Конструирование ЖелезоБетонных элементов промышленных зданий

r. f. Br,rHorPAAoB

KOHCTPYI4POBAH14E )KEJIE3OEETOHHbIX SJIEMEHTOB fIPOMbIIIIJIEHHbIX

3nAHI4W (6ee npeanapr.rreJrbHofo Hanprxennn)

l43AATEJIbCTBO trr4TEpATypblno cTpoHTEnbcTBy .

JIetrutrrpa4 1973

F-r YA( 60{.012..1 : ?26..

H a y q s u A p e l a x r o p-

P, B. Bopouroe

B xume co6par Marepran, fleo6xo,[uMbli flpE KosclpyrtpoBaE[n xer$ooeroHsbtx gneMeHToB(6e3 npeaBapltrerbrioro BanprxeHnr), npr4MeHteublx B ItpoxbrruJtegtou crpo|tenbcrBe. npxBe,(eH6r peroxe8Aalrn IIo Koucrpyl.tpoBaHuroHauoo,ree pacllpocTpaneltfiHx l(ax ltrrrocKrrx,Tal( fi npocTpaHcTEtgtbrx KoucrpyK{ufi c6opfioio x vogo"tttrioro Hcnorqeulrt c aputpoBaHseM caapHuMrt u BqsaH6tMttKapKaca. l|g u celxaM{. Marepuaa cocrao,reu c yqeroM treficrByroqttx fiopM,aTtlEnbrx AoKyMeuroBr uHcTpyKrlufi, yl{a3aHr.ifi. \finfa IpeaHassaqeta B KaqecTBeIDaKTrqec(oro noco6rr rexHrKaM u uuxenepau-xoucrpyxropau IrpoexTH6lxopraHr3aufit.

I I

.

i i

cTsa

KOgC

Han

MOII lIoc'l

coO

CKOJ

ycr0 qeJIe

cToti

;

II

lthlx

fprroprfi fprroplelrs B EEorp aAoB KOHCTPYHPOBAHIIE XEJIE3OEETOHHbIX 9"IIEMEHTOB NPOMbIII.IIEHHbIX 3,[IAHHH

I

Crpo;HsAaT, JIeHHHrpaAcr(o€ orAeneflse. JIeErsrpaA, !n. Ocrpo8cxo.o. 6 P c A a x r o pt s A a r e , r [ c r B aE . f . H n x o n E c x a r T€xHs{.-crfp i ie a a x p pO . B , C I e p a B c | ( a n K o p p e x f o pl , l . l , l . K y a p e E n s O o n o x f i r x y a o x u r i x aH . K . H o B o A E o p c x o t

F

F

F t

CAaHo r ra6op l6/X 1972 r. Ilo4d{caso B !e. strb l9/II 193 I. M{8205. OoDxar 6yuarn 60X90r/,.6yk. ,, 3,75. nes. ,. 7.5E)rllrs rBtrorplocKaf, l& 2. yc.-x3a.n. 6,25, Trpax l0 000 r|<3, Hr!. M I37l-L lI.Ha ,lI ton. 3axa3 Js 373 Oprcsr Tpy,lo8oro Kp6cEoro 3raMeHx reH{Hrparcxat rflnorDrOnr Nr 2 nr€{q EBreHHr Cosonouol tcoro3norrrpaOrpoxa, npx rocyAapcrEe$Ho xoxHretc Co!"r. MrHncrpoD CCCP ro Aerar. altarenbcr6, IlonxrpaQxn x kxfirrHon roDroBr{ r. JI.HHnrpaa, JI-52, H3xanno8cxsn flpoc(exr, 29,

I

g

MOX qett

rf,) erl \ir crp l|38(

llpo( Bn 6er( ocH olBl

treJl 6eH ceT KOU cTp a9 l Tejll

oco 012F066

lIpu KOg

Fi r

NPENVCJIOBHE

Xe,reso6eroggue KoHcrpyKqru nprMeHrlor Bo MHornx o6racrat crpoxrerb. craa s (aqeclae g,reMeuroa3.[aHrfi H coopyxeHfifi. Coapeueuuue xe,rego6erousue r(oBcrpyKqun oecuua pa:uoo6pasnbr-OHn 6brBapr o6btqgHMr !t npetrBapnrenb[oHanprxeHHbrMr{,Moryr B6rno,rfiqrbcs oHorrrHbrMn, c6opanru, a ra(xe c6opao. MoForrrlibrMr.r.Hapq.{y c MaccoBr,rMnprMeHeHueMc6opfioro xen$o6eroHa B rocJlerHeeBpeMr cra,r, qacro rc[o,rb3oBarb Mofio,lBTnHl xer$o6eros, 'reMy ctloco6crayer auerpenue B npar(Tnr(y crporleJrbclBa rBBeprHHx onany6oK r Bntrc cKonb3ruefi, nepecaaBHofi,rlepe:BHxHofi u ToMy rloAo6fih|x xotcrpyxuufi. B ernx yajloBurx npnMeHe{re MoHo,rHrH6rxxer$o6eroHHErx roHctpyKunt crafioBrTcS I{eJtecoo6pa3ruM,Tat< Ka( ogn Br,rrroJrlrrcact Bsaycrpuatbnuus uerotraur I groltMocrblr,{ Mefibue, qeM y c6opH6tx, Baxuoe gsaqegue B noBbureHHugooel
-pyxenra

c yqeroM DMeroutrxcrr noBdx peureHlri.3,[ec6TaKxe He paccMor-

peHo (oHcrpytpoBaHlte

c6opHbrx greMeHToB, no KoropbrM ,tillelorct

runoB6le qep.

TC,KII.

Marepua,ru KHn.u op[esrtpoBatbr npexile scero Ha (olrcrpyKTopa, B6rno,rErrouefo pa60'rue qeprexr xe,'reso6erosHhrxKoHcrpyKunfi,u nosroMy co3Harerb. uo o6oileH6t npo6,'IeMH, cBt3aHsbre c pacqeroM, Tafi (ax oHu peuaprcfl pacqeTqu1{oM. PaccMorpegfiHeB KHtire ctoco6br KoHcrpyrjpoBaHHqortiocircq K greMeHTaM xe,re306erofiHbrx r(oHcrpyKuxi 3.{aHufi Il coopyxeHnfi rrs npe,[ycMorpeHHr,rx CHrn II-8. l-72 Tqxenbrx6eroHoB,c r!6Koi apMarypofiB B!r,{ecBapHHxceroK, Kapr(acoBr orAe,lbHbrxcrepxHe[. KHnra cocrorrr fi3 Tpex r,raB n np[noxefiui. B [epBofi rnaBe paccMarpuBaornpuMeHqeMHea,rr ri3roToB,lerttt xe,re3o6eroHH6rxxoucrpyxuui. cr MaTepua,rL,r, Bropaa r,raaa flocBrlleHa BonpocaM KoHcrpy[poBaHur cra,rbHbrx u3rerrfi (Kap(acoB, cero(, 3aK.narHbrxlera,reft r np-), [p,rMeriqeML,rxa"rr xelre3o6eroHnbrx s,leMeHToB.B Tperbell r,raBe r3,!oxeHbr cnoco6n xoucrpyupoBaHtr orAenbqbrx ra6xe,te3o6eroHHbrx3reMeHToB.B np ,loxeHngx tp{BeaeHr,r BcnoMorare,'tbBble nxubr, Heo6xoruMbre KoHcrpyl(Topy xene3o6eroHHLIXu3aenut flpH BHnor'lHes{rl pa6oqnx qeprexerl.

MAI

] cTaB qeTa

oHH TITBH MAT

crpy 6ero

CTAJ BTC Taqr KOJI qeTl

BCt

I

TOH cKo

BEJII qEHI

BO3l

c'faJ

H9IC OTA

c",ty cral apr

ron

cTo, Han OT

npo MbI]

BOA

I'rIABA I MATEPHAJIbI AJIq XEJIE3OEETOHHbIX KOHCTPYKUI{R

s l. oBulltE cBEIEHltt Xereso6eroH- KoMnJleKcHblii crpoHTeJrbHbtft Marepr{an,npe.{craBJrsrourrico6ori pa{nona,rbnoe,(,rq pa6orbt B KoHcrpyKulr[coqeraHHeAByx pa3nr.rqHbrx MarepratoB- 6eroua t-rcra;ru. Ilpnveu qTo6bl oHfiCorreTanTcq raK, pa6ore nar.r6o.nee B coBMecTHori aQrperTIBHO[CrrOJrb3OBantCb cBoricTBaKax{Aoro QU3r.tKO-MeXaHEqecKHe MaTept{afla.flo:rol,ry xere3o6eTonHbteoreMeHrbtqaule Bcero KoHcrpyr.rpyrorraKrM o6pa3oM,uro6u no1 AericrBueMBHerrrHr.tx crr,'r 6erou oocnptaNua,'rcx<arHe,a craJIb- pacrrx(eHt-re. A,rg sroro craJlbB Br{Aecneq[anbHoH3roroBreHHori apMarypbtpacfloJ'rararor B TeX3OHaXrroflepeqHOfO KoHcTpyI{[l,lIl, CeqeHr.rq fae rrpH SKcrrJIyaTauuu npeAnoJraraerctpacrqxeHue, OaHaKoIlHorAa,Harrpr.rMep B apMarypy pacfloJrararorr.rB 3onax cxarar. EcnH pacKoJroHHax, qeTHagapMaTypapacnoJrafaeTcrr Fe TorrbKoB pacTqHyTbrx, Ho II B cxarbtx 3oHaxceqeHnt,oHa Ha3brBaercq,4Boiinorl. BosMoxriocrr coBMecrHofipa6otr,r cra,tlnoi apuarypu n 6e. roga o6ecneqfieaercrnpexae Bcefo npoqHoilu xecrxoii MexaHrrqe- cuenJreHHeM, a raKxe 6rx3Kr,tMr,rrro cKoir cBt3r,ro MexAy HI.IMr.i Ee.rrr.rttlrHe Ko3QSItqueHTaMr.r JrrrHeirHoropacuupeHrirr, !,lr ynelxqeul.rtc[enJreH]Il apMarypbl c 6erosol,r r arfl npe,qorBpattreHr.trr BO3MOXHO|OnpOCKaJrb3blBaHlrqCOBpeMeHHbIMCOpTaM apMaTypHbrx

rlep].roAHqecKHil npoQu,rr, nprlrecraJrefinpLt,4aror3QQeKTnBHbrii HsloT cBapHbreceTKr.rr KapKacbrBMecToBq3aHbIx,Ha KoHrlax orae,rbHbrxrraaKux cTepx{Heflycrpat.rBalorKpIoKH,B HeKoTopbtx cnyqasxapMarypacHa6xaercq cnerlHaJrbHbrMrr aHKepaMrr. IIpH aocraroqHo nJIorHoMueMeHTHoM6eroHe 3aKrl,oqeHHaqB HeM craJ'IbHat qro o6ecne.rtsaer apMarypa HaaelKHo 3auIHrrleHa or Kopp03r.rt-r, AoJltoBeqHytocoBMecrHylo pa6ory gTHx aByx MarepfianoB. or HaqaJrbHoroHarpqr{eHnofo coXeneao6eros B 3aBr.rcuMocrr.r crorHHt npu lt3roroB,'reHllr,Moxer 6brrb 6e3 npe,4Bapr.irerbHoro ganprxeHllq u npeaBapr.rTe,'rbHo-Hanpqx(eHHr,rM, a B saBHCHMocTI oT MecTa ocyuecTBJreHIlr- MoHo,'r[THbrM,T. e, BbrnoJIHteMbrMB npoeKTHoMrroJloxeHHLIKoHcrpyKuHH. c6opHblM, T. e. Br,rnoJlHqeMbIM 3aDaHeeB B[Ae OTAe'qbHbIX 3,leMellTOBHa [Or'II]fOHeIJII-I 3aBo,qec rioc,'reAyroqeri c6opKofi ll ycraHoBKorl KoHcrpyKrlr.r[.

r s 2. 6ETOH

i

t

r 3anoJr. 6etou npe4cranrfler coOori cr'recbBrxyluero Eetr.(ecrBa HfiTe"Iei c Bo,!,oir,Koropafl uoc,re {opnoeartfia riBepAeHut npeBpaulaercg B HcKycclBeHnrirrr{aNlcjirJ. IIo,ryueHxe rreo6xoArivlrx cprr:r';r:o'irexarru.lccrlix csoilctg 6erosa o6ecne'Jssaercg noA6opou cocraBa criecLr ro crleq aJrbHotry pacqeTy, B gasucurllocrri or Qr:rric-lrcxarruqecKfix cnoircrs 6etoHbr no1pa3aerrrorcq no o6!eMEoMy Becy rr rrapKarl. B npoltlttu,teunottl clpo fiTer-r F,crB e r.'rrr ;Ke.ne:o6eroH rrbrx Koltcrpyxqrft npsMei;tsercfi o6H'Jrrr,rr1(xp1'nrro:epriucruir) 6erou c o6leMHbrM Becotu 2400 rceclu3,Haettsaeruir rrxe,rlrlr. sec xeae:o6ertrsa rpfi coieo)xaHrrri R leM apr{aO6revsuii TypH 30/ou Nlerreenpririlri!4eercl lra l0C r;c 6o;rone o6r,elrrrolo seca 6eroHa, r. e. 2500 rcecl,u?,a npir co.lcplK.rrritnB Her{ apuarypn 6onee 30/6 o6reuirsrir eec xe,resoiirorii o.rpllc,'rflcrca KaK cyM[ra BecoB 6eroHa rr apxrarypbr ija exriir!ru)' o6lerra xe,'le3o6croHHoii KOHCTpyKIlAri. Ilpoexrnlte ltapru 6erola ycra rroB,'r cr;r,r loprralrrr no c,'re,q.yroIIIr{M npr{3Ha(aM: a) no npounocru Ha clr(arrre (x-v6xxoroii flpoqriocrtl); 6 ) n o n p o v H o c r r H a o c c B o ep a c r r r ( e i i r c ; n) no uoposocrofirocrrr; I) no BoaoHerrp oHrrIIa erlrocTfi. H e o 6 x o , q r u r , l ex a p a K T e p r r c r n r { u 6croHa,rnt,qarrroir KoHcrpvKquli r ero Mapra aor'rtiHrr 6urr oroncpern s rrcprer{ax. flpoerruan lrapxa 6eroria Iro npoqHocrn r]a c]xarrre rB,'rflerct efo ocHoBHorixapa(Tepr{crHKoii rr Ao"[i]iljIayKa3bri]aTbcrrB npoe:lTe Bo Bcex cryrrarx. IIpN npoexrnpouarrrrl )riencao6erotrrJrJtx Koucrpvl(qrfr o6uruoaearo npuMeHqrorcr c"[er\rror{rie opocKTrrjc uapr(rr T q x e r o f o 6 e r o s a n o n p o q H o c r nr r a c ) K a r e ( R s t ; e c / o u 2 ) : 1 5 0 , 2 0 0 , 3 0 0 , 4 0 0 u p e x e 6 0 0 . I I p u c n e u r r a n s r r o lor 6 o c n o s a l r i l r r r o ) i r r o t t p r r MeHrr6 npoMexyrorriibre r{apKn-250, 350, 500. .qrs )KC,'teso6eToHHbIXKoHcTpyKIlfiirc Ko[crpyrirr']rjrrrir\tapn{rrpoBa }lcNr.[onycr(aerct np[MeHeHfierrxeJroro 6erosa riaDxrr 100, a ,q,rq 6eroHtroro no,q,crr{Jlarculefo croq floa nonu, (rytr;lalrcnrr,t u r. rr. - napxlr 50. Heo6xoAIluocrr,B ua3Raqelllt iltnor< 6ctolta ro ocrarbHLli\'l npx3gaKaM npu npoeKTr{poBaHrrri)Kc,'re3c6eroalsrx xoircrpyxurrir aJIt MaccoBoro npoMbIIIJIeHHofocTpolTe"qbcTBaBo3Ht{KaeTB peIKUX Cnyqgax, a noToMy 3TIl xapaKlept{cTuK], 3aecb He rlpr.tBoaqTcs. safiru sx voxlro s CHnfle. s 3. APMATypA Apnarypa qBrrrercfl coc'iaetroriqacrtro lncne:o5c iotia rr jlo.-'r;drr a HaAexHo pa6orarl, coBllacli;o I 6etoitolt Ha Dccti cra lrrt:{ }t,:cn.il\iaTa[uH KoHcrpyKIlrH. flo caoeuy HasHairerrt,lto apMarypa B ]r{eJle3oo

6erou HOlt

lI

pacqe rpe60 na

"'IUqnbl

K,laCCI qEKAT

ycnoB'

raeM Qn,rn B

CTAJIb

cTepIi

rypbr

apMl-

B rypy Crep

MCHfl1

MEI'IT(

rYPb

Hyrot

COB A

J I E HH I

rIpoB Kax,

B93A L

s 20 H9Tb

npeA aeTa C AYer cBap

T

}KCH I

F AYer t,la v Knp

lluTe BrIflN 3aBl

qnx

F I

6eronHux KoHcrpyrrIHsxrrroxer 6urt pa6ouefi, pacnpeAeJlnreJrbHoIi a Morrra>Krrori. Ko,rHqecreopa6ovei.iapuarypu tia:uauaercn pacrreroxr, a pactrperer'rnre,rbrroi tr uoHTariloii - xorrcrpyxraaunult Tpe6,0BaHUrNru. rlaua I1poNtb]rxr''relrI]]ocTb BbInycKaeT cTaJrb]lytoapMaTypy pa3_ r'llltlHblx BIIAOB C tteo6rof

rty.,t:,iil COOi.iCtAlyU.

L T a r ' r b H a r a p r \ r a T y p a ,x , t 1 t c o K p a l l e r r H o < a p N r a T y p H a tc T a I b > , KraccrQrulrpyercs no ocrorrroir rerHoJiorHH r.riroron,lreaaa (roprqeKaraHas crepx(HeBarr rr xoroAt{orflHyraR nposo.llovuar), no ycnoBHtonpt,tNrelieHHq B KoHcrpyritax ap tarypr{brx [3Aert'lfr H s cneuuQliKarlusx creAyer y(a3brBarb, rpoMe KJ'raccaapnarypuori cra,rz u |OCTa, pefnaMerrrxpyorqero MexaHr.rLiecKtexapaKTepHcrHKx H rpe6oeaunl K rIpoQt,t,'rro, Tar(xe MapKy cra,rl, cnoco6 Bbrn,raBK H r.iHrJeAorro,,r. Hr.rre,'rbHbre rpe6osanra, ecnu ux neo6xoAlllto oroBopxrb no ycr,toBrJtM 3KcnJ'ryararlar. O6nacru nprrMeHerlrfl apinaryiuoii craJrl B 3aauct,tr'rccrti or yc,'toBlru3Kcnr'tyarar{alIxeneso6eroHHofi KoHcrpyKqllll nplBeAellbr s ra6n. 2,

3 : ]6 trb'

N

a

N

1 N

N

a

(3

Xapa

F

>3

KJlacc

€ F s e ?I

ll

tl AI

:

e9x!

F

I

I

I

I

t t l

t

t

l

I

I

5
Au

I

I E

I

b

o

I N

AIII

a

F

I

I

I

I

. sI .

I

9 l:e ,?Fls 3 ts:l=9

I

l:1

:

--.!!? F :t g S d

I

t-

:

B-I

F

5 5 8

g< ;:Y xi l :

99 E d'i

c I<

-

5 d E d'r

6:€

;." 9

'f cra'u

O6nacr6 IIpEMaRennt apMatyprol (sran n'rrcc o3naqaer (rlonyc
a6 Jlr'i\a 2

SHaK MIlHyc -


YcnoBrq 3Kcnnyarau!!

Arna rqecxat { MHoronparHo uo.lopqotrraqct darpy3Ka

"^.^: l- ^. _- ll

,[ii'

C13cn3 C13nc3 C13Kr3 BC13cn2 BCr3lc2 BC13xn2

Ail I;;;;;;;

BCt5nc2 ttLToncz IEf2C l0f T

"

l25f2C l35fC

l8f2c 20xf2u 20xfcT 80c

6-40 6-40 6-4t) 6-40 6-40 6-40 l0- 40 l0- l6 l8-40 40-90 l0-32 6-40 6-40 6-8 l0-32 l0- l8 l0- l8

A V l 2 3 x 2 f 2 Tl o - 2 2 3-8 B.l lECr

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + +

I +

1

_

+

f

+ + + + + +

1. + + + + f

-l.

:

+ +

_

+

+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+

-t-

Ha orKPdroM sorayxe tr g rai iBr\ npr

"c l *.';;i,;ivi"; l

+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

I

+ +

_

+

1

1

+.

1. + + + -1+

;

+ +;

1 + +

f

-r

4nHEI' ****o Mep'oit .: f,iltx;:;";'a::; !6'xrl'T,'',11'x;T.";"fJll;".

18ffi l:i * "I.|f"t:;.:;":;'""h"i3"irx!""lHli!liili:l?l{i[lhk#^l"#]i11"i

q:#;gi-;qi:{i$i#* qii'iffi l?l'*;**'i-f; ;:-.#t$5l,li-titr:

f JIABA II

CTAJIbHbIE II3EEJIIII .[JI' XEJIE3O6ETOHHbIX I(OHCTPYI(UHI{

AOJT TOM

nprj 6ert H Of ( TOtll

Ort

HbIX )(IIt HLI )

E cBEAEHl,r' s l o6UIr.r

apr' coB

NICI

l( cra.nlgulr ri3fer'rrrM,rrprxreHreMLrNr s xere:o6etorrrrtrx xou_ --. orHocsrcr :ll]-Ilr"", ycrpoi:icrBa ap.\rar)plrbreccrr(l.ru xapKacbr,or,{e.rbHbre Lrfl crp,)riuBli c6oprrr,rx,r"n,",,,iou,'lo,.ru.q9l:pTlll HbreAera,'ln,a rat{)Kenpr.tcrroco6"retua 1,rl $uxcaqax opru1ypo, " 38K,'IaAHbtx

f e r a . . I e i tB f l p o e K lI o x t n o . . t o , l { o t j r t r t . rlpIlMeHtTbPeJ{OMeH!JeTC T Igl I I O a b r C T a j r r r H b JI Ie3 . i e " [ t r r ,a r r p H HeB03MOlt{HOCTIi rrp]lMeEIrTb }tx pel(olreriayeTc'l urr/1IlBnayar'lbrrHe H3AeJUqKoHcrpytzpoearl ynrQnqlpoBaHHbrMrr, roaubrllri,u.nr rrn,crplranbHoro lt3roroBreHr.rq,I(otcrpyxqrra crar'tbiJrrrxna.r"r"i,;ro.,J,,i_

u o6ecne,rnuarr' yao6crsoyn, i.rlIn i-'ono"nyooy. ii.g^T."A p M a T y p_l!".]-", H b r ce e T K HH K a p r ( a c b rK, a K n p a B t r r o , c , t e - t l e f x o crn\ trno_

Barb cBapHbrMr.I B Br.r,qe flrroc*r,x 3JrerreHToB, vro n,iauornea i,pri,a_ HtTb,[Jlt t{x u3roToBJIeHHFBblCOtiollpoll3BO.]tneJIbHbte caaDOqtrble M a r r r r . r H bar , r a K ) K e y n p o u r a e r y c r o t i t r I x p a r r e r r a l . Korrcrprr,l,yrr n KapKacbr, pexorlcirayercq rlpeay$rarpxBarb r_IX l*::ii"_.:111 coopKy _B npocrpaHcrBeHnbriiKap[ac (aprrarypluii 6"rox) la uect xe,reao6erognuri sr'reMetrrHJrxet-o qacrb. ceroK ri KapKacoB c,ler),er yKa3brBarb cnoco6 cce, _.. !::p:gTu" , ( H H e H U nn e p e c rq e H tjri c r e p x r r e i l _ K a K U e c n a p x o i i , t ( a r ( ] . JBer rj ; r . . l L , _ H o t ^ n p o B o r o x o t ra. K a K I l eM o r l r B o o 6 x l eI t e c o e j t x H H T b c g .

.:rxax c pa6oueiiapnarypoiiu: crepxueiinepnorr't..^^.-"^_.^"1p^,l"ll qecKoro npoer.rrsMoxHoorpaHuqnrlclcoaprol.rr Bcbxysnoee aevx pqaax no nepHMeTpyH3AeJrur,a ocTaJrbHbre ysnlr csapfiaart uepe:

nopf.rKe,qepe3onv pna a Hanpaaneua

pr'6o. 31.i"^ _".I:.Iy qeH ap M a r y p ir.ioM b t f i r ' r f in o t H o j i c r . t c r e \ r eB. c n a p u s r x r a p x a c a x tce ne_ peceqeHr.rr.(o,'rxHbtcoe,uHrrtca cnapnoii. [pa u:roros,reu au ap u aTylHbrx rr3re,'t[i l.r c6opxe npocrpaHcrBenubrx KapKacoB nptlrerjlrb B KpecToBblxcoeAlHeHlrsx ayroBylo cBapKy He p exou euayercr.,, xorl HopMaMHfi aonycKaercrr nplrMeHeHrrelToft cBapKll o coelrru"nulx, uMetolq x roJ'rbKoMoHTalI(Hoe3HalreHue.Orsaro onur noKa3brBaer, qTO IIpH AyroBOt cBapKe KpecToBoroCoeAAHeHIl'l cTepI{tru nepex}iraloTcs, nJ'loltaab Hx ceqe nq, a cJ're'rloBaTenbHo, r.l llpoqfiocTb pe3Ko qTo HeaonvcTliMo. yMeHr,uJaroTcq, IIpu roncrpyuponauuu ceapHux r.J3rerrrr:i,{xHarypHLJepasMepbr l0

aaT ,{a cro l{a TYP

3"'IC ceT

Aon

Ha3Haqarbcfl c yqeaonyc(aeMbIX orKrolte HUii Il3foToB,'leHI-ltIxeJIC30lloto 3,'IeMeHTar cra"rbn3iteJ f, a TaKlKe c )'ilc-

Ta6arqa 3 TorruHa (l) xpe:To!oro coeafirlelrtlt Aayx cTel;;(uel c YqeTou ocaAl(tr rIP{ cBal''{c

IlOpIl lipOIJanIIblX .Ja3ciJOU.

0 r r e l l l t : rB p a 3 N I e p tx c E a D -

ccTox u liapr(acoBrIe Io"1IrpcablilllaTb HopItaTHI.)B e Il l q uH . f l p r p a : u e u ( e n u nc R a p H b I x aTypHrrrx ceToK u KapI(aa ltc"qc:o6erorrtroNI3,iIep e K o N e r I ) ' e T c fyl r r T H -

B.I A.II A-III

0,75 0,75 0,67 0,60

B e J 'l Il L l l l i i ] ' O a a ! I i l l l \ I e T l . l -

cTeplKreir B cBilpHol"r I{peB o Nc{ o c i l i r i l e u u r ( r a 6 . r . 3 ) .

r f i i r r 3 c B a p r r D a e M b r xn, o M r r H a r b . 4-vcHLr t rr . r ' 1 ! l r c r t ) c r c p , l i l r t

pF/ly co cFaPi h!llrl 3pi\l3-

I l r r r t 3 ; i c r r r r :] l B p r a e c n l ' ' r r 3 e rI,o y c l { a e T c t apMrrpoBaHHe KapKacaM[ I.r CTep)l{llgll II jl.'lll Bfl3allblMIt

e l l T O B O T i i C , ; i b l li , i l I I l

l1 u3 l,rL\. axacerr.rsrr:):1Ia\tt oTrI.toHe!rrqpxll/(epoB cBapu6lx cerot

1l KapKacol

TDE TiX II3TOTOB''IEHIA

Orx,rolrerrrreR o6utx pa3uepax n,rocl
6) rrprrrrouuna,,rruo\r .:rra\erpe crepxtteii or l8 Ao ,lC _rr,u:

'

,

EpU pa3\lepe 3'tc\tellTa R {aIIHoMEaIIlaBirle' l:5 trtg ue 6o,tr'e | ,r :! l0 no 4"'tIlBe 3Je\IeltTa t l0 IlO urrrpt!te (BUcoTe) Lte!IeFTa B) npl noMlrlra,rbuorr ,lIIarerpe crepxneii 40 ;l.n

> ) ,

s 6o.lcc: r50 , no l,lulle 3JleMeIlra :t 20 > n o t r r r r p r r r r c( o r ; c l r e ) 3 . r e M e l l l a . OTK.'IrHcrlIa L] paccTcnrrnflx Nte)Kr1y nonepeqHEilMu c'tep)KHrNlircB:ll)lll,lx li:lpKicoB, B pe3Mepax tqeer cRapHblx cetoK ll B pa{)crotlljusx IIe;K.4y n.[oc(nMit ' + l0 t g,lelleHTatrlI rlpocTpallc'racHHblx l(apKacoB. . . orre'rbHLIvu Mexry Otx"roxettua B paccrontlutx pa6oqInfi crepxlttNlll [.nockl]x u npoclpaEcrRcH_ lr6lx I(apKacoB: lo a) npn uoMUIIa'lbHoM ,qxaMerpe crepxHet t0,5d i 40il td u 6 o x e e 6) ro xe, or 40 t.r, . d- darr6o.,rblltrril toMutlar"tlHi A|raMeTppa6o'Irtx clepxneA.

ll

cJryqaexnplMenrrb cBapHHe,a B KaKlrx_ Bq3aHr,re --..B__fyl ,3r.e ufl, peuaercs B KalKAoM*on^p""nori npounru .ll,yulMot" n, corJ'racoBbrBaerclI co crporre.,rsubrl oprarir.r-sa4rzeil. ffj^ _i! 1l II9: r lp-ennoqreHue cJre,qyer oraaBarr csaprinr apr,aarypnoiu "raar"o*. yl_.,3,1y"apMarypy aonycKaerc-e nprrMeHrrrb aJ,rsgr"r,{"H"oB'ono_ JrxrHbrxKoHcrpyK{xfr c",roxHoftrouQuryparrua uru . 6or"111r" slrcroM HeynopqroqeHHbrx oreep_crari pua""pou r qop", iras,rlruuux a raKxe 9!"u"uronotx rpe6oBaHlrqx(cu...cubcry I ra6;.'2)..n r rpH _l,llKoHcrpyr.rpoBaHH crarrbHbrx naailr.rfi cneaye, ""aro BnAy,qro pyqHar yr{JraaKa srnx li3aerr.rrin ona,ry6xyionycxaerca, ecJ'rlHx Bec He nperuuaer 20 xec.

( saa( oarr 200 cny -l

n'on ,u.y 6b,r

ryp s 2. oTAEJrbHblECTEPXHII

Me' apl 6o,

oraenrHuu crepxnqM orHocsrcq crep)r{Hl elsauot _-,_K apvarypbl, a raKxe coelr.{H[reJrbHbre_"1"lTnu Me( (uriansxl), "ffi". npuMeHrrorcqArfl oobeAriHeH[qcBapHblxnrocKHx KapKacoBB npocrpaHcrBeHgbrri. CKI] crepxHr arrr rpeaorBpar{eur, rpocKarb3brtsaHr.{q ryp -B _^O:,:":1": oeroHe Aor'tll{HhtrrMerbcoorBercrBylolt-lyroauxepo'nry. TaI Orae,rlnue -anro*uro crepxHH r,'ra!.KoronpoQr.nr Heo6xo,qrr,{o pe nu nonul" Kpro{aMfi.Pa:uepu xptoxooc,rea1.ernpr.tHHl\farb BTI' no ra6r. 4LTepIKHI.I neproruqecKoronpoQu"rnr.rMeorlo sceft Hblr I,,mHe sbr. Ta6,rlrIa 4 Ao6aD(a r< AJrrBe crepxun ua l(prc(Il Ltt

,4IteMerp

A

l0 t2

l4 l6 l8 20 26 28 36 40

40 50 70 80 90 r00 rl 0 130 r40 160

r80 200 230 250

80 100 130

lc0 180 i00 230 25A 280 310 350 400 450 500

cTynr,r, KoTopbre He aonycKatoT cKo,rrbxeHrrr B 6eroHe, Il rrosToMy x 3aKaHqrrBaor 6es rproxoa. Bes KproKoBMOfyT TaKXe 3aKaHq[tsarbc{ cxaT6le oT SKCnr'ryaTaqr{oHHot{ Harpy3Klt cTepXHH ,Auar!,rcTpotll AO tz /nltt H3 craJ'lr.tKJ,taccaA_1, to npl .[r{aMerpe 6onee 12 un 3T[i crepxHI{ TaKXe aor'I>I{HbIItMeTb rla KoHIrax KploKI,r.Xouyru n ItrnurbKL aoJ'rxHbr Bcefaa r{MeTb Ha KOHrlax KproKH, nplqeM ao6asxa Ha srH KproK' npr.rHuMaercR no ra6,r, b.

oAl

rp

cBi

T a 6 , , r r i q a5 Ao6aBxa Ar r AJttfie xoMyra tra ycrpoicrBo xporor n i,n

!

t3

B Mecre Orae,rrsue pacrfiHyrble crepxHx' npoqHocrb Koropblx SaaHKepI'1" aoJIxHbl noJlHocrblo' pacqere gaae,nxuyqaruiaercs B '6erose - He Mesee ' sa artl.lHeHe MeHee250 'ltt' a cxarbleiit"a" u s eroM 6ltrl lo ao'rxna IOO-ri". fpon " rofo, aJII.{HaaHKepo^BKH r a 6 r . 6 ' c - 'Ilprueuaeusle I y q a eH e u e u e e y r a s a x H o t l e KoHcrpyllpoBaHEl'l ?rAe'l!HYre- -crepxHH npl ItMerb npocry.to QopMy l le pel{oMeHBosMo)KHocrl'l' no AoJlxHbI, Kotl'Qarypauu}rc neperu6aMl.I c.rloxsoti' [yerct rIpI'IMeHqrbcrepx{Hx . 6olee qerulDex. Bce orrl6sr crep)KHei ro,'txult 6slru n"'IaBHbtMt.l , apManp; *onatpy"pouun"H s,IIeMenroBc npuMeHeH[eMBq3aHoit lt qro crepxHeft aI.{aorae"lt'Hblx orrl6lt B BIray, xMerb cJleaver i TVDbI

i, i'Jil"ii *j lo ," totvi' ipo".Boarrbcq Ha Mecre KrIIoqaMI.inpn crepx{Heii a,re'enrou xbrcrpyxuri c np MeHeHxeM : ;;;;;;t;;r; .n"4y"" Hi roHcrpytrpoaarbraK, qto6' Ha a=ffi;ti;;;;;*"rpou i, uecteaono, 'rrte,'tlHo rHyrt tru creplxHHHe np xoill'lJIocb' npaKrllqe'-& ,q,,t crepxuefi trpIi KoHcrpyIlpoBaHI'I{ "nu orae,'IbHblx i cru uornat npt'iHfiMarbcrrrc6ofi, TaK KaK npl{ 3aroroBKeB apMapea,'Iu3aqHflorpe3(oB :1:t1::.^:,9t,1i:::::,:5 !: rypHux qexai a,rq 'ieapxo* c qe,roro noc're.lyourefi 6e:orxoattoil ;'-;;&-*";;;l nosnqufi ao"'IxHa"]p iy:"^Y:"i-Y:{:oraerlbHblx a peoxn.,[I,run -: ir"*" ilpa"orxr, yno6crsolt yKJIaAKxu r' n flpu sroM oraeJlb""? t"":p11,-"." $ no. noruir"n uoryr 6strl rpocrblMll' cocroquuMI.I oanoro Ar.raMerpa,fi cocraBHblMu,cocroflul[Mt't t{3 CTepxHeii L,Byx-IIo a"lnHe KoHTaKTHOIIcTbIKoBol.l COeAUHeHHbIX Tpex ,u,uaMeTpOB, KOII. CBAD T a 6 ' r u u a6 HarMeItr,ItIac aJrt{Ba3aaeJt(Ill. orqe"rrnux apMarypn6rxcrepxnei Anrsa 3aaen(r creP)KH€A

Krscc : rplafypsofi

IlpoeKTHat

Bnerr€Erp€sHocxarb|x n BIieIleHrDetno pacrqHyrdx tro l_MY crycaIo eneMcttrax

r BHeIlelrrPe,rso pacrsrtyrblx ro z'MY cnyqa|o sneMeurax

A-I r All

150 200-300 400 { Bbrme

35d 30d 25d

40d 35d 30d

zb4 20d t5d

t.ur

150 200-300 400 n BHue

40d 35d 30d

45d 40d 35d

30d 25d 20d

l3

s 3. cTblK oTIEJIbHUX CTEPXHEi auulterpe crepxHefi ro J2,rjr crbrKHMo)KHoycrpanBarb _---IIp-u BHaxJrecrKy 6e3 cBapKr.r. flpr 6o.nluax ,q.HaMerpax "rep*n"i.ro,x, ue pexoueuly-rorcr, a rpr araMeipax Aohei 3::.Y::l{y i6 ,* ge aonycKaroTct,-Ux cJIeayeTKOHCTpyupoaart ceaDHUlUA. paooq'.rxcrepxHeri Caapxa,xoncrpyupyeuue e pac_ __.._".1y*1 _6es TtHyrHx 3oHaxHgru6aeuuxHnH BHeqeHrpeHHo cjxariix er"nn",noa, He peKoMeHAyeTct pacnorafaTrrg ceqeHr.rix c,arcuuaroH"*r, ycr.t. .au no pacqery ceqeH'e apMarypo ""noriiyer." Il1Il: norHOCfblo.

ycrpoficraopa6ourixcrrrxor crepxuei 6es "-"1.:.. {"ll:l::rcr cBapr(fl B ceqeHxtx,nonHocrbro pacrFHyrbrx B HlrxHr.tx luanpuruep, noscaxQepM-, B 3arexKaxapox H r. ".j. u.r'ir"'ir*# ."rJnou""o u""In:.:y cgapxncrep'xHr.rH3 cranu r,raccosA_tV H a_iii,. _6^.-: tJ npe.4enax crblKa,BbrnorHqeMoro BHaxnecrKy 6e: --- ---r caapxl, ue AonyrcKaerce lrsrH6arscruxyeuuficrepxeHb. J ArhHa nepenycKapacrflH,yrbrx Crepxuefi, aHa. xrecrxy 6-e3csapxr, aoJrxua 6n* ne uisee iio crblKyeMHx ii,"L- ii^r"* _ He Metree

I

TJIAI

npa

CTbI BI'HI MCH

,[,oB CTbI

coo

Csa

200 ni u He MeHeeBeJrHq[H, rrpuBe,qeHHbrx s ra6n,7. flpl xoncrpylpoBaHulrcruxoa crepxHerl nxax;lecrxy ,6eecaapxx *ulf arp HBarb o6aasry crura sagar uHofr npoao,roxol. l...lp-.f I-.y LTbrr(upacrrHyrbrx creDxHer?BHaxnecrKy6es caapliH c,re4yer pacno,'rararbao ncex c.rryuinxapas6exxy, "b;;; "u;;.;;";;" xay ocqM crbrKoBaor'rxHo 6urr He uenee a,iulru nix,rrecrxn. T a 6r \ \ a

HaxMel!&ag AJr{Ha rrepenycra ti otAenLnHxpsdo{lx crep](Eefi rrpE caExotallti xx EnaxJrecrxy(6cs cBapxu)

?

AnsHa 'tepelycfia ,s cr€px$er

l(ficc

aprarypsot

pac?rayrbrx npoeK,rrax l|epxa 6efoBa

D {ir{6a€itbrx

|

are4crrpearocxirsrxl

",,"".^"".-^

t";;ii;;;;;;;.

co co

;""ffixi,1'"t""'ii". I'iTi"t;ff*"

-My cnyqab ereMegraxl

A-I n A"II

A A.III

r,rlueniax

150

35d

200 tl Brrure

30d

r50

46d

50d

6lat

200 li Bbrule

40d

45d

30d

40d

.2.5d 20d

TI-I CTI Aql

rD

cBi

cBi

Il pt-x e_ca H r.rr:_ t. d - Ho nxarhlHr-rrau:lp c r ' n f l k n a c c aA ' t v { a r a ' s ""r*';ii:-"ulI:"0"'i

CBI

fp grgpxrrr, 6orbu,rl rs ";"*u"*r". E e m q H H Hn e p e f l y c k a c r e p i r u e n c x p r o -

"" ."';utll'-illl[1i{;0"'il','.11""":iolffl"::":i}fiI'd."*"".:'* (xacca A-r,senMe'qrr l{

t1 t HO Hbl ME aBi pll(

po Hg

flpu crurooaHnn6esceapxnpacrruyrofiapMarypbr rrsKpyrnbrx crepxHefi, B oaHoM ceqeHr.rr.r aonycKaeTcfl cTblKoBarb,KaK , He 6o,ree qerBeprn o6qefr nroulaar ux cerreHr.rq,a npH

npoQljrs - He 6onee norocrepxuefi flep[oAr.rqecKoro

CrHxa snaxrecrKy 6e3 cBapt
prrbrecTbrK, peKoMeHAyerce KoHcrpyrrpoBarb no prc. l. oi 6)

f 1-1

,S-t

"iL:--fl"-

Pxc. L CBapEUecrr.er ap atypnt r crepxEct l-l -cBapKa anycroponrrrrr OraHroBHr{uuBaMri 2-2-c3apra /-

ONAH'OB!IMI{

2-2

t#,

oaHocrepossri$r

ITBAMI{

coeathreubrt apirarypHHl ciepxe|lb: ,-

sat(naaKr

CeapnuecrbrKu creplKneilaxaMerpoM20-40 nn (ruraccaA-I A-lll) r 20-90 un (rtacca A-ll), ounolHneMbreB fopx3ouraJrbnonoxeHrrrr, npN c6opre apMarypbrMoHoJrr.rrHbrx xereso6etonpaccqHraHHbrx Ha crarrqecKytoHafpy3Ky,peKoKOITCTpyKUHH, KoHcrpyr.rpoBarb c npr{MeHeHueM AyroBofrBaHHoilnonyft ceapxHnoa Q,rrocoiuB lHBeHrapHbrx tpopruax(cnr. I,a). 3ror xe cnoco6 cBapKr.r peKoMeH.u,yercs Ha3Harrarb art xdeurt Beprr..rKaJrluux crepxneil IHaMerpoM 20-40 w (wtacpaccqHraHHbrx A-1, A-ll, A-IlI) n KoHcrpyKurrqx, KaK Ha craraK r.rHa an6paunonnsleHarpy3Kn (cu. pnc. 1,6). Ant ropl3onTanbHbrxcreplrnefi ArraMerpoM20-40 nn, waxo. B KoHcrpyKqurx,paccql.rraHHbrx xa rt6pauuouHue na. peKoMeH,{yeTcrnpr.rMeHqrbBaEHylo oAHo3neKTpoaHyK, B r.IHBeHTapHbrX QOpMaX,

KOHCTpyrrpoBaHr.rr cBapHr,rxcTbtKoB,BbtnonHqei{Hx sanrofr B riHBeHTapHbrxqopMax, peKoMeHAyeTcr paccTotHue B

Mexay crepxHfiMH [.r or crepxHeil ao 6.nnxariruefi r sau gJteMeHTa npt{HnMarbHe MeHee50.rzz. Oruoueuue anaMe?d2/d1crbrKleMhrxnaHnoircaapxofi crepxHefi ruoxer 6url npn-

B npeaenax 0,6-1,0. ,{4r ycrpareurn BeporrnbrxHe6onburx Heroquocreftno AJTEHe iPA36riBXeCTbrKyeMHxCrepxHefr nx qoeauseH[s, BHnonHqeMHe

l5

aarruofrcnaproft B [HBeHrapHbrx $opuax, MoxHo KoHcTpyr.lpoBarb "c:..pr.na Ha cB c^npuMeHeHr.ieM npouexyrouHoroKopoTbrrxa _ BcTaBKr.i as nJIoc cref xua. T:9.,T: BcraBKr.t 4Lirr*pa rj K,,raccacrarrr,i,qro . n crbrKyeMhre flp AJIIiHa Ao,rxua 6url He MeHee4d u ue meneelS0 uu. ocoob crbrxn ropx3oHTarbH6rx r.r BepruKar'rbHbrx crep)KHeri u1.rM --^ 9lup"o,u

c rpuneueuHeu n pno,* nun,oAoK rypHb I:rl":r1i: :"j:ltl:!^"-I: "p[i,li:?.:y_"]1nBycropoHsr.rMH - l) u,u oAHo. ri'nep (l ,.lijl;j"11;""i;'i; \z- z) qnaHfoBbrM rrIBaMaK

crbrKyeMbrM crep)r(HflM. rqeMb H:f""1i." Bbrcora cBapHorouBa aoJ,rxHacocraBrqrb vlr"eprl 1:.p-1-^:]9r Bo3M AltaMerpacrepx{Hq,Ho He Meriee4- rtr,r; ur| upHa auupnoaor", _ r,r9JI9BI,rHy trlraMerpa,Ho He Meneel0 nu: niuaa "uniua*, l, np". BapIIBaeMoi O^qHoCTopoHHr.iMa lIIBaM]r, AOJTXHa 6urt

ue MeHee

6d a,'rqc'repxHeii tr3 craJrr x,racca,A_lH He i4eHeeaJlro a"ap*"al t3 crareri x,raccoe A-ll a A_lll, a nplr cBapKe auyaroponnn"" - c o o r s e r c r s e H u3od a 4 d . urBaMH xoncrpyflpoBaHrlxcBapHbrxcrbrKoB,Bbrno,rrnseMbrx -__!91 B no_ ycnoB,,qx,peKoMeHAyercs coeariHflrbrop"ionionono,e llqoeqHHX crepxHu BaHHori o.4Hos,,rerrpo4uofi c_napxoii,u iap"r*uno""" --J --

crepxHll

FaitHoii norrrvaaroMarsqocxoii cn.."^*

";;"i;;;:Xi' #f3J ;ffig:?i"J::i f :H:ll i'-i:. l::::'*'# peKotrlerlAyercfl npu crepx{Hsx 4uur""por l0 ,n, :nT^]-tlo:lo", ,,^'"

N.

\N N\

rperycMarphBaro xoHraxruyn crbrKoBy}ociapxy (cu. :..^oo{"-., HMefl a_ BHny, qro orHorueure a"ureipou "r'o,*y"*o," - \ ll^a- l/)", uoxer 6urr npuHrro 3aecr,paBHbrM0,b5, a c npe4sa_ c :1.:qTi:,1 prt:{"_i:ly, npofpeBoMcrepxHrr 6o;rtruero aaauerpa_ aaxe ct,s. o crbrKrl oraeJ,rbHbrx crepxuer? "oay" y""puiuuroa" " G _LBapHbre ,rrc6oll ceqeuxn[o AnuHecrepxHrr u KoHCTpyKuu[. OAsaro cruxt crepxHeii c rrapHrrrMxHaKr',raaKaMr.i c,reayii pacnona.uio .un", CCTKI o6pa:ont,qro6r,i oHu He rrpe[flrcrBoBar,rr.r flpoxoAy Ouronno,:ar*""". HCnOJ npr 6erouaponauar,uaxoAr,racl B ceqerlrx, MeHee HacurueHHbrx npor'1 apMarypoft.

