Письменный перевод в сфере экономики и бизнеса: Учебное пособие

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Е.А.Княжева

Письменный перевод в сфере экономики и бизнеса Учебное пособие для вузов

Воронеж 2007

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Утверждено Научно-методическим советом факультета РГФ, протокол №6 от 27.06. 2006 Рецензент доцент С.Л.Лукина

Учебное пособие подготовлено на кафедре теории перевода и межкультурной коммуникации факультета романо-германской филологии Воронежского государственного университета. Рекомендовано для практических занятий со студентами IV курса д/о и V курса в/о факультета романо-германской филологии по курсу письменного перевода.

Для специальности: 031202 (022900) - Перевод и переводоведение

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Globalization Task 1. Brainstorming What do you think globalization means? Which global companies can you think of? Task 2. Reading and discussion: read the text and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of globalization. PHILIP CONDIT, CHAIRMAN OF BOEING, TALKS ABOUT THE PROBLEMS OF TURNING BOEING INTO A GLOBAL COMPANY Flight plan from Seattle By Michael Skinner In the last thirty years, Philip Condit says, not much has changed. The problem, he says is not just that employees at Boeing think of other countries as being exotic. They take the same attitude to any where in the US outside Seattle, where the company has its headquarters and its most important factories. Boeing staff talk about something as being ‘in-plant’ or ‘out-plant’. In-plant means Seattle. Out-plant means one of the group’s other locations, such as Wichita, Kansas. Condit, who became Boeing’s chairman in February, wants to change all that. Over the next 20 years, he wants Boeing to become a global rather than a US company. Boeing employees could be forgiven for thinking that being a Seattle company has served them well enough. Boeing is the world’s most successful aircraft maker. Condit believes, however, that Boeing cannot stand still. There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.

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Last year, in a speech to managers, he described his vision of what the group would look like in 2016, its centenary year. He told them that Boeing would be an aerospace company. It would not repeat earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business. Second, he said, Boeing would be a ‘global enterprise’. This would mean increasing the number of countries of operation. He is impressed, he says, by the way in which oil companies have benefited from losing national images. ‘BP is probably the most global company in the world. It is interesting to see that in the US its nationality has begun to disappear. Almost everybody in the US says BP and not British Petroleum. It is a local kind of a company’. Royal Dutch/Shell is another group which manages to present itself as a local company in the countries in which it operates. Would he be happy if 20 years from now people did not think of Boeing as being a US company? ‘Yes’, Condit says, ‘I believe we are moving to wars an era of global markets and global companies’. Task 3. Matching. Match the terms below to the definitions. Give their Russian equivalents. 1. acquisition

7. subsidiary

2. joint venture

8. infrastructure

3. consortium

9. issues

4. franchising

10. profitability

5. licensing

11. welfare benefits

6. local partner

12. flight of capital

a) a company partly of wholly owned by a parent company; b) giving someone the exclusive right to sell products in a certain area; c) selling the right to a manufacture’s trademark, usually in a foreign market; d) buying or taking over another company;

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e) a person or company who cooperates with a foreign company who wishes to enter the market; f) two or more companies join temporarily to carry out a large project; g) a group of companies in similar businesses working together; h) important subjects that people discuss; i) money paid by the government to people in need, for example, the unemployed; j) basic facilities and services of a country, for example, water, power, roads; k) a movement of large sums of money out of a country; l) the ability of a business to make money; Task 4. Gap filling. Fill in the gaps and translate the text. Trading groups; lost sales; global conference; cancelled orders; factories; suppliers; fashion business; overseas plants; takeover; major order; costs; distributor; quality standards; subsidiaries; foreign markets. This week, the international fashion group Fortune Garments is holding its first (…) in Barcelona, Spain. Fortune garments, one of Hong Kong’s oldest (…), makes high quality clothing. It has become a global company: it has over 3000 (…) in 17 countries, and employs staff from all over the world in its head office and (…). It is expanding rapidly in (…) with sales of over $US 1.8bn. Fast delivery, innovative design, and reliable quality are essential for success in the (…). Fortune Garments’ Chairman, Michael Chau, is proud that his company can usually accept a (…) and deliver the goods to a customer within four weeks. However, globalization has brought problems in the company’s (…), and this is having a bad effect on its share price. A journalist from the Eastern Economist Review suggested recently that the company could become a target of a (…) if it didn’t sort out its problems soon.

