ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂə ȾɅə ȼɕɉɈɅɇȿɇɂə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ ɉɈ ɆȿɅɂɈɊȺɌɂȼɇɈɆɍ ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɈȼȿȾȿɇɂɘ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ȼ.Ȼ. Ɇɢɯɧɨ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ 5 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 8
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ 5 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ 6 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɡɚɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 020401 (012500) – Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
2
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ: 1. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. 2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. 3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. 4. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. 5. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. 6. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɤɭɪɫɚ «Ɇɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ», ɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ 5 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ 6 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɈɁɈ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɯ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɤɭɪɫɭ «Ɇɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ – ɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɉɌɄ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
3
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ 1 ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɇɈ-ɆȿɅɂɈɊȺɌɂȼɇȺə ɈɐȿɇɄȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
1.
Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɚɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ
ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ (ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ 1:10 000), ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɌɄ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɵɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɣ, ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ, ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɰɨɜɨ-ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɍ34-37-ȼ-ɜ-4). Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɜɵɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ. ɉɭɬɺɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɭɱɺɬɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɟɚɥɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɺɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ. Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 2–3 ɫɬɪ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 2. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ 4
ɢɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɉɌɄ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ, ɡɚɤɭɫɬɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1). ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ɢ Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ (1990). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 Ɇɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɉɌɄ
Ɋɨɞ ɉɌɄ
ɋɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ
Ʌɭɝɨɜɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ
ȼɢɞ ɉɌɄ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɉɌɄ (ɝɚ)
ɋɥɚɛɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ (ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 5°) ɋɪɟɞɧɟɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ (ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 15°) ɋɢɥɶɧɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ (ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 20°) Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 20°)
400
ȼɫɟɝɨ
810
5
250
ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɗɮɮɟɤ- ɇɟɷɮɇɟ ɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɟɤɢɫɩɨɥɶɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɭɸɬɫɹ
400 250
120
120
40
40
650
160
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɍɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ Ƚɥɟɟɜɚɬɵɟ Ƚɥɟɟɜɵɟ Ɍɨɪɮɹɧɨɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧ ɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ
0
0 20 40
0
10 35 50 78
% ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ Ƚɥɢɧ/ ɉɟɫɱ/ ɫɭɝɥ ɫɭɩɟɫ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ
Ɂɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 50
5,1–10,0 10,1–20,0 20,1– 30,0 30,1–50,0
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ (% ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞ ɢ ɫ/ɯ ɭɝɨɞɢɣ) Ⱦɨ 5,0 0 5 11 20 32 49
% ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
Ɂɚɤɭɫɬɚɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ, ɝɚ Ȼɨɥ.15,0 15,0–13,1 13,0–11,1 11,0–9,1 9,0–7,1 7,0–5,1 5,0–3,1 3,0–2,1 ɦɟɧɟɟ 2
Ɂɚɜɚɥɭɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
0 2 4 6 9 12 15 19 24
Ɇɟɧɟɟ 5 ɋɥɚɛɚɹ (5-15) ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ (15-25) ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ (25-40) ɨɱ. ɫɢɥɶɧ. (ɛɨɥɟɟ 40) 6
0 2
% % ɧɟɞɨɧɟɞɨ- ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨ3 ɛɨɪɚ (ɦ /ɝɚ) ɠɚɹ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
Ʉɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɫɬɶ
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ (ɞɨ 30) ɋɥɚɛɚɹ (3–50) ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ (5–100) ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ (10–150) Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (15–200) ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 200)
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ
100
0 15 34 51 70 80
% ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
ɗɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
1,00 0,99–0,90 0,89–0,80 0,79–0,70 0,69–0,60 0,59–0,50 0,46–0,40 0,39–0,30 < 0,30
ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɂɨɤ)
0 3 9 15 20 26 32 39 50
% ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ (ɩɨ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ɢ Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ (1990) ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ)
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɉɌɄ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɉɌɄ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ (Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ, Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, 1990). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɉɩɟɪ
S1 x1 S 2 x2 S 3 x3 ... S n xn S ɨɛɳ.
