Решение контрольных и самостоятельных работ по химии за 8-9 класс

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\ Ba(NO3)2 → Ba2++2NO −

] H3PO4 → 3H++PO − ^ NaOH → Na++OHZ H2SO4+BaCl2 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HCl

Ba2++SO  − → BaSO4 ↓ [ 3KOH+H3PO4 → K3PO4+3H2O OH-+H+ → H2O \ Na2CO3+Pb(NO3)2 → 2NaNO3+PbCO3 ↓ Pb2++CO  − → PbCO3 ↓


] Fe2(SO4)3 → 2Fe3++3SO  − ^ KNO3 → K++NO −

Z HCl+AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ +HNO3 Cl-+Ag+ → AgCl ↓ [ BaCl2+CuSO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +CuCl2

Ba2++SO  − → BaSO4 ↓ \ Ca(OH)2+2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2+2H2O OH-+H+ → H2O
5

[ K3PO4 → 3K++PO − \ HNO3 → H++NO −

] Na2SO4 → 2Na++SO  − ^ MgCl2 → Mg++2ClZ Na2CO3+CaCl2 → 2NaCl+CaCO3 ↓

CO  − +Ca2+ → CaCO3 ↓ [ Ba(OH)2+2HCl → BaCl2+2H2O OH-+H+ → H2O \ H2SO4+Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HNO3 SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓


^ ZnSO4 → Zn2++SO  − Z LiOH+HNO3 → LiNO3+H2O OH-+H+ → H2O [ Cu(NO3)2+2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 ↓ +2NaNO3 Cu2++2OH- → Cu(OH)2 ↓ \ 3K2CO3+2H3PO4 → 2K3PO4+3CO2 ↑ +3H2O CO  − +2H+ → CO2+H2O

JZ[hlZ J_Zdpbb bhggh]hh[f_gZb ]b^jhebakhe_c


[ CuSO4+2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 ↓ +Na2SO4 Cu2++2OH- → Cu(OH)2 ↓ ] BaCl2+K2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2KCl Ba2++SO  − → BaSO4 ↓

2. Na2CO3+H2O → ← NaOH+NaHCO3 6

− CO  − +H2O → ← OH +HCO 

NaHCO3+H2O → ← NaOH+H2CO3 HCO − +H2O → ← OH +H2CO3

Cu(NO3)2+H2O → ← Cu(OH)NO3+HNO3 + + Cu2++H2O → ← CuOH +H

Cu(OH)NO3+H2O → ← Cu(OH)2+HNO3 + &XHG++H2O → ← Cu(OH)2+H


NaHS+H2O → ← NaOH+H2S HS-+H2O → ← OH +H2S

FeCl3+H2O → ← Fe(OH)Cl2+HCl 2+ + Fe3++H2O → ← FeOH +H

Fe(OH)Cl2+H2O → ← Fe(OH)2Cl+HCl + + FeOH2++H2O → ← Fe(OH)  +H

Fe(OH)2Cl+H2O → ← Fe(OH)3+HCl + Fe(OH) + +H2O → ← Fe(OH)3+H


] Al2(SO4)2+2K3PO4 → 2AlPO4 ↓ +3K2SO4 7

Al3++PO − → AlPO4 ↓ 2. Zn(NO3)2+H2O → ← Zn(OH)NO3+HNO3 + + Zn2++H2O → ← ZnOH +H

Zn(OH)NO3+H2O → ← Zn(OH)2+HNO3 + ZnOH++H2O → ← Zn(OH)2+H

K2CO3+H2O → ← KOH+KHCO3 − CO  − +H2O → ← OH +HCO 

KHCO3+H2O → ← KOH+H2CO3 HCO − +H2O → ← OH +H2CO3


CO  − +2H+ → H2O+CO2 [ Ca(OH)2+2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2+2H2O OH-+H+ → H2O \ 2NaOH+H2SO4 → Na2SO4+2H2O OH-+H+ → H2O 2. AlCl3+H2O → ← Al(OH)Cl2+HCl 2+ + Al3++H2O → ← AlOH +H

Al(OH)Cl2+H2O → ← Al(OH)2Cl+HCl + + AlOH2++H2O → ← Al(OH)  +H

Al(OH)2Cl+H2O → ← Al(OH)3+HCl + Al(OH) + +H2O → ← Al(OH)3+H

JZ[hlZ Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zdbkehlkhe_cb hkgh\Zgbc \ k\_l_l_hjbbwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb


Ba(OH)2+CuCl2 → Cu(OH)2 ↓ +BaCl2 2OH-+Cu2+ → Cu(OH)2 ↓ Ba(OH)2+2HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2+2H2O 8

OH-+H+ → H2O Ba(OH)2+CO2 → BaCO3 ↓ +H2O 2. Z )H&O )H62 [

)H12 

Z FeSO4+BaCl2 → FeCl2+BaSO4 ↓ SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓

[ FeSO4+Ba(NO3)2 → Fe(NO3)2+BaSO4 ↓ Ba2++SO  − → BaSO4 ↓


H++OH- → H2O 6HCl+2Al → 2AlCl3+3H2 ↑ 6H++2Al → 2Al3++3H2 2HCl+Na2CO3 → 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 2H++CO  − → H2O+CO2 2HCl+MgO → MgCl2+H2O 2H++MgO → Mg2++H2O 2. MgO+H2SO4 → MgSO4+H2O MgO+2H+ → Mg2++H2O Mg(OH)2+H2SO4 → MgSO4+2H2O Mg(OH)2+2H+ → Mg2++2H2O

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260 ]

]

1. Ba(NO3 ) 2 + K 2SO 4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2KNO3 n(Ba(NO3)2)= n(K2SO4)=

m(Ba(NO3 )2 ) 260 =0,996 fhev = M(Ba(NO3 )2 ) 261

m(K 2SO 4 ) 220 =1fhev = M(K 2SO4 ) 174

LdK2SO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihBa(NO3)2 260 ]

o]

Ba(NO3 ) 2 +K2SO4 → BaSO 4 ↓ +2KNO3 233 ]

261 ]

o  =  

 ⋅  ≈ 232,11 ] o= 

Hl\_lm(BaSO4)=] 42,6 ]

16 ]

2. Al(NO3 )3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 ↓ +3NaNO3 n(Al(NO3)3)= n(NaOH)=

m(Al(NO3 )3 ) 42,6 =0fhev = M(Al(NO3 )3 ) 213

m(NaOH) 16 =0,4 fhev = M(NaOH) 40

LdNaOH gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_k mq_lhfdhwnnbpb_glZ , ih g_fm\_^_fjZkq_l

10

16 ]

o]

Al(NO3)3+ 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 ↓ +3NaNO3 3⋅40 ]

78 ]

16 o  ⋅  = =10,4 ]Hl\_lm(Al(OH)3)=10,4 ] o=  ⋅  3 ⋅ 40 78 3. Na2CO3+2HNO3 → 2NaNO3+H2O+CO2 m(HNO3)= ω (HNO3) ⋅ mjjZ=0,2 ⋅ 400=80 ] n(HNO3)=

m(HNO3 ) 80 = =1,27 fhev M(HNO3 ) 63

n(Na2CO3)=

m(Na 2CO3 ) 53 = =0,5 fhev M(Na 2CO3 ) 106

LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l \_^_fihNa2CO3 oe

53

Na 2 CO3 +2HNO3 → 2NaNO3+H2O+ CO 2

53 16 ⋅ 78 o = o= e 106 22, 4 3 ⋅ 40 Hl\_lV(CO2)=11,2 e 106

22,4 e

94,5 ]

20 ]

4. MgO + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2+H2O n(MgO)=

m(MgO) 20 =0,5 fhev = M(MgO) 40

n(HNO3)=

m(HNO3 ) 94,5 =1,5 fhev = M(HNO3 ) 63

LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l \_^_fihMgO 20 ]

o]

40 ]

148 ]

MgO +2HNO3 → Mg(NO3 )2 +H2O

53 20 ⋅148 o =74 ] o= = 106 22, 4 40 Hl\_lm(Mg(NO3)2)=] 40 ]

]

5. CuSO 4 + Fe → FeSO4+Cu n(CuSO4)= n(Fe)=

m(CuSO 4 ) 40 =0,25 fhev = M(CuSO4 ) 160

m(Fe) 12 =0,21fhev = M(Fe) 56

LdCuSO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhihke_hdhgqZgbyj_Zdpbbhg hklZg_lky\ jZkl\hj_ 11

Hl\_lhklZg_lky 6. BaCl2+Na2SO4 → 2NaCl+BaSO4 ↓ m(BaCl2)= ω (BaCl2) ⋅ mjjZ=0,05 ⋅ 15=0,75 ] n(BaCl2)=

m(BaCl2 ) 0,75 =0,0036 fhev = M(BaCl2 ) 208

m(Na2SO4)= ω (Na2SO4) ⋅ mjjZ=0,08 ⋅ 10=0,8 ] n(Na2SO4)=

m(Na 2SO 4 ) 0,8 =0,0056 fhev = M(Na 2SO4 ) 142

LdNa2SO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihBaCl2. 0,75 ]

o]

208 ]

233 ]

BaCl 2 +Na2SO4 → 2NaCl+ BaSO 4 ↓

0, 75 0, 75 ⋅ 233 o =0,84 ] o= = 208 233 208 Hl\_lm(BaSO4)=0,84 ] 7. Fe2(SO4)3+6NaOH → 2Fe(OH)3+3Na2SO4 m(Fe2(SO4)3)= ω (Fe2(SO4)3) ⋅ mjjZ=0,05 ⋅ 400=20 ] n(Fe2(SO4)3)=

m(Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 ) 20 =0,05 fhev = M(Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 ) 400

m(NaOH)= ω (NaOH) ⋅ mjjZ=0,03 ⋅ 200=6 ] n(NaOH)=

m(NaOH) 6 =0,15 fhev = M(NaOH) 40

LdFe2(SO4)3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihNaOH. 6]

o]

Fe2(SO4)3+ 6NaOH → 2Fe(OH)3 ↓ +3Na2SO4 6⋅40 ]

2⋅107 ]

6 o  ⋅  ⋅ =5,35 ] o= =  ⋅  6 ⋅ 40 2 ⋅107 Hl\_lm(Fe(OH)3)=5,35 ] 16 ]

