Регулирование семейно-брачных отношений мусульман правом личного статуса: Монография

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Author: Цмай В.В.

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- 2000

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(; 9 ; 0 9 )( 9 >09 2 B) ; < 0 =

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1

@;8, /.0 /@. 4 "–44. $NOPQPRSTUVWJXYSZ1[\]UJ. Schacht with C. E. Bodsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. P. 392. 2

8

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4 0 $Mohammad H. Abu-Hassan. Beduin Customary Law. Theory and Practice. AmmanJordan, 1974. 2 # $ * ; /$ 04 5@J–II.

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*/ ( ;( < ) ) +*) 0 9+ =

. 7'. -4 ,( +(/ ,4 ,= ( . 4 *0+

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, 3 , :(*/ ) < ) ;))( *

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*% –+( )4)* * *4 , :).** <*) ( 0 *(

= – ( ( 9< - , ,( 0 9.*)

)*- 0 ) VII ) +), *9(, 0( 4 9(/ , (8 0 *( - ),;)/ ) 0 0 ) 9 ;(+ ,- . 4 ,0 9* ( 0 /- )9() -9 * 0(

D9 ) * 9 <* ) <9 4 + -9 – - 9 <,40 *(

3((-0 ! 4&"$" _ $"_%$""# *(/ * = 0 +*)- ,)- 9()*(97:70 *(0 ) 7(794*0 * ,- 0 */ 0 *

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3((-0 !&"$" _ $"#

10

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0 *(97:-*9- / ,)9 ; +(/ 0 (= +* )

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$ (/ 9() 7:- – ( ; 49( ) 9. ,-–0 (+* > 9(/*) < ,( ).*) ) 0 ) 3 ) : ) 4 -9,( ( 0 + /0 (97: ,+ 0 ) ;9 ) **, 0 ) )(( */ 8(/7 = -9 B - 9 ,( +/ +( )4 0 *= 0/4+ 9(/+ ;/4+ ,),</0 0 9)9 )) / . 90 0*/)'L

0 6 *(4)8( 4 *(/ * 0 ) 4 ) +* *4 )(* ** 4 * 9 <: (4 0 ) (/ , ;

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+ –; ,+ 0 )4 :(*/9( . ;(+ ,-0 ) = ),- ) 0 * ) *9/ ( 9 *(* 3 ) -)- 9( ) 0(

7) = -. 9*0(

,) <9!.-#4)

+(/ !9#0 8(!- # 0 ),9*(*(-* - (*) 0 ( < 9 -0 40 * 0 .( ; +

,-( 9- ) ,*9/–9 2 , "L*((/ *(/ *)$L;9-) 2@4 "

11

0 )0 ) ),0 ( . ) )94) * *()(* @ ; 4 ) , - 9 0 90* 4 + .=

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( 4 9+ 9=

< ;9 0 ;,) *)9( !)* 6 )(* 9 *(* 0 4 7 9 ( #4 (4 4 9 ),0 ( / -4 94 )(7:* 0+ 9( 6+* 0 ;8 0 . 7 0 ) ), ) 0 * < ;0 ; , , 0 = (+ ), 9,4 * 0 - . 0 9(

,)= 9 )4 ; + * )(

,- ( )

,* 9 < 6- )4* ) (/ ,- 4 = , 9 ;0 : , ( ; . , L9 4 + ,4*( ;(7+ ,) 0 ;0 4 ;

, 0 <= 97 ;(/*)49 *-0 0 )(*/) @<0 ;8 ) 9 +* 0 ) ) , 9 ,+ 8(, 0(* * 0 ) ) ) ,9 ,+0 <9)* ** . ) 0 * ) )4 , 9 (< , ( ,/ 0 <9 ,4 = - 9 ;9(/9 ,+!) :- -0 )(4* )(

,-9 *= (* ,+#0 *0/*0 <9

, 1 (+ 9 = - *( 0 )4 * 0 ) 0 ) *(9 ) )* +7*

( 0 ( ) 4 - ) 9 ; *

,- 60; 9 )4 0 6 * ) 8 9(* 0 ( 4 ; 0 *= 0/ ) . < : 94 * 9(4 ;)*,- = ) *(9*) 0 ) 9*) 0 7* 4 0 )= ( 4 79 ;(/*)4 0 *(9*) 0 ) 9*)4

0 ) 0 * <9 * )*)

*4 < 9) ( *= * )7* @- +* 0 ) ), ( )4 *7:* 0 = ) ),- ;(7+ ) . ,- ,- . 0 =

*:*9( (9*)40 +0 ( */7 **)74 ** ;(/*)

0 )* , . D *:*)7)9*)(/ *)(7*0 + ;(/ ,) * ( ) 0 ) B 9 0 /4 + ) ; 9= (/*) 0 )( * 8 ; . ; 4 0/ < )(7* 0 *:*) (/ , (/ 9 = ( ) ,>0 )(**:*)

,6( 40 ( < 4*7= :* ; 4)(*0 )( 9(9*)49( ) ) )/ * ;9

*(/ * *9 *)4 < 9( < ), ( *(97: 9*)

4 ,)* )*)*9 ) = 1

12

#- L*()L )VII–XV)-H$L;9-) H24 %

* 9 ( 0 ) - ;

*/ ) ;;9 * 9 < ;0 0 ( ) 4 ; , , 0 (+ ), 9, ;

*8 ; !0 9 ; ) 9# C*/ 0 ( < 4 = *7:* ) ;;9 0(, ; )/4 <4 0 (7 9 ()=

+* 4 ( *( ) ) <9 0 (7 9 4 0 9 0 89 )9)-0 *(9 -*(+- + , +* ; 9(/*)0 )*6 9(4) = : ) 4;(7+(*/) 9 )()

* *0 9*)7:*( = )4 ) ) <9 9 8 (+. 0 ( < < : *+ ) :4 < <( /./ 0 * ) ;;9 >0 0 ( ) 4 ; ,- ;)(+ ), = 9,1< ) ( ; ,)*9 ) ** 9 0 )9=

6 ) ; ( - 9 *//9( * ),0 (= 4 ,) ; ()* 0 )4)0 ) ) ;;9)0 = ) ) ,4 () 0 (+* 8(/7 ,( ; .=

* 0(

;8 * ;9 - * : , )= 7:-2 D+)9 4 + , (/ , *0 , *( ) = - 9, @ 9*0,4 <*4 () , ; *(*/ ;= 9(/*) 0 ) 0 * *(9 ) 4 0 9 9) .( 9*) 0 80- ( ( (; *); * 9)9(/ ,- 0 ) 6 *(+ < +* ;= 9(/*) 40 <9)* 4* )( ; ),0 80,0 )4 0 )( 0 )9 4 *:* :*) . (+ * I= +* 6( 0 )(* ) * +),- 0 90* - 0 *0/ *0 = )9() )* *)( ;): ) * ) ) 9 8),9( )

*(9 ) 9 ( (84 (.

0 ) *(9 ) 0 * ,+ 0 ) I *

*/ +* ; 9(/*) * = - (*/ ) ** *(/ * 0 )4 +* 0 ) ) 0 ;84 *0 (0 ) ),;(7+ * )*)7:9= *)4 +* ; * 9 8 * )()/ 6+* * 9 , 9() 7: ),- 0 ( 0 *(* 4(49 *( )4 0 ), ) *( !I–II )) -9< # ) - . - + / )<=

,4- ;-;*9 ** )

,-9

,-0 9*)(7* = ( , 0 9 ) * *(/ * 0 ) 6 0 9 0 (+(<; / - ,+ ,*(/ * 0 )4 = <97:* *(/ * :*) * ;9( *) * *)

, 0 ) = 1

9 ;0 - *4 0 $* ) K * 8(/ *: */ $ B4 %56–131. 2 4 0 $NOPYPRSTUVWJXYSZ1[\)UXabThomas Arnold and A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1931. P. 184.

13

), *, 0 ;,)7 9 * ) , *)9(/*)4 0 9 (<( *:*) )/ + * ** < 0 0 ),-0 - 4-( -9 ,!VII) 6#E( ,,= (0 (+*(9 *(* : ,0 *(* 1,

* (*/9*) )/)+*)),*.- *-*94 : ) * - (*/ ) ; < */ ), ) +*) = ) -( ;0( – . )*) - 8- ),*.-0 )(9 * )4- + (.

,- = ( ; )(* 4 -( , 9*) )( ) (/. *0 ; 9( : , + )* 0 ) ) ( ,/ = 9( , 9 * ) ; 9(/ )(* *(* *= 9 *)I 9 * ) ; 9(/*) 4) 9(4) :*= ( */ 9 8 *:*)7: ,+ 0 ) C A ,( *0+ 0 - 9 * ;8 ) )/ ;) )

,- = 9(0 (/;, )* ( ) 0 )0 ),-( ,0 = .(9(/. ( ) ,-* 840 9*)(

,-) ; 4 6 ,( 0 9 ) 0 )*9 ) 0 4 ( )). = ( ) ,;*, 0 )) ;;90(,; )/0 9 (<( ) ;(/ )*)

*/ *(97: 9*)

; < ) @ 4 + 0 ),-( , ; +(9)8( ;( <( * ) = 4 )0 *(9*) * *(* ** 0 )( 0 ) *= 94 *)9(/*)7 0 ) + 0 *: 0 )9 0 9 , * 4) <97: _0 90*,),*9/ * 84 9

, -( D 4 < )(7* 0 9 / ) *= ( 80 9-( )9 ,4 ( * 9 ,0 ) )*= (4 *(/ * : ,( ;9 0 (+* * (= 4 ) 9(*/ 9) F* *-G 9)< !- 9< ) . )#

9 * F 9 *(/ ,G *

* (/. *) , = *(/ * 0 )4) )9 ,() *0 , - 9< 2 . 34 (+(*/ *(/ 9 9 *(/ ,- . ( 0 ) D*79)0 ),,( *9( ;(7+ 4+ *:*)

, *

= * 7 : * 9 *(* 0 )4 , ,(* ;9 ,9 * (4 /.* 9 ,0 ) *(* )= 1

4 0 $ L* 0 )9 ,- -( ) / 1 * ." + " /#" %$ (94 " 2 +"/ !4 ( (--) 9< – F),*07:G4 F< G4 F * (/ G – ,( 0 *(9 )(*

)* *( ( ; -0 (+* 00 )4 = ; )).* ) - 9 /, ; )(*/ ) E( <9 *

3( 3 @( ) (0 9 *$L*($I 8( 09+**( ) /"5 3 (0 9 .;*4 0 $ - .K* 9- ) *) )* ) =

L $B4 & –64; Schacht J. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950. P. 262–269.

14

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,**(9 ) 0 ;,)74+ + ,*,*= (4 ) ) - <) 9 *(/ : ,4 ( ;9(/ * (/. *) A(,+***,0 )4 , < *:*) )( )* 4 0 ( 0 ( */7 ;)7 0 ) )7** 9 *(/ : ,4*9()* *)

,0 ) -=

* , ; 4 ) ) 0 ( ) ) ) *( ( 9< /.

0 9 + *9*

,40 89 ( = 9840 (+(*) 0 9) <9 )*(3 ,,()(7* *);

, 98 0 89 *4 + ,( ,+ , 0 ) 4 ,( 0 )(/ , *

,_ ,( * 0 ) )* 4 + ,( *9= ( 9 * 0 9 !< * ) * ) * * (/ = . -94), *). *09<-9; 0().= * *

4*(<( * ,+ 0 ) 4< ,+=

0 ) ;) )

,- 4 , 0 9 (<( 9*= ) )/ ) ),- * +*- *( )-4 *( 0 ) +( = :8( 9-*(4 9*)0 (,/ ;)= *, )( <7: * 9,4 * ).-* ,+) 9= 8#I ,( ; ( ,0 )( )40 <) ,- ;= 0 ( *) ( 0 <7:* 9 *)(( ) ; < * 9( 6*0

)84 , ( ./ ( *-<; 90 89 4(*

,4 .(*) ), < )*/ * ); )D 0 ((4 + 4+ *

(,/ * ;9

9)9 ) +(/ ,0 9* )( *(4 ; 6 9)9 *( ** )/* ) +*) 0 9*)( )* 00, L9 *

, * ;9( 9 0 9 ( 0 0*) (7=

)84 4 9( + , 9* 9 )/ )* + ,( 4 )

* : ) <4 9 * + ,( ;)/ 0 $ "&. L*( – (/.

)84 7 )9( ,4 9 (< ,( 0 = 9 (/ 6 00 ;874 6 ,( <( / B 9 <9, *( ) ; (9(4 9< * 9 ,+ ,- 00 )4 ; ) ( * *= , * );_ 4 + ) 9( 0 .( ,(

)84 = 0 /*( 9( 4 - 9 *(9 )/49( 4 *): =

,0 89 4 984*

I + * 808 *

,*( 9 ;8 (/ ,- 808*(/ * 0 ) 9*)(* **)

, 0 (/4 + * , 0 90* = 0 0 ) ),) 0 ** +(* (79(*/40 *- 0 4 9 0 * :*) ) ) ) (78

,- 0= 0 9+ ( */)(*9*)(/ **:*)9)

- . 4*7:-*0 (, ;) 94 9 ; ,- * ),)*

) ) * 4 9 – ; + * (/ ; + 8(/ ,( ) ) 0 )( -( 15

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9 *(/ * 0 ) - 9 * ,- +- ( ) D9 )< ,0 4)(7:* 0+ ,9(*(/ * 0 )4*(< + ;

,-9 = ;(/*) *)9(/* 0 ; 8 ;

* 0*/=

,- 9 ) I 0 ) + * , 0 90* 4 ; .7: :7 0 ;(7+ 0*/

,- )1. BL ;*4<).<955&5 9 640 = * +), ) *)9(/*)- + , ,+ * 8 )4 <4) 4,(* )( ( * 9 ,0 ) = )*(D 0 *- <9 + ;)* + (/. +* 0 ) ) *(/ * 0 )4 ) -=

+* ; + 4: *:*) )( *)9(/*= )*9 0 ) 40 ) ) - 9( */ ; 0 9( * , (4 0 * (/ ,( ( ; ,- = (/ ,-;0 )9(- ,-*9( 9(0 )9 4 -=

+* *0 0 ) ,( 9( ; ;(+ , 9( *(/ @ 0 ;8

*( A* . *0 *

) *0 = 0 ) ),- 9 * ) ,- * ) ;) )

,- = 4 * ;9

,- * ) * !)(7+ * 0 ) 8(/ # 0 )4 *** 9* 0 ) 24 (9** 3 0 ) +* 0 )) * + ,-8 )E ,0 6 )(* = 0 */ , (4 ( (/ */ *0 * );,* ( ) * 6 );* ( ; ,- 0 < ) ) !) # 80* - 9 *(*-0 ) ),- * ))*( 9 * 0 ; )(* L;)* 4 + 3 ^* 0 ((4 + *( ) * *:*)9 ) 4 * ) , ,+!*

#4 ,

; (( ;0 (*(4(79<(7*-( 4+ 9 *= )( 9 *)4 )0 ) ; / B ( (/-K ) <9(4 + < ; / 4 9< *( 9 ) 4 0 + <;0 /!)0 9 ,-*(+-#(7 ) , ,= +4 ,))9 *(/ 40*/9<))9

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$"%" 4 0 $, "L*((/ *(/ *)"%–29; Hjerrild Bodil. Islamic Law and Sasanian Law //Law and the Islamic World. Past and Present. Copenhagen, 1995. P. 49–57. 3 4 0 $

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,- (79 B< , )94 + = *(/ * 7 *0 9 8 *( ; <9/* ( 55- 9 -9= < I (/ ; +4+ )*/0 ),)*(,(( 0 =

, 9( 908 *

,- 0 ) ),- 6( ) ; <97:* * :*) 4 4+ *(*0 ) ) 0 )(*/) ) 4 9 9) / *(* 8)(;8 ,( , 9( 0 = 8(/ ,-0 9+ )-0 ) ),- 808;+*( :

,-) *( ; )

,- )B ,;9 0 9

0 (= 4 )*)

*/;) + 7 <4* */*) ) =

): ( 0 ) : 0 (7 9 ) 0 *

0 0*) <9) ) ,* 4 9 (*/)* : 0 ; 4 ,( 0 ;9 , 9+ , ( ; ( )

, I 0 = 8**

(/ 8 *

,- 0 ) ),- 808 0 )( 0 )9=

) * :*) 0 * 9*) ; )

,- )4 : =

,- ) *(4 * (* (/.7 +*/ 0 ) ) *(4 - ;(/ *( : (/ ) +( ) )4 9 *(/ = * 0 ) ) ; ( @ 4 +

*(/ * 7 *, ( * ; (/ 90 )/ (7, 0 80, *

0 )4

)(*+- 9)(/ , * * 9 0 ) ) *(4 9 0 )( 0 ),- -( ) 9 , ,( ),* 9* -( ; * D9, ,(0 ) *(4-+* 0 9*)(7_ = 4

-0 )()(7*4 ,,( )= *)

, ; ;) 8( 9 *:*)

,- 0 ( < *(* (/ (4 * )( (/ 9 , 6(= , 2() - ;*( * * ( ) ( ) ( ; 0 )4 ) 0 (+* 0 )( 4 ;9*/ 0 ;( ; ) =

*/4 8 (;87 ) ; *7:7 7 +*7 9 87 0 9 +

7 9 * 87 ) 0 ) )* 9 * - * ; <; *(/ * ( ; , 9( 9= * 9 * ) A9 (*/)* ;9 ),- ) = * *(/ * :*)4 ,( *0 9 + * * )*- *- 0( *0 * ( */ . , 0 * *) ;) )

,- - . - 9* 0 )( 0 ;( * ) . *) 4 0 *( ), <9

)( -( ) 9= 17

,4 9 84 ,;(7+()*0 9*(/ * :=

, 0 I )(* * ) 4 9 (< ** = )/* ) ; ) *(/ * 0 )4 *(* 0 )( 0 ) *9*(/ *7 *0 9 8 39 * 8 9 ) * * 9 +(*/ )9 ) , 0 ) ); 8)9 -) . -) )4 * ( )**A ) 0( 9 8 ) 9 /- - 6))( ) 0 (/; *- = 8 )I * *)(( * ) 7 87 * ()*)@= ; 4 , - 9 *)9(/*) 9* 0 )( 4 ( 9 * ) 0 )4 *

) (*0 )) , *(/ = 0 ) D+, 0( ) (/9 ; ( * ( ) 0 )4 0 * (/ 9, ).)(*/)9*) )).7*/4 9 8= )

7 !)*-9*)) * * () 4+ , +/ ) ;) *- 0(

,- 9 )4 , <( )

; 0* * *9 *)#4 (79(;0 = +* *(*-. )4;( <

,-) 4* )*)7:-

; D 4 ) (/. *0 - 0 )(4 < 0 90 ( )< ,.) ; + *(/ *-*949,(+ <= 9 9 (< */99( ) *(* :*)4 ) ; ( ) ),-*( )-)*(9*) * ;) ) ) 9*-8 - * ()*) ( 6 ) :*) ( * )*= ) )( 9 *(* 3 )

0 9 *( 3 * -4 ; 4,(),* *(*94 ,,(9(= ) 0 )( )(/4 * ( <

, -( =

+ 4 (9()*0 ( )(* 90 ) 849 = * ) 4 ; 9(/ *9 4 ; --( *:*)

,- ;(+) 8-D 4)9*)(/ * ( 6 9((4 9( )/ *) 7 *9 7 )(*/ *) F*9 * 7G – 9 )(/ * - (4 4 ; ; ) )

7 )(*/ 9( 0 * *)

,- . 0 ;

, * (4 0 9= + ) 3 84 F 4 9( + 9 ,( *(. *(G 14 4 + 4 0 ( + *: 90 <( 7 ^ *989 *0 * (*/ (/ *(/ _ *(/= * *( *A* - ( *) * *)

, 98 =

, 0 ) ), *,4 )(7+ 9- ) , ! )) *# (,4 ,( (/. *0 * )+ * (/-) )9 *(/ * ;) ) 4 ) + * ) *0 ;) 9).- ); = *77 9+*7 ;87 *9 *)); **9/ )**9 <9 *+ ) 6) )(0

, 0 ) 8 ) * +( *(/ * ;) ) D9 4 ;-; * )(/ *- <*) * ) * <90 ;9 ); = 1

18

)0.*(/ *' ** *1 * ,$4

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*(* ;8 0 ) *94 0 *(9 4 = ) <974 ,( * 9( ) 0 9 0 9.*)7:4 0 8** = */ +*/7 ) *0 *(/ 9 * ) ;8 *) - 0 9.*)

) F ;) ) ,4 – +BD* )4–;*(; 9(/*) 4 * )

9 '* 0 )4 ;*) )( 0 80, , *9 0 ;= ) 9*) * 8) *(; )( -G4 F-( )4 ). ;9 87 ) *4 + <9( ) *9 7 4 7 ;= *( G1 D9 ; 9 * ) ,- 9 (< *4 8 +*+ ,( *9 ,4 )((*/ 9 (< */ F *0 , G (agronomos#4 , (9( +

<9 * ( ) 7 *98 B

*(/ ( (/ ); * 0 ,4 ; ,- 9( )( *) 0 )( 0 ) *9_

0 4 F*9 , ( G4 +/ 9 (< */ ,( ;(/ , 0 ) = ),

0 94(< 874 *0 = 9 )

9 (< * (8 ) *** 9* 9 * 82, 6 - = . ;)* * )

,) '

94 9 (< * , (8 9* 9 * 84 *) . ;( <( ; ), * ) *(/ * 0 ) L- ;)* , :*) **

8 - <; *9 9(/ *4 9 9(/9 * ) 7 ) ) ), 9 ,4 , ,/ 9 ) , 0 ), ) -9< 4 9= 4 0 90 +(/ , )(* 4 + , . 4 , 0 0* ,9 , )+70 ;9 * 9 4)9= *)(/ *) *- 9