, ɝɞɟ
ɉɩɟɪ. – ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɺɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ; S1.2.3…n – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɱɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ; Sɨɛɳ. – ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɭɝɨɞɢɣ; X1.2.3…n – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ – ɡɚɤɭɫɬɚɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɡɚɜɚɥɭɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
7
ɉɤɨɧɬ
ɉ ɷɪ
S1n1 S 2 n2 ... S5 n5 Sɨɛɳ
ɂ OK
ɂ OK 4
ɂ OK 3
ɂ OK 2
ɉɆɉ = ɉɡɚɛ + ɉɤɧ + ɉɷɪ + ɉɫɬ. ɨɤ
3
2
1
ɉɩɟɪ
4.8
210
8
270
64
N Ʉ 2 O 2.0
68
N Ʉ 2 Ɉ 2.0
N Ʉ 2 O 10
56
N P2 O5 2.0
64
N P2 O5 2.0
N P2 O5 10
10.8
N pH 3.5
8.8
N pH 3.5
N pH 3.5
ɉɫɬ.ɨɤ = 0,36+0,75·ɂɨɤ – 0,11·ɂɨɤ2
Sɨɛɳ
S1ɂ OK1 S 2 ɂ OK 2 S3 ɂ OK 3 S 4 ɂ ɈɄ 4 S5 ɂ ɈɄ 5
ɂ OK 5
13.2
N ɝɭɦ 0.5
5,6
N ɝɭɦ 0,5
N uev 0.5 N pH 3.5 N P2 O5 2.0 N Ʉ 2 O 2.0 7.2 10.4 84 80
S1 x1 S 2 x2 ... Sn xn Sɨɛɳ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ (ɩɨ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ɢ Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ, 1990)
S1k1 S 2 k2 S3k3 S 4 k4 Sɨɛɳ
ɉɡɚɤɭɫɬ
ɉɡɚɛ = ɉɩɟɪ + ɉɡɚɬɨɪɮ
S1x1 S 2 x2 ... S n xn Sɨɛɳ
ɉɤɧ = ɉɡɚɛ + ɉɤɨɧɬ + ɉɡɚɤɭɫɬ
ɉ ɡɚɜ
ɉɡɚɬɨɪɮ = S·ɫ
ɉɩɟɪ
4
ɉɷɪ
S1ɤ1 S 2 ɤ 2 S 3 ɤ3 ... S n ɤ n S ɨɛɳ.
, ɝɞɟ
ɉɷɪ – ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ; S1.2.3…n – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ; Sɨɛɳ. – ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ; Ʉ1.2.3…n – ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ (pH), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, Ɋ2Ɉ5, Ʉ2Ɉ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ (ɂɨɤ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ:
ɂɈɄ
ɂ pH ɂ P2O5 ɂ K 2O ɂ ɝɭɦ. 4
ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɂɨɬɧ.
X ɮɚɤɬ. X ɦɢɧ. X ɨɩɬ. X ɦɢɧ.
, ɝɞɟ
Xɮɚɤɬ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ; Xɦɢɧ – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ; Xɨɩɬ. – ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɉɌɄ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɉɷɪ).
9
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɨɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ (1990), Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ (1990), Ɉ.ɉ. Ɇɨɫɤɚɥɟɧɤɨ (1990) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɷɤɨɬɨɧɨɜ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɷɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ȼ. ȼ. Ⱦɨɤɭɱɚɟɜ ɟɳɺ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 19 ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɪɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɚɲɧɢ, ɥɭɝɨɜ, ɥɟɫɚ, ɜɨɞ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ) ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɉɌɄ, ɫɬɪɨɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɞɥɢɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ, Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, 1990) ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɘ.ɗ. Ɇɚɧɞɟɪɨɦ (1979):
J
n ¦ li Pi i 1 f (S / ) , S
ɝɞɟ
J – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ, ɦ2/ɝɚ; li – ɞɥɢɧɚ J-ɝɨ ɷɤɨɬɨɧɚ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɉɌɄ), ɦ; 10
Ɋi – ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ, ɦ; S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ, ɝɚ; S/ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɝɚ; f (S/) – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ:
f (S / )
J
S S S /
, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
n ¦ li Pi S i 1 S S S /
.