]

8. CuSO 4 + Fe → FeSO4+Cu n(CuSO4)= n(Fe)=

m(CuSO 4 ) 16 =0,1 fhev = M(CuSO4 ) 160

m(Fe) 12 =0,21fhev = M(Fe) 56

LdFe gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihCuSO4

12

16 ]

o]

CuSO 4 +Fe → FeSO4+ Cu

64 ]

160 ]

16 o  ⋅  =6,4 ] o= =  160 64 Hl\_lm(Cu)=6,4 ] 9. 2NaOH+CuSO4 → Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4 m(NaOH)=0,2 ⋅ 200=40 ] n(NaOH)=

m(NaOH) 40 =1 fhev = M(NaOH) 40

n(CuSO4)=fhev LdCuSO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihNaOH. 40 ]

o]

2NaOH +CuSO4 → Na2SO4+ Cu(OH) 2 2⋅40 ]

98 ]

16 o  ⋅  =49 ] o= =  ⋅  160 64 Hl\_lm(Cu(OH)2)=49 ] 10. 2HCl+Na2CO3 → 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 m(HCl)= ω (HCl) ⋅ mjjZ=0,3 ⋅ 150=45 ] n(HCl)=

m(HCl) 45 =1,23 fhev = M(HCl) 36,5

n(Na2CO3)=fhev LdHCl gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihNa2CO3 0,5 fhev

0,5 fhev

2HCl+ Na 2 CO3 → 2NaCl+H2O+ CO 2 n(Na2CO3)=n(CO2)=fhev V(CO2)=n(CO2) ⋅ Vm=0,5 ⋅  e Hl\_lV(CO2)=e 11. H2SO4+Ba(NO3) → BaSO4+2HNO3 m(H2SO4)= ω (H2SO4) ⋅ mjjZ=0,1 ⋅ 40=4 ] n(H2SO4)=

m(HSO 4 ) 4 =0,041 fhev = M(HSO4 ) 98

n(Ba(NO3)2)=

m(Ba(NO3 )2 ) 2,61 =0,01 fhev = M(Ba(NO3 )2 ) 261

LdH2SO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihBa(NO3)2.

13

o]

2,61

H2SO4+ Ba(NO3 ) 2 → BaSO 4 +2HNO3 233 ]

2, 61 o  ⋅  =2,33 ] o= =  261 233 Hl\_lm(BaSO4)=2,33 ] 261

10 ]

]

12. MgO + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2+H2O n(MgO)=

m(MgO) 10 =0,25 fhev = M(MgO) 40

n(HNO3)=

m(HNO3 ) 40 =0,635 fhev = M(HNO3 ) 63

LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l \_^_fihMgO 10 ]

o]

40 ]

148 ]

MgO +2HNO3 → Mg(NO3 )2 +H2O

53 o  ⋅ =37 ] o= =  106 22, 4 Hl\_lm(Mg(NO3)2)=3] 13. H2SO4+BaCl2 → BaSO4+2HCl m(H2SO4)= ω (H2SO4) ⋅ mjjZ=0,07 ⋅ 200=14 ] n(H2SO4)=

m(HSO 4 ) 14 =0,143 fhev = M(HSO4 ) 98

n(BaCl2)=2 fhev LdBaCl2 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihH2SO4. 14 ]

o]

98 ]

233 ]

BaCl2+ H 2SO 4 → BaSO 4 +2HCl

2, 61 o  ⋅  =33,29 ] o= =  261 233 Hl\_lm(BaSO4)=33,29 ] 16,2 ]

30 ]

14. ZnO + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2+H2O n(ZnO)=

m(ZnO) 16,2 =0,2 fhev = M(ZnO) 81

n(HNO3)=

m(HNO3 ) 30 =0,48 fhev = M(HNO3 ) 63

LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l \_^_fihZnO

14

16,2 ]

o]

ZnO +2HNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 +H2O 81 ]

189 ]

53 o  ⋅  =37,8 ] o= =  106 22, 4 Hl\_lm(Zn(NO3)2)=37,8 ]

JZ[hlZ Blh]h\Zyihl_f_I


^ Al2(SO4)3 → 2Al3++2SO  −

Z NaCl+AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ +NaNO3 Cl-+Ag+ → AgCl ↓ [ 2HNO3+Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2+2H2O H++OH- → H2O \ +&O.2CO3 → 2KCl+H2O+CO2 2H++CO  − → H2O+CO2 3. 2HCl+Zn → ZnCl2+H2 ↑ 2H++Zn → Zn2++H2 ↑ 2HCl+CaO → CaCl2+H2O 2H++CaO → Ca2++H2O 2HCl+Cu(OH)2 → CuCl2+2H2O 2H++ Cu(OH)2 → Cu2++2H2O 32 ]

]

4. CuSO 4 + Fe → FeSO4+Cu n(CuSO4)= n(Fe)=

m(CuSO 4 ) 32 =0,2 fhev = M(CuSO4 ) 160

m(Fe) 21 =0,375 fhev = M(Fe) 56

LdFe gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihCuSO4 32 ]

o]

CuSO 4 +Fe → FeSO4+ Cu 160 ]

64 ]

15

32 o  ⋅  =12,8 ] o= =  160 64 Hl\_lm(Cu)=12,8 ]
Z 2KOH+Cu(NO3)2 → Cu(OH)2 ↓ +2KNO3 2OH-+Cu2+ → Cu(OH)2 [ 2HCl+Ba(OH)2 → BaCl2+2H2O H++OH- → H2O \ Na2SO4+Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4+2NaNO3 SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 3. Ca(OH)2+CuSO4 → CaSO4+Cu(OH)2 ↓ 2OH-+Cu2+ → Cu(OH)2 ↓ 3Ca(OH)2+2K3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ +6KOH 3Ca2++2PO − → Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ Ca(OH)2+CO2 → CaCO3+H2O 5]

]

4. MgO + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2+H2O n(MgO)=

m(MgO) 5 = =0,125 fhev M(MgO) 40

n(HNO3)=

m(HNO3 ) 40 = =0,635 fhev M(HNO3 ) 63

LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihMgO 5]

o]

40 ]

148 ]

MgO +2HNO3 → Mg(NO3 )2 +H2O

5 o  ⋅ =18,5 ] o= =  40 148 Hl\_lm(Mg(NO3)2)=18,5 ]
16

\ FeSO4 → Fe2++SO  − ] AlCl3 → Al3++3Cl^ Cu(NO3)2 → Cu2++2NO −

Z FeCl3+3NaOH → Fe(OH)3 ↓ +3NaCl Fe3++3OH- → Fe(OH)3 ↓ [ H2SO4+2LiOH → Li2SO4+2H2O H++OH- → H2O \ 2HNO3+Na2CO3 → 2NaNO3+H2O+CO2 2H++CO  − → H2O+CO2

3. 3H2SO4+2Al → Al2(SO4)3+3H2 ↑ 6H++2Al → 2Al3++3H2 H2SO4+2KOH → K2SO4+2H2O H++OH- → H2O H2SO4+Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HNO3 SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓ 20 ]

]

4. NaOH + HCl → NaCl+H2O n(NaOH)= n(HCl)=

m(NaOH) 20 =0,5 fhev = M(NaOH) 40

m(HCl) 33 =0,9 fhev = M(HCl) 36,5

LdHCl gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihNaOH 20 ]

o]

NaOH +HCl → NaCl +H2O 40 ]

58,5 ]

5 o  ⋅  =29,25 ] o= =  40 148 Hl\_lm(NaCl)=29,5 ]
Z CuSO4+BaCl2 → CuCl2+BaSO4 ↓ SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓ 17

[ 2HBr+Ca(OH)2 → CaBr2+2H2O H++OH- → H2O \ 3ZnSO4+2K3PO4 → Zn3(PO4)2 ↓ +3K2SO4 3Zn2++2PO  − → Zn3(PO4)2 ↓ 3. CuSO4+2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 ↓ +Na2SO4 Cu2++2OH- → Cu(OH)2 ↓ 3CuSO4+2Al → Al2(SO4)3+3Cu 3Cu2++2Al → 2Al3++3Cu 3CuSO4+2Na3PO4 → Cu3(PO4)2 ↓ +3Na2SO4 3Cu2++2PO − → Cu3(PO4)2 ↓ ] ] 4. Zn+H2SO4 → ZnSO4+H2 n(Zn)=

m(Zn) 6,5 =0,1 fhev = M(Zn) 65

n(H2SO4)=

m(H 2SO 4 ) 20 =0,204 fhev = M(H 2SO4 ) 98

LdH2SO4 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihZn. 6,5 ]

o]

Zn +H2SO4 → ZnSO4+ H 2

65 ]

5 o = 40 148 Hl\_lm(H2)=0,2 ]

2]

o=

 ⋅  =0,2 ] 

18

L_fZ ,,Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^ZHkgh\gu_ aZdhghf_jghklbl_q_gbyobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc JZ[hlZDbkehjh^K_jZK_jgZydbkehlZ


]Za

O2

[_aaZiZoZ fZehjZkl\hjbf ]e hdbkebl_ev kj_^g_ckbeu mklhcqb\Zy

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O3

aZiZok\_`_klb ohjhrhjZkl\hjbf ]e kbevguchdbkebl_ev g_mklhcqb\Zy

:eehljhiby ±kihkh[ghklvh^gh]hwe_f_glZh[jZah\u\Zlvg_kdhevdh ijhkluo\_s_kl\ Ijbeb\\ h[_ijh[bjdbkbebdZlgZljbygZ[ex^Z_f\ h^ghcba gbo\uiZ^_gb_hkZ^dZ Na2SiO3+H2SO4 → Na2SO4+H2SiO3;
\ =Q+2SO4 → ZnSO4+H2 ] +2SO4+MgO → MgSO4+H2O ^ +2SO4+Cu(OH)2 → CuSO4+2H2O 2H++Cu(OH)2 → Cu2++2H2O < ijbjh^_k_jZ\klj_qZ_lky\ kZfhjh^ghf\b^_\ khklZ\_ kmevnZlh\b kmevnb^h\Hkgh\gu_h[eZklbijbf_g_gby^ey ijhba\h^kl\Zk_jghcdbkehlu\medZgbaZpbbdZmqmdZ\ hj]Zgbq_kdhfkbgl_a_ Ijbeb\\ h[_ijh[bjdbjZkl\hjoehjb^Z[Zjby\ h^ghcijh[bjd_ gZ[ex^Z_l\uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZ BaCl2+H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HCl
^ +2SO4+Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4+2H2O H++OH- → H2O K_jgZydbkehlZbkihevam_lky^eyijhba\h^kl\Zm^h[j_gbck __ ihfhsvxihemqZxlnhknhjgmxdbkehlm b \ijhfure_gghklb hj]Zgbq_kdh]hkbgl_aZ Ijbeb\\ h[_ijh[bjdbjZkl\hj%D&O2 \ h^ghcbagbogZ[ex^Z_f \uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZ BaCl2+Na2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2NaCl A^_kv[ue1D2SO4 JZ[hlZKdhjhklvobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_


