Домашняя работа по химии за 9 класс

d mq_[gbdm ©ObfbyMq_[gbd^ey de h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evguomqj_`^_gbcª HK =Z[jb_eyg²F©>jhnZª ]

mq_[ghijZdlbq_kdh_ ihkh[b_

1

H]eZ\e_gb_

<\_^_gb_. H[sZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ . 5 †OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ gZhkgh\Zgbb _]h iheh`_gby \i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_f_>B F_g^_e__\Z ................................................... 5 †OZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlgh hkgh\guf k\hckl\Zfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc :fnhl_jgu_ hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u.................... 10 †I_jbh^bq_kdbc aZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\>B F_g^_e__\Z.............. 11 =eZ\Z F_lZeeu ................................... †<_d f_^guc[jhgah\uc`_e_aguc.............. †Iheh`_gb_ f_lZeeh\\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_ >B F_g^_e__\Z bkljh_gb_ boZlhfh\.............. †Nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\................. †KieZ\u....................................... †Obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\................. †Ihemq_gb_ f_lZeeh\........................... †Dhjjhaby f_lZeeh\........................... †S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu............................ †;_jbeebcfZ]gbc bs_ehqgha_f_evgu_ f_lZeeu. †:exfbgbc.................................... †@_e_ah......................................

14 14 15 15 16 16 18 20 21 22 24 25

=eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu ................................. 29 †G_f_lZeeuZlhfu bijhklu_ \_s_kl\ZDbkehjh^ hahg\ha^mo...................................... 29 †Obfbq_kdb_ we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uo hj]Zgbafh\ .................................................. 31 †=Zeh]_gu.................................... 32 †Kh_^bg_gby ]Zeh]_gh\........................ 34 †Ihemq_gb_ ]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_b ijbf_g_gb_ ]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc.............. 35 †Dbkehjh^.................................... 37 †K_jZ........................................ 38 †Kh_^bg_gby k_ju............................. 39 †:ahl........................................ 43 †:ffbZd...................................... 45 †Kheb Zffhgby................................ 46 †Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ................ 47 †Nhknhj b_]h kh_^bg_gby..................... 49 †M]e_jh^..................................... 51 †Dbkehjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z............. 53 †Dj_fgbc b_]h kh_^bg_gby.................... 55

2

=eZ\Z 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z ..................... †Ij_^f_l hj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb.................. †Ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^u..................... †G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^uWlbe_g b_]h ]hfheh]b.......................................... †G_ij_^_evgu_ m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g......... †:jhfZlbq_kdb_ m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe.......... †Kibjlu...................................... †:ev^_]b^u................................... †Ij_^_evgu_ h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu Keh`gu_ wnbju..................................... †@bju........................................ †:fbghdbkehlu b[_edb........................ †M]e_\h^u.................................... †Ihebf_ju.................................... Ijbeh`_gb_ ......................................... H[sZy deZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc.................. Obfbq_kdZy f_ebhjZpbyihq\..................... :ahlgu_dZebcgu_ bnhknhjgu_ m^h[j_gby........

58 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 69 71 72 72 75 75

Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf I. K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bo kh_^bg_gby ......................................... 78 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hij_^_e_gb_ \uoh^Zijh^mdlZ j_Zdpbb........................................... 78 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Hkms_kl\e_gb_ p_ihqdb obfbq_kdbo ij_\jZs_gbc............................ 79 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih jZkihagZ\Zgbx bihemq_gbx \_s_kl\................. 81 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ DZq_kl\_ggu_ j_ZdpbbgZ bhgu f_lZeeh\.......................................... 83

Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf IIK\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbc g_f_lZeeh\ ......................................... 86 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ kheyghcdbkehlu b bamq_gb_ __k\hckl\............................... 86 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbih l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª ........................ 88 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ ZffbZdZb bamq_gb_ _]h k\hckl\....................................... 90 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih l_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZ ZahlZª............................ 91 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z ,9 b bamq_gb__]h k\hckl\JZkihagZ\Zgb_ dZj[hgZlh\ .................................................. 94 Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmfIII. K\hckl\Z hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ ............................................ 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Ihemq_gb_ wlbe_gZb

3

bamq_gb_ _]hk\hckl\.............................. 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqbih jZkihagZ\Zgbx bihemq_gbx \_s_kl\................. 96 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ ieZklfZkk. 99 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ \hehdhg... 99 IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ‹ JZkihagZ\Zgb_ fbg_jZevguo m^h[j_gbc........................................ 100

4

<\_^_gb_. H[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\ § 1OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZgZhkgh\Zgbb _]hiheh`_gby\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_>B F_g^_e__\Z




:lhfu nhknhjZ ijhy\eyxl dZd hdbkebl_evgu_  k\hckl\Z ijbgbfZxl g_^hklZxsb_  ^ey aZ\_jr_gby \g_rg_]h mjh\gy ljb we_dljhgZ ihemqZy ijb wlhf kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ± gZijbf_j \ kh_^bg_gbyo k f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgufb  we_f_glZfb — f_lZeeZfb \h^hjh^hf b li  lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_  k\hckl\Z hl^Zxlbebwe_dljhgh\[he__we_dljhhljbpZl_evguf we_f_glZf — dbkehjh^m]Zeh]_gZfb liijbh[j_lZyijbwlhfkl_i_gbhdbke_gby  b 

Nhknhjf_g__kbevguchdbkebl_evq_fZahlgh[he__kbevgucq_f furvydqlhk\yaZghk jhklhfjZ^bmkh\Zlhfh\hlZahlZd furvydm Ihwlhc`_ijbqbg_\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\ZgZh[hjhl mkbeb\Zxlky  Nhknhj ² ijhklh_ \_s_kl\h lbibqguc g_f_lZee Nhknhjm k\hckl\_ggh y\e_gb_ Zeehljhibb GZijbf_j kms_kl\mxl  Zeehljhigu_ fh^bnbdZpbb nhknhjZ lZdb_ dZd [_euc djZkguc b q_jguc nhknhj dhlhju_h[eZ^ZxljZagufbobfbq_kdbfb b nbabq_kdbfbk\hckl\Zfb G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\ZnhknhjZ\ujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm ZahlZghkbevg__q_fm furvydZkhk_^gb_we_f_glu\ ]jmii_   G_f_lZeebq_kdb_  k\hckl\Z nhknhjZ \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m dj_fgbyghkeZ[__q_fm k_jukhk_^gb_we_f_glu\ i_jbh^_  
5

Ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb_]hk hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfbb hkgh\Zgbyfbhg ^Z_lkheb J2H5 0JH 0J3JH4)2; J2H5 DHG D3JH4 G2H 
 < dZq_kl\_ ]b^jhdkb^Z dZebx khhl\_lkl\m_l  hkgh\Zgb_ s_ehqv DHG dhlhjh_ ijhy\ey_l \k_ oZjZdl_jgu_  k\hckl\Z hkgh\Zgbc \aZbfh^_ckl\b_k dbkehlZfbb dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb DHG+123 = KNO3+H2O; 2KOH+N2O5 = 2KNO3+H2O.

E_lmq_]h\h^hjh^gh]hkh_^bg_gbydZebcg_h[jZam_lZ h[jZam_l ]b^jb^dZebyDG


\ 0J6 0J6 0J − H = 0J +    6 + H = 6 −

^ 0J+&O 0J&O2 + H2↑ 0J H 0J + H 

+



] 0J12 = Mg3N2 0J − H = 0J +    1  + H = 1−

 


7

[ < fhe_dmeZokhklZ\ZG26j_Zebam_lkydh\Ze_glghiheyjguclbi k\yabldijhbkoh^blkf_s_gb_we_dljhgghciZjud [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghfmZlhfm ²k_j_6  G→S←G Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zjhf[bq_kdhck_ju 68): <_s_kl\hebfhggh`_elh]hp\_lZmklhcqb\h_^h W °K jZkl\hjy_lky\ k_jhm]e_jh^_&62 Zgbebg_[_gahe_n_ghe_ MjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc Z 1D6 1D2S  1D  H 1D

\hkklZgh\bl_ev



hdbkebl_ev 6 H 6 [ &D6 &D6 

KD  − 



=HKD  +



\hkklZgh\bl_ev

  hdbkebl_ev 6 +  =H6 \ $O6 $O2S3 

−

 $O   H $O



\hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev

6  H 6 ] 622 = SO2↑ 



6   H 6 



\hkklZgh\bl_ev

hdbkebl_ev 2 ^ 6+2 = H2S↑ +   H +   \hkklZgh\bl_ev  hdbkebl_ev 6   H 6  _ 6)2 = SF6 6   H 6  \hkklZgh\bl_ev    hdbkebl_ev )   H ) 2   H





Zgh: ηH2  P0J  ]ωMgijbf_kb   %. GZclb9\ha^moZ J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmfZ]gby[_aijbf_kb mqbkluc (Mg) = m(Mg) – m(Mg)⋅ωMg (ijbf_kb  mqbkluc (Mg) ]±]⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby] ]

0J

 fhev F ]fhev P ]



oe

2

 fhev 9  efhev 9 e

0J2

IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbkhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e o 

 ⋅  

e

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh  e qbklh]hdbkehjh^Zlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_ ] fZ]gby

GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZdhlhjucihlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_fZ]gby V (O 2 ) 9\ha^moZ   =  e η(O 2 )  Hl\_l9\ha^moZ  e ZghP6  d] ] ω = 80 %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyk_ju\ dbkehjh^_ ]

6

 fhev F ]fhev P ]



oe

H

 fhev 9  efhev 9 e

62 

KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e  ⋅  o  e  VijZdl (SO2) = Vl_hj(SO2)⋅ ω e⋅ e Hl\_l: V(SO2  e


Zggu_khhl\_lkl\byfh`ghihdZaZlv]b^jhebahfhdkb^h\ +

+

62  GH⇒ +  62   +

62 GH ‡ +  62   +


§ 2. OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlghhkgh\gufk\hckl\Zfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc:fnhl_jgu_hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u



%H62





%H2





.%H2 



%H12  

%H2+  1. 2Be + O2 = 2BeO; 2. BeO + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H <_HDHG D2<_H2 G2H <_HG123 = Be(NO3)2 + H2O; 5. Be(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO3 + Be(OH)2; 6. Be(OH)2 D2+ D2BeO2 + 2H2O; 10

7. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H



GZijbf_j+2SO4; P2O5; CO2. Ghkms_kl\mxl dbkehluh[jZah\Zggu_ f_lZeeZfb GZijbf_j.MnO4 ²i_jfZg]ZgZldZebyD2Cr2O7 ²^bojhfZl dZeby1D3VO4 ²\ZgZ^ZlgZljby1D>Al(OH)4] ²]b^jhdkhZexfbgZl gZljby Lh_klvf_lZeeufh]mllZd`_ijhy\eylvdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z Hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZoZjZdl_jguijZdlbq_kdblhevdh^eyf_lZeeh\ GZijbf_jNaOH, K2O, LiNO3.

§ 3I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\>B F_g^_e__\Z



Dbkehlguchdkb^N2O5 ijbjZkl\hj_gbb\ \h^_i_j_oh^bl\ kbevgmxZahlgmxdbkehlm+123. N2O5 + H2O = 2HNO3; N2O5 + BaO = Ba(NO3)2; N2O5 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2O; 5+ N h[eZ^Z_lkbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbk\hckl\Zfb 2N2O5 K = 2N2 K22.

B F_g^_e__\ ij_^iheh`be  qlh [_jbeebc gZoh^blky \ ,, ]jmii_ hkgh\u\Zykv  gZ obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo we_f_glZ K\hckl\Z [_jbeeby [ueb hq_gv ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z0Jb KZb kh\_jr_gghg_ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z$O AgZy qlh Zlhfgu_ fZkku /L b < khk_^gbo we_f_glh\ d <_ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh b >BF_g^_e__\ij_^iheh`be qlhZlhfgZyfZkkZ [_jbeebyjZ\gZ
12

Dbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ i_jbh^Zom\_ebqb\Zxlky +KO24, H3PO4, H2SiO4, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, NaOH — mf_gvr_gb_ dbkehlguok\hckl\



K hldjulb_fbahlhih\^eyjZkij_^_e_gbywe_f_glh\ih i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_klZebbkihevah\ZlvaZjy^uy^_jZ g_bo Zlhfgu_fZkku



=eZ\ZF_lZeeu § 4<_df_^guc[jhgah\uc`_e_aguc


=b]ZglkdZyklZlmyDhehkkZJh^hkkdh]h[ueZiheghklvxba]hlh\e_gZ ba[jhgau KlZlmyXibl_jZ[ueZqZklbqghk^_eZgZbaahehlZba[eZ]hjh^gh]h f_lZeeZ[ueba]hlh\e_gieZsXibl_jZ eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbij_^]jhah\h]hg_[Zfh`ghbkihevah\Zlv ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_k\bgph\h_ly`_eh_\^  eylh]hqlh[uohjhrhih^]hlh\blvkyd khh[s_gbx\ufh`_l_ \hkihevah\Zlvky^_lkdhcwgpbdehi_^b_cbebwgpbdehi_^b_c bkdmkkl\Z ey lh]h qlh[u \Zf e_]q_ [ueh khjb_glbjh\Zlvky  h[hagZqbf g_dhlhju_ \hafh`ghklb  ^ey ijbf_g_gby f_lZeeh\ dhgkljmdpbhggu_ fZl_jbZeu we_dljhl_ogbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu `Zjhijhqgu_ fZl_jbZeu

14

§ 5Iheh`_gb_f_lZeeh\\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_ >B F_g^_e__\Zb kljh_gb_boZlhfh\




§ 6Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\

KZfuce_]dhieZ\dbcf_lZee ²jlmlvM`_ijbdhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_hgy\ey_lky`b^dhklvx
eylh]hqlh[u hlgylvwlhlwe_dljhghlf_lZeeZ^hklZlhqgh^Z`_wg_j]bbk\_lZ nhlhgZ  GZy\e_gbbnhlhwnn_dlZhkgh\Zgh^_ckl\b_nhlhwe_dljbq_kdbo ijb[hjh\ihemqb\rb_jZaghh[jZagh_ijbf_g_gb_\ jZaebqguo h[eZklyogZmdbb l_ogbdb ²nhlhwe_f_glujZ[hlZxsb_gZhkgh\_ nhlhwnn_dlZij_h[jZamxlwg_j]bxbaemq_gby\ we_dljbq_kdmx
15


§ 7KieZ\u


P&X  Pf_evobhjZ ⋅ ωKX \ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d] P1L  Pf_evobhjZ ⋅ ω(Ni)\ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d] Hl\_ld]&Xb d]1L


§ 8Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\


Fe3O4 ²ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hckf_kv^\mohdkb^h\)H2⋅Fe2O3. Ihwlhfm mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb   fh`gh mkeh\gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_ ^\mo mjZ\g_gbc b ^ey dZ`^h]h khklZ\blv mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ Fe + H2O = FeO + H2↑ )H H )H    +  H +   2Fe + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 3H2↑

16

)H − H = )H+ + + + H = + 



 

3Fe + 4H2O = FeO⋅Fe2O3 + 4H2↑ )H H )H  )H     +  H +  Lh_klvihemqbebqlh\ j_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zgby`_e_aghchdZebguljb ZlhfZ`_e_aZhl^Zxlwe_dljhgh\ ZghP0J  ]ηH2) = 0,21. GZclb9\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby ]

0J

 fhev F efhev P ]



oe

2 

 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

0J2 ,

KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb hij_^_ebfh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfh]h ^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²[e  ⋅  o  e  V(O2  e GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb V (O 2 ) 9\ha^   = e e η(O 2 )  Hl\_l9\ha^  e

ZghP&D  f] ]ω = 80 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbjZkl\hj_gbydZevpby\ \h^_ ]

&D

 fhev F ]fhev P ]

+2 &D2+   

+  fhev 9 efhev 9 e

KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²o e  ⋅   o  e  17

Vl_hjG2  e Hl\_l: VG2  e Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb \hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdlG2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅ ω e⋅  e Hl\_l: VijZdlG2  e



§ 9Ihemq_gb_f_lZeeh\


2CuS + 3O2 ⇒ 2CuO + 2SO2↑; Cr2O3 + 2Al ⇒ Al2O3 + 2Cr. AZl_fhdkb^ui_j_\h^ylky\ qbklu_f_lZeeuiml_fZfhghl_jfbb



3E6 → 3E2 → 3E 

t




1) 2PbS + 3O2 = 2SO2↑ + 2PbO, t

2) PbO + CO = Pb + CO2↑. )H2→ )H 62→ 62 → +62

t

4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2↑; 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; SO3 + H2O = H2SO4; t

Fe2O3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO↑.