0 9* ) (/

0 9, <)9*)(/ *)9/4) <9(*/ 9 = 8 );,) (), *8 0 ) *(7+(/ 0 ) +*) 9 ;(/*) *)9(/*- 0 ; 4 ), *= .- ; 7 9+* 0 ) +( ) ) '

*(/= * 9 *:*)(( 0 ) *9 0 * *)

* 74 ( ) * )*) * F;9 ), *,*( G ! #$ ;,)*4 *=

),)*/ ,+ -0 ) ) 0 4 0 *) 0 9 = 0 )(9 * ) ( ) 0 ()9- +* ; 9(/*) 9 - 0 ; ),- *( (= ; ,- ) *0 4 ) * +( < , D,+ -0 ) ) 0 4 :(*/4,((0 : 4 - = 9:-*0 9-7 *984(-* *)

4)0 *(9 1

# L*( )9 K 0 . (!;-#3-E ,@. 4 " 2 $ % ( . D:*) 0 ) L ) * ** 9* 0 9, $B4 %"–278.

19

*(+ ;(/ ) ; (

(, E 0 9 0 ) ,( 0 :*(; ) )* (/ - 9/; +(/ *0 )* )=

* *0 /749 * ) 49 (< */9*0 * ,( *(* * 4 0+ , 9( 9* 0 94 ) = 9 * ) 0 9 )(

*/ 9 8 *(;8 .( L*(* - 9 (< * 9 0 9+ )* )*0 (/ , ; + 4 ) + 9* 0 9 * +( */*9 (< */7 –( F **;+* G4 *;/4 ( ; * *) 9@ ; 4 ,(* ;9 ,*( )9( (0 ( 0 8***(;8*:*= )7: ,+ 0 ) ' 9* )(*/ ;< (*08(; )

4, < 9 0*/4 + ) 0 ;9 9* 0 9 !55–5 -9= < # ; + 4 0 )( 4 )( F*08(*G4 + ; +( - +* )

,- 0 ** ( )4 (84 9 * + ; = * )

,- ) 0 )(/ 0 )( 0 ) *94 (+ 0 9))= .-* 0 9 * /; ;,.( ) *) 9 ) ( 9*= ***9 ;/-9 ,.(

2() ; 6-*08= (* )4 ) 0( (((/ ( 0 ;9 9* 0= 94 ,( 9*)(/ ),* ) 0 *4 0 *0 * ( */ ( ,+ 0 ) +* ) : *(* 4 ( *( )4 *08(*,4 ; ,- ) ) ; *7: *0 )(*/94 - 9(*/)* 9 < ,-(+ *4+/ = ( ; , *,0 <9(- ;))/0 * *)

,<9 = !0 +*- ;,.( 4 * ) *:*)7: 0 = ) ) 0 * 6+* # *(* ; <; ) )*- *0-I < ,(+ *;+()** ,* ) =

9(/ *4)(7+* 0 )4 (/ 9 * )=

( ) 4 :*)

7 0 D *,( 0 ) = )7 * ( ; , 6+* 94 0 9+ ( - *(= * 4 0 )( - ) * ) 0 */ ;

*4 (= ,- <9 *(/ 6 9( 9 *() (.= *.; +(/ ) (9(; )

)9 4+ * (* *9(/ ) 9(

*(/ * : , 9 , ;(/. ;)* -9 * ) 0 0 ;9 9* 0 9 * )(*/ ) *(/ * 0 ) ,(0 ) )<; / 0 I< *8= ( ,( 0 9+ 9(/ */ -( )4 0 )(4 9 9 @= ; 4 *

*/70 *- <9 *(/ * 0 ),( 4+ ;))( */ )* *);*0 44 40 = * )(*/ 9 80 9+ 0 ( ; ,9( I 0 8** +(** * +(9((*9 80 ) ) -9< 08(*, ) (* ( ; 0 )4 0 9 1 20

#% 1; ,4!) &( -9< # *9(( (/.4 + ), ;( 0 ) 0 * ( 4 ) 4 9*)

, 0 ( 0 ( ; ; + 4 < *(+)4 9*)= (/ *7:-** ( *, 4 4 ;) 90 9 ,-4

0 )* *)

*B < ,*08(*,,(+* ,(84 (4- < ;)/4(7(_ )9 - )((*/(+ , = * ) ) 0 *- 0 )(/ 0 )9 0 (/; )(*/ ) ; *7= : )< 9 ,- 0 )( ; 0 9

*/ *) 9( 0 0 9, 9( ) <; 4 * )*)7:- 9 *( D +* ( ) ; < */ )/ 9*) 0 90* = *9 *) <4 ( 0 ) ;(*/ <((/ , ; 0 0( 0 4 ,( ) 0 (+* 00 ;8 9 * )(

*(* *9 *) B 4 )*/ 0 9 9 )49 <9 * ) ,4 0 9):( 89=

*4 9 ** )(* F* 9 ) G4 0 9(; )(*/ 0 ) * ( (/ * +* *:*)7= : 0 )( +*)

(+*)

* 00, < ,- *08(* ) 6) (78 )( ) + * (/- 0 ),- 99 ) ) -9< 4 ;)* 4 ) F + , . (, 0 )G I < ; +/ 0 9(

7 ;874 0 9(

7

(/ 7 9 (7 . (,4 (7 (/ + ( 9< 8(/ , **4 ( 9< *:*) ) 0 ) ) . 0 =

F+ ,G4 ( F7 *,G4 +( , + ,- . ( 0 = )40 9 (<,/+* ,(84 * )(*/ ; 4 ) 4 *( - . *)9 (

, ) 9(- *(4 4 ) ;= < 4 0 *0() )*-* -<; 4)(7+ 4+ , <

;)/0 ) I 9)9, (*/; (/. **,*(/ (/ ( 9 - * )(+ 74 ) ;(/ 0 + (79/= 0 ; )+*) 9*)

,-9.4 , 0 +*(( 9 9 , ) ( + ,- . (- 0 ) ) <*)

+*( 0 4 + 0 (97: : *(* * ) ;))( ) 9 . ; *

,-8 )*(* )+ 0 ),-) ) -9< * 7 0 4 0 4 *(/ 9( ( ( *08(/ ,-*9( 490 )

,-* ,*( )>*(7+=

) 8)0 9 *<9 4; +(/ , 9 *)*);- <9 9 - 8 ) *9(( ;(+ <9 + , . ( 0 ) ;< ,';(+4)**4,( *( )( ,4* 4 4+* (/ - 9/; , * (* 0 80-( 1

9 *$Schacht J. The Origins... P. 233–237.

21

9- D: 0 ;8 )*- + ,- . ( 0 ) ) . = 9* 0(+ 0 9*-9 * ) ,-0 90*=

40 *:*)4,( <4- 9 (4 9 8 )(( ) ( 0 4 * *()(*/ 6 := ; ) 0 ;84 4

-*9-*(* 7 *0 9 = 8 *:*) )( ; +(/ , 00, (794 0 9 <)7:* = : 9 ,4 )0 *(9*) /.(*/ * * ;(+ <9 . ( I ; +( 4 + *(/ * 7 *0 9 8 )

0 9 (/) )(*/ *(7+(/ ) 9 += * 8 4 9 -( * ) *(+ ( ,/ (((/ , 8 0 )+ ,- *( ;8 **= ;84 9 (< ,( * )/ 9*7 0(+=

7 9 * ) 7 0 ) *(/ * 0 ) = 7: )( 9 8 *(* 7 *0 9 8 9 (< * = - /* 0 9(

, 0 94 0 + : + , 6( 9)(7+ * (/ 0 *(97:-*99 ,** = +* , 9 ;,)74 + 6 8 ,( L 7: 0 ( < L ) ;) ( ; 0 ) 7 *0 9 8 ) *(0 9 (<( */)+ )* ) ) B (; +,9 ) . (0 )4 ,-,; 4 )(7*. (,) *- 9- * 4)9 4) E9<; B. *)9 * 9 * ( 0 9= ,4 + *7:* * * * . ( B 0 ),- 9)- . (- < ,/ ); ) +*) 0+ C0 ;)( *) - * *)

,- . ( 0 )4 0 0( 0 9 )( 9 - . (4 *

9 * < , *0 9(/ * + ,- . ( 0 ) ,( 4 + ) *0 ( +* , * /; * * +( L + ) 4* +**(/ * 0 ) 0 0 ; .( ; =

_ ;)( */ ; 0 4 +* *- 9(*/*9 = 9< * * , ( ) 4 + 9 * )4 *

) * 0 ) 0 ) *(9 ) 4 0 (/ (4 * ),)7* ; +(/ ( 6( = ,- 0 )(4 ,4 0 ; .9. ; 4 ,( ) * , ) = *(/ * 0 ) ) ;

)9 ) *9 *

*

6 *9 (/ 0 ) ),; + ,();,40 *:*)4 ; ( ; ,-6+*-0 )(0 )9 *(*/ *(0 )4 ,9(,4 , ,(9= (/ ; , +* ; 9(/*) > ) 9 +*- )

*(/ * 0 ) * )09 * 0 )(=

+ ,-. () +() )-9< ) . (, 0 ) ;9(( (/ :7 0 ;87 ) = . 9* 0 (/.+*0 ;) ( ; 22

0 )4 * ) , 0 ( < 0 ) ) 4 )* ; ,- )( **+*- 9 ;(/*) (/ 96 = )((*/ F/

#2( " 0 ( - !G4 0 9*)(

;

9 -) ,0 9*)(
F<): 98G$F ) . (,0 (* 7 8087 *

,4 ( F<): 98G4 9(/ 7 0 : ,4 ),= <

7)0 . ( 9 G 1I99 )() ;= ) 0 ) ) 9 , ) + ,- . (- ) + )* ) ) -9< D 0 9*)( ) 9)- *0-$ *0) * = )

' *0) 0 )(*/ ) +*) *

, ( F0 = G !(#4 ( F- . * )(

0 89 G !*

9# (F9 ) 0 G!a 9#IF0 G+*+ < )< , ,+* : ,4 <* 9 < +* (9(/ ,6( 4+ < </ ) 7*

– ,+ ) )94 9 (< ,/ I 9(/ 0 4 0 ;

;

4 - ) 9*)(/ * ;))(*/ ) )9 *(*-94*(0 9 0 )4 - 9(*/)9 9. 9 = 0 9*)( ( ; ,- + ,- <9 8 4 ) + -4 9 <9 ** )( )9:- *08(= * ) ( ; 0 )4 +/ 0 ( +/ . 0 9+ (*/ I (/ 0 ) ) (/. = *)_ (/. /. *) * (*( */ * ** + ,-4 0 9= *)( : ; (/ 9 ,4 9 * , <9, 0 ( = 4 ), < * )

, *0 <): 98 <9 . (, 6 * **4 0* 9 ) + ,* ,)*(97= :- ), < -$ F 9 - < 0 ( + ,- ; 4 ) (/. *) 7:- 9 ) 4 ;,)7 6 F * *= * G4 9 - 0 9.*)

* (.(*/ ( * (.(*/* 640 + (/. *) 9* (./* + -( ) = ) 9 , - 0 9.*)

) 9 ;,)/* 0 < 9 , (/ * + , ! 0 4 ) 4 = , 0 9.*)

0 * (#(0 4+ ; 7= - (+. 49<*( 0 7G ;(/ 6 . 4 * ),)(*/ ) 0 4 *)= ( *(97:0 ( 70 9*)(<9 0 ) ) . (, * ** + ,- (+* * ** *(/ 0 * = *(9 40 0 9):4 -),))*/*(* 4 )(*

0 9(

, :4 9 * **+ ,-)(* =

+* +

, * - <9 * )*)7: . (,4 ,9(/ ,4 <) ( 6*(7;) 4 1

Shacht J. The Origins …. P. 80.

23

** )* ) )94 *:*) ) 9 - 9 - 8 - D )9 * ** *+7* 0 *(9 ) 9 ) - . (- 0 )4 - * ** + ,- 0 9*)( ;9 (/.7 0 +*7 ; + */ )(* (/ , ;* - + * * 9 /4 + * ** )*- *(/ < *+/* 0 .,_ + (/; *;/ ) . = * **+ ,-4) <*0 * 8084* )* 4)(= * ;(/ ; < )( 4+ 9 0*/ (/; ) +(/ * ** + ,- ,( ,4 4 *(9 *= ;/4 6 ,( ,+ 0 0 9*)( . (,4 9)= 9(/ ,9 (;)* ,-+ ,-c): 98 + ,- . ( * - ( 0 *:*) , - )0( / 9 ) 0 ( ) , ) ) -9< @ 9 0 9 (<= (/ *40 *: 808*

,4(9(; )

0 4 )* * * ( (*/ * - 9 */7 * ;9 9 +* 0 )9 4+0 )( * ) 9<9

(/. *)4 + * 0 ),- 99 ) ) 9 <)= : 984 * ;9

4 ) *) *( ) ;) 9/* = , ; +(/ , ) 0 .( 8, 0 ), 0 = 0*( 9 *) . (, 9 ) * ) 1 # % 4 , ,( 0 4 - * ) +*/ 6( 0 ) ) 9 ,4 0 +* * 0 *(*/*( 9 * = ) , );(9 * +* L I 4 * 4 0 9*)( *0 /0 ) ) + 49 * ) ) E9 3= ( ! ) "5 -9< # 14 0 ) * 7 *4 +/7 9 = , < ** )/ 0 ( */7 * +*7 * = )*) * ( 984 * *( * 7 ( = *(

*/ ) L 4 98

+ , ( ) , 9)( *) 7 * *)

7 9 ( 0 9 0 )(/*) 9 ) - )(= *9 8,4*(90 4* *)

+ * ;9

+ ) ;= ) 9 9 9 ) - ) )4 , ( ) 0 *(9 9, 0 ) ()*,0 ), 9,) )-9< (0 ;9 0 9* ; -,(; ,0 9*)(_ ,( = ;,),F*/79 *7 *G 24 (;)* ,; = ,-)(* " )#" 9 < *+/9 * ) (77 ; 9 4 0 0*,),- 6 9 ) ) 9+ 0 ) ) 9 , ) 9 0 (+( * +* 0 9) <9 (/ 0 (;(/ 4) <* ) 4)L 0 >- !

1

Shacht J. The Origins… P. 237–240. D -*4 0 $3 -* .*(/ * 0 ) @. 4%%%–15.

2

24

)"-9< # 10 (9.* )

' 339 (/-'- 2. 8** ) ;) 0 .( ; +* * ) *= (* ( ; 0 )4 6 +( ) 9 ) - . (-4 0 (**), 6- *(/ 0 ;9 -) ) <*= ) 4 ) 9 * . (, ,( *0) 0 0* L B-44) 4 /.49 * 0 4 4 0 4 ,( ; 4 ,( 0 *); ,**, +( *() 4 +( 4** 8 ) =

, * )#" – *0 9)< +( 0 ,) 0 9+ 9 , 0 ) ; (*/ = (/ 00 F*0 9)< ) L *9,G4 0 *(9 )((* = 9 * ) *>**,( *0 9)< )L *99(

+( (/ * **,( * L *94; +(/=

+*/

* 9 ,) + ,(0 0* E 9

+*/9 , (+* 9 9( * ) = + * . (,4 ;)* 0 9 L B-4 L 0 )(* * ) 0 9+ L *94 < 8(, 9 + ,( * ;9 L -4 ) < L *9 L* +* L / (+ * * = +* L *9 4 , +( , (/ ;,

,- *0 9)< )L *9,(0 ;<9 8 ) ,* . 9*)

L 4* )(* 7*);/<99)= ) L *94 ; 4 *( 60 9 , =

* . (, 3 ( + ,60 8),( .,9 *0 9)<=

4**,( < (+7* **,( *0 9)<=

) L 3* ) () , 9 * ) * 9 *0 9)< ) ,(% 4 *, . <9 9 ) . ( 0 )4 * ;9) *) 7 9 4 ) *- 9:7 -* *)

60 4 ,,( ;

* ,*0 9)<=

4) <9(*) 7)(*/ * )

7 -+ I ** 88 * *0 9)< ,( ;) (9 !0 9= < 4 * );# (97:60 +* * ) 9 9 ) -. ( 0 ) ,( *9( ) L !) ; < ) * #4 9 0 ),- ( ) ) -9< *

0 * : , 9 - + ,-,( ;) ,F# G4)9(0 <9 : ,*(/ ,( 9 0 0 9)(*/ D9 : 1 2

Schacht J. The Origins… P. 246–247. Ibid. P. 247.

25

*:*) )( 0 ;)

8 ) 984 *( 0 )( 7: 0 ;9 @ *+( */4 + *) *( ) ( 9*) * ;9( (+.( 0 D (/ * 808*

, ,(0 * 8L-9 <): 98 ,( 0 ,) 0 *(/ 4 + 4 0 99 <

0 ),-( 0 *(97:0 )= (4 , *9(( ( ; ; , + 9 ) 9 ( *0 (/; )(*/6 808 B;9 ( 9 6 0 )(*/ ;(+ , 9)< 4 00 ;8

, );(94 ,-0 9 <)( */ (/. *) 9 ) -. (0 ) 4 0 4 9 L *9 ,( * * ) = 0 )( 7 0 ) ) 9 ,4 (7, );(9,4 ),9) , ) 00 ;= 87 98

9 (/. *)4 9 (< , ,( 0 ; )/* 9 ) ),* 4) ; < (),* 4–) ,6 *,*(0 9*)( *-( . 4 ,*9(( *) = * (8 4;)* ) 0 9 3(4 -),)= ( 0 *(9 )(/ ;+ -( 9)9(/ 00,4 0 9*)(( );(9,4 ),9) , ) 00 ;87 *:*)7: 9= 84 ,* 9 )(7* ,+ ,+ * . (,4 +*/9 40 0*,),-3(40 9*)(*, ,0 ) , ( 4

;*0. , 0 0, **;84 , = <7);(9, 00( 9)9 )4) ;()().- (/. *) * ) =

,- 0 ) ),- ** , +*/ 9 4 0 0*,),- 3(4 ( *0-4 (+(*/ * */7 :(/ */7 9 8; +(/ 0 9) (*/9(/.)0 ( ; ,- 6+*-* < 4+ ,+ 9 8)B). *0- *);(9,6 040 0*,),3(4* *** 9 40 9) <9

,)9 49 (/. *) ; -0 9= *)(7 : );(9 ,4 ). *0- ) 4 9

(0 ); <* )).* 980 ) ) . (,49 = (*/) - *0 0 ; )9 0 ) )* 00 ;8 ) 4 00 ;8 ) 9 <( = ) */ 98 (* ) )< 98 (* ) – ( )< * ,)* *(/ * 0 )) ) )-9< – ,( **)

, ),- 9 0 9 (< 9)< ( ; 6+* *0 )

00 ;8 9 ) . ( 0 ) K (, 0 ) * 0 * 0 9*)(( *(*7 00 ;87 0(+ 9 * ) 0 0 0 ;9 - 9- 00 ;8

7 004 ;)).7* ) 98 (** 9)< 4 0 9+ ). 6 9 87 2() , ;* 98 (* ) 00 ;8 9 ) . ( 0 ) ,( *- 9: (/ , F = 98G4 ),* ). <): 98 . ( B9 * + , ,( 9(9 ) -. () <9/4+ -9 ,)8( ; )(*/ 26

+ - *0 9)< ) 4 ,4 ) 4 ; ( - *0 9 (+. ,( <9 ,4 + - 9*)7: 98 0 9*)(( *

@ 98 (*, ; ( 9(;= )

, +,-;)( 4 ( F 98G4 , 0 9 )( (/9 (9*(,.

,-() +7)9

,-*)9(/*) *( )- ( 9*)- 4 0 9

,- * 0 ,) 80 + ;= *(<)7:- 9 ) (8 9 ( -( ; 6- 984 ) =

. 0 ) ),-0 ( < 4 <*+/*9 * ) _ ,( ))9 , ) 4 ; * 4 0 ),* )4 * 9= 8 (*4 + * 0 ) 0 ( ) , ) ) B <9

98 (*, 0 ; ( 6 9(/ */ ( ( , 4 ) 98-4 9 (9,)7:- *;

$ F,*;,)=

4 0 0*,), 4 * (*7:* * 4 ) ;) :7* 4 ),*;( - * 9( ( G F)(7* ( - . ),*;,) 4 ,*9((( G @ 98 (*, ,( + , 9 4 - 9(*/ ) 9 - 8 - *(4 9 * )( 00,4 00 ;8

, * , . ( 0 )4 * , * 9 , - **<9 ,( 0 9+ , * 9 + ,- . (4 9< K=

4 ) 8 ) ) 9 (< , ,( *(9 )/ 0 * ;9=

*) * ) ;* ) *(/ * 0 )4 9 <= ( )(*4 + - 0 ) - * 4 + . 98

*0 * */ **<9 7**+*0 ) 9(- . 9+M)*) ( ; 0 ( < *- 98 (* )4 ), ;).*)*(97:),*;,) 40 0* $F+*= () +( )4 ,*(. *( )40 -4- -40= 9-9(/._ ;0 9+ )0 ) ),-; * )= (7* 7 *4 9 ; - 0 9 0 ) ), ; (84 , ( + ,4+ G 1. @ 98 (* )(*/ )* +( )+* **<9 (+ 4 *). (/ +*/7 9*)7:- 98 9 ) - . ( ,4 ) 9*)(/ *4 9 (< , ,( ,/ * = *) , 6( *(* 0 ) ) ,*( * * +( D ))( ) 9 984 ) ,- *(*/ * 0 <=

+( )+*0 ) ), **<9 D 40 -)9 4< )*)

, ; , 984 0 )(

,0 ) 9* 0(+ 9 * ) 0 4 - )*9 ) ; < 0= 9(/40 ; .(( 9 ; 98

,-* ( 9 ) -. (0 ) 9 *(*- ) )**0,<;= 1

Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. Origin and Development of Islamic Law. Washington: The middle East Institute, 1955. P. 47.