21



2. S  → SO2  → SO3  → H2SO4  → SO2 1) S+O2 → SO2 2) 2SO2+O2 → 2SO3 3) SO3+H2O → H2SO4 4) H2SO4+Na2SO3 → Na2SO4+H2O+SO2 ↑ 3. 2SO] +O] → ← 2SO] +Q Z \e_\hldj_Zdpbywdahl_jfbqgZ [ \e_\hldj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lk mf_gvr_gb_fh[t_fZkbkl_fu M\_ebq_gb_kdhjhklbj_Zdpbbh[`b]ZibjblZ^hklb]Z_lkyiml_f gZ]j_\Zgbyihklhyggh]hlhdZdbkehjh^Zm\_ebq_gbyiehsZ^b khijbdhkgh\_gbyj_Z]_glh\b dZlZebaZlhjZ
2

1

3

3

4

4

2. H2S ←  S  → FeS  → SO2 2 ↓ Na2S 1) H2+S → H2S 1

3

4

22

2) S+2Na → Na2S 3) S+Fe → FeS 4) 4FeS+7O2 → 2Fe2O3+4SO2 Z ijbm\_ebq_gbbl_fi_jZlmjukdhjhklvj_Zdpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lky [ ijbm\_ebq_gbbdhgp_gljZpbbbkoh^guo\_s_kl\kdhjhklv j_Zdpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lkyIjbf_jukfl_fZ ,,jZ[hlZ\ZjbZgl \hijhk tR

4. 4FeS2+11O2  → 2Fe2O3+8SO2 Wlhlijhp_kkhkgh\ZggZijbf_g_gbbijbgpbiZl_iehh[f_gZijb wlhf^hklb]Z_lkyfZdkbfZevguc\uoh^ijh^mdlZ
2

3

4

23

3. H2S ←  S  → SO2  → SO3 ↓2 Al2S3 1) S+H2 → H2S 2) 3S+2Al → Al2S3 3) S+O2 → SO2 4) 2SO2+O2 → 2SO3 Ld623 j_Z]bjm_lkgZqZeZk \h^ygufiZjhflhagZqbl_evgZy qZklv+2SO4 ihemqZ_lky\ \b^_lmfZgZdhg^_gkbjh\Zlvdhlhjuc g_m^h[gh 1

3

4

24

L_fZ,,,Ih^]jmiiZZahlZ


hdbkebl_ev

JZ[hlZ:ahl:ffbZdKhebZffhgby

+

Li0

\hkklZgh\bl_ev

→ Li + N-3

hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgh\bl_ev [ 1+4Cl+NaOH → NaCl+NH3 ↑ +H2O \ 1+4Cl+AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ +NH4NO3 Cl-+Ag+ → AgCl ↓ 2. H2+Cl2 → 2HCl Pt 3H2+N2 → 2NH3 NH3+HCl → NH4Cl 0N: N ≡ N N2 :N 0 :ahl±[_kp\_lguc]Za[_a\dmkZ[_aaZiZoZtie=-2100Ktdbi=-1960K
\hklZgh\bl_ev

[ 1+3+H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 \ 1+4)2SO4+Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 ↓ +2NH4NO3 SO  − +Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓ >Zggu_jZkl\hjufh`ghjZkihagZlvijbihfhsbjZkl\hjh\%D&O2 b 1D2SiO3. 1) BaCl2+Na2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2NaCl BaCl2+H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HCl NH4Cl+BaCl2 → / 2) H2SO4+Na2SiO3 → Na2SO4+H2SiO3 ↓ Na2SO4+Na2SiO3 → / 3. NH3+H+ → NH +4 ↑↓ ↓

2s22p3

N

ς H+1s0

↓ ↓

ς

H1s1 ↑ H1s1 ↑ H1s1 ↑

H ↓

H→N←H

c\yabdh\Ze_glgu_iheyjgu_ 25

NH3+H+ → NH3H+ k\yavih^hghjghZdp_ilhjghfmf_oZgbafm III I N-3H + NH3 IV I (N-3H +  )+ (NH4)+
↓ ↓ ↓

ς ς ς

N 2s22p3 ↑↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ K\yabdh\Ze_glgZyg_iheyjgZy N 
N 02

\hkklZgh\bl_ev

+

O 02

hdbkebl_ev

tR

 → 2N+2O-2

[ 1+3+HCl → NH4Cl \ 1+4)2SO4+Ba(OH)2 → BaSO4 ↓ +2NH3+2H2O 2NH + +SO  − +Ba2++2OH- → BaSO4+2NH3+2H2O >Zggu_\_s_kl\Zfh`ghjZkihagZlvijbihfhsbjZkl\hjh\%D&O2 b NaOH 1) BaCl2+(NH4)2SO4 → 2NH4Cl+BaSO4 ↓ NH4Cl+BaCl2 → / NaCl+BaCl2 → / 2) NH4Cl+NaOH → NaCl+NH3 ↑ +H2O NaCl+NaHG → / :H 3. NH3 H: N H→N←H H ↑ H :ffbZd²]Zak j_adbfaZiZohftie=-780Ktdbi=-330K 26

JZ[hlZ:ahlgZydbkehlZb __kheb


2. Cu0+H+1N+5O − dhgp → Cu+2(N+5O − )2+N+4O −  +H +  O-2 Cu0-2e- → Cu2+ 1 N+5+1e- → N+4 2 Cu+4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O Z

[

\

3. N2 → NO → NO2 → HNO3 Z 12+O2 → 2NO [ 1222 → 2NO2 \ 122+2H2O+O2 → 4HNO3 Zggu_\_s_kl\Zfh`ghjZkihagZlvijbihfhsbjZkl\hjh\ gbljZlZ[ZjbyBa(NO3)2 b NaOH Ba(NO3)2+Na2SO4 → 2NaNO3+BaSO4 ↓ NH4NO3+Ba(NO3)2 → / Ba(NO3)2+NaNO3 → / NH4NO3+NaOH → NaNO3+NH3 ↑ +H2O NaNO3+NaOH → /
OH-+H+ → H2O \ 1D2CO3+2HNO3 → 2NaNO3+H2O+CO2 CO  − +2H+ → H2O+CO2

2. Hg0+H+N+5O − dhgp → Hg+2(N+5O − )2+N+4O −  +H +  O-2 Hg0-2e- → Hg+2 1 N+5+1e- → N+4 2 Hg+4HNO3 → Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O Z

[

\

3. KNO3 → HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 → NO2 Z .123+H2SO4 → K2SO4+2HNO3 [ +123+CuO → Cu(NO3)2+H2O t0 \ &X123)2 → 2CuO+4NO2+O2 Zggu_\_s_kl\Zfh`ghjZkihagZlvijbihfhsbjZkl\hjh\ Ba(NO3)2 b $J123 1) Ba(NO3)2+H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2HNO3 Ba(NO3)2+HCl → / Ba(NO3)2+HNO3 → / 2) AgNO3+HCl → AgCl ↓ +HNO3 AgNO3+HNO3 → / JZ[hlZNhknhjb _]hkh_^bg_gby


28

[ 3+3+HCl → PH4Cl \ +3PO4+3KOH → K3PO4+3H2O H++OH- → H2O KbevghgZ]j_\ZydjZkgucnhknhj\ hlkmlkl\b_\ha^moZihemqZ_f [_eucnhknhjWlhagZqblqlhwlhZeehljhigu_fh^bnbdZpbb h^gh]hwe_f_glZ NhknZlgZljbyhij_^_ebfijbihfhsbeZdfmkZkj_^Z_]h jZkl\hjZs_ehqgZyeZdfmkkbg__l: dbkehluhij_^_ebfijb ihfhsbjZkl\hjZ$J123. AgNO3+HCl → AgCl ↓ +HNO3 [_euc 2AgNO3+H3PO4 → /
2 3. P  → Ca3P2  → PH3  → P2O5 Z [ \

Z 3&D → Ca3P2 [ &D3P2+6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2+2PH3 \ 3+3+4O2 → P2O5+3H2O

[

\

3. P → P2O5 → H3PO4 → K3PO4 Z 322 → 2P2O5 [ 32O5+3H2O → 2H3PO4 \ .2++3PO4 → K3PO4+3H2O

JZ[hlZJZkq_luihhij_^_e_gbxfZkkh\hcbebh[t_fghc^heb \uoh^Zijh^mdlZj_Zdpbbhll_hj_lbq_kdb\hafh`gh]h b h[jZlgu_aZ^Zqb 252 ]

o]

63 ]

85 ]

1. NaOH+ HNO3 → NaNO3 +H2O

252 o  ⋅  o ] =  63 85 mij(NaNO3)= § (NaNO3) ⋅ ml_hj(NaNO3)=0,9 ⋅  ] Hl\_lmij(NaNO3 ] 20 ]

oe

2⋅53,5 ]

2⋅22,4 e

2. 2NH 4 Cl +Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2+ 2NH 3 +2H2O

20 o  ⋅  ⋅  o e =  ⋅  2 ⋅ 53,5 2 ⋅ 22, 4 Vij(NH3)= § (NH3) ⋅ Vl_hj(NH3)=8,37 ⋅  e Hl\_l91+3 e 280 ]

o]

3. CaO +H2O → Ca(OH)2 56 ]

280 o = 56 74

o

§ (Ca(OH)2))=

74 ]

 ⋅  ] 

m ij (Ca(OH)  )

m l_hj (Ca(OH)  )

Hl\_l § (Ca(OH)2))=96,76% 20 ]

