Історія первісного суспільства. Підручник

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BH3BOJISlIIHCSI BLn JIbO.nOBOro nOKPOBy nOMip~i llIHpOn~ i B HI1l( p03CeJIlOBarrHCSI npe,lJ,CTIlBHHKH TenJIoJIlo6~OI Q>aYHH I , Q>JIOP~ HacTYD i ainxin JIbO,lJ,OBHKiB MarrH HecTIl6lJ1bHHH, ~JIbCYJO'II1" xapaxrep, ro6ro ,lJ,eKiJIbKa CTa,lJ,iH CBOro p03BHTKY H sracamra, KOJIH nOXOJIO,lJ,aHIDI na S1KHHCb 'lac nocrynanocs ~OpOTKO.'1aCHHM nOTenJIiHIDIM i HaBnaKH. Te~JI1 .np?Ml)I(KH M.DK .CTa,lJ,lSIM." JIbO,lJ,OBHKa ,lJ,iCTaJIH Ha3By Mj)I(cTa.LllarrlB (IHrepCTa,lJ,larrIB). Y UI­ JIOMY cxeua p03nO,lJ,iJIy anrponorena CKJIa.Lla~TbCSI 3 n'~T~ rJISI~ uiania ia "ixHiMH ilrrepcra,niarraMH i '10THpbOX IHTeprJ1SlUlarrIB, S1KI Bm0 6pa)l(alOTb nOCJImOBHiCTb 3MiH npHp0,lJ,H0':O cepenosauta B eOnJIeHCTOueHi i nJIeHCToueHi. [OJIoueH nO,lJ,IJ1SI€TbCSI na raxi narreOKJIiMaTH'IHi nepiona: npe6?pearrb, .60pe~b, aTJIaHTHKyM, cy660pearrb i cy6aTJIaHTHKYM. BCI sranam nepionn anrponorem MalOTb «a6cOJIlOTHY» XpOHOJIOrilO (,lJ,HB. cxesry 1 ) . . . CKJIa.LleHa aa MarepiarraMH nepesaxao Ilearpansnol Ta 3a· xinnoi €BponH, USI cxeua He Ma€ ynisepcansnoro 3Ha'leHHSl npore, SIK HaH6mbllI 06rpYHTOBaHa, '1aCTIllie B~KOPHCTOBY€TbC~ B Y3ararrbHIOIO'IHX npaUSIX, a TIlKO)l( B apxe~JIOn'lHHX, anrpono JIOri'lHHX TIl iCTOPH'IHHX ,lJ,OCJIi,n)I(eH~X . KPIM HaBe,lJ,e~OI CXeMI1 p03po6JIeHa ute HH3Ka aapiarrris pe~oHarrbH~ro noznny aHTPo· noreay, SlKi anefiinsutoro Y3ro,lJ,)l(e~n 3 arr~mHCbKOIO cxeMOIO ,ll)rn reparopii YKPaIHH cxesta nepionasauu aHTPOn. Bexnn-rev. Y Me)l(ax eOnJIe~CToueHY ~ nJIeH~TO ueH)' HHM BH3lta'leHHH 21 narreoeTIl~, S1Kl CHHX.pOHI30Ba~1 n< MO)l(J1HBOCTi 3 fJ1SluiarraMH, iHTepCTa,lJ,larraMH TIl urreprnauiana MH ueHTParrbHO€BpOneHCbKoi cxeua. He3Ba)1(31O'IH na Bce6i'lHe HaYKOBe 06rpYHTyuaHHSI, reono ri-ma nepionasauia Ma€ TIlKO)l( nesai He~o~iKH.. TaK, nO~H~( yrO'lHIOIOTbCSI Me)l(j rnauiania, iHTepCTa.LllarriB H urreprnamame Ixne XpOHOJIori'lHe cnmBmHOllleHHSI H «a6COJIIOTHe» ;nalj'BaHHl1 3'S1COBYJOTbCSI xapaxrep i oficsr npHP0,lJ,HHX KaTIlKJII3MIB, Q>~Y ' HicTH'IHOrO i Q>JIOpHCTH'IHOro HanOBHeHHSI OKPeMHX reonons HHX nepionis roiuo. , OCTIlHHiM '1aCOM ,lJ,HCKYTY€TbCSI HOBa cxesta rJI06~bHoro na JIeOKJIiMaTH'IHOrO p03'IJIeHyuaHHSI anrponorerry TIl 11 XPOHOJI~ ri-nre 06rpYHTyuaHIDI. He BHKJIIO'IeHO, 1Il0 ~ He,lJ,arreKO~ Mali 6yrHbOMY ,lJ,eSlKi «a6COJIIOTHi» ,lJ,aTH, H~Be,lJ,eHI B naurosry n~py'l HHKY, 6Y,lJ,yTb yro-raeni H nepernaayn. Ilpore ~~ CbOro,lJ,HI reo norisna nepionasanis, posrnanyra saute, € Ha.LllHHOIO OCHOBO~ ,lJ,J1SI CTBopeHIDI BLnHOCHOi nepionaaauii icropii JIIO,lJ,CTBa: BOH nae 3MOry npOCTe:lKHTH nOCJImOBHic~b P03BHTKY ~areplarrbHO KYJIbTYPH, 1Il0 36epira€TbCSI y Bmno~mHHX reOJIO~'1HHX HallIa pyBaHHSIX, a TIlKO)l( 3a6e3ne'lHTH Ha.LlIHHe XpOHOJI
28

ApxeoJloriem3 nepiO.ll.H33llUI icropii uepsicaoro cycninscrsa.

Ha BLnMiHY

ata reonorixnoi, apxeonorisaa nepionaaauia rpyn­ 1)'€TbCSI na couiansnax '1HHHI'lKax, a caae: 3MiHax y xapaxrepi Marepiarry, 3 S1KOro BHroTOBJIeHi OCHOBHi snapanna npaui i npe,lJ,MeTH 'n06YTY, a TaKO)l( y rexaiui H TeXHOJIorii ixnsoi 06p06­ 101. IUe ,lJ,aBHbOKHTaHCbKi i ,lJ,aBHbOpHMCbKi Q>mOCOQ>H nOMiTHJlH nocnmoBHicTb y BHKOpHCTIlHHi KaMeHIO, 6POH3H (Mmi) i saniaa .!VUI BHroTOBJIeHHSI 3HapSI,lJ,b rtpaui TIl 36poi aa neBHHX eranax ic­ roPH'IHOro p03BHTKY. Ilpore HaYKOBe 06rpYHTYBaHHSI usoro cnocrepe)l(eHHSI 6yJIO naae JIHllIe nanpaxinui XIX CT., KOJIH 6ya 38nponOHOBaHHH nonin icropii cycninscrsa na 'KaM'S1HHH, 6POH30BHH Ta 33JliJHHH BiKH, 1Il0 nOCJ1mOBHO 3MiHIOBarrH O,lJ,HH O.l1HOI'O. JlanbllIHH rtonin iCTOpH'IHOro npouecy rpYHTY€TbCSI na 3Mi­ nax y rexniui H rexaonorii BHroroBJIeHIDI npenaeris Marepianb­ ,Hoi i nyxosuoi KyJIbTYPH . Cy6'€KTHBHa ouiuxa UHX Q>aKTOpiB npH3BeJIa,lJ,0 roro, 1Il0 cxesra auyrpiumsoro posnoniny KO)I(HO­ ro is 383Ha'leHHX BiKiB y piJHHX ,lJ,OCJImHHKiB cyrreso Bmpi3ID1­ lOTbCSI O,lJ,Ha sin O,lJ,HOI. Heaae €,lJ,HOCTi H Y BH3Ha'leHHi nepexia­ HHX nepionis. Y 3B'S13KY 3 UHM HaBe,lJ,eMO JIHllIe Y3ararrbHIOIO'IY apxeorrorixay nepionasauho icropii nepsicnoro cycninscraa. Ilepuri cxexa noniny KaM'S1Horo BiKY 6YJIH p03p06JIeHi ute y .IlPyriH nOJIOBHHi XIX CT. Ilporsrou XX CT. Y ui cxexa 6YJIll saecea] ,lJ,eSlKi yrO'lHeHHSI. Cyxacua nepionaaauis KaM'S1Horo si­ ICY Ma€ TaKHH saransana BHrJISI,lJ,: CTIlp0,lJ,aBHiH KaM'S1HHH BiK - naneonir, Cepe,lJ,HbOKaM'S1HHH BiK - Me30JIiT, HOBliH KaM'S1HHH BiK - HeoJIiT. YpaxOBYJO'IH B3)I(J1HBe 3Ha'leHHSI ,lJ,J1SI 3'S1CyaaHIDI np06JIeM nepionasauii nepaicaoi icropii cxeva mryrpiunrsoro noniny na­ JIeoJIiTY, p03rJISlHeMO fi noxnamrune. Ha nepurosry pisai naneo­ JIiT nO,lJ,iJISI€TbCSI na paHHiH (HH)I(HiH) i niJHill (BepXHiH). I HO,lJ,i ,lJ,OCJ1LnHHKH BH,lJ,iJISIIOTb Mj)I( HHMH uie cepenaia naneonir, no­ ,lJ,aJIbllle 'lJIeH)'B3HHSI nepenoasae noain pannsoro naneoniry na raxi enoxa: onnysaa, aurens, MYCTb€. 3a iHllIHMH cxeMaMH MyCTh€ BmOKpeMJIIO€TbCSI B cepenaia naneonir. niJHiH naneonir nO,lJ,iJISI€TbCSI na TPH nepiona: pannia, cepennia i nisaia. Henpocra caryauia CKJIarracSI 3 caaoro nO'laTKY 3 BH,lJ,meH­ HSIM enoxa Me30JIiTY. Onni ,lJ,OCJILnHHKH saarani npH€,lJ,HYJOTb Me30JIiT.n0 nisasoro naneoniry i p03rJISI,lJ,alOTb HOro S1K Q>iHanb­ HHH eran OCTIlHHbOro, imui Ha3HBaIOTb UIO nepeximry enoxy «niCAAnarreOJIiToM» (eninaneonirov), TPeTi, HaBnaKH, BBa)I(alOTb Me30JIiT, npHHaHMHi HOro OCTaHHiH nepio,lJ" npOTOHeOJIiToM, a60 6e3KepaMi'lHHM HeoJIiTOM. ,lleSlKi B'IeHi p03uiHIOIOTb en ina­ JIeOJIiT, npOTOHeOJIiT, 6e3KepaMi'lHHH HeoJIiT S1K periOHarrbHHH npoSlB p03BHTKY MarepiarrbHoi KYJIbTYPH i cycnmbCTBa B Me)l(ax

