6 downloads
171 Views
150KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
FBGBKL?JKL?J:PBB :JKL
F?LH>BQ?KDH?JMDHKLBIEHFGUOJ:;HLBIJH?DLH< >EYKLM>?GLH<VDMJK:>G??E?GBY ki_pbZevghklb–]b^jh]_heh]by bg`_g_jgZy]_heh]byb]_hwdheh]by
KhklZ\beb :YKfbjgh\Z ?FLZe^udbg
2
>biehfgZy jZ[hlZ beb ijh_dl jZajZ[Zlu\Z_lky gZ hkgh\_ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\Zgbcijh\_^Zgguo\jZchg_ij_^^biehfghcijZdlb dbb\ij_^_eZo\u[jZggh]hmqZkldZKi_pbnbq_kdhchkh[_gghklvxjZ[hlubeb ijh_dlZy\ey_lkymq_lklZ^bcghklbijh\_^_gby]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\Z gbcb\k\yabkwlbfijh_dlbjh\Zgb_]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZ[hlgZ\u[jZgghf mqZkld_gZ^Zevg_crboklZ^byobkke_^h\ZgbyWlZhkh[_gghklvh[mkeh\eb\Z_l \u^_e_gb_\^biehfghfijh_dl_lj_oqZkl_c 1. H[s_c, \ dhlhjhc oZjZdl_jbam_lky ]_heh]bq_kdZy h[klZgh\dZg_h[oh ^bfZy^ey\uy\e_gbyaZdhghf_jghkl_cnhjfbjh\Zgby]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbomk eh\bcbkke_^m_fhcl_jjblhjbb 2. Ki_pbZevghc \ dhlhjhc jZkkfZljb\Zxlky ki_pbZevgu_ \hijhku ^b iehfbjh\ZgbyZ^eyijh_dlZ h[hkgh\Zgb_\u[hjZmqZkldZ^eyijh_dlbjh\Zgby _]h ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_ mkeh\by b ijh\h^ylky jZaebqgu_ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_ jZkq_lu.JZkkfZljb\Zxlky\hijhku hojZguhdjm`Z\r_ckj_^u 3.Ijh_dlghc\dhlhjhc ^Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_f_lh^bdbbh[t_fh\aZijh_d lbjh\ZgguojZ[hlijh\h^ylkyg_h[oh^bfu_ l_ogbq_kdb_ b wdhghfbq_kdb_jZk q_lukhklZ\ey_lkykf_lZgZijh\_^_gb_jZ[hl<^biehfghcjZ[hl_jZkkfZljb \Zxlkyi_jki_dlb\u^Zevg_crbobkke_^h\Zgbc I_j_^h[s_c qZklvxh[uqghibr_lky\\_^_gb_
3
2)debfZljZchgZ Ijb\h^blky oZjZdl_jbklbdZ we_f_glh\ debfZlZ \ebyxsbo gZ iblZgb_ ih^a_fguo\h^Zlfhkn_jgu_hkZ^dbbkiZjy_fhklv^_nbpbl\eZ`ghklbbl_f i_jZlmjZ\ha^moZbl^ Hk\_sZ_lky\ebygb_debfZlbq_kdbohkh[_gghkl_cbk ke_^m_fhcl_jjblhjbbgZ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_mkeh\byWlhljZa^_ekhijh\h` ^Z_lkylZ[ebpZfbbaf_g_gbyZlfhkn_jguohkZ^dh\l_fi_jZlmju\ha^moZb^j 3)hjh]b^jh]jZnbyjZchgZ Hk\_sZ_lkyj_ev_nf_klghklb_eZ_lky \u\h^ h \ebygbb hjh]b^jh]jZnbq_kdbo hkh[_gghklyol_jjblhjbbgZ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_mkeh\byjZchgZ =E:<:II=?HEH=H-=B>JH=?HEH=BQ?KD:YBAMQ?GGHKLV J:CHG: <wlhc]eZ\_\h-i_j\uohk\_sZ_lkykl_i_gv]_heh]h-]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhc bamq_gghklbjZchgZbgZebqb_\lhf bebbghffZkrlZ[_]_heh]bq_kdhcb]b^ jh]_heh]bq_kdhchkgh\u^eyijh\_^_gby^Zevg_crbojZ[hl>Ze__ijb\h^blky djblbq_kdbc h[ahj \k_o ijh\_^_gguo ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo b bg`_g_jgh]_heh]bq_kdbojZ[hlbhkgh\gu_\u\h^uihemq_ggu_ijbwlhf OZjZdl_jbklbdm bamq_gghklb g_h[oh^bfh ^hihegblv bkke_^h\Zgbyfb \ dhlhjuo^biehfZglijbgbfZemqZklb_\i_jbh^ij_^^biehfghcijZdlbdb =E:<: III.=?HEH=BQ?KDBCHQ?JD <djZldhcbeZdhgbqghcnhjf_g_h[oh^bfhhk\_lblvke_^mxsb_jZa^_eu kljZlb]jZnby b eblheh]by l_dlhgbdZ b bklhjby ]_heh]bq_kdh]h jZa\blby jZchgZihe_agu_bkdhiZ_fu_ < jZa^_e_ kljZlb]jZnby b eblheh]by hk\_sZxlky eblheh]hkljZlb]jZnbq_kdb_dhfie_dkumqZkl\mxsb_\]_heh]bq_kdhfkljh_gbbjZchgZ bojZkijhkljZg_gb_]em[bgubmkeh\byboaZe_]Zgbyfhsghklvb_Hbaf_g_gb_ \ ijhkljZgkl\_ HibkZgb_ \_^_lky hl [he__ ^j_\gbo kljZlb]jZnbq_kdbo dhf ie_dkh\d[he__fheh^uf <jZa^_e_l_dlhgbdZbbklhjby]_heh]bq_kdh]h jZa\blbyoZjZdl_jbam xlkyhkgh\gu_]_heh]bq_kdb_kljmdlmjugZnhg_\u^_e_gbykljmdlmjguowlZ `_cIjb\h^ylky^Zggu_h\j_f_gbnhjfbjh\Zgbyhkgh\guokljmdlmjhibku \Z_lky bklhjby ]_heh]bq_kdh]h jZa\blby jZchgZ hlf_qZxlky hkgh\gu_ l_dlh gbq_kdb_ gZjmr_gby b bo jhev \ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo b bg`_g_jgh]_heh]bq_kdbohkh[_gghklyojZchgZHk\_sZ_lkyg_hl_dlhgbdZl_jjblhjbb <jZa^_e_ihe_agu_bkdhiZ_fu_ijb\h^ylkyk\_^_gbyhgZebqbbihe_a
