Teenage Pregnancy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TEENAGE PREGNANCY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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TEENAGE PREGNANCY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Teenage Pregnancy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84086-5 1. Teenage Pregnancy-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on teenage pregnancy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Teenage Pregnancy ....................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY ................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Teenage Pregnancy ...................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY ............................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 65 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY ............................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Dissertations on Teenage Pregnancy........................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY ............................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 74 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 79 Chapters on Teenage Pregnancy .................................................................................................. 81 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY .................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Bibliography: Multimedia on Teenage Pregnancy....................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY ............................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Academic Periodicals covering Teenage Pregnancy .................................................................... 87 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 91 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 93 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 104 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113

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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 TEENAGE PREGNANCY DICTIONARY ................................................................................ 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with teenage pregnancy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about teenage pregnancy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to teenage pregnancy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on teenage pregnancy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to teenage pregnancy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on teenage pregnancy. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on teenage pregnancy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and teenage pregnancy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Comments on An Evaluation of An Abstinence - Only Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program Source: Family Relations; Vol. 41, Oct. 1992. Contact: National Council on Family Relations, Family Resources Database, 3989 Central Ave NE, Suite 550, Minneapolis, MN, 55421, (612) 781-9331. Summary: This article comments on several methodological and analytical aspects of earlier articles by Roosa and Christopher evaluating the effectiveness of an abstinenceonly pregnancy prevention program for adolescents, the "Success Express" project. It also disputes the conclusions in the previous articles that abstinence-based prevention programs do not work. The authors of this article are current and former Chief

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Evaluators for the Office of Population Affairs in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which funded the demonstration prevention program. They indicate the program may not have been implemented as planned, question the differences in the control groups and participants, critique the statistical and replication analyses used in the evaluations, and argue that further evaluations of the revised project must be performed before conclusions can be drawn about abstinence-based education programs. •

Project Taking Charge: An Evaluation of An Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program Source: Family Relations; Vol. 40, 1991. Contact: National Council on Family Relations, Family Resources Database, 3989 Central Ave NE, Suite 550, Minneapolis, MN, 55421, (612) 781-9331. Summary: This article presents the results of an evaluation of an abstinence-based intervention program, Project Taking Charge, a combined sex and vocational education program for seventh grade students in high pregnancy-risk areas. The review used a pretest and post-test control group research design. Predicted changes in adolescent self-esteem, educational aspirations, and sexual attitudes and behavioral intentions were not found. Neither were predicted changes found on several measures of parentadolescent communication about sexual and vocational issues. However, both adolescents and parents realized significant knowledge gains in the areas of human sexuality, sexual development, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Federally Funded Research on Teenage Pregnancy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to teenage pregnancy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to teenage pregnancy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore teenage pregnancy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for teenage pregnancy: •

Project Title: A CHILDBEARING

DYNAMIC

MODEL

OF

TEEN

SEX,

ABORTION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Khwaja, Ahmed W.; None; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (Revised Abstract) Teenage pregnancy rates, although hitting a new low in 1999, are still very high in the U. S. with 46.6 births per 1000 teenage women. Using secondary data analysis, we will estimate a dynamic discrete choice model of teen decisions about sexual activity, contraception, and other pregnancy outcomes. By estimating the dynamic model, we will be able to account for persistence due to habit formation. The dynamic model will then be used to forecast both short and long run teen pregnancy and birth rates under different state policies regarding sex education, and access to reproductive health services. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILDREN IN HISPANIC FAMILIES EXPERIENCING A TEEN BIRTH Principal Investigator & Institution: East, Patricia L.; Full Research Scientist; Pediatrics; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research will study 150 Hispanic families at the time of the first teenage pregnancy and follow these families longitudinally at closely-spaced intervals across the teenager's transition to parenting. The focus of this research is on the development and adaptations of the other children within the household, or the pregnant teenager's siblings. The pregnant adolescents (n=150, ages 15-18), their 12-to 17-year-old younger siblings (n=240), and their mothers (n=150) will complete interviews and questionnaires when the teen is 7 months pregnant, 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum and 12 months postpartum to discern how family dynamics and children's developmental paths change under the stress of having an adolescent's infant join the household. Qualitative interviews will be conducted at 6 months postpartum on 40 randomly selected children to discern more narratively how their lives have changed after their sister gave birth. A comparison sample of 150 never-pregnant friends of the pregnant teens will also be studied across the same time period, along with their younger 12- to 17-year-old siblings and their mothers. The goals of this research are: (1) to identify the changes that occur (both immediately and across-time) within families that experience a teenager's birth; (2) to identify the family-level and individual-level factors that contribute to children's stress and maladaptation to these events, and conversely; (3) to identify the individuall level and family-level strengths and competencies that lead to children's successful adaptation to a sister's teenage birth. Outcomes include children's: acting-out problem behaviors (drug and alcohol use, precocious sexuality), internalizing symptomatology, academic motivation, and prosocial behavior. Growth curve models will be used to analyze across-time change and structural equation models will be used to analyze the mediating mechanisms that affect children's outcomes. The major significance of this research is its redress of the lack of knowledge about children's development in families experiencing an adolescent's birth and its ability to inform policy-makers about the salient issues facing children and families as adolescents transition to parenting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CULTURE, CONTEXT AND MEXICAN AMERICAN MENTAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Roosa, Mark W.; Professor; Family and Human Development; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mexican American youth are at higher risk for a number of adaptation problems, including mental health problems, drug abuse, incarceration, school failure and drop out, and teenage pregnancy, than youth from other ethnic groups including other Latino groups. Although Mexican Americans are one of the largest and most rapidly growing ethnic groups in the U.S., very little research has been done to improve understanding of why some Mexican Americans are at very high risk for poor adaptation while others are quite resilient. A personenvironment fit perspective is proposed to guide an investigation into how Mexican American children's cultural orientations (i.e., enculturation and acculturation) and the cultural contexts of their family, community, and school account for variation in adaptation within this population. A multi-dimensional measure of both traditional Mexican values (i.e., enculturation) and mainstream U.S. values (acculturation) which we developed and pilot tested will allow us to provide more sensitive tests of the person-environment fit perspective to Mexican American youth than was possible in previous research. We will focus on three Specific Aims: (1) examine interactions between children's cultural orientation and cultural contexts (i.e., family, community, school) as predictors of adaptation; (2) identify mediators of the influences of children's cultural orientation on adjustment and examine whether these relationships depend upon culture x context interactions; and (3) examine the role of children's cultural orientations and cultural contexts as moderators of influences of common risk and protective factors (transition to junior high, puberty, family SES, quality of home environment, quality of community) on their adjustment. A longitudinal study is proposed that will follow 700 Mexican American children through the transition to junior high. Sample selection will begin with the selection of 25-30 school communities in the Phoenix metropolitan area that represent the continuum from very high Mexican American population density and cultural embeddedness to very low. Families will be recruited through schools in these communities. We will use a multiple reporter approach including relevant data from mothers, fathers, target children, teachers, school records, and census data. Most analyses will be accomplished using structural equation modeling and multi-level analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EARLY HEALTH RISK FACTORS AND CHILDHOOD AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Jianghong; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-OCT-2001 Summary: The proposed study will investigate the link between early health risk factors (teenage pregnancy, nutrition deficits in both pregnant woman and their offspring, pregnancy and birth complications) and childhood aggression. Further, the study will also examine how these health factors interact with social risk factors (low social class, social adversity) in predisposing to aggression. The significance of the proposed study lies in the identification of early health biosocial risk factors that predict aggression in children, individuals who are at increased risk for adolescent delinquency and adult offending. It is believed that such research has important implications for early nursing intervention, such as providing better prenatal and postnatal care for teenage mothers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

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Project Title: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE FAST TRACK INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Foster, Edward Michael.; Associate Professor; Health Policy & Administration; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In response to the relative dearth of economic analyses of prevention programs, the proposed project will provide a cost-of-illness or social cost study of the Fast Track (FT) intervention. FT is an ongoing multi-site randomized trial designed to prevent the onset of serious conduct disorder and its concomitants in adolescence. The potential benefits include reductions in substance abuse and other behaviors that are costly to the participants, their families and society. The intervention is the focus of an ongoing evaluation being conducted at four sitesNashville, Tennessee; rural Pennsylvania; Seattle, Washington; and Durham, North Carolina. The evaluation focuses on the experiences of 891 high-risk children living in high-poverty areas. These children were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups and are being followed over time. The ongoing ten-year evaluation involves information collected from the child?s teacher, parents, tutors, mentors, peers, and the child him- or herself. Evidence to date suggests that Fast Track produces real benefits for its participants. After the first seven years, the intervention promotes academic and social-cognitive skills and reduces conduct problem behaviors and special education placements. The proposed project will last five years. because the participants in FT are currently completing grades 8, 9, or 10, the next five years are the optimal time to conduct an economic analysis. The proposed project has four specific aims: (1) identify the impact of Fast Track on the costs of illness for the high-risk children participating in the study that have occurred or will occur through the first 14 years of the study; (2) calculate cost-effectiveness ratios for key outcomes, including measures of mental health status, delinquency, teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol use, and sexually transmitted diseases as well as a measure of quality of life and of the impact on care givers? wellbeing; (3) project the future costs of illness for study participants (when the participants are age 20 or older); (4) identify subgroups of participants for whom the benefits of the intervention are especially large or small. The requested funds would be used to support the following activities: (1) analyses of the relevant outcomes from the evaluation data (such as drug use and use of mental health services); (2) continued reviews of agency and provider records; (3) collection and analysis of budgetary information (e.g., from school districts) required to estimate the dollar costs of the services involved (e.g., special education); (4) collection and processing of administrative data (e.g., on welfare receipt); (5) development and estimation of statistical models used to predict future social costs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEALTH RESEARCH ENHANCEMENT AT MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Amin, Ruhul; Institute for Urban Research; Morgan State University 1700 E Cold Spring Ln Baltimore, Md 21251 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: (PROVIDED BY APPLICANT): This application for a Health Services Research Enhancement project aims to strengthen and expand the capacity and infrastructural facilities at the Institute for Urban Research (IUR) and Public Health Program (PHP) at Morgan State University to conduct rigorous health services research.

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The proposed interdisciplinary research activities, during the three-year funding period, will focus on selected health services issues in such areas as teenage pregnancy, maternal and child health, school health programs, reproductive health, breast-feeding, and other health and demographic issues. The proposed protect activities will encompass five specific aims: (1) to strengthen and expand some on-going health services research activities at IUR and at PHP; (2) to initiate and conduct new faculty small research projects in selected health services areas; (3) to strengthen and expand on-going research assistant ships and internships for students and to increase the small pool of African American researchers trained in health services research; (4) to strengthen existing research facilities and resources at the IUR and PHP by: updating their computing facilities and by establishing a new health services and research library; and (5) to develop a leadership role in African-American health services research at the local, state, and national levels. The application describes existing research facilities, staff, gaps in research facilities, and the evolution of its health services research. The application then describes aims, objectives, and methods of three new health services research projects that will be conducted during the 3-year funding period. All these three research protects will focus on health services research issues disproportionately affecting African Americans in inner-city Baltimore and its surrounding areas by utilizing the core research facilities that will be established or strengthened at the IUR and at the PHP under the proposed Health Services Research Enhancement Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOTHERHOOD, GANGS, AND ALCOHOL: A QUALITIATIVE STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunt, Geoffrey P.; Senior Scientist; Scientific Analysis Corporation 390 4Th St, 1St Flr San Francisco, Ca 94107 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The focus of this proposed 36-month qualitative continuation project is to investigate the influence of motherhood on the lifestyles of female gang members, who are either pregnant or mothers. Our aim is to widen and extend our on-going research on homegirls (female gang members) and alcohol consumption (NIAAA R01 AA11971). We will examine the influences of the process of motherhood (from pregnancy to parenthood) by focusing on: 1) their involvement and membership in the gang; 2) their alcohol consumption and drinking practices; and 3) other related high-risk behaviors, including drug use, violence and gang related criminal activities. In spite of extensive research on teenage pregnancy and motherhood, research on homegirls who are either pregnant or have children is comparatively sparse. Using primarily qualitative and ethnographic research methods, we plan to locate and interview 180 homegirls, who are either pregnant or have children, from each of the three major ethnic groups -- African-American, Hispanic and Asian-American. By utilizing: 1) a pre-coded descriptive data form, 2) a pregnancy and motherhood time line, and 3) a life history, family gang and motherhood semistructured interview schedule, we will examine the influence of pregnancy and motherhood on the lives of homegirls and especially the possible effects on their alcohol consumption. This project is important for two reasons: First, given the special circumstances of this group of high risk young women, including the high prevalence of pregnancy and heavy use of alcohol coupled with the high risk nature of the environments in which they operate, this population is a particularly important group of high risk adolescent girls on which to conduct research. Second, it will highlight the extent to which adolescent homegirls modify their alcohol consumption during each

Studies

9

trimester during pregnancy and once they become mothers. Information from this project will provide important data in assisting community based organizations design counseling, prenatal, parenting and prevention programs specifically suited for the needs of this high risk group of adolescents and their children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RISK BEHAVIOR IN PUERTO RICAN ADOLESCENT GIRLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crouch-Ruiz, Evelyn; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Pr 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: Adolescent girls in Puerto Rico have a high incidence of unprotected sex, drug and substance use. These risk-taking behaviors exceed normative, adolescent, female, risk-taking behavior, and result in serious, negative health outcomes. The consequences of these behaviors can be sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, and increased rates of teenage pregnancy, and depression. In spite of higher morbidity for Hispanic girls, fewer prevention or treatment services reach them than reach girls in other groups. The goal of this pilot study is to develop a greater understanding of the context and risk-taking behavior of adolescent females in Puerto Rico through the use of focus groups. The plan is to use this enhanced knowledge and understanding to develop and, eventually, pilot test a cognitive-behavior, culturally sensitive intervention designed to lower risk-taking behavior and improve health outcomes in adolescent Puerto Rican girls. The specific aims of this study are to: 1. Explore the risk-taking behaviors (e.g. types, frequency, start of risky behaviors) of adolescent females in Puerto Rico that put them at increased risk of HIV infection, pregnancy, and STDs; and describe the strategies that these girls identify as most likely to prevent or decrease their risktaking behavior. 2. Explore the context of risk-taking behavior in adolescent females in Puerto Rico: the environmental (e.g. school, church), social (e.g. peers, family, teachers, role models), and personal (e.g. knowledge of consequences and history of risk-taking behavior, education, emotional and personality characteristics) factors contributing to risk-taking behavior. 3. Develop a cognitive-behavior, culturally sensitive intervention to prevent or lower risk-taking behavior to decrease the risk of HIV infection and improve health outcomes; and explore the relevance of the new intervention for adolescent females in Puerto Rico. 4. Explore the relevance of a quality of life measure for adolescent females in Puerto Rico. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SEXUAL ABUSE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY--MEDIATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sickel, Amy E.; None; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2001 Summary: The proposed project will provide a comprehensive theoretical explanation for the link between childhood sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy by testing the mediational role of five domains in a prospective, longitudinal data set. The specific aims are to: 1. test the direct relationship between childhood sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy in a prospective study, 2. test the extent to which factors representing these five domains which are measured prior to the age at first pregnancy can mediate the direct relationship between childhood sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy. The hypothesized mediators include: a. social support -including satisfaction with and constellation of peer and non-peer social networks, supportive family environments,