29

naneoniry a60 H~Jli'Iy. Ilpore 6im.mi~ cysacnax ,nOCJlillHHKin TOpH'IIIoro PO~~H'I1o/ cycniJIbCT~ i npHPO~. Onnax, n036~­ posrnanae Me30JIlT me oxpesry apxeononsay enoxy. BHBUIHCb , C~I ymsepcansnocrt, apxeononsaa nepionasauia ICH}'IOTb pisai ninxona cepen ,nOCJIi.u.HHKiB i mono ocraros. npoJloIDKYe 36epiraTH CBOIO rrpiopareraicrs. aoro p03MexyBaHIDI neoniry i 6POH30BOro BUcy. qac, K~~1f AmponOJIori-ma nepio.na3aIIiJI icropii nepsicaer» cyclIiJIJ.cna. snepme BHHHKalOTb i nomHplOlOTbCJI BIq)06H 3 MeT3JIY (MJJU), ,llana nepionasauia suaainna CBO€ Bmo6paxeHHJI B CHCreMaTH­ onai ,nOCJImHHKH BHOKpeMJIIOIOTb y Mj.nuo-KaM'JlHHji .Bil( ui JIIOJlHHH ra IT npenxie. P03p06J1eHa na cyro npUPO.nuIflIHX sa­ (eaeonir, xaJIKOJliT), iauri p03fJIAAalOTb jioro B Me)Kax HeOJlITY, caJl3X arrrpononori-ura CHCTeMaTHKa nae MO)KJIHBiCTb icTOPHK}' SIX jioro JaKJl1O'IHHji eran, ,-pen npHe,nuyIOTb MmHMji nepion npocre)KHTH erana eBOJIIOull JIIO,nHHH ra IT npenxis, BCTaHOBH­ no 6POH30BOro BUcy i po3fJIAAaIOTb Ix paJOM SIX en OX)' Mi.ai~ 111 npliHUHIIOBY Me)l{}', sxa slnoxpesonoe JIIO,nHuy aia TBapHHH, 6pOH3H. POOfJIJIHYTH cyrresi nHTaHHJI nocninoenoro CTaHOB1leHIDI rrpsIlepmi UHBiJIiJauu (nonmomi CTpYKTYPH) BHHIOOlI01'L aa Moxo)liHIDl, $oPMYB3HHJI pyxa, po3BHTK}' M03K}', BHHHKHeHHJI BJIH3bKOMY i Cepenaeosry Cxoni, B KHTai i IH.ztii HanpHKimti MHCJleHIDI i MOBH. Aarpononoru noainsuors enoxa aa 3MiHaMH 6pofl30BOro - noxarxy pamrsoaaniaaoro sixy, Ha immrx repa- «jJiJIflIHOro (MOp$oJlori'lHoro) TH1Iy JIIO,l{HHH B TaKOMY nopanxy: TOPiJlx CTaPOro CBiTy CTaHOB1leHIDI UHBiJIiJaum nOB'JlJaHe 3 HaArlaBHiwa JlIO,l{HHa (Homoerectus, apxarrrpon), CTapo,naBHJI paHHiM 3aJIi3HHM BiKOM. JIJOAHHa (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, naneoarrrporr), cyxacHaseneaa nepionasanis He e e,nHHOIO B apxeonorii, Icaye ute Ha JIIO,l{HHa (Homo sapiens sapiens, aeoampon). BYAY'IH CHH­ nina HH3Ka periOHaJIbHHX nepio,l{H~aum, JIXHMH.• apxeonora H~~ xpoHi30BaHi 3 reOJlori'lHHMH i apxeonori-nnnor nepionassa, CTa­ MaralOTbCJI KOMneHcyoaTH He,nOJIIKH OCHOBHOI nepIO,l{HJaUIl, .nii aarpononori-nroro po3BHTK}' JlIO,nHHH CTBOplOlOTb aarpono­ 3'JlCyBaTH npo6J1eMH caxxponiaauii lcropasnax SlBHIIl i po36j)K- Jloriquy nepionaaauiio nepsicnoro cycninscraa. HOCTi B piBHJIX P03BHncy MarepiaJIbHOi K}'JlbTYPH, nOB'JlJaHi 3 Onnieio 3 naacxnamdumx B aarpononorii e rrpofinexa rpa­ HepiBHOMipHiCTIO npoxOJOKeHHJI iCTOPH'lHOro npouecy B phHHX Hi ~ JlIO,l{HHOIO i TBapHHOIO. B airrporronorixaia CHCreMaTHui perionax 3eMHo"i xyni , B uiJIOMY apxeonorisaa nepionasania, 6y- H noci He 3'JlCOBaHi OCTaTO'IHO Jq>HTePU MOP$oJlori'lHOro p03­ AY'IH nCHo nOB'JlJaHOIO 3 reOJlori'IHOIO, nae MO)KJIHBiCTb iCTO- MexyoaHHJI Mj)K JIIO.nHHOIO i IT npeJJ:KaMH. Ocrarmia 'IaCOM .nJIJI pHKOBi rrpocnlnxysara xapaxrep i HanpJIM nocrynosoro y,nOCKO- BupimeHIDI usoro cxnanaoro nHTaHIDI .nOCJlmHHKH CTaJIH 3aJIY­ HaJIeHIDI 3HapAAb rrpaui, a TaKO)K nOB'JlJaTH po3BHTOK Marepi· 'laTH apxeonori-mi MarepiaJIH, 30Jq>eMa 3HaxmKH Haii.naBHiwHX ansaoi K}'JlbTYPH cycninscrsa si 3MiHaMH rrpaponnoro cepeno- 3HaJ"IAb rrpaui, Ilpore naain, y TaKiif «3MiwaHm cacrejaaraui» BHlIla. 3aranoM, aa apxeonorixaia nepionxaauii 6YAYeTbCJI B oc- 3aJIIIIIIaeTbCJI Micue. cYMHiBaM. TaK, OCTaTO'IHO He BH3Ha'leHO HOBHOMY nepionasauia nepsicaoi iCTOpU. Micue xafiinicia (Homo habilis - JlIOAMHH BMiJIoi). Omri nocniaHlonpanna, ocraaaia 'IaCOM CaMOIO apxeonorieio 6YJlo nose- HHKH BBa)KalOTb IT JlIO.nHHOIO, iHWi - nepeAJllO.nHHOIO. He no neao, IIlO 6J1H3bKi aa THIlOM i piBHeM po3BHTK}' cycniJIbCTBa BH' KiHuJI aapuueaoio 33JIHWaeTbCJI if «Heau.nepTaJlbCbKa np06J1e­ KOpHCTOBYBaJIH pisni MarepiaJIH i JanpoB3,ZOKYB3JIH pisni reXHO- ~ - rrpotineua MOp«jJOJlOri'lHoro i xpononorixnoro cnisainno­ norii .nJIJI BHfOTOB1IeHIDI saapans rrpaui. TaK, nasni uaniniaanil weHIDI apxarrrponis i naneoatrrponis, JIKa BHHHKJla ute aa no­ assepaxancsxoro KOHTHHeHTy KOpHCTyBaJIHCJI MeTa.1IOM Y Bup06- 'IaTKy XX CT. HHUTBi, npore .nOCHTb BHCOKHH: pisem, po3BHTKY cycrrinscraa saIIinC}'MOBYIO'IH see BHlIleCKaJaHe 3 npHBOAY cneuiansaax 6e3ne'lyBaBCJI nepesasoro KaM'JIHHMH , KicTJIHHMH i nepes'snra- neplonasauia arrrportoretry Ta icropii nepsicuoro cycninscrsa, MH 3HapJlJl:.nJlMH rrpaui, Bonaosac .neJlKi Hapo,l{H A«jJPHKH cno- Haoe,neMO cxexy CHHXpOHhauu eranis P03BHTK}' rrpaponnoro xarxy JanpoB3,llHJIH y Bup06HHUTBO 33JIi30, a 6poH3Y - 3Ha'lHo.eepe,nOBHIUa, i3H'1HOro rany JIIO,nHHH i MarepiaJIbHo"i K}'Jlb1)'­ nisniure, a60 if 30BCiM IT He BHKOpHCTOBYBaJIH. A oxpejd aapo- pH nepsicnocri aa cyqacHHMH .naHHMH reonorii, apxeonorii i na­ AM Illanemro-Cxiaaol AJIT 3 casroro nosarxy csoei icropii JlY)Ke JIeoaHTponOJlorn. B OCHOBy xpOHOJlOri'lHOi WKaJIH nOKJI3JleHi MaJIO KOpHCTyBaJlHCJI 3HapJlJl:.nJlMH 3 KaMeHlO, a60 TPHBaJIHif 'lac «a6coJllOTHi~ .naTH, BH3Ha'leHi 3aB,lVlKH npHpo.nHHIIO-HayKoBHM 36epiraJIH ix apxai'IHi OPMH, Ja6e3ne'lYlO'IH BHCOKHH pioeHb M.ero.naM. Ui .naTH 3 'IacoM MO~ yro'lHlOBaTHCJI. IIpore noc­ BHp06HHu:rna nepeBa)KHO 6aM6YKOBHMH i ,nepeB'JIHHMH Bup06a- JlJJlOBHiCTb OCHOBHHX eTaniB p03BHTKY npupo.nuoro cepe.nOBH­ MH. BiAKpHTTJI UHX iCTOPH'IHHX eHoMeHiB npH3BeJ10 cooro 'lacy ma, JIIOAHHH i cycninbCTBa Ta ixHe cniBBi.nHoweHHJI 3aJIHWa­ .no «Jq>H3H~ apxeoJlori'lHoi nepio,l{HJaull. )leJlKi .nOCJli!nmKH 833- IOTbcJl HC3MiHHHMH, 1Il0 if .n03BOJlJle p03fJIJIAaTH Ix JIK OCHOBy rani IT Bi.lUamyJIH if nO'laJIH «KOHCTpYlOBaTH ~ CKJl3,!lHi cxeMH ie-.lUUI iCTOPIflIHOi nepioAMJaull.

