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the Conqueror) B K o H u e 1066 r. 6bm AHZJZUU u ~ U H U Mnpecmol ~ ~ 21 zod (1066-1087). Hop~a~dcrcoe saeoeea~uen p u e e f l o K rcvvnHbm u 3 ~ e ~ e HUM B no~umuuecrcoiiu 3~o~o~uvecrcoLi c u e m e M a x A~znuu: 6 ~ n yac m a n o s f l e n a o l i e n b c u b n m (caina~c u b n m 8 Espone) ~ o p o ~ e s c ~anacme: m KOPOflb (BMnbreJIbM 3 a ~ o e B a ~ e J I b6 )b m O ~ W K B J I ~cHo 6 c m e e ~ ~ u ~ o ~ ecex 3eMWlb - p e ~ K H i icnpafi B Espone, me C O ~ C T B ~ H H M K ~ M M 3 e M e n b ( u e n b I X I T p ~ B t i ~ u H f i6) b ~ @ H ~o&~JJ~ P aI B, H b I e no CTaTyzeflbm 3 a s o e s a m e ~ z b(William
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1086 r. B u n b r e n b ~ o3~a ~ o e ~ a ~ 6bma e n e ~n p o s e n e H a eceo6-
nepenUCb H a C e f l e H U U 3eMe/lb, pe3YJIbTaTbI K O T O P O ~ ~6 6 1 1 ~ 3aHeCeHbI B C n e U H a n b H y I O KHHrY, lTOnyYHBUyIO B H a p o n e H a s s a ~ a e" K n u z a Cmpaurnozo cyda" ("Domesday Book");
n e p e n m b n p o B o n m a c b o s e H b x e c T K o - 3a O T K OT ~ ~m a c m B ~ e i i MllM COKPbITMe C B ~ A ~ HHaCTyn2UIa M ~ ~ C M e p T H a R Ka3Hb; HaceneHMe 6 b m o o6noxe~o HanoraMM; no pe3yJIbTaTaM n e p e n M C H (M 3 a n M C n M B K ~ m e )C B O ~ O ~ H ~ MOC.~U mUAUCb mORbK0 OKORO 10%HUCeReHUR; 90% HUCe/leHlM n0R)nlKIlO 3 o G ~ c L l ~ b lCmQmyC li pfl3HWO ypOf3HJl ( O K O ~ O 40% - K p e n O C T H b I e KPeCTbRHe (viffein~); 10% - n O n H O C T b I 0 6 e ~ n p a B H b I ep a 6 b 1 30% @ O P M ~ T ~ ~ HC OB O ~ O & H ~ IHO ~, 6 e ~ H b I e A 3 a B A C A M b l e 3 e M J I e A e f i b y b I ( ~ 0 t i e r S ) ; 10% COCTORTeJIbH b I e 3aBMCMMbIe K p e c T b R H e ) .
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Cnenymu~fiBMTOK @ P ~ H U ~ ~ C K O3 ~aO~ o e ~ a np0~30uen ~rn B 1154 r. K p y n ~ b l i i$ p a ~ l ( y 3 c ~ u i t@ e o d a R I'enpux (renpu) l7..anmazenem AH;ncyi?ck.lli?,0 6 n a q a ~ ~ u6~0fnib m M ~ M ~ O ~ ~ T C T B ~CM~ OHC, O ~ H O C T I I M MM c T p e ~ ~ s r n ~Kf 061ueesponefic~o~y ic~ snammo, 3a~oesa.nA H r J I M l o M 6 b 1 n n p o ~ o 3 m a m ea~~ r n ~ f i cK o~p own e~M . B nepuod 35-~emnezo npaedenua I'enpuxa 11~ ~ a n m a z e n e m( 1154-1 a 189):
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m e r i u e , n o y e m o e 3a wzy31~6y KOPORK)) C T ~ J I OCH O B H O ~R9efiK0fi ~ O ~ W ~ C T B~ K ~O . H O M U Y ~ C KO~ ~~ ~U. ~ C ~ B ~ MHL HW ~b R d ~ i U ~ d b 1 6 ~ A @KpVZ a ~ b MUI~O-pa: ~ o 3 r n a ~ nM~a Hn o p nopd (Gapes), nonyscrsrn~iis e ~ n 1 0OT K o p o n R 3a.cnyx6y ( ~ ~ C TBOO ~ H H A~ ~) O A ~ M H R B L U M ~KOpOJII0; ~CFI nanee IIIJIM 6onee M e n m e @ e o n a n b ~- paiyapu, n o n y r a s r u M e 3eun10 OT J I O p n a , nOJJWIH5UlMCb H JIOpAy, M KOpOJIIO; P b I u a p M (M B O p r a H M 3aUMI.r X O ~ ~ I ~ ~ CMT BB CJIflae ~, B 0 f i H b l ) AOJIXHbI 6b1nM & ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ s a o n ~ oco CBOMM n o p n o M (cocma6nm~i" ~ o ~ a n a~opda), y" nopn men B B O ~ H H ~ I IIOXOA % BMeCTe CO CBOMMM PbT4apRMM; nocne nopna M pb~qapefiB M e p a p m w LUJIH ceo60dHare A ~ U c,e n w B UMeCR BOKPJT M a H O p a ( ~ ~ M ~ c J I ~ H H M KmH b, I , 3aXUlTOYHbIe KpeCTbR H ~ ) , OHM OCyLUeCTBJL%W CBR3b M e w AaHHbIM MaHOPOM M APJT'MMM MaHOPaMH, a T a m e TOplTlBO-PeMeCJIeHHOe 0 6 c n ~ a MaHOpa; ~ ~ e LCUIee llLTIM 0 6 b ~ H b 1 e 3aBMCMMbIe (B 3 K O H O M F l e C K O M C M ~ I C ~OT~ ) M a H O p a , J I O p n a , p b 1 q a p e G KpeCTbRHe;
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HO n a H H O e RBJIeHMe 6bmo BpeMeHHbIM. H3-39 ~ L M ~ H L IIIOJIWTMKOB, M~~ ec~ec~se~~ reorpa@~.rsec~ofi oii p a 3 n e n e ~ ~ oncp o~n~a B o M , M H ~ I X pamws~fih r n m M a p a ~ u w Hr e CT~JIHO ~ H M Mr o c y n a p c T B o M . Ilocne cMepTM r e ~ p m al l n a ~ ~ a r e B~ 1189 e ~ a r. npow30~~~1o MX n m a c T M s e CKOe M rOCYAaPCTBeHHOe p a 3 M e X e B a H M e . Hec~oTpcrH a TO YTO AHTnpOfiOIDKilJIH n p a B M T b @ p a ~ w 3 b 1(AIXQ%CK~R AMHaCTMFI, ae0AaJIbI), MX MHTepeCbI C @paHLlMefi, a p a H 4 ~ 3 ~ ~ 03 Jf IiM ~ 0 f i CTilJIM PaCXOAMTbCR. W J I M R M @PIHUMR nOLUJIH no Q'lX COWaHMR OTAeJIbHblX r O C Y ~ p C T B ,ROCTeIIeHHO MX rOCYnaPCTBeHHOe YCTPO~~CTBO,K y m T y p a , R3bIK M MHTepeCbI C T U M CMJIbHO pa3JlMYaTbCX. B ~ O C ~ ~ & C T B H M hirnm M @ p a H ~ wCTaRM ~ HenPBMHPMMbIMB BparaMM I4 K O H W H TaMM KaK B Eepone, T a K M B 3aOKeaHCKMX BJIZQeHMlur. ~ L W n i i e l h u ~ U U H Z / I O - @ ~ U ~ H ~ ~ ! ~ C I C BOeHHblNU UMU CMORKHOGeHlL%ViU 6 ~ 1 ~ : C T O J ~ ~ T HBI0~f i~H a (1337-1453); C~MMJI~THFM ~ 0 f i H a(1756-1763), B p e 3 y J b T a T e K O T O P O ~ ~ B~~TIMKO~ P H T ~ H H (OTBOeBaJIa I y @ p a w M M 6 0 n b l L I M H ~ ~ 8C0e B e p O a M e p M K a H CKMX K O J I O H M ~ ~ ,B T. q. K a ~ m y ; B O ~ HB ~~ I JIMKO~PHT~ nPOTMB HKM ~ ~ B o ~ I ~ L ( w o H W H oHaIlOlIeOHOB~~ C K O ~( ~ DP~HUMK (1793-1 8 15), B p e 3 y a ~ a ~KOTOP~IX e Hanoneo~ 6b1n C B e p r H F . T o J I ~ K o B 1904 r. B ~ J I M K O ~ P M T ~ H MMR