HIII{ C

r)

S 4. APMATYPHbIE CETKH cerxoii (pHc.2) nplnrro Ha3brBarb cra,rbHoe _--^tl-r1llp"ol r'rr.ie-rr3 3aKpe[,'reHHbrx, (aK npaBaJro,Ha paBHr,rxnpo"j*yr*u* H3AenupeKperqnBalor]Inxcn apuarypiux crepNnifr. Xup irefno,i'o"oOenHocrbrocerKfi sBJ'rrercsoarHaKoBoe QynKuaogi,,rruoi"rano"""ua Kaxao_roHanpaBJ,reHrq (Harifauep, u"" "r"p*nn"uqno.o ,.,ilp,Tl." pa6oqre,a Apyforo _ lroirraxurre). Cr"ixn" o ."rre :11!^u_ua_""!" pacnoJ'rafaroT,_KaK npaBrrJro,BO-83arMHorrepneHAuKyJ,trpHbrx Hanpalr'reHliflx 06brqHoc ruarom 100_300,ar,u. or HanpaBr,reHnt pa6oultx crepxueii lro orHo---^,1--.1l1auro"rr IrIeHHro K,4.truHe cerKrl llolvr 6srrl c npoAoatsotipa6oveliipuary. !91: -.-I9n"pu'jnori -pa6ovrir:iup* uryp,i,i "- . l r'o5".ii'u'pr?"ypoo, pacnorolKeHHori n o6oux nanpan.leHtlx. ^_--:_-l!qaaao""trrx crepxH].r coeAhHrror roqeqHort cBapKofi Ha oa'oroqeqHbrx IJIH *rHororoqeqHblx MaIrllHax ,.nH n"saroio, npoBo,'roxoliBpyqHyro.B cooreercrel-llr c arI1M cerKu noaFaeae,,ttrcrcg t6

12nt tl

3800 3) AOJIb

4) 6o.ne 5) MbIX

.

ra6n 6) 6nn

I,13IO HbIC I

C rPaH

fb

r, { x tt. b

ga cBapHbre n BrI3aHr,re. CnapHr,re cerKn Moryr 6trrs pynoHuuur.lr.I IIJIOCXIMI-i,a Bq3aHbIe -

To"'IbKo n,'IocKfiMI_I.

flprlreuenre Bt3aHr,rxceroK Mo)Ker 6Hrs onDasnaHororlxo yc,roarlMr, TaK KaK ux r.{3roroBJleHHe oco6r,nul conpnxeuo c 6o.nlt l I H M 3f ia r p a r a M [ p y q H , o r rop y a a . f l p u l r e u e H r ex e c B a p H b raxp M a TypHbrxcerox cnoco6creyer uHAycrpuaJrrrsaquH npon3BoAcrBa. b nepByrooqepeabcrelyeT HcnoJlb3oBaTb THnoBbre cerKx, fi3roroBJlneMbre rro fOCT8478-66 (cu. npanoxeuul III-VI). flpx HeBo3MO)I{HOCTH npXMeH[Tb THnOBbre ceTKH KOHCTpy{poBaTb CBapHbre

cerl(ll xeJlareJlbHo raK, qro6bl rr'It nx Il3roroBr'teHHtMox]to 6bL,Io -TOrIeqHbIe Ma[IHHbr, llcIIoIb3oBaTb MHofo3,IeKTpOAHbIe KOTOphre [porr3Bo,{l.rreJrbHee oaHoroqeqHbtx,,II,nR lroro npu KoHcrpyHpoBall[I ceToKHy)KHopyKoBoacTBoBaTbcs c,'le.u,yrcIlluM. l) [uauerp npoAonbHbrx crepxHeii d1 Mo)Ker 6urr, or 3 4o l2;t,* gr,rrcqrrersHo, a flofiepeqHbrx- d2- o"r 3 rc l0,ttu. 2) Maxcrlra"rr,nafl wuplla cerrt B ao,rxsa 6srrt se 6o,ree

3800.u.t. 3) Marctua,rlHoe paccroflHue.4 vex,4y ocll"rt rpatinux upocrep)rHeri Ao,'rxHo 6url ue 6o,ree 3750nn. AoJlbHbrx 4) Ko.nuuecrnonpo,qoJlbHbrx crepxnerl e cerxe Moxer 6Hrl He 6oree36 rur. 5),Ilonycxaeuoe cooruo[eHue Mex.4y AHaMerpaMr.r cBapuBael'lx BKpecrrrpoAoJrbHblx fi nolepeqHbrxcrep)KHeiinpr.rHHMaerct no ra6n.8. ^ 6) Alusa cerox I ts npo.4orhHbrxcrepxrreft r aMerpoMAo 6 ,t,{ sxnrcqurerrHoHe ofpaHlrquBaercn. Taxle cerxu ltoryr 6urt ti3r'oToBJIeHbI B BI.rAepyJIoHac [oc,'leAyrcqeii paspeexoti Ha oTAe,'lbHLIe IIJIOCKI{eCeTK}I.

Cerxr ag crepxHeii A[aMerpoM 8-12 nn no ycJroBHsM rrx TPagcnoPrxPoBaHufl tr.yKJIaaKVpeKoMeHAyeTCr npuHr.luarr4,rauoii l7

f Ta6Jrnqa ,qraMetp[r crepxnei

B ceT(ax, coeA{HreMHx Ea r\rtoro9IertpoAablx toqelln6lx MSIUIrHSX,D 'art

AnaMe.rpcrepxnei o!Horo f l a n p a B n e n ddr l

Mngr-ruanbuuii nnaMerp crep>KaPYroro raufao'reirua ;;fi I I p r . rM e - q a H n r : l . n o n y c x a e r c i . u a p n a crep)ltBetl Il3 pr3sHx cran€0. b c(ooxax yxa3aH ArlaM€rp crep/(,rq -- ,2, 4 n , ceroK c pe6oqei apMarypoi rrpoQlrrr.

6-9 ;1. .{onycxaercq B orAerbHblx cryqaqx nJlocxrx ceroK no 12 ,u.

yBe,,rtqeHrle

I I

Hfle,M€)K.4ynonepeqHbrMx -creplr{HrMr.rnpxHr.rMarorrparnuu 50 ,ru;r. lu) b npe.qenax orHofi cerKfi ataMerp h angia no[epeqHbrx cTepxHeii Aor)fi Hr,r 6brrb oAliHaKoBbrMli. ll) PaccrolHue c or ocl xpar?nero crepxH, oaHoro HanpaBneHxr Ao KoHua crepxHn Apyrofo HanpaBneHr.t,roJrxHo 6uru lre ueHee-ooJrtuero ,ql-laMerpacrepxHg I te uenee I0,u,ry. b npaKTrKe KoHcrpyHpoBaHrlsxe"tego6erosgux gJreMeHr.oB He Bceraa y,{aeTcg nptMeHr]Tb ceTKH,n3fOTOBJreHHbre Ha MHorogreKTpoAHbtxMarrIrHax. 3to otHocutcg u x cerxaM uH.(HBIt_ .Ay4,'rbHoro npousBoacTBa,r.rK THnoBbrM.

Buecre creu [pHMeHeHHe raKr.rxceroK

Kpo

uelecoo6pasuono n p H - gaH qr,rHe I-l e Bblcoxoil Bbrcoxoil [HAycrp[an |-lHAycrpl-lanbHocrr,r bHocrr,r Hx Hx r.t3roroBJr r.t3roroBJ,reHHq. flosroMuosroMy, CCJIIi rrpx KoHcTpyrrpoBaHHfi HeBO3MOXHO npr.iMeHr.tTb TaKrie ceTKHB BI{ae (ct't. r-or-oBoi nponyKqur.i, peKoMeHIyercq ucnor'lb3oBarbHx KaK IIonypaopHKaT. Il,'l fl 9TOrOMOX(HOnpeaycMoTpeTb r.r3roToBJreHue MHOIr CETOK B ABj K"'rfi,ecrr.r Heo6xo4nuo, B TpH srana (pNc. 3). no pr llepnufi sran - r.t3foroBJteHne cerKll B BliAe pyJroHHofi J,reHTrI

n

n

KaprbrHa MHoroerreKl-poAHofi uautne (cerxu C-l IIEJl,I] .lirosigl 1r,1 u C-2). Bropoil iran-paopesx^a reHrbr HJu,Kaprbr Ha orAeJrbnbrg6afil{ C-l-1, C ccerxH e r x H ((C-l-1, CETK C-l-2, - t - 2 ,C-2-1, C - 2 . t , C - 2 - 2) 1 ,, l6

-Aopa6orxa cerKu:npucoeafiHeHlre .,,,_Il::yl eran r Hefraonoa-

l''n""j{t{i1{!itl*i::15'##.Hi:i"ini*,y* o..il,rx.ill";,';!;;il,,i, t{?}ili,'..;.# #J::i'.(:,:TfJ. ifi :

Fn frFa .rt. FH

flM.

iI

pr h'x.

e-l fe la t-

/... .

d./

p{i :e - ll

\ , "\

; rrza,o_r,6_r {,2 R>tid A-il\ )l lf N '..

CH

.o---e\-i1-+

\

ll

_J\_yt

Psc, 3. Csaprse cerxn, t{ororosrqei.He no sranaM r -cBapflar cerKa: 2-aoro,rflfirenbflbre c_repxfifii J_ 3a|(r:an?, Ae ranb c aHxepaMlr

I(poue roro, cerra Br,rqeptrfiBa

F D F T

"H';:fi il?;:ff;:iltr'J""'."'T"iiuJi i:*:U.lAl"ruff I lJlocKte cerK{, noA,,rexaufie crr6agr.l}o flocJte u3r.oroBJleurqHa roqeqHor?

;lXlT.Tfo"or"fi

MauHHe,aorx"ii *o".iiiipo'" u.0."

IIpx xoxcrpyapoeaHHn rHvr-blxcerox c,leayer rrMerbB Br.ray,rtro

cerxyuoixuo,

ndrp

agj noor"*r"urr*.."111:^oT-l:9tnyl" .ic,rH oanlllro crepxHefi He rrpetsut-r-ta{.r 12 n-u. flpu Oororr"-a,il*.rpr* cgrm cJreayeT(OHcrptnpoBaTb us crepNueft, r.r3orHyrblxsapaHee. l9

rIi ;j

,]

rt

IIpu r
i

AonycKaeMoe cooTHolreHrreMexay A aMeTpaMfi npoao,'rbHbrxu paccrorrHHq MexAy paccTorlHHq nolepeqllbrx cTep)KHex, noltepeqllblx crep)KHe]i, a TaKXe raKxe MIiHLIMaIbHbIe MriHr.rMarbHbre Me]KAy' octMr{ cTep)KHell B ceTKax, H3roToB,tteMbIx lra oaHoToqeqHblx cBa. poqHblx MauIrHaX, CJIe!,yeT npxHrMaTr' no ra6.1.9. Ta6.iaua g cBapoqllux AnaMerp[r crepxFefi, coerBgceMbrxB Kpecr Ea oaHororreqHr'rx paccrocHltt Mexay occMIt ctepxHei oAlroro MaurtBax, ll MuHdMa,thH6te nanpaBJreHtn B I,{ A aMerp crepx

---

l2

t4

l6

l8

20

22

4 (3) 5 (4) 5 (4) 6 (5) 6 (5) 8 (6) 75

H a f i M e H r , u n e A o n y c r t M L r e p a c c r o r r H f is B Cetkax Mexiy ocrMH crepxHeti oatroro HaIpaBJreHrf, ,tmtn ff 0mtn

75

100

100

I00 LI

n poAortte\uera6n. I

t,

Afiaverp crepxHs Hutr dr

28

o,.tHoro Hanpasne-

l0 (8)

H a H V e r i b r ! I i i n o n y c r I v L r i i nr a ! r e r p d, crepxHr apyroru HanpaB,leHvn H a r . j M e H L l xt e A o n y c r | M h r e p a c c r o q H u t r a ceT(ax Me)KJy ocgMI cTepxHer.l otHoro HanpaB.reHIs ,lml.r ! 0rnln

150

r50

32

36

40

10(8) l 2 ( 1 0 ) l 2 ( 1 0 ) 150

200

200

JIEHI-I H'ju I

OAHY pHoA ilo)I(€

(puc CTbIK

Aon)Il MEHE

n

H C N

HAXJI l . . l . o n y c a r . r c qc F a o ( ac F p x d c f i q 1 p a r , r b r cx r a n . f , . npr^reqaBHr: p a 6 o q e i a1 p M a T y p o n c p r o 4 { q e c K o r o . 2 . B c x o 6 ( a x y K a 3 a HA l a M e T pc T e p x u eA r r c e r o x c

200,

20

r t

ts. Vi,

ioPn tee 'ue

| 5. CTbrKncBApHbrxApMATypHbtxcEToK _ Apuarypnue cerKl Mox(Ho crr,rKoBarb KaK B Ha[paBr'leHulipa6ovrx crepxHeri, TaK a B HanpaBJreHuupacnpe1ena?erbHhrxcrepr(H e u .b g a n p a B J ' l e H HnH o n e p e q H b l xc r e p x H e i i , u M e l r o l { u xM o H T a x H o e ua3$aqenre,o6uqHo crHrogxa se roe6vercs. Cturz ceror n pa6oveu nanpae,reulu, KaR npaBr.tro,xoHct.pyrr-

pyor HaxJrecroqHur'ru 6es cBapKn, a npx 4lrauerpax pa6ovtx oepxnei 6o.nture32 t,u - cBapHbrMl a3 II,t. tifi F. Ito

LBapHblecTbrKHCeTOKMO}KI]OycTpauBaTbB oIHOM CeqeHr,tlt, rrpr 9I0M CBapKenoar'relKaTBce cTepxHr] no [paBr.{J,IaMcTblKoBKU OTAeJrbHbrx " crepx Hei unu nyrelr lrprrBapK[ Q,rauronsrltrt luBaMH acex clepxHeu crbrKyemblxcerox x cra,rsuoti no,roce.

dt

di

,.drd,

U-_-

a

{y e)

9

,d,

,d,

la uu (d.< 9) t00

=i-----i---->4tr l5d,100

prc. 4. Crnxlr csaprbrx ccro{ Braxnecrrq 6€3 c!6p{l|

(6e: cnapr
.Tllyenoi apnarypu(o6uvuo."rnn iroiiym o"p",

IH..{o,51-.4flax,recroqHHecrbrKh cerox c pa6ouHur.rcr"p>rinooln -9411...nenpoQHrr peKo-MeHAyerca Pfio,(fiqecKoro Korrcrpyppooait c pacno. pa60qfix crep)KHeicltextslx cerox-i oAuori n,roinuaTx doxeHl{eM lpttc.4,a, 6, a). Ilpa oriyrcraNn nofiepeqsrrxcrepxHer:iB rrpeAenax eTtsKa,qJ'rxHy HaxJrecrKuc,{eAyer rrpltnuMars no ra6,r, g a una trorxfia 6brrb ue ueuee 250 ,' 'tt ans pacrst*y'tux crepxueti u ue resee 200 .t4, nJrflc)1<arbtx. Ilpu la.nrvut.rB npelenax crsrxa s xaxaoii lr: crbrKveMbrx CCTOK nBJx noflepeqHbrxcrepxHet: anamerporv'0,5d (puc. la" l ,.":: e,d),npxBapeHHblx K o a c e M n p o / o l b H b r Mc r e p x H q M c e r K l . t . .II,JII'HA l x n e c r K xn p x H f i M a e r c s n o r a 6 , r . l 0 r a o , r N r a 6 s r r s u e

r,ll A,rs pacrxHyrbrx crbrKoBu 150 uu _ AJm cx{arbrx.

MCHCC

2l

H ji

I I

Ta6nqua H&uu€8buag AnrHa rlepelycxa ts cero[ llpt cfl,rl(oBasHnux s pa6oqeM Ea11paB"refirfi asaxrecrxy (6e: cralxn) rplr flanrqltR Ha IJruHe rrcpeivc{a _ ' fie MeHeenByx npnBapefiHuxanxe.)ytoulHt crerxxei .{rrra

B

Bee eit

nepenycka /rr ceror c J,n60,ri!Md

'p

pacrrryr6rMrl

?ypsot

Breq€!rpetHo cxarNx x Bre4eHrpenno pacrqHy,rbrx no I r4y ciyqab snc esrax

n streqerrrtr.trro pacrqlyrlrx rro 2iry cxy{a o rne errax

Ct

HT

150

A-t

A.II

.III u B-l

3)r

25d

200 r auule

20d

150

35tl

200|I-iBHurel t

aod

20d l5ri

40Lt

35d

I t

3Ad

I

t

zia

a rI q e: d - BoMrnari,Hrin ,ruascrp crci,nisr, oorrurntl tr3 crLr&\.e Ljx,

'

n

:CTAJI

npaB

IIpr nprI.iMeHeHr.rr g,rr pa6oleri aplrarypbr Kpyfrbrx rrarKHx , Ae"let " xoTol cTep; :TepxHeii I ra KoHuax cTblKyeMbrxceToK B npe,{erax

cTHKa cncayeT nps s a p h B a T bn o n 8 a n o n e p e q t r b tax K e p l r L r xc r e p ) I < u l l : u a . M q - r crep ,rerpou 0,5,z , H o H e M e H e ey K a 3 a H H o r os r a 6 , t . l l . Merp 3flau CrHxosi lHt-te (6e3 ceapxu) caapnux ceroK, ecrfi lm Bcro rltF puHy )uHy 9JIeM€ HTa nx Bcefo oaHa-ABe,He aonycKaeTcttB ceqeHurx, rAe .npyf r Blceraa CCTI

c

Kapx

UMET

-T

T a 6 . n u r r aI l HaruenrI t r r eA n a M e r pfui o n e p e q H H( ax t r e p r u x ) c r e p x r r e fci o a l n u x ceTo( c npo4onbH6rMIt (pa6oqr{u) rrarx'|r i crcn,|{HqMu B qecrax pa6oqnxcrHtos celo( aHaxJtecrxy 6e: coaprt o .at,n I

_

Hafi$es6rure

AriaMerpEr

norepesB6|x {asx€pHbrx) l crepxHe,i npx pac[onoNefi Hn qx D ctblKe

(pa6oqnx)

HaruetrLrure x a$erpll roneDeqtsIrx (arxeDIdx) crepxsen flpI racxoio)tsc rrt

A'ave"p

-.---..i------

l-

B oAHojl I nDaiuux rnocKocrrr I ( P ( c . 4 , a ) I t t t a c . . 1 ,a , a l

3-4 5-7

8-e

| I

I

l9 l

4 4 5 5

3 4

20

4 5 5

25 28 32

22

|

| | | |

l0

ro

12 14 i8

t2 t4 I6 l8 20

sui tB,'I fl

K T. e.

uuan npoB B

306e ta6t

K npuq

Ter'rb RaTr ' ro3JI AOJI I

no11

. crep KOB

:i:

t:: t: li l( I La t: i

I !

yc'rnHe !IMeer MaKcsN(aJbHoe3Haqenr.{e.Tarne cturxn e pacnoJrafaTbB CeqeE}{sx,rjle ycriJ'rneBABoe MeHbue MaKcr.tB uepa6ovevHanpaBreHr..tu npr.rArraMerpepa6ourx crepxneft lee lb ,tt crbJKt ceroK r{oHcrpyr.tpyxlruax.necrouuul,rr(pnc. '4 e, uc)..Cerwr c pa6o.rfitrl crepxrrrut 16 sitn w 6olee cruxynr BOprrc,4, 3, nepeKpbrBaff cTbrKcneuHa,lbHbrMu CTr,rKOBbrMr.I CeTKaMrr. Paicroqsueuexay crepxrr"nlr crbrKoBbrx ceroK aoJrxno 6urr se 00reerxara p acnpeAerxrerbHoiiapllarypu crbrKyeMbrx ceroK. LBapHbIe ceTKL C nonepeqHbrMu cTep)ItHflMH, IIMetoUIHMI_IMOH_

TaxHoeHa3HaqeHlle,yKIaabrBaeMbleB aByx B3auMHOnepneHAHKyJttpHbrxHarrpaBr'reHurx,a TaK)Ke rrpl,l,nono",rHnTer'rbHoM KoHcTpyKrlBHoM apMrrpoBaHur..t B Ha rrpa B,'teHI.tt-l pacnpelerr.ne,rt torl apuaTypbr,B Hepa6oqeM HanpaB,resHHMofyr He crBrKoBarbcr r.t yKr,ratrHBarbcac 3a3opoM, o6ecnevxnarcrluu urar pa6over:i apuaiypu. F-

s 0. APl[ATyPHbtE KAPKACbI I.rocxnll apNtarypnbr\{ KapKacoM (puc. 5) npuHrro Ha3brBarb craJrbiloer3reJrne r.r3a p MarypHbrx crepx{Heir, pacfioJroxeHHhtx,KaK IIpaBnrlO,BO B3aHMHOIIepneHAEKyJl rpHbrx HaIIpaBIeH].iqx c onpe[rafo\i cpaBHuTer'lblroKopoTKHx nonepeqHbrx cTepxHefi, AeJreHHblM xoTopbleHrreror ojt HaKoBoe eyHKrlHoHa,'rbHoe Ha3Har{eHrre, I,l IBy_ t-TpeMr ( peAKo 6orbue) cp aBHHTeJrbHo L npoAoJlbHbrMn AJrr.rHHbrM crep)KrrrMx,Koropbre rrllercr o6uqso pasHoe Qynxqnotra,rtsoe ralHavenlre (Halplllep,^o-1HH npoAoflbHbrrlcrepxegb lronraxuuri, a I p y r o i i - p a 6 o r r r r i ) . O A H a x o e H e K o r o p b r xc n y v a a x ( u a n p u v e p , I Kapr(acaxcxaTrJrx 3JeMeHroa) nce npoao,,lbHbrecrepxur.r voryr gMerb orlnaKoBqe Ha3HaqeHne.Ilpocrpancraeu_ $yrrKqraoHa,'rbHoe Hufi apuaryprrsrii rapxac co6apaercq t-r3 n,'locKur xaixacoa n qBJIflercgKaK 6br ocroBoM xe,re:o6eroggoro g,lIeMeHTa. ,-, KaK fi cerKfi, KapxacH uoryr 6urr cBapHbrMr.tH Bq3aHbrMIr, t. e. c coeAuHenlreMnpo,{oJrbHbrxH rlonepeqHhtxcrepxHefi Ha cnebrx Mauulrax ro.teqHofi cBapKori r.tJrHBpyqHylo Br3aJrbHori B

OKOH.

bs3aHHe KapKacH npxMeHrrcT XHOraa AJrfl MOHOJlr..rTHbrx xeJtee r o H H h j xK o H c ,, r p ! ' K u H i tai . r a K x e B cryqaqx, [peAycMoTpeHHbrx

2.

?3

2. llluptua KapKaca- paccroqHJl_e MexAy ocqMHxpafiuux upo- l\{oxer 6ana 75-725 nu. ,u.o,'rblrbr\ crep)KHeii 3 lllar nonepeurruxcrepxHefi Ao,'r)KeH np[HltMarbcqKparHbrM 50 41un npener'lax100-400 r.rr, npfiqeMa oaHoruxapxac'e4onycKaercfl He 6o"ree 4nyx p a 3 H b r x[ a r o B . 4. fl.ntlna KapKacapaccToqH[e Mexay ocs MH KpaiiHxx lloflepeqHblxcTepxHeri - MolKer 6brrr' Io

7,2n. Ec,rr

p(

K2 CT

ne

AO

co

OK Jle

ueo6xo4lmo

cKoHcTpyr.rpoBaTbKapKac, napaMeTpbt KoToporo He yaoB"'reTBopstoT BceM nepeqlc,'reHHbrM Tpe6oEaHuqM, TO CJIeAyerOp eHT[pOBaTbcfl Ha TexHoJIotfirtecKAe Bo3MO)l. MrsHlta,truue paccTosHHs r, Koropbre MO)KHO .{OnyCTgTb Me)I(ly ocqMH npoao"'rr,rrblxcTepxHeft arraMerpoM d npu pacnor'roxe,.4Byxpsr'lHoM ' HHH,np[Berenlt s ra6r. 12. Kapxacu trpaKTfiqecKr.r Moryr xMerr, nlo6yrc ruHprrHy, T. e. InrrHy nofle peqHbrx crepxHeri. PexoPrc.5. IInockue cBapHDe apMarypude kapkacLr crepxtrH: 2 - norcpeqE6re crepxHn; MEH,4YETCNNPI,IMEH9TbB I - p.6oq!e J - M o r r r a ) r ( r r d ec r e p x s n ; 4 - K o H c r p y r ( r r B H 6 : ec r e p x oaHoM KapKace nonepeq. (crar6sde n'{crbl); 6au; 5-3akn.r,'rHh|e aefar cuap1l3 lyroBar HbIe cTepxHr.r o,4lIHaKoBoi A"'lHHbl.^aPKaCbI IIePeMeH' Hoi Bbtcorbl A,rq 3Toro peKoMeHAyeTcfll3roroBr'rflTbnonapHo, a 3a. T e r t p a 3 p e 3 a r b ,K a K t l o K a 3 a H ou a p u c . 5 , Ta6auua19

o6

et(

paccTotHrcl, MexAy octMn npoAonEHux HarM€H6rxse AonycKaeMHe crep)|(Heii d npn AayxpcAnoM asaMerpoM r{x pacroroxed{l B cBap[ux l(aDKacax

d

I6

l8

40

40

20

122 125 50

Bb

28

32

36

40

60

70

80

80

IIH

BA KO

EA

:" trPo-

,[,rrruy xapracos a,'rl y,{o6crtsarpaHcnoprl.{poBaHrq lr vKJarKr.l npfiHuMarb6-12 n: npe.tnoqrxrerbHeiia.rriHyxapPeKoMeHAyercq :UNM t
rac, HC

lpetM, lrb03tHx ,to-

ypNC

AY [(-

3

pu ieU-| ll-

B

fr

Pnc. 0. CBrseBhre crepxn}r B l|DocTptHcrDenfih|x xap&acai l-I:nocxl{e xapxacEl 2 - coeeAurinren6r,bre crepxsti 3_c!s-

t

u Kapxacaao,,lxHbr - Koucrpyxutn ra6aptru npocrpaHcrBeuHofo ooecneqfiBarb y,uoOcrBo c6opKl ero s apnarypuoMrrixe. AJIt ooecne'{eHxfl HeooxoAr.tMorl }KecrKocrHKapKacaHa BpeMq erc nepeBo3(r,r 6eronlrpoBaHliqxerego6eroHHoro3,reMeHTa rrolepeqHoe_ce'{eHHenpocTpaHcTBeHHOIO KapKaca Aor',rxHo MeTb saMKHyrbrtKoHryp H B HeMAonxHbr 6urr npeAycllorpenbrcBe3eBhre^crepxHH (puc. 6). 9TIi crep)KHH,4oJ'txHbt 6blrb ycraHoBr,reHbl e,[syx l\aecrax(o6bt. quo Ha KoHUeBHX yuacrxax) rar, tro6al o npocrpaxcrae o6paso-. "p".. ri3 cBr3eBbrxcrepxuefi. rlpocrpaucrienubreKapKacbt 31M, xoHcTpyr..tpyr.oTcs H3 nJrOCKr.tx tIyTeMnpIBapKh rnr npnaasxr co_ eAr{H[Te,'lbHbrxcTepxHeia r,tr unflrex, nyTeM cBapKH qerbrpex

t5

r :

nJrocKrrx (apKacoB co c6opKofr B cne[r{a,lbHblx r(oHIyKTopax lrnu nyTeM rHyTbr n.trocKuxceToK no no[epeqHblM cTepxHflM. flprlueureltue B Hacros ree apelta cnoco6sr Koncrpyr.{poBarIIfl npocrp a HcrBeHHbrx KapKacoB noKa3aHbr na puc.7, Ec,'ur arauerp nonepeqHbrxcrep)KHeti l0,ru,u n ueusue, To fipocrpaHcrBerrfiui]ixapKac cneayer KoHcrpyl,lpoBarb, rlpeaycMarpnBarr coenlIrieltre Kollr a x r s o f i r o q e q u o f i c s a p x o i i c o e l H H H T e J b r r b rcxr e p ) K l e f t c n o n e p e q HbrMECTeprtHrMrrlnocKlrx KapKacon (pirc. 7, a). flpuueu arraMerp

^J^ Jp J?' aftrtql_L

rffit,

t

llllA

(p a

B TO qI

I t$l | ,l'\ I

I

oOl

tJ-s, lendrb A d)

po

nllfl nnll

r#Hl#r i IfIT.lnF

'lt

!s

(p po

oo. cB

i l t l

i.

pe

ce! Ka

JIEI XO;

6)

t!_-!l

l 0 t r_r1r

KO xol

5

i l t 6 r__t-t_l__L 'lrE"

,,$tro,sq+r' 5-5 _P-!r

/
\4enoao

6-6n

,.'ijl

lFl

it9t-,

1t

I{bI Bbl

Ko ryl cr

cel

c pc

BU

Prc. 7, npocrpaficr*fiHbre xap(acH e cDapHr'|exapracHi2-npfiBap{BaeMHenonepeqnHe crepxHr lrtl I-nnocx cxo6hr;3 IIpxBr3HBae$He urn[nrrxHi r-,ayroBar cBapxa

BeTCTBO tsa IIr AHaCTepXHeu AontKHbl COOT n tUaI COe,(I'IHIlTe,TbHLIx M e r p y u u a r y f l o n e p e q H b l xc r e p x H e f t n J ' r o c r ( Hrx( a p x a c o 0 . HaIIpnMep flpocrpaucrneHrr,Ie Kapl(acr'I u:rr6aeultx 3,'IeMeHToB, oafioK, ecrll oHr He paccquraHbr Ha KpyqeHne H al.iaMerp lloneleqHbrx cTepxtHefigTHx KapKacoB He 60"'Ibue l0,lr,t, tt'toxuo KoHcrpy!IpoBaTb, npeaycMaTpfiBat coealHeHl-te n.]IocKIrx cBapllblx KapKaior npusapxori u,'rfi [pt-rBq3Koil K HuM tuIru,rel( c urarolt 500,ll,lt (pHc. 7, 6). Ec.rH xe apMarypa grllx 3J'IeluerrroBpaccquraHa Ira n,locKlte KapKacbtcoerlillqlor cro6ault xpyuenue, To BMecro tt-tntr,'reK ( p n c . 7 , d ) , o r o r H y r b l e K o H I l b I K o r o p b l x r r p t t s a p u B a x l r c qI ( o B C e x ' l noneper{HblMcTep)KHqM nJlocKux KapKacoB paBHonpoqltbllll oAHoIXBOItl, CTOpOHHIIM

rc

np

AIj IIO

po no

TO Hb B

CT

I(O

x.r Ki

KO

F h' t Ft It)

flpocrpancreennue KapKacr,rcxarbrx 3JleMeHToB, HanptMep [o,'roHlJ, cne,nyeTKoHcTpyr.rpoBaTb r]3 n,'rocKlrxKapKacoBc nprrBapxoi lrr rprarsxoft x suu unllrteK c uaroM, paBHbrM rxary nore. peqHbrx crepxHeii Kapl{acoB(puc. 7,e\, ec,nr o6utee HacHuleHr.ie

h- ceqeHfiflnpoAonbHoii apMarypofi h-

MeHee 30/0, r.rJrxu3 rrJ'rocKtrx Kap[acoB u trptBaprBaeMbrx K Hx floflepeqHuu crepxnau cxo6 (prc. 7,d), eclu o6n1ee Hachrr{egr{eceqeHHs npoAor'rbnoiiapuary-

lp pofi3 0/6u 6o,rree.Ecnu trnocKrzeKapKacbrAo.nxsu 6urs ycraHoB:

neHbrrro BceM qeTbrpeM cTopoHaM cxaTofo gJreMeHTa,Hanpr.rMep l o J I o H I r bcr , o 6 u r r u r r a c u u c u r e M c e q e H U Hn p o , t o , r r u o i i a p m a r y p o f t e e 3 0 / 0 ,r o l p o c r p a H c r B e H n b r ]Ki a p K a cM o x H o o 6 p a 3 o B a r b[ y r e M

npoao,'rbribrx yrroBbrx crepxuerl KoporKuMri$,rauronuuu cBapKlr !IBaMfic uaroM, paBrrbrMlrrary flonepeqHHxcrep)KHei KapKacoB { p u c7. , e ) .

:

llpl.r r(orrcTpyupoBar{}ru n p ocTpa HcTBer{Hbtx KapKacoB H3 [JIocKltx qepTe)KaxcJreryer oroBaprJBarl, Tpe6oBaHl.reo Heo6xoAr.tMocrH

:

KoirAyKropoB, oco6eltHo AJts c)Karbtx 3JIeMeHToB,,{,'rs .gxanbHrrrx eHfiq o6fl3arerbHoro coBfla,qeHrfl nofieper{HblxcrepxHeft r ceqerrlli n p ocrp a HcrBeHnoro KapKaca. B uerqx rapaHrl.rllnoro coBtarerrtrr [oneper]]rhrx crepNueli uotxtto A.lIg .lIt-rgeirllie,re:o 6erorrrrr,lx 3,reMeHToB(xo.nonn, 6a,ror s r. n.) o6paso.

l.tx Il3foTou,'IeHII9

I-i o nplitleneH[LI

aJIfl 3To]t

IIeJII{ Cne.

rrpocrparrcrBeH lbre KapKacHxolr6llnnponannnm cnoco6ou. ttrgoi roqeqHoir caaprori astorosJrqercg noneper{Haq apMa. 13 Kor{TypHbrxtr npoMe)KyrorrHbrx(ec"r oHfl reo6xoAlluu)

xreii. Crno:i, naxer u3roroBJre[Hbrx raKltM o6pasou n,rocrrx rol{ npo.'lcnarorcrlnpo,qo.'rbHbre cTepxHl.i, a ceTK[ pasaBHrar.oTct geo6xoruusllt uattnt. V:lsr neDeceqeHl-ItnDonoJlbHbtxI-t ttotte-

x crepxrrefi lepenr3r]Barorcqsqsa,'rsnollnpono.noxoft , ffepepa3peuaeTcsae,qaTbB rrraxMaTHoM B 3TOMC"'ryqae noprlAKe. KX APKACOB s 7 . c T b t K r rc B A P b t x A P M A T y P H b T C r u x o c a r r r ( a p K a c h rn f l r l x o - 4 r r c q o 6 b r q H o s n p o A o J l b H o MH a fllrflr, xorr B npaKTrJKeHEorAa Bcrper{aIorcq c,'ry,{aHHeo6xoocrr{ ycrpoilcr8a crblxoB KapKacoB u B HanpaBr'reHr.in no[eperrfiocure.lrrueuoryr 6urr, HanpnMep, fipr KoHcrpynapMa'r,vpbr. npocrparrcrBerrHorc KapKaca noAKoJloHHr..rKa 6orr,uofo cerrefinr, Kofna KapKac npl{xoa,r,rTcfl no ycJtoBKrrMri3fopactrreHqTbIIo BepraKanH Ha oTAe,'rbfi TparrcflopTlrpoBKl.i

apr\,(arvprrbre 6,roxu. flonepeuHbrecrepxHr cvexHslx 6Jtoxos SToMc,ryqae coealHfllorcfl cBapKofi Ha o6rleM 3reMeHTe B Br.rae yfoJrKa u,!iJ noJlocljl.

Crutr cRaprrr,lxxapKacoR B rrpo,(oJ'lbrroM HanpaBneHr.rlMoryr p)'rJpoBarbcac nepenycr(ol16e3 cBapKfi t-IJu co cBapKofi BHa-

. unrr 6es nepenycKaco cBapKoriBnp[TbrK.Ceapnne ctlrt coB c,reayeT KoHcTpyHpoBaThno npr.rHrlnny cBapHbrx cTbl-

oraeJrbubrxcrepxHeii. Cruxll

suax,necrKy B npoAoJrbHoM

Han p a BJreH brx Xap KacoB c oaHocTopoHHlrM HH cBap_H pacnoJ,ro)I(eHfl eM paoo'{ x ctepx}lelt MoxHo KoHcTpyrrpoBaTr, TaK xe, KaK H aHa,lo. ll{qHble cTblK}ICBapHbIXCeTOK. Ec,rl naalrerp pa6our.rx crepNueii xapracoa, crbrKyeMblx BHaxrecrxy, B pacrlnyrofi 3olre fipeBuuaer l0 u.u u paccroiHl..reMexay crepxflsMu cocraBr'leror lreuee l/30d (rae d _ Hauuersrulfi ff AnaMerp crbrKyeMbrx crepxHei:i e caurtuerpax), To B npeAeJlax cTbrKa cre,4yeT craBr.tTblo[loJrHr,tTer bxyro -nonepeqHyrc apMaTypy B

Bzae xoMyroBo6ureirn.noqaarr

+if

C C

)

, (rae F" - rrJ,roqaAb

ceqerHn Bcex crbtKyeMbrx npoAor'rbHhrxcrepxrreit, a Ra, Ra., Ir r(p - coorBercrB€HHopacqerHbrecofipor]rBJ'reHxrrrpoaoJrbHoriapMarypbr, xoMyroB_rJ6erona pacrrxeHtro). IIIar 3rnx xoMyroB c,,reAyer Ha3Haqarb He 6-o"1ee 5 an-auerpoe (ueuruxx) npoAo,rrHsrx pa6o,{ux crepxHeri 4.nl 6a,rox H l0 4uallerpoa -.(rq KoroHH. CrsrxosaHue BHaxrTecrKy6e3 cBapKr.tKapKacoB c nBycropoHHr.rM pacno,,roxeHueMnpo,4o,'rbHbrx crepxHeti rre AortycKaercq. s 8. n p ficnocosJr EHlrt

AJtt

cTponoBKl.l

flpNcnoco6,reunaMI..rArs crponoBKa Ha3brBarorcq ycrpoficrna, KoropbrMn csa6xanr c6opnbre xe,reso6eroHHbregreMeriror'nln "u. xBara rrx KpaHoM nplr cteue c ola,ry6uorl Qopltu nocJre r.t3foroBr''reHxq,npI,I cKr''ra.[cKltx oneparlHrx, npII [ofpy3Ke Ha TpaHcnopTHbre cpe,4cTBa,a 3aTeM pa3rpy3Ke r.r,HaKoHerIrrrpH MoHTaxe 3,,leMeHTa, T. e. ycraHoBKe ero a npoeKTHoeno,toxeHrre. flocne guno,rHeHt-rq Bcex 3Tllx onepaUnii treo6xo,lullocrr B crporroBoi{HoMycrpoicrae, KaK IIpaBr.rJro, orna,1aer, r, ecr'rH9To ycrporicrBo Bbrxo/1l.lT 3a npe_ ,le,rlr ra6_aparoa xe,rego6erossoro 3JreMeHTa, ero o6uuto cpesarcr [,'Ir 3af[6alor. CrponoeovHsle ycrpoiicraa .(orxHbr orBeqarb ps,{y rpe6oBaunfr: npoqlrocru npti MHoroKparHoMsaru6e, yAo6crBy npo,{eBaH[q 110A6eMHoro-KproKa u,'Ir rxrbrpr, Ha.[er(Hofi aHKepoBKea,neMeHras 6eToHe. ^poMe roro, crpofloBoq]roe ycrpoftcrBo lto BogMoxHocr[ He aoJrxHo_3arpy,lHrrrr npouecc QopMoBaHrrr xeneso6eroHHoro sne_ MeHTa. A,'rt cTponoBoqH!,lxneTeJ'lbc"reAyeT npHMeHtTb roprqeKa. raHym apMarypHylo craJrb x,racca A-l uapox BCr3cn2, BCr3nc2. Ec,ru ltosrax KoHcrpyKrlr.lriBo3MoxeH npH renrneparype -40.C ll ll]l)te, C''telyeT np MeHtT]' [eTr'Ill, H3IOTOBT'IeHHbIe TOJ'rbKO Ii3 CTa,IH lrapxr BCr3cn2. B xaqecrse nprcnoco6nenuii !,,'rq gaxBara c6opHnx xe,tego6e. TOHHbIX 9JIeMeHTOB npI-lMeH n IOT l) crpolloBortHbrenerJrr.t,Koropr,reuoryr 6slrt: BbrcTyrrarcur{MltH3 nJrocKocTfiSteMeHTa; < s 6eroHe 3,'IeMeHTa; c <Ko"'lblloM; naAalo[tuNnr (npona,rtaarcuuuuca) ; 98

q

n

H

( n

H

2) prtr"r-6o.nrstN,'Ix pbIM-nerJ'lll: 3 j o r s e p c r r r , o 6 p a i o e a u H u t er a 3 0 B b l l \ l lr{p y 6 x a r t r ' Hau6o,ree qacro B crpoHTeJIr,uofinpaKTIIKe rlplIMeHq]orctl Bblble neT''lli'-TaK KaK 3JIeMeHTaCTpOnOBOq}l CTynaOtIIre I{3 II,'IOCKOCTI'I U yAOoHbl a''Itl aBTOMaTaMH CneullaJIbHbli\tu oHI-t I,I3fOTOBJ'ItlOTCg - y c r a H o B K l(rp u c . 8 , 4 , 6 ) . H e A o c r a r r o n l - l xq B r s e r c t H e B o 3 M c x H o c r b

150-fi4

150180

J.J 6A-80

Prc. 8.

nptcnoco6tcnlrt

Ant

crponoBl(t

xe.re3o6eroHlrHx

t - xen6o6e, ottlibri sreMesri r_ cT pofloBoqrai ncrnii 3-na' n,racrHHar 5-crrrhHJF naloqee xonbuo; 4-t(oporblJ-j: r|yoKa: d-aHKepHble crepxenr 6 - o -H M - 6 o , 1 r : 7 - r a r o B a t 9- cBaP(a

eHsrb npI.r 6eroHl'IPoBaIlaa 3"leMeHTa 3afJIax{}lBalolqero IIJ'IH efo cBepxy MexaHI{3M4,a TaKxe Heo6xo,u.I{MocTbcpe3KIt noc,'IeMoHTa)Ka. B c,ry,rae npfiMeHeHlrt 3arJIaxl{Baloulero MexaHIl3Manpt 6ero'

^. IIeT!'tU nplIMeHflT]' a:!j..Ll,lt IIp]IXOAITTC9 (prc. 8, d) '

ycTaHoBKe, rpe6yrcr cpa3y !oc,'Ie Qoprloaanunlr3aerEq ycTpoiiBbleMKx B 6eroHe a.llt Bo3NIolxHocrll flpoaeBaHI.tq noabeMHofo

.3ra eueMxa qBrqercq B aa!'IbHel{uleMI,lcroqHlll
29

H 3arracTyto_ ofoJrreTapMaTypy,Irruaq ee 3aIIII{THO.O cro, Ha 3TEX yqacrKax. B ceqgu c-:rl-ll,,r uyron,neHHbre) neTJrr.t Ue,rrecoo6paino rlpI.IIIeHtrbB Maccr.tBHblx c6opnux KoncrpyKUngx. Ilepevncaextue HeaocrarKu qacrr,rgHoycrpaHrrorclt npHMeHeHHeMcrponoBoqHr,rx nere,,rhc unaaaroquu, Ko;brroM.Olnu*o r"u ner.nu 6o,ree rpyaoeMKH B r.r3r-oroB,reHr.{H u rpe6yror nfrn""n"""" aorroJrllrjre,'rbHbrx onepa[nii no 3aaenKeuu""ril i a""rl*"""""o notsepxHocTr.l r.i3.qe,r Hs rrocJr e rroabeMa KoJr hua. r.rJrH(npoBanKBalotqrecq> , crponoBoqHblerrerJl{ (prc. 8, e) [pr.rMeHrrorcqB cnyqarx, Koraa oHr.tueo6xoAuulr -rn"nryr. He TonbKonpfi MoHTaxe,Ho ,{o,,IxHbl6urs coxpaneuu , npn B cbeMHbrxxe,reao6eroxnlrxnr""ui a npu.*"* l11l 1,^lu lfr""p KaHaroB. llprjqeM, KOrAanJlnTaHaxolr.rTc,B [poeKTHOM rroroxeHI.t[n,crpo[oBoqHafl flerJrfl He ao,{xna or,rcrynirr rraa ypognem ^ Bepxanr[Tbr, qro6bt He uelxarl xoAo6eI,l esae no -yaoSHHM Hefi. t"" (puc. 8, x) sBrrrorc, Hau6o,,ree -^..L.:t-y-6gf crpono. Bo,{HblMycrporlcrBoM.[nq sJreMeHToB, r.rgroragrl-isae]vrsti np,, noMOtqH3arJ'ra)KnBalorqero Mex-aHtISrrAa. IIpu _"nnroio"a""n po,"_ rpe6yercn ycrpor?creau""rr,r. po,",6orrii'o"rnlorco 9g.l:31 lr! HHBeHTapHbrM nptrcnoco6,reureulr nocre MoHTax, "r""""ru uoa. Bpauatorca Ha saBoA Hrru norllron c6opnoro xereaoOe"orra.fa. oHrrMoryr6urs rcnorbsoba"o, po,"_ "no.o^pur"-o. :T_ oor'rrT_qTgt, BBr.JHqHBaercrI cDa3vnocJreH3roroBr,relrq greMeHia"" B orpe3oK raaonorirpy6u, saaenagHbrfi u ,.ro .Oopno"o ;;;;;, u"u"n. qHBaerctnocr'leycraHoBKH3reMeHTa n irpoexrHoeno,roinenne.Ha BpeMs6eroHHpoBaHr.l, gJtel\{eHTa e raoosyro ,py6xy "uec"o p"u_ 6orra. BBUHquBaercn npo6ra co urrr.iueM.Iluoo;;;;;;"";;'" h, _6or"o" qB.lrFercrrpyaoeMKocrb13roroBreHH, (ueo6xo4r.ruocrl'ycipo,ia"u, -*' ul .Eera"reric pesr6oft), a raKxe uyu"ruir".ro"iio "d*d"*uow .urX6_1y._l parHbre npr HaKJroHHbrx crponax. -cropoHbr nI Han60ree npocrbrx ycrpofrcrB 4.na crpononrr ..^__yl.ly,I: sleqBrrrorcr M^eHTa"orBepcrrlr,nocrasrseMHe u ,ere ti""ona nyreu u ",?.y?!!! rasosoft rpy6xH. B oraepcrue BcraBr,rFercs ll.I*uop""" n( (lurblpb), 3a KoHltbl Koroporo npoz:aoaHrca aapono"*r-- Tu*"" rtocryn x^ ornepcirro a6rxeH Oo,ro oo6cn"-"."?9!-r-.9r:3,'leMeHTa, c o6e'x cToporr crpononounoe ycrporicrto,u*oao-,"nu-,or*ea npl{MeHerbctAns 6anoK, tlepu, xolonn H Apyrux ,"nan""* ,,rre_ MCHTOB. Crponoaounuenerr''ll-r ol aonr{Hbr6urr, sa4e.naxuo 6erone Ha se_ n 6urr Heueseeao araue'rpJn'i""pxra jl-"Lly i+l lg1gpaeaoJ'rxHa nernH. llaHHBIe aJrr KoHcrpyrrpoBaHU, crponoBo,.,notinera,rr as -s craJruK,taccaA-l npuaeaexsl ia6,r. 13. p E9-nu S axrtvecx_an HopMarHBHar_ Harpy3xa ua ner,rro (p$) , n M-eH-bue eaKrnqecxori Hecyrqeft cnoco6nocrir'yci, "o"na""noil" 'a.n"r, ", TI ro ,[onycKaercrBerriqr.rHv ,"I:qg{g yMeHr,rrIr.lrb, np"""u pu"_ uoft.kl^, tto He MeHee2Sd nn y He MeHeeBeJrr qu[br, o6ecneqrnaoIl Iqet BogMoxFocrh3aqeflteuH,

MeHra, a ra(xeHenn.n." ld ffi{rH:"'tT;;Ip"v"'f."#"Lff.:; 30

Ta6,'rrqa 13 llartue

,qln xoflctpylpoBa{ s clponoBoq{Ht( nereJlb tlt apMarypHofi craJr[ ruacca A-l c nopuaatuofi ae'rxqrfloft aH{epoBxu

E:I

I

E c Y

Frr

i:

6 9 a r

0,283 0,503 0,785 I , l 3t t,559 2,0tI 2,545 3,t42 3,80r 4,909 6,r53 8,043

6 8 l0 It

t4 l6 .18 20

92

ii;

< 5 9 * : ; t r

6 EF

e9d

:1q

0,1 0,3 0,7 t,0 LO

2,0 2,5 3,1 3,8 6,1 8,0

9.b

: E *

t80 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 750 840 960

70 70 70

80 100 105 180 185

; 5 : 4

+;= r

SE

NgEE

i b

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 60 60 60

700 800 950 I100 1300 1400 1550 1800 2000 2400 2600 2850

0,16 0,32 0,59 0,98 1,57 3,10 4,45 5,97 9,25 12,55 18,00

HopMar{BHyb HarPF*y or- co6crBeHHoro B€ca coopHoro tneMesra, nprr|e'raq{e: neTnlr ycnoBuo cneayer npt Itoaoope a{aMerpa crepxHf, 3a qerHpe nern{, FlsrMlevoro pacnpeleneHHot TorbKo Ha rpr ne,rnn. ttltlr6

.

r naD!

l:'i-'o,

r a e P l - H o p M a r u B H aHra r p y 3 KBa r , a F a . o - n r o -

Ea,u,bnonepeqHoroceqeHHffcrepxxr n clz). arp IIBarb 6olee Ha!.exHoI aHKepoBK].rcJIe.4yer np e,qycM Aln pI
l,l s 9. 3AKJIAAHbIEAETAJT Ea3hIBalorct craJlbHble aerarl'l, Haxoaqul{ecf 3axlarguMu o Ea noBeDxHocr xe,'le306eroHHoro S J I C M C H T A H A O C T A T O q H O ,e)I(HOB HeM SaaHKepeHHbIe.

HagsaqeHne3aKnatHbrxaera.nei Moxer 6urr' caltoe pasnoo6'

oe, no B ocHoBHoMoHI.i ycTaHaBJIIrBanTctB coopEr,IX3"'IeMeH,[Jrt coear.rHeHr.rsnocr'IeaHxx Mexay co6ofr, a TaKxe anq Kpe' K )reIe306erOHHbrM

3,'IeMeHTaM CTa.IIbHbIX KOHCfpyKUIrfi,

u,4p. o6opy.loraula, npoMnpoBoaol( HOJrOrrqecKoro 3arnaAsr,reAera,lu Molyr 6url pacveruut'llr,T. e. o6raAalo' gaAasnoil npoqHocrt'loanq Bocnpfttr[i Aefi' onpe.a.e.nenHoir Ha ,u,eraJ'lb yclllllll..,

n HepacqeTHblMu' ycTaHaBJI I.tBaeMblMI'I

3l

no (0HcrpyKri.tBHr,tMcoo6paxeHtsM r.r He uMel,orqhMnHopMnpyeMylo npoqHocTb. B sasucfiMocrs or KoHcrpyKtul[ gaKJlaAHr,re AeranH Mo]I{Hopa3Ha c"'leayrcu e THnbr: .u,er''rI.rTb a) ,[,era,'r].r r{3 r'rucroBoro, coproBofo u,rt Qaconnoro npoKara co creul{aJrbHo np}rBapeHHbrMnaHKepaMu us crepxueaori apMarypbr; 6) aerana, cocrornllre roJrbKoH3 Jrr.tcroBoro,coproooro r.rnr Qac o H H o f on D o K a T a : g) aera,rr.r,cocroeulrre ro,'lbxo u3 apuarypHofi cra,nH. PexoueHAyerca KoHcrpyr.rpoBarb3aKJraaHbre4era,ru rax, uro6;t fix JlfiueJbre rroBepxHocrn coBnaaa,'r c uocKocTblo rpaHr, 3J,IeMeHTa, llolycKaercs, oaHaKo, npr.rMeHgTbTaK Ha3blBaeMbre 3aKraAHbre gera"rr. I(ou crpyHpoBa Ht-rr Aera,teii, rucrynarcuflx fi3 nJ'rocr(ocTHfpasH 3JreMeHTa,KaK npaB].t,'lo,cnelyeT u3oeraTb, TaK KaK 3TO Bbr3btBaeTCepbe3Hbre TpyaHocTHc H3|OTOB,reHI.reMoraury6oqHoi oopMbr, a 3areM tI c [r3BJleqeHreMgr'IeMeHTa I-rsaroil 6ooMlr. Hc percillleaayercq KoucrpyripoBarb 3artanHbre aeraJrr.rc rrplBapeHHbIMI-lK HIIM CTaJIbHbIMI-t TlHCTaMHLt'rIII nOnOCaMI{,pa3pe3aloltuMl.t 6eron Ha uacru. flpH neo6xoauuocrt npuMeHHTh raKyn aera.{b HyxHo _npeaycMorpeTb cneuHaJrbHbleMeponpfirTr.tt trporr.iB paccJroeHrr 6eroHa, Halrpr.rMepycrpoilcreo ornepcruii o JIHCTAX.

