Модальные глаголы. Часть 1: Методические указания по английскому языку

46 Instructions You are a committee appointed to set up a primary school in a remote village in tropical Africa, where no school has existed before, for about sixty children ranging in age from eight to fourteen. You have three trained teachers and three or four young people from the village who have finished their high school education and are willing to help. You have no buildings, enough money for only the crudest equipment, and will have to improvise. Roles: -The head teacher, dedicated and enthusiastic, but perhaps overambitious. -An older teacher of some experience, wise, but rather sceptical and defeatist. -A young teacher fresh from university, town-bred and out of touch with local conditions. -The head-man, eager for his village to have the school, willing to help, but doesn’t want to offend villagers. -A villager, father of prospective pupils, suspicious of innovations, would rather things stayed as thay are. -A young woman from the village, uneducated but eager to be involved.

(Points to be considered should include: finance, size and scope, type of students, staffing, range of subjects offered, facilities, geographical position and layout, organization, extra-curricular activities, rules.)

3 PART 1 Can

Ex. 1. Translate into Russian the following sentences with the modal verb ” can” denoting physical, mental or circumstantial ability. 1. The letters had been hastily opened. Edwin could see them lying in disorder on the desk in his little office. (Updike) 2. ” Interesting book.” - “Very. … I’m counting the minutes until I can resume its perusal undisturbed.” (P. W.) 3. “We couldn’t afford the cruise, and we can’t afford to go away to a hotel.” (Went.) 4. One of Life’s little ironies is that one can’t foresee. (A. Chr.) 4. He had known Swinburne intimately and could talk about him in an entrancing fashion, but he could also talk of Shelley, whom after all he could not possibly have known, as if he had been a bosom-friend. (S. M.) 5. I lived at this time in a group of young men who had by nature gifts that seemed to me much superior to mine. They could write and draw and compose with a facility that aroused my envy. (S. M.) 6. He’s off to Bournemouth by the 3.30. Can you get here by train? (A. Chr.) Ex. 2. Supply suitable forms of be able to in these sentences. Reminder: We use be able to for different grammatical forms that are not possible with can. E.g. I like being able to work at home. 1. Our teacher says we … speak English fluently in a few months. 2. I’ve been trying for hours, but so far I (not) … get through on the phone. 3. If he had asked me earlier, I … help him. 4. I’m sure she would have helped you if she … . 5. I think I … play tennis better after a bit of practice. 6. You … ski when you go to Geneva. 7. It’s nice … go to the opera. 8. He managed to live in England without … speak English. 9. I’m practising hard because I want … pass my driving test first time. 10. If I … sing, I would have loved to be an opera singer. 11. It’s been a quiet day, I … get some work done. Ex. 3. Put in can or can’t if possible; if not, use could or will be able to. Reminder: We use can if we are deciding now what to do in the

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a plane a classroom a swimming pool a national park

future. In other cases, we have to use will be able to. E.g. I can see you tomorrow morning for half an hour. One day we will be able to live without wars. 1. I … pick it up tonight, if that’s convenient. 2. I think I … speak English quite well in a few months. 3. “We need some more oil.” “OK, I … let you have some this week.” 4. Dr Parker … see you at 12 on Tuesday. 5. She … walk again in a few weeks. 6. If we took the wheels off, we … get it through the backdoor. 7. Do you think one day people … travel to the stars? 8. This week’s no good, but I … bring the car in next week. 9. If I practised a bit, I … be pretty good at tennis. 10. In a few years computers … think better than we do. 11. She … give you a lesson this evening. 12. I’m free at the weekend, so the kids … come round. 13. I’ll post your letter, but I don’t think the postman … read the address. 14. I … do your job with no trouble at all. 15. We are busy this week, but we … repair it by next Thursday.

IV. Language

Instructions

Ex. 4. Fill the following spaces using can for present, could for past and shall/will be able for future. Put to where necessary before the infinitives. 1. … you stand on your heard? –I … when I was at school but I (not) … now. 2. When I’ve passed my driving test I … hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enourmous telephone bill which he (not) … pay. 4. When the fog lifts we … see where we are. 5. You’ve put too much in your rucksack; you never carry … all that. 6. When I was a child I (not) … understand adults, and now that I’m an adult I (not) … understand children. 7. When you have taken your degree you … work as an interpriter. 8. … you type? - Yes, I … type but I (not) … do shorthand. 9. I’m locked in. I (not) … get out! - … you (not) squeeze between the bars? - No! I … ; I’m too fat. Ex. 5. Complete the sentences using could, was/were able to, succeeded in or managed to. Reminder: When speaking about the past we can use only was/were able to or managed to or succeeded in doing when referring to a one-time action. Could is not used in this case. E.g. In his youth he could swim across the Volga . = Он м ог , б ы л

The list of modal verbs: can, must, should, ought to, have to, be to, need, had better.

Work in groups of 3 players and a referee in each group. Each player should pick one card with a topic and one with a modal verb. Give a one-minute talk on the topic using the chosen modal verb in any form - interrogative, negative, affirmative. If the referee accepts what was said as grammatically correct, the player scores 1 point. After that the second player takes his turn and picks the card. The winner is the player whose score is bigger.

The suggested list of topics: 1. An exciting trip. 2.The party you enjoyed. 3. A present you received. 4. Historic sites or places you have seen. 5. A book or an article you’ve read recently. 6. Ways of relaxing. 7. Keeping fit. 8. An unusual occupation.

V. Language

The list of modal verbs: can, must, should, ought to, be to, have to, need, had better.

44 б иб л иотеку. 19. П ог ода сег одн я хорош а я и м ы м ог л и б ы пог ул ять. 20. М ы см ог л и перевести все това ры в теч ен ие десяти дн ей . 21. Стоян ка у этих ворот за прещ ен а . 22. Ва м н е н уж н о б ы л о проверять эти цифры , вы зря потра тил и врем я. 23. Он б ы л ра д, ч то ем у н е н уж н о проверять эти цифры .

Communicative Exercises I. Language Instructions

II. Language Instructions

III. Language

Instructions

Functions: obligation, absence of necessity There is a new student in your group. He asks you about some of the rules at the University. Act out the conversation with your partner. Functions: necessity, prohibition. What do you dislike about TV (health service, public transport, school education, etc.) in your country? Write at least 5-6 suggestions to make it better. Discuss your suggestions in small groups and present them to the whole class.

Functions: obligation, necessity, lack of necessity, prohibition.

Work in small groups of 3-4 students with the following list of places. Each of you must choose one of the places, write a “rule” for it on a blank sheet of paper and pass it to the next student. Finish your work when you have at least 5 rules for each place.

a hospital an art gallery

5 способ ен перепл ы ва ть Вол г у в юн ости. He managed to swim across the Volga last year .= Он перепл ы ть Вол г у в прош л ом г оду.

см ог

1. He was very strong; he … ski all day and dance all night. 2. The car plunged into the river. The driver … get out but the passengers were drowned. 3. … you walk or did they have to carry you? 4. I had no key so I … advise him where to go. 5. When the garage had repaired our car we … continue our journey. 6. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I … wake my sister and she let me in. 7. I … finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday. 8. They were talking quite loudly. I … hear everything they said. 9. Did they find your house? - Yes. It took them a long time but they … find it. 10. She … sing like an angel. 11. She does not smoke any longer, because I … persuade her to give up smoking. 12. Happily John … swim across the river, otherwise he would have drowned. 13. He was a terrific liar: he … make anybody believe him. 14. I was lucky enough to buy a cheap but nice coat. I … getting 15% off the price. Ex. 6. Replace the words in italics with a suitable form of be able to. ( not to be able to = to be unable) 1 .If we don’t book seats soon, it won’t be possible for us to get into the theatre. 2. In two months time we shall be in a position to give you the examination results. 3. The main road was under repair, but it was possible for us to take an alternative route. 4. By pretending to be ignorant of the rules, he managed to escape being punished. 5. Luckily we retraced our steps and succeeded in finding our way again. 6. It has been impossible for me to get to the bank yet, so I haven’t any money. 7. May I borrow this piece of material? I’d like to have the opportunity of showing it to my wife. 8. He took a crash course in Spanish –he wanted to be in a position to speak it when he went on business to S. America.

6 43 9. They bought their first house last year: previously it had been impossible for them to get a loan. 10. The student said there were a few questions he had found impossible to ansver. Ex. 7. Rewrite the sentences, using the adverbs suggested, so that they represent the equivalent situation in past time (i. e. potential, not actual, perfomanse). Any words in italics should be omitted in your answers. He can speak German fluently. ( when he was younger) He could speak German fluently when he was younger. I can give him an answer. (last week) I could have given him an answer last week. Reminder: We use cuold have + past participle to say that someone had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past, but in fact did not do it. E.g. (a). You could have helped me. Why didn’t you? = Ты м ог б ы м н е пом оч ь. П оч ем у ты этог о н е сдел а л ? Can is used to indicate the posession of ability in general. E.g. (b). My sister can talk. = М оя сестра ум еет г оворить. Can is also used to indicate the ability in particular circumstances to perform the activity indicated by the main verb. E.g. I can (could) give him an answer tomorrow/now. = Я см ог у да ть ем у ответ за втра /сей ч а с. (т.е. см ог у в определ ен н ы х об стоятел ьства х) The equivalent of sentence (a) in the chronological past is My sister could talk when she was eighteen months old. The extract equivalent in past time of sentens (b) is I could have given him an answer yesterday. = Я м ог б ы да ть ем у ответ вч ера . (н о я этог о н е сдел а л ) 1.He can drive a car. (when he was eighteen) 2. I find I can understand English better than I can speak it. (when I first arrived in England) 3. I can let you have the money tomorrow. (yesterday) 4. You can persuade him to come, if anyone can. (last week) 5. My daughter can play the piano beautifully. (at one time) 6. You can see that he is bored to death. (at a party last night) 7. I can’t get into my house. (because I had forgotten my key) 8. We can overhear every word our neighbours say. (in the hotel we stayed at) 9. The doctor can see you later today. (yesterday) 10. (when they asked my advise)

3. You invited some friends to dinner and spent all day preparing a wonderful meal. They telephone you at 8 p.m. to say they cannot come. 4. You are looking after two children while their parents are out. It’s 11 p.m. and the children are still watching television. 5. Your parents have decided to go out for a meal. You recommended an excellent restaurant that never gets too crowded. They wonder whether they should reserve a table. Ex.11. Write a short paragraph on each topic. 1. Write about a time in your life when you did something you did not want to do. Why did you do it? What could you have done differently? What should you have done?