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P ~ ~ ~ X OBoIIbrrry~o M . YaCTb XM3HM npOBeJI B H e k n M M . YY~cTBoBCUT B
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nolimu ece cnoea, uzeioque omnouenue rc X U ~ H U eepxoe, umeiom qbpanyy3crcoe npoucxowdenue ( ~ n ~ o Mp o,H a p x , nopd, zeapdu~,nmac (deopey), Jaw, y u i c - 3 ~ du dp.) M ~ O Y T MH e T ( P p a ~ HoMepHocTb -
UY3CKMX CnOB B Ha3BaHkiRX I I p e a M e T O B XM3HM n P O C T O r O H a p O A a ;
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(1189-1192), B B O ~ ~ HC~ XQ > p a ~ M e f i M M c n a ~ ~ e fABTOPMT~T i. KOPOJIFI B TO BpeMII 6b1n O Y e H b BbICOKMM. O A H ~ KAaJIeKO O H e BCH ~ H M H ~ ~ C aPBCTOKpaTMR K ~ R > K e n m a nono6-
TPeTbeM KpeCTOBOM nOXOae
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(1199-1216).
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Noanne Be33emenbnom
I
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(/ 8 U H U T U ~ C K O MU @ P U H ~ Q ~X3blKUX C K O MeCmb MHOZO
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7 .
C~IH r e ~ p ~ I1 x an n a ~ ~ a r e Puliapd ~ e ~ a IJIbeunoe Cepdye (Richard the Lion-Hearted) ITna~mazenem ( 1189-1 199) npononmun nomTMKY CBOeTO OTUa n0 YKpenJIeHMIO BJIaCTM KOpOJIH. O C O ~ ~ HOH HO c T p e M n n c H y K p e n M m B n a r i m e AHmm a aarnafic~oroK o p o n r r 3a
1199.'I B npaenenue Noanna fie33eme~tanozocoom~ouenuenonumuliecrcux C ~ J I6 nonuy icopom 6bmo napylueno. Ms-sa orpotviIibrx s a ~ p H a a~ se060cmpuflucb
COylta~bHble
M C T O KM ~C ~B TO ~~ O ~ RIIOEQaHHbIe ~ I ~ H e XenalTM [PI), HeCTM 6pem H e ~ 0 f MMi B O ~ ~ H O ~ Im . ~pblm~ H e~ ~ O ~ U H OKO~ ~ H POAH) OICU~UAU6aponbi - IcpynHble qbeodanbr, KOTOPbIe H a Y a n H np04 o ~ o n o40% anznuicrcux cnoe u cnoeo06pa3oeanu~uzeem namuncrcue TMB ~ o p o m B O ~ H ~ . KOPHU, npUHeCeHH b l e l i e p e 3 @ p a H l { y 3 C i c ~II3blK. ~ B 1215 r. B xone B O ~ ~ icopoflb H ~ I N O ~ H6 eHp 3 e ~ e n b ~ b nl o~nia f l e n n e H M 15 H ~ H H1215 rona na nyzy Pannuzed OKOAO Bund3opa 6 b 1 n B ~ I H Y Bonpoc 7. A~rnnslB XIII-XIV BB. C T ~ H O B ~ ~ H H ~ m e H n o d n u c a m b n p e d s x e f l e ~ ~ b el M e y mpe6oea~ux. COCJ~OBHO-~~~~ACT~B MOHapXHH. HT~J~~HO~ TOT AOKYMeHT, C O C T O R W M ~M3 ~ 63 c ~ a ~ e fn0JI)'Ylm i, H a 3 B a H M e Benmaa xapTHs ~ o n a n o c ~ e1215 l r. - The Great Charter (eng.) Magna Charta Libertatum (Jam.); Magna Carta ( ~ a s s a ~ M a ec n o n b 3ye~cxc e h a c K a K ~ ( P ~ u ~ a n b ~ onepebii e) ~oncmumyyuonn~ri arcm e ucmopuu Benu1~06pumanuu. B H a c T o r r u e e sperm Magna Carta 1215z. x ~ ~ x e m O ~cH ~ U Mu s o c ~ o - K XIII B. B A ~ r n a ac n o m a c b cuJIbnaR yenmpm1~30ea~naa macmb, 6 o n o f l a z a m l y u x a i c m o e ~enucaiioii6 p u m a ~ c i c o u i' c o t t c m u m y y u u . K o T o p a R O n u p a n a c b H a n o d d e p x i c y p b l y n p c m e a , zopodoe u ceo6od~ozo Coz/lac~oXapmuu: i c p e c m b m c m e a . n p K~o p o n e pa6o~anrcopofleecrcu6 coeem, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ senan qbunancmu u cyde6no6 cucmeniori: K O ~ O ~ ~ B~nacn, CW H~M(/ 6bma o z p a ~ u l i e ~e fal a c m b icopoflx 6 ~ a n o z o e o l i( @ a ~ a ~ c o ~ uo fcyi) 6onee y ~ p e n ~ n a c~b P AMU H ~ C T M M~ ~ ~ H T ~ T ~ HO ~C OT ~O~ H B H, nO p ~ de6~ou'c@epax. Q>~oAXTOB M O r CynMTb TOnbKO C y n P a B H b I X JIMIJ. ee o c H o s a T e n e renpuxe 11 (1154-1189), icomopblu": A a ~ ~ auden x ozpanulienux enacmu KOPOM, 3anowenna~ze xapmuu, (/ y K p e n M n r o c y n a p c T B o , nposenrr cyde6nyio peqbopmy (common law cmanem sumem ocnoeoi codanwt napnamenma (39 naparpaa maSystem) - BBeJl KOPOA~~CKU~' cyd, B K O T O ~ MOT ~ I ~O~ ~ P ~ W ~ T~1~060fi ~ C R CMn: "HM 0QMH ~ ~ 0 6 0 J l H b I f iY e n O B e K H e 6 y n e T a p e C T O B a H , MnM 3aKJTH)YeH B TIOpbMY, MnM 0 6 ' b m e ~BHe 3aKOHa, BnM 0 6 e 3 q 0 n e H 7 KilM (/ 68M ~a3~alieicm80 6 ~ M U U (Exchequer). @ M H ~ H C ~~I ~ U IOTaeneEfbI M OT KOpOJIeBCKOrO COBeTa.