B 6o.nrurx n,qacr[Hax 3aKnaAfiblx,{era,reft, HaxoAsurtixc, BBepxynpn 6eronnposan_ra, c,'leAyer[peAycMarpr.rBarborBepcrue KaqecrBa6eronaponatra, a raKxe AJrflBbtxoAaBo3, A,'lsKoHTpoJrs Ayxa, cKanJlaBalouerocrnoA nracrfiHoil npfi yKJIaAKeB ynJIoTHe. nun 6erosuoricuecrl. B nlactnsax_3aKrr_arHbtx 4era,refic"reayerBcer,4anperycMarpn(nplr 6o,rluzx pa3MepaxnnacrnNr,r)ABa-TpHorBep. Barb oaHofi,'rr.r cTl.lt .d,IiaMerpoM 16-20 nu,tu'rr BosMor{Hocra$Hrcaqrjt saxral. noft lera.ns B npoeKTHoM no,roxennlt. C.ne,uyercrpeunrbcr r trpnMereHr.trc 3aKraAHbrx.[eraJrefino qeprexaM aericrBylour.txraroB!,rx cepuir ,nn6o Hcno,'rb3oBarb nx B KaqecTBe aHaJ'rofa npt KoHcTpyupoBa Hr.Ilt. \OHCTPYUPOBATb 3AKJTAAHbIEACTAJIII MO)IIHO I-I3 TODFTICKATAHOfi

no,'rocoBoii,yr"rosori H $acour:oii npoxarnori cralr, braevarculertr ycJtoBrflM cBapnBaeMocra (o uelr c,reayer o6s:are,rrso v6a3brBarb B cneuuQltKaulra u e ou6opxe cranr.r) H rpe6oaaurinr |OCT 380-71 . Mapxa cra,ru Ha3naqaercfl B 3a. pa6OrU SaX.la4nOfiAeta,ru no ra6n. 14. OT yCJTOBUfi BHCLTMOCTT.j To,rquHa cra,rsuofi nJracrr,rHbrr4JrL npoOr.rJIr Ha3Haqa€Tcrlno y c J r o B r . r ecMe a p x u ( p r c . 9 ) . Kpoue roro, no yc,'roBurM flpoqHocrll rotrqlna nJlacrHHH pac. qerHHx 3aKJlaaHrrx Aera,nefi c aHKepaMr.i,npuBapeHHbtMr..r BTaBp, Ao,rxlra 6brrb He MeHee 0,4d, eclu aHKepa H3 cra,rH x,racca A-li He MeHee 0,5d, ec,' l r.t3 craJru A-lI r: ue r'ieuee 0,7d, ecJrn H3 craJr[

F

i i i

t l

t t t t t t l +

ti sPi 1' 3s A

l l

i! !; *

t l + t + l

=! Ei = 5 e .a q s

I

E l g EI

l t t t + + t t l t

*i !4E "

Hi !r S r A

l l l t t t t t

t_r

t-T

l +

6E

r + + t t t t ll

l i 3 3i $r P!Er.,

I

I

t-

! ?

E : ;

F€

Fie

us Fi"

i5iE ?' ul :3 9* i 9

r + + t t t t l

I

6.E

9 I

.iI gEE EF 'i P A

l

!H 9T€iE

l r t t t t t

_r t 1-

_r 1-

I

-rl

&

I I

l i

ei *H+l€l e Sa P S i i E 9r Xr9{=r

:; :*.lsrE ! '

i!c*

E

agfi Fif, i=

o E

Efr

5

9eH

i : . ii =e 6 !l 5;<,_

6

E& tg g o

;:ii

iE sE3IE r. l. €i9

r l + + t t t l

eo

E s: f F i ; q9

-r-r

o A

RRKe333R t l t l l l l l

l

t

l

l

@
c\ro!t(ocrc\c\c\ qiqrcrqloq:oc')

xl

t'l

;i

= l

o l

5 a

= l

l'. I

o

t

o l

l

u )

F ; r ( E 6

ig+igl ;; $:*9Fi :3 *e; i !: :f Ss*f;cE :3:"=!eg

I

: i -aq;F:.4 g3r; i

2

r. f. BnEorpaAo8

33

A-III (d - anauerp anrepa). !,"rr pacuerur,lxsaxnaAlll'txAera,'teii ToJIIu[HarrJracrxHbI ao.nxna 6r,ltl ne ueuee6,u,u. 3ax.naanueaerar'ru,3aHIIMalonlrle ueJl[KoMrpallb SteMeHTano c'reAyer KoHcrpyupoBarbraI(, oAHOMyHJru AByM HanpaBreHHflM, gro6u rx pa3Mep6H,t no rpaiineri ltepe na 5 n.M MeHbuepa3Mepa 6)

l-;-;T'

l*7-F " f+ ' L, >t1d (A'I)

x i !

L.>5dU'n,A-.D)

0) > 2 A

I < d < L Cd > 3 6 t > t ' 5 6

5

€

I @'" -9HH€ ..".{}t-l---l "-. d+u:l lenaro 6

(Ar) A.N,A-III)

s ;r.

Ptc. 0. CBaPHHe 3a(naAxHe Aerann ,-crrrbIIHe n r a c ' r H H b r ;2 - a H x € p b l , n p t B r p f l B a e M b l €B r a B p n o n Q t ' o ' n p H B a D u B a e M 6 t eB H a x n e c r f i y , t r y f o B o n - c B , p K o n i coNi J-arrxepH. irpsBaprBaeMble MHorocnonnHMIi uDaMni 5-a3(ep!, 4-atsKepH, npfiBapH' erBcpcrqtl6-rsxept'l' B IIr,sBaDrBdeMHe passeHKoBaHHHo B;eMbre xoHraxrrrot n penheoHot roqeqHoA cBapKofi; Z-oTsepcrre arll otrca4nH

B nporusnou c.lly-qaeBo3HlI' coorBercrBylouefi rparln oJ'reMeHTa. 6oproo onany6ounoii tlopuu r Karor rpyaHocrl.I npfi 3aKpbIBaHl'tl't npoqecce H3roroBreHHq 3JIeMeHTa.B peey.nsrare ra6apur eneuunaercg, noBbluaercq pacxoA 6etoua, sostlfixarcr uenra yoe.iIr.t Heyao6crBa npr MoHTaxe. onpeaeJreHHbre HasHa.{ag pa3Mepbt 3aKJIarHbIx aeraJreft, cJle,[yer crpeMurbct x ux ynutpuxawu, uro6u noJlyqaJIllcboA[HaKoBble 3aroroBKlr, Ko34

TOpbIe MOXHO BbInOJIHgrb MeXaHIi3l.lpOBaHHO,MeTOAaMII IIITaMnOBaHlIfl r.rJlripe3KH.

AHxepa, ueo6xoalMbre arq 3aae,'rKu B 6eroHe pacuernoi saxJIaAHOtAeTa,'r}I,peKOMeH.(yeTct(oHcTpyIrpoBaTbnpefiMyIqecTBeHH o r r 3 a p M a r y p H o f ic r a n K , ' r a c c aA - l l . C r a n l x " r a c c a A - l l l u o x e r [p[MeHqTr,cr npfi 3aTpyaHeHHsxc pa3MeqeHHeMaHKepoBu3 cTaJII.{ x,racca A-ll, Cranl x,racca A-l Mo)Ker rlpv MeHqrbcq ror'1l,Koc ycuJreHHsMuHa Konuax s s[,{e ua]i6 c npuBapKoll ro pzc, 9, a r,rn KoDorbrllleri. -Aurepa tro KoucrpyKsax,raArrrx aera,rei, ycraHalr,'rt'tBaeMbIx TlrBsr,rM coo6paxeHLrqM c HeHopMI.ipyeMonrIpoqHocrbIo, MoxHo Koncrpyr.rpoBarbrr3 crar'Ir.tx.nacca A-l c xproKaMtr Ha KoHuax. aHKepHbtx ,II,.na nplraapuaaeMbtx BHaxtecrKy u orrt6aelrux crepxuerl He aonycKaercq npuMeHeHI{e cra,ru MapKII BC13xn2, TaK KaK npIl cBapKe 3ToH cra,r]..tco3,qaercf x,'laaHo"'IoMKocrbB Mecrax usrr6a crepxrrs, rae 3aKaHquBaercs cBapHoiI txoB, H crepxeHb pa3pyuaercs npri yaape. flpu su6ope apuarypaorl crarr.r .{.nq aHKepoB 3aK,'rarrHbrxaera.neri creAyer ]-lMerb B BIIAy orpaHuqeHllfl [o o6"'IacrH npl.jMeHeHr.rs,Koroprie rrpr{Beaenbre ra6n.2. Apnrarypur,re crepxHr'r c HoMuHarbHbIMalaMerpoM lreHee 8,r,u aeTa'le[ npll MeHsTb He,(onya!'lrr aHKepoB pacqeTHbrx3aKJ''laaHblx cKaeTcg. flpu xoncrpyupoBaurlr.r3aKJtIaaHbrx aera"refi qe,recoo6pasxo npnHuuaTs 6o"lsnee u3 Bo3MoxHbIx qllc"{o aHKepoB3a cqer npuMeHeHus crepxHeii MeHhrrlero .qrzaMerparr nplI 3ToM pacrroJrafarb r.rx paBHOMepllOlI CfiMMeTpI-lqHO IIJ'IOCKOCTII OTHOCETeJIbHO AeItCTBUfl ycLtJfits. B pac'rernnx 3aKJra,qHHxaerarqx nprMelqlor B ocHoBHoMaBa Ttna aHKepoB: IIperrflrcTByrotrlHe oTpbrBy 3aKJ'ra.[Ho(lAeTaJ'lli; npensTcTBytoruxecABxf y 3aKJra.tHoI{.[eTanII. B coorsercrsu{ c rra3HaqeHaeMaHKepoB,B 3aBllcnMocrl, or xaparrepa aericrnynulax ycr.t.lruiirrx KoHcfpylrpyIor IIpr{BapeHHbrMl.l BTaBpHJIHBHaX,'IeCTKy. ro,rrno c aHKepaMl-r, nplrKoucrpynponaHue 3aKJraaHbrx,qera,reri }{ IIo pacqeTy aHBapeHHbrMfiBHax"lecTKy,He pa3peuaeTcr, lI, ccr''r Kepa, trpaBapeHribreBTaBp, ue Hy]KHbr oHli aoJrxrrbr 6srrs ycraflpr orcyrcrour a:rll6anulero MoMeHTa HoB,reHbrKoHcrpyKTl.rBHo. qricJroaHKepoB,npr,rBapeHHbrx BTaBp,ao,'rxuo 6brrb He Menee aByx, a r I p H a r x q f i u M o M e H T -a H e M e H e e q e r b r p e x . 9 r c r o a u x e p n u x crepx(Heii, npHBapeHHbrxBHaxJrecrKy,Aor)Krro 6brrb He MeHeeAByx, a ycraHaBJlHBanrcsoHH rrpH AeircrBr'tHHa 3aKJraAHyroAerarb cABIrranurefi cH,ru. AHrepa, nprsapeHHble BHax,'IecrKy,KaK [paB[,ro, orrr6arcrcq B re,{o srreMeHra ua yro,r l5-25o (cu. pzc.9,a). flpl gToM xeJrareJrbHo [pnHIrMarb yro.r 6o,rrnrii Ir3 aorlycKaeMblx, a s xerego6etoHHoM 3reMeHTe B 3oHe ororHyrblx aHKepoB ycraHaBxoMyrbt at.{aMerpoMHe MeHee0,3 4tauerpa aHKepa c uarorl Jrr.rBarb

100.u.u.3ru xonyrr,r Ao,rrxHhrnpenrrcrBoBarrrpacKarrbr:: 991".. B AH H H ] O E T O H A.

[Ipu

rorrcrpyHpoBaHur.r3aKJrarrJbrxaerareii aJ,rq coer[HerrHq c rllrocKHMr.r3JreMeHraNrIr [poKara BraBp, KaK rpatsr.uro,. / ill-"!9" npe.{ycMarpxBarb a BroN{arrqecKyro ayroBy}o cBapKy noa l|!{1", c,l-oeMQ,'lrcca (prc. 9. 6). pn srou Bo3MoxFa npueapxa amepa c ort'HooM Hall aHKepa c uari6ori, rlpt,tBaperrHofi ua apyrou rourle. AruHa npqMoro yqacrr{a aHKepHoro crcpxHlI a siux cnyq2ql Ao"'rxHa6brrb He MeHee100 ,u,u. flplaapra auxepHux crepxleu BTaBp c oorroublo pyqrrofl e,rexrpoayroooii cBapKH i.(onycKaercq ToJ'rbKoMnofocr''lofiluur unaul, npuueu crepxeut 4o,rxet 6urt B o p l r b r K x n r a c r H H e t r r ' l I rn p o n y u e r r B o r B e p c r H e6 e : p a : . ; e n x t . , a x l ( p r c . 9 . a ) l . t Jr r' lc p a 3 J e H K o B K o(i pi u c . 9 , e ) . f l p n r r o M C e a p H o i i uoe He Ao/IlKeH BbICTynarb3a lrr'Iocxocrb nJIacrl_lHLI, qro6u ge ueuarl ycraHoBKeee a ona,ry6ry. rrpu Kor{crpyr.rpoBaHrl pacqerHbrx 3aKr,raArthrx 4era,rei c aHxepaMr.r, Ilpr,rBapeH ]rbrMH BHaX,'recTKy, c"leAyeT_npeaycMaTpuBaTb nyl o B y r o c c a p r { y$ , r a u r o e u u r r u n a l \ r H n o p n c . 9 . d . flpl xolrcrpyupoBaHr4[ 3axr''la.4rrbtx nera,lcji c lreHop]\tHpyeMou npoqtrocrblo, B Koropblx aHKepa rr3 crepxHcri xnacca A_l lonxrrst or,rrl, IlpriBapeHbr BHaxrecTKy, MoxHo npIMeHrrTb TorleqHyro Korr_ Ta6xHqa ls Mlntualllaq r,ry6lra /u sa!enxn alrxepoB 3arnanHHxAeraret B 6etoHe

raKrHyro r.rrn pe,'rbeeHyro cBapKy, npeaycMarpxBaqars crepxH e f i A l r a M e r p o M8 - l 0 , u . l r - c o erlurrcrrlte aByMs Torrr{aMfi ( p u c . 9 ,e ) , a a , r l c r e p x u e i i A H a M e r p o M1 2 - 1 6 n u - r p e M r I T O ' JK A M U .

aHl(epHoro crepxre , l\:rtua (rayouHa 3a;1e,'rKu auxepa), npuBapeHHoroK nr'racTr{He BTaBp Hr'rr BHaxJ'recTKy, ao,lxHa onpe,4eIqTbct pacqeToM x npuHrl_ MaTbCqHe MeHeeBer'IH[I}IH, yKaIIpsMecaHne. 4IIa erp crepx

r rHkc|a.

d-sor,I'flanhHufl 3aHHbtx B ra6,'r. l5_

A"lrHa

a rrxepoexr.tAJ,lfl oro-

tljiT BlraxrecrKy, orcqrrbr Baerce"" ", " ;I';t3i:r';;tlt XX; ljlli3l: -

I r o f o c T e p ) r ( H nn,p x B a p e H o f o B T a B p . O T n J ' t a c Ttrb t . Ecnr rpe6yeir,raa,{,rtua aurceponxr rre Moxer 6srrb allnonrreHa. T o r o n y c x a e r c s n p t H u u a r b a H K e p b rM e H b r u e jni r ' l l l l b r , r r o H e { e H e e l o a u c o o s 3 a r e , ' l b H b r yMc r p o i i c r B o M H a K o l r q a x y c a , r e l r a a .V c r , r e _ Hr.ieKoHuoB aurepoa rpe6yercs raK)Ke B c,,ryqae3aAerKx 3aK,laIHorl aeraJrrzB 3oHe rper{uHoo6pa:oaalprl. .{,ruua yct.leuuux aHrepoB onpeaerqercr B sroM c,'ryqae pacqeroM. Vca,resre Ha KoHue aHKepoB peKoMelrA)'erceBbt[o,'lHsru npunapr
xpyr"rofi u,ru rnaaparuoii. To;ru:,srrauari6br Ao,'r)KHa 6r,rrb He Menee 0,2 ee rxHpxHbrr.iJrrar{aMerpa r He Merree0,75 4uauerpa anxepa.Cropoua uraii6lr r,ru ee.{t-raMerp4o,rxulr 6url He Me]ree Tpex allaMerpoB aHKepa, a . - R,F, n,'roua,4b uarrobr ru 2 2Rn, (r4e F" - n,roula,ub ceqeH[t aHKepa,aRarRnp-coorpacqerHoe COI]pOBeTCTBeHHO TIrB,'reHI{e CTepX(Ht aHKepa }l npu3MeHHas npovuocrl 6eTOHar. [.na pacuetuux sax.na4paccToquHt Hbrx aeTane[ Mexay ocsMx aHKepoB, a TaKXe paccroqHHs or ocH aHr{epa ao rpaHr xe.neso6eTorrHoro 3,'relreHra (pnc. l0) no yc,'roBlrsMnpoqHocTlr c"'reayeT Ha3HaqarL He MeHeeBeTI-II{I-IH,

NPI'BEACHHbIX

rl

n-=r--.1

f-T-1: t | l ] n t i l t i lI

---d

I

lrirtrt.l --f-r*-

I

tl

Z r-?.----+

f h/

I

_2 l

il=H T

L__]_L

B

[f--+ d

t\l

2-2 d

a-f--------r-1

t--ki

r:F'

ra6,r. 16. Kpoue roro, paccTorrHrs Me)KJlyoctMI.I aHKe.poB, a raKxie paccToqHl.lfior ocll aHKepa,u,orpaHH n''Iacrl.lHbr rlo yc,'roBfiqM cBapKH He Ao,txubI 6r'ITb MeHee Be"llIqllH, npfiBereHHblx ua ptc. 9. Tln a,rerrpoaa a"'rfl pyqnoii :,rexrpo4YroBoiI cBaPKI.l npoKaTa 3aKJIa,43"'leMeHTOB Hr,IxAeTa,reii,a raKxe aHKeP' T a 6 , T s u a1 6 Paccrotfitrt MexAy ocqMt pacqeTI|!rx aFKepoB oaknaAH6rx,qerarefi

3-3 d

1i a irexay Pnc. 10. Pac.rocanl ant{epaMr nHx saKxaAxHx aeTanet

pactrer.

Ta6,rsua 17 pexoMeHAyeMhIe S,reKtpoAhr, AJrt AyroEofi snearpocDapx{3aKnaAH6rx Aeraretr Xapaxrepscrtra apMarypsoli crans aH(epa

A,I A-II ' d-

HovliHa-rlnbrt

l

Cr3; BCr3 BCr5; l8f2C l00fT l8f2C;35fC;25f2C

?-42 3-42A 3-46 3-50A 37

Hbrx crepxHeil K srr.iM 3J'reMeHTaM c,'reAyer HasHaqarb no ra6,r. l7 B 3aBrcl,tMocrr.r or MapoK crar''rr.r coorBercrByoqNx e,reueHroa. flpr.r 3roM A,,rs cBapKI] 3aKr'raAHoiiAera,'rlr r.t3craaeri pa3Hbrx MapoK rnII 3r''reKTporoB Bbt6fipaercr no MapKe cra,rt 6o,ree sucoroii npouHoctn. Jaxr'IaaHbte aeTa"{H, cocTotullle TorbKo lr3 JlLtcToBoro,copToBoro uJ'r u QacoHHofo npoxara 6es cneuuarr,Hbrx aHKepoB, KoHcTpynpylorcfl TaK xe, KaK H cBapHbre3aKr'laaHbre aerar'rn, rro aHKepaMH r.iM c,'lyxaT apMaTypHL,recTepxHrr x{e,'re3o6eToHHoro3neMeHTa, K KoropbrM orrr rrpHBapuBamrcr cloco6aM}l, yKa3aHHbrMr.r BLlII]e" 3axnaAsue reraJ'r , cocroqrqge rorbKo rs apuarypnoii cra,ru (sunycxr crepxueri), KoHcrpyupylorcfl a saAe.rHsarorcs s 6eroH raK )Ke, KaK aHKepa cBapHl,rx3aK!'raArrbrx Aera,nefi (ra6,r. l5). flpl neo6xolurrrocrr c"re,(yer [x ycrJrr]Barb. s 10. nPncnocoEJtEHIt aJIt oHKcAu14]t 3AKJtA.4Hbtx AETAJIER II APMATYPbI B NPOEKTHOM noJroxEHl.t 14 Bce yxragunaeubre B KoHcrpyKulllo apMarypHbre usAeJtrfl rr saI{naAHbreAera,'r}.rAoJ}xHbr, 6esycroBHo, HaxoAr.trbcqB npoeKTHo}r noroxeHrlr I le cMeularbcs rrp]r yK,'raAKe6erouHoti cuecu.

o!

.t-,

u*J

r/X

)t_-_J \,

nd \ \l_L_

\-Zsl

#ffi ,ffi

,ffi,,ru,

Pxc. ll. lpxcnoco6neHxr Ani {blt(caqsx ap arypE s sa(xaafiHx Aeranefi 2-raxnd4H.fl l-apMdrypdi 4-rracrMaccoBHt !er.rb: 3-onany6xa: 6rrxcarop; 5-rpo6 O H I ( c a r o p K r p x a c i 7 c r e p n e 6 : BonoqcHn Orr(czropi 8-O'{Kcarop 4nrr raKnaAHoli c p$66or H unnqen; ll-unrnhxai 12-lenoABrxHa{ AeranHt 9-perBoJ; /r-crepxeH6 1l- noABtr)l{s4rura[6q uail6a; la-{pyxrrra;

iE

it

I

Aln QuxcuposaHrrs apMarypbl (otaenr,Hux crepxneii, ceror, KapKacoB) B npoeKTHoM rroJto)KeHrll, a raKxe Arrr o6ecneqeHHs EopMarr.iBHoro3aIqITHoro c,rog 6erosa ueo6xonrmo nDHMeHsrb c n e u u a J t b H H ne p u c n o c o 6 .enu l t . Hat6o.lee n'pocrulr $lxcaropolr A,rg orAeJrbuhlx crepxneri g c e r o K n ' ' l H Tr B r ' l q e r c rn n a c r M a c c o s L r iS i uxcarop (ptc. ll,a.1. .II,,rr o6ecneuenHg6eronnoro sarrlnTHoro c,ros aDlrarvou 6alox 's;:a,rlHoi rJ KoJroHHpeKoMeHAyercr nphKperrJrqrb r crepxirrll nposonoroir Quryprsre nracrMaccoBr,reno,qcrasKu (puc. ll, 6). aJ'rr ooecreqeHl,tRnpoeKTHoro no,'roxeHHe cBaprrbrx I]pocTparrc T B e H H b tK x a p t { a c o BM o f y T r l p r M e H s T b c gn p u B a p [ B a e M b ] eK o H T a K T roqeqHoir cnap xoii V-o6pasnne npono,rovuue urIt,l,,rr,Kr.t lon ( p n c .I l , a ) . .(.rra QNxcaunn I npoeKTHoM noJro)I{eH}r BepxHnx ceroK Tor,ICTbIXTIJII,IT NPI'MCHflTbTIJIOCKHC CBAPHbIC KAPKACbI, PCKOMCHAYETCfl y c r a H o B , ' r e H H rn,or e4 s a 6 y x t o i i A ( p u c . l l , e ) . u , r t n p l n , r u r a x s n a . q[refl bHoI roJ'trr1uHbr KoHcrpyr.rpoBarbnpocrpaHcrreixlre apMarypHbreoJroKrr,cocroflrrlHex3 BepxHeriH sHxueri ceroK, Koropbre coeAr.tHenbl BeprnKaJ'rbHuul ll xpecroo6pa3HbrMl.tsreMeHTaMjl, o6ecneqtBaloIuI-tMllxecTKocTb. flpu apvapoaauau creH 4aoftuo,ii apMarypoii paccrosHle MelKAy ruyrpeHHeii u rrapyxuori cerroii pexolren1yerca $uxcupoearr ycraHoerofi BeprllKarbHbrx llJ'ru roplr3oHTatbHbrxrrJ'locKrrxcBapHbrx - r e c e H o x( p n c . l l , d ) . K ap K a c o B I l p t , q B y x p e a H o M a p M l t p o B a H H r( u a n p H r v e p6, a , , l o K ) H e o 6 x o a [ _ MOe paccTosHlreMelKAy pqaaMH apMaTypbr B flonepeqHoMceqeHxrt lxeJre3ooeroHHofo3reMerrra peKoMeHAyercso6ecneqHgarl nptrxBaTKol.i Me)KAy pqlaMx apMarypHbrx crepxHeri - roporuueil _ ua p a c c r o r H r r u2 - 3 n t o A J r l r H e3 J r e M e H r a( p u c . l l , e ) . IIpasu,rlHoe pacnoJroxeHue sar,'laan;x aerarefi co6,qroaaercq 3.a cqer Kpenr'reHuq t-rx K aJreMeHTaM ona,ry6ovnux Qopm (puc. I l, ,0, 3).

TJIABA III

KOHCTPYI,IPOBAHITE XEJIE3O6ETOHHbIXOJlEMEHTOB

s l. oyHAAmEHTbl L O6utne cBeAenr.tfl @yuaaveHraua Ha3btBarorcflrroa3eMHbreKoHcrpyKur4t.t, [peAHaSHaqeHHbIe,q,{q nepeaaqH Harpy3oK oT Br,rrrreJle)KaqI,Ix KoxcTpyKr,(Hr saaHr.rrt{,'r[ coopyxeHxs Ha fpyHToBoe ocloBaHrre. flprrueuanr QyHAauenru csaiiHHe u Ha ecrecrBeHllosl ocHoBasul. floc,reAHue 6usarcr Her.ny6oKorosa!'roxeHrrs,TaK KaK 3aKJraAbrBarorcq o6uquo ua pacqerHyro r,'ry6uuy npouep3aurlr rpyHTa B or ocfiTer'rbHoHef,ty6oKl-IxKorJIoBaHaxliJ'IIlrpaHuegx. Har6o,ree MaccoBoe nprrMeHeHueB npoMblxJreHHoMcrpoureJrbcrBe HaxoIflT orAe"'rbHbrecroJtoqaft,le QyHAaMeHTbrnoA Kor'roHr{br. B rarou Qyn.4anaeHrepa3Jrlqaor: o6pes - BepxHrororroBepxHocrb, orae"nercuryrc QyHAaMeHr or KoHcrpyKlI{u, 4,rr roropori oH cnyxrrr ollopot, l-,I floAolxBy - Hr.r]I{Hroro rroBepxHocTb,KoTopafl, KaK npaBr'r,'ro,6o"'rbue rroBepxHocrl no o6pesy t,t c,'lyx].rr Anr nepeAaqr.r H paBHoNreplofopaclpeAereHHq Harpy3Kll Ha ocHoBaHHe.PaccrosHte Me)KAy rio.qouBoli o6pegoM $yuAaueura cocraBJrrer ero Bbrcory.

2. Or.qearxuecror6.rarueSya4auenru NOT KOJIOHHH

B saaacfiMocrtl or KoucrpyKrlnfi r{ TIrna Ko,'toHHbror,(e,rbuble cror6qarr,reQyuAauenru noApa3Ae,'rqlorcrr Ha: S y n a a u e u r n c 6 o p x u x x e , r e s o 6 e r o u H nxxo . n o H(up u c . 1 2 , a , 6 ) ; xereso6eroxuHx ronouu (puc. 12,a); Qyuanreuru Mouo,qr'rrnbrx x ,roru (plc. 12,e). Q y u , l a u e s r uc r a " ' r b H bxr o flepe.ruc,rerrrueQyu,aauenru riMeror rtrlrTHy[oqacrr,, cocroq. uylo u3 oAHoii,AByx linu rpex crynegeir (peaxo 6o,rru-re)n npr.r - rroAKo,'rorrHlrK. cpaBrrI.ITeJIbHo r"ry6oronr3aJrolKeHrrH flrtrrHaq qacrb, KaK rrpaBl,'ro,Jrex(nrHa 6eroHHoftr]o,uoroBKe, Koropaq Ha3HaqaercrH3 6eroHa npoeKTHoiiMapKtl 50 ro,rurusoft 100 tttt u peKoMeH,{yercq Bo Bcex cJlyllatx IIe3aBI.tcnMo or rl{[a r p y H r a ( K p o M ec x a n l u o r o ) . f l o 4 c 6 o p u u t ' r r Q y u r a u e n r a u a r p u oTcyTcTBr.r[ ycTpar.rtsaTb rpyHToBblxBoa peKoMeHAyeTcr lecqaHyro 40

necKa, a nps no,[roroBKyro,'ru{sxoir70 nn ts cpeaHe3epHl.'lcroro Mo(pbrx rpyHrax - 6erouttyto noAroroBKy ro.ilurllnoil 100 nn us 6erona uapru 50, norepx xoropoil yx,raausanr c,'Ioficpeane3epHlrcroro necKa ronufiHoil 30 .t .ll. Ha cryrleHnnpl.lnllMaerctl Pag6usxan.;rurnoriqacrr QyHr,aMeHTa no ra6.rr.18. Ha3EaqarbKparPasuepu cryrIeHeIiB nr'IarIepeKoMeH,4yercfl b9eT I-tCnO.'I TI03BOJI nuun 300 l,ll. Bunonnesue3Toi1peKoMen.4aut-ltl 3OBaTb npI,

Bo3Be,[e-

nun uononarHr,tx QynaaMeHToB

I.IHBeHTap-

Hyro yHuQuurporauHyro o[a,'Iy6Ky, qro cnocoOcrByer III{AycTpr.{aJrr{3aur{}.1 cTporlTCII.CTBA,

yxasaHnoit flo KpaTHbrM fi npnqulre 300 - ir e rrr'raHepeKo50 50 Puc. 12, MonornrqBre 4yEna/ - c6opts.q xeieso6eroHHat K O I O H H S :2 - M O O n t T a 9 X e ie3o6erosnat KoronHa; , - nor o l r n r O y H r a M e s T a i4 - 0 6 p c a OyHnaMcIrJr 5 - cr.lr6Hoii 63ufi.R Ko.loEtN: 6-.Ht{cttsr r 6orrr 7 - 6croHtraq noaro'roB_ qacrr OYtrra: 8 -fr!(aHrrar 9 - no.qKoJrotrtrt(; 4a eHr.i qacrb 1A- nauriss oyrtta-

MeHMTcs

\

pVI.{poB a rL TaK)Ke noAKOJIOHIIHKI.I'oAIIaKo He AJIfl KOHCT

Hslx r crrr"'lbHblx. uae* *onoun, a r6,rsxo r,rn c6opuslxx ene.:o6eros xe''le3o6eroHHbIx MoHoJ'll-lrHblx 9ro xe xacaercq noaKo,'loHHI-rKoB I-IX pa3Mepbl Ha3Haqa]oTc[ no pa3MepaM ceqeHlltr Ko"loHIl KOJTOHH,TO

T a 6 " r n u a1 8 qacru (byaAaMenra a 't,i ua crynetlt Pag6uB(annnrHoi BHcora crytrerefi

t,

300 45C 600 750

I

h,

tu, 45 , )

I

t"

ll

oouraq

ll

,r3cr{

900 i050 1200 1500

n.nrcc50 .tr.nHa Ka>K^yto cropony. Ofpa:yrouNrlcl raKllM o6pa3oM no nep ['rerpy ycryrr c,'ryxur ,{JIr ycraHoBKrlona.ny6xt KoJroHHbr, t brcoTaff QyHAaMeHTa Ha3HaqaeTcs no pacqeTyH aoJrxr{a yaoB_ JlerBopqrbycJloBasM sarny6,teuuaQyu4auenra r.i3aAeJrKH KoJ,loHHbr I craKare (npu c6opuoii xononHe),ycroBtqM 3aAe,,rKri allKepHr,rx oorroB (npx cra,rbHofixo,roHue)riJrr{3aAeJrKH npo.u,onanorl apMaTypbrMoHoJrHTHoft xe,'rego6eroHnoii ro,ronsu. Tonuusa 3ar[xrHoro c,tos_6eroHaArr HuxHeii pa6oueriaplrarypLj noAorrrBbr MouoJrurHbrxqyHAaMegroB Ao,'rxrra6brrb He MeHeeSS nn _ ec,ru noA QyirnpeaycMorpeHa6eroHHaqnoAroroBKa,ecr',{ t{e rro KaAaMeHToM ruu-,ru6o nprqxHaM6eroHrtoiino,qforoBKxuer, ro gauuruufi c,roil ueo6xo4nvo yBerlrqaBarbr.to 70 tr.. ,[nll pa6oueii rIpoAo,,rbHoil

apMaTypbr noaKo"'roHHltKoB Tor'IlqttHa3aIIIHTHO|OCJ'IO9MOXeT nDr.tHl.lr{arbcflHe [4eHee30 nt. Apuarypy noAoruBbr Qyraar'leHra noKa3brBaror r{a pa3pe3e r.r flraHe, IIpIlqeM Ha n,rraHeAJrf 3Toro Kax 6bt BcKpbrBaercfloArrH rr3 yr"IoB n,ttrTHoriuacra SyuAauelra. ApMaTypa roaKoJroHH[Ka, ecJrr] OH apMapyeTcfl, noxa3hlBaeTc, Ha pa3pe3er B ero ceqeflflrx. Ha nraHe {yH.raueHra apMarypy T I O I K O J I O HH I ] K A H E N O K A 3 b I B A I O T .

Mapxrposra [o3r.rqlri orAe,'rbnlrx crepxHeii rroAoulBr,raaercfl c nonHor"tsHHocxori *, npnvem Ha pa3pe3e-c yKa3aHr{eMKor,ruqecTBa cTepx{Het, a Ha nJ'raHe-c yKa3aHI-ieMLIXlllata. EC,r[ noAOUrea apMrrpyeTcgrBaprrbrM[ ceTKa]lfu,To fix MapKr.lBr,rHocqTcgB pa3pc3e u B n,raHe. Ec,ru cerru fipr.rMeueHr,r ysKue r.{ yKnaAb]sarcrcrt c aaa cnoa, ueo6xoauuo oraeJrbHo rroKa3brBarb g Macura6e MapKr.rpoBo.{HoiicxeMbl rl'lalr cerox BepxHefo H Hl-rxHerocJlot. lJbrHocKHtuapoK apMarypltux ugAelufi llr'rll orAeJrbHbrxnosuquii rronKo,'roHHnKa BLrnoJ'rHqnrcnra( xe, KaK Arq KoroHH (cu. $ 2 uacroruleii r"racu). ApMarypa rroAolxBH cryneH'{arbrx eyrraauelrroa HasHaqaercfl pacqeroM, oAHaKo AuaMerp crepxHeil, Koropbre yK,'IaAbrBaK)rcrr BAo"'rbcropoHbr c pa3MepoM 3.ru u naeuee,4o,txen 6urr He rreHee l0 nn, a crep){leii, KoropHe yxJraabrBa}orcflB,4oJ'l b cropoHbr c pa3MeDOMOOI'[ee J t. - He MeItee 12 tut|. floAorrsu Qyn,r,aMeHros peKoMeHAyercn apMrrpoBarb cocraBH b r M c B a p H b r M lyt u u Q a q u p o s ar r H u i \nr c e r K a M u ,y , r o N e t H u n : a e 1 s a c J r o q B o B 3 a u M H of l e p n e H A r r x y J r r r p r rH oM a n p a 8 J r e n f i x( p u c . 1 3 , a , 6 ) . Crepxrru pa6oveit apuarypbr B KaxaoM cloe ao,rxHtr 6url ue.nt_ ur,rlrll. flonep_euubrecrep)r{Hu ceroK He crr,rr(yrorcrr. flpo!o,rltue crepxHa yHl.rQHqpoBafiHbrxceroK r{Meror l|t]ar o :200 nu. llonepeqHbrecrepxtllj Ha KoHrIax cerxfi (no ABa) flBr''rq]orcnaHKep br\{Il, u ax rrraMerp 4o,nxeu 6url paBeH noJroBI{HeAtaMerpa npolo,rr,i no,t{oii BbtHocKoiisa3r,rBaerctr B6rHocl{a, B toropofi, KpoMeHoMepano3fi_ uuH, )KalHBa|orcqltarrerp I K"raccapMaTypHoji cra,,tH,a TaKxe l(o,luqecrBour,rn rljar cTepxHei. llpfi MapkHpoBKe apMaTypbr co(pa!(eHHoi BbtHocKott yKa3brBaeTca lonbl{o HoMepno3uuuu.

+2

Hr,rx crepr{Heii. flpolrexyrouuue nonepeq}lblecrep}KHIIqBrtIorcF

rlo ycJ'loBHgMcBapKH, Ho MOHTaXHbTMU L MOfyT yCTaHaBJI]-lBaTbcs tx AuaMerpbr qenecoo6pas o nplrHqrb oa[HaKoBblML c aHKepI]bIMlt crep)KHrMrr.fllar a uosra;xtlblx crepxHei 3aBrcur or aJIuHbIcerKI.I or 600,u.u (.q,rs ceroK a,'ILIHoii 1450 " "ire*"etc" ) No 1330 i4it (A"rr cerox ar'vlofi 7150 .tt.tt). Koucrpyruna yHIIS[{apoBaHHoii cerKlr noKa3alra Ha or.rc.13.s.

25 25 tA0

13. ApnBposasx€ norouBhr OyHAa €sra ynnorqxpoBaExb|Mn cBapnuMt cer{aMtI ! r 6 oque , c r e p x s r ; ? - a H K e p n b r €r t M o H r a x t r H e c r e p t { r r u K .pMrHa Aeranfl A 3 c(oOKax Aar pa3Mep, ornocturuacf, poBaErir,o rroAourE, !MeIonrrx pa3Mep, &parn$n 200 tt. Prc.

ceroKr Koropoe MoxHo yJloxllrh B 9uc.ro yurQaqapoBaHHbtx noAo[Be QyHaaueuranpu pasMepaxcropoHblor 1500ao 7200 nu ( u e p e s3 0 0 , u . 1 2n) ,p n a e a e u o e ra6r. 19. E c , r r n o r a x u v - r a 6 o [ p [ q I r H a M ( u a n p a u e p ,B c r y q a q x , n p e ra6n. 2) noaouBa QyHAaMeHrosapMlrpyercs orAycMorpeHHbtx To [Ix cJIe,[yeTpacnpeaeJltTbpaBHoMepHo LeIbHbrMscrep)I(HqMri,

BO B3aUMHOnepneHAIIKyrqpHbIx HanpaBreHIIqx I-l yKJlaablBarb c IxaroM 200 .Mfi. Bce repeceqeHfit crepxueli ,1or)KHbl 6blrb nepeBq3aHbl, a lepeceqeHrq gryx xpafiHux crepxHeft c Kaxaoii cropoHr,r- cBapeHbLCrepNHt.t KaxAoro HanpaBneHuq .[oJI)l{HbIaMerb ilAuuaxosyro, KparHyro 50 nn, y,ttuuy ll lle3aBlcl'tMo or npoSu"ra x rJaaKI,Ie crep"crepxlleii Moryr 3aKaHqllBarscq 6es KpIoKoB. E-c,q 3aKaHrrHBaloTcsKploKaMIl, cBapKy KpaIIHIix nepeceqeHl'lI't xllu MOlKrroHe np eAycMaTpIlBaTr,. 43

Ta6,rrqa 19 PacxaaAxa yHronqripoBaHsbrx apMatypHlrx ceroK B rroAor!Be oraeJtbtloto crondqaroro OyHAaMe ra

Pack,aA{a cerokoaroM c,oe 't^8 t8r,xfl,i)

1500 r800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600 3900 4240 4500

1450 1750 2050 2350 2ti50 2950 3250 3550 3850 4151 4450

l x 1450 450 I X 1650 650 1050 050

2 X t 050

r x1450 450.+ .

I X t 650 650+ 2 X | 650.+ 2X 1650 650 .+ 2X 1050 050 2X 1050 050.+ I X 1050 050.+

l x t 050 l) l x l 050 l) l x l 450 l> 1450 14 l x t 650 l> l x l 450 l>

PacxnanKa ceroe B oAdoM c.roe t'XA

;6;"; l l ;-d";;; ll ll i:r,a

4800 5r00 5400 5700

4750 5050 5350 5650

6000 6300 6600 6900 72c0

5950 6250 6550 6850 7150

3X 1450 2 X 1 6 5+0 l X 1 4 5 0 3Xr650 lxr650+ lx r450 + + 2X r0s0 2X 1650 + 2X 1050 4X r450 l x 1 6 5 0+ 3 X l 4 5 o 3X 1650 + I X 1450 4X 1650

+t-t1xX 1 6 5 0

IIprMecaHs€. Paccrorure Mex,4y ocrMt KpatrHqx npoAo.lbnux crcltKrrcfi cMcxorbrx cerox op{rrqro 200 .r.r. 3a Hcknloqer!,teM ceror, y(naAdBaeMdx B noAorBy pa3Mepo! !100 in

Ec,rr no pacqery B noAt
Bco apuarypy noaKoJroHHIiKapeKoMeHAyerca o6reluHrrl e rrpocrpaHcrBeHHblfiKapKac, rlpllqeM npr.r ab]core KapKaca 6onee2n cTepxHrMrr efo xecTKocTb c"'IeayeT yclrnI.rTb KocbIMn cBq3eBbIMr.r Ar.raMerpoMHe MeHee 12 nn. lloaxonoHHllKu, HMero Itle 6o,'lbuoe nonepeqHoe ceqeHre, Hanpr.rMep 2400 x 3600 nn, 3000 x 4200 r,r, rro Bepl-l T, rI., CJreAyeTapMl.IpoBatbcocraBHblMI.i,pacqJreHeHHbrMr.i TrrKa,'rR,a [pr.r BbrcoTerro.[,KotoHHgKa6onee 6 r - u no fopH3or{apMarypHbrMH6uror
F.

I A. Oyu,qauerru c6opttux xo.noun.6yua,al'teHrsIc6opuux xoqacTblo,B KoTopylo co cTaKaHHox JroHHpeKoMe,rayerctBbI[oJIHflTb y c r a H a B , ' r n B a e r oc ,sr o r r H a( p r c . 1 2 , a , 6 ) . O r u e r r a o 6 p e 3 aQ y H A a I

453

1 6 5 , 6t

Prc. 14. npnMep apMqpoBarur

npynnoro OyEraMeflr! apMarypsFMn 6ro(aM, A6-1, AB-2, A6-3, AE-4 npocrpasclBell He apMaryprbre 6noxl{; C - 1 . C - 2 - c B a p H H e a p i r a , y p r d e c e r K l r r r o ? r o r r D B rC: ' 3 , C - 4 - c e r l ( t KocBesqoro apMtpoBarrrr; P-1, P-2-aE(epBHe 6onrN

ueuron c6opnux xo,lonn o6HqHo Ha3Haqaercn Ha 150 ,.r,ll Hlix{e plrxroBKn orMerKli rroJraqexa. f,ry6uua craKaga a,'Ifl Bo3Mo)I(Hocrr.r KoJroHHbr Ha3Haqaercq Ha 50 .nn 6olrnre ge.nHquxbl3alleJrKHKoIoltHbt. BenuqtiHa 3aAe,lKn KoJloHHr,r olpeAeJrgeTc' pacrleToM. 1ID

Oasaxo osa ao,rxrra 6urs He MeHee 6o,rlrrreii cropoHbr ceqeHuq KoJroHHblfi yAoBr'rerBoprlTb rpe6oBaHr.ito3aAe,lKs ee pa6oqeii apMarypn. flpr orcyrcrBuu KoHcrpyKrlrBHbrxMepoflp[srnri, yJyr]uarcqxx aHKepoBKy3Tor apMaTypb],BeJruquHaee 3aAer'lKriAor'rxrra npnH I I Ma r b c s n o r a 6 , r . 2 0 . Ta6rsra 20 MrdrManhHacrny6uEa3arenl(tlpa6oqei apMalypbrc6opHofit(onoHHbl B crar{aHe 4yHqaMeHTa fry6tr a 3aAenxtr paooqeft apMarypd npfi flpoeKrHon MapKe oeroHa l{o"anrr ,00

A-II

nptltoyronbHofo qeltIlrr

ce-

AByXIreTBeBarr nprMoyro"lbIIofo qeHuq

ce-

1

l0l!

Briue

25d

20d

30d

25d

30d

25d

35d

30d

A aByxBeTBeBaq d-

BaHoonbuHi roHnHar6Hdll auaMerp pa6o,jeti apMarypH KononHbr.

B cnyvae BblnoJrHeHHqonpeAeJreHHbrxKoHcrpyKTrrBHbrxMeponpr.lsrfit no yryquegtrn aHKepoBKIlpa6oqeil apMarypr,t Ko,'tor rbr, HanpfMep rrprrBapKacrrerlaar'rbHbrx aHKepHbrxcrepx{Heii vn ::r:ai6, AonycKaercs rny6nny ea4e.nxNyMeHbuarb, Ho Bce xe oHa AoJr)KHa 6urr ue neuee l5 qtauerpoa crepxHs npoAoJrbHoripa6oqeii apMa. ryp br. flpx no46ope crepxuerl npoAo,rlHoti pa6oueir apuarypu xoJIOHIIH nO AeHCTByTOUeMy COpTaMeHTyAUaMeTp CTepXHt qaCTO np[xoafircq 6parr 6olluulr, qeM oH Mor 6s 6urt npxHqr no pacuery. B erol't cly'rae rny6uHy 3aAeJ'IKr.r rarlxe Moxno yMelblrrr.rrb (Ho He MeHee qeM Ao l5 A[aMerpoB rrprrHrroro crepxul) ua oTHoueHr.repacqerHoii nrolllaAn creplKl{t K n,'loua^qH(DaKTHqecKjr y c r a H o B n e H H o r c- or e p x ( r r r , T . e . n p H H s r b B e r I - l q H H3ya , 4 e J r Kp] la B H o i i FaplalFa6 (saecs F"o- pacueruar nr'rouraAbcrepxHeii, Fuolnrorrbrx crepxHeli). uaAb QaKrfiqecKu ycra HoBJTeH EcrecrseHuo, ecJrH B ceqeHnrJycraHoBJrenbrpa6ovue crepxuH pa3HbrxaHaMeTpoB,To 3aaeJrKaKOJIOHHbT nHMlrTlpyeTcr cTepxHeM 60,rbuero aHaMerpa. I OJ qIIHy AHa CTaKaHaQyHAaMeHTaC"'reayeTHa3HaqaTbHe Meuee 200 nn, To.nurua creHoK craKaHa onpeAe,lflercq pacqeroM, Ho ueslue 200 .titt rolrl\vly creHor He c.reayer rlp].tHIiMarb, Berer.r AsyxsereeBbrx KoJ'roHHycrauae,r unarcrcq s o6u{firi craxau. flpa paccroruHx Me)r(Ay HapyxrrbrMu rpaHqMrl BerBe 2,4 tl 46

lr 6o,ree craKalbl, a npH Bo3MoxHocrI.I rt QyHAaMeHTbIMoxHo ycrpanBarb AJIS Ka)KAoii BerB[ pa3AenbHo. Pa:uepu craKaHa B rIJIaHe3aBllcsr or pa3MepoB aonepeqHoro Heo6xoaaune pa3Mepbr3a3opoB Mexay fpaHqMll ceqeHuflKoJroHHbr, K o " ' r o H HH b rc r a f i a H a n o K a 3 a H b uI a p u c . 1 2 , a , 6 flpu npoerrupoeauuu $yn4auerroa c6opnslx KoJ'IoHHcJ'Ieayer crperifirbc; Hcno.nlgogars AeftcrByIouue cepI'IurxrIoBbIX'Ieprexeft, [p MeHlTr' TunoBble QyHAaMesTbl- KoHa np{ HeBo3Mo)
47

Mecre ee 3aneJrKtt.Bunycxl, KaK [paBrrJro,AoBo;lqrcs Ao rroAorxBr,r QyHAaMeHTar B npeAeJrax Bbtcorbr rroAKoJroHH[KaoxBarbrBa]orct flonepeqHbrM| cTepxHqMr.iIlJrH xoMyTaMH no npaB4raM apM]rpoBaHltg KoJroHH.B npe4e,rax n.nlrsoti qacru rpynaalleura [poAorbuag

0-d

I

t

b',

3

---

t"5

,.,ffi]*" l.aU

PBc. 16. ApMBposasne cryneEqarEx OyH^areriroB a-OyH.rveHr .60rroft x(enero6eroxHott konoHId: 6-6\'Hr!Nnqr ]{u"on,,rpofi a.,re306elo,rjofi xor"sru, a _ rlvs,,ijuerr cr.nbflorr r{ororHbr; r - IIpoaonbfiar apxrrypa nollKororc!fiai 2-cBapHble cerxtr apMupoBaHrr cr.r{.Hri r,noflepet{aar .DMa_ ryp. no!konorHnkai 4-cBaptsEre cerK nololrnar: 5_ cBs3eBLre crepxx{ nl)ocrp.ucrBeHHoro xatK.c.i 6_!HKeprrbre 60rrd

apMaTypa slo;r{eToxBaTbrBaTbcg xo}lyTaMIr }rn[ rronepeqHbrMti cTep_ )KHSMHToJ'rbKo B AByx ypoBrrrx - sa 100 lt.tt us>Keaepxa cryleuefr II Ha,l CeTKaMI rl Or'tO[rB bI. Brrnl,cxt crepxuefi us QynAaN{etrroe Ann ycrpoficrna uax,recror{rrbrx crbrKoB (6e3 cBapKa) c npoAo,rluoii apvarypoil xo,ronH B b r n o r H f l l o r c r , x a K n p a B l n o , H a p a 3 H r , r xy p o n n r x ( a p a s 6 e N x y ) . !lr.rcJroypoBtrei He peKot\reH4yeTcqHa3llaqarb 6o,rsue .qeyx npu crepxHrx repHogfir{ecKoro npoQuJfl I 6ontne rpex [pu r,,raAK]tx crep)Krr9x, Bunycxu 6o,rlruefi AJrrHbr n 6o,rsurerb AnaMerpa pac[or'rara]oT B yulax llonepe'tfloro ceqeHIirInoAKor''roHHI]r(a.