=

358 beb  370

20 ]

4. 2NH 4 Cl + CaO → 2NH3+CaCl2+H2O 30

n(NH4Cl)= n(CaO)=

m(CaO) 20 = fhev M(NH 4Cl) 53,5

m(CaO) 20 = fhev M(CaO) 56

Ld&D2gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fih1+4Cl. 20 ]

o]

2⋅53,5 ]

2⋅17 ]

2NH 4 Cl +CaO → 2NH 3 +CaCl+H2O

20 o  ⋅  ⋅ = o ]  ⋅  2 ⋅ 53,5 2 ⋅17 mij(NH3)= § (NH3) ⋅ ml_hj(NH3)=0,98 ⋅  ] Hl\_lmij(NH3 ] 6,4 ]

oe

tR

5. NH 4 NO 2  → N 2 +2H2O 64 ]

22,4 e

6, 4 o  ⋅  = o e  64 22, 4 Vij(N2)= § (N2) ⋅ Vl_hj=0,89 ⋅  e Hl\_lVij(N2 e 56 ]

oe

22,4 e

2⋅22,4 e

6. N 2 +3H2 → 2NH 3

56 o  ⋅  ⋅  = o e  22, 4 2 ⋅ 22, 4 Vij(NH3)= § (NH3) ⋅ Vl_hj(NH3)=0,5 ⋅  e 9  m(NH3)= ⋅ m(NH3)= ⋅  ] 9P  Hl\_lVij(NH3 e m(NH3 ] 107 ]

oe

o

t 7. NH 4 Cl  → NH 3 +HCl

53,5 ]

22,4 e

o  =  

§ (NH3)=

Vij

Vl_hj

o

=

 ⋅  e 

 beb 

Hl\_l § (NH3)=84,8%

31

o d]

200 d]

8. P → H 3 PO 4 31 d]

107 o = 53,5 22, 4

mij(P)=

98 d]

m l_hj η(P)

=

o

⋅  d] 

 ] 

Hl\_lP3 ] 33 ]

oe

132 ]

2⋅22,4 e

9. (NH 4 )2SO4 +Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4+ 2NH 3 +2H2O 33 o  ⋅  ⋅  o e =  132 2 ⋅ 22, 4 Vij= § (NH3) ⋅ Vl_hj(NH3)=11,2 ⋅  e Hl\_l91+3 e o]

4e

10. Cu+ 4HNO3dhgp → Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO 2 +2H2O 64 ]

o  = 64 44,8

mij(Cu)=

m l_hj η(P)

 ⋅  o ] 

=

2⋅22,4 e

 ] 

Hl\_lm(&X ] 30 ]

oe

2⋅53,5 ]

2⋅22,4 e

11. 2NH 4 Cl +Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2+ 2NH 3 ↑ +2H2O 33 o  ⋅  ⋅  o e =  ⋅  132 2 ⋅ 22, 4 Vij(NH3)=Vl_hj ⋅ § (NH3)=12,561 ⋅  e Hl\_l91+3 e 20,2 ]

o]

2⋅101 ]

2⋅63 ]

12. 2KNO3 +H2SO4 → K2SO4+ 2HNO3

20, 2 o  ⋅  ⋅  o ] =  ⋅ 2 ⋅101 2 ⋅ 63 mij(HNO3)=ml_hj ⋅ § (HNO3)=0,98 ⋅  ] Hl\_lm(HNO3 ]

32

40 ]

oe

o

t 13. NH 4 NO3  → N 2 O +2H2O

22,4 e

80 ]

40 o  ⋅  = o e  80 22, 4 Vij(N2O)=Vl_hj ⋅ § (N2O)=11,2 ⋅  e Hl\_l9122 e 80 ]

o]

310 ]

2⋅98 ]

14. Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 +3H2SO4 → 3CaSO4+ 2H 3 PO 4

80 o  ⋅  ⋅  o ] =  310 2 ⋅ 98 mij(H3PO4)= § (H3PO4) ⋅ ml_hj=0,96 ⋅  ] Hl\_lm(H3PO4 ]
JZ[hlZBlh]h\Zyihl_f_,,,

IjbagZdbkjZ\g_gby Z :]j_]Zlgh_ khklhygb_gm [ Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

]Za

:ahl

1) N2+3H2 → 2NH3 2) N2+O2 → 2NO 3) N2+3Ca → Ca3N2 4) 2N2+3Si → Si3N4

\ J_ZdpbhggZy kihkh[ghklbb ^_ckl\b_gZ hj]Zgbafq_eh\_dZ

Obfbq_kdbfZehZdlb\_g mqZkl\m_l\ ijhp_kk_ ^uoZgby

Nhknhj[_euc L\_j^h_\_s_kl\h 1)2P+8H2O → → 2H3PO4+5H2 2) 2P+5O2 → 2P2O5 3) 2P+3Ca → Ca3P2 4) 2P+5Cl2 → 2PCl5 Obfbq_kdb\ukhdhZdlb\_g y^h\bl

5) 2. P  → P2O5 → HPO3 → H3PO4 → Na3PO4  → Ag3PO4 1) 4P+5O2 → 2P2O5 2) P2O5+H2O → 2HPO3 3) HPO3+H2O → H3PO4 4) H3PO4+3NaOH → Na3PO4+3H2O 5) Na3PO4+3AgNO3 → Ag3PO4 ↓ +3NaNO3

1)

2)

3)

4)

33

37 ]

o]

3. Ca(OH)2 +(NH4)2SO4 → 2NH 3 +CaSO4+2H2O 74 ]

37 o = 74 2 ⋅ 17

§ (NH3)=

2⋅17 ]

m ij

m l_hj

 ⋅  ⋅ o ]   = beb 

Hl\_l § (NH3)=88,24%
:ahl 1S22S22P3

+7N

+15P

+7 [ 
Nhknhj[_euc 1s22s22p63s23p3 +15

25 GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gu kh_^bg_gbykh kl_i_gyfbhdbke_gby± 3, 0, +4, +5 H[jZam_lhdkb^u12O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5. GZb[he__mklhcqb\u N22±[_kp\_lguc]Zak ijbylgufaZiZohfb keZ^dh\Zluf\dmkhf 12±[_kp\_lguc]Za [_a\dmkZb aZiZoZ122 ±[mjuc]Za

285 GZb[he__jZkijhkljZg_gu kh_^bg_gbykhkl_i_gyfb hdbke_gby± H[jZam_lhdkb^u32O3 b P2O5. P2O3 ±[_eh_ djbklZeebq_kdh_\_s_kl\h P2O5 ±[_eucihjhrhd

2. N2  → NH3 → NO → NO2 → HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

1) N2+3H2 → 2NH3 Pt

2) 4NH3+5O2 → 4NO+6H2O 3) 2NO+O2 → 2NO2 4) 4NO2+2H2O+O2 → 4HNO3 5) 2HNO3+Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2+2H2O ] o] 3. 2NaNO3+H2SO4 → Na2SO4+2HNO3 2 ⋅ ] 2 ⋅ ] o   ⋅  ⋅  = o ]  ⋅   ⋅   ⋅  mij(HNO3)= § (HNO3) ⋅ ml_hj=12,6 ⋅  ] Hl\_lm(HNO3 ] Pt

34


IjbagZdb kjZ\g_gby Z Kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu [ Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z \ Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

NH3

PH3

H→N←H

H-P-H | H

↑

H =Za[_ap\_lZk j_adbfaZiZohf ;_kp\_lguc]Zak q_kghqguf e_]q_\ha^moZohjhrh aZiZohfly`_e__\ha^moZ jZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ fZehjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_hq_gv y^h\bl 1) NH3+H2O → NH4OH 1) 2PH3+4O2 → P2O5+3H2O 2) 4NH3+3O2 → N2+6H2O 2) PH3+HCl → PH4Cl 3) NH3+HCl → NH4Cl

2. P  → CaP2 → PH3 → P2O5 → HPO3 → H3PO4 1) 2P+3Ca → Ca3P2 2) Ca3P2+6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2+2PH3 3) 2PH3+4O2 → P2O5+3H2O 4) P2O5+H2O → 2HPO3 5) HPO3+H2O → H3PO4 1)

2)

3)

4)

30 ]

oe

2⋅53,5 ]

2⋅22,4 e

5)

3. 2NH 4 Cl +Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2+ 2NH 3 +2H2O

30 o  ⋅  ⋅  o ] =  ⋅  2 ⋅ 53,5 2 ⋅ 22, 4 Vij(NH3)= § (NH3) ⋅ Vl_hj=0,92 ⋅  e Hl\_l91+3 e
H3PO4

;_eh_djbklZeebq_kdh_\_s_kl\h tie=420K 1) 2H3PO4+3Zn → Zn3(PO4)2+3H2 ↑ 2) H2PO4+3NaOH → Na3PO4+3H2O

2) 1) 4) 2. Pb(NO3)2  →NO2  →NH4NO3  →(NH4)2SO4 →NH3  →HNO3 3)

5)

tR

1) 2Pb(NO3)2  → 2PbO+4NO2+O2 35

2) 4NO2+2H2O+O2 → 4HNO3 3) HNO3+NH3 → NH4NO3 4) NH4NO3+NaOH → NH3+H2O+NaNO3 5) 2NH3+H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 62 ]

o]

3. 4P +5O2 → 2P2 O5 4⋅31 ]

62 o = 4 ⋅ 31 2 ⋅142

§ (P2O5)=

m ij

m l_hj

2⋅142 ]

 ⋅  ⋅  ]  ⋅   = beb 

o

Hl\_l § (P2O5)=91,55%

36

L_fZ ,9Ih^]jmiiZm]e_jh^Z JZ[hlZM]e_jh^Hdkb^um]e_jh^Z


1s22s22p2

 *  K

↑↓ ↑↓

↑ ↑

1s 2s 2p ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ I_j_oh^ \hafh`_g ld bf__lky k\h[h^gZy hj[blZev ijb wlhf jZagbpZ\ wg_j]bbf_`^m2s- b p-hj[blZeyfbg_\bebdZ Z CuO+C → Cu+CO [ &&22 → 2CO t0 \ &D&23 → CaO+CO2 ↑ 3. 2CO+O2 → 2CO2 ¹ (CO)=100%-5%=95% V(CO)=V]ZaZ ⋅ ¹ (CO)=20 ⋅  e e oe 2CO + O2 → 2CO2 2 ⋅ e e  o  ⋅  = o e  ⋅    Hl\_l922 e
1

