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C J L T H É F Y B T

Ghtlbckjdbt

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Rfr jåtcgtxbnm abyfycbhjdfybt dfibö bltq Cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr

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Cjcnfdyst äktvtyns pfzdrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Jåobt cdtltybz (Ddtltybt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Jåjcyjdfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb Wtkb b pflfxb

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Vtnjls b genb bö ljcnbétybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Åñlétn

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Rfr cdtcnb dct djtlbyj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj

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Nbnekmysq kbcn b cjlthéfybt Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf

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Dfib ghtlkjétybz (pfzdrf yf uhfyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ghbkjétybz

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Cgbcjr ytjåöjlbvjuj

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Jwtyrf gjnhtåyjcntq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Rfr ghfdbkmyj ghtlcnfdbnm åbjuhfabb b htpñvt cjnhelybrjd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ukjccfhbq

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Xnj gjxbnfnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Htcehcs d Hjccbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Jåhfptw pfzdrb yf uhfyn

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Ghbpyfntkmyjcnm Fdnjh dshféftn ghbpyfntkmyjcnm nfrbv jhufybpfwbzv rfr Fqhtrc (International Research and Exchanges Board – IREX), Ghjtrn Ufhvjybz (Project Harmony), World Learning b Wtynh gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö ytrjvvthxtcrbö jhufybpfwbq pf bö kñåtpyeñ gjvjom ghb gjlujnjdrt lfyyjuj vfnthbfkf. Jcjåfz åkfujlfhyjcnm – Ähbre Léjycjye, Vfqrke Ymñåthne, Yfnfkmt Uhbibyjq, Nfnmzyt Vböfqkjdjq, Hjåthnt Rtkkb b Fqkby Öfhnb.

Design and printing by Regional Program Office, Vienna

G H T L B C K J D B T

Pf dhtvz vjtuj ghtåsdfybz yf gjcne Gjckf CIF d Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb vyt ljdtkjcm gjpyfrjvbnmcz cj vyjubvb hjccbzyfvb, rjnjhst dyjczn juhjvysq drkfl d gjcnhjtybt uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, gthtöjl Hjccbb r hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrt, gjllthéfybt dscjrjuj ehjdyz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, rjycjkblfwbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd – rjhjxt ujdjhz, d cjplfybt åjktt cjdthityyjuj jåotcndf.

Vyjubt bp änbö äynepbfcnjd ujdjhbkb vyt, xnj yfghzétyyjq hfåjns, zcyjuj dbltybz wtkb, jhufybpjdfyyjcnb b ghtlfyyjcnb ltke xfcnj åsdftn ytljcnfnjxyj lkz njuj, xnjås djgkjnbnm bltb d ébpym b nfrbv jåhfpjv bpvtybnm vbh r kexitve. Rfr ghfdbkj, ytljcnfñobv pdtyjv zdkztncz jncencndbt abyfycbhjdfybz.

Z pyfñ, xnj chtlcndf lkz gjllthéfybz ljcnjqysö ghjtrnjd bvtñncz. Tétujlyj yfit ghfdbntkmcndj, ajyls b rjhgjhfwbb dsltkzñn ltcznrb vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd yf uhfyns lkz Hjccbb. Bvtyyj lkz njuj, xnjås lfnm djpvjéyjcnm åjkmitve rjkbxtcnde hjccbzy gjkexbnm ljcneg r änbv ajylfv, Gjcjkmcndj CIF abyfycbhetn geåkbrfwbñ änjuj gjcjåbz gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns.

Htrjvtylfwbb, cjlthéfobtcz d änjv gjcjåbb – änj njkmrj yfxfkj, jnyñlm yt gjcktlytt ckjdj; z yfltñcm, xnj änf åhjiñhf gjvjétn cyznm pfdtce nfbycndtyyjcnb c ghjwtccf yfgbcfybz pfzdjr b gjkextybz uhfynjd, gjvjétn dfv gjkexbnm ljcneg r bcnjxybrfv abyfycbhjdfybz b htfkbpjdfnm dfib bltb, f nfrét cjplfcn yjdst djpvjéyjcnb.

Étkfñ dfv ecgtöjd d dfibö yfxbyfybzö.

Bcrhtyyt dfi, Létqvc Rjkkbyp Gjcjk

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R F R J Å T C G T X B N M A B Y F Y C B H J D F Y B T D F I B Ö

B L T Q

Djrheu nfr vyjuj pfvtxfntkmysö bltq b ghjtrnjd, rfr ét ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås åskj ghbyznj htitybt abyfycbhjdfnm bvtyyj dfib? Djpvjéyj, ds eét pyfrjvs gj rhfqytq vtht c jlybv xtkjdtrjv, rjnjhsq gjkexbk abyfycbhjdfybt d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjtq pfzdrjq. Rfr ét änj elfkjcm?

Gthdsv ifujv yf genb gjkextybz uhfynf ljkéyj cnfnm nofntkmyjt bccktljdfybt dctö bvtñoböcz bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz b jghtltktybz chtlb ybö ntö, bp rjnjhsö yfbåjktt dthjznyj gjkexbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj gjl dfi rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn. Rfr d Hjccbb, nfr b pf heåtéjv bvttncz wtksq hzl nfrbö htcehcjd. Änj b hfpkbxyst ajyls, b rhegyst rjhgjhfwbb, b extåyst pfdtltybz, b ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys. D wtkzö ghjdtltybz gjljåyjuj bccktljdfybz ds vjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm dfib kbxyst rjynfrns, rybub, éehyfks b htcehcs Bynthytnf. Lkz yfxfkf gjktpyj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz cgbcrfvb htrjvtyljdfyyjq kbnthfnehs b bcnjxybrjd, ghbdtltyysö d hfpltkfö ≤Xnj gjxbnfnm≥ b ≤Htcehcs d Hjccbb≥ yfcnjzotq åhjiñhs.

Tckb ds hfytt exfcndjdfkb d ghjuhfvvfö jåvtyf bkb gjkexfkb rfrbt-kbåj yfuhfls jn njq bkb byjq jhufybpfwbb, ds yfdthyzrf cjjndtncndetnt nhtåjdfybzv, ytjåöjlbvsv lkz drkñxtybz dfc d ghjuhfvve wtktdsö uhfynjd. Gjcnjzyyj gjllthébdfqnt cdzpb c jhufybpfnjhfvb nfrbö ghjuhfvv, jyb vjuen gjvjxm dfv d gjbcrt chtlcnd lkz abyfycbhjdfybz dfituj ghjtrnf.

Gjckt njuj rfr ds ghjdtkb nfrjt bccktljdfybt, bpkjébnt cdjb bltb d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, gjkmpezcm drkñxtyysvb d lfyyeñ åhjiñhe htrjvtylfwbzvb. Tckb ét nf ljyjhcrfz jhufybpfwbz, d rjnjheñ ds htibkb jåhfnbnmcz rfr r gjntywbfkmyjve cgjycjhe, ghtlkfuftn cdjb jcjåst ghfdbkf jajhvktybz pfzdjr, jåzpfntkmyj djcgjkmpeqntcm bvb^ Yfcnjzofz åhjiñhf cjlthébn cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns, rjnjhst cjjndtncndeñn åjkmibycnde htrjvtylfwbq hfpkbxysö ajyljd, rjhgjhfwbq b ghfdbntkmcndtyysö exhtéltybq. Jlyfrj änb cjdtns yt pfvtyzñn rjyrhtnyst bycnherwbb rféljq bp nfrbö ljyjhcrbö jhufybpfwbq.

Ljåbnmcz abyfycbhjdfybz ytkturj, jcjåtyyj d gthdsq hfp. Yj pfnj gjnjv gthtl dfvb vjuen hfcrhsnmcz ldthb lheubö jhufybpfwbq, dtlm ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfzdjr vyjubt jnlfñn zdyjt ghtlgjxntybt ntv, rjnjhst eét abyfycbhjdfkbcm rfrbvb-kbåj lheubvb bcnjxybrfvb. Xfcnj jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs jåvtybdfñncz byajhvfwbtq vtéle cjåjq b lfét htrjvtyleñn cdjbv

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rjkktufv nt bkb byst jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst yfbåjktt äaatrnbdyj hfcgjhzéfkbcm dsltktyysvb chtlcndfvb b ljåbdfkbcm yfbåjkmibö ecgtöjd d htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf. Rfr njkmrj ds pfhfåjnftnt htgenfwbñ yfltéyjuj b htpekmnfnbdyjuj gfhnythf, dfit åeleott vjéyj cxbnfnm jåtcgtxtyysv.

Tckb ds åeltnt cktljdfnm cjlthéfobvcz d lfyyjq åhjiñht htrjvtylfwbzv, ds gjqltnt gj ghfdbkmyjve genb d gjbcrfö abyfycbhjdfybz cdjbö bltq. Elfxb dfv^

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C J D T N S

G J

Y F G B C F Y B Ñ

P F Z D J R

Ghtélt xtv ds ghbcnegbnt r bpkjétybñ dfibö bltq d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, jghtltkbntcm c ntv, rnj åeltn bö xbnfnm (n.t. rnj dfi gjntywbfkmysq bcnjxybr abyfycbhjdfybz). Gjcnfhfqntcm rfr vjéyj åjkmit epyfnm jå änjq jhufybpfwbb. Rfrjds tt wtkb b pflfxb, rfrbt jåkfcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ghtlcnfdkzñn lkz ytt yfbåjkmibq bynthtc? Rfrbt ghjtrns änf jhufybpfwbz eét abyfycbhjdfkf d ghjikjv? Tckb jndtns yf änb djghjcs dfv bpdtcnys, ghb yfgbcfybb pfzdrb ds vjétnt exbnsdfnm ghbjhbntns dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf.

D åjkmibycndt ckexftd ytgkjöj ghtldfhbntkmyj gjujdjhbnm c rfrbv-ybåelm cjnhelybrjv njq jhufybpfwbb, relf ds gkfybhetnt ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre yf uhfyn. Djpvjéyj, cktletn ljujdjhbnmcz j dcnhtxt c ghtlcnfdbntktv änjq jhufybpfwbb, xnjås jåcelbnm rjyrhtnyst nhtåjdfybz, ghtlüzdkztvst tñ d jnyjitybb cjbcrfntktq, b rhbnthbb jwtyrb ghtlcnfdktyysö ghjtrnjd. Gjkextyyfz d öjlt nfrbö dcnhtx b åtctl byajhvfwbz gjvjétn dfv kexit gjyznm kñltq, hfåjnfñobö d njq jhufybpfwbb, d rjnjheñ ds jåhfoftntcm, b jåktuxbn dfv cjcnfdktybt pfzdrb c extnjv tt cgtwbabrb.

Ytpfljkuj lj gjlfxb pfzdrb gjpdjybnt njve xtkjdtre, c rjnjhsv ds eét bvtkb åtctle, xnjås gjkexbnm gjlndthéltybt, xnj ds yfghfdkztnt cdjb ljrevtyns bvtyyj njve, rjve yeéyj. Tot hfp cdthmnt flhtc b ghfdbkmyjt yfgbcfybt yfpdfybz jhufybpfwbb b bvtyb cjnhelybrf. Ytvyjuj kbiytuj dhtvtyb, pfnhfxtyyjuj dfvb yf änb ltnfkb c cfvjuj yfxfkf, gjpdjkbn dfv bpåtéfnm ghjcnsö, yj jxtym ytghbznysö jibåjr, f nfrét åeltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm ajhvbhjdfybñ e ghtlcnfdbntktq jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhf ghtlcnfdktybz j dfc rfr j pfbynthtcjdfyyjv b dscjrjghjatccbjyfkmyjv cgtwbfkbcnt.

Tckb ds yfvthtdftntcm ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre åtp ghtldfhbntkmyjuj jåüzdktybz rjyrehcf, jåzpfntkmyj gjbynthtceqntcm, rfrjdf gjkbnbrf bpåhfyyjq dfvb jhufybpfwbb d jnyjitybb gjljåysö pfzdjr b abyfycbhjdfkf kb jyf fyfkjubxyst dfitve ghjtrns. Gj dctv ytzcysv djghjcfv jåzpfntkmyj gjkexbnt ghtldfhbntkmyst rjycekmnfwbb e cjnhelybrjd änjq jhufybpfwbb.

Tckb ét dfif pfzdrf cjcnfdktyf d jndtn yf jåüzdktybt njuj bkb byjuj rjyrehcf, eåtlbntcm, xnj ds njxyj cktljdfkb rjyrhtnysv bycnherwbzv gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdrb b drkñxbkb d ytt dct ytjåöjlbvst äktvtyns. Gjcnfhfqntcm drkñxfnm d ntrcn dfituj ljrevtynf nt ét cfvst nthvbys b dshfétybz, rjnjhst bcgjkmpjdfkbcm d jåüzdktybb j rjyrehct. Tckb ds ujdjhbnt yf jlyjv zpsrt c gjntywbfkmysvb cgjycjhfvb, e dfc åjkmit ifycjd eåtlbnm bö, xnj dfi ghjtrn fåcjkñnyj njxyj

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cjjndtncndetn bö wtkzv. D nj ét dhtvz bpåtufqnt xhtpvthyjq gthtuheprb cdjtq pfzdrb ghjatccbjyfkmysv éfhujyjv. Bnfr, yt vtyzz ukfdyeñ wtkm dfitq cjåcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb b ceotcndj dfitq ltzntkmyjcnb, ds ljkéys cjcnfdbnm pfzdre nfr, xnjås jyf vfrcbvfkmysv jåhfpjv jrfpfkfcm ghbdzpfyyjq r wtkzv b pflfxfv jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhf.

Yt ghtlgjkfufqnt, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkb gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf eét pyfñn j dfitq jhufybpfwbb b tt ltzntkmyjcnb. Hfdysv jåhfpjv, yt hfccxbnsdfqnt, xnj jyb öjhjij pyfrjvs c rjyrhtnysvb eckjdbzvb, d rjnjhsö ds ébdtnt b hfåjnftnt, bcnjhbxtcrbt nhflbwbb b ntreott gjkjétybt dfituj htubjyf bkb ujhjlf, bcnjhbñ njq ghjåktvs, rjnjhjq ds ghtlgjkfuftnt pfybvfnmcz. Yj b gthtuheéfnm hfccvfnhbdfñobö dfie pfzdre ärcgthnjd xthtcxeh gjlhjåysvb ltnfkzvb njét yt yflj. Åelmnt rhfnrb, eåtlbntkmys b njxys.

Dfib ghtlkjétybz ljkéys cjlthéfnm d ctåt dcñ ytjåöjlbveñ byajhvfwbñ d jxtym xtnrjv b ghjcnjv bpkjétybb. Bpåtufqnt bcgjkmpjdfnm cnhflfntkmysq pfkju d dfitv ntrcnt (yfghbvth, yt cktletn gbcfnm ghtlkjétybz nbgf ≤åjktt 100 xtkjdtr d ltym åskj yfrjhvktyj åkfujlfhz ltzntkmyjcnb yfitq jhufybpfwbb≥). Dctulf gjlxthrbdfqnt frnbdyeñ ajhve. ≤D hfvrfö yfitq ghjuhfvvs vs jåtcgtxbdfkb gbnfybtv cdsit 100 xtkjdtr tétlytdyj≥ – änj pdexbn ujhfplj åjktt äythubxyj b dtcjvj. Bpåtufqnt lkbyysö, vyjujckjqysö ghtlkjétybq, ghbvtyzqnt hfpkbxyst vfhrths b jnåbdrb d ckexft ljkubö gthtxbcktybq, hfvrb b fåpfws lkz dsltktybz jcyjdysö bltq. Dfie pfzdre ljkéyj åsnm kturj b bynthtcyj xbnfnm, tt cjlthéfybt ljkéyj pfödfnsdfnm b eåtélfnm.

Bpåtufqnt hfcgksdxfnsö jghtltktybq, nfrbö rfr ≤vyjuj≥, ≤byjulf≥ bkb ≤jxtym≥. Dvtcnj änjuj bcgjkmpeqnt rjyrhtnyst wbahs, cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst, b jåzpfntkmyj ccskfqntcm yf bcnjxybr. Tckb vjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm jlyj ckjdj, ybrjulf yt bcgjkmpeqnt ldf bkb nhb. B ghtlkjétybz, b fåpfws dfituj ntrcnf ljkéys åsnm rjhjnrbvb – tckb d ghtlkjétybb åjktt 30 ckjd, hfpåtqnt tuj yf ldf bkb nhb.

Cjcnfdkzqnt pfzdre yf njv zpsrt, rjnjhsq dfi gjntywbfkmysq cgjycjh yfdthyzrf gjybvftn. Tckb jhufybpfwbz hfcgjkjétyf d CIF bkb Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, pfzdrf ljkéyf åsnm yfgbcfyf yf fyukbqcrjv, tckb njkmrj d bycnherwbb yt cjlthébncz rfrbö-kbåj bysö erfpfybq yf änjn cxtn. Änj ét, rfr ghfdbkj, dthyj b d jnyjitybb lheubö tdhjgtqcrbö jhufybpfwbq: åjkmibycndj bp ybö ghbven pfzdre, cjcnfdktyyeñ yf zpsrt njq cnhfys, d rjnjhjq hfcgjkjétyf infå-rdfhnbhf, jlyfrj ytrjnjhst jhufybpfwbb nhtåeñn njkmrj fyukbqcrbö ntrcnjd. Tckb dfv ghtlcnjbn gbcfnm pfzdre yf zpsrt, rjnjhsq yt zdkztncz lkz dfc hjlysv, gjcnfhfqntcm gjnjv jnlfnm tt yf ghjdthre njve xtkjdtre,

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rjnjhjve änjn zpsr pyfrjv c hjéltybz. Vyjubt åfpbheñobtcz d Hjccbb abyfycbheñobt jhufybpfwbb bkb ét vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb, cgtwbfkbpbheñobtcz yf hfåjnt d Hjccbb, xfcnj ghbybvfñn pfzdrb b yf heccrjv zpsrt. Ghtélt xtv ghbcnegbnm r bpkjétybñ dfibö bltq d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, eåtlbntcm d ghfdbkmyjcnb dsåhfyyjuj dfvb zpsrf.

Jåzpfntkmyj hfpvtcnbnt cfveñ dféyeñ byajhvfwbñ j cdjtq jhufybpfwbb b yfbåjktt eåtlbntkmyst fhuevtyns d gjkmpe ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghjtrnf d cfvjv yfxfkt ntrcnf pfzdrb. Jxtym xfcnj gthdjyfxfkmyjt htitybt cgjycjh ghbybvftn, åtukj ghjukzltd gthdst gfhe cnhfybw ntrcnf. Tckb ét d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb cfveñ dféyeñ byajhvfwbñ yfqnb chfpe ytkturj, nj dfib bltb vjuen åsnm jndthuyens lfét åtp cthmtpyjuj hfccvjnhtybz gj ceotcnde. Hfpltkbnt dfi ntrcn yf fåpfws, bcgjkmpeqnt pfujkjdrb b gjlpfujkjdrb, yfxbyfqnt rfélsq hfpltk c yjdjq cnhjrb.

Gj jrjyxfntkmyjv jajhvktybb ntrcnf jnlfqnt tuj yf ghjdthre ytcrjkmrbv kñlzv chfpe, gecnm jyb dszdzn jhajuhfabxtcrbt b uhfvvfnbxtcrbt jibårb, ytnjxyjcnb bpkjétybz. Gjktpyf gjvjom bvtyyj ntö kñltq, rnj vfkj pyfrjv c ltzntkmyjcnmñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb b cj cgtwbabrjq ghtlkfuftvjuj ghjtrnf: jyb jåsxyj xfot dctuj ghjczn hfpüzcybnm nt vtcnf, ult jgbcfybt uhtibn ytnjxyjcnmñ, hfcgksdxfnjcnmñ. Ghb yfgbcfybb ntrcnf pfzdrb kexit dctuj hfåjnfnm rjvfyljq, drkñxbd d ytt ntö, rnj åeltn c dfvb dvtcnt htfkbpjdsdfnm ghjtrn d ckexft gjkjébntkmyjuj htitybz j dsltktybb abyfycbhjdfybz.

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XNJ YEÉYJ Pyfnm wtkb b pflfxb dsåhfyyjq dfvb jhufybpfwbb-cgjycjhf Ghb cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb jhbtynbhjdfnmcz yf ghbjhbntns gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf Cktljdfnm bycnherwbzv njq jhufybpfwbb, d rjnjheñ ds jåhfoftntcm Yfghfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre ghfdbkmyj dsåhfyyjve xtkjdtre

XNJ YEÉYJ Gbcfnm ghjcnj, rhfnrj, dybvfntkmyj

Bcgjkmpjdfnm rjyrhtnyst cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst cj ccskrjq yf bcnjxybr Bcgjkmpjdfnm frnbdysq, f yt gfccbdysq pfkju Hfpvtofnm hfpltks pfzdrb yf hfpysö cnhfybwfö, bcgjkmpjdfnm pfujkjdrb b gjlpfujkjdrb Hfpåbdfnm lkbyyst ntrcns vfhrthfvb b hfvrfvb Jnlfnm dfie pfzdre yf ghjdthjxyjt xntybt gthtl gjlfxtq

XNJ YT YEÉYJ Vtyznm jcyjdyeñ wtkm, pflfxb, yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb dfitq jhufybpfwbb hflb njuj, xnjås gjkexbnm tlbyjdhtvtyyjt abyfycbhjdfybt Bcgjkmpjdfnm hfcgksdxfnst b ytrjyrhtnyst nthvbys – nfrbt rfr ≤vyjuj≥, ≤byjulf≥,

XNJ YT YEÉYJ ≤jxtym≥ b n. g.

Bcgjkmpjdfnm ghtlkjétybz lkbyytt, xtv d 30 ckjd

Ghbdjlbnm kbiybt cdtltybz – ghb uhfvjnyjv gjlöjlt r yfgbcfybñ ntrcnf pfzdrb ≤vtymit pyfxbn kexit≥

Gjlfdfnm cjcnfdktyyeñ yf byjcnhfyyjv zpsrt pfzdre åtp ghtldfhbntkmyjq ghjdthrb tt xtkjdtrjv – yjcbntktv lfyyjuj zpsrf

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C J C N F D Y S T

Ä K T V T Y N S

P F Z D R B

Vyjubt ajyls b hfpkbxyst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs gjghjczn dfc ghtlcnfdbnm pfzdre, jajhvktyyeñ d cjjndtncndbb c bö rjyrhtnysvb nhtåjdfybzvb. Tckb ds ghtlcnfdkztnt pfzdre d jndtn yf jåüzdktyysq rjyrehc, b ghjdjlzofz tuj jhufybpfwbz erfpfkf ajhve lkz nfrbö pfzdjr, yb d rjtv ckexft yt jncnegfqnt jn änbö nhtåjdfybq, lfét tckb dfv gjrfétncz, xnj ds vjétnt ghtlkjébnm åjktt bynthtcysq, ndjhxtcrbq b byyjdfwbjyysq gjlöjl. Tckb ét ds ghtlcnfdkztnt cdjq ghjtrn d rfrjq-kbåj ajyl åtp ghbdzprb r rjyrhtnyjq ghjuhfvvt, vjétnt djcgjkmpjdfnmcz ghb jajhvktybb ghbdtltyysvb ybét cjdtnfvb. D wtkjv, änb htrjvtylfwbb jödfnsdfñn ghfrnbxtcrb dct ytjåöjlbvst lkz cjcnfdktybz pfzdjr nhtåjdfybz. Ytgkjöj, tckb e dfc dctulf åeltn gjl herjq cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv jajhvktyyst b cajhvekbhjdfyyst cdtltybz, öjnz bö ytjåöjlbvj gthtcvfnhbdfnm b gthtgbcsdfnm dczrbq hfp, rjulf ds hfåjnftnt yfl yjdsv ghtlkjétybtv, dtlm rfélfz dfif rjyrhtnyfz pfzdrf ljkéyf åsnm ghbdzpfyf r jcjåtyyjcnzv dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf. Bnfr, d dfitq pfzdrt ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz jndtns yf cktleñobt djghjcs.

Rnj ds? Jåobt cdtltybz bkb ddtltybt – änj nf xfcnm pfzdrb, ult drhfnwt cjjåoftncz bcnjhbz cjplfybz dfitq jhufybpfwbb, tt wtkb, pflfxb, f nfrét vtnjls b genb bö htitybz. Tckb nfrjt ddtltybt htuekzhyj jåyjdkznm d cjjndtncndbb c vtyzñotqcz cbnefwbtq, ds cvjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm tuj gjxnb lkz rféljq cjcnfdkztvjq dfvb pfzdrb.

Ghb yfgbcfybb ddtltybz jcyjdyjt dybvfybt cjchtljnjxmnt yf öfhfrnthbcnbrt jnkbxbntkmysö jcjåtyyjcntq dfitq jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst ltkfñn tt eybrfkmyjq. Gjxtve abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf ljkéyf dsltkbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj dfitq jhufybpfwbb? Jcjåj gjlxthrybnt tt cbkmyst cnjhjys, pfckeébdfñobt ljdthbz, ltkfñobt dfc yfltéysv gfhnythjv. Djn ghbvth nfrbö ljcnjbycnd jhufybpfwbb:

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Rjkbxtcndj ktn, yf ghjnzétybb rjnjhsö jyf ltqcndetn

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Ghbpyfyyst ecgtöb d htfkbpfwbb lheubö fyfkjubxysö ghjtrnjd bkb ghb hfåjnt c dsltktyysvb d ghjikjv uhfynfvb

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Eybrfkmyst yfdsrb b rdfkbabrfwbz cjnhelybrjd jhufybpfwbb

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Yfltéyjcnm dfibö gfhnythjd

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Ibhjrbt rjynfrns d cdzpfyysö c ghjtrnjv jåkfcnzö ltzntkmyjcnb

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Tckb ukfdyjt ljcnjbycndj dfitq jhufybpfwbb cjcnfdkzñn hfåjnfñobt d ytq kñlb, f yt cfvf bcnjhbz tt ceotcndjdfybz b ltzntkmyjcnb (yfghbvth, jhufybpfwbz njkmrj ytlfdyj cjplfyf), jåzpfntkmyj erfébnt, rfrbt bvtyyj ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb b evtybz ltkfñn bö cnjkm wtyysvb rflhfvb.

