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1. IIPllIMOTHTA roN AIAKYMANJ:EtlN TnN TlMllN J:THN ATrAlA Ko,a TOV D. L. Farmer, "Some Prices Fluctuations in Angevin England", The Economic History Review, 1956-1957. Q. 39, 'BmanpalvErCft 'rQurOXPOvll avoDO!; rwv -npiJv T6h-~ owrpopuw 6npnrplClK6JV pera duo ri~ KUKiS oO&:li£' roii STOV b 1201.
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Til ipyaAi5t'u TiiS' auvaUayiis
KpoJ.ldyu~a. 'On(J)oorinon:, OPWSI n Kpion Tfi£ KCVTptKiif; ayopa~ (lEY al10tEAel TUl11KO rruplOlv6 4'cItvo}levo. Elvm rIQottpovn£ Kal at aAAe~ noActS 'tou BamAeiOlJ. To KTiptu, oAo tpeopef;, ('j(J)Pt6.~oV't:at OE epetntu. 'Opt-
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tpnTonCJAc:~ IIOU 116.)AoVv eTOlpo !puyn-
(cPu}To6riKn A. Colin).
noli PEYUAuWE n noM (0,(0 1600, 250.000 KatotKOt '(0 noAu, ev{;) (YfI:l 1700 elval 500.000 n Kat rreplOoOTepOl). '0 OUVOAIK.,£ rrAnal)(lp"~ tii£
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on
otonmu>on EKdvfl£ tii£; i.cnoptKoD nou At€:l t6 Aov6ivo elV(ll etotpo va tp6£\ niv 'AyyAia~ "is going to eat up England)?». 'E§lAAOU 6 tOtO£: 6 'lilK",BoS A: Stv l.Aeye on: "With time England will only be London""; ¢lUOtKu nirrE£, oi pitO&l£ elvm '(00"0 O:KP1B£i£ 000 Kat avaKptSe.ls. Atv£ IlOMn Kat tAaXtoTO. To Aovfiivo Stv Ko'tuntVet p6vo 'to toc.>'teptKO TilS 'Ayy)..ia!;! aUa tnion!;, ltv pnopt:t KUV£l£ va xpnmponouloet nUTll TllV eKtppaon> t6 e~(;}TeptK61 OMo.lin Ta 2/3 TouAaxw'rOY ii TQ 3/4 n a.Kopn Kal'fa. 4/5 TOU EShl'replKoD tou epnopiou'J". "OP
33
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ipya..\eiQ
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n t9VtKn rrapay(,}yn autaveTal OTflV ayyAl.Kfl unm9po onU)~ Kat oiiS lllKptS nOAelS «nou nai~ouv '(0 pello TOU thavopi:a l1UAAov napa ToD 1<.0'ruvuAwtiiu%. 'YnapXel KanOta apOl.BmOTnTa oUb napexopeve!; unnpt-
crieS· 'Yn6 niv EUVOlQ TnS OVo.nTutll£; TOU Aovoivou npou>ed'tQt 0 EKouyxpOVtOp6s Tii~ ayyAlKD.s ~u>n~. '0 HAOt.