3

[ &+2  → CH4 \ &22 → CO2 3. CaCO3+2HNO3 → Ka(NO3)2+H2O+CO2 ¹ (CaCO3)=100%-8%=92% m(CaCO3)=0,92 ⋅  ] tR

37

55,2 ]

oe

100 ]

22,4 e

CaCO3 +2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2+H2O+ CO 2

55, 2 o  ⋅  o e =  100 22, 4 Hl\_l9&22 e _khj[pby²ijhp_kk\u^_e_gby\_s_kl\Zk _]hih\_joghklb :^khj[pbhggZykihkh[ghklv^j_\_kgh]hm]eyijbf_gy_lky\ f_^bpbg_ijbhljZ\e_gbyo^eyih]ehs_gbyy^h\ Z &222 → 2CO2 [ &6 → CS2 \ &D&23+2HCl → CaCl2+H2O+CO2 tR

3. CaCO3  → CaO+CO2 ¹ (CaCO3)=100%-10%=90% m(CaCO3)=0,9 ⋅  ] ] oe 450 ]

oe

100 ]

22,4 e

CaCO3 → CaO+ CO 2 450 o = 100 22, 4

o

 ⋅  e 

38

Hl\_l9&22 e

JZ[hlZM]hevgZydbkehlZb __kheb


1. CaCO3  → CO2 → CaCO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCl2 1)

2)

3)

4)

tR

1) CaCO3  → CaO+CO2 2) CO2+Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3+H2O 3) CaCO3+H2O+CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 4) Ca(HCO3)2+2HCl → CaCl2+2H2O+2CO2 Kh^_j`bfh_ijh[bjhdfh`ghjZkihagZlvijbihfhsbjZkl\hjZ AgNO3. AgNO3+KCl → AgCl ↓ +KNO3 [_euc

2AgNO3+K2CO3 → Ag 2 CO3

k\_leh`_eluc

↓ +2KNO3

3AgNO3+K3PO4 → Ag3 PO 4 ↓ +3KNO3 `_eluc

3. CO2+H2O → H2CO3 H[jZamxsZykydbkehlZhdjZrb\Z_leZdfmk\ djZkgucp\_lijb gZ]j_\ZgbbdbkehlZjZaeZ]Z_lkyihwlhfmeZdfmk\gh\vklZgh\blky nbhe_lh\uf H2CO3 → H2O+CO2 ↑
2)

3)

4)

1. Ca(HCO3)2  → CaCO3 → CO2 → Na2CO3 → H2CO3 1)

2)

3)

4)

R

1) Ca(HCO3)2  → CaCO3+H2O+CO2 t

39

2) CaCO3+2HCl → CaCl2+H2O+CO2 3) CO2+2NaOH → Na2CO3+H2O 4) Na2CO3+2HCl → 2NaCl+H2CO3 tR

2. CaCO3  → CaO+CO2 CO2+KOH → KHCO3 tR

2KHCO3  → K2CO3+H2O+CO2 Khebm]hevghcdbkehlufh`ghhlebqblvijbihfhsbj_Zdpbbk kbevghcdbkehlhcijbwlhf[m^_l\u^_eylvkym]e_dbkeuc]Za
2)

3)

4)

JZ[hlZDj_fgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby


[

\

2. SiO2 → Si → SiO2 → Na2SiO3

→ Si+CO2 Z 6L22+C  [ 6L22 → SiO2 \ 6L22+2NaOH → Na2SiO3+H2O 3. Mg2Si+4HCl → 2MgCl2+SiH4 ¹ (Mg2Si)=100%-5%=95% m(Mg2Si)=0,95 ⋅  ] tR

152 ]

o]

76 ]

32 ]

Mg 2Si +4HCl → 2MgCl2+ SiH 4

152 o  ⋅  o ] =  76 32 Hl\_lm(SiH4 ] 40


[

\

2. NaOH → Na2SiO3 → H2SiO3 → SiO2 Z 1D2+6L22 → Na2SiO3+H2O [ 1D2SiO3+2HCl → 2NaCl+H2SiO3 ↓ \ +2SiO3 → H2O+SiO2 3. SiO2+C → CO2+Si ¹ (SiO2)=100%-10%=90% m(SiO2)=0,9 ⋅  ] 36 ]

o]

SiO 2 +C → CO2+ Si

28 ]

60 ]

36 o  ⋅  o ] =  60 28 Hl\_lm(6L ]
Z

\

2. Si → Mg2Si  → SiH4 → SiO2 +HCl

→ Mg2Si Z 6L0J  [ 0J2Si+4HCl → 2MgCl2+SiH4 \ 6L+4+2O2 → SiO2+2H2O tR

t0

3. 2NaOH+SiO2 → Na2SiO3+H2O ¹ (SiO2)=100%-10%=90% m(SiO2)=50 ⋅  ] 45 ]

tR

o]

2NaOH+ SiO 2  → Na 2SiO3 +H2O 60 ]

122 ]

45 o  ⋅ = o ]  60 122 Hl\_lm(Na2SiO3 ]
Z

[

\

2. Si → SiO2 → K2SiO3 → H2SiO3 Z 6L22 → SiO2 [ 6L22+2KOH → K2SiO3+H2O \ .2SiO3+2HCl → 2KCl+H2SiO3 ↓ 3. 2Mg+Si → Mg2Si ¹ (Si)=100%-5%=95% m(Si)=0,95 ⋅  ] o]

57 ]

2Mg+ Si → Mg 2Si 28 ]

76 ]

57 o  ⋅  o ] =  28 76 Hl\_lm(Mg26L ]

JZ[hlZ
1. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 10% = 90% m(CaCO3) = 600 ⋅ 0,9 = 540 ] 540 ]

o]

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 100 ]

56 ]

540 x = 100 56 540 ⋅ 56 x= = 302,4 ] 100

Hl\_lm(CaO) = 302,4 ] 2. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 20% = 80% m(CaCO3) = 200 ⋅ 0,8 = 160 ] 160 ]

oe

100 ]

22,4 e

CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2 160 x = 100 22,4 160 ⋅ 22,4 x= = 35,84 e 100

Hl\_l9&22) = 35,84 e 3. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 42

ω(N2) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(N2) = 50 ⋅ 0,95 = 47,5 ] 47,5 ]

o]

28 ]

2⋅17 ]

N 2 + 3H2 → 2NH 3

47,5 x = 28 2 ⋅ 17 47,5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 17 o ] 28

η(NH3) =

m ij

m l_hj

=

8 = 0,139 beb 57, 7

Hl\_lη(NH3) = 13,9%. t0

4. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 6% = 94% m(CaCO3) = 0,94 ⋅ 400 = 376 d] 376 d]

o d]

t0

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 100 d]

56 d]

376 x = 100 56 56 ⋅ 376 o d] 100

Hl\_lm(CaO) = 210,56 d] 5. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 8% = 92% m(CaCO3) = 0,92 ⋅ 500 = 460 d] 460 d]

o d]

of 3

CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2 100 d]

56 d]

22,4 f3

460 x = 100 56 460 ⋅ 56 o d] 100 460 x = 100 22,4 460 ⋅ 22,4 o f3 100

Hl\_lm(CaO) = 257,6 d]V(CO2) = 103 f3. 6. 43

o]

2,24 e

106 ]

22,4 e

Na 2 CO3 + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO 2 x 2,24 = 106 22,4 106 ⋅ 2,24 o ] 22,4 10,6 ω(Na2CO3) = = 0,9815 beb 10,8

ωijbf = 100% – 98,15% = 1,85% Hl\_lωijbf = 1,85%. 7. C + O2 → CO2 ω(C) = 100% – 8% = 92% m(C) = 500 ⋅ 0,92 = 460 ] 460 ]

oe

C + O2 → CO 2

12 ]

22,4 e

460 x = 12 22,4 460 ⋅ 22,4 o e 12

Hl\_lV(CO2) = 859 e 8. o]

336 e

C + O2 → CO 2

12 ]

22,4 e

x 336 = 12 22,4 12 ⋅ 336 o ] 22,4 180 ωK  beb 187,5

Hl\_lωK   9. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(CaCO3) = 0,95 ⋅ 600 = 570 ] 570 n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = = 5,7 fhev 100 V(CO2) = n ⋅ Vm = 5,7 ⋅ 22,4 = 127,7 e Hl\_ln(CO2) = 5,7 fhevV(CO2) = 127,7 e 44

10.

oe

3 d]

22,4 e

100 d]

Ca(OH)2 + CO 2 → CaCO3 + H2O x 3 = 22,4 100 3 ⋅ 22,4 o e 100 0,672 ωKH2) = beb 2000

Hl\_lωKH2) = 0,0336%. t0

11. BaCO3 → BaO + CO2 ω(BaCO3) = 100% – 3% = 97% m(BaCO3) = 0,97 ⋅ 80 = 77,6 ] t0

BaCO3 → BaO + CO2 77,6 n(BaCO3) = n(BaO) = = 0,394 fhev 197 m(BaO) = n ⋅ M(BaO) = 0,394 ⋅ 153 = 60,3 ] Hl\_l n(BaO) = 0,394 fhevm(BaO) = 60,3 ] 12. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 m(CaCO3) = 0,95 ⋅ 60 = 57 ] 57 n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = = 0,57 fhev 100 V(CO2) = n ⋅ Vm = 0,57 ⋅ 22,4 = 12,8 e Hl\_ln(CO2) = 0,57 fhevV(CO2) = 12,8 e 13. o d]

22 e

100 d]

44 e

CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2 x 22 = 100 44 22 ⋅ 100 o ] 44 50 ω(CaCO3) = = 0,926 beb 54

Hl\_lω(CaCO3) = 92,6%. 14. SiO2 + C → CO2 + Si ω(SiO2) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(SiO2) = 60 ⋅ 0,95 = 57 ]

45

57 ]

o]

SiO 2 + C → CO2 + Si

28 ]

60 ]

57 x = 60 28 57 ⋅ 28 o ] 60

Hl\_lm(Si) = 26,6 ]