? ~ p o m ~ 8 0 p e l i l lA ~ .~
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TO 6b1n n e p 8 b l i CIHZAU@CKU~napflluNeHnt u 0 g b ~ y ~ a f l b-~ n0 e p s b i u ' napnamenm s mupe. XOTRo p r a a b r , n 0 ~ 0 6 H b l e n a p n a ~ e ~cywe~a~, CTBOBaJIB ewe C aHTWIHbIX B p e M e H , @nept?ble 8 UCmOpUU: 6b1n co3naa opzan H a ocnose n p e d c m a s u m e n b c m s a om cocnosuu'; naaabrfi o p r a ~ ozpanuvu snacma monapxa. T ~ K Mo6pa30~, M c 1265 2. ~ Z A U H a v a n a ~ ~ ~ H C ~ ~ O ~ M U P U3 a6conmmnoi MOHapXUU 6 KOHCmUm~UOHHYH). C 1295 r. pa6o~an a p n a ~ e c~ ~~ m a aperynrrpaoii. 170 csoeli cmpPvtcmvpenap~ahze~m cocmom u3 dsvx nmam: 17nnama nopdos (House of Lords), B ~ o ~ o p ysxodunu ~o $eodanbr u tcpynmle 3 e ~ f l e s ~ a d ebl~ (n3pbl); by 17anama o6yun (House of Commons), B ~ o ~ o p y Br oX O ~ U / I Upblyapu u zopoxaHe. ITepso~aranb~o napflaMeHm cocmom moflbtco u3 od~ou'nanambl - HaCfledCm6eHH0u" 17anambl ~opdoa. Tona~onovmu vepes 80 nem, s 1343 Z., 6 b m a y l r p e x d e n a 8 m O p a R n&Zama ( n n R npeACTaBBTeJIbCTBa 6onee H B ~ K B Xc o c n o ~ ~ f-i )s b 1 6 0 p ~ a r rnanama o6yun.
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c/ CTpeMJIeHMe 3aXBaTMTb HOBbIe TepPMTOPMM; c/ HexenaH~eycMneHMR n o 3 w ~ WP o c c a ~ ,sbrxona ee K qepHoMopCKMM ~ P O I I M B ~ M M B C P ~ A M ~ ~MOP^; MHO~ c/ XenaHMe 0 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ ~CBOM b CpeAM3eMHOMOpCKMe TOprOBbIe Map-
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n p y c c t f ~B . 60-x rr. n p y c c ~n o~6 e m a e ~A B C T P M ~Ha, Y M H ~B ~ TO ~ B c ~ < TD ~ p a ~ ~ l l eMf in o 6 e w a e ~ee B 1871 r. A H ~ ~ M ~e R o~a3b1~a Q eP ~~H U M M H M K ~ K O~~O~R I [ ~ P ) KHO KM B.M T O ~ 113-311 ~ nopalllcenurr @panyy3os y 5pumanuu noaeu~cae 4 e 6oflee ~ 0 4 ~ e l i nPomU6HuK - 06~edunuelum8Ce 2epnzaHcKue Kn.xxecmea repMancKU m n e p m BO rJtaBe c KaHWePoM SUCM~PKOM. Dme~epcmo~, npeMbeP-MMHMcTp: "The English have no permanent friends, they only have Petmanent interests". "YA ~ Z A UHem U nocmOaHHt,lX dpysei, Y AHZJ~UU ecmb rnofletco nocmoannele unmepecu". B 1870-x rr. BO~HMKJIO Ha3BaHMe "&pumanc~axunmepd'. naprraMeHT no PeKoMeWauMM A~spasnkinpMcBor?n amnwi3c~oi3KoponeBe TMTYJr KOPOJIeBbI M ~ M MBce . U H Z A U ~ ~ C K KOflOHUU U~ Ha3bleaflUCb Epuma~crcoliwnepuea. 1875 2. - aKUMM C Y ~ U K O K a~HO U a 6b1nM KynneHbI y E r ~ n T a3a 4 mxn $ynmoe cmepflunzoe. HaYaHaeT
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B HeRpaX KanMTaJIM3Ma; c/ n o c ~ e n e ~0~por a ~ b 1 ~ e c m o r o c a ~ o ~ p a m e 6my ~ nn ~o w ~a 6onbme n p a ~ npenocTasnReMb1X , rOCynapCTBoM. A caMo rocyaapcT B~ ~ Y A ~ OIJnHklqMBaTb T CBOM rrpaBa. nepexod O m 6 ~ ~ 3 1 c ~ a 3 ~ ?Ocy ozo dapcmea rc co~umucmuuecrcoMyMeCmHOMY c~oYnpa@fleHuro - rnaB Hax meR @a6ua~cxozocoyuanuma.
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BbIKYnitRMCb ~ 6 b 1 ~ 0 ' I ~ IIpeAnpHHTHH; bIe 6 b I ~ m B~ new e n b u b I n o n y q a n M 6 o n b m y m K O M n e H C a u H m ; n p e A n p k i H H M a T e J I H CTaHOBHnkiCb AkipeKTOpaMki n p e & n p k i H T H f i H c T a n t i n o n y q a T b sapnna~y;
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d M O H ~ P X( K~ Q P O ~ R d kma~b1 ~O~AOB; d l l a n a ~ Ob ~~ L U H H .
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n O p a O B B H ~ C T O B U MMOMeHT ~~ COXpaHrreTcR,
rfla@~Ym POnb @ ~ ~ U ~ U H C Knapnmetime O M uzpaem HUM^ nmama na~2ama0 6 q u ~(B 3TOM ewe OAMH n a p m o K c a m n ~ f i c ~ onraop n a M e H TapM3Ma).