2. Look at the world situation in relationships between nations. What could, should (or should not), must (or must not) be done to improve understanding? Ex.12. Translate from Russian into English. 1. М ы дол ж н ы б ы л и встретиться у входа в кин отеа тр, н о он а поч ем у-то н е приш л а . 2. Е м у н е н уж н о б ы л о ж да ть директора , за явл ен ие подписа л секрета рь. 3. Ва м н е н уж н о б ы л о ж да ть директора , за явл ен ие м ог б ы подписа ть секрета рь. 4. Е м у н е об яза тел ьн о об этом г оворить. 5. Е й придется прой ти рен тг ен . 6. Он ска за л , ч то он а уж е взросл а я и дол ж н а пом ог а ть м а тери. 7. Я м ог у вы уч ить это и об яза тел ьн о вы уч у. 8. Ва м н е сл едова л о еха ть н а м а ш ин е со сл ом а н н ы м и торм оза м и. 9. Ва м придется пол уч ить специа л ьн ое ра зреш ен ие н а яхту. 10. У м ен я м н ог о врем ен и. М н е н е н а до идти дом ой . 11. Вы дол ж н ы сооб щ ить н а м о ва ш ем реш ен ии н е поздн ее два дца тог о. 12. Е м у суж ден о б ы л о ста ть м оим л уч ш им друг ом . 13. Ва м н е сл едова л о б ы ть та ким опром етч ивы м . 14. Б оюсь, ч то все это придется отл ож ить. 15. Я б ол ьш е н е прош у ва с поверить м н е. Я н е м ог у н ич ег о сдел а ть, есл и вы н е ж ел а ете. 16. “Вы м ож ете вспом н ить ка кую–н иб удь серьезн ую ош иб ку, которую вы соверш ил и в м ол одости, Д ж ей н ?” - спросил он , см отря н а н ее ч ерез стол . 17. “Я н е дум а ю, ч то см ог у взяться за ва ш е

42 дел о. Я оч ен ь за н ят.” “О, н о вы дол ж н ы , ва м прoсто придется, вот и все.” 18. П осл е экза м ен ов вы дол ж н ы сда ть все уч еб н ики в 5. It’s your own fault that you’re so tired. You … (not go) to bed so late. 6. Why … the prisoners … (be locked) in their cells all day? 7. You … (not tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us. 8. I don’t like … (do) everything my boss tells me to do. 9. Paul … (not get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the house does. 10. If I fail one of my exams, I … (take) all of them again in November. 11. The wedding’s been cancelled so I … (not buy) that new suit: it was a waist of money. 12. I … (take) the children to school every morning before I go to work. 13. You … (not eat) in the lecture halls: it’s against the college regulations. 14. I’d like you to come to the meeting but you … (not come) if you don’ t want to. 15. This letter … (be hidden) where no-one will ever find it. Its contents … (remain) a secret forever. 16. … (you / wear) a uniform at work? 17. Please don’t say anymore. I already know the truth so you … (not lie) to me. 18. Employees … (follow) the safety regulations. Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following. Use the verbs have to, be to. 1. Howard gave his consent. It was the only thing to do. 2. She arranged to meet Arthur at Claridge’s for lunch. 3. Their plan is to double the output. 4. They plan to pull down the houses to make room for a park. 5. The only thing for me to do was to give in.

Ex. 10. What would you say in the following situations? Use a suitable expression of obligation. 1. There’s a no-smoking sign in the room. Your friend takes his cigarettes out of his pocket. 2. A friend is planning a holiday in the USA and he thinks he can get a visa when he arrives there.

7 I can suggest only one way of solving the problem. 11. I can well understand how you feel about the situation. (at the time) 12. I can’t get the letter translated immediately, but I could get it done by tomorrow morning. (by the following morning) Ex. 8 (a). This is Robert Wells who is 62 years old now. Sometimes he feels that he has wasted his life. Replace the words in italics with could have… , as in the example.

E.g. When Robert was 26 he had the chance to get married , but he decided not to. => When Robert was 26 he could have got married, but he decided not to. 1. Robert had the ability to go to university, but he didn’t want to go. 2. He had the intelligence to pass his final exams at school, but he didn’t take them. 3. A lot of people thought he had the ability to be a professional footballer when he was younger, but he didn’t try. 4. He had the opportunity to start his own business once, but he didn’t want to. 5. He had the chance to emigrate to Australia a few years ago, but he decided not to. (b). Groupwork: How old are you? Do you sometimes think that you have also wasted your life? In what ways have you wasted your life?

Ex. 9. Translate into English. Pay attention to whether "could" denotes the past or the unreality of the action. 1. И з м оег о окн а я м ог видеть тол ько ч а сть двора . 2. В тем н оте я н е м ог ра зоб ра ть, скол ько та м л юдей . 3. Н оч ь б ы л а та ка я тем н а я, ч то я н е см ог л а б ы н а й ти дорог у б ез фон а рика . 4. Он сил ьн ы й ч ел овек и см ож ет преодол еть все трудн ости. 5. Весь ден ь б ы л а оттепел ь, н о веч ером подм орозил о, и м ы м ог л и пой ти н а ка ток. 6. За да ч у он реш ить н е см ог . 7. П о дорог е к дом у доктора П ей дж

41 8 Э н дрю М эн сон н е см ог ра зг л ядеть г орода , та к ка к уж е н а ступил и сум ерки и л ил сил ьн ы й дож дь. 8. И з м оег о окн а м ож н о б ы л о видеть реку и г оры вда л и. 9. Mы м ог л и б ы об судить н а ш и пл а н ы н а л ето н а сл едующ ей н едел е. 10. Э ту кн иг у м ож н о купить в л юб ом м а г а зин е. 11. Вы м ож ете пон ять , поч ем у он сег одн я та кой м ол ч а л ивы й ? 12. Я м ог и н е узн а ть ег о: ведь м ы н е видел ись м н ог о л ет. Ex. 10. At three points in the text fragments have been removed . list under the text, which contains with 1 addition. Choose the three the text?

you are going to read, sentences of What was in each gap? Study the the missing fragments from the text correct items. Where do they go in

Plane - load of 400 lobsters FOUR HUNDRED Hebridean lobsters facing certain death were given a brief reprieve when the plane taking them to France to become lobster pot, bisque, and quadrille was forced to make an emergency landing behind Wormwood Scrubs prison in west London yesterday. The lobsters were en route from the Outer Hebrides in Scotland to Le Touquet in northern France when the Cessna 206 flight aircraft transporting them developed engine trouble. 1… … … … … … … … … … . . Mr Petersen, who lives in County Offaly in the Irish Republic, had made earlier abortive attempts to land on Clapham Common or Battersea Park in south London. A spokesman for Heathrow Airport said Mr Petersen had radioed them, saying his plane was suffering from severe vibration and he needed to make a speedy landing. 2… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … but in the end, he was forced to put it down in London. It seems he found some open space and had a very lucky escape. The pilot and his cargo emerged unscathed. ' The lobsters are sick of flying,' said Mr Petersen 3… … … … … … … … … … … . . 'If you go into a good London restaurant, you might get one.' Mr Petersen hoped his crippled aircraft would be hauled away this morning. Scotland Yard confirmed that the plane and its lobster cargo were being treated as an emergency landing and no charges will be brought. Residents who live around the prison are more used to breakout dramas than forced landings. One commented: 'Why don't they give the lobsters to the prisoners?' Leslie Goffe, The Guardian (BrE)

3. ________ have a visa, if you want to stay a long time. 4. ________ have a visa if you are from an EEC (Common Market) country. 5. ________ declare any restricted goods at the customs. 6. ________ declare cigarettes up to a certain limit. 7. ________ take guns into Britain. 8. ________drive on the left. 9. ________ stop at pedestrian crossing unless someone is on them. 10. _______ use the horn on your car except in an emergency.

Ex. 7. Insert didn’t need or needn’t have according to the sense. 1. You ________ (to) lock the door. Didn’t you know mother was in? 2. I ________ (to lock) the door because somebody else had already done so. 3. We ________ (to wait) for her. She rang us up to say she wouldn’t come. 4. We ________ (to wait) for her because she never came. 5. I ________ (to answer) the questions and it saved me a lot of time. 6. I ________ (to answer) the questions. If I had known it, it would have saved me a lot of time. 7.We __________ (to tell) him. He understood what had happened at first glance. 8. You ________ (to tell) me, but since you have, I’ll do what I think proper. 9. I ________ (to ring) the bell, because the door stood open when I came to it. 10. I ________ (to ring) the bell. The man was deaf and didn’t hear it. Ex. 8. Complete the sentences using the modals should, ought, must or need or the verb have to in the correct tense and form. Put the infinitive into the appropriate form. 1. We … (leave) at 11 o’clock last night because the last bus went at 11.20. 2. They … (not pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us. 3. We’ve been staying in a hotel for the last two weeks so we … (not cook) our own meals. 4. We … (run) all the way to the station because we were late for the train.

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7. a. I needn’t leave now. b. I don’t have to leave now. c. I needn’t have left. 8. a. She could settle any difficulty. b. She could have settled the difficulty.