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attachment with parents and peers, and utilization of social support; b. sexual attitudes and behaviors - including sexual permissive attitudes and sexual preoccupation, and sexual risk taking; c. risk behaviors - including behavior problems and delinquency; d. psychological adjustment - including DSM diagnoses and symptoms, global perceived competence, dissociative experiences, and PTSD diagnoses and symptoms; and e. cognitive abilities including crystallized ability, fluid reasoning, and memory. 3. To examine the unique contribution of each domain in the prediction of teenage pregnancy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT AND HERITABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Guo, Guang; Associate Professor; Carolina Population Center; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Disadvantaged social context, especially poverty, is associated with well-documented negative consequences for children and adolescents in the United States. Poverty is correlated with dropping out of school, low academic achievement, teenage pregnancy and childbearing, poor mental and physical health, delinquent behavior, and unemployment in early adulthood. In this application, while continuing this tradition of poverty research, we attempt to illuminate one essential mechanism between poverty and adolescent outcomes. We investigate how social and demographic contexts affect the expression of heritability for a variety of educational and behavior outcomes among adolescents in the United States. We test the hypothesis that advantaged social context generally boosts and disadvantaged social context generally suppresses genetic potential for educational outcomes. Our measures of educational outcomes include college plan, grade point average, the first grade retention, high school graduation, and college attendance. Our second hypothesis concerns deviant behavior. We test the hypothesis that when adolescents have behavior choices, genetic expression will be greater, and when they do not have choices, either through social controls or through impoverished environments that do not provide a range of choices, the genetic expression will be reduced. We measure deviant behavior by smoking, drinking, drug use, delinquency, violence, and aggression. The hypotheses will be tested by estimating heritability for different social and demographic contexts using sibling data from four waves of the Add Health Study carried out in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 2000 and employing Pearson's correlation analysis, structural equation models, and the mixed models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SUPPORTING SCHOOL READINESS IN SOCIAL & LITERACY DOMAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Feil, Edward; Research Scientist; Oregon Research Institute 1715 Franklin Blvd Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The development of social-emotional competence and preliteracy skills in preschool children are important determinants of school readiness, which in turn sets the stage for school success and fosters attachment, bonding, and engagement with the schooling process. There is clear longitudinal evidence that school success and engagement serve as powerful protective factors

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against a host of later health risk behaviors and negative outcomes, including violent delinquent acts, school dropout, teenage pregnancy or fathering a child, heavy drinking and drug use, and multiple sex partners. It is critically important to get at-risk children off to a positive path as soon as possible in their lives and school careers through early, coordinated interventions involving parents and caregivers, teachers and peers. Preschool, kindergarten, and the primary grades are ideal settings and developmental stages for accomplishing this task in collaboration with families. The experimental design is a randomized 2 (treatment/usual-care-control) by 2 (risk status for either externalizing or internalizing behavioral disorders) trial intended to test the effects of a combined social skills and preliteracy intervention for children living in families with low incomes. Teachers in 20 Head Start classrooms in Oregon will be recruited and randomly assigned to either intervention or usual care/control. Four-year-old children (pre-kindergarten) will be screened through teacher ratings to identify those exhibiting the early signs of externalizing and internalizing behavioral disorders. Parent, teacher, and child measures will be collected at preintervention, post-intervention, and Kindergarten follow-up. This line of research has the potential to (a) produce an adoptable, effective early intervention model for school readiness among at-risk preschool populations, and (b) add to our understanding of the additive effects of the intervention's components. The components of the curriculum are well developed and are the result of more than 20 years of empirical research in home and school settings on reducing antisocial behavior patterns, increasing preliteracy skills, and promoting school readiness. This proposed work addresses the rising tide of young children, having very challenging behavior problems and language delays, which are increasingly overwhelming early childhood staff in preschool, Head Start, and kindergarten classroom programs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TEEN GENERATION

MOTHERS

INTO

ADULTHOOD

AND

THE

NEXT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrison, Diane M.; Professor; None; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The proposed continuation study will follow a cohort of high-risk adolescent mothers into adulthood, and will also follow their children to age 11, to chart the changes and sequencing of adolescent mothers' drug involvement from adolescence to early adulthood, and to improve our understanding of the intergenerational transmission of risk to their children. Research on pregnant and parenting teenagers has focused primarily on maternal education and economic outcomes, and little is known about the behavior and quality of life for young mothers as they reach adulthood, including their vulnerability to drug use. Moreover, adolescent parenting and drug use may pose a risk for the development of the children of adolescent mothers. The nature of these risks and the mechanisms through which the intergenerational transmission of risk occurs have also not been well elucidated. Most studies have focused on adolescent mothers and their infants in the early years following the birth. The proposed study offers a unique opportunity to follow a largely intact cohort of young women and their children from teenage pregnancy to early adulthood. Our extant data come from 11 interviews with the mothers from pregnancy through 6 years post-partum; a videotaped mother-child interaction, obtained when the children were 6 years old; and a behavior checklist completed by the children's kindergarten teachers. In this continuation, we will conduct three annual mother

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interviews; three teacher assessments of child behavior and school progress; a child interview, when the child is 11 years old; and a taped mother-child interaction, when the child is 11 years old. To date, we have retained 98% of our original sample of 241 young mothers and we expect to have comparable success in the proposed continuation study. The proposed study is designed to ( 1) describe the changes and sequencing of drug involvement, and explore correlates of these changes, in an existing sample of young mothers who gave birth as teenagers, (2) test the original and an expanded theory of reasoned action's ability to predict adult drug use among these young mothers, and (3) test a model of intergenerational transmission of risk for child antisocial behaviors, including drug use intentions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TEEN MOTHERS, SEXUAL TRAUMA AND RAPID REPEAT PREGNANCIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mills, Lisa K.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The Candidate (Dr. Mills) is entering her third year in an Assistant Professor faculty position. This Scientist Development Award for New Minority Faculty (K01) is expected to help her develop the skills necessary to examine the contribution of sexual to adolescent mothers' sexual decision-making and sexual risk-taking and subsequent risk for rapid repeat pregnancy (RRP) and to develop a programmatic line of research that will lead to the design and evaluation of an intervention program targeting sexual decision-making in first-time adolescent mothers with a history of sexual trauma. To accomplish this career goal Dr. Mills will: 1) acquire knowledge and skills on the assessment of sexual trauma; 2) increase her clinical understanding of the unique experiences of adolescent mothers with a history of sexual trauma; and 3) receive additional education and mentoring to learn advanced statistical models and data analytic techniques appropriate for application to longitudinal data. Dr. Mills proposes a five-year training program with mentors from a strong pediatric research department. Her primary mentor is a very experienced psychology researchers whose work has focused on prevention science, child abuse, and child and adolescent psychopathology. Her Co-mentor's expertise in childhood sexual trauma and her consultants' expertise in teenage pregnancy are directly to the research and career development plan. The career development plan describes activities focused on enhancing scientific knowledge of research-related approaches to sexual trauma history and sexual decision-making in adolescent mothers. These activities will include coursework, independent studies, and guided clinical treatment. Other activities in the plan include training in the design and responsible conduct of scientific research and mentored experiences with preparation of a review article and grant proposals for independent research support. Dr. Mills' proposed research involves a prospective study that examines mediating and moderating variables that influence the pathways leading from a sexual trauma history to RRP. The study involves the assessment of childhood sexual trauma history and its relation to psychological variables (e.g. depression and PTSD) that impact sexual decision-making and sexual risk-taking behaviors that lead to rapid repeat pregnancy in teenage mothers. The findings will contribute to understanding further the impact of sexual abuse histories on decision-making in sexually active teen mothers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VALUES AND ATTRIBUTIONS IN CAREGIVER EFFECTIVENESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Howard S.; Bronx Community College W 181 St and University Ave New York, Ny 10453 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This research project proposes to better understand the role of values and attributions in the general area of career choice and how they apply specifically to worker effectiveness and job satisfaction in caregiver settings. A clearer understanding of how values and attributional style relate to career choice, worker effectiveness, and job satisfaction will add to our conceptualization of important aspects of personality. We are exploring these issues in the context of human services. This research will lay the groundwork for efforts to determine if values and attributional orientations can be modified and if those changes are related to increased worker effectiveness and job satisfaction. As such, this project may also lead to strategies to improve caregiver effectiveness. One component of the "health crisis" is caring for the increasing populations of the elderly, people living with HIV and AIDS, and drug and alcohol abusers. Because of cost containment concerns there is greater reliance on entry level human services workers for direct caregiving and also to work in prevention programs in areas such as childhood immunization efforts and teenage pregnancy. Therefore, the effectiveness of these front line workers is of critical importance in meeting the demands of the present crisis. The subjects for this study will be Bronx Community College students. Caregiver effectiveness will be assessed by translating the skills identified in the national project, The Community Support Skill Standards, into a rating tool. Values will be measured using the Rokeach Value Survey, as well as measures developed by Schwartz and by Super. Attribution will be assessed using the Helping Orientations Scale and by modified measures that will be developed. It is expected that Brickman's models of helping and coping will prove useful in the effort to understand and improve caregiver effectiveness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for teenage pregnancy in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Association between teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners: cross sectional survey in Trent 1994-7. by Hippisley-Cox J, Allen J, Pringle M, Ebdon D, McPhearson M, Churchill D, Bradley S.; 2000 Mar 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27325

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Changing patterns of teenage pregnancy: population based study of small areas. by McLeod A.; 2001 Jul 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35271

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Consultation patterns and provision of contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy: case-control study. by Churchill D, Allen J, Pringle M, HippisleyCox J, Ebdon D, Macpherson M, Bradley S.; 2000 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27465

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Teenage pregnancy and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with first and second births: population based retrospective cohort study. by Smith GC, Pell JP.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=48130

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with teenage pregnancy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for teenage pregnancy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A film about teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Smith S. Source: World Health Forum. 1989; 10(3-4): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2637706&dopt=Abstract

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A healthy child, a sure future. A teenage pregnancy epidemic? Author(s): MacDonnell S. Source: Can Nurse. 1979 November; 75(10): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=259020&dopt=Abstract

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A model for increasing access: teenage pregnancy prevention. Author(s): Foster HW Jr, Greene LW, Smith MS. Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1990 Summer; 1(1): 13646; Discussion 150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2130885&dopt=Abstract

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A profile of teenage pregnancy. Young women's perceptions of the maternity services. Author(s): Rozette C, Houghton-Clemmey R, Sullivan K. Source: Pract Midwife. 2000 November; 3(10): 23-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026489&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective cohort study of the impact of domestic violence on young teenage pregnancy outcomes. Author(s): Quinlivan JA, Evans SF. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2001 February; 14(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358702&dopt=Abstract

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A review of approaches to teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Fullerton D. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 March 26-April 1; 93(13): 48-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9128585&dopt=Abstract

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A shot in the arm for contraception policy: using Norplant to reduce teenage pregnancy in New Zealand. Author(s): Webb M. Source: Polit Sci. 1994 December; 46(2): 172-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11653262&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of attitudes concerning contraception and the resolution of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Rinck C, Rudolph JA, Simkins L. Source: Adolescence. 1983 Winter; 18(72): 923-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6666718&dopt=Abstract

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A time for new thinking about teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dryfoos JG. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1985 January; 75(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3966593&dopt=Abstract

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A tree of impact model. Evaluation of consequences of repeal of the abortion law on teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Horner SD, Hilde E. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1991 July-September; 3(3): 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1931264&dopt=Abstract

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An approach to the problem of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Macdonald DI. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1987 July-August; 102(4): 37785. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3112847&dopt=Abstract

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An economic model of teenage pregnancy decision-making. Author(s): Leibowitz A, Eisen M, Chow WK. Source: Demography. 1986 February; 23(1): 67-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3956807&dopt=Abstract

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An innovative health care model for management of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Lewis BD. Source: J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 1988 Spring-Summer; 2(2): 58-66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3204372&dopt=Abstract

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Antecedents of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Klein L. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 December; 21(4): 1151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=737924&dopt=Abstract

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Anthropometric predictors of low birth weight outcome in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Maso MJ, Gong EJ, Jacobson MS, Bross DS, Heald FP. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1988 May; 9(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372284&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the patterns that prevent teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Trad PV. Source: Adolescence. 1999 Spring; 34(133): 221-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10234380&dopt=Abstract

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Association between teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners: cross sectional survey in Trent 1994-7. Author(s): Hippisley-Cox J, Allen J, Pringle M, Ebdon D, McPhearson M, Churchill D, Bradley S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 March 25; 320(7238): 842-5. Erratum In: Bmj 2000 May 27; 320(7247): 1436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731180&dopt=Abstract

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Attitude to teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dlamini T, McKenzie A. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1991 February; 6(2): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2046724&dopt=Abstract

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Birth weight outcomes for repeat teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Santelli JS, Jacobson MS. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1990 May; 11(3): 240-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2358394&dopt=Abstract

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Birth weight outcomes in a teenage pregnancy case management project. Author(s): Korenbrot CC, Showstack J, Loomis A, Brindis C. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 March; 10(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925477&dopt=Abstract

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Black teenage pregnancy in South Africa: some considerations. Author(s): Cunningham PW, Boult BE. Source: Adolescence. 1996 Fall; 31(123): 691-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874613&dopt=Abstract

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Black teenage pregnancy: a sociomedical approach. Author(s): Boult BE, Cunningham PW. Source: Med Law. 1992; 11(3-4): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1453888&dopt=Abstract

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Black teenage pregnancy: an obstetrician's viewpoint. Author(s): Clarke MI. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1986 Spring; 11(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3489011&dopt=Abstract

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Changing patterns of teenage pregnancy: population based study of small areas. Author(s): McLeod A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 28; 323(7306): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473910&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of the mother and child in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Garn SM, Petzold AS. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 April; 137(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6829515&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood victimization and subsequent risk for promiscuity, prostitution, and teenage pregnancy: a prospective study. Author(s): Widom CS, Kuhns JB. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 November; 86(11): 1607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916528&dopt=Abstract

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Community perspective on a model to reduce teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Tabi MM. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 November; 40(3): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383179&dopt=Abstract

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Consequences of teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Author(s): Simkins L. Source: Adolescence. 1984 Spring; 19(73): 39-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6731068&dopt=Abstract

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Consequences of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Gray J, Field CA. Source: Nebr Med J. 1980 November; 65(11): 299-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7442858&dopt=Abstract

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Consultation patterns and provision of contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy: case-control study. Author(s): Churchill D, Allen J, Pringle M, Hippisley-Cox J, Ebdon D, Macpherson M, Bradley S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 August 19-26; 321(7259): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948031&dopt=Abstract

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Contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy. Ambition may be best contraception. Author(s): McPherson A, Macfarlane A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229378&dopt=Abstract

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Contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy. Inappropriate selection of cases and controls biased study. Author(s): Leung WC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 362-3; Author Reply 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273243&dopt=Abstract

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Contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy. Intrauterine device may not be suitable method of contraception for teenagers. Author(s): Foran T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229379&dopt=Abstract

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Contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy. Not all teenagers are sexually active. Author(s): Duffield K, Josen PK, Low E, Teare K, Wray E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273244&dopt=Abstract

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Contraceptive implants and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Hatcher RA, Trussell J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 November 3; 331(18): 1229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7935666&dopt=Abstract

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Country living: rural approach to teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Blanton SC. Source: Journal of Health & Social Policy. 1993; 5(1): 79-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10128266&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural beliefs and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Horn B. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1983 September; 8(8): 35, 39, 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6633983&dopt=Abstract

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Decreasing barriers for teens: Evaluation of a new teenage pregnancy prevention strategy in school-based clinics. Author(s): Sidebottom A, Birnbaum AS, Nafstad SS. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 November; 93(11): 1890-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14600060&dopt=Abstract