34
Td ipyaAefa
rii~
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KaAlrrepa ea rimv va KavOUj1e KanofOUf; urroA0ywj1oUf;
AiJTt;:; 01 <1;eAI1;Et;:; 66. inov noM m6 ompel;:; yta JlaS (Iv ",xuJle aTn 0'0Swn Jla;:; al',6Jlou;:;, laoAoytOJlou;:;, yl'ami:;:; ;lQl'TUpif.£ 01: oEtl'a, MnoPOUJI£- VO OUYKc.VTpWOOUpe peyoAo aplepO 1:(;)V napunavU) 01:otXeiU)v, OIlhl~ TO odxvtt 6. xaptll£ nov oavElO'rnKope ano t.flV t~atpetn tpyaolu TOU Alan Everitt (967) (131... xitpm 2) Kai " 6nolo~ /"papa ti~ aYYAtKi:;:; Kat OUoAIKE~ ayopE[: ana t6 1500 £W£ to 1640100 , n 6. xaptn£ nov ffi)vnl~ ~aJle yta 1;i;:; ayopt;:; tn;:; eupeia;:; rrel't'1'i:l'Sta;:; tn;:; Caen ata 1722 n " anoAoytop6~ yHi 'rov 180 ai~vn nov pa£ napa6t'rel 6 Eckart Schremmer lOl OXettK(; Jli: TiS ayope;:; Tn;:; aaual'ia;:;. Ai"t;:; 0]1"';:; 01 !'sAtre;:;, KOS,;,;:; Kai aAAeS, avoiyouv pia }lOVO ipt:uvnuKn KGTf.:u9uvon. aiXw;:; va ill'loAoyiooups 5 n 6 x",pta nou Kat' tsoipwn Ihmnpnoav lllV ayopa 'rou~, p:nopou}lt: va pC:Tpnooup<. O'r.flV 'AyyAiQ) lm6 TOV 160 Wb TOV 170 a{wvu 1 760 rroAel£ n K(..)pon6Ael£ nOll exouv pin n nepwm'ytepcS: ayopt;:; Kal 50 onlv OuoAia, XOYOptKa, unapxouv 800 nepwxt!; t~onAt optve£ }Je KuvovlKe£ ayopes, "Av 6 (JUVOAIKOS flln9uopo£ twv bU~ XU}pwv KUP01VE::'tUl nepinoD oTa 5S eKoTOPllUptCt KotoiKOU£. 1<0gepto. an' a'lTt~ Tib nSl'lOxts 6.'1'OpO KaTa peoo opa, yu, tIs "UyaAAoyi:~ Tn\;, 6,000 eMS 7,000 uTOpa, Til anypn noli nsptAopMvst jJeon mil OptO tnS 1,000 nepinou KOTOi1COU!;, "EtOl, pta epnoplKil tvotnta nepu0\eiEt, npoKE1}.ltYOU va entTBAEO£l TiS ouvuUuyeS 1:n£7 XOVOPlK
35
Td tpyaAciQ Tn:; auvCLUaynr;
nOtos TO t.pavupt, to KOUOODVl, TO otaupo, TO Ka~ eo. VOtKUlOEt ta PtKpop6.y(l~a, 1:0 un6YE.ta n 1:6 un6aTt;;ya Kal
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pevwv .EpITOpeUpUTUlv, aVOA-oya
ndV(.j and 100.000 dtpipputa - an6 70.001 tis 100,000 mpippuTa cino 55.001 c'r; 70.000 crrpippom and 45.001
4
ciuo 375DJ
wS' 45.000 crrpipporo
55.(}(J() (J,pq;portl
dno 3(},OOO t:ls 37.500 IR'pc}JpaTQ
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,I
2, H IIYKNOTffi'A TON [JOAEaN·AFOPDN J:THN AlTAlA KAI TliN OYAMA,
1500-1680 'YlJOAoyi'oVTa~
ava Kopnrcia ni pian (d.wn noil i{unnpcu;r KoBe nOAn - ayopci, 100.000 arpi;ppam (OMuOrl 1.500 iKraptO, J1uj Kai /iva orpippa iooiirm pi 150 r.pJ oro oopcw Kai 'fO OUrI-
o A.
Everitt
et"ciyc:r apcOpoUf; nov KupaivoVTOI ano
Kay", ana
.KG Tpnpa pe)(pl KG! 30.000
H£ptopJapivn. Btl. A. Everitt, "The Market Town ", oro: The Agrarian History of England and Wales, I TllirsJc (imp.), 1967, 0. 497.
36
"
3, 01800 nO,tEIE - ArOPEE THE ATFAIAE KAI THE OY4,;11.41: 1500-1640 /(68£ mUn l:.X£f -rOUAG,\:,WTOV pia d:yapci, (JVvIiBwS' opcur; l}o.AAt5,'. LriS' ayoptS' eii enpe.nc \'(1 npoou:.Oou" oi ipnoponavJlyVpcrr;. "Iow a. . ntpopri pi TOU nponyouf,1cVOl) xapm, ao. 468-473.