Ex. 4. Complete the account of the climb with wherever possible –otherwise use was/were able to.

could/couldn’t

1. Stephen and Julie were spending a few days camping with some friends in Snowdonia. On a climb, there was a difficult section. Stephen has long arms, and … climb this easily, but Julie is not so tall and … reach the hold. In the end, she … reach it by standing on her friend’s shoulders. “Never mind,” he said. “I … get up this bit the first time I tried.” The rest of the climb was easier, and they … reach the top by 12 o’clock. It was warm and sunny, and they … see the whole of Snowdonia. Е x. 5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, could or be able. If it is possible to use can/ could or be able, use can/could. 1. I’d like … (work) with you one day. 2. If they hadn’t phoned for an ambulance, he … (die). 3. I love … (spend) all morning in bed at the weekend. 4. We … (go) to that concert tomorrow if the tickets haven’t sold out. 5. I think you should go in the spring: it … (be) very crowded there in the summer. 6. … (speak) another language fluently is a great advantage when you’re looking for a job. 7. Jonathan … (not say) anything until he was about three years old. 8. We … (not phone her up) because her phone had broken, but fortunately we … (get) a message to her. 9. Amy’s exam results weren’t very good. She … (do) better. 10. You should … (go out) when you want to. 11. I … (ride) a bike soon: I just need more time to practise. 12. He doesn’t do very much when he’s here. He … (be) more helpful. Ex. 6. When you arrive in Britain, there are plenty of regulations to worry about. There are things that are necessary, unnecessary or forbidden. Use must, mustn’t or needn’t to complete the following situations. 1. ________ bring animals into Britain. 2. ________ have a passport.

a. before dashing off to sell his cargo at Billinsgate fish market before it died of natural causes. b. The Danish pilot, 46-year-old Mr Petersen, managed to guide the plane down on to land 200 yards from the Scrubs. c. The airport was put on emergency alert. d. The Danish pilot, 46-year-old Mr Petersen, could guide his plane down on to land 200 yards from the Scrubs. - Comment on the use of manage to in the story. What other verbs can describe the successful completion of a specific action? Give your own examples. -Continue the story using modal verbs where possible. -Retell the story as if you are Mr Petersen. Ex. 11. Work in groups of 3-4 students. There are two sides: the “knower” and the “guessers” . The knower should choose one of the following professions but he mustn’t tell the rest about what he has chosen. The guessers can ask 10 questions to guess it. Make use of the modal verb “can” denoting physical or mental ability. foreman, commando, frogman, caretaker, beekeeper, dustman, confectioner, minister, interior designer, civil engineer, sculptor

Must Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb “must” denoting necessity or obligation. 1. I can’t go today, Authur. There is someone I must see before I leave town. (O. W.) 2. You will clearly understand that all communication between yourself and my daughter must cease immediately from this moment. (O. W.) 3. What you must understand is that nothing but the truth is going to clear you. (Went.) 4. I was just asking Captain Bluntschli to stay to lunch; but he declairs he must go at once. (B. Sh.) 5.To get one result you must sacrifice another, so that to write a play perfect in all its particulars. (S. M.) 6. At our school visitors must wear guest badges. 7. I must go, I must. I told them I’d be back in half an hour. (Brad.)

10 Ex. 2. When you learn to drive, there are some important things to remember. Sort out the jumbled list, and begin each one with You must or You mustn’t: look in

stop wear overtake signal go faster 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

the speed limit before you turn at a red light your seatbelt on a bend your mirror

You must look in your mirror. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................

Ex. 3. Refer the following sentences to the past. Make all necessary changes. E.g. I must go and see the doctor. I’ve got a terrible pain in my back.=>I had to go and see the doctor yesterday. I had a terrible pain in my back. Reminder: We only use must+ infinitive for obligation and necessity in the present and the future. When we want to talk about obligation and necessity in the past, we use had to rather than must.

E.g. She had to catch the 6 o’clock train. 1. The students must have three examinations. 2. I must fix the tipewriter for her. 3. The two projects must be coordinated. 4. We must take the first flight avaliable. 5. He must drink weaker tea. 6. The child must eat soup.

39 matter whether it is justified or not. 8. You ought to hear it from his own lips so that you can judge. 9. Need you be so inflexible, Blanche? 10. He thought: “She is not thinking of me –why should she? She’ s young.” 11. He did not know at the time that he was never to see his native town again. 12. What on earth induced her to behave as she did, I never could understand. 13. Does he need to study more at home? 14. And at all events, if we didn’t want to tell him the truth, we needn’t have told him a lie.

Ex. 2. Insert the particle “to” wherever necessary. 1. I know you must … be nervous. 2. Swithin said he should … go back to lunch at Timothy’s. 3. What am I … do with these papers after all? 4. How very, very kind you are. But you needn’t … worry about me – I am really very strong. 5. They became aware of the porters shouting loudly that the Waterloo train was … leave from another platform. 6. I am sorry to have … say such a thing to you, Mr Smith, but the management likes to give also the impression of high tone. 7. He doesn’t even need … do it for a living, either. 8. “Then,” said he calmly, but turning away to watch the people below on the pavement, “You certainly ought not … be out.” Ex. 3. Discuss the difference, if any, in the following groups of sentences. 1. a. You ought to take an English course. b. You should take an English course. 2. a. You should see a doctor about that cut on your arm. b. You had better see a doctor about that cut on your arm. c. You have to see a doctor about that cut on your arm. 3. a. You must not use that door. b. You don’t have to use that door. 4. a. Each student should have a health certificate. b. Each student is to have a health certificate. c. Each student must have a health certificate. 5. a. I’ve got to go. b. I have to go. c. I’d better go. 6. a. Ann was to send this letter by air mail. b. Ann was to have sent this letter by air mail. c. Ann had to send this letter by air mail.

11 38 country, i. e. where yellow fever is present. M = Meningitis, depending on area visited and time of year. A = Depends on area visited.

E.g. “I’ d like to go to the Bahamas. You needn’t take malaria tablets, and you needn’t be immunised against typhoid if you are staying for a short time in a good hotel. But you should be immunised against hepatitis A and polio. You also must be immunised against yellow fever if you are coming from an infected country.”

Ex.11. Translate from Russian into English. 1.Н а м м ож н о б ы л о н е торопиться. У н а с ещ е м н ог о врем ен и. 2.Н е н а до та к г оворить. 3. Вы м ог л и и н е ра сска зы ва ть ей об этом . Он а и та к все зн а л а . 4. Теб е н еч ег о торопиться. Он а тол ько ч то вы еха л а . 5. Н а пра сн о вы вол н ова л ись. Все прош л о хорош о. 6. М н е н е н а до б ы л о идти за покупка м и. Я все купил н а ка н ун е. 7. Е м у н е приш л ось сда ва ть л а ты н ь. Он а у н ег о б ы л а сда н а досроч н о. 8. Зря вы та к да л еко ходил и. Э ти уч еб н ики прода ются в н а ш ем м а г а зин е. 9. Я успел а все сдел а ть вч ера тол ько потом у, ч то м н е н е н а до б ы л о г отовить об ед. 10. Я уверен а , ч то ва м н еза ч ем н ервн ич а ть. 11. П итеру н е н уж н о дел а ть переса дку. Д о Х ел ьсин ки есть прям ой поезд.

Revision Exercises Ex. 1. Comment on the use of the modal verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She must lie down and rest till the energy comes back. 2. “I shall have to keep a very sharp eye on you,” she answered, with a laugh that to herself sounded like a sob of pain. 3. I was to find out in a few moments that I was partly but not entirely correct in this surmise. 4. Martha: “John always comes home to luncheon, doesn’t he?” Constance: “When he doesn’t have to be at the hospital too early.” 5. “Nay, Edward,” said Marianne, “you need not reproach me. You are not very gay yourself.” 6. Renny grinned: “If we are to be neighbours for life –if you are to marry into a family I’m attached to –we should be on friendly terms.” 7. Whether they are right or wrong –in a place like this you mustn’t give anyone an excuse to gossip, it doesn’t

Ex. 4(a). Pairwork. You are on the staff of Rolling Hills Wildlife Refuge. Work on the new refuge rules using must or mustn’ t. Transfer them to the leaflet. E.g. Prairie fire is a primary threat to the safety of our animals. Please refrain from smoking while on Park grounds.=> Visitors mustn’ t smoke.

Reminder: In the meaning of obligation must is common in public notices. E.g. All guests must sign the register immediately on arrival. Mustn’t means “it is forbidden” , it expresses prohibition. E.g. Guests must not use any electrical appliances in their room. REFUGE RULES In order for our guests to have an enjoyable visit to the Refuge, we ask that everyone observe the following rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … As you enter the Refuge, please be aware that you are entering the home of our animal friends. We ask that you treat them with the respect and dignity that they deserve. 625 North Headville Road, Salina, Kansas 67401

1. For the safety of all guests ,please leave bicycles, rollerblades, or skate-boards outside of the Refuge. => … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... 2. We ask that you leave your pets behind while enjoying our animals.=> … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ....... 3. Water fountains, pop machines, and concessions may be found throughout the Park. => … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4. Marked paths are for your safety. Do not cross fences into restricted areas. => … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ........ 5. Our animals are on very special diets. These diets contribute to the good health and well being of our animals. Snacks, “people” food, or foreign objects can make them very ill. => … … … … … … … … … … … ... 6. Such types of loud noises as radios, cassette or CD players are very upsetting to many of our animals. =>… … … … … … … … … … … … … …

12 4 (b). Group work. Read the advertisement of Rolling Hills Wildlife Refuge. Compose a dialogue that may take place between a visitor and the presenter of a nature television programme. Use must.

