gatz G, Sander P, Huber R, Mascher H. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 July; 15(7): 791-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811310
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Intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Author(s): Palmer KR. Source: Gut. 2001 November; 49(5): 610-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600458
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Intravenous omeprazole in children: pharmacokinetics and effect on 24-hour intragastric pH. Author(s): Faure C, Michaud L, Shaghaghi EK, Popon M, Turck D, Navarro J, JacqzAigrain E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 August; 33(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568514
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Intravenous omeprazole in critically ill patients: a randomized, crossover study comparing 40 with 80 mg plus 8 mg/hour on intragastric pH. Author(s): Laterre PF, Horsmans Y. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 October; 29(10): 1931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11588454
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Iron deficiency anemia: induced by long-term ingestion of omeprazole. Author(s): Khatib MA, Rahim O, Kania R, Molloy P. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2596-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452401
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Is lansoprazole (Prevacid) or omeprazole (Prilosec) more effective in treating erosive esophagitis? Author(s): Kim JD. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11978268
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Is omeprazole helpful in the management of children with reflux oesophagitis? Author(s): Varughese LA, Mazur LJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 July; 87(1): 78-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12089134
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Lack of drug interaction between omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and theophylline. Author(s): Dilger K, Zheng Z, Klotz U. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 September; 48(3): 438-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510158
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Lactobacillus acidophilus administration added to omeprazole/amoxycillin-based double therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): De Francesco V, Stoppino V, Sgarro C, Faleo D. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2000 November; 32(8): 746-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11142590
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Lansoprazole versus omeprazole for duodenal ulcer healing and prevention of relapse: a randomized, multicenter, double-masked trial. Author(s): Dobrilla G, Piazzi L, Fiocca R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1999 August; 21(8): 1321-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10485504
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Lansoprazole vs. omeprazole for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a pH-metric comparison. Author(s): Frazzoni M, De Micheli E, Grisendi A, Savarino V. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 January; 16(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856076
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Long-term effects of omeprazole on the gastric mucosa. Author(s): Driman DK, Tougas G, Riddell R. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 October; 119(4): 1176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203030
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Long-term follow-up and serologic assessment after triple therapy with omeprazole or lansoprazole of Helicobacter-associated duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Fanti L, Ieri R, Mezzi G, Testoni PA, Passaretti S, Guslandi M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 January; 32(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154169
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Omeprazole
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Long-term management of gastro-eosophageal reflux disease with omeprazole or open antireflux surgery. Author(s): O'Boyle CJ, Watson DI. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 June; 13(6): 751-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434608
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Long-term management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with omeprazole or open antireflux surgery: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. The Nordic GORD Study Group. Author(s): Lundell L, Miettinen P, Myrvold HE, Pedersen SA, Thor K, Lamm M, Blomqvist A, Hatlebakk JG, Janatuinen E, Levander K, Nystrom P, Wiklund I. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000 August; 12(8): 879-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958215
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Long-term omeprazole treatment and fundic gland polyps: a very authoritative proof against a link? Author(s): Declich P, Tavani E, Porcellati M, Bellone S, Grassini R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 May; 96(5): 1650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374723
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Long-term omeprazole treatment and risk of gastric cancer. Author(s): Cammarota G, Cianci R, Gasbarrini G. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 October; 119(4): 1176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11203031
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Long-term omeprazole treatment in resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy, safety, and influence on gastric mucosa. Author(s): Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Nelis F, Dent J, Snel P, Mitchell B, Prichard P, Lloyd D, Havu N, Frame MH, Roman J, Walan A, Group LT. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 April; 118(4): 661-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734017
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Long-term safety and efficacy of omeprazole in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Armstrong D. Source: Lancet. 2000 August 19; 356(9230): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968429
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Low and high doses of rabeprazole vs. omeprazole for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Kositchaiwat C, Ovartlarnporn B, Kachintorn U, Atisook K. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 November 15; 18(10): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616168
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Low daily 10-mg and 20-mg doses of fluvoxamine inhibit the metabolism of both caffeine (cytochrome P4501A2) and omeprazole (cytochrome P4502C19). Author(s): Christensen M, Tybring G, Mihara K, Yasui-Furokori N, Carrillo JA, Ramos SI, Andersson K, Dahl ML, Bertilsson L. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 March; 71(3): 141-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907488
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Low efficacy of an ultra-short term, once-daily dose triple therapy with omeprazole, azithromycin, and secnidazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication in peptic ulcer. Author(s): Silva FM, Eisig JN, Chehter EZ, da Silva JJ, Laudanna AA. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2002 January-February; 57(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170343
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Low frequency of upper gastrointestinal complications in a cohort of high-risk patients taking low-dose aspirin or NSAIDS and omeprazole. Author(s): Lanas A, Rodrigo L, Marquez JL, Bajador E, Perez-Roldan F, Cabrol J, Quintero E, Montoro M, Gomollon F, Santolaria S, Lorente S, Cucala M, Nuevo J; EMPHASYS Study Group. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 July; 38(7): 693-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889553
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Manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux and response to omeprazole therapy in patients with chronic posterior laryngitis: an evaluation based on clinical practice. Author(s): Garrigues V, Gisbert L, Bastida G, Ortiz V, Bau I, Nos P, Ponce J. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 November; 48(11): 2117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705815
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Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing standard clinical doses of omeprazole and lansoprazole in erosive oesophagitis. Author(s): Sharma VK, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 February; 15(2): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11148442
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Mobilization of rat stomach ECL-cell histamine in response to short- or long-term treatment with omeprazole and/or YF 476 studied by gastric submucosal microdialysis in conscious rats. Author(s): Konagaya T, Bernsand M, Norlen P, Hakanson R. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 May; 133(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11325792
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Modulation of the phototoxic effect of hypericin in human leukemia CEM cell line by N-ethylmaleimide, amiloride and omeprazole. Author(s): Mirossay A, Mirossay L, Sarissky M, Papp P, Mojzis J. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2002; 51(6): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12511190
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Mortality study of 18 000 patients treated with omeprazole. Author(s): Bateman DN, Colin-Jones D, Hartz S, Langman M, Logan RF, Mant J, Murphy M, Paterson KR, Rowsell R, Thomas S, Vessey M; SURVEIL (Study of Undetected Reactions, Vigilance Enquiry into Links) Group. Source: Gut. 2003 July; 52(7): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801948
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No sex-related differences but significant inhibition by oral contraceptives of CYP2C19 activity as measured by the probe drugs mephenytoin and omeprazole in healthy Swedish white subjects. Author(s): Laine K, Tybring G, Bertilsson L. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 August; 68(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976546
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Occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated pediatric intensive care patients during stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate, ranitidine, and omeprazole. Author(s): Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, Yilmaz HL. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2002 December; 17(4): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12501151
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Omeprazole and ultrastructural modifications occurring in reflux esophagitis. Author(s): Calabrese C, Areni A, Miglioli M, DiFebo G. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 122(3): 837. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878295
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Omeprazole as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic combination injection sclerotherapy for treating bleeding peptic ulcer. Author(s): Javid G, Masoodi I, Zargar SA, Khan BA, Yatoo GN, Shah AH, Gulzar GM, Sodhi JS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 September; 111(4): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566458
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Omeprazole disposition in children following single-dose administration. Author(s): Kearns GL, Andersson T, James LP, Gaedigk A, Kraynak RA, Abdel-Rahman SM, Ramabadran K, van den Anker JN. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 August; 43(8): 840-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12953341
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Omeprazole hydroxylation is inhibited by a single dose of moclobemide in homozygotic EM genotype for CYP2C19. Author(s): Cho JY, Yu KS, Jang IJ, Yang BH, Shin SG, Yim DS. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 53(4): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966672
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Omeprazole increases permeability across isolated rat gastric mucosa pre-treated with an acid secretagogue. Author(s): Hopkins AM, McDonnell C, Breslin NP, O'Morain CA, Baird AW. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 March; 54(3): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902800
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Omeprazole is more effective than a histamine H2-receptor blocker for maintaining a persistent elevation of gastric pH after colon resection for cancer. Author(s): Hsu TC, Su CF, Leu SC, Huang PC, Wang TE, Chu CH. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 187(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706580
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Omeprazole isomer approved by FDA. Author(s): Thompson CA. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 April 15; 58(8): 645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11329754
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Omeprazole maintenance therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease after failure of fundoplication. Author(s): Pashankar D, Blair GK, Israel DM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 February; 32(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321383
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Omeprazole plus azithromycin and either amoxicillin or tinidazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Anagnostopoulos GK, Kostopoulos P, Margantinis G, Tsiakos S, Arvanitidis D. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 April; 36(4): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642739
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Omeprazole reduces clozapine plasma concentrations. A case report. Author(s): Frick A, Kopitz J, Bergemann N. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 May; 36(3): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12806570
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Omeprazole therapy and salivary flow rate in duodenal ulcer patients. Author(s): Namiot Z, Stasiewicz J, Kralisz M, Kozuszynska-Topor M, Markowski AR, Aljanaby FK, Kemona A, Gorski J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 March-April; 7(2): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257735
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Omeprazole treatment diminishes intra- and extracellular neutrophil reactive oxygen production and bactericidal activity. Author(s): Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Wenisch C, Patruta S, Parschalk B, Daxbock F, Graninger W. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 May; 30(5): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006811
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Omeprazole triple therapy versus omeprazole quadruple therapy for healing duodenal ulcer and eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a 24-month follow-up study. Author(s): Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Archavlis E, Amberiadis P, Christoforidis P, Kourtessas D, Chiotakakou E, Triantafyllou G. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 November; 14(11): 1237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439119
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Omeprazole versus ranitidine in the medical treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: assessment by early repeat endoscopy. Author(s): Fasseas P, Leybishkis B, Rocca G. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 December; 55(10): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777288
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Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, improves residual steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis patients treated with high dose pancreatic enzymes. Author(s): Proesmans M, De Boeck K. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 November; 162(11): 760-3. Epub 2003 September 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680386
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Omeprazole, furazolidone, and tetracycline: an eradication treatment for resistant H. pylori in Brazilian patients with peptic ulcer disease. Author(s): Silva FM, Eisig JN, Chehter EZ, Silva JJ, Laudanna AA. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2002 September-October; 57(5): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12436176
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Omeprazole, its isomers, and the carcinoid question. Author(s): Daniels IR. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 21; 357(9264): 1290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421211
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Omeprazole-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Delve P, Lau M, Yun K, Walker R. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 February 21; 116(1169): U332. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601409
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Omeprazole-induced intractable cough. Author(s): Howaizi M, Delafosse C. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 November; 37(11): 1607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565840
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Once-daily pantoprazole 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg have equivalent overall efficacy in relieving GERD-related symptoms. Author(s): Scholten T, Gatz G, Hole U. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 September 15; 18(6): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969085
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On-demand therapy for Los Angeles grade A and B reflux esophagitis: esomeprazole versus omeprazole. Author(s): Kao AW, Sheu BS, Sheu MJ, Chang YM, Huang SF, Chuang CH, Lai YL, Kao YH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 September; 102(9): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625604
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On-demand treatment in patients with oesophagitis and reflux symptoms: comparison of lansoprazole and omeprazole. Author(s): Johnsson F, Moum B, Vilien M, Grove O, Simren M, Thoring M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 June; 37(6): 642-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126240
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One week regimen of esomeprazole based triple therapy is sufficient for duodenal ulcer healing and Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Author(s): Boon YH, Vu C, Kaushik S, Cheng CS, Chiu TC, Chian LC. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 August; 14(8): 905; Author Reply 905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172417
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One-week esomeprazole treatment: an effective confirmatory test in patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Johnsson F, Hatlebakk JG, Klintenberg AC, Roman J, Toth E, Stubberod A, Falk A, Edin R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 April; 38(4): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739706
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One-week omeprazole, furazolidone and amoxicillin rescue therapy after failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with standard triple therapies. Author(s): Wong WM, Wong BC, Lu H, Gu Q, Yin Y, Wang WH, Fung FM, Lai KC, Xia HH, Xiao SD, Lam SK. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 April; 16(4): 793-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929398
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One-week triple therapy with esomeprazole provides effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease. Author(s): Veldhuyzen Van Zanten S, Lauritsen K, Delchier JC, Labenz J, De Argila CM, Lind T, Treichel HC, Stubberod A, Cockeram A, Hasselgren G, Gothe L, Wrangstadh M, Sinclair P. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 December; 14(12): 1605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11121908
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One-week triple therapy with esomeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole provides effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Veldhuyzen Van Zanten S, Machado S, Lee J. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 June 1; 17(11): 1381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786632
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Optimal dose of omeprazole for CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers in anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy: pharmacokinetic considerations. Author(s): Kita T, Sakaeda T, Aoyama N, Sakai T, Kawahara Y, Kasuga M, Okumura K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 July; 25(7): 923-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132671
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Oral esomeprazole vs. intravenous pantoprazole: a comparison of the effect on intragastric pH in healthy subjects. Author(s): Armstrong D, Bair D, James C, Tanser L, Escobedo S, Nevin K. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 October 1; 18(7): 705-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510744
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Pantoprazole versus omeprazole in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. Author(s): Vcev A, Stimac D, Vceva A, Takac B, Ivandic A, Pezerovic D, Horvat D, Nedic P, Kotromanovic Z, Maksimovic Z, Vranjes Z, Males J, Jurisic-Orzen D, Vladika I, Stimac T, Mandic B. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1999; 53(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705625
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Parietal cell protrusions and fundic gland cysts during omeprazole maintenance treatment. Author(s): Cats A, Schenk BE, Bloemena E, Roosedaal R, Lindeman J, Biemond I, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SG, Kuipers EJ. Source: Human Pathology. 2000 June; 31(6): 684-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10872661
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Patients have treatment preferences: a multicentre, double-blind, crossover study comparing rabeprazole and omeprazole. Author(s): Johnson M, Guilford S, Libretto SE; Collaborative GP Research Group. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2002; 18(5): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12240793
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Pharmacodynamics and kinetics of omeprazole MUPS 20 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg during repeated oral administration in Helicobacter pylori-negative subjects. Author(s): Geus WP, Mathot RA, Mulder PG, Lamers CB. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 August; 14(8): 1057-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930900
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Pharmacokinetic comparison of omeprazole capsules and a simplified omeprazole suspension. Author(s): Song JC, Quercia RA, Fan C, Tsikouris J, White CM. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 April 15; 58(8): 689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11329761
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Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Author(s): Andersson T, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G, Rohss K, Weidolf L. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2001; 40(6): 411-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11475467
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Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in patients with hepatic impairment. Author(s): Sjovall H, Bjornsson E, Holmberg J, Hasselgren G, Rohss K, Hassan-Alin M. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 May; 14(5): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984146
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Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Author(s): Hasselgren G, Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Claar-Nilsson C, Rohss K. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2001; 40(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11286324
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole. Author(s): Andersson T, Rohss K, Bredberg E, Hassan-Alin M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 October; 15(10): 1563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11563995
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Pharmacokinetics of budesonide controlled-release capsules when taken with omeprazole. Author(s): Edsbacker S, Larsson P, Bergstrand M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562453
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Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Author(s): Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Bredberg E, Rohss K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 56(9-10): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214773
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Pharmacokinetics of omeprazole given by continuous intravenous infusion to patients with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. Author(s): Pique JM, Feu F, de Prada G, Rohss K, Hasselgren G. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2002; 41(12): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12222996
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Pharmacokinetics of orally administered omeprazole in children. International Pediatric Omeprazole Pharmacokinetic Group. Author(s): Andersson T, Hassall E, Lundborg P, Shepherd R, Radke M, Marcon M, Dalvag A, Martin S, Behrens R, Koletzko S, Becker M, Drouin E, Gothberg G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 95(11): 3101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095324
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Phenotype of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by determination of omeprazole and its two main metabolites in plasma using liquid chromatography with liquid-liquid extraction. Author(s): Gonzalez HM, Romero EM, Chavez Tde J, Peregrina AA, Quezada V, HoyoVadillo C. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 November 25; 780(2): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401374
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Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive tablets containing omeprazole. Author(s): Yong CS, Jung JH, Rhee JD, Kim CK, Choi HG. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2001 May; 27(5): 447-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448052
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Posterior laryngitis: effects of treatment with omeprazole alone. Author(s): Rodriguez-Tellez M, Galera-Ruiz H, Arguelles-Arias F, Carmona I, MunozBorje F, Herrerias JM. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002 March; 94(3): 123-30. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185876
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Potential interaction between methotrexate and omeprazole. Author(s): Beorlegui B, Aldaz A, Ortega A, Aquerreta I, Sierrasesumega L, Giraldez J. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 September; 34(9): 1024-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10981249
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Potentiation of hypericin and hypocrellin-induced phototoxicity by omeprazole. Author(s): Mirossay A, Mirossay L, Tothova J, Miskovsky P, Onderkova H, Mojzis J. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 November; 6(5): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11962536
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Potentiation of the action of metronidazole on Helicobacter pylori by omeprazole and bismuth subcitrate. Author(s): Andersen LP, Colding H, Kristiansen JE. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 April; 14(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10773493
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Presence on human chromosome 10 of omeprazole-sensitivity gene whose product mediates CYP1A1 induction. Author(s): Kikuchi H, Fukushige S, Shibazaki M, Shiratori Y. Source: Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2002; 97(1-2): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438738
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Primary prevention of diclofenac associated ulcers and dyspepsia by omeprazole or triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori positive patients: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial. Author(s): Labenz J, Blum AL, Bolten WW, Dragosics B, Rosch W, Stolte M, Koelz HR. Source: Gut. 2002 September; 51(3): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171952
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Probing CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activities in Chinese liver microsomes by quantification of 5-hydroxyomeprazole and omeprazole sulphone. Author(s): Shu Y, Wang LS, Xiao WM, Wang W, Huang SL, Zhou HH. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 August; 21(8): 753-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501187
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Quality of life in chronic NSAID users: a comparison of the effect of omeprazole and misoprostol. Author(s): Yeomans N, Wilson I, Langstrom G, Hawkey C, Naesdal J, Walan A, Wiklund I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2001; 30(6): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846050
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Quantitative assessment of gastric corpus atrophy in subjects using omeprazole: a randomized follow-up study. Author(s): van Grieken NC, Meijer GA, Weiss MM, Bloemena E, Lindeman J, Baak JP, Meuwissen SG, Kuipers EJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 October; 96(10): 2882-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693321
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Rabeprazole is superior to omeprazole for the inhibition of peptone meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion in Helicobacter pylori-negative subjects. Author(s): Ohning GV, Walsh JH, Pisegna JR, Murthy A, Barth J, Kovacs TO. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752347
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Randomised study of the efficacy of omeprazole and clarithromycin with either amoxycillin or metronidazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in screened primary care patients. Author(s): Neville PM, Barrowclough S, Crocombe W, Axon AT, Wrangstadh M, Moayyedi P. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 March; 33(2): 131-4. Erratum In: Dig Liver Dis 2001 May; 33(4): 392. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346140
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Randomized comparative study of omeprazole and famotidine in reflux esophagitis. Author(s): Kawano S, Murata H, Tsuji S, Kubo M, Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Kanda T, Sato T, Yoshihara H, Masuda E, Noguchi M, Kashio S, Ikeda M, Kaneko A. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 September; 17(9): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167115
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Ranitidine and omeprazole as adjuvant therapy to pancrelipase to improve fat absorption in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Francisco MP, Wagner MH, Sherman JM, Theriaque D, Bowser E, Novak DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 July; 35(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142815
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Ranitidine bismuth citrate or omeprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Helicobacter pylori-infected non-ulcer dyspepsia. Author(s): Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Yang HB, Wu JJ, Lin XZ. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 March; 33(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346139
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Re: Ammonia cannot explain the effect of H. pylori on omeprazole-induced acid suppression. Author(s): Gillen D, Neithercut WD, McColl KE. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 February; 96(2): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232721
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Regular-dose versus high-dose omeprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Author(s): Udd M, Miettinen P, Palmu A, Heikkinen M, Janatuinen E, Pasanen P, Tarvainen R, Kairaluoma MV, Lohman M, Mustonen H, Julkunen R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 36(12): 1332-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11761026
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Relation between alcohol consumption and the success of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy using omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin for 1 week. Author(s): Baena JM, Lopez C, Hidalgo A, Rams F, Jimenez S, Garcia M, Hernandez MR. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 March; 14(3): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953695
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Relative contributions of CYP2C9 and 2C19 to phenytoin 4-hydroxylation in vitro: inhibition by sulfaphenazole, omeprazole, and ticlopidine. Author(s): Giancarlo GM, Venkatakrishnan K, Granda BW, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 April; 57(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11372587
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Relaxation induced by omeprazole does not change in diabetic rabbit corpus cavernosum. Author(s): Minhas S, Cartledge JJ. Source: Bju International. 2001 August; 88(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488761
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Remission of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by eradicating Helicobacter pylori after omeprazole monotherapy. Author(s): Kumagai T, Sekigawa K, Hashimoto N, Shirato R. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2001 August; 74(2): 237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11594530
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Review article: esomeprazole in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Laine L. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 July; 16 Suppl 4: 115-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047270
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Review article: esomeprazole, 40 mg once daily, compared with lansoprazole, 30 mg once daily, in healing and symptom resolution of erosive oesophagitis. Author(s): Vakil N. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614303
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Review article: Esomeprazole--enhanced bio-availability, specificity for the proton pump and inhibition of acid secretion. Author(s): Lindberg P, Keeling D, Fryklund J, Andersson T, Lundborg P, Carlsson E. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February 15; 17(4): 481-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12622756
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Review article: esomeprazole--the first proton pump inhibitor to be developed as an isomer. Author(s): Kendall MJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614298
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Review article: gastric acidity--comparison of esomeprazole with other proton pump inhibitors. Author(s): Hatlebakk JG. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 10-5; Discussion 16-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614300