37
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38
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4, ArOPEE KAI EMIToroITANHrYPEIE mE ITEPIOXHE THE CAEN ETA 1725
'0 XciPTIl~ tp'flaxrnKc anD roy G. A.rbelJoI, auptptVva }J£ to 'Apxda Tn,!; nepHI'#.Pl:IOf; rou Calt-ados (C 1358). 0 ] ...c Perrot pou cue011pa'yC i'~1 imnpoo(JcTCf,' cpnoporravnyupct(; (Saint-.lean~dlJ- Val: 1, Berry: 2, Morrain.' 1, Vassy: 2),11015 Stv ciVCHpipOl!TOr aro xap'm. LuvoAIKd 197 ipnoponaVIlrVpc.lf; rino ri!; OIToit:~ 01 ncpwa6Tcpc~ OWPKOiJV pia pi:.po, optopew:r; OUO n rpcir;, cvc0 n pt:yaAn cpnopoI1a~ vriyupn Tnf,' Caen 15 pipt:~;. t111Aaoti 223 J1epe~ epJJoponavnYUpc4lv irn(Jic,;:;, :4.rr6 mvaMIl, ixoup€ 85 ayopi~ i:lJbopa6wiwf;, onAaliri 4.420 pcpeS i:f1wl6J~. '0 nAllOuopo{,' riis m:pltpCpUOr; uIloAoyi(CTaI Yla rJ1v inoX.Il E:Kcivn avdpt:aa ora 600 pi 620,000 ciToJ1a. 'H iUltpGVCHl rIlS m;pillou lL524 T'XAp. 'AvaAoyt:S' KQTGYpacpC.f,' eci ini:rp€nal' XPnOiflq; OUYKp{(1f:1[; "Ira nAn Ttl yaAAtKn imKpuTEla.
39
'H ayparwoa cpxe:ral va novArioet ornv ayopa (ld\.'Tava nOVAeptKa. Ei.Kovoypa~ q:>nan XSlpOyparpOlJ oro British Museum, 1598. (CP(vTo8.rixn A. Colin).
noli Sa UV"flKueHH:oiim: l«I'rQ. XpnOlPO Tpima '«I Ka9upa nEptypmptKCt OCGopeva '«1 anoia om8i:toupe. 'EVTOl!1:ot~ - Ked auto dvUt TO TIlO OnpaVtlKO (}UPIItpuopO nou nnoppiel cino Tn peAt'rn ToD Everitt - pi:. tn BnpoypUlplKfl o.vooo KUt 'r11V ayyA1Kn npaoGa KUTa. TOUS 160 Kat 180 ai{;}ve£, airrof:; 6 "t~onAtup6s» at KovovlKes 6.yOPE£ anooeu;.vu£tlll oaUptp0po£, napa TIIV t~el6iKeUcrn Kat TIl. QUYK£VTpOOOJl) napa Tn onlJav'ttKIl OU,l1BOArl T&lv na~Opt6)vJ uA.AOlJ nuPUOOcnUKOiJ lpyaAt:.lOU auvuAAoYll£ ol6 onol0 Sa e.navi:A.8oupe..!(}I. 'H a.voDO b 'f(;)V <.nJvoAAayG>v €.uvm:.t Tnv npooqmyn ot KUlVOUPYI0US oio.uAOlJ~ KUKAOlPOpiaS, rno vu;:u0ePOU£ Kat IllO ap£oou£:< L' aUTO ouvreAd, OTIWS €loape, KGt 11 Qv6.nruSn TOU Aovoivou. 'E{; 00 Kat (} J1AOUTO£ outoD nov 6 Alan Everitt ovo}la~el, tAAehp£t KQAun:pos Ae£ns, lOtCV'fIXri ayopa (private Inarket), nou Stv elVnt ot11v npaypanKCrrnTG napa EVQb Tp6no~ napuKapqms 'rrtS onpoGtQ£ ayopubl tiif: open market) n onoia TeALl unb {luotupn tnifiA.eqJll' oi tAeYKtt£ 'twv iOtw'£tKWV airrwv uyopwv elVQt Ot;XVo. neplOoeuov'rc-:; xov6pepOOpOt. QKOpn Kat npapareuTts n llAaVOOlOl: o/ftlVOUV peXpt Kat crri~ Kou~ives '{{'i)v aypOtKt6>V yta va npoayopooouv TO Oltapt, 111 Bp6>pn, TO: np6BoTC!, TO paAAl, 'ta nOUAEptKa, YO oippaTO T6)V KQUV£A.t~y Kat 'fWV npoBo:twv. 'YnopXEt ~'f{n Ina imepxdAton Tn!'; ayopos npob ''Ell XWPUl. I:uXV6. alJ'foi 0\ ve6tpep't0l onptoupyouv OUvrpOtpltG }Jeoa
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41
'H pavaBraoa Kai a yal6apoS' TnS'. "~EXCJJ wpaia oeOKOVAa (el60S' Tevdou wu onoiov Tpc.JYOVTal ni r.pUAAa), wpaio anavclKl". SuAoypar.pia TOU 160u aiwva. (EVAAoyri Viol/et).
