Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные задания №1

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Восточно-Сибирский государственный технологический университет

Английский язык Методические указания и контрольные задания по английскому языку 1 для студентов заочного факультета всех специальностей.

Составитель: Очирова М.И.

Инструкции к выполнению контрольных заданий. Контрольные задания № 1 - 3 составлены в пяти вариантах и выполняются в соответствии с последней цифрой зачетной книжки студента. Если последняя цифра вашей зачетной книжки оканчивается 1-2, Вы выполняете вариант 1; 3 – 4 – вариант 2; 5 – 6 – вариант 3; 7 – 8 – вариант 4; 9 – 0 вариант 5. Выполняйте контрольные задания в отдельной тетради. На обложке пишите свою фамилию, номер контрольной работы и шифр. Материал контрольных заданий следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу: Поля

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Поля

Если контрольные задания выполнены без соблюдения указаний и не полностью, то они возвращаются обратно студенту без проверки. Требования на зачете и экзамене.

Улан-Удэ 2003

Зачет. К зачету допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольные работы и прошедшие собеседование по данным контрольным работам. Для получения зачета студент должен уметь: а) прочитать со словарем незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал. Форма проверки – письменный или устный перевод.

Норма перевода 600-800 п.з. за 60 мин. Письменного или 1000 – 1200 п.з. за 60 мин. Устно. б) прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 500-600 п.з. Форма проверки понимания – передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке. Время подготовки 8-10 минут. Экзамен. К экзамену допускаются студенты, имеющие зачет за I курс, и выполнившие контрольные работы за II курс и прошедшие собеседование по контрольным работам. На экзамене проверяются умения: а) читать со словарем текст по специальности. Форма проверки понимания – письменный перевод. Норма перевода 1000 п.з. за 60 мин.; б) читать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 600-800 п.з. Форма проверки понимания - передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке. Время подготовки 8-10 минут. Контрольное задание 1. Для правильного выполнения задания необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка. 1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные. 2. Имя существительное. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more... the less. 3. Числительные. 4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные. Вопросительные, неопределенные, отрицательные. 5. Времена в группах Simple, Progressive и Perfect: а) Present, Past, Future Simple b) Present, Past Progressive

c) Present Perfect в действительном залоге. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Simple. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. 6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are). Приложение к контрольным заданиям №1 даны в виде текстов А и В и рекомендуются для аудиторной работы. Тексты раздела А нацелены на развитие умений чтения научно-популярных и страноведческих текстов и активизацию грамматического и лексического материала, предусмотренного в контрольных заданиях №1. Основная задача работы над текстами раздела В – это достижение понимания основных фактов, содержащихся в текстах. При отборе текстового материала учитывалась их аутентичность, информационная ценность и актуальность.

Вариант 1 I. Перепишите следующие слова и определите, где необходимо и помощью словаря, какие из них являются: a) глаголами - поставьте напротив слона знак V b) не являются глаголами - поставьте знак X c) являются и глаголом и существительным - поставьте знак V 1. lecture 2. treat 3. name 4. musician 5. act 6. paint 7. instruct 8. invent 9. experiment 10.speak

11. select 12. apparatus 13. infancy 14. result 15. honour 16. access 17. practice 18. interest 19. study 20. work

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, дайте полную форму сокращенного «s» (is, has), переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец 1. My father's just come - My father has just come. 2. He's forty years old. He is forty years old. 3. She's got two sisters and one brother. She has got two sisters and one brother. 4. He's not wearing his glasses today. He .is not wearing his glasses today 1. She's 21 2. It's late 3. He's got blue eyes.

4. Peter's just come 5. She's wearing a new dress today. III. Выберите соответствующее местоимение из двух, приведенных в скобках, заполните им пропуск. переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец 1. I saw... in the library yesterday (him, his). I saw him in the library yesterday. 2. There was... in the room (anybody, nobody). There was nobody in the room. 1. They offered their seats to you and ... (me, I), 2. John is working hard to improve ... handwriting (him, his). 3. I think there is ... at the door (anybody, somebody). 4. The director's ideas are very different from... (their, theirs). 5. She wants to know ... is giving the party (who, whom). IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них разные формы сравнения. 1. Не is earning less money than he was ten years ago. 2. In USA, soccer is as popular as tennis. 3. Of all the children in the kindergarten, Charles is the most active. 4. The harder a person studies, the more he learns. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и заполните пропуски, употребив глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец 1. The Sun... (rises, is rising) in the East. The Sun rises in the East.

2. Where... he... (live) ? Where does he live ? 3. When I ... home my mother ... dinner (come, cook). When I came home my mother was cooking dinner. 4. Oh, David... (came, has come)! Let us begin the rehearsal! Oh, David has come ! Let Us begin the rehearsal I a) в Present Simple или Present Progressive 1. My father always ... (make) Sunday dinner. 2. Where ... your sister ... (work)? 3. I often ... (take) my dog for a walk. 4. What you (do)? I ... (write) a letter to my pen-friend in Britain.

2.

3.

b) в Past Simple, Past Progressive или Present Perfect 1. He ... (meet) his wife when they ... (live) in Washington. 2. When I... (see) John he ... (walk) down the road. 3. «I... (bring) some flowers for you». «Oh, thank you». 4. It... (rain) when I... (get up) this morning. VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на способы выражения будущего времени. Подчеркните сказуемые.

4.

cution. His grand father, for whom he was named, was a well-known elocutionist and actor. He developed a considerable practice in the treatment of speech defects. His mother was a musician as well as a portrait painter, and her son was born with such a talent for music that from infancy he could play by ear and improvise at the piano. When he was about twelve years old, his mother lost her hearing; and there is little doubt that this misfortune intensified his sympathy for the deaf and his lifelong interest in helping to alleviate their difficulties in communicating. In July 1870, the Bells sailed for Canada. Two years later A.Bell was in Boston, where he set up a school for training teachers of the deaf and he also gave instructions in the mechanics of speech. He became a professor of vocal physiology at Boston University and was invited to speak before select groups interested in scientific matters. Further more it gave him access to experimental apparatus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and he began the electrical experiments which resulted in his invention of the telephone on March 10, 1876. Among the many honours that came to Bell as a result of his invention of the telephone was the Volta Prize awarded by the French government in 1880. He also delivered a series of lectures at Oxford University on his work with the deaf which won him an honourary degree from Oxford.

1. Tomorrow will be warm and sunny. 2. I'm going to travel round the world, 2. She's working next Saturday.

5.

VII. Прочтите текст, чтобы понять, о каких изобретениях А.Белла говорится в нем. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.

Notes to the text:

Alexander Graham Bell 1. Alexander Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh. BeIl's father, Alexander Melville Bell, gained a worldwide reputation as a teacher of correct speech and lecturer on elo-

1. Alexander Graham Bell - Александр Грейам Белл 2. elocution - ораторское искусство 3. alleviate (difficulties) - облегчать страдания, трудности.

VII. Прочтите еще раз 2 абзац и укажите, какой из двух предложенных вариантов краткой передачи содержания абзаца соответствует изложенным фактам. a) There is little doubt that the misfortune with A. Bell's mother intensified his desire to help the deaf. b) His life long interest was improvising at the piano, because he was born with great talent for music. Вариант 2 I. Перепишите следующие слова и определите, где необходимо с помощью словаря, какие из них являются: a) глаголами - поставьте напротив слова знак V b) не является глаголами - поставьте знак X c) являются и глаголом и существительным – поставьте знак V V 1. work 2. excite 3. invent 4. design 5. electrify 6. company 7. apply 8. supply 9. adventure 10.use

11. benefit 12. improve 13. develop 14. equip 15. change 16. adventure 17. experimental 18. mechanics 19. instrument 20.train

II. Перепишите следующие предложения» дайте полную форму сокращенного «s» (is, has) и переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец 1. My father's just come – My father has just come.