40

flpn ycrpoficrBe 3Trx crbrKoB creAyer gnl o6ecnevenua _ ropllaTI.'BHoro3aulrrHoro cJ'tos npoAo,,rbHofiaprrarypbr noAKoJrolIHrKar.t K o J ' l o l { H bBl e p x e x o r r r l s r g U n ) C x o B o r i u 6 a i i aHVrps 6erol|uoro c e q e H x s ( R l i c . 1 5 . 6 ) , n p H q e Mo i r r 6 a o , r x e s u o , n o r i n i i o . " ' . y*ro_ HoMI :6 nepenycKa crepxlei, crblKyeMblx BHatr,recrKv. u 3a_ _-Inrnu aerKa BbrrrycKaeMuxcrepxrreri o Syn4aueHre (ec,rr onr'He 4oeo_ ,llsrc8 Ao no,loureH) ,Io,rrxsu 6url He MeHee ei,lljqHu, yKa3aH blx Ans_pacrr Hyrl,lx crepxueri s ra6n. T. crepxueti {: QyIraaMeHros .q''ta ycrporicrna cBapHbrx ^-- -Y:llytl" a npo.u,oJrbHoii apuarypofi Ko/,toHHc noitoutro BaHlro[ no9:-o,Iou JlyaBroMaTllqecKoiicBapK[_[oA $,rncoir.r nuno,rlrqbTce, KaK [pao, oAHoM ypoBHe. flpt erolr A,,ltiHa Bbrnycxa, paccroqHrie lrl_ol B cBery Mexa-v,BbrnycKaeMbrMn. crepxHrrMH, a rarxe saiop ,.x4y crblKyeMhrx crepxtrei oysAalrerrra I KoJroHHr,r :9ryraMn Ao,,lxHbr nprHrinarbcr no $ 3 r,raau Il LrbrKr.rapMarypbr rlroHorlrrbrx (oJronu c BbrrrycKaMr.r H3 QyHAaycrpar.rBarb Bbrrle eepia 0yHraMeHrHHx I^u:19.u _pu:9""u,{yercfl

npr orcyrcrBn Syuaauenrtux 6a,rox-'nsrue yponHr 31i?*;3 no,qa.llpn 3HaqlTe,'rbHoM 3arry6,,reHHrjSyH4alreuroo It Bblcore rro.{-

xoJrorHnKa6o,ree 3-5 z qe,recoo6pasHoycrpoficroo "ropoio aror*u H a y p o B g en e p x a n , r r r n o r i q a c r [ OyHIaMeHr;. B.
craJ'rbHr,rx il:]il:_i-y aHKeDJibrx-xoucrpyrqrrl (puc. 12,e). flnt Haae)KHoii errKcaultt-t 6o,rron s npoeKTHorr noJlor(eHrH rra tspeMg 6eroxtposalHa Syu4alreura ,rx Kperrsr K crreqla,,rbHbrM KoHAyKTo-

.i"l:l:'_" rl:y. n, n Ipyrrv.

r cBoK' Kperrflrc,x ona,ry6xeSyxaanesra -oqeperrb IrpH ooJtblltoM rtLicr're

a H K e p l b l x 6 0 ", 1r rT"0"8* ( 6 o f l e e l 0 u r . ) a o a r r o uS y x : a n r e u r er 6 o n u u J n o i , u " i r p a oorrou (56 ,u,u u 6o.nee)nr:or4a ue,recoo6pa3r{o . no6-;;.u;;;n;;";* Morqbo cneu[aJrr,usrx 6a,rox u3 craJrbHoroipo$rinsnoro npoKara, KoropbleycraHaB,'r uBarorcq B npe,qe,,rax no,qKoJ,rouHXKa. B, yr,rax IOAKOJ'rOrrH[KaB 3TOM CJ'lVqae npe,4ycMaTpHBaeTCfl )KecrKaR

apMarypa, o6uuuo.B Brlaeyro;KoB.flplllep rixoro uoxa_ $yuaauesra srbro "no.o6i $"n*u"" ur"::: 1l q"" 14.I_{enecoo6pasHocis

CTO NPIMCHCHHfl }IHBEITAPHbIX KOHIYI(TOPOB AOJI}KHA NO.[TBEP}]{Iarbcq crteqtta,'IbHlIM Texrr]{Ko-gKoHoIr,ra.rec*llInt pacqeroM,

Hopua,rrxan 3aaerKa aHXeprroro 6o,rra i-qru"ou"",,r. aan"1 n _ o 3 B o r ' r fBl eh r c o r ar o c r e a r r e r o .f l l H H u \ r a e r c R /:'35d (runsr i ii I II.ra6,r.2l). IIpt tleAocrarouloii I,rs lopl,ra,rtuoti aanenxl axxepuux 6on_ ToB Bbrcore0ynAauenra Iollyc_Kaerctnp]J kMarb Mr lfiMaJ,rbHyto 3 a n e J r Kayl k e p l r o r o6 o , r r a ( r u n I I l , r a 6 t . 2 2 ) . tc.,ru aHXeprrbte 6o,rru runos II_r,rt III pacnoJrox(eurrr .rpyr_ naMli c paccrorHHeNr Me)KltvocrrMr,6L-rrroB, uenluelr lJ,rrrpaBrroM c (cn. ra6n. 2l u 22), /xJrrHHx cJreAyerflpeAycMarpnBarb oo!_fylo onop yrc rl,'rrrry.

19

Ta6,,rrrua rlo cralu BCt3 AaEHhre anc KolcrpynpoBallut al|l.epIIHx 6onroB c HopMarbHofi 3aAenKoi a alyaAaueHl Ir3 6ero{a Mapofi100-150

-6_"];rlI .T"TE_-_] | -Ir=T I

J--r-_t

4t----1-l nk -t

I

i--iil 'qD -rl I

I|

I

F;-.iH*l

-t --'lti+

|

r =_ s-LL:J l ltth,"=a

tutlJ

tun Il

OropHat

20 22 24 28 30 36 42 48

20 22 24 27 30 36 42 48

80

72 80

ai)

t5c

90

90

16,93 18,93 60 70. 80 25,7| 85 3l,09 100 36,48 0 4l,86 130 49,25 150 56,64 170 64,64 180 72,64 210 77,64 210 82,64 220

tIpuMeqaBte.

I-

70 80 90 100 l t0 120 130 160 180 200 210 230 240 250

700 850+ 800 950+ 850 l05o+ 1000 1200 + 1050 1250 + 1300 1 5 5+0 1500 l 6 l 0+ 1700 1830 + 2000 2 1 5 + 0 2300 2470+ 2600 2780 + 2800 3 0 r 0 + 3000 3 2 1 + 0 3200 3420+

,3a 140 t70 200 220 240 260 270

G l6 t7

l8 20 20 20 20

0,093 0,028 0 , 1 3 50,038 _ 0 , 1 4 10,036 0 , 1 8 20,057 0 , 2 9 10,063 0,495 0 , 1l 5 ztt 0 , 8 1 40 , 1 6 2 2,47 r,294 0,27| 4,09 r,982 0,398 5,66 2,9600,633 7,60 4,2t0 0 , 8 1 9 9,08 5,778 |,220 10,64 6,93r t,343 | | ,47 8,228 t,776

flosaaaqx'o

cra,'IeiriBerllflpl npuueneuaa 6o,rros lts HLI3KonerrpoBaHHbIx qriHy rrx HopMaJrbHoii3aAeJ'rKr..r cJ'Ieayer yBe,luqlIBarb Ha Ko]OQfiqreur lu : R,l R,, r,u,e R; fi Ru - pacverloe coIrporl,IBJIeHIIe craJ'rrr,coorBercrBeHHoall3xo"rerapoBasHotlI Cr. 3. Ec.nn npn HopMaJIbHofi3a,qeJlKe6oJIToBor Ilx II[3a ao noaotrIBbI Qyuaalreura ocraerct eqe paccroqHHe B npeAeJIax Lll, ro 6o,rru rnoraa ue,recoo6pa3uo AoBecrll ao noaolllBbl QyHAaMeHTa- npl ycnoBHr.i,o,4HaKO,qro 3TO He nporlrBopeqn'f yHtlQuKaIINl 6o;irotl AJIA ps,na QyuAaueuroa L He BJIeqer 6o,'lblxoro flepepacxoAa MeTaJL'la. I{ ero ceqeHfieycraHaBrtBa}orcq Oruerxa Bepxa noaKoJIoHHI{Ka OT pa3MepOB6aIImara A npuHsToro B npoeK're cno' B 3aBlCr.rMOCTrr co6a on panr.rqnocJreAueroHa {yHAaMeHT. Paeueplt no.[KoJIoHHI.{Ka

F

3=35BsAEqq gss{qFisBs

E

lRRNH.?!EE3 gN$T!FEEF3 ____c,1ct1r)

€Ei

:

x \.( ,/i\

a l

3.

SRRRRRREEg

g E

€,;

EssEEFRRRR R8RKK339E9

i^m"T F-

9 o

S _R- _R_ _g- c?\ cF\ c9. l R P -

!ss:' 388.

t

FFFF
++++++++++

HF;$ER€:FE

HEFFE9ESEE :o"l

5!E*

e393R8e893

s3e33R3s9R 4 - _ _ < _ C \ C \ C \

I 9o

F3$3s$F$Fs

!

8g$s€3fl3€8 E!:ir

33$9H3R388' ol

R nJlalleAo,'lxrbr6brrb MxHHMyM Ha 50 ,t.lt 6o,rtue s Ka)K.rlyto cropouyor 6aruuaxa. IIpn xorcrpyrposaHHa QyaranreHToBcra,rbilbrxKo,'roHHpeKoNrerJlyercfl npeAycMarpxBarl6eseunepouur,rit Nosran xo,ronn. ()rripaHue craJrblrblxxolcrpyxunrl Ha Syl,laMeirrbr Mox(er a 3TO[1Cryqae nptlHxMaTbcrno ojlr]oMyH3 IIpuBeaeHribrx ri]txe ctlo-

€s 5 :

FS

ll

6) I

l---!-<-/|-

--1

s 1i ---' ,-;-;-, -- -- i', l1' "#" $ ,, '' S Blrt i ,tlX , ', qya,JoueunF

3 l-1

I Pxc. 16. On&parre

cranbHHx xoxcrpyxqrft 6eroHHHe Oyl|,[aMedrll / - xere3ooerorlts!,rii OyqAaMetrr; ,- cran6solt OauM.K KonoHIU; 60nrd: 4-BbrB€po'{!!e 6onru; 5-BhrBepeHHUe ,-auKepsHe 3axpennesnNe uall6br; 6 - BErBetesrHe 6an(!

x Mera,'rJro" co6oB (pfic. l6), xoropufi 3aAaercqnpoeKrr.rpoBnruKaM rorcTpyKLIIIl'l. r yul O n n p a r n e 6 a r u u a x aH e n o c p e a c r B e HnHao n o a e p x H o c rQ aaMeura. B arou c,ryvae orMerKa Bepxa Qyu4alteura go.lrxxa coBI]laaarbc orMerKoii l]oaorxBbr6aruvara, Koropblir ycTaHaBr'rr{pacreopol,l.Bepx rroaJrhBKa saercq 6es noc"reaypu:,eir {eMeHTHbrM groM perkoii 6url rrqareJrbHo nuponHeu npE aonxeH Qyu4ameura B qepre,fiaxuapru KX, fi 3arepr, o qeM c,'reayeryKa3brBarb r eb, I B e p e H 2 . O n u p a r r n e6 a r u l r a x ar r a 3 a p a l l e ey c r a r o B J l e l r H b B Hbte L rIoAJIlrTble qeMeHTHbIM pacTBop0M cTa"'IbHbleoropHble rlr''II.ITbl,

?

I ,

i

i !.

Orverra sepxa $yu4ameura npfi 3roM cnoco6e onupaxuq 3aAaercq Ha 70 ri,* HHxe rroAolxBbrn,laru (ptc. 16, a). 3 . O n u p a H u e 6 a u l r a r a H a 3 a p a H e eB b r B e p e H H Hnea i i 6 n c r r a p HbIMr.{rariKaMll Ha anKepHbrx6o,rrax (puc. 16, 6). Orrnrerra eepxa QyxAauegra 3Aecb Ha3Haqaercq na 100 ,utt Hv>KenDoemHoi oruerxN onopHoii rrr'rocKocrli 6aurvara. Ueverrrrrsrii pacraop uoa 6aurMax noA,rllsaercr nocJre ycraHoBKrrKorroHHbr. 4. Onupauue 6auyaxa Ha 3apaHee yr'to)KeHHrjeB Qyu,qan.lenr I..IBHBepeHHbre onopHrrrecrarbHbre 6a.nru, nanpnnep,,(ByraBpoBofo ce.relrnfl (plrc, l6,a). Koucrpyxurzr H Ko,'rsqecrBo6a,rox salanrcR KoHcrpyKTopaMHMeraJr,'raqecKHxro,rogs. Oruetry nepxa 6a.ror ycraHaBr'I.iBarorHa orMerKe oIIoDHoii n"'rocKocrr,6auuara. a orMerKy Bepxa QyHAaMeura -wa 76 irl uA>Ke.Ba,rxu, s 3aBl.rcrrMocrn or r{x MecronoJ'loxeHlrr, 3aKpeflrqtor K aHKepHbru 6o,rralr H,rt x KoHAyKTopy(ua pucyuxe [oKa3aHo saKperr,rreHte6a,rxn r 6onrau). _ Paccrossue 1o ,ro6ori tpaH[ noAKoroHHr{Kaor ocr aHKepHoro 6orra AHaMerpoN{48,u,u r uesee Aon)KHo6brrr, se lrerrlue l50z,u, a npfx 6o,'rb rux AuaMerpax - He MeHee200 u,tt. Ecnx Bbrcora rroaKo,'lolrHrJXa Mer{bue HJ'lnpaBHa rroJryropHoriero urrprrHe, a aHKep_ HHe OO.1Tbl AOBeAeHbt IOAKO,'rOHfir.tK AO nOAOIXBbT, NlO}KlrO He apMHooBaTb. tlhlCOKfi e L pa3BI-{Tbte [O/]KOJ'IOHHHKU CTar'IbHbIX Kor''tOHH IIeJIeCOo6pasuo roucrpytrpoBarb aByxBerBeBbrMH. ECJrHnO paCqeTy fia cMqTte floa onopHbrMr.tqacTqMl| cTaJ,rbHbrx x o , r o s u s e o 6 x o j l N t l t oK o c B e H H o e apvapoeaHre, ro s sepxueii:oue QyuaaueHra cJreayer npe.qycMarp[Barb cBapHbrecerxr ris o6Hrxooeuuoft aplrarypHofi npoao,roxr ArraMerpoM 3-5 nn rjr',rt,l H3 apMaTypHbrx crepxHeii nep[oAnqec(oro npoQr.ln ArlaMerpoM 6-8 nn c KBaaparroii s,{eftxofi l00N 100 .u,u (npu lrerrlurux pa3Mepax nvefiru uoryr B03Hr.rKHyrbrpy!.HocrH c 6iroHr.rposaulernrqrynaaMer{ra, a npu 6orr,ut-lx pa3Mepax sqefrxu cHHxaercr a$sexruoHOCTbCeTOK). CerrH rocgeuHoto apMltpoBaHtrr ycraHaBJrtBarorcq B Kor,llqecrBe He MeHee4 mr., a uar ux rro Bbrcore HasHaqaercs 50-_100 n.u, nplqeM BepxHsg ceTKa cTaBr.lTCg Ha paccToqHru 3arrlnTHoro cJlofl.

L t ti

s 2. KOJTOHHbI l. O6ul,te cBelteull, I(o,rouualtu l.na croiiraurz HasbrBarorcq BeprHKarbHbre sr'teMeHTbr 3AaHr.tr nJrn coopyxeHIlr, noABepxeHHbre cxarln. Ko,'IoHItbl Moryr 6url g.nelteuraul'l oAHo3Ta)I{HofoLlr,ILtMHoro3TaxHofo Kapxaca sAaHfis. flo cnoco6y sosneAeHlrfl pa3,'lfiqarc.r KoJtoHHbt c6opHbre r.r MoHoJrrrrnbre.Oopnra nonepeunofo ceqeHtifl cn,torxHblx KoJ'loHH Moxer 6Hts rsaAparuafl, nprMoyroJrbHarr, Kpyrnar, MlrorofpafiHarrA , B y r a B p o B a eI 4 p . I ( a a 4 p a r u a r @opua flonepeqHoro ceqeHI9 peKoMeHAyeTcs,KaK npaBlrr'Io,a,!r KoJroHH,

53

"llcuJIa npuJio)Kellaco cryqaiiHblM SKCUeHTpH' B (OTOpbrxnpo/'(oJrbHag c[TeroM, a npqMoyro,lbHag- npu 6o,rsulx 3KcueHTpncHTeraxnpI-IJroxeHxr fl po-!.o,rbHoiicr,rsr. HaH6o,rluree pacfipocrpaHeHueB Macconou crporre.nrcTBe noJ'IyquJIucfl./IotllHbleKBaaparHIie I{ nptMoa raKxe aByxBerBeBble. yfo.[bHbreKoJrorrHbl, IIo xaparrepy apMIrpoBaHIlflKoJIoHHbIpa3Jluqalor: a) c npoao,rrnori r o6uxuonettsoii flonepeqHoli apMarypox; 6) c npoaonuorl u cnlpa,rruoir apuarypoii; - c cepaeqHuKoMfi3 qyryrlHofo s) xou6nHrposaHHbte Kor'IoHHbI t,rr craJrbHoro flapa (B BIIAe rlo.lroro Ilra crIJroIUHofolrur'IltHApa fi,'rlr apyforo npoo[J1g - TaK Ha3L,IBaeMagXeCTKaq apMaTypa), 3aK,rroqeHHoroB 6eroH, apuupoaaulslit fipoaorblloil H lonepeqHofi ( c n u p a , ' r s H o i r , { , ' I0h6 b t q H o i l )a p Ma r y p o i i . 9allle scero Ko,roHllbI MaccoBofo npoMbIrx,'leHItorocrpolrreJlbcTBa apM}rpylorcn npo.a,o,rsuoiiH o6sIKHoseHHolinonepeqHoii aP-

Marypot. KoJIoHHpeKoMelayeTcrr Ce,reunnc6opaux H MolIo,'II.ITHbIx 3 H a q a r bn o r a 6 . 2 3 .

Ha-

Ta6,ruqa 23 r(o,toHHB ,!'i

CoDTaMeHT ceqefitfi c6opubrx ll

BHcora ceqeufir ft

300

200 250 300 400 500 600 ,[anee xparHo 200 O6 o3 saqeHlrt:

400

ll

a

a

500

IT ll

tr

a

60!

800

1000

l:00

.800

TI

rl ll

a tr a

o a a

o a

a

a n t / t B v x B e T B e B HKx o n o H E ; lI-rorrro 'ltnoBot orany6xl{ E - toroxo -Arq scex ocra.{r}Hblx KonoHH' a

T a6tsua 24 MrlnrManbaas rontrlnlra Saqnlfioro cnor 6eroHa ant apMatypll (o"'IoHtl B ,.,| ,4nr npoAonLHoil apMaryp6' lraMeTDoir d

.Xapaxrepucrr(a Ko,roHtr

C60pHbre Ro,loHHbtfi3 6eroHa MaPr
C6opHl,re KonoHHHn3 6eroHa MaPKr 6o,ree 200

64

d-5

t5

flpu ueo6xoauruocrnnpuMeHeulrqKor'roHH c sr,rcoroiinonepevHoro ceqeH[q 6o.nee I r qe,tecoo6paBHo, ecJrn gro onpaBAaHo pacr{eToM, rro[epeqHoeceqeHreKoHcTpytlpoBaTb AByxBeTBeBr,rM. MHHfiMa.nrHaq roJrrrlttHa3ar{[ITHotoc,loa 6eroua AJrs apMa. Typbl KonoHH,Haxo.4qur.ixcsB 06brqHbrxycJroBflflx3KCn,'ryararllltr (orcyrcrsae arpeccnBHbrxa r. n. aosleficrruli), go,rxna npurrrpa6oqux crepxuefi n Marbcfl rro ra6lr. 24. Topuu npo,u,o.nrHbrx c6opHux Ko,'roHHaxao,'rlr(HbruMerb sarqlrrurrrl c.norl ue lresee sar{urHHil c,'roii Hel0nn. tlpu oco6ux yc,rorrrx 3KcrrJryaraqnn o6xoAulroHa3Haqarbc yqeroMcoorBercrByroq[xHopMarnBHbtx AoKyMeHTOB.

2. Apunponanxexoloux nprrMeHflror rrpoaorr,Hyro tr nonepeq.II,,raapurponanur Ko,'roHH cBapHbIMlt Hyto apMarypy, PexolteHg,yerclapMI.tpoBarbKo,'IoHHbI brMn KapKacaMtt, Koropbreco6uparcrcar{3 n,'rocKnx rrpocrpancrBeHH 7. [OnyCXaerCA TaKX{eB OrAe,'rbHbrx B COOTBeTCTBST{ C p14C, Cflyqaqx (uanpnuep, [peAycMorpeHHbI x ra6t.2) apMlrpoBarb Ko,roHHbrBfl3aHbrMr.rKapKacaMr (orge,rsnr,rnaucrepxuanru), a npx qe,'recoo6pa3Hocru rro pacqery BMecro oobr(HoBeHHbrxxoMyroB [puMeHsrb crfipa/'rblryloa pMarypy. ApMarypnbre creplxHrl noKa3brBanr Ha QacaAe KoJ'rouHbr u B BblHeceHHbIxceqellllflx, KoTopbleaa]oTcg no MecTaM H3MeHeHgflapMItpoBauIr rr"'rs nonepeqHbrx pa3MepoB. Maprr.rporxy IrpoAo,'rbHr,rx crepxHeii rrJ'rnKapKacoB ua Qaca,4e Aaror c coKpaueHHoli BbrHocKoil, a Ha rronepeqHbrxceqeHlrflx-c norHori sr'rHocxofi c yxasaH{eNr tto,lnqecrBa crepxneft a"'ru KapKacoB. flpu apllnposaHtu xoJroHHl,rorAe,'lbHbrM[crepr{rrqMrj MapKr.rpoBKyxoMyroB yAo6Ho noKa3rrrBaTbHa [rr{aJ']e,KoTopafl Bblqep'{HBaeTcflpfl-aor\'rc sacalou Ko,ToHHblHa Bcro ee alrcory. Lllxa,ra ae!'ruTcrrflo Brrrcore Ha yqacrxr.t c oarrHaKoBblMaHaMerpor\4 r.r u a rolr xor\lyroB. B xaxgorvr yqacrKe yKa3brBaercrrHoMep no3IlIIafi xoMyra, efo arraMerp ]r lxaf. B nonepevHux ceqelllrqx xoNlyrbl MapKnpylorcs coKpaueHHoft BbrIrocroil. A, [Ipoao,rraan apMarypa. .[,ualrerp crepxneft flpoao,rbnori pa6oqeii apMarypbr Ko,'tollH peKo[leHlyercr rIp]I]rIrMarb lre MeHee 16utt s se 6otee 40 ttu. ,II,,rn xoucrpyxrtBHoii apMarypH Kor'toitH AonycKaercfl np{NleHqrb crep)Klr.r afiaMerpoM l2 icl. o cetrettrlt Ko"'roHHbI nporo"'lbHoi apMaHacuuleurre floflepeql,Iof rypoii 6o,ree 5% no n;routaas npuHHMarr, He peKoMeHAyercq. flpoaorluyro pa6ovyro apMarypy KoJ'IoHHpeKoMeHAyercrrHa3Iraqarb rr3 crepxHeri oal{HaKoBofo arraxlerpa. B c,ryuae, ec,rr IpuMeHerrbr crep]iHr.r pa3Horo auaMerpa (npu 3ToM, oIHaKo, He p6xoueu.qyerca npuMeHerb 6o,'ree aByx gnauerpoa), crep>t
55

Ha3HaqarbraA"ruxy npoAo,rsnux crepxneil peKoMeHAyercq xoii, qro6u rre Hyll{Ho6sr,ro ux HapauflBarb,crhlKys BHaxr'recrKy qro6br caKoHoMl.lrb 6es ceapxa. flplr Heo6xoaulrocrilcrr,rKoBaH[q, apMarypHyrocrar'rb, peKoMeHAyercrr npo.qo"{bHyro apNrarypy KoHcrpyr.rpoBarbrr3 cocraBHbrxcrepxHeii (lr3 crepr(fieft .[Byx-rpex cBapeHHbrx B <> KoHTaKTHoii AI.IaMerpoB, crbrKoBoricsapxoir). flpu ue,recoo6pasHocru ycrpoiicrBa HaxJtecroqHbrx crbrxoBnpocrep)tHeri 6es crapxr pacno/'rafarbcrbrKx cneAyer IIpeAoJrbHl,rx LIMyIqeCTBeHIIO B MeCTaX Il3MeHeHHt CeqeHt-If KOr'rOHHbI I-t,'Ill Ha ypOBHe nepeKpHTnlt, Aenas BbrrryCKHrrpor'lo,'rbHbrxcrepr(Het cuH3y (pEc.l7). 8)

l

i l lii t

tfr I

TI

t_l x

Prc.

I

i' I

I I I

17. CrhrRB npoaor6Hon apMarypbr MoHoxnr8ux (oroHr Mloroerrxdoro sna!{s I -nponorbnar a p M a r - y p af t o r o r s a r r - a p M a r y p r ! 6 r e c r e p x t r r - K o p o r 6 r u r x

.{,rn coxparreuuq Be,'r r{trnbr3a!.[rrrHoro crlor Ha yqacrre crbrKa BHaxJIecrKyBepxHte KoHrIbr (nuny-cxn) crepxHet:i peKoMeHAyercs KOHCTpyXpOBaTb OTOrHyrbrMItBOBHyTpbCeqeHIs Ha Be,'rllqutryanaMeTpa BepxHefo cTep)KHs. Crepxur.r t.t3 Ko.rroHlrbrc 6o,'rbnHM nonepeqHbrM ceqeHr..reMrJrrx(Hefo 3Taxa B KOJIoHHyc MeHbIIJItMIIOIIepe'iHLINI CeqeHI]eMBepXHero gra)Ka nepeBoAarcrrnyrelr orrn6a c yK,roHor\r,He npeBbrrxatou u n I : 6 ( p u c .l 7 , a , 6 ) . B c"ryvae pe3Kofo ti3MeHeHurceqeH[r Ko.noHHbr BepxHeroora)Ka npornB ceqell[g Ko.iroHrrblHrr)I{Hero3Taxa, T. e, euw fu - h2 2 (puc. 17,a), ycrpoiicrro BbrrrycKoBrrrorter 6nft euno;r)tlaha Herro ycTaHoBKorrKopoTKnx cTep)I(HclIB cooTBeTcTBII c q cJ'toMLr Bre p x H e r os r a x a . B c , [ , r { a M e r p al r] \ Irp o a o , rb H b r xc r e p x u e i r K o , , l o H H b yKa3aIllrbrx crepxrreir npo,u,o,rr*roi apMaTypbr B nfirrHHa 3aae.r'rKr.r cryfieHqaroii KonoHHe Aor)firra [pliraMarbcq He MeHbrre Ber'ruqi]H, yKa3aHHbrxanq pacrqHyrbrx crepxrrcri g ra6J. 6. Crepxuz npo,4onbHoii apMarypbr Kor'roHrr,B Koropbrx rlpoao,'rbpeKoMeHHas clt,ra [|MeeT To"'IbKo c,'ryqai]iHb|li 3KcueHTpucl.ITeT, 56

I I

I i

F I t I

i : i

I I

I ! i

; !

i i

I

T a6t:r.ua 26 Pexouen4yeuoe (MtrlnMa,tbtro aoltycKaeMoe,IorrqecrBo cTep)I({ei aJIn yctaHoBkr tlo ullotf{e o lrollepeq|fofo ceqefi'|q kortoughr lUspr.{Ha,ceqelrnr(o,1oHq6r

300

400

500

600

800

Peroueu,4yevoe(urrtrrua,rt" q cno ho AonyckaeMoe) rlpoaon6HbrxcrepxHeri

2 (2)

3 (2)

3 (3)

4 (3)

4 (3)

1000 5 (3)

Ayercq pacnpeAe,lflrb paBHoMepHorro neplMerpy flonepeqfloro ce_ qerr[t, a lpa 6o,rlIlHx gKcueHTpucfiTerax_ ycranasnHeart lo cropoHaM (uruprzHe) cerieHr.tn.V xaxioii cropoHbr noneI9l9]nr" peqHoro ceqeHHfl cTepxHll c,leflyeT, KaK npaEHJIO,p-aCno,,rararL " - 9 { r " p 1 4 P a j M e u t e i r r ec r e p x r r e j i s A a a p r a a t r e p e r ( o M e H A y e r c s . llp HeooxoAxtvocrH pa3[recrrjrb crepxfit oo aropolrr pfiAy craBlrrb 3aecb MoxHo He 6o,'ree aByx crepxuerl (a yraax xo,r6ruu). Paccroqsre Mex(ay ocqMr.rnpo,qon;Hl,rx crep;iuerl, ycragaBr,lu- -, BaeMHX IrO glgpoHa[{ nonepeqHoro ceqeHHq xo,1oHHr,l,He 4o,rxHo npeBbluarb 4UU/u. . LcJlv y 6o,rlruerl cropoltbr ft ceqerrrs Ko,roltlrbr no pacqery rrpoAor''rbxarapMarypa He rpe6yercl, To 3aecb Heo6xoAlrMo ycraHoBHTb t
c uarou 120- l50,lz,u. 6. Ilonepe,ruarapMarypa..[l.tauerpcrepxtei nonepeunofi ap_

Marypbl KonoHHcr'reAyernpnHl-tMarbHe MeHee5,,1,t r xe uesee yxa3anHoros ta6a. 26. apMarypbrAr{aMerpoM5,,nt cneAyer ucnonl.[,,rn nonepevuor.i 3 o B a r bo o b r K H o B e H HaypoM a r y p H y rfol p o a o r ' t o Kxyn a c c a B _ 1 ,a n p u o o , l . b u l . tnxu a M e r p a -x a p M a r y p H y rcor a r b K r a c c a A - l t n x A . l j l . flonepeqHofiap]\{arypbrKoJIoHHAo,,lxen 6url He 6o,ree -^^tuar ovofirt Lt He oo,'IeeBeJlfiqHH, npgBeAeHHblx B ra6n,2Z. flpt grou Ha.yqacrKe ctrKa rrpoao,'lbHofi apuarypu BHaxr,recrKy (6e: cnap-xoMVTbr KI.r) c"re.qyerrrpeaycM arpuBarb Bt3aHbresaMKHyrbte KaK npx Brr3aHblx, TaK r.i rrpx cBapHbrxKapKacax.Cryuars nonepeqsue cTeplKHI.t cBapHbtxl{apKacoBB 3oHecTbtKaHe cJtcayeT. 57

T} Ta6,rraa 26 HarMefbrxne AorycBaeMEre AtaMerpH crepxfiefr B rr, Anq nonepes[ofi apMaryphrr(oJroHtl MufiIrManbfib't ata

(oq-

CBapHA 'I

Bff3aEa9

erp nonepeqEHx cTepxHe npo4orbHLrx crepxHet

l2

l6

l8

2A

22

B.r,A-1, A.II,A-III

5

5

5

5

6

B-I, A-III

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

A-I

A-IT

rpn ar3MerFe

28

32

36

40

8

8

8

l0

t0

5

5

6

8

8

8

6

8

8

8

t0

l0

Ta6rrtrL\a 27 Hau6orbuue Aonyc(aeM6repaccrocHlln MexAy crepxrrrMtl norlepes$ofi apMarypu

KoHcrpykqHr r
Ceapuoircaprac Basaar,riraprac flpu p)3Te n ua

yqacTKax cTblKoB lpoZon6nofi ap. MaTypbr BHaxJecr(y 6e3 caap$tI

M a x c s M a " J 6 I r 6 I f iu a r

( O J I O H HB , | , t npr{ AnaMerpc rporonrrux

crepxnell

250 300 350 400 450 500 500 500 500 500 150 250 250 300 300 350 400 450 500 500

r00 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 350 400

fllnr,rrrn AJrq coeauHeHlts cBapHr,rxKapKacoBycraHaBr'rHBatorcl c naroM, npuHqrbrM Anrr nonepeqHbrxcrepxHeii 3rux KapKacoB. tcru ceqeHHeapMHpyercr pa6oqHMI-lrrpoAonbHbrMlr . crep)KHqMH pa3Horo AIraMerpa, To uar fiofleperrHoi apMarypbl Ha3Haqaercq [o MeHbueMy 13 Hlrx. flpu uasHauentl paccroqnni MelnAy crep)KrrflMu nonepequofi apMaTypri pa3perxaeTcq He npIIHHMaTbBO BHHNIaHT{e npOAOnbHbre creplKHx Ar,raMerpoM 12ltn, ycranosnenHbte no KoncrpyKTtBlrbtM coo6paxeHuau,- _ec,'ru3aulurHblii c,rori 6erosa 4nn npo,(ontuorl ap. Marypbr paBen 25 nn snu 6otnste, flpoao,rlnue crep)rHn cBapHblx KapKacoB, pacnonor{eHHble y np0T[Bono"'roxHbrxcTopoH rroflepeqHoro ceqeHr.rgKoIoHHbr, creAyeT coeA[HtlTb qepe3 oAriH lt He pexe qeM qepe3 400nn no c.ro" poHe ceqeHurrnonepeqHr,lMr.t cTep)KHfl MH lrJ'It.r nrrrbKaMt. Ec"ra pasuep cropoHbr He npeBbruaer 500 utt u y grori cropoHlt pacnor''roxeHoHe 6o,ree qetrpex npoAoJlluux crepxuerl, To Aonyc. KaeTcfl He cTaEuTbnonepeqHblxcTepxHei lln txrrHneK. 68

4oaxHuno xpafrHeri " "oyo;Jp4":;"";'"J##r:i:" ""x Kapl{acoB

3^i1i19i,;;"0i";,;;;;';;1,'#""."u#'.'J%oli.#.;:ul, ::l TICHIIg KOJ'IOHHI,I.

oxBaT OAHTTM

..AonycKaeTcr sen, crogqr.x y .;";;;;;;;;;"##"#"#:

verurexcrepx!35ee

x o M y r o B c r e , a y e r a b t r r o , , l H R TBbp a 3 6 e x K y , ^_..1.1"P*""rny q106br crblKrr AByx cMexHbrx no Bbrcore xoMyroB ,," "p"i;;;;;;;'ro ,rr,nn npoAonbnbri crepxeHb,

/2 J

}

v/ v/

1200
,/\

s

6AA
3t

/ -Ilrocrfie cBapH$e xaDxacai 2-coeAtrnIl,re,!!H6ie crepxrx (urnnL&rr): J _ rr,Jockar cDapHrr aDMaTvDlrag cer,{a; 4- npoaorcH;e

(:auox) xouyra c,,reayerycrpar.rBarb Ha nepeceqeHruero ^ _.91ry c-_yrnoBbrM npoao,{bHbrrcrepxHen. Mo*,,o y"rpunJ_i Jr"n "oMy'ra x Ha [epeceqeHl'Itz . oiuly_1: cpeAHfixnpoAonbHbrx crepri-

FeIi, lio To,'IbKo B KOJ'IOHHaX oor'IbIrIofo ceqeHIIg' apMHpoBagHr'lx trepeKpecrHbrMr.rxoMyraM,,. lrp,Mepbr aptrJpoBaHl'rflceqeHHfiXOnous cBapHbrMl.r KapKacaMr.{ 't9. "pii:{.."-l n a p r c . 1 8 , a B q i a H b r . { r K a p K a c a M u_ n u o " i r r p H c o c r a B r e r H r . rc f l e u r S r x a u u l r s f l : a u o r i up r i i y i i i ' . * r r o , n

11.-y:!"

xoMyroB(clr. puc. i9; uoxuo "o,uucJlor.o no,Jr,tav()rrn,

QopMyrraM:

aJ'rIiHaSaMKHyTOTO I]prMoyfolbHoro xoMyTa

t":2(b"*

h** Lx);

ArTIlHa3aMKHyToropon6osHAHOroXot4yra

L:2 (2c* Lx); A,,IUHaoTKpbrToroTpeyroJrr,HoroxoMyTa

lr:2

(c * Ax);

(l) (2)

(3) 59

1-

3necb

c:0,51,/YJV,I

Ii

A,'IUHauIltIJrbKH

t*:b**2

,.Uillp""" flpn

L,x.

Ar npuHHMaerc, no ra6,r. b,

E tl

(4)

4

a 3 H a q e H H ec - n o

rtacuqerrall rorrcDctrr

2ly:lyp-ol,;;;;;;;.;;'6;;':'3,/,':TiT,,[",{"#"",1 ffi; *ipnu.o, :il?:3Ji:f[:",.IlxTi::::".i:';,",i: ieo;'t;;;;;';;i'

H U

6 v

v

E

T K

K K B

r{r

KI

c

Pxc. 10. ApM{posaxge

:;;,r".,*;,1*luk":{1?fi xxri.:",,?rffi H;iiJ,v*n, KonoHH ..flpr apurponanr.rll .l,,rscnnpa_ ,qe npHMeHrercq ::.lp:ril"ii apMarypori Kpyuraq r,qaaKa11_ aru,tipor^"s_ ro "r, KoropasHaMarbrBaercfl -c.raJ,rb HenocpeacrBeHHo rra npoasrinyL rprr_ Ha cneulra"rrusrri_ xpyr,rsif ifr"l lsliparuHri lIpI^:.i: .: :i"poHe (a 3aBrrcHMocrrr or ceqeHu,KoxoHrbr,) oufdorr. n nocr*i.J, .ru.4,rrHa

K O C O T O yqacTl(a

AoI|ortEriTeI6q6lx

400 400 503 | 500 500 i00 i f,orl 800 500 | 600 800 / i00 )

(t

pl

n ct al

Ta6rhr\a2g xovyToB Konov'' B ,tn

6t0 | 60c 600 600 80r 600 800 J 800 | rl0l i 800 I 0 o o lzirc 8ooi rom 1 2 0 0| t 5 0 0

.,,0i,,,0 ,u,4 { o l s J o l t g o l 4 T o 1,,0i 60

3(

640

5 4 0| 6 t .

i4n J 610

T2

AJ B iJ

F H F h i)

bi 3.

qAC BUTOI{ K BTITKY HAMATbIBAETC,

ro l*

BNJ,IOTHYIOII TIOTOM. flDU

Bq3KE K a p K a c aB . rrK pa34Bura'oH r a u e o 6 x o 4 a n l op" u a a r o o n r t a urror_ ^rreNay Ba-s c npoaorbrrbrMr.r crepxHrMrr. paccrossae _ u"ixuu" u_ ^ar cnHparrr Ha3Haqaerc,[o pacqery ].t,qoJrxHo6ltrl ue ueuee 40 n,u u se 6o,tee80 r,u.

3. Koncc,lrx xo,nonx

tt H. '.,

KoHcorrnB r{oJroHHax ycrpa Baror c ue,,rbtoco3aaHHq lgt-".L1l:. nnoqaaKH Heo6xoar.rMox a,rx onupaHnr pnaruun"", npurL*ulo[rqux U l . lX K K K Kor'roHHe. O J ' I O H H Crra p a 3 H b l X . VypoBHqx ( I A pa3Hbrx uecyulx ronmpyxqr't -' D'-1111*, rou,crDv*urfu ri " -_ ,b"n,

T ::

ycrpauBarb ycrpauBarb s oaAor"r oaAor"r nrocKoc.rr, nrocKoc,ut, bco6cu'o oco6cHHo "e "6"p;;;'^;";;;;;. cC.,nrri,,. ;";,,--"B c,ryvae, ec.{l{ i{oHCor,rb na i{o,,roHHc n"oo*oa"rio--fa"n"ono*"ro

$epu, 6' tr^r n-"a.^i npororon, ao.rxp r l9cyuul no"'uo 6r'r-on';i' " rj. ')i"oy"" x1,[ij,il; l i:,: T,6u* ^1.r":"1.:, uoryr oaHocropo'Hr.re r auyc"oponnre. no"ruon""a

nepneqarKy,rapflo HarrpaBJTeHlrro rMerouuxcfl

xorrcoa6fr HJ,ru

ecrru KoHco,'lb Hy)KHaIM onvpaHvs3,,reMeHToB, nepeAaroq[xue6o,rluyro MecrHyroHarpy3Ky(or pa6ouux [noqaAoK, jecrrrnq l ,. n..1, ,rx"" KoHCo,lIipeKOMeHAyeTcfl

KoHCTpyt.tpOBaTr, B B[Ae CTa,,rbHbrx cTor,rr.tKOB, npeaycMarpHBafl B KO,'rOHHe 3aKnaaHhle aeTa,,rlraJrq rrx rIpHBapKr.t. I lllnpuua KoHcoJ'rr.r lor,rxHa 6url paa'a u'pr{He KoJroHHbr. I,IcK,,rro_ qeH e MOryT cocTaBJ,lflTb KOHCO,'rU, yCrpalaaevue u rllnpo*r* no4_ KoJrorgrKax r,rg orttrDaHuqtiyngalrenrHslx t,l apyr[x 6a;oK. : flpt slr,'rere 100--l S0 ,r.; Moxer I{e [Merb Byra [I KoHcrplrtpoBar'c' non*ouao"oo,,ofioHco.,Ib

*?]r^..9'.] ee apMarypaHa3Haqarorc,r no pacqery. f\oHcoJ,r lii^"]l.. l\,r I H ox Ho ap NrHpoBarb

oT,4e,I bltbtMl.t cr epN i rsu ll,,allr.rrr.l r.r3c,relyloruhxcnoco6os( puc. 20) :

a) npoloJrbHh|\,tHcTepxtrRMrr, oTofHyTbrM[ CTepxHflMlI I,l ropl,I3 o H T a r b H b r Mxt o r Myramn (cu. pxc. 20,a); o) npoaorbHbtMlt crepxHsMH lt f opu3oJtTar',IbHbrMr.i xoMyTaMH

( c u .p s c .2 0 ,6 ) ;

s) npoAo,ltHtrNrJI crep)KHTMH u HaKr,roHHbrMH xoMyraML (cM. p u c . 2 0 ,d ) .

B xaqecrsenpoAo,,lbHoil u ororrryrofi apMaryg,b.] peronreulyercr n p e u M y u l e cer rBHo n p H M e r e r bc r a , , r bK , , l a c c oAB. i l l , , s o q o ; y c x a e r c s r a K ) K en p r M e g e l r t rcer a J , r tx' ,t , r a c c a A _ l l . B x a q e c r a en o n a i " u n o , a p M a rp ) b rc l ' l e n y e nr p h \ l e H r r rcbr a J , r xb . r a c c aA _ 1 . ouo'" alrarrer pbr npoAo,'l bHblxcrepxtleii rosco,reriraKrze ----'-11:l:' )I{C, KAK H KOJIOHH.

_{ri:,Merp crepxrrefi nonepeultofiap[rarypbt llpUH]-lMaerc,no ra6t.26. orrt6aellstx crepxHeli ,Ao,rxeu 6urt rie 6o,lee t/,. _- Iualrgrp anTl-.1<"?:"i9 yvacrxa orrr6aeuoro crepxHe " ,," 6or." 25- "1] L/Tf l-lobt peKOMetJAyeTCqIta np a BJ,lqTbII3 HH)KHero ylr'la KOuco,Ili

B npo_rllBonoJ'ro)Krrr,rii aepxHafiyro"r. IIpr 6o,rsurolruoirura nJnaonn uau 6o.nrrroriee sbrcore,lonycKaercg ,{e,qarromr6br no.q-yi.;oM 30 6l

t.t,nn60o coorsercrBeHHo l..rr'rH pacllorafarb orr[6H s aByx nJ'rocKocrsx, HanpaBr'rsflKaxAylo flJrocKocrl no4 45" or nDorlBonoJroxgbrx (HlrxHefo u BepxHero yr,roa). [Ipu 3ToM, ecJrrrrljocxocrl orru6os nory'JaloTcf p acrroJroxeHHbrM Ir 6"'rn3Kolpyr K Apyry, IIx cr,lef)er pa3aBlrHyrb a.'rs 6o.lree paBHoMepHoro pacflpeAereHfiq no $acarly KoHcor'r[.flpt aHauure,tlnoM Kor']uqecrBenpoAo,'rbHor:i a oroilyroii apMarypbr BepxHle lt HH)rH]leyqacrKn orrn6aeltux crepxueri vox_ Ho pacfio,'rafarb Bo BropoM pray.

. r- n p o n o n ba r a p M a r y p a i

.i

ftir'

xoMyru; 4- Haxrron-

lIIar crepxrreirrnonepeunoiiapMarypbr rosco,rerl c,'le,qyerHa3HaqarbHe 6onee 150 .ttrt v e 6o,reeverneprn BbrcorbrKorrcoJ'ru. Xollyrsr polr6tvecKorooqepraHr.tq tr unurbKlt apMarypbrKoJroHHrj B n p e n e , ' l aKxo H c o , ' rHxe c T a B f L KouIlu npoao.rrlxoiiapuarypu pacrxuyroii 3or{btoaHocropoHpacnoloxennoil B npeaeJlaxBbrcorbrKoJlo]rHbr, Hei KoHco,'rt-l, AoJ'l xHbr 6brrb 3aBeAeHbr 3a rpaHb KoJroHH Ha Ber''lrrqrrHy ln, npunnllaeuyrc no ra6,r. 6 A,rq pacrsuyrbrx crepxueri, ll, 6esycnoeHo,ao,'tr{HbI 6bITb AoBeAeHbrAo nporrrBonoJroxHoilrDasH Ko,'loHHbr (pwc.20,e). Ec,ru rosco,rr pacno.noxer:la I ypoBHeBepxa KoJ'touHbr ( p u c .2 0 , d ) , r o l u o r u e p l e r c l o r o e p x u e tri p a n n . Kouqsr npolo.ntsux H orra6aeuux crepxrerl cxaroft souH (pacnoroxeaHsreBIo"'rbHaKJroHHoir rpasu rosco.lrr,r)lloxHo sasoHa 150 J't,uge3aBrlcnMo ,[r.rrbB Ko,'roHHy or ,4uaMerpa. 6?