30

31

Cxeua 1 BOlla BTPaTHJIa CBO€ HaYX:0Be 3HaqeHIDI we B nepuria nOJIOBHHi ~ <:T. B.. l!eH q.~c 6yJIH 3a.npO~OH~BaHi JJ.eKiJIbKa nepionasauia rftPBICHOI icropu, ane nOMITHHH CJIlJJ. 3aJIHWHJIa JIHWe nepiona­ AmllonQllorNHi 38uU1 C. IT. TOJICTOBa. Apxeonori'lHi reoJlori'{}\i enoXH Won enoXH enoiOl 'lacy . C. IT. TOJICTOB nOJJ.iJIHB nepaicny icropiio na TPH erana i-i I pp3BHTKY: 1) nepsicae CTaJJ.O (enoxa CTaHOBJIeHIDI nepsicaoro cy6aTJlaHTHKYM

I -6POHJa

cYcniJIbCTBa); 2) nepsicna o6WHHa (enoxa P03KBiTy nepsicaoro 4.6/9:: cy660peaJ1b aeoanrpon \ . eHeoJ.liT(?) u cYcn~TBa); 3) BO€HHa JJ.eMOKpaTUI (enoxa saaenaay nepaicao­ Homo HeOJUT g aTJlaHTHKYM 8 ro cycmnecrsa Ta BHHHKHeHIDI nepeJJ.YMOB CTaHOBJIeHIDI nOJIi­ sapiens sapiens ~ 60peaJlb nrrnoro cycninscraa). B OCHOBy .raxoro noniny BiH nOKJIaB BH­ MC30mT npefiopeane 10.3 3Ha'leHi HHM erana p03BHTK}' npOJJ.YKTHBHHX CHJI. MO)I(Ha JIHWe ni3HiA naneonir 5 BIOPM ~ra.nyaaTHCSl, xoro 6iJIbllle 8 urn nepionaaanil; uayxoeoi irrryi­ 40 naneoaarpon ~ pHCC-BJOpM 80 '1H nayxosoro JJ.OCBi!ly, ane BOHa B OCHOBHOMy He BTPaTHJIa 1MYCTb€ Homo CBOro 3HaqeHHSl JJ.O nauioro 'lacy, aasirs 6iJIbwe, crrpasana saas­ neanderthalensis 1'5 pHCC 130 HIlA BWIHB aa sci nonansuri p03p06KH uiei npo6JIeMH SlK cepen 2 ~en.b-PKCC eTHOJIoriB, TaK i apxeonoria. Hesanexao ain npHHUHnOBHX 3MiH llUHLlCllb ICPHTePii'B, nOKJIan.eHHX B OCHOBy fiararsox cysacnax cxea nepio­ :: IlOHll-Mi:HJleJllJ ainens jExampon }lII3aull icropii nepsicnoro cycrtinscraa, nonin nepsicnoi icropii ~ omo 700 ~ IlOHll H8enoxa nepsicuoro craaa, nepsicaoi 06lUHHH Ta saaenaay nep­ erectus u: sicaoro cycninscrna aamnuaerscs npaKTH'lHO He3MiHHHM, 3Mi­ 1000 ~ .IJ.YIWt-rJOHll HHJIHCSl mnue HaJBH UHX eranis Ta Ix BHy'fPilllHrn p03nOJJ.iJI. JlJO,lJJIHll BwiJla o .OJUlyBaA Homo habilis 3anponOHOBaHi, nOqHHalO'IH 3 50-x poxis, PaJUlHCbKHMH erU ,ayHaA 2600 . HOJIOraMH cxeMH rtepionasauii icropii nepsicnoro cycninscrsa HaBeJJ.eHa CHmq>oHicrnqHa cxesra nepionaaauii iCTOI?ii cTa~. 6r..JJ.YBa.Il~CSl B~e na «€JJ.HHO np~BHJIb~OMY xparepii noniny iCTO­ HOBJIeHIDI i p03BHTKY cl>i3W1HOro ranv JIIOJJ.HH~ Ta MareplaJIbHOl p~ nepBICHOCTl», na BH3Haqe~HI eTanm.3MiH cl>OPM BHpo6HWlHX K}'JIbrypH JIIOJJ.CTBa qaCTO BHKOpHCTOBy€TbCSl 1 B cyro lC:'OpH'I- B1JJ.HOCHH, ro6TO na npHHUUTII cl>OpMaUtHHOro 'lJIeHyBaHHSl iCTO­ HHX JJ.ocJIUoKeHIDIX nepsicaoi enoxa. P03po6Ka.3araJIbHOI ICTO- PH'l.HOro nI?Ouec.y. ):LIm JJ.OCJImHHKiB usoro nanpmry xapaxrepai pWlHoi nepionusauii icropii nepsicaoro cycmnscrsa, He3Ba- JJ.eKlJIbKa n.I.1IXOJJ.1B ..~OJJ.O P03~KH OCHOBHOro KpHTepiIO CKJIa­ )l(alOqH ua Ii noaaa CTOpiqH}' «ICTOpOO», na csoronm we OCTa' JJ.aHllil nepionasauu. OJJ.HI JJ.OCJIlJJ.HHKH nauaraiorsca apaxysara roqHO He sasepurena. esomonho Jac06iB Bupo6HHUTBa B uiJIOMY, npocrexyioxa SlKOMOB .Halll 'lac HeMa€ norpefia JJ.OKJIa,nHO p03fIDUlaTH eTIIOJIori'l- rafiinsure pbHoMaHiTHHX 3MiH y po3BHTKy npOJJ.YKTHBHHX CHJI Ta Hi nepionaaauii XIX - nOqaTKY XX CT., Y rosry qHCJIi H nOlll~' B cPoPMax COUiaJIbHHX BmHOCHH. Imni aa OCHOBy 6epYTb mnue perry cepea pan.stHCbKHX JJ.OCJImHHKiB TaK 3BaHY nepionnsauuc ellOJIlOu"? cycninsnax BmHOCHH, nepui aa ace 3MiHH y cPoPMax MopraHa-EHreJIbCa, SlKi aa 6paKOM BHKOpHCTaHHX)l)UllX CKJIa- WlacHOCTl ra P03n0.LUJIY cycninsaoro npoJJ.YKTY. Ilpore )l(OJJ.HOMy JJ.aHWl JOKepeJI npaKTWlHO BTPaTHJIH CBO€ nayxose 3HaqeHlUl. 3..llOCJIin.HHKiB uHX JJ.BOX uarrpmds nOKH WO He anaJIOCSl CKJIaCTH Illonpanna, He TaK JJ.aBHO JJ.eHKi JJ.OCJImHHKH we HaMaraJIHCJ! 6~blll-~eHlll 06I])~TOBaH}' cxesty nepionasauii nepsicaoi iCTO­ npacrocysara nepiO,llH3auiJo MopraHa-EHreJIbCa JJ.o ~yqac~m xpn. vuu nponosaun 3BOJJ.SlTbCSl 3JJ.e6iJIbllloro JJ.O npHHUHnoBHX HayKoBHX p03po60K, npore ui HaMaraHWl B)I(e MalOTb icropior- yro'lHeHb mryrpnunsoro noniny OCHOBHHX eranis nepioaasanii pacl>i'lHHH xapaxrep (B. <1>. I'euiar, 1I..JI. 3aJIi~WlK, C. B.CMHP- C..II. TOJI~TOBa Ta yro'lHeHIDI ~ix xpOHOJIori'lHHX paMOK. HOB Ta ia.). 3ay-Ba)KHMo naure, uto nepionasams Moprana rpys- ... Ilopan 13 pansrnCbKHMH JJ.OCJIlUHHKaMH npo6JIeMaM nepionasa­ TYBaJIaCSl, nepenoncise, aa KpHrepu P03BHTKY aacotiis Bupo6- un nepsicsoi ieropii npaninana 6araro ysara H Japy6j)I(Hi apxeono­ HHUTBa i HeJJ.OCTaTHbO spaxosysana CKJIa.D.HY KapTHH}' P03BHTJ<)' 111 !'l eTIiOJIOrn (aHTPOnOJIorn). HaMiJIbw 06I])YHTOBaHa cxesta COUiaJIbHHX croCYHKiB nepaicnocri. no roro )I( rrporarox XX CT· no.llUIy nepsicnoro cycniJIbcma Ha TPH KopiHHi noBOpoTH B HOro nOMiTHo 3MrnHJIaCSl JOKepeJIbHa 6aJa, SlKa CBOro 'lacy 6YJIa no' pOOBHTKY (3HapSlllll.€Ba , al]JapHa (HeOmTH'lHa) Ta MiCbKa peBOmouii) KJIan.eHa B OCHOBy uid nepiOJJ.H3auu. Bce ue 3YMOBHJIO re, ruC6YJIa 3aTIponOHOBaHa BHJJ.aTHHM aHrmHCbKHM apxeoJIoroM [OPJJ.O­

CIIIIXPoHbauiJI cnemlUll>HHX nepio.llH3auiA nepaicaoi icropii

T

I

I

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un

I

32

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9-193

33

HOM qafuI.uOM. P03pOOJIeHa me B cepenaai 30-x poxia nauroro CTO~ nrrra, BOHa no csoromd He srparana nonynspaocri cepen .n0CJIi.n.~ HHKiB, i He TiJIbKH apxeonoria, Kparepiasor Iopnona qaHrr.u.a xac­ TO KOpHC'I)'lOThCSI H nauri Bi1'lH3HSIHi apxeonora i eruonora. OcTaHHiM 'laCOM arrrpononorasra, (ernOJIOraMH) i apxeonora­ MM, nepeBIDKH~ _aHfJIOMOBHHMH unrpoxo JaCTOCOBy€TbCSI cxeua

noniny nepaicaax cycninscra aa eranirapai, paaxosani i crparu ~

Oro HanpSIMY lIIHpOKO 3aCTOC0BYJOThCSI xparepii posnoniny BHpOOJIeHoro nponyxry, Tal< 3BaHi peunnpoxauis 'fa penacrpaoyuis, poJp06JIeHi OCHOBOno~ JIO)l(}ffiJ(OM cy6cTaHTHBiCTCbKOro HanpSIMY B eKoHoMi'lHili airrpo­ nonorii KapJIOM IIoJIaHbl. Peunnpoxauis - posnonin nponyxria no roPH30HTaJIi - Mana Micue JIHme B eranrrapnnx cycnimcrsax, ne me 6YJIa BmCyrHSI 6y.ll:b-SIKa .ll:H
npaotiunnra (nepsicae crane)

paaasonepsicna

Apxeanori'IHi enoXH

AH1ponOJlori'lHi enoXH

~saA, amens, MyCTb€ (?)