4
guo bkdhiZ_fuo \ jZchg_ kl_i_gb bo jZa\_^Zgghklb b hk\h_gby M^_ey_lky \gbfZgb_ \ebygbx wdkiemZlZpbb f_klhjh`^_gby gZ ih^a_fgu_ \h^u b bg`_ g_jgh-]_heh]bq_kdb_mkeh\by =eZ\Z khijh\h`^Z_lky ]_heh]bq_kdhc dZjlhc fZkrlZ[Z beb 1:100000kh^gbf-^\mfyjZaj_aZfbbkljZlb]jZnbq_kdhcdhehgdhcl_dlhgbq_ kdhcko_fhc =E:<:,9=?HFHJNHEH=BYJ:CHG: WlZ]eZ\Z\u^_ey_lky\dZq_kl\_kZfhklhyl_evghc\l_okemqZyodh]^Zbk ke_^m_fu_\h^hghkgu_]hjbahgluaZe_]ZxlgZg_[hevrhc]em[bg_AZdhghf_j ghklbnhjfbjh\Zgbyih^a_fguo\h^l_kghk\yaZgukhkh[_gghklyfb]_hfhjnh eh]bbjZchgZ <wlhc]eZ\_hibku\Zxlky]_hfhjnheh]bq_kdb_nhjfuj_ev_nZijhba\h ^blky bo deZkkbnbdZpby ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx k \u^_e_gb_f Zddmfmeylb\guo wjhabhgguo kljmdlmjguo ih\_joghkl_c b l^ Hlf_qZ_lky \hajZkl hkgh\guo nhjfj_ev_nZM^_ey_lky\gbfZgb_jhebj_ev_nZ\nhjfbjh\Zgbb]b^jh]_heh ]bq_kdbomkeh\bc =E:<:9=B>JH=?HEH=BQ?KDB?MKEH
9
]hehp_g
-
-
IV
0,5 – 3,0
IhegZyfhsghklv ]hjbahglZf
Eblheh]bq_kdZy dhehgdZ
8
GZbf_gh\Zgb_]] ih^jZa^_e_gby
Fhsghklvf
7
10
11
12
13
aIV
kh\j_f_gghq_l\_jlbqguc
Bg^_dkkljZlb] ]hjbahglZ
6
Bg^_dk]] ih^jZa^_e_gby
Kehb
5
HibkZgb_ihjh^
=hjbahgl
4
kmi_kve_]dZyb ly`_eZy
GZ^]hjbahgl
3
iha^gbc
Yjmk
2
kh\j_f_gguc
Hl^_e
1 Zgljhih]_ggZy
Kbkl_fZ
WlZ ]eZ\Z khklhbl ba ^\mo jZa^_eh\ Z ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdZy kljZlbnbdZ pby [ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ \h^hghkguo ]hjbahglh\ < i_j\hf jZa^_e_ gZ hkgh\_ kms_kl\mxs_]h]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdh]hjZchgbjh\Zgbyl_jjblhjbbKKKJmdZau \Z_lky\ij_^_eZodZdh]hjZchgZjZkiheZ]Z_lkybkke_^m_fZyl_jjblhjbyIjb \h^blky gZa\Zgb_ Zjl_abZgkdh]h [Zkk_cgZ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhc h[eZklb beb fZkkb\ZHlf_qZ_lkyk\yavbkke_^m_fh]hjZchgZk]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbfbkljmd lmjZfbI, II b^jm]boihjy^dh\MdZau\Z_lkyijbmjhq_gghklvjZchgZdh[eZklb iblZgbyljZgablZjZa]jmadbIjhba\h^blky]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdZykljZlbnbdZpby jZaj_aZ bkke_^m_fhc l_jjblhjbb b ^Z_lky i_j_q_gv \h^hghkguo dhfie_dkh\ ]hjbahglh\ b \h^hmihjguo lhes < wlhc k\yab p_e_khh[jZagh khklZ\e_gb_ k\h^ghc ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhc dhehgdb k djZldhc ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhc oZjZdl_ jbklbdhcdhfie_dkh\b]hjbahglh\ijbf_jghihke_^mxs_cko_f_
3
=em[bgZdjh\ eb\h^hghkgh ]h]hjbahglZ Z[k hlih hlf \_jo f ghklb f 14 15 0,2 – 0,5
95 100
\ur_e_`Zsbf ]hjbahglhf
gb`_e_`Zsbf ]hjbahglhf
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
3–8
0,10-0,15 0,12
0,5 – 4,2
376
0,3 – 0,7 0,45
HCO3-Ca
GZihjgZ^djh\e_c ]hjbahglZ\f
ij_h[eZ^Zxsbc lbi\h^u
=b^jZ\ebq_kdZy k\yavk
H[sZyfbg_jZ ebaZpby\]^f3 hl−^h
Obfbq_kdbc khklZ\\h^u
Dhwnnbpb_glnbevl jZpbbfkml
M^_evguc^_[blek_d
>_[blkd\Z`bguhl− ^kek_d ij_h[eZ^Zxsbc^_[bl
5
q_l\_jlbqguc g_h]_gh\uc\h^h ghkguc]hjbahgl
6
ijhkZ^hqghklv ieu\mggu_ y\e_gby \ dhleh\ZgZo b ]hjguo \ujZ[hldZo ijh kZ^dZbhkZ^dZhkgh\Zgbckhhjm`_gbcb^jIjb\h^blkyoZjZdl_jbklbdZnbab dh-f_oZgbq_kdbok\hckl\]jmglh\dhlhju_ihf_sZxlky\lZ[ebp_<aZdexq_ gbb ]eZ\uijh\h^blkydjZldZybg`_g_jgh-]_heh]bq_kdZyhp_gdZl_jjblhjbb\ k\yabkijh_dlbjh\Zgb_fjZaebqgh]hjh^Zkljhbl_evkl\Z=eZ\Zkhijh\h`^Z_lky ko_fZlbq_kdhcbg`_g_jgh-]_heh]bq_kdhcdZjlhcbjZaj_ahf H[t_f h[s_c qZklb \f_kl_ k \\_^_gb_f g_ ^he`_g ij_\urZlv - kl fZrbghibkb ,,KI?PB:EVG:YQ:KLV Ki_pbZevgZyqZklvjZ[hluy\ey_lkykZfhklhyl_evghcl\hjq_kdhcjZ[hlhc klm^_glZoZjZdl_jbamxs_c_]hdZd[m^ms_]hbg`_g_jZHgZ^he`gZhlebqZlv ky hjb]bgZevghklvx ijh\_^_ggh]h bkke_^h\Zgby baeh`_ggh]h k bkq_jiu\Zx s_ciheghlhc. <hkgh\mki_pbZevghcqZklb^he`gu[ulviheh`_gufZl_jbZeuebqguo ihe_\uogZ[ex^_gbcb^Zggu_eZ[hjZlhjguojZ[hldhlhju_h[jZ[Zlu\Zxlky ih gZb[he__ jZpbhgZevguf gh\_crbf f_lh^bdZf k bkihevah\Zgb_f klZlbklb q_kdh]h ZgZebaZ b W