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Review article: initial therapy of reflux disease with esomeprazole. Author(s): Dent J. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 18-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614302
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Review article: pharmacology of esomeprazole and comparisons with omeprazole. Author(s): Dent J. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17 Suppl 1: 5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614299
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Review of esomeprazole in the treatment of acid disorders. Author(s): Johnson DA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 4(2): 253-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562316
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Rhabdomyolysis causing AV blockade due to possible atorvastatin, esomeprazole, and clarithromycin interaction. Author(s): Sipe BE, Jones RJ, Bokhart GH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 808-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773066
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Safety and efficacy of 7-day rabeprazole- and omeprazole-based triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with documented peptic ulcer disease. Author(s): Hawkey CJ, Atherton JC, Treichel HC, Thjodleifsson B, Ravic M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 Apr15; 17(8): 1065-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12694089
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Safety and efficacy of long term esomeprazole therapy in patients with healed erosive oesophagitis. Author(s): Maton PN, Vakil NB, Levine JG, Hwang C, Skammer W, Lundborg P; Esomeprazole Study Investigators. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2001; 24(8): 625-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480494
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Selection of patients for successful maintenance treatment of esophagitis with lowdose omeprazole: use of 24-hour gastric pH monitoring. Author(s): Ladas SD, Tassios PS, Raptis SA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 February; 95(2): 374-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685738
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Seven-day triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori infection in haemodialysis patients. Author(s): Tsukada K, Miyazaki T, Katoh H, Masuda N, Ojima H, Fukai Y, Nakajima M, Manda R, Fukuchi M, Kuwano H, Tsukada O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 37(11): 1265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12465723
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Seven-day triple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate or omeprazole and two antibiotics for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer: a multicentre, randomized, single-blind study. Author(s): Spinzi GC, Boni F, Bortoli A, Colombo E, Ballardini G, Venturelli R, Minoli G. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 March; 14(3): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735926
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Short course of omeprazole: a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac chest pain than endoscopy, manometry, or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Author(s): Pandak WM, Arezo S, Everett S, Jesse R, DeCosta G, Crofts T, Gennings C, Siuta M, Zfass A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 35(4): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352293
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Short-term changes in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and bulbitis during and after 2 weeks of treatment with omeprazole and amoxicillin in duodenal ulcer patients. Author(s): Plein K, Madisch A, Stolte M, Hotz J. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 2001 July; 39(7): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505330
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Short-term omeprazole treatment does not influence biochemical parameters of bone turnover in children. Author(s): Kocsis I, Arato A, Bodanszky H, Szonyi L, Szabo A, Tulassay T, Vasarhelyi B. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2002 August; 71(2): 129-32. Epub 2002 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200646
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Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: effect of omeprazole. Author(s): Vela MF, Camacho-Lobato L, Srinivasan R, Tutuian R, Katz PO, Castell DO. Source: Gastroenterology. 2001 June; 120(7): 1599-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11375942
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Species comparison in P450 induction: effects of dexamethasone, omeprazole, and rifampin on P450 isoforms 1A and 3A in primary cultured hepatocytes from man, Sprague-Dawley rat, minipig, and beagle dog. Author(s): Lu C, Li AP. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2001 May 16; 134(3): 271-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336975
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Sporadic fundic gland polyps, GERD and omeprazole usage: is there a little piece of information missed? Author(s): Declich P, Tavani E, Ferrara A, Prada A, Caruso S, Bellone S, Bortoli A, Porcellati M, Gozzini C. Source: Pol J Pathol. 2001; 52(1-2): 63-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505682
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Stability of gastric secretory inhibition during 6-month treatment with omeprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Tefera S, Hatlebakk JG, Berstad A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 96(4): 969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11316213
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Stability of suspension formulations of lansoprazole and omeprazole stored in amber-colored plastic oral syringes. Author(s): DiGiacinto JL, Olsen KM, Bergman KL, Hoie EB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 May; 34(5): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852086
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Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Author(s): Abelo A, Andersson TB, Antonsson M, Naudot AK, Skanberg I, Weidolf L. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2000 August; 28(8): 966-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901708
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Stereospecific analysis of omeprazole in human plasma as a probe for CYP2C19 phenotype. Author(s): Kanazawa H, Okada A, Higaki M, Yokota H, Mashige F, Nakahara K. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 January 15; 30(6): 181724. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485723
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Stereospecific analysis of omeprazole supports artemisinin as a potent inducer of CYP2C19. Author(s): Mihara K, Svensson US, Tybring G, Hai TN, Bertilsson L, Ashton M. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1999; 13(6): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10626755
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Study of omeprazole-gamma-cyclodextrin complexation in the solid state. Author(s): Arias MJ, Moyano JR, Munoz P, Gines JM, Justo A, Giordano F. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2000 March; 26(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10738642
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Sufficient effect of 1-week omeprazole and amoxicillin dual treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in cytochrome P450 2C19 poor metabolizers. Author(s): Aoyama N, Tanigawara Y, Kita T, Sakai T, Shirakawa K, Shirasaka D, Kodama F, Okumura K, Kasuga M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999; 34 Suppl 11: 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10616772
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Switching omeprazole in Sweden and the United States. Author(s): Cohen J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 September-October; 10(5): 370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975722
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Symptom-relieving effect of esomeprazole 40 mg daily in patients with heartburn. Author(s): Johnsson F, Hatlebakk JG, Klintenberg AC, Roman J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 April; 38(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739705
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The AMOR study: a randomized, double-blinded trial of omeprazole versus ranitidine together with amoxycillin and metronidazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Ell C, Schoerner C, Solbach W, Stolte M, Vieth M, Ridl W, Moser W; AMOR Study Group. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 June; 13(6): 685-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434595
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The cost of long term therapy for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomised trial comparing omeprazole and open antireflux surgery. Author(s): Myrvold HE, Lundell L, Miettinen P, Pedersen SA, Liedman B, Hatlebakk J, Julkunen R, Levander K, Lamm M, Mattson C, Carlsson J, Stahlhammar NO; Nordic GORD Study Group. Source: Gut. 2001 October; 49(4): 488-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559644
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The cost-effectiveness of the omeprazole test in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Author(s): Ofman JJ, Gralnek IM, Udani J, Fennerty MB, Fass R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 September; 107(3): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492314
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The effect of endoscopic therapy in patients receiving omeprazole for bleeding ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels or adherent clots: a randomized comparison. Author(s): Sung JJ, Chan FK, Lau JY, Yung MY, Leung WK, Wu JC, Ng EK, Chung SC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 August 19; 139(4): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12965978
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The effect of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel on the CYP2C19-mediated metabolism of omeprazole in healthy female subjects. Author(s): Palovaara S, Tybring G, Laine K. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 August; 56(2): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12895199
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The effect of the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of esomeprazole on intragastric pH. Author(s): Junghard O, Hassan-Alin M, Hasselgren G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 October; 58(7): 453-8. Epub 2002 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389067
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The effectiveness of omeprazole, clarithromycin and tinidazole in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in a community screen and treat programme. Leeds Help Study Group. Author(s): Moayyedi P, Feltbower R, Crocombe W, Mason S, Atha P, Brown J, Dowell AC, Richards ID, Axon AT. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 June; 14(6): 719-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848655
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The effects of mebendazole on P4501A activity in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Comparison with tiabendazole and omeprazole. Author(s): Baliharova V, Skalova L, Maas RF, De Vrieze G, Bull S, Fink-Gremmels J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 June; 55(6): 773-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841937
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The effects of omeprazole on healing and appearance of small gastric and duodenal lesions during dosing with diclofenac in healthy subjects. Author(s): Dorta G, Nicolet M, Vouillamoz D, Margalith D, Saraga E, Bouzourene H, Hacki WH, Stolte M, Blum AL, Armstrong D. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 May; 14(5): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10792115
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The efficacy of omeprazole twice daily with supplemental H2 blockade at bedtime in the suppression of nocturnal oesophageal and gastric acidity. Author(s): Orr WC, Harnish MJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 June 15; 17(12): 1553-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823159
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The HOMER Study: the effect of increasing the dose of metronidazole when given with omeprazole and amoxicillin to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Bardhan K, Bayerdorffer E, Veldhuyzen Van Zanten SJ, Lind T, Megraud F, Delchier JC, Hellblom M, Stubberod A, Burman CF, Gromark P, Zeijlon L. Source: Helicobacter. 2000 December; 5(4): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179983
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The impact of primary antibiotic resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate- vs. omeprazole-based one-week triple therapies in H. pylori eradication--a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Bago J, Halle ZB, Strinic D, Kucisec N, Jandric D, Bevanda M, Tomic M, Bilic A. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 June 28; 114(12): 448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422579
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The new proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole is effective as a maintenance therapy in GERD patients with healed erosive oesophagitis: a 6-month, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Author(s): Vakil NB, Shaker R, Johnson DA, Kovacs T, Baerg RD, Hwang C, D'Amico D, Hamelin B. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 July; 15(7): 927-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421866
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The pharmacological effect of omeprazole on water gastric emptying: A study based on an impedance measure. Author(s): Chang FY, Lu CI, Chen CY, Lee SD, Tsai DS, Fu SE. Source: Pharmacology. 2001 July; 63(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408832
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Transfer of clarithromycin to gastric juice is enhanced by omeprazole in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals. Author(s): Pedrazzoli J Jr, Calafatti SA, Ortiz RA, Dias FE, Deguer M, Mendes FD, Bento AP, Pereira AA, Piovesana H, Ferraz JG, Lerner F, de Nucci G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 December; 36(12): 1248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11761012
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Transfer of metronidazole to gastric juice: impact of Helicobacter pylori infection and omeprazole. Author(s): Calafatti SA, dos Santos A, da Silva CM, Deguer M, Carvalho AF Jr, Mendes FD, Ferraz JG, Bento AP, Pereira AA, Piovesana H, de Nucci G, Lerner F, Pedrazzoli J Jr. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 July; 35(7): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10972172
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Treatment of erosive oesophagitis with omeprazole: a comparison with different delivery system. Author(s): Lu CL, Chen TS, Chen CY, Chang FY, Kang LJ, Lee SD. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 November; 33(8): 731. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11785721
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Triple therapy for 7 days vs. triple therapy for 7 days plus omeprazole for 21 days in treatment of active duodenal ulcer with Helicobacter pylori infection. A double blind placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Marzio L, Cellini L, Angelucci D. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2003 January; 35(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725603
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Triple therapy with clarithromycin, amoxicillin and omeprazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children and adolescents. Author(s): Kawakami E, Ogata SK, Portorreal AC, Magni AM, Pardo ML, Patricio FR. Source: Arquivos De Gastroenterologia. 2001 July-September; 38(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11917721
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Triple therapy with clarithromycin, omeprazole, and amoxicillin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients in Asia and Africa. Author(s): Wong BC, Chang FY, Abid S, Abbas Z, Lin BR, Van Rensburg C, Chen PC, Schneider H, Simjee AE, Hamid SS, Seebaran A, Zhang J, Destefano M, Lam SK. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 November; 14(11): 1529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069326
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Use of cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes. Author(s): Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon MG, Agostinis L, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 September 1; 150(5): 476-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472947
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Use of omeprazole during pregnancy--no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Author(s): Kallen BA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 May; 96(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11311763
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Use of omeprazole in life-threatening metabolic alkalosis. Author(s): Hixson R, Christmas D. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 October; 25(10): 1201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10551990
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Use of omeprazole in the management of giant duodenal ulcer: results of a prospective study. Author(s): Fischer DR, Nussbaum MS, Pritts TA, Gilinsky NH, Weesner RE, Martin SP, Giannella RA. Source: Surgery. 1999 October; 126(4): 643-8; Discussion 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10520910
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Validation of an automated liquid chromatographic method for omeprazole in human plasma using on-line solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Garcia-Encina G, Farran R, Puig S, Martinez L. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 November; 21(2): 37182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703993
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Views on esomeprazole-based triple therapy to treat duodenal ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Singh-Ranger G. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 June; 14(6): 703; Author Reply 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072608
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Visual disorders associated with omeprazole and their relation to CYP2C19 polymorphism. Author(s): Lutz M, Schwab M, Griese EU, Marx C, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Schonhofer PS, Meisner C, Gleiter CH, Eichelbaum M, Morike K. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2002 January; 12(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773867
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Which dyspepsia patients will benefit from omeprazole treatment? Analysis of a Danish multicenter trial. Author(s): Meineche-Schmidt V, Christensen E. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 October; 95(10): 2777-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11051347
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and omeprazole.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Omeprazole The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “omeprazole” (or a synonym): •
Antibacterial effect of garlic and omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Jonkers, D van den Broek, E van Dooren, I Thijs, C Dorant, E Hageman, G Stobberingh, E J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1999 June; 43(6): 837-9 0305-7453
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Antioxidant properties of omeprazole. Author(s): Istituto di Fisiopatologia Medica, Universita degli Studi G.D. Annuzio, Chieti, Italy. Source: Lapenna, D de Gioia, S Ciofani, G Festi, D Cuccurullo, F FEBS-Lett. 1996 March 11; 382(1-2): 189-92 0014-5793
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Comparison of IY81149 with omeprazole in rat reflux oesophagitis. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea. Source: Kil, B J Kim, I W Shin, C Y Jeong, J H June, C H Lee, S M Kim, D Y Huh, I H Sohn, U D J-Auton-Pharmacol. 2000 Oct-December; 20(5-6): 291-6 0144-1795
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Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection by omeprazole-clarithromycin-based therapy in non-human primates. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA. Source: Dubois, A Berg, D E Fiala, N Heman Ackah, L M Perez Perez, G I Blaser, M J JGastroenterol. 1998 February; 33(1): 18-22 0944-1174
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Effect of high dose omeprazole on gastric pepsin secretion and serum pepsinogen levels in man. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Ten Kate, R W Tuynman, H A Festen, H P Pals, G Meuwissen, S G Eur-J-ClinPharmacol. 1988; 35(2): 173-6 0031-6970
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Effect of omeprazole on ascorbate free radical formation. Author(s): Department of Internal Gastroenterology, Sendai Shakai Hoken Hospital. Source: Ohara, T Sasaki, R Shibuya, D Asaki, S Toyota, T Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 1992 July; 167(3): 185-8 0040-8727
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Effects of prostaglandin D2 and omeprazole on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, Japan. Source: Fukui, A Nakazawa, S Goto, H Sugiyama, S Ozawa, T Clin-Exp-PharmacolPhysiol. 1988 December; 15(12): 919-26 0305-1870
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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease tetracycline & furazolidone vs. metronidazole & amoxicillin in omeprazole based triple therapy. Author(s): Gastrointestinal & liver Diseases Research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
[email protected] Source: Mansour Ghanaei, Fariborz Fallah, Mohammad S Shafaghi, Afshin Med-SciMonit. 2002 March; 8(3): PI27-30 1234-1010
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Prophylaxis against acid aspiration in regional anesthesia for elective cesarean section: a comparison between oral single-dose ranitidine, famotidine and omeprazole assessed with fiberoptic gastric aspiration. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Source: Lin, C J Huang, C L Hsu, H W Chen, T L Acta-Anaesthesiol-Sin. 1996 December; 34(4): 179-84 0529-5769
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Protective effects of sucralfate and omeprazole on gastric mucosal damage induced by ethanol in rats. Author(s): Section of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. Source: Kaya, N Boyunapa, H Baris, S Kahraman, H Altintop, L Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 1998 February 13; 110(3): 96-100 0043-5325
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Signal transduction-mediated CYP1A1 induction by omeprazole in human HepG2 cells. Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Source: Kikuchi, H Hossain, A Exp-Toxicol-Pathol. 1999 July; 51(4-5): 342-6 0940-2993
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Stereoselective interaction of omeprazole with warfarin in healthy men. Author(s): Gastrointestinal Research Laboratories, AB Hassle, Molndal, Sweden. Source: Sutfin, T Balmer, K Bostrom, H Eriksson, S Hoglund, P Paulsen, O Ther-DrugMonit. 1989; 11(2): 176-84 0163-4356
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The effects of omeprazole-induced hypochlorhydria on absorption of theophylline from a sustained-release formulation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. Source: Sommers, D K van Wyk, M Snyman, J R Moncrieff, J Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1992; 43(2): 141-3 0031-6970
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The proton channel blocking agent omeprazole is an inhibitor of the thiamin shuttle. Author(s): Pelorus Research Laboratory, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96739. Source: Brown, R D J-Theor-Biol. 1990 April 23; 143(4): 565-73 0022-5193
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Theophylline steady state pharmacokinetics is not altered by omeprazole. Author(s): Pharmacie Clinique, Hopital Bicetre, Paris, France. Source: Taburet, A M Geneve, J Bocquentin, M Simoneau, G Caulin, C Singlas, E Eur-JClin-Pharmacol. 1992; 42(3): 343-5 0031-6970
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to omeprazole; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Nutrition
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Alternative names: Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Minerals Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to omeprazole. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to omeprazole and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to omeprazole: •
Affinities at the verapamil binding site of MDR1-encoded P-glycoprotein: drugs and analogs, stereoisomers and metabolites. Author(s): Neuhoff S, Langguth P, Dressler C, Andersson TB, Regardh CG, SpahnLangguth H. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 April; 38(4): 168-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783826
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Amoxicillin/tetracycline combinations are inadequate as alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Perri F, Festa V, Merla A, Quitadamo M, Clemente R, Andriulli A. Source: Helicobacter. 2002 April; 7(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966868
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An intervention trial to inhibit the progression of precancerous gastric lesions: compliance, serum micronutrients and S-allyl cysteine levels, and toxicity.
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Author(s): You WC, Chang YS, Heinrich J, Ma JL, Liu WD, Zhang L, Brown LM, Yang CS, Gail MH, Fraumeni JF Jr, Xu GW. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2001 June; 10(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432713 •
Antibacterial effect of garlic and omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Jonkers D, van den Broek E, van Dooren I, Thijs C, Dorant E, Hageman G, Stobberingh E. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43(6): 837-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404325
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Antiulcer drugs and gastric prostaglandin E2: an in vitro study. Author(s): Ota S, Takahashi M, Yoshiura K, Hata Y, Kawabe T, Terano A, Omata M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1993; 17 Suppl 1: S15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7904284
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Anti-ulcerogenic and analgesic activities of the leaves of Wilbrandia ebracteata in mice. Author(s): Gonzalez FG, Di Stasi LC. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 March; 9(2): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995945
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Antiulcerogenic effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Author(s): Suleyman H, Demirezer LO, Buyukokuroglu ME, Akcay MF, Gepdiremen A, Banoglu ZN, Gocer F. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 November; 15(7): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11746847
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Antiulcerogenicity of the flavonoid fraction from Bidens aurea: comparison with ranitidine and omeprazole. Author(s): Alarcon de la Lastra C, Martin MJ, La Casa C, Motilva V. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1994 May; 42(3): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7934085
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ATPase inhibitors suppress actinomycin D-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Author(s): Shiono Y, Fujita Y, Oka S, Yamazaki Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2002 September-October; 22(5): 2907-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530016
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Black tea polyphenols, theaflavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell cultures. Author(s): Feng Q, Torii Y, Uchida K, Nakamura Y, Hara Y, Osawa T. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 January 2; 50(1): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11754570
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Colloidal bismuth pectin: an alternative to bismuth subcitrate for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori--positive duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Nie Y, Li Y, Wu H, Sha W, Du H, Dai S, Wang H, Li Q. Source: Helicobacter. 1999 June; 4(2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382127
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Comparison of a high lipase pancreatic enzyme extract with a regular pancreatin preparation in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Author(s): Gan KH, Heijerman HG, Geus WP, Bakker W, Lamers CB. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1994 December; 8(6): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7696449
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Comparison of IY81149 with omeprazole in rat reflux oesophagitis. Author(s): Kil BJ, Kim IW, Shin CY, Jeong JH, Jun CH, Lee SM, Kim DY, Huh IH, Sohn UD. Source: Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology. 2000 October-December; 20(5-6): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350494
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Cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in duodenal ulcer disease. Author(s): Jonsson B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1996; 215: 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722390
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Determination of drug interactions occurring with the metabolic pathways of irinotecan. Author(s): Charasson V, Haaz MC, Robert J. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 June; 30(6): 731-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12019202
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Differential drug-induced mRNA expression of human CYP3A4 compared to CYP3A5, CYP3A7 and CYP3A43. Author(s): Krusekopf S, Roots I, Kleeberg U. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 April 11; 466(1-2): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679136
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Effect of phenobarbital and other model inducers on cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in primary culture of dog hepatocytes. Author(s): Nishibe Y, Hirata M. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1993 June; 23(6): 681-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8212741
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Effects of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, retinol, retinoic acid and cholecalciferol on xenobiotic oxidations catalysed by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Author(s): Yamazaki H, Shimada T. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1999 March; 29(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10219964
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Efficacy of a pectin-based anti-reflux agent on acid reflux and recurrence of symptoms and oesophagitis in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Havelund T, Aalykke C, Rasmussen L. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1997 May; 9(5): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9187886
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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with a Chinese herbal medicine without emergence of resistant colonies. Author(s): Higuchi K, Arakawa T, Ando K, Fujiwara Y, Uchida T, Kuroki T. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 May; 94(5): 1419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10235237
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Evaluation of the gastroprotective activity of cordatin, a diterpene isolated from Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae). Author(s): Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JD, Toma W, de Paula AC, de Almeida AB, Brasil DD, Muller AH, Brito AR. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 December; 23(12): 1465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145179
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Evidence for the involvement of human liver microsomes CYP1A2 in the monohydroxylation of daidzein. Author(s): Peng WX, Wang LS, Li HD, El-Aty AM, Chen GL, Zhou HH. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 August; 334(1-2): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867277
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Factorial trial of three interventions to reduce the progression of precancerous gastric lesions in Shandong, China: design issues and initial data. Author(s): Gail MH, You WC, Chang YS, Zhang L, Blot WJ, Brown LM, Groves FD,
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Heinrich JP, Hu J, Jin ML, Li JY, Liu WD, Ma JL, Mark SD, Rabkin CS, Fraumeni JF Jr, Xu GW. Source: Controlled Clinical Trials. 1998 August; 19(4): 352-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9683311 •
From the Food and Drug Administration. Author(s): Nightingale SL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 May 22-29; 275(20): 1534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8622234
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Garlic oil and Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Aydin A, Ersoz G, Tekesin O, Akcicek E, Tuncyurek M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 February; 95(2): 563-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685782
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Gastric acid secretion is augmented by the replacement of extracellular Na+ with K+ or other ions. Author(s): Akagi K, Hasebe K, Watanabe K, Nagao T, Urushidani T. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 October; 78(2): 147-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9829618
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Gastric H+-K+-ATPase in situ: evidence for compartmentalization. Author(s): Hersey SJ, Perez A, Matheravidathu S, Sachs G. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1989 October; 257(4 Pt 1): G539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2552824
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Gastrin effects on isolated rat enterochromaffin-like cells in primary culture. Author(s): Prinz C, Scott DR, Hurwitz D, Helander HF, Sachs G. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1994 October; 267(4 Pt 1): G663-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524350
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Gastroesophageal reflux in children: pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and role of proton pump inhibitors in treatment. Author(s): Gold BD, Freston JW. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(10): 673-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269842
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Gastroprotective activity of oleanolic acid derivatives on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rats and mice. Author(s): Astudillo L, Rodriguez JA, Schmeda-Hirschmann G.
