.
2006
.
2006 1
621.382 .
:
/
.
.
.-
.
.-
, 2006. -
136 . ISBN 5-9616-0170-6 , ,
Internet. ,
– “ ”
,
– “ ”,
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.
.: 11
.
.
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( );
.
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ISBN 5-9616-0170-6
, 2006 2
”,
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550713 – “ ”
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-
”.
, ,
Internet
.
.
? ? ?
ISO/OSI? ? ,
,
Ethernet, Token Ring
,
FDDI,
Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet.
3
3
. Internet. – ISDN, frame relay
X.25,
ATM.
4 :
,
,
. 5
6 . . ,
, .
.
PostScript
PDF
,
Microsoft Word.
, ,
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.
,
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[email protected]
4
1. 1.1.
,
,
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).
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),
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Internet.
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(
10
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(
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(
Peer to Peer)
).
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Windows’3.11, Novell NetWare Lite,
32– Windows’95 OSR2, Windows NT
Workstation XP
, OS/2, Windows Me, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows .
–
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Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003. – . . . , 7
,
,
,
(100
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(NIC, Network Interface Card);
•
(Hub);
•
(Switch)$
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(Router,
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Network
Interface
Card)
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13
1.3.4. (
).
(Hub) –
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Ethernet 10 Fast Ethernet 100
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Ethernet
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–
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100
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(LAN) (WAN); 16
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,
TCP/IP, IPX, AppleTalk).
.
, , ,
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1.3.8. Internet
.
"
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17
.
, PC Card. 56
.
1.4. : •
;
•
. 1.4.1. (NOS, Network Operating System) – ,
. .
, .
.
,
, ,
.
, .
, . , .
Windows 95, Windows NT,
UNIX, MacOS, OS/2. 1.4.2. , .
, " 18
",
(TCO, Total Cost of
Ownership). World Wide Web , ,
,
, . ,
RMON
RMON2, . ,
, . , . , , "
, "
.
1.5. 1.5.1.
Ethernet
Ethernet –
. IEEE 802.3, Ethernet
10
.
Ethernet
("
"
).
,
Ethernet
. ,
.
. . 19
. 10
. Ethernet.
Ethernet 1.5.2.
.
Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet
,
Ethernet – (CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
IEEE 802.3. (
)
, .
100
Fast Ethernet
,
Ethernet.
" ",
. 10/100 , 10"
Ethernet 10/100-
100-
Fast Ethernet.
Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
,
,
,
(
,
). 10/100-
Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
10
10
.
10/100-
, 100
.
, .
20
,
, . 1.5.3.
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet,
1000
–
Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet – "
10
,
"
( ). "
" ,
. Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
.
. 1.5.4.
ATM
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
–
, .
,
ATM
, ,
.
Internet
, (backbone), .
1.5.5. Token Ring
FDDI
.
, ,
(token).
,
.
, 21
,
,
.
(
)
.
Token Ring
4
16
IBM. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) , .
Token
Ring .
Token Ring,
FDDI
, .
( )–
FDDI
. 100
. 100
FDDI
,
–2
.
ATM
Ethernet.
1.6.
. , . ,
) ). .
, . . 22
,
.
.
,
, . , Windows 98.
, .
,
.
.
, , .
:
,
.
—
,
,
, ,
:
,
,
. ,
. , . .
23
. , ,
. .
"
",
, . . . ,
. . . (
)
, . .
. .
, . Internet
Web-
2.
.
OSI,
, ,
. – 24
. . . (Protocol), –
: ,
. .
–
,
.
. . , . ,
, . (ISO, International Standards Organization) , Systems Interconnection).
(OSI, Open
OSI
"
–
(
)
.
. , .
25
)
" ,
(
7.
Telnet
FTP
TFTP
SMTP
6. 5. 4.
TCP
3.
ICMP
2.
2.1.
IP
ARP RARP
IEEE 802.2
X.25
1.
UDP
IEEE 802.3…
802.12
TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
Internet.
TCP
,
.
TCP/IP
Internet
. ,
(
Internet.
1500
)
.
, . (datagram).
,
TCP/IP
, .
IP .
, TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
Internet.
, ,
. 26
TCP/IP
, .
—
, . ,
.
TCP
IP. IP
.
.
IP
-
,
(
Internet Point-to-Point (
)
, —
),
. Internet, IP-
Internet. , ,
.
, ,
.
, .
IP
,
,
,
.
, , ,
,
. , , . IP
,
TCP
. 27
,
.
,
TCP
.
, TCP , . IP (I
—
Internet Control Message Protocol), (IP-
).
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) — , IP. , . ,
UDP
NFS (Network File System —
)
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol — ).
UDP,
TCP .
Telnet « ».
FTP (File Transfer Protocol —
) ,
. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol — ) Internet. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol —
),
(
.
28
) IP-
Ethernet
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol — ). , , .
,
,
Ethernet : FTP/TCP/IP/IEEE 802.4.
(Internet) . , .
,
Ethernet , ,
MAC
: 07:01:
:47:54: 4 (
). —
,
, .
.
3. Internet
1990-
.
, . , Internet. Internet. . , .
Internet Internet
29
,
, . Internet .
Internet . .
,
Internet (Internet Architecture Board — IAB) . Internet .
Internet
Internet,
.
3.1. Internet
,
Internet (Internet Service Provider). (
) Internet,
Internet
Internet.
. . Internet .
,
. Internet
. Web-
—
, Web-
. (Online Services).
,
Internet, 30
. CompuServe America Online. Internet. Internet. •
Internet. , , .
•
, Internet, . ,
Internet , .
•
Internet (
,
, , ). Internet . •
, Internet;
Internet.
,
.
,
. 31
,
, (dial-up access) ;
,
, ISDN-
,
,
,
,
. ISDN ,
ISDN-
.
ISDN-
ISDN-
. Web-
,
, (leased line).
Internet. . , .
56
1,5-2
45
.
.
,
frame
relay
.
. Frame relay — , .
frame relay 1,5
. frame relay, , 32
(Permanent Virtual Circuit — PVC), .
, ,
PVC
,
,
PVC
. frame relay
,
.
, .
(
,
),
frame relay . 3.2.
IP, .
Internet
Internet IP.
)
IP-
1 IP-
.
254,
.
: 10.18.49.102. 0
,
IP-
255,
255 IP. .
0
, 102
10.18.49.102.
10.18.49.0
, 0.0.0.102
.
IP,
,
.
Internet
, •
.
:
. (
)
.
. 33
—
•
:
. (
)
—
.
(
)
.
•
:
. .
—
. IPInternet.
, IP,
.
Novell Internet Ware
NT,
Microsoft Windows
,
IP-
. ,
IP-
,
Internet. 1993
Internet
(Internet Network Information Center — InterNIC), (Domain Name System — DNS).
IP-
IP
comsys.mgu.ru, ,
.
10.18.49.102. hostname.
(DNS), ,
, IP-
.
IP-
,
. IP-
, —
,
,
Internet. 34
msys.
,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
fatex.interline.ivanovo.ru ,
.
.ru
,
, ,
,
.u –
.
, .fr —
,
, a .nl —
.
, : ü com (
)
ü gov (
)
ü mil (
)
ü edu (
)
ü org (
)
ü net (
,
)
ü int (
)
,
, ,
IP-
.
, .interline —
, fatex —
“
”.
. IP-
.
Internet-
,
. IP-
,
. ,
Internet-
. 35
,
, .
, (root name server),
,
IP,
,
.corn. (
,
) InterNIC.
IP-
,
,
.
.
IP-
-
. , . ,
.
, www
,
World Wide Web (
Web), Internet-
.
World Wide Web, , (Hyper Text Markup Language — HTML), ,
HTML. Web(HTTP),
,
HTML
.
, Web.
Internet
WebWeb-
,
.
(File Transfer Protocol
— FTP). 36
.
, FTP-
, ,
FTP-
.
,
—
ftp://vector.isuct.ru/ 3.3. Internet
—
(browse). Web-
, , . Internet. Internet Explorer
Microsoft, Netscape Navigator, Communications
Netscape Opera.