XNJ LJKÉYJ CJLTHÉFNM DDTLTYBT: ✔ Rhfnreñ bcnjhbñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb c erfpfybtv dhtvtyb b jcyjdysö ghbxby tt cjplfybz ✔ D ckexft tckb jhufybpfwbz djpybrkf cjdctv ytlfdyj, – bcnjhbñ ltzntkmyjcnb tt xktyjd ✔ Jåjåotyyeñ byajhvfwbñ j ntreotq ltzntkmyjcnb dfitq jhufybpfwbb ✔ Rhfnreñ b tvreñ ajhvekbhjdre wtktq b pflfx dfitq jhufybpfwbb ✔ Jgbcfybt ntö uhegg b ckjtd, yf rjnjhst d jcyjdyjv jhbtynbhjdfyf dfif hfåjnf ✔ Rhfnrbt cdtltybz j dfibö gfhnythfö ✔ Cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst b wbnfns, dpznst bp åjktt lkbyysö gjckfybq bkb ljrevtynjd

D jåotv, dfit ddtltybt ljkéyj åsnm cbkmysv, yj rhfnrbv. Jyj ljkéyj yfukzlyj cdbltntkmcndjdfnm j ljcnbétybzö dfitq jhufybpfwbb, jcjåtyyj d ntö jåkfcnzö ltzntkmyjcnb, rjnjhst ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfys c dfibv ghjtrnjv bkb jåüzdktyysv rjyrehcjv. Dct änj gjpdjkbn kjubxyj gthtqnb r ajhvekbhjdrt dfibö gjnhtåyjcntq b ghjltvjycnhbhetn dfie rjvgtntynyjcnm d lfyyjq jåkfcnb.

D xtv ds yeélftntcm? Lfyysq hfpltk ljkéty cjlthéfnm jåjcyjdfyyjt jgbcfybt gjnhtåyjcntq ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghjtrnf. Ds ghtélt dctuj cfvb ljkéys jnlfdfnm ctåt gjkysq jnxtn d njv, xnj dfv ltqcndbntkmyj ytjåöjlbvj lkz htfkbpfwbb dfibö bltq. Pfntv eét ds ljkéys ghfdbkmyj b eåtlbntkmyj ljytcnb änj lj gjntywbfkmysö cgjycjhjd. Tckb änj dfv yt elfcncz, vfkjdthjznyj, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkb abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys cvjuen gjyznm, gjxtve jyb ljkéys dsltkbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj dfitq jhufybpfwbb.

Jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq åeltn njq åfpjq, yf rjnjhjq ds åeltnt cnhjbnm cbcntve wtktq b pflfx dfituj ghjtrnf, jghtltkznm genb b vtnjls bö htitybz. Tckb wtkb b vtnjls e dfc eét cajhvekbhjdfys, gthtcvjnhbnt bö c extnjv njuj, yfcrjkmrj jyb jnhféfñn cajhvekbhjdfyyst dfvb d lfyyjv hfpltkt jåjcyjdfyyst gjnhtåyjcnb.

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Ytgkjöj cajhvekbhjdfnm pfzdktybt c jåjcyjdfybtv dfibö gjnhtåyjcntq d hfvrfö jlyjuj ghtlkjétybz lkbyjq lj 25 ckjd. Djpvjéyj, dfv ghbltncz ljgjkybnm äne ajhvekbhjdre rfrbvb-nj ltnfkzvb (hfcrhsdfñobvb bcnjhbñ djghjcf bkb jcjåtyyjcnb ntreotq cbnefwbb), yj cfvf ytjåöjlbvjcnm nfrjuj ljåfdktybz ljkéyf åsnm xtnrj b céfnj jujdjhtyf dfvb tot lj ajhvekbhjdrb gjnhtåyjcntq. Tckb ds ghtlcnfdkztnt pfzdre yf pfhfytt jåüzdktyysq rjyrehc, jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq eét vjétn cjlthéfnmcz d jåüzdktybb tuj eckjdbq. Ntv yt vtytt dfv cktletn pfyjdj cajhvekbhjdfnm nfrjt jåjcyjdfybt eét jn ctåz d dfitq pfzdrt – nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås eåtlbnm ärcgthnjd rjvbccbb, xnj bvtyyj dfif pfzdrf yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jndtxftn pfzdktyysv jhufybpfnjhfvb rjyrehcf gjnhtåyjcnzv.

Rfr njkmrj ds jåjcyjdfyyj cajhvekbhjdfkb cdjb gjnhtåyjcnb, chfpe ét erfébnt, rnj ghtélt dctuj gjkexbn gjkmpe jn htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd nfrbv åtytabwbfhbtv yt ljkéys åsnm yb ds, yb dfif jhufybpfwbz; yfjåjhjn, dfi ghjtrn ljkéty åsnm yfghfdkty yf jåtcgtxtybt bynthtcjd njuj rjynbyutynf kñltq (jhufybpfwbq), yf rjnjhsö yfghfdktyf jcyjdyfz ltzntkmyjcnm dfitq jhufybpfwbb. Erfébnt, xnj änj pf kñlb, b djjåot, cnfhfqntcm ajhvekbhjdfnm gjnhtåyjcnb ghtélt dctuj c bö njxrb phtybz.

Xtnrj lfqnt gjyznm, xnj ghjåktvf, yf htitybt rjnjhjq yfghfdkty dfi ghjtrn, bkb bvtyyj nf jåkfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb, ult jy åeltn htfkbpjdsdfnmcz, ghtlcnfdkzñn jcjåsq bynthtc lkz dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf, jndtxfñn tuj cbcntvt ghbjhbntnjd. D nj ét dhtvz ghjtrn ljkéty åsnm cdzpfy c jcyjdyjq wtkmñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb.

Ds yt vjétnt bpvtybnm vbh pf itcnm vtczwtd, gjänjve lfét yt gsnfqntcm eåtlbnm abyfycbheñoeñ cnjhjye d jåhfnyjv. Dvtcnj änjuj cjchtljnjxmntcm yf jåjcyjdfybb njuj, rfr htfkbpfwbz dfibö bltq gjdkbztn d kexieñ cnjhjye yf ébpym d dfitv ujhjlt, hfqjyt, htubjyt.

Dfit jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq ljkéyj åsnm rjyrhtnysv, yj d nj ét dhtvz b ljcnfnjxyj ltnfkbpbhjdfyysv. Tckb ds jåhfoftntcm pf uhfynjv d jhufybpfwbñ, rjnjhfz yt dtltn ybrfrjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Hjccbb, djpvjéyj, dfv gjnhtåetncz ghtlcnfdbnm åjkmit cjgencndeñotq byajhvfwbb, öfhfrnthbpeñotq rfr bcnjhbñ djghjcf, nfr b ntreott tuj cjcnjzybt.

Jlyfrj yt gjpdjkzqnt ctåt xthtcxeh edzpyenm d ltnfkzö. Dfif ajhvekbhjdrf gjnhtåyjcntq ljkéyf åsnm céfnjq b eåtlbntkmyjq. D gjlndthéltybt cdjtuj jåjcyjdfybz ghbdtlbnt cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst c jåzpfntkmyjq ccskrjq yf bcnjxybr.

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RFRBV LJKÉYJ ÅSNM JÅJCYJDFYBT GJNHTÅYJCNTQ: ✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv bynthtcfv b gjnhtåyjcnzv rkbtynjd dfitq jhufybpfwbb ✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv jcyjdyjq wtkb dfitq jhufybpfwbb ✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv ghbjhbntnfv abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys ✔ Gjlrhtgktyysv cnfnbcnbxtcrbvb lfyysvb b eåtlbntkmysvb afrnfvb ✔ Hfpevysv, yt pfdsityysv ✔ Htfkmysv lkz bcgjkytybz

Yt ckbirjv lhfvfnbpbheqnt gjkjétybt. Jåüzcybnt dfib gjnhtåyjcnb ghjcnsv xtkjdtxtcrbv zpsrjv, yt gsnfzcm hfpéfkjåbnm xmb-kbåj cthlwf. E xbnfñobö dfit jåjcyjdfybt ljkéyj djpybryenm gjybvfybt njuj, xnj e dfc tcnm htitybt ghjåktvs, b lkz änjuj ytjåöjlbv hzl rjyrhtnysö dtotq. D cdzpb c änbv jgznm cktletn gjlxthryenm ytjåöjlbvjcnm nofntkmyjuj bpextybz cbnefwbb yf ghtldfhbntkmyjv änfgt, tot lj njuj, rfr ds ghbcnegbnt r cjcnfdktybñ pfzdrb. Eltkbnt jcjåjt dybvfybt njve, xnjås ghtlkfuftvsq dfvb ghjtrn yt leåkbhjdfk rfrjq-kbåj lheujq, eét htfkbpetvsq d cöjlyjq jåkfcnb b yf dfitq ét nthhbnjhbb.

Xnj ds åeltnt ltkfnm? D änjv hfpltkt cdjtq pfzdrb, yfpsdftvjv tot ≤Wtkb b pflfxb≥, xtnrj gthtxbckbnt, rfrbt wtkb b pflfxb ghtlgjkfuftncz htibnm d öjlt htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. Ghb änjv jyb ljkéys tcntcndtyysv jåhfpjv dsntrfnm bp wtktq b pflfx dfitq jhufybpfwbb. Tckb, yfghbvth, ds eltkztnt jcyjdyjt dybvfybt ghjåktvfv bydfkbljd nhelf, gjnthzdibö hfåjne yf pfdjlt bkb afåhbrt, wtkmñ dfituj ghjtrnf vjétn åsnm cjdthitycndjdfybt hfåjns cbcntvs cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz d jnyjitybb änjq rfntujhbb uhfélfy xthtp ghtljcnfdktybt rjycekmnfwbq gj nheljecnhjqcnde, cjplfybt ljgjkybntkmysö djpvjéyjcntq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gthtgjlujnjdrb b ghtljcnfdktybt gjcjåbq gznbltcznb åtphfåjnysv bydfkblfv nhelf yf dhtvz nfrjq extås.

Rfr vjéyj dbltnm bp ghbdtltyyjuj dsit ghbvthf, lkz xtnrjuj jghtltktybz wtktq b pflfx (b rjkbxtcndtyyjuj bö bpvthtybz) ytjåöjlbvj nfrét zcyj ghtlcnfdbnm, rfrfz bvtyyj rfntujhbz uhfélfy gjkexbn gjkmpe jn htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf.

Ltrkfhbhetvst dfvb wtkb ljkéys åsnm htfkbcnbxys nfr, xnjås bö djpvjéyj åskj ljcnbxm pf njn gthbjl, yf rjnjhsq hfccxbnfy dfi ghjtrn. Jyb ljkéys ghtlcnfdkznm bynthtc lkz jhufybpfwbb-

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ljyjhf. B, djpvjéyj, cfvjt ukfdyjt – jyb ljkéys åsnm ghbdzpfys r rjyrhtnysv bpvthztvsv htpekmnfnfv.

Yt genfqnt dfib wtkb b pflfxb (xnj bvtyyj ds åeltnt ltkfnm) c vtnjlfvb hfåjns (rfr bvtyyj ds åeltnt änj ltkfnm). D rjytxyjv cxtnt, dfib wtkb – änj b tcnm htpekmnfns, ≤gjktpysq dsöjl≥ dfituj ghjtrnf. F vtnjls – änj ifub gj ljcnbétybñ änbö htpekmnfnjd. Yfghbvth, wtkm vjétn åsnm cajhvekbhjdfyf cktleñobv jåhfpjv: ≤Gjvjxm irjkmybrfv d gjkextybb pyfybq j afrnjhfö hbcrf pfhfétybz DBX-byatrwbtq b j vtnjlfö ghtljöhfytybz b ghjabkfrnbrb≥. Njulf ghb jgbcfybb vtnjljd hfåjns cktletn cjchtljnjxbnmcz ghtélt dctuj yf njv, rfr ljåbnmcz htitybz gjcnfdktyyjq pflfxb b rfr jwtybnm (bpvthbnm) ecgtö bkb ytecgtö. D cktleñotq ukfdt änjq åhjiñhs ds yfqltnt åjktt gjlhjåyeñ byajhvfwbñ j vtnjlfö b genzö hfåjns.

Cnfhfqntcm ajhvekbhjdfnm dfib wtkb vfrcbvfkmyj gjpbnbdyj, eåtlbntkmyj c njxrb phtybz htfkmyjcnb bö ljcnbétybz. Gjvybnt, xnj änjn hfpltk dfitq pfzdrb yt ljkéty åsnm lkbyysv – vjétn åsnm, dctuj yf gjkcnhfybxrb.

B, yfrjytw: tckb abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf cyfålbkf dfc cdjbvb erfpfybzvb gj ajhvekbhjdrt wtktq – bcgjkmpeqnt bö^

RFRBVB LJKÉYS ÅSNM DFIB WTKB: ✔ Cjjndtncndeñobvb gjnhtåyjcnzv, pfzdktyysv dfvb d ghtlsleotv jåjcyjdfybb ✔ Xtnrj jghtltktyysvb c njxrb phtybz dhtvtyb bö ljcnbétybz d cjjndtncndbb c gthbjljv htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf ✔ Xtnrj jghtltktyysvb c njxrb phtybz bynthtcjd dfibö rkbtynjd ✔ Rjyrhtnysvb ✔ Ljcnbébvsvb ✔ Ghbdzpfyysvb r bpvthztvsv htpekmnfnfv

Rfr ds åeltnt änj ltkfnm? D änjv hfpltkt ds ljkéys gjlhjåyj jgbcfnm ghjwtcc ljcnbétybz pfzdktyysö wtktq b htitybz gjcnfdktyysö pflfx. Änjn hfpltk vjétn åsnm cfvsv lkbyysv d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb. Bvtyyj pltcm

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ds ljkéys jgbcfnm dct ltnfkb hfåjns dfitq jhufybpfwbb gj ghjtrne (uhfyne).

Vtnjls ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm jåjcyjdfybñ gjnhtåyjcntq b pfzdktyysv wtkzv. Kexit dctuj hfpvtcnbnm d lfyyjv hfpltkt nfåkbwe, ult åelen ghbdtltys dct vthjghbznbz, rjnjhst ds ghtlgjkfuftnt ghjdtcnb d hfvrfö ghjtrnf, c erfpfybtv d cjctlybö uhfafö rjyrhtnysö chjrjd b ntö wtktq b pflfx, rjnjhsv rféljt vthjghbznbt jndtxftn. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ljcnbétybt rféljq bp pfzdktyysö wtktq åeltn hfpåbnj yf hzl rjyrhtnysö ifujd. Rfrjds ljkéys åsnm änb ifub? Crjkmrj dhtvtyb gjnhtåetn rfélsq bp ybö? Djn yf änb djghjcs ds b ljkéys ghtlcnfdbnm jndtns d hfvrfö lfyyjuj hfpltkf dfitq pfzdrb.

Djpvjéyj, dfv gjnhtåetncz jåjcyjdfnm bpåhfyyst dfvb vtnjls ljcnbétybz wtktq, jcjåtyyj d njv ckexft, tckb jyb ytjåsxys b ghtlkfufñncz d rfxtcndt ärcgthbvtynfkmysö. Ghb änjv gjlxthrybnt bvtyyj eybrfkmyjcnm ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb gjlöjlf. Jåüzcybnt tuj cbkmyst cnjhjys, hfccrfébnt, rfr ds ghtlgjkfuftnt ghtljndhfnbnm djpvjéyst ytljcnfnrb.

Pltcm ét dfv cktletn rhfnrj jgbcfnm hjkm rféljuj bp cjnhelybrjd, rjnjhst åelen pfltqcndjdfys d htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. Gjlndthlbnt jåjcyjdfyyjcnm dfituj dsåjhf, ghbdtlz jxtym rhfnreñ (yt åjkmit ldeö-nhtö ghtlkjétybq) öfhfrnthbcnbre ltkjdsö rfxtcnd rféljuj. Cjikbntcm yf ghbkjétyyst htpñvt, rjnjhst ljkéys åsnm drkñxtys d rjvgktrn cjgencndeñobö vfnthbfkjd gj rféljve pyfxbvjve exfcnybre ghjtrnf. Jåsxysv juhfybxtybtv cxbnftncz yt åjktt xtnshtö htpñvt yf ghjtrn, tckb njkmrj abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf yt pfzdbn rfrbt-kbåj lheubt nhtåjdfybz. Tckb ds ghtlgjkfuftnt pfltqcndjdfnm ghbukfityysö rjycekmnfynjd, änf xfcnm dfitq pfzdrb jcjåtyyj dféyf. Jåtcgtxmnt ghfdbkmysq dsåjh rjycekmnfynjd, c ljcnfnjxysv ehjdytv rdfkbabrfwbb b jgsnjv hfåjns, eåtlbntkmyj jåjcyeqnt änj d ukfpfö gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf.

Jåzpfntkmyj hfpåtqnt dct rjkbxtcndj dhtvtyb, nhtåeñottcz yf htfkbpfwbñ dfituj ghjtrnf b yf ljcnbétybt pfzdktyysö wtktq, gj rféljve cjnhelybre b gj rféljve pflfybñ. Erfébnt rjyrhtnyst chjrb pfdthitybz hfåjn gj rféljve geyrne hfåjxtuj gkfyf. Yfghbvth, d dfitq jhufybpfwbb hfåjnftn ghjuhfvvbcn, hfåjxfz ytltkz rjnjhjuj cjcnfdkztn 40 xfcjd. Djpvjéyj, d yfxfkt ghjtrnf tuj ltzntkmyjcnm åeltn gjkyjcnmñ gjcdzotyf bvtyyj dfitve ghjtrne (yfghbvth, hfåjnf yfl cjplfybtv åfps lfyysö), pyfxbn, bvtyyj nfrjt rjkbxtcndj xfcjd (evyjétyyjt yf rjkbxtcndj ytltkm) b cktletn erfpfnm lkz öfhfrnthbcnbrb exfcnbz änjuj xtkjdtrf yf gthdjq cnflbb. Jlyfrj d lfkmytqitv tuj eckeub gj gjllthéfybñ åfps lfyysö b ecnhfytybñ djpvjéysö ghjåktv vjéyj åeltn juhfyb-

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xbnm 12 xfcfvb d ytltkñ. Pyfxbn, yf cktleñotq cnflbb ghjtrnf gj lfyyjve cjnhelybre cktletn erfpfnm 30fi-yeñ pfuhepre (xnj, cjjndtncndtyyj, nhtåetn kbim 30fi jn tuj gjkyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns).

Tckb dj ddjlyjq xfcnb dfitq pfzdrb b ghb ajhvekbhjdrt wtktq ghjtrnf ds vjukb ljcnfnjxyj ibhjrj jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm nt ckjb yfctktybz b cjwbfkmyst uheggs, yf rjnjhst yfghfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm dfitq jhufybpfwbb, nj d lfyyjv hfpltkt dfv cktletn xtnrj jghtltkbnm jcyjdysö gjnhtåbntktq eckeu, ghtljcnfdkztvsö d hfvrfö rféljuj geyrnf ghjtrnf, b exfcnybrjd rféljuj vthjghbznbz. Rfrbv jåhfpjv ghjbcöjlbn jnåjh nfrbö rkbtynjd? Djpvjéyj, ghjwtcc jnåjhf ljkéty cnfnm jlybv bp yfxfkmysö änfgjd htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf, njulf erfébnt chjr, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj jy ljkéty åsnm pfdthity, b jcyjdyst rhbnthbb jnåjhf. Ghb jgbcfybb rheuf gjnhtåbntktq eckeu dfitq jhufybpfwbb d hfvrfö ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghjtrnf, hfccxbnfqnt pfnhfns yf jåckeébdfybt jlyjuj nfrjuj rkbtynf. Djpvjéyj, nfr ds jcjåj gjlxthrytnt tuj vfkjpfnhfnyjcnm b äaatrnbdyjcnm.

Yfrjytw, ds ljkéys ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm ujnjdyjcnm bpvthbnm b jwtybnm htpekmnfns cdjtq hfåjns gj ljcnbétybñ pfzdktyysö wtktq b pflfx ghjtrnf. Ghbxtv htpekmnfns cktletn jwtybdfnm jnltkmyj gj rféljq wtkb. Jåzpfntkmyj drkñxbnt d hfpltk, jgbcsdfñobq vtnjls dfitq hfåjns gj ghjtrne, ne vtnjljkjubñ b nt bycnhevtyns, rjnjhsvb ds ghtlgjkfuftnt gjkmpjdfnmcz ghb jwtyrt htpekmnfnjd. D ghbkjétybb vjéyj ghbdtcnb rjyrhtnyst ghbvths nfrbö bycnhevtynjd.

XNJ LJKÉTY CJLTHÉFNM HFPLTK J VTNJLFÖ LJCNBÉTYBZ WTKTQ GHJTRNF: ✔ Gjlhjåyjt jgbcfybt dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb gj ghjtrne, vthjghbznbq c jåjcyjdfybtv rféljuj ifuf ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre ghjatccbjyfkmysö rfxtcnd herjdjlbntktq b cjnhelybrjd ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre gjnhtåbntktq eckeu, ghtljcnfdkztvsö dfitq jhufybpfwbtq d hfvrfö ghjtrnf, f nfrét öfhfrnthbcnbre ghjwtccf b rhbnthbtd jnåjhf exfcnybrjd ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre rhbnthbtd jwtyrb htpekmnfnjd ghjtrnf b ghbvtyztvsö lkz nfrjq jwtyrb bycnhevtynjd

Crjkmrj änj åeltn cnjbnm? Änjn hfpltk ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cvtne dfitq pfzdrb. Jy ljkéty drkñxfnm d ctåz ldt xfcnb: gjlhjåysq cgbcjr hfcöjljd, jåsxyj d ajhvfnt äktrnhjyyjq nfåkbws, b gjzcytybz r ytve (äne

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gjcktlyññ xfcnm yfpsdfñn åñlétnysv jgbcfybtv). D wtkjv åñlétn ljkéty cjjndtncndjdfnm ntv dblfv ltzntkmyjcnb b vthjghbznbzv, rjnjhst ds pfgkfybhjdfkb d hfvrfö ghjtrnf b jnhfpbkb d ghtlsleotv hfpltkt.

Dfv yeéyj nofntkmyj ghjlevfnm dct ifub dfitq hfåjns gj ghjdtltybñ vthjghbznbz. Rfrbt pfnhfns gjnhtåeñncz yf rféljv änfgt? Ghb änjv yt cktletn uflfnm. Ghjdtlbnt vfhrtnbyujdjt bccktljdfybt, xnjås cfvbv åsnm edthtyysvb d njv, xnj ghtlkfuftvfz dfvb cvtnf hfcöjljd dgjkyt hfpevyf b jåjcyjdfyf. Gjkexbnt jn hfpysö rjvgfybq bö ltqcndeñobt hfcwtyrb yf eckeub b njdfhs, ghbjåhtntybt rjnjhsö gjyfljåbncz lkz htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf.

Cgbcjr hfcöjljd (b d wtkjv dfi åñlétn) cktletn hfpltkbnm yf cktleñobt hfpltks: ✔ Jgkfnf nhelf gthcjyfkf ✔ Cjwbfkmyst dsgkfns b kmujns ✔ Rfywnjdfhs b ghjxbt vfnthbfks ✔ Jåjheljdfybt ✔ Hfcöjls yf rjvfylbhjdrb b gjtplrb ✔ Hfcöjls yf cdzpm (ntktajy, äktrnhjyyfz gjxnf) ✔ Hfcöjls yf htrkfve b geåkbrfwbb

Tckb djpvjéyj, jnhfpbnt hfcöjls d gjrfpfntkzö yf rféljuj exfcnybrf njuj bkb byjuj vthjghbznbz, yfghbvth:

Byajhvfwbjyyst vfnthbfks

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ›10

ö 50 exfcnybrjd rjyathtywbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ›500

Rjcdtyyst hfcöjls bkb flvbybcnhfnbdyst bplthérb bcxbckzñncz rfr ghjwtyn jn åñlétnf dctq jhufybpfwbb. Ytrjnjhst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs hfphtifñn drkñxfnm rjcdtyyst hfcöjls d åñlétn, lheubt – ytn. C cfvjuj yfxfkf epyfqnt, rfrjdf gjkbnbrf gj änjve djghjce njq jhufybpfwbb, relf ds jåhfoftntcm. Tckb jnhféfnm rjcdtyyst hfcöjls d åñlétnt ytkmpz, dsltkbnt chtlb ybö ghzvst hfcöjls b drkñxbnt bö d hfpkbxyst hfpltks dfituj åñlétnf. Ghbvths flvbybcnhfnbdysö bplthétr, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm drkñxtys d åñlétn rfr ghzvst hfcöjls: fhtylyfz gkfnf pf jabcyjt gjvtotybt, pfhgkfnf flvbybcnhfnbdyjve gthcjyfke, jgkfnf rjvveyfkmysö eckeu b ntktajyyjq cdzpb. Tckb ds bvtyyj nfrbv jåhfpjv drkñxftnt flvbybcnhfnbdyst hfcöjls d åñlétn, ds ljkéys åsnm edthtys d njv, xnj jyb yfghzveñ cdzpfys c pflfxfvb dfituj ghjtrnf b evtnm bö jåjcyjdfnm

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gthtl gjntywbfkmysvb cgjycjhfvb. Jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs jxtym htlrj cjukfifñncz jgkfxbdfnm flvbybcnhfnbdyst hfcöjls åtp xtnrjuj b eåtlbntkmyjuj jåjcyjdfybz.

Cjwbfkmyst gkfntéb b kmujns – änj nj, xnj cjnhelybrb dfitq jhufybpfwbb gjkexfñn gjvbvj ghzvjq pfhgkfns. Bö jåütv hfccxbnsdftncz rfr ghjwtyn jn pfhfåjnyjq gkfns. Cñlf vjuen döjlbnm yfkjujdst gkfntéb hfåjnjlfntkz, cnhföjdfybt ébpyb b/bkb vtlbwbycrjt cnhföjdfybt cjnhelybrjd, rjvgtycfwbz (gjcjåbz) yf gbnfybt b dsgkfns d gtycbjyysq ajyl. Jabwbfkmyj jåütv änbö dsgkfn d ghjwtynyjv jnyjitybb vjétn åsnm njxyj bcxbckty felbnjhjv b pfhfytt ghtlcnfdkty abyfycbheñotq cnjhjyt yf hfccvjnhtybt b jljåhtybt. Tckb ghb cjcnfdktybb cdjtuj åñlétnf ds yt hfåjnfkb c felbnjhjv gj jghtltktybñ ghjwtynf cjwbfkmysö dsgkfn b flvbybcnhfnbdysö bplthétr, ds vjétnt jnhfpbnm jåoeñ wbahe dctö cjwbfkmysö dsgkfn cdjbv cjnhelybrfv. Ghb änjv, d jncencndbt jabwbfkmyj jghtltktyyjuj felbnjhjv b jljåhtyyjuj jhufybpfwbtq-ljyjhjv jåütvf dsgkfn, dfv ytjåöjlbvj åeltn uhfvjnyj jåjcyjdfnm bcxbcktyyeñ dfvb wbahe.