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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 April; 54(4): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999138 •
Gastroprotective effect of aparisthman, a diterpene isolated from Aparisthmium cordatum, on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Author(s): Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Toma W, Almeida AB, Paula AC, Brasil DS, Muller AH, Souza Brito AR. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 March; 8(2): 94-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315762
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Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Pandian RS, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 August; 81(3): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127242
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Gastroprotective effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract: possible involvement of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition and scavenging of hydroxyl radical. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Chatterjee R, Bandyopadhyay D, Chattopadhyay I, Ganguly CK, Chakraborty T, Bhattacharya K, Banerjee RK. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 November 1; 71(24): 2845-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377267
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Gut neuroendocrine tumors. Author(s): Hammond PJ, Bloom SR. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 5: 570-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704795
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Identification of human cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of S-2[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid. Author(s): Taguchi K, Konishi T, Nishikawa H, Kitamura S. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1999 September; 29(9): 899-907. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548450
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Induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1 by omeprazole in human HepG2 cells is protein tyrosine kinase-dependent and is not inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone. Author(s): Kikuchi H, Hossain A, Yoshida H, Kobayashi S. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1998 October 15; 358(2): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9784250
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Modulation of the phototoxic effect of hypericin in human leukemia CEM cell line by N-ethylmaleimide, amiloride and omeprazole. Author(s): Mirossay A, Mirossay L, Sarissky M, Papp P, Mojzis J. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2002; 51(6): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12511190
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Omeprazole reduces preoperative gastric fluid acidity and volume in children. Author(s): Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N, Tamada M, Obara H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1994 October; 41(10): 925-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8001212
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Omeprazole, an inducer of human CYP1A1 and 1A2, is not a ligand for the Ah receptor. Author(s): Daujat M, Peryt B, Lesca P, Fourtanier G, Domergue J, Maurel P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1992 October 30; 188(2): 820-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1280125
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Omeprazole, SCH 28080 and doxepin differ in their characteristics to inhibit H+/K+ATPase driven proton accumulation by parietal cell membrane vesicles. Author(s): Beil W, Staar U, Schunemann P, Sewing KF. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988 December 1; 37(23): 4487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2849447
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Pharmacodynamic interactions of omeprazole with CNS active drugs in rats. Author(s): Chandrashekhar SM, Chakrabarti A, Garg SK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 January; 39(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7705876
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Potentiation of hypericin and hypocrellin-induced phototoxicity by omeprazole. Author(s): Mirossay A, Mirossay L, Tothova J, Miskovsky P, Onderkova H, Mojzis J. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 November; 6(5): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11962536
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Septicemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a hemodialyzed, iron-depleted patient receiving omeprazole and oral iron supplementation. Author(s): Fakir M, Saison C, Wong T, Matta B, Hardin JM.
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Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1992 March; 19(3): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1553973 •
Signal transduction-mediated CYP1A1 induction by omeprazole in human HepG2 cells. Author(s): Kikuchi H, Hossain A. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 1999 July; 51(4-5): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445394
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St John's wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and 2C19dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Author(s): Wang LS, Zhou G, Zhu B, Wu J, Wang JG, Abd El-Aty AM, Li T, Liu J, Yang TL, Wang D, Zhong XY, Zhou HH. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004 March; 75(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001970
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The role of protein tyrosine kinases in CYP1A1 induction by omeprazole and thiabendazole in rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Lemaire G, Delescluse C, Pralavorio M, Ledirac N, Lesca P, Rahmani R. Source: Life Sciences. 2004 March 19; 74(18): 2265-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987951
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to omeprazole; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Herbs and Supplements Antacids/Acid Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cobalamin Alternative names: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omeprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proton Pump Inhibitors (Gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to omeprazole. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “omeprazole” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on omeprazole, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Omeprazole ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to omeprazole. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Tablet Shapes and in Vitro Evaluation of Coated Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets, Novel Mupirocin Formulations, Non-Acidic Enteric Coating of Omeprazole, And, Novel Hot-Melt Coating Process by Leung, Manshiu; PhD from Oregon State University, 2003, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061906
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning omeprazole.
Recent Trials on Omeprazole The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to omeprazole.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
The Use of Oral Omeprazole and Intravenous Pantoprazole in Patients with Hypersecretion of Gastric Acid Condition(s): Gastrinoma; Zollinger Ellison Syndrome Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome suffer from ulcers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, higher than normal levels of gastric acid, and tumors of the pancreas known as non-beta islet cell tumors. Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome require continuous control of their gastric acid secretion. If gastric acid levels are permitted to rise higher than normal, patients may develop severe ulcers and other complications. This study will attempt to determine the effectiveness of Omeprazole (Prilosec) in the treatment of patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Omeprazole is a drug that functions to decrease the amount of gastric acid secreted. Patients for this study will be selected based on a previous diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and/or idiopathic (unknown cause) high levels of gastric acid secretion. The patients will undergo an evaluation including history and physical examination as well as necessary laboratory tests. The proper dose of Omeprazole will then be determined in each patient. The proper dose of Omeprazole is considered the minimum amount of omeprazole required to lower gastric acid to a safe level. Every year patients participating in this study will undergo a physical examination and history. They will be questioned about symptoms associated with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Gastric acid
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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levels will be taken and evaluated and patients will undergo an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The effectiveness of the treatment will be measured by a clinical history to determine the control of symptoms due to high levels of gastric acid secretion. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001191 •
Safety & Efficacy of Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate for the Prevention of Upper GI Bleeding in the Critically Ill Condition(s): Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Santarus Purpose - Excerpt: Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of having upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding due to stress related mucosal damage. Cimetidine, delivered continuously through intravenous infusion, is the only drug that the FDA has approved for the prevention of upper GI bleeding in critically ill patients. The present trial is intended to assess the safety and efficacy of an omeprazole sodium bicarbonate immediate-release suspension in this indication. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00045799
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “omeprazole” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “omeprazole” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on omeprazole, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Omeprazole By performing a patent search focusing on omeprazole, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on omeprazole: •
Activation of chloride channels for correction of defective chloride transport Inventor(s): Cuppoletti; John (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): University of Cincinnati (cincinnati, Oh) Patent Number: 6,159,968 Date filed: January 15, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides a method for increasing the permeability of epithelial cells to a chloride ion in a subject comprising administering a permeability enhancing amount of a composition comprising a specifically-defined nontoxic, benzimidazole or benzimidazole derivative. The invention also relates to a method of treating cystic fibrosis comprising administering an epithelial cell chloride permeability enhancing amount of a composition comprising a specifically-defined nontoxic, benzimidazole or benzimidazole derivative. The benzimidazole compound having chloride channel activation activity for use in this invention includes a 2-[(pyridyl)-methylsulfinyl or methylthio]benzimidazole derivatives and salts thereof, for instance. Specifically, these include the compounds omeprazole, lansoprazole, thimoprazole and pantoprazole. When appropriately applied, these compounds can correct detective chloride transport, increasing the salt and water flux in diseased tissues to levels closer to those of normal tissues thus reducing life-threatening complications. Excerpt(s): The research underlying this invention has been supported by one or more of the following grants: 5 R01DK43377-05, 2R01DK43816-06, 1R01DK50749-01A1, 1R01DK50749-01 and 1R01HL57614-01, awarded by the National Institutes of Health; and CUPPOL96PO, awarded by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation ("CFF"). This application is based on U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/071,549, filed Jan. 15, 1998. This invention relates generally to medical treatment methods. Specifically, the invention relates to methodology for the correction of defective chloride transport by increasing the salt and water flux in diseased tissues to levels closer to those found in normal tissues. The invention discloses a method of activation of chloride transport in cystic fibrosis. Specifically, the methods of the present invention rely on the ability of benzimidazoles, e.g., omeprazole (PRILOSEC.TM.), to increase the activity of alternate chloride transport proteins in the lung. Omeprazole, a drug currently used for treatment of gastric ulcers, is known to function as a proton pump inhibitor ("PPI"). The present invention discloses that 2 it is also capable of activating chloride transport proteins on the surface of lung epithelial cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159968__
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Composition containing an acid-labile omeprazole and process for its preparation Inventor(s): Seth; Pawan (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): Schwarz Pharma AG (monheim, De) Patent Number: 6,207,198 Date filed: August 3, 1998 Abstract: A composition, particularly adapted for oral administration, containing omeprazole, and a method for preparing the composition, are disclosed. The
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composition, being exempt of alkaline-reacting compounds, contains a core constituted of nuclei and said benzimidazole, the nuclei and benzimidazole being compressed together, an intermediate layer, and an enteric layer. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates to a novel composition containing an acidlabile benzimidazole, and to its preparation. This novel composition is perfectly suitable for oral administration. The invention also relates to a process for preparing this composition. Many substances, of pharmaceutical value, that are labile in an acid medium have been described in the literature. The substances disclosed in the following patents can be given by way of example: EP 244 380, U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,563, EP-0 005 129, BE-898 880, GB-2 141 429, EP-0 146 370, GB-2 082 580, EP-A-0 173 664, EP-A-0 080 602, EP-0127 763, EP-0 134 400, EP-0 130 729, EP-0 150 586, DE-34 15971, GB-2 082 580, SE-A-8504048-3 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,766. On the other hand, omeprazole, which is of the family of benzimidazoles, corresponding to an anti-ulcer substance, used conventionally for decreasing gastrointestinal acid secretion, is well known and has been notably discussed in Swedish patent application 78.04231 filed on Apr. 14, 1978, as well as in numerous other patents. Pantoprazole and lansoprazole which both correspond to anti-ulcer substances of the omeprazole family, are notably discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,579 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,098 respectively. Chemical substances that are easily destroyed in an acid medium (which is expressed herein by the term "acid-labile" and meaning chemical substances that are labile in an acid medium), such as benzimidazoles and, in particular, omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole, create a special problem for formulators when it is required to provide a pharmaceutical form designed for oral administration. The product does indeed come into contact with the stomach content, which is a highly acid medium, leading to breakdown of these chemical substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06207198__ •
Crystalline form of omeprazole Inventor(s): Lovqvist; Karin (Molndal, SE), Noreland; David (Sodertalje, SE), Sunden; Gunnel (Goteborg, SE), Ymen; Ingvar (Saltsjo-Boo, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 6,150,380 Date filed: December 10, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of 5-methoxy-2-[[(4methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole, known under the generic name omeprazole. Further, the present invention also relates to the use of the novel crystalline form of 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, pharmaceutical compositions containing it as well as processes for the preparation of the novel crystalline form of 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of 5-methoxy-2-[[(4methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole. 5-methoxy-2[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole is known under the generic name omeprazole and its novel crystalline form is hereinafter referred to as omeprazole form A. Further, the present invention also relates to use of omeprazole form A for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, pharmaceutical
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compositions containing omeprazole form A and processes for the preparation of omeprazole form A. The compound 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole, having the generic name omeprazole, as well as therapeutically acceptable salts thereof, are described in EP 5129. The single crystal X-ray data and the derived molecular structure of the so far only known crystal form of omeprazole is described by Ohishi et al., Acta Cryst. (1989), C45, 1921-1923. This published crystal form of omeprazole is hereinafter referred to as omeprazole form B. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor, i.e. effective in inhibiting gastric acid secretion, and is useful as an antiulcer agent. In a more general sense, omeprazole may be used for treatment of gastric-acid related diseases in mammals and especially in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06150380__ •
Crystalline form of the S-enantiomer of omeprazole Inventor(s): Bohlin; Martin (Johanneshov, SE), Horvath; Karol (Sodertalje, SE) Assignee(s): Astrazeneca AB (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 6,162,816 Date filed: January 28, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides S-omeprazole in a neutral form characterised in that it is in a solid state, preferably in a partly crystalline or substantially crystalline state, such as form A or form B. Furthermore, the invention provides processes for the preparation of S-omeprazole and its use in medicine. Excerpt(s): The invention provides a neutral form of the S-enantiomer of omeprazole which is S-5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-b enzimidazole in a new physical form, more specifically in a solid state which can be at least partly crystalline, processes for preparing such a form of the S-enantiomer of omeprazole and pharmaceutical compositions containing it. The compound 5-methoxy2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole, having the generic name omeprazole, and therapeutically acceptable salts thereof, are described in EP 5129. The specific alkaline salts of omeprazole are disclosed in EP 124 495. Omeprazole is effective as a gastric acid secretion inhibitor, and is useful as an antiulcer agent. In a more general sense, omeprazole may be used for prevention and treatment of gastric-acid related diseases in mammals and especially in man. Omeprazole is a sulfoxide and a chiral compound, wherein the sulfur atom being the stereogenic center. Thus, omeprazole is a racemic mixture of its two single enantiomers, the R-omeprazole and the S-omeprazole. The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of omeprazole have been determined by an X-ray study of an N akylated derivative of the (+)enantiomer in neutral form. The (+)-enantiomer of the neutral form and the (-)enantiomer of the neutral form were found to have the R and S configuration, respectively. The conditions for the optical rotation measurement for each of these enantiomers are described in WO 94/27988. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162816__
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Double capsule for the administration of active principles in multiple therapies Inventor(s): Sanso; Giovanni (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Axcan Pharma Inc. (quebec, Ca) Patent Number: 6,350,468 Date filed: June 16, 2000 Abstract: A pharmaceutical dosage form particularly suitable for the administration of active principles in multiple therapies is disclosed. The pharmaceutical dosage form is a double capsule where in an internal capsule is placed inside an external one. Each internal and external capsule includes one or more active principles. A double capsule according to the invention is preferably used in triple or quadruple therapies against the microorganisms Helicobacter Pylori. Advantages of this pharmaceutical dosage form consist in providing a simple posology for administration of two and more active principles, allowing the active principles to activate at the right intervals of time and in the preestablished quantities, and preventing interactions between active principles. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical dosage form has an external capsule containing bismuth subcitrate and metronidazole, and an internal capsule containing tetracycline and optionally omeprazole, which is used in therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns a pharmaceutical dosage form consisting of a double capsule for the administration of active principles in multiple therapies. The double capsule consists in a capsule placed inside another one. Therapies for the administration of more than one active principle at a time or at short intervals of time are already well known. The most common pharmaceutical dosage form consists of tablets for the various active principles with coatings allowing the differentiated release of the chemical compounds. Among said therapies, the most common ones are those concerning affections of the digestive system caused by the presence of the microorganisms Helicobacter Pylori, such as gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers, which in due time can lead to tumoral forms. As known, Helicobacter pylori is a modern appellation of Campilobacter pylori. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06350468__
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Gastroprotected omeprazole microgranules, method for obtaining same and pharmaceutical preparations Inventor(s): Debregeas; Patrice (Paris, FR), Leduc; Gerard (Malesherbes, FR), Oury; Pascal (Paris, FR), Suplie; Pascal (Montaure, FR) Assignee(s): Ethypharm (madrid, Es) Patent Number: 6,551,621 Date filed: October 13, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns omeprazole microgranules each comprising an active layer containing the active principle, and an outer gastroprotecting layer containing a gastroprotecting agent, characterized in that the omeprazole is combined with at least a hydrophobic substance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical formulation of omeprazole in the form of gastroprotected microgranules having an improved stability over time. The present invention additionally applies to the process for the manufacture of the said
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microgranules and to the pharmaceutical preparations containing them. Omeprazole or 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-di-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulphinyl]-1-ben zimidazole is known as a powerful inhibitor of acidic gastrointestinal secretion (Swedish Patent No. 78 04231) and can be used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551621__ •
Hydroxyomeprazole compositions and methods Inventor(s): Handley; Dean A. (Westborough, MA), Yelle; William E. (Littleton, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (marlborough, Ma) Patent Number: 6,294,586 Date filed: October 30, 2000 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing hydroxyomeprazole for the treatment of ulcers in humans. Hydroxyomeprazole exhibits a lessened liability toward drug-drug interactions than omeprazole and a more predictable dosing regimen than omeprazole. Hydroxyomeprazole is also useful for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and other conditions related to gastric hypersecretion such as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions of matter containing hydroxyomeprazole. The invention also relates to methods of treating and preventing ulcers, treating other conditions related to gastric hypersecretion, and treating psoriasis. irreversible inhibitor of H.sup.+,K.sup.+ -ATPase. It is commercially available in the form of Prilosec.RTM. delayed release capsules from Astra Merck Inc. The compound is one of the class of compounds known as gastric "proton pump" inhibitors. These compounds are weak organic bases which diffuse passively from the plasma into the acid-containing intracellular canaliculi of gastric parietal cells. At the low pH found in the lumen of these canaliculi, the protonated compounds rearrange to form pyridinium sulfenamides, which react with sulfhydryl groups present on the ATPase localized in the membranes lining the intracellular canaliculi. The alkylation of the sulfhydryl inhibits the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the secretion of H.sup.+ into the lumen in exchange for K.sup.+ ions. This inhibition results in an overall reduction in hydrochloric acid secretion by the parietal cells into the cavity of the stomach, thus increasing intragastric pH. As a consequence of reduced acidity in the stomach, the activity of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin is also markedly decreased. Because the proton pump is the final step in acid production and the compounds of this class combine covalently with the associated H.sup.+,K.sup.+ -ATPase, a profound and prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion can be achieved. The two major primary metabolites, omeprazole sulfone and 5-hydroxyomeprazole, are formed by cytochromes P450 3A (CYP3A) and 2C19 (CYP2C 19), respectively. Both metabolites undergo further metabolism to the common metabolite 5-hydroxyomeprazole sulfone via CYP2C19 and CYP3A, respectively. Thus, both CYP enzymes are sequentially--but alternatively--involved in omeprazole metabolism. CYP2C 19, the S-mephenytoin hydroxylase, is polymorphically expressed in the human population. The mutant allele constitutes the recessive trait. Homozygous carriers of the mutation completely lack CYP2C 19 and are referred to as poor metabolizers (PM's); persons homozygous and heterozygous for the "normal" allele are extensive metabolizers (EM's). A hereditary deficiency of the alternative enzyme, CYP3A, has not been demonstrated in the human population. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294586__
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Intermediates and an improved process for the preparation of Omeprazole employing the said intermediates Inventor(s): Prasad; Konakanchi Durga (Banjara Hills, IN) Assignee(s): Natco Pharma Limited (banjara Hills, In) Patent Number: 6,303,787 Date filed: October 26, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of Omeprazole of the formula-I starting from 4-nitro-2,3,5-trimethylpyridine-N-oxide and through novel intermediates 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-nitro pyridine of the formula II and novel 2-chloromethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-nitro pyridine of the formula III. This invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the above said novel intermediates. Omeprazole is one of the world's widely used drugs for the treatment of ulcer diseases. This compound acts by irreversible inhibition of the H.sup.+ K.sup.+ ATPase enzyme, which is part of the proton pump located in the parietal cell of the stomach wall. Excerpt(s): Omeprazole is one of the world's widely used drugs for the treatment of ulcer disease. This compound act by irreversible inhibition of the H.sup.+ K.sup.+ ATPase enzyme, which is part of the `proton pump` located in the parietal cell of the stomach wall. Omeprazole is first disclosed in Swedish patent 7804231 and the corresponding patents EP-0005129 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431. which on treatment with methanol and ammonium persulphate yields the compound of formula-g. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06303787__
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Magnesium omeprazole and process for its preparation Inventor(s): Macel; Bob (Thornhill, CA) Assignee(s): Torcan Chemical Ltd. (aurora, Ca) Patent Number: 6,048,981 Date filed: April 22, 1998 Abstract: Magnesium omeprazole is provided, in a form free of organic solvent residues and free of traces of more than 50 ppm of another metal ion. It is prepared by an aqueous phase process in which a solution of omeprazole in concentrated aqueous ammonia is added to a mixture of a magnesium salt and a fully ionized ammonium salt, in aqueous solution, to effect precipitation of magnesium omeprazole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to water insoluble salts of benzimidazoles, and more particularly to the magnesium salt forms of the drug substance called omeprazole, and processes for its preparation. Various basic salts of omeprazole, such as omeprazole magnesium and omeprazole sodium, are known and described in the patent and scientific literature. Magnesium omeprazole is an example of what are called basic salts or basic addition salts of omeprazole, these terms being used herein synonymously. Magnesium omeprazole, as the term is used herein, means salts formed between one magnesium di-cation and two omeprazole anions. These salts may contain water of hydration, residual organic solvents, traces of free base omeprazole and traces of inorganic salt impurities. A problem with omeprazole is its stability characteristics. Upon storage without any precautions being taken, it is reported to be degraded at an undesirably high rate. During storage under accelerated stability conditions, e.g. at
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37.degree. C. and a relative humidity of 80% for a period of six months, about 6% of the substance is converted to degradation products. Although decomposition under normal storage conditions is lower, it is desirable to obtain omeprazole derivatives which exhibit improved stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06048981__ •
Method for the synthesis of a benzimidazole compound Inventor(s): Gustavsson; Anders (Nykvarn, SE), Kallstrom;.ANG.ke (Sodertalje, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 5,958,955 Date filed: January 23, 1997 Abstract: A process for the manufacture of omeprazole from pyrmethyl alcohol via pyrmethyl chloride and pyrmetazole characterized in that the whole reaction sequence is carried out without any isolation or purification of intermediates. Further that the reaction is carried out in a main solvent system common for the whole reaction sequence and inert to the reactants formed during the process and used in the process. The process according to the present invention may also include an additional purification step. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for the synthesis of 5methoxy-2-››(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl!sulphinyl!-1H-be nzimidazole, known under the generic name omeprazole. Moreover, the present invention also relates to manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation thereof and its use in medicine. Omeprazole is an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion making it useful as an antiulcer agent U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431 (corresponding to EP 0 005 129) discloses a process for the preparation of this class of substituted benzimidazoles. Said process comprises a couple of reaction steps. The three last steps of the process utilize more than one solvent and requires isolation of intermediates to give the final product omeprazole. The resulting product is contaminated with starting materials and by-products. Another process for the manufacture of omeprazole is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,752. This process also describes only the oxidation step. Said oxidation step utilizes magnesium monoperoxyphtalate as an oxidazing agent. The resulting product is contaminated with starting material and by-products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958955__
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Method for the treatment of gastric acid-related diseases and production of medication using (-) enantiomer of omeprazole Inventor(s): Lindberg; Per (Molndal, SE), Weidolf; Lars (Vastra Frolunda, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 5,877,192 Date filed: April 11, 1997 Abstract: A method for treatment of gastric acid related diseases by inhibition of gastric acid secretion comprising administering to a mammal in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the (-)-enantiomer of 5-methoxy-2-››(4-methoxy-3,5dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl!sulfinyl!-1H-benz imidazole or a pharmaceutically
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acceptable salt thereof, so as to effect decreased interindividual variation in plasma levels upon administration. The use of the (-)-enantiomer of omeprazole to receive increased average plasma levels (AUC) upon administration of the same doses of the (-)enantiomer of omeprazole compared to those of racemic omeprazole is also claimed, as well as an improved antisecretory effect and a better clinical effect. Excerpt(s): The description of the salt forms of the single enantiomers of omeprazole and the process of making the same is herein incorporated by reference to copending Ser. No. 08/376,512. The present invention is related to the use of one of the single enantiomers of omeprazole, i.e. the (-)-enantiomer of 5-methoxy-2-››(4-methoxy-3,5dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl!sulfinyl!-1H-ben zimidazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the treatment of gastric acid related diseases. The expression single enantiomer refers to the fact that the (-)-enantiomer is substantially free from its (+)-enantiomeric contaminant. The compound 5-methoxy-2-››(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl2-pyridinyl)methyl!sulfinyl!-1H-benz imidazole, having the generic name omeprazole, and therapeutically acceptable salts thereof, are described in EP 5129. The specific alkaline salts of omeprazole are described in EP 124 495. Omeprazole is effective as a gastric acid secretion inhibitor, and is useful as an antiulcer agent. In a more general sense, omeprazole may be used for prevention and treatment of gastric-acid related diseases in mammals and especially in man, including e.g. reflux esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Furthermore, omeprazole may be used for treatment of other gastrointestinal disorders where gastric acid inhibitory effect is desirable e.g. in patients on NSAID therapy, in patients with Non Ulcer Dyspepsia, in patients with symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), and in patients with gastrinomas. Omeprazole may also be used in patients in intensive care situations, in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, pre-and postoperatively to prevent aspiration of gastric acid and to prevent and treat stress ulceration. Further, omeprazole may be useful in the treatment of psoriasis as well as in the treatment of Helicobacter infections and diseases related to these. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05877192__ •
Method for treatment of psoriasis, by omeprazole or related compounds Inventor(s): Hasselkus; Wolfgang (Rodental, DE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 5,714,505 Date filed: June 24, 1996 Abstract: A method for treatment of psoriasis is disclosed comprising administration of a therapeutically effective dosage of omeprazole. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel method of treating psoriasis. Psoriasis is a primary disease of the skin characterized by well-demarcated, inflammatory papules and plaques, which are typically covered by thickened scales. It is a disease of increased proliferation of epidermal cells, the precise cause of which is unknown. The incidence of psoriasis in e.g. the U.S. is about 2%. About 3% of whites and 1% of blacks are affected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05714505__
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Omeprazole
Method of omeprazole preparation Inventor(s): Gattnar; Ondrej (Bratislava, SK), Heleyova; Katarina (Zilina, SK), Jezek; Ladislav (Modra, SK), Oremus; Vladimir (Bratislava, SK), Smahovsky; Vendel (Pezinok, SK), Stalmach; Valdemar (Bratislava, SK), Varga; Ivan (Hlohovec, SK), Zlatoidsky; Pavol (Bratislava, SK) Assignee(s): Slovakofarma, A.s. (sk) Patent Number: 6,229,021 Date filed: March 5, 1999 Abstract: The invention involves a method of preparation of omeprazole by a reaction of 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methylthio]-1H-benzimida zole with peroxyacetic acid in a two-phase water and chlorinated organic solvent medium, in alkaline pH, subsequent separation of water and organic phases after the reaction and isolation of omeprazole from organic phase. Excerpt(s): The invention solves a method of preparation of a pharmaceutical substance 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl]sulphinyl]-1H-ben zimidazole, which is known under its generic name omeprazole. According to the Swedish patent SE 4231, omeprazole is prepared by oxidation of 5-methoxy-2-[(4methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methylthio]-1H benzimidazole, (further referred to as the compound I) with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. In the PCT application published under WO 91/118895 is described an improved method of preparation of omeprazole by oxidation of the compound I again with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, but in an alkaline medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06229021__
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Multiple unit effervescent dosage forms comprising proton pump inhibitor Inventor(s): Lundberg; Per Johan (Molndal, SE) Assignee(s): Astrazeneca AB (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 6,132,770 Date filed: February 13, 1997 Abstract: A new tableted multiple unit effervescent dosage form containing an acid susceptible proton pump inhibitor in the form of the racemate, an alkaline salt thereof or one of its single enantiomers or an alkaline salt thereof, and effervescent tablet constituents. The proton pump inhibitor is preferably omeprazole or an alkaline salt thereof, or S-omeprazole or an alkaline salt thereof. Further the invention refers to a method for the manufacture of such a formulation, and the use of such a formulation in medicine. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/SE96/01738 filed Dec. 20, 1996. The present invention is related to new pharmaceutical preparations in the form of a tableted multiple unit effervescent dosage form comprising an active substance in the form of an acid susceptible proton pump inhibitor, i.e. acid labile H.sup.+ K.sup.+ ATPase inhibitors. The novel tableted dosage form is intended for oral use. Furthermore, the present invention refers to a method for the manufacture of such preparations and, to the use of such preparations in medicine. Acid labile H.sup.+ K.sup.+ ATPase inhibitors also named as proton pump inhibitors are for instance compounds known under the
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generic names omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, pariprazole, leminoprazole and others. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06132770__ •
Omeprazole magnesium salt form Inventor(s): Kallstrom; Lars.ANG.ke (Sodertalje, SE), Nygren; Monica Annelie (Sodertalje, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 5,900,424 Date filed: September 27, 1994 Abstract: A novel compound form of magnesium omeprazole useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations, the use of the product and the process for its production are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for manufacturing the magnesium salt of omeprazole; the magnesium salt of omeprazole in a novel physical form, especially the magnesium salt as a product of the novel process; the use of the novel form of the magnesium salt of omeprazole in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations; and to the use of the novel form of the magnesium salt of omeprazole in medicine. The compound known under the generic name omeprazole is described i.a. in European patent specification 0005129. Omeprazole is useful for inhibiting gastric acid secretion and has gastric mucosa protective activity in mammals and man. In a more general sense, omeprazole may be used for prevention and treatment of gastric acid related disorders and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases in mammal and man, including e.g. gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05900424__
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Omeprazole process and compositions thereof Inventor(s): Anousis; Nick (Albany, GA), Banks; Benjamin Newton (Albany, GA), McManus; James W. (Albany, GA), Zhou; Lingwen (North Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 6,147,103 Date filed: September 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention describes an improved process for the preparation, isolation, and purification of the anti-ulcer agent omeprazole whereby the sulfide precursor pyrmetazole is reacted subsurfacely with exactly one molar equivalent of meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in methylene chloride or toluene solution; residual organic solvent is removed from the aqueous layer by vacuum distillation; crude product is obtained by reactive crystallization with an alkyl formate and seeding; and pure product is isolated by recrystallization in methanol-water containing aqueous NaOH by subsurface addition of aqueous acetic acid to pH 9.0, seeding, filtration, washing, and drying. Compositions of omeprazole containing no chromatographically detectable levels of residual non-alcoholic organic reaction solvent are also described.