27

4)(7+* 0 )4,( 4;* 4 * , * 9= 8 (* )_ ) 6 0 9.*) )( * + , . (, 0 ) D: 9 8 98 (* ),( <4+ 9 - 00 = )9 7:-. ()L 9 $ 0 9(

*(

*/ * * ) 9 *4 <4 4 ,( ; *(7= + ) ,( ; * ) , ) +* 0 ) ),- **(9 ) -0 0 + 4;-; ,- *+*;7 *4 - * ) ;*( * * ) 0 9+ 0 9 0 ) (/ , 0 80 :*)4 0 4 9) 984 ))9

, ) 98 (*9 ,4*(9 , ;0 ();) += ) *) 8 4 0 9(

70 4 (* ;9/ ***)

);) +) (* < 8 C 8(/7,( *9(/ 6 0 < ;

4 0 (+ 0 ,(4 ( ;= (7+ ;0 :

,- ) I - , 98 0 = (9( ) 9 4 4 * )* * L 4 ; )( - 0 84 *( 98 (* ) ; / 9 +=

,-. (0 ) *(*/)6 *(+;*0. , ) +(/ 9 ) . (, 0 )4 9 * 0 9 *4 ;( *(/ * 0 )( . 984 0 9*)(

,- B+ *0 ) 0 ( 0 *( 4) )*-*(+- :(*/9*)(/ (0 0*,),0 * )( = @ ; 4 98 0 9 (( *(/ 7 00 ;874 - , 0 ) - 0 *:*) )( (/.7 +*/ ) ) -9< < ) * )* * ,4 + 9 <9, *),. 0 = (+

)(*/ 4 ),*. ) *( ! 6 9 * )* * = ( )

, ;* 98 (* )#4 ,( 0 9(

, *0- 9 ) . (, * (0 ) * /)*) ; *7:) ( 9= 8 H+.4 + ( *9(/4 ,( /. - 0 0 8 )(7+ *) - 0 ;8 9 ) 9 0 0*,), 984 6 ; +( 4+ ;) )(- * E 9 ) . (,0 ),(), <9 ,0 ; )/0 8= 0, 98 (* ) (/ *( )-4 ;(/ ( ) 0 ( - 0 ;) 7 0 ) )7 9 4 + <(( 0 *(9 L 9 98 (*, 9 )(*/ *0- ) ; 9 ,4 4 9 6 *(+( */4 9 (/. *) ) 00 ;8 * )(*/ (+ 9 , (/. *). (_ +* 0( 9+4, - 98(, 00,F 7:-*0-G= 9 *- *- 9 4 ), <

,- ) 98- L

); 9*) 0 ) ),- 9 98 *(9 *= * )/ A9 (/ , 0 8**4 <7: 0 * (/ <; ';(/ 6 0 8** )(*/ * )* */ 9 ) - . ( 0 ) . (4 0 ).- 98 (/ ) *0 4) * (* ),)(*/*-9*)7: 98 28

( 9(; )

F0 G4 0 4 9 (< ,/ (97:60 *(;8*:*)7: 0 )*); *=

54

4 9(; )). 0 3* 4 + *) *( ) ( 9*) ! 9< (+ # * ;9( ( (+.( ,+ 7 0 4 : ; +( (+ 0 ;) =

8 ) 984 *( 0 )( 7: 0 ;9 I 60*) *)

0 (((/ 9 0 ( (/ 9 8*= <9 **;8 <9 ,( 0 *: *(/ * 0 )** +(D +( */*0 (+ 9)9(/ . * * ,

-*08(* )9I ( ,/ 9 ) (/ , 9 0: 0 ; ;)* .=

*08(* )(* 0 9.*)7: 9 ( * ( 7 * (* )

* D 6( (; * 0 = *7* ) (

0 94 , 0 ;) (7 ** = / * + B* 6 4 9)9(/ . 4 0 ( */7

;)* ( *0 )

0 0, * (* )

*4 * = )( * 0 9(

+(4; 0 )( ( 949)( */ ) ; *7:* 9*80( B (

*9 0 ) ),- ;(7+ 0 9*)( 1 " 0 4 0 ;,)7: ; (, 0 ) , ;(7+ 4 9 * , ( '

;(7+ 6 )940 (9).) * 9 4 )( +, - 0 ; ;0 *0(=

9 ( < ; ; 8( 9

0 )9 40 ( *+, /*)9(/*0 ; 40 90*

, 6 *(+ ) I ,( ) (/. *0 (/ , ;(/ **= +*- ;(7+ L * 00 ;8

, 00, 0 )(= +( (<:7 ) * ) 9 87 0 9 * < */ 0*( ) - 9 9874 **;,)7:74 + 3( 9 <9, ), ( ),;)).7 ) : < : +, ; ;( (/ 0 *( 0 0 ; _ 6 );(9 0 (+( 9 L; +(/ * 9 4 )+7: ) +, - 0 ; 4 *0 * =

,- ) E9<;4 ,( 0 ) ) 00 98 0 9 )(*/7 4 + , ;(/ ,( 984 *7:* <+ , 0 d;4 , * ) .( 8( 9

, 0 *= 0 * ; (*4 ,(; ; ; (/ 0 *( +) 0 ; 1E 49+) + *+), <

) 98- 4 9 0 (9( ) 9 * . (4 * = - (*/)*+

)9)L D* )

( *<9 0 9( 9 * 0 *) 4 ) <94+ = 1

E9@. 4% @"

29

+* ; ) )9 )+/ ; ) )*) < ,/ 0 (/ 0 *( 9)- 0 ; 0 *0 4 0 ( * 9) *)9= (/*)4 7:* ) 6 *(+ I 9 ,( : ; ), < ) 983(4 ,(+*+ *0. (/ )L (/ * */ *) )

:*)4 0 ;) (7: 0 +* ; ;) )*) 4,(; * ) - 8 *, ( !0 0(/8)# ) 0/ 9 - ) D:0 ) L 9 4 4 ; * )( = * . ) 9*/ 9 - )4 ) +*) 0 )9 9*= 8

. ,(0 )9 , 98L *943(9= < I9 9 (< ,( ** )/* (/=

4 *<9 0 ( ) +*) * ) . *) ) 4 ,( ) + *+ 9+ , (/ * */= 9

:*) *0+)( +(/ 7 + *84 0 *,= ( 4 (/ (+*) *94 0(, 0 4 *:*)( < - ; )*4 ,( *:*)

, 6(= + >9*/ < (/ * .=

,( *$ F, *+ 6 . 7:4 – *;( 4 – + *);/ 9 (< */ ;

; (/.7 *G4 = ; 4 L B- 9 ( *9 * 4 9 <9, 0 = 9((* 9*9 - )G 1I 9* 8

. )0 = *(9*),( 9 8 ) )(+.7* *, ( 4 ) * )*) * 4 *0 (/; ) +* :*) < , < *+( */ ;

,4 (+*) /. 4 *= )( ;0 7 + *0 ; ; <4 (/=

(+*) *9 ,( ; * ) ) 9*/ 9 - ) I ;= (7+ ,( ), < ) 98 3( 9 8, 0 ) +(/ 0 ; )( (/ (+*) *9_ (/ (4 0 *(9 )( (+ , + 4 0 ( * ;(7+ 0 = ( 4 ()*/ *) * *)

9 , 4+ ;=

;)+/ ( ,/0 (/ )*(+-4 9 (/=

8

*/*) )

:*)* *)(( 9 -4; *= )( *9) < ; <) 8, .( 6 * ) .

7 ( 7 9 )() (/ (*/)= 9840 )).-*) <) ';(/,6-

-**+*-;(7+ +* ,(),= < , ) 0 ) ),- F ( ) ( G ( ) 0 ) ),- 0 = 80 )-( ; ) B , 0+ , ( ; )(7*$F ;= ) 9 0 9 *)( *) 9, 0 0 <9 7G_ F 0 9(= < + ( <G! 9(#_F), 99)** )*= )

*/7G_ F *0+)* ; 0* */ 4 9( + 0 9 = 1

30

Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. Origins and Development of Islamic Law. P. 50.

; + G ! *#4 * * , 00 ;8

9 , ; +, 0 80 – F; 0* */ )(* 0 0 )G !9 = *#I0 80,*(0 90 +(/ ), < 0 ) = ),-9 )L E9<;)0 ) 0 ( ) ) )-9< ;( 604 9 0 ) ), 9 , : ,( ) +* ), < ,) 98-4- (/. *) ; -0 *0

0 (

98 I( (+ ,- 9* 8

,- 9)9(/ ,- );(9 ))*(/ * 0 ),(0 90 +(/ ,9 * 9= 84 *

98 4 (/ ( 9 *:*)

*0- 98 (* ) (/. *) ; 6- (/ ,- ;)*= ,- . + ,-,( ( ,))9 98 # ! " *(/ * 0 ) + * ( &5 -9< 4 4 + * 6 ) 4 ;) - +* 0 ) ) ,*( ( *(9 )/.;. + + -0 ),-4 ;))( */40 <9)* 4) 0 )( )* (/. * ) . *= ) ) 9 - 0 4 0 9 *( ; *) ;) ) 8 ) ) -) ,-4 ( * ) ; * ;)* * = 9840 +( 9*) )/ (/. (+*) ) = ,- 98- /-40 * < ( ; 6+* = - 4 , ), <( 9 *0 0 8** *(;8 0 90 )40 )9. 0 ) 7**+* *<9=

4 9 8) ;(/*(;),- 9 ;0

,* + .( *) 7 (/ 87 ) + K 4 6 *)9= (/*) ; );(9 ) ,- () ,- 0 9*)( *(/ * 0 )) )*( ;(9, * * . ' ! ) & -9< # 14 0 4 0 9= *)(7 * . . 4 0 , *(/ * 7 *0 9 8= 4 ) )* *(+ * - ( :7 0 4 ( ( )( 4 ( *(; )( 4 + ,( 9( ,+ ,4 ( 9)(4 0 )9 4 0 * **)

. 4 )* : **= +* * ) . *) ) 3 -+ , - 9 , 3); 9( 0 90 +(/ * -

+ 0 9.*= )7: 0 ( 9 9 0 9 ,(* ( = ) 4 9 8 *(;8 **;8

7 *0 9 8 -9 +(<9*) )/4 ,()*:9( -= ) )* *, (4 0 9( <

0 9( <

3);9 4 ; 4+* 0 ;) 9)0+( 0 *(= 9 )(/ C **+*;(7+ 4- ); *0=

4 ) * ) 9 ,4 0 ) ) ,*(/ 0 ;,)4 0 )( 4* (; 1

9 *$Shcacht J. The Origins… P. 288–290.

31

>(7+ !),) 9,#) ;9 ,!) -9< # 14)8= ( 4* ) ,*3);4 *

) . -0 49*= )7: 984 * ** + ,- 9 9 * . (,4 7 * )((4,(*0 *) (/.*0 * ) (+ ,-),) 9-0 9*)(. (* ) (/ .= *0 (/; ) ),) 9 )4 ) ;)* * 9*)7:- 9= 84 ( <* 0+ , 9 8 (/. *) *(+) ,

- 9 ),) 9, (4 )9 - )(

, (/ , * < = 4 0 +* 8(* ; */7 9 8 *(;8 C*/ 9 *(+)4 9 - +* 0 ) ) ,*(/ * 0 * <* ;9 ) 0 *(9 )(/ L 9*** - +*- 0 ) ),- 0 (- +(*/ = ) . 4 9 , ! ) % -9< # C 9 4 ); ) 8( 4 0 ;,) 7 *0 / - += * 0 ) ) ,*(4 0 ) )94 (7<4 9(/ = )9 ) ;(/ +* 9+ C . ;) .

, 9 * 0 *) * (; 0 ),) 9 ) = (; )(*4 ) 4 ( 0 *

0+ *

= */7 0 ) ) ,*( * * - +* ),) 9, )= (7* 9 ,_* ( **+* 0 *(9 )(/=

*4 9*)7 * ) ,- 0 )( 0 80 ) 0 0,) )*7 9 (/. (+*) *(+) 9 L 3 H( 0 9*)(4 0 -)9 4 **)

, 0 +* ;9 ), *,*(4<0 , * 7 . I 0 +* ;9 ) *,*( . +* ) ) 0 +* *

*(* -6+* * < );

, * 6 * = < 4L 3H( ** )*;-;(/ *0 4 9 84 *(

) , */ 9 C*/ *(9 ) 9= (/ * ) +*) 9 ) - *) 9 ,4 0 *(9 4 )< ,; ,-)(* * );4 , 0 9*)= ( (

77 *97 ) ;) *(* 7 *0 9 84 + * )

3E . *-0 ) ),-),) 9 )4 0 9*)( ,L 3 H( 4 .# + 4 ! ) &5 -9< #4 0 -)9 4 *, ( (/ +* **; 4 9 *. ; +(/ 0 = **)- +* 0 ) ) ,*(B9+943E ,( + 4+L 3H(40 +** < <) ,( ) 9 ) 90 */70 )( 0 ) *94 99 L 3H()(*+* 0 = ) 4 0 + 4 9 3 E ,4 - )(* ( ),* ;) 4 +* 6*0 (/ 4 )*(9*) 6 4 = 1

32

Ibid. P. 311–315.

9 )() (/ 9 3E ,**+*0 *(9 = )(/ */* )* (/ 38 )

,*9) 0 = +*- *0 ) 0 ) ),- ),) 9 ) – *(;84 . 4 * ) =

,- ;9 ) *,*(9 -* < -4 ,)*:0 )= ( )( ) 9 L 3 H(4 – - +* (/ , - *0 ) ) ,*( - 7**(9,0 ) ,-),= ) 9 ) **+* 0 *(9 )(/ *4 - ) (/. (+*) ( )< ,4 + 6 - *4 )(7* = +*(

,*(+4 ,0 ;,)70 ) )7,*(/3E ,

(/ * (. * )(/ 0 ( ; 4+- 0 9.*)

)4 - +* ( ),* ;) 4 0 9

( * ) . *) )

) ) ,*(/ 3 E ,4 )* * 4,( +(/ 4 *0 9)< 0 *(9 )( ( =

()< 7+*/9 ) 7 D0 *(9 )(3E , .#6#4!)%"-9< )1 = - 9 (/ *;/4+ ,( (;)* 984+ +(/4 ) ) *:*) )( (/. (+*) ) = ,- 984 4 ) * ) * ) ; *7: ;)* */7 984 9 )9, 0 +* * < ,( )< ,= ) 9 L 9* )

,* + 0 ) <974 )9 -*(+-6 )(*) */74+ 0 3^* ) +*) 9 0 9( ; / );(9, 0 9 0 ) B 6 +*, 0 , );(9 ) < ),97 7 0 9( =

*/ ; ( */4 0 ) ),*(/4)8( 4 ( ; 0 ) = ) * 9 4 + 3 E ,4 * )(/ ;)* 0 ) ) ,*( +( 3 ^* 0 9*)( +( 0 8**4 ,9 ) *. ( ,,(; . ( 0 *(9 = )(3E , 5 !)% -9< # 24)(0 *(9 )(/3E , 3 ^* 4 9< (/. ;)*( 984 + 3 ^* I <)* (/ ) ; - 9 , 0 9 )( 9= 84 ) , ) 9( )/ **+* ),) 9, 4);,; 98; *0 *

(,F, *(96 G4 ;

:(*0 **,(- = 98 9 -) )49<*( )9*)(/=

* *(9 )( K *0 (/; )( ;)* *<9 4 9 * + . *0 (/; )9 ) -. (-0 )4 (/. = *) 6- *<9 4 0 )).-* ) )9 (+ ,- *<9 4 )(7*

+* * ( ( **+* *<9 ;= 1 2

Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. Origins and Development of Islamic Law. P. 301–306. Ibid. P. 306–311.

33

)* *0 K 0 9 )( *0 * ; + ; . )4) * ) (<(0 80,9* 8

,- . ;(/ ) * *<9 0 ( *= +* *<9 )(*+ 4 (0+ 9(. * - +* 0 ) ) ,*( D )(* ( ),* 4 + - 0 9.*)

)4 ) 8( 4 3 ^* 4 ) +* *_ )(*

(* ) .

,; 9*<9 4 ,,(9 * = , 9 K K ,( )( **; * 9 = ,D ,(<0( 9 ),0*(4 , 9,4 *0+).) +(73E 4*( 0 ) += - * . (,4 0 ; .( + . (, , ) ), *<9 54

! ) "5 -9< # 14 *+). * +( 9 * . (,4 - *9(( )< , 0 ( < 9= 8 (* ) 0 )( 7: ) *(/ * 0 )4 9 *( *) ; @ 9 9<0 ) / ) ; < 0 ); * 9 4 = , * )( 9 K 0*(4 0 8** *(;8 0 )4 0 0). ( ; , 6+* 94 ) * ) ,( ;) . @ ; 4 , - 9 0 + 9 0 9) )= .* ) *) ;9 ) 0 ) ) ,*( )( 7 0 +*- * = < ( ; 6+* - 4 *, ).- )< 7 (/ ) 9 - 0 9.*)

),< - 9 (0 *(9 = )(/ ,4 +

7 *, ) 9( (/ ,- 6+*- *= 0 )4 9)* ) ; (9( ** -<0 ( 6 . K 0 99 <( 0 98 (* )4 , * (*/ 9 8 )/ F;0 :

,G F = 9*)(/ ,G 0 ) * - ( * *)

, - +* - 40 ) ), . 0 ( */7,(0 < ,( 0 = * 9 )(*/ ) - ( ; ,- 6+*- ;

* 9 = * ,4. * 9 (/ ;)* */ (/ ,- 98 4) *(9 )( 98 (*40 90 = (( 9 4 (/ , 0/ *(;8 0 ) ) 9 , K 9(( ; ; + <9 4 );, ; 984 ;(/ **+* ,*( )< *<= 9 4 4 *0 * 0 0(7*_ 0 ;,) * *);

, 98 ** ) 9 <) 4 6

), * ; < *+/* 0+ , 9( 0 ) ) ,*( *= +* *<9 K 7 *) + D ; .= * 0 8 (/ , 98 ( *4 0 = 7: 8 (; ( * /; , )(7* .4 0 *= - 9: ; 0 (+* 0 ;8 ) . 9 ) - . ( 0 )4 0 ;84 )*(+*9 8*+ * (/ 0 = 1

34

Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. Origins and Development of Islamic Law. P. 315–329.

);

*/74 ) *(+ * 8 0 ) ) )* ) ; < * C ;)* */ 98 < 9(

) ; < , 9( )

( (7 984 ; *= (7+ * ),)7:* ) 9 -4 ) 0 98 4 )+; 9(/ , , * 0 = 8 B 9 * . ) *<9 - K /= ./ *0 89 ),* +*) - +* 0 ) ) ,*= (4 ),9(*4 ; * 4 ),* +. 9)9(/ 9 *< )*(* 7 *0 9 8 K 0 ; ) 0 80 (/ + *<9 0 ( **+* ),) 9,4 ; *(7+ *- ;(7+ 9* 8

,- . 4 -4 ,( ,+ -0 ) ), !;(7= + # * 9 0 9.*)

) I )(* 9 ; )< ,-

).*)4 , 0 ) ) * ) .