Jgbcfybt åñlétnf ljkéyj drkñxfnm jåjcyjdfybt gj rféljve dble ytnbgjdsö bkb cgtwbfkmysö hfcöjljd, f nfrét gjlhjåyjcnb d jnyjitybb ntö bkb bysö nbgjd hfcöjljd. Jyj ghbkfuftncz r nfåkbwt c hfcxtnfvb dfitq cvtns. Ytnbgjdsvb bkb cgtwbfkmysvb hfcöjlfvb vjéyj yfpdfnm dscjrbt wtys yf åbktns (ghb rjvfylbhjdrfö), pfnhfns yf ghbjåhtntybt ljhjujuj jåjheljdfybz (yfghbvth, fdnjvjåbktq) b n. g. Åjkmifz xfcnm jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd jnrfpsdftncz abyfycbhjdfnm ghbjåhtntybt fdnjvjåbktq bkb ytldbébvjcnb. D ntö ckexfzö, rjulf ghbjåhtntybt ljhjujcnjzotuj jåjheljdfybz (rjvgmñnthjd) hfphtiftncz, xfcnj dsldbuftncz eckjdbt, xnj gj jrjyxfybb ghjtrnf jyj ljkéyj åsnm djpdhfotyj cgjycjhe.

D åñlétnyjv jgbcfybb cktletn bcgjkmpjdfnm nt ét hfpltks c ntvb ét pfujkjdrfvb, xnj b d cfvjq åñlétnyjq nfåkbwt. Jgbcfybt yt jåzpfntkmyj ljkéyj cjlthéfnm gjzcytybz gj rféljve hfpltke, f njkmrj d ckexft ytjåöjlbvjcnb. Yfghbvth, gj hfpltke ≤Jgkfnf eckeu ntktajyyjq cdzpb≥ dfv vjétn gjnhtåjdfnmcz erfpfnm, rfr rjyrhtnyj ds åeltnt dsltkznm ntktajyyst gthtujdjhs gj ghjtrne bp jåobö cxtnjd gj jgkfnt pf ntktajy dfitq jhufybpfwbb.

Rfr ghfdbkj, abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf éltn jn rfylblfnjd yf uhfyns ujnjdyjcnb gjytcnb rfreñ-nj xfcnm hfcöjljd gj ghjtrne cfvjcnjzntkmyj. Xfcnj ghb cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb cjbcrfntkb yt erfpsdfñn cjåcndtyyst pfnhfns yf ghjtrn, gjcrjkmre cfvb bö yt dblzn. Yfghbvth, rhjvt hfcöjljd, yfghzveñ jnyjczoböcz r htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf, vjuen åsnm b hfcöjls, jåtcgtxbdfñobt ntöybxtcreñ bkb flvb-

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ybcnhfnbdyeñ gjllthére. Rfrjds jyb vjuen åsnm? Gjlevfqnt jåj dctv, xnj bvttn jnyjitybt r ghjtrne. Yfghbvth, tckb ds yt drkñxftnt d cdjñ pfzdre jgkfne nhelf ukfdyjuj åeöufknthf dfitq jhufybpfwbb bkb flvbybcnhfnjhf rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb, f bö exfcnbt nfr bkb byfxt gjyfljåbncz – jnhfpbnt xfcnm bö pfhfåjnyjq gkfns rfr hfcöjls dfitq jhufybpfwbb gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghjtrnf. Bkb lkz rfrjuj-nj cgtwbfkbcnf, gjkyjcnmñ pfyznjuj d ghjtrnt, vjéyj ghtlecvjnhtnm jgkfne 50fi tuj hfåjxtuj dhtvtyb pf cxtn uhfynf, f jcnfkmysö 50fi – bp cjåcndtyysö chtlcnd dfitq jhufybpfwbb.

E dfc åeltn ujhfplj åjkmit ifycjd yf gjkextybt uhfynf, tckb ds gjlndthlbnt pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm lheujuj cgjycjhf d dfitv ghjtrnt b tuj ujnjdyjcnm abyfycbhjdfnm xfcnm hfcöjljd. Tckb dfif jhufybpfwbz eét gjkexfkf rfrbt-nj chtlcndf gj ghtlcnfdktyyjve d pfzdrt ghjtrne jn lheubö ljyjhjd bkb bvttn nfrbt ghtlkjétybz yf åeleott, jåzpfntkmyj jnhfpbnt änj d cdjtq pfzdrt. Tckb e dfc cjöhfybkbcm rfrbt-nj chtlcndf jn ghtlsleotuj cgjycjhf b ds vjétnt hfcgjhzéfnmcz bvb gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ d hfvrfö yjdjuj ghjtrnf, änj njét ljkéyj åsnm jnhfétyj.

Vyjubö cgjycjhjd djkyetn ghjåktvf ≤ecnjqxbdjcnb≥, ghttvcndtyyjcnb dfitq ltzntkmyjcnb gj ghjtrne. Tckb ds cvjétnt gjrfpfnm, xnj gj pfdthitybb hfåjns gj uhfyne dfi ghjtrn åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz (kbåj gthtqlz yf cfvjabyfycbhjdfybt, kbåj pf cxtn rfrbö-nj lheubö bcnjxybrjd), dfib ifycs gjkexbnm abyfycbhjdfybt djphfcnen. Gjänjve e dfc ljkéty åsnm gkfy abyfycbhjdfybz hfåjns d njv ét yfghfdktybb d åeleotv. Djn rfrbt bcnjxybrb lkz änjuj vjéyj erfpfnm:

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Xktycrbt dpyjcs

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Ghjlféf geåkbrfwbq

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Rfvgfybb gj cåjhe chtlcnd

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Gjkmpjdfntkmcrbt gkfntéb pf nt bkb byst eckeub

Ytkmpz ytljjwtybdfnm dféyjcnm hfphfåjnrb gkfyf njuj, rfr ghjljkéfnm abyfycbhjdfybt ghjtrnf d åeleotv. Lkz abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys njn afrnjh, xnj tt ltymub gjqlen yf yfxfkj nfrjuj ghjtrnf, rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn pyfxbntkmysq bynthtc lkz lfyyjq nthhbnjhbb b yt ghtrhfnbncz c ghtrhfotybtv vtéleyfhjlyjq gjllthérb, zdkztncz jxtym gjkjébntkmysv cnbvekjv lkz ghbyznbz htitybz d jnyjitybb dsltktybz ajyljd. F dtlm bvtyyj dfi gkfy htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf gj bcntxtybb chjrf uhfynf b åeltn cdbltntkmcndjdfnm j pyfxtybb änjq hfåjns lkz jåotcndf, lkz yfctktybz dfituj htubjyf. Rfr b dcz dfif pfzdrf, nfrjq gkfy åeleotuj hfpdbnbz ljkéty åsnm yfgbcfy ghjcnsv b zcysv zpsrjv, ljkéty åsnm rjyrhtnysv b htfkbcnbxysv.

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Yfrjytw, gjcnfhfqntcm tot lj hfåjns yfl cdjtq cvtnjq epyfnm hfpvth uhfynjd, jåsxyj dslfdftvsö njq jhufybpfwbtq, relf ds jåhfoftntcm. Tckb ceotcndeñn juhfybxtybz cevvs uhfynf, yt ghtdsifqnt bö d cdjtq pfzdrt.Be

sure your budget includes:

DFI ÅÑLÉTN JÅZPFNTKMYJ LJKÉTY CJLTHÉFNM: ✔ Xtnrjt hfcghtltktybt dctö hfcöjljd gj rfntujhbzv ✔ Åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt c gjlhjåysv jåjcyjdfybtv dctö ytjåsxysö hfcöjljd ✔ Äktvtyns cjdvtcnyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz c dfitq cnjhjys ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre lheubö bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz ✔ Gkfy åeleotq hfåjns b abyfycbhjdfybz

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R F R

C D T C N B

D C T

D J T L B Y J ?

CJGHJDJLBNTKMYJT GBCMVJ Ljkéyj åsnm yfgbcfyj yf åkfyrt dfitq jhufybpfwbb b cjlthéfnm lfyyst j dfibö ltqcndeñobö yjvthfö ntktajyjd, afrcjd, flhtcf äktrnhjyyjq gjxns b gjxnjdsq flhtc. Bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh ljkéty yt njkmrj gjlgbcfnm gbcmvj, yj b dkfltnm byajhvfwbtq gj ghjtrne. Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj vjétn cjlthéfnm dctuj ldf-nhb ghtlkjétybz. Ukfdyfz wtkm – ghtlcnfdbnm dfi ghjtrn, f yt ≤ghjlfnm≥ tuj. Dct dfit evtybt eåtélfnm, dct fhuevtyns d gjkmpe dfibö bltq cåthtubnt lj njuj, rfr ghbcnegbnt r ntrcne cfvjq pfzdrb.

NBNEKMYSQ KBCN B CJLTHÉFYBT Xtv ktuxt xbnftncz dfif pfzdrf, ntv åjkmit dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj rjvbccbz gj jwtyrt pfzdjr tt gjqvtn. Lkz änjuj ghtldfhbnt ntrcn pfzdrb nbnekmysv kbcnjv b cjcnfdmnt yf jnltkmyjq cnhfybwt cjlthéfybt dfibö vfnthbfkjd, dsltkbd dct hfpltks, gjlhfpltks, ukfds b ghjx. Dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkm rjvbccbb gj hfccvjnhtybñ pfzdjr pföjxtn gjlhjåyj jpyfrjvbnmcz kbim c jlybv bp hfpltkjd (yfghbvth, c åñlétnjv), xnjås eåtlbnmcz, jndtxftn kb dfif pfzdrf nhtåjdfybzv b juhfybxtybzv b gjlktébn kb lfkmytqitve hfccvjnhtybñ.

RHFNRJT BPKJÉTYBT GHJTRNF Öjnz änj jåjåotyyjt b rhfnrjt bpkjétybt jcyjdysö dfibö bltq ljkéyj åsnm yfgbcfyj gjcktlybv, pfnj d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb jyj ljkéyj blnb gthdsv: chfpe gjckt cjghjdjlbntkmyjuj gbcmvf. Jyj yt ljkéyj ghtdsifnm jlyjq cnhfybws b ljkéyj xtnrj jghtltkznm jcyjdyjq ghbyznsq dfvb gjlöjl. D ytv d céfnjq ajhvt b jxtym eåtlbntkmyj ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz cktleñobt cdtltybz:

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Gjnhtåyjcnb

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Dfib wtkb b pflfxb

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Vtnjls bö ljcnbétybz

Jåofz cnjbvjcnm ghjtrnf, drkñxfz nt pfnhfns, rjnjhst cvjétn dpznm yf ctåz dfif jhufybpfwbz, b cevvf, yf rjnjheñ cjcnfdktyf pfzdrf, nfrét ljkéyf åsnm jnhfétyf d rhfnrjv bpkjétybb ghjtrnf.

Änjn hfpltk ljkéty åsnm rhfnrbv, zcysv b eåtlbntkmysv. Gjcrjkmre änj jåsxyj gthdjt, xnj xbnfñn ghtlcnfdbntkb cgjycjhjd, jy ljkéty dspdfnm bö bynthtc, étkfybt ghjxbnfnm pfzdre wtkbrjv.

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PFZDRF Dfif pfzdrf ljkéyf drkñxfnm d ctåz cktleñobt hfpltks:

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Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt

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Jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq

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Wtkb b pflfxb

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Vtnjls b genb bö htitybz

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Åñlétn b åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt

D ytq ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz jndtns yf cktleñobt djghjcs:

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Rnj ds?

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Rfrjds dfib gjnhtåyjcnb?

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Xnj ds åeltnt ltkfnm?

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Rfr ds åeltnt änj ltkfnm?

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Crjkmrj änj åeltn cnjbnm?

GHBKJÉTYBZ Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs ghjczn ghbkjébnm r pfzdrt hfpkbxyst cjgencndeñobt ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks. Gjcnfhfqntcm pfhfytt epyfnm j njv, rfrbt ghbkjétybz nhtåeñncz dfitve gjntywbfkmyjve cgjycjhe. Dtlm tckb bö yt ghbkjébnm r dfitq pfzdrt, jyf yt yfåthtn ytjåöjlbvjuj rjkbxtcndf åfkkjd. D ghbkjétybzö vjuen cjlthéfnmcz cktleñobt ljrevtyns (b rfrbt-kbåj lheubt, juhfybxtybq pltcm yt ceotcndetn):

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Åbjuhfabb, htpñvt cjnhelybrjd b rjycekmnfynjd, exfcndeñobö d ghjtrnt

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Htubcnhfwbjyyst ljrevtyns dfitq jhufybpfwbb

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Jwtyrf abyfycjdjuj cjcnjzybz dfitq jhufybpfwbb (gj htpekmnfnfv felbnf, ujljdjuj jnxtnf bkb lh.)

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Gbcmvf d gjllthére dfituj ghjtrnf jn lheubö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd

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Ljujdjhs c gfhnythcrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb

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Gjlndthéltybt hfåjxbö cdzptq c byjcnhfyysvb gfhnythfvb

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Rjgbb ghtlkfuftvsö bycnhevtynjd jwtyrb ghjtrnf (fyrtns, ajhvs ghjdtltybz jghjcjd b n. g.)

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Ds ljkéys ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre bvtyyj d njq ajhvt b d nfrjv rjkbxtcndt ärptvgkzhjd, rfr njuj nhtåetn abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf. Yt ärjyjvmnt yf rjgbhjdfybb – rfélsq ärptvgkzh dfitq pfzdrb gjgfltn d hfpyst herb, b rfélsq bp gjntywbfkmysö xbnfntktq vjétn ghbyznm htitybt d dfie gjkmpe – ghb eckjdbb, xnj pfzdrf kturj xbnftncz b ghjatccbjyfkmyj jajhvktyf. Yt pfåelmnt jcnfdbnm ärptvgkzh b lkz ctåz, gjcrjkmre jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs ghfrnbxtcrb ybrjulf yt djpdhfofñn jndthuyenst pfzdrb.

Jåzpfntkmyj ghtlcnfdmnt cdjñ pfzdre lj yfcnegktybz gjcktlytuj chjrf gjlfxb. Rfr ghfdbkj, pfzdrf, gjlfyyfz c jgjplfybtv, hfccvfnhbdfnmcz yt åeltn. B lfét tckb dfv elfcncz eåtlbnm gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf ghbyznm r hfccvjnhtybñ dfib ghtlkjétybz, nfr rfr cdjt jgjplfybt ds jåüzcybnt edfébntkmysvb ghbxbyfvb, ghfrnbrf gjrfpsdftn, xnj nfrbt pfzdrb yt abyfycbheñncz. Gjlhfpevtdftncz, xnj tckb ds yt d cjcnjzybb ecgtnm ghtlcnfdbnm dfie pfzdre d ljkéysq chjr, nj b d wtkjv ds yt cgjcjåys äaatrnbdyj hfcgjhzéfnmcz dsltktyysvb chtlcndfvb b yfghfdkznm abyfycjdeñ jnxtnyjcnm d chjr. Gjcrjkmre ytjéblfyyst ghjåktvs c rjgbhjdfybtv bkb ljcnfdrjq ltqcndbntkmyj vjuen djpybryenm, gkfybheqnt pfrjyxbnm cdjñ hfåjne yfl pfzdrjq yf ytcrjkmrj lytq (bkb, gj rhfqytq vtht, yf jlby ltym) hfymit jåüzdktyyjuj chjrf.

Pfrjyxtyj kb cjcnfdktybt dfitq pfzdrb* Ghjdthmnt gj ghbdtltyyjve ybét cgbcre^

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Pfzdrf flhtcjdfyf rjyrhtnyjve kbwe

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Bycnherwbb b htrjvtylfwbb abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys nofntkmyj cjåkñltys

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Dct gjnhtåyjcnb nofntkmyj ghjfyfkbpbhjdfys b xtnrj jgbcfys

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Ghbdtltyj gjlhjåyjt b rjyrhtnyjt jgbcfybt ghjtrnf

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Xtnrj jghtltktys wtkb b dsöjlyst htpekmnfns htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf

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Åñlétn ghjtrnf hfpevysq, jåjcyjdfyysq b jndtxftn nhtåjdfybzv abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys

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Åñlétn cjjndtncndetn åñlétnyjve jgbcfybñ

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Ds cjöhfybkb ärptvgkzh lkz ctåz

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Pfzdrf gjgfltn d rjvbccbñ gj hfccvjnhtybñ pf jlby ltym lj jrjyxfybz chjrjd gjlfxb

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D pfzdrt ghbcencndeñn cktleñobt cjcnfdyst xfcnb:

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Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj

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Nbnekmysq kbcn b nfåkbwf cjlthéfybz

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Céfnjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf

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Ddtltybt

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Fyfkbp gjnhtåyjcntq

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Wtkb b pflfxb

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Genb b vtnjls bö ljcnbétybz

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Åñlétn b åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt

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Ghbkjétybz (tckb tcnm d ybö ytjåöjlbvjcnm)

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J W T Y R F

P F Z D R B

Tckb djpvjéyj, epyfqnt pfhfytt rfr bvtyyj åeltn jwtybdfnmcz dfif pfzdrf. Åjkmifz xfcnm jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd ghbdthétyf jnrhsnjve b ≤ghjphfxyjve≥ ghjwtcce jnåjhf ghjtrnjd b vjuen ghtlcnfdbnm dfv gjlhjåyjt jgbcfybt änjq ghjwtlehs. Ytrjnjhst lfét ujnjds gthtlfnm dfv cgbcjr rhbnthbtd c erfpfybtv bö eltkmysö dtcjd (n.t. crjkmrj jxrjd ≤cnjbn≥ njn bkb byjq geyrn pfzdrb). Jåsxyj hfccvjnhtybt b jwtyrf pfzdjr ghjdjlbncz uheggjq ärcgthnjd d cjjndtncndbb c pflfyysvb rhbnthbzvb. Bvtyyj nt pfzdrb, rjnjhst d yfbåjkmitq cntgtyb eljdktndjhzñn änbv rhbnthbzv, b åelen jnjåhfys d rfxtcndt ceågjlhzlxbrjd bkb uhfynjgjkexfntktq. Gjänjve, xtv åjkmit ds pyftnt j rhbnthbzö jnåjhf, ntv d kexitq ds gjpbwbb gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb cjbcrfntkzvb.

Tckb dfif pfzdrf yf gjkextybt abyfycbhjdfybz jrfpfkfcm jndthuyenjq, yt jnxfbdfqntcm^ Yt åjqntcm jåhfnbnmcz pf abyfycbhjdfybtv tot b tot hfp – c änbv ét ghjtrnjv. Yt åjqntcm pflfnm djghjc, gjxtve bvtyyj dfif pfzdrf jndthuyenf. Ghb änjv ds vjétnt gjkexbnm ghjcnj åtcwtyyst erfpfybz yf yfbåjktt cbkmyst b ckfåst cnjhjys Dfitq pfzdrb, f gjnjv ecjdthitycndjdfnm tt.

Xfcnj ghjtrn åsdftn jndthuyen, nfr rfr lfét åelexb jxtym öjhjibv, jy yt dgjkyt jndtxftn wtkzv b pflfxfv njq jhufybpfwbb, d rjnjheñ ds jåhfnbkbcm. Tot jlyf hfcghjcnhfytyyfz ghbxbyf jnrfpf – åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj rjyrehbheñobö pfzdjr, gjlfyysö jlyjdhtvtyyj c dfitq.

Gjckt njuj rfr ds epyfkb, gjxtve dfif pfzdrf yt åskf eljdktndjhtyf, ds vjétnt tt gthtgbcfnm, ekexibnm b ghtlcnfdbnm bkb d lheueñ jhufybpfwbñ, bkb d ne ét, xthtp ytrjnjhjt dhtvz. Ytn ybxtuj cnhfiyjuj d njv, xnj ds jåhfoftntcm pf abyfycbhjdfybtv gjdnjhyj, åelexb jndthuyensvb d ghjikjv, ntv åjktt tckb dj dnjhjq hfp ds gjlftnt ekexityyeñ pfzdre. GZNM EÅTLBNTKMYSÖ GHBXBY LKZ GTHTHFÅJNRB B GJDNJHYJUJ GHTLCNFDKTYBZ JNDTHUYENJQ PFZDRB: ✔ Ghbjhbntns abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys vjukb bpvtybnmcz ✔ Rflhjdst gthtcnfyjdrb vjukb ghbdtcnb r njve, xnj rjvbccbz gj hfccvjnhtybñ b jwtyrt pfzdjr ntgthm cjcnjbn bp fåcjkñnyj lheubö kñltq ✔ D cktleñobq hfp fyfkjubxysö rjyrehbheñobö pfzdjr vjétn åsnm pyfxbntkmyj vtymit ✔ Dfif jhufybpfwbz b dfib rkbtyns njkmrj dsbuhfñn jn gthtjwtyrb gjnhtåyjcntq ✔ Lkz abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys änj cbuyfk, cdbltntkmcndeñotq j dfitq pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb, cthmtpyjcnb yfvthtybq b ghbdthétyyjcnb bltzv cdjtuj ghjtrnf 25

YT PFÅELMNT^ Gjckt gjkextybz uhfynf gjcnjzyyj gjllthébdfqnt cdzpm c abyfycbheñotq cnjhjyjq. Dj dctö vfnthbfkfö, drkñxfz geåkbrfwbb b web-cfqn, ccskfqntcm yf bcnjxybr abyfycbhjdfybz. Dct jnyjczobtcz r ghjtrne ljrevtyns jnghfdkzqnt dfitve cgjycjhe.

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R F R

C J C N F D B N M

E Å T L B N T K M Y J T

H T P Ñ V T ?

Htpñvt b åbjuhfabb cgtwbfkbcnjd – gjéfkeq, yfbåjktt dféyst ghbkjétybz r ntrcne pfzdrb. Jyb dctulf nofntkmyj hfccvfnhbdfñncz ghbtvyjq rjvbccbtq. Ds ljkéys eåtlbntkmyj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm cdjtve gjntywbfkmyjve cgjycjhe, xnj kñlb, rjnjhst åelen hfåjnfnm gj htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf, jåkflfñn bvtyyj ntvb yfdsrfvb b rdfkbabrfwbjyysv ehjdytv, rjnjhst yfbåjkmibv jåhfpjv cjjndtncndeñn gjnhtåyjcnzv b pflfxfv ghjtrnf. Änj ghbjåhtnftn jcjåeñ dféyjcnm lkz ytlfdyj jåhfpjdfyysö ≤vjkjlsö≥ jhufybpfwbq, e rjnjhsö tot yt yfrjgbkjcm ljcnfnjxyjt rjkbxtcndj cdbltntkmcnd ecgtiyjq hfåjns gj lheubv ghjtrnfv b xmb vtnjls hfåjns tot yt pfhtrjvtyljdfkb ctåz d ukfpfö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd.

Åbjuhfabxtcrbt ljrevtyns, rfr ghfdbkj, yfpsdfñncz ≤htpñvt≥ b fdnjåbjuhfabz bkb ≤Cª≥, b vtéle ybvb cktletn gjybvfnm jghtltktyyeñ hfpybwe. Jåsxyj htpñvt bcgjkmpetncz lkz gjkextybz njq bkb byjq hfåjns, f Cª jnhféftn yfexyst bkb frfltvbxtcrbt ljcnbétybz. D pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, rfreñ hjkm d dfitv ghjtrnt åeltn buhfnm nj bkb byjt kbwj, ds ljkéys ghbkjébnm r pfzdrt kbåj htpñvt, kbåj Cª änjuj xtkjdtrf. Tckb jcyjdysvb aeyrwbzvb änjuj cgtwbfkbcnf åelen flvbybcnhfnbdyst, nj cktletn ghbkjébnm htpñvt. Tckb ét gkfybhetncz bcgjkmpjdfnm tuj rfr yfexyjuj rjycekmnfynf, tckb yfexysq jgsn nfrjuj cgtwbfkbcnf jcjåtyyj dféty lkz ecgtöf ghjtrnf, åjktt ghfdbkmysv åeltn ghbkjébnm tuj Cª.

CJLTHÉFYBT Htpñvt bkb Cª ljkéys drkñxfnm kñåeñ byajhvfwbñ, rjnjhfz yeéyf lkz jndtnf yf djghjc: cjjndtncndeñn kb dfib pyfybz, jgsn b yfdsrb njq hfåjnt, rjnjhjq dfv ghtlcnjbn pfybvfnmcz? D ybö nfrét ljkéys åsnm dsltktys dfib bvz b afvbkbz, flhtc b rjynfrnyst ntktajys, b jnhfétys rfr ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz c erfpfybtv ghbjåhtntyyjq cgtwbfkmyjcnb, nfr b bcnjhbz dfitq nheljdjq ltzntkmyjcnb.

Bvz b rjynfrnyfz byajhvfwbz Bö cktletn hfpvtofnm ddthöe cnhfybws yfl ntrcnjv, xnjås änj chfpe åhjcfkjcm d ukfpf b kturj xbnfkjcm.

Jåhfpjdfybt Drkñxbnt d Dfit htpñvt dct dfib (lfét ytpfrjyxtyyst) ckexfb jåextybz d dscibö b cgtwbfkm-

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ysö chtlybö extåysö pfdtltybzö, yfbvtyjdfybt gjkextyyjq cgtwbfkmyjcnb, yfpdfybt b flhtcf extåysö pfdtltybq.

Jgsn hfåjns D änjv hfpltkt cktletn yt ghjcnj gthtxbckznm änfgs cdjtq rfhmths b pfybvftvst ljkéyjcnb, f gjlxthryenm cdjb ljcnbétybz. Ybét ghbdtlty ghbvth ytuhfvjnyjuj jgbcfybz ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfyyjcntq: Jndtxfk(f) pf cåjh chtlcnd b cnhfntubxtcreñ hfphfåjnre gj ytcrjkmrbv ghjuhfvvfv.