7
=HKLZxlky k\_^_gby h dZilb jh\Zgguo_kl_kl\_gguo\uoh^Zoih^a_fguo\h^h^bghqguokd\Z`bgZo]jmg lh\uo \h^haZ[hjZo p_gljZebah\Zggh]h \h^hkgZ[`_gby jZa\_^Zgguo mqZkldZo wdkiemZlZpbhgguoaZiZkZoih^a_fguo\h^dhebq_kl\_hl[bjZ_fhc\h^ukms_ kl\mxsbfb\h^haZ[hjZfb <lj_lv_c]eZ\_i_j_qbkeyxlkyaZ^ZqbjZg__ijh\_^_gguobkke_^h\Zgbc gZmqZkld_]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZ[hl^Zxlkyh[t_fuih\b^ZfbdjZldh_hib kZgb_f_lh^bdbboijh\_^_gby;hevrh_\gbfZgb_m^_ey_lkyhiulgufbeZ[h jZlhjgufjZ[hlZfhibku\Z_lkyf_lh^bdZboijh\_^_gbybZgZebaihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\ GZ hkgh\Zgbb ^Zgguo ^Z_lkyhp_gdZp_e_khh[jZaghklbbkihevah \Zgby l_o beb bguo f_lh^h\ jZkq_lZ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo b ]b^jh]_hobfbq_ kdboiZjZf_ljh\=eZ\Zbeexkljbjm_lky ko_fZfb,]jZnbdZfbijb\h^blkylZ[ ebqgucfZl_jbZeKhklZ\ey_lkyebklhiulghchldZqdbgZ]g_lZgbyb^jKljh ylky ]jZnbdb aZ\bkbfhklb bhggh]h khklZ\Z \h^u hl fbg_jZebaZpbb b ^jm]bo iZjZf_ljh\Ijhba\h^blkyklZlbklbq_kdbcbdhjj_eypbhggucZgZeba]b^jh^b gZfbq_kdbob]b^jh]_hobfbq_kdbo^ZgguokihfhsvxWZe__ oZjZdl_jbamxlky nbevljZpbhggu_ k\hckl\Z \h^h\f_ sZxsboihjh^ijb\h^blkydZq_kl\_ggZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ\h^u \khhl\_lkl\bb klj_[h\Zgbyfb=HKL-84
8
dhf_g^ZpbbihmklZgh\e_gbxahgkZgblZjghchojZgu\h^haZ[hjZkmq_lhfkm s_kl\mxs_c]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhch[klZgh\db
9
jh`^_gbcihe_aguobkdhiZ_fuobebfbg_jZevguo\h^gZhkgh\_kbkl_fZlbaZ pbbeZ[hjZlhjguo^Zgguoijb\h^blkyoZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hb]Zah\h]h khklZ\Zih^a_fguobih\_joghklguo\h^>Z_lkybaf_g_gb_khklZ\Z\jZaj_a_b ieZg_ Ijb\h^blky oZjZdl_jbklbdZ \h^h\f_sZxsbo ihjh^ \h^hghkguo ]hjb ahglh\ihobfbq_kdhfmkhklZ\mbiehfZglhf fh]ml [ulv ijh\_^_gu ki_pbZevgu_ gZmqgu_ bkke_^h\Z gby k bkihevah\Zgb_f ijb[hjh\: ieZf_ggh]h nhlhf_ljZ nhlhwe_dljhdhehjb f_ljZb^jfh^_ebjh\Zgb_gZnbevljZpbhgghfehld_DqbkemgZmqguojZajZ [hlhdfh]ml[ulvhlg_k_gu\uy\e_gb_aZdhghf_jghkl_cnhjfbjh\Zgbynbevl jZpbhgguok\hckl\ihjh^j_r_gb_ki_pbZevguo\hijhkh\k\yaZgguokbkdmk kl\_gguf \hkiheg_gb_f aZiZkh\ ih^a_fguo \h^ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ obfbq_kdh]h khklZ\Z ih^a_fguo \h^ \ k\yab Z f_ebhjZpb_c a_f_ev beb \h^hkgZ[`_gb_f Ki_pbZevgu_gZmqgu_bkke_^h\Zgbyij_^iheZ]Zxlrbjhdh_bkihevah\Zgb_fZ l_fZlbdh-klZlbklbq_kdbof_lh^h\bWbiehfgZy jZ[hlZ \uihegy_lky ih bg^b\b^mZevghc ki_pb Zevghcijh]jZff_khklZ\ey_fhcgZmqgufjmdh\h^bl_e_f^hhlt_a^Zklm^_glZ gZij_^^biehfgmxijZdlbdm ,,,IJH?DLG:YQ:KLV. >ZggZyqZklv^biehfgh]hijh_dlZ^he`gZ\dexqZlvke_^mxsb_]eZ\u F_lh^bdZbh[t_fuijh_dlbjm_fuojZ[hl Hj]ZgbaZpbybl_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdb_ihdZaZl_eb L_ogbdZ[_ahiZkghklb F_jhijbylbyihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u
10
Kf_lgh-nbgZgkh\u_jZkq_luHnhjfe_gbyijh_dlZ H[t_fijh_dlghcqZklbg_^he`_gij_\urZlvklj =E:<:,F?LH>BD:BH;T?FIJH?DLBJM?FUOJ:;HL GZhkgh\_\k_klhjhgg_]hmq_lZbZgZebaZ]_heh]bq_kdbo]b^jh]_heh]bq_ kdbo]_hnbabq_kdbobwdhghfbq_kdbohkh[_gghkl_ch[t_dlZjZa\_^dbZlZd`_ j_amevlZlh\ jZ[hl gZ ^jm]bo h[t_dlZo gZoh^ysboky \ ZgZeh]bqguo mkeh\byo nhjfbjmxlky \k_ aZ^Zqb g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey \uiheg_gbb ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdh]h aZ^Zgbybhij_^_ey_lkyjZpbhgZevgZyihke_^h\Zl_evghklvboj_r_gbyBkoh^y badhgdj_lguo]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdboaZ^Zqlj_[h\Zgbcdh[t_fmbkh^_j`Zgbx ]_heh]bq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbbhkh[_gghkl_cbkke_^m_fh]hh[t_dlZbl_ogbq_kdbo \hafh`ghkl_c \u[bjZxlky f_lh^u kihkh[Z b \b^u jZ[hl b hij_^_eyxlky bo h[t_fuGZf_qZ_lkyihjy^hd\uiheg_gbybkjhdbh[jZ[hldbfZl_jbZeh\ihe_ \uojZ[hlZlZd`_f_lh^bdZwlhch[jZ[hldbkmq_lhf\hafh`ghklbijbf_g_gby ijh]j_kkb\guo f_lh^h\ hj]ZgbaZpbbljm^Zijbihe_\uobdZf_jZevguojZ[h lZo H;HKGH<:GB?H<BH;T?FH<J:;HL I. =b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_jZ[hlu Z >Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_h[t_fh\]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZ[hl ]b^jh]_heh]b q_kdhckt_fdbhiulguojZ[hlhldZq_dgZ]g_lZgbc hl[hjZfhgheblh\bijh[ \h^ugZ[ex^_gbcaZj_`bfhfih^a_fguo \h^ [ Ijbijh_dlbjh\Zgbbihbkdh\bjZa\_^dbih^a_fguo\h^h[hkgh\u\Z_l kyijbgylZyf_lh^bdZijhba\h^kl\ZjZ[hlZijb jZa\_^d_ b f_lh^ ih^kq_lZ aZiZkh\ ih^a_fguo \h^ ijb\h^blky ko_fZ jZkiheh`_gbyjZa\_^hqguo\ujZ[hlhdbhiulguojZ[hl \ Ijbijh_dlbjh\Zgbbhiulguo]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZ[hl ^Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_f_lh^bdbbkihkh[h\ijhba\h^kl\ZhiulguohldZq_d mdZau\Z_lkyboijh^he`bl_evghklvij_^iheZ]Z_fucjZkoh^\h^uijb\h^ylky h`b^Z_fu_\_ebqbguihgb`_gbymjh\gy ] Ijbijh_dlbjh\ZgbbklZpbhgZjguo]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdboj_`bfguogZ [ex^_gbc hij_^_ey_lky dhebq_kl\h imgdlh\ gZ[ex^_gbc jZkklhygbc f_`^m gbfb ^Zggu_ h[ h[hjm^h\Zgbb gZ[ex^Zl_evguoimgdlh\hoZjZdl_j_gZ[ex ^_gbcbqZklhl_aZf_jh\MklZgZ\eb\Z_lkykihkh[ijhba\h^kl\ZaZf_jh\ alZd `_h[hkgh\u\Z_lkyijh^he`bl_evghklvj_`bfguogZ[ex^_gbcbkihkh[i_j_ ^\b`_gbygZ[ex^Zl_e_c ^ Ijbijh_dlbjh\Zgbbdmklh\uohldZq_dhij_^_ey_lkyf_klhaZeh`_gby bo\p_glj_gZneZg]ZomqZkldZ bogZagZq_gb_hij_^_e_gb_]b^jh]_heh]bq_ kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ dhebq_kl\h gZ[ex^Zl_evguo kd\Z`bg \ dmkl_2-6), jZkklhy gb_hlp_gljZevghckd\Z`bguf f,fbl^ Hij_^_ey_lkyijh^he`b l_evghklvhiulZihd\ZabklZpbhgZjghfmj_`bfm ;mjh\u_jZ[hlu Z Ijb\h^blky h[hkgh\Zgb_ kihkh[Z [mj_gby \u[bjZ_lky lbi [mjh\h]h klZgdZbkoh^yba]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbomkeh\bcf_klhjh`^_gbymqZkldZ MdZ au\Z_lkydhebq_kl\hkd\Z`bgboijh_dlbjm_fZy]em[bgZgZagZq_gb_kd\Z`bg jZa\_^hqgZyjZa\_^hqgh-wdkiemZlZpbhggZygZ[ex^Zl_evgZy h[hkgh\u\Z_lky
11
^bZf_lj jZaebqguo lbih\ kd\Z`bg hij_^_ey_lky jZkqzlhf dhebq_kl\h jZa\_ ^hqguokd\Z`bgdhebq_kl\h^jm]bolbih\kd\Z`bg <aZ\bkbfhklbhleblheh]bb\h^hghkgh]h]hjbahglZ\u[bjZ_lkykihkh[ ijhfu\dbb\b^ijhfu\hqghc`b^dhklbZlZd`_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky\j_fy^_]eb gbaZpbbkd\Z`bg \ H[hkgh\u\Zxlkyf_klZaZeh`_gbybhq_j_^ghklv[mj_gbyjZa\_^hqguo gZex^Zl_evguobjZa\_^hqgh-wdkiemZlZpbhgguokd\Z`bg =_hnbabq_kdb_jZ[hlu Z H[hkgh\u\Z_lkydhfie_dkjZ[hlkd\Z`bgghc]_hnbabdbklZg^Zjlguc dZjhlZ`]ZffZ-dZjhlZ`j_abklb\bf_ljbyjZkoh^hf_ljby [ MklZgZ\eb\Z_lky dhebq_kl\h kd\Z`bg \ dhlhjuo [m^ml \uihegylvky ]_hnbabq_kdb_ jZ[hlu dhebq_kl\h \u_a^h\ dZjhlZ`ghc klZgpbb mdZau\Z_lky jZkklhygb_hl[ZauiZjlbb^hmqZkldZjZ[hl Hl[hjihjh^b\h^u Z H[hkgh\u\Z_lky dhebq_kl\h ijh[ \h^h\f_sZxsbo ihjh^ ih dZ`^hc kd\Z`bg_bf_klhjh`^_gbx\p_ehf^eyhij_^_e_gby]jZgmehf_ljbq_kdh]hkh klZ\Zdhwnnbpb_glZnbevljZpbbb\h^hhl^Zqbihjh^ [ >Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_hl[hjZijh[\h^ugZobfbq_kdbcb[Zdl_jbheh]b q_kdbcZgZebaugZfbdjhdhfihg_gluHij_^_ey_lkydhebq_kl\hbihke_^h\Z l_evghklvhl[hjZijh[mdZau\Z_lkyh[t_fijh[ugZdZ`^ucdhfihg_glH[t ykgy_lkyqZklhlZhl[hjZijh[\h^uijbj_`bfguogZ[ex^_gbyo EZ[hjZlhjgu_jZ[hlu Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_bgkljmf_glZevghcijb\yad_kd\Z`bg]hjguo\u jZ[hlhd\b^h\lhih-]_h^_abq_kdbojZ[hlgb\_ebjh\Zgb_l_h^heblgu_oh^u [ Hij_^_ey_lkyh[t_fbfZkrlZ[ieZgh\hcbbgkljmf_glZevghcijb\ya dbkd\Z`bgmdZau\Z_lkydZl_]hjbyljm^ghklb\uiheg_gbylhih-]_h^_abq_kdbo