(+(*/ = + ,-. (C 0 ) ) ( +* (/ ;= 9 ( 0 *(9 )(/ 0 9.*)

)4 ,- 0 * =

) ) 4+ - 0 9*)(7* **0 ) = + I ; *4 ) <9( */4 ;*- 98 (= * ) 4+ + <0 ),*/)(*/ (/ 98 ) 6 4 K 9(( * **)

0 * =

;) 9 , ) 9 ) - . (- 0 ) ( *

(

)(* * 8 7: 0 4 0 ;

0 9*)( . (4 9 + 0 * 9 < 7 !*# (/ , 98 49<*(6 98,(0 9 , 9 (8 )<9 0 ( (9K 4 (/;;(7+/4+ *0 9)< ; ( - *0 9 - . 4 ; 4 (/ );(9,4 * )*,* :*)7:);(9,0 4))= 9

,9 (84 *0 9)< (4**= )

4 ) (;- K *(, I )9*

,4;(7+ =

) (/ ,- 98- 4 * 8087 <): 989 ) -. (49<*(<): 98,(; ;) F*

G@ 98 (,/ 9*)(/ ,4 9< * **,( K *+ * * ;7:* 4+ 0 ) + 98 4+ 98 A*=

7 9 (< 4 ; 4 0 )/* ) *) 984 * **+ ,-4 ,0 ;(<):7 987 <9 9 ) . (,4 < *( * , 9( K D 9< 8( *:*) ) (* * ) )*/ )< * **)*-*(/ @;* 4+ F)*4+ *(/= 9 7 ( ) 74 )(* - . ( 0( - ) *) 3((-G4 ,( * ( ) ) 8 9 K K ;)( 9(/.4 0 804 ,(* ( ) 4+ : *(/ 35

9 * (*** . 4,(0 ( < ) 98 = (/ * 9 / )-9< I (/ , * = **,(9 * + * ,4+ ,0 ;) (/K *(9 )/ 9= 8 4 )(7+ )* 9( C*( 9(; )

, 98 9 (< ,,(/0 (97:7*(4 ,( ) ; <=

* 9( *0 (/; ) (+ 4 *<9 +( ) 9 (< ,( ,/ + 0 ,- ;(7+ **= +*- ),) 9 ) ; 98 K ,( * /; ) * ) ) <9 4 + A)( * ), ) / (77 9 = 4 < 0 9

0 ) +/ 98 @ ),4) * ) 40 80,0 ) ) K B* 4+ 0 ) ) K ,(9 * + <* ).*) * 9 <( 9 0 ) +4 ) 8( ,( 0 * * (* ) =

** 4 9( 0 ) *- 9: 7 9 ) - . ( D ,( 9 *< : ) <) ( +* ;(/ 0 = 8**4 +). * 94 9 98 )0 ), ,( 0 9= *)( ,0 ) ), ,';)0 ) ) ) ) * ( *( * 0 ) <9( */ / <9 9) 808$ :9 : ,)(*/7 98 9 )=

- . ( 0 ) 0 9*)( 0 * 0 **$ K *)( ;*, 98 (* ) 0 *(97: + , ( ), 4 (/ 0 /0 80, 0 ) ) + 1 " .- - *(/ * 0 ) )0 ( * )

;,)7 0 * , 0 F0 ) 7 * )G L* +* 0 9) <9 6 + ; )(7* +*(

, . (, 0 )4 * )).* ) (+*) ) ;(+ ,- - 3 * E( )

( ) ,- *( ) )- ( )( * ) ,- * + ) 0 )– *

,I) , ( )(*(- * = )(-60 (/ */. (0 )* *)()< ,60) * +* ;) *(/ * 0 ) ) **, L

(= 9 4 +3? - 4F) +(* 9 -) ) , ,(9 *)

, 9 4 ,)9( ;) + ; = 0 0 ) <0 9*)/ 9,4(; 0 9- 9:0 *) 9 ; * 4 + ) 6 . * ;9( '( 4 ; 9( G 1. 9 9, ; * ,( *) , *9 ) " 9 -9< , !&5 #4 *(/ * 0 ) 4 ;)* 4 < ( *) 1

36

3 -* .;* +

* ) , + ,_ <9 * *(/ * :*) ) ) 0 ) ) ** ,( 9 )() ), *9, 0 9 (<( *(( 9 87 *(;874 * )(*/ )* ( (; 0 0 *(9 - 9- -9 *+* 0 (= 4+ , 9(/**) 7 ) (787 *) 0 )).= 9 4*9,0 )(+)( ;(+4* ; (/ 0 ) 0 *= )( * *) 0 9.*)

4 *9(( *) 0 *=

)( *) ( 9 <)*/ 0 (4 * )(F *G+ ;0 0*/4** +( ; )).7* <9 +* ) *08(* ) 0 +*

<9 9 * 8 D 9(( 0 *(/8 * *08= (*) ( ; 0 )0 ) 0 *4)- 9:)- 0 87 @4 0 49 *9 .( (/. 3^* 4 0*

,) ) ;0 * -( E 0 :*)

, *4 ( = ( < 74 ( ) 0 )*< ,0 (B ( ; , *08(*,4 * *)). 0 9- ) 9 *(;84 ,( ) , (/ *4 0 ), *9, - * ) *0 = * ,,()(+/;* )* :*) 4 (+ *-( , )*9,(*

,)*) * ( 0 ) /)<; / ( ;=

, 9(, ,( */4 + 0 )( ;(4 0 0 )= 9

*94 ,( (./ 9 , 0 , - * = (7 9*0 @ ; 4 ,( *0 * ,*0/ 7 0 4 - 0 9 *)( (/ <( 4 )(* 9(0 9 (< 9( D9

*9,0 (+(* +)7*);/ *9 . 4 *):

; I < ,( 0 9 0 9( 0 9-4

0 *9- *( 0 )( 4 + , 9 ;= (/ ; ( . 9 (/. ,( 0 : * 0 )= ( ) ) 0 *- 0 )4 0 / ; +( 0 ; 8 0 D 9 (< ,( 0 / *(7+(/ *):

,; ;).= (/*) 0 )(/*)4 6 ;)* */ *(*/ +* *( 9*0 )

)(*/ )* ,( *(

0/ -( ;)*, *_ 9 (/ ( ,/ *: ,0 0 - 8 (/ )(*4 ;)*( 0 (+*- )(* ) *0 ( 0 ) ) I ,( *

)< ) 0 )= ( ( ) 0 ) *9 9-4 9 9 ,( 0 :=

* ,- 0 )( ) 0 ) ),- ) 0 *-4 ( * 0 )= (* )()(*(+4) ,- ( ) 7*80 909(0 9 0 87 9 * ) ,- )(* B 9 0 0 ),- *= 9-9,( 9( , :9 * 80 9+ ,*(/= * 0 )0 *0 89 4 (/ ,0 )(9 ;(/= *) ) 0 *(9 (.( 9 ) ; < * 0 90 / ( ) 37

**(9 ) 4 - *0 * */ ./ ( ) , 9( *( +)9=

(9 )(/ 4 0 (+* )(* ;A( 0 9( )9 (/.+* ( ) 7*8) 0 (8@ *= 9 ) *) +(/ ;(* *, : , ; 0 = <9

,-*(/ * :*) ( 8 (;8 0

- *9-4 0 )(. = ; + 9;8 4<0 )( * ;9 7 *2() 9FL

*6 ) 4– +384–60 -0 ),-3= *9 ) – 0 * ) - ) 9 0 ( ,+ (/. )*G 1. I ;) ; +(/ ,( 0 + ,( 9* (8,4* = ,-( , ,+ * ) )(*/0 )9 7*(/ * 0 ) *= 993^* 0 ),0 (+(6 ( 24 ; +). 6 0 * -( E - -'.9 *0 .)( * ) (/ 0

* ) 0 ( *< , ) 0 *4 +( */ ),.4 0 ; + )*-90 * 2() ,9*( 9 ; * ) ,-* ) )-( 4 () 8*( ; + *: 94 - 9:-* 0 9 )(*/7 -( 90 (*4 + * 2() 94 * * +*7 )< */4 )*= 9 ,( 9( ) ) *(/ * 0 ) 0 *9* 0 *- <9 4 )(*/ 0 ) 9 *(*7 0 +) ; = * * 9 - 9C ))9

*9* )= 09* 8(/ ,;*) ) -+ *** 9* 9=

* 84 9 ) * * + 0 ;,)( 0 (= ((/ */9)- * ) L * 4 ;*) )

, *9 ; 9 * ) 0 *** 9*- 8 4 ,( F **(9 ) <( G I ,( * (7 )(*$ * -( , (4 0 - 0 + 74 =

* ,4*08(/ ,9 (< * ,(840 ;9 –*( ,4 ; ( <( , . ( ; ) 0 ) *9 ( 9 ;

, 9*) 94 9 * ) *0 ( 0 ) )4 .4 9 0= :

, 9 (< * , (8 ( )(/ <4 0 9 , *(+ * ,( + <9 , 8(/ , 9, c( ( )< , *0 = , * *)

*4) 0 9(<).7 *9894= < ** )(*/)9-c( 4+ -7 *98); +(/=

* 0 +(**99 *:*) ) 6-9 = * ) ,- *9 )4 + <9

,-4 +)9 4 9( 9 0 ( 9 *7= :- *9 ) 94 0 ;( 4 + )

0 9 ) (/. *) *(+) )9 0 ) *9* * ,9 .( */ 9,94) 0 9(

*0 ),*

,9c( 4),=

<9 , ,( 0 *0 *()/* *. 7:* 7 *98 F = 1

)0.;* +". 4 0 $ # ;* +%

2

38

*0 , G4 , *4 - 9 0 /4 0 = 9 (<( 8 )/ ) 0 9 9 ) * ) ; = ), *9,4 * - ) 84 ) . *(; )( 6 = *4 0 ( <) ;

7 ) (() 7 ; =

*/F0 : 9 0 9)( ;(G49( )*)

,; ) 9 *(* ( 0 )9 ) *(/ * :*) 9) ;) F-*G 9 )( 9 ) 0 (8* )(*0 0 )( 79)< 40 * 4* )( ) ; . ) ; .-9***) ;

*)- 9( 0 )= 9 .( 0 ) *97 ( < * ,- ; 4 )(7+).- 0 ) ;9 <

,- ! 0/ *)# 8( 9

,- 9< *+ ) )4 0

,- * 0 *0( D9 *

<( 0 )( ))* 6 , !0 ( < # . ) 0 ,+ 0 ) 9( 0: 7 ; )9 4 + 9= (/ */ -* ) )*9 )+( * ) *(= * 0 )B ,*0, *-* )*(<0 0 9,*0 *) 9(/ **,*):

; 0 *9- ** - (*40 /. 4) ,-*= (*- *9 *)-9 *-0 4 9*0 ) <9 *(/ =

4 ;)* (+ ( **) 8(/ ; +

-*4),*0/+* , ) ((F*8 ;)*-G!0 9= (*4 , <,/0 9 (7,+( ) # 9- 0 )( 0 ) *9 ,( *)( * 9= * 8 94 9 * ) ; 9(/ 9(/=

*/ 8 (/ 0 )(/*) * ,- 0 )( ; +(/ (<( ) * , 7: * *(/ * 0 ) (./ 0 = *0

)- 9( ) *9-4 9 4 9 () , + , . < (*/4 9 * *(/ * 0 ) *( 0 = ; )/*4 4) )+*)9 *)

;

= 9( 0 )9 *(/ 4 94 ), <9

, 0 / 6 ; 4

; +(*/0 90 , 9; -( 4*-( <9 (< ,( ,/ )(7+ ) 6 ** I ;(7+( */ ) 9( ; =

9(/ , 0 ) $ ,( , 9 0 ; / 6 0 ) 0 )( ) ** ( ; ,-0 90* 4 ,(* ) )0 = ) 0 ( < */0 0 )( ,* ; .(*/0 9)( 98 (* )4 9( ,- (/ (/ , 984 *- 9= : 4() < -( -9 ,*0 9)< K 4 0 99 <)7: ;*, 98 (* )4 *= ;/$F@ 98 9 (< ,/0 4 (/ * )* ;)* 4 9< *( 0 9 0(* * )*)7: -= ( C*( < */ -( 4 98 4 0 )4 *=

)*;)* 0 ;<4 9 (< ,/ )0 (/; 98 39

G 1 . 9 (< ,( 9(/-( = ( ; + 7 *40 9+ / *):

; 4 949/ <0 ) 0 /* *)

4+ ,( ,+ , 9( 9 ) - . ( 0 ) @ + )* 6 ,( * ( ) (./ ;9 0 ;9 4 *: */ ,( ), < ) 9)- 98-4 :- +( ) ) * ( -9< ,4 9 ,- ), < 9* -( D 39 (/-3;; *(97: ; $ FB 0 ) * *)

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,- 4 .-_+ 3((- ; .((;0 (* 90 = 9)+ _ ./4(./*0 ( /4 ) 40 = *(9 )(/G (* 6 9 4* ; (/ 0 0 *,-

-= *9-4 -( 4 9+4 9 4 * (7 , () *(* * = :*)4 ( 0 ) ) / ; ,4 (./ 9)/ 9 * = ) , *0 < ) 8-4 * )(

,- *):

, ; I 9 *9(( *0) 0 0 9,9: 0= 9D *0. * ,( 4+ 4,).)9*)(/ = * ; 9(/*) -( ) 9 , *

9 )4 ) ; += (/ *0 400 9 ( *)

–00 ) = 80 ) 0 ( < ,- . 4) .( ) /*(/ * 0 ) *0 9

0 )( 9<+ ;9( 7; =

9(/ 9 * ) 9(/ *)9: ;<-(=

9 *)* 0 )( +* 0 - 9( */ ; 9(/*= ) )/ 9( *) - 9 * ) ,- *9 ) L - 9( 6 ,( ;= ) +*9(/ */40 )( ;,)(9 * ) 4 0 99 <)( 874 + - *0 < *(<( (/ 9( 0 49 0 ( *( . ,()0 ( ) 0 = 8 0 (+* )(* I 8 0 99 <)(*/ 9 ( 4 ,( ) ; < 49< * 0 ) +* *):

,; ) < ) * , )< , 0 9 9= * ) ; 9(/*) ,( ;, ! - # * *- *( ) 0 ), 9, 0 )( *9 )4 9 4 ,( 0 90 = 9+ 0 0,))*97 9 8; ) +*)4 = (4+ 98 9 8,(- . ).*) + 4 < ) + (/ (< * 3) ,( *9 *)

, * / ! * # )#44, 0 *4 = 1

40

Shacht J. The Origins... P. 59.

:

,)*(4 ,,(; ( 5-9< , ( 94 0*

) 0 *(9 9, <; 9( -( * 4 - 9(0 9 *9(/ , (/. ;(+)7 *0 = 9 8 0 )( 0 ) *9 <9 * (/ (/. = 9!9<-+*#<9() ,. (0 )I ;(= +4 ) (4 ( ) )+)7 ;(+ , * , 0 89 = ,4 ( *- 9 ; **+*- **<9 4 9 . + ,- ( ;- 9:- *(. 9( 6 0 9( <(4 + , -( 0 * ( ;(+ , 9 ,4 0 ( 9 8 )( * *) =

, . ) *-9 ;*9((*) *) 9 ;(/ , 9( 9 FI 9( , 0 )(74 – 0 9+ ) 3 I 4 – 8 = (; )

, (/ 9* ;9 0 )4<0 9 ) ( , )(+ (+*) ;(+7:-*7 9+*- 0 8 0 90* . 4 , 0 *(9 )( 0 *( * ! ) " #4 ;) - ,- 9 (**+* . ( *(/ * 0 )G 1. I *) 9 9 (< ,( ,/ 0 * 0 = *(97:-( E( (/ -( 4) <9(L =

40 ) ./0 *) * 7_ <9)/0 = )( 0 )

, <9 * 9( ) : 0 )* ) 0 *4 0 , ,( 0 89 4 * 9 (< * ),)/* = *

D9 L

0 (4+ *

,( * )

0 9(

,- 98- -( ) 9 ,4 ) (/. *0 9 * ) ,- *0 < - 9* 0 )(/*= )@ ; 4 0 .(),) 94+ -( *) 9 9 8= )/*

0 9- 9: ; L

0*( ) ) 4 9 0 )(/*) *9 ) 0,= ( */ *9(/ *(* 0 ) 0 ) *9 *) 9 * 0 ) : ,( *9 ) ') (78

0 0 94 0 = )9. *9 ) )(*4 0 9A)(( 6* ) , ) *):

()* * F /) GE *9,49 *= )*) 8(4,* 9((* ( 9(/ ,-*) = -0 *(9 )(49L

, *9 *)

( 9 0 ) !4*(9 )(/ 4 9 ( <#,()0 ( * (** 9 84 *0 9*) )). ) +( 6 , *9 ) B 6 ,(

(4 + 0 < + *0 /4 9 *(/ , *( 0 = )(* *(. * *(< 7 * *9 *) ';(/ 6 *( )* (/. 9( *(/ * 0 ) 0 4 ) 9(/ . 0 (+( (/. )(* 9 9. *(/ 4 + 0 ( ) )(* 9-( 9( < L

, ; = 1

Mayer A.E. The Shari'ah: Methodology or Rules? // Islamic Law and Jurisprudence /Ed. by N. Heer. Seattle and London, 1990. P. 179.

41

)( .(/ , 0 ) ) * *(/ * 0 ) E 4 **)

4 6

0 9( < 9 8 . ,( = ) C9) ( *0* * ( * 0* 9 9( = * 43^* * ;9(*) 9(2 _) ) *(/ = * 0 ) < ( ) :*) 7 4 7,( *<9 * - / ) 9:_ 6 - . 0 ;,) * */4 * = *(/ * 0 ) ;))( */) ) * (-9< 0 9

-*9 )9 ) . (,0 )4 * )

,4()=

, ; 4 + -) 9 +* 8 40 ) (*/ )0 ;9 0. (4 * )

, 0 ) <

* 9(/ += (7 6 *(9 /4+ -,( + / (/. (+*) @4**(9 )(/*(/ * 0 )E9 )4**,(*/ ) )*(/ * 0 ) )93-@ 3< = -9 < 4 +4 + F* (* 0 9 4 < )

+( IE ) *+;( &55 0 ) ),- . (G 1 '( ; , *08(*, <9 +* 9 8, ) 8 (/ ,- +*- *(/ * +( * ; (/ * (. 0 *) 9 4* 9 ) * (-9< 4)* ; *) -* *)

,- ;)*,-9 4 +(*(9 )/) :-+ -;0 ;

,) 4) <) *)(;* = 0 ) (+/* *) +( ) (7,- 9(- I 0 )( 4 ) -0 ),-4 0 )( 7 00 ( < ) ) 9 ) - . (- 0 ) @ ; 4) 8) ,*:*) )(F0 *(9 )(3 E ,G4 004 )(7+). ) * 3 ^* K _ )9 ) 3^* (* *)

,-0 *(9 )(- 9 , ; ). = ( 9 , *

) C04 0 9+

4 0 )(*/ F0 *(9 = )( (G4 *+). *) +( *) ) L; +(/ ,( (./ 8 9 8)4 0 *(9 = )( 3 E , ,( (./ +*/7 B . ( =

9(/ */ 0 *(9 )( 3 E ,4 *

K 4 ) L 0 *(9 )( ( ) ) 3 )* * 9

!9<*(+ ,#0 )( 4+ 9 ) . ( , * - (*/ (/ ) 0 *(9 )(- 3 E , !- -#4 9 )=

. ( 9 , ) 0 *(9 )(- ( !(-# I 0 = ) : 9 ) - . ( 0 ) ) F(+ ,G . (,4 ) )+)). <):7 987 94 9 *) +( + )4 ,( ;) . ( * 9 , / ) -9< I ,( ( +=

, ;(/ 0 8**4 +). * ) *- 9 ) - . (- * =

9(/ */7K

1

+" )D* ) , 0 )( . (,*(/ * 0 )11*(/ * 0 ) !* * ) , *,#13B'L - *0 )4 %

42

K 4 +/ <; / 0 ,( ) 7 0 ( ) ) )4 +( +( . (,9 ,0 9 (<(*+/* ),49<0 *( 4 ), ( * ) ;* 98 (* ) 0,(* 0 = )(+/ 0 *(9 )( 9 ) - . (4 *

9 8)4 *=

0 ( D 9(( )* ) ; < 4 + , 0 9*)/ 6 = )7 9 4 * * ),7: ; - * *)

,- 0 *,( + 4 4 ; 49 (< ,0 /4 0 9 = ,K ; +( 4 4 ; ,)* . ( 9 ,4 *(7 9 9 ) . ( I ; +( 0 * 9 = F+*,-G 98 (* )4 + ) 0 9,9: 0 = 4-* 9 , **<9 *0(9 ) . (4 4 - *, ,( ;9 - +* 0 ) ), H7 0 ) = )940 ).9 K 4* )(* 0 *(9 )(4= ; K *( * ) 0 ( < 0 ) . (,0 )4 * = )

*(7+(/ (+ ;*4 **)

4 * : 9 =

4 9 6,( ; )*9* ( ) * )( 1. K 0 * )/4 + ) )- 9( * ) *) . (,4+ );(9, + 0 9 )(4+ ,( = ) ; / -4 *( , <( */ ) (/ 0 ) + * = 98 _ 9 0 0 *(9 )(/ * + ( FI*= ;+ K *(9*); );(9 )9(0 (/;,-4 < 0 <(/G4 - K ;0 ( )* *(9 )/ ; ( -( : )< 4 + . ( 0 ) K 4 )* 9 *= ( ) ) * . (( )- ) 0, K ),* / 9 ) . (, 0 ) ), + 4 * )

, ;* 98 (* )4 0 )((*/ B 9( */ *9(/ 6 ;*4 , 9*)(/ ,( ( + , ;(/ 0 * ) 0 ) < *(* * ) 9(. 40 )(= 7: )0 ) ) E - ,(,40 9 (<( 9 ) - * 9 * . (4 ; ( ; *) 0 ;= ) 0 ) ) + 0 * ) 7*4+ ,( 9 0 )( .=

)4 ) 8 8 ) *) (4 )* * . 4 0 ) )7 7 98 (* ) I F(**+*G *(/ * 0 )4 ) 9).* ) / ) -9< 4 ) ,( ( 0

4 + * *)

K 4 (+(*/ ) 9 *:*)

) 0 * K 4 + , ; ) *(9 )/ 98 4 ) 0 80* (*+ ,-4) 0( :). *:*)7:7 9879 ) -. (4 +(* *)

797 * (* ;,

, + )* * :*) ) 8( (**+* ) (*/ 808* (*+ ,-4 0 ; )( 1

9 9 K *$Schacht J. The Origins… P. 11–20.