ZghP]hjihj  l d]ω(Cu2S) = 20 %, W = 90 % GZclb: m(Cu) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdh&X26kh^_j`blky\ ]hjghcihjh^_ m(Cu2S) = m]hjihj ⋅ω(Cu2S) = 1,2⋅108]⋅0,2 = 2,4⋅107] GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bfh`ghihemqblvl_hj_lbq_kdbba Cu2S: $ U &X ml_hj(Cu) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ ω&X\ &X2S) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ = 0 U &X 6

= 2,4 ⋅ 107 ⋅

 ⋅  = 1,92 ⋅ 107 ]  ⋅  + 

GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bihemqbebijZdlbq_kdb mijZdl (Cu) = ml_hj(Cu)⋅W = 1,92⋅107⋅0,9 = 1,728⋅107 ] l Hl\_l: m(Cu) = 17,28 l 19

§ 10Dhjjhabyf_lZeeh\


&X2  + 2&2   &X2+ &2  fZeZobl


mfZx\k_fohjhrhba\_klghqlhlZdh_]Zev\Zgbq_kdbcwe_f_gl >\Zkh_^bg_gguof_`^mkh[hcwe_dljh^ZhimkdZxl\ jZkl\hj we_dljheblZgZh^ghfwe_dljh^_\ j_amevlZl_H<Jijhbkoh^bl hkZ`^_gb_f_lZeeZgZ^jm]hfgZh[hjhljZkl\hj_gb_LZd`_ ihemqbehkvb kdhjZ[e_ffhjkdZy\h^Zku]jZeZjhevjZkl\hjZ we_dljheblZ:exfbgb_\ucdhjimkb f_^gu_aZde_idb ²jhev we_dljh^h\\ j_amevlZl_f_lZeebq_kdbcAl i_j_oh^bl\ Al3+, gZ f_^ghfdhjimk_ \u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^ 2H+ +  ⇒ + ,

Al0± ⇒ Al3+.

LZdbfh[jZahff_lZeebq_kdbcdhjimkgZr\ZogZqZejZkl\hjylvky b dhjZ[evmlhgme

20


§ 11S_ehqgu_f_lZeeu 

  Z /L  /L2+  /L&O → /L2  → → 



1. 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O, /LHG G&O LiCl + H2O, 5. Li2H G&O G2H + 2LiCl. 1D12 



 

2. Li2H G22 /L2G 4. 2Li G2O = 2LiOH + H2↑,



[ 1D→ 1D2 → 1D2→ 1D2+→ 1D62 

1D32 1. 2Na + O2 = Na2O2; 2. Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O; 3. Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH; 4. 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O; 5. Na2O + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2O; 6. 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O.

ZghP1D  ]ωijbf_kb   %, W = 95 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby 01D  P1Dijbf_kv ±P1Dijbf_kv ⋅ ωijbf_kb  ] ±] ⋅  ] ± 0,23 ] ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb ]

1D

 fhev F ]fhev P ]

+2 1D2+ 

oe

+

 fhev 9 efhev 9  e

KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f \h^hjh^Z dhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e

] ²o e 11, 27 ⋅ 22, 4 x= e 46 Vl_hjG2  e Hl\_l: Vl_hj(H2  e Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb \hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdG2) = Vl_jG2)⋅W = 5,488⋅ e Hl\_l: VijZdG2  e

21



o   ⋅  

]

Hl\_lPdmjZ]b  ]

§ 12;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu

ZghPKZKH3  lωijbf_kb   %. GZclbPKZHG 2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH3 [_aijbf_kb PKZKH3)=Ph[s ⋅(1–ωijbf_kb 2⋅  (1–

0,25)=2⋅  ⋅0,75=1,5⋅  ] 2. M(CaCO3  ]fhev0KZHG 2  ]fhev KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h ]Zr_ghc ba\_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh ]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 106 ] 22

]fhev ²o ]  ⋅   ⋅  o  = 1,11 ⋅  ] l  Hl\_lPKZHG 2 l
  → → FKH  FH  FHG   → 062  → 062





W

FKH3 FH KH2↑; FH G2H FHG 2; FHG 2 + Na2SO3 = MSO3 + 2NaOH; 4. MSO3 + H2SO4 = MSO4 + SO2↑ G2H Fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgu%_0J G_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguKZ










→ &D+  → &DHG   → &D&2  → &D2  →&D&O  → &D32  KD  &D2   

KZ G2 = KZG2; KZG2 G2H KZHG 2 G2↑; KZHG 2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH; t

KZKH3 = KZH + KH2↑; KZH + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O; 6. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl; 7. Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑; t

KZ H2 = KZH KZH G2H KZHG 2. t

ey]bikh\uoih\yahdbkihevamxlZe_[ZkljHgijb^h[Z\e_gbb\h^u ij_\jZsZ_lky \ ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl ^ey gZeh`_gbyih\yadbFZkkZ\ukuoZ_lb ij_\jZsZ_lky\ l\_j^ucijhqguc ]bik Ihem\h^guc]bikbebZe_[Zklj&D624)⋅H22ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb k \h^hch[jZam_l^\m\h^guc]bik (2CaSO4)⋅H2O + 3H2O⇒2CaSO4⋅2H2O. 23

WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk \u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^\_klb l_iehl_mkeh\b_fijh\_^_gbyy\ey_lky\ukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZb ihgbablv^Z\e_gb_
§ 13:exfbgbc

< Zexfbgb_\hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZkl\hjuld ijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑. Ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_Zexfbgby\ s_ehqb
$O2+ 4@D2SO4; Al3+HG–ba[ =[Al(OH)4]–.
1. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑; 2. AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl; Al3+ + 3OH– → Al(OH)3;

24

$O − H → $O 

+  H → +  t

3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O↑; kieZ\e_gb_W 4. Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O↑; = t

5. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 4H2O; 6. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOHg_^ =3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓; Al3+ + 3OH– = Al(OH)3; Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O; 7. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O; 8. AlCll\ + 4NaOHl\

kieZ\e_gb_W

=

NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O↑.

ZghPkieZ\Z  ] ω(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %. GZclb: VijZdG2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby\ kieZ\_ P:O  PkieZ\Z ±PkieZ\Z ⋅ω(Cu) = 0,27–0,27⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky P ]

$O

 fhev F ]fhev P ]

1D2++2 1D>$O2+ @  

+   fhev 9 efhev 9 e

] ²e ] ²o  ⋅  o  e  Vl_hjG2  e GZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdb VijZdl G2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅: e⋅ e Hl\_l: VijZdl G2  e


§ 14@_e_ah


1) Fe→FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→FeO; 25

2) Fe→FeCl3→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3;  )H+&O⇒)H&OG↑ 

FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl; Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓; t

Fe(OH)2 = FeO + H2O↑. J_ZdpbxjZaeh`_gbygm`ghijh\h^blv\ hlkmlkl\bbhdbkebl_e_c  )H&O⇒)H&O 

FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl; Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓; t

2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O.


3FeSO4 + 2K3 >)H&1  @ = 3K2SO4 + )H>)H&1  @ ↓ ; ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,, `_e_aZ,,

djZkgZy djh\ygZykhev

2) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3: 4FeCl + 3K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ] = Fe 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ↓ ; `_elZy djh\ygZykhev

3) Fe3+ + 3NCS–

Fe(NCS)3:

FeCl3 + 1D1&6

jh^Zgb^gZljby

∅


]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,, `_e_aZ,,,

)H1&6  jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,,

+ 3NaCl.

3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl; 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓

K3[Fe(CN)6] ²djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev)H3[Fe(CN)6]2 ²lmjg[mee_\Z kbgv  DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H3+: 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl; 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓

K4[Fe(CN)6] ²`_elZydjh\ygZykhev)H4[Fe(CN)6]3 ²[_jebgkdZy eZamjv 26

 GZa\Zgb_djh\yguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gby JZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^h\gZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZ\eb\Zebba djh\b©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdh\jZkl\hjh\ khe_c Lmjg[mee_\Z  khev ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ \ q_klv mq_gh]h Lmjg[meydhlhjuc__ \i_j\u_kbgl_abjh\Ze  ;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZa\ZgZ\ q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg
3Fe + 4H2O ∅ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑.

Ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpby ijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]Zah\H2O ²]Za 
)H  → )H&O  → )H2+   → )H2+   → )H2  → )H 











)H&O





1. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑; Fe0 – 2 H → Fe2+;

2H+ + 2 H → + ; Fe2+ + 2OH → Fe(OH)2↓; 2. FeCl2 + 2KOH = Fe(OH)2↓ + 2KCl; 3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3↓; t

4. 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O; t

5. Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑;  )H H → )H 

→ &  &  H 6. Fe2O3 + 6HCl=2FeCl3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O; 7. 2FeCl3 + 3Zn=3ZnCl2 + 2Fe↓; 2Fe3+ + 3Zn → 3Zn2+ + 2Fe 8. FeCl3 + 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓; Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3↓.


27

)H − H )H

1



 

1 H 2. Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑ + 2H2O )H − H )H   1 H 1  3. 8Fe + 30HNO3 = 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O 

 )H − H )H   −  1 H 1

Zgh: m(Fe3O4  lωijbf_kb   %, W = 80 %. GZclb: ν(Fe), V(CO) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kb m(Fe3O4)=m(Fe3O4 ij – m(Fe3O4 ij ⋅ωij ±⋅0,05=2,204 l AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb P  l

)H2

 fhev F ]fhev P ]



[e

&2

\]

W

 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

)H

 fhev F ]fhev P ]

+ &2 

GZc^_f9&2 b P)H  ] ²e 2,204⋅   ] ²o e  o    ⋅  ⋅ 



9&2  e ] ²] 2,204⋅106 ²m ] m 

e

 ⋅  ⋅  = 1,596⋅106 ] 

GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqb\r_]hkygZijZdlbd_ m(Fe) = y⋅W = 1,596⋅106⋅0,8 = 1,2768⋅  ] m(Fe) 1, 2768 ⋅106 ] = fhev ν(Fe) = M(Fe) 56 ]fhev Hl\_l: ν(Fe) = 2,28 ⋅ 104 fhevV(CO) = 8,5 ⋅ 105 e
28

=eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu § 15G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z Dbkehjh^hahg\ha^mo


Z '\ha^H2) =

32 0 U 2 = ≈1,1; 0 U \ha^ 29

[ '\ha^KH2) = \ '\ha^G2) =

44 0 U &2 = ≈1,52; 0 U \ha^ 29

2 0 U +  = ≈0,069. 0 U \ha^ 29

Zgh9\ha^  e η\ha^(N2) = 78,2 %, η\ha^H2) = 20,95 %. GZclb: ν(N2), νH2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH2 b 12: V(O2  9\ha^ ⋅η\ha^H2  e⋅ e V(N2  9\ha^ ⋅η\ha^(N2  e⋅ e GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\ V (O 2 ) e = νH2) = ≈ fhev  efhev Vν

ν(N2) =

V( N 2 )  e = ≈ fhev  efhev Vν

Hl\_l: νH2  fhevν(N2  fhev

Zgh9\ha^  e GZclb: N(O2), N(N2) J_r_gb_
νH2)= 92  = 9\ha^ ⋅ ηH  =

 e ⋅  

fhev

 efhev 9ν 9ν 9\ha^ ⋅ η1 e  ⋅ = ν(N2) = fhev 9ν efhev

GZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^h]h]ZaZ

29

N(O2) = νH2)⋅NA = 0,2095⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 1,26⋅1023. N(N2) = ν(N2)⋅NA = 0,782⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 4,7⋅1023. Hl\_l122) = 1,26⋅1023 fhe_dme N(N2) = 4,7⋅1023 fhe_dme Zgh: V(H2S) = 20 f3 = 20⋅103 e GZclb9\ha^ P\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb + 6 2 +  fhev  fhev 9 ]fhev 9 efhev 9 e 9 e

= + 262 ↑

GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb e ²e 2⋅104 e ²o e 2 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 67 ,2 o  = 3⋅104 e 44 ,8 GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]h h[t_fZdbkehjh^Z  V(\ha^   V (O 2 ) =  ⋅  e = 1,43⋅105 e f3.   η \ha^ (H 2 ) m(\ha^ Mr(\ha^ ⋅ν\ha^ Mr\ha^ ⋅ 9\ha^ = 9ν  = 29 efhev⋅  ⋅  e = 1,85⋅105 ] d]

efhev

Hl\_l: V\ha^  f3, m\ha^  d]

ey ij_^mij_`^_gby  hahgh\uo ^uj g_h[oh^bfh hqbsZlv \u[jhku ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcb ij_djZlblvbkihevah\Zgb_ nj_hgh\

30

Hahgh\u_^uju ²mlhgvr_gb_bebjZajmr_gb_hahgh\h]hklehy Zlfhkn_ju

§ 16Obfbq_kdb_we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uohj]Zgbafh\





@_e_au Ih^`_em^hqgZy `_e_aZ =bihnba GZ^ihq_qgbdb

=hjfhgu Bgkmebg :DL=

Nmgdpbb]hjfhgh\ Kgb`_gb_]exdhau\ djh\b

>_ckl\m_lgZgZ^ihq_qgbdb kihkh[kl\m_lbonmgdpbb :^j_gZebg MqZklb_\ klj_kkhjguoj_Zdpbyo GhjZ^j_gZebg m\_ebq_gb_qZklhluk_j^_qguo khdjZs_gbc

31

Sblh\b^gZy `_^_aZ

Lbjhdkbg

< ^_lkdhf\hajZkl_ ²jZa\blb_ g_j\ghckbkl_fu\h\ajhkehf \hajZkl_ ²ih\ur_gb_h[f_gZ\_s_kl\

§ 17=Zeh]_gu

Zgh: V(F2) = V(Cl2  e GZclb: m(F2); m(Cl2); D\ha^(F2); D\ha^(Cl2); DH 2 (F2); DH 2 (Cl2)

J_r_gb_: 1. m(F2)=ν(F2)⋅M(F2)= m(Cl2)=ν(Cl 2)⋅M(Cl 2) =

V(F2 ) e ⋅M(F2)= ⋅ ]fhev ] efhev Vν

V(Cl 2 ) e ⋅M(Cl 2) = ⋅]fhev efhev Vν

] 2. D\ha^(F2) = 0 U ) =  ≈1,31;  0 U \ha^  ' + (F2) = 0 U ) = = 19;  0 U +  D\ha^(Cl2) = 0 U &O =  ≈2,45;  0 U \ha^  0 &O U  ' + (Cl2) = = = 35,5.  0 U +



>eykjZ\g_gby\havf_fj_Zdpbb$Ok jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 b oehjghc \h^uk jZkl\hjhf1D%U +

$O )H&O ⇒ )H↓$O&O 

Cl2+2NaBr ⇒ 2NaCl+Br2. 2

B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<J;he__Zdlb\gucwe_f_gl \ul_kgy_lf_g__Zdlb\gucbajZkl\hjZkheb
&O2

&O2

32


Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_fh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h_kebkbkl_fZ[m^_l hoeZ`^ZlvkyihijbgpbimE_RZl_ev_ 

ZghPjjZ.,  ]ω\ jj_(KI) = 0,15; GZclb: V(Cl2), m(KCl); J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkmohckheb., P.,  PjjZ., ⋅ω.,  ] ⋅  ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_ffZkkmkhebb h[t_f g_h[oh^bfh]hoehjZ P ]

.,

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]



oe

 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

] ²o e ] ²e o 

&O

m]

.&O

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

,

  ⋅  = 3. 