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Omeprazole
Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a novel improved process for the preparation, isolation, and purification of the anti-ulcer agent omeprazole. Compositions of omeprazole containing no chromatographically detectable levels of residual non-alcoholic organic reaction solvent are also disclosed. Omeprazole, the generic name for 5-methoxy-2-[[4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]1H-benzi midazole (denoted as Formula I below) is a well-described gastric protonpump inhibitor and is on the market as LOSEC.RTM. or PRILOSEC.RTM. for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, duodenitis, and reflux esophagitis (see Merck Index, 12th Ed., entry 6977, and references cited therein). Omeprazole is commercially prepared via a multi-step sequence, the last step of which is oxidation of the sulfide intermediate, 5-methoxy-2-[[4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methyl]methylthio]-1H-ben zimidazole (denoted as Formula II below), known generically as pyrmetazole, which is typically effected with a peroxy acid, such as metachloroperoxybenzoic acid (hereinafter referred to as MCPBA) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,255,431 and 5,386,032), magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,752), or peroxyacetic acid (WO 98/09962), in a suitable non-alcoholic organic reaction solvent. The preferred oxidizing agent is usually MCPBA, and suitable non-alcoholic organic reaction solvents include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as benzene and toluene, and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as chloroform and methylene chloride, in admixture with an alcoholic solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or 1-butanol. The preferred non-alcoholic organic reaction solvents are usually methylene chloride and toluene, and the preferred alcoholic solvent is ethanol. Prior processes to omeprazole have numerous disadvantages that limit both the yield and the purity of the final product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06147103__ •
Orally administered pharmaceutical formulations of benzimidazole derivatives and the method of preparing the same Inventor(s): Chen; Shan-chiung (Taichung, TW), Kuo; Han-Chiang (Taichung, TW), Lee; Fang-Yu (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): Carlsbad Technology, Inc. (carlsbad, Ca) Patent Number: 6,228,400 Date filed: January 19, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides pharmaceutical formulations which contain (a) an inert core of sugar, sugar and starch, or microcrystalline cellulose, (b) a drug emulsion layer which is made from mixing a free base of benzimidazole derivative (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole) with a nonionic surfactant and water, (c) a protective coating which is made of a film-forming compound, and optionally a plasticizer or excipient, and (d) an enteric coating which is made of a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer and a plasticizer. Optionally, a basic amino acid can be added to the drug emulsion layer or the protective coating. The present invention also provides the method for making the pharmaceutical formulations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel orally administered pharmaceutical formulations in the form of granules which comprises, as an active ingredient, a potent gastric acid secretion inhibitor, i.e., a substituted 2-(2-benzimidazolyl)-pyridine such as omeprazole or lansoprazole, and the process of making the formulations. Benzimidazole derivatives have been known for their anti-ulcer activities as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. For example, omeprazole, which has the formula of 5-methoxy-
Patents 99
2(((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1H-benzi midazole), is known for its activity as an inhibitor of H.sup.+ K.sup.+ -ATPase and the proton pump in the gastric mucosa and can be used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers (Pilbrant and Cederberg, Scand. J. Gastroenterology (1985)20:113-120). The information of omeprazole can be found U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431, U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,505, and EPO 124495. Lansoprazole, which has the formula of 2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2pyridyl]methyl]sulfinyl]benzimid azole, is useful for prophylaxis and therapy of digestive ulcers (e.g., gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer) and gastritis. Its empirical formula is C.sub.16 H.sub.14 F.sub.3 N.sub.3 O.sub.2 S with a molecular weight of 369.37. The information of lansoprazole can be found U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,098, U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,333, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,560. Omeprazole is very slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alkaline solutions as the negatively charged ion. It is an ampholyte with pK.sub.a.about.4 (pyridinium) and 8.8 (benzimidazole). Lansoprazole is a white to brownish-white odorless crystalline powder which melts with decomposition at approximately 166.degree. C. Lansoprazole is freely soluble in dimethylformamide; soluble in methanol; sparingly soluble in ethanol; slightly soluble in ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and acetonitrile; very slightly soluble in ether; and practically insoluble in hexane and water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06228400__ •
Organic compound synthesis Inventor(s): Adlington; Robert Michael (5 Colegrove Down, Oxford, 0X2 9HT, GB), Baldwin; Jack Edward (Broom, Hinksey Hill, Oxford, 0X1 5BH, GB), Crouch; Nicholas Paul (Reed Place Farmhouse, Chainhurst, Marden, Nr Tonbridge, Kent, TN12 9SU, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,043,371 Date filed: August 7, 1998 Abstract: A strategy for synthesising omeprazole 10 starting from compound 1 as shown in the diagram. Individual method steps 1.fwdarw.2, 2.fwdarw.3, 3.fwdarw.4, 4.fwdarw.5, 5.fwdarw.6, 6.fwdarw.7, and intermediate compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 are also claimed as new. Excerpt(s): Omeprazole is one of the world's leading pharmaceutical products. The drug inhibits gastric acid secretion. It is a specific inhibitor of the gastric proton pump (H.sup.+ +K.sup.+)-ATPase. Various synthetic routes to Omeprazole are described in the following patent specifications: EP 5129; EP 103553; EP 124495; EP 484265; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,255,431; 5,066,810; 5,616,713; 5,625,069. Many of the synthetic methods described involve use of 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine N-oxide and/or 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine. Literature methods exist for synthesis of these compounds from 3,5-dimethylpyridine, but which involve the use of strong and potentially dangerous bases. Likewise, pyridine N-oxides are recognised as being toxic. The present invention is concerned with the preparation of Omeprazole 10 by a new synthetic strategy which is outlined in the reaction scheme. Several of the intermediate compounds shown in the scheme are new and form part of this invention. Several individual reaction steps, as well as the overall synthesis, are new and form part of this invention. The overall method has several advantages. The intermediates are generally not toxic, or at least less toxic than intermediates used in prior synthetic routes. Many of the intermediates are crystalline compounds that are readily recovered and purified. Many of the reactions go easily to
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give high yields of the desired compounds. The compound of formula 1 is described for example in Organic Syntheses, 1992, 70, 231. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06043371__ •
Pharmaceutical formulation of omeprazole Inventor(s): Erickson; Magnus (Molndal, SE), Josefsson; Lars (Molndal, SE) Assignee(s): Astrazeneca AB (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 6,090,827 Date filed: June 8, 1998 Abstract: An enteric coated oral pharmaceutical formulation comprising as active ingredient a compound selected from the group of omeprazole, an alkaline salt of omeprazole, the (-)-enantiomer of omeprazole and an alkaline salt of the (-)-enantiomer of omeprazole, wherein the formulation comprises a core material of the active ingredient and optionally an alkaline reacting compound, the active ingredient is in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, such as for instance a binding agent, and on said core material a separating layer and an enteric coating layer. A hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) of low viscosity with a specific cloud point is used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the application describes the processes for their preparation and the use of the claimed formualtions in medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oral pharmaceutical formulation comprising the acid labile H.sup.+, K.sup.+ -ATPase inhibitor omeprazole. The formulation is in the form of a multiple unit dosage form comprising enteric coating layered units of omeprazole. More specifically, the units comprise a core material of omeprazole and optionally an alkaline reacting substance, in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as a binding, filling and/or disintegrating agent. Furthermore, each unit comprises a separating layer to separate the enteric coating layer from the core material. The separating layer and/or the optional binding agent consists of a specific quality of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and optionally pharmaceutical excipients. More specifically, the HPMC quality has a specific cloud point. Furthermore, the present invention refers to the use of a specific quality of HPMC in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising omeprazole, and the use of such a pharmaceutical formulation in medicine. Omeprazole, an alkaline salt thereof, the (-)-enantiomer of omeprazole and an alkaline salt of the (-)-enantiomer of omeprazole, all compounds hereinafter referred to as omeprazole, are used in the treatment of gastric acid related diseases. Omeprazole and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are described in EP 5129, and some specific alkaline salts of omeprazole are described in EP 124 495 and WO95/01977. Certain salts of the single enantiomers of omeprazole and their preparation are described in WO94/27988. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06090827__
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Pharmaceutical pellet formulation Inventor(s): Scheiwe; Max Werner (Maulburg, DE), Villiger; Thomas (Muttenz, CH) Assignee(s): Melpha AG (aesch, Ch) Patent Number: 6,149,942 Date filed: January 9, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical pellet formulation having a core containing omeprazole as an active ingredient, and also having an outer, enteric coating encasing the core. Titanium dioxide is added to the core, and optionally, to the enteric coating in order to retard decomposition of the omeprazole resulting from the action of penetrating moisture and solvents, thus greatly improving the storage stability of the omeprazole formulation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a novel stable pharmaceutical pellet formulation containing omeprazole and to a process for the preparation of this formulation. The pharmaceutical effects of omeprazole on the organism has been extensively researched and are widely known. On the other hand, the longer-term stability of pharmaceutical formulations containing omeprazole has so far proved troublesome. Because the stability of omeprazole is influenced by organic solvents and moisture and its conversion is promoted by reagents giving an acid reaction or hindered by reagents giving an alkaline reaction, an oral omeprazole formulation must be protected with an enteric coating against the action of stomach acid so that it can develop its effect in the small intestine. Conventionally, however, enteric coatings contain components giving a acid reaction, so, in contact therewith, omeprazole would be continuously decomposed and hence, over time, would change its appearance as well as lose its effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149942__
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Process for purifying 6-methoxy omeprazole Inventor(s): Stowell; Grayson Walker (710 Darwin Dr., Wilmington, NC 28405), Whittall; Linda B. (2204 Splitbrook Ct., Wilmington, NC 28411), Whittle; Robert R. (5006 Pine Needles Dr., Wilmington, NC 28403) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,608,091 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides processes for purifying 6-methoxy omeprazole, products using such processes, pharmaceutical formulations using such products, and methods of using such products for gastric acid inhibition. Excerpt(s): Whittle, et al. further disclosed that the stability of omeprazole is affected by the ratio of 6-methoxy omeprazole to 5-methoxy omeprazole, with omeprazole being more favorably stable as the percentage of 6-methoxy omeprazole is increased. However, the processes presently available for preparing a higher percentage of the more preferred isomer, 6-methoxy omeprazole, and reduction in the 5-methoxy omeprazole percentage of the less preferred require controlling the rate of recrystallization, the solvent used, and other environmental factors. An alternative to the expensive and time-consuming method for increasing the percentage of 6-methoxy omeprazole in the crystalline lattice from an amount of 5(6)-methoxy omeprazole, would be technically and commercially beneficial. Accordingly, the present invention
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provides methods for increasing the solid state percentage of 6-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benz imidazole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or combination thereof, from an amount of 5(6)-methoxy-2-[[(4methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-b enzimidazole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or combination thereof and, thus, also decreasing the percentage of 5-methoxy omeprazole proportionately. The present invention is described herein below in greater detail with reference to its preferred embodiments. These embodiments, however, are set forth to illustrate the invention and are not to be construed as a limitation thereof, the invention being defined by the claims. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608091__ •
Process for synthesis of substituted sulphoxides Inventor(s): Cotton; Hanna Kristina (.ANG.rsta, SE), Larsson; Magnus Erik (Bromma, SE), Sorensen; Henrik (Molnlycke, SE), Stenhede; Urban Jan (Sodertalje, SE), von Unge; Sverker Per Oskar (Fjar.ang.s, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 5,948,789 Date filed: July 14, 1995 Abstract: A novel process for enantioselective synthesis of single enantiomers of omeprazole or its alkaline salts, of other optically pure substituted 2-(2pyridinylmethyl-sulphinyl) -1H-benzimidazoles as well as of other structurally related sulphoxides or their alkaline salts. The claimed process is an asymmetric oxidation of a pro-chiral sulphide to the single enantiomers or an enantiomerically enriched form of the corresponding sulphoxide. The application also claims the enantiomeric sulphoxide products produced by the process and their use in medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for enantioselective synthesis of the single enantiomers of substituted sulphoxides or said compounds in an enantiomerically enriched form. Such substituted sulphoxides that are suitable for being prepared by the novel process are for examples the single enantiomers of omeprazole as well as the single enantiomers of other structurally related sulphoxides. The obtained products may thereafter be converted to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof by conventional processes. Further, the invention also relates to some new single enantiomeric compounds which can be prepared by the novel process and their use in medicine. There are a large number of patents and patent applications disclosing different substituted 2-(2-pyridinylmethylsulphinyl)-1H-benzimidazoles. This class of compounds has properties making the compounds useful as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. For example the compound, (5-methoxy-2-››(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methyl!sulphinyl!-1H-be nzimidazole) with the generic name omeprazole, described in i.e. EP 5129, is useful as an antiulcer agent. Other compounds of interest are for instance the compounds with the generic names lansoprazole, pantoprazole, pariprazole and leminoprazole. These compounds as well as structurally related sulphoxides, have a stereogenic centre at the sulphur atom and thus exist as two optical isomers, i.e. enantiomers. If there is another stereogenic centre in the molecule, these compounds can exist as pairs of enantiomers. Corresponding sulphides of such compounds which already contain a stereogenic centre are not pro-chiral compounds, but chiral compounds. However, the sulphur atom in these compounds does not have asymmetry and therefore they are referred to as pro-chiral sulphides in respect of this invention.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948789__ •
Process of synthesis of 5-methoxypyridyl)methyl]sulfiny-1h-benzimidazole
2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethy-2-
Inventor(s): Jereb; Darja (Radomlje, SI), Milac; Natasa Hafner (Ljubljana, SI) Assignee(s): Lek, Tovarna Farmacevtskih in Kemicnih Izdelkov. D.d. (ljubljana, Si) Patent Number: 6,268,502 Date filed: August 30, 2000 Abstract: An improved process of synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridyl)methyl]sulfinyl-1H-benzimid azole (omeprazole) by oxidation of 5-methoxy-2[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]thio]benzimidazole with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in ethyl acetate wherein omeprazole is poorly soluble, at a temperature between -10.degree. C. and 5.degree. C. is disclosed. The second step is a purification of the crude product by dissolution and reprecipitation of the final product. Excerpt(s): wherein 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridyl)methyl]thio]benzimidazole is reacted with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in ethyl acetate, wherein the final product--omeprazole--is poorly soluble. Omeprazole is the first medicament from the group of formulations for controlling the secretion of gastric acid, from the group of proton pump inhibitors. Namely, it inhibits the enzyme H/KATPase (a proton pump) in a parietal cell and thus also inhibits the last phase of acid secretion. There is a constant need to prepare omeprazole of high purity in a simple and readily feasible way. In the literature processes of synthesis up to a crude omeprazole are disclosed; said omeprazole, however, contains by-products and hence it is not suitable for pharmaceutical use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06268502__ •
Stable drug form for oral administration with benzimidazole derivatives as active ingredient and process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Heese; Gerd-Ulfert (Munich, DE), Junger; Herbert (Dachau, DE), Laicher; Arnim (Sauerlach, DE), Lorck; Claudio (Munich, DE), Profitlich; Thomas (Munich, DE), Weiss; Gerd (Munich, DE) Assignee(s): Astrazeneca AB (sodertalje, Se) Patent Number: 6,623,759 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a stable medicament for oral administration which comprises(a) a core which contains an active ingredient selected from Omeprazole, Lansoprazole and Pantoprazole, together with customary pharmaceutical adjuvants,(b) an intermediate layer applied onto the core, and(c) a gastric juice-resistant outer layer. The intermediate layer in (b) is formed as a reactive layer in which a gastric juiceresistant polymer layer material partially neutralized with alkali with cation exchange capacity is present.Further, a method for the production of the stable medicament is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention discloses a stable medicament for oral administration which comprises one or more of the benzimidazole derivatives Omeprazole,
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Lansoprazole or Pantoprazole as an active ingredient as well as a method for its production. It is known from EP 0 005 129 that Omeprazole (5-methoxy-2(((4-methoxy3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1H-benzi midazole functions as a potent inhibitor in the secretion of gastric acid. Omeprazole has proven itself in the therapy of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis and Zollinger-Ellision syndrome. Parenteral and solid peroral medicaments are employed in this connection. The following embodiments presented for Omeprazole apply in the same manner for Lansoprazole (2-(((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1H-be nzimidazole) and Pantoprazole (5-difluoromethoxy-2-((3,4-dimethoxy-2pyridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1H-benzim idazole). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06623759__ •
Stable multi-unitary benzimidazoles
pharmaceutical
preparations
containing
substituted
Inventor(s): De Oliveira; Maria Julia Caeiro Ramalho (Sacavem, PT), Mendes; Carla Patricia Goncalves (Sacavem, PT) Assignee(s): Laboratorio Mendifar-produtos Farmaceuticos, S.a. () Patent Number: 6,379,705 Date filed: May 30, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to oral multi-unitary pharmaceutical preparations containing substituted benzimidazoles being inhibitors of H.sup.+, K.sup.+ -ATPase (i.e. omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, leminoprazole and pariprazole) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Such pharmaceutical preparations are stable pellet preparations containing substituted benzimidazole(s) or their salts and they comprise a quantity of active ingredient of between 1 and 50 mg, an inert core of spherical symmetry with a diameter of 600-1000.mu.m, constituted by inert excipients, coated with an active layer containing at least one substituted benzimidazole in the micronized form and various pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients, mixed in suitable proportions in order to allow the disaggregation of the formulations and dissolution of the active ingredient(s) in an appropriate manner, coated in turn with an insulating layer of a strictly polymeric nature, soluble in water, free from alkaline and/or alkaline-earthy metallic salts, of a minimum thickness of 15.mu.m, this layer being coated lastly with a gastroresistant or enteric layer of a minimum thickness of 30.mu.m. This invention also refers to the process for the preparation of said pharmaceutical preparations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new oral multi-unitary pharmaceutical preparations containing substituted benzimidazoles being inhibitors of H.sup.+, K.sup.+ -ATPase (i.e. omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, leminoprazole and pariprazole) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The preparations comprise a spherical inert core, constituted by starch and sugar, coated with a layer containing at least one substituted benzimidazole in the micronized form, which is mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients, whose proportions are suitable for allowing the disaggregation of the dosage forms and the intended dissolution of the active ingredient(s), this layer in turn being coated with an insulating layer of an exclusively polymeric nature and of suitable thickness, applying lastly an external, gastroresistant or enteric layer of suitable thickness, in order to guarantee the integrity of the product until it reaches the proximal part of the small intestine, where the formulation will be disaggregated to facilitate the absorption of the substituted
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benzimidazolic compounds. The pellets produced according to the invention are placed in hard gelatine capsules and administered to patients in this form. The invention does not require the stabilization of the benzimidazolic compounds using any of the strategies or processes which already belong to the state of the art. Besides, the pharmaceutical products produced in this way are free from organic solvents and/or the impurities generally associated to them, because the application of the different layers exclusively requires aqueous solvents. This aspect constitutes a technological advantage, since the manufacturing process is incomparably safer, because there is no toxicity risk to operators or explosion risks and moreover it is more ecological, because there is no possibility of environmental contamination caused by organic solvents leaking into the atmosphere. Finally, it is much safer for the patient, because there is no need to consider solvents and/or residual impurities associated to them, which is a considerable advantage in terms of public health. For the manufacture of the products, only equipment is required--a fluid bed equipment with an inner partition device (wurster). The products obtained by extrusion/spheronization, by rotogranulation or by "powder coating" are completely outside the scope of the present invention. The products obtained are stable for a period of time compatible with pharmaceutical requirements, and they present gastroresistance and dissolution characteristics generally adapted to the period of validity established for pharmaceutical products (i.e. 3 years). Benzimidazolic compounds such as omeprazole (5-methoxy-2(((4-methoxy-3,5dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl-sulfinyl)1H-benz imidazole (EP-B1-0005129), lansoprazole (2-((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroetoxy)-2-piridyl)methyl(sulfinyl 1H-benzimidazole) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,098), pantoprazole (U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,579)), leminoprazole and pariprazole are anti-ulcerous substances known for decreasing gastric acid secretion (Olbe L., et al., Gastroenterol., 83:193-198 (1982); Saton H. et al., Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 40 (suppl.), 226 (1986); Saton H, et al., J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 248 (2), 806-815 (1989), Nagaya, H, et al., J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 248 (2), 799-805 (1989)) and they are used in the therapeutics of diseases related to gastric acidity in mammals and especially in humans, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, reflux oesophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379705__ •