43

0 .,4 : * (* *(/ D9 ,( ),=

<9 0 /) *+**4 ,) 0 ( = 98 *( K 4 *. ( . * (* + ,- 9 <9*)( *

, * * 9 < 98 2() , ;(/ ; ,) K * 0 80 F<): 98G *(4 ; 4*+*/7F<): 98G (0 ;9 60 4 7 < ,( ;0(/ ; 6 0 ; 4 ,( ) 4 + 4 ) 98 0 ; )( ) 9*)= (/ * * ) 0 )4)9:9 (< ,(,/ 0 9(=

* (* + ,-4 * K ; / F<): 98G * (* * 98 ) +*) ),*. ) ) 0 ) ;( */ 9 ( )+ , ?4 + * . * . ( ),=

<9 ,(0 /; )0 ) ) *) * )(4 0 ;,))( 4 9* (* ()*(* 0 ) E 0 ;9 . (,0 )0 (*:*)

,+ , F(*= *+* G 4 *(9, ;(+ ,- 9 9 ) - . ( !- 0 9.= *)

)#) ( *0 *(*/) - < *) 9 *0 (/; ) * *)

4 0 40 ; )( */- = ;

,0 9 ;) (+ F 9 G(F0 90 + G) *(+-49* 0 ( 0 )( , <((/ , 0 *(9*) I ; +4 + - , ,( ( *) 9 , ) + 0 .9. ,*+( ) *0 (/; ) 0 * 7 *) = * *)

*<9 4+0 *(9 )(9 -. (_6 ; += (/ 4+ 8(/ + . (,) ,-*(+- * )=

* ( 4 *) 9 0 * *)

* * ,

-) ). (,L;)* 4+ ( = < 0 ( (+ F0 90 + G ) 9 *(+)_ . ( ( )4 9 4 0 90 + *0 (/; )/ 9 F)< :*)

G4 , (+* 0 - )(./ ;) 4

*,*( (, 0 ( :7 97 * (* + ,-4 0 = 0 0*,)( <) * (*7+ ,-9 ,4 – 9 *

9 , *

, I + *) 9 ) 77 97 * 4 +* * (* (, < 0 9 (<7 0 9)/ +* ; + F0 G 9 ,4* )097:* 98 0 ;9 9 ) )/4 9) ,8 (* . (, 0 *(* ) – *) -;09 7 3 4 9 ;))(* ) *(/ ; (84 0 )(* 9 + 4 ,+ ,- 9( 9 - . ( 9< 9( (* 9 , ) 9 - * - (/. +*/ 6- + 0 909 0 9 : ; ( ) F0 ) ) 0 G ;( < )0 ;9 - -40 ;

,-) ,4 , *

;) FD: 0 G4 F ?;G 9 ;9 (= * + ) 0 9 (/. ; + 4 + 9 . (, 44

0 )4 (/ *0 *

, *( )4 ; -( 9= (/ + 4 0 ; )4 + *:*)7: *( ) 0 ;) (7 ) 0( :/* 7 7 0 + (+.0 0,/* = ( )/0 * (/ ) ; < 4+* )*; *,)/4* ;= 9) ; 0 9 ;: ; ,) . 0 - = 9 * ;9 + ( ) ) 0 9 0(( 0 804 + F0 ) ) 0 0 ) *- 9 * 0 9 0(

G4 0 ; )( 9 * )4 ;)* ,-F(**+* G(* 0 ) (9 )(/ 4 *( 0 ;9 (* + 0 9)( = +

; + 0 ,+74*(/ * 0 ) 4)(7+ (*7 . (4 *+( ,+ 8(/ , * + 0 )L* +* )(* 4+ ,+) *; +(/ , )(9 ) ) *(/ * 0 )4 (**+* *(/= * ,( ; * +* 0 ) ), ;)4 **+* * ) 0 )4 * ** + ,- ;( ) 0 ; ,+7 ) ) + 4 ,( ), K 4 9 )() ( * 0 ** ,- 98 (* ) B*

4 ( *) *= ) 98- 4 * 0 :/7 ),* ;) 9 **+* **<9 **<9 0 ( @ 98 =

(*,4* *) * ,4*+(4+ (+. *0 (/; )/ - (79*- **<9 )0 )* (*/0 ) ; < * * ),= )/ (7 6( *) + 0 98 4 F0 90 +*(7 987* ( G4 + ;(- 00 ,E (+*) 9(/ ,- 98 0 9 (<= ( )(+)/*4 9( 0 ,)(<9, 9(/ ,09(4 * 9( 98 (*, ( */ ; **<9 D9 **<9 4 *0 (/; )(4,( *); * (/=

, )*(/ (+( */ **+* 0 ) ) ,*= (4 ,(0 )9 )- +* * ) . *) K = 7 98 (*, 9 (7()( I * )* +)9 , ) 0 ) ),- -4 )9 - )(

,- = 98 (*4 , * 9 < );(9, ),97: * 98 = (* + ! ) " -9< # ,( * *)( , + = ( * 9 , / ) D ; 7 +( - (= * . (,4 4 9 ;/4 9 )0,)( 9(/* 9)< * (/ 4 * (/ 6 9(( - , (, = + ) L E ( 0 *(9 )( *+(*/ * 9 9 - . ( 0 ) * : F7 *G4 0 *, *0= 8(*0 98@ - (,*( 9 ;0 = ;

,- . ( 4 - 9 ,( +*(

,4 ( ) *) - 9- 9)(/ ),* 0 8 0 ) (** ,- + ,- )*- 45

)) @ 98 (*, / ) -9< 4 ;( */4 0 )(( (/. * 0 ) ) 4 : 9 ) 98 B 9 - ( 0 .( */), /8( * 7**= );(9 )4 ), <9 , ,( )0/ F(**+*7G 0 ) )7 74 * )

7 98-4 * (*40 ; ( **<= 9 0 ( ( ;)* - (* ,*((7 L @ *)( */ 8/)* A(7:7 87* (*) 0 ) ) <9/ - 9 */ **<9 0 ( ) (+= .

)9 94 9 9)< 98 (* ) 9( +( . ( - ( )4 #" +4 ! ) "5 -9< # * )( ;-= *7. (0 )49 *)

7. (4 ;

7*:*) ) ;) 0 800 ) ) L-0 80 ,( 0 (/* *(7+(/ )(/ ; + !'% # 98 ) / 0 ) +: ( (/ *) 9 0 (+ 4+ ,( ,+ ,9 K 4 *0 (/= ; ) ** **<9 **<9 0 ( 4 K * - ( B0 4 ;0 : F *G4 9= 8 ;)(74 + 0 8 , )(7+7 9 ) + (+*) 4 = * + 0(< 0 9 )

* 9( 9 * , 0 ( 0 9< ) ; ( 4 * 4 0. 84 + - . (, *. (6 0 ( < 0 ( ;0 9(,;

*0*; 00 9 )( 9()*- ) )4( 9 -0:),-0 9 )4 , < - / 9 >- ,4 9 4 ;(*/ *0 = * /0 )( ) ,4 0 ,) 98-9

*(= + . ( ;- ) <* *(4 ) 9 9 - – ;9 * <4 + , . (,_ 6 . ( 0 ( * , 0 80

;)* 0 *(9*) ,*(/4 ) ;- 4

* (/ * 4 - +*- 9 ) * ) 4 , *+(*A) ,0 ;) (/ ,B* 9(;- , < ( */ ; ),) 9 ) ;(7+ 4 * (*/ 0 9*)/-<)(7+

,)* * ;- )(*(4+ 9 *)

) ,* (*= ,( * (**0 9)< ) !L @);(6 ;* ;- )) * (/ *+

# ) ),*(/;- ) ) 0 9(

,- ) 0 *- *- < * + - ( ) ) : 9= 8 (* )4 ) ;) :** 0 ** 0 ;8 = ,- F0 *-G 9)< ! 0 4 - )4 ;(# 0 ) )-9< , ,( : * (/ 9 -F(+ ,-G. (0 )4*(9< 0 =

/ ) ) ( ( ;)*,- + ,-4 *

)

0 9B 4 + *554 (/ +, . (,0 ) *= (*/ ) 9 *(/ *( I - ,4 (,4 . , 46

- (,49

* +* 0 )*) ) 90 ) = 0* -* )

0 ( < ); . 5 % 4 ; 9(*/ ) L 4

*9* -( , ;,)( *0 ( < *(/

0 9 *0 = * (*/ )0( / 9 3 * 4 9 ,( 0 ; 8(/ , + 4 L 9* * !*+* * L 9#4 9 *(9 0 9)(7: (/. *) *(/ 4 )(7+ 9*- 6 ) ) 9 - +*- *) +*) 0 < 0 )* * )*)7: 0 ( < , 9*)7:- <9 * = ( ) 9* )3 * @4)0 ) 2'*0( 3 * ) *4+ F)*(+ **) ,) 9= *4*9), * . )* )*)* :0 80- = * - *(* . G 14 */ 0 ) '*0( 3 = * (*4 + F* ) .). 0 *0( ! – # -994**90 9(< ; 7)* )*)*0 ( < - * - *(* . G 2 @ < < *;/ (/. *) *(/ *- * - - * . ( - . 0 9*)( )L 9(/ . *(() = *) )/ ) @ 84 ) (/ 3; *

) D* * 0= 49)*9* 0*) )( *0 ( < 9 * 8(/ 0 ; * @ 84 8*(/ ( -4= 0 4 ' 9 * 9 < )(7* - *(9 0 < * * 0 )( - * 9 8(/ 0 ; * 9 . 9 / ) *9-4 9 0 * *(/ * 0 ) 4 9< )-,).-0 ) 8-D* * 0 4) ,- (/.+*/ * *( *(9 9 . (4 0 ) L 4 4 L 9 4L; (4C043 ( -C0* 9 H) ) (- 0 ; .( . (,9 ,4< . = 9 0 )C0D *0 * (*/0 +*0 )**(/= * 3 $ ) - C04 3 ( -C0* 9 4 +* I (4 H)4 @ *4 3(< 4 ) )* = (/ >09 3 * (/ 4 * (/ )(**(/= * 4)(7+ 8;*7>09 7!+*+ I) (/ 7# 3 427) 7B 7@ (/ (*. (0 = ; ( ; , *9 3(< _ ) @ * (, - ,; 7 ) 0 ( < 4F*/()* ; *9 * *) &% 94 – + E9 )4 – 0 9* = )4+ *(/ **9/)*(+ (+ ; 0 7),=

1

2 <9 * 9* 0 )(4 @ ( ) , 9* 0 )(4

2

47

) 9, ((G 1*(/ ) * + ,-0 < ,- = 3 )4 ,),- *9* ;() !)4 9 )* 3 )!0 ) 82;#4- 4 ) ,D #4 9+- = ( !)--# ( * !94 .#4 < 0 9(<(* . ( 54

( - +( ) 4 9 K 0 )( 0 = *(9 9, <; D 9 *- 0 0 (9 ) B< C04 E9<;!)(7+#+*+ )^< 3 )!39 4E9 = 4+*/e #4< *0 * ) ,-+*-I (0 ) *)* 9*(/ )@ / = <*(</*/ (* ; */ & 94 = (*4 + ) *(+ **) ,4 0 9- 9: 9( 9

9(4 9 (< , 0 /* )9: ),) 9, . * . (, 0 ) 2 ,- - (/ 3;4 ( * = 9(/* 0
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;4 ( *- * + ,- L 9 * (/ * ,*+*(/ 4? 8;* L 9 ?(00 !(# + (- 4) (+ 9 - 9 *(/ ,-. (0 = )4 * ; 0 *0( ) *0 * (/. 4 (*

)) -+*-*(* 4)(7+ *7 !9 4 *( .* # ) ) 9 ; () ,- 8 = ) ,( 994 9 6 . ( ,( 0 9*)( (/ * /; , + ,4 , , 6( *( - 6* ** (9 4 +/ ) ** ) *

, 0 *( ) 9 08 - ( ) E (, ,( +*(

, ) (* 4*9 ( ) ,(: 9 )< ,8 = . (,4 + )(9) (((/ ,( ) XIII* (= ' <9*)E * ) (/; 8 /B6 0 )(*/ ) * - (* L @ ! ) "% # + L (/-<;I9)+ ,-4 9 4)*) +=

) )* 0+ , 9( - (* . (, B+ * XIV )4 . ( ;(*/ 7( –9 -0 40 0 * 9)<=

)-- ) ) XVIII )4 *

)--* ) ; <9 = +( . * (4 0 9( ) *(,)< )-- ) ), *( ; * 7; <9 - (* + , )#% " ." -%% 4;+). ,L @4( *) = <9 )#% " #" 0 + )--, *) ( * , );(9, L @ *(/ *7 ( 7 0 ) 4 - ) =

. 0 ;) ( ; 0 ) *(97 (/ 1

+" );* +" @<.

2

48

- (* + 7 @ 9 - (* . ( )*9 0 ; = )(*/ 9 ; 0 )(/ ,- . ( 0 ) ) *(4 0 0 ;8

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0 (=

E (*. ( 8(/ 0 ; )9 )* 3 )4 (B9<94) * + 0 ( ) ,* ,40 +*)*- = (,_- (+*) <)*/; +(/ )E9<;4;09 +*= *9 *)40 < ,- <*)- *9* ;() *) - ); . - 9 *(/ , . (, 0 ) ,+ 0 9 <)(*/ 0 * @ 0 ( < ) *- 9 ) 9 ) - . ( 0 )4 , ) *0 ( *- 9 , +* ;(+ );(9 ) **)

, *4 + ; (* ) * = :*)*(/ */; *0 ( < *),.4,(* ( ) <) ) * (-9< ,4- )*- ,()( < ;9 0 ;9 I 0 ; ,( ); ,4 * 0 ) <9( */ * 0 ( * 9 ; + ) <9 +* . ( +) 9( 0 ) + 0 0 80(/ , ) 0 * 0 )(* (/ * ) ) ))9 K 6 *(+ * (/ . (4,)940 .( 0 **4) : ) 4* (*74 0 *(<( A9 7: !0 = 80 # *(4 *0. *9() ;) 9 , ;(+ ) -4 , * ( 9(/ * )* M, . (,4 ; 4 9=

) *); , * (. (*4 + )* 0 ) 9 ) = 9(/ , 0 ) ), , ) (7 3((-4 ), <

7 ) *

4-(/ ) , ( ) 9 ) ) ,4- 9, **<9 9 ) 0 )(/ ,4 +4 9 ) 9 *(/=

,@ <* ,( ) ) . 9 -. (0 )40 *:*) )( 55 9 +, 49 *. (*+(*/ 9 = ) ;

,) ( ) -*):

; B (/ . ( 0 *)( *:*) )/4 * (* * ) )*0( ) *(4 9 ( = 9 0* ,( 0 9 <)/* . (,4 9- ,( * (7 ) 0 ( < * 9 I (9 , 0 4 * (*0 **) /. ; (*L*+; ) 8(,- . ( 0 ) 0 ; .( +*+ ;-; * ; + * **4 +*= + ;-;) . - * (/*)$( ) ( 0 )( ( + 74 ( ( ( 0 +* 0 ( <=

<)*-. (-0 )-); . -* (*9*= ) A9 7:0 80B (/ 0 ;

+ <9 . (, ;-; **)

* *(+ ,- * )* * + ) (9 ; ,* ).*)0( /9 (/= +.-9(B 9 . (4*- 9;*) -* ) 9 (< ,= 49

( , *+/ 9*) ; ;(+ , ( 9 0*,4 ) 9*)= (/ * (** 8 )( 0 -)(/ ( 0 9 *9(/ 4 0 + + –<( *(. (+/* . (4*+7:- ;(/ , ( ;0 :

, @ ; 4 6 * *;7= :* 0 ) ), + 4 6 (/ ) , A* ) ( 3((- 9( 4+ ;,)7F* G 9 * ,4)*(*/*,40 ) 0 *)(

,F = 9 *(/ G4(*

* 4 (/. *)L-0 *- <9 0 (= +* 4) +*(;-; ; (*0 0 ) 90 *)

*) -( D 0 *- <9 - 0 ) ),- ** - . = 9 *(/ *(/ * 0 ) )* - 9 ,( *; ) 0 9,9: 0 4 0 ) ) + . )4 +*(

* )< -*,49 *<9 < *( 9

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Anderson J. N. D. The Significance of Islamic Law in the World Today //American Journal of Comparative Law. Baltimor, 5vVY g s87.

69

;)* , ( * -* XIV )4 * ( (* * 6 0 ( 0 0 ) ( D 0*,) 87* *(97= : ; $FL* )(*9*80( 4. (/) * 9 * 8` ; )

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* *) - 0 90* ;(/- 0 90= * 49 (< *(9 )/> 9(7! -9#497: = 94) + ) /4+ 9(/GC*( 9,> 9( *= *9(+* ( +* - 4 )* <,/<= 9

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) *0 = G @ 9 **<9 )(7* ( - , 9( *(/ *-* + B*)( ) 98

,-*(/ *- 8 - 0 - 9 0 *- 9 ( L;)* 4 + ( )< , *( + )3(/-3;- ! #)(7*$F9 +* = ( !( (-(4 ( (--9#4 ! * #4 98 !-9*#4 7 *0 9 8 ! -# 0 80, !*( ( -#GD 4) <974 * ) , <*)

) 4 * )*)

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, - 0 *- <9 70 ) ),- 46 0 9 ) 4 = ( ' 94 F` 0 0, 0 9/ *) (+*7 *) */ 0 ) = + */7 ) ,+4 0 * )* : ; = 0* */G 9<9 E99 4 * 9 * ,4 0 9 <)* + ; 4 + F9( + ,9/ 8 (/ 0 )9 6 0 ) ) 0 94 *(4 9 (4 ) <94 + 9(/ ** 0 *- 9 <*)

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1

Khadduri M. War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore, 1955. P. 23.

71

:" 0 ( 0 (* L*- 9 ; 0 90 *,( 4 + 0 9*)( * ) 0( = : *( ) 4 (**+* 7 *, * ;9( 0(* 0 )( = * 84 0 0 ) ), ) *0,( *(/ * *(/ * ) ,4 0 )( * 8 ) (/. *) *(+) ( + , 4 , ** * * 8) ( - * 0 ) ) ** *) - - 0 *(/ * 7 *0 9 8 39 '- 0 +*( 0 )( * 84 0 , +* 0 ) = ), 2 ) 4 + () 8 0 8 )(* * , ; 9(40 9 *9 9)-)

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,- * (/. 0 9 */7 ) (-'*( D* 7 )< */ ) 6 . ;*(<)9

( ) 4 :* K ) (-'*( + 9<9 E99 ) FIslamic JurisprudenceG4K *;($F )9*)(/ ** ;9(+( )+*) 9( 4 + , C * )(

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/ ; , * * 8 ) 0 8 +*-

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) ) 0 ( *

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Schacht J. The Origins… P. 69. Ibid. P. 1. 3 Vesey-Fizgerald S.G. Nature and Sources of the Sharia //Law in the Middle East. P. 90. 2

73

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,G 1. -94 0 )( 9 (+ * ) (/ (/. *(/ = * : . + / *( < , ) 0 *, 0 ) +(/ *= (4 F )9 3((-G9)(0 ,) ; ). 0 (+*4 7 9+*4 ( ; , ( (/ , 0 ( * )*)7:; 4 ,)9(/ .( ) .() 4 ( *)

;(*/) *(* 0 ),0 ( *(/ * ( (*/ * <*) ) 0 * )4 9( . ,- +*- * )( ;( */ 9 * + 9< 0 * *.

; (/ - ( ) 6 )< , *= + 9 0 ( (/ ,- 0 90* ,( 0 )*9 ) 0 4 0 *04 +4 * ), 98 -94 , 0 9)= (*/* *0 9)< -9 ;,)(*/ %" *

= )% . ) ) 0 */6-* + ),(; *= ) )*

4* 9 <: * ) , ,*(/ * ( ;=

; ) 4 ; *( 9 ; () ,- ) 9( 0 ; ) * 9<-9 ( - ! *( ); )9#24 0 ),/ <9,-9*0 + * * ;9)-+*$ !*#–* = *)

8

+* "!0 9+ )#–0 +*( (794+ ; ,- 0 9)(* 0 ) * + 9 0 *(9 = (84 0 ;)9. ;0*/ ) * + ),*0( (79 ; 1

)C.L*($D+ * $B4 %% 4 0 $ # ;* +&

2

74

(<. < -94 ,) *- 90 9)(7: (/. *) 0 ;

,-9 * ) ,-9* ) +(-9* ),= ( * ) (/ 4 0 *0

(+*) 0 9) = ( +*( +*)7:- ) 6 0 9+ (79 )(+)( */ )(+ 0 *- 9( ;*+) ; * +*(* 9 )4) / )=

( ) 0 9+ * 2() , < * + 0 0 ( =

*(<(4 ) 4 ( +*), ;,.( 4 ) (/ ( =

(/* 84 ) ;(/ ) +*( -9* ) 0 0( ;, * 84) * ,4 (/( ,( = ,F@ 4+ * ** )0 99( 984– + 2 *-?89< (/94 –)(* :0 ;

, * * , *(/ *-;09 ,-+ ,-G 1*)(/ 4 *:*) ) 0* *-0 99( ,( - . ;)* **,-

-) *(B0 ),);(94 ,/9 * + )

,;= ) 9 , ; *0 9)< ) ,( (79/4 ; ( (; 3 0*- ( +* . +)*) * )

* ) 4 4) 4 (,/ +; 49( + ,= 9/ -( ) 4+ )9*)(/ * .(4)(* .4 , <0 * *9(/+* ,*

4 * ; = )4+ 60 *0( 8<9 -= 9*, )(*/ ) *- 9(/ ,- (8 ( 00 ) > -- 9/ 9) * (. * ( 0 9+4 * ;+ -9* ) - +*( 9 *( * +*- 8 _ ;,)7 554 55455,*+4(( 9<0 ( (( 2. *); * 6 ) *(/ * *( <(*/ *08(/ = *(/ ; – FD* ), 0 9 G !*( (--9*#4 ; 7= :*),)( *0 9 * ) *-9* )+ ; 9<=

** 9 ) +3984F`(-E!)5&15& #0 *)( * * (/ 7 FD* ), 0 9=

G !*( (--9*# ) )94 *:*) 0 * 9 /`G 3 +* **(9 ) 8( 0(* 9

,- 0 9+-4 )).-* - 9<( !F<G#4 ; (*/ = ;,),-99*,4)* 9 ,-0 ) 0 9+ )0 9 ) 0 )9) * 0 (+( ;) (-9<- )--9( !F = ) 9 0 9) <9 G# 0 )( ) ; ) 7 ) - F 0 9 G * 0 )( - 9<((--9*!F; <-G#40 + ,-!)** +*9

,= 1

Vesey-Fizgerald S. G. Op. cit. P. 93. Guillaume A. The Tradicions of Islam //An Introduction to the Study of the Hadith-literature. Oxford, 1924. P. 133. 3 )0.;* + 5 2

75

- * #4 * *)(

, ) ( ) 0 9 0 (<0 ; 9–0 ( !#4 ; )(8(, *( = ) ( *0 ) + ) ! ;*(<)7:- 9 ) (8-4 F 9 * ,-G 0 9+-# *(/ * ( ; -0 ) ) 98 0 * ( 8(7 .( - - 9,- *) *)4 , 9 (< (+/* 0 ( 8

, 0 9+ -9* )$ F* – F 9<=

,G4 –F + ,G4*–F* (9 ,G4-9<<–F) G4w9( - ;–F- .0/G49–F9 * ) ,G4*9–F0 )9),G4 -((- *-*9 – F*(

, 0 )9) *G4 ( w* - – F ) = .7: 0* GG 1. FD* )- 0 9 G)*);*+ ;),+ 9(;8 *( <(*/ 8( ** * *) *08 +* ( E9*, 0 9 ;9(7* F9 * ) ,G !*--#4 F- .G !-* # F*(,G!; #4< 9 00,);)* * - *

* * 94 (+*) 0 9+ ) */

*8-9* )0 .( * (/ 60 )$ *** ;0*9 +* 00 ) B ( ) , * -9* ) ,( * *)( , ) ) 0 ( ) IE ) L- .*/$ F # (- ) (L -3 *!&– &#4"#*-,-L-93(/-- (819–%5 # # * *( B.0 * !%–%& #4 ,). + 3(/-- 4#(/-9<-(/- 3*-L*,@ ;! ) % " #G2 , ) , * *(/ *- 0 9=

*+7* * - *(4 , ;)* , 0 9 = : ;) F) --G D*

),9(* * - 4 *). 0 ) ,0 *( ) B;)

, * - *( 9)( */ 0 :*) 0 99 ; (* ), 0 9 4;9+ *0 9(=

-0 () ; 9+ , A* -* = 9 < 4- *( (+(*/9- 0 - );(9 ) D 0 ; )( - 0 9 4 , 0 * +* ( ) ( ;/* 9 * ) ,4 ( 9< 0 ) +: 4+ 0 (;9 * ) B 0 9*= )( ; ( * 9 , 0 90 +( 9 ) (./ 0 9 ) ,- (794 * */ 0 ) ; < * ;) 9/ - 0 0 = : ( ) )* 4+ ,* ) .