V(Cl2) e ] ²m ] ] ²] y ] m(KCl) = 20,2 ] .&O

P.&O ] fhev 0.&O ]fhev

Hl\_l: V(Cl2  eP.&O  ].

Zgh: V(H2  e9&O2  e GZclb: V(HCl) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb

33

+  &O  fhev  fhev 9  efhev 9 efhev 9 e 9 e

+&O

 fhev 9  efhev 9 e

GZc^_fdZdhc]Za\ayl\ ba[uld_ V(Cl 2 ) 9+  200 νG2) = = , VKO2) = =  . 9ν  Vν 22,4 3IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbVG2):VKO2  ke_^h\Zl_evgh \h^hjh^\ ba[uld_  >  ). 



IhmjZ\g_gbxj_Zdpbb9G&O  ⋅9KO2  eLh]^ZhklZehkv g_ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h\h^hjh^Z9hkl e± e e Hl\_l9+&O  e9hklG2  e


§ 18Kh_^bg_gby]Zeh]_gh\


34

4. MgSO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + MaCl2.
&O  → +&O → &X&O  → =Q&O → $J&O 







1. Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl; &O + H → &O − ; + − H → +  ; 2. 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 = CuCl2 + 2H2O; 2H+ + Cu(OH)2 → Cu2+ + 2H2O; 3. CuCl2 + Zn = Cu↓ + ZnCl2; Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+; 4. ZnCl2 + 2AgNO3 = 2AgCl↓ + Zn(NO3)2; Ag+ + Cl– → AgCl↓.

§ 19Ihemq_gb_]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_ b ijbf_g_gb_]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc

Zgh: m(NaCl + ij  ]ωij   %; GZclb: V(Cl2); m(Na) J_r_gb_: GZc^_ffZkkmqbklhckheb M(NaCl)=m(NaCl+ij ±m(NaCl+ij ⋅ωij ]± ]⋅0,02 ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc P ]

1D&O

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

=

ao

1D

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

+

m

&O

 fhev 9  efhev 9 e

GZc^_ffZkkmgZljbyb h[t_foehjZ ] ²o ] ] ²]  ⋅  o  ] 

m(Na) ] ] ²m e ] ²e   ⋅  m  e 

V(Cl2) = 109,76 e Hl\_l: m(Na) = 225,4 ]V(Cl2) = 109,76 e Zgh: m(Na  ]ω\ jj_(NaOH) = 40 %; GZclb: m(NaOH) J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyNaOH: P ]

1D

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

+ +2 

o]

1D2+ + G ↑

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

GZc^_ffZkkmNaOHihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb 35

] ²] ] ²o ]  ⋅  o  ]m(NaOH) = 392 ] 

GZc^_ffZkkm ]hjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby m( NaOH)  m(jjZNaOH) = = = 980 ] ω\j− j_ ( NaOH)   Hl\_l: m(jjZ1D2+  ]. Zgh: V(Cl2) = 100 eW = 95 %; GZclb: m(MnO2); ν(HCl) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhoehjZ^he`ghihemqZlvky l_hj_lbq_kdbqlh[uijZdlbq_kdbihemqbehkvebljh\ Vl_hj(Cl2) = V(Cl 2 ) = e = 105,26 e  W AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb o]

MnO 2 + 4HCl = MnCl 2 +

ν = 4 fhev  fhev M = 87 ]fhev m = 87 ]

ν(HCl) = 4⋅ν(Cl2) = 4⋅

Cl2 + G22  fhev 9 efhev V = 22,4 e

9&O l_hj 9ν

105,26 e

↑

= 4⋅   = 18,8 fhev  

GZc^_ffZkkmMnO2: ] ²e o ] ²e o ] Hl\_l: V(HCl) fhevm(MnO2) = 408]
1

Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZgZklj

36


§ 20Dbkehjh^


1) 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3; Al0 ± $O3+, O02  22–

2) 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4; Fe0±→Fe2+, 2Fe0± → 2Fe3+, O02  22–
4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5,

C + O2 = CO2.


2H2O2 ⇒ 2H2O + O2↑.


t

2HgO ⇒ 2Hg + O2↑;

AZ^ZqZImklvm gZk_klv] aZ]jyag_ggh]h+J2Ba\_klghqlh kh^_j`Zgb_ijbf_k_ckhklZ\ey_l 
 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

9H2)l_hj = ] ⋅  e ]

3) 92  ijZdl = 0,8;

e

92  l_hj

V(O2)ijZdl = V(O2)l_hj⋅ e⋅ e Hl\_le dbkehjh^Zj_Zevgh\u^_ebehkv 37

uoZgb_ ² wlh ijhp_kk f_^e_ggh]h hdbke_gby Hg aZdexqZ_lky \ ke_^mxs_fdbkehjh^^hklZ\ey_lky]_fh]eh[bghf djh\b\h\k_ldZgbb de_ldb hj]ZgbafZ dbkehjh^ hdbkey_l m]e_\h^u h[jZamy ijb wlhf m]e_dbkeuc ]Za b \h^m b hk\h[h`^Zy wg_j]bx g_h[oh^bfmx  ^ey hj]ZgbafZ Koh^kl\h aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ _klv ijhp_kku hdbke_gby \ h[hbo kemqZyo \uk\h[h`^Z_lky  wg_j]by \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbch[jZamxlkyhdkb^u JZaebqbyaZdexqZxlky\ kdhjhklyohdbke_gby\ dhebq_kl\_ \u^_ey_fhcwg_j]bb uoZgb_ ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby`b\hlgh]hb q_eh\_dZ\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hih]ehsZ_lkyH2 b \u^_ey_lkyKH2. Ijbnhlhkbgl_a_b ^uoZgbb\ jZkl_gbyoijhbkoh^yl ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ijhp_kku
2 − H 2 





hdbkebl_ev  \hkklZgh\bl_ev


§ 21K_jZ

>Zgh: m(ZnS ij  d]ωijbf_kb   %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm\_s_kl\Z[_aijbf_kb m(ZnS)=m(ZnS ij ±P=Q6 ij ⋅ωij d] ±d]⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb P  ⋅ 

=Q6

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

+ 2   =Q2 +

] ²e 388⋅103] ²o e

oe

62

 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

38

 o   ⋅  ⋅  ≈100⋅103 e f3.



Hl\_l: V(SO2  f3.
6 H 

&O H &O 






\hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev

4 → HgS  → SO2  → Na2SO3  → → SO3  → H2SO4. S SO2  1. S + Hg = HgS; 2. HgS + O2 = SO2↑ + Hg; 3. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O; 4. Na2SO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑; 5. 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; 6. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4.
1

2

3

5

6

§ 22Kh_^bg_gbyk_ju


2H2O + 2SO2↑.

[ hdkb^k_ju,9 fh`_lijhy\eylvk\hckl\ZdZdhdbkebl_eylZdb \hkklZgh\bl_eyldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_ju\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbb y\ey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghc 2H2S + 3O2

t

2SO2 + 3Cba[ = CS2 + 2CO2,

t

\ k_jZlZd`_fh`_lijhy\eylvhdbkebl_evgu_b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ kihkh[ghklbl_kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lky ijhf_`mlhqghc S + H2 = H2S↑, S + O2 = SO2↑; SO2 + Cl2 = SO2Cl2;

39

] k_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zldkl_i_gv hdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lkyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`ghc 2H2SOdhgp +Cu = CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O.


t

2H2S+3O2 = 2SO2↑+2H2O,

2ZnS+3O2 = 2ZnO+2SO2↑.

K_jgbkluc]Za622) ²[_kp\_lguc]Zak oZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf ijhy\ey_llbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehlguohdkb^h\b ohjhrh jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_h[jZamykeZ[mxk_jgbklmxdbkehlm SO2+H2O ∅ H2SO3. Kh_^bg_gbyk_juIV): NaHSO3, Na2SO3 b 622 bkihevamxlky^ey hl[_eb\Zgbyr_jklbr_edZ[mfZ]bb khehfuZ lZd`_\ dZq_kl\_ dhgk_j\bjmxsbokj_^kl\^eykhojZg_gbyk\_`boieh^h\b njmdlh\ [ Hdkb^k_ju9, ihemqZxlihke_^mxs_cj_Zdpbb WFDW

2SO3. Hdkb^k_ju9, ²[_kp\_lgZykbevgh^ufysZykygZ\ha^mo_ `b^dhklvijhy\ey_llbibqgu_dbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjyykv\ \h^_h[jZam_lk_jgmxdbkehlm 2SO2+O2

H2O + SO3 = H2SO4.

K_jgZydbkehlZ ²h^bgba\Z`g_crboijh^mdlh\ bkihevam_fuo\ jZaebqguohljZkeyoijhfure_gghklb


Zn0 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + +  ↑.

Wlmj_Zdpbxfh`ghhlg_klbd j_Zdpbyfbhggh]hh[f_gZ  L_i_jvjZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbbbhggh]hh[f_gZk ihabpbbl_hjbb we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbDZd\uagZ_l_j_Zdpbybhggh]h h[f_gZb^_llhevdh\ lhfkemqZ__keb\ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkykeZ[h ^bkkhpbbjmxs__\_s_kl\h GZijbf_j ZnSO4 + MgCl2 ∅ MgSO4 + ZnCl2. J_Zdpbyg_b^_lldg_h[jZamxlkyfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsb_\_s_kl\Z < jZkl\hj_gZoh^blkykf_kvbhgh\ ZnSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + ZnCl2. 62  − + Ba

⇒ BaSO4↓. J_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lld%D624 ²fZehjZkl\hjbf
1. S+O2=SO2↑; 4FeS2H2 = 2Fe2O3+8SO2; 2H2S+3O2 = 2H2O+2SO2.

622

WFDW

t

t

62

3. SO3+H2O = H2SO4. Zgh: V(H22  fe ]9622  e GZclb: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_ihemq_gbyk_jgbklhcdbkehlu H2O+SO2 = H2SO3.

BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyh[jZah\Zgbyfhev+2SO3 gm`gh\aylv fhev+22b fhev622GZc^_fqbkehfhev+22b 622: 400] P+ 2 fhev = νG2H   0+  2 18] / fhev V(SO 2 )  e fhev = ν(SO2) =  e  fhev Vν Ke_^h\Zl_evgh622 gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_b ihemqbehkvfhev H2SO3Lh]^Zm gZkhklZehkvνG2H hkl ± fhev

41

2. ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = = =

m(H 2 SO 3 ) m(H 2SO 3 ) = = m(j − jZ ) m(H 2SO 3 ) + m(H 2 O) hkl.

ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 = ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 + ν + 2 hkl ⋅ 0+ 2

fhev ⋅ ]  fhev = 0,095 = 9,5 %. fhev ⋅ ]  fhev + fhev ⋅]  fhev

Hl\_l: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = 9,5 %.


2SO3.

Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy  → S 6+ ; S 4+ − 2 e hdbke_gb_

\hkklZgh\bl_ev

  _gb_ → 2O 2− . O 02 + 4 e \hkklZgh\e hdbkebl_ev

LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ623 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZb^_l h^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguJ_ZdpbygZqbgZ_lkylhevdhijb hlghkbl_evgh\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZo°K bijhl_dZ_l\ ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZieZlbguhdkb^h\\ZgZ^by`_e_aZb l^  >eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hgZ^h\kihfgblvijbgpbiE_ RZl_ev_^ey]Zah\ijb\ukhdhf^Z\e_gbbj_Zdpbyb^_l\ lm klhjhgm]^_h[sbch[t_f]Zah\f_gvr_ < gZr_fkemqZ_ke_\Zdhebq_kl\h]Zah\fhevkijZ\Z ²fhev l_ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyj_Zdpby[m^_lkf_sZlvky\ klhjhgm h[jZah\Zgby623. Zgh: V(H2H  fe0&X624⋅5H22  ] GZclb: ω\ jj_(CuSO4) J_r_gb_: 1. m(H2O) = V(H2O)⋅ρ(H22  fe⋅]fhev ] GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZkheb Ph[s  P+2O) + m(CuSO4⋅5H2O) = 5000  ] GZc^_ffZkkmkmevnZlZf_^b[_a\h^gh]h m(CuSO4) = m(CuSO4⋅5H2O)⋅ω \ &X62⋅GH(CuSO4) =

= m(CuSO4)⋅

0U&X62  0U&X62 + 0U+ 2

]⋅ 

 + 

Lh]^ZfZkkh\Zy^hey&X624 \ jZkl\hj_ m(CuSO 4 ) 320 ω(CuSO4) = ≈0,058 = 5,8 %. = m(h[s ) 5500] Hl\_l: ω(CuSO4) = 5,8 %.

]⋅ ]

42


§ 23:ahl




−

 

[ KZ + N2 = Ca3N2 ²gbljb^dZevpby &D  − H = &D  + 1  + H = 1−



 



 

\ $O + N2 = 2AlN ²gbljb^Zexfbgby $O − H = $O+

1  + H = 1

−

< ijh^mdlZo j_Zdpbc bhgguc lbi obfbq_kdhc k\yab b bhggZy djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ

Gbljb^uf_lZeeh\e_]dh]b^jhebamxlkyk \u^_e_gb_fZffbZdZ Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NH3↑;
1  → /L1  → 1+  → 12  → 12  → +12 









1. N2 + 6Li = 2Li3N; 1 + H → 1 − 2. Li3N + 3H2O = 3LiOH + NH3↑; Li – 1 H → Li+; 3. 4NH3 H2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O; 4. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2; 5. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4HNO3. cat


  _gb_ → 2O 2− . O 02 + 4e \hkklZgh\e hdbkebl_ev

43

LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ122 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZ b^_lh^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguLd\ j_ZdpbbmqZkl\mxl]Zaulh fufh`_fijbf_gblvijbgpbiE_RZl_ev_ < gZr_cj_Zdpbbdhebq_kl\hfhev]Zah\ke_\Z[hevr_q_fkijZ\Z Lh]^Zijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h < ijyfhcj_Zdpbb\u^_ey_lkyl_iehke_^h\Zl_evghijb mf_gvr_gbbl_fi_jZlmjujZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h
2

+ H = 2

−







[ 1+3 + 3O2 ⇒ 2N2↑ + 6H2O 1− − H = 1 2

+ H = 2

−



. 