JZ[hlZBlh]h\Zyihl_f_IV


CO2 ijbagZdbkjZ\g_gby Z KhklZ\kljh_gb_ H K H DjbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZ fhe_dmeyjgZy [ Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zgm

=Za[_ap\_lZ[_aaZiZoZ

\ Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

KO2 +2NaOH→Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + CaO → CaCO3 CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

SiO2 O=Si=O DjbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZZlhfgZy kms_kl\m_l\ \b^_ djbklZeeh\ L\_j^h_\_s_kl\h l_fgh]hp\_lZ tie = 1713 ƒK SiO2 + 2NaOH → → Na2SiO3 + H2O SiO2 + CaO →CaSiO3 SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 + + 2H2O

>eyhqbkldbKHhlijbf_k_cKH2 fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvCa(OH)2 — ba\_kldh\mx\h^mb NaOH — ]b^jhdkb^gZljby Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O → CaCO3 → CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CO2 3. Na2CO3  1) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2NaOH 1)

2)

3)

4)

t0

2) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 3) 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(HCO3)2 4) Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O t0

4. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 6% = 94% m(CaCO3) = 400 ⋅ 0,94 = 376 ] 46

376 d]

oe

0

t CaCO3 → CaO + CO 2

22,4 e

100 d]

376 x = 100 22,4 376 ⋅ 22,4 o e 100

Hl\_lV(CO2) = 84,2 e
H2CO3

+²2

& 2

+²2

H2SiO3 6L

2

+² 2 +² 2 +² 2

²2²6L²2²6L²2²6L²2² +² 2 +² 2 +² 2

y\ey_lkyihebf_jhf Kms_kl\m_l\ \b^_ihebf_jguo p_i_cdheehb^gucjZkl\hj

[ Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

Kms_kl\m_llhevdh\ jZkl\hj_[_kp\_lguc jZkl\hj[_aaZiZoZ H2SiO3 + 2NaOH → Na2SiO3 + 2H2O H2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O

\ Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

0

t H2SiO3  → H2O + SiO2 t0

H2CO3 → H2O + CO2

2. Ca(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → CaCO3↓ + 2KNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + MgSO4 → CaSO4↓ + Mg(NO3)2 HkZ^hdij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hckf_kvCaCO3 b CaSO4. 3. CO2  → Na2CO3 → NaHCO3 → CO2 → CaCO3 1) CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O 2) Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 → 2NaHCO3 1)

2)

3)

4)

t0

3) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 4) CO2 + CaO → CaCO3 4. SiO2 + 2Mg → Si + 2MgO ω(SiO2) = 100% – 3% = 97% m(SiO2) = 30 ⋅ 0,97 = 29,1 ] 29,1 ]

o]

SiO 2 + 2Mg → Si + 2MgO 60 ]

28 ]

47

29,1 x = 60 28 29,1 ⋅ 28 o ] 60

Hl\_lm(Si) = 13,6 ]
ijbagZdbkjZ\g_gby =jZnbl Z KhklZ\b :lhfum]e_jh^Z kljh_gb_ gZoh^ylky\ khklhygbb sp2-]b[jb^baZpbb ZlhfZkh_^bgyxlky^jm]k ^jm]hfZ c hklZ_lky k\h[h^gufZlhfu jZkiheh`_gukehyfb [ Nbabq_kdb_ L\_j^h_lm]hieZ\dh_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\hk_jh]hp\_lZ `bjgh_gZhsmiv we_dljhijh\h^_g \ Obfbq_kdb_ C + O2 → CO2 k\hckl\Z C + 2H2 → CH4 C + 2F2 → CF4 2C + Ca → CaC2 C + CuO → Cu + CO

DjbklZeebq_kdbcdj_fgbc KlmdlmjZZgZeh]bqgZkljmdlmj_ ZefZaZZlhfgZydjbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZZlhfudj_fgby\ khklhygbbsp3-]b[jb^baZpbb y\ey_lkyihemijh\h^gbdhf L\_j^h_l_fghk_jh_\_s_kl\hk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf tie = 1420 ƒK Si + O2 → SiO2 Si + 2F2 → SiF4 Si + 2Mg → Mg2Si Si+2NaOH+H2O→Na2SiO3 + 2H2

2. Na2CO3 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaCO3↓ Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl BaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 + CO2↑ + H2O BaSO4 + 2HNO3 → / 3. CO2  → CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 → CO2 1) CO2 + CaO → CaCO3 2) CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 1)

2)

3)

4)

t0

3) Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 4) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 4. CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 3% = 97% m(CaCO3) = 20 ⋅ 0,97 = 19,4 ] 19,4 ]

oe

100 d]

22,4 e

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO 2 19,4 x = 100 22,4

48

o

19,4 ⋅ 22,4 e 100

Hl\_lV(CO2) = 4,35 e
ijbagZdbkjZ\g_gby KH KH2 Nbabq_kdb_ =Za[_ap\_lZ[_aaZiZoZ =Za[_ap\_lZ[_aaZiZoZ k\hckl\Z k ijbf_kyfbbf__l fZehjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ly`_e__ oZjZdl_jgucaZiZo \ha^moZ y^h\ble_]q_\ha^moZ Obfbq_kdb_ CO2 + H2O - H2CO3 CuO+CO→Cu+ CO2 k\hckl\Z 2CO + O2 → 2CO2 CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + CaO → CaCO3

2. Kh^_j`bfh_dZ`^hcijh[bjdbfh`ghhij_^_eblvijbihfhsb jZkl\hjZHCl. Na2SiO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2SiO3↓ Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑ Na2SO4 + 2HCl → / → K2SiO → H2SiO3 → SiO2 → Si 3. SiO2  1) SiO2 + 2KOH → K2SiO3 + H2O 2) K2SiO3 + 2HCl → 2KCl + H2SiO3↓ 1)

2)

3)

4)

t0

3) H2SiO3 → H2O + SiO2 4) SiO2 + C → Si + CO2 4. Si + O2 → SiO2 ω(Si) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(Si) = 0,95 ⋅ 60 = 57 ] 57 ]

o]

Si + O2 → SiO 2

28 ]

60 ]

57 x = 28 60 57 ⋅ 60 o ] 28

Hl\_lm(SiO2) = 122,14 ]

49

L_fZVH[sb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\ JZ[hlZKihkh[uihemq_gbyf_lZeeh\


C0

hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\bl_ev -2 Cu +1 C0 → 2 O + hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\bl_ev

→2Cu0 + C+2O–2 Cu0 + C+2O–2

2. 3MnO2 + 4Al → 2Al2O3 + 3Mn ω(MnO2) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(MnO2) = 90 ⋅ 0,95 = 85,5 ] 85,5 ]

o]

3MnO 2 + 4Al → 2Al2O3 + 3Mn 3⋅55 ]

3⋅87 ]

85,5 x = 3 ⋅ 87 3 ⋅ 55 85,5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 55 o ] 3 ⋅ 87

Hl\_lm(Mn) = 54,05 ]
\hkklZgh\bl_ev o]

2. Fe 2 O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 160 ]

2⋅56 ]

960 x = 160 2 ⋅ 56 960 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 56 o ] 160

mij = η(Fe) ⋅ ml_hj = 0,9 ⋅  ] Hl\_lm(Fe) = 604,8 ]
[  Cu +2 O -2 + hdbkebl_ev o]

\hkklZgh\bl_ev

C +2 O-2

\hkklZgh\bl_ev

→ Cu0 + C+4O2–2 52 ]

2. Cr2 O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr 152 ]

2⋅52 ]

50

x 52 = 152 2 ⋅ 52 152 ⋅ 52 o ] 2 ⋅ 52

ω(Cr2O3) = 100% – 10% = 90% mij 76 ml_hjKr2O3) = = 84,4 ] = ω(Cr2 O3 ) 0,9 Hl\_lm(Cr2O3) = 84,4 ]
\hkklZgh\bl_ev o]

2. CuO + C → Cu + CO 80 ]

64 ]

160 x = 80 64 64 ⋅ 160 o ] 80

mij(Cu) = ml_hj(Cu) ⋅ η(Cu) = 0,85 ⋅ 128 = 108,8 ] Hl\_lm(Cu) = 108,8 ]

JZ[hlZObfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\


2Na + S → Na2S [ Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2↑ \ 2Al + 3Br2 → 2AlBr3 2. [ Zn + Hg(NO3)2 → Hg↓ + Zn(NO3)2 Zn + Hg2+ → Zn2+ + Hg \ Mg + Pb(NO3)2 → Mg(NO3)2 + Pb↓ Mg + Pb2+ → Pb + Mg2+
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

→ 2FeCl3 [ 2Fe + 3Cl2  \ Ba + 2H2O → Ba(OH)2 + H2 2. Z Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag↓ Cu + 2Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2Ag↓ [ Fe + Hg(NO3)2 → Fe(NO3)2 + Hg↓ Fe + Hg2+ → Fe2+ + Hg↓
2Al + 3I2 → 2AlI3 [ Cu + S → CuS \ 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 2. Z Fe + CuCl2 → Cu↓ + FeCl2 Fe + Cu2+ → Cu↓ + Fe2+ \ 2Al + 3Pb(NO3)2 → 3Pb↓ + 2Al(NO3)3 2Al + 3Pb2+ → 3Pb↓ + 2Al+3
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 [ 2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO \ Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2 2. Z Mg + Hg(NO3)2 → Hg↓ + Mg(NO3)2 Mg + Hg2+ → Hg↓ + MgNO3)2 \ Zn + FeSO4 → Fe + ZnSO4 Zn + Fe2+ → Fe + Zn2+
JZ[hlZWe_dljhebaDhjjhabyf_lZeeh\

Z  A 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl20 ( +)

( −)

K K+ + 1e– → K0 we a

− 2KClj\  → 2K + Cl2

52

[ A 2Br– – 2e– → Br20 ( +)

( −)

K Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn0

2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– we a

− ZnBr2 + H2O  → Zn + Br2↓ + Zn(OH)2 + H2↑ 2. Dhjjhaby²kZfhijhba\hevgucijhp_kkjZajmr_gbyf_lZeeZih^ \ha^_ckl\b_fhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u AZf_^e_gbxdhjjhabbkihkh[kl\m_l Z s_ehqghklvkj_^u [ ihgb`_gb_l_fi_jZlmju \ ihdjulb_aZsblgufbkehyfb JZajmrblkydjurdZld`_e_ah[he__Zdlb\gucf_lZee
Z  A 2I– – 2e– → I20 ( +)