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Delay in obstetrical care in newly diagnosed teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Pomeranz AJ, Matson SC, Nelson DB. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1991 December; 30(12): 661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764873&dopt=Abstract

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Design or accident? The natural history of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Seamark C. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 June; 94(6): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387417&dopt=Abstract

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Developing a teenage pregnancy program the community will accept. Author(s): Harris D, Baird G, Clyburn SA, Mara JR. Source: Health Educ. 1983 May-June; 14(3): 17-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443913&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental tasks: a key to reducing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Holt JL, Johnson SD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1991 June; 6(3): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2046003&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Author(s): Darroch JE, Singh S, Frost JJ. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 November-December; 33(6): 244-50, 281. Erratum In: Fam Plann Perspect 2002 January-February; 34(1): 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804433&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensions of personality organization as predictors of teenage pregnancy risk. Author(s): Hart B, Hilton I. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988 Spring; 52(1): 116-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3361408&dopt=Abstract

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Does American acculturation affect outcome of Mexican-American teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Reynoso TC, Felice ME, Shragg GP. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1993 June; 14(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8347635&dopt=Abstract

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Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Ellis BJ, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Pettit GS, Woodward L. Source: Child Development. 2003 May-June; 74(3): 801-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795391&dopt=Abstract

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Doing something about teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Wulf D, Lincoln R. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1985 March-April; 17(2): 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3842653&dopt=Abstract

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Early conduct problems and later risk of teenage pregnancy in girls. Author(s): Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 1999 Winter; 11(1): 127-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208359&dopt=Abstract

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Early onset psychopathology and the risk for teenage pregnancy among clinically referred girls. Author(s): Kovacs M, Krol RS, Voti L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 January; 33(1): 106-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8138508&dopt=Abstract

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Early teenage pregnancy outcome: a comparison between a standard and a dedicated teenage antenatal clinic. Author(s): Ukil D, Esen UI. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 May; 22(3): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521497&dopt=Abstract

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Early teenage pregnancy, contraception, and repeat pregnancy. Author(s): Klein L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 September 15; 120(2): 24956. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4412891&dopt=Abstract

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Educational outcomes in teenage pregnancy and parenting programs: results from a demonstration. Author(s): Warrick L, Christianson JB, Walruff J, Cook PC. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1993 July-August; 25(4): 148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8405340&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities in kindergarten. Author(s): Gueorguieva RV, Carter RL, Ariet M, Roth J, Mahan CS, Resnick MB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 August 1; 154(3): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11479185&dopt=Abstract

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Elucidating differences in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Loken GA. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1987 March-April; 19(2): 44, 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3595816&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency contraception and its impact on teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Kilcoin A. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 September; 6(8): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982120&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte and plasma magnesium during teenage pregnancy: relationship with blood pressure and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): Weaver K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 July; 74(1): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2733934&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte and plasma magnesium during teenage pregnancy: relationship with blood pressure and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): Boston JL, Beauchene RE, Cruikshank DP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 February; 73(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2911422&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic differences in childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Kenney JW, Reinholtz C, Angelini PJ. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1997 July; 21(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215504&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating teenage pregnancy prevention and other social programs: ten stages of program assessment. Author(s): Peterson JL, Card JJ, Eisen MB, Sherman-Williams B. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1994 May-June; 26(3): 116-20, 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070548&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Hutchins FL Jr, Kendall N, Rubino J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 July; 54(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=450351&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Klaus H. Source: Bull Am Coll Nurse Midwives. 1972 November; 17(4): 114-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4485954&dopt=Abstract

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Gestational diabetes mellitus in teenage pregnancy: a case-control study. Author(s): Lao TT, Ho LF, Liu KL. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1998 December; 15(12): 1036-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868978&dopt=Abstract

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Getting together on teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Daniel SL. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 May; 68(5): 367-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438675&dopt=Abstract

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Growing to adulthood and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Alger I. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1990 February; 41(2): 139-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406191&dopt=Abstract

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Growth during early teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Harrison KA, Briggs ND, John CT, Memberr MT, Lolomari DO. Source: Lancet. 1988 May 28; 1(8596): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2897039&dopt=Abstract

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Growth during early teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Ances IG, Cronk IG. Source: Lancet. 1988 September 24; 2(8613): 738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2901583&dopt=Abstract

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House Bill No. 2531 passes community based reduction of teenage pregnancy programs. Author(s): Brown MD. Source: Kans Nurse. 1991 September; 66(8): 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1942736&dopt=Abstract

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Intentional teenage pregnancy: a community diagnosis and action plan. Author(s): Liburd LC, Bowie JV. Source: Health Educ. 1989 December; 20(5): 33-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2516057&dopt=Abstract

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Is teenage pregnancy a neonatal risk factor? Author(s): Gale R, Seidman DS, Dollberg S, Armon Y, Stevenson DK. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 September; 10(5): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2808085&dopt=Abstract

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Like mother, like daughter: a general practice study of maternal influences on teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Seamark CJ, Pereira Gray DJ. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 March; 47(416): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167324&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbosacral plexus compression by fetus: an unusual cause of radiculopathy during teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Turgut F, Turgut M, Mentes E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1997 June; 73(2): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228506&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal mortality study. Teenage pregnancy and maternal mortality in New York state. Author(s): McLean RA, Mattison ET, Cochrane NE, Fall KL. Source: N Y State J Med. 1979 February; 79(2): 226-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=285352&dopt=Abstract

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Medical and social factors affecting early teenage pregnancy. A literature review and summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Author(s): Dott AB, Fort AT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 June 15; 125(4): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=988751&dopt=Abstract

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Medical and social hazards of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Russell JK. Source: Proc Annu Symp Eugen Soc. 1981; 16: 183-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7346834&dopt=Abstract

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Medical Center Hour: teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Thorup OA Jr, Bodkin CJ, Pinkerton JV, Stephenson JN. Source: Va Med. 1988 February; 115(2): 71-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3348052&dopt=Abstract

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Medical risks of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Straton JA, Stanley FJ. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1983 June; 12(6): 474, 477-8, 480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684911&dopt=Abstract

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Nausea and vomiting during teenage pregnancy: effects on birth weight. Author(s): Behrman CA, Hediger ML, Scholl TO, Arkangel CM. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1990 September; 11(5): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211275&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal outcomes of teenage pregnancy in a military population. Author(s): Yoder BA, Young MK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 1): 500-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380304&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing Mirror midwifery forum. 5. Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Ho E. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1983 May 25; 156(21): Vi-Viii. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6552613&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition during teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Gutierrez Y, King JC. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1993 February; 22(2): 99-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8493060&dopt=Abstract

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Observations of stillbirths, birthweight and maternal haemoglobin in teenage pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Onadeko MO, Avokey F, Lawoyin TO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1996 March; 25(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110059&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancy in northwestern Ethiopia. Author(s): Kumbi S, Isehak A. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 March; 76(3): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442112&dopt=Abstract

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On teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Creatsas G. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1992 May; 13(3): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1498117&dopt=Abstract

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On the effects of sex education: a response to those who would say it promotes teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Adame DD. Source: Health Educ. 1985 October-November; 16(5): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3939955&dopt=Abstract

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Our willy-nilly childbearing: unintended and teenage pregnancy in the United States. Author(s): Klein L. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1986 Fall; 49(4): 27-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3786395&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of teenage pregnancy and labour: a retrospective study. Author(s): Sarkar CS, Giri AK, Sarkar B. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1991 July; 89(7): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940413&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of teenage pregnancy in Maputo, Mozambique. Author(s): Bacci A, Manhica GM, Machungo F, Bugalho A, Cuttini M. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1993 January; 40(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8094345&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Bhalerao AR, Desai SV, Dastur NA, Daftary SN. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 July; 36(3): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2102912&dopt=Abstract

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Outreach education: a possible preventer of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Block RW, Block SA. Source: Adolescence. 1980 Fall; 15(59): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7192047&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions assessment of a group of Puerto Rican pregnant adolescents regarding the susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Sandoval J, Santos Ortiz MC, Lebron de Aviles C, Davila Torres RR. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2000 September; 19(3): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076376&dopt=Abstract

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Poverty and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Blondel B, Kaminski M, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 March 7; 294(6572): 645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3103848&dopt=Abstract

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Poverty and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Williams S, Forbes JF, McIlwaine GM, Rosenberg K. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 January 3; 294(6563): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3101782&dopt=Abstract

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Power and visibility: the invention of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Arney WR, Bergen BJ. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1984; 18(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6695198&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnant teenagers and contraception. Contraceptive failure may be a major factor in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Williams ES. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 September 23; 311(7008): 806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580449&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing illegitimate teenage pregnancy through systems interaction. Author(s): Jarvis DL. Source: Child Welfare. 1972 June; 51(6): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5047247&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dull P, Blythe MJ. Source: Primary Care. 1998 March; 25(1): 111-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469918&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Mellanby AR, Pearson VA, Tripp JH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997 November; 77(5): 459-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487976&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Schinke SP. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1984; 16: 31-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6473181&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing teenage pregnancy: some questions to be answered and some answers to be questioned. Author(s): Howard M, Mitchell ME. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1993 February; 22(2): 109-11, 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8493053&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing the 'untreatable epidemic' of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Ricks EL. Source: Urban Health. 1980 April; 9(3): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10246033&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting sexual health to young people: preventing teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Author(s): Weyman A. Source: J R Soc Health. 2003 March; 123(1): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722572&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial aspects of Mexican-American, white, and black teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Felice ME, Shragg GP, James M, Hollingsworth DR. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1987 July; 8(4): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3610738&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial factors associated with teenage pregnancy in Jamaica. Author(s): Keddie AM. Source: Adolescence. 1992 Winter; 27(108): 873-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1471566&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial risk factors of teenage pregnancy in eastern Taiwan. Author(s): Li YT, Yin CS, Chan CC. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1999 July; 62(7): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418176&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial variables associated with teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Morgan C, Chapar GN, Fisher M. Source: Adolescence. 1995 Summer; 30(118): 277-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7676866&dopt=Abstract

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Public policy. Teenage pregnancy: program and politics. Author(s): Smith ED. Source: Ana Publ. 1984 March; (Mch-14): 2-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6561935&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing teenage pregnancy rates. Author(s): Jones-Parry G. Source: Nurs N Z. 2000 May; 6(4): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12012511&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of teenage pregnancy as a rationale for sex education: a position paper. Author(s): Dunn P. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 December; 52(10): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6925094&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship dynamics and teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Author(s): Jewkes R, Vundule C, Maforah F, Jordaan E. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2001 March; 52(5): 733-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11218177&dopt=Abstract

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Responding to a new challenge. Lead Project Midwife for Teenage Pregnancy. Author(s): Hayward S. Source: Pract Midwife. 2001 July-August; 4(7): 16-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026627&dopt=Abstract

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Risk assessment: a systematic approach to teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Garcia T, Foster P, Theis J, Polack L, Epps A. Source: Kans Nurse. 1982 January; 57(1): 2-3, 19-22, 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6916908&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for teenage pregnancy among sexually active black adolescents in Cape Town. A case control study. Author(s): Vundule C, Maforah F, Jewkes R, Jordaan E. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2001 January; 91(1): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236303&dopt=Abstract

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Role of communication in the prevention of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Schinke SP, Gilchrist LD, Blythe BJ. Source: Health & Social Work. 1980 August; 5(3): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7429367&dopt=Abstract

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School-based clinics: impact on teenage pregnancy prevention. Author(s): Heller RG. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1988 March-April; 14(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3353134&dopt=Abstract

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Search for a policy direction: infant mortality and teenage pregnancy--an interview with Rae Grad, PhD, RN. Interview by Lorna Hines Harris. Author(s): Grad R. Source: J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 1990 Fall-Winter; 4(1): 9-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2376745&dopt=Abstract

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Serum ferritin levels after multivitamin iron ingestion during teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dawson EB, McGanity WJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1989; 11(1): 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2720725&dopt=Abstract

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Services for teenage pregnancy: provider perspectives. Author(s): Koff SZ, Cohen JF. Source: J Health Hum Resour Adm. 1983 Spring; 5(4): 439-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10278168&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual and physical abuse among incarcerated youth: implications for sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Mason WA, Zimmerman L, Evans W. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1998 October; 22(10): 987-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793721&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual health promotion: reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Sutton H. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 2001 April; 13(3): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025295&dopt=Abstract

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Social support and outcome in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Turner RJ, Grindstaff CF, Phillips N. Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1990 March; 31(1): 43-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2313076&dopt=Abstract

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Societal hypocrisy helps to promote teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Evans TE. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1986 May; 78(5): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3712475&dopt=Abstract

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Some aspects of obstetrics in black teenage pregnancy: a comparative analysis. Author(s): Boult BE, Cunningham PW. Source: Med Law. 1995; 14(1-2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7666752&dopt=Abstract

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Some aspects of teenage pregnancy in Nairobi: a prospective study on teenage mothers at Kenyatta National Hospital and Pumwani Maternity Hospital. Author(s): Odongo F, Ojwang SB. Source: East Afr Med J. 1990 June; 67(6): 432-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2279473&dopt=Abstract

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Some aspects regarding teenage pregnancy in Denmark. Author(s): Segest E. Source: Med Law. 1994; 13(3-4): 381-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968311&dopt=Abstract

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Sounding board. Teenage pregnancy: solutions are evolving. Author(s): Hollingsworth DR, Kreutner AK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 August 28; 303(9): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7393294&dopt=Abstract

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Supporting collaborations between obstetrician-gynecologists and sexuality educators to prevent teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Selverstone R, Wilson PM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 July; 169(1): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8333467&dopt=Abstract

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Tackling teenage pregnancy in the UK. Author(s): Scally G. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 26; 353(9171): 2178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392980&dopt=Abstract