Nj, xnj ds pf änj yfghfdktybt jndtxfkb, tot yt pyfxbn, xnj ds xnj-nj htfkmyj d änjv yfghfdktybb cltkfkb. Djn ghbvth åjktt elfxyj cjcnfdktyyjuj htpñvt: Hfphfåjnfk(f) b jceotcndbk(f) byyjdfwbjyysq gjlöjl d hfåjnt gj gjbcre abyfycbhjdfybz, xnj ghbdtkj r edtkbxtybñ tétujlyjuj ehjdyz abyfycjdsö gjcnegktybq jn hfpkbxysö bcnjxybrjd yf 60fi b r gjzdktybñ gznb yjdsö ghjuhfvv, drkñxfz nhtöujlbxyeñ ghjuhfvve gj jhufybpfwbb ljceuf irjkmybrjd cnjbvjcnmñ 500 nsc. ljkkfhjd CIF, gjkyjcnmñ abyfycbhjdfdieñcz vtcnysvb åbpytcvtyfvb b ghtlghbznbzvb.

Bcgjkmpeqnt äythubxyst ukfujks d frnbdyjq ajhvt, xnjås jnhfpbnm b bpvthbnm dfib ljcnbétybz.

Htpñvt bkb Cª vjuen nfrét drkñxfnm b lheueñ byajhvfwbñ, yfghbvth, j yfuhflfö b ghtvbzö, j geåkbrfwbzö.

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Ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfuhfls, pdfybz, pyfrb, uhfvjns b lfns bö ghbcdjtybz

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Herjdjlzobt ljkéyjcnb, pfybvftvst d ghjikjv, xktycndj d rjvbntnfö, cjdtnfö b ghjx. c erfpfybtv gthbjljd

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Xktycndj d ghjatccbjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbzö c erfpfybtv gthbjlf

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Cgbcjr geåkbrfwbq c erfpfybtv yfpdfybq, bplfntkz b lfns bplfybz.

Htpñvt bkb Cª, ghbkfuftvst r dfitq pfzdrt, ljkéys åsnm njxysvb, jnhféfnm ctujlyziyññ cbnefwbñ b cjjndtncndjdfnm pfzdkztvsv wtkzv b pflfxfv ghjtrnf. Bysvb ckjdfvb, jyb ljkéys eåtlbnm abyfycbheñoeñ cnjhjye, xnj dfib cjnhelybrb, jhufybpfnjhs b herjdjlbntkb ghjtrnf, rfr b ghbdktrftvst rjycekmnfyns, jåkflfñn dctv ytjåöjlbvsv b ljcnfnjxysv lkz njuj, xnjås äaatrnbdyj dsgjkybnm gjcnfdktyyeñ pflfxe.

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AJHVFN D pfdbcbvjcnb jn dfitq cgtwbfkmyjcnb b jåkfcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ds vjétnt dsåhfnm jlye bp ytcrjkmrbö yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyysö ajhv bpkjétybz byajhvfwbb d Htpñvt bkb Cª. Yfbåjktt nhflbwbjyysq b xfot dctuj ghbvtyztvsq cgjcjå – öhjyjkjubxtcrbq. Lkz åjktt ghfdbkmyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz nfrjuj ajhvfnf cyfxfkf hfpåtqnt cdjt htpñvt yf hfpltks (cv. dsit). Rfélsq hfpltk ljkéty åsnm dsltkty b kturj xbnfnmcz. Cfvst gjcktlybt ljkéyjcnb (dbls ltzntkmyjcnb) cktletn hfpvtofnm d yfxfkt rféljuj hfpltkf b pfntv jnhféfnm byajhvfwbñ d jåhfnyjv öhjyjkjubxtcrjv gjhzlrt.

Dfit bvz b rjynfrnyfz byajhvfwbz dctulf ljkéys hfpvtofnmcz yf dthöe cnhfybws. Hfpltk ≤Jåhfpjdfybt≥ jåsxyj hfpvtofñn gjckt jgbcfybz nheljdjq ltzntkmyjcnb d hfpltkt ≤Jgsn hfåjns≥. Yj d ldeö ckexfzö hfpltk ≤Jåhfpjdfybt≥ vjétn b ghtldfhznm jgbcfybt jgsnf hfåjns: (1) tckb ds djjåot ytlfdyj yfxfkb cdjñ nheljdeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, bkb (2) tckb ds hfåjnfkb d lheubö cathfö ltzntkmyjcnb, yj pfnj dfit jåhfpjdfybt ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfyj c hfåjnjq gj ghtlkfuftvjve ghjtrne. Tckb ét yfbåjktt cbkmyjq dfitq cnjhjyjq zdkztncz bvtyyj dfi ghjatccbjyfkmysq jgsn – bvtyyj tuj jgbcfybt b ljkéyj åsnm hfpvtotyj d cfvjv yfxfkt. Ghjxfz byajhvfwbz hfpvtoftncz d rjywt.

Bpåtufqnt lkbyysö, vyjujckjdysö jgbcfybq, d rféljv hfpltkt bcgjkmpeqnt cgjcjås ajhvfnbhjdfybz ntrcnf (fåpfws, hfpåbdre b n.g.) lkz jåktuxtybz xntybz. Cnfhfqntcm yt bcgjkmpjdfnm xthtcxeh vfktymrbq ihban, rjnjhsq nhelyj hfpjåhfnm.

Ajhvfnbhjdfnm htpñvt yflj nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås jyj gjvtcnbkjcm yf jlyjq, d rhfqytv ckexft – yf ldeö cnhfybwfö. Xnj rfcftncz Cª, nj änjn ljrevtyn vjétn pfybvfnm b ytcrjkmrj cnhfybw (cgbcrb geåkbrfwbq, yfghbvth), öjnz ytrjnjhst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs juhfybxbdfñn jåütv Cª pfhfytt. Ye b, yfrjytw, d ghtlcnfdkztvsö dfvb fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbö ljrevtynfö yt ljkéyj cjlthéfnmcz yb jhajuhfabxtcrbö, yb uhfvvfnbxtcrbö jibåjr, yb jgtxfnjr. Gjghjcbnt ytcrjkmrbö xtkjdtr dsxbnfnm dfit htpñvt, ghtélt xtv åeltnt yfghfdkznm tuj abyfycbheñotq cnjhjyt.

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U K J C C F H B Q Fdnjåbjuhfabz (Cª) – gjlhjåyjt gthtxbcktybt yfexysö b ghjatccbjyfkmysö ljcnbétybq; jåsxyj bcgjkmpetncz lkz extysö, ghtgjlfdfntktq, ghjatccjhjd, nj tcnm lkz njq uheggs ghjatccbjyfkjd, rjnjhsv jcjåtyyj dféyj jnhfpbnm änfgs b htpekmnfns cdjt yfexyjq ltzntkmyjcnb Felbnjhbz – nf uheggf, lkz rjnjhjq ds ujnjdbnt b rjve ds ghtlcnfdkztnt yf hfccvjnhtybt cdjñ pfzdre Åtytabwbfyn – gjkexfntkm uhfynf Uhfyn – ltytéyfz cevvf, ghbceélftvfz jnltkmyjve kbwe bkb jhufybpfwbb lkz abyfycbhjdfybz rfrjq-kbåj jghtltktyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb bkb rjyrhtnyjuj ghjtrnf Ljktdjt abyfycbhjdfybt – drkfl dfitq jhufybpfwbb d abyfycbhjdfybt hfcöjljd gj ghjtrne vjétn åsnm d ajhvt hfåjxtuj dhtvtyb cjnhelybrjd (ghbvtyztncz d wtkzö cybétybz jåotq cevvs pfghfibdftvjuj uhfynf) Pfzdrf – gbcmvtyyfz ghjcmåf j dsltktybb abyfycbhjdfybz yf rfreñ-nj jghtltktyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, ghjuhfvve, gjl rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn Rkbtyns – nf cjwbfkmyfz uheggf uhfélfy, yf pfobne bynthtcjd (bkb jåckeébdfybt) rjnjhjq yfghfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm dfitq jhufybpfwbb Ktdthtlé (abyfyc.) – dshfdybdfybt chtlcnd, ghfrnbrf bcgjkmpjdfybz cevv, dsltktyysö lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb gj rfrjve-nj rjyrhtnyjve ghjtrne, lkz gjkextybz ljgjkybntkmyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz jn lheujuj cgjycjhf d wtkzö hfcibhtybz ltzntkmyjcnb Vtnjls – cgjcjås ljcnbétybz gjcnfdktyysö wtktq Vbccbz jhufybpfwbb – ukfdyfz wtkm, hflb rjnjhjq cjplfdfkfcm jhufybpfwbz d cjxtnfybb c pflfxfvb, htitybt rjnjhsö jåtcgtxbdftn ldbétybt r änjq wtkb Ytghzvst pfnhfns – flvbybcnhfnbdyst bplthérb, rjnjhst yt vjuen åsnm yfghzveñ jnytctys yf rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn bkb yf rfrjt-nj jghtltktyyjt yfghfdktybt ltzntkmyjcnb Jåüzdktybt rjyrehcf – dsgecr byajhvfwbb j ghbyznbb pfzdjr yf abyfycbhjdfybt c erfpfybtv cgtwbfkmysö nhtåjdfybq r ybv b chjrjd gjlfxb Ghzvst pfnhfns – nt, rjnjhst yfghzveñ vjéyj jnytcnb r flvbybcnhbhjdfybñ ghjtrnf Cåfkfycbhjdfyyst ajyls – nt, rjnjhst dsltkzñncz njkmrj ghb eckjdbb gjkextybz abyfycbhjdfybz d nfrbö ét jåütvfö jn lheubö bcnjxybrjd (cv. dsit) Cgjycjh – kñåfz jhufybpfwbz, ajyl, xfcnyfz rjvgfybz bkb ghfdbntkmcndtyyjt exhtéltybt, rjnjhjt abyfycbhetn ltzntkmyjcnm gj njq bkb byjq ghjuhfvvt Wtkb b pflfxb – gkfybhetvst htpekmnfns yf dsöjlt ghjtrnf bkb rfrjq-kbåj ltzntkmyjcnb

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H T R J V T Y L J D F Y Y F Z

K B N T H F N E H F

Geåkbrfwbb The Foundation Directory 2000 / Jeffrey A. Falkenstein (comp.). New York: Foundation Center, 2000. ISBN: 0-87954-894-0. Foundation Grants to Individuals / L. Victoria Hall (ed.). New York: The Foundation Center, 1995. ISBN: 0-97954-604-2. ≤Ult b rfr gjkexbnm vfnthbfkmyeñ gjllthére jn tlbyjvsiktyybrjd≥ URL: http://ngo.org.ru/ngoss/ru/Id15157/GetDoc_short.html Grants Register 2001 / Sara Hackwood (ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. ISBN: 0-31223-142-3.

Flhtcf d Bynthytnt http://www.charitynet.org/main.html Öjhjibt ubgthccskrb, vyjuj byajhvfwbb j ltzntkmyjcnb ytrjvvthxtcrbö ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq (zpsr – fyuk.) http://www.msu.ru/russian/inside/etis/grros.html Byajhvfwbz jå bcnjxybrfö uhfynjd d Vjcrdt (zpsr – hec.) http://www.ngo.org.ru/ngoss Gjktpysq bycnhevtyn, cjlthébn åbåkbjntre äktrnhjyysö b gtxfnysö htcehcjd b ccskrb yf web-cfqns hfpkbxysö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd (zpsr – hec., fyuk.) http://www.ngo.ru/ Byajhvfwbjyysq rfnfkju, ccskrb yf cfqns ytrjvvthxtcrbö jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq b uhfélfycrbö bybwbfnbdysö uhegg d Hjccbb b CYU (zpsr – hec.) http://www.osi.hu/brussels/guide2000/funding_index.html Herjdjlcndj gj exfcnbñ d ghjuhfvvfö Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf (zpsr – fyuk.) http://www.tsu.ru/~science/rus/fond/fbase/Fondlisr.htm Åfpf lfyysö gj ccskrfv yf hfpkbxyst ajyls (zpsr – hec., fyuk.) http://www.voiceinternational.org/fd/russia.htm Ccskrb yf bcnjxybrb abyfycbhjdfybz, dslfñobt uhfyns d Hjccbb (zpsr – fyuk.)

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H T C E H C S

D

H J C C B B

Ybét ghbdtlty cgbcjr jnrhsnsö lkz cdjåjlyjuj gjctotybz Fvthbrfycrbö wtynhjd b Fvthbrfycrbö ≤eujkrjd≥. Nfv vjéyj gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ j CIF b ljcneg r elfktyysv byajhvfwbjyysv htcehcfv, drkñxfz b byajhvfwbñ j ghbyznbb htitybq gj uhfynfv, b cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr.

Fvthbrfycrbt wtynhs Vjcrdf

Ybéybq Yjdujhjl

Ybrjkjzvcrfz, 1

Ek. Vbybyf, 31-f

(095) 777-65-30

(8312) 36-22-21

[email protected]

[email protected]–nnov.ru

http://www.amc.ru

Vfhufhbnf Rhfcbkmybrjdf

Vfhbcf Aeibkk

Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye Vjcrdf

Ek. Geirbycrfz, 175-f

Byajhvfwbjyyj-htcehcysq wtynh gjcjkmcndf CIF

(8632) 64-52-75

Yjdbycrbq åek-h, 19/23

[email protected]

(95) 728-52-39

Kfhbcf Rjhlbr

[email protected]

Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu

Fyyf Vfkrjdf

Vbkkbjyyfz ek., 5/1

Dkflbdjcnjr

(812) 311-89-05

Ek. Geirbycrfz, 32

[email protected]

(4232) 26-70-17

Jkmuf Djhjybyf

[email protected]

Njvcr

Nfnmzyf Cbljhjdf

Ek. Ktybyf, 34-f

Trfnthbyåehu

(3822) 41-52-75

Ek. Vfvbyf-Cbåbhzrf, 193

[email protected]

(3432) 61-53-38

Tktyf Pfktccrfz

[email protected] Ckfdzyf Cfufrzy

32

Fvthbrfycrbt ≤eujkrb≥ Djkujuhfl

Gtnhjpfdjlcr

Ek. Vbhf, 15

Ek. Geirbycrfz, 5

(8442) 90-25-80

(8142) 77-61-25

Djkjulf

Cfvfhf

Ek. Vfhbb Ekmzyjdjq, 1

Ek. Vbxehbyf, 58

(8172) 25-17-69

(8462) 36-24-95

Bhrencr

Njkmznnb

Ek. Öfknehbyf, 1

Åekmd. Ktybyf, 10

(3952) 33-54-08

(8482) 26-77-33

Rfpfym

Eaf

Ek. Rhtvktdcrfz, 33

Ek. Ktybyf, 4

(8432) 92-50-49

(3472) 23-08-00

Yjdujhjl Dtkbrbq

Öfåfhjdcr

Rhtvkm’, 6

Ek. Vehfdmtdf-Fvehcrjuj, 1/72

(81622) 7-36-49

(4212) 33-31-55

Yjdjcbåbhcr

Ñéyj-Cföfkbycr

Ek. Cjdtncrfz, 6

Ek. Öfåfhjdcrfz, 78

(3832) 23-34-62

(4242) 23-31-31

Ybét ghbdtlty ytgjkysq cgbcjr htcehcysö wtynhjd, jåckeébdfñobö hjccbqcrbt ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst ytrjvvthxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb. Vyjubt bp änbö jhufybpfwbq exfcndjdfkb d ghjuhfvvfö gjllthérb ≤nhtnmtuj ctrnjhf≥, abyfycbhjdfdiböcz Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ (USAID) b jhufybpetvsö World Learning b Wtynhjv gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq.

Fhvfdbh

(86137) 5-54-91

Ébpym åtp yfhrjnbrjd

[email protected]

Ek. Vfhifkf Éerjdf, 127

Dfktynbyf Vfrfhjdf

33

Åfhyfek

Rhfcyjzhcr

Gjllthérf jåotcndtyyjq bybwbfnbds

Futyncndj jåotcndtyyjq bybwbfnbds

Ek. Ghjktnfhcrfz, 65, rjvy. 24, 14

Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 93, rjvy. 406

(3852) 36-75-52

(3912) 49-35-86, 27-89-85

[email protected]

[email protected]

Cdtnkfyf Xehfrjdf

Dfktynbyf Vfhnsyjdf

Ujhyj-Fknfqcr

Vfqrjg

Fknfqcrjt jnltktybt Ltncrjuj ajylf

Cjñp étyoby Flsutb

Ek. Ekfufitdf, 13

Ek. Cjdtncrfz, 197

(38822) 3-11-93

(87722) 7-02-16

[email protected]

[email protected]

Hfbcf Cvbhyjdf

Vfhbtnnf Htpwjdf

Bhrencr

Vjcrdf

Djphjéltybt Cbåbhcrbö ptvtkm

Ajyl åkfujndjhbntkmyjq gjvjob

Ek. Ljåhjkñåjdf, 17

Zrjdjfgjcnjkmrbq gth.,10

(3952) 59-84-42

(095) 928-0557

Tktyf Ndjhjujdf

[email protected] Jkmuf Fktrcttdf

Rtvthjdj Bybwbfnbdf

Vjcrdf

Ek. Yjuhflcrfz, 3, rjvy. 20

Wtynh gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö

(3842) 36-39-57, 36-37-65

jhufybpfwbq

[email protected]

Ghjcgtrn Vbhf, 69, rjvy. 309

Bhbyf Hjylbr

(095) 281-2734 [email protected]

Rhfcyjlfh

http://www.ngo.org.ru

Ñéysq htubjyfkmysq htcehc-wtynh

Fktrcfylh Åjhjdsö

Ek. Cnfhjreåfycrfz, 114 (8612) 62-67-35, 31-90-20

Yjdujhjl Dtkbrbq

[email protected]

Ajyl ébpyb b pljhjdmz

Cdtnkfyf Xthysijdf

Ek. Lthéfdbyf, 6, rjvy. 208 (8162) 66-32-25, 66-32-30

34

[email protected]

Jvcr

Hjvfy Pjkby

Jåotcndtyyfz gfkfnf Jvcrjq jåkfcnb Ek. Rhfcysq genm, 1, rjvy. 104

Yjdjrepytwr

(3812) 23-23-20, 23-81-38

Ärjkjubxtcrjt byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj

[email protected]

Ek. Cdthlkjdf, 20, rjvy. 42

Pbyfblf Nbreyjdf

(3843) 45-95-93, 45-83-45 [email protected]

Gznbujhcr

Jkmuf Åtpltytéysö

Jåotcndj Rhfcyjuj rhtcnf Ghjcgtrn Rbhjdf, 27

Yjdjhjccbqcr

(86533) 5-31-38

Wtynh ärjkjubxtrjuj jåhfpjdfybz

[email protected]

Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 2, rjvy. 32

Ufkbyf Htlmrbyf

(8617) 61-00-23 [email protected]

Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye

Nfnmzyf Nhbåhfn

Yjdst gthcgtrnbds Ek. Cjrjkjdf, 53, rjvy. 601

Yjdjcbåbhcr

(8632) 64-53-88

Cbåbhcrbq wtynh gjllthérb uhfélfycrbö

[email protected]

bybwbfnbd

Rbhbkk Åbnrby

Ghjcgtrn Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 57, rjvy. 702 (3832) 46-45-32

Cfvfhf

[email protected]

Gjdjkémt

Fyfnjkbq Pfåjkjnysq

Ek. Ktybycrfz, 137/44 (8462) 33-25-08, 32-31-89

Yjdjxthrfccr

[email protected]

Frcbymz

Dfktynbyf Gtcnhbrjdf

Fccjwbfwbz éehyfkbcnjd Gkfnjdcrbq ghjcgtrn, 116, rjvy. 114

Cjxb

(86352) 5-51-46

Cjltqcndbt

[email protected]

Wdtnyjq åekmdfh, 35, rjvy. 22

Bhbyf Vfhlfh

(8622) 93-12-14 [email protected] Jkmuf Gfgflerf

35

Nfufyhju

[email protected]

Celfhsyz

(3452) 49-42-75

Vfhbegjkmcrjt ijcct, 17, rjvy. 118

Dthf Åfhjdf

(86344) 6-34-70 [email protected]

Ekfy-Elt

Tdutybz Bdfyjdf

Abv-rkeå Ek. Rjvveybcnbxtcrfz, 16

Njvcr

(3012) 21-62-50

Njvcrjt jnltktybt Hjccbqcrjuj ltncrjuj ajylf

[email protected]

Gth. Åfntymrjdf., 3, rjvy. 11

Kbz Cfylfyjdf

(3822) 51-00-70 [email protected]

Xbnf

Ufkbyf Gjgjdf

Lfehbz Ek. Xrfkjdf, 120

Nñvtym

(3022) 23-26-19

Åkfujndjhbntkmysq ajyl hfpdbnbz Nñvtyb

[email protected]

Ek. Htcgeåkbrb, 83f, rjvy. 215f

Byuf Pbyjdmtdf

Ybét ghbdtlty ytgjkysq cgbcjr jhufybpfwbq b bö flhtcf d Bynthytnt, ult cjlthébncz byajhvfwbz j htfkbpetvsö d Hjccbb extåysö ghjuhfvvfö d catht rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b ghbvtytybz Bynthytn b ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm åtcgkfnyjuj ljcnegf d Bynthytn lkz uhfélfy. Extåyfz ghjuhfvvf IATP abyfycbhetncz Åñhj jåhfpjdfntkmysö b rekmnehysö ghjtrnjd, f jhufybpfnjhjv dscnegftn ghjtrn ≤Ufhvjybz≥.

Åfhyfek

Åhzycr

Fknfqcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq

Jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf

eybdthcbntn

Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 5

Ghjcgtrn Ktybyf, 46, rjvy. 238

(0832) 46-36-73

(3852) 26-14-14

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.scilib.debryansk.ru

http://oasis.secna.ru

Jkmuf Rekbrjdf

Tdutybq Gthtgtkrby

36

Dkflbdjcnjr

Qjirfh-Jkf

Lfkmytdjcnjxysq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq

Ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn htcgeåkbrb

eybdthcbntn

Vfhbq-Äk

Ek. Geirbycrfz, 10

Ek. Rhfcyjfhvtqcrfz, 71, rjhg. “D” IVC

(4232) 26-76-28

(8362) 12-38-46, 12-15-77, 12-65-83

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.festu.ru/pubsite/

http://margu.mari.ru

Cdtnkfyf Kfktnbyf

Nfnmzyf Ecfrjdf

Djhjyté

Vjcrdf

Djhjytécrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq gtlfujubxtcrbq

Ujcelfhcndtyyfz geåkbxyfz bcnjhbxtcrfz

eybdthcbntn

åbåkbjntrf

Ek. Ktybyf, 86, rjvy. 428

Cnfhjcflcrbq gth., 9, rjvy. 311

(0732) 55-26-30

(095) 921-30-27

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.vspu.ac.ru

http://www.openweb.ru

Fktcfylh Vjubktd

Ufkbyf Pbybyf

Trfnthbyåehu

Vjcrdf

Åbåkbjntrf vähf

Hjccbqcrfz frfltvbz jåhfpjdfybz–IOSO

Ek. Vfvbyf-Cbåbhzrf, 193

Ek. Gjujlbycrfz, 8

(3432) 51-02-48, 61-53-38

(095) 246-16-59

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://irex.uraic.ru

http://ioso.iip.net/

Ñhbq Yfevjd

Gfdtk Lbr

Bhrencr

Yjdjcbåbhcr

Jåkfcnyfz ñyjitcrfz åbåkbjntrf bv. Enrbyf

Cbåbhcrbq vtéleyfhjlysq wtynh yjdsö

Ek. Xtöjdf, 10

rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq

(3952) 27-70-74

Ghjcgtrn frfltvbrf Kfdhtynmtdf, 6, rjvy. 441

[email protected]

(3832) 34-20-68

Bhbyf Cthtlrbyf

[email protected] http://www.sicnit.ru Hecntv Vehfnjd 37

Jvcr

Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu

Jvcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn

Åbåkbjntrf Heccrjuj veptz

Ghjcgtrn Vbhf, 55f, rjhg.1

Gkjoflm bcreccnd, 1

Bynthytn-wtynh, rjvy. 120, 121

(812) 219-16-12

(3812) 22-26-16

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://rml.spb.org

http://www.omsu.omskreg.ru

Bhbyf Cjklfntyrjdf

Ktjybl Thtvttd

Njvcr Gtypf

Njvcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn

Gtyptycrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq bycnbnen

Ek. 19-q udfhltqcrjq lbdbpbb, 75

Ghjtpl Åfqlerjdf, 1f, rjvy. 236

Kfåjhfnjhysq rjhgec, felbnjhbz 421

(8412) 55-95-40

(3822) 41-35-17

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://www.pti.ac.ru/other/iatp/

Lvbnhbq Negbwsy

Cthutq Gtxthcrbq

Nekf Gtnhjpfdjlcr

Nekmcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq gtlfujubxtcrbq

Ldjhtw ltncrjuj ndjhxtcndf

eybdthcbntn

Ek. Rhfcyfz, 8

Ghjcgtrn Ktybyf, 125, rjhg. 4, änfé 3,

(8142) 78 33 61

felbnjhbz 307

[email protected]

(0872) 25-74-73 [email protected] http://www.tula.net/tgpu Fktrcfylh Vfntöby

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J Å H F P T W

P F Z D R B

Y F

A B Y F Y C B H J D F Y B T

✐ Nbnekmysq kbcn xtnrj yfpsdftn ghjtrn b fdnjhf pfzdrb

Cgtwbfkmyst ghjtrns IREX d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq, Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b Tdhfpbb

GHJTRN JHUFYBPFWBB RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ D HTUBJYFÖ CTDTHYJUJ RFDRFPF B GJDJKÉMZ

Pfzdrf ghtlcnfdktyf:

Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx Rehfnjh jnltkf ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs Vtvjhbfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb Cnthkbyuf Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Ymñ-Ötqdty, Rjyytrnbren, 06520-8240 ntk.: (203) 423-1861 afrc: (203) 423-7231 e-mail: [email protected]

39

✐ Öjnz d nfåkbwt cjlthéfybz pfzdrb nfrbt äktvtyns, rfr gjnhtåyjcnb, wtkb b pflfxb, vtnjls b genb bö htitybz yt dsltktys d rfxtcndt jnltkmysö hfpltkjd, dct änb djghjcs gjlhjåyj jnhfétys d ntrcnt ghtlcnfdktyyjq pfzdrb (cv. ≤Jgbcfybt ghjtrnf≥)

Ghjtrn jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz d htubjyfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz Cjlthéfybt pfzdrb

Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf

Jgbcfybt ghjtrnf

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Åñlétn (cvtnf hfcöjljd)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Jabwbfkmyjt gbcmvj d gjllthére ctvbyfhf b tuj gthtdjl

Cgbcjr åbåkbjntr lkz exfcnbz d ctvbyfht

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Ghbvthysq cgbcjr vfnthbfkjd lkz drkñxtybz d byajhvfwbjyyst gfrtns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Ähbr F. Léjycjy

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Vfqrk Ymñåthn

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0

40

✐ Gjcrjkmre yb Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn, yb Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF yt zdkzñncz jhufybpfnjhfvb lfyyjuj ghjtrnf, d lfyyjv hfpltkt jåütlbytyf byajhvfwbz b j tuj cjlthéfybb, b j njv, rnj ghfrnbxtcrb åeltn tuj htfkbpjdsdfnm

GHJTRN JHUFYBPFWBB RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ D HTUBJYFÖ CTDTHYJUJ RFDRFPF B GJDJKÉMZ

Ukfdyjq wtkmñ yfcnjzotuj ghjtrnf zdkztncz hfcghjcnhfytybt d åbåkbjntxysö b yfexysö rheufö CIF byajhvfwbb j åbåkbjntrfö htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz (ghb änjv jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz ytheccrbv änybxtcrbv cjjåotcndfv). Änf wtkm ljcnbuftncz gentv ghjdtltybz ldeö ctvbyfhjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ – jlby d Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye (Ctdthysq Rfdrfp), lheujq – d Cfvfht (Gjdjkémt), d öjlt rjnjhsö åeltn lfyf jwtyrf ntreotuj cjcnjzybz vtéåbåkbjntxyjuj jåvtyf d htubjyt, f nfrét ghtlghbyznj bccktljdfybt htubjyfkmysö geåkbrfwbq b cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf.