Substituted benzimidazole dosage forms and method of using same Inventor(s): Phillips; Jeffrey Owen (Ashland, MO) Assignee(s): The Curators of the University of Missouri (columbia, Mo) Patent Number: 6,489,346 Date filed: January 11, 2000 Abstract: There is provided a solid pharmaceutical composition in a dosage form that is not enteric-coated, having active ingredients including a non-enteric coated proton pump inhibitor and at least one buffering agent. The proton pump inhibitor is omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, pariprazole, and leminoprazole, or an enantiomer, isomer, derivative, free base, or salt thereof, in an amount of approximately 5 mg to approximately 300 mg; and the buffering agent is in an amount of approximately 0.1 mEq to approximately 2.5 mEq per mg of proton pump inhibitor. The dosage form includes a suspension tablet, a chewable tablet, an effervescent powder, or an effervescent tablet. Also provided is a method for treating an acid-related gastrointestinal disorder in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject a solid pharmaceutical composition.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitors. Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1Hbenzi midazole, that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Omeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds called proton pump inhibitors ("PPIs") that do not exhibit anticholinergic or H.sub.2 histamine antagonist properties. Drugs of this class suppress gastric acid secretion by the specific inhibition of the H.sup.+, K.sup.+ -ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Typically, omeprazole, lansoprazole and other proton pump inhibitors are formulated in an enteric-coated solid dosage form (as either a delayed-release capsule or tablet) or as an intravenous solution (or as a product for reconstitution), and are prescribed for shortterm treatment of active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, poorly responsive systematic GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome. These conditions are caused by an imbalance between acid and pepsin production, called aggressive factors, and mucous, bicarbonate, and prostaglandin production, called defensive factors. These above-listed conditions commonly arise in healthy or critically ill patients, and may be accompanied by significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06489346__ •
Synthetic procedure for 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methylthio]-IH-benzimida zole hydrochloride and its conversion to omeprazole Inventor(s): Kulkami; Dilip Ganesh (Maharashtra, IN), Mukarram; Siddiqui Mohammed Jaweed (Maharashtra, IN), Purohit; Manish (Mahatashtra, IN), Singh; Shiva P. (Gujarat, IN) Assignee(s): Wockhardt Europe Limited (dublin, Ie) Patent Number: 6,245,913 Date filed: June 30, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to an efficient process for the preparation of 5methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methylthio]-1-H-benzimida zole hydrochloride starting from 3,5-Lutidine and its conversion to Omeprazole (5-methoxy2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methylsulfinyl]-1H-benzi midazole) by selective oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to synthetic procedures for the manufacture of 1Hbenzimidazole intermediates and their conversion to Omeprazole by an efficient and economical oxidation. Omeprazole (5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methylsulfinyl]-1H-benzi midazole) is a known inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and is prescribed for the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases such as gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcers. Omeprazole has the following structural formula of 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridinyl)methysulfinyl]-1H-benzimi dazole hydrochloride. Synthetic preparations of Omeprazole typically involve several steps and utilize either 2,3,5-collidine or 3,5Lutidine as starting material. U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,620,008 disclose processes for the synthesis of Omeprazole from 3,5-Lutidine. There 3,5-Lutidine is converted to 2-Chloromethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy pyridine hydrochloride which is then coupled with 5,4-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole followed by oxidation with metachloroperoxy benzoic acid.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245913__
Patent Applications on Omeprazole As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to omeprazole: •
Composition for the treatment and prevention of ischemic events Inventor(s): Chen, Chih-Ming; (Davie, FL) Correspondence: Davidson, Davidson & Kappel, Llc; 14th Floor; 485 Seventh Avenue; New York; NY; 10018; US Patent Application Number: 20020051814 Date filed: September 13, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising omeprazole and aspirin wherein the combination is useful for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular events including heart attacks and platelet aggregation leading to a potential cardiac event. A variety of drug delivery systems may be utilized to deliver the combination of active ingredients. The preferred delivery system utilizes a tablet or capsule containing an inert sugar core particle that is coated with subparticles of a coated omeprazole wherein the coating contains omeprazole, a binder, a surface active agent and a basifying agent along with a filler. The aspirin may be combined with this formulation to coat the sugar sphere or it may be part of a separate coating composition that forms a multilayer system that is ultimately coated with an enteric coating and then formed into the tablet or capsule by conventional means. Excerpt(s): Non-narcotic analgesics including aspirin are known to be effective in relieving pain and inflammation associated with the production or presence of prostaglandins. In addition to its pain relieving or inflammation relieving properties, aspirin or acetylsalicyclic acid is also known to cause irritation and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum at the doses necessary to relieve pain and inflammation. Because of this, numerous delivery systems for aspirin have been developed that buffer or reduce the ulcerative effects of aspirin. It is also known that aspirin has significant anti-coagulant or anti-clotting properties that can reduce the risk of heart attack or related ischemic events (i.e., as a prophylactic) or it can be used during a heart attack to reduce further damage or death. When prescribed for chronic use, the dose of aspirin that is generally recommended is far less (e.g. 50-150 mgs once per day) than the dosage that is generally necessary to relieve pain and inflammation (500-650 mgs per dose as needed). The chronic administration or use of aspirin at higher doses is not generally recommended because of the potential for ulcerative bleeding. A variety of medications have also been developed and marketed to treat and/or prevent conditions, diseases or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the most common medications include the antacids and the anti-ulcer drugs that are sold over the counter and through prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed medication that inhibits gastric acid secretion is the compound omeprazole and that is sold under the tradename
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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PRILOSEC.RTM. It is known that this compound is rapidly degraded under acidic conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition for treating equine gastric ulcers Inventor(s): Carpenter, J. Denzil; (St. Matthews, SC) Correspondence: Michael A. Mann; Nexsen Pruet Jacobs & Pollard Llc; PO Drwr 2426; Columbia; SC; 29202-2426; US Patent Application Number: 20020115636 Date filed: February 14, 2001 Abstract: A composition for treating equine gastric ulcers comprises a mixture of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth salicylate, and glycerin, preferably mixed with a sweetener and a flavoring agent. Preferably, the proton pump inhibitor is omeprazole. As an alternative to bismuth salicylate, bismuth citrate or sucralfate may be substituted. The ratio of acid antagonist to bismuth salicylate is approximately 1:3 by weight, and a sufficient quantity of glycerin is mixed with these to form a paste. The composition is given orally using a syringe in the amount of 15 ccs per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medicating large animals such as horses. In particular, it relates to a composition that includes an acid inhibitor for treating gastric ulcers in horses. Gastric ulcers are a particular affliction of race horses. Over 9 out of 10 racehorses get ulcers sometime during their lives, many as foals. It has been estimated that as many as 50% of foals have ulcers within one month of birth. Stomach ulcers afflict other types of performance horses as well. Only pastured horses seem to be relatively free from gastric ulcers. It is believed that the high incidence of ulcers in horses is attributable to the steady secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the horse's stomach as part of its normal digestive process, perhaps exacerbated by other factors. The cells of the stomach contain acid-stimulating receptors. These receptors control an enzyme system that causes acid to be pumped into the stomach of the horse 24 hours a day. Excess acid is thought to contribute to ulcer formation, although other factors, such as a restricted diet and training are also thought to be factors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Delivery system for omeprazole and its salts Inventor(s): McGinity, James W.; (Austin, TX), Robinson, Joseph R.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Innovar, Llc; P O Box 250647; Plano; TX; 75025; US Patent Application Number: 20020160046 Date filed: November 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a time-release dosage form for delivering an acid-labile pharmaceutical, such as omeprazole, into the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract downstream of the stomach. The dosage form includes a drugcontaining core surrounded by an inert time-release coating that delays release of the drug from the core until expiration of a certain time period after administration, generally 0.5-5.0 hours or 1-3 hours. When the gastrointestinal fluid contacts the core, the drug is released rapidly into the GI tract. The dosage form does not contain an
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enteric coating. The dosage form can also include one or more additional coatings exterior to the time-release coating to provide delivery of an immediately released loading dose of the acid-labile drug or another drug. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to stabilized formulations of acid-labile drugs that provide a delayed and rapid release of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract. More particularly, the invention relates to an omeprazole formulation comprising a thick coating not containing a conventional enteric release polymer. Omeprazole is the first of a new class of drugs that inhibits gastric secretion by altering the activity of H.sup.+/K.sup.+ ATPase, the final common step of acid secretion in gastric parietal cells. Omeprazole is indicated as therapy for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers and is also used in the treatment of severe erosive esophagitis or poorly responsive symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The plasma half-life of omeprazole is about 60 minutes; however, the duration of action of a single-dose may exceed 24 hours. The recommended dose of omeprazole is 20 mg daily for 4-8 weeks that may be repeated, if necessary. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hydroxyomeprazole compositions Inventor(s): Handley, Dean A.; (Westborough, MA), Yelle, William E.; (Littleton, MA) Correspondence: Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti PC; 5 Columbia Circle; Albany; NY; 12203; US Patent Application Number: 20020010196 Date filed: August 10, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing hydroxyomeprazole for the treatment of ulcers in humans. Hydroxyomeprazole exhibits a lessened liability toward drug-drug interactions than omeprazole and a more predictable dosing regimen than omeprazole. Hydroxyomeprazole is also useful for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and other conditions related to gastric hypersecretion such as Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of PCT application U.S. 99/09814, filed May 5, 1999, which claimed priority from US provisional application, serial No. 60/084,258, filed May 5, 1998, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to compositions of matter containing hydroxyomeprazole. The invention also relates to methods of treating and preventing ulcers, treating other conditions related to gastric hypersecretion, and treating psoriasis. irreversible inhibitor of H.sup.+, K.sup.+-ATPase. It is commercially available in the form of Prilosec.RTM. delayed release capsules from Astra Merck Inc. The compound is one of the class of compounds known as gastric "proton pump" inhibitors. These compounds are weak organic bases which diffuse passively from the plasma into the acid-containing intracellular canaliculi of gastric parietal cells. At the low pH found in the lumen of these canaliculi, the protonated compounds rearrange to form pyridinium sulfenamides, which react with sulfhydryl groups present on the ATPase localized in the membranes lining the intracellular canaliculi. The alkylation of the sulfhydryl inhibits the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the secretion of H.sup.+ into the lumen in exchange for K.sup.+ ions. This inhibition results in an overall reduction in hydrochloric acid secretion by the parietal cells into the cavity of the stomach, thus increasing intragastric pH. As a consequence of reduced acidity in the stomach, the activity of the
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proteolytic enzyme pepsin is also markedly decreased. Because the proton pump is the final step in acid production and the compounds of this class combine covalently with the associated H.sup.+, K.sup.+-ATPase, a profound and prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion can be achieved. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Magnesium salt of S-omeprazole Inventor(s): Sherman, Bernard Charles; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: Ivor M. Hughes, Barrister & Solicitor,; Patent & Trademark Agents; 175 Commerce Valley Drive West; Suite 200; Thornhill; ON; L3t 7p6; CA Patent Application Number: 20030232861 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: A process of producing the magnesium salt of an enantiomer of omeprazole, said process comprising the steps of:i) reacting magnesium with a lower alcohol to produce magnesium alkoxide in solution in the lower alcohol as solvent,ii) adding the neutral form of the enantiomer of omeprazole to the solution, andiii) flash-evaporating the solvent. Excerpt(s): This Application is a Continuation-In-Part Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/129,622 filed May 9, 2002 the contents of which the application is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to an improved form of the magnesium salt of S-omeprazole, a process for making same, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. The compound known under the generic name omeprazole is described in European patent 0005129. Further, European Patent No. 124,495 describes the advantages of providing the salts of omeprazole and particularly the magnesium salt thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods of rapid screening of cytochrome CYP2C19 status using omeprazole Inventor(s): Friedman, Hylar L.; (Marlboro, VT), Shah, AjitKumar K.; (Waterford, CT) Correspondence: Gregg C. Benson; Pfizer INC.; Patent Department, MS 4159; Eastern Point Road; Groton; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20010036441 Date filed: March 26, 2001 Abstract: Mammalian subjects may be phenotyped with respect to oxidative metabolites involving CYP2C19 by measuring the ratio of omeprazole to its metabolite hydroxyomeprazole in plasma samples. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. provisional application No. 60/193,100, filed Mar. 30, 2000. This invention is directed toward a method of rapidly screening subjects for poor and extensive CYP4502C19 (CYP2C19) activity. There are wide individual variations in drug efficacy and toxicity. To a great extent, these differences are the result of differences in the metabolism, distribution and elimination of the therapeutic agents. While physiological factors affecting distribution (body mass, albumin levels, etc.) and elimination (kidney function) are relatively easy to measure,
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the assessment of metabolic capacity is not a routine procedure. Part of this is due to the fact that metabolizing enzymes exhibit a large degree of individual variability in their levels of expression. Some polymorphic metabolic abnormalities are understood at the DNA level (genotype) but for the majority, the underlying mutations have not been identified. In such cases, metabolic phenotyping remains the only way to assess metabolic capacity through the identification of specific metabolite patterns produced by `probe drugs`. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel amorphous form of omeprazole salts Inventor(s): Kumar, Naresh; (Haryana, IN), Sharma, Tarun; (Bihar, IN), Vijayaraghavan, Bakthavathsalan; (Haryana, IN) Correspondence: Jayadeep R Deshmukh; Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc; Suite 2100; 600 College Road East; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20030212274 Date filed: April 2, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel amorphous form of salts and process for the preparation thereof. Excerpt(s): wherein n is 1, 2 or 4; A.sup.n+ is Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2+ etc, and process for the preparation thereof. Active pharmaceutical ingredients that are easily destroyed in an acid medium (acid labile) such as omeprazole, create a special problem for formulations when it is required to provide a pharmaceutical form designated for oral administration. Omeprazole is susceptible to degradation/transformation in acid and neutral media. The half-life of degradation of omeprazole in water solutions at pH-values less than four is shorter than ten minutes. Also at neutral pH- values degradation proceeds rapidly, e.g. at pH=7 the half-life of omeprazole is about 14 hours, while at higher pH-values the stability in solution is much better [Ref. : Scand. J. Gastroenterology, 20 (suppl. 108), 113-120 (1985)]. Omeprazole also in the solid state is susceptible to degradation and is stabilized in mixtures with alkaline reacting compounds. The stability of omeprazole is also affected by moisture, heat, organic solvents and to some degree by light. Upon storage without any special precautions being taken, it is degraded at a rate which is higher than desired. At storage during accelerated conditions, that is at +37.degree. C. and at a relative humidity of 80% for a period of 6 months, about 6% of the substance is converted to degradation products. Certain salts of omeprazole including alkaline salts (K.sup.+, Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Mg.sup.2++, Ca.sup.2+ etc) and their manufacturing processes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,974. It has been found that alkaline salts of omeprazole of the structural Formula II, as shown in the accompanied drawings, wherein n is 1, 2 or 4; An.sup.+ is Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, Mg.sup.2+, Ca.sup.2++ etc are more stable during storage than the corresponding neutral form of omeprazole. The salts of Formula II are also easier to handle than the neutral form in the manufacture of pharmaceutical dosage units. U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,424 claims an omeprazole magnesium salts having a degree of crystallinity higher than 70% and also describes a process of producing thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel substituted benzimidazole dosage forms and method of using same Inventor(s): Phillips, Jeffrey O.; (Ashland, MO) Correspondence: Joseph A. Mahoney; Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw; P.O. Box 2828; Chicago; IL; 60690; US Patent Application Number: 20030118669 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating gastric acid disorders by administering to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.The present invention provides an oral solution/suspension comprising a proton pump inhibitor and at least one buffering agent. The PPI can be any substituted benzimidazole compound having H.sup.+,K.sup.+-ATPase inhibiting activity and being unstable to acid. Omeprazole and lansoprazole are the preferred PPIs for use in oral suspensions in concentrations of at least greater than 1.2 mg/ml and 0.3 mg, respectively. The liquid oral compositions can be further comprised of parietal cell activators, anti-foaming agents and/or flavoring agents.The inventive compositions can alternatively be formulated as a powder, tablet, suspension tablet, chewable tablet, capsule, effervescent powder, effervescent tablet, pellets and granules. Such dosage forms are advantageously devoid of any enteric coating or delayed or sustained-release delivery mechanisms, and comprise a PPI and at least one buffering agent to protect the PPI against acid degradation. Similar to the liquid dosage form, the dry forms can further include anti-foaming agents, parietal cell activators and flavoring agents.Kits utilizing the inventive dry dosage forms are also disclosed herein to provide for the easy preparation of a liquid composition from the dry forms.In accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a method of treating gastric acid disorders by administering to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a proton pump inhibitor in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one buffering agent wherein the administering step comprises providing a patient with a single dose of the composition without requiring further administering of the buffering agent.Additionally, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing the pharmacological activity of an intravenously administered proton pump inhibitor in which at least one parietal cell activator is orally administered to the patient before, during or after the intravenous administration of the proton pump inhibitor. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/183,422 filed on Oct. 30, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/680,376, filed Jul. 15, 1996, which issued on Nov. 24, 1998 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,737. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitors. Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-- 3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Omeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds called proton pump inhibitors ("PPIs") that do not exhibit anti-cholinergic or H.sub.2 histamine antagonist properties. Drugs of this class suppress gastric acid secretion by the specific inhibition of the H.sup.+,K.sup.+-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Omeprazole formulation Inventor(s): Chen, Chih-Ming; (Davie, FL), Chou, Joseph C.H.; (Coral Springs, FL), Weng, Timothy; (Plantation, FL) Correspondence: Hedman & Costigan, P.C.; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030113376 Date filed: October 23, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition of omeprazole for oral administration is described which consists essentially of:(a) a pellet comprising an inert core component, a therapeutically effective amount of omeprazole, a surface active agent, a filler, a pharmaceutically acceptable alkaline agent and a binder; and(b) a single layer of coating on said pellet which comprises a layer of an enteric coating agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stable formulation of omeprazole. It is well known that omeprazole is sensitive to acidic conditions and the after contact with an acid, omeprazole will degrade and will not function in its intended manner. Initially, alkaline materials were added to a core of omeprazole and later an enteric coating was applied over the core to prevent the omeprazole from contacting the acidic pH conditions of the stomach. This approach is satisfactory if the product is administered within a short time after it is manufactured but if the product is stored under ambient conditions, the acidic residue of the enteric coating appears to degrade the omeprazole before it is administered to a patient. To solve this problem, the prior art has used a separate layer of a coating agent to coat a pellet core which contains omeprazole and an alkaline material which is thereafter coated with the enteric coating. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,505. This dual layer coating technique requires the application of two separate functional coating operations which increases the length of the manufacturing process and the cost of the product. The applicants have surprisingly discovered a coating system which avoids the need to use a coating layer to separate the omeprazole core from the enteric coating layer in an omeprazole dosage form. The separate coating system is based on the combined use of an enteric coating agent which is applied to pellet cores of omeprazole as a suspension in an suitable solvent. (b) a single layer of coating on said pellet which comprises a layer of an enteric coating agent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for purifying 6- methoxy omeprazole Inventor(s): Stowell, Grayson Walker; (Wilmington, NC), Whittall, Linda B.; (Wilmington, NC), Whittle, Robert R.; (Wilmington, NC) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20020156103 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides processes for purifying 6-methoxy omeprazole, products using such processes, pharmaceutical formulations using such products, and methods of using such products for gastric acid inhibition. Excerpt(s): Whittle, et al. further disclosed that the stability of omeprazole is affected by the ratio of 6-methoxy omeprazole to 5-methoxy omeprazole, with omeprazole being more favorably stable as the percentage of 6-methoxy omeprazole is increased.