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Tackling teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Peckham S, Trippe H. Source: Health Serv Manage. 1993 February; 89(2): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10124466&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage club at the Royal Berkshire. Adolescent pregnancy. Author(s): Todd JE. Source: Midwives Chron. 1988 August; 101(1207): 238. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3412192&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy -- its causes, costs and consequences. Author(s): Nakishima II. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1977 September-October; 2(7): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=587867&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. the problem continues. Author(s): Edwards KS. Source: Ohio Med. 1988 January; 84(1): 16-7, 83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3340376&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and child health in the urban Sahel. Author(s): LeGrand TK, Mbacke CS. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1993 May-June; 24(3): 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8351695&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and delivery. Author(s): Tuimala R, Hupli K, Piironen A, Punnonen R. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl. 1987; 202: 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477980&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and deprivation. Author(s): Boulton-Jones C, McInneny K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 February 11; 310(6976): 398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866227&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and education. Author(s): Fraatz DB. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1981 October; 77(10): 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7290554&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and educational opportunity. Author(s): Devitt N. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991 November 13; 266(18): 2558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1942393&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and ethnicity in The Netherlands: frequency and obstetric outcome. Author(s): van Enk WJ, Gorissen WH, van Enk A. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2000 March; 5(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836667&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and fertility in New South Wales: an examination of fertility trends, abortion and birth outcomes. Author(s): Adelson PL, Frommer MS, Pym MA, Rubin GL. Source: Aust J Public Health. 1992 September; 16(3): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1482715&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and fertility in the United States, 1970, 1974, and 1980. Author(s): Spitz AM, Strauss LT, Maciak BJ, Morris L. Source: Mmwr. Cdc Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Cdc Surveillance Summaries / Centers for Disease Control. 1987 February; 36(1): 1Ss10Ss. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3110584&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and infant mortality. Author(s): Janes AL. Source: Minn Med. 1991 December; 74(12): 7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1791821&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and its effect on maternal and child health--a hospital experience. Author(s): Anandalakshmy PN, Buckshee K. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1993 January; 47(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8514342&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and motherhood. Author(s): Wolkind SN, Kruk S. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985 February; 78(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3973868&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and motherhood: a review of the literature. Author(s): Phipps-Yonas S. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1980 July; 50(3): 403-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7406027&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and parenthood in Illinois. Estimated 1979-1983 costs. Author(s): Reis J. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1987 March; 8(2): 177-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3546231&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and parenthood: outcomes for mother and child. Author(s): Finkelstein JW, Finkelstein JA, Christie M, Roden M, Shelton C. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1982 August; 3(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7118679&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and public policy. Author(s): Gilchrist LD, Schinke SP. Source: The Social Service Review. 1983 June; 57(2): 307-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11655752&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with first and second births: population based retrospective cohort study. Author(s): Smith GC, Pell JP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 September 1; 323(7311): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532837&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and sex education. Author(s): Hamlyn C. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(3): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415766&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy and the black community. Author(s): Hutchins FL Jr. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1978 November; 70(11): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=722834&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy as a community problem. Author(s): Mercer RT. Source: Annu Rev Nurs Res. 1985; 3: 47-76. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3893480&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy from the father's perspective. Author(s): Robinson BE. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1988 January; 58(1): 46-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3278623&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in an urban hospital setting. Author(s): Davis JK, Fink R, Yesupria A, Rajegowda B, Lala R. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1986 Winter; 11(4): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3558878&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Canada, 1975-1987. Author(s): Wadhera S, Silins J. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1990 January-February; 22(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2323403&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in developed countries: determinants and policy implications. Author(s): Jones EF, Forrest JD, Goldman N, Henshaw SK, Lincoln R, Rosoff JI, Westoff CF, Wulf D. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1985 March-April; 17(2): 53-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3842654&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in developing countries. Author(s): Engstrom L. Source: J Biosoc Sci Suppl. 1978; (5): 117-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=295049&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in England and Wales: some demographic and medico-social aspects. Author(s): Rothman D, Capell P. Source: J Biosoc Sci Suppl. 1978; (5): 65-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=295061&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Georgia: defining the problem. Author(s): McCarthy BJ, Abbott B, Terry JS. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 May; 68(5): 373-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438676&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Ile-Ife, western Nigeria. Author(s): Alade MO. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1989 October; 11(5): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2815730&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Maine: health problems and nutritional risk. Author(s): Louten RM, Cook RA. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1977 August; 68(8): 269-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=894130&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in North Carolina: a 10-year study. Author(s): Turnbull CD, de Haseth LC. Source: N C Med J. 1977 December; 38(12): 701-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=271765&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in northern Labrador. Author(s): McGillivray SJ. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1988; 47 Suppl 1: 498-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272673&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in perspective. Author(s): Blum RW, Goldhagen J. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1981 May; 20(5): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7226684&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Scotland: trends and risks. Author(s): Rosenberg K, McEwan HP. Source: Scott Med J. 1991 December; 36(6): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1805377&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in South Australia, 1986-1988. Author(s): Zhang B, Chan A. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1991 November; 31(4): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1799337&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Sweden and Finland. Implications for the United States. Author(s): Wallace HM, Vienonen M. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 May; 10(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2715098&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Texas. Author(s): Holck SE, Peter WP Jr. Source: Tex Med. 1980 September; 76(9): 56-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7434248&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in the Bahamas: trends and characteristics. Author(s): Roberts-Smith S, Allen DF, Jekel JF. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1984 May-June; 57(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6495762&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in the native community of Sheshatshit. Author(s): McGillivray SJ. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1988; 47 Suppl 1: 500-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272674&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in the Rotunda Hospital. Author(s): Connolly G, Kennelly S, Conroy R, Byrne P. Source: Ir Med J. 1998 December; 91(6): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069131&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom in the 1990s: the implications for primary care. Author(s): Jacobson LD, Wilkinson C, Pill R. Source: Family Practice. 1995 June; 12(2): 232-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7589950&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in the United States. Author(s): Trussell J. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1988 November-December; 20(6): 262-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3229472&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in Trinidad. Author(s): Roopnarinesingh S. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1975 September; 24(3): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1210325&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy in western Sydney. Author(s): Bradford JA, Giles WB. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1989 February; 29(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2562592&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy is not a public health problem. Author(s): Lawlor D, Shaw M, Johns S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 December 15; 323(7326): 1428-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744574&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy is preventable--a challenge to our society. Author(s): Tsang RC. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1993 February; 22(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8493056&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy outcome: a record based study. Author(s): Ambadekar NN, Khandait DW, Zodpey SP, Kasturwar NB, Vasudeo ND. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1999 January; 53(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798019&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy prevention programs. Author(s): Pierre N, Cox J. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1997 August; 9(4): 310-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9300186&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy prevention. Author(s): Peters S, Shakir M, Starks W, Peters C, Coger T, Johnson C, Nelson J, Pannell S, Williams J. Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1991 Summer; 2(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1685919&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy prevention: an Atlanta program. Author(s): Hill MF, Ricks EL. Source: Urban Health. 1984 March; 13(2): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10266027&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy prevention: the vital importance of the medical community's involvement. Author(s): LeHew WL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 August; 167(2): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497029&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners. Record linkage analysis could have been used. Author(s): Gbolade BA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 August 5; 321(7257): 381-2; Author Reply 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10991565&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners. Reports of urban and rural differences are contradictory. Author(s): Bland M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 August 5; 321(7257): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10991567&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy rates and the age and sex of general practitioners. Sex and age discrimination in recruitment for general practice is not justified by teenage pregnancy survey. Author(s): Leung WC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 August 5; 321(7257): 382; Author Reply 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10991566&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy still a challenge for all. Author(s): Pollard T. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2003 March; 8(3): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682603&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy trends for Tennessee. Author(s): Wadley F, Taylor P, Scanion P. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1984 November; 77(11): 662-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6527526&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy trends in England and Wales. Author(s): Dickerson JW. Source: J R Soc Health. 1999 September; 119(3): 142. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518347&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy, a national disaster: a significant factor in black teenage unemployment. Author(s): Wright CH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1978 September; 70(9): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=702604&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy, an overview: the majority of adolescents are not prepared to make responsible decisions regarding sexuality. Author(s): Georas V. Source: R I Med J. 1979 July; 62(7): 277-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=293852&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Mesleh RA, Al-Aql AS, Kurdi AM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 October; 22(10): 864-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744943&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dryburgh H. Source: Health Reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports Sur La Sante / Statistique Canada, Centre Canadien D'information Sur La Sante. 2000 October; 12(1): 9-19 (Eng); 9-21 (Fre). English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565115&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Henderson V. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1999 April; 95(11): 488. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453135&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Murdock NH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1998 March; 90(3): 135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549975&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Burnside JW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 June 1; 114(11): 994-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2024875&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Gillis LS. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 February 3; 77(3): 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2305317&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Gow PJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1987 September 23; 100(832): 606. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3452110&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Rockey T. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1986 December; 1(11): 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3642237&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Bury JK. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1985 November; 92(11): 1081-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4063225&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Zelnik M. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1985 July-August; 17(4): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3842811&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): McGoldrick KE. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1985 January-February; 40(1): 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3968381&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Thomison JB. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1984 November; 77(11): 678-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6527529&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Block RW, Saltzman S, Block SA. Source: Adv Pediatr. 1981; 28: 75-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7041565&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Youngs DD, Niebyl JR. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1976 October; 67(10): 296-9, 306. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=978052&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): McDonald TF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 August 9; 236(6): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=947247&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dwyer JF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 February 1; 118(3): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4855652&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Arnold LT. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1971 December; 64(12): 1054-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5136593&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Sarrel PM. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1969 May; 16(2): 347-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5779682&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. A liability to our future. Author(s): Hallum AV Jr. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 May; 68(5): 396-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438680&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Another look. Author(s): Woody E Jr. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 May; 68(5): 400-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438681&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. BMI and patterns in weight gain and their effect on glucose intolerance. Author(s): Kurzel RB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 May 28; 817: 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9239208&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Caring for adolescent mothers with their infants in pediatric settings. Author(s): Stevens-Simon C, Fullar SA, McAnarney ER. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1989 June; 28(6): 282-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2721096&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Give girls a motive for avoiding it. Author(s): Simms M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 26; 306(6894): 1749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8343639&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Is abortion the answer? Author(s): Harrison CP. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1969 May; 16(2): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5779684&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy. Seek the views of teenagers. Author(s): Jacobsen L, Wilkinson C, Owen P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 26; 306(6894): 1750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8343641&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: “having a baby won't affect me that much”. Author(s): Spear HJ. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2001 November-December; 27(6): 574-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024529&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a comparative study of teenagers choosing termination of pregnancy or antenatal care. Author(s): Pearson VA, Owen MR, Phillips DR, Gray DJ, Marshall MN. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1995 July; 88(7): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562806&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a dead-end trap. Author(s): Tillman RA. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1996 September; 85(3): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8870442&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a multiracial sociologic problem. Author(s): Hollingsworth DR, Felice M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 October; 155(4): 741-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3766629&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a prospective study of self-esteem and other sociodemographic factors. Author(s): Vernon ME, Green JA, Frothingham TE. Source: Pediatrics. 1983 November; 72(5): 632-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6634266&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a reconsideration. Author(s): Jacono JJ, Jacono BJ, St Onge M, Van Oosten S, Meininger E. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1992 May-June; 83(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525744&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a reflective analysis. Author(s): Bell FJ. Source: Journal of Child Health Care : for Professionals Working with Children in the Hospital and Community. 2001 Winter; 5(4): 143-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839075&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a research review. Author(s): Chilman CS. Source: Social Work. 1979 November; 24(6): 492-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10297642&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a theoretical analysis of a social problem. Author(s): Davis RA. Source: Adolescence. 1989 Spring; 24(93): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2728967&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an anthropological, sociological, and psychological overview. Author(s): Fisher SM, Scharf KR. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1980; 8: 393-403. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7223989&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an overview. I. Epidemiology. Author(s): Gabel HD. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1988 July; 84(7): 338. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411941&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an overview. II. Consequences--medical, social and economic. Author(s): Gabel HD. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1988 July; 84(7): 339-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411942&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an overview. III. Environmental and educational influences. Author(s): Hepfer TW. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1988 July; 84(7): 342-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411943&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an unresolved issue. Author(s): Mogotlane S. Source: Curationis. 1993 April; 16(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8334734&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: an update. Author(s): Towers S. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 2000 July; 8(3): 155-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893559&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: are teenagers a high risk group? Author(s): Mahfouz AA, el-Said MM, al-Erian RA, Hamid AM. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1995 March; 59(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7781855&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: cause for concern. Author(s): Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 July 13; 114(1135): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556441&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: comparison with two groups of older pregnant women. Author(s): Creatsas G, Goumalatsos N, Deligeoroglou E, Karagitsou T, Calpaktsoglou C, Arefetz N. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1991 March; 12(2): 77-81; Discussion 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2015245&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: doubts, uncertainties and psychiatric disturbance. Author(s): Maskey S. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1991 December; 84(12): 723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1774747&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: everyone's responsibility. Author(s): Schwartz PF. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1992 July; 81(7): 377-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1402421&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: family syndrome? Author(s): Landy S, Schubert J, Cleland JF, Clark C, Montgomery JS. Source: Adolescence. 1983 Fall; 18(71): 679-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6650275&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: issues, interventions, and direction. Author(s): Johnson F, Lay P, Wilbrandt M. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988 February; 80(2): 145-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3071607&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: multidisciplinary treatment and teaching. Author(s): Klaus H, Meurer J, Sullivan A. Source: J Med Educ. 1973 November; 48(11): 1027-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4746297&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: on the road to social death. Author(s): Whitehead E. Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2001 August; 38(4): 437-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470102&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: psychosocial considerations. Author(s): Osofsky JD, Osofsky HJ. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 December; 21(4): 1161-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=737925&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: risk factors for adverse perinatal outcome. Author(s): Gortzak-Uzan L, Hallak M, Press F, Katz M, Shoham-Vardi I. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 December; 10(6): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798449&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: situation and strategies. Author(s): Connelly BC. Source: The Florida Nurse. 1987 November-December; 35(10): 6, 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691892&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: the forgotten father. Author(s): Rivara FP. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1981 December; 2(4): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7320204&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: the need for multiple casework services. Author(s): Schnike SP. Source: Soc Casework. 1978 July; 59(7): 406-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10307804&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: trend and impact on rates of low birth weight and fetal, maternal, and neonatal mortality in the United States. Author(s): Lee KS, Corpuz M. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1988 December; 15(4): 929-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3061708&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: trends, characteristics and outcomes in South Australia and Australia. Author(s): van der Klis KA, Westenberg L, Chan A, Dekker G, Keane RJ. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 April; 26(2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054330&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: whose problem is it? Author(s): Zarzeczna-Baran M, Balkowska B. Source: Family Practice. 2002 April; 19(2): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906991&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: whose problem is it? Author(s): Jewell D, Tacchi J, Donovan J. Source: Family Practice. 2000 December; 17(6): 522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120725&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: whose problem? Author(s): Kiddy M. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 January 24-30; 98(4): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219457&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy; Preliminary results of special care unit. Author(s): Pillari VT, Gandhi J, Doyle B, Widhalm M. Source: N Y State J Med. 1980 April; 80(5): 746-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6930549&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy--a contemporary problem of adolescence. Author(s): Acres L. Source: Curationis. 1985 December; 8(4): 21-3, 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3854301&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy--an intr-racial study. Author(s): Scher J, Utian WH. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1970 March; 77(3): 259-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4986849&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy--extent of socio-economic support from the baby's father. Author(s): Dhlamini N, Cameron N. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1997 January; 87(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063330&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy--need a child bear a child? Author(s): Nash ES. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 February 3; 77(3): 147-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406956&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy--one of our nation's most challenging dilemmas. Author(s): Hoekelman RA. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1993 February; 22(2): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8493057&dopt=Abstract

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The apparent effect of iron supplementation on serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dawson EB, Albers JH, McGanity WJ. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2000 December; 77(3): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204463&dopt=Abstract

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The biological advantages and social disadvantages of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Morris NM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1981 August; 71(8): 796. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7258440&dopt=Abstract

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The biopsychosocial aspects of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Hughes SJ. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 March 25-31; 99(12): 32-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710243&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of partners' characteristics on teenage pregnancy and its resolution. Author(s): Zavodny M. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 September-October; 33(5): 192-9, 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589539&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of continuing illegal drug use on teenage pregnancy outcomes--a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Quinlivan JA, Evans SF. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 October; 109(10): 1148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387469&dopt=Abstract

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The implications of teenage pregnancy and motherhood for primary health care: unresolved issues. Author(s): Irvine H, Bradley T, Cupples M, Boohan M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 May; 47(418): 323-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219414&dopt=Abstract

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The law relating to teenage pregnancy needs to be clearer. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 February 28-March 13; 11(4): 222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873211&dopt=Abstract

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The long term benefits of a comprehensive teenage pregnancy program. Author(s): Rabin JM, Seltzer V, Pollack S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1991 May; 30(5): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2044340&dopt=Abstract

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The midwife's account. Teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Lapthorn J. Source: Midwives Chron. 1988 August; 101(1207): 239-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3412193&dopt=Abstract