( −)

K 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– we a

− 2NaI + 2H2O  → I2↓ + H2↑ + 2NaOH

[ A 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl20 ( +)

( −)

K Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu0 we a

− CuCl2 jj  → Cu + Cl2 2. JZaebqZxlZ Obfbq_kdmxdhjjhabx²\ hkgh\_e_`bl obfbq_kdh_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_[ We_dljhobfbq_kdmxdhjjhabx² gZjy^mk obfbq_kdbfijhp_kkhfgZ[ex^Zxlkywe_dljbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku Ld\hagbdZ_l]Zev\Zgbq_kdbcwe_f_glFe-Sn b ijhl_dZ_lijhp_kk dhjjhabb
Z  A 2Br– – 2e– → Br20 ( +)

( −)

K 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– we a

− 2KBr + 2H2O  → Br2↓ + H2↑ + 2KOH

[ A 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl20 ( +)

( −)

K Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca0 we a

− CaCl2 j\  → Ca + Cl2 2. Mkbe_gbxdhjjhabbkihkh[kl\mxl Z Ih\ur_gb_dbkehlghklbkj_^u

53

[ Ih\ur_gb_l_fi_jZlmju \ DhglZdlk f_lZeehf :exfbgbcb pbgdjZajmrZlky[uklj__ldwlh[he__Zdlb\gu_ f_lZeeu
( −)

K Na+ + 1e– → Na

2

we − a

2NaCl  → 2Na + Cl2 [ A 2Br– – 2e– → Br20 ( +)

( −)

K Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe0 we a

− FeBr2 j\  → Fe + Br2 2. 1) GZg_k_gb_aZsblguoihdjulbc  bkihevah\Zgb_Zahlghcdbkehlu PbgdjZajmrZ_lky[uklj__ihlhfmqlhhg[he__Zdlb\guc f_lZeeq_f`_e_ah

JZ[hlZS_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu


[

\

1. Ca → CaO → CaCO3 → Ca(NO3)2 Z 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO [ CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 \ CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2↑ 2. S_ehqgu_f_lZeeuijhy\eyxl\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z 2Li0 + Cl20 → 2Li+1Cl–1 Li0 – 1e– → Li+1 \hkklZgh\bl_ev Ca0 + S0 → Ca+2S–2 Ca0 – 2e– → Ca+2 \hkklZgh\bl_ev 20 ]

25 ]

3. KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O m( KOH ) 20 = n(KOH) = = 0,357 fhev M ( KOH ) 56 m( HNO3 ) 25 = n(HNO3) = = 0,397 fhev M ( HNO3 ) 63 LdHNO3 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_lhjZkq_l\_^_fihKOH. 20 ]

o]

KOH + HNO3 → KNO3 + H2O 56 ]

101 ]

54

20 x = 56 101 20 ⋅ 101 x= = 36,1 ] 56

Hl\_lm(KNO3) = 36,1 ]
3. CaCO3  → CaO + CO2 ω(CaCO3) = 100 – 8% = 92% m(CaCO3) = 1000 ⋅ 0,92 = 920 ] 920 ]

o]

tR

CaCO3  → CaO + CO2 100 ]

56 ]

920 x = 100 56 920 ⋅ 56 x= = 515,2 ] 100

Hl\_lm(CaO) = 515,2 ]
[

\

1. Na → NaOH → NaHCO3 → Na2SO4 Z 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 [ NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3 \ 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2↑ 2. @_kldhklv\h^u²kh\hdmighklvk\hckl\h[mkeh\e_gguo gZebqb_f\ \h^_bhgh\Mg2+ b Ca2+; kmffZjgh_kh^_j`Zgb_wlbo bhgh\gZau\Z_lkyh[s_c`_kldhklvxJZaebqZxldZj[hgZlgmxb g_dZj[hgZlgmx`_kldhklv tR

Ca(HCO3)2  → CaCO3↓ + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3↓ + 2H2O 11,5 ]

78 ]

3. 2Na + 2H 2 O → 2NaOH + H2↑ P 1D  = n(Na) = = 0,5 fhev 0  1D  55

n(H2O) =

P + 2  = = 4,33 fhev 0  + 2 

LdG2H gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihNa. 11,5 ]

o]

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑ 2⋅23 ]

2⋅40 ]

 [ =   ⋅   ⋅  ⋅  x= = 20 ]  ⋅ 

Hl\_lm(NaOH) = 20 ]
3e

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H 2 ↑ 2⋅23 ]

22,4 e

[  =  ⋅  

 ⋅  ⋅  = ]   beb ηG2) = 

x=

Hl\_lηG2) = 89,3%.

JZ[hlZ:exfbgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby


2. Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 Al(OH)3 Z Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O [ AlCl3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl

Al2O3

56

t° Al2O3 + 3H2O \ 2Al(OH)3 3. :exfbgbc²k_j_[jbklh[_eucf_lZeee_]dbchq_gvfy]dbc
\hkklZgh\bl_ev

Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4↓ Al(OH)3 + NaOH → Na[Al(OH)4] 4Al + 3O 2 →2Al2O3 \hkklZgh\bl_ev

hdbkebl_ev

2. Al(NO3)3 → Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaNO3 Al2O3 → Al2(SO4)3 Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O Al → AlCl3 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3 3. :exfbgbcijbf_gy_lky\ kZfhe_lhkljh_gbb^eyba]hlh\e_gby ijh\h^h\\ f_lZeemj]bbijbwlhfbkihevamxlky_]he_]dhklv \ukhdZywe_dljhijh\h^ghklvb \hkklZgh\bl_evgZykihkh[ghklv
[

\

2. Al → Al2O3 → Al2(SO4)3 → Al(OH)3 Z 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 [ Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O \ Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH → 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3Na2SO4 3. :exfbgbch[jZam_lijhqgmxhdkb^gmxie_gdmgZk\h_c ih\_joghklbihwlhfmhgg_hdbkey_lky^Ze__
JZ[hlZ Blh]h\Zyihl_f_V


2. A 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl20 ( −)

K Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe0

2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– we a

− FeCl2 + H2O  → Cl2 + Fe + H2 + Fe(OH)2

1)

3. Al 4)

Al2O3

2)

Al(NO3)3

3)

Al(OH)3

5)

Al(OH)3 AlCl3 1) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 2) Al2O3 + 6HNO3 → 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O 3) Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3 4) 2Al + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑ 5) Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O 4. :exfbgbc²kZfucjZkijhkljZg_ggucf_lZeeb hlghkbl_evgh obfbq_kdbbg_jl_gaZkq_lh[jZam_fhchdkb^ghcie_gdb :exfhl_jfby²kihkh[\hkklZgh\e_gbyf_lZeeh\babohdkb^h\ ijbf_gyxl\ f_lZeemj]bb 5. 140 ]

o]

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 56 ]

74 ]

 [ =    ⋅ x= = ]   η(Ca(OH)2) = = 0,984 beb 

Hl\_lη(Ca(OH)2) = 98,4%.
2. A 2Cl– – 2e– → Cl20 58

( −)

K Na+ + 1e– → Na0 we a

− 2NaClj\  → 2Na + Cl2 5) 2) 1) 3) 4) 3. Ca  → CaCl2 → CaO → Ca(OH)2  →CaCO →Ca(HCO3)2  1) 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO 2) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 3) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3↓ + H2O 4) CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 5) Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2↑ 4. DZevpbc²hq_gvfy]dbcb j_Zdpbhgghkihkh[gucf_lZee 5. Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH ω(Na2CO3) = 100% – 5% = 95% m(Na2CO3) = 80 ⋅ 0,95 = 76 ]

76 ]

o]

106 ]

100 ]

Ca(OH)2 + Na 2 CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2NaOH  [ =    ⋅ x= = 71,7 ] 

Hl\_lm(CaCO3) = 71,7 ]
2Al(OH)3  → Al2O3 + 3H2O ( +)

2. A 2I– – 2e– → I20 ( −)

K K+ + 1e– → K we a

− 2KIj\  → 2K + I2 5) 2) 4) 1) 3. CaCl2 → CaCO3  →Ca(HCO3)2 3) →CaCO3  →Ca(NO3)2  →CaCO3 1) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl 2) CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2 tR

3) Ca(HCO3)2  → CaCO3↓ + CO2 + H2O 4) CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 5) Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaNO3 4. @_kldhklvh[mkeh\e_gZkh^_j`Zgb_f\ \h^_bhgh\Mg2+ b &D2+. tR

Ca(HCO3)2  → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2↑ Ijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_gZdbibb aZkhj_gb_dhleZ 59

5. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2↑ ω(CaCO3) = 100% – 20% = 80% m(CaCO3) = 500 ⋅ 0,8 = 400 ] o]

400 ]

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2↑ 56 ]

100 ]

 [ =    ⋅  x= = 224 ] 

Hl\_l]
2. A 2Br– – 2e– → Br20 ( −)

K Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu0 we a

− CuBr2 jj  → Cu + Br2 3.