Heo6xoAuvocrr aHKepoBRr.r npoao.rrluofiapMarypbl y ceo6o1tx 'g

v,fr

HOIO KOHUa..KOHCOJITjO[peAenqeTcrr pacqeToM I.l BHnO,qflreTcg rlpr.i_

sapxori uaii6u lJrr.r yro,'rKa (puc. 20,e,m). flpu arolr r uari6e toprr3oH'ranbHbrt yqacToKcrepxHs npoAoJbHoiiapMarypbrnpxBaplBaercr BTaBp rro;1 Q,rrccoM, a BepruKanbHbrrt $,raurosslll.l urgar.tu.K yro,nxy o6a yuacrra npnsapl,tBarorcq ABycropoHHxMH ( D ' I A H T O B b I M I , t I T J B AM .

s 3. nJrr4Tbr l. Odrqne cBeAeH[e

lt l I

, I

B npaxruxe npoeKTHpoBaHriR)xereso6eroHHbtx xoHcrpyxqtri Bcrpeqarorcr B ocHoBHoM nnurbr 6a,roqHble,onepTbteno I{oHTypy, KoHcor'lbHble N nJutH 6eg6arovnr,lx nepexpurni. Ba:roqsuv t..tHa3brBarorcqnporaxeinrie n,rurH c o6q3arerlHr,rM onfpaHr.reMno npoAoJ'lbHblMKpagM rrp]r cooTHo[JeHr.[tcTopoH nJlHru 6o.neeAnyx. unepTbrMu rro KoHTypy Ha3brBaloTcrnrHTbr, onupalouxecq IIo aByM cMexHbrM, rro TpeM uJrrJ rro qeTbrpen cTopoHaM u fiMeroufie cooTltoueltue cToporr aBa u }leHee. bHbltllti nJuTaMU Ha3bIBatOTCf ^orr cor''I nfllltbr, 3aaeJlaHHbIeC OAHoJrcroporrbr B creHy lrrru xeJleso6eroHuHrl MacclB r.t,,rH npeacraB.irsloqre co6ori qacrb oAHo- I.tJ'tr.t MHororrporerHoil nnuru, caeurnBarcuyocr 3a KpaiiHrolo orlopy. r rJll.trbl,ofieprble HerrocpeAcrBeHHo Ha Ko,'toHHbr, Ha3brBator6e36a,roqruuH. CoorHorueure cropon TaKHx n"rtr o6uqso l-1.25. Ea.no.{Hbler..rKoucoJrbHbre n,rtru apulpylotct pa6ounut crepx- B aByx HaHqMr] B oaHoM HarrpaBr''reHuH, a ocTaJrbHbrenJrr.rTbr I]paBJteHuqx. - cBo6oAHo oneprbrMn flntru uoryr 6url og,nonpo.lrerHbrMl.l rr,rr noJrHocTblo3aaeJraHHbrMr.r Ha oflopax, a TaK]Ke MHoroIIpoJleTHbrMrr;no cnoco6y n3foroBJreH[t - Mono,rnrHr,rMHH c6opsttllx. Mo-lro,rurHne n.llr.rrbrMor-yr 6url g,relregrauN noxpstinfi, nepeKpbrruii tlrl-r n,r[rHbrx Qyu4aueuroe n KoHcrpyt.tpyrorcs fraAKrMr.t. C6opuue nJ'rrrrbrMoryr roncrpyaponarrCa r.nagxuuu (uanpNMep, KpbllxKr.iJIorKoB r.i KaHaroB) IrJrHBMecre c pe6paMrr, Ha Koropbre olt onlrparcrcl (tanpulrep, n"ruru noxpuruii). B noc,reAueu cnyqae trx 6olee npaaultHo Ha3b]Barb naHeJtflMlIt J'rr..r HacrtrJlaMr.l. LOOpr{brerrJlr.tTbrpeKoMeHAyeTcgKoHcTpyupoBaTbrrpeaBapr.rrer'rblro Hanpe)neHHblMl.r. KotcrpyNpoaauae pe6ep pe6pucrbrx [aHe,lei perr'raMeHTEpyercrnpaBnJraMxKoHcrpynpoBasuq 6a,IoK. To,rulrsn nJlr.rr cJeAyer Ha3Haqarb no pacqery, MuHtzrr.lanruaq ToJ lI,r.rHa MoHoJ'rrITHbrxrrnrr, gKc[JlyaTr.rpyeMr,rx B 06brrrHbrx yc,ToB[xrx, np[HrMaercn: 50 nn - nnn noxpsrrnfi; 60 .al,u- 4lr meN.Ly. 3raxHbrx neperpurafi B rpax.4aHcKgx 3 Lavusx:70 nn - A"'rfiMexAy. 3TaxHbrx nepeKpbrrnii B npo[3BolcrBeHHblx 3AaHuflx. Kpoue roro, ToJ'IuluHa MoHo,'tHTHbrx6a,'IoqHbtx [,'utr .u,o,'IxHa 6urt ue meHee

63

T a 6 , r q u a2 0 Tonqxfia 3asl{r[oro

cnos 6eroua Arf, apMaTypEf nn\T B ,trt Tonqnna

a 3.u{!rHoro

cnoq .

X a p a x r e p n c r x I ( an n n r E

fl,Irrrbl ro,'lqtEoii 100 .rr4 n Meqee fl,ruru ,romrluuoil 6onee 100 r,r C6op_HbrennrrBr Il3 Tqxe.rroro 6eroHa MapKr, 6oree 200 C6optrue^nrrlru fi3 Trrr{eJoao6eroHa Map{Il 60nee 200 (np{ u3roroBreHar Hx}ra3aBoAaxB crarbHoii onany6(e |, upu yxr'taAKes nocJleAyroueM Ha n{nry 6eroHHoi nonroroBKri, crqxKr.r l"rtl ,qpyrrix 3atdnru6rx noxpuruli) ' 3aurrrREn cnon a ccrh apMarypHofo crepxxr. r. To,ral(o !,ir BepxHeE apMaryphr.

paccrorrre

r9=f5'- at L>>1l O0 l0<,I>d-5

a> l0

a)>5aa

a>5+*

or .p.n!

6erosa

Ao noBelxqocrn

l/25 pacqerHoro flporera, a- [r'rur, orreprbrx no KoHTypy,- He Menee l/JU Merrbuefo nponeTa. hlflxe np[BeaeH peKoMeHAyeMbtflcopTa_ I i: !l

n

il

MEHT TONIq1,iH MOHO,'IIITHbIX NJ'IT1T:

h,

.tr 50 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 l8O 200 250 300 4a,ree xpaTqo t00 MnHlrualsnas roJrxlrHa c6opuux rlJrnr Ha3Haqaerc, a coorBercrnuu c tpe6onaHltsMH K pacflo,'roxenuro apMarypbr no ro.,rurlHe IrJlr.trbrH BeJruqHHe3atqllTHbrx c,roes 6eroua. He perotreHAyercq Ha3Haqarbrorr{HHy nJ'Ir.rra naHerqx uegtue 30,u2. To,ruluna 3arqr.rrHoroc,ros 6eroua a,rs apMarypbr rrr,rr.lr, HaxoarlllExcq^^B o6brqHbtx ycJroB]..trx3KcrrJIyararlxH, nplluruaerca no

ra6n.29. Topuu pa6ovuxcrepxuefi (ec,ruonr He npuBapnBarorcfl K aH-

KepyrcIllfiM AeranqM) B c6opHhtx llaHe,'rsx, sacraaai ]r II,,rHTax/IoJ,rxHbt [Merb gautlTgbrfi c]loit 5 ,ut. flpu oco6ux ycJroBlrflx gKcnryaraurru (arpeccr.rBHaq cpeAa Ir r, rl.) MHHlrMaJIbHbre roJIulHHbrnr']HTrt 3arr_(HTHbrx cnoes 6eioHa ycTaHaBJIrBaroTcg cooTBeTcTBytoul.lM l.t HopMaTxBHbrM l, aoKyMeH. TAM Ii.

2. O6qtle aonpocf,l KoHcrpy[poBaHnc nn1aT flrulsr, xax npaBHrro, peroMexAyercfl apMHpoBarb cBapHbrMr..r CCTKAMU.\JTACJ'Ib] I bIM}I CTEP)KHflMH APMHPOBATb AONYCKACTCg HC6o,'Ibmue MoHoJlr.trHble yvacrrt c6opuux nepexplritli, -TaK)r(e nr'tllr.br c 6o,nruruu qllcr'roM HeynoprAoqeHHblx orrepcruti, a B cnyqaflx, npeAycMorpeHHbrxra6n.2 (cirr. cnocry I erofi ra6nuqu),

u

lr

CeapHue cerKr.t AJIfl apMupoBaHnfl nr''rr.rrcJleayer no Bo3Mox- nJrocKr.{ennl-l pyJ'loHHbte,K KOTOpbTM [ocTA npfiMeHqTb THI.IoBbIe npr neo6xo.lulrocru Ha rex Hnli r.rnbtxyqacrKax fl,rlrrbr npuBfl3brBatol lrlti fipnBapuBaror lonoJrHrreJlbHbreceTrfi ufl u oraeJrbHbtecrepxHr.I. Lnen'yer crpeMHTbca K yHfiQI.IKaunficeroK t, IIpr.rMeHeHnro Mr.{HIr_ rIuCJra rl-lnopa3MepoB npn MaKc]-tMar,rbHoM MaJIbHOTO KoJrrlqecTBe 3rceMnntpoB Kaxaoro TIlnopa3Mepa. b r 3 a H y l o a p M a r y p y n n u r p e K o M e H A v e r c rK o H C r D v t r D o B a r6be j orru6os. Ec,'rfi rpe6yercn no pacuery (o'6uvxo a nnuiai ro.rrulsofi 6olee 120 ,uirl - qacrb lporerHbrx pa6oqxx crepxllefi orf[6ar,or Ha onopbr Ha paccToqHr.Isx, yKa3aHHbrx Ha puc. 91. flpn erov e IJIlTax To,'tulr.tHori Ao

150 .ar,aorrr6u ge,taor ItoAyfnoM 30o,a e n,'rurax ronulnHoir:i 160 nu u 6o-

nee- 45'. pa 6o,.rr.tx .II,uauerp cTepxHeii nrlrr c6opHbrx greMeHToB4o.nxeu 6urt {e MeHee3 un, a uauon:arunx-6 ,t Anq [,'rHT ToJ'ItllltHoi Ao 100 n.u u 8 un AJIgrrJrurronuusori l00,r.lr -' I 6 o n e e . C r e p x H H A . r q D a 6oqefi apuarypur n,rlt -.

MoxHo noA6Hparb ra6n.30.

no

Ec,nr pa.6ouanaplraTypannnrbrB nponerenpoxoA[TnapaJlnenbHo pe6Py,

P{c.

21.

Pacronoxexfie

ro nepneHAHKynflpHoeMy Heo6xoIHMo yKJranbrBarbHaA onopoi

oru6os

KoHcrpyKrr.rBnyroapMarypy

ceqeHrreM He MeHeel/3 Ha[6o,'rbueroceqenss'pa6oveii afr":arypu [,'rrrbrB rrponere.3ry apuarypy c,reayereasoAllrt a n,rllry n rax. ,qyn cropoHy or rpaHr.rpe6pa Ha Anr.iuyHe ueree l/4 paiveruoro nponeTanJrITLr. p a6ovyro ap l\rarypy, Koropaq fipoxoA[r naparr'teJrbHo Ono-pHyr,o pao0qer apMarylle n.lllrrbrB nponere,c.ne4yero6puaarb r.r,rlrorrx6arl rarxe ue 6,tuxe qeM Ha paccroqHnrri/4 paiueruoro [poJrera. 3a pacueruuri npo,rer cso-6o4xooleprbrx' nnm np"""*re"c" pa3MepnpoJleraB cBery n.llrccror'rulfiHan,rHrsr.Anq oAHonpoJler_ HbrxnJ .tr, 3aAe,'IaHHbrx Ha onopax, pac,{erHbtri npo,,lerIIpuHr.iMaercq paBHbtM rrponery a crery. .I|,naMHofonponerHbrx nr,rur,MoHoJTHTHo cBs3aHHbrx c xenego6erossbrM 6a,'tKaMr.l, sa pac,lernsni npo,rer nplHriMarornponer B cBery Mexay fpaHflMu 6a"ror. [,ra uHoro3

t. f- BhHoft,aAo8

65

T a 6 " r r . r r l a3 0 Ilronlarb norepequoro ceqeglr apMaryplr fia | ,t urrpnuLrn,rrru g c,'lt2 IlnoqaAb

IIp|{ aHaMeTpe c]epxHel

6;*

t00 0,7| t25 150 0,4 200 250 300 350

ii ll I

;

t,26 I,01 0,84 0,63 0,50 0,42 0,36

l,96 t,67 l,3l 0,98 0,79 0,65 0,56

2,83 5,03 7,85 l l , 3 l t5,39 l l 25,45 31,4238,0149,09 2,26 4,02 6,28 9,05 1 2 , 3 r16,08 20,36 30,4139,n 1,89 3,35 5,23 7,54 I0,26 r3,0416,9820,9825,3632,76 l , 4 l 2,51 3,93 5,65 7,70 r0,05t2,72 15,7119,0024,64 l , l 3 2,01 3 , 1 4 4,52 6 , 1 6 8,04 1 0 , t 812,5615,2019,64 0,94 1,68 2,62 3,77 5 ,r 3 6,70 8,49 1 0 , 4 812,6816,35 0,81 l l t 2,2s 3,24 4,44 5,74 7,27 8,97 10,881 4 , 0 1

nponerHblx nJrr.rr,onlrparoulixcq Ha craJ'rbHbre 6a,rxn, sa pacqerHHfi rrpoJ'IernpuHuMaercfl paccrosltne MexAy ocsMr 6a,'IoK, Ha rpafiHux onopax nJrrir, rrroHo,rl.lrHo cag3aHHbrxc xefleso6eTOHHI,TMU rrpOt-OHaMX, HaAOnOp uyrc aptrraTypy c,leayeT 3aaeJrbrBaTb B pe6po Ha BeJruqHHyl^ no ra6.n. 6 (.lar pacrxuyrux crepxueft) u He MeHee .{eu Ha 250 tt.tt. Ha rpaiiuux ceo6oAulrx onopax rrJ'rrr npo,qerHyro apMarypy cneayeT 3aBoauTb 3a fpaHb onopbt He MeHeeqeM Ha !2f.b__[,uauerpos :rofi apMarypbr. Kpyr.nue rr'raaKue oraeJlbuble crepxHa aoJrxtt+,F-SAfiZrSABaib-r Ha OnOpe KproKaMn, a IIpx Hcllo,'rb3oBaHl.ru 9Tr.lxcrepxrreH B cBapHbrx cerKax, KorAa oHH 3aKauql-lBalorcr 6eg KproKoB,B rrpeaeJraxonopbr AoJ'r)KeH 6brrb [pHBapeH xors 6u oAtlr nonepeqHbrfiaHKeplrbriicrep)fieHb, pacno,roxeurtrii. or ropua IIpoa o " ' l b H o r oc r e p x H q H a p a c c T o f l H H xc ( c M . p f i c . z z , d ) , K o r o p o e r r p H . HflMaercr xe 6o,ree 15 ,r flp pa6ouux crepNHrx AtaMerpoM l 0 n n s s e 6 o , r e e 1 , 5 A x a M e r p o Bp a 6 o v u x c r e p x u e r i n p t A u a l r e r p e nocJleAHrlx 6o"ree l0 nn. fiuauerp aHKepHbrx crepx{Heri Aonxeg 6url ue lreuee tto,qoBl.t Hbt,u,lraMerpapa 6ouero crep]KHa. Apuarypy nntrT n BHnycKtl crepxHeii floKa3brBarorHa n,'raHax, Koropble Bbrnor'rBgtorB BIrAe coBMeueHBbrx apMaTypHo-ona,1y6oq. nux ueprexeri. Ec,ru aplrarypuuri a ona.ny6ovHarfiqeprexbl BbrnoJIHrroTcgpa3ae,lbHo, BbrnycKu apMaTypbr rroKa3brBaroTABa)xAbr, IrblHeceHHbre ceqeHrfl rrJrr.rT c noKa3oM apMaTypbr,KaK IIpaBaJIo,He aaloT, a ofpaHHqrrBarcTcgnoKa3oM r{a r,'IaHe oepexpbrTltr Ha,loxeHHoto ceqeHt,tq6e3 apMarypbt. BurHecesssre ceqeHr.tflAonycKaerct ,(aBaTb B BrrAe MecTHbrxpa3pe3oB aJrr rlrIlr c oTBepcTUqMn,nepena.AaMI-'i lt D,'II'IT HaKJIOHHITIX l-l KOHCOT'IbHbIX.

E c , r [ e [ r l l r e 3 a K o H c r p y u p o B a H ,au . B o i i H aaRp M a r y p a I ] 3 c B a p Hbrx rrJrocKlixceToK rjJ'rr ecJIr nJ'1rra ap!lupyeTcg cBapHb,Mr,lnepeKpecrHHMHCeTKaMH, TO OTAe,tbHO IOKa3bIBalOT nJ'laHHIiX{HI{XCeTO( I'I 3ATCM TI,lAH BCDXHIIX CCTOK.

f l p n n e n p e p d s u o M a p M t r p o B a H n HH e p a 3 p e 3 H b rrxr J r u r p y J r o H n b r . MB cerKaMIl peKoMeHAyeTCs[oKa3blBaTr, apMaTypy He rOJlbKOHa 66

T a 6 , r t r r a3 l Maxctua.rrHFepacctorsrlsMe'{tryoctMn ctepxEel pa6o,ret apMarypbrrutrl.rdB ,arr Toaulraa

50

60

70

80 I 100 t20

NII,IT6I

IIIar crepxHerl

200

1 4 0 160

r80 200

200 200 200 | 200 200 200 250 250 300

250 tl 6o,'ree

350

nJraHenrlrrbr, Ho n B BtIlreceHHoMceqeHrrn,r,4e SlrKcrpylor roqKlr{

nx c npor',rerHr,rx gT.16i.::^tl_!, aa dnopHub y";;;.1 iix nepexore llpB BbrLrepqHBaHHr.r SToro ceqeHHq per{oMeHAyercq

ltcno;b3oBarb. O.IMr{eTp']loflepeKpbrrxq IlJrHnponycKaTb noBToprrcq]lec'I [poJreTbr NJII-IIbI.

r\4apxuponxy apMarypbr Aaror Ha nJraHeflJrrrrbr.flpn aplrupona_ Hrrn cBapsbrNrriceTKaMK BCe CeTKH,rIOKa3arrHbre Ha _apMaTyp+JoM qelrerlg !!4!{!!!I!0I c yKa3a[IreM To,thKo ]lx uapor. llpr aprvupoBaHfitr oraer'lbtrHMHCTep)I{rrqMr.t oarrrr pa3 rnlapraponxy aanr c n o I H o H B b t H O C K OCt Iy K a 3 a H f i e M[ I a r a , a B o c r a , r s s x M e c T a x .r n e rto3fiulrs noBTopqercr,- c coxpauletluoli sHrrocroji.

Me)KAy ocr.Muirepxueii pa6oueiiapuarypbrB rrpo_^_fr,::1911i"" nere (BHH3y) H raa onopoii(aaepxy)pexoueHayercr sarHaqartHe

o o Jb' l l e B e r r . t r u tyHK, a 3 a H H bsr xr a 6 . r . 3 l , Paccrognrs_uex,ly ocFMxcrepNueii pacnpeae,,r lrrer bHoir apuarypbt ao.nxlbr 6uru se 6o,ree350.q.u. Ha ecex yvacrxax nJrr.trbr lre3aBr.tcr.tMo or ee ror,rt{lHbtDaccroflHlre Me)KJyocnMHcrep)Knefirar pa6oveir,rax n pacnpe,qi,rurenuHolrapvaryphr peKoMeH.l.yercfl Ha3HaqarbHe ueHee100,u.,rr. B. Ea.roqnltennlru c B a p H b r M cue r K a M x .I l p o . r e r u y r oa p M a r y p y .0a,'loqHbrx ^ _ l : 1 l " l !n,rtr o"uHre urtplnoiti no 3 u..u antrroil ao 6 ,r pexolteHayercn KoHcrpyr.rpoBarb s s.[e nnocxori qe",rluoftcsapnoli cerrs. uone_ p e ' J H b rcer e p x H x x o r o p o l i r B r f l r o r c s p a 6 o v e i i a p t r a r y p o i i n,rnrll pr{c 22,a. crreBal. flprr AnaMerpepa6overl apruafypu 6o,ree l:M. lUrt,l{ I\TO}KHO apMHpOBaTb nr'IfiTy IIJ'IOC t(I_t M t_tCOCTaBIIbTVH CAaDIIbtMII

cerKaMHrxtlpr.tHoir no l-1,2 u (cu. plc. 22,6, cnesal. ug.uroe.trseMbrMt'l Ha oAHoroqeqHbrx Mar]rHHax(ra6l. 9). !,,rrna taxux ceToKAo,'rxflacoorBercrBoBarb trrr]pHHe rJrr.rrbr l, xoropaRB sroM c,,ry_ qae Moxer 6r,rrl I 6o,ree3,u. flpoao,rsHuecrepxgr.r 3Tlx ceroK pa6oqeri apMarypoii n,rnrsr, a nonepeqlrhre _ pacnpeAe_ liil9l!"" rtTe,,l-bfi-ol.{, cTbrl{yer!'roii B n,'rHTe BHaXJeCTKy 6e: caapxl (cll, plic. a). hraronopHafl apMarypa MHoronpo,,rerHbrx nnnr uoxei rc,n_ crpyr.rpoBarbcq e auge oguofr (ciu. pHc. 22,a, cnpasa) lt,,n AByx_

Fg

F.

t

co pyn

i

l"t

HI,IIi

:

HI-IX

F.

I

CTAJ

'. ;.. f-

:. F b F". i: i. I I

,4ytt4.

_"ffi

ll ?

:. I i-

! I

6r E

c <15(npud<10) c<1,5d(hpud>t0)

D

'

+

Ptc. 22. Ap npoBasre 6anoqnHx nrfir cEapEHMItcerxlnrr l - u f o , l e r H a r a p u a , y p J B B { A e u e r b H b r xc € r o K l 2 - f l p o n e r H a ia p H r rypa D BuAey3KHx ce,roxr ,r-fiaAofiopsar ap*arypa I Drraepynourihrx '{ oDopHar aPMarypa a a|rae pynoHfiHxcercx; cerorq 4-npor€rfiar 5 - AonorHsren6sas cer&ai 6-asxepnHe cT€pxnri 7-ocL cH|.r.erplrl

c B a pr apMa HI,IM.

a not Tbr) r Ha nr Te"'If, OCHO

(cM. pr.ic.22,6, cnpaza), yKJraAbrBaeMHx BAoJrborrop HHblx c noflepeqHbtMI.rpa6ovur,ll crep;ttHtMI.I. OntcaH. -ceroK cflocoo apMxpoBaH s Ha3HBaeTCfl pa3leAbHbtM,

Mnoronpoleruue 6aroqHblen,uru i pa6ouerlapmarypoficpea: nponeroBlr_o-nopMe)KnyHr.tMr{ AaMerpoMd < 7 nu (6 nn wtn J I r .Kf , ' I a c c a A - l l l ) p e x o m e l r l y e r c faf p M l t p o B a r an o p u c . 2 2 , e , e

23.

L/tiil/i \ -il i1-T ---l

Ll

V i l- ,

ll L

*\Tl

) Z

s t l Lt >ZL

L,

' V Vz--j......-, //)# r//--) ) \ | 5A

, r---1 ?-fffi

li^"*+'l, Pnc.23. Apnrpo8rrre 6anocB6tx rrrr orAerhf,HMs crepxnrMt d - a p M a r y p H b r l r n a s n x o A c r p y H p o 8 a H n ec p e A r u x o r o p ; 6 , 6 - K o H c ? p y q poBaHrie xpatHHx orlop nnHrH, noHorHrHo coearHeHHdx 6anKau{ { c o o r B e r c r B e H H oB n a o o q e MH H e p d 6 o , { e MH a r p r ' B n e H H r x } :e - r o xc, onnpalou r r r c r o € r 3 a u r e y . l e H H qH a r { ! p n r j s H y r o c r e H y : d . ? - m xei onr.rprroLuHxct c 3 a u e M n p H H e MH 0 t ( n p n H c r y | l l c r e B y ( c o o r B e r c r B e H H o B p a 6 o { e M n H e p a ooqe rarlpasnerHr\), ,.-ro xe, orperautrdx s flepa6ovev HanDaB,reHfir: o n H p a D q t r x c q H a c r a r b H H e 6 a n k r : i - D a 6 o q a t rf l D o r . r H a t apMarypa:?-ro . x € , H a A o n o p H a q :, - p a c n p e n e - l { r € n b H a t a h t a r y p ; : { - a KepHde crepxHn

I py"'roHHbrMI..r rr{noBbrMr.i cerKaun c npoao,rr,Hofi pa6oueii i. Taroil cnoco6 apunposaHrrqHa3brBaercsHenpepblBJroHblpacKarbrBalorcsnolrepeK rropocreneuHux 6a,tox, n o n e p e q H b lcer e p x H l . t c e r o x ( p a c n p e a e J u r e ! ' l b H aaqp M a r y p a n n u t) crbrKyrorcff BHaxJrecrKy6es csapxt. B npafiHtx rrpor'lerax fi

nepBblxnpoMexyroqHux onopax o6u'ruo rpe6yercfl AonoJrHl,Hafl apMarypa.b ?roM cnyqae pe(oMeH,4yercrr yKr.raAr,rBaTb Ha ceTKyAononHsTenlHylo u SaBoAIrTb ee 3a nepBylonpo. 69

BueMexyroqHylo onopy Bo Bropoii npo,'ler Ha l/4 flporera n'llru cerKl BosMoxHa yKnaaKa. oraerbHblx c'rep)K' cro aorroJ'lHrrrer'IbHofi xeii, npr.rnx:unaeltllx x ocnosHoli -cerxe. KpaftnHe onophl 6aroq' Hbrx nir.rr KoHcrpylrpyror no pfic 22,d'e,JE. crepxneMIl. Bnsauyrc pa6oqyo 6. Apuuposiriui'o.ae,rlislrux apuarypy 6a,roqHux nJllr peKoMeHAyerct KoHcrpyl.ipoBarb6e3 or' rlr6os, aoeoaq ao onop Bce H[]KHue npo,'IerHblecrep;xHl{',4 Han onopaMu ycraHaB,'IuBarbcBolo apMarypi o slg.e roporuurefi - ^flpH l2l'u groM HuxHr.re crep)KBtt nuorolpo,rerulix n,llr lualterpou r., MeHee peKoMeHAyeTcqKoHcTpyHpoBaTbcKBo3HbIMr' nponycKaq Itx qepe3 HecKoJbKoonop, a B I{paiiHux npoJlerax ycTaHaB.]IllBart' [pu - H;o6xo,{xMocr[ ao6aBoqHbIecrept{Hlt. rlJ'lurblI{ npuBeaeHbl Ha puc.23 noxasan npl.rMepapMI.rpoBaHI.Iq Bcrpeqarcxll-{xcq pa3nuqHblx cJ'IyqaeB, cnoco6u xoucrpyupoBaHl.ls noKaHafr'IqaHocrn erou flpu ceqesuii arq onopHblx B rrpaKTlrxe 3 a H ar a K l K e a P M a r y p a 6 a r o K . qacrb npoEcnu no pacuery seo6xoaut'to ycrpoiicrBo 0rrg6-08, To puc 2l flpu no nprnasxoii c onoplr na orru6anr "i"pkn"ti ,tetn"i erolr ao onbpsl creayer aoBoaxrb He [teHee l/3 naxuux npo"'Ierublx crepxueii. O6stquo aosoaqr no,'roB1lHycrep)KHeii ao onop, a no"'Io' snny orru6aor BBepx, qepe,(yq orrl6u vepes o,4rs crepxenl PexoMeHAVercfinpltMeHflTbCTepXHIt,ororHyrble c oauoii cropoHlt' lllar crepxHeri nuxrIeIl n sepxHeii pa6oTefi apuarypu peKoMeHAyercn M. Ha3Haqarbno B03MoxHocrlt oalrHaKoBbI flu'rouaab ceqeHHq pacIIpeae,'Inre,rbHo},IapMaTypbl aorlxHa cocTaB,rsrbHe MeHee100/6or n.noUaAu ceueuNn pa6oveft apMarypbl' noiruun""noii s N{ecre Ha 6orl ero Hsrn6arcurero MoMeHTa.AllaMeTp r uar crepxHeii pactlpeae,'IIireJlbHorlapnaaryplt 6a'roqHstx flrqr Ha3Haqanr B 3aBucuMocrll or alIaMerpa Ir tttafa crepxHefi Da6oqeit apMarypbl, B coorBercrBLrv c ra6fi. 32. KoHUH crepr{Heii 6e: xploxoa i a c n p e a e , r l r r e , t s u b i ia p m a r l p u r 3 a K a H q H B a l o r c t r T a6nu\a 32 apMaryphl pacnpeaenurenbqoi AtlaMerpn mar crepxfiei 6a'lotlgblx IIpr

n'rul

rare

a fl,t

crepxrletl Pa6oqetl apMarypbt

l0

al

M€ yil TII

qe po yK

HC

MC

101)

3 350 4 350 5 350 6

ry at

ME cJl

oo

HbI

ap

l.r3 cel 5 350

JIC'I

n podo,rt ehue ta6t

32

rlpx uare crep*uen pa6oqeI apMarypd

t4

l6 l8 20

22

6

6 300

6

I 300 8

8 350 8 300 l0 350 l0

8 350

2so l0 300 l0 200 t2 -tBo'

n D r lr c 'r a r e. B qtcn{rene ar, typH,3 r sHaMefiarene-{)r

'

T5d l2 36d' yxa3a

6

6 6 350 8

l0 350 l0 3d t0

6 300 8 350 8 350 l0 350 l0

36

3Ed

8 350

3m

n{aMerp crepxnet

8 l0 l0

pacrrpeAe,r'irexbnofi

6 350 o 8 35d 8 380-' t0 l0 350 ap$a-

4. If.lrrn, oneprue no KoHrypy

cerKaMt,l.fl.nuru, oneprue no roHA. AprrrrpoaanrecBapHHMrt typy !r rMeloul]e pa3Mepbrcropos He 6o,ree6 u 3,u, aonycxaerca B npo,reTeoAHofirle,'rbHoir csapHolicerxoilic pa6oqeil SpMr.rpoBarb E' D M a r V Dso foi 6 o u x u a n p a s n e H l . r s x . qltcJreo,u.HaKoBblxtrruT B rle,'rtx 3KoHoMtil.i apflp-ll'6o,ruu-ronr (2,5-3 u) pexoMeHAyercq c MeHbrxltM rrpoJ'IeroM B nnnrax raryp yMeHbruaTb KoJtr.{qecrBo crepxHeri ua xpaiiulrx no,'rocaxn"'rnrblnpo_TrB cpeAHnx.ts SToMcrryqaen,'rHraMoxeT apMHpoBarbctoAHolr q,ElbHofi apMarypbr,KororrJrocKofi cBapHoi ceTKoric Kor'rl.iqecTBoM poe rpe6yerca Ha rpaftHeft flor'Ioce,a Ha cpe!,HeM yqacrKe nJIIrrb] cerKa (pHc. 24, a). IIIlpNua xpaityr,'raAHgaercsAono,'lHl.lreJlbHat Befi floJlocbr,n oflpeae"'rsercspacqeroM. llpu sron, ecnr.ialraMerp crepxHeri pa6oqefi apMarypbr I ttit ti MeHee!cneayeT nplrMeHfiTbrH[oBbre cBapHHe cerKr], a ecJl]l alla'ro Merp crepxHefi pa6oueri apuarypbl cocraBr'rfler I0-12 ,t.u, cteayer KoHcrpyr..rpoBarbcBapHble ceTKH aHa,'lorfiqHo TIlnoBblM c Lt3roroB"'IeHI-Ifl l-lx Ha MHotoSJIeKTpoAo6ecneqeHueMB03Mo)KHocrI-r n b r xr o q e q H H xM a r x [ H a x ( c u . r a 6 r . 8 ) . flpu 6o"rr,rur.rxaHaMerpax pa6overi aplrarypbr n,'niry MoxtHo cBapHbrMncocraBubrMrlcerKaML txltprrHoh to l-1,2 n, apMr.rpoBarb rgroroBJrr eMbrMr.rHa oaHoroqeqnbrxMarrrHHax(cm. ra6,r, 9) no runy cero(, uio6pa)KeHHbrxsa pac. 13. 3rt cerxs yKJlaablEaorcfl B tlpos p HbIX HarlpaBJleIIusX JIeTeB ,(Ba CJrOr BO 83ar.IMHOnepneHAIIKyJI raKfiM o6pa3oM, qro6br pa6oque cTepxHll B cerKax Ka)K,nofocroq

Ff-

F. :

flpu aro,lt cerxu c 6o'ree,.xoporKLMl'1 6uru (e,rrHulru (plc.24,6\. B HllxHl.tfi croft' MoHra)I(HbIe yK,laablBaFTcq pa6oqIrMlI crepll(H;ML BnpI'ITr'IKs xe--crhlxytorcq' K,'laryrctl cJlot Kax(aoio i"epx", cetor cHl.l3y' a B cern$iren e cerKax H[]KHeto croq oHfi nor'l)I(Hbl 6bITb oneprblx no apMarypa Ha.u.onopual rix sepxuero cJtos-cBepxy

I B

,'I M K H I]

c! n,

ol

n a1

ni

B yr

H(

p(

CT )Kr

50 tr Pxc. 24. ADMxgosaEne cBaP$H oneprBx no Kofl'

rvpv

I -ocHoBrrae ucnbHat celK3 npo_ aoMaryPbr; 2-Aonorlnn' i.rson renbnan uenhHat cerl
pa

HC BbI

KA AH

ap

MH

IIJIUT c rlJlocKLMl.iceTKaMfi B npoJIeTax I(OHTypyMHOTOnpoJIeTHbIX Haao[opHoii apMarype 6a'roqsux aHaJlofu'{rlo KOHCTPyllpyercfl n n a r ( p r c . 2 4 ,e ) . u!*unrlllrbl MHotonpo,reruue oneprble no Kourypy I ry6-::tl- 7 " tt'l'tl aaamerpov Mexay onop Ir rtpoJleroB \? rypoir cpea^nNx pyJloHHbIMItcerKaMn "'*Lto"t i"nono rrl6xno aprurpoa-arb runoBblMll

nll:v..3tov"t i"np"aon"""it, pa6o'rrturirepxnruu' Aif ,?l?::- aBe KpafiHllx' HanpaBJ'leHfiH oa36l-lrb Ha rpu

noJlocbl B Ka;aoM

o rpo"lerax yKr'Ia[i"i7,'"eniure'.o nponera' fl cpeAHPIo Py'nonu

72

x€ py t{lt(

6o

Be cTe nrl

pa pa

r ir.

pacKarblBaercq Bo &saorcg B aBa cnoq, Kax,{blil I.r3 Koropblx no cpe'u'Hl{MnoroJtbKo baruHo nepnenafil{ynt pHoM HanpaBJIeHI.lI.l ,ouc. B eroM cJlyitae apMarypa i'1 Haaonopgas . 24, iixa* n.,tui c loxer roncrivrpoBarbcfl B Bl{.(e KBa,[parHbIx IlJlocKI.IxceroK Ha-npaBrej ooofix B crepxHtMH. tra.4parHofi iqefixoii N pa6oqlMI.l (rc 12- MeHt'uIlIr irsx. 3r, cerKH [Melor pa:ltep cropoHlt 0,7 12 yKJla,[.blBanTcss yr,rax n,rlr raxuna o6parov' qro6bl l.tx lDorer) O"nn HanpaBJIeHblnon yr,lo[t 45o x ool oKaiiM"'Irnurx iiao*"""6r,"'i

tiM tprc.'24,d\ unu 6ir,rr napa'r'ne'rsHbr

iit""v

-KpairHue r qacrsMI.l?rl.{xceroK . coorBeTcr8yloluHM otrophapMI.'tpylorcs crep)KHcMtl'Bfl3aHyo apMarypy ; b. Ai"uiiuanre orAeJIbHhtMH raK xe' *.aK ' KoHcrpyl.{pylor KoHrypy' no on'eprlrx f,rlr, :-1t^ii{: apMarypbl arvDv'6a,roqHux nnlr. flpu SToM '[ng 3KotioMlllt r y ' r ' r 6 x n o p a 3 6 H r b H a r p u . n o J l o c b lB K a M n o M " ' n p ' l . l | L 1 :

r/{ MeHbuero nponera' i<pairne. ullpnHofi no l- :!:ai:o' xpafinnx no,roiax rJlouaab ceqeHut apvary!Y^,-t9T-t:^,:"t::

erbHoili ['IM CpeaHetrno'locbl' Ho :ulueHa saeoe nporl.{B n a p aJ'IJI KoueHee qeM ao 3 crepxaeli Ha I ,{. cTepxHI'I B Ha[paBreHu}I BHI.|3y. Koi croDoHblYKJIad.blBaI'orcs 'proouuo

il;a;;;;;;;

apMarvp; vcra'aBrrBaercnro Bceil

Kaxaofi cropotlbl n.rllrrblpaBuoMepHo.

5. Koncoltnue n.lntn npsHuMa]or nollot.l gu,rete KoHcoJlHAo I ,ll ronu[Hy TIJIHTbI *o*t9n1-y9nJIurbI nfnoil, a npr eH,{ere I u w 6onee ceqeHl.{e Menee KoHco'rll-He Konue Ha cBo60,llHoM 6url neDitueusuM: p-acqeTy. IIO 3aaeJlKIt B MecTe a tr, no l,ny6nua saae,rx'll KoH-coJIbHoRnJlllrbl B CTeHy Ha3Haqaercfl 6blrb: rcecln2 400 aoJIlKHa HarPY3Ke ao I,l npll BpeMeHHoft rlpL^BbIJIere KoHcoJ'lllAo 600 ,rr{, 380nu-nPu MeHee250 ,ttt-

KoHcons600-1000 lr. Harpy3flor.r sunere xouco;tq 6o,ree 1000 nn utu rtpu 66r bIIJr.'rx ieo6xoaulro nperycMarpuBarbcfieufiatbfible M e p o n p r t T s t n o 11B CTeHe. epoBKe KoHCOJ'I n,'lllrbt apMrpyor' Kbncorrsne

KaK npaBI.lJlo' roJtbKo BepxHeH

qacrb oaHo- I.lJlIl vDofi. KoHco,'IH,npeaciao.nanune co6ofi I'I Tou nocJleagllMI.I c BMecre apMupybrcfl iio,rernoili nJ'rlITbI,

oraeJlbllLIMI'lcrepxHfl Mll' apuarypoir - cerKaMI.lI.'lJ'lH apMIiKbnco.ninne nJIlrrbl, 3aaeJlaHHlieB crely' KaK npaB].'IJ'lo' oorbuoe uMeeTcq ecJII.l oaHaKo, CTepxHtlMI'1, oraeJrbHbIMI.I O OIIHaKOBbIX

KOHCOIT'HbIX nJII-lT LJIIi KOHCOIbHaq

n'qlTa

[MeeT

ylo npOTqXeHHoCTb'apMI.lpoBaTLTaK[e llr''lllTblMO)IiHOCOOTeHrro n.nocxr tltt.'tl'IJlll py,'IoHHblMlI ( c nonepeuuu tt'tti p a6ouut'll l g i r x ) c B a p t t b t l t r c e r K a M ' ' 1l.- l p l a p u l p o e a t r H H x o H c o ' ' l b t b l x uMeroufix eH,rer 1000 u'tr u 6otee, aolycKaercq (ecJll.l3To bna,ro"o c roqKu 3peHI.lt yHfi(luKaIlflll no3Huufi) noJloBHHy crepxleil o6punarl Ha noJIoBuHeBbIJIeraKoHcoJlIi'

7g

6. nn]'rbt 6e36anoqHHxnepeKpHrHfi

E p

cerKaMu.flpt 6o,illurouquc,'Ieoru' A. ApurpoeauxecBapHHMtt pa36lr' gaxoBr,r,\ (eJItX 3KOHOMI.IU apMaTypblpeKoMeHAyeTci r,,rHTB uoJlocbl. tl HaaKoJloHHble Ha npoJleTHble BrTbnepeKpbITIJe

p

TI

Kl lIr c'

"'l( Ki

6r

o( JI' H

CT

pc

CT HA

ot Mt +rF,|+{..|#l

ETEITFTFtr I |+rH-l.{{.{Jt-Hl t-fFfFFrffil I

X III'j

pa

CI:

(p A35L0.351 |

ffilI|-.---r....-1

F-------+--------it

0.35L

Ai5L10351 . |---t-.-l

0.351| 0,351

. . . . . . - - - 3 - r.--.r-.7 f-

oepeRpnlruft nnrr 5€s6aroqrHr Pnc. 26. ApxxpoBnnte B npon€1e ysxsMli cBapHHMu cetKaMn: 6- apMfipo' a-aDMtpoBrsfie Banl{a llaa onopaMs v3KxMu cBap brMt ce,xaM : ,-aputpoBaxne B Irpoterei a-ro 8e, uaaollopsat aplarypa creDxHtx, o.renbrLlsr

10-12 nn s c urxuei pa6ovefiapMarypofiAl.taMerpoM fl.nurst,r c alr.ruoii MeHbtlreficropouu 2,5-3 ,tl cJleayer apMxpoBarbIIno' cerKaMI.t.[Ipn 6onlultx cBapHbIMI'r uer'IbHblMli cKtMr.trt.rnoBbrMfi (B srl,ueorae,lsHux cocTaBHble tlll,rpfiHaxnnrl c"'leayernpxMeHgTb nepneH.afiKy' B aBa B3aHMHO cerKl.t,yKJlaaHBaeMble no,loc) TLnoEbIe (puc' 25' a). pa6oql|Ml crepxsflMr't npoaoJlbHblMl.I J'repHbrx c''roec 74

M€

pe

25 50

TLI cTl pB

EJI

po

pe cfi: oTl

Ecrr 4ualrerp pa6oq[x crepx{Hefr6o,reel2 rrr, cJre.lyer(oHcrpyr{poBarbysKueIiHd,IrBHAyaJlbHbre ax Ha oLHoceTKLt c l.rsroroBJreHleM ToqeqHHX MautlHax.Bepxxxn apMarypannltr KoHcrpyHcBapoqHbrx p y e r c rB B r . r aye3 K r r xc e r o K( c n . p u c . 2 5 , 6 ) . B csapnux cerKax rr,rHTMexaygTa)t{Hhrx 6es6a,rouuuxneperpbITfii orBepcrr.rsA,rq nponycKa apMaryprJ Ko,'roHH Bbrpe3arorcg lo Mecry.!,rr xolrneucaquHnpepBaHHoii apMarypbrBoxpyf orBepcTui ycraHaBnuBaIor bHbIe crep)KHIt. AorIo.rlH[ITe,]I B cerxax nrrr 6e:6a.noqsoforroKpbrrr.rfl Bbrpe3arborBepcrntt fieTHeo6xonnMocrn. Bepxure uacrr KoJroHH B Mecrax conptxeHHg c rtrlrroft 6e36arrepeKp brrus cHa6x(arorca yu npeur,rq M!r * Kannre"{AMr.rr.rJru KANTITETqM}t C HAAKANI-ITCJIbHbIMH NJIUTAMX.

5. Apmupoaaxre orAenbuHMu creprltHcMn. ApnrupoeaHne n,rur 6eg6anoqgr'rxnepexpsrruii oraeJlbHblMt crepxlrtMx npor43BoaHTcfi o6bt,{no6e3 oru6oe. flpr 6o,rruol.r qficJle oAfiHaKoBbrxrrJrrrr B ueJltx gKoHoMllrjapMarypbr nepeKpbrr e pas6lleaercr Ha npo,'rerHbre f, HalKor'roHHr're no.rocu (prc. 25,e, e). B o6eux rroJrocax Hs)KHle crepxHrl aoJ'rxHbr6Hrl saae.qeriHor ocu npo"'rera B Ka)t,{y}o cropoHy He MeHee ueu ra 0,35 /. flpa srolr B Ha.{Ko,'roHHoit rtoroce crepxlu AoJr)r(r{br 6r,rrr :aaeqeulr 3a rpaHr, KanxreJ'rnse Meriee qeM

aa l0 d.

Bepxnre crepxuH apMarypbl na4xo.nouHofi no,'locbl aoJrxHbI 6blrb 3aBeAeHbr3a ocb pqAa KoJroHHB KaxAylo cropoHy raKxe He ueHeeqeM Ha 0,35 l.

7. OrBepcrtc B n,rurax flpruoyro,rlnlre rJ KBaAparHbre orBepcrrlr pa3MepaMlIo 250 X X250 nn, a raKxe Kpyfnble ar{aMerpoM ro 250 nn cneqr.raJlbHbrMr.r crep)KHrMr.r u 6oprunauu He o6paMrqlorcl. Pa6o,{at fi pacnpeAeJJr{renbHarr apMarypa nnnrbl BoKpyr raKr.rx orBepcrfift cryuaercq - craB[Tcq aBa crep)rHfl c npouexyrxov 50 z,u (puc. 26, a). flpr apMHpoBaHrr[r'rr.rrbrcBapHbrMn cerKaMfipeKoraKoe orBepcrue ycrpauBarb B flqefixe cerKJrfi,'rIr BbIMeHAyercs De3aTb ero no MecTV. ' flpnuoyro,rrune r KBaAparHbreorBepcrrrr pa3MepaMu or 250X 250 i,r Eo 500 X 500 nn, a raKxte Kpyrrrbrear{aMerpoMao 500,ur ycrparznarcrcq6eg o6paaonauurB nrnre yroJruteHuft(6opHfireJbHoriapMarypbr,oxaftlt,ranqei:ioreepruron). Ceveuaeaono,'r apMarypbr,npecrr.re, roJrxHo 6brrb He MeHeecyuuapuofi n"'roulaar,t pBaHHofi B KaxaoM EanpaBreurllr(puc. 26,6, e). orBepcrr.reM 'Orrepcraa (npoenu), r.rMeroqrepa3Mepbl6o,ree500X 500 ;l.u 6O,ree500 nn, o6pauttnrcr no nepHMeTpy apMxflJrfi.[HaMeTpoM p er 6 poBaHHbrM . i p a l r u( p n c . 2 6 , e ,d ) . P a s u e p n x a p M u p o B a H n9er r . l x pe6ep3aBHcqror pa3MepoB, B n"raHeorHoQopMbr,pacnoiroxeHr.iq 6anor nepexpsrr[q u Ha3HaqeHl.rr flpoeMa H B KaxaoM cfiTeJrbHo oTAeJrbHoM cnyqae peuaroTcflrrPoeKTup 0BullrKoM,

B apuarypnux qeprex(ax cneurraJrrHbrecrepxHn ,[.nfl apMrlpo" BaHUq I.'rHTbi B Ilpeaenax pa3Mepa oTBepcTr.lq,3a HcKJrroqeHr,reM oKauvJrfltolllrx, KaK Ipapll,ro, He aatoTct, a Ha qepre]Ke cJte.{yer noMeulaTb np{MeqaHr.re:B [pe.{e,Iax oTBepcTr.r'cTepxHu pa3pe3aTb NOMECTVTJOTOIIIVTbB TEJION.IIIiTb]. a)

250+5A0 -_I==-] ^ r----===li E::=:=:=Ir-,r,zlrr------\,]/ aF\\a5Fd

Pnc. 20, Ap rpo.arx€ B n,rv?ax lorpyr orlcpcrsl I - nepepe3aHq6re crepxun pa6oqel apMa,ypH urr6r; ,-cn€crepxH!, ulafi,t|bre oxalMrsroqre crepxEui, -oKatMnroqre p a 6 o q e i o6pa3oBaflsHecryqeHdeM apMarypH nnarHi ,- pac'rerpe6ep nr crepxH8r rrpo.[onbnrs apMarypa pe6ep; 5-xoMyrH p€6pa (oflr{paorcr na 'ret O 6 uaroM 200; 6-oxaqMrrrourxe na 6arKH neoexoHrfl{)

flpu apunpoeax[n nepeKpbrrr.trr cBapnbrMncerKaMHorBepcrrrt pa3MepoM Ao 500 X 500 !fllu\pv pacKrra(KeceroK He yqlirbrBarorcq, a Ha qepTexeaaeTcflIIpfiMeqaHue: oTBepcTne Bb]pe3aTb rro MecTy. IIpr 6d,rrrurx orBepcrh;x cerKr p acKra.[,br Ba]orcr c yqeroM orBepcrllfi, oAHaKoa pafione orBepcrr.rsnJrlrry peKoMeHAyeTcs apMlrpoBarb oTAeJl bHblMr.lcrepxHtMl.t,He Hapyuafl yHn4rKauul, ceroK. 76

N

s 4. FAJ|Kl4 t. O6u[re cBeren g npHMe' Sa.nxofr Hasnsaercr ruHefiHbrfinsfs6aeMbIftSJIeMeHT, fireMHfi s KoHcrpyKunqxs(a:Hnht1 coopyxeuHil.Ba,nxnuoryr onn' Ha ABe [In]t HecKo,'IbKo c 3auleMJIeH'eM DaTbct- cBoooaHoI.IJII.I rrrcry 3rnM no nporeroB LI xapaKTepyonfipaHlfl B c bnop. ceasr DA3JtI-'qANT 6AJIKH: a) oaHonponerHbtecBo6oano Jlex(aulue; 6) oaHonpo,reruue, gaureMJreHHbre Ha oaHoii Hr'lHHa aByx ono-

Pax;.