Experience a Kansas Safari! Rolling Hills Wildlife Refuge Ever been on a Kansas Safari? Probably not. There is an opportunity for such a treat without a depressing heat and humidity of Africa to say nothing of the time and distance involved getting there. Ninety-five acres of land has been dedicated as a home to more than 40 species of animals at Rolling Hills Wildlife Refuge. Many of the animals you will see there are on the endangered species list in the wild. However, these animals are well cared for and appear quite happy in this strange land. This section of Kansas prairie has been transformed into a beautifully landscaped park. The collection includes rhinos (Indian and white), Amur leopards, orangutans, chimpanzees, tigers, giraffes, and many more. The Refuge Tram offers an enlightening narrated tour through the Refuge. You can also visit the gift shop and have a meal at the restaurant there. Admission rates, tram ride or membership fees may be learnt by contacting the Refuge at (785)827-9488.

Ex. 5. Complete the following sentences using the modal verb “must” denoting obligation or necessity. 1. It’s such a pity … .. . 2. It is not Arnorld’s you … . 3. The child is crying bitterly … . 4. My eyes hurt … . 5. It is raining cats and dogs … . Ex. 6. Make up short dialogues with the following statements. 1. I must go as we are dining out today. 2. We must not let the quarrel break our friendship. 3. You must come to us one of the coming evenings. 4. I must have liberty to go about this matter in my own way. 5. We must not jump at conclusions. Ex. 7. Translate into English. 1. Э то сог л а ш ен ие дол ж н о б ы ть подписа н о н а дн ях. 2. Я дол ж ен за кон ч ить эту ра б оту к пятн ице. 3. Я дол ж н а встретиться с н им ч ерез ден ь ил и два . 4. Вы н е дол ж н ы за кры ва ть окн о, в ком н а те душ н о. 5. Я дум а ю, вы дол ж н ы посоветова ться с вра ч ом . 6. Вы дол ж н ы взять себ я в руки и ответить н а вопрос. 7. М а й к ска за л м н е, ч то я дол ж ен

переда ть этот па кет ег о б ра ту. 8. М н е дей ствител ьн о н а до идти.

37 6. You’re not obliged to take my word for it. You can go and see for yourself. 7. If we get everything ready now, we shan’t be obliged to rush around doing everything at the last minute. 8. If you listened more carefully, it wouldn’t be necessary for me to keep repeating things just for your benefit. 9. He doesn’t know what work is. He’s never been obliged to earn his own living. 10. You’re not obliged to do everything he tells you, are you? 11. It’s hardly necessary for me to say how grateful I am for all you’ ve done. 12. It was quite unnecessary for you to have told John anything. It was none of his business. 13. I shan’t be able to come tomorrow, but it’s unnecessary for this to make any difference to your plans. 14. He was completely at a loss. He had never been obliged to deal with such a situation before. 15. The house had just been decorated, so it wasn’t necessary for us to do anything before we moved in. 16. They offered him the job on the strength of his letter. He wasn’t even required to have an interview. 17. You were disappointed, I realize, but there was no need for you to have made such a fuss in public. 18. Unless you choose to tell him yourself, it is unnecessary for him ever to discover what happened. 19. It’s unnecessary for you to be alarmed. 20. Nothing new came up at the meeting. I don’t think it was necessary for me to have gone. Ex. 10. Which of the places in the chart would you like to go to? Choose two or three, then tell your partner: - where would you like to go - what health precautions you should take Country

Bahamas The Gambia India Morocco Peru Thailand

Hepatitis A, Polio, Typhoid*

R R R R R R

Malaria

R R R, A R R

Yellow Fever

E E, R E E,R E

Other

M M

* = Immunization against typhoid may be less important for short stays in first class conditions. R = Immunization or tablets recommended for protection against disease. E = Immunization essential if the traveller arrives from an infected

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rich parents, and she ... (work) for a living and spent her time travelling. Ex. 8. Comment on each of these situations using the appropriate form of the word in brackets and needn’t have, didn’t need to or didn’t have to. 1. Patrick and Annie decided to go to France for a holiday. He went to evening classes to learn the language but she already spoke the language well. She ............................................ (go) to evening classes. 2. George was invited to a formal party but had nothing suitable to wear and no money to buy new clothes. Fortunately a friend lent him a suit. He ............................................. (buy) new clothes. 3. It took Alan four hours to do his homework. The next day his teacher said his essay was rather long. She had asked for 200 –not 2000 –words. He ............................................ (write) so much. 4. Sidney was ill. The doctor gave him some medicine to try but suggested that an operation was probably the only solution. The medicine worked and Sidney got better very quickly. He ......................................................... (have) the operation. 5. Judy looked through her bag several times but couldn’t find her door key so finally she kicked the door down. Later she noticed the key lying on the path. She ...................................................... (damage) the door. Ex. 9. Rewrite the clauses in italics, using needn’t or a negative form of have to or need to. For the purpose exercise, assume that “obligation” is expressed with a form to, and that “necessity” is expressed with needn’t or a form to.

suitable of this of have of need

1. It isn’t necessary for us to leave so soon. The show doesn’t start till eight. 2. You’re not obliged to come just to please me. 3. It’s necessary for you to decide immediately. You can let me know tomorrow. 4. I don’t think it’s necessary for us to take his threats too seriously. 5. It’s a public holiday tomorrow, so you’re not obliged to go to work.

Я об ещ а л м а м е верн уться к 8 ч а са м . 9. Ты дол ж ен н ем едл ен н о уб ра ться у себ я в ком н а те. П осм отри, ка кой в н ей б еспорядок! 10. Е сл и ты хоч еш ь за н яться подводн ы м пл а ва н ием , теб е н уж н о доста ть специа л ьн ое сн а ряж ен ие. 11. Л юди дол ж н ы пон ять, ч то за щ ита окруж а ющ ей среды - это за щ ита их соб ствен н ой ж изн и. 12. Ты дол ж ен поеха ть и привезти Вивьен , он а та к хотел а встретиться с Д ж ен н и. Ex. 8. Write a list of obligations (duties) you set yourself to greet this New Year. But don’t take them too seriously. At home I must empty the rubbish every day. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … At work … … … … … … … … … … … … At university … … … … … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Ex. 9 (a). Read the following advertisement and then answer the following questions. 1. The purpose of the advertisement is to a warn people about the increasing risk of crime. b encourage people to join the police force. c advise people how to protect their homes from crime. d explain how people can assist the police. 2. The advertisement points out that many people a are not very keen to co-operate with the police. b are not as observant as they could be. c don’t control their children properly. d don’t tell their neighbours about their holidays. 3. One of the ways we could help to prevent crime is to a keep the alarm system in our home turned on. b try to stop criminals from escaping. c watch out for people behaving suspiciously.

14 d inform the police if we hear noises upstairs. 4.One disadvantage the police have is that they a don’t know local people personally. b are too busy arresting criminals. c know communities less well than residents do. d can’t see what’s happening in people’s gardens. 5. Results of the Neighbourhood Watch schemes suggest that a they are already successful wherever they are run. b they are likely to be a success. c they are not successful in certain areas. d they are not popular with the police.

You’re already well equipped to prevent crime. Everyone comes with their own build-in burglar-alarm. It’s called the sense of sight and sound. Unfortunately, many of us go around with the alarm swiched off. We don’t see the stranger loitering outside the house next door. We overlook the kids trying the car doors. We don’t notice the sounds from the flat upstairs. (Weren’t they supposed to be away on holiday?) The police can do so much to prevent crime. There never can be enough of them to guard every home in every town. So they need your help in combating the burglars, the vandals, the car thieves. Not, of course, by setting out to “have a go” you see something suspicious. It’ll always be the job of the police to arrest criminals. But by acting as a line of communication between them and your community.

For instance, you probably know far more about your immediate neighbourhood than the police ever could. A stranger in someone’s garden would probably be far more obvious to you than it would to even the local bobby. Providing, of course, you are on the lookout. And that’s the whole idea behind the Neighbourhood Watch schemes now springing up around the whole country. To create a spirit of watchfulness within a community, anything suspicious being reported to the police. It’s early days yet, but results so far are very encouraging. The crime figures are already dropping in many of the areas running a scheme. And all due to people like you.

Don’t let them get away kkkkkkkkwith it.

9 (b). You are a Crime Prevention Officer and you have been asked to give a talk on local radio explaining how people can help to prevent their homes being burgled. (Use ideas from the advertisement and the modal verb “must” .)

35 coming home, so I cooked my own supper. 4. I filled in a form. Then they told me it was not necessary at all.

Ex. 6. Ask for repetition. Use needn’t or didn’t have. E.g. -I didn’t tell him anything, he heard our conversation. -Do you mean to say that you didn’t have to tell him anything? -Quite so. Reminder: When rendering the Russian “н е н уж н о б ы л о, н е б ы л о н еоб ходим ости” use needn’ t have done to show that the action was performed but was a waste of effort, use didn’ t have to to indicate that the actoin was not performed because it was not necessary. Compare: He needn’ t have watered the flowers, it’s going to rain. = Е м у н е н уж н о б ы л о пол ива ть цветы (зря он пол ил цветы ), б удет дож дь. He didn't have to water the flowers, it had been raining all day. = Е м у н е н уж н о б ы л о пол ива ть цветы (в этом н е б ы л о н еоб ходим ости, и он этог о н е сдел а л ): цел ы й ден ь ш ел дож дь. 1. He introduced himself but that wasn’t necessary. Everybody remembered him. 2. Richard accompanied Mr Hudson all the way to the office. But Mr Hudson knows the way. 3. Richard didn’t accompany Mr Hilton as Mr Hudson knows the way. 4. I had a duplicate key made, but Helen says she can spare me one of her keys. 5. Chris was vaccinated,

but then it turned out that his certificate was still valid. 6. His certificate was still valid and he wasn’t vaccinated. 7. The patient went through all the analyses before consulting the professor, but the professor said he would have been able to diagnose the case without any analyses. 8. The doctor didn’t put the patient through all the analyses as the case was clear. Ex. 7. Complete the sentences using needn’t have where possible. If needn’t have is not possible , use didn’t need to. Reminder: Didn’t need to refers to an action that wasn’t necessary, in this case, it wasn’t performed. E.g. I didn’t need to pay by cheque because I had plenty of cash. 1. I didn’t wear my coat when I went out. I ... (wear) it. It wasn’t cold. 2. He was very anxious before the exam, but he ... (worry). It wasn’t as difficult as he’d expected. 3. I… (phone) the plumber. I learnt later that John had already phoned him. 4. I ... (cook) a meal last night because we went out and the food prepared was uneaten. 5.She had rich parents and she … work for a living and spent her time travelling.