1

Al2O3

2

Al2(SO4)3

3

Al 4

AlCl3

5

Al(OH)3

1) 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 2) Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O 3) Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 4) 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 5) AlCl3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl 4. < ijbjh^_Zexfbgbc\klj_qZ_lky\ \b^_Al2O3 \ khklZ\_]ebgu [hdkblh\g_n_ebgZb qbklh]hdhjmg^Z 3,15 ]

o]

2⋅63 ]

164 ]

5. Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3 ) 2 + 2H2O  [ =  ⋅    ⋅ x= = 4,1  ⋅ 

60

mij(HNO3) = η(HNO3) ⋅ ml_hj = 4,1 ⋅  ] Hl\_lm(HNO3)2 = 4,02 ]

61

L_fZVI@_e_ahF_lZeemj]by JZ[hlZ@_e_ahb _]hkh_^bg_gby


2Fe + 3Cl2  → 2FeCl3 oehjb^`_e_aZIII) tR

Fe + S  → FeS kmevnb^`_e_aZ(II) 2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3 [jhfb^`_e_aZ(III) 2. +26Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 tR



 

 

< kh_^bg_gbyo`_e_ahijhy\ey_lkl_i_gbhdbke_gby 3. 3Fe2+ + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] → Fe3 [Fe(CN)6 ]2 ↓ + 6K+ l_fghkbgbc

4Fe3+ + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ↓ + 12K+ 32 ]

28 ]

[bjxah\uc

4. CuSO 4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu  n(Fe) = = 0,5 fhev   n(CuSO4) = = 0,2 fhev  LdCuSO4 gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_jZkq_l\_^_fihg_fm 32 ]

o]

CuSO 4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu 160 ]

 [ =    ⋅  x= = 12,8 ] 

64 ]

Hl\_lm(Cu) = 12,8 ]
2)

3)

4)

tR

2) 2Fe(OH)3  → Fe2O3 + 3H2O 3) Fe2O3 + 3H2 → 2Fe + 3H2O 62

4) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2↑ 2. Kh_^bg_gby`_e_aZkhkl_i_gvxhdbke_gbyijhy\eyxl \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zijbwlhfhdbkeyykv^hkl_i_gb hdbke_gbyldboZlhfijbwlhfi_j_oh^bl\ [he__mklhcqb\mx nhjfm< g_dhlhjuokemqZyowlbkh_^bg_gbyfh]mlijhy\eylv hdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zdh]^Zbagbo\ul_kgy_lkyf_lZeebq_kdh_ `_e_ah 3. Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2↑ FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4Fe(OH)3 112 ]

oe

4. Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H 2 56 ]

 [ =    ⋅  x= = 44,8 e 

22,4 e

VijG2) = ηG2) ⋅ Vl_hj = 0,98 ⋅  e Hl\_lV(H2) = 43,9 e
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO 4 ↓ + 2NaCl [_euc

< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_[m^_lNaCl. 4. 2HCl + FeCO3 → FeCl2 + H2O + CO2 m(FeCO3) = 0,8 ⋅ 50 = 40 ] 40 ]

oe

116 ]

22,4 e

2HCl + FeCO3 → FeCl2 + H2O + CO 2  [ =  

63

x=

 ⋅  = 7,72 e 

Hl\_lV(CO2)=7e
7]

2)

3)

4)

18 ]

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

P )H  = = 0,125 fhev 0  )H  P&O   n(Cl2) = = = 0,253 fhev 0 &O  

n(Fe) =

LdCl2 gZoh^blky\ ba[uld_jZkq_l\_^_fihFe. 7]

o]

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

2⋅56 ]

2⋅162,5 ]

 [ =  ⋅   ⋅  ⋅  ⋅  x= = 20,31 ]  ⋅ 

Hl\_lm(FeCl3) = 20,31 ]

JZ[hlZKihkh[uijhfure_ggh]hihemq_gbyf_lZeeh\


3) CaCO3  → CaO + CO2

3) reZdhh[jZah\Zgb_

64

CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 3CaO + P2O5 → Ca3(PO4)2 MnO + SiO2 → MnSiO3 2. o]

0,1 ]

C + O2 → CO 2

12 ]

44 ]

[  =    ⋅  x= = 0,0273 ]  P&  = ωK  beb Pkl 

Hl\_lωK  
o]

2Al 2 O3 → 4Al + 3O2 2⋅102 ]

4⋅27 ]

 [ =  ⋅   ⋅   ⋅  ⋅  x= = 26,36 l  ⋅

Hl\_lm(Al) = 26,36 l
→ 2NaAlO2 + CO2 \ Al2O3 + Na2CO3  2NaAlO2 + CO2 + 3H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 2Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3H2O tR

65

we a

− 2Al2O3  → 4Al + 3O2 :exfbgbcijbf_gy_lky\ kZfhe_lhkljh_gbbf_lZeemj]bbb ^ey ba]hlh\e_gbyijh\h^h\ 2. o]

1,96 e

Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H 2

56 ]

22,4 e

[  =    ⋅ x= = 4,9 ]   ω(Fe) = = 0,98 beb 

Hl\_lω(Fe) = 98%.
66

AZ^Zqbk ijhba\h^kl\_ggufb f_`ij_^f_lguf kh^_j`Zgb_f G_f_lZeeu R

1. SiO2 + 2C  → Si + 2CO m(C) = 80 ⋅ 0,92 ] d] t

o d]

73,6 d]

tR

SiO 2 + 2C  → Si + 2CO 60 d]

2⋅12 d]

[  =   ⋅   ⋅  x= = 184 d]  ⋅ 

Hl\_lm(SiO2) = 184 d] o d]

R

m f3

248 d]

t 2. 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 10C + 6SiO2  → 6CaSiO3 + 10CO2 + P4 120 d]

224 f

124 d]

x 248 = 120 124 120 ⋅ 248 = 240 d]K o 124

m  = 224 124 224 ⋅ 248 m f3 KH 124 mij (C) 240 ml_hjK  = d] ω(C) 0,9 Hl\_lm(C) = 266,7 d]V(CO) = 448 f3. o d]

3. P4

124 d]

400 d]

+ 5O2 + 6H2O → 4H 3 PO 4 4⋅98 d]

x 400 = 124 4 ⋅ 98 124 ⋅ 400 x= = 126,5 d] 4 ⋅ 98

ml_hjJ 

mij (P)

η(H3 PO4 )

=

126,5 d] 0,8 67

Hl\_lm(P) = 158,2 d] 120 d]

tR

o d]

4. Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 3H2SO4  → 3CaSO4 + 2H 3 PO 4 310 d]

2⋅98 d]

m(Ca3(PO4)2) = 0,6 ⋅ 200 = 120 d] 120 x = 310 2 ⋅ 98 120 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 98 o d] 310 mij(H3PO4) = ml_hj ⋅ η(H3PO4) = 0,8 ⋅ 75,87 = 60,7 d] Hl\_lm(H3PO4) = 60,7 d] 5. SO2 + NO2 + H2O = H2SO4 + NO mjjZ = ρ ⋅ V = 1,66 ⋅ 100 = 166 d] m(H2SO4) = ω ⋅ mjjZ = 166 ⋅  d] o d]

m d]

122,84 d]

SO 2 + NO2 + H 2 O = H 2SO 4 + NO 64 d]

18 d]

98 d]

x 122,84 = 64 98 64 ⋅ 122,84 o d](SO2) 98

m  = 18 98 18 ⋅ 122,84 = 22,6 d]G2H m 98 Hl\_lm(SO2) = 80,22 d]m(H2O) = 22,6 d] 6. ∆ωJ  ±  2,13% ωG2H  beb 2,51% Hl\_lωG2H   7. mgZ^a=5 mih^a mh[s= mgZ^a+mih^a=6 mih^a mgZ^aG2H  ωgZ^aÂmih^a=0,88 mgZ^a=4,4 mih^a mih^aG2H  ωih^aÂmih^a=0,8 mih^a mh[s=4,4 mih^a+0,8 mih^a=5,2 mih^a mh[s (G  H  P ih^a mh[sG2H = = 0,867 = 86,7% m h[s 6m ih^a Hl\_l

68

F_lZeeu

o d]

10 d]

1. Ca(OH)2 + Na 2 CO3 → 2NaOH + CaCO3↓ 2⋅40 d]

106 d]

x 10 = 106 2 ⋅ 40 106 ⋅ 10 o d] 2 ⋅ 40

ω(Na2CO3) = 100% – 2% = 98% m( Na 2CO 3 ) 13,25 = mkh^u = d] ω ( Na 2CO 3 ) 0,98 Hl\_lmkh^u d] 2. HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2 ω(HgS) = 100% – 10% = 90% m(HgS) = 0,9 ⋅ 600 = 540 d] 540 d]

o d]

233 d]

201 d]

HgS + O2 → Hg + SO 2

540 x = 233 201 540 ⋅ 201 o d] 233

Hl\_lm(Hg) = 465,8 d] 3. m( K) 3 = mdZjl = ] ω ( K) 0,006 Hl\_lmdZjl ] 4. 39,3% − 38% ωijbf = beb 39,3% Hl\_lωijbf = 3,31%. 458 ]

o]

m d>`

5. 3Mn 3 O4 + 8Al → 9Mn + 4Al2O3 + 2500 d>` 3⋅229 ]

9⋅55 ]

458 x = 3 ⋅ 229 9 ⋅ 55 458 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 55 o ] Mn) 3 ⋅ 229

69

458 m = 3 ⋅ 229 2500 458 ⋅ 2500 = 1666,7 d>` m 3 ⋅ 229 Hl\_lm(Mn) = 330 ]Q = 1666,7 d>` 750 ⋅ 860 = 645 ] Z m(Au) = 1000 875 ⋅ 800 = 700 ] [ m(Ag) = 1000 Hl\_lZ m(Au) = 645 ][ m(Ag) = 700 ] o d]

170 d]

106 d]

62 d]

7. Na 2 CO3 → kl_deh1D 2 2

m(Na2O) = 0,17 ⋅ 1000 = 170 d] x 170 = 106 62 106 ⋅ 170 o d] 62 Hl\_lm(Na2CO3) = 291 d] 8. 2Na2O2 + 2CO2 → 2Na2CO3 + O2 ω(Na2O2) = 100% – 2,5% = 97,5% m(Na2O2) = mi_j ⋅ ω(Na2O2) = 0,975 ⋅  ] 312 ]

oe

me

2⋅78 ]

2⋅22,4 e

234 e

2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 → 2Na2CO3 + O 2 312 x = 2 ⋅ 78 2 ⋅ 22,4 312 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 22,4 o e 2 ⋅ 78

312 m = 2 ⋅ 78 22, 4 312 ⋅ 22,4 m e 2 ⋅ 78 Hl\_lV(CO2) = 89,6 eV(O2) = 44,8 e 9. m(Ca(OH)2)= m ]Zr ⋅ ω(KZHG  =  ⋅  = d] ba\

o d]

51,6 d]

100 d]

74 d]

CaCO3 → Ca(OH)2

70

x 51,6 = 100 74 100 ⋅ 51,6 o d] 74 m(CaCO 3 ) 69,73 mba\ = = d] 0,95 ω ( CaCO3 )

Hl\_lmba\ d] 10. mdjh\b = 80 ⋅  d] ] djh\b²o ]aheu ] djh\b²] aheu 5600 ⋅ 0,33 o ] 32 ] aheu²\] Fe 150 ] aheu²] Fe 57,75 ⋅ 16 y= = 6,16 ] 150 Hl\_lm(Fe) = 6,16 ]

71