) /40 + 4 ) 0 9 4 * 9*) )(,0 9( 7 ( ; /,0 9) (, 0* *9 *) ( *(/ * *( )*

0 9 ;9(* *

F),*= ;

7G4*

F0 +*7G*

F 0 9(7:7G

1 2

76

)0.;* + 5 # ;* +

F,*;

G*

!(-)(#–6 *( )0 -94 *;

,0 ;(+ ,0 ) 9*(+ F +*G*

!(- (#–6 0 *0 -9 FD0 9(7:G *

!- # – 6 . = -9) . *<9 40 ,- *0 9)< '. 0 <,/0 9*)( ))9), < 9 40 ; =

(+ 4 **)0 8 (9 9 (** 84 *

0 9 ;9(7 -9* 9= *– 984 7: (+0 <*)

)9 - )=

_ 98 * 984 -),)7: 0 ) ), . 0 ),- +, - -( ) ( 9 - *0 9)< ) D6 9( < (/ *;/4+ -9*9*4F),*= ;,) 4)- 9:)*) 9,-9* )4 *+7:**( )3((-4

-9G 14*( 9 * ) ,4 9 (< ,/* ) 4 * + - 4 )(* 0 ) - 9 * ) = * 98

( ) *

; )9 * !- *(97:; #* 9 ;(+ ,- *(/ * 0 ) (9 )(/ 4:(/ ;+ *

,4(-9* )4)(* 9=

) * ) 0 (7:9(*(/ * 0 ) ( 4) )94) 0 ) ), , * - ,)-9*-4 4) <9= 74 0 .,) <*0 4 +* ,4;+=

,- 0 )* (/. ; + 9 9 - ): 98 -9 !0 *( ) -9 * ) *#*7= * ( 464 )(0 ) ) ), ,4)*) 7 + 9/4 7 . ;(+ , ) 0 *4 9 . .=

4* *)

*/4 ( ) 0 ) 0 ) ) , : ( - # ! K ,(4) 4 9 ;

-7 * )4) <9).4+ *

4 *

9 9 * ) 4 0 .K 0*($FC*= ( 989 * ) *- 9: 4,9 (< ,0 = /* 4 ; ) , 4 0 +4 – )(7* . ) 0 *FG <,/0 (/ +( )+*;(7+ 4 0 * (/ 0 ;) 9 , (. , ) _ *( ;,)7: *0 < 4 *0 .) F0 +G4 ( */ 0 9 ( ( 0 ) **<9 4 9 8 9 ;(/*)4 = ( * 0 * 0 0 9+G (94 9 4 ;/4 + K ** )(*

) 70 ) 9*= 1

L*($I 8( 09+**( ) /""

77

)(/ *4 0 9 9

7 *4 ) <9(4 + < 1. - 0 + ; K ;) )( ) * 9 = *(/ 4 + 0 ) ), ,4 * 9 <:* ) *

4 ) 4 )(7* ;(/ , 9( *(/ B * 4 + - A= * ,( 8(, 9 K 0 9 <)(* + ; 4 + 4 0 * (/ *9((0 */ ;(/ 4 *

4 = * 9 <( 0 *0 4 9 (< *+/* < ;(/ 9 ; * )

,- 9 (9 ) 0 9( < < A* $ FH794 ,- ; ()+*)0 * 9 )9(0 9+*) - 0 *( 4 )(7* *( !0 *(

#4 ( !0 # = * (/ <9, 0 *0 ),*;,) ) +*( * B= . ), 4 ,( 0 9(

*( ) , 3((- 4 77<*0 / 0 . *4* (/ = ) 4 0 )(7* # 4 *0 * , 9(/ ( ) / + -( 4 + 0 ) + <*)

) ( I ),*;,= ) 0 *0)(7**

47:7< 0 . */4 G2 +E /4*0 * 4 *(9 )()*) = -0 *0- -94** +(,()* :0 ;

,0 = ) B )( */ ) 4 **<9 9( 4 + , 0 9/;

7*( 0 )_9(0 *(

,( **) =

, A* /0 *( 4 , 0 (+(0 9 * @ 8 (;84 <*4 0 *- 9 * ) 4 + *<9 -9 )(7* ;(/ , +* 0 ) ), , B+ * ( +* 0 90 ( < 4 + *

<*)

*0 ) 4 *(/ * 7 *, 0 .( ;(7+ 74 + *

4 0 9 4 0 .4 ) *(/ ;)+ K 4 ) K-40 )((( +) */)) 0 * 4 ,( ( *

<*)

*0 )

( 3 7 *, ), ;( + ; 4 + *

0 0 9 )(* F *)

,G(F)

G ) 4(+ *

7 < *0 / 0 . *4 ) @ 9 A* 74 **)

4 -) 0 ) ) :*)4 ) 4 )* 4 *4) ,(* ( ) , , C: (/. 9)( 4 4 ),;,) 4 + 98 =

, *(/ * 7 *,4 * 4 + (**+* = *(/ * 0 ) ,( * ( )

7 * ) - ( 4 ) <974 + 0 ( */7 (+* ( ) ) <9 < ,/ ;

0 99 < ) = 1

Schacht J. The Origins… P. 135. Hurgronje C. S. Seleeted Works /Ed by G. H. Bousguet and J. SchachtQPa\Pl4 &'" 3 Schacht JNOPxbaRalX`'6. 2

78

. 0 )( *(/ * 0 )4 )(* ;

,4 9 0 * )* 0(*0 ) + 4 +7 . 0 9.*)

40 ) 4* 9 <:*) *

4 * ),)*4 *(9 98

, 7 *4 * 4 <*)

) (4 + * 8(/ ,- <9- * 00 (# ! ## (9 (**+* 0 ) ) 4 0 ) ), ,4 * 9 <= :*)-9*-4)(7* ;(/ ,) < 4 6 0 90 ( < ;

4 )* : ** ,, ) 0 *4 ( )/ 6 0 ) ), , ;*( ) 4 *(/ * 7 *, * ;9( F -9* )G4 *(*/ * ) . =

9 *0 9(4 */ 4 9 *0 984 0 0*

, -94 - 9 ** )/ ) +*) 0 9= (

,-C**)

4 ) /4+ 0 )( ( ) -9* )B (+* -9*, (7*<*0 * 4 = 4 */ )(/ 1 ; ) 0 *4 )(* ( 0 80 = )(/ ( ) (0 (,) * 8-9* ) ( + , )/ ) 0 *4 0 9( ; + F*

G

)(/ ; + F0/4 0 89 4 *0 * 9*)G B 4)- +* ; + 4 ; +),*;,) 0 *0 -94 < ),*;

9 4 0 * = ; 0 )9 ( 4 808 *

,4 0 ;( 0 = 8(/ , **(9 ) L 2 (/98 < K-4 *(9 ) , *= ( )2 (/98 4 0 40*($F

)(*; = +(/ *(/ **( ) 4 )(* 94- 9( *( ( - 9 ) 6+* * , * ;,+*)4 0,(* ;) /

)(* 94 790 )(*(; * ;,+*)`G 2( + , 0 / *

) *(4 - 9 4 ; 4 ; / 9 *(*7 *7 8087*

, ( ) *

; + F 98

*0 (/; ) ,+4 *= ):

*(9*)

, 0 ( 4 0 9

0 0 = *(97:-0 ( G 3@ ; 4*

4)0 ; (;* ) =

0 ) ) 4 ( + ,+ 0 ) B 9( ) ; + + (/.6 44 (L2 (/98 4*

1

4 0 $Gibb H. A. R., Arabic literature. An introduction / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963. ' –94. 2 Goldziher I. The Princeples of Law in Islam // History of the World. London, 1970. Vol.VIII. P. 294–304. 3 Goldziher I. The Princeples of Law in Islam. P. 294–304.

79

0 9*)(9( )-;,+ )F9(<; G 1 6 *

0 =

9(< (. ; + D * )

,9 9/*4+ 808*

,)*( ; = +( <* 4+ * 808*

,9 -0 40 9 8 )( *( *(/ * 0 ) 4 ; * 4 ) *( ; B0 4 ;)() 9)*,*(

,-), < -4 + (/ *

,( * + 0 ) ),- ( = ) @4 < K- 0 9+ )4 + F9 K - = ; )( *

F` 9(/ 0 )9 0 G4 *0 9*) )( + ; * 9 *(/ *- 7 * )4 + *

F` < <):7 987*(/ * : ,G6 *,*(*

;9 (< 9 *(* * 8084 K 4,( + ),.4 ) *; )6 8087G 2. @ ; 4* 9 * ,4; + 9 *(* = 808 *

, ,( + + ,4 * 9 – *. ,4 0 * (/ =

7 *, ) 0 8** **;8 *(/ * 0 ) . ;*) )(4 ,+ ; 0 9) <9 * * ,* )

,-0 = ) ),- ** F ) ), *,4 9* - * * = (,4 9< ;, ; +* ( * 4 – ) <9 0 ** 24–,()( < ,)*0 4;( */4+ 0 9( )0 = 8** 8G 3 L * < ) <9 4 + (/. *) ; 0 ) ),- ( )4 0 0*

,- 0 4 ) 9*)(/=

*0 9(< ;9 (

0 9)*(/ * *= 0 ) 2 (/98 0.4 – F+ (/ + / ( /7 +*/ +*- 0(8 < * )

*/7 *

0 94 , 9 7*G 4C*(;,* **(9 ) L 2 (/98 4E /
* 9 < (/ 4 + *( ) (9(()- 9 ; . *0 )4< 4+ 0 *(9 )).-( ,*(*0 )() 9()+= *) 0 )( ) - 9 - 0 )( 0 ) 7*8 * , 9 0 )* 0 + < K-4 F 4 *= 9 *)

, * / ) 0 ;9 9* 0 9 )

= *9*) 0 9) * * 797 *

9.= *)K 4 0 (4+ *

40 () ) 4 * ),= )(*/ 9 * ) ,- 0 89 -4 * )(

,- 0 ),= -( 4 ) (/. *0 9 * ) ,- ( - 1

Gibb H. A. R. Op. cit. P. 294. Schacht J. The Origins… P. 2–3. 3 Gibb H. A. R. Op. cit. P. 75; Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam / Ed on behalf of the Royal Netherlands acad, by H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers. Ithaca (N. Y.): Cornel UlaysbPXX4 &' 4 Goldziher IDpTams5"_Schacht J. The Origins… P. 3. 2

80

9* 0 )(/*) 0 K 4 4 0 = 98 4 ;)( 0 ) 0 ( < ;(7+ 4 + -( ,( *) 9 * )/ 9 8 )/ ) = <9

7*

G1. (( (0 (# ! >9 ( 9 7 9+* *( 0 ; ( *

) = +*) * )()7: 0 ) ), , ( ,4 *+(*/ ) - 9(*/) (/. )< * 9*(/ = *)(/ 4 ) *

, ,( ),* 4 + : 0 )(4 * 9 <:*)-9*-4( .7:; + ;( E /4 F .7: ) 6- *0 - ;(7+(* * +( ) 0 9(

0 *0 ( . 0 _ 0 8 -9 ; 9( : ,( * )( ) )9 * 9 ,4 )* : )(4 + , 0 8 )( 0 89 0 = 4 9) G D+)9 4 - 9 */);0**

, -9) ; (:)

*( D;

*/ 0 ;0*4 4 ;(*/ *(. 0 * 4 0 * (/ 0( ) *

, +( */

98 (* 94 98(, 90 99( ,(<) :=

B ( )< ;9+ 98 (* ) ,( (+ 9 * = ) *

, 0 99(/ * : 7- !)%5#4 9 = ; ( ;)* ,- 98 (* )4 ; ( 55555 984 ;0 ( ; - "555554 0 ; ( (/ 0 9(

) = , 3 98 0 ) (*/ ) 6 0(84 +*( 9 * ) ,- /.( */9 "" B9)(/ 4 + 3 E 4 <). ) ) 4 9 9= 8 ,( : *)< ) 0 *(9 )-*0 9)< ) -94 * :74 0 ( (/ * 98/ ( 9) 98/ ) +*) 0 9(

,-2 , ,( 4 *(/ * 0( , 98 * ( )( 0 )( * 8(/7 0 ) 9 * ) * B0 4 ) 4 + 4) * :* 984 ()< $3 * :( 4+ *;(4+ *(,.( !9()* = )*) * )( ) <9 -9 ) :#4 + *(

9 <9, *;( 6 ( ( 0 *0( ( , ; 9 C*( 98 0 9 * *( ) -94 *+* 9 ;

9 * ) _ *( ; 0 9 4 98 *) 9 * -* )4 1 2

Schacht J. The Origins… P. 58–59. Abdur Rahim. Op. cit. P. 32.

81

9< */0 9+ )0 ( * 94)F -9* )G 1< 0 (*/ 9 9, 0 ) + * -9* ) @ 9= 8 < 0 9 ;9((*/ (** 8 )(*/ $ *(/ ,4 - . ( *(, * ) 0 ( , * 9 * ; =

) *(/ * 0 ) 9 ;( *) 0 ;) , -

4 + (/. *) 9*)7:- 98 ),. 0 9 ; 9< * 9 *(/ + ; D9 ) 9*)(/ 9 *= + +* (4+ F-9*)(* 4) ,) = <9 *) ;(7+ G 2 3) 9( * ;9(/ 9(/ * ) . -9* ) 9 *- 9( *(97:- 98 -= 9$ F,*;,) 4 0 0*,), 4 , * (*7* * =

4) ;) :7* 4),*;(- * 9(( G4F* + */- .4),*;( G 3. (/. *0 * 98 < A* / 4+ 4

9 * +* 4 ,( 0 ; , .7: ) *= * *0 ) * *0 * *( 0 9( < 4 9 ),.*0 *4<9,0 ) ) ) 0 *9 (< ,(/* = )*)7: -9*4 0 )(*/ - 9 */ 0 0 ) = +:--9* ) :" 0 # ! '

7 *, * ( )( 9 0 )( * 8(/7 ; .

( ) <9 0 ) +: 98 K 4 0 4 0 ;(+ , ( ) K ) <94 +

(,4 *( ), 7*4 <9 9) ( (/. 98= 9 (< , ,/ ; . , ) 0 8** +* !9 <* # ( ) ) <974 + F L-( (-E9*G *08(/ 0 *): 6 0 9
*(, 9 ; 9 ),-4 )* ,( 9 ) ;(/ ,_ *+( - 0 ) +: (/ ) *(+4 *( (/; ,( 0 / 9 ;

( ) 9 4 K *;(4 + 9

(= 7: 98 ,/0 ,4 9 (* (*7:* * 9 (< ,/; )+*)) 5D <*= ;(4 + ) *(+ 9)- 0 ) +:- 98 ( 0 ;9 0 ) = 1

4 0 $nOVbmPb[lTUTYVpSP\aSVWJXYSZs–118. Vesey-Fizgerald S. G. Op. cit. P. 94. 3 Schacht J. Pre-Islam Backgraund and Early Development: of Jurisprudence //Law in the Middle East. P. 46. 4 Schacht J. The Origins… P. 13–14. 5 Ibid. P. 14. 2

82

9 *+/* 0 (97: 9 ( 0 ;9 98 9 4 + +* 0 ) ), , (7* 0 + ) 9 = ) 39 '- +* ) 4 + 0 )( ( ) 4 0 , +* 40 7** 9 ) *( 0 ) ), 98 -9 1. *6; , ( ) 0 - < ,+ 0 ,)*=

* 8 B *

9 0 9 ; +(*/ (/ 0 ) = ) 9* *(+ 0 )9

, ( 9 ( )/ = )(/ 4 9*

- F 9 L9<4– +BD* )4– ;* 0 = . * (**(/ * : ,)) 0 *-) ,; )= 9 4 ), <

) * 0 * )( ; .7: ) ; . * G 2 (**+* + * + - *(/= * 0 )9< ; + * **)*- 0 .-; )9 ) )<979

760 -0 *( + ,0 *(

0 0 ) ) ) . 0 89 4 ( )

*

? 9 *< * ** 0 *0 ) 0 * *+* 9 ;(/*) 4 + 0 0 . )(* ; =

) . 6 ) 0 * D* ) 9( ) ; ) F* (* )

. G *+7* 0 0*,), -9 *( )$ F 9 * 9 : , = 9 9 9. * (* ) ;(<9 -G4 */ * 4 9 */ : * (* : , L; *( 6 ) ,*( *(97: *-$ F@ ; 4 , 0 *)( )* 9 0 * 9= *)7:4 + , ), ,( *)9( 0 9 * (79/4 0 *( =

* ,( *)9( 0 9 )G ! $#_ F *( , 0 9 *)( ! (9 * #*90 *(

7:- )(*/ <9 4 ` ; ( , * G ! $%&# 3 ) " * ,Fc ,G*; *(97:$F 7:h ) */ 40 )=

*/ 0 *(

* ; )*4 , 7 )(*/G 3 (= 9( ( ; )(*4 - . ;)* 4 )(7* 9<= -9, 4 *(9 )(/ 4

9<-9 0 )() 0 9+ /*)) 0 *-. ; ) 0 F* (* )

G *); * ;,),- F* - ) 9 ,G !9 (/-*4 ) ;-> 4 3 94 (/-* -94 = 1 2

Abdur Rahim.DpTams. 78. # ;* +

83

9((- 39((-4( e* E 9< >9#) 0 ( ) ,VII)4* )).-0 9 ;+ *0 ,- ( ; ,- ( ; -0 ) ),-) 0 * )(* 9846 -*8= (/7), * 9 *)

) . ; (*/* )( *(/ 9 * ) ) . ( 0 (,4 ), *

0 9(

, ) , (79/4 0 * )*= ) ; < ,- *)9 0 * ) ; < (/. (+*) (79 > 0 (+

8 * ) )(*/ *<9(*/4 *=

) + ), *( */ . '

0 ) ), . (, 0 ; )( * (* )

. *(/= * : ,4 +* 0 ).* 9 *0 9= )< ) 0 B < VII–1X )) -9 K )0 ), * ( )( 0 ( < F* (* )

. G 9 0 ( = (/ * + 4 0 0 (+ *

,4 0= 9(( 9 (* )*- *(/ +( E ) * ) , . (, 0 ) *( 0 / 0 9 F* (* )

, . G * ** )*-*(/ 4 0 .-*(/ *-0 ) )9 )9<-9 )4(**+* 808*((- -; 0(; ** / * ) * + *(/ * 0 ) ' 9

0 9( 9< 9 * ) 0 (/4 + 0 80 F* (* )

G < ,/ *:*) 0 * (7= 9 <*(97:-*( )$

(+ 0 89 * (/-9<-9 )*( )

(+ * (/- 40 9(<:-* (* ) 7@ ; 4 0 <; -9 F* (* )

. G ) +*) * + *(/ * 0 ) *:*) )( 4 9 0 )((* 9 *)

,; 9( ( )(0 )_ * (* 70 ) )7 )*-9<-9 )* )= *)7: 0 ( 4 ;)* - <9 * 8 (/ 0 9(< *_ * (* <9 9<-9 ), < , 0 ),*= ;,) ( 0 +* 9*)4 < (+(), 0 9) <9=

9 )*/ ;)* ,- 0 *0 ) *,(*/ ) 6 0 = *(9 *(+ 0 39((,4 *, -( D 4 - 0 = ; 74 + ) : )* *0 < ,/ 0 : F)* : (= +(),* (*G * +* 0 ) 9BD*= ) ) 0 9) <9 F)* : (+() * (*G$ F 0 9=

- **;,)*4 + 39((4 *, -( D 4 0 (+( ) +*( 0 9 ))

9 ,+ , 74 ( (;-*) -* ) = :4 * * , ,- 0 *(9 )( 9 ;+ D+)9 4 ( ) )94 + * */ ,( 9 0: *, -( _ (+ - ,( 0 0 0 9) <9 0 ) 39((, , 7 *( ; **,(/* 6 *(+ ) 84