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One of these problems is quality control. For instance, many (…) make clothing from materials supplied by several of the company’s plants. Although it helps to lower (…), the materials are often of poor quality. This has resulted in (…). Recently, a German (…) refused a consignment of 50,000 blouses. The goods simply did not meet its (…). Cancellation of the order cost Fortune Garments half a million dollars in (…). Task 5. Information input: ‘The Key Players’. Study the names of organizations below and give their translation into Russian. 5.1. Anti-globalization Groups 1.The International Institute for Sustainable Development (http://www.iisd.org/) 2.The International Forum on Globalization (http://www.ifg.org/) 3. Greenpeace (www.greenpeace.org/international) 4.The World Wide Fund for Nature (http://www.wwf.org/) 5. Oxfam (www.oxfam.org/eng/) 6. Friends of the Earth International (http://www.foei.org/) 7. The Center for International Environmental Law (http://www.ciel.org/) 8. Public Citizen (http://www.citizen.org/) 9. Medecins Sans Frontieres (http://www.msf.org/) 10. Consumers International (http://www.consumersinternational.org/) 5.2. Pro-Globalization Groups 1. The International Policy Network (http://www.policynetwork.net/) 2. Development Network (http://www.sdnetwork.net/) 3. The Competitive Enterprise Institute (http://www.cei.org/) 4. The Cato Institute (http://www.cato.org/) 5. The Institute of Public Affairs (http://www.ipa.org.au/)

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6. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (http://www.aei.org/) 7. TCS Daily (http://www.tcsdaily.com/) 8. World Growth (http://www.worldgrowth.org/) 9. The Heritage Foundation (http://www.heritage.org/) 10. AWorldConnected (http://www.aworldconnected.org/) 5.3. Anti-Globalisation Individuals 1. George Monbiot (http://www.monbiot.com/) 2. Naomi Klein (http://www.nologo.org/) 3. Martin Khor (http://www.twnside.org.sg/) 4. Mary Robinson (http://www.eginitiative.org/) 5. Vandana Shiva (http://www.navdanya.org/) 6. John Ralston Saul (www.abc.net.au/specials/saul/default.htm) 5.4. Pro-Globalisation Individuals 1. Johan Norberg (http://www.johannorberg.net/) 2. Douglas A. Irwin (www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/) 3. Jagdish Bhagwati (www.columbia.edu/~jb38/) 4. Martin Wolf (www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/staff/details/martin_wolf.htm) 5. Philippe Legrain (http://www.philippelegrain.com/) 6. Mike Moore (http://www.mike-moore.info/) Task 6. Vocabulary. Find the Russian equivalents of these terms. Company – a formal association of persons for business purposes, especially a corporation or group of persons legally incorporated under company law; in AmE – a general word for any business, whether it is a sole proprietorship, or a partnership, or a corporation

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Corporation – a group of persons in Britain who have formed themselves into an association

which itself has a separate legal existence or artificial

personality quite different from the persons who compose it.(The law allows it to continue to exist indefinitely although its members (shareholders) may change. In AmE – a business organization equivalent to a limited company in Britain Joint-stock company – a form of business organization called a corporation, which has its capital divided into many small units of stock or into shares of low face value so that they may be bought by small and large investors. Often is used in the same meaning as “limited company”.In AmE – a business organization having its capital divided into small units of stock, but the liability of its members is unlimited, as in a partnership. Limited (liability) company – a joint-stock company, the financial liability of whose members is limited by law. If the company is limited by shares, the liability of each member is limited to the amount unpaid on his shares, and he may have to lose the cost of his shares, but no more, if the company goes into liquidation because of its debts. If the company is limited by guarantee, the liability of each member is limited to the amount he has personally guaranteed (promised) to pay if necessary in the event of liquidation.

Private (limited) company – a limited company which must not invite the public to subscribe for its shares or debentures and does not allow its members to transfer their shares without the agreement of the other shareholders. (It must have at least two but usually not more than fifty members).