2. He's forty years old. He is forty years old. 3. She's got two sisters and one brother. She has got two sisters and one brother. 4. He's not wearing his glasses today. Не is not wearing his glasses today 1. He's hungry. 2. She's got two brothers. 3. My friend's gone to London. 4. It's cold outdoors. Put on your warm coat. 4. My mothers cooking dinner now. III. Выберите соответствующее местоимение из двух, приведенных в скобках, заполните им пропуск, переведите каждое предложение на русский язык. Образец: There is ... (somebody, nobody) in the room. It is empty. There is nobody in the room. It is empty. 1. Have you got... to eat ? (anything, nothing). 2. The President ... wrote me a letter (he, himself). 3. No one except... has any money (me, 1) 4. He met ... parents at the station (him, his). 5. These magazines are not... (our, ours). IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них разные формы сравнения. 1. The best whisky comes from Scotland. 2. The population of Mexico is twice as big as the population of Norway. 3. The more we study the more we learn. 4. She is the nicest of the three girls.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и заполните пропуски, употребив глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Образец 1. The Sun (rises, is rising) in the East. The Sun rises in 'he East. 2. Where ... he ...(live)? Where does he live? 3. When I ... home my mother ... dinner (come, cook). When I came home my mother was cooking dinner. 4. Oh, David... (came, has come)! Let us begin the rehearsal! Oh, David-has come! Let us begin the rehearsal! a) в Present Simple или Present Progressive 1. What... you ... ? I... a letter (do, write). 2. «Have you got a sigarette ?» «Sorry, I...» (not smoke). 3. The trains from London always (arrive) on time. 4. He (hate) receiving anonymous notes. b) в Past Simple, Past Progressive или Present Perfect. 1. When we were small. Mother (make) us delicious ice cream every Sunday. 2. I (bring) some flowers for you. Oh, thank you. 3. The phone rang while I (have) a bath. 4. When I was cleaning the house I (find) some old letters. VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на способы выражения будущего времени. Подчеркните сказуемые. 1. She is going to have a baby. 2. Do you think the baby will have blue eyes? 3. We are leaving for Washington tomorrow.

VII. Прочтите текст, чтобы понять, о каких изобретениях Томаса Эдисона говорится в данном тексте. Перепишите и переведите письменно 3 и 5 абзацы.

Тhomas A.Edison 1. When Thomas Edison was born in the small town of Milan, Ohio, in 1847 America was just beginning its great industrial development. The time in which he lived was an age of invention, filled with human and scientific adventures; and Edison became the hero of the age. 2. When he was ten, Edison built his own chemistry laboratory. He sold sandwiches and newspapers on the local trains in order to earn money to buy supplies for his laboratory. 3. In 1869 Edison arrived in New York City, poor and in debt. He went to work with a small company that later became part of the Western Union Telegraph Company. It was here that he became interested in the uses of electricity. At that time, electricity was still in the experimental stages, and Edison hoped to invent new ways to use it for the benefit of people. As he once said; «My philosophy of life is work. I want to bring our the secrets of nature and apply then for the happiness of man. 4. In his laboratory in New Jersey Edison organized industrial research. He equipped his laboratory with good scientific instruments and hired a select team of 20 clockmakers and mechanics and one university - trained mathematician. One of his first inventions to come from his laboratory was an improvement of A. Bells telephone. 5. For more than 50 years Thomas Edison was the world's leading inventor. He patented over 1.000 inventions which changed our way of living. He designed the central power station which became the model for the first public electrical plant in New York City.

6. Thomas Edison died in 1931. As a great inventor" he received many honors during his life. He rightfully belongs to among America's and the world's great contributors to industrial development and progress of man. Notes to the text: 1. to bring out the secrets of nature - открыть, разгадать тайны природы 2. one of his first inventions to come from his laboratory - одним из первых изобретений, сделанных в его лаборатории...

1. move 2. inventive 3. explode 4. сombine 5. improve 6. tile 7. provide 8. study 9. develop 10.quality

VII. Прочтите еще раз 4 абзац и укажите, какой из двух предложенных вариантов передачи содержания абзаца соответствует изложенным фактам.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, дайте полную форму сокращенного «s» (is, has), переведите предложения на русский язык.

A. In his laboratory in New Jersey Edison carried out industrial research. He equipped his lab with good scientific instruments, but he needed a select team of skilled mechanics and university trained mathematicians. The only invention made in this laboratory was an improvement of A. Bell's telephone. B. Т. Edison equipped his laboratory in New Jersey with good instruments. He also had skilled workers and one universitytrained mathematician. This resulted in one of his first inventions - improvement of A. Bells telephone.

Образец 1. My father 's just come - My father has just come. 2. He's forty years old. He is forty years old. 3. She's got two brother. She has got two brother. 4. He's not wearing his glasses today. He is not wearing his glasses today.

Вариант 3 I. Перепишите следующие слова и определите, где необходимо с помощью словаря, какие из них являются: a) глаголами - поставьте напротив слова знак V b) не являются глаголами - поставьте знак X c) являются и глаголом и существительным – поставьте знак V V

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

11. use 12. cause 13. provide 14. greatness 15. work 16. interest 17. weapon 18. wish 19. finance 20. Spend

She's tired. Somebody's taken my dictionary. May I introduce myself? My name's Susan Roper. John's got many friends at school. He's playing basketball now.

III. Выберите соответствующее местоимение из двух, приведенных в скобках, заполните им пропуск и переведите каждое предложение на русский язык. Образец There is... (somebody, nobody) in the room. It is empty.

There Is nobody in the room. It is empty 1. A. - Mary is here! В. - I don't want to see (nobody, anybody). 2. Tell... to come to the party by 3 o’clock (their, them). 3. I always do the dishes ... (me, myself). 4. The major ... cut the ribbon to open the new city hospital. (hers, herself). 5. Don't move away those bags. They are... (our, ours) IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык; подчеркните в них разные формы сравнения. 1. - How is your headache? - It's getting worse. 2. People say that Rolls-Royce cars are the best in the world. 3. I don't think she's as intelligent as her sister. 5. The higher he climbed the less oxygen there was to breathe. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и заполните пропуски, употребив глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени: Переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец: 1. The Sun (rises, is rising) in the East. The Sun rises in the East. 2. Where ... he ... (live) ? Where does he live ? 3. When I ... home my mother ... dinner (come, cook). When I came home my mother way cooking dinner. 4. Oh, David... (came, has come) ! Let us begin the rehearsal! Oh, David has come ! Let us begin the rehearsal! a) в Present Simple или Present Progressive;

1. 2. 3. 4.

I always... (work) in the library after my classes. The weather usually ... (get) warmer in April. - Is John Here? - No, he ... (play) football. What language ... (study) he?

b) в Past Simple, Past Progressive или Present Perfect 1. I... my knee while /... football (hurt, play). 2. Where were you going when I... you yesterday (see). 3. He ... to France, USA and Japan (be). 4. When...to Japan (go). VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на способы выражения будущего времени. Подчеркните сказуемые. 1. I am going to learn Chinese. 2. Do you think I will speak the language (Chinese) in a year? 3. Are you doing anything this evening? VII. Прочтите текст, чтобы понять о каком изобретении Альфреда Нобеля говорится в данном тексте; перепишите и переведите письменно 2 и 3 абзацы.

Alfred Nobel 1. Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was born in Stockholm on October 21 1833. He moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father Immanuel, made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. But soon he went bankrupt and returned to Sweden where Alfred began his study of explosives in his father's laboratory. 2. Alfred never went to school or University but studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skillful chemist

and excellent linguist. He could speak Swedish, Russian, German, French, and English. Like his father, Alfred was imaginative and inventive but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. 3. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies in 20 different countries, Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist. 4. Nobel invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peaceful industries of mining and road building but saw it used as weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. His greatest wish was to see an end of wars, and thus peace between nations. He spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding works in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace is a memorial to his interests and ideals. VIII. Прочтите eщe раз 4 абзац и укажите, какой из двух предложенных вариантов передачи содержания абзаца соответствует изложенным фактам. A. A. Nobel invented an explosive dynamite, and he wanted to see и used for peaceful purposes but not as a weapon to kill and injure people. He left money to set up a fund to award scientists writers and public figures for their outstanding works in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. Peace and others. B. Nobel's most important invention was that of dynamite which could accelerate industrial development in many countries. But he did not want it to be used for military purposes. Nobel left money to continue the research and provide prizes for outstanding works in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace.