*,*( 0 ( <(/ 7 9+* 4 0 9). (+ 7 ; + 7 9+* 0 9) <9 G1; 9 *< * (7 9 (* 9<-9 ) 0 *<9 = ) 0 * (* (/. *)4) +*(0 9)(7: 4 )(= *F9 (* , . G!9<#4 <*+/* = .(/ , ) 0 (/; 0 )(/ * 0 . 4 0 * (/ 0 *:*) ) ; (* *:*) ) */ 0 )(/ 4 . + . 2. @ . 4),

0F9 (* . G4 )= +7: 0 +*(

, ) 4 0 * * = )* ;*( ) 0 * (79 7 0 ) ) >9*/ < - 9 ;/4+ 9<-9,(7 0 *(97: 0 = ( 70 )*9(/ ( )

, 0 89 A= 9<-9 0 9) / 0 7 0 F9 (* .=

G *0 ) 7(07 > +(/ +*/ *(/ *- *( ) )4 *

)4 . )4 870 +*7) ; < */), * F9 (* = . G4 * )

* (79 ),.;

,- +, - = ) <9)* 4 9 ,- )9(9<-9 )C*(< 9 0*/4 + )* 9<-9, *) . 0 9(

;)* ,4 **)*/ 9 ,4)*(- +* = ; :

*4 ),* / 9 0 9(

) *0 ;)* *= (/ <9 C*(<0 90 ( </4+ ;)* ,)*9<= -9, (/ , *0 * , ),* 9 * ) <9 ;

-4 9 < ) ; / ) 0 * 4 + *). ;= )* , 9<-9 ; ( */0 *( 4 0 ; = (** *) - ((f(9 )(/ 49 *< F9 (*=

. G!9<#) + *,*(6 0 ) ; < = ( 4*( . 9<-9 * ) 7:* ; * + 4 - 9 *)* (* ) 6 = . * 9 9<-94 */ - 9 * = : F9 (* . 7G C*( < * (* ),)* . 4 0 * ) 0 +* ; * ) 0 (7: * + 4 ) *(+ 9 *< F9 (* . G )*/0 (+ )

, *; )9- *( )4 , 0 ,39(/-- E(( 4 ,). 0 ** * ) *4 0 ((4 + ) ; < */ 9 *< F9 (* . G ) 0 ( * = )*) * 0 9( ) ;)* 1

# ;* +5 4 0 $Schacht J. The Origins… P. 83.

2

85

*0 ( (*( )*0 ( *+(8(* ; ,0 +/ 6 9( *(* 0 )(/*)4 ) *) 0 9( < $ F<9 0 )(/*) < * )/ *( )4 0 ,- (8 9 0** 9<-94 < ),9/ 90( 9<-9 4 9 )() 6 *( ) 6 <9 0 )(/*) < ; /*) -9<-9 )- 0 (7 ) 0 *C*(<9 0 )(/*) 9 *) - 9<-9 ) ) . 0 8= 9 9* (* ) , )*-9<-9 )) )*-*(*- *9 *)- ) . , 0 6 0 89 4 6 9 F9 (* . G !9<#4 * (* )

– 0 ) )

40 9(<: * (/ * (79 7G 1. 39 (/--- E(( 0 9 <)* 4 + 9< ) 0 ( ; + 9 9 *(*/4 ;,), F9 (*=

, . G *+(*/ * (* )

, . (/ 0 **) = )).-0 *<9 ) 0 * ( ; ,-) )I . * ),)(*/ * ):(/ 0 80+ ,0 ) 9 99= (/ ,-- . ;)* ,-)*0 );* B0 4 = +*(

, 0 9 *)9(/*)74 + -( 3 4 < -( D 4)*(+ **)) *

) ) ; . ) 0 *4* ( * ): *,-) ,-(8*(/ * : , 4 *( 9)( */ 9 *+/ * (* ) . . 4 * )()(*/ C**)

4+ 0 **) )/ * ): (9( )*0 ;

,) , ) 4 = ; - - 9(*/0 *) 9()9 - -9<* - )< , )(* 4 + * * *)9(/*) (9,) +(/ . 3 9 - 0 4 0 * ;)* , )*- 9<-9 ) ; +*( *0 9)< ) ) ;(+ ,- - * - B*

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< ./0 (4*7:-*-9(49 , ( *)40 6 < ),*08(/ , +* = 9* 9( 0 *(+ 3 9( 9(4 ),- 9:- ; 6 9*4 - 9 :/* <9 * 0 ) * , B0 4) +* *9490 8**0 *- 9)* )*) * 0 ( < +* 9*4 - 9 0 / <= 9 * 9*0 9(4 *(9 ) 4 0 * 9=

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Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. P. 294.

99

0 89 9)-*9 )0 ( */7 (+*9/ +*-*9 )

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( = +* ),) 94 + ? 8;* <9 * 9* 9 (< ,/ 0 ) +*) 2 <9 * 9*D * 0 ; +*( ( * )) ,- ( ; ,- . ( *)( 4+ , <9 * 9*,( 0(8*(*-0 80 )4 );,- 0 :*)

; - * . (, I 00 ) = 9(;)* ,+ , *9 *)

,9(/)9-0. -);( +; 4;::)9-0. 4 8(/ , ,(* ) )% 99(0 9 ) <9 * = 9*4 * ),)7: * 0 80- - * . (, ;*9(9 %%% 94 ,( *0: 9 ;) . ,>) *:*) ) 0 ; .( ; ) * *)= < )9-0.4 )().* 0 9*9(4 *)(( ) ) ;-;9)( 9 -9(4 )*9* - (( 7;= * )

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)*0(/ +* 0 9<# ,( 0( ) ) %5 94 .* 0 = 1

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(/ ,*80 6 0 94 -)( ) *9(/6 9 *0* M* )(9 9)<,:*) - 9( */) -9= <((,4 ( )( */ 9 8 )

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Law in the Middle East. Vol. 1. P. 299.

105

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, ; G!*# 0 804 9 **(9* *4 9 (< , 0 **) )/ ( ,/0 9*)(

, * ,C*( )+ )*( ; = + 0 9*)(4 *9 9 (< 0 *(/ *9 , 0 )* 9( ))*9 9(/ ,-*(+C*( 0/ )*4*9 ; = + 9( 0 9*)( 0 9 (< ** *(+4 F*(4 0 7 *9/4 0 ; *8 )(* 9 * + 9 ;

4 0 * )( . G!**%%#<0 *(), * ; +=

. )+ <)/*)*90 ;/4+ ;= : 0 ) * 6 *(+ 9 *(./* ;:4 . <,/; !*%6). E 9<(( ; * 0 8 ( (84 9( =

, 0 ) 9*) 0 84 *:*)7 9) */4 *);

,*69( 9 ) 4+*(

*/ *( 0 = ),.* 74(8 ( (/.; - 0 9/(;::/* )0 (/; : ,)9(-4*7:-*)*9 ) 4-) 94( *7:-*-0 )9 ) -4+*(

*/ *( ,- /= . * 4 * 9 (< 0 9)/* )* *( ! ** &–1646). L*4 *7:* :*)

,- *4 - ) * 94 0 = 9)/*(7, < !*# 2() ) XIV *- 9( * 0 ( < =

+ - :4 * ,/ 0 9 , ) + 0 98 (4

; .*&(9(0 9+* )4*7:-* * ) 0 (7:- + <9 7*):

9!) # *+ 6 * 0 )

* +)*;9) */7!**5#L*4*7:* 0 ) *9 *)

, ;(4 +* , 9 ( ) 9 0 = /* (/ ) + 9* ( * ) 0 9+ 0 ) * * )*) * */ ) (/. *) *(+) 0 0 .*) ) 0 ) *C*( )+ 0 9(

0 9 *)0 = ) 9 * ) *9 0 *( 4 0 ( < + - *( 4 <- 9*) )/ ;:)9: E 0 9 + *+; )( )0 ,) 4*/

* (/ ;* )4 ,0 ,)70 9$ * ) .

(*= 84 **.*)4 0.*) ) * 4 - 9:* (/. *= * ! ** 0 9(* 9<(( ) % +* )#4 ( ; / *8 ;-; *(/ 0 ( < )+ !* # C*( 0 9 *4 0 9 0 ,)*4 ;)( *9(

, *9 * )()7 0 ,) (* */ & F *- *(/ * *)(7:- :9 * ):9) * B0 499*)(/ , 111

* <( -( : , *(/ 0 9(<: 0= *:4- ,* *)

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, 9 9- *)9(/*)4 < 0 * (), D* ) , )9 *)9(/*) )(* *)9(/*) 4 9

*)9(@ - 9 ),0 ( / 9 (/ ,-*( = )4 + , *9(/ *)9(/* 0 ; 9*)(/ , B - = 9 (+(9)-*)9(<+ ( 9 <+ ,9)- < : B ,/ *(+4 9 *)9(/*) <+ 0 (+/

) ; < 6 *(+ 9 0*7* *)9(/*) 9 - < : 4 4* (* */""4 - 9 */ 8 )*0 *) = 9 * *)4 * (* */ "4 9( ;0 :

9 ;) = (

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9 < : *(/ )40 *.9.-)*-9;0 : 9 *0 <+ )9(/*) 4 0 99 <

9 * + , (= +*) *)9(4 ) 4 *)9(/*) ( *(0 4 0 ( I A* * 4 + 4 0 4 *)9(/*) *(0

< *+/* 0 ( , + , )9(/*) 9 (< , */*4 () , ; 4 4 + *)9(/ )9(4 6 9( *(0 ) ;= < B *( *)9(/ (.(* ; ) ) 4 *(97: ;

4 *)9(/*) )/ *(/ 0 (. 4 *)9(/*) 9 (< ,/ 0 *+/* 9*)(/ , FM ** 4*( 4 <*)9(/*) )/ ) *( * (/*)4 + < ),0 ( / - 9 *( ) 9( 9*)(/ * *)9(/*)4 */ 0 ; * *( ) F.6-96GG!**%&%# 0 )( 4 9 ;(/*) 4 * )

*(--4 ) * ) = 0 ( *(+-4 *7:-* * )( ( ; ,- 9 ) ( 0 90 ( <(/ * (84 *)9(/* 0 ; 9 0*= ,4*( ),- ;7**)9(9(- *9 *) =

9 * ) 4 8 )*)4 * *)9(/* 0 ; 4 * )

, *(--4 ,/ 0 ,4 9< *( *)9(/ +

0 9(4 + 0 9( *)9(/*) 4 * )

*(-- !* %%# *( ,( 9 *)9(/* 0 ; *)9(4 *9; *),* 0 )9) *C*(* * 4+ *)= 9(/)(*+* , 9< ,(8 4 0 ; 0 = 7* (/ , 0 )(4 *7:* 6 ),* 4 - 9* ) .* 0 0 ) (), ),0 ) (), XV *)9(/*)-* 9 < 0 )( 9 (/ *)9(/*)>0*/(0+/* )* ;

, * ) 9( *4 *( *) 9 -( 0 9= 9( ( 0 9( !* # )9(/*) 4 * )

0 90 ( = 112

< 4 <,/0 *9 )* )*)*0 ) , 6 (), 90 ( < 0 9(* ) * * )

, ),) 94 , 0 ) )* 0 9(

; 74 )*/ (; = * B0 4 3 *<( * *4 9 ,( +( )4 9 < ))(

,
) - ) )(*/79( . 0 ; ) ; 7:-<9 ,)(* )<G!* %&# D 9 (< ,/ ;),4 * * (/ ,4 ,4 ) 9,4 * /; , ) .7: 9 ) !* "#_ 9 (< (9/ - = . ; - ;

0 89 , !* #_ 9 (< ,/ *0 * , ./ *0 , (+/ 0 )9 0 )9, !* %55# D 9 (< *:*)(/*9 ; (/*) 0(+ 4 9 ), </ *) 9 ;) . *9 0 8**4 = ( . 9( )(* 0 ) 9 9( , !* %&# 3 = <* )9<((4() EVI* 9 < , B - 9 /4+ 0 )(4*7:*0 89 ,4 + /9= (; ) , *)(7. -9* 8

,-0 ( + ) 4 (7 <) ;4 0 9) < 6) (78 ; =

L*(7+ )(* *(/ * 0 ) 4 ) +*( ; ,0 49<(( B* 4+ 9<((* 9 < ) ,-0 8= 0 ) 9 )() ).- <9, D * 0 @ 9 8 / 9( * 9( * 4 + * . 0 80 +* +)( 0 ( + *9/4 < *) 9 9*) * = (/ 9<((, ) 9 )< * * 9 9 - 0 ) ),- **4 ,( - . ) *0 ;09 , + , *)(/ *( */9<((,;(7+(*/)<* *) = 9 *30 ( < * ),)(*/ ;

,-0 80- *(* (4 ( ,/ 90 ) , <9 0 = *

7: * :*) E 0( , * (*/ 9=

8 )/0 80,4 ,, (9 )() / <9, 94 - * + ,( + , D +( * 0 80 + ; - *- 7 * ) ( *0 (/; )/ + ; 7 * )9 -. ( *( * )( *8

0 )(/*) ) @ 8 ) 5% 94 /.(*/ 9<((,4 ) * 0 0 ) ,( 9 ,4 0 * 0 80 ) *+(* 0* , 2 <9 * 0 8**(/ , 9*4 , )*0( ) *( ) %%5 9 ,( *= 0 )( 9 0 ( ) 94 * ),)(* 8;* 0 ) 0 ( < 0 ) +( 9<((4 - 9(*/ ) = 113

* <9 )( 8D ) *0 (0 80*) = 9,9 ) ) ; *.0 ( +*9/ . 0 * *)

= * 7 "5– " 9-46*0 , +( )/0 0 )9( ) * )9<((E ,( + *(/ *0 = ) 4 ,( *); + 7 * ) - * . (, ; ( 0 ( < 4 *

*7:*9 ) )0 9< 9,4 0 9( < 9 )*0( ) ;

7 *( " 99 ,(* ) * (. 0 ( = + 9( 0 9 ) ) <9 * 9*4 * ),)7: *

(/ *(*- 0 80-4 * )

<9 * 0 ) ;09 ,- * ' 9 : ,( ; + 4 0 = )(/*) 3 , .( 0 /.)9* <9 * 9*I 9* ; ( 9<((4 < 9 ; ,4 , 0 ) = +( @ ; 4 F0 ) (+ **G4 )9 ; 0 )9

(;40 ( */7 **) )( +(/ 60 ;)*(/= * 0 )2() 0 + 6 ,( ) */*(/ = * 0 ) ) **, 9 8

, 4) (/= . *0 4 + 9 0 ) ), **4 0 *: ;*+* - D ) 0 9 ) *

* 9 ) *(/= * (4 9(7: 0 ) ;*,).4 6(*+ , 9 0 997:* ; ' (/ 9 - ; 0 = 80 94 9 0*7: - ) ))9 4 ) +*( ) 0 ) *9 <)7: ;: ;)0 )*(

;,), 0 9 F; , ) 9<-9G ! 0 : * ;= 9 ),- 0 ) 8 (/ , 0# *0( 0 9 F(9G !F0 9 < G4 F * );G#4 9 < ,( (./ (/ *(9 )/<* ;9

,)F; ( )*(/ * 0 )G

@ 4 0 ** 7: (/ <; / 0 *0

*(0 *0 *()/ ),*( )0 ) (* ) . *) = )/* 7 9+* - 4 0 )(*/ ), 9, 0 80,4 *) ; , 0 ) ) * 4 0 0 : *(/= * 0 ) ;))( */ )*0 < * 0 9 (<= *) ;)*+*4 * 4+ 0 9F(9G0 9 (= <* EIE) +(**0 89 ,0 9 0 (+*- 0 ) ),- * 4 *).- 8 9( D * 0 4 {0 4 ; )*0( ) ( ;),- ) 0*- * 1 9 * ,4 ,( 0 8( 9 9* ) 0 ) 0* ;84 ;= 1

Edge I. Ricent trends in Islamic Law //Law and Islamic World. Past and Present. Copenhagen, 1995. P. 17.

114

).- * )*)7: , *(/ * 0 ) 9 * ,4 0 ; .( 9 8 <9 *- *(/ * 0 )4 6 9* 0 (+( ;) F9<((G L

0 9 = )()*0 90 *,(9( 9 8F0 )(+ **G *(= 97:604 , *, < 9 8 )( + 7 ) )

; 9(/*) 9 * (< * * ) * 0 *(/ * 0 )) (* <9 = *- . *+7 ;,), (+ , ** *(/ 4 *0 * 7:*4 ) * ) 4 + -* , . 4 =

. *(9 ) 9 4+ <9 ( ) (/ * *= )

*F) G ,9 ( 4F0 ) (+ *= *G )(*4 0 * 9(4 9 *)

0 ) ) * 4 9 0 = +*0 ( */70 7* (/ ,*(/ * 0 ) ;,)7 *(* 9 ( 4 0 90* *(/ ) = 0 * ) 0 )( (/ 0 ) (+ **4 9 ; + , ;= ( < , ) ) ;)*, ;) * 9,4 0 * (/ <7 0 9) <

, ; *, 0 = * *(/ FB *(+ 4 + H ' 7 4 *( ) * 9 EIE ) ) (/. *) ;),- ; - !*(/ = *-* -G#*(/ * 0 ) 4; ).0 <9 *0 9= *)7:0 ;8)0 ) ) **40 *0

+( *0/= * ; 9(/*)4 ;*) )). ;09 ) 0* 0 ) ), <; , ;8,4 F0 ) (+ **G 9

0 * ) 8( * (*/G 1 B * + ) * 8(/ , 0 , ) <; *(/ *- * 4 , 0 - 9( 0 9 ; +(/ , )( 0(*+*- * 4 ; 0 )( ) * ; )6 *(/*(/ * 0 ))9(/*) 6 )(7* 0 , ) (/. *) *(/ *- * ; 9(/=

,,) (*(+ **4 * )

, -*(/ = * 0 )4 ) - * -4 9 , 0 ,4 * )*)7= : , *(/ * 0 ) ) .( * *) +*/7 ) <9 = * 9*, @ ),) 9 0 9) <9* 9 ; ) ) 9= (/ **(9 ) F*(/ * 0 ) 7 *0 9 8G4 ;9

) 5 9$ F> 7 9 (7 0 * (4 + 4 ; *=

1

8 ( *(/ * 0 ) 0 *, 0 &

115

(7+ 9( (+ **4 0 . ; ) 4 *

) +*-9(-G 1. B * ) 0 )9

,- ) ,- ),*;,) < *9= (/9)),) 9 9 * ,40 ) (+ **)(*0 = ) ), * 4 * - 7: ) * )

,- *( )- , = *(/ * 0 )9 * ,4* - * 7*);/* (= ; , 4 ; 0(

, ) 4 ; +4 0 9(<: ; 740 ) (+ **)(*0 9 *9 <)7:

**)

) +* ;)0 )<) .9 )*(8( 90 + 4 , 7 9(/ **(9 ) 4 ) 9 *(/ *- * (< * 4 3; 3 9 0 8** ) ;) 0 ) ), 9*4 0 :*)

* ),)7:* 98- 0 *( 0 + ) ) = 8 ) );) 0*- 0 ) ),- ** I 0 8** * ,). ' B0 4 ) M+ . 0 = ) ;(. * ) , 0 ) ), ( 4 ; 0 ;9 L = . 8(/ 0 ; < *) – 9 ; * ) ,- *= ) *(/ * 0 ) 9 < *(/ * : , ) C) 09 -+*- ) ; *. +*0 (+* 8 * *(/ * ;*)( 0 *0 *()/ = *(/ *0 ) ), 808<;0 9(*(/ * * 6 4 ;*( ) 4 ),;,) ) ; *7: * + ,-4 *

7 * ). :*)

* H+ ,**!(--)(.-.-*#4)(** )

,0 ) = ), ) * ;,4 ;)* , (**+* *(* 7 * *:*) )).)(**+*-*-*(* 7 *= 0 9 8 %%5 94 9,(;9 0 ),; 0 . = *-*9 )40*; 9(/*0 (/; )( ;F0 ( < .= G!(- )9-9(/-. #4 *).7*) 0 *(+ *= *. 9*)(/ *6 8084<*4 ,(;)*

*(*7 *49( ,-. * * (;9)- * ) ,- ;= 9( )$) ,) ( ; ,9 ,*(9 ) 0 )(4*7:* 0 *0 ))+* :*)

<; *(9 4)*) 7 + 9/4 ,( ;9( (, *9( 9( ( ) 9*) <9 (84 - ,4 4 ) - 9*)

, *, ( ,4 *);

, * * *)

*/74 */ 0 9< K , *9(( 9(4 *:* 4 9(/ 0 )4

9 * 9 $ ( 4 *9(

; -7 /- 1

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116

) +(/ ;) F0 ) (+ **G ,( *); *

+).* ) 8 EIE ) *) 9 8 *(/= * 0 ) 9 8 0 9* )( ))9 ) 0 ) ), **, 6( ) *)* 0 ) 0 ;8 ) 0*- 0 ) ),- ** ) 9).* , ) 0 ) ) * 0 9* )( ; 9 ) ),- *)*- ; 0 ) 0 ; , *( <9 * 4 ( ) 0 8**(/ 0 ) B 0 ) 9(*/F;0 9((+ **!(8 4*/4 *(9 ) # ) * -4 , ; )7 F*):

, * ),GG 14 =

, F ( 9 *()(*/ ; / * ), ) ). * *(/ * 9(/ - +* 0 )G 2@

0 90 (*/ 0 0, 9 8 0 90* 4 = *:-*(+ **4 * ) ; 7:*( < ,0 (= , * (/)6 * (/;,( ; / ,*(/ * = 0 )4;9+* * () 4+ ,-**; )/ )9 , ( , )< 0 +* ; + 4 ;)( , - 9 * **,(/* +*(