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Public (limited) company – a limited company which can offer its shares and debentures to the public; there is normally no limit to the right of its members to transfer their shares to other persons. (There is no limit to the total number of members except that there must be at least seven). Unlimited company – a company of which the liability of the members is unlimited, i.e. each member has to pay his/her full share of the debts of the company if it is brought to an end. Close company/ close(ed) corporation – (AmE) a company of which the share capital is held or controlled by relatively few persons (five or fewer persons), or by persons who are all directors of the company (The shares of a close company are not publicly traded. A company of this kind must either pay out a large part of its profit as dividend or be classed for tax purposes as a private person. Offshore company – located or based in a foreign country and not subject to tax laws. Firm – 1. (law) partnership an association of two or more persons who have formally agreed to work together as partners;2. (commerce) any business organization or commercial house, whether it is a partnership or not, often a company, especially a small one; 3. the name or title under which a partnership or company transacts business e.g. the firm of Smith & Jones. Task 7. Translation. Read the text and find out about the people and the companies mentioned. Translate the text.

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The Great Paradox of Globalisation Business leaders applaud it, protesters demonstrate against it, Thomas Friedman writes a column about it and politicians tell us it is inevitable. As the World Trade Organization celebrates it in the comparative peace of Qatar, it is time to ask what exactly we mean by globalization. People first started to use the term in the 1980s, when American business discovered the rest of the world. Of course, Ford and General Motors had owned foreign car plants for more than 50 years. But their overseas facilities manufactured dinky models for agoraphobic Europeans and were quite separate from the mainstream American operations. US consumers had always imported Burberrys and French perfumes but trade was and is a much lower percentage of national income in the US than it is in any European country. There was a rude awakening. Ford and GM realized that Asian competitors could make cars that were not only cheaper but also better. (Their customers discovered it first). Other US firms such as Gap and Compaq realized that an American brand and offshore manufacture made an unbeatable combination in textiles and computers. Jobs migrated from the US to the developing world. Within a short time, every large US company had a director of international operations and every US business school a course in international strategy. Some chief executives even predicted that their successors might have worked overseas or might even not be American nationals. These fears mostly proved to be exaggerated. The Ford family is still in the saddle. But globalization received a further boost from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Where once there had been two great trading blocks in the world, now there was only one. Or perhaps there were now three. Americans responded to the growing influence of the European Union by establishing their own free trade area and the rapidly growing Asian economies came closer together.

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The world trading system was also restructured in the multilateral reduction in trade barriers negotiated under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Gatt was the precursor of the WTO and, with hindsight, it boring name was a huge advantage. If you want to confer quietly and unmolested, it is unwise to call yourself the World Bank, the World Economic Forum or the International Monetary Fund. But the liberalization of capital movements was perhaps even more important, and certainly more rapid, than the liberalisation of trade in goods and services. In 1980, most developed economies imposed restrictions, often severe, on any overseas investments by their citizens. I then had an academic colleague whose specialism was the theory and practice of exchange control. Before long, he had only Sweden and South Africa to focus on. I expect he is now in the palaeontology department. The consequent globalization of industrial structure had different consequences for different industries. Boeing provided aircraft for everyone from a single plant in Seattle. Ford and General Motors made engines in one place, gearboxes in another, and put them together somewhere different still. Thus these companies were able to divorce completely the location of manufacture

and

the

location

of

sale.

McDonald’s,

Hertz

and

PricewaterhouseCoopers, for whom production was necessarily local, brought to that production a global formula and a global brand. Last, the term globalization came to encompass measures of domestic deregulation

and

privatization

that

had

no

direct

relationship

to

internationalization of the world economy. Once, privatization was used as an umbrella term by opponents of market-oriented reforms. Today, globalization has a similar interpretation. Globalisation is things that people hostile to modern market economy dislike.

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Task 8. Translation practice A. 1. IFG advocates the implementation of trade barriers to protect local production and is against international trade unless a good or service can not be produced locally. 2. The WWF opposes the implementation of protectionist export subsidies, claiming that they are detrimental to developing countries’ interests, and argues in favour of intellectual property rights for land conservation and the protection of indigenous people’s rights. 3. CIEL perceives a sustainable global economy as one in which environmental concerns are managed separately from trade, and where trade rules and institutions support conservation and are environmentally responsible. 4. MSF claims that the poor’s access to medicine is restricted by market-driven prices, and that this is often the result of intellectual propertyrights protection that favours rich countries. 5. The WSF opposes free market policies, such as privatisation and trade liberalisation, and the implementation of intellectual property rights, promoting the decentralisation of world power to the national level. 6. AWorldConnected promotes free trade, arguing that protectionist policies such as trade barriers decrease the economic welfare of developing countries. 7. The Heritage Foundation argues in favour of free labour markets, claiming that they maximise productivity and employment opportunities, therefore promoting development. 8. World Growth advocates free trade and market-oriented solutions for sustainable development, the attainment of human rights and worker’s rights and environmental protection.