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The obstetric implications of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Lao TT, Ho LF. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 October; 12(10): 2303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9402300&dopt=Abstract

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The obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Osbourne GK, Howat RC, Jordan MM. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 March; 88(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7470411&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of teenage pregnancy--the only answer. Author(s): Wright CH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1980 January; 72(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7373658&dopt=Abstract

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The problem of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): McGrew MC, Shore WB. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1991 January; 32(1): 17-21, 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985130&dopt=Abstract

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The Queen of Hell syndrome: social isolation, teenage pregnancy, and depression. Author(s): Crockett MS. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1984; 5(1-3): 125-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6565698&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the family physician in preventing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Ringdahl EN. Source: American Family Physician. 1992 May; 45(5): 2215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1575116&dopt=Abstract

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The social patterning of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Spencer N. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 January; 55(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112941&dopt=Abstract

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The teenage pregnancy dilemma. Author(s): Lyons S. Source: Dental Assistant (Chicago, Ill. : 1994). 1987 September-October; 56(5): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479343&dopt=Abstract

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The teenage pregnancy problem. Author(s): Dinh-De-Tran. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1973 August; 100(8): 722-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4731503&dopt=Abstract

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The Teenage Pregnancy Task Force in Chatham County. Author(s): Brawner DL. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 July; 68(7): 660. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=572855&dopt=Abstract

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'The trouble with sex - it always gets in the way': an evaluation of a peer-produced teenage pregnancy video. Author(s): Pedrazzini AE, McGowan H, Lucking L, Johanson RJ. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 July; 26(3): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920287&dopt=Abstract

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The unplanned teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Ross SM. Source: Curationis. 1979 June; 2(1): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=256785&dopt=Abstract

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The UPA score and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Garlick R, Ineichen B, Hudson F. Source: Public Health. 1993 March; 107(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8480012&dopt=Abstract

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Too much too young? Teenage pregnancy is a public health, not a clinical, problem. Author(s): Scally G. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 June; 31(3): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055152&dopt=Abstract

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Too much too young? Teenage pregnancy is not a public health problem. Author(s): Lawlor DA, Shaw M. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 June; 31(3): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055151&dopt=Abstract

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Toward solving teenage pregnancy in Georgia. Author(s): Hatcher RA, Adams JB, Oakley MS. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1979 May; 68(5): 379-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438677&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in teenage pregnancy in Australia, 1971-1981. Author(s): Siedlecky S. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1983 August; 23(3): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6580878&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in teenage pregnancy in England and Wales: how can we explain them? Author(s): Wellings K, Kane R. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 June; 92(6): 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472279&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in teenage pregnancy in Turkey. Author(s): Aksit S, Turpculu A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 April; 81(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676397&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Chaterjee MS, Heim J. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1985 May; 82(5): 375-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3873541&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in teenage pregnancy. A comparison of Douglas County, Nebraska, and national statistics. Author(s): Massop KM, Anderson TL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 November; 32(11): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3430491&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding teenage pregnancy: a focused family interview. Author(s): Poliner JR, Boekelheide PD. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1980 August; 11(2): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7411057&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding the dynamics of teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Knowles MH, Havice PA. Source: Kans Nurse. 1994 January; 69(1): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8114455&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding the impact of effective teenage pregnancy prevention programs. Author(s): Frost JJ, Forrest JD. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1995 September-October; 27(5): 188-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104605&dopt=Abstract

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Unplanned teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Senanayake P, Faulkner KM. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 February; 17(1): 117-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12758230&dopt=Abstract

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US and UK are top in teenage pregnancy rates. Author(s): Kmietowicz Z. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052797&dopt=Abstract

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Using sexual health clinics to reduce teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Daly N. Source: Community Nurse. 1999 May; 5(4): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513537&dopt=Abstract

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What indeed is so bad about teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Williams P. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 April; 27(2): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463221&dopt=Abstract

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What indeed is so bad about teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Leeper K. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 April; 27(2): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463220&dopt=Abstract

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What's so bad about teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Cunnington AJ. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 January; 27(1): 36-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457546&dopt=Abstract

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When your patients ask about teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Trimmer E. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1986 March; 22(3): 92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3640191&dopt=Abstract

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Will grandparent liability help curb teenage pregnancy? Author(s): Donovan P. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1986 November-December; 18(6): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3817123&dopt=Abstract

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Wirral Brook Advisory Centre. Teenage Pregnancy/Midwifery Project 2001. Author(s): Law H. Source: Pract Midwife. 2002 July-August; 5(7): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123188&dopt=Abstract

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Young people's and professionals' views about ways to reduce teenage pregnancy rates: to agree or not agree. Author(s): Chambers R, Boath E, Chambers S. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 April; 28(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396778&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and teenage pregnancy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Teenage Pregnancy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on teenage pregnancy: •

Nutrition issues and adolescent pregnancy. Author(s): University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Source: Story, M. Alton, I. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1995). volume 30(4) page 142151.

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “teenage pregnancy” (or a synonym): •

Erythrocyte and plasma magnesium during teenage pregnancy: relationship with blood pressure and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Source: Boston, J L Beauchene, R E Cruikshank, D P Obstet-Gynecol. 1989 February; 73(2): 169-74 0029-7844

•

Nutrition and early teenage pregnancy. Source: Kafatos, A.G. Christakis, G. Fordyce, M. Teenage parents and their offspring / edited by Keith G. Scott, Tiffany Field, Euan G. Robertson. New York : Grune & Stratton, c1981. page 103-127. ISBN: 080891314X

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Nutrition during teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720. Source: Gutierrez, Y King, J C Pediatr-Ann. 1993 February; 22(2): 99-108 0090-4481

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Patterns of weight gain in adolescent pregnancy: effects on birth weight and preterm delivery. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Camden. Source: Hediger, M L Scholl, T O Belsky, D H Ances, I G Salmon, R W Obstet-Gynecol. 1989 July; 74(1): 6-12 0029-7844

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Serum ferritin levels after multivitamin iron ingestion during teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Source: Dawson, E B McGanity, W J Clin-Ther. 1989; 11(1): 151-60 0149-2918

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Teenage pregnancy: a reconsideration. Author(s): School of Nursing, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario. Source: Jacono, J J Jacono, B J St Onge, M Van Oosten, S Meininger, E Can-J-PublicHealth. 1992 May-June; 83(3): 196-9 0008-4263

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The apparent effect of iron supplementation on serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA. Source: Dawson, E B Albers, J H McGanity, W J Biol-Trace-Elem-Res. 2000 December; 77(3): 209-17 0163-4984

Nutrition

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to teenage pregnancy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to teenage pregnancy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to teenage pregnancy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to teenage pregnancy: •

A film about teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Smith S. Source: World Health Forum. 1989; 10(3-4): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2637706&dopt=Abstract

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A journey toward womanhood: effects of an Afrocentric approach to pregnancy prevention among African-American adolescent females. Author(s): Dixon AC, Schoonmaker CT, Philliber WW. Source: Adolescence. 2000 Autumn; 35(139): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130588&dopt=Abstract

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A small group can go a long way. Author(s): Fullar SA, Lum B, Sprik MG, Cooper EM.

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Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1988 NovemberDecember; 13(6): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3148802&dopt=Abstract •

Adolescent girls' personal experience with Baby Think It Over infant simulator. Author(s): Malinowski A, Stamler LL. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 2003 May-June; 28(3): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771700&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent males' abortion attitudes: data from a national survey. Author(s): Marsiglio W, Shehan CL. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1993 July-August; 25(4): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8405342&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent nutritional determinants of chronic disease. Author(s): Barness LA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981; 77: 791-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7335714&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent pregnancy. Weight and zinc supplementation effects. Author(s): Cherry FF, Sandstead HH, Wickremasinghe AR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 March 15; 678: 334-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494277&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent pregnancy. Zinc supplementation and iron effects. Author(s): Cherry FF, Sandstead HH, Wickremasinghe AR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 March 15; 678: 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494276&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent pregnancy: an interpersonal skill training approach to prevention. Author(s): Schinke SP, Gilchrist LD. Source: Social Work in Health Care. 1977 Winter; 3(2): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=617764&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent pregnancy: the perspective of the sisterhood of black single mothers. Author(s): Matin K. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1986 Spring; 11(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745499&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent reproductive health practices in Nigeria. Author(s): Alubo O.

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Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2001 December; 5(3): 109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471935&dopt=Abstract •

Adolescent sexual crises. Author(s): McNeil JJ. Source: J Christ Nurs. 2000 Summer; 17(3): 32-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912724&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent substance use during pregnancy. Author(s): Hall JA, Henggeler SW, Felice ME, Reynoso T, Williams NM, Sheets R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1993 April; 18(2): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492278&dopt=Abstract

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Adolescent, pregnant, and vegetarian: a turbulent time for a teen. Author(s): Rudys-Shapard R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2001 January-February; 15(1): 35-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174661&dopt=Abstract

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Anthropometric predictors of low birth weight outcome in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Maso MJ, Gong EJ, Jacobson MS, Bross DS, Heald FP. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1988 May; 9(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372284&dopt=Abstract

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Attitudes to 'Kaponya Mafumo': the terminators of pregnancy in urban Zambia. Author(s): Webb D. Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2000 June; 15(2): 186-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10837042&dopt=Abstract

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Baby Think It Over: using role-play to prevent teen pregnancy. Author(s): Out JW, Lafreniere KD. Source: Adolescence. 2001 Fall; 36(143): 571-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817637&dopt=Abstract

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Black teenage pregnancy: a sociomedical approach. Author(s): Boult BE, Cunningham PW. Source: Med Law. 1992; 11(3-4): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1453888&dopt=Abstract

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Breast-feeding attitudes and practices among adolescents. Author(s): Baisch MJ, Fox RA, Goldberg BD.

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Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 January; 10(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921188&dopt=Abstract •

Breastfeeding by adolescent mothers. A strategy that works. Author(s): Volpe E. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 October; 10(10): 67-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424887&dopt=Abstract

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Breastfeeding in African-American women. Author(s): Ludington-Hoe SM, McDonald PE, Satyshur R. Source: J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 2002 July; 13(1): 56-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242751&dopt=Abstract

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Children having children. Author(s): Knightly S. Source: N Z Nurs J. 1988 August; 81(8): 26-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3200548&dopt=Abstract

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Children who become parents: a challenge to physicians. Author(s): Coles RE. Source: Family Medicine. 1990 January-February; 22(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2303177&dopt=Abstract

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Children with special needs in The Netherlands: impaired hearing, adolescent pregnancy, and myelomeningocele. Author(s): Verbrugge HP. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 December; 86(6 Pt 2): 1117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2243751&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette, alcohol and other drug use among small city pregnant adolescents. Author(s): Kokotailo PK, Langhough RE, Cox NS, Davidson SR, Fleming MF. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 July; 15(5): 366-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7947850&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use by school-age pregnant adolescents: prevalence, detection, and associated risk factors. Author(s): Kokotailo PK, Adger H Jr, Duggan AK, Repke J, Joffe A. Source: Pediatrics. 1992 September; 90(3): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1518684&dopt=Abstract

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Communicating with adolescents in alternative health care sites. Author(s): Vernon ME, Seymore C. Source: Semin Adolesc Med. 1987 June; 3(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3629015&dopt=Abstract

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Contraception. Playing a responsible game. Author(s): Hastings-Asatourian B. Source: Pract Midwife. 2002 October; 5(9): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400415&dopt=Abstract

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Creating a healing environment. Author(s): Combs JA, Rusch SC. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1990 May; 71(4): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170542&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural beliefs and teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Horn B. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1983 September; 8(8): 35, 39, 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6633983&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural factors affecting diet and pregnancy outcome of Mexican American adolescents. Author(s): Gutierrez YM. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1999 September; 25(3): 227-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475499&dopt=Abstract

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Cultural practices in Nigeria. Author(s): Alabi EM. Source: Newsl Inter Afr Comm Tradit Pract Affect Health Women Child. 1990 May; (9): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12157983&dopt=Abstract

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Dealing with teen-age pregnancy. Author(s): Dempsey PL. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1991 January-February; 67(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2009415&dopt=Abstract

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Deferoxamine treatment of acute iron intoxication in pregnancy. Author(s): Blanc P, Hryhorczuk D, Danel I.

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Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 September; 64(3 Suppl): 12S-14S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6147804&dopt=Abstract •

Early adolescent pregnancy: a comparative study of pregnancy outcome in young adolescents and mature women. Author(s): Scholl TO, Decker E, Karp RJ, Greene G, De Sales M. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1984 July; 5(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6735831&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a replication of a multicomponent model for preventing adolescent pregnancy in three Kansas communities. Author(s): Paine-Andrews A, Harris KJ, Fisher JL, Lewis RK, Williams EL, Fawcett SB, Vincent ML. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 July-August; 31(4): 182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435217&dopt=Abstract

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Health effects of adolescent pregnancy: implications for social workers. Author(s): Combs-orme T. Source: Fam Soc. 1993 June; 74(6): 344-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12318642&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing adolescent pregnancy: in hot pursuit. Author(s): Carrera MA. Source: Siecus Rep. 1995 August-September; 23(6): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12319703&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Schinke SP. Source: Prog Behav Modif. 1984; 16: 31-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6473181&dopt=Abstract

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Sounding board. Teenage pregnancy: solutions are evolving. Author(s): Hollingsworth DR, Kreutner AK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 August 28; 303(9): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7393294&dopt=Abstract

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Teenage pregnancy: a theoretical analysis of a social problem. Author(s): Davis RA. Source: Adolescence. 1989 Spring; 24(93): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2728967&dopt=Abstract

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The apparent effect of iron supplementation on serum selenium levels in teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Dawson EB, Albers JH, McGanity WJ. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2000 December; 77(3): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204463&dopt=Abstract

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The biopsychosocial aspects of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Author(s): Hughes SJ. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 March 25-31; 99(12): 32-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710243&dopt=Abstract

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'The trouble with sex - it always gets in the way': an evaluation of a peer-produced teenage pregnancy video. Author(s): Pedrazzini AE, McGowan H, Lucking L, Johanson RJ. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 July; 26(3): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920287&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to teenage pregnancy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to teenage pregnancy. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “teenage pregnancy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on teenage pregnancy, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Teenage Pregnancy ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to teenage pregnancy. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A General Systems Approach to the Development, Design and Evaluation of a Gaming-Simulation As a Communication Technique for Education about Adolescent Pregnancy by Leisa, Nancy, PhD from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728278

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Adolescent Pregnancy and Egocentrism by Diamond, Jeffrey Roger, EDD from University of Virginia, 1985, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8608516

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Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood: Effects on Family Cohesion and Adaptability (Teenage) by Ouslan, Alice M., PhD from Temple University, 1984, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8509403

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Adolescent Pregnancy: Strategies to Encourage the Delay of Parenthood among Adolescents by Space, Marc Reese; EDD from The University of New Mexico, 2000, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9994027

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An Acceptable Life: Pregnancy and Childbearing from the Black Teen Mother's Perspective (Teenage Pregnancy) by Williams, Constance Willard, PhD from Brandeis U., the F. Heller Grad. Sch. for Adv. Stud. in Soc. Wel., 1989, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8923576

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Antecedents to Teenage Pregnancy by Nelums, Mary Slay, PhD from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 1988, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8821024

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Anxiety and Adolescent Pregnancy by Erbland, Marylou, PhD from The University of Akron, 1984, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8326939

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Attitudes toward Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood by Kryzanowski, Elaine Margaret, PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3844932