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4. The doctor says I ... get overtired but I ... stay in bed. 5. You ... park your car on double yellow lines. 6. Notice in the cinema: Exit doors ... be blocked during performances. 7. I want this letter typed but you ... do it today. Tomorrow will do. 8. They ... pay to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us. Ex. 4. Group work. Instructions Split into groups of 3 or 4 students. You are going to compete in finding appropriate “heads” for endings using must not or do not need to. “ Heads” 1. In rugby football 2. In tennis 3. In 4. In 5. In 6. In

chess boxing athletics hockey

7. In baseball 8. In football 9. In bridge

Endings touch the ball with your hands. lift your stick above your shoulder. hit your opponent below the belt. pass the ball forwards. look at other people’s cards. touch a piece if you aren’t going to move it. start before the gun. hit the ball before it bounces. throw the ball.

Ex. 5. Add comments to these statements using needn’t+Indefinite infinitive or needn’t+Perfect infinitive. E.g. –The letter was so untidy, I wrote it out again. -Really? You needn’t have written it out again. Reminder: Needn’t+Indefinite infinitive shows that the action if performed would be useless. (Give them this cheque. They needn’t send me a receipt. = Отда й им этот ч ек. Н ет н еоб ходим ости присы л а ть м н е квита н цию.) Needn’t+Perfect infinitive shows that the action performed was a waste of time and effort. (You needn’t have brought your umbrella for we are going by car. (You brought your umbrella unnecessary.) = Н еза ч ем б ы л о б ра ть зон тик, та к ка к м ы едем н а м а ш ин е.) 1. I believe you have told Mr Walker everything. I shan ’t talk to him about the matter. 2. Why did the speaker go into details? The problem was clear to everybody from the start. 3. I didn’t know you were

Have to/ have got to Ex.1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb “have” denoting obligation. 1. You can’t leave till your aunt comes back. There has to be some sort of host or hostess here … . (P. W.) 2. ” All the same I like her!” - “You have to. She’s Palmer’s sister.” (Merd.) 3. I knew all about that collection of his, not only because I had to listen to him for hours on the subject … but because I had what you might call a personal interest in it. (P. W.) 4. You are obstinate and extremely stupid and I wish that there were someone else whom I could trust, but I suppose I shall have to put up with you … . (A. Chr.) 5. One has to make up one’s mind what is the meaning and use of life. (S. M.) 6. But supposing someone saw me leave, asked questions when I came back … I should have to have an excuse for returning to the village on such a chilly misty afternoon. (S. H.) 7. … the ice had broken down. An electrician had to be found and fetched. ( K. Amis.) Ex. 2. Match these clauses with the have got to clauses. 1. It’s getting late … … so I’m afraid we’ve got to walk. 2. You broke the window … … so I’ve got to start all over again. … so we’ve got to look after 3. The car has broken down … . ourselves 4. Mother is away … … so you’ ve got to pay for it. 5. I’ve got it all wrong … … so we’ve got to go. Ex. 3. List the things you have to do if you join the army. 1.You have to keep your hair short. 2. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

16 33 6. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Ex. 4. Turn the statements containing have (got) to into tail questions. E.g. They had to get up early, … . => They had to get up early, didn’t they? Reminder: We use “do” , “does” , or “did” when we want to make a question using “have to” . E.g. What did you have to do? But do not use “do” , “does” , or “did” with “have got to” . E.g. Have you got to go so soon? 1. You will have to break your journey in Chicago. 2. As there is no through train, we have got to change in Moscow. 3. They had to make do with two second class sleepers in different compartments. 4. Why don’t you wipe your feet on the mat? You don’t have to mess up the floor. 5. You did not have to rush as there was plenty of time. 6. The children have got to put in their trainers. 7. If you don’t want to be left behind you will have to board the train. 8. There is no need to hurry. She does not have to gulp her food. 9. The boy was so restless. We had to keep an eye on him. Ex. 5. Read the situations and make up dialogues. Form questions with “Did you have” . E.g. A: My mother fell ill yesterday.

см ей стира ть свитер. Он дол ж ен б ы ть подверг н ут хим ч истке.) You don’t have to wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty. = It is not necessary to wash it. (Теб е н е н уж н о стира ть руб а ш ку. Он а ч иста я.) You needn ’t come before ten. = You may if you like, but it’s unnecessary. (Н еза ч ем приходить ра н ьш е десяти.) Notice the further difference between needn’t, mustn’t and don’t have to: needn’t generally expresses the authority of the speaker, while the other two verbs denote that the external authority, or circumstances, remove the obligation or necessity for action. 1. You’ ve been late for work twice this week. You mustn’t / needn’ t be late again tomorrow. 2. We mustn’t / don’t have to hurry. We’ ve got plenty of time. 3. We mustn’t / haven’ t got to make any noise going into the house. It’ s very late and everybody is asleep. 4.You mustn’t / needn’t tell Nicki about the party. I’ve already told her. 5. You mustn’ t / don’t need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I’ ve got a timetable. 6. I mustn’t / haven’ t got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me.

Ex. 2. What do you say to the other person in these situations? Use needn’t or mustn’t. E.g. Situation: You are talking to a little girl. She is playing with some matches. Response: You mustn’t play with these matches. 1. Someone is speaking English to you very slowly. 2. You are at a petrol station. Someone is smoking. 3. You’re in someone’s house. They are going to turn the heating up. You are warm enough. 4. Your secretary is willing to work late. You can do without her. 5. Your friend is going to park his car where there is a sign saying “No Parking” . 6. Your friend is going out and it is going to rain. You see he is going to forget his umbrella. 7. Your taxi driver is willing to wait but it is not necessary. Ex.3. Complete the sentences by putting mustn’t, needn’t or doesn’t / don’t have to. 1. You ... ask me when you want to use the telephone. 2. This plant ... stand in direct sunlight or it will die. 3. Students ... attend cookery

32 17 Ex. 10. Discussion. Sometimes we see how a pleasant coastline, a forest glade or bank of the river are being altered by tourism. What do you think should be done about it?

Had better Ex. 1. Rewrite these sentences using had better or had better not. E.g. You ought not to cross the street here. => You’d better not cross the street here. Reminder: We use had better followed by a base form to indicate mild obligation to do something in a particular situation. The negative is had better not . We do not use had better to talk about mild obligation in the past. It also carries a hint of threat or warning (something bad will happen if you do not ). E.g. You’d better hurry up or else we’ll be late. 1. You ought to get a return ticket. 2. It's getting late. We shouldn't waste any more time. 3. We ought to support Mr. Carter's candidacy. 4. The speaker ought not to touch upon this problem in passing. 5. Before putting these blankets away, you should fold them up. Ex. 2. Make up short dialogues using had better (obligation). E.g. A: I haven't told Tom yet. B: Then you'd better tell him or he'll get the sack. 1. do the ironing 2. apply 3. enrol

4. pay the bill 5. report the accident 6. renew the license

B: Did you have to send for a doctor? A: Yes, I did. She ran a very high temperature. 1. I’ve lost a book from the library. 2. I had to try on several dresses before I chose this one. 3. I had to waste a lot of time running about the town looking for a room in a hotel. 4. I looked at the watch and saw that we had very little time left. 5. We had to put off the meeting till Friday. Ex. 6. Ask B’s questions and complete A’s replies in the following dialogues. E.g. Tom had to go to the police station. (Why?) A: Tom had to go to the police station the other day. B: Really! Why did he have to go to the police station? A: Someone had stolen his passport. 1. Ann has to leave tomorrow. (What time exactly ... ?) 2. We had to answer a lot of questions at the examination. ( What...?) 3. George had to pay a parking fine. (How much ... ?) 4. He will have to work hard next month. (Why ... ?) 5. We have to dine out. (Why ... ?) Ex. 7. Respond to the following situations using have got to. Name at least three actions. Reminder: Have got to is often used in informal English. It can only be used for single actions. Compare: I have to get the bus into work every day / today. I have got to get the bus into work today. Have got to has no past or future forms. E. g. He had to deal with this sort of thing.

Must not, don’t have to, needn’t, don’t need - absence of necessity (prohibition).

1. Your new dog Jessie has turned your room in a real mess while you were out. What have you got to do to clean it up? 2. You’re giving a big party at home. What have you got to do? 3. You’ve found an apartment which is cheap but rather shabby. You want to redecorate it. What have you got to do?

Ex. 1. Choose the correct form. Reminder: Compare: You mustn’t wash that sweater. It has to be drycleaned. = Do not wash it . It is forbidden. (Н е стира й / н е

Ex. 8. Make negative sentences with have to. E.g. Does she curl her hair? - No, her hair is naturally wavy, so … => so she doesn’t have to curl her hair.