Zgh: m(NH4NO2  ]ωijbf_kb   %. GZclb: V(N2), ν(H2O) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_k_c m(NH4NO2)=m(NH4NO2ij ±P1+4NO2)⋅ωij ]±]⋅0,012=19,76 ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb ]

W

1+  12   

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

oe

1

 fhev 9 ]fhev 9 ]



m]

+ 2

 fhev F ]fhev P ]

GZc^_f912 b P+2O): ] ²e ] ²o e ⋅ o  19,76 22,4 e912  e 64 ] ²] ] ²m ] 19,76 ⋅ 36 y= = 11,115 ]P+22  ] 64 Lh]^Zν(H2O) = P+ 2 = ] fhev 0+ 2

]  fhev

Hl\_l: V(N2  eν(H22  fhev

44

§ 24:ffbZd


:ffbZdhq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ jZkl\hjZffbZdZ gZau\Z_lkygZrZlujgufkibjlhfb bkihevam_lky\ f_^bpbg_2 hghjghZdp_ilhjgZyk\yav ²wlhhkh[uc\b^obfbq_kdhc k\yab dhlhjZy\hagbdZ_lg_aZkq_lkiZjb\Zgbyg_iZjguowe_dljhgh\Z aZ kq_lk\h[h^ghcwe_dljhgghciZjuh^gh]hZlhfZb k\h[h^ghcyq_cdb ^jm]h]h4
−

Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ oehjb^_Zffhgby1+4Cl: 1+ &O . −

+

Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ gbljZl_Zffhgby1+4NO3: 1+ 12 .
−

− H = 1







.

>eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj  >eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj  4 >eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj  2 3

45


§ 25KhebZffhgby

ZghP((NH4)2SO4  d] GZclb91+3), m(NH3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\mx^hexZffbZdZ\ kmevnZl_Zffhgby 2 ⋅ 17] / fhev 01+  ω1+   62 (NH3)= = =0,2576=25,76 %. 01+  62  132] / fhev GZc^_ffZkkmZffbZdZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyihemq_gbyd] (NH4)2SO4: m(NH3) = m((NH4)2SO4)⋅ω(NH3  d]⋅ d] GZc^_fh[t_fZffbZdZ

46

 ⋅  ] ⋅efhev e  V(NH3)=ν(NH3)⋅Vν= P1+ ⋅Vν=

01+

]fhev

f3. Hl\_l: m(NH3  d]91+3  f3.

§ 26Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ


SiO32– + 2H+ = H2SiO3↓.






.



2) Cu + 4HNO3(dhgp) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O &X  − H &X  1 H 1 





 


−

1  + − H = 1 +

  . 

. 

2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2, 2 + H = 2 

−

1 + − H = 1+



. 

3. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3, 2 + H = 2 

−



2 1 3 → NO2  II. NH3  → NO  → HNO3. 1. 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O,

47

1− − H = 1  +

2  + H = 2 

−



. 

MjZ\g_gbyb kfhljb\ur_

Zgh: V(NO2  f3; ω(HNO3) = 68 %. GZclbP+123) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyZahlghcdbkehlu ⋅ e

12 

 fhev 9ν  efhev 9 e

2 +2 

89,6 e — 252 134,4⋅103 e ²o ] o 

] ⋅   ⋅  e e

o]

+12

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

d]

GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZZahlghcdbkehlu x 379 d] m(HNO3) = = = 555,9 d]; 0,68 ω( HNO 3 ) Hl\_l: m(HNO3) = 555,9 d] Zgh: m(NaNO3  ]922  e GZclbPijbf_kb J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb o]

1D12 

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

W

1D12 

] ²e o ] ²e o   ⋅  ]

e

2 ↑  fhev 9 efhev 9 e

 

mqbklZy (NaNO3  ] GZc^_ffZkkmijbf_kb Pij  P1D123)–mqbklZy (NaNO3  ]±] ] P ωij = ij =  beb Pk_e  Hl\_l: ωij = 25%.
48

§ 27Nhknhjb _]hkh_^bg_gby


2 3 J → Mg3P2  → → → H3PO4  → Ca3(PO4)2. PH3  P2O5 

1

4

5

1. J + 3Mg = Mg3P2, t

3  H 3

0J − H 0J 



 , 



2. Mg3P2 + 6H2O = 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2PH3↑. 3. 2PH3 + 4O2 = P2O5 + 3H2O, 3− − H = 3+

2 + H = 2 

−



, 

4. P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4; 5. 2H3PO4 &DHG 2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6H2H


Zgh: m(Ca3(PO)4 ij  ]ωij   %, W = 80 %. GZclb: m(P) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_kb m(Ca3(PO4)2) = m(Ca3(PO4)2 ij ±P&D3(PO4)2 ij ⋅ωij  ]± ] ⋅  ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb ]

&D  32  6L2 & &D6L2 

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

] ²] ] ²o ] o   ⋅  ]

o]

3↑

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]



m(P)l_hj ] GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZdhlhjZyihemqbeZkv\ oh^_j_Zdpbb m(P)ijZdl = m(P)l_hj⋅: ]⋅ ] 49

Hl\_l: m(P)ijZdl ]

ZghP3  ]ωij   %, ω(H3PO4) = 80 %. GZclb: mjjZ(H3PO4) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZ[_aijbf_kb m(P) = m(P ij – m(P ij ⋅ωij  ] – 31⋅ ] Bah^gh]hfhevnhknhjZfh`ghihemqblvjh\ghh^bgfhev nhknhjghcdbkehlu P3 P3 29,45] ν(H3PO4)=ν(P)= ⇒ν(H3PO4)= = =0,95 fhev 03 03 31] Lh]^ZP+3PO4)=M(H3PO4)⋅ν(H3PO4 ]fhev⋅fhev ] FZkkZjZkl\hjZnhknhjghcdbkehlujZ\gZ m(H 3 PO 4 ) PjjZ+3PO4) = = ] ]  ω(H 3 PO 4 ) Hl\_lPjjZ+3PO4  ] ZghPjjZ+3PO4  ]ω1(H3PO4) = 5 PJ2H5  ] GZclb: ω2(H3PO4) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbynhknhjghc dbkehlu G2H J2H5 G3JH4.

BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevJ2H5 ihemqZ_lkyfhevG3JH4. GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjghcdbkehluihemqb\r_cky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ν(H3PO4) = 2ν(P2O5) = 2⋅

P32  ] = 2⋅ 032  ]  fhev

fhev

m(H3PO4) = ν(H3PO4)⋅M(H3PO4  fhev⋅]fhev ] GZc^_fkdhevdh[uehnhknhjghcdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_ m(H3PO4  PjjZ ⋅ω1(H3PO4) = 980⋅ ] GZc^_fgh\mxfZkkh\mx^hexdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_ 209,72 + 49 ω2(H3PO4) = P+32 h[s = = 0,2286. Pj − jZ + P3 2 980 + 152 Hl\_l: ω2(H3PO4) = 22,86 %.

hce \ k\h_f ijhba\_^_gbb  g_ mq_e obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ nhknhjZ >Z\Zcl_ ih^mfZ_f \f_kl_ Nhknhj k\_lblky \ l_fghl_ ke_^h\Zl_evgh wlh [_euc nhknhj ld djZkguc nhknhj g_ k\_lblky \hh[s_ >Ze__ [_euc nhknhj hq_gv y^h\bl b bkihevah\Zlv  _]h klhev 50

g_h[uqgufkihkh[hfg_kdhevdhjZa\_jhylgh[ueh[ukeh`ghDjhf_ lh]h [_euc nhknhj gZ \ha^mo_ e_]dh hdbkey_lky i_j_oh^y ijb wlhf \ kl_i_gvhdbke_gby 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5.

DZdlhevdhijhp_kkhdbke_gbyaZdZgqb\Z_lkykh[ZdZi_j_klZ_l k\_lblvky Hdkb^nhknhjZ9 hq_gv]b]jhkdhibqgh_\_s_kl\hl_hgh ijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_\h^m
Ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ qlh kh[ZdZ h[fZaZggZy y^h\bluf \_s_kl\hfb dbkehlhcfh`_l_s_qlheb[hk^_eZlv

§ 28M]e_jh^


DjbklZeeuZefZaZh[uqgh[_kp\_lgu_gh[u\Zxlkbg_]h]hem[h]h djZkgh]hb q_jgh]hp\_lh\Hgbbf_xlhq_gvkbevguc[e_kd [eZ]h^Zjy\ukhdhck\_lhij_ehfeyxs_cb k\_lhhljZ`Zxs_c kihkh[ghklb:efZaohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehh[eZ^Z_l we_dljhbaheypbhggufbk\hckl\Zfb5  =jZnbl ²l_fghk_jh_`bjgh_gZhsmivdjbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\hk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf< hlebqb_hlZefZaZ]jZnbl fy]dbcb g_ijhajZqgucohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehb we_dljbq_kdbc lhdFy]dhklv]jZnblZh[mkeh\e_gZkehbklhckljmdlmjhcjbk\ mq_[gbd_ < djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ld_]jZnblZZlhfum]e_jh^Z e_`Zsb_\ h^ghciehkdhklbijhqghk\yaZgu\ ijZ\bevgu_ r_klbm]hevgbdb6

5 6

Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj

51


W

 K G2 KG4 & + H = &−  − hdbkebl_ev .  + − H = ++  − \hkklZgh\bl_ev


 K + Fe2O3 = 2Fe KH↑; t

& − H = & +

)H

+

+ H = )H









t

2) PbO2 + 2C = Pb + 2CO↑; 3E + + H = 3E  & − H = & 

+



. 

ZghPK ij  ]9&22  e:  %. GZclb: ωij J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhlhjuc^he`_g[ue ihemqblvky

V(CO2)l_hj =

9&2 = e : 

AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb

e W

K H2 KH2. Ba mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbb \b^gh qlh ba h^gh]h fhev m]ey ihemqZ_lky jh\ghh^bgfhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZAgZqbl 52

νK  νKH2) =

 e e  fhev

fhev Vν Lh]^ZP&  νK ⋅0K  fhev⋅]fhev ] Pij  P& ij ±PK  ]±] ] m(ij) 2] Lh]^Zωij   = = 0,25 = 25 %. m(C + ij) 8] Hl\_l: ωij   %.
=

& − H = &+  − \hkklZgh\bl_ev .  K + + H = K +  − hdbkebl_ev


K → CaC2  → C2H2  → CO2  → CO 1

2

3

4

t

1. 2C + Ca = CaC2;  & H &−  hdbkebl_ev  &D  − H &D   \hkklZgh\bl_ev 2. CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2↑; 3. 2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2↑ + 2H2O; &− − H & +  \hkklZgh\bl_ev H  H H  −  hdbkebl_ev 



4. CO2 + C = 2CO.

§ 29Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z


t

Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑ )H+ + H = )H &

+

− H = &

+



 


KH H2

KH2.

Ih\ur_gb_^Z\e_gbyijb\h^bld kf_s_gbxiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kby \ijZ\h
KH2 G2H

G2KH3, 53

KH2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C; 1 C 4 + + 4e = C 0 4 . 0 2+ 2 Mg − 2e = Mg

KH2 K

KH


Z KD&23 → CaO → &Z2+ 2 → CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 1

2

3

4

5

t

1. CaCO3 = CaO + CO2↑; 2. CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2; 3. Ca(OH)2 + COg_^ = CaCO3 + H2O; 4. CaCO3 + COba[  + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2; t

5. Ca(HCO3)2 = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2↑.

[ K  → CO2  → CO  → CO2  → C 1

2

3

4

t

& − H = & +

1.

2

 

C + O2 = CO2; 

+ H = 2

−

& + + H = &+



2. CO2 + C = 2CO; & − H = & 

& − 

+

&H



 

3. 2CO + O2 = 2CO2; 2   H 2







t

4. CO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C. 54

&  H&

0J − H 0J 









ZghPjjZ1D2CO3  ]ω1(Na2CO3) = 2 %; m(Na2CO3⋅G2H  ] GZclb: ω2(Na2CO3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ djbklZeeh]b^jZl_ m(Na2CO3)=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H ⋅ω(Na2CO3)=

=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H ⋅

 0U1D &2 = 14,3⋅  +  0U1D &2 + 0U+ 2

GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ jZkl\hj_ m(Na2CO3  PjjZ1D2CO3)⋅ω1(Na2CO3) = 1060⋅ ] 3. ω2(Na2CO3)=

]

P1D &2 h[s = ] +  ] ] Pj − jZ + P1D  &2 ⋅ + 2 ] + ]

Hl\_l: ω2(Na2CO3  ] beb %.
§ 30Dj_fgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby

>bhdkb^dj_fgbyb m]e_dbkeuc]Zay\eyxlkydbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb H^gZdh\ hlebqb_hlKH2 hdkb^dj_fgby,9 bf__lg_ fhe_dmeyjgmxZ ZlhfgmxdjbklZeebq_kdmxj_r_ldmIhwlhfm6L22 y\ey_lkyl\_j^ufb lm]hieZ\dbf\_s_kl\hfZ KH2 y\ey_lky]Zahf M]e_dbkeuc]Za\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk \h^hck h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghc dbkehlu+2O + CO2 ∅ H2CO3\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk s_ehqZfbKH2 + + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H22j_Z]bjm_lk hkgh\gufbhdkb^ZfbKH2 + + KZH KZKH3\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbxk f_lZeebq_kdbffZ]gb_f KH2 + + 2Mg = 2MgO + C. Hdkb^dj_fgby,9 g_jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijb \ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZokhs_ehqZfbk h[jZah\Zgb_fkbebdZlh\ t SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H22\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijbkieZ\e_gbbk hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb SiO2 + CaO = CaSiO3, j_Z]bjm_lk fZ]gb_f SiO2 + 2Mg ⇒ 2MgO + Si. t


< ijbjh^_dj_fgbc ²\lhjhcihjZkijhkljZg_gghklbihke_ dbkehjh^Zobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glA_fgZydhjZ[he__q_fgZq_l\_jlv khklhblba_]hkh_^bg_gbc Ihwlhfmm]e_jh^gZau\Zxlhkgh\guf

55

we_f_glhf`b\hcijbjh^uZ dj_fgbc²hkgh\gufwe_f_glhf g_`b\hcijbjh^u

Zgh: m(Si + ij  ]V(H2) = 22,4 eω(NaOH) = 60 %. GZclb: ω(Si), m(SiO2), m(jjZNaOH) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H2↑. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevdj_fgbyihemqZ_lkyfhev \h^hjh^ZAgZqbl 1 1 V(H 2 ) 1 22,4 e ν(Si) = νG2) = ⋅ fhev = ⋅ 2 2 Vν 2 22,4 e / fhev Lh]^Zm(Si) = ν(Si)⋅M(Si) = 0,5⋅28 = 14] 14] m(Si) ω(Si) = ⋅0,875 = 87,5 %. = m(Si + ij) 16] 2. m(SiO2) = m(Si ij ±m(Si) = 16]±] ] BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlh^eyjZkl\hj_gbyfhevdj_fgby gm`gh\aylvfhevs_ehqbKe_^h\Zl_evghν(NaOH) = 2ν(Si) = = 2⋅0fhev fhev m(NaOH) = ν(NaOH)⋅M(NaOH) = fhev⋅]fhev ] m( NaOH) 40] PjjZ1D2+   ] = 0,6 ω( NaOH) Hl\_l: ω(Si) = 87,5 %; m(SiO2) = 2 ]PjjZ1D2+  ]
6L + + H = 6L 

, 

1. SiO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + Si; 

0J − H = 0J

+



t

6L + H = 6L −

 