JUOJUlHa BMiJIa apxaarpona

M}'CTh€

naneoaarponx (?), ni3Hllt naneoanrpona

nepsicaa

06IlOOfa

naneonir, MeJoJIiT

o6lUHHa

niaasonepslcaa

aeonir

06IlOOfa

eneonir (?)

enoxa

nonrroreneay

eHeoJIiT(?), 6POH­

JOBHA six, paHHi:A 3aJli3mm Bix

(?) HeoaHTPOnH

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3AfAAhHlnl1TAHIDI AHTPOnOCOIJI°rEHE3Y

Micu.e JIIO.lOOIH i cycniJn.cTBa y Bcecarri, Ilp06J1eMa nOXO,lOKeH­ WI moncrsa e CnOKOHBi'lHOlO. IUe 3 He3anaM'SITImX xacia pisni aa­ POJlH CKJla,llaJIH )lHBOBIDKHi MiH TIl nerennn npo qy.uoJtiHHe noxo­ JOKeHWI Bcecsiry i JIIO)JJ{HH Y HbOMY. Bci ui nepexam csinxars, ua­ casmepen, npo neaaonaany npacrpacrs JIIOJlHHH no ni3HaHWI CBOCI icropii, HaYKOBHH )Ke po3rJISUJ. OpHriHaJIbHOi aaponnoi TBOP'lOCTi nae MO)KJIHBiCTh a'acysara He TiJIbKH ,lOKepena apxaisnoro H i nereann phWlTbCSI aa CBOWH KOHKpeTHHMH ClO)Ke­ TaMH, see )K ix o6'e.llHYe cninsaa inea npo BHHHKHeHWI mona­ HH 3 MOPCbKOro cepenosmua H yxacri B W CTBopeHHi TIlK 3Ba­ HHX KYJlbTYPHHX repois i Ha.nnpHP0,llHHX CHJI. 3a Ei6JIielO, monaxa 6YJla crsopena is «'1epBOHoi rJIHHH» Eo­ roM, SlKHH B,llHXHYB Y nei 6e3CMepTHy JlYllIY. IlO,lli6Hi MiH i ne­ renna BHHHKJlH y 6araTbOX aaponis csiry, B SIKHX · MHCTeUTBO cxynsrrropis i ronxapcsxe pestecno ,llOCSlrJIH 3Ha'iHOrO p03BHTXY. Iliauiure B Hap0,llHHX nepexasax nOCl)'nOBO nomnrae npo­ crexysaracs 3Ha'lHa CXO)KicTb JIlO,llHHH 3 TBapHHaMH. 3'SlBHmf­ CSI nereana npo pisnoro pony 060pOTHiB, sud 3anO'IaTKYBaJIH B)Ke P03.nyMH npo npaponae, a He 60)KeCTBeHHe nOXO,lOKeHWI JIlO,llHHH. Ilepunora UlO aaponay snoranxy ninxonamr aHTH'lHi MHCJlHTeJli, SlKi p03rJISlHYBlllH 6Y,llOBY TiJIa JIlOJlHHH, neplllHMH BH3Ha'lHJIH it Micue B cacrexd TBapHHHOro cairy, Ilocrynoso, 3 nosimaroro HaKOnH'leHWI HaYKOBHX cnocre­ pexeas ra BHna,llKOBHX aaoranox CKJla,llaJIHCSI 3HaHWI npo ana­ TOMilO i hioJloriIO JllO,llHHH. Ha OCHOBi UHX 3HaHb y cepenani XIX CT. nO'lHHaeTbCSI 8)Ke HaYKOBa p03p06Ka np06J1eMH noxo­ JOKeHWI JIIO,llHHH i BH3Ha'leHWI Ii MicUSI B cncrevaruui )KUBoi npapomr 'ra BCeCBil)' B uiJIOMY. 3 caMoro nO'laTKY B nOlllYKax, nOB'Sl3aHHX h BH3Ha'leHWlM npHpOJlH JIlOJlHHH TIl pOJli it JlUmb-

36

HOCn B p03BHTKY BCeCBil)', npOCTe)KylOTbCSI nsa ninxonn: ¢iAo ­ cOf/x:bKUU, npe,llCTaBHHKH sxoro, p03rJISUJ.~lO'IH.JllO,llHHy SlK '1aCT­ ICY npapoaa; HaMaralOTbCSI BH3H~'1HTH Mlcue I PO~b JI~,llCTBa Y npoXoJI)KeHHI npaponaax npouecis, TIl oHmpOnOJlOZIIIHUU, MeTOlO SlKOro e 3'SlCyoaHWI piBWI MopOJlOn'lHOi csoepiaaocri moaa­ HH i BH3Ha'leHWI WMicUSI B 300JlOn'lHiH xnacarpixaui]. BU3HOlleHHR M;Cll,1l JIIOdUHU ; cycninscmea y Bceceimi e OdHUM is Hoii80JlCllU8;WUX eneuenmie CKJlOdHO; cucmeuu ceimocnpuiinsm ­ mR JI~Cm8o. $IK i BCi iauri HaYKoBi TIl iaeonori-mi xoauenuii, ui YSlBJIeHHSI nocriaao Y,llOCKOHaJIIOBaJlHCSI BnpO,llOB)K icropii. O,llHa 3 SlCKpaBHX KaPTHH enaocri JllO,llHHH i Bcecsiry 6YJla eraopena ute B naaasorpeusxia Mih HKOlO, 6ioJIorielO ra cycniJIbCTB03HaBcTBoM. 3a scix rpaaniosnax na­ YKOBHX nocarueas y BHB'IeHHi KO)KHOi ia 3a3Ha'leHHX cep Bcecsiry, enaaoi xonuenuii HOro p03BHTKY ace )K CTBOpeHO He 6YJIO, xoxa cnpofia y UbOMY nanpmd H P06HJIHCSI. HaH6JIH)K­ 'Ie no aaphueaaa uiei np06J1eMH nmiHIIIJlH pOCiHCbKi KOCMic­ TH (B. COJlOBHOB, H. C1>eJlOpOB, K. UiOJIKOBCbKHH, MeH­ neneea ra ia.). Ilpore Hail6iJIblll rpYHTOBHy OUiHKY nisnsaoc­ Ti JIlO,llCTBa B MaCllITIl6i aauroi nJIaHeTH i BCeCBil)' B UiJIOMy nan aa nO'IaTKY XX CT. BH,llaTHHH yq:eHHH B. I. BepHa.nCbKHH B CBoiH xonuennii npo 6iocepy, a B nonansurosry i npo Hoocepy. Ilepuri YSlBJIeHWI npo 6iocepy SlK «30Hy )KUTTSI» i 30BHillI­ HlO 060JlOHKY 3eMJIi 6YJlH cOPtdYJlbOBaHi ute na nO'IaTKY XIX CT. )I<:.::E. JIaMapKOM. CaM repstin «6ioCepH i 3,lliHCHHB peKOHCTPYKUiIO usoro Ilpouecy. Y3aranbHlOlO'IH BeJlH'Ie3HHH eMnipH'lHHH Marepian, HaKOnH'IeHHH · 6araropi 'lHHMH JlOCJIiJl)KeHWlMH, B . Bepaan­ CbKHif nosis, uto nJIiBKa )KUTTSI, axa BHHHKJla na nosepxai 3eM­ JIi, pisxo npHCKOpHJIa aci npoueca IT p03BHTKY JaB,llSlKH cnpo­ MO)KHocri 3a',llOnoMorolO YTHJIiJauii eHepni KOCMOCy TPaHcop­

n.

37

M}'BClTH 3eMH}' pe'lOBHH}'. ·TaKHM '1HHOM, 3eMIDI i KOCMOC yHB­ IDIJIHCH €Ji.HHOIO CHCTeMOIO, ne XHBa pesosaaa a'emrysana B on­ He nine npoueca nauroi nnanera 3 KOCMi'lHHMH npouecaua. 511< HaCJImOK usoro BeJIH'Ie3Horo npouecy po3BHTKY CTaJIa nOHBa aa 3eMJIi JIIO,llHHH - noels P03YMY. P03YM, Y CBOIO xepry, 3Ha'lHO npacxopas sci npoueca P03BHTK}' y Bcecsiri, CTBOpHBWH HOBy 060JIOHK}' - aoocrpepy (cQ>ePY P03YMY). Tepsdn cHoocQ>epa,) snepure 6ys JanponOHOBaHHH nia 'lac 06roBopeHHH nonosiai B. Bepaancsxoro B IIapIDKi lI>paHUY3bKHMH ,llOCJImHHKaMH lI>i­ JIOCOll>OM E. JIepya 'ra naJIeOHTOJIoroM II. Teaap-ne-Lllapnenoa. CaM B. Bepaancsxaa ueH repxia noxae BHKOpHCTOBysaTH 3Ha'lHO nisniure, 3rmHO 3 yqeHHHM B. Bepaancsxoro, reHe3HC JIIO,llHJlH, a 3 HeJO i noocrpepa, 6YB HaCJImKOM p03BHTK}' 6ioreoclI>epH. 511< xacraaa Bcecsiry 3eMJIH csoro 'lacy CTaJIa npHpO,llHHM cepe­ nosmuev, B HKOMy BHHHKJIO JIIO,llCTBO. Y CBOIO xepry, JIIO,llH­ aa, HaCH'IYIO'IH aaury nJIaHeTY WTyqHHMH 3HapH,ll,llHMH rrpaui i nofiyry, nepersopana ·3Ha'lHY it '1acTHHy B fiiorexaocrpepy, 3p06HBWH Ii 06'€KTOM ninecnpauoaanoi nepetiynosa ra aa­ C060M aafieanevenns csoei :lKHTT€,llmJIbHocTi. 3 '1aCOM nians­ aicrs JIIO,lleH Ha6yBa€ nnaaerapaax, a B Haw 'lac yxe H no­ 3ajeMHHX MaCWTa6iB, nepersopiotoxact, na '1HHHHK KOCMi'l­ aoro nopanxy. OT:lKe, yqeHHH npo noocrpepy, 06'€,llHaBWH npoueca P03BHTK}' :lKHBOi i He:lKHBOi npapona, nepeKHH}'JIO MicT no BHpiweHHH cyxacanx np06JIeM p03BHTK}' JIIO,llCbKOrO

cycninscrsa.

.

3aBeplllYIO'IH ornaa lI>iJIOCOll>CbKOro BH3Ha'leHHH MicUH JIIO­ ,llHHH Y Bcecsiri, 3aJHa'lHMO, uto B Haw 'lac €,llHHOro p03YMiH­ HH nOHHTTH «aoocrpepa» cepen nocniaaaxis He icaye, TaK, on­ Hi ,llOCJImHHKH BBa:lKaIOTb noocrpepoio JIHWe TY '1acTHHy 6ioclI>epH, HKa nepefiyaae nin BnJIHBOM JIIO,llHHH, i, posrnana­ IO'IH IT B iCTOpH'IHiH nepcnexrnsi, nO,lliJIHIOTb na aoocrpepy CTa­ ponaaaix rpexis, aoocrpepy cepenasosisxs H raxe inure (M. M. fYMiJIbOB). Iauri BBa:lKaIOTb, uto erroxa aoocrpepa HaCTa­ He JIHWe roai, KOJIH JIIO,llHHa 3a6e3ne'lHTb TaK}' B3a€MO,llOO JIIO­ ,llHHH i IIpHpO,llH, HKa ,l103BOJIHTb crafiinsao po3BHBaTHCH HK JIIO,llHHi, TaK i npaponi (M. M. MOHC€€B). IcJlYIOTb H imui TJIY­ Ma'leHHH. AJIe aci ,llOCJImHHKH BH3HalOTb roJIOBHe: BHHHKHeHHH JIIO,llHHH i cycninscraa € HaCJImKOM P03BHTK}' XHTTH He rin:bKH aa HawiH nnaaeri, a H y Bcecsiri B uiJIOMY. Binstu ICOHICpemHUM e 8U3Ha~eHHR Micl4Jl AlOOUHU 8 6io.nozi~­ Hid cucmeuamuui. Ilepuri cnpotia BH3Ha'lHTH Micue JIIO,llHHH B opraai-raosry cairi 6yJIH 3po6JIeHi aHTH'IHHMH lI>inocoll>aMH. TaK, srinao 3 KJIacHlI>iKaui€1O ApicToTeJUI (384 - 322 pp. no H. e.), BOHa HaJIe:lKHTb no OC06JIHBOi CYKYnHOCTi (<
38