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 – ɉɌɄ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
11
Ɋɢɫ.
4.
Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ:
Sɨɛɳ
ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɰɢɢ:
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
S1S2S3S4S5 – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɉɌɄ; J1 – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ;
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɞɨ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɝɨ
J2
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ – –
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
'J
J1 J 2 100 % , J1
ɝɞɟ
¨J – ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ; J1, J2 – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ S ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɉɌɄ, ɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 – ɪɢɫ. 3. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ. ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɉɌɄ ɛɵɥ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ (ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ) ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (ɪɢɫ. 4). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. 12
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 5. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɰɢɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɉɌɄ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ɢ Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɉɌɄ – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
n S
Ʉɞɪ
, ɝɞɟ
n – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ; S – ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ (Ʉɪ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ʉɪ
l 3.54 S
, ɝɞɟ
l – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ; S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɤ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɭ (ɉɌɄ). Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɭɪɜɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ 2 ɦɦ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ:
Ʉɪ
Ʉ S 1 Ʉ S 2 ... Ʉ ɪ1
ɪ2
S ɨɛɳ 13
ɪn
S
n
.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʉɤ), ɬ. ɟ. ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ (ɮɚɰɢɣ), ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɍɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɥɥ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɘ.Ʉ. ɘɨɞɢɫɚ (1967), ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ:
Ʉɤ
ax by c... , 20
ɝɞɟ
a, b, c… – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚɦɢ ɜ %; x, y… – ɛɚɥɥɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ; 20 – ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɲɤɚɥɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ȼ. ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ɢ Ɇ. ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ (1990) – ɬɚɛɥ. 3. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ – Ʉɧ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ: Ʉɧ = Ʉɪ ·Ʉɤ, ɝɞɟ Ʉɪ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ; Ʉɤ – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 ɒɤɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) ʋ Ɍɢɩɵ ɭɪɨȼɢɞɵ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ Ʌɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɱɢɳ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ 1 2 3 4 5 1 Ɇɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ 2 ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ 3 ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ 4 14
ɩɨɥɨɝɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ 2 3
Ʌɨɠɛɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɛɚɥɤɢ Ɉɜɪɚɝɢ
V-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɪɵɯɥɵɟ ɞɜɭɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
3 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 7 1
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 5).
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɂɡ ɪɢɫ. ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 40–45 % ɜ ɉɌɄ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ (Ʉɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ 60) ɞɨ 65–70 % – ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ (Ʉɧ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20). ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (¨J) ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ 15
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ (ɉɆɉ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ (Ɇɗɉ) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɉɆɉ 'J . 100
Ɇɗɉ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɪɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɦɨɪɟɧɨ-ɨɡɺɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ ɫ ɤɚɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɦɢ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ: Ʉɞɪ – 0,13; Ʉɪ – 2,28; Ʉɤ – 10,8; Ʉɧ – 24,6. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɪɚɜɟɧ 54 %. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 60–65 %. Ɂɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (54 %) ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ (60–65 %), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɜɟɧ 34 %. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɆɉ ɢ Ɇɗɉ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20 %. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɉɌɄ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ 70 %. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 6. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɺ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ (1:10 000) – ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɚɹ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ), ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɟɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 16