tov eauto tou: «Hab wenig Ruh gehabt, dass mich der Sattel nicht an das Hinte.rteil gebrannt hat,,· «Toon Xiyn {;EK01JpaOn dXa, nou it otUa oev o'[opo.TnoE va -.pou ~EotaivEt to. oni08ta"I06. /J..ev dvat npaypaTt navta elJKOAO, pt tic; nAnpOlpOptES nou Ot08ttoUPE, va OtaKptVOUPE tous npapaTEutts nou nnyaivouv ano tpnoponavnyupn at EpIIoponavnyupn uno TOUS Epnopous nou tnI8upouv vo uyopCt~ouv anEu8daS uno TI1V nnyiI TI1S napaywyr1£. EtVat oPW£ BtBalO ott, 0XEOOV novtou oTnv EupwIIn, it 6npOOla uyopa anOOEIKvUETat tauToxpova uVEnapKns Kal UIIEpBoAIKCt EAEvxopEvn Kai, un' 000 pnopEi Kavds va OE1, xrnOlponolOUVTat ft ea xrnOlponOln80uv napaKaptpElS Kat nAaytES 600i. MIa unoonpdwon otn LuveriKn tou Delamare tnl(mpaivEI, tov 'AnptAlO TOU 1693 OTO TIapiOl, tis anOTES twv nAovoolWV tpnopwv «nou, uVTi vo rrwAouv to EprropEupaTo TOUS otnv KEvTpIKn i1 otis onpoOlES c:iyopts, TO nWAOUv OTOUS {;EVWVES Kat napa E{;W"107. TIapaettEI EmnAtov PIa AEntopEpn uIIoypmpn oAwv twv peowv nou xpnOlponolOUv Ot PUAWVaOES, apTonOloi, KpEonwAES, tpnopOl Kat autooxtolOl n KOTEpyapnOES «otoKOt~nOES», Yia VO OU,[OTPOlpoooTn80iiv pt TO tAOXlOtO KOotOS Kai at BapoS TWV KOVOVIKWV EPITOpEUpaTWv nou tq)'[ovov otis oyopt SlO8. "Hon y0pw OTO 1385, OTO Evreux TnS Noppavoias, Ot unEpaamotts tfiS onpoOlas To{;ns KaTaYYEUouV tous nopaywyous Kat TOUS pETanpOtES nou OUVEVVOOiiVTat «4'18upi~oVTas oto autl, PIAWVtOS xapn.\oq>WVG pe vonpato, pt AOYla napO{;Eva Ii KoAupptvo». "AAAn rropaBiaon toU Kavovo elVat ott oi PETonpatES nnyaivouv npWTOl OTOUS aypOtES KGt tous uyopa~OUV TO.