Вариант 4 I. Перепишите следующие слова и определите, где необходимо с помощью словаря, какие из них являются: a) глаголами - поставьте напротив слова знак V b) не являются глаголами - поставьте знак X c) являются н глаголом н существительным - поставьте знак V V 1. settle 11. research 2. bridge 12. split 3. great 13. lecture 4. electricity 14. picture 5. work 15. source 6. build 16. equal 7. distinguish 17. model 8. invention 18. supply 9. different 19. structure 10.produce 20. Famous II. Перепишите следующие предложения, дайте полную форму сокращенного «s» (is, has), переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец: 1. My father's just come - My father has just соme. 2. He's forty years old. He is forty years old. 3. She's got two sisters and one brother. She has got two sisters and one brother. 4. He's not wearing his glasses today. He is not wearing his glasses today 1. He's angry now. Don't ask him anything. 2. Can you open the window It's stuffy here. 3. She's got long fair hair.

4. Her brother's doing the crossword puzzle now. 5. - Is Mr. Brown in? - No, he's just left the office. III. Выберите соответствующее местоимение из двух приведенных в скобках, заполните им пропуск, переведите каждое предложение на русский язык. Образец: There is... (somebody, nobody) in the room. It is empty. There is nobody т the room. It is empty. 1. Every teenager looks forward to taking the car out by ... (himself, his). 2. I can't figure out ... is on the phone (who, whom). 3. Excuse me. Can you tell ... the way to the station (I, me). 4. They are staying at our house until ... is finished (their, theirs). 5. There were … strange lights in the sky (any, some). IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите; подчеркните в них разные формы сравнения. 1. She is the most beautiful girl he has ever met before. 2. I doubt that you can find cheaper coat at this season. 3. The earlier you get up the more work you can do. 4. My sister is not as tall as her girl-friend Christine. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и заполните пропуски, употребив глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец: 1. The Sun (rises, is rising) in the East. The Sun rises in the East. 2. Where ... he ... (live)? Where does he live? 3. When I ... home my mother ... dinner (come, cook).

When I came home my mother was cooking dinner. 4. Oh, David ... (came, has come)! Let us begin the rehearsal! Oh, David has come! Let us begin the rehearsal! а) в Present Simple или Present Progressive. 1. Amazon Indians ... in the Amason Basin, in Brazil, where the climate is hot and wet: it.... for nine to ten months of the year. (live, rain). 2. Somebody ... at the door (knock). Please, go and оpen it. 3. «What... you ... here?» (do). I... for my sister (wait). 4. The Earth ... round the Sun (go). b) в Past Simple, Past Progressive или Present Perfect 1. Andrew ... when I was getting ready to go out (arrive). 2. When I ... the train, I ... my ticket onto the railway line (get off, drop). 3. The accident ... while we ... into Copenhagen (happen, drive). 4. She went to Australia but now she ... in Britain again (come back). VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на способы выражения будущего времени. Подчеркните сказуемые. 1. Look! It is going to rain. 2. - I need some money. - Don't worry. I’ll lend you some.. 5. What time are you meeting Ann? VII. Прочтите текст, чтобы понять, о каких научных открытиях Э. Резерфорда говорится в нем. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 5 абзацы.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

1. Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871 in South Island, New Zealand in the family of English settlers. Ernest's father earned his living by bridge-building and other construction work. At the same time he carried on smallscale farming. His mother was a teacher of English. 2. At school Ernest was one of the best pupils and distinguished himself in physics, mathematics, English, French and Latin. He made models of different machines. Especially he was interested in watches and cameras. He paid much attention to chemistry, too. 3. At the age of 19 he finished school and entered the New Zealand University called Canterbury College. He proved to be bright and talented and did scientific research at the University and later he continued it in Cambridge, /he main scientific problem at the time at Cambridge was the structure of atom. He taught young scientists who worked in the field of atomic research. Among his favourite pupils was Pyotr Kapitsa, a famous Russian scientist. 4. About ten years Ernest Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. From 1907 till 1919 he lectured in leading Universities of USA and England. Rutherford's famous work is «The scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom». The book deals with «atom models», according to which the atom is pictured as composed of a central charge surrounded by a sphere of electrification of equal but opposite charge. 5. The splitting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy. 6. Ernest Rutherford died in 1937. The great scientist was buried at Westminster Abbey not far from the graves of Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday. Notes to the text: was buried - был похоронен

VIII. Прочитайте еще раз 4 абзац и укажите, какой из предложенных двух вариантов передачи его содержания соответствует изложенным фактам. A. For ten years E. Rutherford worked in Canada. He lectured in leading Universities of USA and England. In his famous work on the structure of atoms he dealt with atom models and gave the picture of the atom consisting - of a central charge in the sphere of equal charges. B. About ten years E. Rutherford worked in Canada. He lectured later in leading Universities of USA and England. In his famous work «the Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom» he dealt with «atom models»; According to his theory the atom is pictured as composed of electrification of equal but opposite charge. Вариант 5 I. Перепишите следующие слова и определите, где необходимо с помощью словаря, какие из них являются: a) глаголами - поставьте напротив слова знак V b) не являются глаголами - поставьте знак Х c) являются и глаголам и существительным поставьте знак V V 1. invent 11. develop 2. supply 12. love 3. system 13. engine 14. foundry 4. electrify 5. hope 15. brake 6. contribute 16. discovery 7. use 17. manufacture 8. equip 18. steel 9. design 19. introduce 10.apply 20. mind

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, дайте полную форму сокращенного «s» (is, has), переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец: 1. My father's just come - My father has just come. 2. He's forty уеаrs old. He is forty years old. 3. She 's got two sisters and one brother. She has two sisters and one brother. 4. He 's not wearing his glasses today. He is not wearing his glasses today. 1. She's very pretty. 2. He's gone to Portugal. 3. What colour's your new car? 4. Were is Ann? She's having a bath. 5. He can buy this expensive compute -he's got enough money. III. Выберите соответствующее местоимение из двух, приведенных в скобках, заполните им пропуск, переведите каждое предложение на русские язык. Образец: 1. I saw ... in the library yesterday (him, his). I saw him in the library yesterday. 2. There was. in the room (anybody, nobody). There was nobody in the room. 1. Where are my keys? I've seen them ..., but I can't remember where (somewhere, anywhere) 2. Some friends of ... are visiting Austin this week (hear, hers). 3. The man blamed... for the accident (him, himself). 4. ... can speak all the languages in the world (somebody, nobody). 5. Give ... one more chance to win (their, them).

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них разные формы сравнения. 1. She plays much better than I do. 2. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom, multiplied 100,000 times, would be as big as this dot. 3. The place that gets most rain in the world is a mountain in Hawaii. 4. The more she scolded the child, the wilder he became. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и заполните пропуски, употребив глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Образец: 1. The Sun (rises, is rising) in the East. The Sun rises in the East. 2. Were ... he ... (live) ? Where does he live? 3. When I ... home my mother ... dinner (come, cook) When I came home my mother was cooking dinner. 4. Oh, David... (came, has come)! Let us begin the rehearsal! Oh, David has соm! Let us begin the rehearsal! a) в Present Simple или Present Progressive 1. Water ... (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. What time ... the banks ... in Britain (close)? 3. The number of people without jobs ... (increase). Many plants are not operating. 4. Ron is in London at the moment. He ... (stay) at Hilton Hotel. b) в Past Simple, Past Progressive или Present Perfect 1. Tom ...(burn) his hand when he ... (cook) the dinner.

2. I ... (break) a plate last night. I ... (do) the washing-up when it ... (slip) out of my hand. 3. I ... (not see) George since last Friday. 4. We ... (not have) a car VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на способы выражения будущего времени. Подчеркните сказуемые. 1. Can you repair Helen's bicycle ? It has a flat type. Yes, I know. I am going to repair it tomorrow. 2. I won't (will not) tell Tom what you said. I promise. 3. I am traveling to Scotland on Monday. VII. Прочтите текст, чтобы понять, о каких изобретениях Г. Бессемера говориться в нем, перепишите и переведите письменно 2 и 3 абзацы.

Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) 1. Henry Bessemer, who was born on January 19,19i3, inherited his love of inventing from his father. Old Bessemer worked in Holland and helped to build the first steam-engine in that country. At an early age Henry became interested in drawing. As he grew older he liked to spend his time in his father's foundry. 2. Early in 1830 the Bessemer family went to live in London, Here Henry decided to become an inventor. He tried to cast ornaments in brass. Then he began designing a new type setting machine. It was a clever invention: an experienced printer could set 6,000 letters an hour where as by the old hand method a skilled man could set only about 1,700 letters an hour from sugar-canes, a steam-fan; he also invented a

3. 4.

5.

6.

method of соntinuous braking for trains and introduced the use of luggage - vans. Bessemer made many new inventions: he worked out a new system of stamping, designed a new press for extracting the juice. But his greatest discovery was new process of manufacturing steel. The new process helped to produce steel cheaply and it greatly changed engineering and industry throughout the world. So he built a new converter and it was most efficient. He built his own steelworks in Sheffield and was soon producing very cheap steel. It was possible to use his steel in the construction of ships, bridges, railway lines and in other large engineering works. Henry Bessemer was one of the most successful inventors of his day. He received more than one hundred and fifty patents. His success was due to his personal characteristics-to his inventive mind. Perhaps most important of all was his confidence of success.

VII. Прочтите еще раз 5, 6 абзацы и укажите, какой из двух предложенных вариантов передачи их содержания соответствует изложенным фактам. А. Н. Bessemer produced at his steelworks very cheap steel, which соuld be used for constructing ship, bridges and many other structures. But his outstanding achievements were not recognized in his life time. B. Henry Bessemer was one of the most successful inventors of his days. Steel produced by him was used for building ships, bridges, railway lines etc... He received numerous patents for his inventions. His confidence of success and inventive mind were his main characteristics.

Тексты для дополнительного чтения Раздел А. Прочитайте следующие тексты, чтобы ответить на вопросы, поставленные к каждому из них.

Text 1 Man and His Environment 1. Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life. 2. With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth. He has transformed woodlands and prairies into farmland, and made lakes and reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric power. Man has also modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to build roads and railways. 3. However, man’s changes to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results. Today, pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet. Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles: smoke from factories pollutes the air of the industrialised areas and the surrounding areas of the countryside. The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy. 4. The pollution of water is equally harmful. In the sea, pollution from oil is increasing and is killing enormous numbers of algae, fish and birds. The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed. The same problem exists in rivers. Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.

5. The end result is that ecologists believe it is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology in order to survive on earth. Notes: 1) be equally harmful – являться в разной степени вредным; 2) enormous numbers of algae – огромное количество водорослей; 3) to survive – выжить. Answer the following questions: 1. What has man done to improve his way of life? 2. In what way did he modify the face of the earth? 3. Why have man’s changes to the physical environment caused undesirable effects? 4. What does the pollution of water result in? 5. What is necessary to do for man, according to ecologists, in order to survive on earth?

Text 2 The Brain 1. Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body – the brain. 2. In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the centre of mental activity. Aristotle, the philosopher of ancient Greece, thought that the mind was based in the heart. It was until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind. 3. During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain controlled the different activity. But modern research has found

that this is not so. It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does. 4. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brains works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Notes: 1) mental activity – умственная деятельность; 2) mind – (зд.) разум, умственные способности. Answer the following questions: 1. What part of the human body needs further investigation? 2. What did ancient people think of brain? 3. Why did scientists think that each part of the brain controlled different activity? 4. What has been found by chemists and biologists during the last 50 years? 5. Why do many people believe that there is much to learn about the way the human brain works?

Text 3 1. The first suggestion that a machine for mathematical computation could be built was made more than a hundred years ago by the mathematician Charles Babbage. We now realize that he understood clearly all the fundamental principles of modern computers.

2. Babbage was born in Devonshire, England, 1792. He didn’t receive a good education but he taught himself mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge, he found that he knew more algebra than his tutor. 3. At that time mathematics at Cambridge was still under the influence of Newton and was quite unaffected by the contemporary developments on the continent. 4. Charles Babbage was outstanding among his contemporaries because he insisted on the practical application of science and mathematics. For example, he wrote widely on the economic advantages of mass production and on the development of machine-tools. 5. In 1812 he was sitting in his room looking at a table of logarithms which he knew to be full of mistakes, when an idea occurred to him of computing all tabular (табличный) functions by machinery. Babbage constructed a small working model which he demonstrated in 1822. 6. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a subsidy. 7. In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was in fact the first universal digital (цифровой) computer, as the expression is understand today. 8. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop it. He had to finance all the work himself and he was only able to finish part of the machine though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it could be made. 9. Babbage wrote more than 80 books and papers, but he was misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871. Notes: 1) tutor – преподаватель; 2) contemporaries – современники; 3) advantage – преимущество.

Answer the following questions: 1. Who did Charles Babbage owe his excellent knowledge of maths to? 2. Why did he stand out of his contemporaries? 3. When did the idea of a computing machine first come to Charles Babbage? 4. How did the Royal Society react to demonstration of a small working model of a computing machine developed by Charles Babbage? 5. Why did Charles Babbage die a disappointed man?

Text 4 1. If you like looking at places and people, travel by bus. Buses do not go very fast in the centre of London because there is always much traffic but it does not matter if you are on holiday. 2. Normal London buses are red and are double-deckers. They have a driver and a conductor. 3. There are sorts of bus stop: compulsory and request. A compulsory bus-stop sign means that all the buses on the notice stop here. A request bus-stop sign means that a bus only stops here if someone wants to get on or off. The request bus-stop sign is red. If you want to catch a bus at a request stop, put your hand out. 4. To find out where a bus is going, look at the sign on the front, the side or the back of the bus. You will find a full list of the places on the bus route on a notice at the bus stop. 5. When you have got on the bus the conductor says: “Fares, please!” You say where you want to go; he tells you how much to pay; you pay him and he gives you a ticket. 6. There are other sorts of buses in London, too. The red singledecker buses are called Red Arrows. They have a driver but no conductor. You pay the same price for a short journey as for a long journey.

7. The green buses are called Green Line. These buses cross London but they do not stop very often. They are mainly for people who live a little way out of London and who travel in and out. Notes: 1) route – маршрут; 2) fare – плата за проезд. Answer the following questions: 1. Why do buses move so slowly about the centre of London? 2. What kind of buses run about London? 3. How much does one pay on London buses? 4. What is Green Line? 5. Which bus route in London has no conductors?

Text 5 Gypsies 1. Around the year 1000 AD, some people from north-west India began to travel westwards – nobody knows why. After leaving their homes, they did not settle down again, but spent their lives moving from one place to another. 2. Their descendants are called the Romany people, or Gypsies. There are Gypsies all over the world, and many of them are still travelling, with no fixed homes. There are about eight million of them, including three million in eastern Europe. 3. Gypsies sometimes have a hard time in the countries where they travel. Because they are different, people may be afraid of them, look down on them, or think that they are criminals. The Nazis persecuted the Gypsies, like the Jews, and nobody knows how many of them died in Hitler’s death camps. 4. Gypsies have their own language, Romany. They like music and dancing, and they often work in fairs and circuses. Trav-

elling is very important to them, and many Gypsies are unhappy if they have to stay in one place. Because of this, it is difficult for Gypsy children to go to school, and Gypsies are often illiterate. In some places, the education authorities try to arrange special travelling schools for Gypsy children, so that they can get the same education as other children. Notes: 1) gypsies – цыгане; 2) to persecute – преследовать; 3) illiterate – неграмотный. Answer the following question: 1. Are there any evidences why some people from north-west India began to move westwards around the year 1000 AD? 2. What is the number of Gypsies outside eastern Europe? 3. When did Gypsies have extremely hard time? 4. What are Gypsies fond of? 5. In what way do some authorities try to arrange schooling for Gypsy children?

Раздел В. Read the texts and do the tasks that follow.