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rbaKmuqec~ua~auCc~unz napnaMeHmoM ( e nonHoM WblCAe 3mWO ~ 0 6 a ) m m e m a n~onb~o l7mama O ~ W U H ; n p m e M VJreHaMa napJraMeHTa M M ~ H Y I ~ T C ~06bm-10 ~
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P e m a m ~ m~ o n bn p ~b160pax ~ n a p n a ~ e ~ti ~@ ao ~ M M ~ o B ~ H M MnpaBMTenbcma q a m T nonmmecme n a p w . B Hacmxqee Bpem B BeJ I M K O ~ P M T ~ H M H cnommacb dsyxnapmuu'nm cucmema: 6onee 70 neT npaBMTenbCTB0 Ha OCHOBe napJIaMeHTCKOr0 ~ O J I ~ U H H C Tno B ~ OlrePenM @OPMMPYK)T HBe naPTHM KOHCepBaTMBHatI M nefi60pMc~c~aR. XOTRH a CTbIKe XX-XXl BB. U a C C M Y e C K a R A B Y X ~ ~ P T W ~ CHCTe~H~R M a HaqaJIa naBaTb C ~ O MM H a ITOJIMTWeCKYK)apeHy BHOBb Halrana BbIXOJIWTb mpembll flapmu - nu6epanbr.
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K O H @ ~ P ~ H U M I IPerMOHaTIbHbIe , O ~ T ~ H A ~ ~ U~ M~ M~. A ~ M ~ H@TP ~CKK- ~ H UMII napTMw ~ 3 6 ~ p HnM a e ~n e p e ~ 3 6 ~ p nwepa. ae~ K ~ nKp a m no, eAHHOWbI M 3 6 p a ~ ~ nudep b 1 ~ nepeu36upaemca K a x d b l i zod (M. T 3 ~ r e p 15 pas, c 1975 no 1990 rr.), noKa He npoMrpaeT ~b160pb1 B napnaMeHT Mna He pacTepcreT nonyncrpaocn.
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BOTYM HeAOBepMH npaBMTenbcTBy, B B ~ ~ M K o ~ P MCmeCTBYeT T ~ H I . ~ ~K ~O H C T M ~ M O H H M06bmaG ~~ He H O C M T ~BOTYM HeAOBepMR npaBMTenbCTBY (B XX B. BOTYM Hen p ~ 6nb u BblHeCeH T O ~ K Oesamnbr - B 1924 r. B 1979 r., npaB~Tenbc~ n~oar e p ~ n6 ~o n b m a ~ c ~B ~n oa p n a ~ e ~ ~ e ) .
fleu'6opucmc~m(mpydosm) n a p m u C O ~ A ~B H1900 ~ r. K a K napTMR p a 6 0 4 ~ xM ~ ~ o @ c o ~ O ~ B O B1924 . 2. OHU 6ttep6ble c@op~uposann npasumeAbcmao u ablmecHuna nu6epanb~ylonapmulo, conep~urasrrrylo c rco~cepeamopwus XIX - ~cllimeXY 6s. B ~ a c ~ o ~ B u Pe~ eM R
nefi60pMc~b1 ~6nM3WIkl~b C KOHCePBaTOPaMM W npeBpaTMnMCb B coU M ~ - & ~ M O K ~ ~ T MnpaBylo ~ ~ ~ C napTMI0. K ~ I ~ JT~~~~oPMcT~I
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( ~ P O T M B2 MJIH YJIeHOB y KOHCePBaTOPOB, T. e. B 20 pa3 ~ e ~ b t u e ) ; B O P ~ C ~ Y KnaPTMM ~ ~ Y Ha npU6UX KOflReKmU6HbLX WeHO6 6~0d/lm npo@colosbr (mped-lo~uo~br);
40% we~ospyrcosod~lu(uxopatioa d 0 / 1 x ~ b r 6 b m b npedcmasume~~r~u flp0@0lo306 (T. e. BeJrMKO JNWIHMe ~ ~ O @ C O D ~ Ha O BnOflMTHKy n a p M ) .
B XX B. y BnaCTM lraqe HaXollMnaCb KOHCepBaTMBHaR napTWH. 3a nocne&HMe 100 neT ( B ~ ~ MCyUeCTBOBaHflX R napTMM) n e f i 6 0 p ~ c ~ b 1 6bIJIM y BnaCTM B o6qefi CnOXHOCTM OKOJIO 25 neT. O C T ~ J I ~ H O ~ BpeMR ~P~BHJIM npeMMyIlteCTBeHH0 KOHCepBaTOpbI.
O6qee npaeo 6 b m o co3da~opa3ae3dHbmru ~opo~teec~umu c#amu. Q ~ H H b I e CYAbI, MMeR llOJIHOMOqHR OT KOPOJIII, p a 3 . b e 3 X a n H no C T p a H e H paspemanu p a s n m a b ~ enena. l l e p ~ o ~ a q a n bnena ~ o paccMaTpMBaJlMCb MMM IT0 C O ~ C T B ~ H H O MYCMOTPeHklK), Y HO 3 a T e M B n p O U e C C e 0 6 ~ e OnbITOM ~ a CYAbM B ~ I P ~ ~ O0 T6 ~ 4~ ~ nOL[XOAbI eM Pi npMHUMnb1, KOTOPbIMM A O n X H b I 6 b U t ~PYKOBOACTBOBaTbCR BCe CYnbM n p M PaCCMOTpeHMM ,Qen (T. e. ~ ~ I J I MYCTaHOBJIeHbI eAMHbIe o 6 p a 3 ~ b 1QrrR PaCCMOTpeHHR aHaJIOrH'4HhIX, nOBTOpRKlUMXCS3 nen). P a 3 5 e 3 ~ ~ b 1c ye n b r , c o 3 n a ~ ~ Mr ~n peM M e H m u l M e o6mee n p a B o , 6 b I n k i He ~ ~ H H C T B ~ H H C O Y ~A~~ ~ HMO H~ C ~ T ~ H ~BM C~T p~a H ~e. C y n e 6 H b I e
MOHapXJJ,KOTOP~IBOCYUeCTBJIRJl MX cyd nopda-K~H ynepa. M o ~ a p xu cyd n o p d a - ~ a ~ y ~ ecosda~u pa napanneAbHyH.3 o6qemy npaey npaeoeyio cucmemy. E c n ~CYnbM n p H BbIHeCeHMM p e U I e H M a 6b111~ CBR3aHbI XeCTKHMM, @ O ~ M ~ ~ H ~ O B ~ H H06pa3uam ~IMEI ( n p e u e n e ~ ~ aTO ~ ~~)o,p o mH nopnK a H U J I e p PeUaJIIi A e J a no CBOeMy n l n H O M y YCMOTPeHMm MCXOAII IIOJIHOMO'IMR npMHEiAJleXaJIM M
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M3 npMHUHIlOB IYMaHH0CTI.I M CnPaBemMBOCTM. C 0 3 n i n a H ~ Z 3MMH BTOpa2 C Y A ~ ~ HCMCTeMa, ~ R Cny>KMBUaR npOTMBOBeCOM 0 6 m e ~ yn p a B y ,
~ a s ~ "npaso a ~ ~ cnpased~ueocmu". e c v n e 6 ~ o iCMCTeMbl B ~ ~ H K O ~ P H T ~ H nonywna M~ Cocyqecmsosa~uedsyx npasosux cucmeM s a ~ a c ~ ynpmoamo m K nyC ~ a ~ a ncydbu, a CsszmHHble npeyede~rnmu,sbr~ocunu"cflenble" wcmtiue peucetilur, a 3 a x ~ ~opoflb( 6 fluqe nopda-tia~wepn)"nepepeuuix" 3mu x e dma "no cnpasedflusocmu"- no n M s H o M y YcMoTpeHMm. B pe3yJIbTaTe cydeb~ori: pe#opMbl 1873 2. o6e IIpaBOBble CMCTeMhI o6wero n p a B a M n p a B a c n p a s e A n M B o c T M - 6 b m 06ziedune~al ~ s eduHYH) npa~oeyiocucmemy, me npesmupyem o6qee npaeo, K o p o n b EI J I O p A - K a H W e p H e CO3AaIOT O T A ~ J I ~ HCHCTeMbI, O~ a MHOrAa BbICTYTaHMqe.