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Black Teenage Pregnancy and the Divine Child: a Depth Psychological Approach to a Cultural Problem by Wielenga, Lateefah Montshoh; PhD from Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2002, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081679

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Community Responses to Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting: An Ethnography of a Social Problem by McDade, Laurie Ann, EDD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1987, 499 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8714514

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Contraception, Future, and Individuation (Teenage Pregnancy) by Sharpe-Taylor, Linda, PhD from University of Missouri - Saint Louis, 1995, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9509039

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Coping with Contraception: a Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Prevention of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy by Gilchrist, Lewayne Dorman, PhD from University of Washington, 1981, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8113441

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Educators' and Parents' Perceptions of Teenage Pregnancy in a South Mississippi School District by Barnes, Evelyn Terrell, PhD from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1996, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9638519

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Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Teenage Pregnancy among Puerto Rican Females by Sotomayor, Miriam, DSW from Fordham University, 1996, 290 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9717542

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Follow-up Evaluative Study of an Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program in Suburban New York State by Westwood, Nahid Youssefi; PhD from New York University, 2003, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090286

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Income and Employment Consequences for African-American Participants of a Family Planning Clinic: a Seven-year Follow-up (Adolescent Pregnancy) by Iversen,

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Roberta Rehner, PhD from Bryn Mawr College, the Grad. Sch. of Social Work and Social Research, 1991, 374 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9126990 •

Interpersonal Skills Training with Adolescent Males As a Possible Approach to Preventing Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy by Beam, Augustus Pitt, Iii, PhD from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1986, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705050

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Linking Characteristics of the Adolescent Mothers to the Context in Which Parenting Occurs: a Study on Adolescent Mothers and Their School-aged Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Teenage Pregnancy) by Chung, Seungwon, PhD from Michigan State University, 1995, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9537199

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Perceptions of Superintendents and Principals of the Causes Of, Problems Of, and Solutions to Teenage Pregnancy in Mississippi by Davis, Loraine R., PhD from Jackson State University, 1995, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9615250

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Policy Discourse and Teenage Pregnancy: the Making of Mothers by Pillow, Wanda Sue, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1994, 365 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9505272

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Rationale for Repeat Term Pregnancy among Black Adolescents (Adolescent Pregnancy) by Prater, Loretta Pinkard, PhD from The University of Tennessee, 1990, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9121747

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Reconstructing Identities: the Utility of Adolescent Pregnancy. The Stories of Poor African-American Adolescent Pregnant Women in Western City by Rawlings, Martha Morse, PhD from Syracuse University, 1998, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9919395

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Risk-Taking and Decision-Making in Teenage Pregnancy (Scotland) by Balcombe, Margaret, PhD from University of Edinburgh (united Kingdom), 1987, 397 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX80453

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Selected Measures of Ego Development and Issues Related to Teenage Pregnancy by Kitsis, Joan Frances, PhD from Boston College, 1988, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904013

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Sociodemographics, Self-concept, and Importance of Program Environment of Gravidopuerperal Adolescent Participants and Non Participants in a Health Education Program (Teenage Pregnancy) by Alpers, Rojann Renee, PhD from The University of Iowa, 1992, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235792

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Teenage Pregnancy and Abortion: Demographic, Epidemiological and Anthropological Considerations in Relation to Euroamerican Family Formation by Wright, Kathleen Hughes, PhD from Syracuse University, 1986, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8716950

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•

Teenage Pregnancy and Adolescent Risk-taking: the Influence of Alienation, Feminist Ideology, Contraceptive Orientation, Socioeconomic Status, and Traditional/Fundamentalist Religion upon the Adolescent Woman's Decision Whether to Contracept by Dixon, Beth Darrough, PhD from The American University, 1981, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128327

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Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood among African Americans by Sabbath, Tawana Ford, PhD from Bryn Mawr College, the Grad. Sch. of Social Work and Social Research, 1986, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617707

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Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting: National Problem - Local Solution (Adolescents) by Farinato, Eleanor Arcanjo, EDD from University of Massachusetts, 1994, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9510466

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Teenage Pregnancy and School Continuation: Facts Have Changed--perceptions Have Not (Dropouts) by Wallace, Barbara Catherine, EDD from Harvard University, 1989, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9000892

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Teenage Pregnancy Examining Differences between Adopters and Keepers by Swindlehurst, Ann Elizabeth Mason; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30203

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Teenage Pregnancy from the Perspective of Three Groups of Low Income Teenage Girls by Valentino, Lorene, EDD from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3082148

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Teenage Pregnancy in St. Kitts-Nevis: Psychosocial and Familial Factors by Leader, Ermine Theodora Browne, PhD from Andrews University, 1998, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9841473

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Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Programs (pregnancy Prevention, Sex Education) by Olsen, Joseph A., PhD from Brigham Young University, 1993, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409931

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Teenage Pregnancy: Factors Affecting the Decision to Carry or Terminate Pregnancy among Puerto Rican Teenagers by Ortiz, Carmen G., EDD from University of Massachusetts, 1982, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8229590

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Teenage Pregnancy: a Personality Comparison of Prenatal and Abortion Groups. by Dixon, Virginia Lee, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1977, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7714716

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Teenage Pregnancy: Opinions of Family-planning Clinic Patients at Temple University Hospital (Pennsylvania) by Saunders, Lucretia Heyward, EDD from Temple University, 1989, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9007383

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The Demographic Characteristics of Children of Divorce (Teenage Pregnancy) by Bos, Eduard Ronald, PhD from Princeton University, 1987, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8714900

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The Effects of Sex Education on Teenage Pregnancy: a Retrospective Study by Sanjour, Carol B., PhD from Fordham University, 1988, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813584

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The Experience of Teenage Pregnancy: a Phenomenological Investigation (Adolescents, Sexuality) by Barksdale, Carole Malcina, PhD from The Union Institute, 1994, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9518257

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The Forgotten Half of the Teenage Pregnancy Dilemma: Sexuality among African American Male Teens in the Kansas City, Missouri School District by Pant, Rajan; MA from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2002, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410850

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The Identification of Some Risk Factors That May Contribute to Teenage Pregnancy by Elick, Judith Heather; MS from California State University, Fresno, 2002, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412208

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The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Teenage Pregnancy by Bailey, Linda Kay Puckett, EDD from Spalding University, 1996, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9708668

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The Relationship of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancy to Sex Knowledge, Attitudes toward Birth Control, Acceptance of One's Sexuality, Parental Acceptance, Risk Taking, and Age. by Eaton, Linda Ferar, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1979, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7925140

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The Relationships between Behavior Disorder, Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Pregnancy by Rosenberg, Joan Eleanor, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1994, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9432571

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The Sociocultural Context of Teenage Childbearing among Hispanic Adolescents in Los Angeles (adolescent Pregnancy, California, Contraception) by Erickson, Pamela Irene, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330069

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to teenage pregnancy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on teenage pregnancy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on teenage pregnancy: •

Make a Life for Yourself: A Booklet for Teens About Life Planning Contact: Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Ave NW Ste 200, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 347-5700, http://www.advocatesforyouth.org. Summary: In this monograph, adolescents are urged to begin making choices regarding their education, jobs, and future careers. The monograph warns readers that teenage pregnancy or Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), can destroy their plans for their futures. Human

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immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and HIV prevention are briefly outlined. It promotes sexual abstinence for adolescents, but urges them to engage in safer sexual conduct if they are sexually active. •

Sexual Activity, Pregnancy, and Family Formation Source: The Adolescent & Young Adult Fact Book. Contact: Childrens Defense Fund, 25 E St NW, Washington, DC, 20001, (202) 628-8787, http://www.childrensdefense.org. Summary: This article presents the results of data on the sexual activity, pregnancy, and subsequent family structure of U.S. teenagers. The cycle of poverty and associated social and health problems perpetuated by teenage pregnancy is addressed. Teens aged 15 to 19 account for approximately 1 million pregnancies each year. Adolescents are increasingly likely to be sexually experienced, and only a fraction use contraception. About half of all unmarried girls aged 15 to 19 are sexually experienced, and three fourths of all girls aged 18 to 19 are sexually active, regardless of ethnic background. Of all youths, black males are the most likely to begin sexual activity at a young age. More than one-third of all teenage girls used no contraception. Birth rates among unmarried teens continue to climb. Lack of prenatal care has a significant impact on the long-term health and success of the child of a teen parent. The median age for first marriage for men and women in the U.S. has remained about the same from 1890 through the twentieth century. The article concludes with a series of tables that highlight the data on sexual activity and pregnancy outcome by year, gender, and age.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “teenage pregnancy” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “teenage pregnancy” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “teenage pregnancy” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A High Price to Pay: Teenage Pregnancy in Ohio by Mark Real, Mary Eng (1987); ISBN: 0938008536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0938008536/icongroupinterna

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A Parents' Guide to Teenage Pregnancy by Margaret Brownley, Megan Brownley; ISBN: 0945485050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945485050/icongroupinterna

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A Title IX perspective on the schools' response to teenage pregnancy and parenthood by Gail Zellman; ISBN: 0833003232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833003232/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy (Nursing Issues for the 21st Century, Module 2 Series 4)(March of Dimes Nursing Module) by Kathleen Leask Capitulo, Anthony J. Maffia; ISBN:

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0865250537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865250537/icongroupinterna •

Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood: An Annotated Guide (Garland Reference Library of Social Science, 523) by Ann Creighton Zollar; ISBN: 0824042956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824042956/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting: Findings from a Racially Diverse Sample (Research Monogrpahs in Adolescence) by Patricia L. East, Marianne E. Felice (Contributor) (1996); ISBN: 0805814701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805814701/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy in an Urban Environment: Issues, Programs, and Evaluation by Janet B. Hardy, Laurie S. Zabin (Contributor); ISBN: 0877665206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877665206/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention: School-Community Cooperation by Constance Hoenk Shapiro; ISBN: 0398044635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398044635/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy, 2nd Edition - March of Dimes Nursing Module by Ginger K. Breedlove, et al; ISBN: 0865250855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865250855/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy: Perspectives for the Health Professional by Peggy B. Smith, David M. Mumford; ISBN: 0816121214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816121214/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Pregnancy: Policy and Prevention Services (Springer Series on Social Work) by Naomi, Ph.D. Farber (2003); ISBN: 0826123724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826123724/icongroupinterna

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Adolescent Sexuality and Teenage Pregnancy: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography With Summary Forewards by Karen R. Stewart (1976); ISBN: 0890551170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890551170/icongroupinterna

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ARISE Sprouts, Book 3: Building a Family and Teenage Pregnancy by Edmund F. Benson, Susan Benson (1997); ISBN: 1586143115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1586143115/icongroupinterna

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Black teenage pregnancy in Port Elizabeth by B. E. Boult; ISBN: 0869884573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0869884573/icongroupinterna

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Children Having Children: Global Perspectives on Teenage Pregnancy (Ideas in Conflict Series) by Gary E. McCuen (Editor); ISBN: 086596064X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086596064X/icongroupinterna

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Classroom activities in nutrition in teenage pregnancy (SuDoc ED 1.310/2:332961) by Dian Gans; ISBN: B00010E866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010E866/icongroupinterna

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Communities responding to the challenge of adolescent pregnancy prevention by Claire D. Brindis; ISBN: 0913843008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913843008/icongroupinterna

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Contraceptive Technology 1980-1981: With Special Section -- Teenage Pregnancy by Robert Hatcher, Gary K. Stewart (1980); ISBN: 0829000836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0829000836/icongroupinterna

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Crises of Adolescence: Teenage Pregnancy: Impact on Adolescent Development (Report No, 118) by Comm on Adolescence Grp for the Advance. of Psy.; ISBN: 0876304269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876304269/icongroupinterna

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Cwla Standards of Excellence for Services for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention, Pregnant Adolescents, and Young Parents (Child Welfare League of America. Standards Series) by Child Welfare League of America (1986); ISBN: 0878682708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878682708/icongroupinterna

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Decisions for Your Life: Preventing Teenage Pregnancy (Contemporary Issues Ser.) by Girl Scouts of the USA Staff, et al (1989); ISBN: 0884414663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884414663/icongroupinterna

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Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy by Kristin Luker (1997); ISBN: 0674217039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674217039/icongroupinterna

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Early Teenage Pregnancy by J. K. Russell; ISBN: 044302359X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044302359X/icongroupinterna

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Epidemic of Adolescent Pregnancy: Some Historical and Policy Considerations by Maris A. Vinovskis (1988); ISBN: 0195049977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195049977/icongroupinterna

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Facing Teenage Pregnancy: A Handbook for the Pregnant Teen by Patircia Roles, Patricia Roles (1990); ISBN: 0878683682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878683682/icongroupinterna

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Factbook on Teenage Pregnancy: Tables and References for Teenage Pregnancy by Dryffos; ISBN: 9993234915; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993234915/icongroupinterna

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How Can Teenage Pregnancy Be Prevented; ISBN: 1565107144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565107144/icongroupinterna

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How Can the Teenage Pregnancy Problem Be Solved by Greenhaven (Editor); ISBN: 0899088872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899088872/icongroupinterna

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Is Teenage Pregnancy a Serious Problem (Opposing Viewpoints); ISBN: 1565107128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565107128/icongroupinterna

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Managing teenage pregnancy : access to abortion, contraception, and sex education by James E. Allen; ISBN: 0030539919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030539919/icongroupinterna

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Need to Know: Teenage Pregnancy (Need to Know) by Mary Nolan; ISBN: 0431097984; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431097984/icongroupinterna

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Only Human: Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood by Marion Howard; ISBN: 0380414007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380414007/icongroupinterna

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Premature Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood by Elizabeth R. McAnarney (Editor); ISBN: 0808915185; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808915185/icongroupinterna

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Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy: Model Programs and Evaluations (Sage Focus Edition Vol 140) by Brent Miller, Roberta Paikoff; ISBN: 0803943911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803943911/icongroupinterna

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Preventing Teenage Pregnancy: A Public Policy Guide by Susan Foster (1986); ISBN: 0934842469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934842469/icongroupinterna

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Preventing Teenage Pregnancy: What Educators Need to Know (1990); ISBN: 1568061625; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568061625/icongroupinterna

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Readings on Teenage Pregnancy From Family Planning Perspectives 1985-1989 by Alan Guttmacher Institute (1990); ISBN: 093925316X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093925316X/icongroupinterna

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Report of the proceedings of a Conference on Teenage Pregnancy in Botswana : held at the Gaborone Sun Conference Centre, 9th to 10th February, 1989; ISBN: 9991220402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991220402/icongroupinterna

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Responses of the Schools to Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood by G Zellman (1981); ISBN: 9996718220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996718220/icongroupinterna

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State Legislative Initiatives That Address the Issue of Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting by Heather F. Maggard (1985); ISBN: 1555166164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555166164/icongroupinterna

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Straight Talk About Teenage Pregnancy (Straight Talk Series) by Paula Edelson (1998); ISBN: 0816037175; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816037175/icongroupinterna

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Tackling Teenage Pregnancy: Sex, Culture and Needs by Ruth Chambers, et al (2000); ISBN: 1857754972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857754972/icongroupinterna