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɲɤɚɥɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɘ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɛɱɟɧɤɨ (1973), ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ: – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɤɚɥ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ (ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ) ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ; – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ; – ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ; – ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɉɌɄ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɬɚɛɥ. 4). Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ) ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
6ɪ
Ʉɩ
6ɦ
, ɝɞɟ
Ʉɩ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ) ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ (ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ); ɪ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ; ɦ – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
17
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɉɌɄ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ) ɉɌɄ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ Ƚɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɟ Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ȼɨɞɧɵɟ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ Ȼɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɪ) ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɌɄ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɦ)
ɉɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɉɌɄ ɤ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɸ (ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ)
5 4 4 4 4 5
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
0,6 1,0 1,0 0,9 1,0 0,3
Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ) 3,0 4,0 4,0 3,6 4,0 1,5
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɛɚɥɥɚɯ) 3,0 5,0 5,0 4,5 5,0 1,5
20,1
24,0
Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɚɥɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ Ʌ.ȼ. Ⱦɭɧɢɧɵɦ-Ȼɚɪɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɞɥɹ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɨɧɟɰ Ƚ.ɉ. Ⱦɭɛɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɘ.Ɏ. Ʉɨɛɱɟɧɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɉɛɳɟɝɨ ɋɵɪɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɛɢɥɟɜɵɦ. Ʌ.ȼ. Ⱦɭɧɢɧ-Ȼɚɪɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ( 1 9 7 6 ) ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ. 18
ȼ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ʌ.ȼ. ȾɭɧɢɧɵɦȻɚɪɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ; 2) ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɣ; 3) ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɣ; 4) ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɛɢɥɟɜ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɨɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɛɳɟɝɨ ɋɵɪɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɺɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 5). ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɝɪɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ: ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɡ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɜɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ: ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ-ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱ ɬ ɨ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ) ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ: ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ, ɨɛɜɚɥɨɜɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɥɶɦɚɬɚɠɚ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ. ɑɟɬɜɺɪɬɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ 2ɚ – ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɢɸ, 3ɚ – ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɯ. ɇɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ 1, 2, 3-ɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɧɟɝɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɧɟɝɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɟɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.).
19
ȼɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ
ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɣɦɚ ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɣɦɚ
–
3 4
4
4 1, 2ɚ
–
3
4 1, 2ɚ
–
1
– –
4
–
II1
–
1
4 1, 2 ɚ
–
– 1
1
–
2,3 –
–
– – –
–
I2
–
I1
I
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
1
2
1
– 4
4
–
II II2
4
3
4 1, 2ɚ
1
2
1
2,3 4
4
–
II3
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
1
1
1
2 4
4
1
III1
III
4
– 4
4
4 1, 2ɚ
1
–
4 1, 2ɚ 3
1
1
1
–
1
1
– 4
4
4 3 4
1
1
4 1, 2ɚ
1
1
3 4
4
1
III2
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
1
1
1
3 4
4
–
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
1
1
1
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
–
2
–
– 4
4
– 3 –
1
–
4
–
4 1, 2ɚ
–
2ɚ
2ɚ
– 4
4
1
Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɣɨɧɵ IV V IV1 IV2 V1 V2 V3 V4
________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: 1,2,3,4,2ɚ,3ɚ – ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ.
Ȼɭɝɪɢɫɬɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ Ⱦɨɥɢɧɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɣ
ɇɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɵɣ ɉɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɣ
ɉɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɨ-ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ
ɉɨɞɬɢɩɵ
ɉɥɨɫɤɨ-ɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɣ Ƚɪɹɞɨɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɣ ɉɥɨɫɤɨɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɋɥɚɛɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɣ
Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɵɪɬɨɜɨ-ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ ɋɵɪɬɨɜɨ-ɯɨɥɦɢɫɬɵɣ ɋɵɪɬɨɜɨ-ɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɣ
Ɍɢɩɵ
4
3
4 1, 2ɚ
2ɚ
2ɚ
2ɚ
3ɚ 4
–
–
VI1
VI
4
3
– 4
4 1, 2ɚ
2ɚ
–
1,2ɚ
2ɚ,3ɚ –
–
–
VII1
4 1, 2ɚ
2ɚ
–
2ɚ
2ɚ,3ɚ –
–
–
VI1
–
3
4 1
–
–
–
– –
–
–
VII VII2
–
–
4 1, 2ɚ
–
–
–
– –
–
–
VII3
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɛɳɟɝɨ ɋɵɪɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɛɢɥɺɜɭ)
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ɉɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6).