IIaKlT B KaYeCTBe ~ I I ~ S I J I R U M O H H O G MHCTaHuMM.
1. B ~ X T I M K O ~ ~ H -TnpeACTaBMTeJIb ~HMR T a K H a 3 b I ~ a e ~ o aHZA0Ca fi cX0'ori / Z ~ ~ @ O @ O U CUCmeMbl, rfie, B OTJIH'IMe OT CTPaH KOHTMHeHT H 0 f i CHCTeMbI, BenyIXYIO P O n h HI'paeT H e 3 a K O H ( K O ~ ~ K C )a, Cy ~ b l r inpeyedeilm - KoHKpernHoe peulefiue cyda no KoHKpemHoMy de cnyxawee o6paayo~dax noczedymu(ux atianozuwbuc den. C y n b TOnbKO n P H M e H R K l T n p a B 0 , HO H CaMM TBOPRT HOPMbI, 0 6 R 3 a ~ H b I e ASIR n O C S I e n y ~ W H Xc y ~ e f i T , , e. IIpeUeAeHTbI.
B cucmme npeuede~m~ozo npasa Be/rluco@uma~~cll ~ecnonb~o cm6a, muu cocvutecrnsosanu: I 4 d o614ee npaso; I t1 d
M n p a B O CnpaBenJIHBOCTM.
O C O ~ ~ H coepeme~~ou' H O C ~ ~ cyde6noci cucmembr B e ~ t u ~ o 6 p u m a ~ u u C O ~ ~ ~ M H ~KOpOSIeBCTBe H H O M CylUeCTByeT mRU a6mOHOMFble c.vde6~bcecucmeMb1: o 6 u r a ~AJIR AHCXMM M Y3nbca; B TOM, 'IT0 B
O T n e n b H a R LUrg ~ o T J ~ ~ F ~ A H H ; oTnenbHarr C e ~ e p ~ oMpnamm. fi
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Llepa~xumo6utux cvdos 06pa3vmm: HM3lrrMe CYAbI BbICUIMe CY4bI
- MarMCTpaTCKHe CYAbT W CYnbI ~ ~ ~ G c T B ; - Bep~06Hbli~ y dM n m a m a nopdos.
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a npocTbre VamaeMbre M n o 6 p o n o p m o ~ ~ bWaMaHe, ~e MC*onH WMe CBOM & y ~ ~ q6~e pc rin a ~ ~ Ha 0 , o ~ u I ~ c T B ~ Hasanax. H H ~ ~ ~ T
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AMn B H P r H H C K H ~ E n a H T a T O P AX0pdX BaUIufl<moH ( 1732-1 799). C ~ a q w a~ P M ~C eRs e p o a M e p m a H c K ~ xW T a T O s T e p n e n a nopameHH% HO UOTOM CMTyaUMH H3MeHMnaCb.
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nepBoHaYUbH0 ITpOMbI~eHHbIe M p a 6 0 4 n a ~ e n b r e c ~ 4~ T e npamne K comackim. B 1820 z. 6b1n 3 a w ~ l ~ enepsblri n Muc
clcuri ~omrtpomucc,coznacuo lcorno~o~y: fl ~ ~ ~ C T6b1no B O sanpeue~o K 3anwy OT p e w M ~ c c y p K~ cegep , 36' 30' ceaepaofi ILIWPOT~I; v' 6bmo peurer-lo, YTO wcno pa60ma1~enb~ecKHx mTaToB norwc~o PaBHblM '4MCJIY C B O ~ O A H ~ I X UITaTOB (T. e. eCJIM B COCTaB CmA HMMiWCR 1 ~~060fiHblfi LUTaT, TO 0nHOBl)eMeHHOnOJWeH npMHMM CR 1 p a 6 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ e n b ~ e c m u~06b1 f i ) , 661~10paBHOBeckie B K o q e c c
20 Max 1862 zoda 6b1n n p m m 3 a ~ o no zo~cmedax,n o 3 ~ o n ~ s m ~ i t n m 6 o ~ y3a 10 AonnapoB nony.iaTb H a 3anaqe s e ~ e n b ~ b rHanen ii B 160 alcpoe (65 za). TonbKo 1 xnsapx 1863 zoda cesepxne nposomzacunu ommeny pa6cmsa na sceri meppumopuu CILIA. TO C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ JnepenoMy IO B ~ o f i ~neo, c ~ o n b ~Ha y C T O P O H ~ceBepm nepemnki sepHoKoxwe w C T U H nPMHMMaTb aKTMBHOe f l a C T A e B 60esb1x A ~ ~ ~ C T B M nPOTAB RX
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PemaIOuaR ~ M T Memr[y B ~ aPMMXMM CeBepRH M IOXaH COCTO2JIaCb B 1863 r. non remec6epro~.no6eny oaepxana apMm Cesepa. 9 anpem 1865 zoda B O ~ ~ CIOXaH K ~ IIOn KOMaHAOBaHMeM reHepUa Po6epma flu KanmynHposanH B z. Anno~ammolcc. Uepes 5 n ~ e i ni p e 3 m e ~~ ~~U H K O J L6b1n H y6um CTOPOHHWKOM pa6oBJIaqeJIbUeB &~/COHOM ~ Y ~ O (no M ~ p y r 0 f i TpaHCKpMnqMM BY~COM). ~ ~ K O0 H~ u ~ s u d a y upa6cmsa u 6b1n UPWHRT B 1865 2. B KaseCTBe nonpasm K Koncmumyyuu. nocne oKomaHm r p w a ~ c ~ oBf Oi ~ ~ nepen H ~ I c.rpaaofi B C T Bonpoc ~ o Pe~oncmpyuquu:
B 1848-1850 IT., KO CUIA B KaYecTBe p a 6 o ~ n a ~ e n b s e c ~ 6b1no w x n p m m o cpas I.IITaTa - H b m - M ~ K C M K kiOK ) T ~ ,a K ~ J I M @ O ~ HMBI I K c ~ o 6 0 ~ ~ I.IITi3l.a. o r o nocne 3TOTO 6b1n0 peUIeH0, YTO UTaT onpeAemm 6b1m MM p a 6 a s n a n e n b ~ e c ~ k i ~anu ki CBO~OAH (B~opoiiM W C C ~ P H ~KOMlTpOMITCC, ~ C K M ~ ~ ~0m0pbl$6 CmA Ha3 emCA &OMnpOMUCC 1850 2.). P ~ B H O B 661110 ~ C MHapyllreHO ~ B pa60~~1a1~enbsecmx UITaTOB. O ~ H O ~ ~ ~Y~ CM M nMn ~aCH b Hall H O HOCTb Me>K4Y CTOPOHHMKaMM W IIPOTMBHHKBMM pab0BJlme B 1854 r. J3 UTaTe K ~ H ~ B HaYUlCb C '"M~CTH~R I'PamaHCKaR Ha", a B 1859 r. J-IaYaJIOCbQOCCTaHMe npOTMB P ~ ~ C TBOB I'~JI ,QXOHOM E P ~ Y H O(6enb1fi). M B O C C T ~ H6bmo H ~ p a 3 r p o ~ n e ~ 0a , yH Ka3HeH. Ero Ka3Hb BbI3flEi.WHerOnOBaHBe B CeBepHbIX UTaTaX.