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Taking Stock of Consequences: The Evaluation of a Dramatic Film About Teenage Pregnancy in an Educational Setting in Kenya by Richard J. Wray (1991); ISBN: 0936731257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936731257/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy by Anne D'Arcy Jorgensen (1984); ISBN: 9996411311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996411311/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy by Baum; ISBN: 082530024X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082530024X/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy (157P) by Daniel Jay Baum; ISBN: 9991631895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991631895/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy (Hot Topics) by Mary C. McClellan (Editor); ISBN: 999804958X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999804958X/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy (Life Issues) by Gisela Meier; ISBN: 1854356119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854356119/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy : A Global View by Andrew L. Cherry (Author), et al (2001); ISBN: 0313311951; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0313311951/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy and Choice: Abortion or Motherhood: Influences on the Decision by Sharon Tabberer, et al; ISBN: 1902633997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902633997/icongroupinterna

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Teenage pregnancy and parenthood issues : under title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (SuDoc ED 1.2:T 22/7) by U.S. Dept of Education; ISBN: B00010A73E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010A73E/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy and Too Early Childbearing: Public Costs, Personal Consequences (1991); ISBN: 9992291214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992291214/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy from a Black Perspective Some Reflections by Leo Hendricks (1986); ISBN: 9997894855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997894855/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy in a Family Context: Implications for Policy by Theodora Ooms (Editor); ISBN: 0877222045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877222045/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy in Industrialized Countries by Elise F. Jones; ISBN: 0300043252; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300043252/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: A New Beginning by Linda Barr, Catherine Monserrat (1996); ISBN: 0945886128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945886128/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: A Research Guide to Programs and Services (Legal Research Guides, 4) by Patrice A. Gillotti (1987); ISBN: 0899415865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899415865/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Developing Life Options by Kristen Amundson (1988); ISBN: 0876521340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876521340/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Developing Strategies for Change in the Twenty-First Century by Dionne J. Jones (Editor), Stanley F. Battle (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0887388183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887388183/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Explaining the Facts by Elaine Fantle Shimberg (1988); ISBN: 9998701856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998701856/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Opposing Viewpoints by Stephen P. Thompson (Editor); ISBN: 1565105621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565105621/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Opposing Viewpoints (Opposing Viewpoints) by Auriana Ojeda (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0737712430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737712430/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: Research Related to Clients and Services by Jean E. Bedger; ISBN: 0398039232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398039232/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: The Interaction of Psyche and Culture by Anne L. Dean, et al (1997); ISBN: 0881632546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881632546/icongroupinterna

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Teenage Pregnancy: The Problem That Hasn't Gone Away by Alan Guttmacher; ISBN: 9992117370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992117370/icongroupinterna

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The Response of the Schools to Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood by Gail. Zellman (1981); ISBN: 0833003305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833003305/icongroupinterna

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The Youngest Parents: Teenage Pregnancy As It Shapes Lives by Robert E. Coles (Contributor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0393319962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393319962/icongroupinterna

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Think About Teenage Pregnancy (Think Series) by Cathryn Jakobson; ISBN: 0802781284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802781284/icongroupinterna

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What Do I Do Now?: Talking About Teenage Pregnancy by Susan Kuklin; ISBN: 0399218432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399218432/icongroupinterna

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What Factors Contribute to Teenage Pregnancy (Opposing Viewpoints); ISBN: 1565107136; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565107136/icongroupinterna

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Working with pregnant and parenting teens : a guide for use with Teenage pregnancy, a new beginning by Linda Barr; ISBN: 094588608X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094588608X/icongroupinterna

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Working With Pregnant and Parenting Teens: A Guide for Use With Teenage Pregnancy: A New Beginning by Linda Barr, et al (1996); ISBN: 0945886136; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945886136/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

A socioeconomic and demographic analysis of teenage pregnancy in New York State in 1978 Author: Cooney, Joan P.; Year: 1981; Albany, N.Y.: Office of Health Communications; Education, New York State Dept. of Health, 1981

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Black teenage pregnancy: values or what? Author: Lee, D. P.; Year: 1979; 1979

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Factbook on teenage pregnancy: tables and references for teenage pregnancy: the problem that hasn't gone away Author: Dryfoos, Joy G.; Year: 1981; New York, N.Y. (360 Park Ave. South, New York 10010): Alan Guttmacher Institute, [1981]

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Factors influencing teenage pregnancy in Malawi Author: Hickey, Claire.; Year: 1997; [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Centre for Social Research, [1997]

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Problem of teenage pregnancy Author: Califano, J. A.,; Year: 1978; 1978

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Sociological aspects of teenage pregnancy Author: Illsley, R.; Year: 1974; 1974

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Some aspects of obstetrics in black teenage pregnancy: a comparative study of three age groups Author: Boult, B. E.; Year: 1993; [Port Elizabeth]: University of Port Elizabeth, 1993; ISBN: 0869885359

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Teenage pregnancy Author: Baum, D. J.; Year: 1980; New York, Beaufort Books, 1980

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Teenage pregnancy: an advocate's guide to the numbers Author: Pittman, Karen J.,; Year: 1988; Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, c1988

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Teenage pregnancy: the problem that hasn't gone away. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute.; Year: 1981; New York, N.Y.: Alan Guttmacher Institute, c1981

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Teenage pregnancy [microform]: hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, special heatings. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies.; Year: 1994; Washington: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1994; ISBN: 0160461766 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160461766/icongroupinterna

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Teenage pregnancy and too-early childbearing: public costs, personal consequences: costs to the federal government and selected states and cities.; Year: 1992; Washington, DC: Center for Population Options, 1992

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Teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries: a study Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute.; Year: 1986; New Haven: Yale University Press, c1986; ISBN: 0300037058 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300037058/icongroupinterna

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Teenage pregnancy in selected coloured and black communities Author: PrestonWhyte, E. M.; Year: 1991; Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1991

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Teenage pregnancy in the United States: the scope of the problem and state responses Author: Henshaw, Stanley K.; Year: 1989; New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute, c1989; ISBN: 0939253127

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Teenage pregnancy in Utah, 1975-1981 Author: Utah. Dept. of Health. Office of Management Planning.; Year: 1983; Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah Dept. of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics, 1983

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The relationship of unwanted teenage pregnancy to sex knowledge, attitudes toward birth control, acceptance of one's sexuality, parental acceptance, risk taking, and age Author: Eaton, L. F.; Year: 1979; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., United States, 1979

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What about the boys?: teenage pregnancy prevention strategies. Author: Pittman, Karen J.,; Year: 1988; Washington, D.C.: Children's Defense Fund, [c1988]

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Workshop guideline on teenage pregnancy. Author: United States. National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year.; Year: 1977; Washington, D.C.: National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, Dept. of State; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1977

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Chapters on Teenage Pregnancy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to teenage pregnancy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and teenage pregnancy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to teenage pregnancy have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:9 •

Adolescent pregnancy prevention: A compendium of programs Source: Washington, DC: Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition. 1995. 118 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This compendium lists evaluated adolescent pregnancy prevention programs throughout the United States. Programs selected focus on pregnancy prevention education, promote sexual abstinence, provide access to comprehensive services, enhance life options, and are designed to reduce repeat pregnancies. A list of resource organizations and publications is included.

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Adolescent pregnancy state/local coalition directory Source: Washington, DC: National Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy, Parenting and Prevention. 1996. 26 pp. Contact: Available from National Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy, Parenting, and Prevention, 1319 F Street, N.W., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20004. Telephone: (202) 783-5770 / fax: (202) 783-5775 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.noa.ppp.org. Summary: This directory provides a listing of state and local coalitions concerned about adolescent pregnancy. The coalitions are arranged alphabetically by state, and in addition to the address, each entry provides information on: 1) programs and services, 2) coalition size, 3) membership fee, 4) coalition budget, 5) staff size, and 6) funding sources.

9 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “teenage pregnancy” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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Adolescent pregnancy prevention initiatives in the south. (Rev. ed.) Source: Washington, DC: Southern Regional Project on Infant Mortality. 1995. 43 pp. Contact: Available from Linda Hamilton, Southern Regional Project on Infant Mortality, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 240, Washington, DC 20001. Telephone: (202) 6245897 / fax: (202) 624-7797. Summary: This directory samples programs and initiatives taking place in the southern United States to address the problem of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing. States and territories of the region are: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, the Virgin Islands, and West Virginia. Included in the report are a directory for contacts in the states and an issue brief.

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Comprehensive adolescent pregnancy services: A resource guide Source: Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. 1993. 81 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This resource guide lists publications and organizations related to the issue of adolescent pregnancy. Topics include general information; data, needs assessment, and program evaluation; pregnancy prevention; perinatal care; prenatal and infant nutrition; alcohol and other drug use during pregnancy; parenting and child care; and adoption. In addition four types of publications are indexed: consumer materials, curricula, foreign language materials, and videotapes. The two types of organizations listed are commercial publishers of educational materials and nonprofit agencies addressing adolescent pregnancy. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on teenage pregnancy. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Teenage Pregnancy The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in teenage pregnancy (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on teenage pregnancy: •

Teenage pregnancy and violence [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Clinic, Saint Joseph's Hospital; a presentation of the Marshfield Video Network; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: The Network, c1998

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TEENAGE PREGNANCY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover teenage pregnancy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on teenage pregnancy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to teenage pregnancy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for teenage pregnancy: •

Age, gender of clinic physicians affect teenage pregnancy rates in UK Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 2000

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Low teenage pregnancy rate in Sweden attributed to access to contraception Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 07, 1999

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Teenage Pregnancy Costs $7 Billion Annually Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 14, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to teenage pregnancy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Teenage Pregnancy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to teenage pregnancy. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering teenage pregnancy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “teenage pregnancy” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Teenage pregnancy provisions in the welfare reform bill Source: Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. 1996. 22 pp. Contact: Available from , National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2100 M Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20037. Telephone: (202) 857-8655. Available at no charge. Summary: This document summarizes the provisions of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 that pertain to adolescent pregnancy prevention, including the bonus to reward decrease in illegitimacy and the grants for abstinence education.

•

Where are the adults? The attitudes of parents, teachers, clergy, coaches, and youth workers on teenage pregnancy Source: Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. 1998. 58 pp. Contact: Available from National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, National Campaign Publications, 2100 M Street, N.W. 300, Washington, DC 20037. Telephone: (202) 857-8655 / fax: (202) 331-7735 / Web site: http://www.teenpregnancy.org. $15.00 includes shipping and handling. Summary: This is a report of focus group research among parents of adolescents and other adults who work with adolescents as teachers, clergy, coaches, youth recreation specialists, youth-serving organization staff, and community outreach workers. The report provides participants' perceptions and beliefs about the problem of adolescent pregnancy obtained through moderated discussion, their reactions to creative message concepts about preventing adolescent pregnancy, discussion of the problems facing American adolescents, perceptions of adolescent pregnancy as a problem, barriers to adolescent pregnancy prevention, and prevention strategies.

•

Teenage pregnancy: A summary of prevention program evaluation results Source: Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Evergreen State College. 1995. 11 pp.

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Contact: Available from Mailstop TA-00, Washington State Institute for Public Policy, c/o Evergreen State College, Seminar 3162, Olympia, WA 98505. Telephone: (206) 8666000 ext. 6380 / fax: (206) 866-6825 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.wa.gov.wsipp. Summary: This report assembles the findings of the evaluations of 20 adolescent pregnancy prevention programs and presents them in a tabular form. Four tables provide information on programs for preventing first or preventing subsequent pregnancies and categorize them according to their effectiveness, i.e., those having some effect or those having little or no effect. For each program included, the tables indicate the evaluation method used, describe the program, note the evaluation design, and summarize the results. References are given for obtaining the full program evaluations. •

Preventing Teenage Pregnancy, Childbearing, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: What the Research Shows Contact: Child Trends, 4301 Connecticut Ave NW Ste 100, Washington, DC, 20008, (202) 362-5580, http://www.childtrends.org. Summary: This report discusses results of studies on adolescent reproductive health and presents a table of specific programs and approaches that have been successful in improving positive reproductive health behaviors. The report examines the factors that lead to positive reproductive health behaviors including the adolescent's gender, age, race and ethnicity, attitudes, involvement in activities and academic performance, family, the role of peers, the adolescent's partners, the school, and neighborhood and community contexts. Programs and approaches that have been successful are those that focus on early childhood development, that combine sexuality education for older children with positive activities, and those that send nurses to visit teenage mothers with reducing the likelihood of having another child during the teen years as one of their goals.

•

Relationship of childhood sexual victimization to teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases: Final report Source: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Family Planning Council. 1995. 67 pp. Contact: Available from Arizona Family Planning Council, 2920 North 24th Avenue, Suite 26, Phoenix, AZ 85015-5949. $15.00. Summary: This report presents the results of a study examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and both teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. A survey of over 2,000 women in Arizona provided information about the incidence and type of childhood sexual abuse across four ethnic groups. Recommendations are made for programs to postpone sexual activity and to reduce the likelihood of engaging in high risk sexual behaviors.

•

Why is teenage pregnancy declining? The roles of abstinence, sexual activity and contraceptive use Source: New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1999. 24 pp. Contact: Available from Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10005. Telephone: (212) 248-1111 or (202) 296-4012 Washington, D.C. office / fax: (212) 248-1951; Washington, D.C. office (202) 223-5756 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.agi- usa.org. Available from the Web site at no charge.

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Summary: This report provides information about the possible reasons why adolescent pregnancy rates have been declining during the past ten years. Topics covered include trends, possible explanations for these trends, and policy implications. Also included are references, figures and a table. •

Predicting teenage pregnancy Source: Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. 1997. 13 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524-9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Photocopy available at no charge; also available form the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report summarizes a Maternal and Child Health Bureau project presented at a seminar March 21, 1997. This project studied adolescent pregnancy, focusing on identifying factors related to adolescent pregnancy and creating high and low risk profiles. The report ends with reaction to the project and a list of publications. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

•

Teenage pregnancy: Overall trends and state-by-state information Source: New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1999. 8 pp. Contact: Available from Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10005. Telephone: (212) 248-1111 or (202) 296-4012 Washington, D.C. office / fax: (212) 248-1951; Washington, D.C. office (202) 223-5756 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.agi- usa.org. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report summarizes statistical trends in adolescent pregnancy, including state-by-state information. In this report, an adolescent is defined as someone between 15 and 19 years of age. Included in this report is information about the data sources and methodology as well as how the data should be interpreted. Statistical tables detailing both numbers and rates of pregnancy, birth, and abortion are included.

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Teenage pregnancy: The case for prevention: An analysis of recent trends and federal expenditures associated with teenage pregnancy Source: Washington, DC: Advocates for Youth. 1998. 22 pp. Contact: Available from Attn: Publications, Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 347-5700 / fax: (202) 347-2263 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.advocatesfor youth.org. Summary: This study reflects a snapshot of efforts to prevent adolescent pregnancy as of 1995 and the policy implications of these efforts. The contents cover statistics and trends in adolescent pregnancy and childbearing, calculation of federal expenditures and investments for adolescent pregnancy, and analysis and discussion of related policy implications.