Ɋɢɫ. 6. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ Ɉɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɑɢɛɢɥɟɜɭ, 1992) ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: 1 – ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɣ; 2 – ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɵɣ; 3 – ɩɪɢɞɨɥɢɧɧɨ-ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ; 4 – ɫɵɪɬɨɜɨɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ; 5 – ɫɵɪɬɨɜɨ-ɭɜɚɥɢɫɬɵɣ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ I, II, IIa, IIIa, IV. Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ 2 ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɇɕȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ɈȻȼɈȾɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ɆȿɅɂɈɊȺɌɂȼɇɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ (ɇȺ ɉɊɂɆȿɊȿ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ȼɈȾɈȬɆȺ) Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɨɜ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɦɭ 21
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɺɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɉɌɄ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɬɵ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ: ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ: ɬɟɯɧɨɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɧɟɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɌɗɈ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ (ɞɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ), ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɢɡɵɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɚɛɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ.
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Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 1. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ (ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɞɨ 1:50 000) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ. ȼɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɬ 200 ɞɨ 300 ɦ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɹɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ, ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ (Ɏ.ɇ. Ɇɢɥɶɤɨɜ). Ʉ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ, ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɣ, ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɜɵɣ, ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɡɚɧɞɪɨɜɵɣ, ɨɫɬɚɧɰɨɜɨ-ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɧɨɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚɯ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɹɯ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ 23
ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɹɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɢɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɚɹɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɱɚɲɭ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɵ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɍɞɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ – ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɥɨɠɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɦ. ȼ ɢɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ 24
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɠɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ 0,01 ɞɨ 0,001. ȼ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɍɤɥɨɧ ɞɧɢɳ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
i
H L
, ɝɞɟ
i – ɭɤɥɨɧ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɞɨɥɢɧɵ; ɇ – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɞɨɥɢɧɵ; L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɞɨɥɢɧɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɢɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ – ɨɫɟɜɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɬɚɥɶɜɟɝɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɪɢɫ. 7).
Ɋɢɫ. 7. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ) 25
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ. Ƚɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, ɱɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɟɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɹɦɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚ 2–3 ɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 8).
Ɋɢɫ. 8. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ) Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɨɥɨɬ, ɦɨɱɚɠɢɧ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɪɨɧɨɤ, ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɥɨɠɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɢɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ, ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ.
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Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 3. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɥɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɤɚ (Wɪ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Wp = Wɜ + Wn – Wu , ɝɞɟ Wɪ – ɨɛɴɺɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɦ3; Wɜ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɦ3; Wn – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɦ3; Wɢ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ, ɦ3. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Wɜ = 1000Fhp , ɝɞɟ F – ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɤɦ2 ; hp – ɫɥɨɣ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɦ. ȼɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɹɦ (ɪɢɫ. 9). Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɢɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ. ɋɥɨɣ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɤɟ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦɭ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɭ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 9. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɹ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɪɨɧɨɜɤɢ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ) ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɤ 50 %-ɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ (Wn) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ (Wu) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (S) ɢ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɥɢɧɡɵ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: 28
Wu = Sh , ɝɞɟ S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɦ2; h – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɬɨɥɳɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɦ. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɥɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɦ, ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɭɞɚɰɢɢ, ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɲɢɪɢɧɵ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɩɺɪɬɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ (ɇɉɍ ɢɥɢ ɇɉȽ), ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 3–4 ɦ (ɪɢɫ. 10). Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɨɠɚ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (V), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
V
k 1 lHL , 5
ɝɞɟ
l – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɞɨɥɢɧɵ) ɩɨ ɭɪɟɡɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɭ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ, ɦ; ɇ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɭ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ, ɦ ; 29
L – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɦ; k – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɞɨɥɢɧɵ) «ɩɨɧɢɡɭ» (b) ɤ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ «ɩɨɜɟɪɯɭ» ɭ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ (l), ɬ. ɟ. k = b / l. ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ (Wɪ) ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɱɚɲɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (V), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɥɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɛɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ 1 ɝɨɞ.