Text 1 It was two thousand years ago. Two Viking leaders were going with their men (3) to Ireland in two big boats. The first leader’s name was O’Neill, the name of the other is not known to us. They (1) agreed that the first man who touched the Irish land would be the king of it. At last they were very near the Irish land. The two boats were going faster and faster. Unfortunately O’Neill’s boat was not as fast (5) as the other one (2). And O’Neill had an idea. He wanted to be the king so much that, when the boats were very near the land, he quickly cut off his right hand and threw it over to the land. He became the king of Ireland because his hand was the first which touched the land. This story explains (4) why there is a red right hand on Irish soldiers’ coats. 1. a) b) c) d)

Choose the best title for the text: Irish monarchy How Ireland got its king O’Neill and his army A red right hand

2. a) b) c) d)

According to the text O’Neill was the king of England cut off his hand as it hurt was in the fastest boat became the king of Ireland

3. a) b) c) d)

According to the text the other Viking leader was not as clever as O’Neill cut off his left hand didn’t want to become a king touched the Irish land first

4. a) b) c) d)

“they” (point 1) stands for the two Viking boats the Irish lands the two Viking leaders two thousand years

5. a) b) c) d)

“one” (point 2) stands for boat land leader king

6. a) b) c) d)

“men” (point 3) means swimmers Vikings soldiers children

7. a) b) c) d)

“explains” (point 4) means understands tells knows suggests

8. a) b) c) d)

“fast” (point 5) is an adverb a noun a verb an adjective

Text 2

I. Read the text. You can use a dictionary. How much do we know about the world we live in? Some of us don’t know much, it seems. Scientists at Oxford asked people the following simple questions: - Does the earth go round the sun? - Does oxygen come from plants? - Does sunlight cause skin cancer? - Is the centre of the earth hot or cold? - Did the earliest people live before, at the same time as or after the dinosaurs? - If milk is radioactive, can you make it safe by boiling it? How many of the answers do you know? The Oxford scientists were surprised to find that many of the men and women they questioned had no idea of the facts. About 40% of the people didn’t know that the earth went round the sun, or that oxygen came from plants. While 90% of the people knew that sunlight could cause skin cancer, and 80% knew that the centre of the earth was very hot, 54% thought, wrongly, that the first people lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. And 35% of people thought that radioactive milk could be made safe by boiling it. How important is this? Does it matter if people don’t know whether or not the earth goes round the sun? Perhaps not. But we do have to make up our minds about many things which need an understanding of science. Should the government build more nuclear power stations? Is it a good thing to spend money on space research? Is it right to carry out experiments on animals? If we have no basic knowledge of science, how can we make intelligent democratic decisions on questions like these? II. Now read the following sentences. Write S if the sentence says the same thing as the text, and D if it says something different.

1. Even Oxford scientists don’t always know the answers to simple questions. 2. Some people don’t know much about the world. 3. Only 40% of people thought that the earth went round the sun. 4. Oxygen comes from plants. 5. Most people know that sunlight can cause skin cancer. 6. More than half of the people questioned thought that the first people lived before the dinosaurs. 7. Radioactive milk can only be made safe by boiling it. 8. People in a modern democracy need to know something about science.

Text 3 I Read the text and define which of the sentences are true (T) or false (F).

Britain Today (1) Don’t expect to see red phone boxes everywhere – there aren’t many left nowadays! Some phones take cash (£1,50p and 10p coins) and some take phonecards – we suggest having both. Phone after 6 p.m. – it’s cheaper! Useful numbers: Emergencies 999, International Operator 155. (2) There are £50, £20, £10 and £5 notes, and coins worth £2, £1,50p, 20p, 10p, 5p, 2p and 1p. Avoid getting £50 notes if you can – some places might refuse to change them. If you don’t want to risk carrying a lot of cash, get some traveller’s cheques before you holiday. Banks are usually open from 9.30 to 4.30, but most of them are closed on Saturdays. If the bank is closed, use your own cash or credit card from home in a cash machine or ‘hole-in-the-wall’, as the British call them – the machine will give you British currency.

(3) Most pubs offer a good variety of food at reasonable prices. If you can afford to pay for something more special, there are many international restaurants. If you see ‘service included’ on a restaurant bill, you don’t need to tip. If it says ‘service not included’ a 10% tip is expected. (4) Hotels are expensive in Britain but there are some cheaper alternatives. ‘Bed and Breakfasts’ are private houses which offer accommodation and breakfast. Many of them give excellent value for money. Youth hostels are even cheaper, if you don’t mind sharing with other people. Hostels vary greatly, but all those belonging to the Youth Hostel Association (YHA) guarantee certain standards of comfort and cleanliness. (5) Wherever you decide to stay in Britain, we advise you to take a plug adaptor if you plan to use any electrical appliance like a hairdryer. Plugs in Britain (like a lot of other things!) are different from the rest of Europe. (6) Buses are probably the cheapest way to travel. If you can’t stand going on long bus journeys, you can always go by train. Trains in Britain are expensive but ‘return’ tickets (especially ‘day returns’) are a lot cheaper than singles. If you are staying in London, you can save a lot of money by getting a travel card for one day or for a week to go on the Tube and buses. (7) We can’t promise to provide good weather for your trip – British weather is very changeable. If you enjoy sitting in the hot sun all day, you should consider going somewhere else for your holidays! During the main tourist season, JuneAugust, the weather is mild, usually between 20°C and 25°C.

I. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? 1. In Britain, phone calls are more expensive in the evening.

2. £50 is the largest note. 3. You don’t always need to leave a tip after a meal in a restaurant. 4. Youth hostels are cheap but very uncomfortable. 5. You can’t take electrical appliances to Britain and use them without an adaptor. 6. UK buses are cheaper than trains. 7. You can use travel cards when you travel around Britain by bus or train. 8. Britain is usually hot and sunny in the summer. II. Match these titles with the sections: Accommodation Differences The Weather Eating Out Money Telephones Travel

Text 4 I. Read the text and memorize the details.

Contemporary American Society In the past fifty years American society has changed much. Fifty years ago most Americans lived in small communities. They seldom moved from one place to another, and usually knew their neighbours well. Life was so personal that people often joked about it. It was difficult to have privacy in a small community like that. Some people dreamed about moving to big cities, but most people were happy to live all their lives in the same place.

Now people often move from place to place. It is rare to find people who have lived all their lives in one community. Americans are used to leaving friends and making new friends. The American family has changed too. Until the 1960’s divorce was uncommon. Between 1962 and 1981 the number of divorces increased. Americans are not likely to remain in a marriage that has problems. They are not forced by economic, social or religious pressure to stay married. Since 1960’s the number of single-parent families increased. Americans raise their children to be independent. It is a part of American culture. Small children learn to do things on their own. They learn to take care of themselves, clean their rooms, help with the dishes and the laundry, spend time away from their parents in day-care, with a baby sitter or even alone. Most teenagers try to find summer or after-school jobs, so that they can have their own money. Students usually work part-time and during summer vacations. Young people get married later than they used to. Women usually get married at the age of 24, men – at the age of 26. Newly married couples often postpone having children, while they are establishing their careers. Notes: 1) have privacy – быть в уединении; 2) be uncommon – быть необычным; 3) be likely to do smth. – быть склонным делать что-то; 4) single-parent family – неполная семья; 5) newly married couple – молодожены. II. Say whether the statements given below are true or false, express doubt or uncertainty. 1. Fifty years ago most Americans lived in big cities. 2. People never dreamed about moving to big cities. 3. Most people were happy to live all their lives in the same place.

4. Between 1962 and 1981 the number of divorces increased. 5. Americans aren’t likely to remain in a marriage that has problems. 6. Most teenagers don’t try to find summer or after-school jobs. 7. Students seldom work part-time and during summer vacations. 8. Newly married couples never postpone having children. III. Discuss the following: 1. What was the American society like 50 years ago? 2. Why has the number of single-parent families increased since 1960’s? 3. How do the Americans try to bring up their children? 4. When do young people usually get married?

Text 5 I. Read the following texts and do the tasks that follow.