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However, the processes presently available for preparing a higher percentage of the more preferred isomer, 6-methoxy omeprazole, and reduction in the 5-methoxy omeprazole percentage of the less preferred require controlling the rate of recrystallization, the solvent used, and other environmental factors. An alternative to the expensive and time-consuming method for increasing the percentage of 6-methoxy omeprazole in the crystalline lattice from an amount of 5(6)-methoxy omeprazole, would be technically and commercially beneficial. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for increasing the solid state percentage of 6-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy3,5-dimethyl-2-pyr- idinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or combination thereof, from an amount of 5(6)-methoxy-2-[[(4methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or combination thereof and, thus, also decreasing the percentage of 5-methoxy omeprazole proportionately. The present invention is described herein below in greater detail with reference to its preferred embodiments. These embodiments, however, are set forth to illustrate the invention and are not to be construed as a limitation thereof, the invention being defined by the claims. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process of synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)met- hyl] sulfinyl-1 H-benzimidazole Inventor(s): Hafner Milac, Natasa; (Ljubljana, SI), Jereb, Darja; (Radomlje, SI) Correspondence: T. Gene Dillahunty; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020007069 Date filed: July 30, 2001 Abstract: An improved process of synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]sulfinyl-1H-benzimidazole (omeprazole) by oxidation of 5-methoxy2[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]thio]benzimidazole with 3chloroperoxybenzoic acid in ethyl acetate wherein omeprazole is poorly soluble, at a temperature between -10.degree. C. and 5.degree. C. is disclosed. The second step is a purification of the crude product by dissolution and reprecipitation of the final product. Excerpt(s): wherein 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]thio- ]benzimidazole is reacted with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in ethyl acetate, wherein the final product--omeprazole--is poorly soluble. Omeprazole is the first medicament from the group of formulations for controlling the secretion of gastric acid, from the group of proton pump inhibitors. Namely, it inhibits the enzyme H/K-ATPase (a proton pump) in a parietal cell and thus also inhibits the last phase of acid secretion. There is a constant need to prepare omeprazole of high purity in a simple and readily feasible way. In the literature processes of synthesis up to a crude omeprazole are disclosed; said omeprazole, however, contains by-products and hence it is not suitable for pharmaceutical use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Stable drug from for oral administration with benzimidazole derivatives as active ingredient and process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Heese, Gerd-Ulfert; (Munich, DE), Junger, Herbert; (Dachau, DE), Laicher, Arnim; (Sauerlach, DE), Lorck, Claudio; (Munich, DE), Profitlich, Thomas; (Munich, DE), Weiss, Gerd; (Munich, DE) Correspondence: White & Case Llp; Patent Department; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20020054913 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a stable medicament for oral administration which comprises(a) a core which contains an active ingredient selected from Omeprazole, Lansoprazole and Pantoprazole, together with customary pharmaceutical adjuvants,(b) an intermediate layer applied onto the core, and(c) a gastric juice-resistant outer layer. The intermediate layer in (b) is formed as a reactive layer in which a gastric juiceresistant polymer layer material partially neutralized with alkali with cation exchange capacity is present. Further, a method for the production of the stable medicament is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention discloses a stable medicament for oral administration which comprises one or more of the benzimidazole derivatives Omeprazole, Lansoprazole or Pantoprazole as an active ingredient as well as a method for its production. It is known from EP 0 005 129 that Omeprazole (5-methoxy-2(((4-methoxy3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1H-benz- imidazole functions as a potent inhibitor in the secretion of gastric acid. Omeprazole has proven itself in the therapy of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis and Zollinger-Ellision syndrome. Parenteral and solid peroral medicaments are employed in this connection. The following embodiments presented for Omeprazole apply in the same manner for Lansoprazole (2-(((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-p- yridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1Hbenzimidazole) and Pantoprazole (5-difluoromethoxy-2-((3,4-dimethoxy-2pyridyl)methyl)-sulfinyl)-1H-benzi- midazole). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Stable oral pharmaceutical composition containing omeprazole Inventor(s): Jain, Girish Kumar; (Delhi, IN), Kumar, Pratik; (Bihar, IN), Rampal, Ashok; (Punjab, IN), Thacharodi, Dilipkumar; (US) Correspondence: Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals INC.; Suite 2100; 600 College Road East; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20020128293 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stable oral pharmaceutical composition comprising omeprazole as the active ingredient and a carrier which acts as a stabilizing excipient. The invention also relates to a process for making the pharmaceutical composition. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,255,431; 4,628,098; and 4,758,579 disclose substituted pyridylsulfinyl benzimidazoles (such as omeprazole) as potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. This class of compounds inhibits gastric acid secretion by inhibiting H.sub.+K.sub.+ ATPase (proton pump) activity. Drugs in this class are known to be highly
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unstable in an acidic environment. They are also unstable in the presence of moisture and organic solvents. Thus, the formulation in which the drugs are to be administered to a patient, and the process for manufacture of the formulation, must be designed to protect the drug from moisture as well as an acidic environment. Due to the very rapid drug degradation which occurs in acidic gastric fluids, the formulations should also be enteric coated. U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,505 discloses an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a core containing omeprazole together with an alkaline reacting compound, or an alkaline salt of omeprazole optionally together with an alkaline compound; one or more subcoating layers comprising inert reacting compounds which are soluble or rapidly disintegrating in water, or polymeric, water soluble film forming compounds, optionally containing pH-buffering alkaline compounds; and an outer enteric coat. The alkaline reacting compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable substance (or substances) which creates a "micro-pH" around each omeprazole particle of not less than pH=7, preferably not less than pH=8, when water is adsorbed onto the particles of the mixture or when water is added in small amounts to the mixture. The subcoating layer separates the omeprazole containing core from the enteric coating polymer(s) containing free carboxyl groups. The enteric coating polymers can otherwise cause degradation of omeprazole during the coating process or during storage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
STABLE ORAL PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS Inventor(s): CHEN, JIVN-REN; (SHREVEPORT, LA) Correspondence: T.LING Chwang; Hitt Chwang & Gaines, P.C.; P.O. Box 832570; Richardson; TX; 75083; US Patent Application Number: 20010006649 Date filed: August 27, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to new stable enteric coated pharmaceutical dosage forms for oral use containing Omeprazole or Lansoprazole, to a formulation and a method for the manufacture of such a dosage forms, and to a method of gastric acid pump inhibition and providing gastrointestinal cytoprotective benefit by using them. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of PCT application, PCT/US98/09449, filed May 8, 1998 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/950,432, filed Oct. 15, 1997, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/046,089, filed May 9, 1997. The content of the above cited applications are incorporated by reference into this application. U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,431 describes a compound 2-[2-(3,5dimethyl-4-methoxy)-pyridyl methyl sulfinyl]-(5-methoxy)-benzimidazole (Omeprazole) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or non-toxic acid addition salt as a therapeutic compound for mammals including man, suffering from gastric acid secretion disturbances. Omeprazole, however is only stable in basic pH conditions and degrades rapidly in neutral or acid pH environment. For this reason the omeprazole oral dosage form must be protected, not only from the acidic inert ingredients used to make a dosage form but also from the acidic gastric fluid in order to intactly reach the absorption site in the small intestine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with omeprazole, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on omeprazole. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning omeprazole. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to omeprazole. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on omeprazole include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on omeprazole: •
Ulcer Disease: Investigation and Basis for Therapy Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991. 528 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701-5185. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000. Fax (914) 796-1772. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $195.00. ISBN: 0824782267. Summary: This textbook gives medical researchers and practicing clinicians a review of the origins, presentations, therapies, and human investigation of ulcer disease. Topics include the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer; epidemiology; biological rhythms in gastrointestinal function and processes; the clinical presentation of ulcer disease; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy; hemorrhage from gastric or duodenal ulceration; antacid therapy; H2-receptor antagonists; omeprazole; prostaglandins; sucralfate; antioxidants; endoscopic therapy of peptic ulcer disease; surgical treatment; statistical methods in trials of anti-ulcer drugs; clinical research organizations;
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pharmaceutical industry perspectives; and cost-effectiveness in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Each chapter includes numerous tables, figures and references; a subject index concludes the volume.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “omeprazole” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “omeprazole” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “omeprazole” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Omeprazole & Acid Inhibition: The Essential Issues - Journal: Digestion, Suppl. 1, 1990 by R. H. Hunt (Editor); ISBN: 3805553862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805553862/icongroupinterna
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The Logic of Omeprazole: Treatment by Design by Irvin M. Modlin (Author), George Sachs (Author); ISBN: 0943035007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943035007/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Omeprazole In order to find chapters that specifically relate to omeprazole, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and omeprazole using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on omeprazole: •
Prescription Medicines and Surgery Source: in Cheskin, L.J. and Lacy, B.E. Healing Hearburn. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002 p. 96-112. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4363. (410) 516-6900. Fax (410) 516-6968. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.press.jhu.edu. PRICE: $17.95 for paperback; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 801868696. Summary: Heartburn is just one symptom of the disorder known as acid reflux disease, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which stomach acid repeatedly washes up into the esophagus or remains in the esophagus too long. This chapter is from a book that offers a comprehensive guide to GERD. In this chapter, the authors explain the last two parts of a 4-step treatment approach: prescription medicines and surgery. The authors describe the various options for prescription medications and then explore what is involved in surgery for treating GERD. Drugs discussed include H2
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blockers (cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine), proton-pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole); and prokinetic agents (metoclopramide). The authors then discuss maintenance therapy and the indications for surgery, as well as briefly review the surgical techniques currently being used. The authors conclude that surgery is a reasonable option for patients with severe, refractory (resistant to treatment) GERD and for patients with complications of GERD. The chapter includes two brief illustrative case studies. 1 figure. •
Antiulcer Agents Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 670-678. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on antiulcer agents is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. Finally comes a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are cimetidine, famotidine, lansoprazole, misoprostol, nizatidine, omeprazole, ranitidine hydrochloride, and sucralfate.
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Ulcer Prophylaxis and Treatment Source: in Pirsch, J.; Simmons, W.; Sollinger, H. Transplantation Drug Manual. 3rd ed. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience. 1999. p. 103-113. Contact: Available from Landes Bioscience. 810 South Church Street, Georgetown, TX 78626. (512) 863-7762. Fax (512) 863-0081. Website: www.landesbioscience.com. PRICE: $45.00. ISBN: 1570595933. Summary: This chapter on ulcer prophylaxis and treatment is from a transplantation drug manual, designed to help physicians safely and accurately prescribe drugs for transplant patients. Written in chart format, the chapter offers information on the brand name, company, mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, warnings, special precautions, adverse reactions, drug interactions, and dosage and administration considerations for each of the drugs covered. The first chart summarizes ulcer prophylaxis and treatment overview (the types of drugs used and their dosage and administration). The chapter then covers magnesium and aluminum hydroxide suspension; aluminum hydroxide suspension; calcium carbonate; histamine H2 receptor antagonists, including famotidine (Pepcid), ranitidine (Zantac), and cimetidine (Tagamet); proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole (Prilosec), and lansoprazole; sucralfate (Carafate); and misoprostol (Cytotec). For ease of access, all information is presented in chart or outline form.
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Gastroenterologist's View of Chest Pain Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 171-177. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter, from a gastroenterology text, provides a gastroenterologist's view of chest pain. The author notes that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an important factor in the cause of noncardiac chest pain. The author also stresses that patients with noncardiac chest pain should not be categorized together, but rather should be separated into subgroups. For example, there are patients who have a single acute chest pain episode that results in their admission to the hospital and cardiac care unit, patients with multiple acute episodes, patients with daily chest pain episodes, and patients with near constant chest pain. The author goes on to discuss the diagnostic evaluation of these patients; esophageal testing, particularly that for esophageal motility disorders, as well as 24-hour ambulatory esophageal monitoring; patient care management; and the coexistence of GERD in coronary artery disease. The author recommends upper endoscopy as the first line of testing; if there is evidence of gastroesophageal reflux, a therapeutic trial of antireflux therapy is indicated (omeprazole plus standard antireflux measures are recommended). If symptoms are not improved, a 24-hour esophageal pH study should be obtained while the patient receives omeprazole. If acid reflux is demonstrable in that situation and if the patient has persistent troublesome symptoms, surgery is indicated. The author also encourages psychologic testing early in the negative workup of patients with noncardiac chest pain. It has been shown in many patients with noncardiac chest pain that anxiety or depression is common, that these conditions can greatly increase chest pain frequency and intensity, and that it is helpful to try medications that affect this. 1 figure. 17 references. (AA-M).
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Management of Chronic Peptic Ulcer Disease Source: in Danzi, J.T.; Scopelliti, J.A., eds. Office Management of Digestive Diseases. Malvern, PA: Lea and Febiger. 1992. p. 18-29. Contact: Available from Lea and Febiger. Box 3024, Malvern, PA 19355-9725. (215) 2512230. PRICE: $39.50. ISBN: 0812114361. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook about the office management of common gastrointestinal diseases, discusses the management of chronic peptic ulcer disease. Topics include pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, maintenance therapy, and pharmacologic therapy, including that of H2 receptor inhibitors, sucralfate, omeprazole, antacids, antibiotics, anticholinergics, and prostaglandins. A final section briefly considers refractory ulcers and nonulcer dyspepsia. 14 references.
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Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux: The Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: in Schrier, R.W., et al., eds. Advances in Internal Medicine. Vol 40. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 273-302. Contact: Available from Mosby Year-Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545. Fax (800) 535-9935. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $72.95. ISBN: 0815183135. ISSN: 00652822.
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Summary: This chapter, from a yearbook of advances in internal medicine, covers the role of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The revelation that patients with GERD were more effectively managed by achieving greater suppression of gastric acid secretion came to the forefront with the dramatic success of PPIs. Despite the success of one PPI, omeprazole, in the United States it is approved primarily for shortterm treatment of acid peptic disease, i.e., an active duodenal ulcer, erosive esophagitis (grade 2 or above), and symptomatic GERD poorly responsive to customary medical therapy. The authors discuss why, due to lingering safety issues, longterm treatment with omeprazole remains limited in the United States only to the treatment of pathologic hypersecretory states such as the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis. The authors discuss the pharmacology, metabolism, safety profile, and clinical trials of omeprazole. Also covered are issues of recurrence after treatment, complications of GERD, and treatment strategies, including lifestyle modifications. 9 figures. 5 tables. 121 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on omeprazole. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on omeprazole is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “omeprazole” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on omeprazole: •
Perforated Ulcer: Options in Management Source: Atlanta, GA: Emory University Office of Medical Television. 1992. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University. Office of Medical Television, 1364 Clifton Road, Box M-16, Atlanta, GA 30322. (404) 7279797. Fax (404) 727-9798. PRICE: $75.00 (as of 1996). Also available for rental; contact producer for current fee. Item Number 92-01. Summary: Controversy persists regarding the management of perforated peptic ulcers. In this continuing education videotape, Dr. David Feliciano identifies the main decisions a surgeon must make when dealing with this problem. After a brief epidemiologic update of peptic ulcer disease, Dr. Feliciano discusses patient selection, simple closure procedures versus definitive procedures, the three most favored definitive procedures in use, and the role of medications available for the medical management of peptic ulcer
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disease. Medications include famotidine, sucralfate, pirenzepine, misoprostal, and omeprazole. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON OMEPRAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover omeprazole.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on omeprazole is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to omeprazole. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “omeprazole” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for omeprazole: •
Schwarz Pharma shares soar on U.S. Prilosec ruling Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 12, 2003
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EU court rules against AstraZeneca in Losec case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 11, 2003
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Eon Labs - no plans for generic Prilosec yet Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 03, 2003
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CORRECTION: Apotex launches generic Prilosec Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 27, 2003
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UK to cut price of generic simvastatin and omeprazole Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 15, 2003
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Novartis launches third generic Prilosec in U.S. Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 19, 2003
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Mylan affirms 2004 earnings view, starts omeprazole. Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 04, 2003
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Schwarz gains as Merck talks up omeprazole Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 24, 2003
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Pre-existing illness explains treatment-related mortality in patients on omeprazole Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 18, 2003
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UK authorities seek comments on OTC switch for omeprazole Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 20, 2003
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AstraZeneca shrugs off extra generic Prilosec capacity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 19, 2003
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Schwarz to raise generic Prilosec forecast Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 11, 2003
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AstraZeneca's Prilosec loses half US market to generic Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 14, 2003
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Eon Labs gets final FDA approval for generic Prilosec but delays launch Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 03, 2003
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Celecoxib no better than diclofenac plus omeprazole in preventing recurrent ulcer Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 25, 2002
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Schwarz Pharma's generic Prilosec off to strong start in US Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 19, 2002
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AstraZeneca wins Australian Losec patent case Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 12, 2002
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Biovail buys private drug delivery firm for $190 million, gets interest in generic Prilosec Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 11, 2002
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IMPAX wins FDA nod to market generic Prilosec Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 11, 2002
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Schwarz Pharma sees generic omeprazole lifting 2002 Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 06, 2002
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Andrx posts Q3 loss on generic Prilosec charge; stock climbs on analyst upgrade Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 31, 2002
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Eon wins tentative approval for generic Prilosec Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 28, 2002
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German Merck's generic Prilosec gets tentative okay Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 22, 2002
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AstraZeneca soars on Prilosec partial win Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 14, 2002
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FDA gives PG interim OK for OTC Prilosec Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 2002
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Consumer groups ask for probe of Prilosec case Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 08, 2002
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AstraZeneca says two consumer Prilosec suits dismissed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2002
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FDA panel recommendation on OTC Prilosec throws wrench into Andrx plans Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 24, 2002
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FDA advisers urge approval of Prilosec for over-the-counter use Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 21, 2002
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AstraZeneca sees Prilosec trial over by early June Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 15, 2002
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Merck's Zocor topples AstraZeneca's Losec as top-selling drug in Britain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 29, 2002
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Investors warm to AstraZeneca's post-Losec story Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 10, 2002
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Dr. Reddy's sues FDA for generic Prilosec marketing exclusivity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 01, 2002
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AstraZeneca won't list aaiPharma omeprazole patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 03, 2002
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Dr Reddy puts brave face on Prilosec loss Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 22, 2001
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Andrx could launch generic Prilosec before legal battle ends Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 19, 2001
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SPAN raises new charges of generic Prilosec delay tactics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 16, 2001
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FDA approves Andrx's generic omeprazole Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 16, 2001
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Andrx says scientific issues may delay generic Prilosec approval Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 04, 2001
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Prilosec generic unlikely before 2002 despite end of market exclusivity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 02, 2001
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Esomeprazole appears to be superior to rival ulcer drug Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 2001
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Famotidine, omeprazole comparable in H. pylori treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 04, 2001
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AstraZeneca will not list third omeprazole patent with FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2001
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AstraZeneca sues India's Cheminor over Prilosec patent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 28, 2001
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AstraZeneca says Prilosec patent suits sent back to home courts Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 16, 2001
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AstraZeneca says not listing Losec patents Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 10, 2001
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Cipla shares fall on worries over omeprazole alliance Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 19, 2001
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aaiPharma issued two US patents on omeprazole, Andrx generic threatened Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 18, 2001
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Omeprazole supports H. pylori eradication better than ranitidine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 13, 2001
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Court denies summary judgment on three of five motions in Prilosec patent dispute Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 05, 2001 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “omeprazole” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to omeprazole, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “omeprazole” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on omeprazole: •
Peptic Ulcer: A Twentieth Century Disease Source: Digestive Health Matters. 2(4): 1-2. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. Website: www.iffgd.org. Summary: This article reviews the history of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), its diagnosis, incidence, and treatments. The greatest accomplishment of gastric acid research was the development of drugs that control stomach acid secretion. After the 1970s, the need for elective surgery declined in response to the use of H2 antagonists (cimetidine, Tagamet, and then others). In the 1990s came the development of proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, Prilosec, and then others), which could heal almost any ulcer by powerful acid suppression. However, it was not until the discovery of a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori when a peptic ulcer cure became possible. The author concludes by noting that although effective treatments are available, Helicobacter and the resulting ulcers and other diseases are still very common as lingering sources of disease, particularly in the developing world. In addition, the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (given for pain and arthritis) contributes markedly to the incidence of ulcers. The author emphasizes the need for continuing support of research with adequate funding, in order to maintain quality and advancement in medical care. 1 figure.
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Heartburn: Don't Ignore the Fire Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 18(8): 1-3. August 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews heartburn, the burning sensation behind the breastbone, often accompanied by a sour taste in the back of the mouth. Heartburn is the result of stomach acid flowing up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). The article reviews the anatomy of the stomach and esophagus, and notes the factors that can result in heartburn, including simply
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overeating, or a weakened or abnormally relaxed esophageal sphincter. Frequent heartburn is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); people with GERD may also experience nausea, sore throat, hoarseness, wheezing, and a cough. Untreated, GERD can lead to inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or to a precancerous condition called Barrett's esophagus. The article focuses on practical strategies to help prevent heartburn: control weight, avoid foods or beverages that can trigger heartburn, wear loose clothing, avoid lying down for 2 hours after eating, do not smoke, chew gum after meals, and drink adequate water when taking medications. Along with these lifestyle changes, nonprescription drugs that reduce painful stomach acid may relieve mild and occasional heartburn. These drugs include antacids and H2 blockers such as famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid), ranitidine (Zantac), and cimetidine (Tagamet). When heartburn becomes frequent, readers are counseled to seek medical assistance. Diagnosis may include endoscopy and a pH monitoring test. After diagnosis, prescription medications may include stronger H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors such as lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix), and rabeprazole (Aciphex). Surgery may be indicated when drug therapy and lifestyle changes are not effective. One sidebar reports on new endoscopic treatments for heartburn; another sidebar cautions readers about the side effects of chronic heartburn. 1 figure.
Academic Periodicals covering Omeprazole Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to omeprazole. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering omeprazole that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for omeprazole. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with omeprazole. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to omeprazole: Clarithromycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biaxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202667.html
Omeprazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prilosec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202423.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6209 7 525 17 15 6773
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “omeprazole” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on omeprazole can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to omeprazole. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to omeprazole. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “omeprazole”:
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Other guides Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Esophagus Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/esophagusdisorders.html Pancreatic Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticcancer.html Pancreatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on omeprazole. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
'I'm Taking Medicine for Frequent Heartburn. Why Am I Still Suffering?': A Patient Information Resource About Symptomatic Acid Reflux Disease Source: [Wayne, PA]: Astra Merck Inc. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Astra Merck Inc. (800) 336-9992. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet provides readers with basic information about heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The brochure encourages readers to ask their physicians about omeprazole (Prilosec), a drug therapy for heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD. The brochure notes that if heartburn is present two or more times a week, GERD may be present. The author outlines the incidence of heartburn, the symptoms of GERD (heartburn, sour or bitter taste, difficult or painful swallowing), the causes of GERD symptoms, why GERD symptoms occur so frequently, how the stomach makes acid, and the action of acid pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole. GERD symptoms happen when juices containing harsh acid back up from the stomach into the esophagus. Included with the brochure is the package insert
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information from Prilosec. The brochure is illustrated with humorous, colorful line drawings of a variety of patients with heartburn and GERD. Blank space is available for notes or questions to ask the health care provider. (AA-M). •
Medications and GERD Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). 2001. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217-8076. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 964-1799. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $1.00 for nonmembers; single copy free to members. Summary: This brochure answers common questions about proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, characterized by return or reflux of stomach acid back to the esophagus). PPIs are powerful drug inhibitors of gastric (stomach) acid secretion. A single daily dose of omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid); rabeprazole (Aciphex), or pantoprazole (Protonix), results in decreased acid production to allow healing of erosive esophagitis (tissue damage in the esophagus) and relief of heartburn in close to 90 percent of patients. The author reviews the use of these drugs, including standard administration and dosing, long term use, drug interactions, and potential side effects. GERD is a chronic disease so most individuals with the disease will require some kind of medication for long periods of time. One sidebar summarizes basic facts about GERD. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD), a nonprofit education and research organization (www.iffgd.org).
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Medical Treatment of GERD: The Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). 2000. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217-8076. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 964-1799. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $1.00 for nonmembers; single copy free to members. Summary: This brochure reviews the medical (drug) treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs are powerful drug inhibitors of gastric (stomach) acid secretion. A single daily dose of omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid); rabeprazole (Aciphex), or pantoprazole (Protonix), results in decreased acid production to allow healing of erosive esophagitis (tissue damage in the esophagus) and relief of heartburn in close to 90 percent of patients. The author reviews the use of these drugs, including standard administration and dosing, long term use, and potential side effects. The author notes that most patients will achieve symptom control in 4 to 8 weeks of therapy. However, some patients will need higher doses for an extended period of time (two to three months) to achieve optimal relief. GERD is a chronic disease so most individuals with the disease will require some kind of medication for long periods of time. Long term maintenance of symptom relief is usually possible with one dose of proton pump inhibitor per day. One sidebar summarizes basic facts about GERD. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD), a nonprofit education and research organization (www.iffgd.org).