2. Si + 2Ca = Ca2Si; &D − H = &D 

+



3. Ca2Si + 4H2O = 2Ca(OH)2 + SiH4↑; 4. SiH4 + 2O2 = SiO2 + 2H2O; 6L  − − H = 6L + 2

+ H = 2

− W



 , 

5. SiO2 + Mg = 2MgO + Si. 56

     [ 6L  6L2 → 1D6L2  +6L2 → 6L2  6L → → →

t

6L − H = 6L +

  , 

1. Si + O2 = SiO2; 2

+ H = 2

−

t

2. SiO2 + 2NaOHl\ = Na2SiO3 + H2O↑; 3. Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 = H2SiO3↓ + Na2SO4; t

4. H2SiO3 = H2O + SiO2. t

5. SiO2 + 2Mg = Si + 2MgO.


hihegbl_evgu_ dZq_kl\Zkl_demijb^ZxljZaebqgu_^h[Z\dbLZd\\_^_gb_fhdkb^Z k\bgpZihemqZxlojmklZevgh_kl_dehhdkb^ojhfZhdjZrb\Z_l kl_deh\ a_e_gucp\_lhdkb^dh[ZevlZ ²\ kbgbcb l^ H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby kl_deZ hq_gv h[rbjgZ Wlh hdhggh_ [mluehqgh_ eZfih\h_ a_jdZevgh_ kl_deh kl_deh hilbq_kdh_ ² hl kl_dhehqdh\^hkl_dhenhlhdZf_jebgau[_kqbke_gguo ijb[hjh\ ²hl fbdjhkdhih\ ^hl_e_kdhih\

57

=eZ\Z 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z
§ 31Ij_^f_lhj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb

S=C=S

k_jhm]e_jh^

&O

ljboehjf_lZg

G

&O &

&O

+

G G

K

G

G

K

G

G G G

K

G

K

G

KG3 ²KG3 ijhiZg G

K

G

G

K

G

G

KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 [mlZg


G G

K K G

G

G

N2kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\Ze_glghklvN ≡ N. H2O2: kl_i_gvhdbke_gbydbkehjh^Z± kl_i_gvhdbke_gby \h^hjh^Z \Ze_glghklvdbkehjh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z G ²H ²H ²G


58

+1 +1

NH4 — N = K = O

& 2

fhq_\bgZ

pbZgZlZffhgby

Zgh: V(CH4) = f3, ηH2)\ha^ = 21 %. GZclb: V\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyf_lZgZ W

KG4 H2 KH2 G2H Ba mjZ\g_gby \b^gh qlh ^ey k`b]Zgby  fhev f_lZgZ g_h[oh^bfh 2 fhevdbkehjh^ZAgZqbl νH2) = 2νKG4) = 2⋅

V(CH 4 ) . Vν

V (CH 4 ) V ν (O 2 )Vν V (O 2 ) ν Lh]^ZV\ha^   = = = η(O 2 )\ha^ η(O 2 )\ha^ η(O 2 )\ha^ 2 ⋅ V(CH 4 ) 2 ⋅ 250f 3 f3. = = η(O 2 )\ha^ 0,21 Hl\_l: V\ha^  f3. 2⋅

§ 32Ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u


:lhfu\ fhe_dmeZohj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\k\yaZgu^jm]k ^jm]hf kh]eZkghbo\Ze_glghklb

59

 K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylg_lhevdhhlkhklZ\Z bo fhe_dme gh b hlbokljh_gby

Z =hfheh]b

KG ²KG ²&+ ²KG &+

KG ²KG ²KG &+

bah[mlZg

[ Bahf_ju

KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 i_glZg

KG3 ²KG2 ²KG3 ijhiZg

&+

&+

&

&+

&+

l_ljZf_lbef_lZg


Zgh: Vkf_kb  eηKH2) = 10 %. GZclb: V(O2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fijhiZgZ[_aijbf_kb V(C3H8)=V(kf_kb ±V(kf_kb ⋅ηKH2 e ±e⋅ e AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbK3G8 H2 KH2 G2H BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyk`b]ZgbyfhevijhiZgZgm`ghfhev dbkehjh^Z 60

Ke_^h\Zl_evghνH2) = 5νK3G8) = 5⋅ 9&+ . 9ν

Lh]^ZV(O2) = Vν⋅νH2) = V#⋅5 V(C3H8 ) = 5⋅ e Hl\_l: V(O2) = 100e

Vν

§ 33G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u Wlbe_gb _]h]hfheh]b

ey wlZgZ oZjZdl_j_g lbi j_Zdpbc aZf_s_gby Z ^ey wlbe_gZ — ijbkh_^bg_gby
Ijh^mdlihebf_jbaZpbbijhibe_gZgZau\Z_lkyihebijhibe_g
Z =hfheh]b CH2 [ Bahf_ju ²i_gl_g

C

&

&+

CH3

CH3 f_lbeijhi_g

&+

&G

CH2=CH–CH3

ijhi_g

KG KG²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3

61

KG ²K KG²KG

²f_lbe[ml_g
&+

KG2 KG2 → G2 KG≡KG

Zp_lbe_g

:p_lbe_g ijhy\ey_l kbevgh g_ij_^_evguc  b ^Z`_ keZ[hdbkehlguc oZjZdl_j

§ 34G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g


Z =hfheh]b

&+≡ &²&+²&+ ²&+ &+

KG≡ KH, ²wlbg KG≡ K — &+ ²KG3

&+

²f_lbe[ml_g-1. [ Bahf_ju

&+

&+≡ &²&²&+ — 3,3-^bf_lbe[mlbg  — ]_dkbg
&+

KG3–K≡K–KG2–KG2–KG3

KG≡KG H2 KH2 G2H

62

:p_lbe_g ]hjbl dhilysbf ieZf_g_f ihlhfm \ g_f hq_gv [hevrZy fZkkh\Zy^heym]e_jh^Z Zgh: m(CaC2) = 720 d]ωij   %. GZclb: VK2G2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmdZj[b^ZdZevpby[_aijbf_k_c mKaK2) = 720⋅(1–0,2) = 720⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb d]

&D&

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

+ +2  =

oe

& + ↑

 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

+ &D2+ 

KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o o 

  ⋅  ⋅  = 201,6⋅103 e f3. 

Hl\_l: VK2G2  f3.

Zgh: V(C2H2) = 134,4 e; W = 75 %. GZclb: mK6G6) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb e

&+ 





 fhev 9 efhev 9 e

W



o]

& +

 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

e ²o ] e ²] o  78 ⋅ 134,4 ] 67,2 m(C6H6)l_hj ] GZc^_ffZkkm[_gaheZihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb m(C6H6)ijZdl = m(C6H6)l_hj⋅W ]⋅ ] Hl\_l: m(C6H6) ]

§ 35:jhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe


=hfheh]

K6G5–KG3 ²f_lbe[_gahe K6G5–K2G5 ²wlbe[_gahe 63

Bahf_j

HC≡C–C≡C–CH2–CH2–CH3 ²]_ilZ^bbg

eybae_q_gbyjZkl_gbcb ihq\uhl]jb[dh\uo aZ[he_\Zgbcijbf_gyxlnmg]bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gbykhjgydh\ — ]_j[bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gby\j_^guofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ — [Zdl_jbpb^uZ ]juamgh\ ²ahhpb^u eylh]h qlh[u [_gahe ]hj_e [_a dhihlb fh`gh \f_klh dbkehjh^Z bkihevah\Zlv hahgdZd[he__kbevguchdbkebl_ev
2. 3C2H2 ⇒

NO 2

3.

+ HONO2 ⇒

+ H2O .

§ 36Kibjlu


 KG3HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjbl[_kp\_lgufieZf_g_f t

64

 K2G5HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjblk\_lysbfky ]hem[h\ZlufieZf_g_f t

3) 2CH2 OH

CH2

H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H t

OH

4) 2 CH2 CH CH2 H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H t

OH

OH


OH W

KGHG &XH ⇒ +&

2

+

&X +2↑


KG2 KG2 G2H ⇒ KG3KG2HG + Q.

Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_wlhcj_Zdpbbfh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h ih\ukb\^Z\e_gb_b h[_ki_qb\hl\h^l_ieZ

Zgh: νK6G12H6  fhev GZclb: m(C2H5OH), V(CO2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb K6G12H6 → K2G5HG KH2↑. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhaufhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZIhwlhfmbafhev]exdhauihemqbehkvfhevKH2. Lh]^ZVKH2) = νKH2)⋅Vν fhev⋅efhev e Hl\_l: m\h^db  ]VKH2  e

§ 37:ev^_]b^u


 KGHG >2@→ &+ &

2 +

+2

 &+≡ KG GH→ &+ &+ → &+ & 2+

2

+

65


KGHG >2@→ +&


 +&

2

+

 $J2→ +&

nhjfZev^_]b^

2 +& &X2+ → +K +

nhjfZev^_]b^

2

2+

2

+

$J↓

fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ

2 &X2↓ +2 2+

fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ

2 2 2) &+ & $J2→ &+ & $J↓ + 2+ &+ &

Zp_lZev^_]b^

2 +

&X2+  → &+ &

Zp_lZev^_]b^

mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ

2

2+

KXH↓ GH

mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ


2@→ &+ & GH J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby + 2 2 &+ & $JH→ &+ & $J↓ J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby 2+ + k_j_[jyggh]ha_jdZeZ 

§ 38Ij_^_evgu_h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu Keh`gu_wnbju


66

2) GKHHG + MgO = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O. 3) GKHHG + Mg(OH)2 = (CHOO)2Mg + 2H2O. 4) GKHHG + MgCO3 = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O + CO2↑. II. 1) Mg + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2↑. 2) MgO + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O. 3) Mg(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O. 4) MgCO3 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + CO2 + H2O.



+&

2 +2 ²&+ ‡ +& 2 &+ GH 2+ 2

fmjZ\vbghf_lbeh\uc wnbj

>eylh]hqlh[ukf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_\ j_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb \ijZ\hgm`gh\\_klb\ kbkl_fm\h^hhlgbfZxs__\_s_kl\h gZijbf_jdhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlm
wlZg  → wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl → mdkmkgucZev^_]b^ 1

2

3

→ mdkmkgZydbkehlZ → mdkmkghwlbeh\uckibjl  4

5

oehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ

t, p  → KG2 KG2 G2↑. KG3±KG3  KG2 KG2 G2H→KG3±KG2HG

KG3KG2HG + [O]→ CH3 C 4. CH3 C

O H

O H

G2H

+ Ag2H→KG3KHHG + 2Ag↓.

KG3KHHG K2G5HG→CH3 C

O

OC 2 H5 + G2O

KG3KHHG + Cl2→KG2ClKHHG + HCl.

67

§ 39@bju


& +

&+ &+ &+ K  G  KHHG & +

2+

2+

2+

2

&

2

&+

&  + 

2

+  2 &  + 

&

2

2

&

&  + 

2

eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ijZ\hgm`gh h[_ki_qblvm^Ze_gb_\h^ubakbkl_fu
C H2

O

C

C 17 H 31

O CH

O

C

C 17 H 31

C H2

G2→ C H

O

O

O CH2


O

C O

C

C 17 H 35

O C

C 17 H 35

O

C 17 H31

C H2

O

C

C 17 H 35

O

K17G35KHHNa + CaSO4 ⇒ K17G35KHH 2KZ↓ + Na2SO4.


68

§ 40:fbghdbkehlub [_edb



1+

&+ &2 5

>++ @



 Q+2 ⇒ Q1+ &+ &22

Q

5

=b^jheba[_edh\ih^^_ckl\b_fdbkehlbebs_ehq_ce_`bl\ hkgh\_ ijhp_kkZibs_\Zj_gby
1 2 3 4 K2G6  → K2G5HG  → KG3KHG  → KG3KHHG  →

 → KG2KlCOOH  → CH–NH2–COOH  → ihebi_ilb^ 4

W3

5

6

K2H6 ⇒ CH2 = CH2 + H2; CH2 = CH2 + H2O → K2H5OH; 2. K2H5OH + [O] → CH3COH + H2O; 3. CH3COH + Ag2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag↓; 4. CH3COOH + Cl2 → CH2ClCOOH + HCl; 5. CH2ClCOOH + 2NH3 → CH2NH2COOH + NH4Cl; 6. Q&+1+&22+

1+

&+ & 5

2

Q

Q+2

§ 41M]e_\h^u

Zgh: νK6G12H6  fhevωK2G5HG   %. GZclb: mkibjlZ 69

J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb K6G12H6 → 2K2G5HG + 2CO2↑. BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhauihemqZ_lkyfhev wlbeh\h]hkibjlZihwlhfmνK2G5HG ⋅νK6G12H6)=2⋅fhev fhev 2. mK2G5HG νK2G5HG ⋅MK2G5HG fhev⋅]fhev ] Lh]^ZmkibjlZ  mK2G5HG ωK2G5HG  ] ] Hl\_lmkibjlZ  ] Zgh: mG2H  d] GZclb: V(O2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb KH2 G2H → K6G12H6 H2. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev\h^uihemqZ_lkyfhev dbkehjh^Zihwlhfm  ⋅  P+ 2 = = 2⋅104 fhev νH2) = νG2H   0+  2 ]fhev Lh]^ZVH2)=νH2)⋅Vν=2⋅104 fhev⋅efhev ⋅104 e  f3. Hl\_lVH2  f3.
&+2+

+

2+

2

+

2 + 2+


+±&±2+

2+±&±+

+±&±2+

+

+ 2

&+2+

+

2+

+

2

+

t

+ 2+

+nH2O ⇒ n Q

H+

+ 2+

& + 2 +

+

2

2+

+

+

2+

+ 2+

DZd \b^gh ba nhjfmeu ]exdhau hgZ bf__l Zev^_]b^gmx ]jmiim b kibjlh\mx ]jmiim ±HG < wlhf b aZdexqZ_lky ^\hckl\_gghklv]exdhau O O C HC ]jmiiZ : — dZj[hdkbevgZy OH OH

O C ²Zev^_]b^gZy]jmiiZ +±&±2+ ]jmiiZ; ]jmiiZ H &+2+ FmjZ\vbgmxdbkehlmfh`ghgZa\ZlvZev^_]b^hdbkehlhc.