, 9, ) 6 (*4 ;+*7 0 ) +: 9 9 4 * *)( =

,4) * ) 4 * ;,4 0 9( (/. *) *= ( *(/ *- * 4 ) :- 9 - ;,- @ 8 =

(;8 ),;,)( 9 ) (/*) 98

*(/ * 6(,4 (9). 0 ( ( ) *(/ * 0 ) 6 9((/ ) ***)

*9 <)( */ * ;9 9)

; ). ; 9(/*)) (*(+ ** ';

, 0 , ) D* * 0 4 0 ) 9). 0 = ( !@ ;#2 <9 * 9*4)0 *(9*)0 *0 =

*0 * ).*) 9*) * ,4)- 9).)* *)= 0 4 * 9 <( *(/ 4 ;) 94 *(9 ) ) 6 *); - 9 0 )* *:*)

;+ < K-4 *+). 4 + F - ( 9 )/ *08(/ , ;9(, 0 6 0 94 -)( ) *9(/6 9 *0*G3. 0 ), *(;)* )C0)% 5 9; ;) = FB , . *(/ (+ **G -9 9 0.4)0 *(9*) * 7*8C09 + )(* 0 *)( ;9+ * *)/ 0 ; ) 6 (* 0 ) 4 C: /. * *)(9)9 $0 <9 **9() 0 = *) 9 )(

,) 9*49)0 9,9: = 1

";* +55 5 35;* + 3 Law in the Middle East. Origin and Development of Islamic Law. P. 298. 4 $8 ( *(/ * 0 ) 0 *, 0 5 2

117

4 * ),)(* - * 9 * 9 <()** I 0 4 0 9 )(

, ) 3(< ( + , 0 H 4 F *(*/ (./ +* , 94 - - ),* + 8

*/) <) 0 ( * )*) 9 *(/ ,0 ( <=

,( 0 )** 0 ; ,G 1 4 0 6 0 + 4 = 9+ 9

,)+*) 8(/ ; 4 . 0 =

(*/ 0 ( ) )*- * ) ,- * ) 9

*( )0( / 9 * ;9 0 ),- * ,- ; 9(/*)4 )0 *(9*) *0 (/; )(*/0 * ;9 ; )F(+ **GB0 < : 0 4 +, - 9*( ) *- * - , * 0 ) *)(*/)8( 9 8 )

, H./ ;9 ( 9 8(/ ()98 D* * 0 )

,- *9 *)-4)- 9).-)* *)4)*0()*(0 ), ; 9(/*)4 ( 7: 9

, 0 ) ) * +( ) & 9*( ;9(9);4 ,0 9*)(< 0 ) = )/ ;) 9 0 *9 ) *(+ 9((/ **) <4 *= 0+)7: * 9*) 9( * 9 < */4 ( ;(+ = (; @ () , * , *( 0 ) 9 *= * * ; 0 ) ) * ;) * 0 )*(/ *-* 9 8) ** ) * :*)

,- . I ; 4* * :;&*4* ) = (/ 0 9 ( )( ) 0 *, ;) 9 * ) ,( 0 ( < , ),) 9, - * (4 ) 9(/ ,- *(+-4

9 7:- 0 80(/ )< ; + 4 *0 (/; )(*/ 0 = ( < ,- . ( 0 ) B 9 * 6 6 ; ; 0( 9

4 ,- ) : * 9 <( 98

*(/ * 0 = ) **0 9* )( */4+ )*(+ (+ ; *9/ 0 ),) 9, - * ( (9 < /4 + 6 )(7+(*08(/ , ;9(40 ( < 9 (< ,,= ( *0 * /* - * 9)4 0 /* *(/ = **9B0 6 ,) *-* -4)- 9).-) * *)0 4 9*) )(D9 *0 * * ; 9

, *9, ;9*/ *( ** )/ )* 9(4 *);

, * (+ , ** *(/ 4;*(7+ + -* ,-2. )0 ),,(*0 (/; ) )L )F> 0 *= 9-G "% 94 ; ) F3 . *- *9-G " 9F; ) > L G! -+* *8#

1

";* +5 8 ( *(/ * 0 ) * ; 9(/*) * 3 * * 11*(/ * 0 ) !* * ) , *,# 1 3B ' L - * 0 )4 %"–122. 2

118

) 0 9( (+ ** ,( 9 " 7 9 **8

,*9 C0)*(97:)9$FH+ ,**)(= * * )* (* ,- ( * ,- 0 90* ;)* (84 , (+ 9 - 9 ;

, 0 *(9*) ) - 0 ) ) * 8(/ <; 4 0 9(< */ <* (< * 0 (4* * ) 4**)9 )8( ;)9

4 9( ( ;

4 (9 0 ( ( 0 ( 9= *0 * */70 0 + * ) .

(4*( ( 0 = .(/*)4 (9 * (7 ( +

9*0 * */7 M ** 9(4 *:-* :*)4 )* )(7* 0 0 9 ) 0 * ** 9)< * B 0* ; 9= (/4 94+ ) 49 )*;): 4;* 4)(7* 9 ) 4 )(7+ - ) 0 (, (+ **`G 1 @ ) = 94 <*4 ; . - * *)

7 9<9 * ;9 A= ) 9( ;(+ 9(4 *7:-* ** 9)<

9)< :*) B 9( */ < ;(+/ ** 9*0 = * */*(9*)** L * ; 9(/ ) ;9 <(* -( 9 8 (+=

**)* 6 0 +*(( *:* ) 0 *,4

$ #) _*( )_ + <9 _0 )( _ 0_ # **4 )(7+7: <),-4 .-4 0 0).- ( **= )7:-_)#9*0 * */ *:**(+_ #0 ()4 4;0 :

, 4 * 8*)9(/= *) _ 9#0 ) ;

**0 )40 9 * 9 < _ # * < _ <# 8 )*) !0 *- <9 #*0 9*)_ ;# 0) *0 _ #* 9 < 0 9 )40 )9 - 9*)

)_ # 04;): 4,4)(:0 *(9*)0 *(* ) = 0 *, *(9 ) 2. 0 +*(

, ; 9(/ , 0 ( < ! 0 4 = *(9 ) # *)( ,(**+*. ** ;0 ;9 @ * "7 & 90 +*(*(97: ) 0 *,4 *:*(+ **$ F` ** (8 - 9*0 * *4 4 0 ( < :*) *0 )4 ); ,- 0 )- ;

*- *0 )4 ;) 94 * = < 7 9+* 9( 4 0 *- <9 4 0 ; ( = 1

Jamal J. Nasir. The Islamic Law of Personal Status. Oxford: Graham and Trofman. 1986. P. 27. 0 $NOPJXYSZaTQSrVWsPbXVlSYnmSmjXs. 28.

2

119

+ 8 )*)4*/ 9*)

,-*);-0 )4 ;

*- 0 * 9 < 7 <9 9*)

9 4 * )( 9*= )4 *, )( 4 0 0+(/*)4 04 (. 9*0 * *4 9 *= < * ) .

(4 0 9 -4 *(9 ) 4 ;): - 9 = --4)(:-0 *(9*)0 *(* 4 **)7:(8 0 ) ;(. 0 0). (8 .G!*"# 1. (* )

0 ) ) ; +(/ , *0 9*)( * )

* * ; 9(/*)4*7:*) 0 * )(+ ** (/. *) * )

,- *(/ *- *- * 9 *-0 : ; 9(/ ,- )0 (+ **K * 0 ) ) )94 * *)( ) 98

,-0 ) ),- ) = 9*)-49 *-0 (/ 0 *) )*0 ( ) ,- *-* *9* ;()49 )* 3 )4e 4H) 9 2 , ) * 0 *( ; * * ; =

9(/*)) *(/ * C0 ;)* , 7 * -9 9 -0. * *)( ) % 9 FB , . *(/ (+ **G4 ; */4 *7:-* ) 0 * ) 4 ;) 94 9 4 984 ;): *(9 ) 4 )* ; 7* - * 9 = B0 < 9((/ ) *(<(* 9 , + , 0 * 9( 0*- *9 ) 0 *(/ * 0 ) ) 9*) 9(. *-*9 )4- )( 8(/=

0 ; *9 *) ** + ,- 0 *(/ * 0 = ) 0( )() 9-0 9*4*7: * ;) 94 ,,()* + * 00 ;8

4; ) =

* ,( 9 ) ,9)9 $! "5 " #4 , (+(*/ 0 )0 *(9*)- * ; 90 = )( , 9 - 9 0 < ) 0 *4 *7:* * 9 <=

4994 ;) 94 9( 0 0 + * * (/ *! *= )#4 **) < 9 * )4 <

,- < , ;9 = * ; g ! # )) 9( ), 0 )( ;) 94 0 (4 * = 9 < 4 ; (/*) <9 *0 4 0 0+(/*) 0 94 ; 4 9) < : (+.

, 0 ) ;) 9 * 9 < *8

,*9 %& 9 A)(4+ 0 =

,;,( ;

, * ) 4+ 0 ;9 * , ;

0 );9)/9 ,4 ,( ; (= (/ - 9 * ) ))9 B 9 **(4 ; 4 9 )( g 55 ! %& #4 , 9 (< ,( )*= 0/ ) *( < +*(4 , ,( 0( ) ; = 1

0 $NOPJXlamic Law of Personal Status. P. 28. 4 0 $JXYSZaTQSrSl\ojbaXpbj\PlTP1[\]UN. Heer. P. 150; The Shari’a in Sudan: ImpYPZPlmSmaVlSl\|PpPbTjXXaVlX11NOPia\\YP[SXmoVjblSY 5vVYgs"–638. 2

120

*8

*9 *8

*;g! #4 = , (/ ; +(/ ; ( +*4 *0* * (/ (4 B 9 3**( ** ( ; 0 *(/ ;) 94 9 *-0 )- . . 0 H) 4 * *( < * * * 4 <9 ) *0 = )9 0 9*)( ) 7 9+* (8 / H) = * *8 ) <9$ F) 9 ) *0 )9 * (7 2 *9 *) 4 0 + * : 4 9 )</ )* ( 9 ,4 )/*) 9 0 )( ( ; ,- 9 )0 9 ;: *9 *) 0 *( )4 + 6 9 ./ :*) =

0 94 < 9 9( <( (7 ( *,4 ;,)/)< - 9*H+ *-9- ) , *G H) * 0 ) 0 ; * ) ,- (-0 9 ;9( L*(**,)(7+7*

)4. )9< )4. )(= ) )4 *( ) 9 ; ) L; - (/ 9 ;, 7 9 8 = )

, 3 (+ ** % 94 9 0 (

, ) & 9 *

*- 9< *- * ; g " ! " # ( = *874 0 89 , 0 )( 0 ) *9 . * *9 /0 ;* )*)7:0 0 ) = *(97: ; $ F

* *9/ *:*)( 0 ) *9 ) * )*) * ( ) , - * 9 =

,;*(7+ *(+)40 9*

,-)> * ,-0 = )-4 9 )

% - 9 -9< 4 "& 94)<9 *(+90 /**

**9/

, 0 ; < * *9/ 9 ), */ .=

)* )*)*9< * 9 * )*)7:0 = ( < > * ,-0 )-G I ; /. ,( 9 ) * * *( -9 '.9 "& 94 ;9 ( 9 09 0 : *= ) D* * 0 ) *- * - 4 *(9 )(/ 4

9 )*0( ) ;

7 *( / ,(4 ; 4 ) ; <9 E ),.0 , ; " 9 ,( )0 = *(9*) 9 0 ( 4 ; 4 0 *(9 ; 7( " 9* - (0 ( ,**/) ) ""-*/ ) 9*) 0 ( < (+ **,( = 9 ) 0 ;9 * ; g & ! & # * )*) * ';A= * (/ , 9 4 ) ; 9(/*) 0 ( */

0/ <*(97:-* + )$ D,+ 0 ) ) > * ,- 0 )4 * ),)(*/ *9 ,0 )( 121

" D )(

, C0* ; 9( 0 *0 * ( * , ,+ 0 *,4 *:* FB . *(/ (+ **G9 -0. I(+* ) *0 > 9(/ , 0 * )= ( 9 9 -40 - * 4. ( & > (+ ***9/* ;9 *;g& ! &# -),)) 0 *, 4 ;) = 94 9*)4 0 0+(/*)4 9*0 * *4 ;): *(9 )=

1D ,(9 0 ( > g! &#) . 0 (4 0 9 4 ) *0 4 0 0+(/*) * 9 < 0 0 = , ; , 0 7* ) . )*- * 8) ; *(7+ 9 ; )!*5#4<- * *-9*- : 4 ,*= 0 (/;7 - * *)

, ( ; , 0 ( < 4 ( 7: ) = 0 *, 0 ()4 *( ) ;(7+ 4 0 *(. < ,4 * 9 < < ,4* 9 < * ) .

( -4 *)( < , * < 40 9 0 0+(/*)!*5%# L . * - ( * ) 0 (7:0 ) ;(7;= --( ;(+ <9 (+ , ** <9 * *(+ 9 0 *(9 - 9 D* * 0 4 * 9 ) 9<((,4 2 <9 * 9*4 9(( <9 * (+ *= *4 - *)(* 0 9 . *

- * . = (, 0 *, (+ ** )0 ), ,( < , ) > FD ) =

,-. *-0 89 -G 9-9< ! #4 , *9((-0 9 *(7+(/ 7 *98. *-*9 )4 . ), *(*/ ) * )*) * 0 ( < . 9 ( 8 () 97: * 08

= 4 )0 *(9*) 9 0 (

) " 94 9( ) 0 *, (+ ** 9< ) 0 9 7 *987 <9 *- *9 ) 9( 0 . ) * )*) * 9< * 9 4 ) < ) * = - 7 *987. *-*9 )0 *(+(+ *** =

)4 0/0 - *+ " 9 9( (+ ** 9< ) ,( 9 , 0 9 7 *987 ) )/ * )

,- 9< *- . *- *9 )4 *0 (/;7:9< *79 * )*)* *8 "& 9,(0 ; , = *9 ) 2 <9 * *9, ; (*/ ** <9 *-4 +*- ( ) ,-9('( ; ,*9,; (*/) 0 *= (+ ** 9(4 *:* ( ; , *4 ) L-**<)(7+()** ),- * *-= 1

$ Lipstein K l\ Szaczy I. Interpersonal conflict of laws // International Enciclopedia of Comparative Law. Tubingen, 1985. Vol. 3. P. 10–16.

122

9*- : 4 , ; (*/ )* 9(4 *);

, * (+=

, ** * , 0 ) @ / ,( *08(/=

, *9,4 - ) , *94 **8

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( ; ) !* 221). M **9 -* 4) ,-; 9(/*) *(/ )( 0 ) (+ **4 0 ) ()*) 9 )* 3 )4 *0 9*)7:0 ( < ; - (*9 *( )- **)(7 (/ ; (+ ***9, 0 7 - (* 0 ( < ) * )*) * (**+* 0 7 *0 9 8 e * 3 * '*0(4 )((* ) , e= 4 . (+ ** ( ; g % 94 = , * ),)* ;9* 9 4 0 **9 <; (/ ,- - ) 9*) ,).B 9 +* '*0(e ; *= /g! #* 9 <( ,0 ( < * < 4 , * (* ),)(*/*0 ( < . 8(*+* B 9 H)* < - . *= *90 *(*9 @ )(* = - 9*)0 8*** *)( ; (+ **40 9*)(7:= * 6(9 *(/ * 7 *0 9 8 )*9,0 7(*79 ) . (+=

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The Islamic Law of Personal Status. P. 32.

125

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4 9( *(/ 7 * ; + G 4 >9*/ < < 0 9= 1

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127

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** (/ 0 ; I ** (/ *(/ *-* @4) -* -3 = 4 L; (4 L 9 9< 2 8 <9

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@ ** ; 9(/ , ; " 7 & 94 9 0 ( =

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8 (/ *)* )*)**/79(*(97: ; $ (I#* )*)7:; (+ **<9 * ,)9(- **49*0 * **( )- (II# > (+ ** < ) ) ) 9(- ); ,- 0 )- ;

*-*0 )4 *0 < :*) <9*0= 4 ;) 94 ;) 9<< ,7 9+* 9( (III# > (+ ** 0(< *0 * * (8 0 9( 0(,* 9 < (IV# > (+ ** * ) .

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)9(- 0 *(9*)-*, )( (VIII#> (+ ** .4;):()9(- ;)= : 4 9 4 ;): - 9 - -4 )(:- 0 *(9*) )*(9*)* (IX# > (+ ** **)7:(;)*0 0)= .4 0 90 ( . ) 9(- **) 0 90 ( ) 8

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* f 0 = 9( , 8 (/ ,; <9 ;9)-*0 )!**"4= 0* _–* * _ – * _1 – 9 * _" –(= ) * _–(< * # * * * 9 * <9 * 9*, !** 1 * )*)

# 9 0 ( 74 + <9 9) * = 8 ( * 8 <9 6 * , 9 *+/* 9*= )(/ ,0 4*( ;(7+ )* )*)*; * , ;(7+ (; * 9)-*0 )I 0 ( < ); 1

0 $NOPJXYSZaTQSrVWsersonal Status. P. 34–35.

129

; * 2* ) 8 7 5" 9 !';A* = (/ 0 + 9 * 2&# *(9*) 4 )(7+ 0 *(9*) *(/ :*) *0 )4 ( 7*; * ,4 0 9(<<) ) ;(7+ !** 1 – 0* _ 1 – * * _ 19/1 – * _11 – 9 * _1–() * _"–(< * = # (III#'* < < ( *; * ,4 = 0 9(< < ) ) * < 4 9 ;) 9 9( ( *; * ,4 0 9(<<) ) +( 0 ) ) 0 89 , !** 1" – 0* _ 1" – *= * _ 1" – 9 * _ 1" – () * _ " – (< * # L * */ 1 9( * < 4 ;) 9 9( 0 9 ; * ,4 0 9(< <4 ( ) ) * < 4() ) +(0 ) ),-0 89 (IV# B* ),.0 , 0 ( < 4 0 /* 9 (/ 8 (/ , ; 4 *( ! (/ # 9 ; *0 ) )(* <9 !**–0* _&–* * _ 1&– * _ 15 – 9 * _–() * _–(< * # (V# D;(/*)4 0 9* )7: 0( * 9 < 9*= )

)4 ( 7* 8 (/ ,; (84 )*)

; 7 0( !**& –0* _ –* * _" – * _ 16 – 9 * _&–() * _–(< * # (VI# B8 (/ , ; (84 , 0 9(< ;:4 0 = * ) . )*- * ) 0 (7:- 9(4 *7:-* **) =

;

040 )( :*) 9 0= (8 9*0 * ; )* **)7:- (8 !** – 0* _ – * * _ "5 – * _ – 9 * _ – () * &–(< * # (VII# B*(9*)4 ;): 9 *0 < 4 )*07: ) *( 0 *( * 4 ( 7* 8 (/ , ; . !the propositus#4 ;):( ( (84 *0 <7: * :*) ) ) * !** 1 – 0* _ %1 – * * _ %1 – = 9 * _1–()* _–(< * # @ **/"""4* )()4+ 0 ) = . ) ) * 90 /*) 0 * *(9 ) ;): -4* 9 <*(97:0 ( < $ # ;(+) 8 (/ * 90 0*) )/ *(9 ) 7 9)< 9)< :*)4 * 8 * = < *(9 )/; 89 -0 40 0 ) * 8 9 ; ./ 8 *(9 )/; _

130

# * 84 *)). *(9 4 *) :*) ) L 0 9 * *9 *)4 * 0 ) +: 0 ( < ; * 8!*""#_ )# * ; 9 0 /* ) . 9*)(/=

*;): 4) . *(9 ) 9)< := *)4 - 9: * ) L , )(9( . * 8 !* 23). (VIII# M ** ;

0 ) *0 * * **4 ; , )*- ),.0 ,- *- *9 *) 9 (* , ) 4 + = 9 0 /* ; )*- *(7+ ; * ,4 0 9(<(80 0 ; - 8 (/ *!**1 –0= * _ "1 – * * _ %1 – * _ "1 – 9 * _ 1 – ()* _5–(< * #I 0 ( < 9*)(/ 9<) =

. 0 ) *0 * * 9( 4 * *(+4 9 9 *0 )(* <9 4,( ; ),.!IY). (IX) (* . 40 () )(**);7: <9 9) * 4 )(* : I 0 9- 9 0 )* * * ; *(7+ )4 */ & 3 g & ! # +* *(97: ; $ F () 9 ** )/* 0 9 (+ ** 9 ( = )/* * + ; 9*)(/ * 9 . 0 ) *8<+ ,4* +; 0 *(9*)–9 . 0 ) *8) ) = 0 ()* +;

( ) –9 . 0 ) *8 ) )

( ) G 1. @ ; 4. * 0 ) 0 ( */7 9<)- * -4 , ))( * )

, ; 9(/ , , I * ) =

, *, ; ) 9 **,(7* , . 4 0

, *(9 ) 0 * 0 )9 -0 - ),= 7 , 0 9(

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,-

)= 8-4 0 4;0 0 ()@ *4)0 99 < ,( 0 )9 ,8,; ,-* ). 4 9 *-*(/= *-* )*:0 7. * 0 ) )8( 0 *(97:- ()- , ** ; ), . * 0 8= 0, ; 9(/ , ,4 *7:* ) 0 * ) (+ **4 +*/ ,-) 9(/ ,-* - *** )*)7: <= 9 * 9*0 <9)* *,* 0 )$ 4 0 9 4 * 9 < 4 * < 4 994 8 )*) 4 0 ) 94 * 9 < 0 9 ) 0 ) 9*)

) 0 ) (= 1

The Istamic Law of Personal Status. P. 35–36.

131

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132

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