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Helicobacter Pylori Infection (Gastritis) Source: in Sodeman, W.A., Jr. Instructions for Geriatric Patients. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1995. p. 110-111. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $38.95. ISBN: 0721643353. Summary: This chapter, from a book of instructions for geriatric patients, provides a basic information sheet on Helicobacter pylori infection (gastritis). H. pylori infections tend to become chronic or long lasting, although they usually cause no complaints or symptoms. But in some people, this chronic infection can lead to the development of stomach and duodenal ulcers. H. pylori infections are not difficult to eradicate, but they do require the use of two or three drugs. The fact sheet outlines the drugs commonly used, including omeprazole (Prilosec), amoxicillin, metronidazole (Flagyl), and bismuth (Pepto-Bismol). The author notes that the timing of treatment for H. pylori infections will take into consideration other health care problems that may need more urgent or immediate treatment. The information sheet concludes by reminding readers to contact their health care provider if they miss more than a single dose of a drug regimen to eradicate H. pylori. The instructions are designed to supplement and reinforce physician instructions to their patients. (AA-M).
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Heartburn: Hints on Dealing with the Discomfort Source: Kansas City, MO: American Academy of Family Physicians. 1994. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. PRICE: $22.00 for 100 copies for members, $33.00 for 100 copies for nonmembers. Summary: This patient education brochure helps readers understand heartburn and how they can deal with the discomfort it may cause. Heartburn is a burning feeling in the lower chest, along with a sour or bitter taste of food in the throat and mouth. It usually occurs after eating a big meal or while lying down. Heartburn is caused by stomach contents (acid) going back up into the esophagus; this is called reflux. The stomach acid can irritate the esophagus and cause the feeling of burning pain. The brochure describes hiatus hernia, factors that can add to heartburn, complications that can arise because of heartburn, tips on preventing heartburn, the use of antacids, how to know when to consult a health care provider regarding heartburn problems, medications that can be used, and the indications for surgery. Most people get fast, short-term relief with antacids. Three kinds of medications might be used to treat heartburn. H2 blockers (Axid, Pepcid, Tagamet, Zantac) lower how much acid the stomach makes. Omeprazole (Prilosec) completely stops the stomach from making acid. Metoclopramide (Reglan) reduces reflux. Surgery is only needed when symptoms are very bad and don't go away after medicine and other measures have been tried. Simple line drawings illustrate the stomach and esophagus. 2 figures. 3 tables. (AA-M). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “omeprazole” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted:
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ASHP therapeutic guidelines on stress ulcer prophylaxis Source: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists - Professional Association; 1999 February 15; 33 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1745&nbr=971&am p;string=omeprazole
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Cancer pain Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2003 March; 88 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3748&nbr=2974&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Control of pain in patients with cancer. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 June; 61 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2910&nbr=2136&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Dyspepsia Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1998 October (revised 2003 Jan); 48 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3664&nbr=2890&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Dyspepsia. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2003 March; 27 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3723&nbr=2949&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children Source: North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition - Professional Association; 2001; 31 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3593&nbr=2819&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Helicobacter pylori infection in children: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment Source: North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition - Professional Association; 2000 November; 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3594&nbr=2820&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 2002 March; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3372&nbr=2598&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Peptic ulcer disease Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 1996 October (revised 1999 May); 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2286&nbr=1512&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Procedure guideline for C-14 urea breath test Source: Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 June (updated 2001 Jun 23); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2947&nbr=2173&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update Source: American College of Rheumatology - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 September; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2935&nbr=2161&a mp;string=omeprazole
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Use of antibiotics in paediatric care Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 March; 109 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3436&nbr=2662&a mp;string=omeprazole
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to omeprazole. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to omeprazole. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with omeprazole. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about omeprazole. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “omeprazole” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “omeprazole”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “omeprazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “omeprazole” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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OMEPRAZOLE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]
Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]
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Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]
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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU]
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Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA
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fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections,
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toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived
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constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various
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skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early
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precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholecalciferol: An antirachitic oil-soluble vitamin. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate
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neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement
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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]
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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH]
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Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]
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Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH]
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Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]
Duodenitis: An irritation of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or
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transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterochromaffin-like Cells: Irregular-shaped argyrophilic cells which produce histamine, chromogranin A/pancreastatin, and an as yet unidentified peptide hormone. They are the predominant endocrine cell type of the oxyntic (acid-producing) mucosa of the stomach. ECL cells respond to gastrin by releasing their secretory products and this source of histamine acts as the positive paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cell. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]
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Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Atresia: Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea. [NIH] Esophageal Motility Disorders: Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper or lower esophageal sphincters, the esophageal body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in the impeding of the passage of food, regurgitation of food, or reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus. [NIH] Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus often caused by acid flowing back from the stomach. This condition may require surgery. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagectomy: An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
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Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or
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between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored
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in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrinoma: A gastrin-secreting tumor of the non-beta islet cells. It is usually located in the pancreas but is also found at other sites, as in the antrum of the stomach, hilus of the spleen, and regional lymph nodes. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which sometimes occurs in families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). Gastrinomas in patients with MEN-1 are usually diffuse in nature. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a
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daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU]
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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one
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generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols,
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phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU]
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Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both
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afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH]
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Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH]
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manometry: Tests that measure muscle pressure and movements in the GI tract. [NIH] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Assistance: Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU]
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Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable
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membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle
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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine tumor: A tumor derived from cells that release a hormone in response to a signal from the nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. These tumors secrete hormones in excess, causing a variety of symptoms. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second
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messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. [NIH] Nonulcer Dyspepsia: Constant pain or discomfort in the upper GI tract. Symptoms include burning, nausea, and bloating, but no ulcer. Possibly caused by muscle spasms. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Office Management: Planning, organizing, and administering activities in an office. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oleanolic Acid: Occurs in leaves of Olea europaea, Viscum album L., and other higher plants. It is also the aglycone component of many saponins. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH]
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Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Pancrelipase: A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content. [NIH]
Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness;
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choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Cells: Cells in the stomach wall that make hydrochloric acid. [NIH] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentagastrin: A synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a
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substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenprocoumon: 3-(1-Phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin. Long acting oral anticoagulant. It may cause diarrhea. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH]
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Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH]
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Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porfimer sodium: An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]
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Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU]
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Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Assistance: Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH]
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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate: Drug used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Ranitidine Hydrochloride: Drug used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU]
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Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous
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membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-
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methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU]
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Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steatorrhoea: Excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in malabsorption syndromes. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress Ulcer: An upper GI ulcer from physical injury such as surgery, major burns, or critical head injury. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and
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peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermal ablation: A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
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(Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticlopidine: Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Abnormal communication between the esophagus and the
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trachea, acquired or congenital, often associated with esophageal atresia. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triple-Therapy: A combination of three medicines used to treat Helicobacter pylori infection and ulcers. Drugs that stop the body from making acid are often added to relieve symptoms. [NIH] Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerogenic: Causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to
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first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urea Breath Test: A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. The test measures breath samples for urease, an enzyme H. pylori makes. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU]
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Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voriconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdomen, 161, 167, 178, 185, 187, 188, 205, 209 Abdominal, 161, 169, 174, 189, 194, 195 Ablation, 10, 13, 19, 161 Acceptor, 161, 188, 194 Acetylcholine, 161, 170 Adenoma, 9, 161 Adenosine, 161, 168, 196, 206 Adjuvant, 12, 26, 44, 53, 161, 162 Adjuvant Therapy, 26, 44, 53, 161 Adrenergic, 161, 164, 175, 178 Adverse Effect, 5, 8, 161, 171, 203 Aerosol, 161, 206 Afferent, 161, 187 Affinity, 161, 170, 204 Airway, 10, 162, 167, 210 Albumin, 110, 162, 197 Alertness, 162, 168 Algorithms, 162, 167 Alkaline, 89, 90, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 111, 113, 116, 162, 163, 168, 194, 196 Alkalosis, 62, 162 Alkylation, 92, 109, 162 Allergic Rhinitis, 162, 168 Alternative medicine, 131, 162 Alum, 12, 162 Aluminum, 121, 162, 206 Aluminum Hydroxide, 121, 162 Amber, 57, 162 Amebiasis, 162, 190 Amine, 162, 184 Amino Acids, 162, 163, 178, 195, 198, 200, 206, 209 Ammonia, 53, 93, 162, 163, 209 Amnestic, 163, 180 Amoxicillin, 4, 8, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28, 33, 34, 35, 37, 45, 48, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 66, 71, 148, 163 Ampicillin, 20, 163 Ampulla, 163, 177 Amylase, 163, 194 Anaesthesia, 77, 163, 186 Anal, 163, 180 Analgesic, 72, 163, 174, 191, 206 Analog, 163, 193 Anaplasia, 163, 192 Anatomical, 163, 185
Anemia, 40, 163, 187 Anesthesia, 19, 67, 162, 163 Anions, 93, 162, 163, 187 Anode, 163 Antagonism, 163, 168, 170, 175, 206 Antibacterial, 15, 66, 72, 163 Antibiotic, 4, 35, 60, 163, 165, 167, 170, 178, 195, 206, 208 Antibodies, 163, 185, 189 Antibody, 161, 163, 164, 171, 185, 186, 201, 204 Anticholinergic, 5, 163, 175 Anticoagulant, 164, 196, 200, 210 Anticonvulsant, 164, 190 Antiemetic, 164, 190 Antifungal, 164, 180, 187 Antigen, 7, 19, 161, 163, 164, 171, 185, 186 Anti-infective, 164, 184, 206 Anti-inflammatory, 10, 119, 164, 165, 169, 174, 182, 186, 203, 206 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 164, 165, 169 Antimicrobial, 15, 17, 20, 33, 51, 72, 164, 170, 175 Antioxidant, 66, 164, 194 Antipsychotic, 164, 170, 192 Antipyretic, 164, 174 Antithrombotic, 164, 207 Anxiety, 122, 164, 180, 194 Apoptosis, 12, 72, 164 Aqueous, 93, 97, 105, 165, 166, 173, 177, 184 Arachidonic Acid, 23, 74, 165, 188, 199 Argon, 10, 19, 165 Aromatic, 98, 165, 196 Arrhythmia, 165, 209 Arteries, 165, 167, 172, 190, 191, 207 Arteriosclerosis, 165, 207 Arteriovenous, 165, 207 Arteriovenous Fistula, 165, 207 Articular, 165, 188, 194 Aspergillosis, 165, 187 Aspiration, 67, 95, 165 Aspirin, 10, 43, 107, 165 Assay, 10, 21, 165 Atmospheric Pressure, 27, 165 Atrial, 165, 210 Atrial Fibrillation, 165, 210 Atrophy, 6, 52, 165
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Atypical, 165, 170 Autacoids, 165, 186 Azithromycin, 43, 45, 165 B Bacteria, 4, 39, 132, 163, 164, 166, 170, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 190, 191, 208, 209 Bactericidal, 46, 166, 179 Bacteriophage, 166, 208 Bacterium, 166, 183 Base, 6, 21, 93, 98, 105, 162, 166, 174, 187, 196, 206 Basophils, 166, 188 Benign, 161, 166, 168, 183, 192 Benzene, 98, 166 Benzoic Acid, 103, 106, 166 Bile, 166, 177, 180, 181, 188, 205, 206 Bile Acids, 166, 181, 205 Bilirubin, 162, 166 Binding agent, 100, 166 Bioavailability, 32, 166 Biochemical, 56, 77, 166, 179, 180, 194, 203 Biomarkers, 9, 166 Biopsy, 13, 166 Biosynthesis, 165, 166, 188, 204 Biotechnology, 15, 16, 131, 141, 166 Bismuth, 21, 30, 51, 53, 73, 91, 108, 148, 167 Blastomycosis, 167, 187 Bloating, 167, 186, 189, 193 Blood Coagulation, 167, 168 Blood pressure, 167, 185, 191, 204 Blood vessel, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177, 182, 187, 196, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209 Body Fluids, 162, 166, 167, 168, 176, 204, 208 Bone Marrow, 166, 167, 185, 189, 191 Bowel, 163, 167, 174, 187, 188, 193, 205 Bowel Movement, 167, 174, 205 Branch, 157, 167, 195, 200, 204, 206 Breakdown, 89, 167, 174, 181, 204 Broad-spectrum, 163, 167 Bronchi, 167, 178, 206, 207 Bronchial, 167, 184, 206 Bronchoconstriction, 11, 167 Bronchodilator, 11, 167 Bronchus, 167 Buccal, 27, 34, 51, 167 Budesonide, 50, 167 Burns, 168, 205 Bypass, 168, 207 C Caffeine, 43, 168
212
Calcium, 69, 121, 168, 171, 209 Calcium Carbonate, 121, 168 Calcium channel blocker, 168, 209 Camptothecin, 168, 187 Candidiasis, 168, 180 Capsules, 30, 49, 50, 92, 105, 109, 168, 175, 177, 179 Carbohydrate, 168, 182, 189, 198 Carbon Dioxide, 168, 174, 180, 202 Carcinogen, 168, 190 Carcinogenesis, 5, 168, 170 Carcinogenic, 166, 168, 186, 193, 205 Carcinoid, 7, 8, 47, 168, 192 Carcinoma, 9, 25, 168, 169, 192 Cardiac, 107, 122, 165, 168, 169, 176, 178, 181, 192, 205 Cardiovascular, 107, 169, 188, 197, 203 Case report, 46, 169, 170 Case series, 169, 170 Cations, 169, 187 Caudal, 169, 198 Celecoxib, 10, 22, 28, 128, 169 Cell Cycle, 169, 173 Cell Death, 164, 169, 192 Cell Division, 166, 169, 191, 197 Cell membrane, 12, 77, 169, 170, 196 Cell Size, 169, 180 Cellobiose, 169 Cellulose, 98, 169, 190, 197 Central Nervous System, 161, 166, 168, 169, 170, 183, 188, 191, 196, 197, 203, 206 Cerebral, 169, 178, 179, 187, 195 Cervix, 169, 206 Cesarean Section, 67, 169 Chemopreventive, 9, 169 Chemotherapy, 17, 20, 72, 161, 170 Chest Pain, 56, 59, 122, 170 Chloride Channels, 11, 88, 170 Chloroform, 98, 170 Cholecalciferol, 74, 170 Cholesterol, 166, 170, 188, 204, 205 Cholinergic, 106, 112, 164, 170 Chromatin, 164, 170, 178 Chromosome, 51, 170, 208 Chronic, 23, 26, 43, 52, 107, 122, 133, 147, 148, 162, 167, 170, 178, 186, 200, 205 Chronic Disease, 147, 170 Cimetidine, 5, 9, 38, 62, 84, 121, 132, 133, 170, 197 Ciprofloxacin, 15, 170 Clinical Medicine, 10, 170, 198 Clinical study, 20, 170
213