jZ[hl DZf_jZevgu_jZ[hlu Hlq_lihihbkdZfbjZa\_^d_ih^a_fguo\h^khklZ\ey_lkykh]eZkghbgkl jmdpbc =DA H[hkgh\u\Z_lky dhebq_kl\h ]jZnbq_kdbo fZl_jbZeh\ g_ ij_^m kfhlj_gguobgkljmdpb_cZlZd`_i_jbh^ijh\_^_gbydZf_jZevguojZ[hl =E:<:HJ=:GBA:PBYBL?OGBDH-WDHGHFBQ?KDB? IHD:A:L?EB. <^Zgghc]eZ\_hij_^_ey_lkyhj]ZgbaZpbyjZ[hlb\u[bjZxlkygZb[he__ wnn_dlb\gu_ l_ogbq_kdb_ kj_^kl\Z ^ey \uiheg_gby ij_^mkfhlj_ggh]h dhf ie_dkZ jZ[hl baeZ]Z_lky l_ogheh]by bo ijhba\h^kl\Z mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky hilb fZevgu_kjhdbijh\_^_gby[mjh\uo]_heh]h-kt_fhqguo]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo ]_hnbabq_kdbohijh[h\Zl_evkdbolhih-]_h^_abq_kdbodZf_jguob^jm]bojZ [hl
12
>ZggZy]eZ\Z\dexqZ_lke_^mxsb_jZa^_eu: H[sZyqZklv Ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ =_heh]h-kt_fhqgu_bihbkdh\u_jZ[hlu =b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_jZ[hlu =_hnbabq_kdb_jZ[hlu Dmjkh\u_jZ[hlu Hijh[h\Zgb_ihe_aguobkdhiZ_fuob]hjguoihjh^ EZ[hjZlhjgu_bkke_^h\Zgby Lhih-]_h^_abq_kdb_jZ[hlu 10.Kljhbl_evkl\h\j_f_gguoa^Zgbcbkhhjm`_gbc LjZgkihjlbjh\dZ]jmah\bi_jkhgZeZ DZf_jZevgu_jZ[hlu Ijhqb_jZ[hlu ,H;S:YQ:KLV Ijb\h^blky djZldZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ hj]ZgbaZpbb ijh_dlbjm_fuo jZ[hl f_klh jZkiheh`_gby wdki_^bpbb iZjlbb [Za kgZ[`_gby f_klh ijhba\h^kl\Z dZf_jZevguojZ[hlm^Ze_gghklvhl`_e_aguo^hjh]beb\h^guoiml_cgZeb qb_boZjZdl_jbklbdZ^hjh]fhklh\`bevyMdZau\Z_lkyijh^he`bl_evghklvb kjhdihe_\h]h i_jbh^Z ^eyk_ahgguojZ[hl H[hkgh\u\ZxlkyjZkklhygby ^ey h[kem`b\Zgbyijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hljZgkihjlZihdZ`^hfm\b^mihe_\uojZ[hl bijhba\h^blkyjZkq_l_]haZljZl>Z_lkyh[hkgh\Zgb_ljm^h\uobfZl_jbZev guoaZljZlk\yaZgguokkh^_j`Zgb_f\ihe_\uo iZjlbyojZ^bhklZgpbcaZljZ lugZ dhlhju_\dexqZxlky\kf_lmhl^_evghckljhdhc <g_h[oh^bfuokemqZyo^_eZxlky kkuedbgZ]_heh]h-f_lh^bq_kdmxqZklv ijh_dlZ]^_ijb\h^blky hibkZgb_mkeh\bcijhba\h^kl\Z]_heh]h-jZa\_^hqguo jZ[hl IJH?DLBJH<:GB? < ^Zgghf jZa^_e_ hij_^_eyxlky h[t_fu jZ[hl ih bamq_gbx ba^Zgghc b nhg^h\hc]_heh]bq_kdhcebl_jZlmjZZ\kemqZ\g_h[oh^bfhklbdZjlZkd\Z`bg jZkkqblu\Z_lkyh[t_fjZ[hlihg_ihkj_^kl\_gghfmkhklZ\e_gbbijh_dlZbkf_ lbkg_h[oh^bfufb]jZnbq_kdbfb FZl_jbZeZfbkjhdbbo\uiheg_gbyhij_^_ ey_lkykhklZ\bkihegbl_e_cmdZau\Z_lkyf_klhkhklZ\e_gbyijh_dlgh-kf_lghc ^hdmf_glZpbb =?HEH=H-KT?FHQGU?BIHBKDHJH=?HEH=BQ?KDB?J:;HLU <^ZgghfjZa^_e_ijb\h^ylkyhkh[_gghklbmkeh\bcijhba\h^kl\Zhj]Zgb
13
aZpbb ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo kt_fhd k p_evx h[hkgh\Zgby ghjf ijbgyluo ^ey jZkq_lZaZljZl\j_f_gb Ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb hiulguo ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbo jZ[hl ijb\h^blky h[hkgh\Zgb_ ghjf \j_f_gb ihijZ\hqguo dhwnnbpb_glh\ b ^jm]bo ihdZaZl_ e_cijbgyluo\jZkq_lZoHij_^_eyxlkyaZljZlu\j_f_gbgZijh\_^_gb_hldZ q_dgZ]g_lZgbc ih^]hlh\dmbebd\b^ZpbxhldZq_d^Z_lkyjZkq_lqZklhluaZ f_jh\mjh\gyb^_[blZijbhldZqdZo Hij_^_ey_lky aZljZlu \j_f_gb gZ ijhba\h^kl\h j_`bfguo gZ[ex^_gbc >Zxlky jZkq_lu aZljZl gZ ijh\_^_gby f_jhijbylbc ih h[_ki_q_gbx hojZgu ih^a_fguo\h^hlbklhs_gbybaZ]jyag_gby =?HNBABQ?KDB?J:;HLU BaeZ]Z_lkyki_pbnbq_kdb_hkh[_gghklbhj]ZgbaZpbbbl_ogheh]bbijhba \h^kl\Z ]_hnbabq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc ih dZ`^hfm f_lh^m ijbf_gbl_evgh d dhgdj_lgufmkeh\byfijhba\h^kl\ZjZ[hlIhdZjhlZ`gufjZ[hlZfbf_lh^Zf kd\Z`ghc]_hnbabdbh[hkgh\u\Z_lkydhebq_kl\h\u_a^h\gZkd\Z`bgmkmq_lhf \hafh`ghklb aZ h^bg \u_a^ ijh\_klb jZ[hlu gZ ^\mo b^b [he__ kd\Z`bgZo h[t_fjZ[hluihi_j__a^ZfdeZkk^hjh] ;MJHH<:GBY Ijb\h^ylky\b^ukhklZ\h[t_fuboZjZdl_jbklbdZeZ[hjZlhjguobkke_
14