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MO~HBO H paHillI~, :0 iCTOTHe 36iJIbllIeH~ MaCH M03KY O,UHaK, nonpa sci csoi «nepesara-, ninnenaoaaiacsxa rino i &,~JOllm 6Y'uOBH KHCT! Bm6YJIHC~ 3Ha'lHO nisuiure. Cnin ra­ . resa «npa6aTbKiBlIlKHH» JIIO,UCTBa HHHi Ma€ 3Ha'lHO xenure npa, KO.'MaTH aa ysaai, mo HCUlBHicTb aaapans npaui n06JIH3y KiCTI KOBIIX peurrox He MO)I(Ha BB8)I(aTH neaanepesaaa apfYMeHTOM XHJIbHHKiB, Hi)I( al!>pHKaHcbKa. OCTaHHiM ~aCOM 10. O . M.O'laHOB nOBepHYBC~ ,UO rinOTe31!1 ~i ~aJIe)I(HocTi ,UO nep~OJIIO,UHHH. HanpHKJIa.u, y Xaztapi npo . n03aTPom'lHY «rrpafiarsxiautaay» JIlO,UCTBa. Ha nillC'raBr (EcI)1om~) saapanna O~HCbKoro rarry, BIK ~KHX csrae 2,5 3HaxmOK 3H~PMb, 6JIH3bKHX sa l!>OPMOIO ,UO OJI,UyBaHCbKHX, HI MJDI poxis, 3HaHlleHl. na .MIcue3HaxO,U)K~H~Xarpapcsxnx (rpa­ CTO~HKax LJ;1pKHr-lOpax Ta YJIaJIiHKa B Cafiipy, Bill BHCJIOBH~ ~HHX) aB;TPaJIOnlTeKlB. rue cxnazmnua CHTYaUrn na Micue­ npHJIYI..I..{eH~, 1Il0 nepnromozra MOrJIH BHHHKH)'TH O,UHO'laCHO, Ja' 3~OJOlC~HHI ~eCO~H,U)Ka B IIiBHi'lHiH Kenii, ne 6JIH3bKO 1500 · e~~TpeMaJI~H~_.YMOB,.y KiJIbKOX perionax 3eMHoi KYJIi: y C~. 3H~pM.b 1 HaBITb.cm,UH 3aCTOCXBaHH~ BOrRIO y B~rJIMi KiJIbKOX HlH Arppnui, 3 u nOCTLKHHMH eKoJIori'lHHMH KaTaKJIhMaMH ra EI'uecJITKIB llIMaTKlB · 06naJIeHOI rJIHHH, B~BJIeHI y cynposoni Cafiipy, ,Ue,UBa MiJIbHOHH poxis TOMY 6yJIH raxi )I( HH3bKi'TeM.1 KiCTKOBHX peurrox MacHBHoro ascrpanonirexa. QT)I(e, He BH­ n~paTYPH nOBiTP~, ax renep, 1Il0 crrpaano xoaconinauii npe,u.1KlIIO'IeHO, lUO BiH M,ir BHro~OBAATH '1H, npHHaHMHi, BHKOpHC­ ~B JI~llHHH B 60pOTb61 aa BIDKHBaH~. IIpOTe ninnanenicrs Cw.' TOsyB8TH 8)l(e roTOBI WTyqHI snapsnas npaui. .. 61PY Bill OCHOBH~ ocepenxia rostiniaauii, aiacyraicn, 6Yllb-KKffiI . ~ 'HaBe,UeHoro MO)I(Ha 3p06HTH BHCHOBOK, 1Il0 np06JIeMa rpa­ · ~aJI~oamponOJIOn'lHHX noxasin «OJllO,UHeH~l> MaBn y UbOMY peJ H~ lOX JIlO,UHHOIO ra TBapHHOIO ure ,UaJIeKa Bill OCTaTO'IHOro BH­ · nom, aeaasaaxeaicn, crpararparpii snaxinox KaM'~HX 3Hapmul pune~ ..Ha llYMKY 6araTbOX rrposimmx l!>axiBuiB, nepunnra He nae 3Morn nOKH lUO npHH~H UlO rinoresy. I «Cnpa8)I(HIMH JIIO,UbMHl> 6yJIH apxanrpona npe,UCTaBHHKH BH­ -. ~po6JIeMa ~ ~ JDO,mmOIO i TBapHHaMII. B arrrporronorisnif lJY Homo erectus «<JIIO,UHHa np~MOXOM'Ill»), B~iJIeHoro axepaTa l!>lJIocoll>cbKiH JIlTepaTYPi OCTaHHix ,UecHTRJIiTb HeO,UH0paJoBO' KaHCbKHM a!"l}'0nOJIoroM B. KeM6eJIJIoM y 1962 p. nopYIIIYBaJIOCb nHTaH~ 1Il0,U0 rpaHi Mi)I( JIIO,UHHOIO ra TBapKHolO,1 ~HIDD ~.ua: Ilonansnre y,UOCKOHaJIeH~ l!>iJH'lHoro rnny 3 usoro rrpasony BHCJIOBJIIOBaJIHCb HaHphHOMaIDrniIIIi TO'IKH 30.1crapoaasmx JIlO,UeH Bm6yBaJIoc~ yrrpoztoax TPHBaJIOro 'lacy B YMo­ py, cepea sxax ,UoHe,UaBHa HaHnOllIHpeHiIIIHMH 6YJIH raxi; I BaX saransaoro noxononanns, lUO CynpoBO,U)l(yBaJIOC~ nepiomor­ -:- MOPl!>OJIOri'lHO'j rpaai Mi)I( BHCOKOp03BHHYTHMH JIlO,UHHO- HHMH Hacryn~ JIbO,UOBHKiB Y niaaisnax unrporax Espomt, Aaii nO,lll6HHMH MaBnaMH i nepllIOJIIO,UbMH He icaye; JIHWe saaxinxa TIlAMepHKH. IIm 'lac nacryny JIbO,UOBHKiB y npHJIerJIHX ,UO HHX 30­ llITyqHO BHroTOBJIeHHX eaapans npaui BKa3YIOTb na 're, 1Il0 BO' H~ ymoPIOBaJIHC~ 3860JIo'leHi piBHHHH H 1)'WlpH, ~ nianemuure HH HaJIe)l(8Tb JIIO,UHHi (l!>paHUY3bKHH Hei'ipol!>i3ioJIor )1( AMTO' 3M1HIOBaJIHC~ XOJIO,UHHMH mcaMH H JIiCOCTenaMH. Y TpOni'lHHX Hi, POCiHCbKHH aarporronor M. it YpHCOH); ~ Al!>PHKH Ta Asii cnocrepiranaca aPHllH3allrn KJIiMaTY, - Mi)I( JIIO,UHHOIO Ta TBapHHOIO MO)I(Ha npOBeCTH TaK 3BaHH~ BHaC.1IJ,UOK soro 3MeHllIyBaJIac~ nnouta casas. «M03~OBHH py6iKOH», HKHH CKJIa.ua€ 700 - 800 CM3 (pOCiHCbKi Heo,UJ:l0paJOBi 3MiHH npHpO,UHHX YMOB nporarou '1eTBepTHH­ ,UoCJImHH~ B. II: 51KHMo~, B. I. KO'leTKoBa). I ~oro neplo~ npHCKOpIOBaJIH npouec y,UOCKOHaJIeH~ l!>i3H'1Hoi Cysacai nOCJIlllHHKH BmMOBHJlHC~ Bill cnpouteuux ninxonie l'uC!_BH. COI..UaJIbHOro Ta KYJIbTYPHoro p03BHTKY JIlO,UeH. IIpH­ ,U? uiei np06JIeMH. Binsuricrs ia HHX BB8)I(a€, lUO npa BHB'IeHHi JIll3Ho 1,5 MJI!" poxis TOMY na 3eMHiH KYJIi 3'~BHJIHC~ apxaar­ KlCTKOB!?' peurrox riei 'IH uuuoi JIIO,UHHono,Ui6Hoi iCTOTH CJIilI ~POOH ~ TBOpUI aurenscsxoi apxeonorisaoi KYJIbTYPH. nepenycnr saeprarn ysary na Mopl!>oJIori'lHi OC06JIHBOCTi, ~ %1I'I1Ul~ man apxmunpona (Homo erectus). 51K i B nonepenai nOB'~3aHi 3 H KYJIbTYPHOIO anarrrauieio ,UO YMOB 30BHiIIIHbOrl iacH O,UHHM is Ha~HBiIIIHX ocepenxia roviaisauii 6YJIa Cxia­ cepeaosmna H, 30~eMa, TPY,UOBOIO niansaicno, BHroTOBJIeH·I:)A
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KH «I>oPMYBaHWI neoanrpona, a caste: 1) Cxinaa A3m, ne ca, Hampon, TPaHc«I>oPMOBaHHH B «CHHOHeaH,llepTaJIbUSl», CTa8 npautypou MOHroJlOUmHX aaponin AJii: TIl inniaauis AMepHKIf' 2) ITiB.lleHHo-Cxi.uHa AJm - apean nirexaarponla, MOt>i3HqHHX pHC ascrpanoinis, 3) Ilianeana AQ>PHKa, .lle rrpocrexyerscs eBOJIlOUrnHa IDHm Bui «po.lle3iaHcbKoi:» JIlO.llHHH no nerpoinia TIl -xarroaoinie» - noci, iB 6yrnMeHcbKoro rnrry; 4) Ilepenns A3iH - KOJlHCKa «rrporpe, CHBHHX» nepeamoaaiacsxax HeaH,llepTaJIbUiB, ain HKHX noxo­ ,llHTb KpOMaHbHoHui 3axi.uHOi €BponH. OCHOBOIO xonnemn; <1>, Beit:.ueHPeHxa e aaroreueraxaa reopm esomouii, HKa BH3Hae BHYTPimHIO anarnicrs opraniasds no uorecnpavoaanoro p03­ BHTKY. TaK, roJIOBHOIO renaeauieio p03BHTKY roMiHizriB nocnia­ HHK BBIDKaB 36mbmeHWI MaCH M03KY, uto Cnp~HHHJIO 3MiHH 8 6Y.llOBi xepena TIl 06J1H'RH npenjds cyxacaax JlIO.lleH. opMy­ BaHWI Q>iJHq}{Oro rarry «Homo sapiens» y piJHUX perionax 3eM­ Hoi KYJli, aa <1>. Beit:.ueHpeHxoM, Bm6yBaJIOCH Heo,llHaKOBHMH TeMnaMH: B €Bponi BiH 3'HBHBCH paniure, HDK y ITiBJJ.eHHo­

Cxinnia Asii, CXO)IQ nornana P03BHBaB i aMepHKaHCbKHH BqeHHH K. KYH.