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The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4728 1999 941 59 62 7789

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are 13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

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used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on teenage pregnancy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to teenage pregnancy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to teenage pregnancy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “teenage pregnancy”:

100 Teenage Pregnancy

•

Guides on teenage pregnancy Teenage Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenagepregnancy.html

•

Other guides Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Teen Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenhealth.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to teenage pregnancy, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Especially for Teens: Having a Baby Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZFV0TF97C& sub_cat=6 Having a Healthy Pregnancy Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/pregnancy.html When Children Have Children Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/pregnant.htm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms JAMA Patient Page: How Do I Know if I'm Pregnant? Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZL1R1TESC&s ub_cat=2005

•

Coping Pregnancy in Your Teens Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00033 When Your Teen Is Having a Baby Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/talk/teen_pregnancy.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Can a Girl Get Pregnant if She Has Sex During Her Period? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/sex_during_period.html

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Pregnancy Choices: Raising the Baby, Adoption and Abortion Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZHSWH G97C.html&soc=ACOG&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH Talking Back: Ten Things Teens Want Parents to Know about Teen Pregnancy Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/reading/tips/talk_back.asp Test Your Knowledge Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/teens/quiz/default.asp Why Some Teens Want to Get Pregnant Source: Adolescent Wellness and Reproductive Education Foundation http://www.awarefoundation.org/aware/articles/teen_pregnancy.asp Your First Ob-Gyn Visit Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZM8HN5HQ C&sub_cat=6 •

Latest News Hating School Ups Likelihood of Teen Pregnancy Source: 11/13/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14667 .html

•

Lists of Print Publication Adolescent Prenatal Care Source: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health http://www.ncemch.org/databases/action.lasso?-database=Biblio&layout=Web&-response=automated_search_results.lasso&-MaxRecords=all&DoScript=auto_search_adolprenatal&-search

•

Organizations Adolescent Wellness and Reproductive Education Foundation http://www.awarefoundation.org/ March of Dimes Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/ National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health http://www.ncemch.org/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/

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•

Prevention/Screening Birth Control: What You Need to Know Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception.html Ten Tips for Parents to Help Their Children Avoid Teen Pregnancy Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/reading/tips/tips.asp Thinking about the Right-Now: What Teens Want Other Teens to Know about Preventing Pregnancy Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/reading/tips/right_now.asp

•

Research Dads Make a Difference Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy http://www.teenpregnancy.org/resources/reading/fact_sheets/fatherfs.asp Sharing Medication Among Teenage Girls: Potential Danger to Unplanned/Undiagnosed Pregnancies http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/factsheets/pediatrics/Pediatrics_Meds_sharing.pdf

•

Statistics Facts You Should Know about Teenage Pregnancy Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1159.asp FASTATS: Teen Births Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/teenbrth.htm HHS Report Shows Teen Birth Rate Falls to New Record Low in 2001 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020606.htm Teen Birth Rates Decline in All States During the 1990s Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/02facts/teenbirths.htm U.S. Birth Rate Reaches Record Low: Births to Teens Continue 12-Year Decline; Cesarean Deliveries Reach All-Time High Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/03news/lowbirth.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on teenage pregnancy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Latin America Contact: Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Ave NW Ste 200, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 347-5700, http://www.advocatesforyouth.org. Summary: This fact sheet presents information on the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancies in Latin America. The various factors that are affecting this epidemiological trend are addressed, and they include falling age of menstruation, high rates of sexual activity, misinformation, and low condom use. Teens in Latin America tend to rely on natural contraceptive methods that have high failure rates, and there is limited access to birth control and sex education. Overall, 8 percent of teenage women ages 15-19 give birth each year in Latin America; 15 percent by age 18, and 50 percent by age 20. Except for Brazil and Mexico, the majority of these babies are born to unwed mothers. Latin American teenage girls are also at risk for the health consequences of illegal and clandestine abortions. Finally, the lack of sex education and condom use put this population at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted disease. HIV is already widespread in the Latin American homosexual population, and millions of street children are especially at risk because of sexual exploitation.

•

Teenage pregnancy Source: New York, NY: Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. 1998. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, 130 West 42nd Street, Suite 350, New York, NY 10036-7802. Telephone: (212) 8199770 / fax: (212) 819-9776 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.siecus.org. $1.00 each. Summary: This fact sheet provides information on pregnancy rates, unintended pregnancy, birth rates, abortion, and pregnancy risks and outcomes among adolescents.

•

How Retailers Can Help Prevent Teenage Pregnancy and AIDS. Five Steps Toward Greater Profit and Prevention Contact: Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Ave NW Ste 200, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 347-5700, http://www.advocatesforyouth.org. Summary: This fact sheet recommends five measures that retail store owners and managers can take to make contraceptives more accessible to teenagers to help them protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recommendations include placing aisle signs to mark where contraceptives are located and placing contraceptives

104 Teenage Pregnancy

where young people can buy them without having to ask for them. Recommendations are based on a survey of stores in the District of Columbia. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to teenage pregnancy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to teenage pregnancy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with teenage pregnancy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about teenage pregnancy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “teenage pregnancy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “teenage pregnancy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “teenage pregnancy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “teenage pregnancy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on teenage pregnancy: •

Basic Guidelines for Teenage Pregnancy Adolescent pregnancy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001516.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Teenage Pregnancy Abdominal distention Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003122.htm Anemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Breast enlargement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003153.htm Breast tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003152.htm

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Discouraged Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Light-headedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nausea/vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weight changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Teenage Pregnancy Pregnancy test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003432.htm Pregnancy ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003778.htm Serum HCG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003509.htm

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Surgery and Procedures for Teenage Pregnancy Abortion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002912.htm

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Background Topics for Teenage Pregnancy Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Birth control Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001946.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm

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Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TEENAGE PREGNANCY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Career Choice: Selection of a type of occupation or profession. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

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molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH]

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Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is

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a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illegitimacy: The state of birth outside of wedlock. It may refer to the offspring or the parents. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been

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immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Incarceration: Abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant Nutrition: Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Job Satisfaction: Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Midwifery: The practice of assisting women in childbirth. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

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Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perinatal Care: The care of a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postnatal Care: The care provided a woman following the birth of a child. [NIH] Poverty Areas: City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government

126 Teenage Pregnancy

agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostitution: The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of

Dictionary 127

literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Role-play: In this method, a conflict is artificially constructed, and the trainee is given a strategic position in it. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an

128 Teenage Pregnancy

essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Education: Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH]

Dictionary 129

Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

130 Teenage Pregnancy

usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vocational Education: Education for specific trades or occupations. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH]

131

INDEX A Acculturation, 6, 20, 117 Adaptation, 5, 6, 117 Adjustment, 6, 10, 117 Adolescence, 7, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 28, 44, 45, 47, 59, 61, 64, 75, 76, 117, 125 Adverse Effect, 117, 128 Age Groups, 80, 117 Aged, 80 and Over, 117 Algorithms, 117, 118 Alternative medicine, 86, 117 Anal, 12, 117, 124 Antibody, 117, 119, 123 Antigen, 117, 119, 123 Anus, 117 Arterial, 118, 122, 126, 129 Arteries, 118, 120, 124 B Bacterial Physiology, 117, 118 Base, 118, 123 Biotechnology, 13, 14, 79, 86, 93, 118 Birth Rate, 5, 102, 103, 118 Blood pressure, 22, 56, 118, 122 Blood vessel, 118, 129, 130 Bone Marrow, 118, 123, 124 Bowel, 117, 118 Branch, 56, 111, 118, 121, 126, 129 C Career Choice, 13, 118 Cell, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127 Child Behavior, 12, 118 Child Care, 82, 118 Chromosome, 118, 123 Chronic, 60, 118, 123, 129 Chronic Disease, 60, 118 Clinical trial, 4, 93, 118, 120, 127 Cloning, 118 Cofactor, 119, 126 Complement, 119 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 66, 119 Complementary medicine, 59, 119 Computational Biology, 93, 119 Conception, 119, 120, 121, 126 Constriction, 119, 123 Consumption, 8, 119, 120 Continuum, 6, 119

Contraception, 5, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 32, 63, 68, 71, 74, 76, 86, 102, 119 Contraceptive, 19, 20, 27, 30, 70, 75, 95, 103, 120 Contraindications, ii, 120 Control group, 4, 7, 120 Coronary, 120, 124 Coronary Thrombosis, 120, 124 Curative, 120, 129 D Data Collection, 120, 121 Databases, Bibliographic, 93, 120 Deprivation, 32, 120, 125 Developed Countries, 20, 35, 120 Developing Countries, 35, 120 Diabetes Mellitus, 23, 120, 121 Diagnostic procedure, 86, 120 Diastolic, 120, 122 Direct, iii, 9, 13, 120, 127 Discrimination, 38, 120 Distention, 113, 120 Domestic Violence, 15, 120 Drug Interactions, 120 E Efficacy, 120, 126 Embryo, 121, 126, 129 Embryo Transfer, 121, 126 Empirical, 11, 121 Environmental Health, 92, 94, 121 Epidemic, 14, 28, 76, 121 Epidemiological, 69, 103, 121 Ethnic Groups, 6, 8, 95, 121 F Family Planning, 20, 21, 22, 35, 37, 40, 48, 52, 53, 60, 64, 68, 77, 93, 95, 121 Fathers, 6, 121 Ferritin, 30, 56, 121 Fertilization in Vitro, 121, 126 Fetus, 24, 121, 125, 126, 129, 130 Focus Groups, 9, 121 Forearm, 118, 121 G Gene, 79, 118, 121 General practitioner, 14, 17, 38, 121 Gestation, 121, 125, 129 Glucose, 42, 120, 121, 122 Glucose Intolerance, 42, 120, 121 Glucose tolerance, 121

132 Teenage Pregnancy

Glucose Tolerance Test, 121, 122 Glutathione Peroxidase, 122, 128 Governing Board, 122, 126 Grade, 4, 10, 122 Graft, 122 Growth, 5, 23, 117, 120, 122, 125 H Health Behavior, 95, 122 Health Promotion, 30, 122 Health Services, 5, 7, 122 Health Status, 122 Heredity, 121, 122 Heritability, 10, 122 Homogeneous, 119, 122 Host, 11, 122, 123 Hypertension, 22, 56, 122 I Id, 57, 65, 100, 104, 110, 112, 122 Illegitimacy, 94, 122 Immune response, 117, 122, 123, 130 Immune Sera, 122, 123 Immunization, 13, 123 Immunodeficiency, 73, 103, 123 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 73, 123 Immunologic, 123 Incarceration, 6, 123 Indicative, 74, 123, 130 Infant Behavior, 118, 123 Infant Mortality, 24, 30, 33, 82, 123 Infant Nutrition, 82, 123 Infant, Newborn, 117, 123 Infarction, 120, 123, 124 Infection, 9, 123, 124, 129 Ingestion, 30, 56, 122, 123 Intervertebral, 123, 127 Intoxication, 63, 123 Intracellular, 123, 127 J Job Satisfaction, 13, 123 K Kb, 92, 123 L Library Services, 110, 123 Linkage, 38, 123 Localized, 123, 125 Longitudinal study, 6, 124 Lymphatic, 123, 124, 125, 129 M Maternal Mortality, 24, 124 Mediate, 9, 124 Medical Records, 124, 127 MEDLINE, 93, 124

Memory, 10, 124 Menstruation, 103, 124 Mental Health, iv, 4, 6, 7, 92, 97, 124, 126 Mental Health Services, iv, 4, 7, 97, 124 Mental Processes, 124, 126 Mentors, 7, 12, 124 MI, 17, 115, 124 Microbiology, 117, 124 Midwifery, 25, 53, 124 Modeling, 6, 124 Modification, 124, 127 Molecular, 93, 98, 118, 119, 124 Myocardium, 124 N Necrosis, 123, 124 Need, 3, 46, 47, 73, 76, 77, 81, 94, 102, 105, 124 Needs Assessment, 82, 125 Neonatal, 24, 25, 46, 123, 125 Nerve, 125, 127, 129 Networks, 9, 125 O Ovum, 121, 125 P Palliative, 125, 129 Parturition, 125 Patient Education, 103, 108, 110, 115, 125 Pediatrics, 5, 20, 36, 38, 42, 43, 46, 49, 62, 102, 125 Perinatal, 14, 34, 46, 82, 123, 125 Perinatal Care, 82, 125 Pharmacologic, 125, 130 Physiologic, 124, 125, 127 Pilot study, 9, 125 Plants, 121, 125, 130 Plasma, 22, 56, 121, 122, 125 Plexus, 24, 125 Population Density, 6, 125 Posterior, 117, 125 Postnatal, 6, 125 Postnatal Care, 6, 125 Poverty Areas, 7, 125 Practice Guidelines, 97, 125 Pregnancy Complications, 126 Pregnancy Outcome, 5, 15, 21, 37, 48, 63, 64, 74, 126 Prenatal, 6, 9, 70, 74, 82, 101, 121, 126 Prenatal Care, 74, 101, 126 Prevalence, 8, 62, 103, 126 Program Evaluation, 82, 94, 95, 126 Prospective study, 9, 12, 18, 31, 43, 124, 126

Index 133

Prostitution, 18, 126 Protein C, 121, 126 Protein S, 79, 118, 126 Proteins, 117, 119, 125, 126, 128, 130 Psychiatric, 45, 126 Psychiatry, 21, 23, 44, 100, 126 Psychology, 12, 61, 126 Psychopathology, 12, 21, 126 Puberty, 6, 126 Public Health, 7, 15, 16, 18, 19, 33, 37, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 97, 126 Public Policy, 34, 77, 93, 94, 95, 126 Publishing, 13, 49, 126 Puerperium, 125, 127 Pulmonary, 118, 119, 127 Pulmonary Artery, 118, 127 Q Quality of Life, 7, 9, 11, 127 R Race, 95, 127 Radicular, 127 Radiculopathy, 24, 127 Randomized, 7, 11, 120, 127 Receptor, 117, 127 Refer, 1, 119, 122, 127 Reflective, 43, 127 Reproduction Techniques, 126, 127 Research Design, 4, 127 Research Support, 12, 127 Retrospective, 14, 26, 34, 70, 127 Retrospective study, 26, 127 Risk factor, 6, 24, 28, 29, 46, 62, 126, 127 Risk-Taking, 9, 12, 127 Role-play, 61, 127 S Screening, 118, 127 Selenium, 48, 56, 65, 127 Sensory loss, 127, 128 Sequencing, 11, 128 Serum, 30, 48, 56, 65, 114, 119, 122, 128 Sex Characteristics, 117, 126, 128 Sex Education, 5, 26, 29, 34, 70, 76, 103, 128 Sexual Abstinence, 74, 81, 128 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 4, 7, 9, 95, 103, 128 Ships, 8, 128 Shock, 128, 130 Side effect, 117, 128, 130 Social Class, 6, 128 Social Environment, 127, 128

Social Isolation, 49, 128 Social Support, 9, 128 Social Work, 29, 43, 60, 64, 69, 70, 75, 128 Somatic, 117, 128 Sound wave, 127, 128 Specialist, 104, 129 Species, 127, 129, 130 Spinal cord, 127, 129 Spinal Cord Injuries, 127, 129 Spinal Nerve Roots, 127, 129 Spontaneous Abortion, 126, 129 Stillbirth, 126, 129 Stress, 5, 129 Subacute, 123, 129 Subclinical, 123, 129 Supplementation, 48, 56, 60, 65, 129 Symptomatology, 5, 129 Systemic, 118, 123, 129, 130 Systolic, 122, 129 T Therapeutics, 30, 129 Threshold, 122, 129 Thrombosis, 126, 129 Thymus, 123, 124, 129 Tissue, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130 Tooth Preparation, 117, 129 Toxic, iv, 127, 129, 130 Toxicity, 120, 130 Toxicology, 94, 130 Toxins, 117, 123, 130 Transfection, 118, 130 Transfer Factor, 123, 130 Translating, 13, 130 Transplantation, 121, 123, 130 Trauma, 12, 124, 130 Tuberculosis, 119, 130 U Unconscious, 122, 130 Uterus, 124, 130 V Vaccines, 130 Vagina, 124, 130 Vascular, 123, 130 Veins, 118, 125, 130 Venous, 126, 130 Veterinary Medicine, 93, 130 Virus, 74, 103, 130 Vocational Education, 4, 130 W Weight Gain, 42, 56, 130

134 Teenage Pregnancy

Index 135

136 Teenage Pregnancy

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