B) KOHCOJrbHbre; M HOI'OnDOJreTHble.

flo cnocody H3roroBJreuueMeneso6erouHHe 6anrn uoryr 6slrr H t\4oHoJll..trHbtMu. c6oDHo-MoHo,'rHTHbrMH c6oDHbl[.tn. banonporeinure cso6oalro,'rexautle 6a.nrr xaparreprtu Anr c60pHbrx KoHcrpyKuHi, a MIononpoJrerHb]e - Al'rt MoHontrHhlx Il c6opHo-MoHor HTghlx. Ha onopax u rosconlsue 6a.nxtt OAnonpo,rernue garrleMJreHHbre TaI{ r c6opHblMtt. Moryr 6brrb Kar MoHoJrIrrHbrMLJ, flo oopl.aau nonepeqHblx ceqeusfi 6anxu Bcrpeqatorct npqMoyronbHHe, raBpoBbre (c no.nroilicBepxy fiJIg cHIlsy) H aByraBpoBble. CeqeHug c6opnbrx Lr MoHo,rrlrHbrx6arox HasHaqaloTno pacqery, copraMenT, aaHHHft s ra6,'1.33. nptrHr.rMatBo BHHMaHT.Ie MsgrluarggaR ToJrulfiHa3alqr.rrHoroc,'Ioq 6eroHa aJlt apMarypbl 6a,nor, uaxoanur[xcq B o6blqHblx ycJloBltsx gKcnJtyaralruu (orcyrnpuHllMarbcs no crBrre arpecctBHblx a r.n. Bo3aellcrBlii), ,u,o"'I)KHa Ta6r.34. Top[u npo4onlHblx pa6oqfix crepxHeit, ec,qt oHI,tHe [puBapeHbl K aHKepypu.llM aeTantM, ao"lxtlbl Merb 9au,l'lTHblilcnofi fie Menee l0 rt. Ta6anqa33 oanofi i ,t,t

CopraMeBr ceqefirfi cdoprLrx f, Bbrcora ceqefltrr I tUrp{na

150 200 300 400 500 Aare l ( p a r H ul 0 l

3m

{@

500

600

7@

800

o

a a

a

a a

a

a a

r001

1200

a a

a a

Aanee '30c

r Ta6Jrfiua Tonu!ta

apMarypEI6anoK B t ra

6eroHa

SaqlrHoro

TonqHHa 3rulrrrroro cnuq a' X a p a K T e p n c , x l { a6 a n ( r

C 6 o p n u e n M o l l o J ' i r ' l T H H eB b l c o r o f i n o n e p e u u o r o c e q e H t ! o z D U .l ' l C 6 o p g u e I M o H o ' l H T H b l eB c o r o l l n o I nepeqHoro ceqeHIJs 250 /,l 6onee ce' C 6 o D H b l e B b t c o r o i i n o f l e p e q H o lo qeuls 250 ,tn tt 6o,1ee Hl lnxe-

noio o".on, MaP(, 6onee200

OvHraMeETHble 6a,'I({ 6a'1K,r Il I C6opnule tbyttlavellrHlje 6eroHa MalKIl oo'lee rqxe,loro

t5{a}d

a21A

20.t

a> 15

20d-5 30d

a> 15 a215

30(a>d-5

a> 15

200 . 3aunrHblfi cnof, a- Hani{eubulee xafiuero x 8et apMarvpHoro c-rcpxtrt'

paccrosdne or

.patr

oeroHa ao

f l o B e p x H o c r H6 n r '

cpe'aa oco6ltx yc.rlosunx 3Kcn!'Iyaralrfiu (arpeccu-snan flpl .yqeroM c Ha3Haqarb " r. ri.f ronur"ny saulfir'oro croq Heo6xoaul'lo eHTOB' AOKyM HopMarI.lBHbIX coorBeTcrBylollI,Ix '--inyonnr R creHy npx cBooo'uHoM 6aJloK MolloJIl.trHbIx 3aaerKi ""nt" Ho aoJIxHa pacqery, no rplllltMaercfl -.'on" onrrDaHllr 91],": -1^t, e.'-He^npuBacrepx pa6ouux no"uot npoab,rouItx i;0";';";, Mellee BeJIUc n e q H a J tbHblll aHKepyolquM AerarsM'-He x o e n l r ""il;; t'v6uHa cre-Hn KxprIItqHLIe. ilpu onu'panu' Ha ;; ;il;;;;; Knppa3Mepy KparHoii 6url sitr"n*" 6unoi , KpoNIeroro' Aonxna (250,380 fi.4,I.Ir. a'). nr.rqa "t-r cHa6xalo-Tcs o":p"t'aoopnot* 6alox, rax npaBt'L'lo' ^crarhHblM pacqe' onpeaer''ItIorcs Koropblx pa3MepbI sar,,Iaailrv', 4errnonnu, noryr 6ltrl nprlBapeHbl ;;;. n;" H"o6*o4uto.rr. K 3r;M aera"I;M t x p a 6 o v u xc r e p x l l e l l ' K o u [ b r p o a o , ' l bbH '

2, APttllPoraune6alor a npn I nonepeqrlori -aplrarypoii' ap' Ba,rru aprlllpytor npoaor'rbHoir c'le'uyer 6a'nru npaoN'ro' nnsaniix xa'praidx oiofHyroii Kax cBapIlbIMH KapKacaM !I".'''no" MrlpoBaTb t*' nPuMeHer-ns,^ap^M:1lp"' (no ycJIoBHqM ' ""ooioaunocrn tun*"

"uor.'i, "t"'-riyirt

6arIKH a9nv,t::L:X "obopd*"unsM) crepxHeu'

gs3aHstN{ItKapKacaMI'II.l3 orae"IbHblx '";ff;;;rtytt?unn" uo*npoiuto no*uuotu'rorHa ee QacaaeH B BbIHeceHKoropble AalorceIlo npgl-ell'-o:topltMIr no,inon"i"unoii ceqeHlrflx, u"lu pa3llepbl nonepeqapv""*.-t'aatrt, HOfOCeqeHIlt" 78

tAe MeHtloTcfl apMaTypa

C I

c I

f l p r a p n r u p o s a l r H6 a n K Hc B a p r r b t y xK a p K a c a v H[ t a p K x p o B K xax H a e a c a A e a a e r c r H e f l o , ' r H o iBi b t H o c K o f i( 6 e : v x a : a H x s x o , r u q e _ c r r a ) , a u a f l o n e p e q H o Mc e q e H r n - n o n H o h ,c y x a s a " H e [ , rn u , " r r u " , c r a a . B M e c r o Q a c a r o e , a p M r l p o B a H H b rcxB a p H b l N uxr a p x a c a v u 6 a , r o x ( o c o 6 e t t o M H o r o n p o n e r H b r x )M , o x H o B b r l o , , l H s r br ! . 1 o H T a ) x H b r e cxeMbr pacKJ'ratKUcBapHbrx apMarypHbrx fi3ae,rfifr c coorBercrByrotlu.rM Il npIlBr3KaMrr. f l p a a p u a p o e a u u l 6 a , r x r o r 4 e , r s u b r M Hc r e p x ( H r r M tM a p K l t p o B K a IIpoAoJrbHbrxcrepxfleil Ha QacaAe Aaercs HeIIo,'rHoriBbrHoc(ofi. a B n o n e p e q u o l lct e q e H f i u- f l o , r r H o fcr . y x a 3 a t I U e MK o r H q e c r B a ;M a p K [ _ poBKa xoMyroB ua $acaAe Aaercr no,'rHoii BbtHocKoftc yra:a[neu u a f a , a B c e q e H r . t s x - r r e n o , r u o iei u u o c r o f i . , A. [Ipoao,lsaan pa6olar apMarypa. CrepNnr npoao,rlnoft pa6oueft apuarypn 6a,rox pexonren4yerce npr.lHnMarbxe menee l2,r.l.u u ue 6o,ree 40 ,t (ans cBapHbrx rapracoa) u 28 nn (anl sloaHbrx). a Ee pacqerHoe 3naqeule . B 6a,rxax, aMeloufix KoHcrpyKTlrBHoe, (uanpauep, 6a.nrs xecrxocrt), 4aauerp dpoAo,'rbubrx crepxHeii Moxer Ilpl-Hr{Marscnl0 ar a aaxe MeHbrxe,Ho He MeHeeafiaMerpa IIonepeqHofiapMarypbr. Bce crepxul.l npoao,rsaoil pa6oueii apuarypbr peKoMeHAyercs Ha3HaqaTb o.4rJsaKoBoroaraMeTpa fi pacrloJraraTb r{x B nepBoM puy. Ecnu xe nfaMerpbl paoalre (6o.nee AByx, He cqfiraq KoHc T p y K ' r u B r r b iax M o u r a I { H b r x c T e p x H e H , n p a H I l M a T b H e p e K o M e H Ayercfl), ro crepxHr.r 6o,'lbmefo AaaMerpa cJ'reAyerpa3Meularb B n e p B o Mp f l / l y , B y r r ' r a xc e q e H r e r i n B n p H B s 3 a H o i la p M a r y p e - B M e . c r a x t t e p e r u 6 ax o M y r o B . Pa6o_qHecrepxHH aoJr)I(Hblpa3Mer!arbcr paBHoMepHono uHprHe pe6pa H He 6o,tee qeM B ABa prAa, fipfi arou ao oroporr.rpray ro.llxuo 6lrrr r:le MeHee aayx crepxuei. CrepNHn BToporo pqaa cJreAyerpacnorararb B oAHoii Beprr..rKa,'lblroil [,'rocKocrri co crepx. gqMx oepBoro pflaa, a He B uraxMaTHoMnopfaKe. -6erorupyelrux Ang noso,rxrgtrx 6anor n c6opHhrx, B BepruKaJIbrroMnono)KeHr.tr,paccTogHue B cBeTy Mexay Ipoaor,rbHbrMH cTepxHtMrr, pacnoJ'roMesHblM r.t B oaHoM ropr{3oHTanbHoMprly, 6brrb He MeHee afaMerpa crepxlre z a,rr rrxneri ipuiAo,'rx ao,'rxlo 6urt He MeHee20 u.tt u ue uesee donl{rero ArraMerpa (pnc. 27). Marcgua,rrnoe qtcJro nporor'rbHltx crepxneir, Koropoe B 3ToM cnyqae MoxHo pacnoJrox,rxrbB oAHoM prAy no ufipt.{He D nonepeuHoro ceqeHufl-6aJ'rKfi apfi oAfiHaKoBoMArraMcrpe orux crepNireir, aaHo s ra6a. 35. B 6au'lrax uapnHofi 150 nu a 6o,'reeq c,to npo,xonsaHx 0a6oqax crepxueri, AoBo.qfiMbrxAo onopbr, ao,rxuo 6sril He MeHee qByx. B 6a,rrax c qerbrpexcpe3lrblMrJ xoMyraMr.j npr.t Be3auoii apNrarype 79

peKoMeHAyercflaoBoa[Tr, ao onopb] qerbrpe crep)Krrg. AoBeaeHHe lo onopbr o.lHoro I]po,[,oJrbHolocTepxHfl r.rr'r]rycTaHoB(a oaHoro nJrocKorocBapHoro KapKaca aolycKaercfl B pe6pax nirrp[Hofi ceqeHr.reMeHee150 ,u.u c6opnux naue.neft,qacrope6pacrbrx nepeKpblrltfr u HacTrrr'roBnpr.r paBHoMepHo pac[peae"leHHblx Hafpy3Kax ao 400 nzclnz H npr.rorcyrcrBnri KpyqeHrq.

d 6 - 2 do

\

p

u te nenee25un

q

F

& Pnc, 27. PaaM€rtesre apxatyDE BoM c€qerrr 6adKr

B noncp€{'

Huxrroro aprrarypy, Koropae aoBoaurca 4o xpaftuux ceo6oaHbrx ofiop 6a,rox as 6erola npoexrHorl uapxr 200 lr Bbrrxe,apMllpyeMr,rxcrepxrlflMu H3 cTaJrr.rrraccoa A-ll ri A-lll, c.neAyersaaoA r r r b 3 a r p a H b o n o p h r H a B e J r H q t - r tr r y( p u c . 2 8 , e , 2 9 , 4 ) , c o c r a e l n n Iqylo He MeHee l0 aualrerpoo npoaor'lbHblxcTepx{Hefi,a IIpIr MeHbnI x MapKax 6erosa nru Bbrno,qHeHfiryKa3aHHofi apMarypr,r n3 M e H e eq e M u a l 5 . q t a l t e r p o a , n p f i t { e Mf J r a A c r a r x K J r a c c aA - l - n e KpmKaMI.r. Kyro apMarypy ueo6xoaurrro3aKaHqt.rBarb Eclu 6a,rxn apMHpyrorcr cBapHblNrr]KapKacaMHc lr]-lxHeri npo[o",rbHoirpa6orreii apMarypoii r{3 KpyrJlbrx r.naArsx crepxueri, ro Ha rpafiHeft ceo6oAuori onope fia nJrr{HeaHKepoBKrit 3Tux crepxHeft K KaxAoMy Ao,'rx{Ho6brrb npnBapeHo Ire MeHee AByx rlollepeqHHx (auxepyrourx) crepx(Herl auaMerpoM He Meuee noJroBr..rHbr anaMeTpa npoao,rbHofo crep)KHr, npuueu nepesrft aNxepuuili crepxeHb AoJrxeH orcroflrb or ropu.a npoaoJrbHorocrep)KHfl He 60"1eeqeM Ha 1,5 d, a aropoii - sa 50 nu or Hero. Ec,'nl HeJlb3flnpsBapurb aHKepbr, crepxHr 3aKarrqltBa]or KproKaM]r.flpu aplrrpoaannn 6a,'roK cBapHblMx KapKacaMlt a"'rt{Ha nponeTHblx KapKacoB Ha3HaqaeTcq 80

a o

HJ Hi TI

HE q, BA

on Afl

pa ID

pe r(p

rpz sef

3aH

Ta6nrqa 35 Maxcruarbtoe

qrcJro npoAo,rbflux creprttrrei o,qttfia(ororo AsaMerpa, pasMeuaeMHxa oAnoM pcAy 6anx[ qBcro

lUnpqHa

150

BepxHss Hll>I(H'It

200

BepxHeq fit x{tq

300

BepxHtq III,IXHqq

400

BepxHrt

500

BCpXHqt llllxHtg

3 3 4 5

3 3 4 4

3 3 4

6 7

2 3 4 4 6 6

crepxqet

2 3 3 5 6 7 8 I l0

rpr

2 2 3

7 8 I l0

Arai(€rp€

2 2 3 3 5 5 6 7 8 I

2 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 8 8

B ll/

2 2 4 4

3 3

6 6 7 7

5 3 6

3 3 4 4 6 6

np!MeqaHre. Paccrorsdq B cBery Mex4y crepx(rrlrli neproArtr{ccKoro npo6,in, lpttnttuariorcr no uoMr{ranhHoMy atraMerpy 6e3 yqcra BhrcryroB }t pe6ep.

PaBHOtpa3Mepynpo,'reraB cBery, a 3a r-paHborrop 3aBoAqTcfc[e[ r a n b H b r cer b rK o B b rcer e p x H r i ( p u c . 2 8 , a . 6 \ . Cruxosue crepxHr.i AoJrxH; 6urs npelycuorpenbr Ha npoMex y r o r r H b ro x n o p a x B T o p o c r e n e H x u6xa , r o x , a r a K ) K eu a r p a i t H r . r x oropaxgTrrx6a,tox,ec.nuxpafitei onopoirflBJrserctrnasHaR6a,,rxa Ittll nporoH,cBs3aHHbre MoHo,'lr.trHo. 3rn crepxsu vcraHaBJrlBarorctr Ea ypoBuecrepxHeri npo,'rerHofipa6o,reliafuarypbr 6a,loK no KoIrrqecTBy npoJleTHbrx KapKacoB. crepxHeil 4olxen 6;rrs He Metieel0 un u AxaMerp crbrKoBbrx He MeueenoJroBl.rHbr Ar.raMerpapa6overo crepx{Hr rapxaca. flnoulaAbceqeHlitcrbrKoBbrx crepxHei, KpoMerofo, Ao,rxua o6ecneqN_ Barb MlIHuMaJrblblunpoueHT apMlrpoBaHr.riceqesrs 6autrs na oIIope. CrHroslre crepxnr, ecJ't r..rourl nepnoaur{ecKofo npotla,ra, saeoAqrcl 3a rpaHb onopbrB rrponer He MeHeeqelt Ha lS .4[aMerDoB pa6outx crepxuei{ KapracoB, a ec,'lt, crepxH}l rrTaaKr.je, - Ha 15 AllaMerpoepa6outx crepxueft KapKacoBn,rrcco4Hn uar no[epeqnbrxcrepxHeti 3Tux KapKacoBu n,rrcc50 nt.ttv 3aKaHssBaK)Tcr. I(Plo{aMH. Dcd'rnIro pacqeTy Ha onope Hyx{Ha c)r(aTas apMaTypa, ceqeH[e cTbrKoBbrx cTepxHeH Ha3HaqaeTc' no pacqeTy, r.t ollfi 3aBoaqTcq sa rpaHr.{oflopbra npoJ'leTHa BeJtr.tquHy Hax"lecTKr.t a!'lrr cxaTbtx cTep]KHeHno raoJ'r. /_ Ha xpafiHlx ofiopax BTopocreneuuux 6a.tox, MoHor'r]JTHo cBnSaHHblxc Neneso6erosnulr ll nporoHaMr.r,cJreayer flpeaycMarpHBarb 8l

TJ

B1 H

M M OI Psc, 2S ADriltpoBatrfie 6aror cBaptltt{It Kap[acaxe clepxBl ltapsacHi 3-cTdf,oaue -trponeTlrEe KapKacH; r-olopnbre

ct

K

CN

(r

BepxHror,o apMarypy ntollaAbro ceqeunqHe Meneet/a nrorta.qu ceqeHfir apMarypbr B npflMbrKarouleM rrpo,rere (puc. 28,a; 29,6). LTepxHH 3Tol.iapMarypbrcJteayer3aBo.qr{Tb B rrpoJrerHa 1/6 nporera 6arKil B cBery _n3a,qeJrbrBarb Ha oflope ua aenuutlty /", 4,lrl p a c r r H y r b r xc r e p N H e -i i n o r a 6 , r .6 . SFon

Pxc. 29. Apn{{poBanre

6anox srsasHMIt

Kao{acaMtr

Ha rpaiinxx 3aAeJ'laHHbrx B cregy onopax 6znxs Ans Bocnpr.ts.

TIrt B03MOXHOTO MOMeHTa3aUIeMJreH}l9 npeaycMaTpHBal,bcn AO,'t)KHa BepxHrr apMaTypa, KoTopyo MoxHo Ha3HaqaTr,B BuAe cneuuaJrb_ Hbrx crepxHer{, Ho, KaK npaBrrno, glecb locraroqHo [r,{ercueftcq Monraxgoii apMarypbl. flpu apu uposanru orae,'lbHbrM r.tcrepxneMu MOHra)XHyIo apMarypy cJeayer no3roMy Bcefaa 3aBoaHrb 3a rpaHr) onopbl Ha Be,tnqlrHyl" 4.ll pacrauyrux crepxuefi no ra6"r.6, a n cBapHbrx KapKacax npH BbrnoJrHeHullMoHTaxHoii apMaTypbl a3 rpyr,'rbrx fJraAfir.rx crepxHei B npele,'lax oIIopbl Ao,lxHa npeAycMaTpu^Barbcl RpxBapKa AByx aHKepHbtx rrolepeqHbrx crepxuetl [ p r i c .z d , 8 ) .

83

FT' BTopoHa npouexyroundx (cpearl.Ix)onopax MnororpoJlernblx ''!lecta pacverou' creneuHbrxoanoK BepxHRt apMa;ypa saAaercq ,:

obpitu,.t.p*t"ri :rbir apnarypbrcne'dyer' 111--l-p-111nll^"""u' qeM.d c e q e H x xp a 3 p e u a e r c fol 0 p b r B a r b

oAHoM o u i r n o p a a ' u a t yn, p qerblpex- npu qerblp-excpe3Hblx "" 6on""'tpa" irepiruei (He6o,ree 6 a n K y B p e M e H u opi ia B H o M e p Hpoa c H a '"""tr*f.'non aeficrelllr *r, H" npeeturaorqefi vrpoe'*oii ^n^Y:: n"or' ;";';;tpt. ;;;;;;;; (no BepxHLxcrepxHell 3aBoaI'lrb3a -'.,* r'.r no,'roeI-rHv- n,routa,u,n) Ea t/s nPoreTa B cBeTy'a roJlonpoJIeT il{dxHslil .out,i onopot s

6anraxc pas' :""il"-;;"il loi". is, a, 29,a). B nHoronporeruux tra Beor apyfa Apyr riinir "por,iirir'r,orntrqanurnucq '1fi[, -q9lt:^e.^qeM o'dI'l' ulcra o6pbIBacrepxHefi so gcex npoJleraxHa3Haqalor 60' n-po'neTax B rlo 60,ltueMy rIpo"IeTy'a npn fas'rnvun HaKOBbIMl.l rlo cMexHoMy 3aBo]lsrce npoJler "aa ioVr crepxlltt s NIeHsuuft l-l

,

6)

2

,4\. I E '-] , l+,t Prc. 30. OnoPflH. I - rrpoAonLfiat apMalypa:

i

i' I

a ' i

rspracll Btopocred€ittur 6anor 2-loflepeqHat apMalypai J - aHKepBbIe

HaxoaxrcflMex6onbueMynpoJlery.B c.nyvae,ecnu MaJIblitnpoJler cMex-H-blx^-IIpoJ'leL3 .I.IBarb nporfl cireAyer ;y o;y*; 6b.lsutlut,.. eect Marbtit nponer nbBepxy He Meueeasyx onopnblx ii,ul,ip.. pacu"t-y c r e p x i e i r , a a x e e c J l uo H } ,H| er p e 6 y l o r c on o '''itil;ft; . - - - . . . - . . .6'non

pa6ouyoapMarvPvHaonopa*'rtopo.cl:1:11'.Y*.

KapKa' B BHAe ropl.t3oHTaJIbHblx DeKOM'eHAyerc;KOHCTpynpoBarb 3auurHbrft

d^txupuHa 6anKu^'b i;";il;;;i; @ - 2hi,'rte pIlc 30' 3rl rapxacu Ha [oKa3aia KapKacoB anoft. Kirnatpy*ir!.it paccroqHnq-Mn nuenot pa6
)

(

T

H N

H

TI C

c rl

Kl

flpu roucrpyrpoBaHr.l.rMoHoJrrrrHr,rx nepexpurtfi, rrJrurrj Koropbrx He HMerornpoeMoBu apMr.rpoBaHbr cBapHblMli cetraua, a 6a.nKlr cBapHbrMrl KapKacartr, BepxHroro apMarypy onop BTopocTerreH. Hblx oa,'roK MolKHo flpHHHMaTb B Bt.t.U,e CBapHbrx pyr'roHrrblx HJtu n,Io-

cKllx ceroK c nolepequbrM pacnor'lox(eu[eM pa6ounx crepxueri u coorBercrB) ror{Hv larycKot\t ax a npo.leru 6a,ror. H orAe,tr,Hbrx _ tsepxHloro(oflopHylo) pa6o,{y}o apMarypy t"JraBHbrx oar'roK peKoMeHAyeTcrKoHcTpyxpoBaTbB Bfiae rrJ'rocKxxcBaprrbrx ceA,noBnaHr,rxKapKacoB, ycraHaBnHBaeMbrxe oeprlrra,rlHoii n,toc r o c r r ( p l c . 2 8 - . e , d ) . K o " r l u e c r B o K a p K a c o Bc n i a y e r n p r s s u a r s Mr'{Hl.JMaJrbHLlt\r. flpu 6o,rsuou qHcr''IeonopHbrx crepNneii u xeqenecooopa3HocTuoopbtBa fix B oaHoM ceqeulia flpoaoabHr,recTep]fi]ru B XaXAOM KapKaCe MO)KIO pa3MerqaTb B ABa praa no BblcoTe c IlpuBapKou fionepeqrrbrx crepxueii c oAnofi croponu. B c.nyvalx, KOfAa BepTUKaJrbrrbre onoprrrJe I npoJreTHbreKapKacbr He pa3Me_ rrlarorcr no rlJllpHfieceqeHxt 6arltt.|, MoxHo nepeiiru Ha apMupoBa_ Hlle olop ropr.t3ofiTan bHblMHKapKacaMr.rno T'lny orrHcaHHbrxBbnle JUrsBTopocreneHsux 6a.nor. Orpnqarensuue MoMerrl,r Ha npoNre)Kyroqublxoflopax MnoroI l p o n e r H b r x6 a , r o x u l r o r n a r p e 6 ; r o r y c H J ' l e t r r .p1eE6 p a H x x n c i i c h a Tofi apMarypoii. IIpr ueo6xoguuocrri (no pacqery) raxoro ycr,reHr.rsKoircrpytipoBalle 3Toro yvacrxa 6anxu BbrnorHrercq c,reayror.rluMo6pa3oM. l. flpn aplr tponaHfi r.t or.qeJrbHbrM r.rcrepxHrM Iz: a) ec,'r seooxoArMoe ceqeHfiecxaroii apltarypH He npeBbruaer ceqeHrjr creplKHeft, AoBoArrMbtxAo onopbr H3 Kaxrofo npor,rera B oTAeJ'rbHocrH, To crep)I{H}.r3Tu crbrKyrorcfl Ha orrope nuax,recrxy 6es cBapKIl, rlpl,IqeMcrbrK ocyqecTBJrrercr B oaHoM ceqeHr]l{,a aJlr.rHa H a x r ' ' r e c r Knrp H H a M a e r c gn o r a 6 " r . 7 4 , r a c N a r u x c r e p x H e f i ; 6) ecnn ceqeHHeAoBo,qnMofi.n.oonopbr nponeruoii apMar)pbr He_ aocTaToqHo,To cJ'relyeT abrnoJlHtTbee cTbrK rro rryHKTy fi ao_ o a B n f l T b K o p o T bU x , K o T O p b t eH a 3 H a q a r o r c sn o p a c q e r y H 3 a n y cKarorcq B r(axAbli lponer na tl6 I or ocfi onopbl t,rn Ha I/6 / or qsHa, rpaHr.ionopbr, 6epercs 6o,'rbujaqBeJrfi 2. flpa apllapoaarrHu cBapHbrMHKapKacaMr.tycraHaBr,rnBarorca cTbll(oBbre cTepxfitt no onucaHHoMyBbrue IIplt{q{ny. B qe,lsx gKoHoMr.rtMera,'lr'ran 6a,rxai, aplrnponaunux cuapHbrMHKap(acaMll, peKoMeHAyercr vacrl crqpxuerl npo,reruoii ap_ uarypu o6puaarb, He,qoBorqrrx ao olop. Mecra o6fuaoo crepxHet onpeAe"rqrorcflDacqeroM. B 6aaxax c sqsbHoii aplrarypofi crepxHH npo,reruori apMarypbr He ooDblBaK)Tcq IJ6necoo6pasHo Arq 3KoHoMr.lKapMarypHoii crarH (rrpH Bo3Moxlrocrn ocyrlecrB,'leHfr Ha npoeKTrpyeMou o6.uexre) xar o crJapHbrx,TaK l,t B B!3aHr,rx KapKacax nptMeHflTb npo,leTHbrecocratsHde crepxHH, coellrHeHHbrexograxrsoi crHxoeoii cBapKoii [.r3 rpex. crepxueii - cpeAHero crepxHq 60rbuero .(HaMerpa r..tAByx K p a t H a x M e H b r x e l oa x a M e T p a .

85

E. Ilpo4o.rrHar MonraxHae fl KoHcrpyKTnBHar apruarypa.!,"rn apMarypbr,ycraHaB"'r riBaeMoiino KoHcrpyKTr.rBrrblM coo6paxesr.tsM, npuMeHqrbcrep)tHn auaNrerpoMl0 rl. ,(onycKaerc.s .{,rl cnapuux KapKacoBc6opulrx 6a,rox lroxso B KaqecrBenpo. ao,'rbHbrx MoHTaxHbrx IIpI,IMeHqTb cTepxHfi

Il MeHbltr]x .(uaMeTpoB,

Ho rre rreneeA aMerpa nonepeqHblxcrepxnef. MouraxHsre crepxHu craBqrcgHa BcexyqacrKax 6alxu, rae Her npono,'rblsrxpa6o. 'rrx crepxHeri.,(ranterp MoHTalr{Hblx crepxueft npxrrrMaercqB sa. pa6o.rei apMarypbr,Ho, BlrctMocrrror Bbrcorbr6a,'lKuI Ko,r!]qecrBa KaK rrpaBr.r,ro, He 6o,'ree12 ttn. Mosraxnble crepxtHr.r npl,taRsauori apMarypeycraHaBJrstsaror B Mecrax nepern6a xoMyroB rr 3aAer6r. Balor B 6erori r,'L crbrKylorcsc npo!,o,'rbHbrM l.l pa6oqlMs crep)KHqMr'r nepenycKoM KoHuoBHa 200 *n (cm. pnc. 29). V 6oroeHx noBepxuocreii6a,rox eHcoroir nonepeqHoro ceqeHut npoAoJ'rbHbre 700 un u 6oree c,reayer craBlrrb KoHcrpyr{THBHbre \

.t

o>d,/d).3

o>0,1 6 6 - 84 1 P { c . 3 1 . PaeM€qeBne crepxren-

xoHcrpyr{rsuIIErx npo_ B norlep€qroM ceqeHtl|

creplKHx c paccroflHI.teMMexAy HuMII no BbIcoTese 6olee 400.u.11. Cyulr apuar n;roua,ab cerleullq 3Ttx crepx{Heil !.oJlx}ta coc'raBJIgrb 0,t9, irr nJlou1arlt noflepeqHofo ceqe;lrfl pe6pa 6a,rrt. tlepes 500 nn no a,'lLIHeB IrIaxMarnoM nopflAKe crepxHll nporllBonor'rox' Ixna,lbKaMx aHaHblx cToDoHceqeHnt 6a,rKI.IaoJlxHbl coeAl.lHgTbcg

MerpoM 6-8 ,,r (prc.3l). rlpoaorbnatapMarypatrpl.rBbItr MoHrax(Hafl I(oucrpyxrHanan ee 13 KpyrJ'lblx fJIa,{K}lx cTepxHet MoxeT KoHcTpylrponoJ'lHeHr.llr ltortaxsu$ creplxneil Ha xploxoa (sa ucKJIIorIeHIteM 6eg sarrcq x 'Da i i u l l x c e o 6 o n H b t xo n o p a x 6 a J t o K ) . B, fionepevnan apMaiypa. B 6a,rrax fi pe6pax sucotofi ceqenl.Iq 6olee 300 ,r.r, lonepeqHble crep)KHII (n caapnslx xapracax) u.nu xolryru (n Br3aHbrx rapxacax) Ao,r)KHblcraBlrl'ct Bceraa He3aBHcr.{Moor pacqera, a l]pn Bblcore ceqeHllfl or 150 ao 300 .tt.M,ec'/!r roflepeqHar apMaTypa He Hy)I{Ha no pacqery, oHa Bce xe aoJIxHa 6srru nocras,leHa y KaxAofi onopbl Ha AruHe He MeHee1/4 [porera rtfi np'I cocpe,{,oroqeHHblxHarpy3Kax-Ha yqacrKe or orlopbl ao 6rBlKa filxero rpy3a. .II,uauerp nonepeqHoir apMarypbl npfiHuMaercq no pacqery. B sseaHsrx KapKacax 6a,'IoK Bblcoroil ceqeHus.qo 800 .u.lt ,4ltauerp x o M y r o B p e K o M e H l y e r c gn p u u l l M a r b H e M e H e e6 n n , a 6 a n o x 6 o -

crepx' ree 800rm-He Menee8 tr. Auauerp fi utar nonepeqnHx

86

l

l

Hefin caapnux Kapr(acaxno ycnoBuqMcBapKr AoJrxeu6url se nae. H e ey K a 3 a H H o rsor a 6 , ' r . 9 . B 6a,rxax, apMr.tpoBaHHblx nJlocKrMr.tcBapHblMl.r KapKacaMH, cne,4yeTnpe.4ycMarpuBaTb,ropr.t3oHTarbHbre nonepeqHbtecTepxHlt, npr.iDaprzBaeMbre c uaroM 500 un x HtrxHtiMra BepxHr..rM npoAoJrhBbIMltJni r BepTI.iKaJ'rbHbtM nonepeqnblM cTepxHrIMKapKacoB,

P#Lr') Enffi tr'Trtrnmffi5 ^1"t ll tl1

,)l ir Jlllu",+l u ,,IffiH"'-.-lffiFtr

Eutl

,",,

/2 :------.8-

,l

tYtt,

ffii ffiffi1ffiE*LJ 'r{HFr tt46oJ

xt

,,[dl,;rF Hl6'J5a)

psc. s2. XonyiH 6arox a-orRpbrrHe xoriyrH ABycpe3Hhrei 6-ro )fie, qerHpexcpe3rrje: 6 raKpHrbre xoMyfht [Eycpes$Hel r- ro xe, qerHpexcpe3Huei d - A B y c p . s H H e x o M y r H 0 a , 1 o x , p a c c { n T H E a e M E r s a x o 'v6qaersxnx e i : a-lo xe, qetHpexcp$HHei l-aliA xoMyra B ceceHHlt z-xoHclpyr(ur{s xouyra: ,-!cKus x o M y T a . I t o k a s t r B a e M 5 l AB c t r e u r :

orxpurue xoM-yrbrnpr ""a"""0'ro"rtr'oe peKoMe'Ayerc,cra. Btrb B cpeaHux 6arKax, MolorlrrHo cgR:aHHbrxnoeepiy nnurofi (r rou uuc,reB MgofonponerHbrx oo scefi ax a.ltrlHe), ripr.iaperr.res. HHx^Harpy3Kax Ha flepeKpHrHe 3 rclu2 u ueuee. Ja(pbrrbrexoMyrbtcraBrrcg B or,ileJlbHbrx 6anxax npsuovl.o,tlHoro_lrJrtr raBpoBoroceqeHun,g 6a,rxax c pacueruoficxiroi apua_ Typoft,-a raKxe B cpe,u,uux 6aaxax uoso,itrnux pe6pacrul nepexpuurllfi, pacc,rrraHHbrxHa BpeMeHHyr.o uarpyer! 6otee B rcinz. llplr groM 3axpbtrbrexoMyrbt cneryer nepeBt3brBarbBpa36e)KKy, qroobr crbrKr ,4Byx cMexHbtx xoMyroo He npnxoan.nnci Ha oauu cTepxeHb,o qeM peKoMeHIyeTCe AaBaTbyKa3aHaeB qepTexax. - xoMyrbr 6a"1oxc pac'lerHofiapMarypoft aa xpyqesne ,io,ilxsu oblrb 3aMKHyrblMl.t c flepenycKoMrix KoHrloBHa J0 AuaMerpos,a 87

Ta6,1riqa 36 3raqefitte b, npf, rler6rpaxcpesHHx xoMyatlx B 'lta (on(qecrBo

IIIrprHa oanxn , KonrqecrBo

crepxHe!

E olHoM prly

cr€pxnefi Mexay BryT pcsHHMr{ BerBqnti xoMyroB

220

230 270

295 330

240 270 280

n p n c B a p H b r xK a p K a c a x B c r n o n e p e q H a qa p M a T y p a a o J t x H a 6 b l T b c o e , q l r H e Hcar a p x o i l a c o o r B e r c r B u ac p c . 7 , s . xoMyr oxBarblBa.r a oaHoM Peroueuayerca, vro6u xaxquii psa-v Be 6oJree nrrll pacrsHyrblx crepxHeii H xe 6o,'Ieerpex cxarux. rlpu 6o.rruev qHcne crepxHeir B oaHoM pqry, a raKxe npu r:.lHpuHe6a,rrn 350 nn u 6o,'reepexoueng.yerct nepexoauTb Ha qe' x,' , MHorocpe3HbIexoMyTbI. Tbrpexcpe3Hble flpzueuaenrte ans 6a,'IoK c Bq3aHoii apMarypofi KoucrpyKIlHx xoMyroB noKa3aHbrHa pt-rc.32. A,lnsst 3TI.txxoMyroB BbIqtlc'ltlorcq no c"'reayror{HMQopMyraM: a,'ruHaorKpblToro xoMyra

tx:2(hxfA.r) {D-;

(5)

,4rxHa 3aKpblToro xoMyra

t*:2(h"*D-*Ax);

(6)

Ha KpyqeHlre, AnuHa xoMyra 6a,'roK,paccqI.ITaHHbIx

t-:2(h-+ r,.* A.r* l5d,);

(7)

A x n p n u u u a e r c nn o r a 6 , ' r . 5 ,a u x p u g a b * u e r u p e x c p e s H o xr oo M y r a no ra6a.36. flpu uouo,ruruux KoHcrpyKuxqxB To"'rueonop, B Mecrax [epeapMarypy c ro,'ronsorlunfi c [poroHoM nonepeqHyro ceqeHuq6a,'rxt-l 6a.lru uoxHo He craBHTb,TaK KaKHa 3TIlxyqacrKaxoHa lle liyxHa r.rroJrbKo3arpyaHser6erourpoaarue. B raxux KoHcrpyKuusxtrepeuir xolrlyr H,'rlInonepeqsblricrepxeHb c"le,{yeTcTaBIrTbB rlpo,'Iere Ha paccrorrHHe 50 nn ot rpaHI-lonopbl. 6a,rox na KHpnnrrHyro KJ'raAKy Ha flpt onnpaunu MoHoJrrrHblx KpariHerioflope nepBblirxoMyr craBl.ircfl[o rpaHll onopbl,a B I]pe.lleJlaxcpeAHHxonop- c uaroM, rlplrHtrblM Anr npo,lera 6arKH. B c6opunx 6a"rxax paccraHoBKynonepeqltoiiapMarypbl creoT Topua 3IeMeHTa. ayeT HaquHaTb 88

peKoMeHAyetcg

Ha3Haqarb ABa pa3ubrx, Ho oA[HaKoBbrx B nDe-

yqacr*a-nponera.ruara";t;;; l::.r* H u x c-9nq"a.L.HHoro r e p x H e r i ) : o A a H_ H a

a;'ffi;_

flp[onopHblx yqacrKax a APYrofr-s

cepeafiHenponera. lprzirnopnr,rx yqacrxax paccroqHuqrrr (uaf Mexay ._..-Ha pac,rer_ HbIMHnonepeqHb^rrcrepxuruu_a nnoc*rrx a"rpr"r' ^ufrru.u" nn" xoMyTaMh npH oTCyTCTBHX

O u a,s u a u a*-ca n 6a,r xax . ";;:X:;"":":l;i"il-^5Tfd'#) #t#"? '/zh 6o,ree 150 .u..t4,a rrpLr6o,,rb[efi

.A.le nee r/31rr se 6o,ree300 _u_a-

u""fra

a"uanno_ n" Oo_

*".S"l?i:T*fi :'f,ff iJJ"x.J"-?"'i":";#"H"o.o

Harpy3Ke, paBHori i/a nporer uux aarpyixax - pi."ioo""t o#Tn:o:i?'u;f#.'oT!:1"1"",:J; B 6anxax (eucorofi

ueuuue 300';r.ai " r"o"ruriil*'.p"an"" :!I:, qa_c'rn lrpo,,rera,ecnr norepeqHa, ap_\rarypaHe ,pe6yei"o 'uii.,o'rn# no pacqery. ee pa3peutaerc, He craB,rb.'B 6i.ixax . '".rn..u"n"" SUu,trn u 6o,reeHa ocranbHoficpeaxerivicilnpor"ri, non"_

"ii*;i;y,;; iiI.ffi*ill1xr;ffi:"f'":;;o!i'"n*i#.ffi

aoJ'rx'a ycraHaBr'Barbce c paccrorH_reu,"*ay ioryiJr" flnon_e,peqHbtMti crepxHrMJ.lse 6o,ree3fa h u ue 6o,ree500,u,1r. "r" orrrr" p accloflHufl , KoropbreaorycKarorc, Mexay rone_ -^..13_19of peqHblMH crepxHflMu (xouyra ua), c,re,4yernpysy11,,12"o-iuor. no lrZ, L,crH B 6anKe Ha ornerbHblx yvacrxax y'u""n, "'!u".",r"r. a*uro rorepeqHaqapMarypa4o,rxta 6uru :1s^lqyarypa, nocraB,,reHa H,a yqacTKaxc lxaroM, nprHArraaervr,ru no ra6.n. -2i'i'"u"Wcu-3Tr.rx M o c r l - o r , 4 a a M e r pcax a r b l x c r e p x H e i i .

*nln:i ","o-ffi I,i"'Jfl?-' "i;^;:,T#"ii"1,i,,:oJ;"" fi:,1,1,.,".; pacqeToM. Ta6nuua 3Z Halt6onbuee aonyc(aeuoe paccrorxrre i{exrv nonepeq||6rMU crep*HqMt (xoMyraMl) n 6a.nrax o

300 400 500 600

150 150 150 200

200 300 350 450

700 800 1000 1200

200 250 300 300

500 500 500 500 no

f, Otornyran apMarypa.Orornyrne crepxrr crreayerdprrMe. nrrr e 6a"rxax,apMrpoBaHHbrx flpnuennru Br3aHbIMr.r KapxacaM[. oTorHyTbre cTePxHr.r B cBapHbrxKapKacaxHe peKoMeH.q,yeTcn. Ec,ru nonepeuuanapMarypa no pacqery ue rpe6yercr r.rycraHaBJIrrBaeTcg KoHcTpyKTl..rBHo, orrn6u uoryr He cTaBr.lrbct.flpu pacqerHoiinonepeqHoiapMarype peKoMeH.(yerct npnMeHqrbororHyrbrecrepx(Hr.r. .[.,nruanpuonopuoroyqacrKa!Ha KoropoMpa3MeularcTcgoTrn6bl,Ha3HaqaerctpacqeToM, Vron sarnoHa ora6a r npoaonbHolioca 6a"lxlt c,'reayer,KaK npaBxno,npnHrMaTLpaouut'r 45'. B 6anxax c BblcoToficeqeHHB t B 6a kax-crenKaxyfor'r HaKnoHaorr 608 aony' 6olee 800 cKaercflyBenaqtlearugo 60', a B HIl3Kux6a.nrax s B 6anxax, pac-' - yMeHbuarb ao 300' Harpy3Kl.l, Ha cocpeaoroqeHHble crrr.rraHHbrx

orrr66| 6anoK

I

o6pa3oBblBarb, orf[Hax,ronnyo apMarypy npeAnoqrHTenbHo B He' apMarypy, Koropaq nponerHylo Ha oflopbl 6as PacrqHyrylo paspe3Hbrx6arKax nepeBoalrrcfl3aTeMqepe3 onopy R coce.[,HHil (cru.puc. 29). iroo;rer ' yBe,'lHqHTb la npouexyrounoi Ec,ru ao:ifixaer Heo6xoattMocrb KoTopoeMo)ltHo oTtllooBcBepxToro KoJIHqecrBa, onopeKonuqecTBo Hblx ..npoJlcroB,To noniirnrb ga cqer otru6aslls crepx(Heilifi3 cMe)K crepxHeii c aByMs or' aontcruMa ycraHoBKasar onopoti KoporKl,lx yqacrKaMl't rn6ar',ru(prc. 29,a - crepxell d*) c ropu3oHra,'lbHbIMlt g,lt ero anxepoaKUBHH3y,Anl.rHofrl0 al{aM€rpoBcrepxHn' flptt' He CB'lgaHHbIXC O6t]Ieli apMarypoll < crepxHeit c oaEHM orrfi6oM t.I crepxHeii co c"'IoxHofi KoHQtr' yqacTKoB, He paspe' fypaq[efi, uMeloIllux 6o,'Iee aByx HaKJIOHHbIx tx aeTcq. crepxueft peKoMeHAyerce pacnonararb clIMMerpl.'lqHo Orrr6u ieprura.nrHoi ocu ceqeHufl 6a'rru. Ec'ru B ceqeHul' t oTHOCUTeJbHOii orrn6aercs orlrB crepxeub, pacnonafarr' ero cn-e,{yerno ocfi cl.lMMerpflx ceqeHItfl tl'rllt Bo3MoxHO 6'rlxe x seft. orru6arl crepxHlr' Dacno,loxeHHbleHenocpeacrBeHHoy 6oKoBblx noBepxtlocreiri 6aJIKl,t! i e p e x o M e u a y e r e n( c u , p l c . 2 7 ) . P a c c r o n u u e o r 6 0 K o B o i i n o B e p x socru 6a.rxr ,l.o orru6a aonxno 6blTb He MeHeer'Byx anaMerpoB orru6aeMoro crepxHt (Puc. 33). ltl r4 Menee p€3p-erlraerca B 6anrax c unplrHoii ce'{enlrq 200 crepx(HI'o. B 6anxax c IIo oal{oMy nJlocKocrll orrr{6arb B Kaxaotr onopbl nflocKocrrl cJ'le' or ,4{,'|' B nepBofi 300-400 ceqeHHt ufipriHofr 90

,[yer oTr-r]6arbHe MegeeAByx cTepxgei, a B nocJleAvmtufix _ no oAHoMy.b 0a,'lKaxc ulaprnofi ceqeHfiff6onee400 rr ianpeulacrcr Me-Hee AByx crepxueti B KaxAoir fl,'rocKocru.Ec.nt 4ua9]!'99t0 Merpbrorrr.{60Bpa3HHe,To orru6u 6olunrax AHaMerpoBcneAyer pacnoJanarr,6,rNxe r onooe. r'rexay n.rocxocrsMnorru6os Ha3Haqarcrc,ro pac_ ,,^-,f qery.*.^1"^:ll: PaccroflHueoT rpaHHonopbr6a,,rKr.r 4o sepxneriroqxa sai[6a n e p B o r oo r o r H y r o r oc r e p x H r ( c u t r a n o r o n o p s ie n p o , l e r ) ao,rNHo oblTb bu tt. I locne!.yrouue orru6u. ec"ru s paiuere He AaHbr yKagaHllq, Mo>KHo Haq[Harb

Haa HLIxHI_.IM]I ToqKaMIr gatH6a rrleau_

IyluHx. r. e. Ha paccroflHHr.t ropl:oHra,rsHoiinpoeKurH10ororHyrot_o y u a c r K ac r e p x H n ( c l r . p t c . 2 9 ) . f l p u s r o M ' c r e p x H n n e p B o r to r oflopbrn,'locKocrl..r 0rrtl608 He yqlrbrBarorcqs cociase ra.qonopHoii Ilpoao,'rbHor.t apMaTypbl,a ceqeHneM, c KoToporonoJ,rrrocTr'to BK l0" p a 6 o r y H a o n o p H b r iui .o m e H re e p x u u i ln p n u o i i y u a c r o r :orofuyror-o 1:]. cTepxHt e xax4oii flJ,rocKocrlr, cqHraeics ceqelrnesa p a c c r o f l H r ./r1u6 / 2o r s e p x u e f t o q x t g a r u 6 a , r o a o a i " p * r o o.ro_ p o l r y o n o p u . A H a r o r H q H ou a x l t u f i n p t v o i r y v a c r o x o r r l 6 a e u o r o crepxHq noflHocrbroHcKJrloqaercq ue pa6orll lra npo,,rerHbrii MoMeHTB ceqeHuuHa paccroflHlruhsl2 ot uuxueft roqr[ ero sarr6a npo,rera (.:Aecsi0-pacqerHar BblcoraceqeHHs6a,,rKrr, :_::"!91I n p r o r ' ' l l i 3 L t r c . r bpH o u a r 0 , 9 _ 0 , 9 5 s s l c o r Hc e v e H l n6 a , r x t ) . ae L T e p x H t , o r r t 6 a e N t h rH e 3 l p o r , r e r aa n e p o o i iI a r o p o r in , r o c x o . o r " p o M e x ( ) r o q H oof in o p b l .c n e ! y e r o 6 R : a r e J , r b 3 HaoB o A x r bB !]1I cMexHbrl.l npoJ'rer,a orrg6aeMbreB Tperbeii H nocneAyr.oxllrx nJrocxocrqx pa3peuaercq,B c,,tyqaeorcyrcrBtzqs Hrlx HaAo6rrocra Ha rpy4Hoc t pa3MeureHr.rfl r.rxB ceqeHHr.r, o6psraarss ::99:_l.tl_ Lp1 n p o n e r eB B e p x yt.J e p x H f iK e o H u bor r o r H y r b r xc r e p x H e f i ,K o r o p b r H ee qepegonopy B coceAHHftnpo,,rer, flepeBo.{flTcs AonxHbl 3aKaHqHBarbcq rrpflMbrMH ylacrKaMt.tg,runoirine lrenee20 AHaMerpoB 3Toro

2-?,ll O6psrea orornyroro crepxH," pu.rony:l:'.p11.1 '._y.:-ryS roll 3oHe.1BHll3y) crenyer x36erarb.B 6a,nxax

nticoroil 66.neeI ;l orofHyrbJricreplKeHbrs rpyr,roii rnaAKoii apMarypHoiicranu uo_ )I(er 3aKaHq[Barlcqe cxarofi goHerorbKo xpnrblr, 6es nDqMoro yqacrKa,a.,crepx(HH nepuoA[qecKoronpoQr.r,lrAo,t)t(HbtI]MeTbBcer,4a[prMoH yrJacToK. - .{,rruuy s0 orf[6a H ero [poeRrlgl.r lo (plc. 33) Bbrq11c,,rrrur 11o $opuynau ra6n. 38. Ta6nuIIa 3g BenBsrE6r BaR,toglthlx yqactxoB ti ropEgotrTarbtNx nroeiutti otrr6aeMux ctepxllefi 4o6aBxa

60 30

na 0trli6

'r,KnoHIloro Int'na Yqacrfta orrr0a so

0,58h^

| , t 5h ^ t , 4 th ; 2ho9l

Beprrxa,rlnue npoeKqHHftoi oTfa6oB B 3aBr.lctrMocTn oT Br,rcoTbr ft6 ce'reHut 6a"rrs n ge,ruqusbt at 3aultrHoro c,toq 6eroHa (puc.33):

hor:hc-(at*a"): hoz: hc - (at + a) - d, - 5o ntn; hoa: ha - (at + a) - d, - 5o nn; hor: ha - (ar + ar) - (dt t d) - loo un.