70



§ 42Ihebf_ju Q&+

Q &+

&+&O ⇒

&+ &+ ⇒

&+

&+

&O Q

&+

&+

&+ Q

ihebijhibe_g

Bkdmkkl\_ggu_\hehdgZba]hlZ\eb\Zxlbaijbjh^guoihebf_jh\ ij_`^_\k_]hbap_eexehauKbgl_lbq_kdb_\hehdgZ\ujZ[Zlu\Zxl bakbgl_lbq_kdboihebf_jh\
71

Ijbeh`_gb_
1H[sZydeZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc

Z  ω NaNO ( N) =

14 Mr ( N) = 16,5 %. = Mr ( NaNO 3 ) 85 28 2Mr(N) [  ω( NH ) SO ( N ) = = = 21,2 %. Mr((NH 4 ) 2SO 4 ) 132 2 ⋅ Mr ( N) 28 \  ω1+ 12 1 = = = 35 %. Mr ( NH 4 NO 3 ) 80 GZb[he__dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh_ m^h[j_gb_NH4NO3. 3

4 2

4


Z ω.12 . 2 =

Mr(K 2 O) 94 = = 46,5 %. 2Mr(KNO3 ) 202 Mr ( N) = 14 = 14 %. ω.12 1 = 101 Mr (KNO 3 ) 28 2Mr ( N) [  ω1+  +32 1 = = = 21,2 %; 132 Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 142 Mr (P2 O 5 ) &1+ +32 32  = = = 53,8 %. 264 2Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 282 3 ⋅ Mr(K 2 O) \  ωK 3PO 4 (K 2 O) = = = 66,5 %. 424 2Mr(K 3 PO 4 ) 142 ωK 3PO 4 (P2 O 5 ) = Mr ( P2 O 5 ) = = 33,5 %. 424 2Mr ( K 3 PO 4 )


hkgh\ghf [_edb `bju m]e_\h^u gmde_bgh\u_ dbkehlu \blZfbgu ]hjfhgub ^j

Fbdjhwe_f_glukh^_j`Zlky\ wlbo\_s_kl\Zo\ g_agZqbl_evguo dhebq_kl\Zo\k_]hbo l_fg_f_g__bojhev\ ghjfZevghc `bag_^_yl_evghklbhj]ZgbafZh]jhfgZ GZijbf_jkh_^bg_gby[hjZfZj]ZgpZpbgdZdh[ZevlZj_adh m\_ebqb\Zxlmjh`Zcghklvhl^_evguok_evkdhohayckl\_gguo jZkl_gbcb ih\urZxlbokhijhlb\ey_fhklvd jZaebqgh]hjh^Z aZ[he_\ZgbyfQ_eh\_db `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlgm`gu_bf fbdjhwe_f_gluq_j_ajZkl_gbydhlhjufbiblZxlky
eyij_^hl\jZs_gby wlh]hg_h[oh^bfh_`_]h^gh\ghkblv\ ihq\mm^h[j_gby
Djm]h\hjhlZahlZ\ ijbjh^_ :ahlkms_kl\m_l\ ijbjh^_\ \b^_kh_^bg_gbckh^_j`Zsboky\ ihq\_bebjZkl\hj_gguo\ fbg_jZevguo\h^Zo LZd`_Zahl\oh^bl \ [_edh\u_fhe_dmeudhlhju_y\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbqZklyfbde_lhd ldZg_chj]ZgbafZ Q_eh\_dihemqZ_l[_edbZ \f_kl_k gbfbb ZahlbajZklbl_evghc b `b\hlghc ibsb `b\hlgu_ \ k\hx hq_j_^v ihemqZxl bo lZd`_ ba jZkl_gbc ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf_xl hkh[u_ [Zdl_jbb dhlhju_ `b\ml \ dem[_gvdZo gZ dhjgyo [h[h\uo jZkl_gbc Wlb [Zdl_jbb k\yau\Zxl k\h[h^guc Zlfhkn_jguc  Zahl l_ ij_\jZsZxl _]h \ kh_^bg_gby dhlhju_fh]mlmk\Zb\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbBajZkl_gbcb `b\hlguoihke_ bokf_jlbZahlkgh\Zi_j_oh^bl\ ihq\m

73

: a h l \ h a^ m o Z

= j h au

; Zdl_jbb ihq\u

= gb_gb _

= hj_gb_

: a h l j Z k l _ g b c b ` b\hlgu o

= gb_gb _

J Z ae h ` _ g b _ [Zdl_jbyf b

J Z ae h ` _ g b _ [Zdl_jb yf b

: a h l f h j y

I blZgb_ jZkl_gbc

< u f u \Zg b_ \h^hc

: a h l i h q \ u

M ^h[j_gby

Djm]h\hjhldZebyb nhknhjZ\ ijbjh^_

Nhknhj b dZebc kms_kl\mxl  \ ijbjh^_ \ \b^_ kh_^bg_gbc kh^_j`Zsboky \ ihq\_ beb jZkl\hj_gguo  \ ijbjh^guo \h^Zo  Ba ihq\uwlbwe_f_gluba\e_dZxlkyjZkl_gbyfbZ `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlbo k jZklbl_evghc ibs_c Ihke_ hlfbjZgby jZklbl_evguo  b `b\hlguo hj]Zgbafh\ nhknhj b dZebc kgh\Z i_j_oh^yl \ ihq\m LZd hkms_kl\ey_lky djm]h\hjhlnhknhjZb dZeby\ ijbjh^_ @b\hlgu_

JZkl_gby

Ihq\Z

M^h[j_gby

DZebcgu_b nhknhjhkh^_j`Zsb_ fbg_jZeub ihjh^u

M^h[j_gby^eylh]hqlh[ug_aZ]jyagylv\h^h_fufhjyb hd_Zgu ^he`guohjhrh\iblu\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbb g_hklZ\Zlvky\ ihq\_ e_]dhjZaeZ]Zlvkyb jZkl\hjylvky\ \h^_


74


2Obfbq_kdZyf_ebhjZpbyihq\ CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.

G_jZkl\hjbfucdZj[hgZldZevpbyjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehlZo


CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.

6 l 100 Hl\_lgm`gh\g_klbd]CaCO3. m(CaCO3) = 4l]Z⋅
CaCO3⋅MgCO3 + 4H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O.

3:ahlgu_dZebcgu_b nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby



Zgh: VjjZ e ]m(HNO3) ]m(Ca×(NO3)2)=10] GZclb: ω\ jj_(K2O), ω\ jj_(N), ω\ jj_(P2O5) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebwe_f_glh\

75

0 U .  2 94 = = 46,5 %. 0 U .12 202 14 0 U 1 ωKNO 3 ( N) = = = 14 %. 0 U .12 101 28 0 U 1 ωCa ( NO3 )2 ( N) = = = 17 %. 0 U &D12  164 0 U . 2 94 ω KH 2PO 4 (K 2 O) = = = 34,6 %. 0 U .+ 32  272 0 U 32 142 ω KH 2PO4 (P2 O 5 ) = = = 52,2 %. 0 U .+ 32  272 GZc^_ffZkkudhfihg_glh\ m(N) = m(KNO3)⋅ω(N) + m(Ca(NO3)2)⋅ω(N) = 2,5⋅0,14 + 10⋅0,17 = = 0,35 + 1,7 = 2,05 ] m(P) = m(K2HPO4)⋅ω(P2O5) = 2,5⋅0,522 = 1,305 ] m(K)=m(KNO3)⋅ω(K2O)+m(KH2PO4)⋅ω(K2O)=2,5⋅0,465+2,5⋅0,346=2,02 75 ] 3. GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebdhfihg_glh\ m( N) ω(N) = = m(j − jZ ) + m(KNO 3 ) + m(Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 + m(KH 2 PO 4 )

ωKNO (K 2 O) = 3

=

 = 0,2 %. 

2,0275 m( K ) = = 0,2 %. m(h[s) 1015 1,305 m( P ) ω(P) = = = 0,113 %. m(h[s) 1015 Hl\_l: ω(N) = 0,2 %; ωJ) = 0,13 %; ω(D   %. ω(K) =

Zgh: ωkf_kb (J2H5) = 0,2. GZclb: ωKZG2JH4)2) J_r_gb_Kmi_jnhknZlijhklhckhklhblbaCa(H2PO4)2 b CaSO4. m(P2 O 5 ) x AgZqblωJ2H5) = = = 0,2. m(kf_kb) y o ⋅m]^_m ²fZkkZkf_kb m(Ca ( H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ) 2. ωKZG2JH4)2) = = m (kf_kb )

76

=

m(P2 O 5 ) : ω Ca ( H 2PO 4 )2 (P2 O 5 ) m(kf_kb)

ωCa ( H PO ) (P2 O 5 ) = 2

4 2

=

[  ω&D+ 32  32  \

142 0 U 3 2 = = 60,7 %. 0 U &D+ 32  234

Lh]^ZωKZG2JH4)2)=

;

[     ⋅ \   = =0,329=32,9 %. \ \

Hl\_l: ω\ kmi_jnhknZl_ KZG2JH4)2) = 32,9 %.

Zgh: m(H3PO4) = ]m(Ca(OH)2) = 37 ] GZclb: m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb Ka(OH)2+H3PO4=CaHPO4⋅2H2O; ν(Ca(OH)2)=0,5fhev νG3JH4 fhev BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhνG3JH4): ν(Ca(OH)2  Ba ^Zgguo\b^ghqlhCa(OH)2 \ ba[uld_ihwlhfmkqblZ_fihG3JH4. BafhevG3JH4 ihemqZ_lkyfhevij_pbiblZlZ. m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) = ν\_s\Z ⋅M\\Z  ⋅ ] Hl\_l: m(CaHPO4⋅2H22  ]

77

Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf I. K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bokh_^bg_gby IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 1. Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Zijh^mdlZj_Zdpbb


rlZlb\

ijh[dZ f_jguc pbebg^j djbklZeebaZlhj k \h^hc ijh[bjdZk ihjhrdhf Zn b HCl

Kh[_j_fijb[hj^eyihemq_gby]Zah\dZdihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_ Ijh\_jbf_]hgZ]_jf_lbqghklv>eywlh]hhimklbfk\h[h^guc dhg_p]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db\ \h^mb gZ]j__fijh[bjdmfh`ghk ihfhsvxkibjlh\db ?kebbaljm[db\uoh^ylimaujvdb\ha^moZ jZkrbjb\r_]hkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbblhijb[hjkh[jZg]_jf_lbqgh L_i_jvgZev_f\ f_jgucpbebg^j\h^mZddmjZlghi_j_\_jg_f_]h\ \h^_ lZd qlh[u \ha^mo g_ ihiZe \gmljv dhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghc  ljm[db ihf_klbf \ pbebg^j dZd ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ < ijh[bjdm ihf_klbf jZkq_lgh_ dhebq_kl\h ihjhrdZ pbgdZ b jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu b iehlghaZldg_f__ j_abgh\hcijh[dhck ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[dhc < ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_lky\u^_e_gb_\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucihljm[d_ ihklmiZ_l\ f_jgucpbebg^jb \ul_kgy_lbag_]h\h^mH[t_f \ul_kg_gghc\h^ujZ\_gh[t_fmihemq_ggh]h\h^hjh^Z VH ( ijZdl.) ). >eylh]hqlh[umagZlv VH 2 ( ijZdl.) aZibr_fj_Zdpbx\aZbfh^_ckl\by =Qb +&O 2

=Q

 fhev 0 ]fhev P 0⋅  ]

+ +&O ⇒ =Q&O +

+ ↑  fhev 9 efhev 9 ν⋅ 9ν  e

78

Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh\a\_kb\pbgdjZkkqblZ_fl_hj_lbq_kdbh[t_f \h^hjh^Z V VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mZn⋅ = mZn 22,4 = 0,345 mZn; m 65 lh]^Z\uoh^\h^hjh^Zfh`ghihemqblvihnhjfme_ VH 2 ( ijZdl .) 9+ ijZdl 9+  ijZdl ⋅100 % = ⋅100 % = 2,9⋅  W= 100 %. P P =Q VH 2 ( l_hj.) =Q


 fhev 0 ]fhev P ]

oe

+ + 2 = &D2+  +

Lh]^Z VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mKZ⋅

+ ↑  fhev 9 efhev 9 e

V = 0,56mKZ = 0,4928 mh[jZapZ . m JZkkqblZ_f\uoh^\h^hjh^Zihnhjfme_ VH 2 ( ijZdl .) VH ( ijZdl .) ⋅100 % = 2,03⋅ 2 W= 100 %. VH 2 ( l_hj.) m h[jZapZ

< j_Zdpbbh[jZam_lkyfZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hKZHG 2Hgh hklZg_lky\ ijh[bjd_\ \b^_[_ehcfmlb

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 2. Hkms_kl\e_gb_p_ihqdbobfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbc


79

]Za

L\_j^ucdZj[hgZlfZ]gbyjZkl\hjblky\ dbkehl_b [m^_l\u^_eylvky

 D ihemq_gghfmjZkl\hjm^h[Z\bfs_ehqvgZijbf_jjZkl\hj NaOH. MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓; Mg2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Mg(OH)2↓. Ijhbkoh^bl\uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZ  D hkZ^dm^h[Z\ey_fjZkl\hj+2SO4. Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4⇒MgSO4 + 2H2O;Mg(OH)2 + 2H+⇒Mg2+ + 2H2O. HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky
→ Cu(OH)2  → CuO  → Cu. CuSO4   D jZkl\hjmf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ&X624 ^h[Z\bfhklhjh`gh jZkl\hj1D2+ CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4, Cu2+ + 2OH– = Cu(OH)2↓.
2

3

W

Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CuO + H2O.

KbgbchkZ^hdihkl_i_gghq_jg__lIjhbkoh^bljZaeh`_gb_ Cu(OH)2k h[jZah\Zgb_fq_jgh]hKX2  >eyihemq_gby&XkgZqZeZi_j_\_^_f&X2\ jZkl\hj^h[Z\bf jZkl\hj+&O KX2 + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O, KX2 + 2H+ ⇒ Cu2+ + H2O. Q_jguchkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyL_i_jv^h[Z\bflm^Zihjhrhd`_e_aZ Ihemq_ggmxkf_kvfh`ghhklhjh`ghijhdbiylblvgZkibjlh\d_ CuCl2 + Fe ⇒ Cu↓ + FeCl2; Cu2+ + Fe0 ⇒ Cu0↓ + Fe2+. GZ^g_ijh[bjdbhklZ_lkydjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b


= Q& O   → = Q  2 +   → = Q & O    1 D = Q 2 

 D jZkl\hjm=Q&O2 ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ ZnCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl, Zn2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓.
80

 
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 3. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\

ey gZqZeZjZkl\hjbfbo\ \h^_>h[Z\bfd ihemq_ggufjZkl\hjZf H2SO4. Z 1D2+ + H2SO4 ⇒ Na2SO4 + 2H2O, 2Na+ + 2OH– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O, HG– G+ ⇒ G2H G_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbc [ D2KH3 + H2SO4 ⇒ K2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑. 2K+ + CO32– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2K+ + SO42– + H2O + CO2↑. CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑.
eyhdhgqZl_evghcijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&O CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. CaCO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2Cl– + H2O + CO2↑. CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑.
[ D hklZ\rbfkyjZkl\hjZf^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2< h^ghcba ijh[bjhd\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdWlhjZkl\hj1D2SO4. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓. 2Na+ + SO42– + Ba2+ + 2Cl– ⇒ 2Na+ + 2Cl– + BaSO4↓. SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. \ < hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky.&O

eyih^l\_j`^_gbyfh`gh^h[Z\blvd g_fmjZkl\hjdbkehlu kfhljb\ZjbZglZ >eyhij_^_e_gby1D2SO4 ijh\_^_f ZgZeh]bqguchiuldZdb \\ZjbZgl_[  < hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky%D(NO3)2. h[Z\bfd dZ`^hcbalj_o ijh[bjhdg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ Z < ijh[bjd_]^_g_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbckh^_j`blky1D&O [ < ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf$O&O3 \uiZe[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd jZkl\hjbfucdZd\ dbkehlZolZdb \s_ehqZo AlCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Al(OH)3↓. Al3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Al(OH)3↓. Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓. \ < ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 hkZ^hdbf__l[mjucp\_lWlhl hkZ^hdlZd`_jZkl\hjbf\ dbkehlZob \ba[uld_s_ehqb FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓. Fe3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Fe(OH)3↓. Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓. AZ^ZqZ >eyhij_^_e_gbyijbf_kbkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,, \ `_e_aghf dmihjhk_ \hkihevam_fkydZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cgZbhg)H3+l_ ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxk `_elhcdjh\yghckhevx 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 6K2SO4. ?kebijbf_kv)H3+ kh^_j`blky\ dmihjhk_lh\uiZ^_ll_fghkbgbc hkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgb AZ^ZqZ >eygZqZeZi_j_\_^_f)H&O3 \ ]b^jhdkb^^h[Z\eyyjZkl\hj1D2+ FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl.