42
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Ta epyo.\oia
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Tp6cptp6 'rouS «npiv mhO. q)'racrouv GTnV Kev'tplKl1 dyopO"lO? "Etat TOV 160 aiwvn 0'£0 Carpentras oi puvaJ)wG£!; Bvaivouv o'tou£ op6pou£ Kat ayo~ pa.'OlN at xallnAn t1P11 TG epnope6puTU nou nnyuivotlv uon:pa OTnv 0yop6: HO , Kat omo ano'r£.Ad ou)[Vn npUKTtKn ott 8Ae~ 'rib n6Ae\~II!. nap' OAO auto, 016 Aovoivo, UTa peoo tou 180u aic;,vu, TOV 'AnpiAtO TOU 1764, it npOKTtKr1 aimi t~aKOAoUeel va ee(')pc:tTQl uml.'rn. 'H KuBtpvnon, onCt)~ ava\pEpE'rat ot pui QUr.h.hlpOn.K1l avmpopa) .,eu inpenE va AuBet touAll.Xlo'fov Konow pt:rpa YUl tn QUOapeoKEta no.v elxe npoKAnOd OTD Aab ano tflv imc:p8oAum uKpiBcHl TWV Tpotpipc.>v. Kat QKolin llEptOooTepo. cupou aU'rIl n 6uoapeoKEm 6tpeiAe:rat iu
il.yopeS Kai ayopes: n ayopa epyaoias 'H uyop6.~ dpeon n eppEon, Kai n IIOA:U:POPWn ouvoUayn Btv oTapuTOllY va Ctvu'(ptnouv TiS OiKovopies, oxolln Kai lib nlo nouX£S. Tib CtvuTa'pa~ouv, ev(;) aAAOl e6. nmiv: ti.S ~(')VTavEilOUv. "OnUlS Kai va EX£1 '1:0 npaypu 1 AoytKU K<mota pepa TO. mJVTO 06 rrepaaOUY lmo T11V oyopa, eXt povo 'tit npo"iovTO 'TnS yfi£ Ii Tih;;; BtOpnxuvi.o£~ aAAa Kat 01 eyyste;; iBtoK'rnoi.e£, Q.Kopn KUI 1:0 Xpiipo nou lleToKtvdtGt nto ypnyopa uno Kaee liMO epnopEu:pu, uK6pn Kat pnv nODpe 0 rOto£: b
n epyaoio, 6 p6XGoS l'&V avSpwnwv yta va
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43
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44
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on tow Stv Ka6uan::pEL flo:VTUlS, pe ii XUlpi£ Otuq)!lPWll! crE; oAoKlu1pn TnV Eup
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TOU.
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ptyapo, peta~tpenKe. ot6 peyapo de Nevers onlY 066 Vivienne pWl ano anotpuon TOU l:upf)ouAiou tii, 24n£ l:emepBpioo 1724. Eta AovOivo TO XpnpUn0t11ptO, IlOU i6puenKe. aoo T6v Thomas Gresham, crrfl ouvtx£'lQ DYOpUQTnKe Royal Exchange. BptoK£TQl 0'(6 Kevrpo TnS rroAnS 1 iTO!- [lOU otav i oUprp(j)VO pe pHI £tvn aVTurrOKptou 406 , naipvovtat pEtra Kate. 'T@V KOUGKepu>v, TOV Mato 'tou 1670, 6 oTpaTo£ OUy1{eVTp~ve'rat 0' aUTO T6 PtpOb «dove si radunano 11 mercantiD) wote va efvGt ot. atoll va OtaOKOprrlO"u:;:i at oltnpopa. onpeia. crv napaare't avo.-
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Booth - nou Eytve np6~r.voS 'TiiS PUloias aTO ftSpaA:r ap4oe - o"t'av yp0IpEt "Tn pEyoAn ,ou (\v(Upopa np6s 'ov K6pn tau Estermann (14
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102
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(nov Kftrro TnS KEV1:'plKllS; nieouoo£ cruvaAAay6'lv Kat ~eKoup~ov'tarHO.