30
Ɋɢɫ. 10. ɑɟɪɬɟɠ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣ Ʌɨɝ (Ɉɤɫɤɨ-Ⱦɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ)
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 4. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɥɨɠɭ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɟ, ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɟ, ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ 15° ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɨɥɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 0,5–1,0 ɦ ɜɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɣ, ɚɛɪɚɡɢɢ, ɡɚɛɨɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ), ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɣ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 11).
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Ɋɢɫ. 11. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Ⱥ – ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɉȽɄ; Ȼ – ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɉȽɄ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ; 1 – ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ ɞɨ 12° ɜ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ; 2 – ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ, ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɹɦɢ; 3 – ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ; 4 – ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɧɚɦɵɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ; 5 – ɫɭɯɨɟ ɪɭɫɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɚɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɥɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ; 6 – ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ 8–12 ° ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɦɵɬɵɦɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ; 7 – ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ (ɞɨ 8 °) ɫ ɜɵɳɟɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɦɵɬɨɫɬɢ; 8 – ɪɚɫɩɚɯɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 50 ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ; 9 – ɡɚɞɟɪɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɟɦ; 10 – ɨɬɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦɢ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɩɨɥɡɧɹɦɢ; 11 – ɥɨɠɟ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɫ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɹ, ɚɥɥɸɜɢɹ ɢ ɢɥɚ; 12 – ɡɨɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɢ ɥɶɞɚ; 13 – ɩɥɨɬɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ; 14 – ɚɛɪɚɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚɯ; 15 – ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɭ; 16 – ɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ.
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Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 5. Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ: – ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɞɨɥɢɧɵ). Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɫɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ 20–30 ɦ ɨɬ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɟɟ 30 ɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10–15 ɦ; – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɶɟ ɥɨɠɛɢɧ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɲɤɨɜ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɡɚɥɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢɜɵ (ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 0,5–1,0 ɝɚ); – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɥɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɥɨɜ – ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɜɪɚɝɭ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ; – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɵɟ ɤ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɜɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ, ɢɜɚ ɬɪɟɯɬɵɱɢɧɤɨɜɚɹ, ɨɥɶɯɚ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɥɶ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ; – ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɵ (ɡɚɛɨɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɛɪɚɡɢɹ, ɨɩɨɥɡɧɢ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɪɟɧɚɠ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ; – ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɹɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɥɶɜɟɝɨɜ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɨɬɢɧ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ 34
ɩɪɨɜɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɥɨɠɟ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɪɚɧɨɜ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 6. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɅɆɋ), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɅɆɋ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ (ȼ.Ȼ. Ɇɢɯɧɨ). Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɅɆɋ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ: – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɅɆɋ; – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɚɤ ɜɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ), ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ; – ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɅɆɋ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ (ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ). Ɉɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɅɆɋ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɟɺ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɅɆɋ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɜɹɡɤɢ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟɣ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɅɆɋ 35
ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɭɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɂɡɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɅɆɋ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɵɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ, ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɨɜ. ȼ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ (1:200 000, 1:100 000), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ (1:50 000, 1:25 000) ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ (1:10 000, 1:5 000). Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ 1:2 000, 1:1 000, 1:500) (ɪɢɫ. 12).
Ɋɢɫ. 12. Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ 1:1 000) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ (ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ) 36
Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ «ɭɡɥɨɜ» ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ: ɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɨɩɨɥɡɧɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɪɢɫ. 13).
Ɋɢɫ. 13. Ɋɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɩɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɣ, ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɅɆɋ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ), ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɨɦ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɢ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ «ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɭ» ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜɵɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ (ɪɢɫ. 14).