Ghtlkfuftvsq yjdfnjhcrbq gjlöjl r pflfxt rjvgktrnjdfybz eét öjhjij pfhtrjvtyljdfk ctåz yf ghfrnbrt d Öfåfhjdcrt (Lfkmybq Djcnjr Hjccbb) b d Bhrencrt (Djcnjxyfz Cbåbhm) d öjlt abyfycbhjdfdiböcz IREX ghjtrnjd, htfkbpjdfyysö d jrnzåht 1994 ujlf. Ghjdtltyyst d änbö ujhjlfö ctvbyfhs gjkexbkb xhtpdsxfqyj dscjreñ jwtyre rfr cj cnjhjys exfcnybrjd, nfr b cj cnjhjys Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb. Jgsn, gjkextyysq d öjlt ghjdtltybz ctvbyfhjd d änbö elfktyysö htubjyfö Hjccbb, gjpdjkbn tot dsit gjlyznm ehjdtym jhufybpfwbb fyfkjubxyjq hfåjns d htubjyfö Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf.

✐ D pfzdrt jnvtxftncz ecgtö ghtlsleobö fyfkjubxysö ghjtrnjd, abyfycbhjdfyysö njq ét jhufybpfwbtq, relf yfghfdkztncz b lfyyfz pfzdrf

Ghbvthyj ldflwfnm itcnm ghtlcnfdbntktq yfbåjktt pyfxbvsö åbåkbjntr d rféljv htubjyt (cv. ghbkfuftvsq cgbcjr gjntywbfkmysö åbåkbjntr-exfcnybrjd) åelen ghbukfitys yf rfélsq bp ldeö gkfybhetvsö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd.

✐ Exfcnybrb ghjtrnf (jyb ét – exfcnybrb ctvbyfhf) xtnrj jghtltktys b erfpfys d ghbkfuftvsö cgbcrfö D öjlt rféljuj ctvbyfhf cjcnjzncz cktleñobt pfctlfybz: ecnfyjdktybt jnyjitybq jåvt-

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yf c åbåkbjntrfvb CIF; bcgjkmpjdfybt chtlcnd äktrnhjyyjq gjxns b cjdhtvtyysö ntöyjkjubq lkz cjdthitycndjdfybz cdzpb; ntreott cjcnjzybt åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF. Pfgkfybhjdfys nfrét b ldecnjhjyybt åtctls c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb rféljq dsåhfyyjq lkz exfcnbz d ghjtrnt åbåkbjntrjq gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd: jn cjdhtvtyysö ntyltywbq d catht rybujbplfybz lj rjyrhtnysö ghjåktv b yeél åbåkbjntr. Vbybcnthcndj rekmnehs HA cyjdf cjukfcbkjcm gjllthébdfnm änjn ghjtrn.

✐ D pfzdrt gjlxthrbdftncz yfkbxbt gjllthérb cj cnjhjys dféyjuj hjccbqcrjuj gfhnythf – Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb.

Åkfujlfhz cdjbv ytjlyjrhfnysv dbpbnfv d hfpkbxyst htubjys Hjccbb b cdjbv pyfybzv j ntreotv cjcnjzybb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf yf ghjcnhfycndt åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf jhufybpfnjh ghjtrnf Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx (cv. rjynfrnyeñ byajhvfwbñ yf nbnekmyjv kbcnt) jåkflftn eybrfkmysv cjxtnfybtv ghjatccbjyfkmysö rfxtcnd b ghfrnbxtcrjuj jgsnf, cnjkm ytjåöjlbvsv lkz ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf rjvgktrnjdfybz. Åjkmieñ wtyyjcnm d änjq cdzpb ghtlcnfdkzñn nfrét tt vyjujxbcktyyst rjynfrns chtlb hjccbqcrbö åbåkbjntrfhtq.

Gjvjufnm u-ét Kjhrjdbx åelen Vfqrk Ymñåthn b Ähbr F. Léjycjy (jåf – bp Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF), rjnjhst hfphfåjnfkb cnfylfhns jhufybpfwbb hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, ecgtiyj pfhtrjvtyljdfdibt ctåz rfr d xtnshyflwfnb åsdibö htcgeåkbrfö Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, nfr b d htubjyt Pfgflyjq Cbåbhb. Htpekmnfns ldeö ytlfdyj ghjdtltyysö bvb bccktljdfybq jgeåkbrjdfys IREX b hfcghjcnhfytys d äktrnhjyyjv ajhvfnt xthtp Bynthytn. Dvtcnt c ghtlcnfdbntktv Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Gfnhbcbtq Gjkfycrb jyb ghjdtkb ecgtiyst ctvbyfhs gj ghjåktvfv rjvgktrnjdfybz d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt d hfvrfö dsltktyysö IREX ajyljd.

D hfvrfö ghjtrnf ghtlgjkfuftncz ghjdtltybt ldeö ctvbyfhjd gj ghjåktvfv rjvgktrnjdfybz: d Hjcnjdt b d Cfvfht, rjnjhst cjcnjzncz vtéle 10 b 24 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf. D wtkzö jåtcgtxtybz bö ecgtöf b äaatrnbdyjcnb ytjåöjlbvj abyfycbhjdfybt cj cnjhjys IREX d hfpvtht ›14,850.

✐ Bpdtcnyj, xnj vfrcbvfkmysq jåütv chtlcnd, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm dsltktys yf rfélsq ghjtrn, cjcnfdkztn 15 nsc. ljkkfhjd CIF. Cevvf, pfghfibdftvfz d pfzdrt, yt ghtdsiftn änjn jåütv.

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Ghtlcnfdbntkb jhufybpfwbb IREX d Vjcrdt b d Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye, f nfrét Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF (USIA) b lheubö pfbynthtcjdfyysö jhufybpfwbq åelen ghbukfitys lkz exfcnbz d ctvbyfht, yj dyt hfvjr abyfycbhjdfybz gj ghjtrne (n.t. pf bö cjåcndtyysq cxtn).

Tckb IREX ghbvtn htitybt abyfycbhjdfnm änjn ghjtrn, dféytqibv htpekmnfnjv tuj cnfytn hfcibhtybt cdzptq b ekexitybt cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbvb åbåkbjntrfvb CIF b åbåkbjntrfvb Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf. Åtp nfrbö cdzptq ajhvbhjdfybt crjkmrj-ybåelm pyfxbvsö ajyljd gj änbv htubjyfv d åbåkbjntrfö CIF yt ghtlcnfdkztncz djpvjéysv.

JGBCFYBT GHJTRNF BCNJHBZ DJGHJCF: Gjcktlybq rjyakbrn vtéle Vjcrdjq b Htcgeåkbrjq Xtxyz, tuj dkbzybt d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt yf cnfåbkmyjcnm bkb ytcnfåbkmyjcnm cbnefwbb d Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb b yf dctq nthhbnjhbb åsdituj CCCH tot hfp gjlndthlbkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm gjkyjuj b åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj byajhvbhjdfybz fvthbrfycrjuj yfexyjuj cjjåotcndf j ghjwtccfö, ghjbcöjlzobö yf gthbathbb hjccbqcrjuj ujcelfhcndf. Bp dctuj hfpyjjåhfpbz nñhrcrbö, abyyj-eujhcrbö b lheubö yfhjlyjcntq, ghtlcnfdktyysö yf nthhbnjhbb Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb, yfbåjktt åtcgjrjqysvb b jhbtynbhjdfyysvb yf ytpfdbcbvjcnm zdkzñncz nt, xnj ghjébdfñn d htubjyt Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b, xfcnbxyj, Gjdjkémz.

Ukfdyjq wtkmñ yfcnjzotuj ghjtrnf zdkztncz cjltqcndbt yfexysv åbåkbjntrfv CIF d bö hfåjnt gj ghbjåhtntybñ gthbjlbxtcrbö bplfybq, rybu b ghjxbö åbåkbjntxysö vfnthbfkjd d änbö ldeö dféytqibö htubjyfö – rfr yf heccrjv, nfr b yf zpsrfö änybxtcrbö uhegg, bö yfctkzñobö. Åtp djpvjéyjcnb ytgjchtlcndtyyjuj ljcnegf r gtxfnysv bcnjxybrfv, dsöjlzobv yf vtcnfö b jnhféfñobv rekmnehe, jåsxfb b cjdhtvtyyst ecnhtvktybz änbö yfhjljd, extysv b gjkbnbrfv CIF ghböjlbncz gjkfufnmcz kbim yf jabwbfkmyst (n.t. cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv jnabkmnhjdfyyst) dthcbb Vjcrds.

Gjvbvj bccktljdfybz cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntxyjuj b bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf chtlb hfpkbxysö änybxtcrbö cjjåotcnd ldeö egjvzyensö htubjyjd (f änj rfkvsrb, elvehns, jctnbys, xtxtyws b vfhbqws), d hfvrfö ghjtrnf yt vtymit dybvfybz åeltn eltkznmcz ghjdtltybñ fyfkjubxyjq jwtyrb b d cjctlybö c yfwbjyfkmysvb htcgeåkbrfvb hjccbqcrbö jåkfcnzö (Nfvåjdcrfz, Cfhf-

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njdcrfz, Djhjytécrfz b Hzpfycrfz). Nfrbt ujhjlf, rfr Rfpfym, Djkujuhfl b Fcnhföfym yf ghjnzétybb dctq cdjtq ljkujq bcnjhbb ckeébkb gthtrhtcnrjv rekmneh. Ltqcndbntkmyj, ytdjpvjéyj yfqnb yb jlye yfwbjyfkmyeñ htcgeåkbre, d rjnjhjq yt åskf ås ghtlcnfdktyf pyfxbntkmyfz ljkz heccrjuj yfctktybz (byjulf heccrbt lfét cjcnfdkzñn åjkmibycndj). Nfrbv ét jåhfpjv, yb d jlyjq hjccbqcrjq jåkfcnb lfyyjuj htubjyf ytdjpvjéyj yt dcnhtnbnm ghtlcnfdbntktq hfpkbxysö änybxtcrbö uhegg. Djn gjxtve ldf rhegysö htxysö gjhnf, nhfycgjhnysö epkf, jåtcgtxbdfñobö dpfbvjltqcndbt yfhjljd b rekmneh, – Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye b Cfvfhf – åskb dsåhfys d rfxtcndt vtcn ghjdtltybz htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhjd.

HTCNHERNEHBPFWBZ RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ: Xfcnj tlbycndtyysv chtlcndjv lkz fvthbrfycrbö yfexysö åbåkbjntr ghbjåhtcnb vfnthbfks bp htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz zdkzñncz jåvtys. Wtynhfkmyst rybujjåvtyyst jhufybpfwbb Vjcrds b Gtnthåehuf, rjnjhst d ghjikst ujls jndtxfkb pf jceotcndktybt nfrbö jåvtyjd (öjnz b yt åtp nhelyjcntq), cnfkb fåcjkñnyj ytlttcgjcjåysvb c hfpdfkjv Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf d 1991 ujle. Fyfkjubxyj åtpecgtiysvb jrfpfkbcm b ltqcndbz rybéysö lbkthjd, nhflbwbjyyj bcgjkmpetvsö yfexysvb åbåkbjntrfvb lkz rjvgktrnjdfybz rfrbö-kbåj ceotcndtyysö ajyljd. B xfcnj tlbycndtyyjq fkmnthyfnbdjq jcnfdfkcz ghzvjq jåvty. R cxfcnmñ, nfrfz ajhvf zdkztncz jxtym ghbdktrfntkmyjq lkz åbåkbjntr Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf, nfr rfr gjpdjkztn bv ghbjåhtnfnm dsöjlzobt yf pfgflt geåkbrfwbb yfghzveñ, xnj åskj fåcjkñnyj ytdjpvjéyj d ghjikst ujls.

D cbke bynthtcf Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf r åsditve Cjdtncrjve Cjñpe jhufybpfnjh ghjtrnf Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx (rehfnjh ajylf ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, Vtvjhbfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Cnthkbyuf ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt) eltkzkf ceotcndtyyjt dybvfybt cjdthitycndjdfybñ ghjwtccf rjvgktrnjdfybz vfnthbfkfvb bp dctö htubjyjd Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb. D öjlt cdjbö ghjiksö ghbtpljd d Hjccbñ u-éf Kjhrjdbx jåtcgtxbdfkf pfregre vfnthbfkjd, ecnfyjdbkf vyjétcndj yjdsö rfyfkjd rjvgktrnjdfybz xthtp pfregre, f nfrét yfkflbkf yjdst cdzpb gj jåvtye rybufvb b geåkbrfwbzvb. Njkmrj nfrbt ghzvst cdzpb lfkb djpvjéyjcnm jåtcgtxbnm ghjwtcc rjvgktrnjdfybz åbåkbjntxysö ajyljd yjdsvb vfnthbfkfvb bp Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb. Kjhrjdbx jåyfheébkf, xnj åbåkbjuhfabxtcrbq rjynhjkm, jceotcndkztvsq Rybéyjq gfkfnjq, b, cjjndtncndtyyj, geåkbretvfz tñ åbåkbjuhfabz lfktrb jn gjkyjns jödfnf b cjdthityyj yt jnhféfñn vfnthbfks, dsöjlzobt yf gthbathbb, jcjåtyyj d nfrbö htubjyfö, rfr Ctdthysq Rfdrfp b Gjdjkémt. Vyjubt bplfntkb ghjcnj yt dscskfñn cdjb geåkbrfwbb d Vjcrde lkz htubcnhfwbb, f Rybéyfz gfkfnf yt d cjcnjzybb dct jncktlbnm.

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D Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf CIF (ÅR) ghjdjlbncz pyfxbntkmyfz hfåjnf gj htcnhernehbpfwbb ghjwtccf rjvgktrnjdfybz, d xfcnyjcnb – gj tuj ltwtynhfkbpfwbb. Rfr b åjkmibycndj fvthbrfycrbö åbåkbjntr, ÅR gjkfufkfcm ghtélt dctuj yf wtynhfkbpjdfyyst bcnjxybrb pfregjr bkb jåvtyf ghb rjvgktrnjdfybb ajyljd cjdtncrbö geåkbrfwbq. Gjckt hfcgflf CCCH ÅR ghbikjcm gthtrkñxbnmcz yf gjbcr yjdsö bcnjxybrjd b yf ecnfyjdktybt yjdsö, ghzvsö cdzptq. D 1990 ujle exfcnybr ghjtrnf Ähbr F. Léjycjy gjctnbk Äcnjybñ, Kfndbñ b Kbnde lkz jåtcgtxtybz ltwtynhfkbpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz ajyljd gj Ghbåfknbrt (fyfkjubxyj njve, xnj åskj ghjltkfyj Nfnmzyjq Kjhrjdbx lkz Qtkmcrjq åbåkbjntrb). Dctuj pf gthbjl c 1990 ujlf Léjycjy gjåsdfk c nfrbvb ét wtkzvb d Hjccbb, Fpthåfqléfyt, Epåtrbcnfyt, Rfpföcnfyt, Rbhubpcnfyt, Nflébrbcnfyt b yf Erhfbyt. Htpekmnfns gjtpljr, ghtlghbyznsö bv c wtkmñ jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz, åskb jgeåkbrjdfys d bccktljdfntkmcrjv jnxtnt IREX, rjnjhsq c ntö gjh cnfk bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d rfxtcndt ytjabwbfkmyjuj jåhfpwf lkz cjcnfdktybz gjljåyjq jnxtnyjcnb. Ytlfdyj Léjycjy pfdthibk hfåjne yfl jnxtnjv gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d cnhfyfö Åfknbb, rjnjhsq crjhj åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy.

Lheujq exfcnybr ghjtrnf Vfqrk Ymñåthn nfrét ghjdtk ytvfkj dhtvtyb d Hjccbb, Vjkljdt, Åtkfhecb, Uhepbb b Fhvtybb. Tuj gjcktlyzz gjtplrf yf Ehfk b d Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm (nfrét abyfycbhetvfz IREX), gj bnjufv rjnjhjq nfrét åsk jgeåkbrjdfy bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnxtn, pyfvtyjdfkf eét yjdeñ afpe d ghjwtcct ltwtynhfkbpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz ajyljd gj Hjccbb – lj ehjdyz htcgeåkbr b jåkfcntq. Rfr d cdjt dhtvz Kjhrjdbx b Léjycjy, Ymñåthn bvtk djpvjéyjcnm eåtlbnmcz, xnj kbxyst dbpbns d åbåkbjntrb b bplfntkmcndf buhfñn juhjvyeñ hjkm. Njkmrj yf kbxysö gthtujdjhfö vjéyj ghtjljktnm dct gjntywbfkmyst ghtgzncndbz yf genb ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb jåvtyf.

D öjlt cdjbö ecgtiysö ärcgtlbwbq gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ Léjycjy b Ymñåthn hfphfåjnfkb lkz ybö cnfylfhnyeñ ghjwtlehe. Jåjåofz yfrjgktyysq jgsn, jyf gjpdjkztn yfbkexibv jåhfpjv ghtjljktnm gjntywbfkmyst ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c jåvtyjv vfnthbfkfvb. Jyf äaatrnbdyf, gjnjve xnj jcyjdfyf yf ldeö aeylfvtynfkmysö gjkjétybzö: pfybvfñobqcz rjvgktrnjdfybtv cjnhelybr jåzpfy 1) ghtldbltnm kñåjq djghjc, rjnjhsq vjétn pflfnm tve gjntywbfkmysq gfhnyth gj jåvtye, b 2) ghtlkfufnm cjåcndtyyst vfnthbfks lkz jåvtyf, ghtélt xtv pfghfibdfnm bynthtceñobt tuj vfnthbfks. Xnjås yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jåtcgtxbnm nfrjq gjlöjl yf ghfrnbrt, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn dctulf åthen c cjåjq d ärcgtlbwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ byajhvfwbjyyst gfrtns (nfr yfpsdftvst ≤byaj-gfrb≥). Rfélsq gjntywbfkmysq gfhnyth gj jåvtye

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gjkexftn nfrjq gfrtn, b Ymñåthn b Léjycjy ghjdjlzn cdjtuj hjlf vbyb-ghtptynfwbñ, jåüzcyzz cdjb ghtlkjétybz b cdjb pfghjcs. D htpekmnfnt ghfrnbxtcrb gjckt rféljq nfrjq vbybghtptynfwbb ajhvbheñncz yjdst cdzpb b pfrkñxfñncz yjdst ljujdjhs jåvtyf.

D jcyjde ghtlkfuftvjuj ghjtrnf gjkjétyf bltz j njv, xnj rfélsq bp nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd d Hjcnjdt b Cfvfht åeltn hfcibhtyysv b ecjdthitycndjdfyysv djcghjbpdtltybtv ntö ghtptynfwbq, j rjnjhsö ikf htxm dsit. Dj dhtvz ärcgtlbwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ yf Ehfk b d Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm Ymñåthn jåhfnbk dybvfybt yf nj, xnj pyfxbntkmyj djphjckj rjkbxtcndj djghjcjd, pflfdftvsö yf tuj vbyb-ghtptynfwbzö hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrfhzvb – jå jgsnt fvthbrfycrbö rjkktu d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfr fdnjvfnbpfwbz b rjvgmñnthbpfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf; jåütvs, cjlthéfybt b cnhernehf eckeu, rjnjhst jrfpsdfñn yfctktybñ åbåkbjntrb CIF; bcgjkmpjdfybt bynthytn-ntöyjkjubq d ghfrnbrt åbåkbjntxyjq hfåjns. Dj dhtvz gjtplrb d Chtlyññ Fpbñ Léjycjy nfrét gjldthucz uhfle fyfkjubxysö djghjcjd, b tve ghbikjcm ghjxbnfnm ytcrjkmrj ktrwbq lkz cdjbö rjkktu. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghfrnbrf gjcktlybö ärcgtlbwbq gjrfpfkf, xnj jcyjdyjq frwtyn cvtofkcz jn gthtujdjhjd jå jåvtyfö (c hjccbqcrjq cnjhjys jndtn gj änjve djghjce gjxnb dctulf åsk jlyjpyfxyj gjkjébntkmysv) r jgbcfybñ ntreotq cbnefwbb d jhufybpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF, r jåvtye jgsnjv vtéle rjkktufvb.

D cnhtvktybb yfkflbnm jåvty byajhvfwbtq j gthtljdsö vtnjlfö hfåjns, rjnjhsq dctulf ljkéty ghtlitcndjdfnm jåvtye vfnthbfkfvb, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy hfphfåjnfkb bltñ j ghjdtltybb d Hjccbb htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ. Jyb jcyjdsdfkbcm yf cbkmysö cnjhjyfö cdjtq vjltkb (lfét djpvjéyjcnm ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd jlby yf jlby pfkjétyf d cötve änbö ctvbyfhjd) b ghb änjv cnhtvbkbcm bpåtéfnm ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjdnjhtybz jlyjq b njq ét byajhvfwbb yf rféljq dcnhtxt d rféljq jnltkmyj dpznjq åbåkbjntrt. D htpekmnfnt ghtlkjétyyst ctvbyfhs gjpdjkzñn cgtwbfkbcnfv gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ cjchtljnjxbnm jcyjdyjt dybvfybt yf jcjåj bynthtcysö lkz fvthbrfycrbö åbåkbjntr vfnthbfkfö, yf erhtgktybb ghzvsö cdzptq, yf bpextybb cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf d htubjyfö b n.g. Ghb änjv d öjlt ctvbyfhjd bö exfcnybrb gjkexfñn ljcnfnjxyj gjkyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j cjcnjzybb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF.

✐ Gjcrjkmre änjn ghjtrn eét åsk ecgtiyj htfkbpjdfy d lheubö hjccbqcrbö ujhjlfö, jhufybpfnjhs ghb cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb jcjåj gjlxthryekb bvtyyj ghtlsleobt ecgtöb b djpvjéyjcnm bö gjdnjhtybz, f yt yjdst pflfxb. Jlyfrj änb pflfxb dgjkyt zcys bp cktleñotuj ntrcnf jgbcfybz ecgtiyjuj jgsnf gj ghjdtltybñ ctvb-

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yfhf: cjdthitycndjdfnm rjvgktrnjdfybt b hfpdbdfnm cdzpb vtéle fvthbrfycrbvb b hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrfvb d htubjyfö.

ELFXYSQ JGSN GJ GHJDTLTYBÑ CTVBYFHJD: Åkfujlfhz cgtwbfkmyjve uhfyne IREX d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy gjkexbkb djpvjéyjcnm yf ghfrnbrt ghjdthbnm cdjñ rjywtgwbñ jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz, ghjdjlz ctvbyfhs d Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt gjl herjdjlcndjv Gfnhbcbb Gjkfycrb (ghtlcnfdkzditq åbåkbjntre Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf). Gjcrjkmre hfccnjzybz vtéle rhegysvb ujhjlcrbvb wtynhfvb yf Lfkmytv Djcnjrt b d Cbåbhb juhjvys, f gjtplrb vtéle ybvb pfnhelytys, änb ldf elfktyysö htubjyf jrfpfkbcm jnkbxysvb ghjdthjxysvb gjkbujyfvb lkz jnhfåjnrb bltb j ctvbyfhfö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ. Ghjdtltyyst ghb abyfycjdjq gjlthért IREX ctvbyfhs d Bhrencrt b d Öfåfhjdcrt jrfpfkbcm ecgtiysvb, dspdfkb åjkmijt dybvfybt b gjpbnbdyst jnrkbrb d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Gj ckjdfv lbhtrnjhf åbåkbjntrb Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj bhrencrjuj eybdthcbntnf, ≤cfv afrn, xnj åbåkbjntrfhb ghbtöfkb bplfktrf, bp CIF, xnjås gjvjxm cdjbv rjkktufv, djphjlbk r ébpyb åbåkbjntrb dctuj jåibhyjuj htubjyf Djcnjxyjq Cbåbhb≥.

D htpekmnfnt ecgtiysö ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt yt njkmrj ecnfyjdbkbcm öjhjibt cdzpb vtéle åbåkbjntrfvb. Djn xnj gbitn d cdjtv jnxtnt j ytlfdytq rjyathtywbb åbåkbjntrfhtq dj Dkflbdjcnjrt vtcnysq ghtlcnfdbntkm IREX: ≤D wtkjv z dthyekcz c rjyathtywbb c xedcndjv, xnj d åbåkbjntrfö Ghbvjhmz ltqcndbntkmyj ghjbcöjlzn rfrbt-nj gjpbnbdyst bpvtytybz. Rjulf z gjbynthtcjdfkcz, rfrfz ét ldbéeofz cbkf cnjbn pf änbvb ytjéblfyysvb cldbufvb, jndtns hfpysö kñltq jrfpsdfkbcm ghfrnbxtcrb jlbyfrjdsvb – Öfåfhjdcrbq ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ. E vtyz ckjébkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj cjcnjzdibqcz d Öfåfhjdcrt ctvbyfh pfcnfdbk vyjubö exfcnybrjd gjyznm htfkmyjcnm ghbåkbéfñotujcz ÖÖÈ cnjktnbz≥. D gbcmvt ghtlcnfdbntkz Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs HA Yfltéls Iföjdjq d gjllthére fyfkjubxysö ctvbyfhjd d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt ujdjhbncz: ≤Änb ctvbyfhs [d Bhrencrt b Öfåfhjdcrt] jrfpfkb pfvtnyjt dkbzybt yf cjcnjzybt åbåkbjntxyjq hfåjns dj vyjubö htubjyfö Hjccbb≥. Iföjdf nfrét dshfpbkf ukeåjreñ åkfujlfhyjcnm cj cnjhjys Vbybcnthcndf jhufybpfnjhfv ctvbyfhjd. D rfxtcndt dféytqituj gjkjébntkmyjuj afrnjhf jnvtxftncz, xnj dgthdst pf ytcrjkmrj ktn cjnhelybrfv hfpkbxysö åbåkbjntr wtkjuj htubjyf elfkjcm cjåhfnmcz dvtcnt lkz jåceéltybz jåobö ghjåktv b pflfx, dtlm ytghjcnfz ärjyjvbxtcrfz cbnefwbz d hjccbqcrjq ghjdbywbb ghbdtkf r njve, xnj ujcelfhcndtyysö chtlcnd yf ghjdtltybt gjljåysö cütpljd yt ödfnftn.