^h\Zgbcijh[]jmglh\b\h^uIjb\h^ylkygZa\ZgbceZ[hjZlhjbc>Z_lkyjZkq_l \j_f_gbgZijhba\h^kl\h\k_o\b^h\eZ[hjZlhjguobkke_^h\Zgbc LHIH-=?H>?ABQ?KDB?J:;HLU Ijb\h^ylky\b^ubh[t_fulhih-]_h^_abq_kdbojZ[hlh[hkgh\Zgb_\]_h eh]h-f_lh^bq_kdhcqZklbbki_pbnbq_kdb_hkh[_gghklbhj]ZgbaZpbb boijhba \h^kl\Z >Z_lkyjZkq_laZljZl\j_f_gbbl_ogbq_kdbokj_^kl\gZijh\_^_gb_\k_o \b^h\lhih-]_h^_abq_kdbojZ[hl IHKLJHCD:<J?F?GGUOA>:GBCBKHHJM@?GBC H[hkgh\u\Z_lky h[t_fu b lbiu kljhbl_evkl\Z \j_f_gguo a^Zgbc b kh hjm`_gbcijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hgZagZq_gbymkljhckl\hbj_fhgl^hjh]fhklh\ fZql^eyjZ^bhklZgpbc LJ:GKIHJLBJHKL =B>JH=?HEH=HQ?KDBOJ:;HL <^Zgghc]eZ\_baeZ]Zxlkyf_jhijbylbyihl_ogbd_[_ahiZkghklbhojZgu ljm^ZbijhfkZgblZjbbZxlky mkeh\by [_ahiZkghc i_j_\had_ ]jmah\ b i_jkhgZeZ ^ey dZ`^h]h dhgdj_lgh]h mqZkldZ jZ[hl < p_eyo kha^Zgby [_ahiZkguo mkeh\bc ljm^Z bk dexq_gbyijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hljZ\fZlbafZgZagZqZxlkyebpZhl\_lkl\_ggu_aZ
15
\_^_gb_[mjh\uojZ[hl Ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky h[_ki_q_gbb \k_o jZ[hlgbdh\ hljy^Z iZjlbb ki_p h^_`^hc b h[m\vx \ khhl\_lkl\bb k hljZke_\ufb ghjfZfb MdZau\Z_lky qlh ebpZ, \bgh\gu_ \ gZjmr_gbb IL; Z lZd`_ ^himklb\rb_ kZfh\hevgh_ \hah[ gh\e_gb_jZ[hlhklZgh\e_gguohj]ZgZfb=HK=HJL?OG:>AHJ:g_kmlhl\_l kl\_gghklv\^bkpbiebgZjghfZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghfbm]heh\ghfihjy^d_ =E:<:F?JHIJBYLBYIHHOJ:G?HDJM@:XS?CKJ?>U Ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb hij_^_eyxlky iehsZ^b a_f_ev dheohah\ kh\ohah\ ih^e_`Zsbo \j_f_gghfm bkihevah\Zgbx ijb ijhba\h^kl\_ ]_heh]hjZa\_^hq guojZ[hlIjb\h^ylkyh[t_fubkihkh[uijhba\h^kl\ZjZ[hlihj_dmevlb\Z pbb a_f_ev aZljZlu \j_f_gb b ljm^Z Ijb jZaf_s_gbb ]_heh]h-jZa\_^hqguo h[t_dlh\gZiZohlguoa_feyoij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky[bheh]bq_kdZyj_dmevlb\Zpby kgylb_ihq\_ggh]hihdjh\Z_]hkdeZ^bjh\Zgbykihke_^mxs_caZkuidhcgZ mqZkld_ jZ[hl GZ g_iZohlguo ieZgbjm_lky ]hjghl_ogbq_kdZyj_dmevlb\Zpby aZdexqZxsZyky \ ieZgbjh\d_ iehsZ^bjZ[hlaZkuid_amfnh\\h^hhl\h^guo dZgZ\m[hjd_l_jjblhjbbhlfmkhjZb=KB IjbjZ[hlZogZiZohlguoa_feyokhklZ\ey_lkyZdli_j_^Zqbbkihevah\Zg ghciehsZ^ba_fe_ihevah\Zl_ex =E:<:KF?LGH-NBG:GKH
16
=b^jh]_heh]bq_kdZydZjlZkjZaj_ahf Ki_pbZevgu_ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_dZjlu bko_fu \khhl\_lkl\bbkaZ ^Zgb_fjmdh\h^bl_ey DZjlZ ko_fZ jZkiheh`_gby ijh_dlguo ijhnbe_c \ujZ[hlhd f_kl hiulguojZ[hl Lbih\u_]_heh]h-l_ogbq_kdb_ijh_dlgu_jZaj_au\ujZ[hlhdkd\Z`bg Ko_fZ bf_xsboky b ijh_dlbjm_fuo ebgbc we_dljhi_j_^Zq ^hjh] fhklh\i_j__a^h\b^jm]boh[t_dlh\kljhbl_evkl\Z\j_f_gguokhhjm`_gbc Kibkhdbkihevah\Zgguohim[ebdh\Zgguobnhg^h\uofZl_jbZeh\. D ijh_dlm ke_^m_l ijbdeZ^u\Zlv fbgbfZevgh_ dhebq_kl\h rpanbq_kdbo fZl_jbZeh\g_h[oh^bfuo^eyh[hkgh\Zgbyijh_dlbjm_fuojZ[hlbaZljZl =b^jh]_heh]bq_kdZydZjlZdZdijZ\behkhklZ\ey_lkyijbgZebqbb]_heh ]bq_kdhchkgh\ulh]h`_fZkrlZ[Zbdhfie_dlm_lkybajZaguolbih\\aZ\b kbfhklb hl p_e_\h]h gZagZq_gby jZ[hl GZ ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdhc dZjl_ ^he`gh [ulv hljZ`_gh jZkijhkljZg_gb_ \u^_ey_fuo \h^hghkguo lhes b jZa^_ eyxsbo boj_]bhgZevguo\h^hmihjh\aZe_]Z\rbo\ur_wjhabhgguo\j_ah\ ]em[bgZwZe_]Zgbyi_j\uohlih\_joghklba_feb\h^hghkguolhes dZq_kl\hih^a_fguo\h^ij_kgu_khehgh\Zlu_khe_gu_ bebboh[ sZyfbg_jZebaZpby\]e)ijhba\h^bl_evghklvhihjguo\h^himgdlh\ JZkiheh`_gb_i_j\uohlih\_joghklba_feb\h^hghkguolheZbah[jZ`Z _lky kiehrghc aZdjZkdhc beb p\_lghc rljboh\dhc ijbgylhc \ e_]_g^_ ^ey h[hagZq_gby\hajZklZlh]hbebbgh]hkljZlb]jZnbq_kdh]hih^jZa^_e_gbyIjb wlhf]jZgbpuwe_f_glh\^bgZfbq_kdbokbkl_f^he`guih^qbgylvkyijhkljZg kl\_gguf ]jZgbpZf kljZlb]jZnbq_kdhc kbkl_fu h[uqgh lbibabjh\Zgghc ih f_lheh]bq_kdhfmijbagZdm J_]bhgZevgg_ \h^hmihju g_ \oh^ysb_ gZ ih\_joghklv a_feb beb dZj lbjm_fh]hkj_aZfh]ml[ulvihdZaZgup\_lhf\khhl\_lkl\bbk]_heh]bq_kdbf \hajZklhf b lheklufb , ff q_jlhqgufb ebgbyfb ijh\h^bfufb ih gb`g_c ]jZgbp_ k [_j]rljboZfb \ klhjhgm jZkijhkljZg_gby \h^hmihjZ GZ djmigh fZkrlZ[ghc dZjl_ ]em[bgm aZe_]Zgby a_jdZeZ ]jmglh\uo \h^ p_e_khh[jZagh bah[jZ`Zlv]b^jhbah]bikZfbbeb]b^jhbahiv_aZfb\kemqZ_gZihjguo\h^ GZ kj_^g_fZkrlZ[ghcdZjl_gZb[he__ijb_fe_fufkqblZ_lkykihkh[bah[jZ`_gby ]em[bg aZe_]Zgby \h^hghkguo lhes k ihfhsvx ]b^jhbah[Zl ebgbc jZ\guo ]em[bg Ijb f_edhfZkrlZ[ghf dZjlbjh\Zgbb j_`_ ijb kj_^g_fZkrlZ[ghf \kyl_jjblhjbyjZa^_ey_lkygZmqZkldb\q_jl_dhlhjuomjh\gb]jmglh\uo\h^ jZkiheZ]Zxlky\ij_^_eZobgl_j\Zeh\hij_^_ey_fuokeh`ghklvx]b^jh]_heh ]bq_kdh]hkljh_gbyjZchgZbbah[jZ`Zxlkybahebgbyfb H[sZy fbg_jZebaZpby ih^a_fguo \h^ i_j\uo hl ih\_joghklb a_feb \h ^hghkguolheshljZ`ZxlkybebgZ nhg_bojZkijhkljZg_gbygZhkgh\ghc]b^ jh]_heh]bq_kdhcdZjl_ bebgZhl^_evghcki_pbZevghc dZjl_FbgbjZebaZpby [he__]em[hdbo\h^hghkguolhesbah[jZ`Z_lkygZ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZaj_ aZolZdlbq_kdb_^Zggu_h[h[s_cfbg_jZebZpbbihdZau\Z_lkygZdZjlZolhev dh^eyhihjguo imgdlh\,ijbihfhsbpbdeh]jZffbebpbnjh\h]hhnhjfe_gby kd\Z`bg>eyhl^_evguojZchgh\ bebmqZkldh\k^hklZlhqghohjhr_c]b^jhob fbq_kdhcbamq_gghklvxfh`gh^Z\Zlv]b^jhobfbq_kdbckhklZ\<wlhfkemqZ_ kl_i_gvfbg_jZebaZpbbgZhl^_evguomqZkldZojZchggu[we_f_glZoj_ev_nZb
17
ij hljZ`Z_lkyhij_^_e_ggufgZdehghfebg_cghcrljboh\db bebk^\Zb\Zgb _fihehkhd, ijbq_fp\_lebg_cghcrljboh\db^he`_gh[hagZqZlv\hajZklih jh^ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k h[s_ijbgylhc e_]_g^hc Hlf_q_ggu_ ijb_fu ^Zxl\ha fh`ghklv hp_gb\Zlv \h^u ^ey l_o beb bguo p_e_c b dhk\_ggh mdZau\Zxl gZ ijbgZ^e_`ghklv bo d hkgh\guf lbiZf \h^ - dZj[hgZlguf kmevnZlguf beb oehjb^guf
18
ijh_dlZjZ[hlu -h[hagZqZxlkyjbfkdbfbpbnjZfb,,,bl^]eZ\ujZa^_ euiZjZ]jZnu-ZjZ[kdbfbgZijbf_j]eZ\ZjZa^_e,iZjZ]jZn,Khhl\_lkl \_ggh\kghkdZomdZau\Z_lky,,, Hnhjfe_gb_ l_dklZ L_dFl ijh_dlZ jZ[hlu ^he`_g [ulv gZi_qZlZg q_j_a bgl_j\ZeZ ke_\Z ^ey ih^rb\db hklZ\ey_lky ihe_ rbjbghc - kf gZ kljZgbp_ ^he`gh [ulv g_ [he__ 30 kljhd AZ]eZ\by qZkl_c b ]eZ\ i_qZlZxlky djmigufrjbnlhfGmf_jZpbykljZgbpgZqbgZ_lkyklblmevgh]hebklZghgh f_jkljZgbpgZlblmevghfebkl_bkh^_j`Zgbbg_klZ\blkyJbkmgdbbq_jl_`b \l_dkl_lZd`_gmf_jmxlkydZdkljZgbpul_dklZeZlbgkdb_[md\u\nhjfmeZo \uibku\Z_lkyq_ldhkp_evxjZaebqbyaZ]eZ\guobijhibkgbd[md\ Kibkhdebl_jZlmju<kibkd_ebl_jZlmjuijb\h^ylky\k_bkihevah\Zg gu_ fZl_jbZeu ijb khklZ\e_gbb ijh_dlZ jZ[hlu < gZqZe_ ^Z_lky kibkhd him[ebdh\Zgghcebl_jZlmjuaZl_fnhg^h\hcHim[ebdh\ZggZyebl_jZlmjZmdZ au\Z_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf R_klZdh\ <F L_hj_lbq_kdb_ hkgh\u hp_gdb ih^ihjZ \h^hihgb`_ gbyb^j_gZ`ZFhkd\Zba^-\hF=M. Nhg^h\Zyebl_jZlmjZ-Rmev`_gdh <GIjh_dlgZihbkdbjZ^hgh\uo\h^\jZchg_kZgZlhjbybfPxjmiuNhg ^uID=JWKkuedZ\hldjuluojZ[hlZogZaZdjulb_gZ^himkdZ_lky<_ eb\kibkd_ebl_jZlmjuijb\h^blkyg_kdhevdhjZ[hlh^gh]hZ\lhjZlhjZ[hlu mdZau\Zxlkyih]h^Zfba^Zgby KhdjZs_gb_ keh\ l_dklZ b mkeh\gu_ h[hagZq_gby KhdjZs_gb_ keh\\ l_dkl_g_^himkdZ_lkydjhf_h[s_ijbgyluokhdjZs_gbcffkmlbli Mk eh\gu_h[hagZq_gbyddZjlZfbjZaj_aZfijb\h^bfuf\l_dkl_^he`gukhhl \_lkl\h\Zlv F_lh^bq_kdbf j_dhf_g^Zpbyf d k\h^ghc e_]_g^_ Fhkdh\kdhc b ;jygkdh-
19
NHJF:LBIH
=b^jh]_heh]bq_kdb_ bk-gby\kd\Z`bg_
=_hnbabq_kdb_bkke_^h \Zgby
13
14
JZkoh^ijhfu\hqghc `b^dhklb
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Ijbf_qZgb_
OZjZdl_jbklbdZijhfu \hqghc`b^dhklb
22
Ebd\b^Zpbhgguc lZfihgZ`
Qbkehh[hjhlh\
21
;mjbevgucbgkljmf_gl
Hk_\h_^Z\e_gb_gZ aZ[hc
20
12
>bZf_ljb^ebgZ[mj gZdhg_qgbdZ
19
11
Lbib^bZf_lj[mjh\h]h gZdhg_qgbdZ
18
10
LZe_\ZyhkgZkldZ
15 16 17
\h[kZ^d_
9