82


2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O↑.

AZ^ZqZ >ey ihemq_gby ZexfbgZlZ gZljby g_h[oh^bfh  d $O ^h[Z\blv ba[ulhdjZkl\hjZ1D2+b ih^h`^Zlvg_dhlhjh_\j_fy

:exfbgbcgZ\ha^mo_ihdju\Z_lkyhdkb^ghcie_gdhcdhlhjZy f_^e_gghjZkl\hjy_lky\ s_ehqbKZf`_Zexfbgbck s_ehqvx j_Z]bjm_l^h\hevghZdlb\gh AZibr_f\k_ijhbkoh^ysb_j_Zdpbb 3H2O + Al2O3 + 6NaOH ⇒ 2Na3[Al(OH)6]; 2Al + 6H2O ⇒ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑; Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Na3[Al(OH)6]. < j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkyZexfbgZlgZljby

AZ^ZqZ >eyihemq_gby)H&O2 ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxf_`^m)Hb jZkl\hjhf+&O Fe + 2HCl ⇒ H2↑ + FeCl2.

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 4. DZq_kl\_ggu_j_ZdpbbgZbhguf_lZeeh\

AZ^Zgb_ < obfbbbkoh^j_ZdpbbqZklhaZ\bkblhlmkeh\bc_]hijh\_^_gby gZijbf_jhlkhhlghr_gbyj_Z]_glh\ Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd jZkl\hjm$O&O3 s_ehqb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd ]b^jhdkb^Zlds_ehqv\ wlhfkemqZ_\ g_^hklZld_ AlCl3 + 3NaOHg_^hkl ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl. Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd s_ehqbjZkl\hjZ$O&O3 hkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_lld Al(OH)3 kjZam`_j_Z]bjm_lk ba[uldhf1D2+^hh[jZah\Zgby ]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkZ AlCl3 + 6NaOHba[ ⇒ 3NaCl + Na3[Al(OH)6]↓. AZ^Zgb_ >eyih^l\_j`^_gbydZq_kl\_ggh]hkhklZ\Z&D&O2 ^h[Z\bfd _]h jZkl\hjmdZj[hgZlgZljbyIjbwlhf\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl; Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Na+ + &2 − ⇒ CaCO3↓ + 2Na+ + 2Cl–;

83

Ca2+ + &2 − = CaCO3↓.

>eyhij_^_e_gbybhgh\&O– \ h[jZap_fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj AgNO3dhlhjuc^Z_lg_jZkl\hjbfuc[_euchkZ^hd CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl↓; Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Ag+ + 2NO3– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2NO3– + 2AgCl↓. AZ^Zgb_ Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby

→ FeCl2  → FeCl3. Fe  1

 JZkl\hjbf`_e_ah\ jZkl\hj_+&O 

+

+

2



)H  +&O ⇒ )H&O  +  ↑ 

Fe0 + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H 02 ↑.




+

)H&O   &O  ⇒ )H&O−  

2Fe2+ + Cl 02 ⇒ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl–.

P\_ljZkl\hjZbaa_e_gh]hi_j_oh^bl\ `_elhdhjbqg_\ucL_i_jv ijh\_jbfjZkl\hjgZgZebqb_)H3+ k ihfhsvx`_elhcdjh\yghc kheb 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl. 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓. ?keb\uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\Zkbgv lh\ jZkl\hj_ kh^_j`Zlkybhgu)H3+. AZ^Zgb_ Ihemqbf)H624.  Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk +2SO4. 0

+1

+2

0

Fe + H 2 SO 4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H 2 ↑. 

@_e_ahjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_b \u^_ey_lky]Za< jZkl\hj_ hklZ_lky)H624. 84

 Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk jZkl\hjhf&X624. +



+



&X 62   )H ⇒ )H62   &X ↓ 


Khev_fhklZ\rbckyjZkl\hjb ^h[Z\bf+2SO4H[jZam_lky)H624. Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2H2O + FeSO4; Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + 2H2O.  ?s_)H624 fh`ghihemqblvba)H623 ^h[Z\e_gb_fdbkehlu FeSO3 + H2SO4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H2O + SO2↑; FeSO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + H2O + SO2↑. AZ^Zgb_ Ijh\_jbfdZq_kl\_gguckhklZ\kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,   >hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\)H2+Bkihevam_f^ey wlh]hdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk djZkghcdjh\yghckhevx 3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4; 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓.

hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\6242– j_Zdpb_ck khevx [Zjby FeSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + FeCl2; SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓.
85

Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf II. K\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbcg_f_lZeeh\ IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 5. Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlub bamq_gb___k\hckl\

Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlu+&O  Z ;m^mqbg_e_lmq_ckbevghcdbkehlhc+2SOdhgp kihkh[gZy \ul_kgylv^jm]b_dbkehlubabokhe_c< ^ZgghfkemqZ_+&OlZd`_ kbevgZydbkehlZghhgZh[eZ^Z_le_lmqbfbk\hckl\ZfbIhwlhfm ^ey__ ihemq_gbybkihevamxlj_Zdpbxk H2SOdhgp ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb t

H2SOdhgp + NaCll\ ⇒ NaHSO4 + HCl↑.

< kbevghdbkehckj_^_kj_^gyykhev1D2SO4 i_j_oh^bl\ dbkemx NaHSO4. Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2NaHSO4. ;_agZ]j_\Zgby\ jZkl\hj_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkybhggh_jZ\gh\_kb_ Oehjh\h^hjh^g_\u^_ey_lky NaCl + H2SO4 ⇒ NaHSO4 1Z&O  JZkl\hjoehjh\h^hjh^Zg_fgh]hly`_e__\h^uihwlhfmfu fh`_fgZ[ex^Zlvlhgdb_himkdZxsb_kykljmcdb_s_g_ i_j_f_rZ\r_ckylhevdhqlhh[jZah\Z\r_ckyijbjZkl\hj_gbb kheyghcdbkehlu  Oehjh\h^hjh^hq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_?kebdhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[dbhimklblvgbadhd ih\_joghklb\h^ulhfh`_l ijhbahclb\kZku\Zgb_jZkl\hjZ\ ljm[dm Ihkfhljbl_jbkbamq_[gbdZklj beexkljbjmxsbc ohjhrmxjZkl\hjbfhklvoehjh\h^hjh^Z\ \h^_ Bamq_gb_k\hckl\kheyghcdbkehlu >eybamq_gbyk\hckl\kheyghcdbkehluijh\_^_fg_kdhevdh oZjZdl_jguo^eyg__j_Zdpbc  G_\k_f_lZeeuj_Z]bjmxlk kheyghcdbkehlhcB^_lj_Zdpbybeb g_laZ\bkblhlZdlb\ghklbf_lZeeZQ_fZdlb\g_cf_lZeel_f [uklj__b^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\b_>eym^h[kl\Zfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lv we_dljhobfbq_kdbcjy^gZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\hggZoh^blkygZ nhjaZp_\ dhgp_mq_[gbdZ Lh]^Zf_lZeeugZoh^ysb_kyi_j_^G2, j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbihke_G2 ²g_j_Z]bjmxl Ihwlhfm=Qb 0J\ul_kgyxl+2 badbkehlu Zn + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + H2↑, 86

Mg + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl + H2↑. K f_^vxkheygZydbkehlZg_j_Z]bjm_l  < q_l\_jlhcijh[bjd_ijhl_dZ_lj_Zdpby t

CuO + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O.

&X2jZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjaZkq_l hdjZr_gguobhgh\&X2+. < iylhcijh[bjd_ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_&X2+ 2 \ +&O Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ G2H + CuCl2. LZd`_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hj&X2+). < r_klhcijh[bjd_ CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. ;he__kbevgZydbkehlZ\ul_kgy_l[he__keZ[mxm]hevgmxdbkehlm dhlhjZyjZaeZ]Z_lkygZm]e_dbkeuc]Zab \h^m H2CO3 ⇒ CO2↑ + H2O.  KgZqZeZaZibr_f\k_j_Zdpbbk $J123. HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3; NaCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + NaNO3; CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ 2AgCl↓ + Ca(NO3)2.

eylh]hqlh[uhlebqblvkheygmxdbkehlmhl^jm]bodbkehl fh`ghijh\_klbj_Zdpbxk $J123 beb3E123)2< j_amevlZl_ \uiZ^Z_l[_eucl\hjh`bkluchkZ^hd$J&ObebfZehjZkl\hjbfuc PbCl2. [ Oehjb^uhij_^_eyxlkybgufh[jZahf \ Kheygmxdbkehlmhloehjb^h\fh`ghhlebqblvj_Zdpb_ck f_lZeeZfb +&Oj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^Z 87

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 6. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª

AZ^ZqZ >ey^hdZaZl_evkl\Zijh\_^_fkgZqZeZj_Zdpbxk_jghcdbkehluk =Q Zn + H2SO4 ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑. Pbgd\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^badbkehlul_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu \h^hjh^Z Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx+2SO4 k jZkl\hjhfkheb
JZkl\hjuh[_kp\_qb\Zxlky AZ^ZqZ M gZk_klvljbjZaebqguo\_s_kl\Z+&O+2SO4; NaOH.  >eyhij_^_e_gby1D2+fh`ghbkihevah\ZlveZdfmk bg^bdZlhjgZy[mfZ`dZ^he`gZihkbg_lv\ s_ehqghckj_^_ beb jZkl\hj0J2+. MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓. < ijh[bjd_k 1D2+\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd\ hklZevguo\b^bfuo baf_g_gbcg_ijhbahc^_l  >eyhij_^_e_gby+2SO4 gZ^hbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj%D2+. Na2S + Br2 = S + 2NaBr.

88

H2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2HCl + BaSO4↓.

eyijh\_jdb^h[Z\bf jZkl\hj$J123 beb3E123)2. HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3; 2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3. eyhij_^_e_gby ijbf_kb kmevnZlZfh`ghbkihevah\ZlvdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk %D2+. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓.

?keb\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZolhih\Zj_ggZykhevkh^_j`blijbf_kbkmevnZlh\

AZ^ZqZ >eyhij_^_e_gbykmevnZlZbkihevam_foZjZdl_jgmxj_Zdpbxk jZkl\hjhf
eyhij_^_e_gbyoehjb^Zb bh^b^Z\havf_fjZkl\hj$J123 ij_^\Zjbl_evghijh\_jb\gZkmevnZl  Ag+ + Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓, Ag+ + I– ⇒ AgI↓.

AgCl ²[_euc$JI ²`_elucIhp\_lmfh`ghhij_^_eblvkhklZ\ \u^Zgghckheb AZ^ZqZ JZkl\hjbfihemq_gguchdkb^f_^b\ k_jghcdbkehl_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb t

CuO + H2SO4 ⇒ CuSO4 + H2O.

H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkmevnZlZf_^b Ihemq_ggucjZkl\hj&X624 i_j_ev_f\ nZjnhjh\mxqZr_qdmb ijh^he`bf]j_lvgZh]g_^hihy\e_gbykeZ[hcie_ghqdbgZ ih\_joghklbjZkl\hjZAZl_fkgbfZ_fqZr_qdmk h]gyb hklZ\ey_f hoeZ`^Zlvky< jZkl\hj_h[jZamxlkydjbklZeeuf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ L_i_jvbofh`ghhklhjh`ghhlnbevljh\u\Zlvb \ukmrblv NhjfmeZf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ — CuSO4⋅G2H 89

AZ^ZqZ
< ijh[bjd_k kmevnZlhfgbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l< ^\mo^jm]bo ijh[bjdZo\u^_ey_lky]ZaBofh`ghjZaebqblvihaZiZom Na2SO3+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2O+SO2↑, Na2S+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2S↑.

SO2 bf__lj_adbcg_ijbylgucaZiZo+26bf__loZjZdl_jgucaZiZo ihjq_guoybp

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 7. Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZb bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\

Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZIjh\_^_f\k_^_ckl\byhibkZggu_\ mq_[gbd_ Ba]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db[m^_l\u^_eylvkyZffbZdHgjZkl\hjy_lky \ \h^_ijhiblZ\r_cn_ghenlZe_bgh\mx[mfZ`dm NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH. < j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lky]b^jhdkb^Zffhgbydhlhjucbf__l s_ehqgmxj_Zdpbxb hdjZrb\Z_lbg^bdZlhj\ fZebgh\ucp\_l ?kebih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[dbkl_deyggmxiZehqdmkfhq_ggmx dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghckheyghcdbkehlhclhgZ^hl\_jklb_f h[jZam_lky[_eZy^ufdZIjhbkoh^blj_Zdpby NH3 + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl. NH4&Oh[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx_]hqZklbqdbih^gbfZxlky\f_kl_k ZffbZdhfBofub \b^bf\ \b^_[_ehc^ufdb Ijh\_^_fjZkl\hj_gb_ZffbZdZlZddZdwlhhibkZgh\ mq_[gbd_Ba aZhq_gvohjhr_cjZkl\hjbfhklbZffbZdZ\h^Z\ ijh[bjd_ ih^gbfZ_lkyH[jZam_lky1+4OH. AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^m&D2+ 2 b 1+4Cl. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ CaCl2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O↑. DZdfh`gh\b^_lvbamjZ\g_gby\ j_Zdpbbh[jZamxlkyiZju\h^u Hgbdhg^_gkbjmxlkygZ[he__oheh^guokl_gdZoijh[bjdb?keb dZi_evdb\h^uihiZ^mlgZjZkdZe_ggh_^ghlhijh[bjdZfh`_l lj_kgmlvIhwlhfm__ gZdehgyxllZdbfh[jZahfqlh[udZi_evdb kdZlu\Zebkvd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdb :ffbZde_]q_\ha^moZldF1+3  ]fhevF\ha^moZ ≈ ≈ 29 ]fhev Hgih^gbfZ_lky\\_joihwlhfm_]hgZ^hkh[bjZlv\ i_j_\_jgmlmxijh[bjdm:gZeh]bqghfh`ghkh[bjZlvG2F 2 ]fhev &+4 ²f_lZgF ]fhev +HF ]fhev b ^jm]b_ 90

?keb\f_klh+&Oih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdbk ZffbZdhf iZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhclhfu gbq_]hg_m\b^bf NH3 + HNO3 ⇒ NH4NO3.

NH4NO3 ²g_h[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx H[uqgh^eyhij_^_e_gbyhkgh\Zgbcbkihevamxlj_Zdpbbk h[jZah\Zgb_fg_jZkl\hjbfuo]b^jhdkb^h\gZijbf_j0J2+ 2. 2NH4OH + MgCl2 ⇒ 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.


NH4OH ⇒ NH3 + H2O↑.

N_ghenlZe_bg\ g_cljZevghckj_^_ ²[_kp\_lguc N_ghenlZe_bg^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdm\ jZkl\hj_]b^jhdkb^Z ZffhgbylZddZdlhly\ey_lkyhkgh\Zgb_fIjb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehlu ijhbkoh^blg_cljZebaZpbyb p\_lbkq_aZ_l NH4OH + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl + H2O, OH– + H+ ⇒ H2O.

Ijhbkoh^bl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^mjZkl\hjhf$O&O3 b 1+4OH. AlCl3 + 3NH4OH ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl, Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓.
IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 8. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_©Ih^]jmiiZZahlZª

AZ^ZqZ Z JZkl\hjbfZffbZd\ \h^_b ijh\_jbfhkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjZ

NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH, 2NH4OH + MgCl2 = 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓.
Cu + 4HNOdhgp ⇒ KX123)2 + 2NO2↓ + 2H2O.