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✐ D änjv hfpltkt cjlthéfncz gjkjébntkmyst jwtyrb ghtlsleotuj fyfkjubxyjuj ghjtrnf rfr cj cnjhjys ghtlcnfdbntkz abyfycbheñotq jhufybpfwbb, nfr b cj cnjhjys jcyjdyjuj hjccbqcrjuj gfhnythf.

Jåf ctvbyfhf – öfåfhjdcrbq b bhrencrbq – bvtkb ljkujchjxysq gjkjébntkmysq äaatrn: rjvgktrnjdfybt åbåkbjntr CIF vfnthbfkfvb bp htubjyjd Djcnjxyjq Cbåbhb b Lfkmytuj Djcnjrf pyfxbntkmyj ekexibkjcm. Vyjujxbcktyyst yjdst jnyjitybz jåvtyf pfdzpfkbcm c vtcnysvb åbåkbjntrfvb rfr e Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, nfr b Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF. Rfr njkmrj bnjujdsq jnxtn gj änjve ghjtrne åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy IREX, lheubt yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbt åbåkbjntrb CIF cvjuen djcgjkmpjdfnmcz cjåhfyyjq Gjkfycrb, Léjycjyjv b Ymñåthnjv byajhvfwbtq lkz ecnfyjdktybz cjåcndtyysö ghzvsö rjynfrnjd d änbö htubjyfö c wtkmñ ekexitybz hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ cjjndtncndeñobö ajyljd.

D nj dhtvz rfr utjuhfabxtcrbt hfccnjzybz d htubjyfö Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf ytcjbpvthbvs c lfkmytdjcnjxysvb b cbåbhcrbvb, gjkbnbxtcrfz cbnefwbz nfv ujhfplj vtytt cnfåbkmyf, b hfpkbxyst kjrfkmyst rjyakbrns ltkfñn gjtplrb fvthbrfycrbö ärcgthnjd ytåtpjgfcysvb. Djn gjxtve eljåytt gjctnbnm yt vyjuj hfpysö ujhjljd, f gj jlyjve rhegyjve ujhjle d wtynht rféljuj htubjyf. Rhjvt njuj, nfrjq gkfy wtktcjjåhfpty b c njxrb phtybz åjktt hfwbjyfkmyjuj hfcöjljdfybz chtlcnd (xnj ljrfpfyj ghtlsleobvb ldevz ctvbyfhfvb). Tckb ås Kjhrjdbx, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy ljkéys åskb hfpltkbnmcz b gj jnltkmyjcnb jnghfdbnmcz d hfpyst ujhjlf, jåkfcnb b htcgeåkbrb, jödfnsdftvst ldevz ctvbyfhfvb, nj b abyfycjdst pfnhfns yf äne ärcgtlbwbñ, b ytjåöjlbvjt dhtvz, b cdzpfyyst c änbvb gjtplrfvb vyjujxbcktyyst ghjåktvs åskb ås gjbcnbyt juhjvys. Ctvbyfhs ét cjåbhfñn ghtlcnfdbntktq hfpkbxysö ujhjljd, jåkfcntq b htcgeåkbr dvtcnt. Jnltkmyst ärcgtlbwbb vjéyj åskj ås chfdybnm c kjdktq hsås eljxrjq, f ctvbyfhs – c kjdktq c gjvjomñ ytdjlf. Tckb gkfybhetvst ctvbyfhs d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt åelen yfcnjkmrj ét ecgtiysvb, rfr d Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt, – nj bö dkbzybt hfcghjcnhfybncz yf nt htubjys, relf fvthbrfycrbt bccktljdfntkb tot yt ljåbhfkbcm – Jctnbñ, Elvehnbñ b Rfkvsrbñ.

GKFYBHJDFYBT CKTLEÑOBÖ CTVBYFHJD: Rjulf herjdjlcndj Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb epyfkj j gjlujnjdrt yjdjuj ghjtrnf gj jhufybpfwbb tot ldeö ctvbyfhjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, cjnhelybrb ltgfhnfvtynf åbåkbjntr jnhtfubhjdfkb cktleñobv jåhfpjv: ≤vs hfls, xnj Nfyz [Kjhrjdbx] cjåbhftncz jhufybpjdfnm tot ldf fyfkjubxysö [öfåfhjdcrjve b bhrencrjve] ctvbyfhf d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye ghtélt dctuj gjnjve, xnj jåt

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dsåhfyyst dfvb d rfxtcndt ghbybvfñobö åbåkbjntrb bpdtcnys cdjtq jnkbxyjq jhufybpfwbtq hfåjns b bvtñn htgenfwbñ jlybö bp cfvsö ghjldbyensö åbåkbjntr Hjccbb. F dj-dnjhsö, vs hfls tot b gjnjve, xnj jåf änbö htubjyf – b Ctdthysq Rfdrfp, b Gjdjkémt – dctulf ghjzdkzkb juhjvysq bynthtc r dfibv bybwbfnbdfv b ytcjvytyyj cltkfñn dct djpvjéyjt cj cdjtq cnjhjys, xnjås pfgkfybhjdfyyst ctvbyfhs ghjikb ecgtiyj≥.

R cjéfktybñ, ytljcnfnjxyjt abyfycbhjdfybt Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs yt gjpdjkztn tve jgkfnbnm ghbtpl åbåkbjntrfhtq bp hfpkbxysö jåkfcntq b htcgeåkbr yf ctvbyfh. Djn gjxtve lkz ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf nfrjt pyfxtybt bvttn abyfycbhjdfybt cj cnjhjys IREX, lkz njuj, xnjås gjvjxm cjåhfnmcz hjccbqcrbv rjkktufv (cv. Åñlétn ghjtrnf). R cxfcnmñ, pfnhfns yf ghjtpl hjccbqcrbö exfcnybrjd dyenhb cdjtuj htubjyf gj-ghtéytve jnyjcbntkmyj ytdtkbrb gj chfdytybñ c pfnhfnfvb yf ljhjue lkz byjcnhfyysö ujcntq. Nfr, lkz abyfycbhjdfybz ghjtplf b ghjébdfybz d ujcnbybwt exfcnybrjd ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt gjnhtåjdfkjcm dctuj gj 3 nsc. ljkkfhjd yf rfélsq ctvbyfh (d rfxtcndt cdbltntkmcndf njuj, yfcrjkmrj nzétkf abyfycjdfz cbnefwbz, vjéyj åskj ås ghbdtcnb cktleñobq ghbvth: ldt åbåkbjntrb d Bhrencrjq jåkfcnb yt cvjukb regbnm åbktns yf gjtpl lkz cdjbö cjnhelybrjd lfét ghb eckjdbb, xnj änb ltymub gjnjv bv åskb ås djpvtotys). Lkz njuj xnjås extcnm äaatrn byakzwbb b byst djpvjéyst gjdsitybz wty, d lfyyjv ghjtrnt pfghfibdftncz abyfycbhjdfybt rféljuj ctvbyfhf d hfpvtht 3 800 ljkkfhjd.

EKEXITYBT CNFYLFHNYJQ GHJWTLEHS CTVBYFHJD: f jcyjdt ghfrnbxtcrjuj jgsnf, gjkextyyjuj d öjlt ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy dytckb ytrjnjhst bpvtytybz d ghtlkjétyyeñ bvb ét cötve. Jlyj bp nfrbö bpvtytybq rfcftncz edtkbxtybz xbckf ljrkflxbrjd. Ntgthm dgthdst ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm ghbdktrfnm d rfxtcndt ljrkflxbrjd åsdibö cnbgtylbfnjd Ghjuhfvvs d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntrjdtltybz b byajhvfnbrb, htfkbpetvjq IREX d hfvrfö Frnf d gjllthére cdjåjls (Freedom Support Act – FSA). Elfxysv jåhfpjv ckjébkjcm nfr, xnj d xbckt gthdsö dsgecrybrjd lfyyjq ghjuhfvvs tcnm b ldf åbåkbjntrfhz bp jödfnsdftvsö ghjtrnjv htubjyjd: änj Bhbyf Dthtcrey (åbåkbjntrf Reåfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf, Rhfcyjlfh, Ctdthj-Rfdrfpcrbq htubjy) b Kñlvbkf Cthsö (åbåkbjntrfhm Wtynhf CVB bp Cfvfhs). Jåt jyb djpdhfofñncz gjckt dsgecrf d cdjb ujhjlf d ctynzåht 1995 ujlf, b jåt eét dscrfpfkb pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm d ghtptynfwbb cdjbö ljrkfljd d hfvrfö ctvbyfhjd. Änj ghtlcnfdkztncz bltfkmysv cjxtnfybtv: hjccbqcrbt åbåkbjntrfhb hfccrfpsdfñn cdjb rjkktufvcjjntxtcndtyybrfv jå jhufybpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF yf jcyjdt cjåcndtyyjuj jgsnf.

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Lheubt ghtlkfuftvst ekexitybz d cötvt ghjdtltybz ctvbyfhjd rfcfñncz ajhvs ghtptynfwbq fvthbrfycrbö cgtwbfkbcnjd. Léjycjy b Ymñåthn bvtkb ghtrhfcyeñ djpvjéyjcnm ghjdthbnm ctåz d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt b ntgthm ljcnfnjxyj öjhjij ghtlcnfdkzñn, rfrbt dscnegktybz zdkzñncz yfbåjktt ltqcndtyysvb b bynthtcysvb lkz hjccbqcrbö exfcnybrjd. Åkfujlfhz nfrjve jgsne ghtlcnfdbntkzv htubjyjd Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf gjdtptn: jyb ghbven exfcnbt d tot åjktt ecgtiysö ctvbyfhfö.

GHTLKFUFTVFZ CNHERNEHF CTVBYFHJD: Jrjyxfntkmysq dfhbfyn ghjuhfvvs rféljuj ctvbyfhf åeltn jghtltkty eét gjckt cjukfcjdfybz c hjccbqcrbvb rjkktufvb. Ntv yt vtytt ghtlsleobq jgsn gjpdjkztn cjcnfdbnm ghtldfhbntkmysq ghjtrn ghjuhfvvs eét ctqxfc.

Cfvfhf: 13–15 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye: 19–21 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf

Gthdsq ltym Enhj:

ddtltybt, wtkb b pflfxb ctvbyfhf jåpjh ghfrnbrb vtéleyfhjlysö rybéysö jåvtyjd fkmnthyfnbdyst bcnjxybrb rjvgktrnjdfybz (rybéyst lbkths, bplfntkmcndf)

Dtxth: vtéåbåkbjntxyst jåvtys djpvjéyst dfhbfyns abyfycjdjq gjllthérb åbåkbjntr (uhfyns, rybéyst gjéthndjdfybz)

Dnjhjq ltym Enhj:

bcgjkmpjdfybt äktrnhjyyjq gjxns djpvjéyjcnb Bynthytnf jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntr rfnfkjub “on-line” b cnfylfhnbpfwbz åbåkbjuhfabxtcrbö ajhv

Dtxth: bylbdblefkmyst dcnhtxb b åtctls (ntyltywbb rybujbplfybz, rjyrhtnyst ghjåktvs åbåkbjntr)

Nhtnbq ltym Enhj:

jåobt ntyltywbb rybujbplfybz jåobt ghjåktvs åbåkbjntr

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Dtxth: djghjcs b jndtns pfdthitybt hfåjns (dsdjls, gjldtltybt bnjujd)

Dct fvthbrfycrbt exfcnybrb: Kjhrjdbx, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn – cdjåjlyj ujdjhzn gj-heccrb, xnj gjpdjkbn bv ghjdjlbnm dct ctvbyfhs gjkyjcnmñ b njkmrj yf heccrjv zpsrt. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj dct pfgkfybhjdfyyjt dhtvz åeltn jndtltyj yf lbcreccbb gj ceotcnde jåceélftvsö djghjcjd, åtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjkjdbye dhtvtyb dsltkznm yf gthtdjl. B Kjhrjdbx, b Léjycjy, b Ymñåthn eét yt jlby hfp dscnegfkb c fyfkjubxysvb ghtptynfwbzvb yf ntve åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf, b ghjdtltybt lfyysö ctvbyfhjd yt åeltn ghtlcnfdkznm lkz ybö jcjåsö nhelyjcntq.

D öjlt gjlujnjdbntkmyjq hfåjns åeltn endthéltyf b pfhfytt hfpjckfyf dctv exfcnybrfv jrjyxfntkmyfz ghjuhfvvf ctvbyfhf. D åjkmijq cntgtyb njn gfrtn byajhvfwbjyysö vfnthbfkjd, rjnjhsq fvthbrfycrbt ärcgthns ghbdtpen lkz hfplfxb hjccbqcrbv rjkktufv (cv. ghbkfuftvsq cgbcjr), åeltn pfdbctnm jn jrjyxfntkmyj jajhvktyyjq ghjuhfvvs. Lfyyfz ghjuhfvvf ghtlgjkfuftn ghbcencndbt dctö exfcnybrjd gjxnb yf dctö pfyznbzö. Dj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt dnjhjuj lyz Kjhrjdbx, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn åelen ghjdjlbnm bylbdblefkmyst dcnhtxb b åtctls c exfcnybrfvb. Rfélsq dcnhtnbncz c xtnshmvz hjccbqcrbvb rjkktufvb (rfélfz åtctlf – gj jlyjve xfce), pyfxbn, dctuj ghjqltn 12 dcnhtx. Ajhvs nfrbö åtctl b jnxtnjd gj ybv eét hfphfåjnfys Léjycjyjv b Ymñåthnjv d öjlt bö ghtlsleobö gjtpljr. Cjåhfyyfz d öjlt änbö dcnhtx byajhvfwbz kzétn d jcyjde rhfnrjuj gentdjlbntkz gj åbåkbjntrfv htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz b djqltn cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ d jnxtn gj ghjtrne jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz, rjnjhsq åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy IREX d rfxtcndt bnjujdjuj ljrevtynf. HJCCBQCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Ghbvthyj 26 ghtlcnfdbntktq åbåkbjntr cjjndtncndeñotuj htubjyf åelen ghbukfitys yf rfélsq ctvbyfh d Cfvfht b d Hjcnjdt. Hjcnjdcrbq ctvbyfh ghjqltn yf åfpt Hjcnjdcrjq jåkfcnyjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb. D ytv ghbven exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb yfexysö åbåkbjntr bp cktleñobö ujhjljd: Hjcnjd, Cnfdhjgjkm, Rhfcyjlfh b Fcnhföfym; bp htcgeåkbr: Rfkvsrbz, Rfhfxftdj-Xthrtcbz, Byueitnbz, Flsutz, Xtxyz, Ctdthyfz Jctnbz, Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhbz b Lfutcnfy.

Cfvfhcrbq ctvbyfh cjcnjbncz yf åfpt Cfvfhcrjq jåkfcnyjq eybdthcfkmyjq yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb. D rfxtcndt exfcnybrjd ghtlgjkfuftncz ghbukfcbnm ghtlcnfdbntktq rhegytqibö yfexysö åbåkbjntr nfrbö ujhjljd, rfr Cfvfhf, Cfhfnjd, Nfvåjd, Djkujuhfl, djpvjéyj,

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Hzpfym, Ekmzyjdcr b Jhtyåehu. Nfrét åelen ghbukfitys ghtlcnfdbntkb yfexysö åbåkbjntr bp htcgeåkbr Vjhljdbb, Xedfibb, Åfirbhbb, Vfhbq-Äk, Elvehnbb b Nfnfhcnfyf. Gjkysq cgbcjr dctö åbåkbjntr, ghtlcnfdbntktq rjnjhsö gkfybhetncz ghbukfcbnm yf ctvbyfh, ghbdtlty d jlyjv bp ghbkjétybq r yfcnjzotq pfzdrt.

D chtlytv, rfélfz bp dsåhfyysö åbåkbjntr åeltn ghtlcnfdktyf ldevz cjnhelybrfvb: lbhtrnjh (bkb pfvtcnbntkm) b jndtncndtyysq pf rjvgktrnjdfybt b/bkb pf vtéåbåkbjntxyst jåvtys. D öjlt cdjbö ghtlsleobö ghjtrnjd jhufybpfnjhs eåtlbkbcm, xnj lkz ecgtöf ytjåöjlbvs ldf afrnjhf: dj-gthdsö, herjdjlcndj (lbhtrnjh) åbåkbjntrb ljkéyj gjkjébntkmyj jnyjcbnmcz r bltt vtéleyfhjlyjuj rybujjåvtyf, b dj-dnjhsö, hfåjnybr åbåkbjntrb, ytgjchtlcndtyyj jndtxfñobq pf rjvgktrnjdfybt b/bkb vtéåbåkbjntxyst jåvtys, nfrét ljkéty gjllthébdfnm änj, båj bvtyyj änjve xtkjdtre ghbltncz dtcnb tétlytdyeñ ghfrnbxtcreñ hfåjne gj htfkbpfwbb ljcnbuyensö cjukfitybq. Ecgtiyst jåvtys djpvjéys, njkmrj tckb ghbcencndetn gjllthérf cj cnjhjys bvtyyj änbö kbw. Änj jcjåtyyj dféyj lkz åbåkbjntr Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz, ult bltz ghzvsö jåvtyjd vfnthbfkfvb c pfheåtéysvb åbåkbjntrfvb tot chfdybntkmyj yjdf. Lj 1991 ujlf tlbycndtyysvb åbåkbjntrfvb, rjnjhsv Cjdtncrjt ghfdbntkmcndj hfphtifkj bvtnm ghzvst rjynfrns c pfgflysvb rjkktufvb, åskb eybdthcbntncrbt åbåkbjntrb Rfpfyb, Djhjytéf b Hjcnjdf.

Rhjvt egjvzyensö dsit ghtlcnfdbntktq rhegysö yfexysö åbåkbjntr cjjndtncndeñobö htubjyjd, d ctvbyfhfö nfrét ghbven exfcnbt bpdtcnyst d åbåkbjntxysö rheufö ärcgthns. Änj, d xfcnyjcnb, u-y Repmvby, herjdjlbntkm Eghfdktybz åbåkbjntr Vbybcnthcndf Rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb, rjnjhsq åeltn bkb exfcndjdfnm cfv, bkb ltktubhetn cdjtuj ghtlcnfdbntkz. Änj nfrét l-h Vböfbk Ktdyth, lbhtrnjh vjcrjdcrjuj ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF, rjnjhsq ghbtltn yf ctvbyfh pf cxtn cfvjq ÅR. Tuj hjkm åeltn pfrkñxfnmcz, c jlyjq cnjhjys, d jåtcgtxtybb jhufybpfwbjyysö fcgtrnjd, xnjås fvthbrfycrbt ärcgthns bvtkb djpvjéyjcnm dct dybvfybt cjchtljnjxbnm yf ceotcndt jåceélftvsö djghjcjd, f c lheujq cnjhjys, jy cvjétn dytcnb pyfxbntkmysq drkfl b d hfåjne ctvbyfhjd gj ceotcnde, gjcrjkmre bvttn cjkblysq jgsn d jhufybpfwbb hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Hjccbb. L-h Ktdyth gjåsdfk d ldeö ärcgtlbwbzö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, ghtlghbyznsö Ymñåthnjv, b eét pyfrjv c rjywtgwbtq ctvbyfhjd.

FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Vtvjhbfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Cnthkbyuf ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt dgjkyt tcntcndtyyj zdkztncz åfpjdsv exhtéltybtv lkz ghjdtltybz gjljåyjuj

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ghjtrnf d cbke juhjvysö ajyljd vfnthbfkjd j Hjccbb. B, rjytxyj, jnkbxysv gfhnythjv zdkztncz Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF c tt cfvsv åjkmibv d Fvthbrt heccrbv ajyljv.

Nhb fvthbrfycrbö exfcnybrf – jhufybpfnjhf ghjtrnf jåkflfñn dscjrbv ehjdytv ghjatccbjyfkbpvf. Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx c 1989 ujlf zdkztncz herjdjlbntktv jnltktybz ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs jlyjq bp kexibö åbåkbjntr d cnhfyt – Vtvjhbfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb Cnthkbyuf ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt. Jyf jndtxftn pf hfpdbnbt lfyyjuj ajylf d wtkjv, f pyfxbn – b pf jnåjh, ghbjåhtntybt b gthdbxyeñ jåhfåjnre vfnthbfkjd, f nfrét pf ghtljcnfdktybt ytjåöjlbvsö eckeu ghtgjlfdfntkzv b cneltynfv, f nfrét bccktljdfntkzv cj dctuj vbhf. D tt gjlxbytybb yföjlzncz gznm xtkjdtr.

Dctuj cnfé hfåjns u-éb Kjhrjdbx åbåkbjntrfhtv gj yfghfdktybñ ckfdbcnbrb yfcxbnsdftn 25 ktn. Jyf åskf nfrét herjdjlbntktv jnltkf rfnfkjubpfwbb åbåkbjntrb eybdthcbntnf infnf Fqjdf. Frnbdyj exfcndjdfkf b exfcndetn d ltzntkmyjcnb rfr Fvthbrfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb (ldféls djpukfdkzkf ctrwbñ ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, åskf xktyjv vyjujxbcktyysö rjvbntnjd), nfr b Fccjwbfwbb hfpdbnbz ckfdbcnbrb (htuekzhyj exfcndetn d jhufybpfwbb b dtltybb rjyathtywbq).

Vfqrk Ymñåthn gjkexbk ytjwtybvsq jgsn dj dhtvz cdjbö ytjlyjrhfnysö ärcgtlbwbq gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm, abyfycbhetvsö IREX. Ymñåthn ntcyj cjnhelybxfk c Åbkkb Abrjv (IREX/Vjcrdf) gj cjcnfdktybñ jåpjhf ghfrnbrb bcgjkmpjdfybz äktrnhjyyjq gjxns d Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt. Dct änj gjpdjkztn c edthtyyjcnmñ cxbnfnm tuj jnkbxyjq rfylblfnehjq lkz ghjdtltybz pfgkfybhjdfyysö ctvbyfhjd.

Ähbr F. Léjycjy öjhjij pyfrjv c djpvjéyjcnzvb ghbvtytybz Bynthytnf d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb. D 1993 ujle jy gjkexbk uhfyn IREX d hfpvtht 10 nsc. ljkkfhjd CIF yf cjplfybt ctnb, jåütlbyzñotq åbåkbjntrb cnhfy Åfknbb b bö gjkmpjdfntktq, bpdtcnyjq gjl yfpdfybtv ≤ÅFKN-BYAJ≥. Rhjvt änjuj, e ytuj bvttncz jgsn jhufybpfwbb ctvbyfhjd yf nthhbnjhbb åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. D bñyt 1993 ujlf Ä. Léjycjy åsk ukfdysv jhufybpfnjhjv ctvbyfhf lkz gfhkfvtyncrbö åbåkbjntr cnhfy Åfknbb, rjnjhsq abyfycbhjdfkcz Bccktljdfntkmcrbv wtynhjv gj djghjcfv gfhkfvtynfhbpvf ghb Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf CIF b d rjnjhjv ghbyzkb exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb åbåkbjntr b byajhvfwbjyysö ckeéå gfhkfvtynjd Äcnjybb, Kfndbb, Kbnds, Gjkmib b Dtyuhbb. D ctynzåht 1994 ujlf fyfkjubxysq ctvbyfh

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åsk bv ghjdtlty d Åelfgtint c exfcnbtv ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö cnhfy, c rjnjhsvb cjnhelybxftn Bccktljdfntkmcrbq wtynh ÅR, drkñxfz nhb åsdibt ghbåfknbqcrbt htcgeåkbrb b Hjccbqcreñ Atlthfwbñ.

D wtkzö gjlhjåyjq ghjhfåjnrb ghtlkfuftvjuj d lfyyjq pfzdrt ghjtrnf tuj jhufybpfnjhs dcnhtnbkbcm d hfvrfö ytlfdyj cjcnjzditqcz d Abkfltkmabb tétujlyjq rjyathtywbb Fvthbrfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb, f pfntv cjukfcjdsdfkb ltnfkb ghjtrnf gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt b gj afrce. B Kjhrjdbx, b Léjycjy, b Ymñåthn eét hfåjnfkb dvtcnt b hfymit. Dct jyb åskb exfcnybrfvb Hfåjxtq rjyathtywbb ytpfdbcbvjq cjdtncrjq ghtccs d Vjcrdt d 1992 ujle, d änjv ét ujle dvtcnt gjctofkb hfpkbxyst cjdtncrbt exhtéltybz (yfghbvth, Wtynhfkmysq åbåkbjntxysq rjkktrnjh d Vjcrdt). Kjhrjdbx b Léjycjy nfrét dvtcnt hfåjnfkb d ctrwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ vfnthbfkfvb gj Åfknbb d hfvrfö rjyathtywbb Terra Baltica d Njhjynj, Rfyflf.