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9. The AEI advocates the implementation of intellectual property rights, arguing that they are essential for economic stability and prosperity, particularly for developing countries. 10. The Cato Institute views globalisation as a positive force that has encouraged the dissemination of market institutions and therefore peace and prosperity. Task 9. Translation practice B. 1. Процесс глобализации состоит из трех взаимосвязанных компонентов – нового международного разделения труда, международного производства и политических отношений. 2. Поскольку обмен услугами и межотраслевой продукцией к началу тысячелетия превысил половину общего оборота мировой торговли, этот феномен получил название нового международного разделения труда. 3. Топливно-энергетический кризис середины 1970-х привел, с одной стороны, к снижению прибыльности (или даже убыточности) старых отраслей промышленности (индустрии «дымовых труб») в развитых странах,

а

с

другой

–

к

существенному

расхождению

условий

национальных воспроизводств в ходе индустриализации – по ставкам зарплаты, уровню образования и квалификации рабочей силы, ставкам процента, цене сырья и энергии и т.п. 4.

Международное

производство

ведется

как

на

иностранных

предприятиях, размещенных в зарубежных странах, так и на основе подрядов, переданных местным предприятиям. 5.

Выпуск

автомашин

определенных

марок

рассредоточен

по

предприятиям семи стран, а предприниматели каждой страны отвечают за определенную

фазу

производства

–

проектирование,

производство

14

двигателей

или

электрооборудования

и

даже

изготовление

и

распространение рекламы. 6. Составной частью глобализации стали политические факторы, прежде всего распад социалистического лагеря и СССР, за которым последовала и самоликвидация режимов социалистической ориентации в десятках развивающихся стран. 7. Основной смысл давления развитых государств на прочие страны заключался в придании глобализации всеобщего характера, а также в ускорении ее темпов таким образом, чтобы они опережали темпы развития экономики и объективные темпы роста международного разделения труда, независимо от положения тех или иных стран. 8. Одним из инструментов глобализации стала приватизация, понимаемая как

переход

в

государственной,

руки

частных

кооперативной,

лиц

(акционерных

коллективной

и

компаний)

прочих

форм

собственности. 9. Наличие государственного сектора со своими воспроизводственными закономерностями препятствовало свободному перемещению капитала и созданию

единой

социально-экономической

системы.

Поэтому

приватизация была направлена на завершение создания единого мирового экономического и социально-экономического пространства. 10. В становлении глобализации в развивающихся и переходных странах большую

роль

сыграло

насилие,

которое

международными экономическими организациями.

осуществлялось

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Task 10. Reading and summarizing. Проблемы вступления России в ВТО При вступлении в ВТО по правилам данной организации Россия обязана договорится о своем членстве в этой международной организации со всеми странами-участницами. Поэтому процесс вступления России в ВТО

достаточно

долог

и

может

занять

еще

некоторое

время.

Основная проблема вступления России в ВТО - это, в первую очередь, снятие ограничений на поставки товаров из-за рубежа, в каком-то смысле ограничений на конкуренцию со стороны иностранных компаний. Это приведет к тому, что отечественные производители могут оказаться не способными конкурировать на равных как с очень качественной западной продукцией, так и с очень дешевой китайской. Другое дело, что данный процесс будет происходить постепенно (потому и ведутся столь долгие переговоры), и у наших предприятий останется время для адаптации к новым условиям. Поэтому эксперты полагают, что, несмотря на усиление конкуренции со стороны иностранных производителей при вступлении России в ВТО, влияние этого события на отечественную промышленность не станет очень значительным или катастрофичным, хотя каждому предприятию придется позаботиться о себе и повысить эффективность собственной работы.