Hlonpanna, ,BiH BH.lliJIHB He qOTHPH, a n'5ITh ueHTPiB Q>OPMYBaH­ WI «Homo sapiens». .!lBa 3 HHX 3HaxO.llHTbCH B AQ>pHui: 1) na nianoui i B uearpi KOHTHHeHTY, ne crroxarxy CQ>OpMYBaJIHCb xa­ nonoina, HKi sronosr nocrynoso p03CeJIHJIHCb na ninmti; 2) na niaaai, ne CKJIaJIHCH aerpcsxi aapona, HKi 3 qaCOM rrepeuicru­ JlHCH na ninnis. 3ayaaJKHMo, uto K. KYH HaMaraBCH me fiinsure «y.upeBHHTH» npemds cyxacaax caponeauia TIl aQ>pHKaHuiB, BiJrrBOPlOlOqH ixHrn ponoaia He sin rraneoaarponis, HK ue p06HB <1>. Beit:.ueHpeHx, a ain apxaarponie. Y 3B'H3KY 3 UHM nesxi Bl{e­ Hi BBIDKaIOTb, uto cxesra K. Kyxa MO)l(e 6YTH BHKOpHCTIlHa .LJ)UI 06rpyHyYBaHWI pacacrcsxax reopia, xosa caM clBTOP xareroP~HO BiJUamaB TIlKi npanyuteaas. ' CBO€ 6aqeHWI np06J1eMH noxonxeaas neoanrpona BHKJIaB TaKO)l( BmOMHH aMepHKaHCbKHH aHTPonOJIor A. TOMa. BiH BH­ ninas TPH OCHOBHi ocepenxa canierrrauii: 1) JaXi.uHuH - €BPO­ neoiuHO-HerpoiuHuH,2) cxi.uHHH - MOHroJIoiuHHH, 3) niaaen­ HO-cxi.uHHH - senno-aanolnnaa. oPMYBaHWI saximroro ueHTPY A. TOMa nOB'H3Y€ 3 Mirpa­ UmMH aQ>pHKaHCbKHX nepuromonea na reparopuo €BpOneH:­ csxoro KOHTHHeHTY, uto Bm6yBaJIHCH nin xac HacTY"Y JlbO.llOBH­ KiB, KOJIH MDK AQ>PHKOIO Ta €BponolO YTBOPIOBaJIHCH cyxorryr­ Hi nepexona. KO)I(Ha HOBa XBUJIH nepeceneauia BurnCKY8aJIa csoix rronepennaxia na OKOJIHUlO OHKYMeHH, ne BOHH MeUIJ
102

epransnis 6YJIH 3MyrneHi nepeCeJlHTHCH no ITiBJJ.eHHo­ Hoi €BponH, 3anOqaTKYBaBUIH Q>oPMYBaHWI aaxinaol rpyrra onis. 3ro.llOM oxpexi rrorrynauii UUXJIIO.lleH nOBepHYJlH­ Ilo ueHTPaJIbHUX TIl saxinnax paaonin €BponeHcbKoro KOH­ eHTY, a iauri - npocynynacs Y Ilepemuo AJiJO. TYT BOHH 'aJIHCH 3 MicueBHMH naneoaarponasra, uto 6YJlo OCHOBHOIO IH 'lHHOIO «M03aiqHoro» nepennereans nporpecHBHHX TIl apxa­ HX 03HaK, BJIaCTHBoro «naJIecTHHCbKHM» HeaH,llePTaJIbUHM. Y ·1.llH0My ocepenxy canierrrauii CQ>OPMYBaJIHCb npOTO€BPO­ illH TIl nporoaerpoiaa. ' ITOIlITOBXOM no BHHHKHeHWI cxinnax ueHTPiB, aa A. To­ '10, CTaJIH MirpaUll 3axi.uHOCH6ipCbKHX nepuromonea no UeH­ bHOi Asii, TYT BOHH 3MillIaJIHCH 3 norrymmiaaa, 6J1H3bKH­ ,.llO CHHaHTPoniB, uto CnpH'{HHHJIO nOHBy nporoaoaronolaia. 'IlOM BOHH sapyurana na niB.lleHHHH cxin KOHTHHeHTY, ne HK me O.llHH ocepenox Q>opMYBaHWI neoaarponia - senno­ aJIO-aHHCbKHH. . B OCHOBi nanoi cxeMH nexars reopermai yHBJIeHWI npo xi­ HeTIflIHHH MexaHiJM 3BOpOTHOro 3B'H3KY MbK P03BHTKOM '3KY TIl KYJlbTypOIO. eJlm MaTH na ynasi, uto A. TOMa nparryc­ esomoniaal 3MiHH B Me)l(aX onaoro BH.llY - Homo sapiens, HKOro BiH BmHOCHB He naure HeoaHTPOniB TIl naneoaarpo­ , a H apxanrponia, OCTIlHHi .lleCHTHJIiTTH B pOciHCbKiH airrporronorii aKTHBHO '3po6J1HJ1aCH rirtoresa «.lleueHTPH3My», srinao 3 HKOIO iCHYBa­ muue nsa nepBHHHUX ocepenxa canieirrauii - JaXi;mIHH, aGo -aQ>pHKaHCbKHH, TIl cxmHHH aJrnCbKO-OKeaHrnCbKHH . IT. AJIeKC€€B, O~ O. 3y60B, M . M . Qe60KcapOB). ,llJuIIT 06rpYHTyaaHWI IlIHpOKO BHKOpHCTOBysaJIHCb MOpQ>O­ hiOJIoriqHi MapKepn 3 npoCTOIO «I>oPMOIO Cna,llKOBOcTI (nona­ nO.lli6Hi pisui, narrinspai BiJepYHKH aa naJIbUHX, rpyrra KpOBi UlO), HKi BKaJYlOTb na icHYBaHWI B MHHYJIOMy .llBOX BeJIHKHX BUX CTOB6ypiB - enponeoiauo-nerpoinnoro TIl MOHroJIoill­ -aBCTPaJIoiuHOrO, a TIlKO)l( xpaaionori-mi 03HaKH, uto CBm­ npo MOP«l>oJIOriqH}' 'ra xpOHOJIOriqHY cnaaxoejortcrs nepHUX JIIO.lleH y 6araTbOX perionax €BpaJll. 3anyqaJIHCH TIlKO)l( i apxeonorii, HKi, na .llYMKY .lleHKHX yqeHux, naiors nmCTaBH BHOKpeMJIeHWI B Me)l(ax paHHbOnaJIeoJIiTH'{HOi OHKYMeHH x npoaiamn 3 neBHHMH reXHoJIoriqHHMH TPa,llHuiHMH - 3a­ Hoi, ne 6YJIH noumpeai pyqHi py6HJIa 3 .llB06iqHOIO 06p06­ '10, ra cxiaaoi, ne nepeBIDKaJIH rpy6i KaM'HHi 3HapHMH HeBH3­ enoi «I>oPMH. BHHHKHeHWI KiJIbKOX He3aJIe)I(HUX ueHTPiB pMyBaHWI «Homo sapiens» nOHCHIOBaJIOCb BH3HaqaJIbHOlO 10 COUiaJIbHUX qHHHHKiB Ha ni3Hix eTIlnax npouecy aHTPo­ ,reite3y.

103

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106

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107

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141

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142 143

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144

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188

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233

HHKJIa rreofixizraicrs B moWIX, HId uiJrKOBHTO cneuianiayaanaca 6 na BmCbKOBm cnpasivPaaosr is ,l(pyEfHOIO BHHHK i BmCbKO­ BHH Ba'IIDKOK. Ha paHHix eranax CTaHOBJIemm BmCbKOBOi opra­ , Hi3auii cj:>yHKUii BaTaXOOl Mil' BHK0HYBaTII KepiBHRK 06mmm. Ilpore sronoxr, ia nOHBOIO «BrnCbKOBHX nporpecionanis» - mo­ .neii, KId crreniaaisysanaca BHKJIlO'lHO na seaeaai BiIDm, cj:>yHK­ uii BrncbKoBoro KepiBHHKa Bi,n.oKpeMH1lHCH B OKPeMY nocany. He3BIDKaIO'IH na BHCO~ CTaTYC Y cycninscrsi BrncbKOBoro sa- , TaXOOl BiR 6YB JIHIIIe 0,llHHM ia 6araTbox KepiBHRKiB y CKJIa,llHiH noreerapaia CTpYJITYPi (aaponai '360pH, pazta CTIlpiHIIIHH, BrnCbKOBHH Ba'IIDKOK TOm;O). Taxa CHCTeMa BJIa,ll;H 6YJIa mnne qeprOBHM eranosr na IIl1llIXY rrOIDTOreHe3Y. Ocraro-raonponec cj:>opMysaHIDI nonmrsaol BJIa,llH B , CYC­ rriJIbCTBaX «BrncbKoBoI.neMoKparu» 3aBepIIlliBCH si crsopeaamr B HHX BrnCbKOBO-i€papxi'IHoi CTpYJITYPH. 06MexeHlUl nesroxpa­ Tii Bi,n.6YBaJIOCH IIIIDIXOM CTaHOBJIeHIDI iepapxii ycepe,llHHi BiHCb­ KOBol .npyxmrn, Bi,n.oKpeMJIeHIDI ,l(pyxHHH Bi,ll OCHOBHOI MaCH 061IlHHHHKiB, BXO,lOKeHIDI no cxnaay ,l(pyxmHH npencraaamda phHHX 06Im1H, IIJIeMeH i aaalrs rrOJIOHeHHX i, napenrri, BHHRK­ HeHHJI aepisaocri cepea caMHX BoiHiB. Posnonin aarpafiosaaol 3,ll06~ sizrrenep 3aJIe)I{aB He 'I'iJIbKH Bi,ll ysacri Bollia y noxoni, a ii Bi,ll iioro MiCIJ;H yrsiHCbKOBrn iepapxii. ABropHTeT BrnCbKOBOrO BaTaJKKa nasas MOXOIHBiCTb iioMY He rrizJ;KOPHTIlCH piIIIeHIDIM rrOTecTIlpHHX opraHiB BJIa,llH B cycnins­ crai, nasnexa, BrnCbKOBa enira nosana JUfKTYBaTii csoi npan­ IJ;HIIH B3a€MOBi,llHocHH y cycninscrai. 3 .neMoKpan€lO, HK «aa­ P0,llHOIO»; TaK i «BrnCbKOBOIO», 6YJIO noxiaseao. 3aMiCTb aapo­ .nOBJIa,lI,WI 3'HBHJIOCb rrpaBJIiHID:I BrnCbKOBHX, rnaaoio axoro 6YB 'ixHiH Ba'IIDKOK. Taxa CHCTeMa BJIa,llH TIl yrrpaBJIiHID:I B HaYKOBrn npaxraui zticrana Ha3BY «BOx.ztiBCTBa», HKe IDKe posrnanaersca HK paHIDI cj:>opMa rtonrnoraoi BJIa,llH TIl yrrpaBJIiHIDI. MH BHKJIa­ JIll JIHIIIe rrpHJnJ;HIIoBHH i BOjJ;EIOqaC CXeMaTII'IHHH rrinxin no ne­ peTBopeHHJI norecrapnoi BJIa,llH B rroIDTII'IHY BrnCbKOBHM IIJJUI­ XOM. Y KOHKpeTHo-icTOpH'lHiH npaxrani Bee Bi,ll6ysaJIoCH aafia­ raro cxnamrime. Ilea IIIIDIX cycninscraosc 6YB rrpoH;n;eHHii xe­ pea HH3KY rrpoMbKIrnx eranis i KOHKpeTHo-iCTOpH'IHHX cj:>OpM, ane B u;i.rrOMY HacJIi.n.OK 6YB 0,llHH - BmntKJIa nepxasa 3 npaa­ IJ;HIIOBO Iauroio CTpYJITYpOIO BOJIo.napIOBaHHH. B 'THX cycrtinscraax, .ne BrnCbKOBa iepapxia He zticrana zto­ CTaTHbOrO P03BHTKY, CTaHOBJIeHIDI rroID~ol BJIa,llH Bi,ll6ysa­ JIOCH iHmHM IIIJUlXOM, nacasmepen apucmoxpamuuuuu. TYT CTa­ HOBJIeHHJI Bi,lloKpeMJIeHOI -sia aapony BJIa,llH Bi,ll6ysaJIoCH aa oc­ HOBi nepeponxemra Tpa,n;mti:HHHx opraHiB norecrapnoi BJIa,llH TIl opraaiaauiano-ynpaaniacsxoi CHCTeMH nepsicaol 06mmm, ' IIJIeMeHi, C()I03Y IIJIeMeH, OqOJIlOBaHHX 06~0-PO.nOBOIO