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~ ~ ~ M o K ~ ~ T I N lTOpSJ,QKM ~ c K M ~ HaCamUMCb HpM ITOMOuM CImbI. B 1867-1 876 rr. IOXHbIe TePPATOPMM CTpaHbI 6blJIH @ ~ K T W I ~ CHK a A BOeHHOM nOJIOXeHWA. ~ J I ~ H T ~ T o ~ ~ I -C~O ~ ~Cci JM IH c KY-KJZ~KCT ~ I m a n M npyrHe TeppopwcTmecKwe o p r a ~ ~ s a q ~KoTopbIe w, BenW n a p ~ ~ s a ~ cB~Oy~ m H YM " ~ H H Z I ~ B ~ HerpoB ~M" ( y c ~ p a ~ s acaMon~ cyn). C O U M U ~ lHT p~OIT ~M B O p e Y ~B A~epkiKenpOAOIXGlJIH CoxpaHSITbCR. HO IIOCTelTeHHO CHTyaIJHR B CTpaHe M3MeHHnaCb.
Tnnti~ ble umozu neuuoda Pelco~cmpv~uuu: M3MeHMnCR ~0qMUbHbIfiCOCTaB aMepMKaHCKOr0 06wec~sa;
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B ijIeepaAe 1934 2. domap 6 b m C T ~ ~ ~ I H ~ H H~a OOTMeTKe B ~ H 5 om npexcnezo uypca. B T O ~ no ~ RBaXHOCTM 3a4aqa - BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe npOM u ce~zac~o2o xo3xicmea. Anx TO TO B 1933 r. 6 b m o wecmtcux 3atco~a: d 16 u ? 0 1933 ~ zoda - 3 0 K O H 0 eOCCmaH06AeHUU npOM
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d 12 wax 1933 20aa - 3 ~ x o0 noMoqu ~ cjiepwepam. Co3na~aa n M H H c T p a U a r i no p e r y n a p o s a H a m c e n b c K o r o X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ . B a62yCme 1935 2. BBeAeHbI COUElaJlbHOe CTpaXOBaHEle, neHCHl? 65-JI~THHX pa6osax; YCTaHOBJIeHa CyMMa n o c o 6 k 1 f i HaMM o ~ ~ c I I ~ z ~ ~ H CJIORM H ~ I M HaCeneHkIR.
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p y x ~ o f inporcypop H b m - k i _ ~ p ~Towac a flbwu, c ~ a a m a f i3 a ~ e ~ Ab 6 e p ~ a T o p o MU T a T a H b m - M O P K . ~ J I ~ B HAOCTMXeHk1e o ~ KaK npoicypopa p a 3 r p o ~c a H s k i K a T a JIy.raao B Hbm-MOPK ocyxaeHwe J I ~ Y ~K H 30 o r o n a M n m u e H w R C B O ~ O A ~(repes I 10 B 1946 I?., n f l a H 0 AOCpOYHO BbIIUeJI H a C B O ~ O A Y(38 nOM0W.b a
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~ ~ c I I ~ ~ J I M K ~ H nOnyJIRpHOr0 reaepana, 6 b r ~ r u e r oK o M a y q y m U e r o a M e p a K a H c K a M A B O ~ ~ C K ~ M B H E~porreflyacma 31kenxay3pa, K O T O P ~ I no6enun ~~ H a Bb160pax B nape C MOJIOAbIM CeHaTOPOM OT K~JIH@OPHHA P ~ ~ ~ HMKCOA o M HOM ( C T ~ B L U ~ T~Ok i u e - n p e 3 k ~ q e ~ T 0 ~ ) .
~ A O ~ H ~ docmli3ICe~umu ~ M U nOAUmUKU D ~ C ~ ~ J ~ A U I C ~ f~l Hd C~ K~ Or i~ ~~ c m pfluuu ~ f i 3 e ~ x a ~ v 3 ~ f l - Hal i(u1953-1961) co~ 661~11:
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p p e m e m e Ceeepant2a~mmecrndopzartwaquu BOeHHOrO COlO3a C T p a H 3 a l I a ~ o f E i s p o n b r npl4 nwMpyK) CILIA; 1950-1953 22. - yracrwe CUtA B ~ o p e i i c ~ oof oi f i ~ e .nocne -
POCT BOeHHblX PaCXOAOB, COBePLUeHCTBOBaHMe B O O P Y X ~ H M ~ ~ . K p y n ~ e f i r u k l e KOpnOpaL(kiA A M ~ ~ M K paClrrap5UTM H CBOK) AeRTeJIbHOCTb. B 1950-e lTp0IIIJIa B O n H a C J I H R H M ~MHOrOOTPaCJIeBbIX ~ XOJIAHHrOBbIX K o M n a H M f i .