I

i I

II Ii

I I

(8)

(e) (t0) (ll)

fIpH arou: d2:at- a tl aropocrenenuux6anoK, 0.2:at+20 . t46a,'roK,K KoropbrMnpr.rMbrKaor sropocreneuHne6a,rru aJrqrr'raBHbrx c aepxuei apuarypori lrraMerpoMAo 20 n4 ; dz: ar 130 nn - tns, r,raauux 6aror, K KoropblMnpr.rMbrKaror nropocreneuusre6a,rrlr c BepxHeriapMarypofi AHaMerpoM6o,ree 20 iuti hoi Rbrqvc Aercs c Tor{Hocrbro no l0 Jtt. Heo6xoanlrue anr cocraBJreHnn cneunQnxauunapMarypbt3Haueuuale npoexquriorru6os u s0 A"quHorrr6os g saBncrlMocruor cr t-rftg npr.rBeAeHbl a npll"roxeuuuVI[. Be,ruqssa3atrlrzrHoro c,'rosa npaHrMaercqno ra6"'1.34. llpa xoucrpyr.rpoBaHr.l.r MHoronponersux6a.nor c apmarypoira BIrAeorAe,'rbHbrx crepxlretl npuxoAurct yBrr3brBarb rpr,rBaaa apMa" Typbl- nponernyro, onopHyro u HaKJroHHyro. Vao6uee Haqtrnarb noA6opapMarypbrc npoJreroB. Cnoco6 aplruporaHus, npx KoropoM orru6aeurte crep)Kur ucBcexTpex apMaTyp,rrHofaa noJrb3ytoTcfl o,4HoBpeMeHHo B KaqecTBe KaK r.rB nJr[Tax,HerrpepbIBHbIM. O6uqso, ec,'rnpauttoHagbIBaror, ua.nuo noao6paHbrauaMerpblcrepxHeii, npfi TaKoMcnoco6e apMfipoBaHlisceqeHxsororHyrbrx I-l3nponera crepx{Heii6brBaeraor.i nHub B peaKllx cTaToqlroa,'rq BocrlptrsTlrroflopHoro MoMeHTa, cnyqaflx lplrxoAHTcsHa.4onopoii craBHrb lonoJrHureJrbHyo apMaTypy B BI{Aecneuua,'lbHblx npFM},lXCrep)KHeiri. flpu vuc,re n,rocrocrei orrlr6os 6o,rrlue rpex e 6a,rxax c npo,'reraMnBbr[re9,1r,a raxxe s 6arxax c Bblcororiceqesus60.neeI ;r sa.qasayBfl3KHrpex apMaryp Moxer 6I'Irb peuetla fipoue pa3aeJlbKoropblir B srlrx c,ryqasx sB,rrerct uuv cnoco6on apMtrpoBaHr.rq, q Kax.u,bni flpu pa:ae,rsuolrcnoco6eapMr.rpoBaH 6o,'reeBhrroaHbrM. HaK,'loHHaq-nponeTHas, onopfiatr r'r KoHcTpynBX,[,apMaTypbr pyercg HesaBr.rcnMo B Blu,e npfMbIXcrepxHett u crepxneli c orruBo BTopblxpr4ax. Mecra o66avu. Iloc,reaHueycraHaB,'IlrBar,orcq pbtBacrepxHeil u cnoco6braHKepoBKH TaKnexe, Ka( u npr Henpep b r B H ocux e M ea p Mn p o B a H l t r . A. AonolHnre.nrnoeapMrpoBaHne6aror s Mecrax np[JroxeHnf, HarpySoK.B uecrax npH,'ro)r{eHr.rs cocpeloroqeHcocpeAoToqeHHHx HbrxHarpy3oKB npeaeJraxBbIcoTbI6a,rKr.r(e rou vNc,reB Mecrax 6a.nor) aoJlxua 6blrb npeaycMorpeHa IpHMb]KaHueMoHo,'rHrHbIx apl{aTypa arg [epeaaqH Hafpy3KH cnequa,rbHaraonor'rHHTeJlbHas B BepxHrolo3oHy 6a"'rKn.B gasucl.rvocrsor xapaKTepaocHoBHoir apMarypbl 6a.nxu (ceapHaa u.nn nrsanan) gra aono,'IHItre,'IbHae apMarypaKoHcrpyupyercgB BlraecBapHblxceror, orru6oa, noAee92

f(

e

B KI

nl ut

3A co fl1 ry cT

cox (puc.34) r.r,rucryueuaq xoMyroB.fl.noqa4t ceqeHx, ,Eonorrrrr. T€nbHouapMaTypbrl, yrlacToK,Ha,4tHHeKOTOpOTO ee cJIe.4yeT ycTaHaBrHBsTb, Onpe4enteTca pacqeToM. rrpx KoHcTpyripoBaHr{x MecTnpHnoxeHH''cocpeaoToqeHHbtx Harpy3oxcJreayerpyKoBoacrBoBarbce cneryoutlrM:11 vuc,rocBapgbrx cero(, orrr.r6oBfinH noaBecoxAorxHo 6birb He Meueeasyx; Z)'Bet_ j"epx Hei s xaxaofi caapHoi cerxe Ao.rrxso6urt se ue,T_Ilaj:I:,* .r tlec

v) o: o/ oTfHobl uJ'Ifi no^4BecKL AO,'I'{Hrj ItMeTb aliaMeTp

He Me_

aee I0 fitt; 4) ororuyrue crepxnr.rAoJrxHbruMerb e eepxuerieoue .

l

t

ffii:=:::=@

L

l

iL4il++l|[U+ l+.Eiril r rff T-rrr ct v

c.t'

Pxc. 9,1.Aononrrr.nLHo€ aOrrpoEaflxe 6anof, . x€crax nDx,oxclrrir cocperoroqcnf,Er rpysoB

osra;ltgr,tfi npluori yvacrox arnnoii He ueHee 20 d, npxqeM, orru6 I-'srna.4xoriapuarypbl, aror yqacror{Aor,lxeH3aKaHqI{-

cr KproKoM; 5) noaaecr
ropr3oHra,'rbHhre nps Mbre yqacrKl.t ltru.noit 20 d. s 5. PAItlHbtE y3Jt bl

OcHoeuofi ueJrbtoJ{oHcrpyr.lpoBaHri,paMHbrxy3noB ,rBrqeTc, co, uae Heo0xoaHMoH, npeaycMoTpeHHoft pacqeToM )I(eCTKOCTn B prxeHtflx noA yrnoM 3neMeHToBxe.rle3o6eroHHori(oHcrDvKuflfi. -apv

I.rHpaMHbrx ye.noe, o6ururouacuulesuui 1.Jol!.1!V1lo0au olr, HyxHo crpeMr.lrbcr

a.

x o6ecneqegaro MaKcHMarr,Horo yAo6,

a npu npoltsBoAcrBe crponTeJ'rbHbrx pa6or.

93

Pauune yeru xapaKTepHbIaJrt MoHonurHoroxe,'leso6erora, rae o6pa3oBaHxe xecTr(oro co[IpqMeHr.rn aocrliraeTcssHaqI.{TeJlbHo npoue, qeM B c6opHblxKoHcrpyKullflx..[,,r4 ocyulecrnneHHrpaMpa6oqyrcapMarypy Ka){{Horo, r. e. xecrKoro, y3,'raHeo6xoArrMo y3e"'I,3aBeCTr.I B CMeXHbIii3JIeCOCTaB,'rsK)UIIiX 4OrO l-l3SJ'leMeHTOB, MeHT 3TO|O y3Jra UJrlr, KOpO.re,pa6oqHe crepxHLI ysna ao,'lxHbl uaaexno gacrbrKoBaHblB3arrMHbIMnepenycKoM. 3rementu a6uru 'paMfioro y3,'ra Mofyr conpqfarbct noA pa3HblMLyr.laul, Ho uau6oJreeqacTo B npaKTr{KeBcTpeqaFTcq npqMble yrr'lbl. Paccuorpru HeKoropHe qacro Bcrpellanqtlecq c,lyqafi conpqHeO6XOALIMO O6ec[eqliTb XeCT}}(eHr..tr 3neMeHToBy3r'Ia, B KOTOpOM KOCTb. l. Conpnxenre purent c KoHuoM croftKn Crepxnu, apMtpylotqlre BxoAflIrfiii yto"'I, aor)Krlbl 6blrb 83at.tMHo 3 a B e , x e H rB, rc M e x H b r i i 3 J r e M e HyTS J I a ,K a K n p a B H , l o , 6 e g o r r H 6 a s l s crep(pxc. 35,a, 6, a). Apunpoearr sxoaqurft yro,l IIenpepblBHbIM xHeM He ao[ycKaercq. Ha onope pfire,'Ifl lrpn apMt.tpoBaHI.{ncBapHbIMH KapI(acaMt-,I ycraHaB,'rr.{BarcTcs KapKacbl, noao6HbIe oropHblM KapKacaM rJlaB-

uux 6a"rox. crepxHn (xolryrsl) croirKlzaoBoaqrao BepxapfiflonepeuHste

BHyrpeHHeIl reJrs, a ronepeqHbre crepxHH (xoMyrbl) pureJltl-ao rpaHn croiiKH. HapyxHsle crep>KHH,ap Mnpynllllle ucxo,4null.riiyroJl, Kol{crpyllpyloTcs B 3aBficltvlocT]j or Be,r qI.{HbIae[cTByloulux B y3ne ycui'IlltI, oT pacqeTa. T. e. B 3aBr.icl.rMocTr{ B cooreercrsNa c oTI.{M 3Aecb Moryr 6brrb c,'leayronIl-Ierpx cr'ryqa rr.

I ) flpn lta,'rux Be,'rqlrHaxrsru6anqero MoMeHTa( p n c . 3 5 , a ) . (onopnar apnaarypa) pnre,rl 3art6aroTs Bepxirze crep>l
rgru6arcttero MoNleHra(puc. 35,6). 2) flpir cpearruxBe,'IrquHax B e p x n u ec r e p x H r l ( o n o p u a r a p M a r y p a )p r r e r f l 3 a B o n l r c qr a K no Ayre c paAI.Iyxe B croirKy, Iro B yf,'Iy ux cneAyer 3aKpyr,'IflTb g a r u 6 a e u o r oc r e p x l { 9 . O 6 p u a a r r c o r { , p a B H b I Mn r r r l a r r a M e r p a M 3TH crepxHu c,'IeayerB IByx ceqeHllsx.cnepsa o6pueatoT crepHa Be,'IrqxHy h' [3MepeHHyIOOT KoHIla 3aKpyI!'Ie){(HI.'I, 3aBeAeHHbIe Hnq, npHtreMgTux crepxHefr Ao,'lxHo 6bITb He 6o,'Ieeqerblpex, a 3aTeM o6pblBaror crepxHH (ux 4onxno 6blrb He MeHeeAByxJ, Koro' pbre 3aBoaqr ua se,rauuuy l, sa HI.rxHnlo rpaHb pureJIfl. Crepxun iroirxu r.r HrixHne crepxHll pflfenq 3aBoaqr, KaK I'l B c,lyqae I' 94

u )I q

A

H T.

x

1) flpu 6o.rrrurzx rgru6aoqrx MoMerrrax(pnc. 35,a), Bepxnue crepxHr, (onopnar apuarypa) plirens 3aBo.(rr B croftKy,cKpyr,'rrelrx B yrny no Ayre c paAr.rycoM, panuum l5 4laIterpav earn6aeMorocrepxHs, u o6puBaror xx B Tpex ceqenuqx, tlpuqeMB KaxAoM He 6oneeqeM ro nBa crepxHfi. flepaoe cevenae croiiKr.r, B KoropoMo6pr,rBarorcg 3TUcTepxHr.t, AonxHo oTcTofiTb oT Iulxneft rpaHr.rprrent Ha paccroqrlir-rlu, na raxou )t(e paccroflHHrl oT nepBoropacnoJraraeTcr BTopoe,a oT Hero u TpeTbeceqeHr.re, B Koropblxo6puBarorcrcrep)ItHr.r.

?)

>0,51o

prc, 36,paMrue ysjrr l-pr.erb; 2-croAxa: 3-rrepxHu npororbHoi apMarypH croqxfii r-crepxHI o n o p o n a p M a f y t ] b rp f i r e r r i 5 - c r e p x t n p o r e r l o , a p M a r y p Hp r l re r r ; 6 - c r e D ) t t Hn, D o r o r b H o iat D M a r v D E p{rerfi : 7-rofionHurer6H|'le xo&yru: a- asrepyrouras U.|aA-Oi

BnyrpeunHe crepx(Hl-tcroriKu H qacrb Hapyx(HbrxAoBoaflT, KaK u B n p e x H r . t xc , l y q a 9 x , , u . oB e p x a p u r e n f l , a q a c T b H a p y x H b l x c T e p xHerr cTor,rKlr,Ho He MeHeeaByx, nponycKaoT B pufeJlb Ha Be,lUv r z u y/ u o r B H y r p e H H e lrip a H l c r o i r x n . rJxo.qsuuH yron conpflxeHHr rrpx TaKnx MoMeHTax peKoMeH. ayercr ycur'rrrBarr,ByroM, Koropblii apMr.rpyercr npnuumr.r crepx" HRMI]c 3aBeaeHheMHx B pllrer'tb n B crotiKy ua ae.lu,luHy 16 (no Tao"r. b Arfl cxarbrx creplKHeit) or KoHuoBeyra. 3ru crepxHfl Aon. x H b r o x B a r b r B a r b c sp a c q e r H b r M rx. o J N r y r a M u .H r l K H e c r e p x H u p t z . fe"lr 3aAeJlblBaoT,KaK U B C,rylae l, 95

e I i

2. Conpnxente ptrenn co crofiKofi B npeAenax EE BHCOTbI

Taxoe conptxerl.re BcrperraercffrIpl.l KoHcrpyupoBaHHr.r MHoropUfeSTaXHbIXpaM I..rOTHOCI,ITC9 K npnMblKaH[]O Me)KAy3Ta]KHbIX refi K KDailHr.rM croiiKaM. VqniHsas, vro 6eroHrpoeaHne Beaercfl no3TaMHo, npoaoJ'lbHbte cTepxHr.tcTor.rKr.r Hn)Krrero3Taxa cneayeT BblnycKaTbHaA nepeKpblTHeMAJrg yCTpOltCTBa Bfl3aHbIXr{nu CBapHbIXCTbIKOB COCTep}l(HgMl, croiIKH BeDxHerogra)Ka. Pacrrriyrsle BepxHlie crepxun (onopuar apMarypa) pure,rq 3aBoAqr B croriKy Ha Be,rxqr.rHyla, cqurafl or BHyrpeHHerirpaHn croiiKrr, nprqeM, ecJIfi paccrorrHlre ao HapyxHblx crep)KHeri croiiKl venlure l^, To crepxHl.t pure,rR orrn6arorcfl BHrr3no ayre c paanycom 5 Anauerpos garH6aeMoro crepx(Hq. flpr arolt ,[flriHa flpqMo,'IaHe[Horo yqacrKa crepxHs y Ha.rana efo aHKepoBKLAo,'l)KHa 6brrb He MeHee0,5 lu, a r{a ororHyroM yrracrKe crepx}rq Ao,r}r(HbI ycraHoaneHH aonorHfiTeJrbHble xoMyrbI, nperrsrcrBylonue 6urr paaru6aHurc crepxHfl (pnc. 35,e). PeroueuAyercn ororHyrbre crepx H H n p o n y c K a r b B o B T o p o i ip r a n o o r H o u e H r r o K H a p y x H o f l a p M a Type cTor.rKn. [Ipa uenoeuoxnocru 3aBecr]l BepxHlre crepxHtr pfirenrr Ha Heo6xoArluyro BenfiqrlHyoHl Moryr 6url saae4eusr Ha l5 AriaMerpoB crepxurr, Ho c o6ssare,'rrHbIM ycfineHlreM ua roHue uail6oii

(puc.35,d). Ec.nNa pHrereaeiicrByror3HaKonepeMeHHble agrr6apuue lroI

MeHTbr,HU)I{HHeCTeplI(HXTaK)I{e peKOMeHAyeTCs KOHCTpyr.{pOBaTb aHKepoBKHHa KoHue r-uail6oii. c ycr,rneHaeM t.c,'ru HH)KHgs cxaTat apMaTypa pfirenr yqr.rTblBaeTcrB pacqeTe,To ee cJreayeT3aBecTrj3a EHyrpeHHrorofpaHb cTotKH Ha Berfiqr.rnyla no ra6n. 6, xax a,'rs cxarblx crep)KHeft.B apyrux c.lryvanx Hxxnt-re crepxHx plire.nH Moryr 6Htb sase.(enlt sa rpaHl crofirn TaK }|(e, KaK U B npeabl.{yulHx y3Jlax.

3. Pnrerr, conpcranunfice noA yrnoM (;rornanufipurels)

c

H

fi B

B T

JI B B

M

rl

3aecl uoxer 6utl gna c;ryual. l. Vro,'rconpaxeHlrsMeubrrre160" (pxc.35,e,trc). B aroiv c.nyuaeHrixHHepacrqHyrHecreplKHHBxoaguteroyrna nepecneAyeTlponycKarb B Kaxayro cropoHy3a ToqKyB3aI.rMHoro /". Ec.nuyro,r cHr.r3ycKausBaercx (ycrpatceqeHfigHa BeJrxqHHy nptMble crepxur.I BaercflByr), To yKJraabtBalorct aonoJIHI.treJIbHbIe 3anycKa3a roqKy nepeceqeHlltB o6e croc raKoi xe BeJ'rrrqrHoil

H

D - OHbl.

u

He aonycxaercfl yKJ'raablBarbcHr.r3ylleJlbHbtepacr'Hyrbte crepxHx, cJre,4ylouue3a oqepraHueM yr,'la. cBepxy, s cxatoii 3oHe, Hao6opor, rarne crepxHtt yKnaAblBarb peKoMeHAyerce,npfiqeM B Me-

glt

B

n

JII H(

KI JII

nl

cre neper[6a x xeJlaretbHo cKpyrrqrb. Crnxogam cxarHe cTepxHnB BeprxrjHe [cxoaqr{ero yrla He aonycKaeTcq. flonepevnaa apMarypa B gToM y3ne ycralaBJllrBaerct no pacqery. 2 . Y r o . nc o n p n x e u l s 1 6 0 ' n 6 o , r r u e ( p u c .3 5 , s ) . ri sToM cnyqae KaK BepxHue,TaK H HlrxHne cTep)KHr..r MofyT 6url xpHno.nnHeriHbtMr.i yrna. t-rcJeAoBarr,3a oqepraHrieM flonepevHar apMarypa 3,qecb raKlre ycraHaBnnBaercfltro pacqery. .t nPOCTpAHCTBE HHbrE KOHCTpyKUr. s 6. TOHKOCTEHHbTE (oBonoqKn) l. O6uue cBerexut O6o"'roqraul Ha3blBarorcg roHKocreHHbre KoHcrpyKrll.In B BriAe r3orHyrbrxxorq 6H s or,HoMHa[paBneHr.rr cxopJryn.Tru o6onoqxu 3aBI.ICHTOT BIlAa ee KpHBH3H[,I.B CBq3U C 3THM pa3JlHqarcT:

I ) O6o.nourn,H3ofnyrbreB oAHoM nanpaueHru. Hanptiwep, AJIHHnblellJrr..rKoporKne qllnt-rHApnqecKlreo6o,rovrn, KoH].rqecKrre o6o.noqxH a t. n. 2) O6o,'rovrt, HsorHyrbres o6oux r,'raBHbtxHanpatsJ'reHnqx B oAHy croporry, Ha3brBaeMbre o6oroqxaMu nonox[re.ngHoiixp1tersHbt. 3To pa3nxqHb,eBbrnyKnbte nor'rorueu no.[teurcrue o6o,roqKu- Kyno,ra, 3JrJl.InrlIqecKne u rnnep6o,rHvecrltenapa6o,ron4r,r BpatueHnsI.IT. n. 3) O6olouxa, {3ofHyrbre s o6o[x rrasHHx HanpaB,'reHr.rflx, Ho B nporr.rBo[oJ'roxHbre o6o.uouxaut otpnua^cropoHbt,Ha3blBaeMbte rerrHoi xpltoHsuu.Crc4a orHocflTcg pagr'rr,rqHbre ce,4.noo6pasnue o6onoqKxc noBepxHocrblorunep6o,rr.ruecxoro napa6o.nor.raa, o6oroqKn c rxuefiqarofi noBepxnocrrK)u r. n. 4) CsoAuarue 060,roqKu,nMexlulue (n npo4o.nruou paapese) BoJIHHcroe oqeprauxe nonepeqHoroceqeuHs.3rn o6o.noqi[ uasHBatoT MHOTOBOIHOBbTMH CBOAaMfi-O6O.nOqXa Uu CTbIMI-ICBOTAMI-I.

rzrl

npocTo

BOJIHH-

O6o,roqrl pa3/'nlqaror raKxe no Qopue, roropyrg oHr{ 3aHHMator B nnaHe, Oua uoryr 6brrb KBaAparHr,rMr{, npsMoyroJ'IbHbrMn, Tpeyron bHbrMH,MHoroyroJrbHbrMr.t, Kpyrn btMH r.rIp. Xe.neso6eroHllr,le o6onoqKr.l gaxoagr gat6o,lblrree nplMeHeHne B 3AaH8ex,TAe Hx uc[orb3yloT B KaqecrBe Hecynlux KoHcrpyKuHil noKpbrr fi. flpn orou noKpuTnfl Moryr nMerb 3Haq[TerbHbrerro BeIH'{[He npoJ]eTbrLt ,4,1FHrrxj\rOryT npr.rMeHqTbcrKaK npocTbre060JroqKH,TaK u coqJleHeHHr,re. floc.ne4Haenpe,{craBnrrcT co6oft coeAHEeH[e AByx, Tpex a 6onee npocrbrx o6o,roqex B eAr..rHyloMoHo,rtirHyro KoHcrpyKuHro. B npovuru,reHHoM crpor{rertcree Hau6o,,ree txtpoKo npuMeHqlorcs o6oaoqxu npqMoyronbHbre, KBaAparHbte H Kpyrnbre B n,rraue,npnqeM onl, Moryr 6btrr, c6opnstulr u,rn Morro_ Ug O6UqnOrO Xe,reso6eroua t-rnu Ipe.(Bap[TeJrbHo Ha. JIHTHblMr.i, nDtxeHHoto. tlz 4. f. l,

B{Eorpa,qoi

97

fr

pa3rHqar,orrpueo.nrue&ryrcnr{ry, frraaKyr.o .. -..8^:9919:lr*r, xoHTypHbre,3JIeMeHTbr. l.IrH peopHcryro, f,,lanxuua. xLx npaar,ro.

KoHcrpyupyrorMoHoJrHTHble o6onounlr,a pe6pHcrbrMri Bbrnor,tH,rror c6opHbre. r orr{tlHa f"'IaIKI..rx nJlr.rrMoHortrrt.tbrx o6o,toqero6uuHo rrpurrr- c yronrqeH[eMr( KoHTypyu r yr,rau. Maercr rrepeMennofr ,Viu,,nMaJ'rr,Hyro roJl{HHy raKux nJ'rrlrcJIeAyertrplrufiMats S0 nn, a yron_ ueHHyroqacrb y KoHrypa- no pacqery, o6u.luo g0_120 ,u.u (n 3 a B r c u M o c rol tr B e r H q u H bnrp o J r e r aH H a r p y a x t ) . n r u r c 6 o p H b r xn a s e , r e irra r x e M o ) K e 6 r b r r bn e p e M e r r -Hor.J. - ^ " r imrHlMarbHar l5il3 roJrrunHanpr.{HrrMaerc, 3aecb A0 nn (uo nptl yc.rrosHH o6ecneueH{geauurHr,ri 6erossux croeB rro raon) ZS;,'a yronl{eHHasqacrl - 50-60 ,u.lr. KaxAaq naH-e,'rt c6opuoii o6o,rovru, KaK rrpaBtl;ro,cua6xaercq KoHrypHbtM r.tpe6panr u. ceqeHflflHecyurx pe6epc6opuux naHeneftnpHnalraercn ^^^ool:gt, zuu-JUU ,.rr, B 3aB cxt\rocllt oT pasMeparraHeJrrr I-l pesv.toraros p a c q e r a ,a u t r p r r H ac e u e u r np e 6 p a _ B c o o r B e r c rrB. r -t ic i o e 6 o e a H f i n [ 4 l , lK p a { n o r ' ' I o x e H H | o a p i \ t a l } p u

B c e q e r l r H B e r ' , ] l . iH q te s a u I t T _

"l-_.:j."9T^^"-.19.1 u:,,I_t!.lrtu r ec.n H a co6paurrori o6onouxe pe6pa :

c o a H o Hc r o p o H b l o y a y T 3 a M O H O n H q r B a r h cHf al B c o B b r c o T y1, o B e nuq[Ha 3aulnTHoro cror 6erona c ttoii cropoHu Iuoxei HasHa. qaTbcs yMeHbueHHoii,Ho He MeHeeBe,,rnq[Hbr 3a[IriTHoro cro, A,,rq ap MaTypbl nJrlrr.

pe6ep,naHe.rru (s 3aBr.rcirMocrr.r or rrx pa3Me_^-$p-:y_: :ll:ry"srx p::l^..y.:.1y"-iy.]berle n npoMexyrorrnbre pe6pa.CeveHHe npone.

xyToqHr,rx peoep, ecn oHo He Ha3HaqaeTc, pacqeToM, Cre.[yeT npHHHMarb no KoltcrpyKTrrBHrnt coo6paxeurnu. flpn 3ToM cerreHue Ha3HaqaeTcqBL,rcoTofiHe lrerree I00 n-u, uupuioit noHu3y lle MeHee 40 ln \lptr yc,roaur o6ecneueHns gar{Hinoro 6eionroro cros no ra6,'r. 34), c ynrHpeHHlMr..r KBepxy AJrrrco3AaHltlI rexHoJroraqecKrix yK,'roHoB,o6,t erua rcqnx r.t3B,,reqeH He rraHeJu.trrg on a,ry6o u-

nofrQopnru.

Bce conplxeHua B 3reMeHTaxcKopnynH o6o.louru, nepeceqeHHt cKopJlynr,I c pe6paMnH pe6ep MexAy co6or:is c6opHHi naHe_ Jrex cJreayer KoHcTpyr.rpoBarr, c yronueHHsMH,npeaycuarpulaa nJraBHbIe nepexoa6r. ":y_. KoHrypHbrxpe6ep naHe,qeiic6op......n:.i:lll.r lg!:!Ino.r"r HbIXOOOJIOtTeK pe,KoMeHAyeTcs aeJraTbqepeayror{llec'IBbrcTynbra BnaarnH Ant o6pa3oBaHl-lrnocJIe 3aMoHOJI].iqliBaHr.tq 6erunuux IUIOHOK.

xorrrypHbrx 3reMeHroB o6o.rroqex3aBrcar or Br4Aa , 59i:]!lIur" Kpr.{Bx3Hbr oooJroqKr I or cnoco6a ee Bo3Be,4eHr.t, (uoHonurnar l,r,rn c6opHaq). Han-plnep, A,'rq o6o,'roqer qtlrltgAptlqecKltx a o6o,roqer no,'Io)fi_HTenr,HoiiKpl.tBH3HbrKoHTypHbre a.leueiru KoHcrpylpyror B na4e 6anor, apoK r4r'rl Qepu. Ea,,rnu u apKH Moryr nplmeuarrcn KaIt Arq MoHo.tnrHbrx,raK r Ann c6opHlrx o6o.louex, a $eprvtst_ ToJ'rbKo Anfl c6opHbrx o6o,roqex. gE

Pasuepu nonepeqHoro ceqeHHt KoHTyplltlx oJIeMesroB IlptrHIl' Marorcr ro pacqeTy, a QopMa ceqeHufl- B 3aB[cuMocrl or crlocooa Bo3Beaeurls..[,,ra uouo,nnruux o6onoqeK QopMa ceqeHlrfl3"IeMeHToB KoHrypa aorxHa 6ttTb npocrofi, KaK [paBl.r,'lo, KBaaparHofi n,'I[ nprMoyroJlbHoiri./l,,rr c6opuux o6o,1o,{eKceqeHlre 3JIeMeHra KoHTypHoir xoHcTpyKUr.flrMoxer IrMerb I.i Apyr[e QopMbI, HanpuMep raRp AnH aByraBp. Bepxnnn noBepxHocrb xourypuoii KoHcrpyKuuH c6opur'Ix o6o,roqex peKoMenAyercq KoHcrpyl.rpoBarb c qepea TaKxe apMarypHblMHBblayroxlxMlrcq BblcryflaM[ H Bnaar]HaMr.r, nycKaMH arq xecTKofo 3aMoHoJInqI-lBauuflcTbIKa KoHTypHoro gJreMeHTac nr'l raMn cKop,'Iynht o6o,'IoqKI.I.Moryr altno"tHarrcl tt norar,'u{BbreconprlxeHtls o6o,roqxu c KoHTypHoirxoncrpyxqueri. B cxop,ryne o60"roqeK !.onycKaercfl ycrpoficrBo orBepcrl.tii t-r npoeMoB. Oa[Ho,nrL,re orBepcrrlr ,ntaMerpoM ao 200 r,ll MoMHo pacno,rararb B nn6oM Mecre o6oroqKH 6e3 o6paM"'IeHHsapMaTypoii u"rr 6opruxaun. Oreepcrnx 6o.nunux pa3MepoB, ec.rln oHI{ He yqTeHbr B ocHoBHoM craT{qecKoM pacqere, cJleayer oraillt.nstl apMrlpoBaaHblMltpe6pauu u.nr 6a.nraut, ceuenue 6erona r apmaTypa Koropr,rx ao,rxnu 6url He Menee Bbrpe3aHHoroceqeHlfl cKopJrynbr.EoJlbrxne orBepcrHg peKoMeH,4yercqpacnoJlararb s cxatofl 3oHe 06o.'roqeK. B ul.lrru4puvecKr.tx o6onoqKax sro - cpeaHlq B BblnyKnblx o6o.noqxax- cpeaHfifl3oHa, Tperb lr[puHbl o6o,'roqKr.r, orpaHuqeHHar aono,'rHHTenbHblMnplrKoHTypHbIM apMfipoBaHfieMB o6o,roqrax orpr.iqareJlbHofiKpIlBlt3HbIH B Bor'tnlrcrblxcBoaax orBepcrxs peKoMeHAyercr ycrpar,rBarb B cpeaHel.t qacrH npo,'leTa, B HAKI'IOHHbIX CTEHKAX NAHCJII-'.

2, Arxnuue

uhnHHAprrqecKneo6oroqxu

Ilu.nHnapruecxue o6oroqKn Ha3bIBatorcq aJIlrHHLrMu,ec,'Ifi lrx nnu]Ha lt n4o.rrr,o6paeyrcUeii (nporer) 6orbue uupnHbl 12 HnH B KpaiiHeM c,'ryqae paBHa nocneaneri (puc. 36, a). B 4,rrnnux qu,'ll.tHAprgecKltxo6ono,{Kax pa3r'IHqabr co6crBeHHo o6otoqKy, T, e. Ir3orHyrylo B oaHoM HanpaBJreHtt cKop,lyny, 6opronlte tJreMeHTbI, napa,rneJrhHbreo6pasynqefr, AHa$parMbI, nepneH,4nKyJIspHble cquraercfl o6pasyroureir.Illuptruoit o6o,roqrn Anll aJIHHoiree BoJ'I,Hbl p accToqHre Mexay Hr.rxHxMr.r np9 Mo,'lr{Hefr HblMfi xpasM}{ cKopJty[bl, a A,'rr.rHofr nfi npo,'IeroM o6o,roqrr - paccrosHlre Me)KAy ropuoouur.r araQparuaMn, JIexautlMr.r Ha onopax. flpo,rer 6oprosoro 3,'teMeHTacoorBercrByer nponery o6onouxH, a npoJrer ara$paruu He Bcer,{a coorBercrByer a,'rrjHe BoJ'rHbI.Moryr 6ltru ,{uaQparvr't B Bnae 6aJroK-creHoK,B npeae,rax npo,rera Koropblx K HfiM npllMbIKaer He oAHa, a pfl,rl BoJ'rHo6o,'Io'JeK.TarHe roucrpyxuuu 6bIBator, IITHIl Mrl. Kalt flDaBIl.lIO.MOHOJI It MHoI-llr,nuu4pnuecxHeo6o.noqxu Mor-yr 6btrb onHoBoJtHoBbIMl MHoroBoJlHoflpouexyrounue 6oproelte 3,'reMeHTbt roBoJrHoBbrMr.r. slrx o6o,'roqer peKoMeHAyerct BblnorHqrb o6IrtnML Anfl,[Byx cMettHbIX BOTH.

oo

Eoproaue gJreMeHTbr ArrlnHbtx uarrln,[pnqecxux o6otoqe( 861noJrHspr, Kar{ upaBHno,B Br.rAe6aJroK,a roprleBbreA[aQparMbIB BHAe6anoK,apoK Hr (pepM.

I

- --,!------)

Pnc. 30. Noncrpyxposr{xo rrxrrrFtt q{tcHAp'r{acrirx o6oro,ra* ,-cxopnyfla ooonoq(li 3-60prosofi rt€ enr ooonoc(8i J-topqalar AnaODarMaooonoqxH: a-flDoaonhFsr s9r.aiyp8 ctrcpnylr|i 5-nonapera8rd .pxarypa cKopnyuH; 6-.qono,0rltsretbrat ror€pe'{sar apnarypr; 7-xocri apuaryps: d-dpoAoj,tL{at rprroDa ooplorofo ancnenra; t-[oflepecHar apxarypa oopio

4 3

H

B uosoaxruux ouono"*ul .*ooryna, ecn ee roaurnuaB0 ,r,rr tr Mesee,apMr.rpyercro.qnuounoicerKofi,a npn 6o.nrruuxroauqnEaxapMarypaAonxxa 6brrbABofiHofi. t/1s12(puc.36,6) Ha noaoceurHprnofr no pacqery,Ho He Meuee flo o6e cropoHble4oar 6oproeux 6a.nor,ec.nr cKopnynaapMnpyercfl oAHflo'rHoftapMarypofi, Heo6xoar.iMo yKnaabrBarbcBepxy r0o

p

K

v

T

{919{Hnljn6Hyrocerxy. Crepxulr ocnotnofr cerxrr AonxHbr 6blrb coorEercrByrourx cropoHcKopnynbr I sanyqeHHB 1:::1:Iy ao xoHTypHbre s,'reMeurbr no npaBrrraM anreponfuapMarypbr ira xpafrHItx onopaxnnocrHxnlui. flonepeuHue(r otionoir<e1 ciepxnr.r BepxHnx r.rre.rbHL,rx AononH cerox (a.nr cnnoruubrx cerox'npr.r isofrxoft apuarype)ao,rxuu 6urr, 3aBelegbr " 6;;Kt;;';;";6'u"" - -*, BeJIfiquHy

/a .4nn pacrflHyrbrxcrepxHeft no ra 6,r'.6.o6o.noqxucKopr,yny peKoMeHAyercq apMr.rpoBarb ^..-_IJIilrI 'no.4 KocblMl crepxHsMHnepeueunofiAnlHbr, HanpaBnennr,iull yrnou (pxc. 45' 36, a). Koirqecreo:rrx crepxuift orpe,4e,rrercflpacqeToM,x oHIi AoJIxHbI6blrt saseleHHs 6alxy u r6pUeoyro a"dQpu"qeMHa r,lnHy /a Anr pacrrgyrblx "y crefNntifr no rabjr. O. LiI"l.9 cJepxHer.tapMarypbrcKopnynbr pexoueH.4yercrHa3H arlaTb ^^^rrar zw rr,l't.A HaMerp3Tlrx crepx{Heftonpere,,Iflerc,r pacqeroMh Aorr_ xeH 6brrb AJIRr\.toHor'r rzrHbrx-o6onoqer' He Melee6 .u, i aro aOopgllbtx -

4 . '14.

Soproaue6a,rxa ltogo,tnrnbrx AJr[HHuxuurnnrpnqecKllx 060noqeKapMnpyoTltpoaoJrbHbrMlt, nonepeqHt,lMtl I,t flpn Bq3aHOft yl brMu :l:: :l"T _crepxHflMn. ftp r.lruunu roHcipyr.rpooaHur 3TIrx:y^p_.^ oaJlox no.u,o6abr o6tr1llM nprHur1naM r(oHcrpyr.tpoBdritri 6anor, g rrassr. pexo;;Hiyii."'durn" ,r ll:c,lorpelHbrMs 4 Hacrosrr1eft KoHcrpyr.rp.oBarb npeaBapHrerrbHo uinprNenuumn. K_19liry": eQOeKroM y-a-L11o.9 n crereHbroHHAycrpxa.ntHocrrj sro 9or"lxlrM npn KoHcrpyrrpoBaunn y-o31:"9iri aocrnr-Hyro a6obnbrx o6orover, KOrA-a3Tn SneMeHTbtBtrnOJIHstOTCqB gaBOACKI.IX yc.nOatrX.

Koncrpyrurr naueneilc6opnux o6o,roqerai"lta-'-o,

a*a"o, pa3pesKlree Ha oraerbHblegneMeHTbr, pexoueu4yercr rDH r{reHelrttn uH,'Il..rHAptlqecxux o6oaoqex Ha c6opnue e.ltirr,reHrbr'orAeJ,rqTb Ooproone6alxw z ropleBbre axaqparMbl, a cKopnvnv DagDesarb [onepeirHbrMr.r rxBaMr.r Ha naxe,ru uuprrofi 3 z. B Hlx6r6prx c,ryqaqx (rIo ycnoBxsMusroroBJrerufl r.rrpaucnoprupooxn) irop,ryny AorroJrHxre,'rbHo MoxHo ^p,a3pegarberrt,e tz nioair,rrHHlr.rNtrrsaMn, B_lrlerblre. C6opuue nane,ru qr,'rusApr.rqecKr.rx ;6ono11_lpTgpt qex oor,tqHoobrBarorrByx rt.{floB_ psAoBble r.,lToiueBble.pa4oaue IIaHeJITB 3OHeyKra.4KH,4OIIOJIHfiTenbHofi cerKH aaorb 6oDrosoft oarKH neramrcfl HecKoJIbKo Tonqe, qeM B cpeIHefisoge o6oio.rxli.

Topueene yro,ruanrcsa o6erx"p;;;;tp"fi nanerrn Hocr.rTe.'rr,Ho pr,4oBbtxnane,refi.

iiiu* or-

fl;rltru nane.l^e&apur.rpyor fi3 crepxnefi ,4raMerpoM He MeHee , +.tl c waroM 2UU.tn,uH ,4ononHHTenbHofi ceTKoft B irptxourypnofr 3oHe c floflepeqrrblMnno orHouJeHun r o6oloqre pa6ovuvll crepxn a u H ( p r c . 3 6 ,a ) . B n,rlrax ropueBbrx flaHenefi ,qoflolHLre,tbHaq cor1a (oHcTpytrpyeTcr c xocurr.rnpa6ouHlllr cTepxHrMr.r.peroMeHAyercq liy ""r*y KoncrpynpoBarb a arle py,rouuor?cerKu c flonepeqiuuu pa6t,uxruu crepxnrMH n MoHTaxHbrMH npolonbHbrMH. Heo6xoAlnaHe yKnaAKtr B nJl[Ty TpeyroJlbHble cerK nonyqa]orc, !.r3pvroHHoft raq IIvTeM pagpeeKlr no KocbrM HanpaBneHrrflM.paccroauxxj :Ha xoroDbie l0l

Heo6xoAlMo 3a8oAlrrb B cropryny .qeJtrroTct p acqeToM.

I

AonotHnteJlbHblecefKtr, onpe-

naue.leii aplrpyr,orcq nrocKHMr.r cBapnbrMr.r KapKacar{lt -^ n o oLe6pa oullM npaBH,,lau P.a 6 o q n ec r e p x H l . K . ra p K a c o BV,K J , I a r b J B a e l t t b r x B floneper{Hbre (no oruoureuun x o6o.nouxe)'pe6pa, irexoveHayercs NPUBA PHBATb K YTJIOBbIM 3A KJ'IAAHbIM AETAJT,M.

ApMaTypHr,receTKr.tuH"'lr.tHApHqecxnx o6onoqeK KoHcTDVIlD

;[rT,i,.TJ#jJfJ :-1'1".1""j_"1r""il;";:il;i,i;",";iJ""#;'ff Heo6xoarll.ryro KprrBrr3Hy noa Aerlcrs'er,.r ;"6;r;;i;;;; r".r.

ranr

3. Koporxte unrliHAplrqecrl-teo6o.noqxlr I-IrnnHApt-t,{ecKneo6o,roqrl Ha3brBarorcfl KoporKrMr.t, ec"]fi l..tx npoJeT BAoab npfl Mo,rnHeiinoil o6pasyloqeri veHiue 4lnrrsr ao,rull, T. e. paccrorHtrs MexAy HltlKHr.tMH npRuo,nluerluttufi KparMli cKop,'ryrrbr. Crop,ryna t
5 t-l

PIrc. 37. (oBcrpyrpoDanre (oporxrri urrstlApr.tec|(rx o6onoce( , - cxopnyna oooroqKn,2-6oproBon

:lli,til','","*:";#:im';,;#x?jlilft f::* *"'luirli":3:xi'"?r:'"?; npoas'ratrag apuarvpa 6op' ro'oroe,€Me'ra; r-,iiiff,;:I";,rl}'sr; crepxneri .([aMerpoM He MeHee6 ;l,ll. Crepxnw cerKl 3anerbrBarorcflB KoHTypnbre a.[eMeHTbr raK xre, KaK Ha rpailuHx olopax nJl,ocKrxn,'rur (puc. 37, a). B nprxourypuux gosai cBepxy yKna_ AbrBaorcl AorronHr..rrelbubre ceTKu_ oaont 4uaQparua 1pnL.52,a1 r/r0 LnkHbr o o6e cropousr Ha paccTosHHe oi'ee oc,l' (pa6ovr.re 'a crepxHn npsMo,'rlrHefiHbre, a MoHTaxHbte Kpr.rBo,THHeftHbre) o4o,rl O o p r o n u x6 a . n o r ( p a c . 1 7 , a l n a p a c c r o n u u e1 , 2 5 _1 , 5 0 ,' r ' r a n N e cropouy (saecr a :MoHraxHbre ^iiT.llr .pa6o'ruecrepxHa xpaeo.nruerlHue, nprvo,lrnHeftuue).pa60ql-tecrepxuu 4ono.n nrrreJlbH brx 102

l l

I l

,1

\ ceroK Ha KpaiiHHx r{oHTvDHblxgreMeHTax AorxHbr 6blT6 gaBeAeHbl B 6 e r o H 3 T H x s , t e l 4 e u r o gH a a J r H H ya H K e p o B I { u n o r a 6 "xoiopor" ,r.6. boproBbre 6anxx, a raxxe_ ropqenue' Alruqpa.rrrr, *oIYT.BbIIIOJHgTbcqB BT{ACAPOKIl,1U QCPM,KOHCTPYI-,t B COOT. PYIOTCN

BercrBr.'rc pacqeroMno o6u1r^r nyiuiriui;;;.jrp.y;;;;;"""

""Ao6Hbrx[,'rocKrxKoHcrpyKqrrII. "LooprrbreKoporKfieo6o.noqraKoncrpyupyroru3 rrJ,rocKrx rraHen e u H , 4 x a 0 p a r M( a p o x n , r r C t i o f r i l i e 4 e p n r ) . n * " r ' i ' n r " . r p y "_ py}or pe6ptcrblMu u cHa6xaror eunycxalrr c."pxneii- 4rn .uo.n (prc.

:j:i.9!.rili", naHe,{H cnellI-la,'IbHbre

37,a). Boproesiua 6anxaiuobiiuil .ry*u"

Yil:T;. "l"X#;ff Korop r,rxnpr n"oo*oan,o"# fl.,lii"i:iJi :; ": t.t,,llr H

Haq,ap MaTypa.

c6opHrrxnauenerlg.tt Koporr{}txo6o,roqex

_^--1911r!yrponaune IIpLIHIIIinlaJrbrro He oT",luqaeT

r,/rocKocrHLrxnoxpr,rrali ron"ii.

o" KoHcrpyllpoBaHlt naHe"'IeIi axs

4. BbrnyKnbre o6ono.txn Ha xBaAparHoM li npqMoyrorbHoM [JaHe -

K erolty Brray 060,,roqeKorHocflTcfl o6o,roql{u norox[TerbHori

co cKop,rynofr, raoruyroi no oOor*'.nru,io,* nuI!1:1:1", r. Be. o.aHy cropoHy.oHr uoiyr 6o,rono,ror"nril noao"_ Lp::l:ll"y, l lecr\.torpf yL:::ly I Ha cyqecrByroulee pas,rr.ruu e pu.u.*o," noJfoxeHr.jr.r anr onpeaeJ,reHux ycuniit u pu.r"ooopu."i,i-s";;u* eo,nyx,rux o6onouernpnnUuntiI-IxKoHcrpyripoBauaq qsnqorca o6lrtItM lt.

o6o.noqxaonnpaercq.no xaNAori a3 qerbrpex --s a 91oP,ryn, a r r a e p a r M b rB. x a q e c r s i A u a Q p a r Mn [ " " u * r r a o " r i n " cropofl nr" QepMr,r,Ho Mox(er 6brrr, acno,rrsoBina "..;;;;;;;;""11 e nocJe/qneMc,'ryqaeflo creHe Ao,,rxen 6brrb y,rroxelr xe,res;-iiroHusrii

-pr,1i1ii:.Li?_"6pyc,xa4exHocoeasHennsrft ." .*op,iy"oit. l toBepxHocTb

,'"';;;,i;:'il"X ;d;;' #il:lXJ#'"'ffJff l::: "q:i -tl; ,ii"ilff: .rro KaqecrBo,eB,,rrqcbAocrol.rHcrBoM c roqKr aptnn"-iio"noar" BbrrlyK,,lbtx o(

x ycrofiq[Bocru xoscrpvxur.rri.Hararaer onpeae.,reiuii; f eoi{"erp tzqe_ cKue-'r-pe6oDa Hns npu Haenaueuuu paeuep6aapmiiyp"ii" . n.a"r"n .qnt. MoHo,'rnrHhrx o6o,toqex. cKopnyny peKoMeH4yerc,crep)KHqMr,pacro,ro)...^.:.lYli"_*" KeHHbrM n ra.pr a n r , r e r b H ao r a 6 n a r u a u ( p r c . B g ,r l . g . p " a i ; i l . o " " gggl9u*r, r'le neicrByror cxu r\raroure- ygrn uf . 4fiaMe;p;;;pxHe1 - 'ab5r*"n Ha3Haqaercrno KoHcroyKTrrBHu l,r coo6paxeuro, " 0o,"" He MeHeeS u,u. llpu rojqnne g0 '"onu"'.l""nuo. -.*op,rynoi ;;';' ,.r[i'onu'up"".

cerxori,y.rroxbHHoil gy_:1":^ u "u*nun _ol1l9unofi llpx oorrbuI,Ix ToJrrrlHHax,Bo E36exaHl.le IIoqB,teHrI, yarAonoo,* *"l"lil.lll.l1T_ rpeur.r H, yKnanbrBaercfl rBoftHan . p,i;;;;;.