Clinical trial, 5, 9, 29, 52, 83, 84, 123, 141, 170, 172, 175, 191, 195, 200, 201 Clonic, 170, 190 Cloning, 167, 170 Clozapine, 46, 170 Coagulation, 10, 19, 167, 171, 197, 207, 210 Coal, 166, 171 Cod Liver Oil, 171, 177 Coenzyme, 171, 188, 204 Collagen, 171, 197 Collapse, 167, 171 Colloidal, 73, 162, 171, 196, 206 Colorectal, 9, 171 Combination Therapy, 4, 171 Complement, 171, 172, 197 Complementary and alternative medicine, 71, 80, 172 Complementary medicine, 71, 172 Complete response, 13, 172 Computational Biology, 141, 172 Conception, 172, 179, 198 Concomitant, 7, 172 Conjugated, 166, 172, 173 Connective Tissue, 167, 171, 172, 179 Consciousness, 163, 172, 175 Constriction, 172, 187, 210 Consumption, 4, 53, 172, 202 Contamination, 105, 172 Contraception, 172, 188 Contraindications, ii, 121, 172 Control group, 172, 199 Controlled study, 16, 23, 24, 39, 60, 172 Coronary, 122, 172, 190, 191, 207 Coronary Thrombosis, 172, 190, 191 Corpus, 6, 52, 54, 173, 199 Cortex, 173, 179, 187, 199 Corticosteroids, 10, 173, 182 Cortisol, 162, 173 Cortisone, 173, 174 Cryptosporidiosis, 166, 173 Crystallization, 97, 173 Curative, 173, 206 Cyanosis, 173, 178 Cyclic, 168, 173, 199, 206 Cyclin, 10, 173 Cysteine, 71, 173, 206 Cystine, 173 Cytochrome, 7, 29, 37, 43, 57, 58, 73, 74, 76, 78, 110, 170, 173 Cytokine, 9, 173 Cytoplasm, 164, 166, 169, 173, 178, 191
D Databases, Bibliographic, 141, 173 Deamination, 173, 209 Decarboxylation, 174, 184 Degenerative, 174, 194 Deletion, 164, 174 Density, 174, 180, 188 Dentifrices, 162, 174 Deuterium, 174, 184 Dexamethasone, 57, 174 Diabetes Mellitus, 174, 183, 186, 193 Diagnostic procedure, 87, 131, 174 Diaphragm, 174, 184 Diarrhea, 4, 162, 173, 174, 189, 196 Diclofenac, 22, 28, 52, 60, 128, 174 Diclofenac Sodium, 174 Dietary Fats, 174, 188 Diffusion, 174, 183 Digestion, 24, 31, 38, 120, 166, 167, 174, 176, 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, 205 Digestive system, 85, 91, 174, 181 Digestive tract, 174, 204 Digitalis, 174, 194 Dilatation, 174, 199 Dimethyl, 36, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 114, 115, 116, 174 Direct, iii, 135, 170, 174, 175, 182, 202 Disinfectant, 175, 179 Disposition, 19, 37, 45, 57, 73, 175 Dissociation, 161, 175, 187 Distal, 175, 176, 181, 198, 200 Diuresis, 168, 175, 206 Dopamine, 164, 170, 175, 190, 196 Dorsal, 175, 198 Dosage Forms, 96, 104, 105, 112, 116, 175 Double-blinded, 9, 58, 175 Doxepin, 77, 175 Doxycycline, 11, 175 Drive, ii, vi, 6, 10, 12, 65, 122, 148, 175 Drug Delivery Systems, 107, 175 Drug Interactions, 7, 14, 19, 73, 92, 109, 121, 136, 147, 176 Duct, 163, 176, 179, 203 Duodenitis, 95, 98, 105, 176 Duodenum, 107, 166, 176, 177, 181, 194, 195, 205 Dyspepsia, 7, 15, 17, 21, 31, 35, 52, 53, 63, 95, 149, 176, 186 Dysphonia, 14, 176 Dysplasia, 6, 10, 13, 176 Dyspnea, 176, 178, 194
Omeprazole
E Elective, 67, 132, 176 Electrocoagulation, 171, 176 Electrode, 12, 163, 176 Electrolysis, 163, 169, 176 Electrolyte, 176, 198, 204 Electrons, 164, 166, 176, 187, 194, 201 Elementary Particles, 176, 200 Emboli, 176, 210 Embolism, 176, 200, 210 Embolization, 176, 210 Embryo, 176, 186, 198, 205 Embryo Transfer, 176, 198 Empirical, 15, 31, 99, 177 Emulsion, 98, 177, 180 Encapsulated, 21, 177 Endemic, 177, 205 Endocrine System, 177, 192 Endometriosis, 177, 188, 193 Endometrium, 177, 190 Endoscope, 177 Endoscopic, 6, 10, 13, 19, 24, 26, 40, 44, 59, 119, 133, 177 Endoscopy, 6, 9, 10, 19, 26, 32, 46, 56, 84, 122, 133, 177 Endothelial cell, 39, 177 Enteric-coated, 105, 106, 177 Enterochromaffin-like Cells, 75, 177 Enterohepatic, 177, 206 Enterohepatic Circulation, 177, 206 Environmental Health, 140, 142, 177 Enzymatic, 168, 171, 177, 184 Eosinophils, 178, 188 Epidemic, 178, 205 Epidermal, 95, 178 Epidermis, 178, 201 Epigastric, 178, 194 Epinephrine, 161, 175, 178, 208 Epithelial, 9, 10, 13, 88, 161, 178, 183 Epithelial Cells, 10, 88, 178, 183 Epithelium, 19, 178, 181 Erythrocytes, 163, 167, 178 Erythromycin, 165, 170, 178, 208 Esophageal, 11, 13, 19, 36, 56, 95, 122, 133, 178, 181, 203, 208 Esophageal Atresia, 36, 178, 208 Esophageal Motility Disorders, 122, 178 Esophageal Stricture, 13, 178 Esophageal Varices, 178, 203 Esophagectomy, 13, 178
214
Esophagus, 10, 13, 30, 120, 132, 146, 147, 148, 174, 178, 181, 183, 189, 193, 195, 196, 202, 205, 207 Ethanol, 24, 67, 98, 99, 179 Ether, 99, 179 Ethylmaleimide, 44, 77, 179 Evacuation, 179, 181, 188 Evoke, 179, 205 Excipient, 98, 100, 115, 179 Excitation, 179, 180 Exocrine, 179, 194 Exogenous, 179, 200 Expiration, 108, 179, 202 Extensor, 179, 200 Extracellular, 12, 46, 75, 172, 179, 190, 204 Extracellular Space, 179, 191 Extraction, 51, 62, 169, 179 F Family Planning, 141, 179 Famotidine, 9, 33, 53, 67, 121, 126, 130, 133, 179 Fat, 53, 165, 167, 176, 179, 188, 206 Fatty acids, 162, 179, 199, 207 Feces, 179, 205 Fertilization in Vitro, 179, 198 Fetus, 169, 179, 205, 209 Fibrosis, 10, 46, 53, 73, 88, 179, 203 Filler, 107, 113, 179 Filtration, 97, 179 Fistula, 179, 181, 193 Fixation, 39, 180 Flavoring Agents, 112, 180 Flow Cytometry, 22, 180 Fluconazole, 37, 180 Fluorescence, 180 Fluorescent Dyes, 180 Fluvoxamine, 43, 180 Food Technology, 180, 190 Fovea, 180 Fungi, 164, 165, 180, 190, 191, 210 Fungistatic, 166, 180 G Gallbladder, 161, 174, 180, 181 Gas, 163, 165, 168, 174, 181, 184, 186, 189, 193, 202, 206, 209 Gasoline, 166, 181 Gastric Emptying, 61, 181 Gastric Juices, 181, 195 Gastric Mucosa, 6, 12, 30, 41, 42, 45, 67, 97, 99, 181 Gastrin, 5, 6, 8, 9, 30, 75, 170, 177, 181, 184, 195
215
Gastrinoma, 8, 83, 181 Gastritis, 6, 12, 26, 56, 79, 91, 95, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 148, 181, 183, 206 Gastroduodenal, 91, 181 Gastroenterologist, 122, 181 Gastrointestinal tract, 83, 107, 108, 109, 179, 181, 188, 203, 204, 208 Gene, 9, 11, 12, 30, 51, 167, 181, 182, 184 Gene Expression, 12, 181 Generator, 13, 181 Genital, 170, 182 Genomics, 12, 182 Genotype, 25, 39, 45, 111, 182, 196 Geriatric, 148, 182 Germline mutation, 9, 182, 184 Giardiasis, 182, 190 Gland, 34, 42, 49, 57, 173, 182, 194, 199, 203, 205, 207 Glomerulus, 182, 192 Glucocorticoid, 167, 174, 182 Glucose, 169, 174, 182, 183, 186, 203 Glutamate, 182, 196 Glycine, 166, 182 Glycols, 182, 185 Glycoprotein, 39, 71, 182, 187 Glycoside, 182, 194, 203 Governing Board, 182, 198 Grade, 23, 47, 123, 182 Graft, 182, 184 Gram-negative, 182, 183, 203 Growth, 10, 163, 164, 165, 169, 180, 183, 192, 193, 197, 198, 204, 207 H Habitat, 183, 193 Haemodialysis, 56, 183 Half-Life, 109, 111, 183 Headache, 168, 183 Heart attack, 107, 183 Heartburn, 4, 7, 24, 35, 58, 120, 132, 146, 147, 148, 183, 184, 186 Heme, 166, 173, 183 Hemodialysis, 168, 183 Hemoglobin, 163, 173, 178, 183 Hemorrhage, 119, 176, 183, 201, 205 Hemorrhoids, 183, 203 Hepatic, 50, 162, 183, 204 Hepatocytes, 57, 60, 74, 78, 183 Hereditary, 92, 182, 183, 184 Hereditary mutation, 182, 184 Heredity, 181, 184 Hernia, 148, 184 Hiatal Hernia, 8, 184
Histamine, 5, 9, 43, 45, 106, 112, 121, 164, 170, 175, 177, 179, 184, 193, 201 Histidine, 184 Histology, 7, 184 Hoarseness, 133, 184, 187 Homeostasis, 13, 184 Hormonal, 165, 184 Hormone, 161, 173, 177, 178, 181, 184, 186, 188, 189, 192, 193, 199, 204, 207 Hormone therapy, 161, 184 Host, 12, 166, 184, 185, 188, 209 Hydration, 93, 184 Hydrochloric Acid, 92, 108, 109, 177, 184, 195 Hydrogen, 106, 161, 162, 166, 168, 174, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 200 Hydrogen Peroxide, 106, 184, 188 Hydrolysis, 169, 184, 198, 200 Hydrophobic, 91, 184 Hydroxides, 184 Hydroxyl Radical, 76, 184 Hydroxylation, 45, 53, 74, 78, 185 Hyperplasia, 34, 185 Hypersecretion, 8, 83, 92, 109, 185 Hypertension, 183, 185, 193 Hypertrophy, 185 Hysterotomy, 169, 185 I Id, 68, 78, 149, 150, 151, 156, 158, 185 Idiopathic, 54, 83, 185 Imidazole, 89, 90, 94, 95, 102, 105, 115, 184, 185, 201 Immune adjuvant, 162, 185 Immune response, 12, 161, 162, 164, 173, 185, 206, 209 Immune Sera, 185 Immune system, 185, 188, 189, 209, 210 Immunization, 12, 185 Immunohistochemistry, 39, 185 Immunologic, 185 Immunology, 161, 180, 185 Impairment, 50, 176, 185, 190 In situ, 75, 185 In vitro, 7, 12, 14, 15, 22, 27, 53, 72, 177, 185 In vivo, 7, 12, 14, 34, 37, 185, 190, 206, 207 Incision, 185, 187 Incompetence, 181, 185 Incubation, 15, 186 Indicative, 120, 186, 195, 209 Indigestion, 7, 186 Indomethacin, 66, 186
Omeprazole
Induction, 51, 57, 67, 76, 78, 164, 186, 204 Infarction, 186, 207 Infection, 4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 26, 30, 33, 34, 38, 42, 45, 46, 48, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 71, 75, 148, 150, 162, 167, 168, 173, 182, 185, 186, 189, 195, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210 Inflammation, 11, 12, 79, 107, 133, 162, 164, 165, 178, 179, 181, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 209 Infusion, 26, 50, 84, 186, 203 Ingestion, 40, 186, 190, 197 Inhalation, 161, 186, 190, 197 Initiation, 9, 186, 188, 208 Innervation, 175, 186 Inorganic, 93, 184, 186 Insulin, 186, 187 Intensive Care, 44, 62, 95, 186 Interindividual, 95, 186 Intermittent, 16, 186 Internal Capsule, 91, 186 Internal Medicine, 11, 23, 59, 66, 122, 123, 181, 187 Interstitial, 20, 36, 47, 179, 187, 192 Intestinal, 6, 9, 37, 173, 183, 187, 189 Intestine, 167, 177, 187 Intracellular, 92, 109, 168, 186, 187, 189, 198, 199 Intravenous, 20, 37, 40, 49, 50, 83, 84, 106, 112, 186, 187 Intrinsic, 161, 187, 195 Intrinsic Factor, 187, 195 Invasive, 8, 13, 187 Ionization, 27, 187 Ions, 10, 12, 75, 92, 109, 166, 170, 175, 176, 184, 187, 191 Irinotecan, 73, 187 Ischemia, 165, 187 Islet, 83, 181, 187, 192 Itraconazole, 17, 187 J Joint, 165, 170, 187, 194 K Kb, 140, 187 Kinetics, 49, 187 L Labile, 88, 89, 96, 100, 108, 109, 111, 171, 187 Laparoscopy, 8, 187 Large Intestine, 174, 187, 202, 204 Laryngitis, 27, 33, 43, 51, 187 Larynx, 187, 188, 207 Laxative, 188, 190
216
Lesion, 34, 167, 188, 208 Lethal, 166, 188 Leukemia, 44, 72, 77, 188 Leukocytes, 39, 166, 167, 178, 186, 188, 191 Leukotrienes, 165, 188 Levonorgestrel, 59, 188, 193 Library Services, 156, 188 Ligaments, 172, 188 Lipase, 73, 188, 194 Lipid, 165, 186, 188, 194 Lipid Peroxidation, 188, 194 Loading dose, 109, 188 Localization, 185, 188 Localized, 92, 109, 177, 180, 186, 188, 197, 203, 208 Loop, 184, 188 Lovastatin, 188, 203 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 8, 178, 181, 189 Lumen, 92, 109, 178, 189 Lymph, 177, 189, 202 Lymphatic, 186, 189, 205, 207 Lymphocyte, 164, 189 Lymphoid, 163, 173, 189 Lytic, 189, 203 M Maintenance therapy, 5, 6, 45, 60, 121, 122, 189 Malabsorption, 189, 205 Malabsorption syndrome, 189, 205 Malnutrition, 162, 165, 189 Manometry, 56, 189 Mastocytosis, 5, 123, 189 Mebendazole, 60, 189 Mediate, 175, 189, 201 Medical Assistance, 133, 189 Medical Staff, 175, 189 Medicament, 103, 114, 115, 189 MEDLINE, 141, 189 Medullary, 25, 189, 192 Melanin, 189, 196, 208 Membrane, 13, 162, 169, 171, 177, 182, 183, 188, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200 Membrane Glycoproteins, 189 Membrane Proteins, 189, 200 Meningitis, 180, 187, 189 Menstrual Cycle, 29, 190, 199 Menstruation, 190 Mental Disorders, 85, 190, 200 Mental Health, iv, 9, 85, 140, 142, 190, 200 Mephenytoin, 44, 92, 190 Mercury, 180, 190
217
Metabolite, 92, 110, 111, 174, 188, 190, 197 Metaplasia, 6, 10, 34, 190 Metastasis, 190, 192 Methanol, 93, 97, 98, 99, 190 Methionine, 174, 190, 206 Methylcellulose, 100, 190 Methylene Chloride, 97, 98, 190 Metoclopramide, 121, 148, 190 Metronidazole, 21, 30, 33, 37, 48, 51, 52, 58, 60, 61, 66, 91, 148, 190 MI, 159, 190 Microbe, 190, 207 Microdialysis, 43, 190 Micronutrients, 71, 191 Microorganism, 191, 195, 210 Micro-organism, 183, 191 Mitosis, 165, 191 Modification, 191, 201 Molecular, 9, 67, 90, 99, 141, 143, 162, 167, 172, 182, 191, 208 Molecular Structure, 90, 191, 208 Molecule, 102, 164, 166, 171, 173, 175, 179, 182, 184, 191, 194, 202, 209 Monitor, 9, 46, 191, 193 Monocytes, 188, 191 Monotherapy, 54, 191 Morphine, 191, 192 Motility, 8, 186, 191, 197, 203 Motion Sickness, 191, 192 Mucins, 191, 203 Mucosa, 10, 36, 177, 181, 191, 206 Multicenter study, 6, 191 Multidrug resistance, 38, 191 Mutagenic, 191, 193 Myocardial infarction, 172, 190, 191, 210 Myocardium, 190, 191 N Narcosis, 192 Narcotic, 107, 190, 191, 192 Nasogastric, 18, 27, 32, 192 Nausea, 133, 164, 175, 186, 192, 193, 195 NCI, 1, 85, 139, 192 Necrosis, 164, 186, 190, 191, 192 Need, 3, 13, 22, 94, 103, 105, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 125, 132, 147, 148, 152, 192 Nematocide, 189, 192 Neoplasia, 9, 181, 192 Neoplasms, 6, 192, 197 Nephritis, 20, 36, 47, 192 Nerve, 161, 163, 186, 192, 205 Nervous System, 161, 169, 192, 198, 204, 206
Neuroendocrine, 76, 192 Neuroendocrine tumor, 76, 192 Neuroleptic, 164, 171, 192 Neurotransmitters, 175, 192, 198 Neutrophil, 46, 193 Niche, 12, 193 Nitrogen, 162, 165, 180, 193 Nitrosamines, 40, 193 Nizatidine, 19, 38, 121, 133, 193 Nonulcer Dyspepsia, 122, 193 Norgestrel, 188, 193 Nuclear, 150, 168, 176, 186, 192, 193 Nuclei, 89, 176, 191, 193, 200 Nucleus, 164, 166, 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 191, 193, 200 Nursing Care, 193, 195 O Octreotide, 24, 193 Ocular, 193, 197 Odour, 165, 193 Oesophagitis, 16, 20, 23, 25, 26, 31, 41, 43, 47, 54, 55, 60, 61, 66, 73, 74, 105, 193 Office Management, 122, 193 Ointments, 175, 193 Oleanolic Acid, 75, 193 On-line, 62, 159, 193 Ophthalmology, 180, 193 Orthostatic, 164, 193, 194 Osmotic, 162, 194 Osteoarthritis, 79, 150, 194 Ouabain, 13, 194 Oxidation, 94, 96, 98, 102, 103, 106, 114, 161, 164, 173, 188, 194 Oxidative Stress, 73, 194 Oxides, 99, 194 P Paediatric, 75, 150, 194 Palliative, 194, 206 Pancreas, 83, 161, 166, 174, 181, 186, 187, 188, 194, 204, 208 Pancreatic, 46, 73, 146, 181, 194 Pancreatic enzymes, 46, 194 Pancreatic Juice, 181, 194 Pancreatin, 73, 194 Pancrelipase, 53, 194 Panic, 180, 194 Panic Disorder, 180, 194 Parasite, 189, 195, 208 Parietal, 5, 34, 49, 77, 92, 93, 103, 106, 109, 112, 114, 177, 195 Parietal Cells, 92, 109, 195 Parietal Lobe, 195
Omeprazole
Particle, 107, 116, 195, 208 Pathogen, 12, 183, 186, 195 Pathogenesis, 10, 12, 75, 122, 195 Pathologic, 123, 165, 166, 172, 195, 200 Pathologic Processes, 165, 195 Pathophysiology, 119, 195 Patient Care Management, 122, 195 Patient Education, 146, 148, 154, 156, 159, 195 Patient Selection, 125, 195 Penicillin, 80, 163, 195 Pentagastrin, 25, 39, 195 Pepsin, 66, 92, 106, 108, 110, 170, 195 Pepsin A, 170, 195 Peptic, 12, 17, 21, 24, 26, 29, 37, 40, 43, 44, 47, 53, 55, 79, 119, 122, 123, 125, 132, 146, 150, 183, 195, 203, 206 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 195, 203 Peptide, 170, 177, 195, 198, 199, 200 Peptide Chain Elongation, 170, 195 Peroral, 104, 115, 196 Petrolatum, 177, 196 Phallic, 180, 196 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 91, 92, 96, 104, 106, 112, 169, 179, 196 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 175, 196 Pharmacodynamic, 16, 18, 77, 179, 196 Pharmacokinetic, 18, 48, 49, 50, 196 Pharmacologic, 5, 122, 163, 165, 183, 196, 207 Pharynx, 181, 196 Phenobarbital, 74, 196 Phenolphthalein, 177, 196 Phenotype, 11, 51, 58, 196 Phenprocoumon, 15, 28, 196 Phenyl, 76, 196 Phenylalanine, 195, 196, 208 Phospholipids, 179, 196 Phosphorus, 168, 196 Phosphorylation, 11, 196 Photocoagulation, 171, 196 Photodynamic therapy, 13, 197 Photosensitizing Agents, 197, 198 Physical Examination, 83, 197 Physiologic, 166, 183, 190, 191, 197, 199, 202 Physiology, 12, 23, 75, 181, 197, 209 Pilot study, 34, 197 Pirenzepine, 126, 197 Plants, 168, 174, 182, 193, 194, 197, 203, 207, 208 Plasma protein, 162, 197
218
Platelet Aggregation, 107, 197, 207 Platelets, 197, 203, 207 Poisoning, 190, 192, 197 Polymers, 116, 197, 200 Polymorphic, 111, 197 Polymorphism, 17, 30, 37, 63, 197 Polyp, 9, 198 Polypeptide, 171, 195, 198, 204 Polyposis, 9, 198 Polysaccharide, 164, 169, 198 Porfimer sodium, 13, 198 Posterior, 27, 43, 51, 163, 175, 187, 194, 198 Potassium, 12, 198 Potentiates, 197, 198 Practicability, 198, 208 Practice Guidelines, 142, 148, 198 Precancerous, 71, 74, 133, 170, 198 Precipitation, 93, 198 Precursor, 13, 97, 165, 175, 177, 196, 198, 208 Pregnancy Outcome, 62, 198 Premalignant, 198 Presynaptic, 175, 198 Presynaptic Terminals, 175, 198 Prevalence, 75, 198 Primary endpoint, 9, 199 Probe, 11, 44, 58, 111, 129, 190, 199 Progesterone, 188, 193, 199, 205 Progression, 13, 71, 74, 199 Progressive, 183, 192, 194, 199 Prophylaxis, 44, 67, 99, 121, 149, 199, 202, 210 Prospective study, 62, 199 Prostaglandin, 9, 66, 72, 106, 199, 207 Prostaglandins A, 186, 199 Prostate, 166, 199, 208 Protease, 171, 194, 199 Protein Binding, 14, 200 Protein C, 162, 166, 200, 209 Protein S, 167, 170, 178, 200, 206 Proteins, 88, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 178, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 203, 207, 208 Proteolytic, 92, 110, 171, 200 Protocol, 13, 200 Protons, 12, 184, 200, 201 Proximal, 104, 175, 198, 200 Psoriasis, 92, 95, 109, 197, 200, 202 Psychiatry, 180, 200, 205, 209 Public Assistance, 189, 200 Public Health, 105, 142, 200 Public Policy, 141, 200
219
Publishing, 15, 121, 200 Pulmonary, 11, 167, 172, 188, 200, 206, 209, 210 Pulmonary Embolism, 200, 210 Pulse, 191, 201 Purifying, 101, 113, 201 Purpura, 54, 201 Q Quality of Life, 11, 201 R Race, 90, 95, 108, 188, 193, 201 Radiation, 161, 176, 180, 190, 197, 201 Radiation therapy, 161, 201 Radioactive, 183, 184, 187, 193, 201 Radiopharmaceutical, 182, 201 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 35, 42, 201 Randomized Controlled Trials, 43, 201 Ranitidine, 9, 16, 18, 25, 35, 44, 46, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 72, 121, 131, 133, 197, 201 Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate, 18, 25, 56, 60, 201 Ranitidine Hydrochloride, 121, 201 Reagent, 179, 184, 201 Receptor, 5, 6, 9, 29, 45, 77, 119, 121, 122, 164, 170, 175, 179, 193, 196, 202, 203 Recombinant, 14, 202, 209 Reconstitution, 106, 202 Rectum, 167, 171, 174, 181, 187, 199, 202 Recurrence, 74, 123, 197, 202 Reductase, 188, 202, 204 Refer, 1, 167, 171, 180, 188, 192, 202 Refractory, 5, 6, 7, 121, 122, 176, 202 Regeneration, 202 Regimen, 6, 30, 48, 92, 109, 148, 176, 202 Regional lymph node, 181, 202 Regurgitation, 4, 178, 181, 183, 202 Relapse, 6, 35, 41, 202 Remission, 54, 189, 202 Reproduction Techniques, 198, 202 Reproductive cells, 182, 184, 202 Resection, 19, 45, 202 Respiration, 168, 191, 202 Respirator, 202, 209 Respiratory failure, 202, 209 Restoration, 202 Retinoids, 202, 203 Retinol, 69, 74, 202 Rhamnose, 194, 203 Risk factor, 199, 203 Risk patient, 43, 203 S Salicylate, 108, 203
Saliva, 27, 203 Salivary, 46, 174, 197, 203 Salivary glands, 174, 203 Salivation, 178, 203 Saponins, 193, 203, 205 Sclerotherapy, 44, 203 Screening, 110, 170, 203 Secretory, 57, 106, 112, 177, 203 Semisynthetic, 163, 168, 170, 203 Sequencing, 183, 203 Serologic, 41, 203 Serotonin, 164, 170, 180, 203 Serum, 6, 8, 9, 17, 30, 66, 71, 162, 163, 171, 185, 202, 203 Side effect, 4, 133, 135, 147, 161, 164, 203, 206, 207 Signs and Symptoms, 202, 203 Simvastatin, 128, 203 Skeleton, 187, 199, 204 Skull, 204, 206 Small intestine, 101, 104, 116, 176, 182, 184, 187, 192, 204 Smooth muscle, 38, 165, 167, 168, 184, 191, 204, 206 Social Environment, 201, 204 Sodium, 6, 84, 93, 174, 204 Sodium Bicarbonate, 84, 204 Solvent, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 110, 113, 114, 166, 170, 179, 190, 194, 196, 204 Soma, 204 Somatic, 9, 191, 204 Somatostatin, 193, 204 Specialist, 151, 204 Species, 10, 57, 162, 175, 178, 191, 195, 201, 204, 205, 208, 209 Specificity, 8, 54, 161, 204 Sperm, 170, 182, 184, 202, 204 Sphincter, 8, 133, 188, 204 Spleen, 181, 189, 205 Spontaneous Abortion, 198, 205 Sporadic, 9, 57, 205 Stabilization, 105, 205 Statistically significant, 4, 205 Steady state, 15, 67, 205 Steatorrhoea, 46, 205 Steroid, 173, 203, 204, 205 Stillbirth, 198, 205 Stimulant, 168, 184, 205 Stimulus, 7, 175, 176, 179, 186, 205 Stool, 7, 19, 187, 205 Stress, 5, 18, 44, 84, 95, 149, 173, 192, 194, 205
Omeprazole
Stress Ulcer, 18, 44, 95, 149, 205 Stroke, 85, 140, 205 Stupor, 192, 205 Subacute, 186, 205 Subclinical, 186, 205 Subspecies, 204, 205 Substance P, 178, 190, 202, 203, 205 Sucralfate, 44, 67, 108, 119, 121, 122, 126, 206 Suction, 179, 206 Sulfaphenazole, 53, 206 Sulfur, 90, 190, 206 Sulindac, 9, 206 Supplementation, 77, 206 Suppression, 5, 6, 8, 53, 60, 123, 132, 206 Surfactant, 98, 206 Suspensions, 112, 206 Symptomatic, 4, 16, 95, 109, 123, 146, 206 Systemic, 5, 123, 136, 167, 168, 178, 186, 201, 204, 206, 208, 210 T Temporal, 11, 206 Tetracycline, 21, 30, 47, 66, 71, 91, 175, 206 Theophylline, 41, 67, 206 Thermal, 10, 175, 206 Thermal ablation, 10, 206 Thrombin, 197, 200, 206 Thrombosis, 200, 203, 205, 207 Thromboxanes, 165, 207 Thrombus, 172, 186, 197, 207, 209 Thymus, 185, 189, 207 Thyroid, 25, 192, 207, 208 Thyroxine, 162, 196, 207 Ticlopidine, 53, 207 Tinidazole, 33, 34, 45, 59, 207 Tonic, 178, 190, 207 Topical, 179, 184, 196, 204, 207 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 187, 207 Toxic, iv, 99, 116, 166, 174, 190, 207 Toxicity, 5, 71, 105, 110, 176, 190, 193, 206, 207 Toxicology, 55, 142, 207 Toxins, 164, 186, 207 Toxoplasmosis, 166, 207 Trachea, 167, 188, 196, 207, 208 Tracheoesophageal Fistula, 178, 207 Transcription Factors, 11, 208 Transduction, 67, 78, 208 Transfection, 167, 208 Transfer Factor, 185, 208 Translocation, 170, 178, 208 Transplantation, 36, 121, 176, 185, 208
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Trauma, 178, 183, 192, 208 Treatment Failure, 13, 208 Treatment Outcome, 33, 208 Trees, 162, 208 Trichomoniasis, 190, 208 Tricyclic, 175, 208 Triple-Therapy, 30, 37, 208 Troleandomycin, 39, 208 Tuberculosis, 172, 208 Tumor marker, 166, 208 Tyrosine, 76, 78, 175, 208 U Ulceration, 107, 119, 195, 208 Ulcerogenic, 72, 208 Unconscious, 185, 208 Univalent, 184, 194, 208 Urea, 8, 28, 150, 209 Urea Breath Test, 8, 28, 150, 209 Urinary, 170, 197, 209 Uterus, 169, 173, 177, 185, 190, 199, 206, 209 V Vaccine, 12, 161, 162, 200, 209 Varicose, 203, 209 Varicose vein, 203, 209 Vascular, 186, 207, 209 Vasculitis, 26, 209 Vasodilator, 175, 184, 209 Vector, 208, 209 Vein, 165, 187, 193, 209 Venous, 165, 183, 200, 207, 209, 210 Venous Thrombosis, 207, 209, 210 Ventilation, 209 Ventilator, 44, 202, 209 Verapamil, 71, 209 Veterinary Medicine, 141, 209 Viral, 208, 209 Virulence, 12, 207, 209 Virus, 166, 208, 209 Viscera, 204, 209 Viscosity, 100, 209 Vitro, 14, 16, 81, 210 Vivo, 14, 210 Voriconazole, 29, 210 W Warfarin, 7, 67, 210 Wheezing, 133, 210 White blood cell, 163, 188, 189, 193, 210 Windpipe, 167, 196, 207, 210 Y Yeasts, 180, 196, 210
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