H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjb \u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za \ GbljZlZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkygZ^\Z]Zahh[jZaguo ijbW°>100°K \_s_kl\Z t

NH4NO3 ⇒ N2O↑ + 2H2O↑.

IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbk s_ehqvx\u^_ey_lkyZffbZd t

NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O.

:ffbZdfh`ghhij_^_eblvihaZiZombebdZdmdZaZgh\ imgdl_ Z  AZ^ZqZ Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 k &D(OH)2. < j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\byiblZl_evgucwe_f_glZahl me_lmqb\Z_lky\ \b^_ZffbZdZ (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 =CaSO4↓ + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O; 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O.

AZ^ZqZ Z >eyhij_^_e_gby1+4+ fh`ghbkihevah\Zlvj_Zdpbxk s_ehqvx ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb t

NH4Cl + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaCl.

G_mklhcqb\uc1+42+jZaeZ]Z_lkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk h[jZah\Zgb_f ]Zahh[jZagh]hZffbZdZHij_^_e_gb_1+3 ih^jh[ghhibkZgh\ aZ^Zq_Z  Oehjb^bhgu&O– fh`ghhij_^_eblvk ihfhsvxbhgh\$J+ beb3E2+. AgNO3 + NH4Cl ⇒ NH4NO3 + AgCl↓. Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NH4NO3.


AZ^ZqZ AZibr_fnhjfmeu\u^Zgguom^h[j_gbcoehjb^dZeby — KCl; ZffbZqgZyk_ebljZ — NH4NO3kmi_jnhknZl — Ca(H2PO4)2. KgZqZeZhij_^_ebf&D+2PO4)2>eywlh]h\havf_fba[ulhd jZkl\hjZs_ehqb 92

3Ca(H2PO4)+12NaOH ⇒ Ca3(PO4)2↓+4Na3PO4+12H2H

eywlh]h^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123 beb Pb(NO3)2. AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl↓+KNO3, Pb(NO3)2+2KCl ⇒ PbCl2↓+2KNO3.
NH4Cl ⇒ NH3↑ + HCl↑.

IjbjZaeh`_gbbh[jZamxlky^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijh^mdlZIjhimkdZy wlmkf_kvq_j_as_ehqvfuba[Z\ey_fkyhloehjh\h^hjh^Z HCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H2O. HklZ_lkyqbklucZffbZd  Ba1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 ZffbZdfh`ghihemqblv\ kbevghs_ehqghckj_^_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NH3↑ + H2O+Na2SO4, NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaNO3. AZ^ZqZ  I_j\ZybhggZyj_Zdpbykhhl\_lkl\m_lj_Zdpbbg_cljZebaZpbb HCl+NaOH ⇒ NaCl+H2O, H++OH– ⇒ H2O.  
AZ^ZqZ  JZkl\hjbff_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v\ dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghc dbkehl_ Cu+4HNOdhgp ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O. H[jZamxsbcky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl&X123)2.  JZkl\hjbf&X2+ 2 \ +123: Cu(OH)2+2HNO3 ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2H2O. H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjgbljZlZf_^b,,  93

 Ihemqbf&X123)2 q_j_aj_ZdpbxhkZ`^_gby CuSO4+Ba(NO3)2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+Cu(NO3)2. H[jZam_lky[_euchkZ^hd_]hg_h[oh^bfhhlnbevljh\Zlv HklZ\rbckyjZkl\hj — Cu(NO3)2.

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 9. Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,9 b bamq_gb_ _]h k\hckl\ JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\

Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9 b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\ Ijb^_clk\bbkheyghcdbkehlugZf_ebebfjZfhjhgb jZkl\hjyxlkyijbwlhf\u^_ey_lky&22NhjfmeZf_eZb fjZfhjZ — CaCO3. CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O, KaCO3+2H+ ⇒ &Z2+ + CO2↑ + H2O. < ijh[bjd_k ba\_kldh\hc\h^hcijhbkoh^yl^\_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_j_ZdpbbKgZqZeZijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_[_eh]h hkZ^dZ Ca(OH)2+CO2 ⇒ CaCO3↓+H2O. AZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca(HCO3)2. Ca(HCO3)2 ²jZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca2++2HCO3–. IjbijhimkdZgbbKH2 q_j_a^bklbeebjh\Zggmx\h^mm]e_dbkeuc ]ZaqZklbqghjZkl\hjy_lkyk h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghcdbkehluG2KH3. CO2+H2O ∅ H2CO3, DZddbkehlZ+2CO3 bf__ldbkemxj_ZdpbxihwlhfmeZdfmk hdjZkblky\ kbgbcp\_l JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\ GZf\u^Zgh\_s_kl\Z1D2SO4, ZnCl2, K2CO3, Na2SiO3.  KgZqZeZijb[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OIjbwlhfj_Zdpbyihc^_llhevdh \ ^\moijh[bjdZo K2CO3+2HCl ⇒ 2KCl+H2O+CO2↑. 2K+ +CO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ 2K++2Cl–+H2O+CO2↑. CO32–+2H+ ⇒ CO2↑+H2O.
Na2SiO3+2HCl ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2NaCl. 2Na++SiO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2Na++2Cl–. SiO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2SiO3↓.

94

 L_i_jv^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2K 1D2SO4 wlhljZkl\hj^Z_l hkZ^hd Na2SO4+BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl, 2Na++SO42–+Ba2++2Cl– ⇒ BaSO4↓+2Na++2Cl–, Ba2++SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.

h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123qlh[u ijh\_jblvwlheydZj[hgZlbhgh\dZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cy\ey_lky j_Zdpbyk dbkehlhck \u^_e_gb_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ CO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2O+CO2↑.

95

Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmfIII. K\hckl\Zhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\ IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 10. Ihemq_gb_wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\

< ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_l\u^_eylvky]Za t, H2SO4 (dhgp

C2H4↑+H2O.

C2H5OH

Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZaZ[bjZ_l\h^mbakibjlZb \ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkywlbe_g IjbijhimkdZgbbK2G4 q_j_a[jhfgmx\h^mihke_^gyy h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky K2G4+Br2(aq) ⇒ C2H4Br2.

Ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_wlbe_gZ[jhfghc\h^hcih^\hcghck\yab Ih^dbke_gguci_jfZg]ZgZllZd`_hdbkey_lwlbe_g K2G4+12KMnO4+18H2SO4=10CO2+6K2SO4+12MnSO4+28H2O. JZkl\hj.MnO4 h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky  Ih^h``_f \u^_eyxsbcky  ]Za Hg ]hjbl yjdbf k\_lysbfky ieZf_g_f K2G4H2 ⇒ 2CO2+2H2O. t

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 11. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\

GZfg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvljb\_s_kl\Z]ebp_jbg fgh]hZlhfguckibjl Zev^_]b^]exdhamm]e_\h^  H^ghcbaoZjZdl_jguoj_Zdpbc^eywlbo\_s_kl\y\ey_lky \aZbfh^_ckl\b_k &X2+ 2. KgZqZeZihemqbf]b^jhdkb^f_^b,, >eywlh]hd f_^ghfm dmihjhkm^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ CuSO4+2NaOH ⇒ KX2+ 2↓+Na2SO4.
C

O H

t

+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ R C

O OH

+2CuOH↓G2H

96

Zev^_]b^]hem[hc

`_eluc

2CuOH ⇒ KX2O↓+H2O t

`_eluc

djZkguc

< j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkydjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O.  L_i_jvd &X2+ 2 ^h[Z\bfihdZieyf]ebp_jbgb kf_kv \a[helZ_fHkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyihemqZ_lkyjZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]h p\_lZH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dk]ebp_jbgZk f_^vx 2 &+ &+ 2+ &+ 2+ &X 2+ &+ +2 2&+ 2+ &X2+ ⇒ &+ 2 2 &+ + 2+ &+ &+ 2+

 =exdhaZihk\hbfobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\Zfy\ey_lky Zev^_]b^hkibjlhfl_hgZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zb Zev^_]b^h\b fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\DZdZev^_]b^hgZ\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbb oZjZdl_jgu_^eywlh]hdeZkkZ\_s_kl\\ qZklghklbijbgZ]j_\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk &X2+ 2 k h[jZah\Zgb_fdjZkghdhjbqg_\h]h hkZ^dZ&X2HDZdfgh]hZlhfguckibjl]exdhaZ^Z_ljZkl\hjyjdh kbg_]hp\_lZijb^h[Z\e_gbbd g_ck\_`_]hhkZ^dZ&X2+ 2. &+

2+

&+ &

2+

+

2 

W

&X2+  ⇒&+ t

2+

&+ &

2+

2+ 2 

GH&X2+↓

2CuOH ⇒ Cu2O↓+H2O.

eyhij_^_e_gbylj_o^Zgguo\_s_kl\badZ`^hcijh[bjdb ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]h&X2+ 2< ^\moijh[bjdZoh[jZam_lkyyjdhkbgbc jZkl\hj]exdhaZb ]ebp_jbg L_i_jvgZ]j__f\k_ljbkf_kb\ ^\mo ijh[bjdZo\uiZ^_ldjZkguchkZ^hdZev^_]b^b ]exdhaZ LZdbf h[jZahffumagZ_f\ dZdhcijh[bjd_dZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky FZrbggh_fZkehkhklhbl\ hkgh\ghfbaij_^_evguo m]e_\h^hjh^h\Z jZklbl_evgh_fZkeh ²ba`bjh\h[jZah\Zgguo g_ij_^_evgufbdbkehlZfbJZklbl_evgh_fZkehh[_kp\_qb\Z_l [jhfgmx\h^mZ fZrbggh_²g_l Z >eyihemq_gbyijhklh]hwnbjZijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx ^_]b^jZlZpbbwlbeh\h]hkibjlZ K2G5HG

t, H2SO4 (dhgp

K2G5 ²H ²K2G5 G2H

H[jZamxsbcwnbjgZau\Z_lky^bwlbeh\uf>ZggZyj_Zdpby ijhoh^blebrvijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byogZ]j_\Zgbb\ ijbkmlkl\bb+2SO4b ijbba[uld_kibjlZ [ >eyihemq_gbyZev^_]b^ZbakibjlZgm`ghbkihevah\ZlvkeZ[uc hdbkebl_evgZijbf_j&X2+. 97

t

C2H5OH+CuO ⇒ Cu+ CH3 C

CH3 C

O

²mdkmkgucZev^_]b^

O H

+H2O;

\ Ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbbZev^_]b^Zh[jZam_lkydbkehlZ H

CH3 C

O H

t

+2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O;

H[jZam_lkymdkmkgZydbkehlZ KZoZj ²wlhkeh`gh_hj]Zgbq_kdh_\_s_kl\hkh^_j`Zs__ ^hklZlhqgh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hm]e_jh^ZQlh[u^hdZaZlvwlh \havf_fg_fgh]hkZoZjZb ^h[Z\bfd g_fm+2SOdhgp . KZoZjih^^_ckl\b_fdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluhl^Zkl \h^mb ij_\jZlblky\ m]e_jh^ H2SO4 (dhgp

C12H22O11

12C+11H2O.

Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+2SO4 aZ[bjZ_l\h^mm kZoZjZ\ j_amevlZl_ ihemqZ_lkyk\h[h^gucm]e_jh^q_jgh_\_s_kl\h  Z >eyhij_^_e_gbydjZofZeZkms_kl\m_lohjhrZydZq_kl\_ggZy j_Zdpbyk bh^hfH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dkyjdhkbg_]h p\_lZ DZig_fg_kdhevdhdZi_evjZkl\hjZbh^ZgZdZjlhn_evb [_eucoe_[ ?kebgZijh^mdlZoh[jZam_lkykbg__iylghlhhgbkh^_j`Zl djZofZe [ >eyijh\_jdby[ehdZgZkh^_j`Zgb_]exdhauijb]hlh\bf g_kdhevdhdZi_evy[ehqgh]hkhdZ>h[Z\bfg_fgh]hkbg_]hhkZ^dZ Cu(OH)2?kebbkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl]exdhamlhkgZqZeZ fuihemqbfkbgbcjZkl\hjbfucdhfie_dk]exdhaudhlhjucijb gZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeh`blky^hdjZkgh]h&X2H Z KgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZe^h[Z\b\d dZ`^hfmbalj_o \_s_kl\jZkl\hjbh^Z< ijh[bjd_k djZofZehfh[jZam_lkykbgbc dhfie_dk=exdhamhlkZoZjhaufh`ghhlebqblvaZkq_l Zev^_]b^guok\hckl\H[Z\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfb fgh]hZlhfgh]hkibjlZghlhevdh]exdhaZh[eZ^Z_l_s_b k\hckl\ZfbZev^_]b^Z>h[Z\bf\ h[_ijh[bjdb&X2+ 2h[jZam_lky kbgbcjZkl\hjGhlhevdhijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk ]exdhahc\uiZ^Z_l djZkguchkZ^hd&X22l_ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_Zev^_]b^ghc ]jmiiu  [ KgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZek ihfhsvxbh^ZH[jZam_lkykbgbc dhfie_dk 98

L_i_jvijh\_jbfdbkehlghklbjZkl\hjh\fueZb ]ebp_jbgZ =ebp_jbgbf__lkeZ[hdbkemxkj_^mZ fueh ²s_ehqgmx =ebp_jbglZd`_h[jZam_lk &X2+ 2 kbgbcjZkl\hjk\hckl\h fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\   GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl  ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijb gZ]j_\Zgbbgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl 

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 12. JZkihagZ\Zgb_ieZklfZkk

Ijb\_^_f^ey^Zgguo\b^h\ieZklfZkkkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeu Ihebwlbe_g ²KG2 — KG2 — ) n, Iheb\bgbeoehjb^ (— KG2 — KG — ) n , Kl

Ihebklbjhe (– CH2 – CH – )n ,

N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gZykfheZ

OH

OH CH2

CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

CH2

n

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 13. JZkihagZ\Zgb_\hehdhg

AZibr_fkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeubkdmkkl\_gguo\hehdhg :p_lZlgh_\hehdgh [ – C6H7O2(OCCH3)3 – ]n . H KZijhg [– (KG2)5 — K — NH — ]n . EZ\kZg >±&±

2

O

±&±2±&+ ±&+ ±H ±@Q . 2

99

IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ‹ 14. JZkihagZ\Zgb_fbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc

< mq_[gbd_^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghijb\_^_ghhibkZgb_\k_ohiulh\ Ihwlhfmijb\_^_febrv\hafh`gu_j_Zdpbb  Hij_^_e_gb_Zffhgb_\uofbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc t

–⇒

+

NH4 +OH

NH3↑+H2O.

GZijbf_j1+4NO3+NaOH ⇒ NaNO3+NH3↑+H2O.  Hij_^_e_gb_kmevnZlguom^h[j_gbc SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. GZijbf_j (NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl.  Hij_^_e_gb_oehjb^bhgh\ Cl– + Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓. GZijbf_j KCl + NaCl + 2AgNO3 ⇒ KNO3 + NaNO3 + 2AgCl↓. Hij_^_e_gb_nhknhjguom^h[j_gbc PO43– + 3Ag+ ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ GZijbf_j K3PO4 + 3AgNO3 ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ + 3KNO3. J_Zdpby$J123 k bhgZfb6242–: 2Ag+ + SO42– ⇒ Ag2SO4↓.  Hij_^_e_gb_dZj[hgZlh\ CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑. GZijbf_j CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑. t

100