Ymñåthn b Léjycjy gjcnjzyyj dpfbvjltqcndeñn d hfvrfö cdjbö ghjatccbjyfkmysö jåzpfyyjcntq d Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf. Léjycjy zdkztncz jlybv bp ldeö cnfhibö cgtwbfkbcnjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, jndtncndtyysö pf gjkextybt vfnthbfkjd c nthhbnjhbq åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. Gjcrjkmre tuj rjkktuf, dnjhjq cnfhibq cgtwbfkbcn d jcyjdyjv pfybvftncz cdzpzvb c wtynhfkbpjdfyysvb bcnjxybrfvb rjvgktrnjdfybz d Vjcrdt b Cfyrn-Gtnthåehut, Léjycjy jcjåtyyj öjhjij pyfrjv c cbnefwbtq d åsdibö cjñpysö htcgeåkbrfö b hjccbqcrbö htubjyfö. Ymñåthn – jlby bp dtleobö cjnhelybrjd cghfdjxyjuj jnltkf, jndtncndtyysq pf ghtljcnfdktybt byajhvfwbb gj åsditve Cjdtncrjve Cjñpe. Tuj jåzpfyyjcnmñ zdkztncz nfrét rjycekmnbhjdfybt d jnyjitybb heccrjzpsxysö vfnthbfkjd: rfrbt bp ybö cktletn drkñxfnm d ajyls Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf. Ymñåthn b Léjycjy hfåjnfñn dvtcnt c ntö cfvsö gjh, rfr jåf zdkzkbcm exfcnybrfvb ghtcnbéyjq ghjuhfvvs cnfébhjdrb ghb Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf. Öjnz bö jåzpfyyjcnb d hfvrfö ghtlkfuftvjuj d lfyyjq pfzdrt ghjtrnf ytrjnjhsv jåhfpjv gthtctrfñncz, ntv yt vtytt åjkmijq jåütv hfåjns gj jhufybpfwbb jåjbö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd d Gjdjkémt b yf Ctdthyjv Rfdrfpt ltkftn ytjåöjlbvsv exfcnbt bö jåjbö d rfxtcndt gjvjoybrjd Nfnmzys Kjhrjdbx. Ghb änjv pfnhfns yf ghjtpl Léjycjyf d Hjccbñ b jåhfnyj yt drkñxfñncz d cvtne ghjtrnf, nfr rfr jy d kñåjv ckexft gjtltn d Hjccbñ gj ltkfv Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf b yf tt chtlcndf.

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LHEUBT DJPVJÉYST FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF (USIA) b IREX pfbynthtcjdfys d ghbukfitybb cdjbö ghtlcnfdbntktq lkz exfcnbz d htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhfö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ – pf bö cjåcndtyysq cxtn. USIA ghjdjlbn åjkmieñ ghjuhfvve gj exhtéltybñ Fvthbrfycrbö wtynhjd ghb extåysö b yfexysö åbåkbjntrfö d hfpkbxysö htubjyfö Hjccbb. IREX jcjåtyyj pfbynthtcjdfy d hfpdbnbb ghjtrnf, cdzpfyyjuj c äktrnhjyyjq gjxnjq, xnj zdkztncz jlybv bp hfccvfnhbdftvsö yf ctvbyfhfö fcgtrnjd. Rhjvt njuj, d yfxfkt ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf IREX gkfybhetn jnrhsnm ytåjkmijt ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj d Hjcnjdt, xnj vjétn åsnm gjktpysv lkz jhufybpfwbjyyjq gjllthérb ctvbyfhjd.

GKFYBHJDFYBT: Ytjabwbfkmyj hfåjnf gj gkfybhjdfybñ ctvbyfhjd eét yfxfkfcm. D cbke njuj, xnj jhufybpfwbz ldeö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd yf hfccnjzybb nhtåetn åjkmijq gjlujnjdbntkmyjq b jhufybpfnjhcrjq hfåjns, cjukfcjdfybz b dpfbvjltqcndbz, nfrfz ltzutkmyjcnm yfxytncz chfpe ét d ckexft ghbyznbz IREX gjkjébntkmyjuj htitybz j abyfycbhjdfybb (ult-nj d vfhnt 1995 ujlf). R cxfcnmñ, åjkmieñ gjvjom jhufybpfnjhfv ghjtrnf cvjuen jrfpfnm l-h Ktdyth (ghtlcnfdbntkm ÅR d Vjcrdt), f nfrét u-y Repmvby b u-éf Iföjdf (Vbybcnthcndj rekmnehs HA). Nfrét elfxyj, xnj Léjycjy b Ymñåthn ghbtlen d Vjcrde d atdhfkt 1995 ujlf gj lheujq ghjuhfvvt Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF b cvjuen gfhfkktkmyj yfxfnm rjjhlbyfwbjyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj jhufybpfwbb cfvfhcrjuj b hjcnjdcrjuj ctvbyfhjd.

Rhjvt nhtö lytq, pfgkfybhjdfyysö yf ghjdtltybt rféljuj ctvbyfhf, ghtlecvjnhtys nfrét gjlujnjdbntkmyst gjtplrb jhufybpfnjhjd d htubjys Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf. Ybét ghbdtlty ghbvthysq gkfy vthjghbznbq gj htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf.

✐ D lfyyjv hfpltkt pfzdrb cjlthébncz xtnrbq gkfy vthjghbznbq c erfpfybtv chjrjd. GHTLKFUFTVSQ GKFY GJTPLJR FVTHBRFYCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD:

9–10 ctyn. 1995 (ceå., djc.)

Gthtktn bp CIF d Vjcrde

10–11 ctyn. 1995 (djc., gjy.)

Gthttpl bp Vjcrds d Cfvfhe yf gjtplt

12 ctyn. 1995 (dn.)

Gjlujnjdrf ctvbyfhf d Cfvfht

13–15 ctyn. 1995 (ch.-gzn.)

Ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Cfvfht

16 ctyn. 1995 (ceå.)

Pfdthitybt hfåjns d Cfvfht

17 ctyn. 1995 (djc.)

Gthttpl bp Cfvfhs d Hjcnjd yf gjtplt

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18 ctyn. 1995 (gjy.)

Gjlujnjdrf ctvbyfhf d Hjcnjdt

19–21 ctyn. 1995 (dn.-xtn.)

Ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Hjcnjdt

21 ctyn. 1995 (gzn.)

Pfdthitybt hfåjns d Hjcnjdt

23–24 ctyn. 1995 (ceå., djc.)

Gthttpl bp Hjcnjdf d Vjcrde yf gjtplt

25 ctyn. 1995 (gjy.)

Gthtktn bp Vjcrds d CIF

JÅVTY BYAJHVFWBTQ: Tckb åeltn ghbyznj gjkjébntkmyjt htitybt j abyfycbhjdfybb ghjtrnf gj jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz d htubjyfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz, tuj jhufybpfnjhs ghtlghbven dct djpvjéyst ecbkbz gj byajhvbhjdfybñ j tuj htpekmnfnfö b lfét gj djdktxtybñ d ytuj dctö pfbynthtcjdfyysö ckfdbcnjd bp lheubö åbåkbjntr CIF. Cktlez ghbvtyzditqcz hfytt Léjycjyjv b Ymñåthnjv ghfrnbrt, u-éf Kjhrjdbx xthtp äktrnhjyyeñ gjxne hfpvtcnbn byajhvfwbñ j ghjtrnt b j ctvbyfhfö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d byajhvfwbjyyjq ctnb fvthbrfycrbö åbåkbjntrfhtq-ckfdbcnjd SlavLibs, ult ghtlkjébn jrfpfnm kñåjt cjltqcndbt. Yfghbvth, dj dhtvz cdjbö ärcgtlbwbq d Chtlyññ Fpbñ Léjycjy dtp nelf gbcmvf jn åbåkbjntrb Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b cjltqcndjdfk hzle lheubö yfexysö åbåkbjntr d ecnfyjdktybb ghzvsö cdzptq c åbåkbjntrfvb änjuj htubjyf).

Gj pfdthitybb ghjtrnf tuj jhufybpfnjhs gjlujnjdzn bnjujdsq jnxtn d cjjndtncndbb c vjltkmñ, hfphfåjnfyyjq Léjycjyjv d htpekmnfnt tuj ärcgtlbwbb d Chtlyññ Fpbñ b jgeåkbrjdfyyjq IREX. D änjn jnxtn åeltn drkñxtyf dcz byajhvfwbz, cjåhfyyfz d öjlt ghjdtltybz ldeö ctvbyfhjd, ghbxtv jcjåjt dybvfybt åeltn eltktyj cjcnfdktybñ gjkyjuj cgbcrf dctö åbåkbjntr cjjndtncndeñobö htubjyjd c gjlhjåyjq rjynfrnyjq byajhvfwbtq. Änf ét byajhvfwbz åeltn hfcghjcnhfytyf b d äktrnhjyyjv dblt xthtp ctnm SlavLibs. Jhufybpfnjhs ghjtrnf åelen nfrét ntcyj cjnhelybxfnm cj cgtwbfkbcnjv gj geåkbrfwbzv IREX, xnjås rfr vjéyj crjhtt gjlujnjdbnm gtxfnyeñ dthcbñ bnjujdjuj jnxtnf.

Rhjvt njuj, xnj dcz cjåhfyyfz byajhvfwbz j ntreotv gjkjétybb ltk d åbåkbjntrfö b bplfntkmcndfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz åeltn ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf, jhufybpfnjhs nfrét jåtcgtxfn gjkyeñ rfnfkjubpfwbñ d cdjbö åbåkbjntrfö ntö vfnthbfkjd (ghtbveotcndtyyj vjyjuhfabq b cthbqysö dsgecrjd), rjnjhst åelen bvb ghbjåhtntys d öjlt gjtplrb e åbåkbjntr htubjyf. Rfnfkjub rfr yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, nfr b Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF vjéyj yfqnb d OCLC b d lheubö åfpfö lfyysö, nfrbv jåhfpjv, byajhvfwbz j yjdsö gtxfnysö ghbjåhtntybzö cnfytn jåotljcnegyjq. Gjcrjkmre jåt åbåkbjntrb exfcndeñn

56

d ghjuhfvvt vtéåbåkbjntxyjuj jåvtyf b pfbvcndjdfybq (ILL), extyst d kñåjq njxrt CIF gjkexfn djpvjéyjcnm pfrfpfnm dyjdm ghbjåhtntyyst vfnthbfks d cdjbö vtcnysö åbåkbjntrfö åtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb kbxyj ghbtpéfnm d Ymñ-Ötqdty bkb d Dfibyunjy.

✐ Gjcrjkmre jåofz cnjbvjcnm ghjtrnf ytdtkbrf b jcyjdyfz xfcnm pfnhfn gflftn yf jgkfne gthttpljd, åñlétn ghjtrnf ljcnfnjxyj ghjcnjq, yj jxtym rjyrhtnysq. Pfnhfns hfpytctys gj hfpltkfv ≤Vtéleyfhjlyst gthttpls≥, ≤Dyenhtyybt gthttpls≥ b ≤Cenjxyst≥ b ghbdtltys d hfcxtnt yf jlyjuj exfcnybrf.

ÅÑLÉTN GHJTRNF FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Gthtktn CIF-Vjcrdf-CIF (Léjycjy ghbtltn d Vjcrde hfytt gj lheujq ghjuhfvvt) - ›1300 ö 2 exfcnybrf = ›2600 Ghjtpl yf gjtplfö Vjcrdf-Cfvfhf-Hjcnjd-Vjcrdf - ›250 ö 3 exfcnybrf = ›750 Cenjxyst d Hjcnjdt b Cfvfht - ›100 d ltym ö 13 lytq ö 3 exfcnybrf = ›3900 JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN YF FVTHBRFYCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD: ›7250

HJCCBQCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Ghjtpl yf gjtplt d Cfvfhe b jåhfnyj: - ›50 ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›1000 Cenjxyst d Cfvfht: - ›35 d ltym ö 4 lyz ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›2800 Ghjtpl yf gjtplt d Hjcnjd b jåhfnyj: - ›50 ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›1000 Cenjxyst d Hjcnjdt: - ›35 d ltym ö 4 lyz ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›2800 JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN YF HJCCBQCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD: ›7600

JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN: ›14850

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[N.B. Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF åthtn yf ctåz dct bplthérb, cdzpfyyst c exfcnbtv d htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhfö tt vjcrjdcrjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz. Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn jgkfxbdftn hfåjxtt dhtvz Nfnmzys Kjhrjdbx b yfrkflyst hfcöjls (d vbybvfkmyjv hfpvtht), cdzpfyyst c tt exfcnbtv d ghjtrnt. Fyfkjubxyeñ gjllthére jrfpsdftn ÅR cdjbv cjnhelybrfv Léjycjye b Ymñåthne. Jcyjdyfz xfcnm gjlujnjdbntkmyjq hfåjns gj cjukfcjdfybñ ltnfktq ctvbyfhjd, drkñxfz rcthjrjgbhjdfybt vfnthbfkjd, hfccskre gj afrce b n. g., åeltn ghjdjlbnmcz yf åfpt ÅR c ghbdktxtybtv cnféthjd Jnltktybz Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b gjl jåobv herjdjlcndjv u-yf Ymñåthnf.]

✐ Ghbdtltyyjt d rdflhfnysö crjårfö jgbcfybt åñlétnf jxtym rjhjnrjt, gjcrjkmre åñlétn ujdjhbn cfv pf ctåz. Jcjåj d jgbcfybb jnvtxftncz ljktdjt exfcnbt Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF.

RFYLBLFNS YF EXFCNBT D CTVBYFHT GJ RJVGKTRNJDFYBÑ, HJCNJD-YF-LJYE Hjcnjd

Hjcnjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf (vtcnj ghjdtltybz) Åbåkbjntrf Hjcnjdcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Rhfcyjlfh

Rhfcyjlfhcrfz rhftdfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Reåfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Cnfdhjgjkm

Cnfdhjgjkmcrfz rhftdfz åbåkbjntrf Fcnhföfym

Fcnhföfycrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf

YFWBJYFKMYST HTCGEÅKBRB Äkbcnf

Htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Rfkvsrbb Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Rfkvsrbb Xthrtccr

Rfhfxftdj-Xthrtccrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Vfqrjg

Flsutqcrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Dkflbrfdrfp

Htcgeåkbrfycrfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Ctdthyjq Jctnbb

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Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Ctdthyjq Jctnbb Vföfxrfkf

Lfutcnfycrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Lfutcnfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Uhjpysq

Xtxtycrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Xtxtycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Yfkmxbr

Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhbb Åbåkbjntrf Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf

RFYLBLFNS YF EXFCNBT D CTVBYFHT GJ RJVGKTRNJDFYBÑ, CFVFHF Cfvfhf

Cfvfhcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf (vtcnj ghjdtltybz) Åbåkbjntrf Cfvfhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Djhjyté

Åbåkbjntrf Djhjytécrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Cfhfnjd

Cfhfnjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Cfhfnjdcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Nfvåjd

Nfvåjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Djkujuhfl

Djkujuhflcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Djkujuhflcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf

YFWBJYFKMYST HTCGEÅKBRB Xtåjrcfhs

Xedficrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Xedficrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Eaf

Åfirbhcrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Åfirbhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf

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Cfhfycr

Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Vjhljdbb Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Vjhljdbb Qjirfh-Jkf

Vfhbqcrfz yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Vfhbqcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Bétdcr

Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Elvehnbb Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Elvehnbb Rfpfym

Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Nfnfhcnfyf Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Nfnfhcnfyf

LHEUBT DJPVJÉYST RFYLBLFNS Jhtyåehu

Jhtyåehucrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Hzpfym

Hzpfycrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Ekmzyjdcr

Ekmzyjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf

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Rjkby Vçhab 1521 D Street, SE Washington, DC 20003 (202) 547-7608

CGTWBFKBPFWBZ Hfpdbnbt cjwbfkmysö vtcnysö bybwbfnbd, flvbybcnhbhjdfybt ghjuhfvv, nhtqybyu, dpfbvjjnyjitybz vtéle ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb hfpkbxysö cnhfy. Jåhfpjdfntkmyfz gjlujnjdrf – d catht jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, cjwbfkmyjuj flvbybcnhbhjdfybz, gjkbnjkjubb b vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq. Dkflttn bcgfycrbv b hevsycrbv zpsrfvb.

JGSN HFÅJNS Vbybcnthcndj ébkboyjuj b ujhjlcrjuj hfpdbnbz, Dfibyunjy (atdhfkm 1998 – yfcn. dhtvz) Vtytléth ghjtrnjd/Pfobnf bynthtcjd fhtylfnjhjd • Jåtcgtxbdfk ajhvbhjdfybt ecnjqxbdsö cdzptq c jhufybpfwbzvb fhtylfnjhjd ébkmz, rjjhlbybhjdfk bö dpfbvjltqcndbt b ghtlcnfdkzk vbybcnthcndj yf cjåhfybzö fhtylfnjhjd, herjdjlbk pfctlfybzvb ajrecysö uhegg b ntktrjyathtywbzvb c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb fhtylfnjhjd • Exfcndjdfk d jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq ghjuhfvvt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb xthtp cgenybrjdjt dtofybt, jhufybpjdsdfk jåexfñobt ntktrjyathtywbb b jxyst pfyznbz, rjycekmnbhjdfk cjnhelybrjd vbybcnthcndf b ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb d jåkfcnb jåtcgtxtybz äaatrnbdyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz • Fyfkbpbhjdfk b jwtybdfk pfzdrb yf uhfyns rfr jn jåotyfwbjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbq, nfr b jn vtcnysö bybwbfnbdysö uhegg • Ljhfåjnfk b jåtcgtxbk htfkbpfwbñ ghjuhfvvs gj hfpdbnbñ bybwbfnbds yf vtcnfö, gj djdktxtybñ uhfélfy d cfvjeghfdktybt b d jhufybpfwbñ vyjujctvtqysö ébkboysö rjjgthfnbdjd

Ghjuhfvvf gfhnythcndf PAL Jobs, Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl (fghtkm 1997 – zydfhm 1998) Vtytléth ghjuhfvvs/Rjjhlbyfnjh • Flvbybcnhbhjdfk tétlytdyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj ghjuhfvvt, d njv xbckt – djghjcs abyfycjdjq jnxtnyjcnb, ecnfyfdkbdfk hfåjxbt cdzpb c vtcnysvb frnbdbcnfvb, hfphfåfnsdfk jåexfñobq rjvgjytyn ghjuhfvvs b jhufybpjdsdfk nhtqybyub, jceotcndkzk herjdjlcndj cjnhelybrfvb, ghjdjlbk bö ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ fnntcnfwbñ • Hfphfåfnsdfk vtnjls b bycnhevtyns htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs, drkñxfz extåyeñ ghjuhfvve

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gjlujnjdrb r ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, cnhfntubñ gjlåjhf gthcjyfkf, gjhzljr hfphfåjnrb åbpytc-gkfyf, f nfrét cjcnfdkzk extåyst gjcjåbz • Cjltqcndjdfk ecnfyjdktybñ hfåjxbö dpfbvjcdzptq vtéle Ltgfhnfvtynjv gjkbwbb Åfknbvjhf, Ajyljv ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf b Wtynhjv Ibdthf

Yjdfz jåotcndtyyfz fccjwbfwbz Ñuj-Pfgflf, Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl (bñym 1995 – vfhn 1997) Jhufybpfnjh jåotcndtyyjcnb • Cjltqcndjdfk hfphfåjnrt b htfkbpfwbb jåotcndtyysö ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz b ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb, rjjhlbybhjdfk dpfbvjltqcndbt c jhufybpfwbzvb-gfhnythfvb c cjctlybö nthhbnjhbq • Fubnbhjdfk b jåexfk vtcnysö ébntktq, djdktrfz bö d ghjwtcc cfvjjhufybpfwbb. Ghbybvfk exfcnbt d cjplfybb Rjvbntnf gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns b herjdjlbk tuj ltzntkmyjcnmñ, xnj jåtcgtxbkj gjkextybt hfpkbxysö uhfynjd jåotq cevvjq ›50,000. Cjplfk b djpukfdbk Rjvbntn ghbdktxtybz yjdsö xktyjd, ltzntkmyjcnm rjnjhjuj ghbdtkf r hjcne xbcktyyjcnb jhufybpfwbb yflj. Exfcndjdfk d hfåjnt Rjvbntnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ, rjnjhsq ecnfyjdbk äaatrnbdyjt gfhnythcndj c vtcnyjq yfxfkmyjq irjkjq • Cjdvtcnyj c ébntkzvb vbrhjhfqjyf cjplfk infå-rdfhnbhe vtcnyjq uhfélfycrjq jhufybpfwbb b jåotcndtyysq wtynh, jhufybpjdsdfk ≤ceååjnybrb≥ gj eåjhrt nthhbnjhbb b gjcflrt lthtdmtd.

Vjkjltéyfz ghjuhfvvf ≤Gthdsq ujl yf hfåjnt≥, Ltydth, infn Rjkjhflj (zydfhm 1993 – vfq 1995) Vtytléth ghjuhfvvs b yfcnfdybr • Flvbybcnhbhjdfk tétlytdyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj ghjuhfvvt, d njv xbckt – djghjcs rjjhlbyfwbb jåexfñobö ghjuhfvv b hfphfåjnrb extåysö vfnthbfkjd, jåtcgtxbdfk gjllthére b rjycekmnbhjdfybt exfcnybrjd, herjdjlbk rjvfyljq bp djcmvb ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfcnfdybrjd • Cgjcjåcndjdfk ghbyznbñ yf hfåjne d jrhtcnyjcnzö Ltydthf 200 cneltynjd • Hfphfåfnsdfk ghjuhfvvyst vfnthbfks, dytlhbk b gjllthébdfk cbcntve jnxtnyjcnb, rjjhlbybhjdfk ghbvtytybt bycnhevtynjd jwtyrb htpekmnfnjd hfåjns gj ghjuhfvvt

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JÅHFPJDFYBT Vfubcnh gj cjwbfkmysv ghjuhfvvfv, 1998 Vähbktylcrbq eybdthcbntn – Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – jhufybpfwbz bybwbfnbdysö uhegg uhfélfy, cjwbfkmyjt flvbybcnhbhjdfybt Cgtwbfkmyjcnm – Cjwbfkmyjt hfpdbnbt Yfuhfls b gjjohtybz – Cnbgtylbz Åjhwe pf vbh jn Wtynhf Ibdthf; cnfébhjdrf d flvbybcnhfwbb Ghtpbltynf

Åfrfkfdh uevfybnfhysö yfer, 1993 Eybdthcbntn Dfqjvbyuf – Kfhfvb, infn Dfqjvbyu Ldjqyfz cgtwbfkbpfwbz – vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz b gjkbnjkjubz Vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz – 1989–1990 Eybdthcbntn Jkmcnthf d Léjhlfynfeyt, Åtkafcn, Ctdthyfz Bhkfylbz Xkty yfwbjyfkmysö jåotcnd Sigma Iota Rho b Pi Sigma Alpha

✐ Änj htpñvt drkñxftn rhfnrjt b zcyjt jgbcfybt cgtwbfkbpfwbb b ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jgsnf rfylblfnf. ✐ Bcgjkmpjdfyf hfpvtnrf d dblt njxtr lkz jåktuxtybz djcghbznbz ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfyyjcntq rfylblfnf. ✐ Lfyyjt ghjcnjt, jlyjcnhfybxyjt htpñvt – öjhjibq jåhfptw htpñvt rfylblfnf yf flvbybcnhfnbdyeñ ljkéyjcnm rjjhlbyfnjhf bkb vtytléthf ghjtrnf.

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Vfqrk Ymñåthn Reference Specialist European Division Library of Congress

Hfåjxbq flhtc:

Ljvfiybq flhtc:

European Division

2405 S. Dinwiddie Street

Library of Congress

Arlington, VA 22206-1000

Washington, DC 20540-4830

Ljv. ntk.: (703) 555-3017

Ntk.: (202) 707-3706 Afrc: (202) 707-8482 E-mail: [email protected]

JGSN HFÅJNS D ÅBÅKBJNTRT RJYUHTCCF CIF

• Cgtwbfkbcn gj cghfdjxyjq hfåjnt (Hjccbqcrbq jnltk), 1999• Cnfhibq åbåkbjntrfhm-rjycekmnfyn (Hjccbqcrbq jnltk), 1992–1996, 1997, 1998–1999 • Fvthbrfycrfz åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz/Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF. Cnfébhjdrf d åbåkbjntrt Trfnthbyåehuf, Hjccbz (8 vtczwtd, 1997–1998) • B.j. yfxfkmybrf xbnfkmyjuj pfkf Jnltktybz Tdhjgs, 1997 b 1995–96 • Åbåkbjntrfhm-rjycekmnfyn (ckfdzycrbt zpsrb), 1991–1992 • Åbåkbjntrfhm (ckfdzycrbt zpsrb), 1991 • Cnféth Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf, 1990–1991

JÅHFPJDFYBT • Vfubcnh, åbåkbjntxyjt ltkj (MLS). Eybdthcbntn infnf Dfibyunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1990. Xkty jåotcndf Phi Beta Mu • Vfubcnh, vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz (cjdtnjkjubz). Eybdthcbntn infnf Dfibunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1986. Jcyjdyfz ntvf: nhfycgjhnyfz utjuhfabz Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. • Åfrfkfdh, vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz (cjdtnjkjubz, lbgkjv c jnkbxbtv). Eybdthcbntn infnf Dfibyunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1981. Xkty jåotcndf Phi Beta Kappa

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XKTYCNDJ D GHJATCCBJYFKMYSÖ JHUFYBPFWBZÖ

• Xkty Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb hfpdbnbz ckfdbcnbrb • Xkty ghjatccbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF

HFÅJNF D ÅBÅKBJNTRT RJYUHTCCF B BYFZ HFÅJNF GJ CGTWBFKMYJCNB

• Cjnhelybr vjcrjdcrjq uheggs (1990–1996) • Xkty Rjvbntnf jnåjhf cnbgtylbfnjd d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d hfvrfö Frnf d gjllthére cdjåjls (1996–1997) • Xkty rhfnrjchjxyjq dstplyjq rjvbccbb IREX gj jnåjhe ghtntyltynjd yf uhfyns (1994–1995) • Xkty uheggs gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd d hfvrfö cjdvtcnyjq ghjuhfvvs Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf b Cjhjcf (1991–1994) • Xkty Rjvbccbb gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd bp Hjccbb d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs Aekåhfqn (1994) • Xkty uheggs gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd bp Hjccbb d hfvrfö cjdvtcnyjq ghjuhfvvs Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf b Nänxth (1993)

GJJOHTYBZ ÅBÅKBJNTRB RJYUHTCCF CIF

• Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz ghtvbz pf drkfl dj dytlhtybt byntuhbhjdfyyjq cbcntvs Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF • Yfuhflf pf jcjåst ljcnbétybz d hfåjnt cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj cybétybñ pfnhfn yf cthbqyeñ gjlgbcre (1998) • Cnféth ghjuhfvvs Fvthbrfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb/Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF d åbåkbjntrt Trfnthbyåehuf, Hjccbz (8 vtczwtd, 1997–1998) • Ghtvbz pf pfckeub d hfåjnt Rjvbntnf gj jåtcgtxtybñ cdjåjlyjuj ljcnegf d Bynthytn (1996) • Ghbcdjtybt htqnbyuf ≤dslfñotujcz≥ chtlb cjnhelybrjd Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF (1994) • Cgtwbfkmyfz ghtvbz Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF ≤pf ujnjdyjcnm dsgjkyznm ljgjkybntkmyst aeyrwbb d wtkzö cjrhfotybz pfgfplsdfybz rfnfkjubpfwbb b pf pyfxbntkmysq drkfl d rjvgktrnfwbñ jnltkjd Hjccbb b Tdhfpbb≥ (1993)

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UHFYNS (C 1995 UJLF) • Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkmyjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr Pfgflf Hjccbb (1998) • Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkmyjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn cjdvtcnyjuj ghjtrnf c Åbåkbjntrjq Åtkfhecb gj ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrt b gthtgjlujnjdrt rflhjd jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr Pfgflf Hjccbb (1997) • Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkmyjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr gjdjkécrjuj b ctdthjrfdrfpcrjuj htubjyjd (1995)

• Ghbybvfk exfcnbt d hfpkbxysö ghjtrnfö ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob d htcgeåkbrfö åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf c 1990 ujlf

EXFCNBT D RJYATHTYWBZÖ B CTVBYFHFÖ (C 1995 UJLF) • Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (yjzåhm 1997 ujlf) Ajhvbhez ajyls gj ckfdbcnbrt yf ÖÖÈ dtr: pfregrb bkb jåvtys? Ghtlctlfntkm b jhufybpfnjh. • Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (yjzåhm 1997 ujlf) Dkbzybt äktrnhjyysö byajhvfwbjyysö yjcbntktq yf ckfdbcnbre: åkfuj? pkj? – bkb b nj, b lheujt? ≤Rhfnrjt herjdjlcndj gj ghtldfhbntkmyjq jwtyrb Bynthytn-htcehcjd yf heccrjv zpsrt≥ • Rheuksq cnjk c hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrfhzvb j hfpdbnbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF. (jrnzåhm 1995 ujlf) • Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (jrnzåhm 1995 ujlf) Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf: yjdst ghjuhfvvs gj ckfdbcnbrt b d htubjyt Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. Exfcnybr rheukjuj cnjkf.