"

rl npHXoHryprrbrx 3oHaxr.rB yrJrax_, rae lericreyroi pn",r!inuu,oqlie ycnnl,lq,ronul[Hy cxop,ryld neo6xoAr.1,ro Vu#r*Ju* I{ V*ru103

I

AblBarb3AecbcrepxHll 6o.nrutHxAHaMerpoB(npu ensauoit.apua' cerKu (np[ isapxofi apmarype). lu' rype) finll Ao[o,'IiIIre,'IbHbIe e"IbHoe pHHanpllKoHTypHbIX 3oH, a TaKxe r'Ix ToJltq[Hau aonoJlHl'l npfiHHMarorcqIIo pacqery. o6uvuo runpuua yro.napMHpoBaHlre apMI.JpoBaHxeM uleuuofi nptronrypHoti sonu c aononHI,ITenbHbIM 1

€uny*rhrx xla!patP r c , 3 8 , ( o H c T c y n p o B a x r rB HEx B rre{e o6oro'rce

COCTaBJI'eT r/ro-r/t

qaCTL OT

cooTBeTcTBylollleroflpoJ'IeTa. To"'rur,[Ha cKopnynH B yrnoBbrx 3oHax o6oroqKri o 6 H q H oe 2 - 3 p a s a n p e a o c roar,rr roJruluHy B cepeALIHe o6ono.rKli.34ecr, xpoue crepxHer:, [apaJIJIerbHbrxKoHyKJraabrTypy, peKoMeHAyeTcfl BaTb KOCblecTepxHE no,4 yr,roru45'K KoHrypy.B roJ'rcrblx cKopnynax o6o,roqexc 6onlurr'rrl nponeraMr.rKocyro apMar)'py cne.4yerKoHcrpyHpoearr, .qno:inoilcHMMerpnquoii. B ueroropl,rx cryqasx, pacqeroM,KooOycnoB,'reriHbIx cyro apMarypy KoHcrpyrrpyror nanpRraeuoir. Bce crepxnH apMarypbl cKopnynbrAoJ'lx(HbI 6blTb 3aBeAeHbrB coorsercrnyrcullfi g,nelteHro6o.noqKOHTypHbrir My ro anr.rHy Ku Ha treo6xo,4r.r no ra6n, 7, rax aHKepoBKr.r KaK OrrH B npr.rKoHTypHoit 3OHepacTrrHyrbl. flpu apurponantlr.rMoHonETHoil cKopJrynblcBapHbrMH

ceTKaME peKoMeHAyeTcrrKoHcTpyripoBaTbrx flnocKrrMn rr nprMoyrolbEbrMx B nnaHe. Heo6xo4urrayn KpHBH3uycerxu npno6peranr npH yKJ'raaKeHa onany6Ky. flpn arou seo6xoaauo yllHrhlBarl" Ilro noBepxHocTbuMeeT aBosKyro KpliBH3Hy, l.r He Ha3Haqarb [ll,lpllHy cerox 6o.lee 1,5-2,0 n. Cerxu cleayer KoHcrpyupoBarb c npoaoJ'rbHtttr.filpa6ovuvx cTepxEsMH c [IaroM 200 nn t MoHTaxHblMrrronepeqHbrMH,pac[oJloxeHHblMri Ha paccrogHr.inx 4o 1,5 n, B onany6xy cKopnynbl Taxr,re y3Kqe cerK[ yKnaAbtBatorct Bo B3afiMHo xourypy. Crltrn HanpaBreHr.iqx,napanJre.lIlrHblx nepnerAr.rKyJrrpHblx pa6oq[x cTepxHeft BblnoJ'IHgloTcg BHaxtecTKy ceToKB HanpaBJ'reHr.ru MoHTa)KHblxcrepxnetl 6es crapxn no ra6JI. 10, a e Hanpar.neHLrI.I r yKnaablBarbcfl c nepeMeHHofrBenI.iceTKIl MOryT He CTblKOBaTbCt qHsoft saxnecta, B npHronrypuux H yrnoBblx SoHax yK"laAblBatorcrl IONONHSTCJIbHbIE

104

CETKI.

Konerpyxuua nase.nefic6opHblxo6o,'loqexsaBricnTor cxeMbl pagpe3KlrcKopnynbtHa orAe.'rbHbre pexouesAyercsc6op3"'reMeHTbt. HbIe-Irauerlr KoHcrpyr.rpoBarb ,ru6o n,rocrruu, ,rt6o c qunnn4pr.ruecxofi noBepxHocrtro.Taxoe KoHcrpyxpoBaHr.{e 3Har{urer,rbHo ylpo. ulaer apMarypnbreH3Ae"'rHtu pa6orn [o l]x 3aroroBKe,a raK)I(e no rr3roroBreHur.o nase.nefr.9eu ueulure pa3Mepbrnane,reii,relr npaBunr,Hee oHI,I BnUCbIBaIOTCqB IeOMeTDLiIOnOBeDXHOCTII06oJlo,tKrr

u reM rerqe rx r.r3noroBrrrb.Oasaxo uenrre raie,ru oueul rpygo€MKlr nplr MoHTaxe. Onruvanluue pa3Mepbr c6opHlrx laue,reft o6onoqeK 4soaxofr KpHBx3Hbl,ycrauoeunnabcx npaxrHxoir crpouTe,trr,craaflocr'reaHuxJrer, npHH]iMatorcn 3f 6 n u 3X12 u. |Io. BepxHocrb srt]x rlaHe.'reiiqIInflHApuqecKaq.I(oncrpyxuun lI apMr.rpoBaHHenaHeneri rpr Moyror'rbnbrxB [naHe o6onoqex nolo6sor naqu,'rIHApHqecKux060,ro,reK,c yqeroM u3JroxeHHoro He,'rqMAJ'rlrHHbrx Bblure Arq Monor'lllrubrx 060,10qeK,rsoaxofi xp Aptr,tNpooa- let:nu. HLIe pqaoBori naue,ra c6opHofi KBarparHoli o6o.loqxx AaHo Ha -D r c . 3 8 . 6 . Vmostte eoHu c6opHux o6oloqex o6btqHo Bbrno,,rHslorctMoHo. J t n r H b I M uB , Hllx yKnalblBaercnqacrb xocoli apmarypu. l l p H 3 H a q H T e , , r b H bptax 3 M e p a x o 6 o n o q x n e e c K o p J l y [ a M o x e r Koncrpyr.ipoBarbcr cocraBHoii no ro,'ruuge us 4ayx c6opnux narren e f i , c p e 6 p a M l - ro,6 p a u e H H s r v r .Bt H y r p b c e q e H r . t n . AHaQpafMbr o6onoqeK KoHcrpyr.rpyrorcr no4o6Ho aHarorriqHbtNr nJIOCKT{M KOHCTpyKrlxrM.

6. Kynora Kynonouua3blBaercg BbrrryxJ'Ias norotaqt,trTr.r nolr,eltrctar o6o-

.'roqKa Ha KpyfnoM rrnr! MHoroyfo,'lbHoMnJ'raHe.KoHTypHblM gJreMeHToMKynon-anBr''lflercnxe,rego6etoHsoe Konbuo y ero ocHoBaHxr. tt oToM xor'rbue.Koropoe rBnflercs saa6o.neeoraercrgesnori qacrrrc Kynora, or AericrBHq sueuHeft Harpy3Kr.iBcetla Bo3Hl.rKaerpacrqxesne. Crltxr npoaonbgbrx crepxnirl KoJrbuaaor''rxHbrKoHcrpyxpoBarbcq cBapHblMr.r, [.na yae,rlveuufl xecrKocrx pacrrHyroro KonbIla peKoMeHAyeTcflBbrnoJ'rHqTb efo npeaBapxrenbHo-Harrps]KeHHbrM. B uenrpe Kyrrona, ecntl HyxHo l{Merb orBepcrr.ie, TaK)Ke ycrpauBaercs Konbuo. Bepxsee xontuo BcerAa cr(aro I o6uqso aouupyercs KoHcrpyKrxBHo. MoHo,ttrulte KynoJra BbrnoJrHsltrrcfl,KaK npaBrr,,to,r,1aAKr.tMlr. _ l o,r[luHa Ilx cKopJrynb]HagHaqaercs no KoHcrpyKTl.rBHbrM coo6paxeHrlrM l.t Ao,'txHa 6brTb He MeHee (/600paAnyca KprrB[3ubr H Hs uesee 50 nn. B so:HenpHMbrKaHHrK onop[oMy xo,rluy ro"rrqnny cKopnynr,l cIe,{yeT yBenxqIIBaTb.' Cxopnyna npn ue6o,rlunx roJ'lr{r.rHaxapMUpyercs o4rnovuoft cefl{oft, a flpll ro,'IqtHe 80 nn s 6o,ree- ABoiiHoti. B npuxourypHori yronxreHHori 3one cKopnynbl cJeryer Bceraa npeaycMalpucarb 4 e o i i u y r oa p M a r y p y ( p H c . 3 9 , a ) . P a e n e p n p a x o u r y l H o i i s o u u rr n p e ,u,enqercr pacqeroM. Cxop,ryna MoHoJ'rnrHbrx KynoJroB,KaK paBt,t. Jro, ap Mupyercn oraeJrbHbrMl.rcrepxHn MH. CrepxHu yx,ra4uroarcrcn 5

r. f. Brrorp.!oB

105

I [ ,

I

x. ll.lar xo,rtuegofi It KorbueBoMHanpaBJIeHI.ifl B MeplIArroHaJlbHoM apMarypblpexoMel,{yercsnp[H]rMarb200 nn. P accroxHueMexay MeprIliOHaJI['HblMH CTepXHfl MI.l BHlt3y' y onOpHOIO (O,'ILUa, TaKx(e

pac200 nn. flo uepe npr6"rrNettrF K BeptrlIJrte [nprlHHMaercq 11o_ panHrtru 100 ;1,u, yMeHb[Iaercs craHoeltrcg KorAa oHo H, crotHHe o,{!tH cTepxeHr,r.rgaBYx o6puaaercr, Ii cTepxHeli ocTaaJIfieTCfl 6t

6)

ll

l-ocHoBrrar

{Yto,roB Prc. 30. KoscrpyBpoBarne cerxii cerKa; ?-aononHrrenbtat raeMas apMa?ypai 4-ropI(per

r-Hanlt_

8,{BOeNreHbUe,HO OnflTb C l]JarOM200 .tt.tttt r. g. n,fiaMerp ctepxHeft B cpeAHeriqacrn MoHo"'tirrfloroI(ynora oobl'rlto Ha3ltaqaercfl no KOHCTpyT(TnBHbrM COO6paXeflUqnln AOJr)KeH6Url He Mefiee 6 ,r,lt. B6rrsn onoprioro KoJrb{a a yro,ruenuori sone .[,l'taMe'rpapMarypbt o6uuno yaenruuaaercs r{ npr,rruMaercsrlo pacqery. C6opnsre Kynona KoHcrpyr.ipytorua pe6pucrblx laHe,leii H c6opnoro rrrr MoHor''rHTHofo onopHoro KoJrbrla. 106

flonepeuHoe ceqeHne onopHoto Ko,lbua c6opnoro KynoJ,raBbrnor'rHreTcr KBaApaTHbrMHnIj npflMoyfoJlbHbrMco cpe3arrrrbtMBepxHHM BHyrpernrHMyrJ'loruA,'11onspantrs naueneri (plc. 39, 6). Korr. crpyK(fifl naHeneii 3aBHcnr oT cxeMbr pa3pe3K[ cxop,,ryfibrua c6op_ HbIe 3reMeHTbr ll or AuaMerpa xyno.na. flpu Auauerpe x1,non2 30-40 n cKopnyna a trnar{e pa3pe3aercr sa ceKTopbri o4urraroBblMprqeHrpanbHbrMr.r yrrtaMH (pHc. 39, a). Kaxar,rii raxori cerrop npellcraB"rrrerco6oii naHe,lb c MeprAHoHaJ'rbH oml pe6pauI (ogrrrll [o ocu cuMi\,rerp]rnlrrlr AByMs no xpanlr) u xo,rtuesbrlr{ (xpajlH U M Un n p o M e r { y r o q H b n l l H c u a r o M 2 - B n \ . B u e DH n t o r ra , r i r r o u uatrpaB"'IeH[Jtr TaKBe rIaHertII Bb]Ito,qI{gtorcrl xptno,llltefiustnttt, a n KorbueBoM- np fl Mo,,ll,lfleftHHu t. Toaulusa narreau Aonx
flporolruaa aptrarypa c6oprrurx sJteMeuroB onopuoro r{oJ,rbua Ao,r)KHarrMerb BblrrycKIlA,{r coeArirreHr.tr BHaxJ.recrKy cBapt(oii,ec,tH KoJ'rbqoHe rrperBapfirer''rbrro-Hanpfirtcrrroe, u"rfi 6es cBapKx, ecJ,lt nocJre 3aMolroJrnqt{BaHllq npeaycMaTprrBaeTcrl npeaBapr.rTer,rbHoe HarrptxeH{e onopHoro KoJIblla 6. O6o,loqxn oTpfluare,'rr,HofiKpuBn3HBl 3rrr o6o;rovxn npe,lcraBJqror co6oir cxop.nynv, H3orHyryro B goor.{xrraBr{brx Hanpa_B.rreHr.{'rxj Ho B npoT Bonoi,to)KHbre cTopoHbl. lloBepxHocrb raKUX 060,10qeKHa3brBae,Tcq rroBepxHocrbroorpHrlaTe,rbHoir KptB usHbt r.l flpe.qcraBJrrer co6oft runep'6onauecxHii napa_ oo,rolt[ fi,'lx cotipaueHHo rHnap. Xapaxrepnofr oco6eHHocrtb srlx ooor'ro'leK flB,rRercs rxHeiqarocrb noBepxHocrr.t, IIo3Bor'Inloxlaq apMr.rpoBarbcKopnyny nplvo,rHuer?ur,rul.rcrepxHsMH.

t07

I,Icno,rleyanoBepxHocrbrlrna r[nap, MoxHo nyreM BceBo3Moxuux coqera*luiiao6nrlcs MHoroo6pa3uqSoprrro6o"rotex,rHTepecHblx[o cBoe]iapxr,rreKType, Ho He BcerAanpocrblx c roqKn 3peHxq

1 I

HX BOSBCACHH9.

I

B oreqecrgeHsoii npaKTHKe crporrrer'rbcrBa B noc,reilHLteroabl n o , r y q t - r , ' rplal c n p o c r p a H e H f i e! B a B - ] . a o 6 o , r o , t e xr u n a t n a p , B o 3 ' guue o6o,to.txN, [cno,lr,3yeBoAuMbrx c6opnuuu, - :ro cea"'too6pa Mbre KaK caMocrolre,'IbHaq I{oucrpyt{qn9, tt np one,r,repoo6pasnsIe o6o,roqxr B Brae cKpyqeHHoroKBa.qpara,rptMoyronbHuKa l.{n}i napaJrnenorpa NrMa,Hcnonb3yeMbleo6ttquo xax 3,leMeHTco.I'Ie[eHHoii o6o,t orrKII. PacnpocrpaneuNe I{MeHHo 3THx BrraoB o6o,roqex rrrna rlrnap o6'rqcllqercg Bo3MoxHocrbto ut{aycrpra,'IbHoro rlx H3roroB,'IeH}tflll MoHTaxa. Buecre c reM 3To He IrcK.lIIoqaerB03Mox{Hocrt'Bo3BeaeHrzq apyfux orAe,'rbHbrxyHuKaJlbtlbtxo6o.qoqex noao6uoro rfina B Xe"regO6erOHe. t-tTHOM MOHOJI A. Ce4roo6pasue o6onoqKrl. Cea"roo6pasnue o6o,ro,Ixr.r gnno,rrHqtorcflnpnuoyro,rlnoii QopMbt B n,rale. Hau6o,ree uHpoKo B npaKTHKecrpolrre,rbcrBa nplMeHserct rpu Bnaa 3rux o60,'Ioqe(: l) r"ralxue n a He,ru -060,roqKI.{6a,ro'rHoro rlrna; 2) xuneru4nue nase,rH-o6o,roqxu 6anoqnoro runa (c pe6pou no npoAonbHoii ocI,Icrlruerpuu); 3) r.rraaxue naseatr-o6onoqxl apoqHoro rana. O6o,roqxu nepBoro Bxaa( puc. 40,a,6,4) eunornnrcr B BuAe nlu 3X 18 ,n H c 6 o p n n x n a H e ; r e i ci p a 3 M e p a M [3 X 9 , 3 \ 1 2 ro,'ullHoii 40-50 nn c yro,rtrreuueM K npo.no,rbHblMKpaqM. ApMaTypa B naHe,,rsxycraHaB,'ruBaercffoar.jHoqHafl ,'rx ABoiilrag B Bxae cDapHblx cercK r'i3 crepxueilr auaMerpor{ 4-5 :uttt, yK,'raablBaeMbtx cropoHaM n,'raHa. Vqursrsafl, qro noBepxHocrr o6oapar'r"'renbHo lIa [,'lOCKoCTb' CBapl]bleCeTK]IKOHCTpyII' JIOqKIHe pa3BOpaqfiBaeTcq poBarb n,'rocKr{Mr'r Ha Bcro raHe,'rb He"rb3fl i uro6r,r xoncrpyrpoaarr' oHIt aoJ'rxHbr6l'trl ysnHltu..n'runa y:xux ceToK HaIlx lrJlocKuMr-.t, 3Harraercs paBHofi ru[prHe naHe,'llr,a uuprrna 1,5-2 n. Vxaa(t'tl-lBllblMI-i cTblKaMuBHaxJIecTKy BaTb y3Kqe ceTKu Mo>KHoc KoHcTpyt{T (cu. plc. 12). !,nx cBs3H co cMelKnblr\{firraHe"rflMrrnpn yK,'raAKe B noxpbrTle no npoaoJrbHblMKpaffM nalle"ru peKoMeHAyeTcflBhlrrycKarb apMarypHbre crep)KHu. B xaqecrge ocHoBlrori npo4o,rrnoit apMarypbr o6blqHo 3aecb npuMexffercfl HarrpflfaeMafl apMarypa B B}lAe BbrcoKonpoqHrrrx npoBo,'roKH,r nprAeir He6o,'lburofonIIaMeTp a , K o T o p a qp a c n o , q a r a e T c B r H a n p a B J I e H l i l i , 4 H a f o H a " lne,t' I a I I a . KH,reeuAHHe o6oro,rxH aHnor'IHqlor raKxe B euAe 6a,ro,ruHx naHe,refi,ll oHr.ror"'raqarcTcrror npeAbraytqlx Ha"'Mr]reMcHusy pe6pa, B K O I O p O Mp a 3 M e u a e T c f lH a n p r r a e M a s a p M a T y p a . l a K r { e n a H e , ' r [ o6o,roqxu Moryr rrplrMeHsrbcRa,rq npo,{eros Ao 24,tt. IIpn 6orrnrlrx npor'rerax rrpHMenelor rnaaKrre n a He,ru -o6o,roqxn B BnAe apoK. OnN orrHqarorcs or raKlx xe 6a"roqHblx nanerefr 3Harir,rrerbHo6orbueri crpe,'rori rroa'beMa| (puc. 40, a). 3rrr o6oJotIKI.r KoHcrpyl.rpylor raK x<e, KaK H IaHe,]H-o6o,'loqKx6aloqHoro 108

I

JI q

v tr

raKle o6oJloqKt THna, Ho 6es uanparaelroi apMarypbl. llpllleurrr C 3aTg)KKaM, KOTOpbleMOryT pa3MeulaTbcfl KaK MO)KHOTO.trr,KO noa npoao,'rr,Hoi'rocLrc narre,rr, TaK r'r B trBax Merfi.[y cMe]KHbIMH IIoKpbITI-lq. naHe,rflMu MHoroBo,'lHoBoro 6)

ffi"

2:),

,r-

leno'o P{c, 40. Ko{crpynpoBaHne

o6onoqel{

A

r&Ira ,,rflnap"

oo6pasIIsIe o6ofl pone'l,rep o6oJto'{KH. 6. Ilpone,n.nepoo6paanue ,lro.rxr (pNc. 40,e, d\ npeAcraBnslorco6ofi rouryrc, cJ'Ier(acKpyqeHHyrocKop,ryny,ro,rquuoii tle MeHee30 rr, o6paM,leIIHylo trptp ex 6 p a N t HC. e u e l r n ep e 6 e p3 a B u c u ro r p a 3 n t e p al r a ' MoflxHeiiHbrM Fe"rllu Ha3HaqaeTce PacqeroM. 109

^4fi npaBrlJlo,TaKfie IraHe,'u.t B Brlge caMocrorrenluoii xoncrpyxufifi tIe npHMeHffrorcr- ]tx rcnor'lb3yror xaK 3,'reMeHfcoqlesesuoil o6o,ro,rxu. Crop.nyna apMupyercl o6uqno oAauoquoii cBapHolt cerKoi u3 crep)KHeit At-raMerpoM 3-5 n.u c uaroM lb0-200' ,th. n rA pacnonoxelru'I cTeplKHei B cKopJ'ryne peKoMeHAyeTcflr.rcIo,{b3ogarl rrueriqarufi xapaKrcp noBepxHocru u Ha[paBrrrrb ctepxnlr no n pq Mo,'rEueirgl,ru o6pasyrouulr. Creptxuu cerKrl cJreAter 3arr.t6arl a xourypur,re pe6pa u,ru npe41'ctraiplaars cnequa,rsHue yr.noBble c r ep)r{Hu. Pe6pa aprullpl,rorcr nJ'rocr(r.JMu cBaplrbtMr.txapracamu. B nepeceqeHut.pe6ep c"reAyer ycraHaB,tuBaTb He Melree .(Byx yrnoBbrx cTep)Krrex ArraMerpoM He rlreHee noroBr.rltr,ratraMeTDa Da60qero crep-)r{HflKapxaca t,t ue uerree 8 ;l,tr. llng coellxHeHurrco cMe)KHbtMr.t naHer'rsMuB yrnax npeaycMaTplrBaloT 3aK,Iar'lHble AeTanlt. 7. MHoroBo,'rfi oBbte cso,{lr-o6o,,roqxn Msorolo,ttlolt tl,ra cBoAaN{H-o6o,'IoqKa MLt IIJII BoJ,IIItrcrbIMri cBoAAMIi

H A 3 b I B A I O T T O H K O C T C H H H C C B O A b I , I I P O A O J I b I I O C C C L T E H T I EK O T O .

pbrx fiMeer cK,taA'lar)o (pac. 4l,a) n,rn oo,ruucryn 1puc. 41,6) QOptuy. boJtHlrcTble cBoabt- pacnopHafl KoHcTpyKqXfl ll noToMy cHa6)Kaxlrcr 3arn>KKaIutr.Buecro gargxer l{oryr ucnorb3oBarbcq o n o p b rc n e I t i r n b H o t x o lt cTp y Krt r {t ] . lJorHficrbre cBoAr,i 6brBa},or MoIoJ'ruTHbrMl.ta c6opnuur.r. flpn HaJrrqrtr 3arrlKKs ee o6brqflo BbrnoJ'rHqror npeAaapfiTeabHo_Ialpflxeuuorl. flpu c6opur,rx cBo/ax 3arfl)KKa HHorAa xoHcrpyupyerc, D c r { c r e M e[ n o c K o i r a p K H . T a r t e a p r t y c r a H a B r H B a n r c o n p e A e _ JIeHHIiMlllafoll, U lla HUX OnXpaeTCflCBO,/'I, npuqeM Illar BOJ'IHH,'IU cKraIoK cBoAa Aonx(eg 6brrb paBeu r.rr''r l, Kparex uary apoK. LKopJlyna BoJ'tHxcroro cBoAa Mo)Ker 6url rnaAroir n pe6prc r o r i . P e 6 p a y c r p a t l B a r o r B n p o a o n b g o MH a n p a B r e H x Hc B o a a , n p u q e M c e q e H H eI l x H a 3 H a q a e T cr9l o D a c q e T v . Mogonargue cBoAbI B nonepeuuottt lanpaBneHlil-t BbtnoJ,l{gIor rJraAKr..rMH, llo Ayfe oKpy)r(Hocrrr,Iapa60,'rbr x,tH Lpy.oqep_qeHHbrMfi roft xplrBori. C6opulre cBoAbr, KaK rtpaBx,'ro, BbrloJ'rHqlornorrroHaJrbHoro,T. e. r'roMaHoro,oqepraHHr u co6upar,oTu3 npflMoflfiHeri. HbIx 3,'ieMenroB.B nonepeuuotr HanpaBJreHrrr.l pa3pe3Ky ia c6opuare 3,reMetTbr,T. e. crbrKu, peKoiueuAyercqBbrroJrHrrrbno rpe6Hlu ao"tnHcroro r.rJ,r r.tcKJlaAqaroro npoegnq cBoAa. _^ loJrruuHa cKopJ'lynbrMoHoJrHTHofocBoAa nplrHltMaerca o6brquo 50 ,lrlr. Tonqana cKopJ'rynbl t,taAxrx naHenbrl c6opuoro cro4a AonxHa 6brrb ne MeHee40 ttir, t, pe6pucrbrx - rre ueriee 30 .ru_u_ fpe6Hu t.l BrraarlFrbrnpoQH,ra cBoAa Ha3lraqatorcfl HecKor,rbKo To"'rrueHa Kr.roHHbrx cr eHoK. B yroluen ulx yK,'laAbrBalorcrrcrepxHu p a 6 o , r c i in p o l o , r s H o i a p u a r l p u r o n e p e r j H u x ac a o a a ( p u c . 4 1 , ' e , e l . c ea c q e r o M 3. r u c r e p x H H p e K o M e H A H a M e r pc r e f l K H e i r r a l t r a ' r a O T p a)'ercr la onopax 3aBoaltrl Ha seo6xoAunlyro ArnHy auKepoBI{x. lr0

B c6opuux cnogax,o6o.nouxax crepxnn npoaonblroftapMarypbl per(oMeHlyercE npeAycMarpHBarr, B Kax,qoftc6opHofrnaHer'r[,a BbrnycK-u 3 T O fai p M a T y p bcrB a p H B a Tnbp l r M o H T a x e . i i a 6 o u e f ra p M a r y p b rc, K o p r y n a a p M f i p y e r u r K p o M ey K a 3 a H H o p KoHcrpy(Tr]BHoficerr
i,." i..'

Prc. 4t. (oHcrpyspoBrHxe sonflncrHx cBo,qoB l - n p o a o r b H a r a p $ r r y p 3 ; 2 - x o E c r p y x r r l B s a a a p M a r y p u a rc c r x a

roncrpyx. ,[,lauerp crepxueri cerKn npuHrMator,q,'rqlroHo,rltTHoii qrn 5-6 ,t, a Lns 3,reMeHToR c6oprrorocsor,a3*5 nn. flpr na,rauuupe6ep B c6opHbrxnaHeJ,lrxclo4a-o6o.novrt ouu apMupytoTcsrr,{ocKr.rMr.t cBapHblMr.r KapKaca Mu. Aplrrpoaauue MoHo!'rurnbrxceo4oe-o6o.nover abrrroJ'rHrercfl - cBapo6uqHo orae,rluLrMlrcrepxlqM]t, a c6opHblx g,'leMeHToB HblM nJ'IocKr,rMll ceTKaMu, 3fH6aeMbrMI-l3aTeM B 3aBllcltMOCTLI OT npoQn"'ls 3r'leueHTa.Ec.nt-rcsoA-o6o,'roqKanoAKpeflnsercg apKaMH, nocJleArrueapMup) torc, r.r3Becr[brMr.I cnocooaMIl, l

I t+++++++lI I I I | | I | | I I 5

o

I t + + + + + + + + + + t| | | | I I I I

3

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +| I | | I t I

!;

I I+ + + ++ + + + + ++ ++ ++ + + ++

t

++++++++++++++t| | I I I I

tr

$ s ! s $ qse$S; e s5$EExg F * =^ E- S R= K9 ; 3$ 9E; eS .aEnEB qE€h3S. S E E * i * - c a | c \

a

.+^ lr) ro.

t

,o^

P5a;R t :F3 3 s = 3* :$ EHrS$Fg$as;s*gFF c o $ r l N o ) r $ F - - r o _ _ _ 6 t 6 . 1

i

3 6

C.t

.-a .vi O N

= .-$\E6"E"6-3qEKS39S3 -*91\FKs33f,b,=ues-

$ssSFgx$s$:r$r*E E sssggESsg+gS$ffiT = ;

"-l c,r_

:

%

(J

3

roci .-i

ffi ffi

"o

!.

SL ;.I

s-

8 =_ :

E$3esfP$gARF r$gB N 6 ci

a5

;;:dxE

8es:rF*;geBg r39sF33R3R53B3?3833

r -; ! i !IEiI

, o@ P t f I z R S KE S 8AS 8 38 R 8g

c.f rt dt

i!i-:E* : x9 ; ! ' r

llr

NPH,IOXEHHE II

COPTAMEHTOEbtKHOBEHHORAPMATYPHORNPOBOJIOKTI I{3 CTAJII{ I(JIACCA B-I A',a-

o

7 8

Psc'r.TBlr

0,071 0,t26 0,t96 0,283 0,386 0,503

nnoulaAb lonepeqHoro

0,14 o,2l 0,25 0,38 0,39 0,59 0,57 0,85 0,77 I , l 5 r,0l

c€q.rlrrr

trp. qrcne

0,28 0,35 0,42 0,49 0,57 0,50 0,63 0,75 0,88 l , 0 l 0,79 0,98 I , l 8 t , 3 7 1 , 5 7 t , 4 l t,70 1 , 9 8 2,26 1,54 2,31 2,69 3,08 2,Ol 3,02 3,52 4,02

0,61 0,71 I , 1 3 |,26 1 , 7 7 l,96 2,83 3,46 3,85 4,52 5,03

0,0565 0,099 0,r54 o,222 0,302 0,395

coprAMEHr cBApHbrx cEroKno ro"r rn;T#^"n'u (o6o3ua'reHr.rs

"'

cu. puc. 2)

P a c c r o r H n en o o c f i i Mexay crepxssMlr

20012601313 t50l260l3l3 2001250J4/3 t6012501413 20012501614 t5D/25018/4 10012501614 t50l25olsl5 t001250/915 26012001314 2601t501314 26011601415 25012001418 260lt50l5le 2@i2001313 160/r50/3/3 100/100/3/3 '2O0l2OOl5l5 r00/100/5/5 r50lt50l717 lNlt00l717 n012001818 20012001919 150/r50/9/9 r00/100/8/8 t0o/to\l9l9

200 150 200 150 200

250 zfi 250 250 250 200 150

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 200 160 150 200 150 200 r50

3 3

200 t00 150 100 200 200 150 t00 100

200 100 150 100 200 200 150 100 100

7 I 8 I 9 8 I

r50 100 150 100

r00

r00

4 6

II 3 3 4

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 4 5 8 I 3 3 3 5 6 7 7 I I I 8 I

900;I100; 1400: 1500;1700;2300i 2500:'2700i 29OO 900; I I00; I500i 2300; 2500; 2700; 2900 900; I100; 1300: 1700;2300;2900; 3500 I100; 1300;1400; 1500;1700;2300; 2500, 2700i 2900: 3500

2300;2500

lt9

F

NPI.J.]IOXEH}IE IV

i

PACIIOJIOXEHI,IE NPOAOJIbHbIX CTEPXHER fl O III HPI,IH E CETKI{ IIO |OCT 8478-00 (o6oeua,reuua cM. puc. 2) (ornqecrBo

trpoAonbnsx

crepx(scit

B

llI!pn P a 3 6 r B K a u r f i D f i r I J c e r K l r A r a K o n H u e c r B o u r a r o B l r p r o c t t o B H o Mu r a r e { r a r , '

900 Il00

1400

l5 -lioilF

I8

tsoxin --m

l6x t,

2500

26 -tfix%

3500

-

6

+16+ riox, 6

250xr+300+raox,

li

I6

l( o)
21 -jndx23

2900

--50t,

50+rddt4+l50to+rooxx+tio-

i50x4+100+150x4 l0 -'l sot 4TrooTj 5ox4-

2300

27AO

7

--r

E

tuxii

1700

t5d+root 3Tt50

t2 lroxtt

l3m

1500

5 --.odTrsdxr+r00

6

l0

roo-Xe-

i+rol]+]soxs l6

r50x?+ ?oo +l5ot7t 8 -CdE+r!orrbox8 l9 t50xls 20

28

Lrxr? 30 -t01lxr,J

-soxT+rlto+rrot5-

36

r00x35

lr0 150+200x6+ t0 l!0+r(,0X?+150 t3 rEoTroct rbl:r 5d-

t2

21 t 5 0 x 1 t+ r 0 0 + t 5 0 x t t

200x6+100+200x6 t5 ---Co+rrloxrr+ t50 --rootiT t(t

r0o+rto:-

I9 ---'iso+roox r6Ttio-

8

dIt ir+rooTt5ftx3

-

150+250X8+t50

l4

l50+ 156x4+rdfX x3+250X{+150 l6 -----fioTtbox 6+tooT I50 +250X6+ IIPI4,'IOXEHhE

V

PACqETHbIE TIJIOUIAAI,ICEqEHt,I' CTEPXHER CBAPHbIX CETOK

no rocT 8478-68 Pac,r€rraq nnoqa,lb B crz npn uxp{Hc

d B ,ln

rpoAonbHblx crePxle! (cM. plrc.2)

900 I l 0 0 l3c0 1.104 l5(n t 7 0 c 2300 2500 27n 2!00 3500

200j250/3/J | 0,43 r5n/2a0l3/3 | 0,50 200/2s0/4/3 0,76 | 1 5 0 / 2 5 0 / 1 / 31 0 , 3 8 2011/250/51 l l4 ,l8 150/250/6/4 | 1.98

0,50 0.57 0,88 t,0l 1,37 2,26

tm/zsololrI z,ar 3 , 4 0 150/250/9/5 I 4.4a 5,09 100/250/9/5 | 6,36 7 , 6 3

It{

0,64 0,71 0 , 7 1 0,78 0 , 8 5 r , 0 1 l .t 3 1,26 |,26 I,89 I , 5 1 1,57 1,76 I B 6 3,1I 4,53 7,00 10,18

:

0,92 0,99 1 , 0 7 I , l 4 t,:l I , 3 5 1 , 8 9 2.42 1,64 | 2,O2 2 , 2 7 2 , 7 4 2,94 4,53 5,09 5.38

Il,u

0,28 0,28 0,28

liiv

0,28 0,50 0,i0

6 . 7 9 7,36

;:;; i0:i't

0,50 0,78 0,78

1 0 , 1 8l t , 4 i l 2 , L a 1 5 , 2 6 1 6 . 5 41 7 , 8 1

II podo,tctceuuenpu,tox. V paccerHar rnoqaAh B ,,rr npr unpE'{e ,

250t2OOt3J4 0,36 2501150t314 0,30 25Oi15Ol4t5 0,63 2sot2ool418 0,6'j 250/150i5/9 0,96 2OOl20)1313 150/150/3/3 l00l100/3/3 200i2qot5t5 100r00/5/5 : tvllt50l717 lmll01l717 20v2001818 2t}.Jl200t9l9 | 50/r50/9/9 100/100r8/8 100/r00/9/9

0,.t3 0,4J 0,76 0,76 l.l8 0,50 0,5? 0,85 t,37 2,35 3,0E 4,62

0,43 0,13 0,76 0,76 l,18

:

:

B rn

npoAonhfibrx crepx8eU tcM. pnc, 2)

0,57 o,7a 0.57 0,78 t,0l 1,39

:

l,0l

0,57 0.57 0 , 6 4 0 , 7| o . 7 l 0 , 7 8 0,99 1 , 0 7 t , t 4 |,57 |,76 2,74 2 . 9 4 3 , 1 4 3,E8 3,85 4,24 5,39 5:t8 6 , t6

0,99 0,93 : |,76 I,76 2,74 1,07 l , l 4 t.42 1,99 2 , 1 3 2.94 3 , l 4 5,49 7,32 7 , 7 0

1,39 2,16 o , 7 l 0,92 0,99 0,85 L 1 4 1 , 2 8 |,28 1.70 r,96 2,71 4,70 5 , 1 0 4,62 6 , 1 6 9 , 2 4 I 0 , 0 1 ,olt 6,54 7 , 0 4 8,27 8,90 1 0t,8 1 t . 4 5 : t 2 0 / 13,09 1 5 , ! 0 Iti,54

'l'

t ,t , l r ,t 4 2,V2 2,U 3,l.{

-i

0,63 0,84 t,3l 2.52 0,36 0.47 0,71 0,9a r,96 2,57 3,85 2.52 3,18 4,24 5,03 6,36

|,70 2,56 3,72 7.06 I3,66

:

nPHnOXEHAEV1

TEOPETIiqECKIIR B E C I l r C B A P H H X CETOK nO rOCT 8478-66 T e o p e , B ' i e c K nB t ec I r c€rKn Brc, npn urpriHecer(n AB*xlcr.

2W250t3t3 r50/250/3/3 204t25014t3

0,54 0,60 0,8c

0,6,1 0,70

0,76 0,87 I , ll

0,84 0,95 |,22

0,94 |,05 1,37

1,24 L4l l,6l

r5012501113 2UJt250t5t4 150/250i 6)4 t0ol250t6i4 t51Jt250fJ15 100/250/9/5 250]200t314 250,rsot3j4 23Otl50l415

0,89 1.30

r,04 t.52 2,22

I,30 1.80

1,43 1,99 3,05

,!

2,10 2,92 4,47

4,47

3,42 .4,63 6,69

|,s2

0.90 I,46

2;0i200)4t8 2,36 2501150i5t9 3 , 9 0 2JDt200t3l3 150/150/3/3 toalt0o13lS 2001200/5/5 100,I 00,'5l5 l5oilt9j7j7 t@ltO)i7t7 200/200/8/8 200r200/9/9 t50ll50/9/9 100/100/8/8 100/t00/9/9

4,t6 6,1,J 8,!13

0,90 I,09

I,00 |,22 1,98

2,85 4,72

3,25 5,39

o,7l 0,87 1,30 t,95 3,6C

0,82 | 0,86 | , 0 5l r , 0 e 1,52 l t.64

7,07

:

13,42

_

l,3l I,59 2,58

:

7,03

0,93

2,57 i"?,3lw 4.64 5,72 | 5,93 6,.1{

1,05 I,3l I,98 2,85 5,45 7,14

9,49

'ojo

'fl'f

l,18

|,77 2,16 3,50 5.72 9,46 1,38 I,76 2,64 3,80 7,29 9,55 14,33 9.77

fr35'

:

l,33 1,44 1,56 t,66 1 , 9 1 2,09 2,34 2 , 4 4 3 , l 5 3,38 .{,99 5 , 3 0 6,77 7,29 t0,54 I t . t 6 1 4 , 5 4 15,c6

:

:

:

:

prrc,2)

l,s4 ),76 2,2X 2,62 3,62 5,60 7,82 11,78 16,78 2,65 3.23 4,40 5,23 7 , 2 0 8,59 l t , 9 4 1.1,25

1,49 |,73 1 , 9 1 2,0/ 2 , 2 0 2 , 4 7 3,09 3 , 3 t 4,u 4,73 7 , 9 1 4,53 I,l4 1 0 , 5 7 1t,n I 1 , 9 8 I 5 , 5 4 ,uj, ,7j,

2,06 2,64 3,93 5,64 t0.99 14,40

rrju

13,33

15,78 t7,44 t8.71 20.ita 2:j,66 25,66

u5

NPHJIOXEHHE VII

PA3MEPbI OTIIIBOB r CTEPXHER E ,rrr Y r o n H a k r o H ao r r l r 6 a

I00

60

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 4C0 500 510

70

Ir 0

il

80 90 95 100 I05 Il0 Il5 t20 125 130 t40 150 r60 170 175 180 t90 r95 200 2t0 2t5 220 225 230 240 245 25IJ 250 260 265 270 280 285 290 300

120 130 140 150 160 180 190 200 2to 220 230 240 250 260 280 290 300 310 320 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 420 430 440 450 460 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 560 570 580 590

' O6o38avefiIlr cx. sa prc. 33,

100 Il0 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510

140 160 170 180 200 210 230 240 250 270 280 300 310 320 340 350 370 380 400 410 420 440 450 470 480 490 610 520 540 560 580 590 610 620 630 650 660 680 690 710 720

170 191) 210 230 240 260 280 290 310 330 350 360 380 400 420 430 450 470 480 500 620 540 DDU

570 590 610 620 640 660 680 690 7t0 730 740 760 780 800 810 830 850 870 880

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 r000 1020

11podo,ucetue npu,toac.V| ) Yro,

520 530 540 560 570 580 590 600 010 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 860 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000

305 310 315 320 325 330 340 345 350 JDi)

360 370 375 380 385 390 390 400 410 4t5 416 420 430 440 440 445 450 455 460 470 475 480 485 490 500 505 5t0 Dli)

520 530 535 540 545 550 560 ooc

670 570 680

600 610 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 710 720 730 740 750 760 780 780 800 810 820 830 840 850 870 880 890 900 910 920 940 950 960 970 980 1000 l0l0 1020 r030 1040 1050 r060 1080 1090 I100 lll0 t 120 I t30 r 140 I160

Ilaxnofia orrfiOa

520 530 640 D.1U

560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990

r000

730 750 760 780 790 800 820 830 850 860 870 890 900 920 930 940 960 970 990 1000 1020 1030 1040 1060 t070 1090 I 100 I120 l130 I 140 r 160 I170 I190 1200 l2l0 1230 1240 1260 t270 1290 r300 l3l0 1330 t340 1360 1370 r380 1400 l4l0

900 920 930 950 970 990 I000 1020 1040 1050 1070 1090 lll0 I120 I140 lt60 I180 r190 t2t0 1230 1250 1260 1280 t 300 1320 1350 1370 r360 1380 1400 1420 t440 1460 t470 1490 1500 1520 r530 1560 1570 1590 l6l0 1630 1640 1670 1690 1700 17t0 1730

1040 1060 1080 I100 I 120 I140 I 160 I 180 1200 t220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 t440 1460 1480 l5m 1520 r540 1560 1680 1600 r620 1640 1660 1680 r 700 t720 t740 1760 1780 r800 1820 t840 1860 1880 1900 t920 1940 t 960 1980 2000 tL7

r

l I

II podo,tweuue npuaow, V!! Yror Ha(noHa o?ar6a

l0l0 1020 r0J0 1040 1050 1060 t070 1080 1090 I 100 lll0 I 120 I 130 I t40 I t50 I160 I 170 I180 I 190 1200 l2l0 t220 1230 t240 1250 1260 t270 1280 t290 1300 l3l0 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 l4l0 t420 1430 1440 1450 l16l) 1470 1480 1490

590 595 600 605 610 6r5 620 630 640 645 650 660 665 670 675 675 680 690 700 700 705 7t0 720 730 735 740 750 750 760 765 770 775 780 790 795 800 805 810 820 825 830 840 845 850 855 860

|70 I 180 I I90 r200 t2l0 1220 1230 r250 1260 t270 1280 1290 1300 t3l0 I330 1340 r350 1360 1370 r380 1400 l4l0 t420 1430 t440 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 l5l0 1320 1530 1550 1560 r570 1580 1590 1600 l6l0 1620 r630 1640 r660 1670 r680 1690 1700 t720

t0r0 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 t 080 1090 I I00 l 0 I 120 l130 I 140 I 150 I I60 tt70 I I80 I 190 1200 l 2t 0 t220 1230 t240 1250 1260 1270 1280 r290 1300 t3l0 1320 1330 1340 t350 I360 1370 1380 1390 I400 l 4 r0 1420 l4i]0 1440 r450 1460 1470 1480 r490

1430 1440 | 450 t470 I480 1500 l5r0 t530 1540 1550 1570 1580 r600 l6l0 1630 1640 1650 1670 1690 1700 t 7t o 1720 t740 1750 t770 1780 1790 t8 l 0 1820 1830 t850 r860 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930 1950 1960 t970 1990 2000 2020 2030 2040 2060 2080 2t00 2l l0

t750 t770 1780 t800 1820 1830 1850 t 870 r 890 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 1990 2010 2030 2040 2060 2080 2 t00 2120 2130 2150 2160 2180 2220 2220 2240 2250 2270 2280 2300 2320 2340 2350 2370 2390 2400 2420 2440 2460 2470 2490 2510 2520 2540 2560 2580

2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2t 40 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 2500 2520 2540 2560 2580 2600 2620 2640 2660 2680 2700 2720 2740 2760 2780 2800 2820 2840 2860 2880 2900 2920 2940 2960 2980

II podotcteaue npu,lo.E,VII Yron H.Knoxa orr!6a

t

.i

1500 l5l0 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 l6l0 1620 1630

870 876 880 880 890 900 9r0 9r0 920 925 930 935 940 950

. 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 l8l0 I820 1830 1840 1850 1870 r880

I500 1510 1520 1530 1540 t550 1560 1570 1580 t590 t600 l6l0 1620 1630

2t20 2130 2140 2t60 2l 80 2190 2200 22tO 2230 2240 2260 2280 2290 2300

2600 2620 2640 2650 2660 2680 2700 2720 2740 2760 2780 2790 2800 2820

3000 3020 3040 3060 3080 3100 3t20 3140 3160 3180 3200 3220 3240 3260

JII,ITEPATYPA l. |O^CT 8478-66. Cerxu coaptue,rlnq apMupoBaHU, xe.re:o6cronulrxxoncrpyR-uHU LopraMeHr'l rexHrqecxtelpe6oBan e,

"'ou" "x t{oH crpv(q nn' ?,li:;lfm''X?,xti tT;Jffiiii'n,, i;"d:"ou

L{H1414IIpov:4arui, HI,lHX6. Ctpo*ugaar,M., I968. gr,reMcHTos no t
Ilq+1yl

Al"{.eii.^B^

no texHorottn x 3 r . o r o B J r e H H sn y c r a H o B K e c r a , r r r r l r r j x 3 a c6opHbrx xene3o6eroHHbrx s 6eroluux r3Ae.nrqx

(cH 313-65). 313-65 M.. 1968. 5 . M . E J I rr nn H' "r r u I r u i ,E . B . f o p e n n r e j i H , f . f . B n H o r p a . t o B rrrue npocrparrcrBeHHHe Xeae:o6eror norpoirlnsaarrni.tipoirraur. n" igos.

6. Pyroao.4creo nb npoexrlrpoaaal'rro xe,reso6eroHH;x no"cipyn,r,rii i6"" a^p^rirer6Horo HanprxeHnq). UHHfinpoMsIaHui, HI'll4XE. ranPaxettrr). HI4l4XE. ffoccrDoiinsiar. occrpoiins,iar,

!frlrffire'rr"oto

7. CHun II-8. l-62. * BeroHHbtefl xe,re3o6croHHbte xoHcrpyK(rr. FIopMbr npoexrrrpoDa HIr. foccrpofia:aar, M.. 1971. 8. CHrfl l1-8. l-72. berouuure I xe,rego6erontue noHcrpyKqur.HopMr,r IIpoe(tupoBarrIrs. npoekr. 9. Vxa:auut-^no-nplMeHeHrro s xe,le:06etonltux KoHcrpyl{ullrxcrepxHeBoi apMarypH(CH 390-69). M., 1969. yKaJar'rt I0. no cBrpKe coenHHetrriapMarypb, fl 3aKraaH6t\aera.lei xe_ Jre3oocroHlbrx KoHcrp)xurii (CH 393-69). foccrpo&fi3lar. M. 1970. tl. JKa3altr no rexHo'rorDHnpog3BolcrBaapMarypHbtxDa6ot e npoMi,:lii JreHHoM u rpax.(aHcxoMcrDotre"rhcrge(H9_61). HHlAOMTfl, foccrpofins4ar. M.. 1962. 12.JKa3aHrr no yHHo{I(aurlj lreMeHToaxe,reso6eroHHl,rx xoHcrpyKuuit.Ce_ psr 1.288.f nporirc,ti'l., i963.

{

OI.NABJIEHHE crp. flperrc,roore fraBa

l . M a r e p n a n u Anr S l. O6uae cBeAeHnr S 2. EeroH S 3, ApMarypa

faasa

xene3oderoHnhrr xot|crpyKuDfi

5

IL Cranbfide 3Aenxr Anr xe,re3ooetoHdux (oHcrpyKqxi l. O6(He ceerenua

2 . O r a e . r s u ucr e lepxuu J. CTbrxxorae.tbHbrx crepxHei

l0

4. ApMaTypHbre ceTxr{ . . D. LTbr{ll CBapHbtxapMaTypHhrxceTo( . , o. ApMaTypHbrer{apxacu /. (-Tr,rKU CBapHbtx apMaTlpH6rxKapr(acoB , IlpHcnocooneHre Arr crponoBK! ^8. y. JaKIa.tHble lleTa,tl,l 10. flprcnoco6neHrq anr lbr(caquu 3aK,tarEhrx nera.rei I apnarypu B npoet(THoMno!1oxeHuu f,r a B a lll. Koncrpyrpooanle xe,re3o6erofiHhlx 3JreMenro' S L OyH,eaMeHrbl L O6utre ceeaeHr.iq -cro;6uurore 'no.q t. Oui,rrnHe * o n o o n o i: : : : : Eynau"""*t $ 2. Ko,lonnu l. O6urre cBe.qeHut 2. ApMnpoBaEteKo,roHfl , 3. Korco;ru KoJorrr . , $ 3. fl,rursr l. O6uue coeaenu! 2. O6u e sonpocl,tKoltcrpy{poBaHrqnr'LrT . . .t. Da,loqHbre nLtHTbr. . 4. fl,ruru, oneprue no (oHrypy 5. Kosco;rlnue nrrurlr . 6. fl,rDTH 6e36a,1oqHhix nepeKpbrT!fi /. tJT8epcrfiq B n"ttrax

S a. Par]{-H

38 40

53 bs 61 . 69 . 64 67 ?l 78 74 76

71

I. UOUIHE CBCICHH'

2. ApMr.rpoBaBue 6anox g 5. Pauuue y3,rbr . l. Conpnxexre purerr c r(oHrIoMcrofiK! . . 2. CoflprxeHhe pHrerf, co croiKoi B npelerax ee BbrcoTbr. . - t PHre"l6.COnpqra|ourfitcrnoA yrrroM (noMaHbrfipurenb) Korcrpy(tluu (o6o,rouxu) $ 6. Tonr_ocrenuuenpocrparcrBeuubre l Uolllfie CaeIeBt 2. A,runuue rlurutAprqecrrie o6o,to,txu 3. KoporKHe qanrsApHqecKueo6onoq(r . 4. Bunyr,roreo6o,roqru ra BBaAparHoM H npqMoyronbHoM nnaHe o.(yno,la :. o, \JoonoqKHoTpHuaTeJtbton Kp Bu3Hbt . , 7. MHoroBonHoBbre cBoAbr-o6o,llKn . . flpu.noxeutrr I-VII . Jlrreparypa

l4 l6 2l 23 27 28 3l

Zg 93 94 . 96 , Sz

gg . lO2 103 .l0S . lO7 .llo . ll2 ..,.119

.,1

-l

I