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18 Reminder: We use “don’t have to” when there is no obligation or necessity to do something. E.g. Many women don’t have to work. = М н ог им ж ен щ ин а м н е н уж н о, н е приходиться ра б ота ть. We also use “didn’t have to” to say that it was not necessary to do something and only the context tells us whether it actually happened. E.g. I didn’t have to do any extra shopping , so I didn’t. = М н е н е н уж н о б ы л о дел а ть допол н ител ьн ы х покупок, поэтом у я н е пош ел в м а г а зин . 1. Shall we do the rooms? - No, there is a room attendant in this apartment house, so … 2. Did you introduce Bill to Mary? - They have already met, so … 3. Shall I cook something for breakfast? - No, I prefer some cold cereal, so … 4. Did you remind Bess of the doctor’s appointment? - No , she herself spoke about it, so … 5. Are you going to return these books to the library today? - They are not due yet, so … 6. Shall we take an elevator? - No, the office is on the first floor, so … 7. Do you check on your son’ s homework? - No, he’s so hard-working that … 8. Did you wait long before Lady Jones received you? - No, we came at the appointed time, so … 9. Shall we buy a lawnmower? - No, Dad would give us his old one, so …

1. You should (to tell) me first - before notifying the police. (A.Chr.) 2. Jabavu is glowing with anger. It is he who should (to be asked), he is the older and the leader, and he can write. (Lessing) 3. They discussed what mother and I should (to do) during the day … (O'Connor) 4. Edwina settled on the bank with her little girl and opend a huge pink parasol; Monet should (to paint) them in its glow. (Baxt.) 5. The entry is closed with a curtain, which should (to paint) to resemble tapestry. (Arden) 6. Never, never I should (to do) it. The whole situatoin couldn't be worse. Ex. 6. Complete the following sentences. 1. I shouldn't blame her because … . 2. Perhaps we should go and find out … . 3. I know I should have brought … . 4. You should have reminded me … . Ex. 7. Respond to the statements given below and keep the conversation going. Each time begin your response with Why should I? E.g. A: We must go and see Mary. B: Why should I? We are not on speaking terms now. Reminder: Should is used in a set expression corresponding to the Russian ч ег о ра ди\ за ч ем … E.g. Why should she lie? = Ч ег о ра ди ей л г а ть? 1. It's high time you puttied the windows. 2. I hore you will tell Nick your opinion of his paper. 3. You've been ailing of late. You must consult the physician. 4. A change of air will do you a lot of good. 5. Your family must move to the country. Ex. 8. Make up short dialogues with the following statements.

Ex. 9. Complete the following sentences. 1. You don’t have to take my word for it … . 2. She … . 3. You’ll have to clench your teeth and … . things quickly … . 5. I shall have to put up with … to get rid of … . 7. One has to make one’s mind …

had to smile 4. He had to do . 6. You’ll have .

Ex. 10. Express circumstantial necessity or lack of it, use cue words. E.g. She had overslept. So she … … not to be late. (hire a taxi) … so she had to hire a taxi not to be late.

1. I should have never gone to see the play. 2. Why should you be sorry? 3. Why should he have argued? Ex. 9. Translate into English. 1. С ка кой ста ти вы дол ж н ы дел а ть все са м и? Ва ш а доч ь уж е м ож ет пом ог а ть ва м . 2. Вы н е дол ж н ы за да ва ть та кие вопросы . 3. Н а пра сн о ты ем у звон ил а . Н уж н о б ы л о прям о идти туда . 4. П оч ем у б ы ва м н е взять м ен я с соб ой в это путеш ествие? 5. Ты уверен , ч то теб е н уж н о идти туда ? - А поч ем у б ы и н ет.

30 Ex. 3. Read the following sentences as they stand, then turn them into tail questions. 1. I should have my room papered anew. 2. One should not look only on the black side of things. 3. He should not have meddled in other people's affairs. 4. She should put on weight. She is as thing as a rake. 5. My neighbour should not have let her radio shout at its loudest. 6. You should coach her up in grammar.

Ex. 4. Refer the following sentences to the past. Make all the necessary changes. E.g. You should handle your TV carefully. Otherwise it may go off the air.=> You should have handled your TV carefully. Then it would not have gone off the air. Reminder: We use should have + a past participle to say that there was a mild obligation to do something in the past, but that it was not done. E.g. You should have called on your friend long ago. = Вы да вн о уж е дол ж н ы б ы л и н а вестить ва ш ег о друг а . We use should not have + a past participle to say that it was important not to do something in the past, but that it was done. E.g. The boy shouldn't have gone out without the doctor's permission. = М а л ьч ик н е дол ж ен б ы л вы ходить из дом а б ез ра зреш ен ия доктора . . 1. You should put up Jack for the holidays. He will get mortally offended if you don't. 2. You should not argue with Tom. He will never acknowledge his fault. 3. We should give Mary a lift. It's her only chance to get to the station on time. 4. Your little boy should not stay indoors on such a lovely morning. He would be sickly and pale if he does not spend more time in the open air. 5. You shouldn't lay aside this work. Ex. 5. Combine the modal verb "should" with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets. If two variants are possible, give both.

19 1. He had a terrible toothache so he … . (to visit a dentist) 2. There was no choice, she … . (to put up with spoilt weekend) 3. … . because his room-mate had bought everything. (to go shopping) 4. The work was not urgent, so he … . (to stay after working hours) 5. The child has got over, so it … any longer. (to stay in bed) 6. The manager hasn’t returned from the conference, you … . (to wait for him) 7. Now that he is fired … . (to look for a new job) 8. I’ve torn my dress, I … . (to mend it) 9. I’ve run out of my stock of paper, I … . (to buy some) Ex. 11. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, or a suitable form of have to or have got to. 1. We ... hurry, or we’ll be late. 2. ‘Application forms ... be returned to this office within 15 days. ’ 3. You ... visit us again some time. 4. I can never remember people’s phone numbers. I always ... look them up. 5. The car broke down, and we ... have it towed to a garage. 6. The situation has now become intolerable, and something ... be done about it immediately. 7. I realize how difficult the situation is, but you ... try not to let it get you down. 8. ‘Visas where required ... be obtained in advance of travel to the countries concerned.’ 9. I’m sorry to ... tell you this, but you leave me no alternative. 10. It’s not fair! I always ... do the dirty work. 11. You really ... try to be a little more tactful. 12. No one likes ... work at the weekend. 13. Fortunately, the crowd dispersed peaceably. If they hadn’t, the police might ... use force. 14. It’s a very difficult choice to ... make. Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Н а м придется подож да ть н ем н ог о. Д ека н сей ч а с за н ят. 2. М н е н е приш л ось ей н ич ег о об ъясн ять. Он а уж е все зн а л а . 3. М н е н е приходиться тра тить м н ог о врем ен и н а дорог у в ин ститут - я ж иву рядом . 4. Н а м н е приш л ось стоять в оч ереди за б ил ета м и: м ы за ка за л и их по тел ефон у. 5. За втра м н е придется пой ти к зуб н ом у вра ч у, я н е м ог у б ол ьш е откл а ды ва ть. 6. Сей ч а с м н е

20 приходиться л ож иться спа ть поздн о, та к ка к я дол ж ен подг отовить докл а д к пятн ице. 7. Все уж е г отово к прием у г остей : он и дол ж н ы приб ы ть в ш есть ч а сов. 8. Та к ка к вы б удете уходить посл едн им , ва м придется вы кл юч ить свет и за переть дверь. К л юч вы дол ж н ы оста вить под ковриком у двери. 9. Н а м приш л ось спа ть в л одке, та к ка к в н ей б ы л о тепл ее, ч ем н а б ерег у. 10. Х отя за втра к, приг отовл ен н ы й Д ж орж ем , н а м н е пон ра вил ся, м ы б ы л и вы н уж ден ы ег о съесть. 11. Ва м придется об ъясн ить ей , поч ем у вы н е хотите прий ти н а веч ер. 12. Е м у приходиться тра тить м н ог о врем ен и н а подг отовку к за н ятиям , та к ка к он б ол ел и пропустил м н ог о за н ятий . Ex. 13. Imagine you are extremely rich. In pairs discuss your holidays using must, have to, and don’t have to. Talk about transportation, accommodation, food, activities, entertainment and people.

When I go to Los Angeles I tell my secretary that I must stay at the Beverly Wiltshire hotel. My suit must have a private swimming pool and Jacuzzi. Luckily I don’t have to queue at the airport as I have a private jet, and a limousine to meet me. Even though I’m very rich I still have to take a passport like everyone else.

29 He was magnificent at getting us on to trains, planes, and buses, finding restaurants, hotels, shops, and invaluable at directing us what to do on any occasion. a) Pairwork. Student A: You have just been offered a job as a tourist guide in your town. Ask your employer about your duties, hours of work, breaks etc. Student B: You have employed Student A to be a tourist guide. Tell him / her about the duties of the job.

Should Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb "should" denoting obligation or an unfulfilled obligation. 1. I use the American word "director" rather than the English one "producer", because I think it better describes what should be the function of the person in question. (S. M.) 2. The beauty of life, he says, is nothing but this, that each should act in conformity with his nature and his business. (S. M.) 3. And although I don't know who this chap was that you say now you should have married, I don't believe he was your big thing. (Banks) 4. But even as I said the words, I felt a pang. Poor little place! It shouldn’t be so dirty and ugly. (Banks) 5. I should certainly have given up in despair the attempt to get acted, for one rejection of a manuscript has always discouraged me.(S. M) 6. She heard him absolutely roaring, "And do you expect me to pay for this excursions of yours?" "Oh,” groaned poor Josephine aloud, "we shouldn't have done it, Con!" (Mansf.) Ex. 2. Make up five sentences what we should do to stop cruelty to children and five sentences telling what we should not do. Reminder: We use should to talk about a mild obligation to do something. Should is more common in sentences expressing the opinion of the speaker. E.g. Your eyes are red. You should wear sunglasses. = У теб я кра сн ы е г л а за . Ты дол ж ен н осить сол н цеза щ итн ы е оч ки.