• C 1990 ujlf nfrét exfcndjdfk d rheuksö cnjkfö Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb c hfpkbxysvb ljrkflfvb

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GEÅKBRFWBB

• ≤Ghjtrn Dcnhtxf yf uhfybwfö – yjdfz äktrnhjyyfz åbåkbjntrf≥ [hfåjnf jgeåkbrjdfyf d cåjhybrt vfnthbfkjd rjyathtywbb] d Åbåkbjntrb b fhöbds htubjyf ≤Åjkmijq Ehfk≥, byajhvfwbjyyst exhtéltybz CIF : htcehcs b dpfbvjltqcndbt. Trfnthbyåehu: [bplfntkmcndj Cdthlkjdcrjq jåkfcnyjq eybdthcfkmyjq yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb, 1999. • ≤Åbåkbjntrb b ljrnhbyf cghfdtlkbdjcnb gjkmpjdfybz≥ [ukfdf rybub] d cåjhybrt ≤Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj, åbåkbjntrb b bplfntkmcndf d dtr äktrnhjyysö rjvveybrfwbq≥. Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu, bplfntkmcndj hjccbqcrjq yfwbjyfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb, 1998. • “The Soviet and Baltic Independent Serials Database: One Use of Pro-Cite at the Library of Congress” [book chapter] in Pro-Cite in Libraries: Applications in Bibliographic Database Management. Medford, NJ: Learned Information, 1995 (with Eric A. Johnson). • Library Assessment Project: Siberia. Washington, DC: IREX Research Services, 1994. • “The Second 'Oxford' Conference on the Independent Press, Moscow, October 12–15, 1992” Association of College and Research Libraries, Slavic and East European Section Newsletter. Chicago: American Library Association, Slavic and East European Section, 1993.) • New Soviet and Baltic Independent Serials at the Library of Congress : a Holdings List. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1991 (with Eric A. Johnson and Harold M. Leich). • Rhjvt njuj, htuekzhyj dsgecrftn rybéyst jåpjhs gj cnhfyfv åsdituj CCCH b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs lkz Library Journal

✐ Lfyyfz Cª cjlthébn wtyyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj hfåjnt rfylblfnf c lheubvb uhfynfvb b j tuj geåkbrfwbzö, xnj gjllthébdftn ifycs rfylblfnf d gjkextybb njq gjpbwbb, rjnjheñ ds jndtkb tve d dfitv ghjtrnt.

✐ Rfélsq hfpltk Cª xtnrj jnvtxty, vtéle hfpltkfvb – pyfxbntkmyjt hfccnjzybt, xnj jåktuxftn gjbcr byajhvfwbb.

✐ Bvtyyj gjnjve, xnj yfexyfz ltzntkmyjcnm b jgsn hfåjns rfylblfnf gjkyjcnmñ cjjndtncndeñn ghtlkfuftvjq d pfzdrt ljkéyjcnb, jy ghbkfuftn cdjñ Cª r lfyyjq pfzdrt.

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Cfylhf H. Hjåthnc The Astor Center for History of Art 16 Franklin Avenue Tarrytown, NY 15943 919-243-1555

ÉTKFTVFZ GJPBWBZ: Lbhtrnjh eybdthcbntncrjuj fhöbdf bkb cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj ajylf. RDFKBABRFWBZ • Ghjljkébntkmysq jgsn fhöbdyjq hfåjns b rfnfkjubpfwbb. • Ibhjrbt pyfybz d jåkfcnb fdnjvfnbpfwbb rfnfkjujd cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd. • Jhufybpfwbz hfåjns åjkmijuj rjkbxtcndf gjlxbytyysö cjnhelybrjd d jnltkt rfnfkjubpfwbb. • Jåotyfwbjyfkmyst ghtvbb d jåkfcnb eghfdktybz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysvb ajylfvb.

JGSN HFÅJNS Ukfdf jnltkf rfnfkjubpfwbb ajyljd, Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, Nthhbnfey, infn Ymñ-Qjhr (c 1992 u. gj yfcnjzott dhtvz) • Jhufybpfwbz fhöbdyjq rfnfkjubpfwbb b jåhfåjnrb herjgbctq, ajnjuhfabq b bysö fhöbdysö vfnthbfkjd. • Herjdjlcndj ctvyflwfnmñ gjlxbytyysvb cgtwbfkbcnfvb. • Ibhjrbt pyfybz d jåkfcnb fdnjvfnbpfwbb b åfp lfyysö, drkñxfz Cuadra Star b RLIN. • Rjjhlbyfwbz ltzntkmyjcnb hfåjxtq uheggs gj dsåjhe byntuhbhjdfyyjq fdnjvfnbpbhjdfyyjq åbåkbjntxyjq cbcntvs.

Åbåkbjntrfhm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd, Jnltk cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd Vtynjyf, ujkjdyfz åbåkbjntrf eybdthcbntnf Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1990-1992) • Jhufybpfwbz cghfdjxyjq ckeéås gj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysv ajylfv, drkñxfz ajyl ajnjhfåjn jåütvjv åjktt 2 vbkkbjyjd tlbybw öhfytybz. • Herjdjlcndj hfåjnjq gj uhfynfv Title II-C b uhfynfv ghfdbntkmcndf infnf Rfkbajhybz. • Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – bcgfyjzpsxyst ajyls, drkñxfz ajyl Yjhnf gj Uhfélfycrjq djqyt b ajyl Åfléf.

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• Rjycekmnbhjdfybt gj djghjcfv fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf. • Rjjhlbyfwbz htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs INNOPAC lkz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd. Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf (6 vtczwtd) Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, Nthhbnfey, infn Ymñ-Qjhr (1991-1992) • Hfphfåjnrf gkfyf jåhfåjnrb, rfnfkjubpfwbb b öhfytybz ajylf Htqvjylf Kjeb (åjktt 2 vky. hbceyrjd, lbfuhfvv, gkfrfnjd b rybu. • Cjplfybt b dytlhtybt åfps lfyysö gj dctv lbpfqythcrbv ghjtrnfv Htqvjylf Kjeb.

Åbåkbjuhfa ÈÈ cnegtyb, Jnltk bcgfyj-zpsxyjq fvthbrfycrjq gthbjlbrb, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1989) • Byltrcfwbz éehyfkmysö cnfntq gj bcnjhbb, gjkbnbrt b rekmneht cnhfy Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb – yf bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv, ahfywepcrjv b fyukbqcrjv zpsrfö. • Gthtcvjnh ntpfehecf, pfdthitybt bvtyyjuj cghfdjxybrf.

JÅHFPJDFYBT Cntgtym vfubcnhf åbåkbjntrjdtltybz, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, afrekmntn åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb, Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1989) Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – rfnfkjubpfwbz b rkfccbabrfwbz, drkñxfz hfcibhtyyst rehcs gj ntjhbb b ghfrnbrb rfnfkjubpfwbb, ghtlvtnyjve fyfkbpe, rfnfkjubpfwbb ytgtxfnysö vfnthbfkjd b rjvgktrnjdfybñ.

Lbgkjvyfz hfåjnf gj bcnjhbb Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1987-1988).

Byntycbdysq rehc bpextybz Gjhneufkbb, Eybdthcbntn Rfkbajhybb, Kjc-Fylétktc, ktnj 1985 u. Cntgtym åfrfkfdhf d bpextybb bcgfycrjuj zpsrf, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1986 u.). Drkñxfz extåysq rehc d Bcgfybb (Eybdthcbntn Rjvgekntyct, Vflhbl).

ZPSRB Cdjåjlyjt dkfltybt bcgfycrbv b gjhneufkmcrbv. Xntybt b gbcmvj yf ahfywepcrjv b bnfkmzycrjv.

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XKTYCNDJ B LTZNTKMYJCNM D GHJATCCBJYFKMYSÖ CJÑPFÖ B FCCJWBFWBZÖ Jåotcndj fvthbrfycrbö fhöbdbcnjd • xkty yjvbyfwbjyyjuj rjvbntnf, 1994. • djkjynth ghjuhfvvs yfcnfdybxtcndf, 1992. • rjkktubz gj geåkbrfwbzv, 1993 u. – yfcnjzott dhtvz. • xkty Rjvbntnf jåvtyf fhöbdyjq byajhvfwbtq, 1989–92.

Fvthbrfycrfz åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntr rjkktlétq b yfexysö åbåkbjntr, ctrwbz htlrbö rybu b herjgbctq • ghtlctlfntkm, 1993–94. • xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1991–92. • xkty rjvbntnf gkfybhjdfybz rjyathtywbq, 1990–91.

Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntrfhtq eybdthcbntnf Rfkbajhybb • xkty rjvbntnf ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj hfpdbnbz, 1995–97. • xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1986–88.

Xktycndj: Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj åbåkbjntrfhtq-bcreccndjdtljd, Fccjwbfwbz dbltjbyajhvfwbjyysö htcehcjd, Felbj-dbltj rfnfkjub online.

GEÅKBRFWBB “Description for Digitized Photo Archives.” Published in Image Access Project: Proceedings from an RLG Forum, held in Monterey, CA. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group, 1994. “Cataloging Archival Photograph Collections,” Visual Resources, v. 11 (1992), p. 85–100. “Rare Book Catalogers and Technology,” Rare Books and Manuscripts Librarianship, v. 7, no. 2 (1991), p. 70–75. “Problems in Subject Classification in Special Format Materials.” Co-authored with Steve Noll. Published in Subject Indexing in Context by Pat Turner, Boston: Prentice-Hall, 1989.

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DSCNEGKTYBZ YF RJYATHTYWBZÖ ≤J ghjtrnt jåtcgtxtybz ljcnegf r wbahjdsv dbltjvfnthbfkfv≥, Jåotcndj fvthbrfycrbö fhöbdbcnjd, Abybrc, infn Fhbpjyf, ctynzåhm 1995 ujlf.

≤Jåhfåjnrf fhöbdysö ajyljd ajnjvfnthbfkjd≥, ctvbyfh gj ghjåktvfv dbpefkmysö vfnthbfkjd d åbåkbjntrfö b veptzö, Gjhnktyl, infn Jhtujy, 1995 ujl.

≤Jgbcfntkmyst rfnfkjub htlrbö rybu≥, ljrkflxbr b dtleobq ctvbyfhf, Jhkfylj, infn Akjhblf, 1994 ujl.

≤Herjdjlcndj gj hfåjnt d cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö åbåkbjntxysö ajylfö≥, rjyathtywbz eybdthcbntnf Rfkbajhybb gj flvbybcnhbhjdfybñ ajyljd ajnjvfnthbfkjd, Gfcfltyf, infn Rfkbajhybz, 1993 ujl.

GHJXFZ GHJATCCBJYFKMYFZ LTZNTKMYJCNM Dtleobq ctrwbb, Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl uevfybnfhysö yfer, yjzåhm 1994 ujlf.

Bycnhernjh rehcf gj rfnfkjubpfwbb dbltjvfnthbfkjd, Eybdthcbntn Rjkevåbb, Irjkf htlrbö rybu, 1994 ujl.

Fhöbdbcn-rjycekmnfyn, Fvthbrfycrfz irjkf bpextybz dbrnjhbfycndf, Kjyljy, 1995 ujl.

Ghbukfityysq exfcnybr, Cjdtn åbåkbjntxysö htcehcjd, cbvgjpbev gj hfphfåjnrt nthvbyjkjubb lkz yjdjuj ntpfehecf, Ymñ-Ötqdty, infn Rjyytrnbren, 1993 ujl.

EXFCNBT D DSCNFDRFÖ ≤Jåhfps Bcgfybb≥ – gj vfnthbfkfv cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj ajylf Vtynjyf≥, ujkjdyfz åbåkbjntrf, 1990 ujl. ≤Cys b lbpfqy: hbceyrb bp ajylf Htqvjylf Kjeb≥, Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, 1994 ujl. Cjåbhfkf vfnthbfks lkz dscnfdrb, jhufybpjdsdfkf ltvjycnhfwbñ, dtkf extn.

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Létqy H. Cyje Clarion University of Pennsylvania College of Communication, Computer Information Science and Library Science 109 Becker Hall Clarion, PA 16214 814-269-6638 FAX: 814-269-4311 EMAIL: [email protected]

ÉTKFTVFZ GJPBWBZ: Ltrfy afrekmntnf åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb RDFKBABRFWBZ • Ltcznm ktn ghtgjlfdfntkmcrjuj jgsnf d eybdthcbntnt • Ljrnjhcrfz cntgtym (Ph.D.) d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb • Ghbpyfyyst pfckeub d jhufybpfwbb b ghjdtltybb ghjuhfvv hfpdbnbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntr • Vyjujxbcktyyst geåkbrfwbb gj hfpkbxysv fcgtrnfv åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf

JÅHFPJDFYBT Eybdthcbntn Lhtrctkz

Ph.D.

Åbåkbjntxyjt ltkj b byajhvfnbrf, 1992 u.

Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf

M.S.

Rjvgmñnthbpfwbz jåhfpjdfybz b gjpyfdfntkmyst cbcntvs, 1992 u.

Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf

M.L.S. Cgtwbfkbpfwbz: irjkmyst åbåkbjntrb, 1974 ujl

Rjkktlé Sweet Briar

B.A.

Fyukbqcrbq zpsr b gtlfujubrf, 1973 u.

GHJATCCBJYFKMYSQ JGSN HFÅJNS Ljwtyn, Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntr, c 1993 gj yfcnjzott dhtvz. Rkfhbjycrbq eybdthcbntn infnf Gtycbkmdfybz, afrekmntn cdzpb, rjvgmñnthyjq byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf, (Rkfhbjy, infn Gtycbkmdfybz). • Ghtgjlfdfntkm d jåkfcnb ltncrjuj åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz b ltncrjq kbnthfnehs, fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntr, ghbvtytybz byajhvfwbjyysö ntöyjkjubq d irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfö • Bccktljdfntkmcrfz hfåjnf gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd, drkñxfz: hfcghjcnhfytybt gthtljdjuj jgsnf d jåkfcnb byntuhfwbb rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq d

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irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö wtynhfö b d ghjatccbjyfkmysö extåysö pfdtltybzö gj gjlujnjdrt åbåkbjntxysö hfåjnybrjd; dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd yf ecgtdftvjcnm b ehjdtym pyfybq; genb ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz b jåvtyf jgsnjv chtlb cjnhelybrjd irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd.

Afrekmntn åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbpfwbb, Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf (Gbnncåehu, infn Gtycbkmdfybz) Fccbcntyn ghjatccjhf/yfexysq cjnhelybr ljrnjhfynehs, 1991–92 uu. • Ghtgjlfdfntkm rehcjd ltncrjq b vjkjltéyjq kbnthfnehs • Cjltqcndbt ghtgjlfdfntkmcrjve cjcnfde d ghjdtltybb bccktljdfybq c bcgjkmpjdfybtv cjdhtvtyysö rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b d gjkextybb bynthfrnbdyjq byajhvfwbb d hfvrfö Wtynhf jåhfpjdfntkmysö ntöyjkjubq Eybdthcbntnf Gtycbkmdfybb (PCET) • Ghtgjlfdfybt ghfdbk cjcnfdktybz åbåkbjuhfabb yf ctvbyfhfö PCET b htuekzhysö rehcfö lkz cneltynjd

Lbhtrnjh kfåjhfnjhbb djccnfyjdktybz byajhvfwbb/fccbcntyn ghtgjlfdfntkz ghb ljrnjhfyneht, 1989–92 uu. • Ghtgjlfdfntkm rehcjd ghjbpdjlcndf CVB, jhufybpfwbb kjrfkmysö rjvveybrfwbjyysö ctntq, rjvgmñnthbpfwbb åbåkbjntr b ltncrjq kbnthfnehs • Jceotcndktybt jgthfnbdyjuj herjdjlcndf kfåjhfnjhbtq b herjdjlcndj cnféthfvb bp xbckf cneltynjd-cnfhitrehcybrjd • Ghjdtltybt bycnhernféf gj cjcnfdktybñ åbåkbjuhfabq, ltvjycnhfwbq åfp lfyysö yf CD-ROM, drkñxfz OCLC.

LJGJKYBNTKMYFZ GHJATCBJYFKMYFZ LTZNTKMYJCNM 1985–89

Cgtwbfkbcn wtynhf byajhvfwbb d yfxfkmyjq irjkt jrheuf Rbyu Léjhlé, Åhjyrcdbkkm, infn Ymñ-Qjhr

1984-85

Åbåkbjntrfhm chtlytq irjks jrheuf Nhjq, infn Ymñ-Qjhr

1983

Åbåkbjntrfhm/cjnhelybr cghfdjxyjuj jnltkf gj vfnthbfkfv ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd, åbåkbjntrf jrheuf Kjyu-Fqktyl, Vjynfer, infn Ymñ-Qjhr

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1976-78

Åbåkbjntrfhm yfxfkmyjq irjks, jåhfpjdfntkmysq jrheu Aäqhabkl, Uhbydbx, infn Rjyytrnbren

YFGHFDKTYBZ BCCKTLJDFNTKMCRJQ HFÅJNS ≤Dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns irjkmysö byajhvfwbjyysö b åbåkbjntxysö wtynhjd Gtycbkmdfybb yf ehjdtym pyfybq b ecgtdftvjcnm≥, abyfycbhetncz ctrwbtq irjkmysö åbåkbjntxyj-byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf, 1994–96 ujls, ›5,000.

≤Cnfylfhnyst rdfkbabrfwbjyyst nhtåjdfybz r cgtwbfkbcne irjkmysö byajhvfwbjyyj-åbåkbjntxysö wtynhjd, bccktljdfybz yt pfdthitys, yföjlzncz d cnflbb hfphfåjnrb.

≤Åbåkbjntxyjt jåckeébdfybt ltntq b ñyjitcndf: jcjåtyyjcnb ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd≥ d cjfdnjhcndt c Ifyntkm Vbkkth, bccktljdfybz yt pfdthitys, yföjlzncz d cnflbb hfphfåjnrb.

CNFNMB “Electronic Resources in ALA Accredited Library Schools.” Recently submitted to Library Journal. “Attitudes of School Library Media Specialists Toward Networking,” School Library Media Quarterly, Summer, 1995. “Credentialing of Online Database Searchers,” co-authored with Ralph Brite, LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal, No. 3, October, 1992.

Xfcnj cjnhelybxftn d rfxtcndt jåjphtdfntkz rybu b ghjuhfvvyjuj jåtcgtxtybz c nfrbvb bplfybzvb, rfr: • éehyfk lkz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq School Library Journal • éehyfk Emergency Librarian • éehyfk Library Journal Jåjphtdfntkm rybu/htwtyptyn herjgbctq ltncrjq kbnthfnehs lkz bplfntkmcnd Harcourt Brace, Harper Collins, b Scholastic. Htwtyptyn herjgbctq lkz éehyfkjd School Library Media Quarterly, School Libraries Worldwide, b Emergency Librarian.

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DSCNEGKTYBZ YF RJYATHTYWBZÖ B CTVBYFHFÖ ≤Jåpjh rjvgmñnthysö htcehcjd lkz cjnhelybrjd byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd irjk≥, bccktljdfybt, ghtlcnfdktyyjt yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq rjyathtywbb Fccjwbfwbb ltzntktq jåhfpjdfybz d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb d Cjkn-Ktqr-Cbnb d atdhfkt 1995 u.

≤Irjkmyst åbåkbjntxyst b byajhvfwbjyyst wtynhs: cdzpm c frfltvbxtcrjq ecgtdftvjcnmñ≥, ghtlcnfdktyj yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq rjyathtywbb Fccjwbfwbb irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq d Rkbdktylt d jrnzåht 1994 u.

≤Yjdst ntyltywbb ltncrjq kbnthfneht≥, ghtlcnfdktyj yf xntybzö Fccjwbfwbb exbntktq Pfgflyjq Gtycbkmdfybb d vft 1994 u.

≤Hjkm irjkmysö åbåkbjntr d åbåkbjntxyjq ctnb≥, ghtlcnfdktyj yf rjyathtywbb Åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf d Jkåfyb d 1990 u.

Exfcnbt d vyjujxbcktyysö ctvbyfhfö d jåhfpjdfntkmysö jrheufö, d vtcnysö rjyathtywbzö, jcjåtyyj gj djghjcfv rjvgmñnthbpfwbb åbåkbjntr b dytctybz rjvgmñnthysö lbcwbgkby d extåyst ghjuhfvvs b gkfys.

HFÅJNF GJ UHFYNFV Ltgfhnfvtyn jåhfpjdfybz CIF, hfpltk IIB Pfrjyf j dscitv jåhfpjdfybb, ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåextybt gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb irjkmyjuj åbåkbjntrfhz b ärcgthnf byajhvfwbjyyjuj wtynhf, 1993–94 uu. Cevvf uhfynf › 20,000.

Uhfyn yf bccktljdfntkmcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm jn Åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf, 1994–96 uu. Cevvf uhfynf ›5,500. Lkz ghjdtltybz bccktljdfybq gj ntvt ≤Dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd yf ecgtdftvjcnm b ehjdtym pyfybq≥

LTZNTKMYJCNM D GHCATCCBJYFKMYSÖ FCCJWBFWBZÖ Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq (AASL)

Rfylblfn yf ljkéyjcnm Ukfdyjuj Rfpyfxtz; dsåjhs cjcnjzncz d bñyt 1996 ujlf – Xkty Hfåjxtq uheggs gj htcnhernehbpfwbb, 1995–96 uu.

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– Xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1993–97 uu; ghtlctlfntkm BR, 1995–96 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf ghbceéltybz ghtvbq Öfqcvbnf pf yfexyst bccktljdfybz, 1994–95 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj bpextybñ b ghbvtytybñ jgsnf Kfycf, 1994–96 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbtve d xktys fccjwbfwbb, 1986–89; ghtlctlfntkm, 1987–89 ujls – Ghtlctlfntkm Rjvbntnf ghbceéltybz ghtvbq pf ghbvtytybt vbrhjrjvgmñnthjd d irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfö, 1990 ujl – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbceéltybñ ghtvbq pf yfbkexieñ ghjuhfvve ujlf gj hfpdbnbñ irjkmysö byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd, 1991 ujl

Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz ltntq – Xkty rjvbntnf åjqcrfenjd Fvthbrb, 1991–93 ujls, ghtlctlfntkm, 1992–93 ujls

Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj flvbybcnhbhjdfybz b vtytlévtynf – Xkty Rjvbntnf åbåkbjntxysö exhtéltybq cbcntvs BES, 1987–90 ujls

Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz vjkjltéb – Xkty Rjvbntnf ghbvtytybz rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq, 1991–94 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1993–94 ujls

Rheuksq cnjk gj åbåkbjntxysv bccktljdfybzv – Rfylblfn d ghtlctlfntkb, 1994–95 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1995–96 ujls – Dsåjhysq xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1993–96 ujls

Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq – Xkty Htlfrwbjyyjq rjkktubb éehyfkf Fccjwbfwbb School Libraries Worldwide, 1994–97 ujls

Åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz Gtycbkmdfybb – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ytghthsdyjve jåhfpjdfybñ, 1993–95 ujls

Ctrwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd – Xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1995–97 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1995. – Xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1994–96 ujls

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YFUHFLS B GJJOHTYBZ • Who’s Who in America (≤Rnj tcnm rnj d Fvthbrt≥), 1995 ujl • Beta Phi Mu (Yfwbjyfkmyjt gjxtnyjt jåotcndj åbåkbjntrjdtltybz), 1974 ujl • Phi Delta Kappa (Yfwbjyfkmysq jhlty jåhfpjdfybz), 1986 ujl • Ghtpbltyncrfz cnbgtylbz, rjkktlé Sweet Briar, 1969 ujl

JÅOTCNDTYYFZ HFÅJNF Rkfhbjycrbq eybdthcbntn Gtycbkmdfybb – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj rjvgmñnthbpfwbb, c 1994 ujlf – gj yfcnjzott dhtvz – Xkty hfåjxtq uheggs gj gkfybhjdrt gjvtotybq d Åtrth Öjkk (Becker Hall), 1994–95 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj extåysv gkfyfv b ghjuhfvvfv, 1993–96 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1994–96 ujls.

Djkjynth d Fccjwbfwbb hjlbntktq, exbntktq b extybrjd (PTSA) – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj jåhfpjdfntkmyjq gjkbnbrt, Wtynhfkmysq jåhfpjdfntkmysq jrheu, 1993–94 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbceéltybñ tétujlysö ghtvbq hfåjnybrf jåhfpjdfybz, 1994–96 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1994–96 ujls

Cthnbabwbhjdfyysq jhufybpfnjh yfwbjyfkmysö cjhtdyjdfybq gj uhtåkt.

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