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Extension. Texts for supplementary reading. Text 1. Globalization, or globalisation is the increasing interdependence, integration and interaction among people and corporations in disparate locations around the world. It is an umbrella term which refers to a complex of economic, trade, social, technological, cultural and political interrelationships. The term has been used as early as 1944, however Theodore Levitt is usually credited with its first use in an economic context. A typical - but restrictive - definition can be taken from the International Monetary Fund, which stresses the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. While being a complex and multifaceted array of phenomena, globalization can be broken down into separate aspects: 9 industrial globalization (alias transnationalization) - rise and expansion of multinational enterprises; 9 financial globalization - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for corporate, national and subnational borrowers; 9 political globalization - spread of political sphere of interests to the regions and countries outside the neighbourhood of political (state and non-state) actors informational globalization - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations; 9 cultural globalization - growth of cross-cultural contacts. Economic definition: According to Dr. Ismail Shariff, globalization is the worldwide process of homogenizing prices, products, wages, rates of interest and profits.

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Globalization relies on three forces for development: the role of human migration, international trade, and rapid movements of capital and integration of financial markets. Characteristics Globalisation/internationalisation has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed or accelerated since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organisations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement. The actual existence of some of these trends is debated. - Greater international cultural exchange. - Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity, for example through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies. However, the imported culture can easily supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity through hybridization or even assimilation. The most prominent form of this is Westernization, but Sinicization of cultures also takes place. - Greater international travel and tourism - Greater immigration, including illegal immigration - Spread of local consumer products (e.g., food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture) - World-wide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series, YouTube, and MySpace. - World-wide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games. - Formation or development of a set of universal values. - Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones

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- Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright laws and patents - The push by many advocates for an international criminal court and international justice movements. Positive and negative effects The term "globalization" is used to refer to these collective changes as a process, or else as the cause of turbulent change. The distinct uses include: Economically, socially and ecologically positive: as an engine of commerce; one which brings an increased standard of living — prosperity — to Third World countries and further wealth to First World countries. Economically, socially, and ecologically negative: as an engine of "corporate imperialism;" one which tramples over human rights in developing societies, claims to bring prosperity, yet often simply amounts to plundering and profiteering. Negative effects include cultural assimilation via cultural imperialism, the export of artificial wants, and the destruction or inhibition of authentic local and global community, ecology and cultures. It is often argued that even terrorism has undergone globalization, with attacks in foreign countries that have no direct relation with the attackers' own country. Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included: Promotion of free trade Of goods: - Reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffs. - Reduced transportation costs, especially from development of containerization for ocean shipping. Of capital: - Reduction or elimination of capital controls.

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- Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses. Intellectual property restrictions - Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions). - Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the US). Text 2 Historical precedents of Globalization Although the term "globalization' was coined in the latter half of the twentieth century, and the term and its concepts did not permeate popular consciousness until the latter half of the 1980's; various social scientists have tried to demonstrate continuity between contemporary trends of globalization and earlier periods. Earlier forms of globalization existed during the Mongol Empire, when there was greater integration along the Silk Road. The first steps towards Globalization as we know it nowadays were taken in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Spanish Empire reached to all corners of the world. The effects on European industries were notable, e.g. the Silver Mining in Schwaz in Austria was partly abandoned, as silver was available from the Spanish colonies for lower prices. Globalization became a business phenomena in the 17th century when the first Multinational was founded in The Netherlands. During the Dutch Golden Age the Dutch East India Company was established as a private owned company. Because of the high risks involved with the international trade, ownership was divided with Shares. The Dutch East India Company was the first company in the world to issue shares, an important driver for globalization. Liberalization in the 19th century is often called "The First Era of Globalization", a period characterised by rapid growth in international trade and investment, between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and, later, the United States.The "First Era of Globalization" began to break down at the

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beginning with the first World War, and later collapsed during the gold standard crisis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Countries that engaged in that era of globalization, including the European core, some of the European periphery and various European American and Oceanic offshoots, prospered. Inequality between those states fell, as goods, capital and labour flowed freely between nations. Globalization in the era since World War II has been driven by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT, which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade. The Uruguay round (1984 to 1995) led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organization (WTO), to mediate trade disputes. Other bi- and trilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade. The world increasingly is confronted by problems that can not be solved by individual nation-states acting alone. Examples include cross-boundary air and water pollution, over-fishing of the oceans and other degradations of the natural environment, regulation of outer-space, global warming, international terrorist networks, global trade and finance, and so on. Solutions to these problems necessitate new forms of cooperation and the creation of new global institutions. Since the end of WWII, following the advent of the UN and the Bretton Woods institutions, there has been an explosion in the reach and power of Transnational corporations and the rapid growth of global civil society. The Global scenario group, an environmental research and forecasting organization, views globalization as part of the shift to a Planetary Phase of Civilization, characterized by global social organizations, economies, and communications. The GSG maintains that the future character of this global society is uncertain and contested.