234

apHCTOKpan€IO aa snany rromTIl'lHY. fOJIOBHHMH MexaHi3MaMH TIlKOrO nepersopeaaa 6YJIll BHCOKa cnenianisanla 06I1lHHHo-po­ .nOB01 apacroxparii B, yrrpawtiHHi BHp06HHIJ;TBOM i rrOBmm KOHTpOJIb aa poarroninosr CYKYIIHoro cycninsaoro BHp06HHIn'BlL B THX cycnlnscraax, .ne IJ;H apacroxparia 3aIDuuIa nposinni rr03HIti1, BOHa, aacasmepea, rr036aBHJIa BrnCbKOBHX BaTaXadB' ixHboro rrpioprrrery ii caMa OqOJIHJIa BrnCbKOBY opraaisaniio. Ile MaJIO rrpHHIJ;HIIOBO BaXOIHBe 3HaqeHHJI, ocKiJIbKH CTaTYC Bollia 6YB JJY)Ke BHCOKHM, ocofinaao B THX cycrtlmcraax. ne BiR sacry­ naa He HK rpa6bIarnK, a HK 3aXHCHRK Bi,ll rpa6bKHmdB. Biacs­ KOBa apacroxparia 3 Ii Iepapxinaoio CTpYKTYPOIO TYT iCHYBaJIa, rrpore BOHa 3aHMaJI:a .npyropH.llHY rr03Hu;iIO y 3araJIbHiH CH9feMi yrrpaBJIiH:IDI i BJIa,llH. , ApHCTOKpaTII'IHHH II1IDIX noniroreaesy rrepenfaxae TaKOX KOHIJ;eHTpauUo ineonori-raol BJIa,llH B PYKax 06ll{HHH0-po.nOBoi apacroxparii, Oco6JIHBoro 3HaqeHHJI Ha6YJIa caxpaniaatria BJIa­ ,llH BO~. Bill 6YB €,lUiHHM BepXOBHHM npasarenesc IJ;HBiJIb­ HHM, BiHCbKOBHM i .n.yxOBHHM. Esomonia rrorecrapnoi BJIa,llH B rromTII'IHY apHCTOKpamqRHM IIIIDIXOM Bi,ll6ysaJIacH me 3 6iJIb­ IIIHMH Tpy,llHOIIJ;aMH, aHiJK BrnCbKOBHM. He ,llHBHO, uto B THX cycninscrsax, ne rronira-raa anana 3aIIpOBa,lJ;)KyBaJIaCH apHCTO­ KpamqHJfM IIIIDIXOM, me TpHBaJIHH qac rrOPM is iRCTIlTYTaMH , nonlraxaol BJIa,llH 36epiraJIHcH zteaxi Tpa,mmiHHi HOpMHrrepsic­

noro cycninscraa, , Ilnymoxpamuxnuii

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rrOB'H3aHHH 3 nocrynosoio KOHIJ;eHTpalti€1O BJIa,llH B PYKax 6ir­ MeHa TIl worD OTOqeHHJI. Birsrea, HK .nocBi,l{qeHHH i crrpHTHHii npauiaaax, MaB BHCOKHH aBTOpHTeT i 3Ha'IH01O MipOIO BIIJIHBaB -a a P03B'H3aHHJI 6araTbox rrp06JIeM cycninsaoro )l(H'ITH OKpeMHX KOJIeKTHBm. O,llHaK,llJIH aoceperrxenna sciei rrOBHOTIi BJIa,llH B 0,llHHX PYKax m.oro 6YJIO 3aMaJI0. Baxen] BJIa,llH 6irMeH 3,ll06y­ DaB 3rypTyBaHIDIM HaBKOJIO ce6e 'lHCJIemlOl «rpyrra ninrproa­ KH», HKY BiR MaD ronyaara, HaIIYBaTII i T. in. B cycnlnscrsi cj:>opMYBaJIaCH csoepimra rpyrra TIlCKY, HKa ii npaaomora 6irMe­ aa .no BJIa,llH. I.I1.mIx u;eii 6YB CI0Ia,llHHM, .nOBrOTpHBaJIHM i rro­ llIHpHBCH nepesaxao B Oxeanii TIl Iliaaeaao-Cxiaaia Asii.

PFKOMEH/IOBAHA Al1EPA7YPA

Anexceee B. II. CTaHOBJIeHHe 'le.n:OBe'leCTBa. Mocxsa, 1984 .

Anexceee B. II. fuHoreHe3. MOCKBa, 1986.

EpOM.lleU 10. B. Oxepxa TeopKH eraoca, Mocxna, 1983.

FYMUJleti JI. H. fuHoreHe3 H 6Hocct>epa 3eMJIH. 3-e H3.n. JIeHHHI'pa.n, 1990 .

l(aBHH iCTOPVr YKpaimf: Y 2 KH . KHiB, 1995 .

EHZeAbC f/'. Iloxo.lDKeHIDI ciM'i, npHBaTHOi snacaocri i .neIJ)KaBH / / Mapxc K.,

EHZeAbC f/'. TBopH. T. 21. C .28 171. HCTopHJI rrepsotisrraoro 06mecTBa. 06mHe sorrpocsr. Ilpo6JreMl>l aarpo­ nOCOUHOreHe3a. Mocxsa, 1983. Hcropaa nepB06J>lTHorO 06mecTBa. 3noxa nepB06J>lTHoH po.nOBOH o6mHlw:. Mocxsa, 1986 . Hcropaa nepaoosrraoro 06mecioa. 3noxa KJIaCcoo6pa30BaHHH . Mocxsa, 1988. Ka60 B. P. IlepB06J>lTHaH noaescrenenssecxaa 06WHH3. Mocxsa, 1986. Kttoo Jleeu-Cmpoc. Orpyxrypnaa aHTpOnOJIOfWI / Ilep. C 4>P. Mocxsa, 1983 . JIaM6epm l(oHCTOPH'lecKHH -renoaex: KeM6pHlDKcKHH nyreaomrrem, / Ilep. C aHI'JI. JIeHHHrpa.!I, 1991. Macco« B. M. 3KOHOMHKll H COUHam,HJ>lH CTpOH,lIpeBHHX 06meCTB (no namuor apxeonoraa). JIeHHHI'pa.n , 1976. Macco« B. M. HCTOpH'lecKHe peKOHCTpYKUHH B apxeOJIOrHH. cI>pYH3e, 1990. MH4>J>l rraponos MHpa: 3HI(HKJlone,UHJl: B 2 T. Mocxsa, 1980. IItu1II~K.o 10. B. PaHHeKJIaCCOBOC 06mecTBO (reaeaac H uym pa3BHIlt:JI). KHeB, 1989. IIa6JIi!HK.o 10. B. Ilepenicropia naaaix pycis y CBlroBOMY xoarexeri, KHiB, 1994. Ilempos B. II. ETHoreHe3 CJlOB'JIM: .lDKepeJIa, eTaIIH po3BHTKy i rrpo6JIeMaTHKll. KHiB, 1972. Putioxoe E. A. JbJ>l:'leCTBO .npeBHHX CJIaBHH. Mocxsa, 1981. Ceeeoa C. II. OCHOBH arrrpononorfi, KHiB, 1995 . Ceueuo« 10. H. Kax B03HHKJIO 'leJIOBe'lecTBO. Mocxsa, 1966 . Ceuenoe K). H. Ilpoacxoxneaae 6paxa H CeMl>H. Mocxsa, 1974 . CoI(Ham,HO-3KOHOMH'lecKHe OTHOllleHHJI H COUHOHopMaTHBHaH KYJlI>'IYPa: CBO.n nHorpa4>H'leCKHX nOHHTKH H TepMHHOB. Mocxsa, 1986. CmoAJIp A. Ilpoacxoxneaae H306Pa3HTeJlI>Horo HCKYCCTBa. Mocxsa, 1985. Teunop 3 . E. IlepB06J>lTHaH KYJIl>'IYPa . MOCKBa, 1989 . Toxapee C. A. PaHHHe 4>OPMl>l PeJIHfHH H HX pa3BHTHe. Mocxsa, 1991. f/'p33ep ,ax. 30JIOTaJI: BCTBl>. HCCJle.noBaHHe MarHH H pe.lIHrHH. Mocxsa, 1986. YKpaimri: aaponai sipysaana, nosip'a, .neMOHOJIOm. KHiB, 1991. Xpucal/fjJotia E. H., Ilepeeosuuxoe H. B. AHTponOJIofWI. MOCKBa, 1991. £fe6oK.capoti H. H., Qe60KcapoBa H. A Haponsr MHpa. Pacsr . Kynsrypa. 2-e H3.n. Mocxaa, 1985 . '1MUXlJtI MO., Kpaeeentco H. M., £fepl/JD(.otl I. T. ApxCOJIorVr Ta CTapo.naBHJI icropia YKpalHH. KHiB, 1992 . mHUpeAbMaH B. A. Ilpoacxoxneaae npoaaaonsurero xosaiicraa. Mocxaa, 1989. fuHOC B .nOKJIaCCOBOM H paHHeKJIaCCOBOM 06meCTBe. MOCKBa, 1982.