28 Ex. 7. Make up dialogues with the following statements. 1. You ought not to write so carelessly, no one can make head or tail of your handwriting. 2. I wish I knew what I ought to do. 3. A man ought to keep himself occupied. 4. I'm sorry, Ann, I ought to have consulted you. Ex. 8. Translate into English. 1. Ва м н уж н о б ы л о пол ьзова ться сл ова рем , вы сдел а л и м н ог о ош иб ок. 2.Вы дол ж н ы б ы ть б ол ее вн им а тел ьн ы и осторож н ы . 3. Ва м н уж н о б ы л о об ъясн ить ей , ч то он а б ы л а н е пра ва . 4. Вы дол ж н ы зн а ть, ч то сущ ествует м н ог о эффективн ы х путей изуч ен ия ин остра н н ы х язы ков. 5. Ва м н уж н о проверить этот перевод ещ е ра з. 6. Ва м н уж н о б ы л о проявить б ол ьш е вкуса в вы б оре пода рка . 7. М н е н уж н о сопровож да ть ее по г ороду. Он а здесь первы й ра з и м ож ет за б л удиться. 8. Ва м н ел ьзя рискова ть здоровьем и отка зы ва ть себ е в восьм и ч а совом сн е. 9. Я зн а ю, ч то я н е дол ж ен б ы л дел а ть это. 10. Вы дол ж н ы за н яться своим и дел а м и. 11. Я дол ж н а прим ириться с этим . 12. Я дол ж н а б ы л а поздра вить ег о вч ера , н о совсем за б ы л а о ег о дн е рож ден ия. Ex. 9. a) Read the following extract and say what a guide ought to do to make one’s journey successful. In a few minutes the guide arrived, first to salute us and then to beam upon us. He was a spectacled, long-haired fellow in the inevitable peaked cap, and he looked like an unsuccessful student of metaphysics. His English was fluent but fantastic, and appeared to have been learned entirely from books. Listening to him, you could never quite believe that this guide was a serious, real person and not an actor playing a foreigner in an old-fashioned farce. I liked that guide. He was a man of temperament. Sometimes for a mile or two he would simply sit there looking at the rain. Then, perhaps, after catching the eye of a passenger, he would begin guiding us again. He would explain everything, the blossom on the trees, the very stones in the road. He might have been conducting us through a new solar system.

21

Need Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb “need” denoting obligation or necessity. 1. “Need we go into all that again?” she asked irritably. 2. Seigmund looked at her intently. He was thinking of her left alone amongst strangers. ” Need we go - need we leave this place of friends?” he said, as if ironically. (Law.) 3. Need we buy anything else? 4. Need I wait for her now? Ex. 2. Discuss the problems below; express different opinions following the given model. E.g. -Need I drink all the milk? -Yes, you must. Milk is very nourishing. -No, you needn’t, if you don’t want to. Reminder: We use need to express present or future necessity in questions. E.g. Need I bring anything with me? The interrogative forms must I? and need I? are more or less synonymous, although need I? often suggests that the speaker hopes for a negative answer. Remember that in answers to the questions with “need (must) you (I , we etc.), “needn’t” is used with “no’, but “must’ is used with “yes” . We use needn’t to say that it is not necessary to do something. E.g. We’re eating out tonight so we needn’t buy any food. = М ы идем куда -н иб удь поуж ин а ть сег одн я веч ером , поэтом у н е н уж н о покупа ть н ич ег о из еды . We also often use needn’t when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something. E.g. You needn’t pay me back the money you owe me until next week. (I give you permission not to pay me back the money until then.) 1. Need we have the room open in this cold weather? 2. Need we come early? 3. Must we book the tickets beforehand? 4.Need I comment on this article at all? 5. Must we do all the exercises to this text? 6. Need we worry about it now? 7. Need he drive flat out to the airport? Ex. 3. Match the sentences and comments.

22

27

Reminder: We use need to to talk about the necessity of doing something. E.g. I need to see a doctor. = It is necessary for me but it doesn’t mean that I’ll go there. I must see the doctor. = I’ll go there. Need + the to-infinitive retains its modal meaning but is treated as a regular verb, i. e. its forms are built up like those of any other full verb. E.g. Do you need to trouble him? I’ll need to buy some new clothes if I get that job. 1. My 2. My 3. My 4. The 5. My 6. My

trousers are creased. computer’s broken. torch won’t work. house looks awful. hair is too long. car has broken down.

a. I b. I c. I d. I e. I f. I

need need need need need need

to to to to to to

get it mended. get it painted. take a taxi. get it cut. get a new battery. get them pressed.

Ex.4. Group work. Instructions Split into groups of three students. You are going to make up a story or coherent passage of prose using the following words and the verb ” need” . - actor, grandfather, eye, snake, move, go away, hard. - squeeze, crocodile, explosion, vegetarian, pure, violin. - shoot, ventriloquist, potato, guilty, slippery, anxious. - the President, river, key, apple, smile, angry, how do you do?

Be to Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb "be" denoting necessity as a result of a previously arranged plan. 1. "Will I see you again?" - "It's likely. I'm to be at the hotel for another week." (Stone) 2. It is arranged, my friend. We are to call on Mademoiselle at End House at half past six. (A.Chr.) 3. I was busy of course; I had a couple of long talks with my Minister and I think we've settled everything. I'm to sail at the beginning of September. (S.M.) 4. Finally a deputation waited on him to propose that he should

You ought to have given this plan a serious thought. It was well worth considering. Reminder: We use ought to have + a past participle to say that there was a mild obligation to do something in the past, but that was not done. E.g. You ought to have warned me what to expect. We use ought not to have + a past participle to say that it was important not to do something in the past, but that it was done. E.g. You ought not to have tried. 1. We ought to take this room for summer. It has a southern exposure. 2. You ought to speak at the meeting. You are in favour of this proposal. 3. He ought to use the books he has at home. He can't go out yet. 4. Sue ought to go and see her grandfather immediately. He is ill and all alone in the flat. Ex. 5. Combine brackets.

ought to with the proper form of the infinitive in

1. Lucy said, rather uneasily: "Do you think you ought (to say) what you did about Emma marring?" 2. He absolutely abhors visiting and thinks there ought (to be) a law against invitations that go beyond dinner and bridge. 3. "I'm sure you ought really not ( to come) at all, Mr Crackenthorp," said Miss Ellis. "You look quite pulled down still." 4. And here I've been keeping you awake. Oh, madam, you ought (to stop) me … 5. You ought (to be careful), Rosy, if you go saying things like that where people can hear you, they'll think you're against the war, you'll get into trouble. 6. It beats me now how I could have been a hesitating fool! I ought (to realize) that there was no time to loose. I ought (to go) to Amyas straight away. Ex. 6. Complete the following sentences using the modal verb “ought” . 1. When she was a girl she had quite a taste for theatricals. They were enjoyable and every one said she … . 2. When a boy Dirk Stroeve had a knack for drawing and his mother thought … . 3. He doesn't know the truth. You … . 4. I didn't mean to offend him. I … . 5. Don't you think that I'm interfering but … . 6. It's getting dark. Your children have not returned from the forest. You … .

26 соб ира ется г роза . Ч то теперь с н а м и б удет! М ы н итки!

23 пром окн ем до

stand for the Country Council election that was shortly to be held. (S.M.) 5. At four they were to dine, and at six to set off on their return. (Aust.) 6. "It is my secretary - that charming young girl you saw tonight - if she could accompany you on your expedition." - "I should have to consult my son. My nephew and his wife are to accompany us. It was to have been a family party." (A.Chr.)

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the modal verb “ought” denoting obligation.

Ex. 2. State the meaning of the modal verb “be” in the following sentences.

1. As it is I'm taking a great risk in telling you, and you may never speak to me again, but right is right, and if you have a true friend you ought to tell him the truth. (Brod.) 2. This is for your own good, Smithy, and you ought to know. (Donl.) 3. You ought to take a look around and see how this place is build. No nails in timbering. (O'Hara) 4. "Surely," said Dermond coldly, just as Conway had decided that he really ought to be more patient with this cold blooded creature. (White) 5. There is in writers a feeling that the public ought to like what they like. (S. M.)

1. I suppose you have been telling our young friend, Gerald, what his new duties are to be, and giving him a great deal of good advice. (O. W.) 2. “First,” I said, “if I am to marry you, I would like to be sure that my brother is provided for.” (S. H.) 3. The next day, just before the family was to leave for the railroad station, Elizabeth Noble called her son into the kitchen. ( Stone) 4. ” You’re going to sit next to Basil,” answered Miss Ley, “Frank Hurrel is to take you down.” (S.M.) 5. It was to be hoped that Julius would arrive better provided. (A. Chr.) 6. Give her orders: that’s enough for her. Eliza, you are to live for the next six months, learning how to speak beautifully. (B. Sh.) 7. On the next day they were going to Cornwall together for their usual midsummer holiday. They were to be accompanied … by a third girl - a minor friend of Louisa, a slight acquaintance of Helena. (Law.) 8. No one said a word. How was I to know that I was going to meet a raging beauty? (S. M.) 9. But where will we ourselves go? What is to happen to us? (S. H.)

Ought

Ex. 2. Make up five sentences telling what priests/ politicians/ teachers ought to do and five sentences what they ought not to do. Reminder: We use ought to to talk about a mild obligation to do something in present and future. Ought to is common in sentences expressing what is necessary due to the public duties. E.g. He is an engineer and he ought to know what's wrong with the machine. = Он ин ж ен ер и дол ж ен зн а ть, ч то сл уч ил ось с м а ш ин ой . Ex. 3. Read the following sentences as they stand, then turn them into tail - questions. 1. I ought to see my uncle next Saturday. 2. He ought to work hard to get good grades. 3. Antonia ought to have waited for me. 4. Her friends ought to be chosen for her. 5. There ought to be opportunities here. Ex. 4. Refer the following sentences to the past. Change the context if necessary. E.g. You ought to give this plan a serious thought. It is well worth considering. =>

Ex. 3. Make the following sentences a) negative and b) interrogative. 1. We are to meet at the entrance at four. 2. They were to discuss the question with the dean. 3. He was to arrive by the 12. 30 train. 4. The house is to be painted this summer. 5. They are to take up history next year. Ex. 4. Write sentences about a busy schedule of a pop star describing one day of her concert tour. E.g. She is to arrive at the airport at nine o'clock. 9.00. Arrives at the airport. 9.30. Breakfast with … 10.00. Tour of the city.