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Текст 3 ВТО - Всемирная торговая организация Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО) была основана в 1995 году. Она является продолжателем Генерального соглашения о тарифах и торговле (ГАТТ), заключенного в 1947 году. ВТО - это одновременно и организация, и комплекс правовых документов, определяющих права и обязанности правительств в сфере международной торговли товарами и услугами. Правовую основу ВТО составляют: 1. Генеральное соглашение о торговле товарами (ГАТТ) в редакции 1994 года. 2. Генеральное соглашение о торговле услугами (ГАТС). 3. Соглашение о торговых аспектах прав интеллектуальной собственности (ТРИПС). Главные задачи ВТО - либерализация международной торговли, обеспечение благоприятной

ее

справедливости

среды

для

и

предсказуемости,

экономического

роста

и

создание повышения

экономического благосостояния людей. Высшим

руководящим

органом

ВТО

является

Конференция

министров. Она созывается не реже одного раза в два года, как правило, на уровне министров торговли или иностранных дел стран-участниц ВТО. Конференция обладает полномочиями принимать решения по наиболее принципиальным вопросам, касающимся новых раундов многосторонних переговоров. Текущее управление деятельностью и наблюдение за действием соглашения и министерских решений осуществляет Генеральный совет. Он собирается несколько раз в год в Женеве. В Генеральный совет обычно

22

входят послы и главы представительств стран-членов ВТО. В функции Генерального совета также входит разрешение торговых споров между странами-участницами ВТО и проведение периодических обзоров их торговой политики. Генеральный совет контролирует деятельность подчиненных органов: - Совета по торговле товарами, который осуществляет наблюдение за выполнением ГАТТ; - Совета по торговле услугами, который осуществляет наблюдение за выполнением ГАТС; - Совета по интеллектуальной собственности, который осуществляет наблюдение за выполнением ТРИПС. Кроме вышеперечисленных органов в составе ВТО действуют рабочие и экспертные группы и специализированные комитеты. Их функции заключаются в рассмотрении вопросов выполнения отдельных частей

многосторонних

соглашений,

а

также

других

вопросов,

представляющих интерес для стран-участниц, к примеру, касающихся правил конкуренции, инвестиций, действия региональных торговых соглашений, торговых аспектов защиты окружающей среды и приема новых членов. В настоящее время 145 стран являются членами ВТО, около 30 наблюдателями. Наблюдатели - это в основном страны, которые ведут переговоры о вступлении в ВТО и намерены вступить в эту организацию в ближайшие пять лет. Всемирная торговая организация имеет следующие характерные черты: 1. ВТО - это, в первую очередь, организация, созданная для обеспечения более свободной международной торговли. Действия ВТО направлены на устранение торговых барьеров между странами.

23

2. ВТО не является каким-либо высшим органом, решения которого обязательны для выполнения правительствами всех стран-участниц этой организации. 3. Страны-участницы ВТО договариваются между собой по вопросам международной торговли, но с соблюдением правил ВТО. 4. Членство в ВТО не запрещает устанавливать таможенные пошлины на определенные виды товаров. Однако обычный размер таких пошлин не превышает в среднем 5-7%. 5. ВТО - демократичная организация, где решения принимаются на основе консенсуса и только в исключительных случаях (а такие были только в практике ГАТТ) - большинством голосов. 6. Все страны-участницы ВТО равны между собой, независимо от их размера и уровня экономического развития. 7. В

соглашениях

правительствам

ВТО

содержатся

стран-участниц

положения,

принимать

меры

позволяющие по

охране

окружающей среды, по защите жизни и здоровья людей, животных и растений. Text 4. Ловушка глобализации Что предлагают ТНК и международные финансовые нституты, приходя в страны Третьего мира? Предлагается монетаризм, рыночная стихия и либерализм, согласно которым право на существование имеют только конкурентоспособные по международным стандартам предприятия. Есть ли такие предприятия в государствах Третьего мира? Иногда есть, однако в большинстве случаев они создаются самими ТНК, причем в незначительном количестве и исключительно в сырьевом секторе экономики. Если посмотреть на деятельность ТНК в Латинской Америке,