37
Ɋɢɫ. 14. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɢ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ Ɋɚɡɛɢɜɤɚ ɨɫɟɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ 3 ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɇɕȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ȼɈȾɈɁȺȾȿɊɀɂȼȺɘɓɂɏ ȼȺɅɈȼ ȾɅə ȻɈɊɖȻɕ ɋ ɈȼɊȺȽȺɆɂ
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɭ, ɪɚɫɱɺɬɵ ɢ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ (Ɇ 1:10 000). Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 1. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɤɚɪɬɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ, ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɹɦɢ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. 38
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɢɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ – ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ (Ɏ.ɇ. Ɇɢɥɶɤɨɜ, 1970). ɉɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚɯ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɭ ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ 1 ɤɦ2. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɜɪɚɝɚ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ: – ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ; – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ; – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ; – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ; – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ. 39
Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜɵɦ ɢ B.C. Ɇɢɫɟɧɟɜɵɦ (1977). Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 2. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɩɪɢɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɵɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɰɟɧɧɵ ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɜɪɚɝ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɡɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɨɞɶɹ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ-ɤɚɧɚɜ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɪɭɞɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɦɟɠɨɜɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɚɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ. Ɍɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ (ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,3–0,4 ɦ) – ɪɢɫ. 15. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 110–140 ° ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɩɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɬɬɨɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɭ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɵ ɲɩɨɪ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ-ɤɚɧɚɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤ ɨɜɪɚɝɭ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɜɪɚɝɚ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɛɢɧɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɲɩɨɪ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ. Ɂɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɚɥɨɦ, ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
40
Ɋɢɫ.15. ɉɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ (ɩɨ ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜɭ ɢ ȼ.ɋ. Ɇɢɫɟɧɟɜɭ, 1977) ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: 1 – ɨɜɪɚɝɢ; 2 – ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɥɵ; 3 – ɝɥɭɯɢɟ ɲɩɨɪɵ; 4 – ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɲɩɨɪɵ; 5 – ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ; 6 – ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɥɵ-ɤɚɧɚɥɵ; 7 – ɭɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɵ; 8 – ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ; 9 – ɬɚɥɶɜɟɝɢ; 10 – ɡɚɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜɚ ɢ B.C. Ɇɢɫɟɧɨɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ 10 ɢɥɢ 5 %. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɥɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0,8 ɞɨ 1,5 ɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,5 ɦ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2–2,5 ɦ. Ʉɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ ɨɬɤɨɫɨɜ ɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɨɫɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ: ɧɢɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɤɨɫ 0,75–1,0; ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ – 1,0–1,5. Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɶ ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɲɩɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ ɞɨ 1,0 ɦ ɧɚ 0,3 ɦ; ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1–1,5 ɦ ɧɚ 35 ɫɦ; ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ 1,5 ɦ ɧɚ 0,4 ɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɪɵɜɚ ɜɚɥɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 60–100 ɦ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɚɥɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɨɧɢ ɫɯɨɞɧɵ ɫɨ ɲɩɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɲɩɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɯɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ. ȼɨɞɨɨɛɯɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ 10–15 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɇɉɍ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɩɟɪɬɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ). ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɧɢɳɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜɚ ɢ B.C. Ɇɢɫɟɧɟɜɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ.