24 12.30. Lunch with … 14.00. Rehearsal. 16.00. Rest. 17.00. Make up. 19.00. Concert. 22.00. Dinner in the night club. Ex. 5. Make up five statements about things you are to do before you leave for the holidays. Reminder: Compare must, have to and be to. I must see the boss. (I want it.) I am to see the boss. (He expects me to do it. We have arranged this.) I have to see the boss. (It's necessary under the circumstances.) Ex. 6. Change the following sentences. Show that the action was not carried out. E.g. I was to ring him up at 6 o'clock. => I was to have rung him up at 6 o'clock but it entirely slipped my memory. Reminder: A perfect infinitive after be to in the past tense indicates that the action did not take place. E.g. William was to have arrived an hour ago, but he must have missed the 4 o'clock train.

25 failure in his presence. 5. Lora Illingworth: “What letter is this?” Mrs Arbuthnot: “You are not (to open) it. I forbid you to open it. It was not (to send).” Ex. 8. Complete the following sentences using the modal verb "be". 1. The conference is postponed … . 2. Ring me up at 6, … . 3. I don't want to see him, he … . 4. Soon we shall have our vacations. We must plan everything beforehand … . 5. Don't blame me. How … ? 6. I've told you not to read in bed. How many times … ? 7. According to the plan of the extra - curricular work the pupils … . Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb "be". Make all the necessary changes. 1. What am I expected to say to that? 2. It was planned that we should wait for them at the box-office. 3.The conference is supposed to be held in September. 4. It was arranged that Freddy Hampton would meet Andrew and Christine in the lounge. 5. It was arranged that Rosemary would meet me at the bus stop. 6. Am I supposed to understand that the fault is all mine? 7. How many times do you expect me to tell you that you spoil your child? 8. It is planned that two students from our group will make reports at the conference. 9. He was destined to live a happy and long life. Ex. 10. Translate into English.

1. I was not to stay long at her house. 2. The conference was to take place in May. 3. The family was to leave for the railway station early in the morning. 4. I was to send the letter at once. 5. Mark Twain was to change trains in Dijon. 6. Mrs. Page was to pay Manson his salary every fortnight. 7. They were to go to the country by car. Ex. 7. Combine the infinitive in brackets.

verb “to be” with the proper form of the

1. You were (to stay) at home but I see your felt boots caked with snow. 2. No need to worry about the children. They were (to pass) the night in the country. 3.I want to know on what terms the girl is (to be) here? Is she (to have) any wages? And what is (to become) of her when you’ ve finished your teaching?. 4. It’s through your fault that father is in a fit of sulks again. You weren’t (to mention) your

1. Я дол ж н а б ы л а встретиться с приятел ьн ицей в 6 ч а сов, н о он а поч ем у-то н е приш л а . 2. П оезд дол ж ен приб ы ть ч ерез пять м ин ут. Д а ва й поторопим ся, а то м ы пропустим н а ш их друзей в тол пе па сса ж иров. 3. Он и дол ж н ы приеха ть к н а м в воскресен ье. 4. Соб ра н ие дол ж н о н а ч а ться в сем ь ровн о. К ом у первом у вы ступа ть н а соб ра н ии? 5. К ог да вы дол ж н ы верн уться из экспедиции? 6. Вы пой дете туда н ем едл ен н о и все ул а дите. 7. Он и дол ж н ы б ы л и поеха ть н а юг , н о в посл едн ий м ом ен т передум а л и. 8. Он и дол ж н ы б ы л и оста н овиться в г остин ице, н о своб одн ы х м ест н е б ы л о, и он и оста н овил ись у зн а ком ы х. 9. Он дол ж ен б ы л пока за ть н а м достоприм еч а тел ьн ости, н о за б ол ел . 10. М ы реш ил и, ч то преж де всег о м ы дол ж н ы пой ти в Б рита н ский м узей и посм отреть одн у из б ог а тей ш их б иб л иотек в м ире. 11. М ы дог оворил ись встретиться в 5, н о я опозда л . 12. М ы дол ж н ы за кон ч ить ра б оту к 6 ч а са м , есл и м ы хотим успеть в теа тр. 13. П осм отри,

М инист ер с т в о о бр азо в ания Р о с с ийс ко й Ф ед ер ации Во р о неж с кий гос уд ар с т в енный унив ер с ит ет К а федра стра н оведен ия и ин остра н н ы х язы ковисторич еског о фа кул ьтета

Ворон еж –2002 М инист ер с т в о о бр азо в ания Р о с с ийс ко й Ф ед ер ации Во р о неж с кий го с уд ар с т в енный унив ер с ит ет К а федра стра н оведен ия и ин остра н н ы х язы ковисторич еског о фа кул ьтета

М ет о д ичес кие указания по английс ко му языку для ст у ден т о в

2 ку рса д/о ист о рическо го ф аку ль т ет а “ Modal verbs”

(“ М о д альные глаго лы”) Part I

М ет о д ичес кие указания по английс ко му языку для ст у ден т о в

2 ку рса д/о ист о рическо го ф аку ль т ет а и ф аку ль т ет а меж ду н аро дн ых о т н о ш ен ий “ Modal verbs” (“ М о д альные глаго лы”) Part I

Соста вител ь О.В. Суха н ова Соста вител ь О.В. Суха н ова

Ворон еж –2002

С ухано в а О. В. М ет о д ичес кие указания по английс ко му языку д ля с т уд ент о в 2 кур с а д /о ис т о р ичес ко го факульт ет а и факульт ет а меж д унар о д ных о т но ш ений “ Modal verbs (Ч. 1)”. – Во р о неж : Во р о неж с кий гос уд ар с т в енный унив ер с ит ет , 2002, - 48 с .

М етодич еские ука за н ия к пра ктич еском у курсу а н г л ий ског о язы ка по тем е «М ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы . (Ч . 1)» вкл юч а ют м ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы с об ъясн ен ием об ъектн ой м ода л ьн ости (physical possibility; necessity) и м ода л ьн остью вол еизъявл ен ия (prohibition) и предн а зн а ч ен ы дл я студен тов 2 курса спецг рупп историч еског о фа кул ьтета и фа кул ьтета м еж дун а родн ы х отн ош ен ий . Ц ел ью да н н ы х м етодич еских ука за н ий явл яется систем а тиза ция ра н ее пол уч ен н ы х зн а н ий и предупреж ден ие ош иб ок, связа н н ы х с м н ог озн а ч н остью м ода л ьн ы х г л а г ол ов. Н а стоящ ие м етодич еские ука за н ия вкл юч а ют об ъясн ен ия в форм е прим еч а н ий и н а пом ин а н ий , которы е содерж а т ин форм а цию, н еоб ходим ую дл я усвоен ия ра зб ира ем ой м ода л ьн ой кон струкции; серии г ра м м а тич еских упра ж н ен ий , н а пра вл ен н ы х н а форм ирова н ие у студен тов реч евы х г ра м м а тич еских н а вы ков и ра звитие реч евы х ум ен ий по употреб л ен ию ука за н н ы х м ода л ьн ы х г л а г ол ов в ин оязы ч н ой ком м ун ика ции. М а териа л ы м етодич еских ука за н ий м ог ут б ы ть испол ьзова н ы ка к н а а удиторн ы х за н ятиях под н епосредствен н ы м руководством препода ва тел я, та к и в са м остоятел ьн ой ра б оте студен тов при изуч ен ии да н н ой тем ы .

List of Literature . 1. Вайсбейн И . М., Т у раева З. Я. М ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы в устн ой реч и.- М .: П росвещ ен ие, 1966. - 120c. 2. Верхо вская И . П. П ра ктикум по а н г л ий ском у язы ку: Г л а г ол . M: ООО «И зда тел ьство А стрел ь»; ООО «И зда тел ьство А СТ», 2000. - 192c. 3. Демен т ь ева Н . Я. А н г л ий ские м ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы в реч и. – Са м а ра : И зд-во «Сл ово», 1999. - 66c. 4. Kирилло ва Е. Н . Б еседы н а б ы товы е тем ы . - М .: М еж дун а р. отн ош ен ия», !976. - 144c. 5. Н ат ан зо н Е. А. П ра ктич еска я г ра м м а тика а н г л ий ског о язы ка дл я за оч н иков. - М .: Вы сш . ш к., 1973. - 304с. 6. Грызу лин а А. П. И др. М ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы в а н г л ий ской реч и. - М .: Вы сш . ш к., 1986. - 120с. 7. Христ о ро ж дест вен ская Л П. М ода л ьн ы е г л а г ол ы в а н г л ий ском язы ке. - М н .: ООО «П опурри», 2001. - 336с. 1. Abrecova T. I. Correct English for Everyday Use. - Moscow, 1985. - 208p. 2. Alexander L. G. Longman Advanced Grammar. - Longman, 1996. 304p. 3. Gordon E. M., Krylova I. P. Modality in Modern English. Moscow, 1968. - p. 4. Graver B. D. Advanced English Practice. - OUP, 1993. - 320p. 5. Focus on First Certificate. - CUP, 1988. - 184p. 6. Thomson A. J., Martinet A. V. A Practical English Grammar. OUP, 1997. - 384p. 7. Swan M., Walter C. How English Works. - OUP, 1977. - 358 p. 8. 9.

Watkins M. Practise your Modal Verbs. –Longman, 1999. - 64p. Ur P. Discussions that work. - C UP, 1997. - 122p.

_____________________________________________________________ Соста вител ь Суха н ова Окса н а Вл а дим ировн а Р еда ктор Б ун ин а Т. Д .