Dhebq_kl\hkd\Z`bg- 4 L_ogbq_kdZyqZklv GZ[ex^Zl_evguokd\Z`bg
Dhgkljmdpbykd\Z`bg \ijhoh^d_
8
Bgl_j\Zekhkeh`gufb mkeh\byfb[mj_gby
7
H`b^Z_fucklZlbklbq_ kdbcmjh\_gv
6
5
4
DjZldh_ hibkZgb_ ihjh^
DZl_]hjbyihjh^
3
:[khlf_ldZih^hr\u kehyf
keh_\
2
Fhsghklvkehyf
=_heh]bq_kdbc\hajZkl
1
=em[bgZ^hih^hr\u kehyf
FZkrlZ[
Eblh eh]b q_kdbc jZaj_a
=_heh]bq_kdZyqZklv
30
P\_lZjZkdjZkdbdZjlbjZaj_ah\P\_lZjZkdjZkdb^he`gukhhl\_lkl \h\Zlv\hajZklml_obebbguohleh`_gbcGZ]b^jhobfbq_kdbodZjlZoiehsZ^b ]b^jhdZj[hgZlguo \h^ aZdjZrb\Zxlky kbgbf p\_lhf oehjb^guo – djZkguf kmevnZlguo−`_elufGZ]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbojZaj_aZoaZdjZrb\Z_lkyp\_lhf \h^hghkgu_ieZklu LZ[ebpuLZ[ebpukhklhylbaaZ]heh\dZbjZa]jZndb=hjbahglZevgu_ jy^u jZa]jZndb gZau\Zxlky kljhdZfb \_jlbdZevgu_ - ]jZnZfb Ijb kh klZ\e_gbblZ[ebpugZ^hklj_fblvkyqlh[uhgZ[ueZeZdhgbqghcbbf_eZihe gh_kh]eZkh\Zgb_gZa\Zgby]jZnkijb\_^_ggufb\l_dkl_^Zggufb?keblZ[ ebpZg_ihf_sZ_lkygZh^ghckljZgbp___i_j_ghkylgZke_^mxsmxijbwlhf aZ]eZ\b_g_ih\lhjyxlZibrmlgZ^g_cIjh^he`_gb_lZ[ebpubmdZau\Zxl ghf_j =jZnu lZ[ebpu gmf_jmxlky ijbeh`_gb_ , AZ]heh\db]jZng_khdjZ sZxlbibrmlkijhibkghc[md\u ?kebih\lhjyxsbckyl_dkl\lZ[ebp_aZgbfZ_l^\_beb[he__kljhdblh
20
ijbi_j\hfih\lhj_gbb_]haZf_gyxlkeh\Zfblh`_Ijb\lhjhfbke_^mx s_f - klZ\yl dZ\uqdb ?^bgbpu baf_j_gby \ lZ[ebpZo mihlj_[eyxlky \ \b^_ h[s_ijbgyluo khdjZs_gguo h[hagZq_gbc fhsghklv f Hlkmlkl\mxsb_ \ ]jZnZopbnjh\u_^Zggu_aZf_gyxlagZdhflbj_ghimklhlmg_hklZ\eyxlQbk eZ ih\lhjyxsb_ky \ lZ[ebp_ ^jm] ih^ ^jm]hf ibrml iheghklvx Bo g_evay aZf_gylvdZ\uqdZfb
21
Ijbeh`_gb_ LZ[ebpZ H;T?FIJH?DLBJM?FUOJ:;HL 1.
2.
We_dljhdZjhlZ`kd\Z`bg HldZqdb ijh[gu_ hiulgu_h^bghqgu_ hiulgu_h^bghqgu_ dmklh\u_ hiulgh-dmklh\u_ bl^
?^bgbpubaf_j_gby
Dhebq_kl\h
kd\ ih]f kd\ ih]f
10 1250 25 1200
kd\ ih]f
10 1150
hldZqdZ [jb]Z^gh-kf_g
30 90
hldZqdZ [jb]Z^gh-kf_g
5 150
22
Ijbeh`_gb_ LZ[ebpZ L:;EBP::G:EBA:U
Dhf ie_d kh\
1 1
2 1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8 9 10
8 9 10
3 >hd_f[jbckdbc \h^hghkguc dhfiedk Kj_^gbc ^_\hg\hjh[v_\kdbc ]h jbahgl Kj_^gbc ^_\hgklZjhkdhevkd ]h jbahgl <_jogbc ^_\hgyklj_[h\kdbc ]h jbahgl <_jogbc ^_\hggb`g_sb]jh\kdbc ]hjbahgl Gb`gbc b \_jo gbc f_eZev[k_ghfZgkdbc ]hjbahgl <_jogbc f_elmjhg-dhgvydkdbc ]hjbahgl IZe_h]_g G_h]_g Q_l\_jlbqgu_ hl eh`_gby BLH=H
Dhebq_kl\h \h^himgd ihe_ lh\ \hc obf ZgZ dheh kd\ eba ^pu b jh^
Dhebq_kl\hijh[ khdjZ s_g guc ob fZgZ eba
ihe guc obf ZgZ eba
jZ^bh]b^jheh ]bq gZ mj jZ hij_ Zg ^bc ^_e_ gb_ ihe bf_ lZe
[Zdl_ jbh eh]b q_k dbc ZgZ eba
4 -
5 3
6 3
7 -
8 3
9 3
10 3
11 3
12 2
-
3
3
-
3
3
3
3
1
-
3
3
-
3
3
2
3
1
-
3
3
-
3
3
2
3
3
-
4
2 2
2
2 -
2 1
2 -
2 1
2 -
-
3
3
-
3
3
1
3
3
-
3
3
-
3
3
1
3
3
25 10
1 1 -
26 1 10 20 79
18 7 14 41
8 1 3 6 38
9 1 3 6 40
3 1 1 2 21
14 1 8 16 60
85 1 3 6 30
20 55
24
23
KH>?J@:GB? H;S:YQ:KLV..................................................................................................... 2 =E:<:,=?H=J:NH-WDHGHFBQ?KD:YO:J:DL?JBKLBD:J:CHG: .......... 2 =E:<:,,=?HEH=H-=B>JH=?HEH=BQ?KD:YBAMQ?GGHKLVJ:CHG:......... 3 =E:<:,,,=?HEH=BQ?KDBCHQ?JD .......................................................................... 3 =E:<:,9=?HFHJNHEH=BYJ:CHG:..................................................................... 4 =E:<:9=B>JH=?HEH=BQ?KDB?MKEHBD:BH;T?FIJH?DLBJM?FUOJ:;HL ............................... 10 =E:<:HJ=:GBA:PBYBL?OGBDH-WDHGHFBQ?KDB? IHD:A:L?EB. ................................................................................................................. 11 =E:<:HNHJFE?GB?IJH?DL:J:;HLU ....................................................... 17
KhklZ\bl_eb
Kfbjgh\Z:eeZYdh\e_\gZ LZe^udbg?\]_gbcFboZceh\bq
J_^Zdlhj
Dmag_ph\ZAbgZb^Z?]hjh\gZ