Internet (
) Internet,
, ,
Telnet
Navigator
HTTP, FTP, ,
Gopher. , Java,
(
),
.
Opera , .
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Windows, . .
37
) Internet Explorer, (MyIE2, NetCaptor). , IP-
,
. ,
Internet Yandex, ,
http://www.yandex.ru.
(HTTP).
(Universal Resource Locator — URL).
IP, ,
.
,
, . HTML
,
,
Web-
. Web,
,
,
, Web-
. .
, ,
. :
ü KOI8 – 8-
;
ü IBM PC Code Page 866 ("
") –
DOS; ü ISO-8859-5 –
, ; 38
,
MS-
ü Microsoft Code Page 1251 ("Windows") –
,
Microsoft
Windows. 11 .
Internet Explorer 4
,
(
).
Internet Explorer 3 .
Netscape Navigator –
.
HTML IE.
4.
Internet Internet: ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü 4.1.
e-mail World Wide Web telnet ftp Archie gopher WAIS ICQ, IRC
World Wide Web
WWW (World Wide Web — —
,
)
,
—
.
, , (
,
,
.
,
),
WWW
, Internet
.
,
, , Internet)
Internet, 39
, Internet
.
WWW
,
WWW Internet».
—
,
WWW
,
—
: ftp, gopher,
Usenet,
.
Internet,
,
WWW
. , •
WWW.
L (hypertext markup language),
.
,
WWW
.
,
. (browser). HTML
html (
,
MS-DOS
htm Windows).
• HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol,
).
, WWW. • URL (uniform resource locator,
). Internet.
. file //host/directory/filename —
;
ftp://
[email protected]/directory/filename — FTPgopher//host:port/gopher-path — Gopber-
;
http://host.port/directory/filename7searchpart — mailto.user@host —
WWW;
Internet;
telnet://user
[email protected]/ — TELNET40
;
.
4.2.
E-mail , , . : . ,
, ,
. . UUCP,
Internet-
(
)
. Internet,
@
. .
[email protected] sas , .
–
,
,
,
,
,
@, .
.
,
,
–
. ISO
1.
, ru –
. .
,
,
, , edu
–
Educational
cs.berkeley.edu), gov – Government institutions 41
institutions .
(
,
– ivanovo
– .
,
–
. .
ivanovo.ru
,
. – interline.ivanovo.ru. Interline. – .
UUCP –
, . .
,
UUCP –
: mcvax!uunet!ucbvax!hao!boulder!lair!evi –
–
lair,
evi.
UUCP.
,
hao ,
, ucbvax UUCP-
uunet.
,
Internet, .
UUCP,
UUCP. Internet –
[email protected].
evi@lair,
. lair
, colorado.edu,
:
[email protected]
42
UUCP
4.3.
FTP
FTP —
, ,
TCP/IP: —
—
,
, FTP
.
,
. FTP: FTP [ IP_address | hostName] FTP . • "Type" —
—
("ascii")
("image"). • "Dir"
"Ls" — .
• "CD" —
.
• "Get remote_file_name local_file_name" . • "Put local_Jite_name remote_flle_name" . • "Close" —
FTP
.
• "Open"
FTP.
• "Quit" —
. FTP
, ,
anonymous —
. ,
,
anonymous ftp — ,
. FTP – Internet,
43
—
,
anonymous ftp. 4.4.
Telnet
Remote Login ,
,
.
( .
),
,
,
,
, . telnet
telnet
,
,
.
, telnet-
– , ,
,
. telnet ,
,
, .
,
. 4.5.
Archie
Archie , (Archie(
.
,
ftp-
)
) –
,
:
,
. Archie ,
. . .
44
Archie
( ,
)
,
(
.
)
,
netscape.zip
,
Archie
,
netscape.*,
,
.
, ,
; www client browser.
(
,
,
,
,
) , .
4.6.
Gopher
Gopher
Internet. ,
Internet.
, . , e-mail
:
telnet,
.
ftp,
, .
, ,
, . Gopher ,
Archie.
Veronica.
Gopher
. «
»
Gopher
, .
Gopher-
.
,
Gopher, Gopher
.