41
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ) Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɜɟɪɨɹɬ- Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ʋ ɜɨɞɨ- ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ, ɧɨɫɬɶɸ 10 %, ɦ3 ɤɦ2 ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ 10 %, ɦ3/ɫ ȼɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ Ʌɟɬɧɢɣ ȼɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ Ʌɟɬɧɢɣ (ɨɬ ɫɧɟɝɨ- (ɨɬ ɥɢɜɧɹ) (ɨɬ ɫɧɟɝɨ- (ɨɬ ɥɢɜɧɹ) ɬɚɹɧɢɹ) ɬɚɹɧɢɹ) 1
0,1
9500
2700
0,14
1,14
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɥɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɭɞɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɩɨɤɚɪɬɟ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɵ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɚɦ. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɲɩɨɪ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Wɜ = S·l , ɝɞɟ Wɜ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ; S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ; l – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
S
a a1 H , 2 42
ɝɞɟ S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ; ɚ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɝɪɟɛɧɸ; ɚ1 – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ; H – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɲɩɨɪ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɲɩɨɪ. Ʉ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ 3 % ɧɚ ɧɟɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɛɭɥɶɞɨɡɟɪɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ 28 ɪ. ɡɚ ɦ3 , ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɭ – 37 ɪ./ɤɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ – 86 ɪ./ɦ3. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ 17 % ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɗ
ɑȾ , ɝɞɟ Ʉ
ɗ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ; ɑȾ – ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ; Ʉ – ɤɚɩɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜɚ ɢ B.C. Ɇɢɫɟɧɟɜɚ, ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ (ɑȾ) ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɭɳɟɪɛɭ ɨɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɚɥɨɦ, ɲɩɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɪɭɞɤɨɦ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ, ɬ. ɟ. ɑȾ = ɑȾ0 ( Bf – fɝɬɫ.) + ɑȾɩɮ – ɂ, ɝɞɟ ɑȾ0 – ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ 138 000 ɪ./ɝɚ); f – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ (ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 43
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ (f). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ B = 8–10; fɝɬɫ. – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɡɚɧɹɬɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ, ɲɩɨɪɵ, ɩɪɭɞɨɤ), ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɝɚ; ɑȾɩɮ, – ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɡɚɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ, ɪɟɤ, ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɭɝɨɞɢɣ, ɩɨɣɦ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɑȾɩɎ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 10 % ɨɬ ɑȾ0; ɂ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɂ = 0,1 Ʉ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨ-ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɨɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,16. Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 4. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɪɨɥɢ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ (1:10 000) ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚɦɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ (ɡɚɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜ ɢ ɨɡɟɪ, ɢɫɫɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɛɚɣɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
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ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ 1. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ ȼ.ɋ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɤɭɪɫɭ «Ɇɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ» / ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ, Ɇ.ɇ. Ȼɪɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇɢɧɫɤ : Ȼ. ɢ., 1990. – 18 ɫ. 2. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜ Ʉ.ɇ. Ɇɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / Ʉ.ɇ. Ⱦɶɹɤɨɧɨɜ, ȼ.ɋ. Ⱥɧɨɲɤɨ. – Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, 1995. – 254 ɫ. 3. ȿɪɯɨɜ ɇ.ɋ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɸ / ɇ.ɋ. ȿɪɯɨɜ, ȼ.ɋ. Ɇɢɫɟɧɟɜ. – Ɇ. : Ʉɨɥɨɫ, 1977. – 144 ɫ. 4. Ɇɢɯɧɨ ȼ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɰɢɢ / ȼ.Ȼ. Ɇɢɯɧɨ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 1995. – 208 ɫ. 5. Ɇɢɯɧɨ ȼ.Ȼ. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ / ȼ.Ȼ. Ɇɢɯɧɨ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ. ɝɨɫ. ɩɟɞ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2002. – 185 ɫ. ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ..……………………………………………….…….……………...3 1. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨ-ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.….…….………….....4 2. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɺɦɚ)………...…21 3. Ʌɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ……………..………………………….…..…...38 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ…………………………………………………45
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂə ȾɅə ȼɕɉɈɅɇȿɇɂə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ ɉɈ ɆȿɅɂɈɊȺɌɂȼɇɈɆɍ ɅȺɇȾɒȺɎɌɈȼȿȾȿɇɂɘ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇɢɯɧɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜɢɱ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 18.06.07. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84/16. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 2,7. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 100 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 1200. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɩɥ. ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 10. Ɍɟɥ. 208-298, 598-026 (ɮɚɤɫ) http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail:
[email protected] Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 3. Ɍɟɥ. 204-133. 46