K 1956 r. 3aHHTOCTb B c@epe YCJIJT npeo6naana H a 3aHRTOCTbK) B ~POMbILUJIeHHOCTA. B CeJIbCKOM X O ~ H ~ ~ C nPOMCXOAMJI0 T B ~ YKP y n H e H M e @ e p M , C p e A A @ ~ P M ~ ~ITORBnRJIOCb O B BCe 60nbme K p y I I H ~ I X n p e ~ n p a ~ w ~ a ~ e nneaf a i .n a ~ o ~ ~ y p e ~ ~ o c n o c o ce6~ M e f i ~ b 1 ~
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4. A x . Kapmep (1977-1981) C T O~n H a M a3 CaMbIX HeyAasnMBbIX n p e 3 m e H T O B B HCTOpHa CLUA. K a p ~ e pXOAHJl H a pa6o~yHeLLIKOM, . r a c T o M o n a n c R B ~ e p ~p a~6 0a~ X , Tno 16 s a c o B , HO d e ~ at~ cmpaHe u 3a a v 6 e ~ uflu o ~ sce x p e u q m e : a/ HasWlCR ~ K O H O M M U ~ C KKPM3BC; H~~ a/ s p e 3 ~ e p ~ p ao3 ~ y ~ b rn eo n y n a c T c K a e c o u a a r r b H b r e n p o r p a M M b 1 y A a PXJIH IIO APJTPiM
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CUIA, no e c e ~ y~ u p ~atlnflocb y uacnaocmpa~e~ue a~mua~epu~n~crcitx pemuMo&: u' 1977 r. - n p O M 3 0 l U e n ~ ~ O K O M M ~ H H C T P ~ Y B~0Ce HKHHb ~I f i n e p e B O p O T B 3$uonuu; K B f i a c T a nparuen A m T a T o p Me~zucmyX a h e M a p ~ a ~ , o p a e ~ ~ a p o s a s L u P i f HR i c ~CCCP; u' 1975-1979 rr. - npki n O A 4 e p X K e apMMH K y 6 b 1 YCTaHOBMJICFl KOM~ y ~ k f C T k T ! I e C ~ kpi ef iX H M B AHzode; u' 1978 r. - KOMMYHPiCTbI llPPitLLnl4 K EndCTM B A$za&ucma~e; B 1979 r. B A @ ~ ~ H H C6 bT1 n~HHBEefieHbI CoBeTCkkie B o ~ ~ c K ~ ; cf 1979 r. - MCnaMCKaR aHTMaMepMKaHCKaR peBOm(rHMFl B ~paHt2; c s e p r H y T ruax, npasttaurafi P i p a ~ o o K~o n o 40 n e T ; K B n a c T a npaLLIen p e ~ k i r f l 0 3 ~ b l f@I ~ H ~ T HXKO M ~ ~ IIpPi3b1BaIOLLtPifi HU, K 3KCnOpmy U ~ ~ ~ U MpeBOAIOl{ldU C ~ O ~ B f i P v M e CTpaHbI; M ~ M3 H HEQeXHOrO COI o 3 H H K a CmA B ~ ~ ~ C ~ C3 VKR BO e M npeBpaTMnCR B ~ ~ C K O M ~ ~ O M M c c H o r o spara; u' 1979 r. - B c o c e n H e M Npaice B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~A eB o p u o B o r o O e p e B o p o T a K B n a c T n npMrrren ~ononotin a K T a T o p d a d d m Xyceu"~,T a m e m e muwG r e o n o n a T a s e c K M e a~6autlti; a/ 1979 r. - petJOflloyU2 tJ Ha~aparya;H a CMeHy MHOrOneTHeMy COIO3H a Q CmA C O M O C ~IIpPiXOART c a ~ d u ~ l l ~ m -b nl p o ~ y 6 a ~ c K a fpef BOnloL(rl0HHaR napTkiR, O ~ k l e H T U P O B & H H a RH a CCCP. C ~ M ~CHnbl-fbIM IM MCnbITaHBeM AJIR aAMMHMCTPa4MM K a p T e p a , noKa3aBUIUM ee ~ e c n o c o 6 ~ o c l % BnMRTb H a C O ~ ~ I T B RC,T U H ~06b1m~4, CBg3aHHble C 3UmmOM UMi?pUICUHCKO20 nOCOflbCm8U 8 N p a ~ e .B HOn6pe 1979 r. B M p a ~ e6b1no pasrpourre~on o c o n a c T B o CIlIA, nepCOHC1JI B3RT B 3aAOXHUKU. Ahfepllica~~~aJl U ~ M U H ~ ~ C ~ P U OKa3aflUCb ~(UII 6eCcllflbHa. f i p a H U b 1 A e p X a n H 3BTIOXHHKOB 6onee rona bi 0 ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ ~ na B n e H b a ~ a y r y p a u uP.~ Pefira~aB 1981 r. Ha & o ~ e8 UeflOM H ~ V ~ ~ Q H O nonumum U~ Kavmepa k ezo d o c r n u ~ w ~ u RM M O X H O omHecmu: r / 3 a w r m s e H a e c CCCP A o r o e o p a OCB-2 (06 o r p a H M r e H m i c T p a T e rHUeCKHX B O O P ~ ~ H MB~ )1979 r. - BBeAeHbI OrPaHMqeHMR H a M a K C B M m b H O e KOJIkltIeCTBO HEL3eMHbIX, BO3A)'llIHMX cTpaTerayecKMx ~oopyxe~afi;
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P. Peu'za~e6bu np06edeH pxd aoeHHblx onepauuu': 1982 r. - BbICWKa aMepHKaHCKMX B O ~ ~ CBKn B B a H e ; 1983 r. - BTOpXeHMe H a OCTPOBHOe K ~ P H ~ C KrOCYAaPCTB0 O~ Tpe-
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d ~ e ~ e c c ra a~ cp ~ ta ~@ p; o a ~ e p l . r ~ a ~ cABICKeHMe ~oe 1920-1930-x rr., KOTOpOMY 6 b m ~C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H HpaCOBaR ~I rOpAocTb, X e n a H M e ~ 0 ~ M T ~ CB Hm i 3 ~ 1 4nwuero. N 3 e e c m ~ ~ aemoobl e daHHozocmlm: ~ A y X ~~ THy~~ e (p~ ~ Jean) ~ - " TpocmH&" (" Caneu, 1923); Toomer, 3opa H i Xepcmon (Hurston, Zora Neale (1901-1969 - " j j x zfla3a Ha6flH)dm~32 6 0 ~ 0 ~ (" Their " Eyes Were Watching God.,
3g " Jungle", . h m o ~C u ~ u t i p((Sinclair, Upton) " , & ~ ~ z f l u("The . Teodop Apac3ep (Dreiser, Theodore) - C ~ C ~ K~PPU'' P Q ("Sister carrjeV, 1909, " @ u ~ a ~ c u c m("The " Finansisf'), " h e p u ~ a ~ c ~ a f l ("An American Tragedy", 192.9 ; . Jmpazedm" x e ~JIo~don(London, Jack) - "308npupodbj' (" The Call of the Wilrf', 1905); (Sinelair Lewis) " f f l a e ~ ayfluya" ~ ("Main . Streef', 1920); -
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pemnccep; d Eecrnep Kurnon (Keaton, Bester ( 1895- 1966), BKTep- KO MHK; (/ rapombd Jlmsrid (Lloyd, Harold (Clayton) (1893-1971),
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uae muas. Kouonsz~uliev~ozodzcasa 6 b m : Amlc 3nmu~zmon(Ellington, Duke (1899-1974, n H a a a c T , A a p m e p ; Yumbmt Xendu (Handy, William) (1873-1954, B 1914 r. cornH H n 3 H a ~ e H k I ~ b I 6nm3 fi - " C ~ H - ~6nw3" ~ Y U- 3 T 0 6 b M 0 n O n H 0 c ~ b mA X ~ ~ O BnOp ~o a 3 ~ e ~ e ~ a e . KO-uomu 6enozo dzcasa szsmnucb: A x o p d x repureun ( Gershwin, George ( 1898- 1933, amop nep~ o f Hi ~ ~ P H T R H C KoOn ~e p~ b I "l7opzu u t;eccW,a T a m e "Pancoduu s cmune 6nm3" (wna "rony6asz Pancodusz"); Hom Y a i i m a n (Whiteman, Paul (1891-1967); Imen M u e p (Miller, Glenn (1904-1944) a np. C O B ~ ~ M My3bIKOBeDbI ~ H H ~ I ~ A X a 3 OTHOCRT K KJIaCCHKe. B llOAaBJLFIIOueM ~ o ~ ~ I L I M H c TaMepHKaHCKHX B~ ~0nne~Xea f i A a X e mkon HMeeTCR A X a 3 0 B b I f i OPKeCTP.