Spotlight on the environment The environment Some problems of the environment are easy to see. This valley in Tasmania, Australia, used to be a beautiful rainforest. But now there is a copper mine. There are no trees, and the land is polluted with chemicals. Very few plants can grow. Acid rain Acid rain comes from industrial countries. But the wind carries it and a lot of it falls on these countries’ neighbours. For example, Canada gets acid rains from the USA. The Scandinavian countries get it from Britain. The bird, the Common Loon, is less and less common in the lakes of Canada and the USA today. Acid rain kills the fish, and so the bird has nothing to eat.

Pesticides Insects eat our vegetables. So farmers put pesticides on the vegetables. But that is not the end of the story. The pesticide chemicals get into the ‘food chain’. Insects eat the pesticides. Birds eat the insects. Big birds eat little birds. At the top of the food chain you find birds like the Peregrine Falcon. Fifty years ago they were common. But more and more pesticides DDT got into their blood. Their eggs became weak, and broke. Now the Peregrine Falcon is quite rare. The greenhouse effect Industrial countries also cause the ‘greenhouse effect’. Industry, power stations and cars produce carbon dioxide – CO2. This gas works like the glass walls of a greenhouse. It lets in the sun; but it doesn’t let out the heat. So the Earth gets hotter and hotter. Your car is killing the Earth The car is an ecological disaster. It is now the world’s number one polluter. From the beginning to the end of its life, one car produces an enormous quantity of pollution. The production of one car results in 1,500 kilos of waste, and 75 million metres³ of polluted air. During its life one car produces: 44.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide 325 kg of carbon monoxide 4.8 kg of sulphur dioxide 36 kg of hydrocarbons 46.8 kg of nitrogen dioxide 20 kg of various chemicals from the tires and brakes (an average car over a period of ten years) When you throw the car away, many dangerous metals (like cadmium) and other chemicals pollute the earth. The building of roads, motorways and car parks produces a large quantity of pollution. It is impossible to estimate how much. The statistics above are for one car. There are now approximately 500 million cars on Earth. So multiply all these

numbers by 500 million. That gives, for example, more than 22 billion tonnes of CO2 in ten years! Why not ride a bike or take a train? 1. Match these words with their meanings. 1. pollution a) a factory which produces electricity 2. food chain b) animal A eats animal B, which eats animal C, etc. 3. power station c) a chemical for killing insects and other animals 4. acid rain d) rising temperatures around the world 5. greenhouse effect e) rain containing chemicals which pollute the environment 6. pesticide f) making earth, air or water dirty and dangerous 2. 1. a) b) c)

Choose the correct answer. Acid rain comes from Scandinavian countries. neighbouring countries. industrial countries.

2. a) b) c)

Carbon dioxide - CO2 – keeps the earth hot. keeps the Earth cool. causes acid rain.

3. The bird called the Common Loon is not very common today, because a) acid rain kills it. b) acid rain kills the fish, so the bird has nothing to eat. c) the bird’s eggs are weak, and they break.

Контрольное задание 2 по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета всех специальностей Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2 по английскому языку, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка: 1. Видовременные формы глагола в пассивном залоге формы Simple (Present, Past, Future), Continuous (Present, Past), Perfect (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций английского языка на русский язык. 2. Модальные глаголы can, may, must и их эквиваленты.

Вариант 1. I. Перепишите и в каждой группе слов вычеркните одно слово, не соответствующее смысловому ряду. 1. computer 2. control 3. store 4. exploit 5. descendant

television handle accumulate destroy ascendant

calculator robot run operate lose reserve promote utilize heir off-spring

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрaв правильную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The first calculating machine (invented / was invented) in 1812. 2. Coffee (grow/is grown) in Brazil. 3. New generations of computers (have been designed / have designed) lately. 4. New houses (are building / are being built) at present. 5. The construction of the building (will have finished / will have been finished) by the end of the year. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке. 1. The invention of the first calculating machine been followed by the complicated descendants of that first simple one. 2. The word «robot» was borrowed from the Slav languages. 3. Karl Capek's play often referred to in order to explain the meaning of the word «robot». 4. They are paid twice a month. 5. The meeting was attended by thousands of people.

IV. Перефразируйте, употребив пассивную форму сказуемого (исполнителя действия можно не указывать, если в этом нет необходимости) и переведите новые предложения. Модель: We test each piece of equipment very carefully

Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully. Каждый образец оборудования очень тщательно испытывают:

1. Charles Babbage invented the first calculating machine in 1812. 2. Computers control even everything modern life. 3. We are using computers more and more extensively in the world today. 4. The English borrowed just very few Slav words, one of tile most popular ones being «robot» among them. 5. In Capek’s play robots destroy the society exploiting them. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и вставьте пропущенные, модальные глаголы; can, cannot, may, must, must not 1. Computers______ do many things: they_____ store huge amounts of information, do calculations, control machines and even compose music. 2. People _______do 500,000 sums in one second. 3. ____ I watch TV now? - Now, you can't Dad is sleeping. 4. You____ cross the road at traffic lights. 5. Passengers _______ cross the line on a railway Station platform.

VI. a) Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What are the reasons of the ever growing use of computers and demand in them in the world today?

COMPUTERS CONCERN YOU. 1. When Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today. 2. Nearly everything we do in the modern world Is helped, or even controlled, by computers, the complicated descendants of hie simple machine. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. They have much better memories and can store huge amounts of information, and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time taken by а human mathematician. No man alive can do 500.000 sums in one second, but an advanced computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can pay wages, reserve seats on planes, control machines m factories, work out tomorrow's weather, and even play chess, write poetry, or compose music. 3. Robot геаllу means a workman, not a mechanical monster. It is one of the very few Slav words (m this case Czech) borrowed in the English language. It comes from the old Slav word robu, which means a servant. In modern Slav, the word robotnik means workman and is linked to the Russian word for work, robota. 4. Robot came into general use in English only after 1923. following the great succеss of a play by a Czech author Karl

Capek (1890-1938). Capek's play was called R.U.R. which stood for Rossum’s Universal Robots. It was about mechanical automatons that did the work of men, and were efficient but soulless. In the play, society exploited them, сame to depend utterly on them, and was destroyed by them when they revolted. Since then, the term robot has come to mean a mechanical man, often in recognizable human form, as well as a non-human-looking machine that does work formerly only handled by men. 5. Since the early days of Capek’s play robot must have found its way into the dictionaries of every modem language but in its own original language there is no sense of a mechanical man, just of an ordinary-worker. б) Прочитайте текст еще раз. Проверьте cебя, как вы поняли текст, выбрав правильный ответ, соответствующий его содержанию: 1. The ascendant of modem computers is ... a) a robot b) the first calculating machine c) a mechanical monster 2. «Robot» is one of the few words borrowed from ... a) English b) Czech c) Russian 3. It was not until... that the word «robot» began to be widely used in modem languages. a) 1812 b) 1938 c) 1923 d) 1890

VII. Перeпишите и письменно переведите на русский яэык 2, 4 абзацы.

5. Children are taught foreign languages at school.

Вариант 2 I. Перепишите и в каждой группе слов вычеркните одно слово, не соответствующее смысловому ряду: 1. invent 2. instrument 3. exhibit 4. partner 5. pioneer

create machine show rival explorer

compose tool took competition scientist

use apparatus display enemy discoverer

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Переведите предложeния на русский язык. 1. Do you know what this table (make / is made) of? 2. The first telegraph line (built / was built) in America in 1844. 3. This town is changing all the time. Many of the old buildings (are being pulled down / are pulling down). 4. Some American programmes (show / are shown) on our television. 5. Oh dear! The vase (has broken / has been broken) into lots of small pieces. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке. 1. The telegram was followed by a letter. 2. Samuel Morse is often credited with the invention of the telegraph. 3. In 1843 Morse was раid by Congress to build the first telegraph Iine in the USA. 4. The letter will be answered tomorrow.

IV. Перефразируйте, употребив пассивную форму сказуемого (исполнителя действия можно не указывать, если в этом нет необходимости), и переведите новые предложения. Модель: We test each piece of equipment very carefully.

Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully - Каждый образец оборудования испытывают очень тщательно.