45
e-mail,
4.7.
WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers)
WAIS
Wide
Area
Information
Servers
–
. WAIS – . ,
,
– swais.
, , swais
.
,
, SLIP/PPP-
dial-up
.
.
Gopher
WWW. WAIS WAIS-
Archie
,
.
, .
4.8.
On-Line: ICQ, IRC Internet
on-line.
, . , (
)
. ,
,
, . , –
,
.
IRC
4.9.
ICQ.
Usenet —
, , 46
,
,
,
.
. ,
Usenet. Usenet , Usenet
Internet. . Usenet, , . , Internet. , , ,
. , .
, . ,
,
. .
. : • alt —
;
• comp — • misk —
;
,
;
,
;
• news — •
;
—
; 47
• sci —
;
• soc —
;
• talk —
:
,
,
,
. Usenet ( "
—
) ".
,
, ),
,
(
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
, Usenet
,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
,
comp.sys.sun.sun.admin. ,
,
.
sys, .
,
sun
Sun
Microsystems, a admin
, .
,
conip.sys.sun.sun.admin Sun Microsystems. Usenet, ,
HELP. :
48
LIST —
Usenet:
SUBSCRIBE
.
UNSUBSCMBE
: .
.
4.10. (mail-list) —
,
. , , —
.
,
,
[email protected] (
, UNIX),
,
. 4.11. Internet
– . .
,
, ,
.
.
.
,
Quick Link II Fax :
, Artline PCX
TIFF, IMG Ventura Pablisher, BMP
Microsoft Windows, CUT
Paintbrush. 49
GEM Dr.Halo
5.
Internet 5.1. –
(Search Engines). ,
(spider)
(crawler),
, .
URL,
.
),
( ),
(
Web-
,
,
HTML –
,
,
), ,
,
),
. . – .
, . ,
( ,
). ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
(
). 5.1.1. (title): (Yandex)
512
256
(Aport). 50
(Rambler),
203
: (URL) – ; (DOC) – .
,
,
(URL),
.
URL
; (SERV) – . , , .
, , . :
, .
,
, . :
,
. , , . , .
, . :
-
, "
";
-
;
-
. :
, . ,
51
. (
ADD URL). :
(add url)
,
,
URL
.
.
, . :
, .
, ,
. ,
.
,
Image maps, ,
,
,
. Infoseek,
Lycos) .
,
. : . . ImageMaps:
,
image maps. . : ,
login
. ,
, ,
,
.
52
: "
-
. "
" ,
. :
,
.
. ,
–
.
. : - c
Robots.txt,
.
http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/exclusion.html -
,
. : ,
.
,
. Rambler – $URL: host/url_name Yandex –
http://yandex.ru/addurl.html,
, . – url=www.promotion.aha.ru. :
,
, , 53
,
.
,
,
. link=www.promotion.aha.ru ( ).
5.1.2.
, : ,
. "
"
. ,
.
,
,
. : keywords,
: description
.
,
,
. ALT: ALT (
, IMG,
ALT ). : ,
, . ( .
,
html-
, .)
: , . ", "the"
.
54
, "www",
: ,
, .
.,
,
"
, ", "
", "
"
.
: , AltaVista
–
.
,
"banner"
,
"banner",
,
"Banner" –
,
.
Meta-refresh:
, .
,
,
: ;
,
. . refresh. :
; -
, ;
-
,
,
. :
-
, .
–
. 55
,
.
, "
"
,– .
(
title),
, ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
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keywords
,
5
,
, .
,
, .
5.1.3.
, (title): ,
. title ( ,
(
). .
,
.): .
N-
,
description,
,
. :
. :
.
56
:
. : . : , . : ,
10 – 20
. : .
57
Rambler
!
Google
.
.
,
AltaVista
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
MP3 31
12
,
,
Apple, Linux, BSD
(MP3)
14
250
1,25
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, ,
,
, (
(
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15
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AND, &,
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OR
OR ( |
OR, |
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), | ( )
1,5 Web-
Rambler
!
AltaVista
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AND NOT, ! (
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"-" (AND – )
) . (+) . (-)
+, ()
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(59
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