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@pea Acmop (Astaire, Fred ( 1899-1983, TaHUOp, a K T e p . MY3bIKy, KOTOPaR 6 b ~ IIOnYJLFiPHa a TrO B c e f i C T p a H e . B owe 1940-x rr. cmyauu'nafl cucmema pyx~iyfirr nvuyu~ag: 5. ~ J I ~ B H M kiAeR aMepllKaHCKOr0 u306pmumemb~ozoUCKycCm@Un e p B 0 f i d ~ p y n ~ b lcyae6~b1fi m lTp0JJeCC Q HapYUleHMH aHTHTpeCTOBCKOr0 3aIIOnOBHHbI XX B. - O u Y u e H W e c e 6 ~ YUCmbH) MUp08020 UCKYCCmBU. KQHOAaTWIbCTBa ~OJIJIMBYAOM, IlOCJIe KOTOPOI'O npou3eobcmes $u/lbHO n o - I I p e X H e M y OYeHb BaXHbIMM TeMaMH RBnRIOTCR np06fieMbl moe u ux npolcam 6bmu pa$efienai; UMepUKUHCKOZO o6lyecmsa, O C O ~ ~ H H BO HePAOA Bena~ofiA e l l p e C d n o r r e n e H u e mefiesudenrur. Bb1lTycK + H ~ ~ M O pB e 3 ~ 0CoKpaTflncR, w CHIT; YYBCTBO OAWHOYeCTBa PI YHbIHHR. ~ O C I I O A C T B Y I O ~CTElJIb H~~ B npa ?TOM H e B m a H H o B ~ I P O C J H cpeqme npou3~odcmse~~ble sa~ 3 0 6 p a 3 a ~ e n b HHCKyCCTBe o~ - peUflU3.M Bed-VUUMU UMepUKUHCKUmpambl. r o n n ~ ~ yc Tnp e M a n c 8 nosblcumb 3penuu(~ocmb,l~o~?cypupysz MU ~ ~ O N H U K U M mOZ0 U UDeMeHU 6b1nu: c mefie6~8eHueM,HO W C T O I I p O H T p b I B U B 3 ~ 0 fKOHKYPeHUHH. i (/ 3bsapd Xonnep (Hopper, Edward (1882-1967); 4. B HUVUfle 6. IIORBnRIOTCH OpUZUliUflbllbleUMepUlcaHCKUe CmUflU U (/ Axelco6 Jloypenc (Lawrence, Jacob (1917-2000). nanpasfienrur s my3airce: (/ 6 ~ ("ml'Ka5IW ~ 3 OPKeCTPOBaR M y 3 b l ~ a ) . & ~ c c u Y E ? c K ~ ~ ' , 2 0 ~ -X 22. 6 RU fO308 36 3 -X f i r m ~ ? ~ ~ ~$ L~z cea ~ ~lpu::mt ~ ~ $ a (M,"R"~Xeyeyl~~,"~de M. Pridgett (1886-1939) - c a M a r r nepsarr a3 I L I H ~ O K OH ~ B ~ C T H ~ I X
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Alabama - wTaT Ha lore CWA . Corcpnu(enue:AI. npossuu(a: "cepnue &~KCM" ["Heart of Dixie"], " U T ~ T ~ a ~ e n u . r["Camellia d State"], " U T ~ T OBCRHKM" ["Yellowhammer State"], " r u r a ~nurepnu" ["Lizard State"], " X J I O ~ K O B ~ Im~ ~~ a ["Cotton ~" State"]. X u m e ~ bulmnmai a n a 6 a ~ e u[Alabaman]. Cmofluqa:2. M O H T ~ O M[Montgomery]. ~PH fieeu.3: " M ~pemmmHo I 3ilmnllfaeM CBOH npaaa" ["We dare defend our rights"]. n e c n ~ "krra6a~a" : ["Alabama"]. Usemorc: KaMenm [Camellia]. fiepeso: cocHa roman [Southern Pine]. nmuqa: oecnHKa [Yellowhammer]. m r 6 o n e e u3eecmnble ona6ahiubc: A a p o ~X ~ H [Aaron, K Hank], 6eiic60nucT; S a ~ ~ x Tannyna en [Bankhead, Tallulal~],aKTpnca; l i n s ~Xbloro [Black, Hugo L], nonnTHK n mpwcT; 6 p a f i a ~ fn o n ("MenseJIb") [Bryant, Paul ("Bear")], @ ~ o n n c T ; Kapsep ,&Kopw [Carver, George Washington], Herp-arpoXKMKK; Koyn H ~ KT H H[Cole, ~ Nat King], nonynffp~h~fi neseu; X3HRM YHJI~FIM [Handy, William C.], KOMn03MTOP; Kennep X e n e ~[Keller, Helen], cneno-myxarr nMcaTenbHnua n nenaror; n n Xapnep [Lee, Harper], nxcaTenbHnua; nync ,&KO[Louis, Joe], 6 o ~ c e p ; Meic Y m n [Mays, Willie], 6 e f i c 6 o n ~ c ~ ; M o p r a ~OH [Morgan, John Hunt], reHepan;