1. Samuel Morse didn’t actually invent the telegraph. 2. Usually people credit Morse with the invention of the telegraph. 3. By 1838 Morse had developed his code. 4. He also introduced the daguerreotype, an early form of photography. 5. Samuel Morse perfected the telegraph after the twelve years of effort. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и вставьте пропущенные модальные глаголы can, cannot, maу, must, must not: 1. Samuel Morse ______ be credited with the invention of the telegraph because there were many pioneers in the same field long before him. 2. Nowadays news and business information ______ be sent instantly to faraway countries of the world. 3. A professional pianist ______ practise for several hours everyday.

4. Visitors ______ feed the animals m the zoo. 5. _______ I take уоur book? – Yes, you _____.

6. Later, Morse was caught in a mass of legal claims among his telegraph partners and rival inventors. He was probably the most successful propogator of the telegraph, although there were many pioneers m the same field long before him. He also introduced the Jaguerreotype, an early form of photography, to America.

VI. а) Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: Whose works helped Morse to invent the telegraph?

б) Прочитайте текст еще раз и проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст, выбрав правильный ответ, соответствующий егo содержанию. 1. S. Morse is famous for a) his inventing the telegraph b) his perfecting the telegraph and developing a special code to send messages by telegraph c) painting outstanding peoples’ portraits

MORSE CODE 1. Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872), a portrait painter turned inventor, didn’t actually invent the telegraph (many other men worked on the idea before him), but he did perfect it after 12 years of effort. He transmitted the famous message. «What hath God wrought?» from Washington to Boston in 1844. 2. The first message in Morse code was tapped out in the United States over a telegraph linе from Baltimore to Washington by Samuel Morse in 1844. 3. Morse is often credited with the invention of the telegraph on his return to the United States from a trip to Europe in 1832. During this trip lie became acquainted with the works of Michael Faraday on electro-magnetism, which forms the basis of the telegraph. This gave Morse the necessary impetus to go ahead with his work. 4. In 1837 Morse exhibited his first truly successful instrument. By 1838 he had developed the Morse code, an alphabet which consists of dots and dashes representing letters and numbers. In the same year he attempted unsuccessfully to persuade Congress to build a telegraph line. 5. It was not until 1843 that Congress voted to pay Morse to built the first telegraph line in the United States from Baltimore to Washington.

2. What prompted S. Morse to turn from a painter into an inventor? a) His desire to make money b) His artistic talent. c) Faraday's works. 3. Later S. Morse was sued (подвергаться судебному разбирательству) for a) his inventions b) his art c) the right to intellectual property VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите нa русский язык 1,2 и 4 абзацы.

6. If you train your memory, it (will improve / will be improved) III. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке. 1. The development of modern alphabets was affected by a long history of writing. 2. The history of writing is alluded to in this article (намекать на, касаться). 3. Three foreign languages are taught at the University. 4. He was offered some interesting work. 6. This book is often referred to. Вариант 3 1. Перепишите и в каждой группе слов вычеркните одно слово, не соответствующее смысловому ряду. 1. objects 2. achievement 3. out-of-date 4. invent 5. simple

letters outcome up-to-date compose complex

pictures lines and dots failure success modem fashionable apply create complicated sophisticated

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола: Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Writing (was not invented / did not invent) at one? 2. By the beginning of the new era the Greek alphabet (had developed / had been developed). 3. Cars (are manufactured / manufacture in Italy, USA, Japan). 4. My car is at the garage. It (is repairing / is being repaired).

IV. Перефразируйте, употребив пассивную форму сказуемого (исполнителя действия можно не указывать, если в этом нет необходимости) и переведите новые предложения. Модель: We test each piece of equipment very carefully

Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully - Каждый образец оборудования очень тщательно испытывают.

1. People did not invent writing at once. 2. Ancient people used simple pictures and lines or dots to record objects or numbers. 3. Meanwhile the Egyptians had developed another kind of writing - «hieroglyphics». 4. The Egyptian kings and priests used a mixture of pictures and signs.

5. Nowadays people can send news and business information in a written form very quickly to the far-away parts of the world. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и вставьте пропущенные модальные глаголы can, саnnоt, may, must, must not 1. Most birds _____ fly. 2. You ______ took both ways before crossing the road. 3. Most animals ______ fly. 4. You _______ lake any idea you like. 5. We ____ forget to turn off the lights before we go out. VI. а) Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: What positive bides made 'cuneiform’ writing flexible end suitable enough to be used widely and where was it invented? THE MIRACLE OF WRITING 1. Among all the achievements of human beings, the invention of writing is one of the greatest. But perhaps the time will come during our lives when reading and writing become out of date. Writing was not invented once, but регhaps six different times, in places as far apart as China and America. Each time it started with simple pictures and lines or dots - these were good enough to record objects or numbers. 2. A kind of writing which had flexibility was invented in Mesopotamia, in about 3000 ВС. This is the same part of the Middle East that gave us the earliest farms and cities. The writing was made of triangular shapes, and we now call it “cuneiform” writing. Like picture writing, it was used in trade, but it was also important for recording ideas about religion and philosophy.

Though we don’t know what the language these people spoke sounded like, we know a lot about them from their writing. Тheir business letters, for example, are not unlike modern ones, with complaints about late payments and deliveries. 3. Meanwhile the Egyptians had developed another kind of writing – ‘hieroglyphics’. These were a mixture of pictures and signs which were used by the kings and priests. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is one of the most beautiful and complicated ways of writing that has been invented. But it was too complicated to become as widely used as cuneiform writing. 4. Around 1200 ВС writing began to make the last and most important step in its development: the beginning of the alphabet, signs which stand for sounds and which can be used to write any of the words we speak. Nobody knows when, where or by whom the first alphabet was invented. But by 1000 ВС Phoenician traders, from the area we now call Lebanon, were spreading their alphabet writing throughout the Mediterranean world. The Greeks, and later the Romans, changed it, and it grew into the ? alphabet of letters you can see on this page. 5. With the alphabet it was possible to write down anything that was said. This meant that people could use writing for much more than trade and storing information. There were аll sorts of stories, myths and traditions waiting to be written down. The invention of paper and ink helped the alphabet to spread quickly, and many more people learned to read and write, though the vast majority of people were illiterate until long after printing was invented. Long pieces of writing appeared, which became the first books. However, there was one great problem that lasted from Greek and Roman times until the Middle Ages everything was written by hand. So it was slow and expensive to produce copies of books. 6) Прочитайте текст еще раз и проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст, выбрав правильный ответ, соответствующий его содержанию:

1. Writing had its origin in: a) b) c) c)

different parts of the world China Greece Egypt

2. 0ne of the first forms of writing was made of a) b) c) c)

a mixture of pictures and Signs triangular shapes pictures, lines and dots letters

3. The first alphabet was developed by means of a) b) c) d)

hieroglyphics signs to stand for sounds cuneiforms lines and dots

4. How long ago was the first alphabet developed? а) b) c) d)

З.000 уеагs 5,000 years 3,200 years 2,500 years

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 3 и 5 абзацы.

Вариант 4 I. Перепишите и в каждой группе слов вычеркните одно слово, не соответствующее смысловому ряду, 1. tennis player 2. change 3. chance 4. invent 5. took (at)

tennis ball tennis bat tennis net alter modify apply possibility fortune failure compose discover create look for stare(at) glance (up, over)

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Пeревeдите предложения на русский язык.

IV. Перефразируйте, употребив пассивную форму сказуемого (исполнителя действия можно не указывать, если в этом нет необходимости), и переведите новые предложения. Модель: We test each piece of equipment very carefully

Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully. Каждый образец оборудования испытывают очень тщательно.

1. Тable tennis (invented / was invented) in about 1880 first. 2. 2. The construction of the stadium (will have finished / will have bun finished) by 2006. 3. Rice (is grown / grows) in China. 4. The police have been questioning everyone who was at the meeting and several people (have arrested / have been arrested). 5. Football (plays / is played) in most countries of the world.

1. The British invented table tennis first h about 1880. 2. First players named the game differently Gossima. Whiff Whaff and Ping Pong. 3. Mr. Goode's idea had completely changed the style and speed of table tennis. 4. At present people from all over the world play table tennis. 5. Tennis fans developed the Idea of table tennis into other kinds of tennis.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и вставьте пропущенные модaльные глаголы can, cannot, may, must, must not.