24

Африке, Азии, да и на просторах СНГ, то нетрудно обнаружить эту закономерность. Естественным образом возникает вопрос, насколько это выгодно государству? С одной стороны, выгода несомненная: предприятия работают, обеспечивая определенный уровень занятости и принося хоть какую-то прибыль в бюджет. Однако создаваемые ТНК анклавы охватывают лишь незначительную часть населения и национального хозяйства, при этом “оттягивая” на себя основные местные ресурсы (природные богатства и квалифицированную рабочую силу) и пользуясь льготами по налогообложению. Результат – ограниченные возможности для

развития

отечественного

производства,

рост

социально-

экономического расслоения, ускорение процесса маргинализации и обнищание основной части населения. Более того, успешная деятельность таких анклавов полностью зависит от стабильности и нормального функционирования мирохозяйственной системы, а это, как показывают регулярно повторяющиеся кризисы, далеко не гарантированно. Второй

элемент

ловушки

глобализации

заключается

в

предоставлении субсидий и займов развивающимся странам со стороны международных финансовых институтов. Понятно, что в условиях ограниченных финансовых ресурсов эти страны нуждаются в этой внешней подпитке, но всему должна быть мера. Однако, как показывает мировая практика, раз получив заем, эти страны плотно садятся на “инвестиционную иглу”. Происходит это потому, что кредиторы требуют первоочередной выплаты процентов, а на погашение основной суммы долга чаще всего средств не хватает; и тогда долги реструктуризируются. При этом в ходе переговоров об условиях отсрочки у кредиторов каждый раз

появляется

соответствующие экономические.

возможность нуждам

выдвигать

текущего

момента,

новые

требования,

причем

не

только

25

Кроме того, как показали финансовые кризисы в Латинской Америке и Азии, существует механизм искусственного обострения финансовых и долговых

проблем

в

развивающихся

странах.

Сначала

–

приток

краткосрочных инвестиций, в основном спекулятивного характера, разогревание фондового рынка принимающей страны. Затем – быстрый отток спекулятивных (“дешевых”) долларов из страны, обвал финансового рынка и формирование “пакета помощи”, но уже из “подорожавших” долларов (не 5–6%, а порядка 30% годовых). И эти страны, лишенные внутренних возможностей решения финансовых проблем, вынуждены снова брать в долг. Наконец, длительное поступление займов и субсидий из-за рубежа деформирует социально-экономическую структуру периферийных стран, создает секторы и социальные группы, ориентированные на постоянную внешнюю подпитку, усиливает структурную и долговую зависимость этих стран. Задолженность перед кредиторами превращается в некую форму зависимости от них. Пример африканских и латиноамериканских стран весьма показателен. Только совокупный долг африканских государств превышает 350 млрд. долл., что составляет 65% их валового внутреннего продукта, а более 40% ежегодного бюджета этих стран уходит на обслуживание долговых обязательств. Часть государств, социальный организм которых не выдерживает этого прессинга, деградирует, коррумпируется и разрушается, фактически оказываясь во власти кланово-мафиозных структур управления, – особого рода передаточного механизма между международными финансовыми институтами, ТНК и пользующимся их рецептами государством. Тем самым само существование государства-нации теряет всякий смысл, поскольку

фактический

контроль

за

социально-экономической

и

политической деятельностью переходит не столько к местному частному сектору, сколько к иностранным донорам и международным организациям, формирующим весьма своеобразный механизм “макроколониализма”.

26

В этом и заключается самая опасная перспектива неолиберальной глобализации. международные

Лишенные

национальной

финансовые

принадлежности,

институты

сегодня

ТНК

и

сталкиваются

с

проблемами, которые не в состоянии решить даже государство-нация: рост этнического самосознания, региональный и этнический сепаратизм, порожденный экономической либерализацией политический плюрализм и рост влияния неправительственных организаций, уже поднимающаяся местами волна анархистских настроений и т. д. И, видимо, правы некоторые авторы, которые предсказывают скорый “конец истории”. Воинственное

групповое

самоутверждение,

сопряженное

с

ростом

аморальности, грозит погрузить мир в хаос, не виданный со времен Средневековья.

27

Учебное издание

Княжева Елена Александровна ПИСЬМЕННЫЙ ПЕРЕВОД В СФЕРЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ И БИЗНЕСА Учебное пособие для вузов Редактор Т.Б. Бунина