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KOPOTKHii' TEPMIHOJIOfNHHii CJlOBHHK

ABCTpaJIonlTem (sin JIaT. •aycrpanic» - IImllcHHHH i rpeu, crriTCKOC. MaBna) - HaH6iJIbIII panni JIpeliCTaBHHKH POllHHH C[OMO. (JIlOllHHa), Korpi XH­ JlH rrpH6JlH3HO 2 - 5 MJIH poKiB TOM}". ABiMbM (sia JIaT. caHiMD, caHiMy~ - llYIIIa, nyx) - sipa B iCHYBaHHJI llY­ uri i rryxia, axi MOllCyI'b HCraTHBHO 'II{ II03HTHBHO BIIJIHBaTH aa rrpapony, eye­ IIiJIbCTBO i caMY JlIOllHH)'. Oaaa 3 4lOPM IIepBicHHX peJIiriHHHX aipysaas. AlrrponoreHe3 (ain rpen. CaHTpOIIOC. - JlIOllHHa i creHC3HC. - BHHHK­ HCHHlI) - npouec iCTOPHKO-CBOJIIOIriHHOro 4loPMYBaHHJI 4l0H'lHoro THny JlIO­ llHHH; P03lliJI aarpononorii, lIKHH BHB'lae UCH npouec. AlrrponoMOJllPHHIt (Bm rpeu. CaHTPOIIOC. - JlIOllHHa Ta CMOp
JlIOllHHOIIOJri6HHii.

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npeztcraanaxa POllHHH JlIOllCbKHX .

,ll;plontrem (ain rpeu, CllPiac. - nepeso i crriTCKOC.) - BHKOIIm JlIOllHHO­ IIolli6m MaBIIH, Korpi XHJIH rrpH6JlH3HO 10 - 23 MJlH poKiB TOM}". Eraarrapae cycntmcrso (aia 4lpaHIJ:. CCraJIiTC. - pisnicrs) - nOIIIKpeHc B JaXUlHOeBPOIICHcbKiil: Ta aMepHKaHCbKiH HaYKOBrn nireparypi BH3Ha'iCHHJI IICp­ sicaoro cycrrinscraa, lIKOM}" IIIC HC BJIaCTHBi couiansae Ta MaHHOBC poaurapy­ BaHIDI.

EKJOraMilI (Bm rpeU. CCKJO. - 3OBm , IIOJa 'iHMCb, Ta CraMOC. - 1IIJl106) ­ aafiopoaa IIIJII06HHX crocynxis Mix 'JJICHaMH ollHiei rpYIIH .- POllY 'iH 4lpaTpU; BHMora, 3BH'Iaii YKJIallaTH 1IIJlI06 0 'lIICHaMH inuroi rpynx. EHlloraMill (Bm rpeu, CCHllO~ - ycepemnri i CraMOC.) - 3BH'Iaii, Ja lIKHM IIIJlI06Hi CTOCYHJCH l103BOJIllJIHClI JIHIIIC B MCXax omriei rpyrnr, HarrpHKJIall, IIJIC­ Mcm. EHeoJIiT (Bm JIaT. eaeneyc» 6poH3H.

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Enilaurryc - nrxipaa CKJIallKa 6iJIl1 srryrpinrasoro KYTa OKa, IIIO rrpaxpusae cm3HHH rop6HK. BJIacTHBa JIpeliCTaBHHKaM MOHroJIOlaHHX pac. ETOJIorill (ain rpeu. C~ - 3BH'iaH i CJIoroc.) - HaYKOBa axcmmniaa, IIIO BHBqae ocotinasocri nOBcJriHKH TBapHH y rrpapomrax YMOBaX Ixnsoro icayBaHllll. '

Iainianll (aia JIaT. eiairiario- - nOCBlI'iCHHJI, BTaeMHH'iCHHJI) - 06PllllH IIOCBlI'iCHHJI MOJIOJri B nopocrri y IIepBicHHX CyCIIiJIbCTBaX Ta B llC,lIKHX CyqaCHHX aaponia. KpaHIOJlorill (Bill rpett. CKPaHio~ - xepert i CJIoroc.) - poanin aHTpoIIO­ norii, IIIO BHB'lae 6YllOBy xepena JlIOllHHH. KPOMaHbHOHIIl (Bill Ha3BH rpory Kpo-MaHbHOH y paHIritl - onaa 3 rpyrr aeoarrrponia, nonnrpena nepeaaxno aa TCPHTOPU 3axillHoi €uponH .

237

KyalWl (Bill 4Jpa.Hu . C~ - BHCJIlOKYIlaHIDI HE:IlI» - 3BH'iaH ,llCMOHCT­ panii 6aThXOM CBO€l yqacn B Hapo.lllKcHHi ,llIITHHlI. JIOKOMO$ (Bill JIaT. CJlOKYC. - WeUc i CMorio. - pyx) - cyxyrraiers KO­ OP,llHHOBaHHX pyxiB,311 nonosrorojo lIKHX JIlOmma i TBapHHa nepeMimyIoThCH y npocropi. ' Me3OJItr(Bill rpen, CMC3OC» - cepe,llHiii: i <JIiroc,.) - cepewriii KaM'lIHHii: six Heoaarpona (Bill IpCU. CHCOC. - MOJIo,rodi, HOBHH Ta earrrponoc») - JIlO­ )lH cysacaoro cP0H'lHoro TJmY. HeoJIiT (Bill rpeu, CHCOC. - HOBHH Ta enrrocs) - HOBHH KaM'mmii: Bix. OiiKyMeaa (Bill IpCIl. coiiKyMCHC. - HaceJICHa 3CMJIR:) - c}'KYIIHicT1> aace­ JICHHX JIlOJUlHOIO 06JIaCTCii 3eMHOl KYJIi. OCTeOJIOrUI (Bill IpCIl . COCTCO~ - xicrza i CJlO~) - P03,lliJI arrrponono­ rii, 1Il0 BHB'IlIE: 6Y,llOBY xiCTOX ,llaBHI>Ol Ta cysacaol JIlO)lHHH. IlaJreoJIiT (Bill IpCIl. enaneocs - ,llaBHiH Ta c.ni:roc.) - ,llaBHiH KaM'JDmii six, IIlIJIeollJlTPOnOJIoriA (Bill rpen. enaneoc», ca.mponac. i enorocs) - P03,lliJI arrrpononorii, 1Il0 BHB'Ia£ cPOH'IHHH THII BHXOnHHX JIlO,llcii. IIIIJIeolleMorpa4lill (Bill rpeu. enaneoc», C,llCMOC. - aapon i crpacPo. - IIH­ my) - P03,lliJI ,llCMOrpacPll, 1Il0 BHB'Ia£'lHCCJII>HiCTh i CIOIaLt Hapo,llOHaCCJICHHR: y nepaicaoxy cycnimcrai, IItreKaHl'POIIII (Bill rpeu. CnIreKOC. Ta earrrponoc») - rpyna Ha.H;naBHiIImx JIlO,ltcii, xOTPi :lKHJIH B Ifiaaeaao-Cximria A3ii IIOJIbIoP41bM (Bill IpCU. cnOJIWopcPoc. - pOHoMaHi:rHBii) - ' HIDlBIDCTh 3Ha'IHHX BiAMiH MopciIoJIoritmol 6y,llOBH B MCJlCax omroro 6iOJIori'lHoro BHIlY. IIonyJIR:llill (sin JIaT. cnonymoc. - aapon) - cyxynnicrs oc06HH onaoro 6iOJIori'IHoro BHAY, axi Mll1OTl> cniJII>HBii rCHocPOH,ll i 3lliiMaIoT1> ncBHY TCpH­ TopOO.

PaMani'reKH (Bill CPaMa. - iM'H MicPi'IHoro repoa iHJtiij:cl>Koro aapomroro cnocy Ta IpCU. enirexocs) - rpyna BHXOllHHX MaBn xiHuH' TpCTHHHoro nepio­ AY, xiCTKOBi penrrxn JIKHX ynepmc 6YJIH 3Ha.H;ncHi aa TCpHTopU Ianii, CHBallTJlOIIII (Bill cC~ - KHra:iI Ta rpen, eamponocs) - rpyna HaH.rtaB­ HimHx JIIO,ltcii, s:xi :lKHJIH na TepHTOpU cysacaoro KHTaIO. COmOreHe3 (Bill JIaT. CCOCI>£TaC. - cycninscrso i rpett, creHC3HC.) - npo­ nee cPOPMYBaHHR: JIlO,llCI>KOro cycrrinscraa. TOTeMBM (.u:HB. : CTOTC~) - onna 3 cPoPM nepsicaax pe;riri:ii:HHX aipysaas, B OCHOBi HKOI JICJICllTl> yHBJICHHR: npo cninsae nOXO.lllKCHHR: ii KpOBHY cnopinae­ mCTI> MiJK ,llaHOIO rpynojo JIlO,ltcii (PO,ltOM) i IT TOTCMOM - nC~HHM BH,ltOM TBa­ pHH, POCJIHH, pimne - rrpeznrerosr na lDlHIIJ:CM rrpapomr, TpeTHBHHil: nepioll - reonorisaa enoxa, 1Il0 TpHB3JIa nin 65 ,llO 3 MJIH poxin 'IOMY. eTBW (Bill cPpaHIJ:. CcP~, nopT. ccPeriuo. - aMYJICT) - npemrer HCJICH­ aoi npapoznr, ID6KrO Ha.ztiJIcHHii: 'I}'.lloAiHHolO CHJIOIO. eTBWH3M (nan.: C~) - onna 3 cPaPM nepaicaax peJIiriHHHX yHB­ nens, aipa B HaJIIIPHpO.!lHi anacraaocri nCBHHX npemreris. paTpill (sin rpeu, ccPpaTpw) - onaa 3 JIaHOK coniarrsaoi opranisanii nas­ Hix cycninscra, yrpynoaanna xiJII>KOX, Haii'laCTimc ,ltBOX ponia y MCxax onaoro llJICMCm, lIXC YTBOPIOBaJIOCI> a60 B pC3YJIl>Tan P03' €,llHaHHR: onaoro POAY, a60 (pinnre) - WJIR:XOM Ix nrrysaoro 06'€,ltHaHHR:. qeTBepTBBHlllt neplon - cyxacna reonori-raa enoxa, 1Il0 posnosanacs rrpa­ 6J1H3HO 3 MJIH pom'IOMY. mom IT Ha3HBaIOTI> eanrporrorenose- (Bill rpen. ean­ Tponoc.).

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BHJHa'lCHIDI aayxa. ITpe,llMCT i JHa'lCHHlI nepaicnoi icropii . . AlKcpena nepaicaoi ieropii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

XpoHOJIOriJI ra nepionaaania icropii nepsicaoro cycnim.crBa. .

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P03iJiA 2. noxo,mKeHBll JIIO,AHHH Ta cycniJu.cTaa . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

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