1. Mr Goode's clever idea was followed by changes in the style and speed of table tennis. 2. You roust come and play tennis with my brother. You’ll be shown a perfect way of playing. 3. This man can be relied on. 4. He was laughed at. 5. The lecture was attended by a great number of students.

1. Paul ______ drive, but he hasn't got a car. 2.. According to the International Table Tennis Rules the rubber linings of the tennis racket ________ be more tan two millimetres thick on each side. 3. Have you seen my bag? I ____ find it. 4. We ____forget to switch off the lights before we leave.

5. You ____ take any book you like VI. а) Прочтите текcт и ответьте на вопрос: Why did Mr. Goode become so popular in Britain?

б) Прочитайте текст еще раз и проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст, выбрав правильный ответ, соответствующий содержания текста: 1. Mr.Goode’s is famous for:

TABLE TENNIS - A BRITISH lNVENTION I. Tennis is a game for two or four players who hit a ball backwards and forwards across a net. The word is рrоbаblу of the French origin (tenez - take! As a server's call). 2. Eighty years ago, Mr. E. Goode of Putney, South London went to the chemist's to buy some aspirins. In the shop, he almost forgot about his tablets as he stood looking at the pimpled rubber mat on the counter. It had given him a fantastic new idea. 3. He paid for his aspirins and the rubber mat. Then he rushed home, cut the rubber mat to the right shape and size and stuck it to his plain wooden table tennis bat. The thin layer of rubber helped him put a very fast spin on the ball. When he became the English champion, every one started copying him, putting rubber layers on their bats, and soon Mr.Goode’s clever idea had completely changed the style and speed of table tennis. 4. Table tennis was first invented in about 1880. At first the game had several strange names: Cossima, Whiff Whaff and Ping Pong. It wasn’t until1926 that the International Table Tennis was formed with international championships and rules. One of the rules was that the rubber linings of the bat (Mr Goode's invention) couldn't be more than two millimetres thick on each side. 5. Although the game was invented in England, British players don't have much chance m international champions.

a) his becoming the English champion b) his contribution to table tennis c) his invention of table tennis 2. Mr Goode’s idea contributed to a) the name of the game. b) the shape and speed of the tennis racket c) the style and speed of tаble tennis 4. Approximately how long was table tennis invented? а) 75уеars. b) 120 years c) 100 years d) 90 years VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.

5. This subject will be dealt with in the next chapter.

Вариант 5 I. Перепишите и в каждой группе слов вычеркните одно слово, не соответствующее смысловому ряду. 1. communication 2. wire 3. money 4. raise 5. acquire

message letter cable conductor capital finance lift rise get obtain

information method device fall question

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав правильную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. After that invention many telegraph companies (established / were established) in America, Europe arid Asia. 2. Telegrammes (are sent / send) instantly to far-away corners of the world. 3. Don't go inside that house. It (is repairing / is being repaired) now. 4. My health (has been improved / has improved) by sticking to a diet. 5. How many languages (speak / are spoken) in Canada? III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога в английском языке. 1. Faraday's works on electro-magnetism were followed by many pioneers in the field of electricity. 2. That event was commented upon in many newspapers. 3. Morse was given the idea to perfect the telegraph and iys code during his trip to Europe. 4. These books are needed by all our students.

IV. Перефразируйте, употребив пассивную форму сказуемого (исполнителя действия можно не указывать, если в этом нет необходимости), и переведите новые предложения. Модель: We test each piece of equipment very carefully

Each piece of equipment is tested very carefully. - Каждый образец оборудования испытывают очень тщательно.

1. Benjamin Franklin published his first idea about electricity in 1752. 2. He connected a pencil to an electric wire. 3. By 1861 Americans had set up a lot of telegraph companies. 4. Each time companies had to raise more and more money to lay a cable at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. 5. Nowadays people can send news and business information instantly to almost every part of the world. V. Перепишите следующие предложения и вставьте пропущенные медальные глаголы can, cannot, may, must not. 1. Scientists in many countries tried to solve the problem: _____ electricity be used to develop а long-distance communication? 2. Secretary wanted ____ speak good English. 3. Telegraph wires ____ be hung over the ocean. 4. You____ drive so fast, there is a speed limit here. 5. ____ I go out today? - No, you can't.

VI. а) Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос: Why did Benjamin Franklin's invention play a great role in соmmunication? TELEGRAPH. 1. Benjamin Franklin was an American, famous for his interesting and useful inventions. He published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: «Could electricity be used to develop a fast efficient system of long-distance communication?» 2. Another American, Samuel Morse, who was a portrait painter, made experiments with an electric telegraph . At first, he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire, the pencil made wavy lines. Morse invented a code that used dots and dashed for the letters of the alphabet. Finally he discovered that telegraph messages could be sent in sound. 3. On the 24th of May, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph from Washington, D. C., to Baltimore, Maryland 64 kilometres. 4. Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 telegraph wires stretched across the United States from the, Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe, too, Samuel Morse's system became popular. 5. But telegraph wires couldn't bе hung over the ocean. The Atlantic Telegraph Company, which was organized in 1856, decided to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. England and the United States contributed money for this experiment. 6. Many attempts were made by ships from both countries. The 4,000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time, more

money had to be raised. Finally, on the 7th of July, 1866,the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland. Later, cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last, newsstand business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world. б) Прочитайте текст еще раз и проверьте себя, как вы поняли текст, выбрав правильный ответ, соответствующий его содержанию: 1. Benjamin Franklin became famous for: a) painting portraits . b) his contribution in the field of electricity c) laying a cable at the bottom of the ocean 2. Samuel Morse is famous for a) his inventing the telegraph b) his perfecting the telegraph and developing a special code to send messages by telegraph c) painting different peoples’ portraits 3. The first long-distance message was sent by telegraph a) from Newfoundland to Ireland b) from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore c) from America to Asia 4. It was difficult to send the first transatlantic messages because a) cables were not good enough b) cables had to be laid on the bottom of the ocean

c) England and USA had no enough money VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 2, 3, 4 и 5 абзацы.

Additional Texts for Reading Text I Pre-reading task. 1. What do you know about Michelangelo? 2. Make sure you know the meanings of the following words and word-combinations: a creator; contemporaries; to carve; marble; a dome; an architect; to appreciate; design; the experience of humanity. 3. Cross the word which is odd in the category and make reasons for that: a) a sculptor an architect an artist a poet b) war art architecture culture c) marble paint cement sculpture d) back neck shoulder face ceiling e) show display represent design

4. Read the text and get ready to answer the question: Why did Michelangelo have a tremendous influence on his contemporaries? Michelangelo (1475-1564) was one of the most inspired creators in the history of art. As a sculptor, an architect, a painter, and a poet, he had a tremendous influence on all his contemporaries. He was born near Arezzo, but it was Florence that he considered to be his home town. What he loved above all was the city’s art, architecture and culture. Initially, he concentrated on sculpture. In 1501 he began to carve a figure of David from a huge block of marble. This was finished in 1504, when he was 29. David is shown with a sling on his shoulder, looking into the distance. Later, Michelangelo was asked by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Every day for four years, from 1508 till 1512, he worked on this task, lying on his back at the top of high scaffolding, his neck stiff, with paint trickling onto his face. He designed many buildings, but it was his work at St Peter’s Basilica that represented his greatest achievement as an architect. His dome became the model for domes all over the Western world. What is difficult to appreciate nowadays is its revolutionary design. There’s a small group of artists such as Shakespeare and Beethoven, who, through their work, have been able to express the deepest experiences of humanity. Michelangelo belongs to this group. Comprehension check. 1. Where and when was Michelangelo born? 2. How long did he work on painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

3. What did he contribute as a sculptor, an artist and an architect? 4. Why is Michelangelo compared with Shakespeare and Beethoven? Discussion points. 1. There is a famous Latin quotation “Omnis ars naturae imitatio est” – Всякое искусство подражание природе есть. Make reasons that Michelangelo’s creative activity represents the best models of art.

Text II Pre-reading task. 1. Look at this titles of the following two articles. Find some strange facts about… … Professor Mangle-Wurzle …Antractica 2. Find other words for: mad, strange.