n xpnpanOtnptOKfl bpaOTnptotn-r(1, fi. KaT' tnitpaon xpn}lan~ otnplOKll, va dvm nOAl: nlO nOAui an' 0,'(1 inmnpaivouv ot. auvnetape~ yes; pal:"; avatpopes. ~ET(Jt Uta 1111, onl AOUKKCl, KOY'tG OT:rlV tKKAllOia tou 'Ayiou Map'rtvQu, rnJYK£Vtp@vOVTOl non Ot up)'1Jpap01Bot Kai YUpCii ann autOUS ipnopm K.ui ou1l8oAmoypiup01.. AEV npoK£l'tat AmITev yui EVQ xpnpantTInpto tv tn yevtoet TOUi 'ApKei yi' aitro n tpq>aVlOn TOO tpnoptOU paKplV&V anOOtilUEc.}V, nou ytVE'tot ann nCAu vwpt£, eo'CU} Kat nv npOKEttat }lovo YUl 'CO: prraxap1.KU, 'rO Utntpl Kai orn ouvtXtta YUI T4.1 BapeA1a pi ptyyeS ann 1:0 Bopp6.4l1 ••• Autn n rrp-wTn xpnpanOtnplaKn opaOTnptotnTa ,(ll~ )l£ooytluKfir; Eupoorrnr; 6tv dvat EVtOtrtotS atfUl j{aaau~ tn pta onlllOupyia ex nihilo.
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va 8nptOupyei. tmpoAptves: tVTun~OetS yHi 'Olv Kato:(naon T(;)Y imo6toEWV TOU. '0 Daniel Defoem npoeloorrmei eniontJa TOV warehousekeeper:
"To be absent from Change, which is his market (. .. )/ at the time when
103
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yaUtKa OPOAOYU tni tou L\.npapxeiou (522)'" Ii otnv ayopa 0POAOYU;;Y TOOV Xavo£U'[tKhlV nol..e(,)v, nOll ano TOY 150 ai61vu4:l4. TO. KClTUGTG1:tKtl Tii£ BEp6vas OTO: 1318 KQTUKUPMVOUV nlv
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106
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£mpvtlI~eTal apxtKU IIoil penl 6.no t600 96pu(}o nOD e:YIV£ Yia TllV aAe»on 'roi) MnavTap OTIl vnao 'Ia6a, '(<1 no.v'(a Olapa:rnoav mlv va Ihnv qJmlKn it clnp0tpopia. 'AA.Aa, "otv tKnAnooopal t600, vpatpet otiS 11 AuyouotOU, Uno auto to ouiBnpa, Xpnaipeuo.e OTnv nT~on TG>V PE'fOX&lv OTO "AJ:lGTepVTap KUt peplKOt tnwqJEAn6nKuv ano ut)'ro»4 J l , Kapio. oeKapuI XVOVta apyO'tEpa, lvus QUOS npeoBeunl£ Oil I5tnyneei an 6 "Bapwvos Jonasso, IIoAll nAou",o, 'EBpato£ o"Crl Xuyn», KouXloTav pnpOOTQ TOU &n pnopofioe va KepoioEt .. 100 XlAluoes oKofi6a oE l.aG-pepa,) .....(iv pUeatve To SaVaTD 'rou BuOtAl.U tnb 'Ianavio£ (TOU Kanpevou toU KapoAou B' noil nape.oloe 'to rrveupa TOU ana Tn pta onypn onlY 6A..\n) 5 Ii 6 @[>££ nptv yivet yvw(JtO£ mo
"AporepVTuplli, «Toy ITwreu6}, npoageT£ 0 npEo6eUTtlbJ ytati auto£ Kat. dAAm ouo 'EBpaiot. 0 Texeira Kat. I.> Pinto, eLVat uno taub nto iaxupouf; OTO i.pllopm TGlv pt.TOXt;}V». Tnv trIOxn aUTI! ~aT6oo TErolES npUKtlKts 6tv dxay aKopn ha8et TIlv eKxaon nou aa yvwpiaouv 'rov en01-1evo aiwva~ uno TOV 'EntoeTll nOAepo KUt t~iib, pi. Tn 6teupuvon TOU xpnpattOTnpIUKofi rrat){Vt6l0U orib Jle'roXi!; Tfib 'AYYAIKft~ 'ETUtpdaS n"dv 'AVo.TOAtK6)V 'Iv61WY, T:fi b Tpunesos '[il b 'AY',fAlOS, '{fib Nonas @aAa(ma£: Ka.t Kupiwf; oni o6.vuu TilS ayyAIKiiS KU~
Bepvnanb, «ot6v ~K£.av6 Tt;}V xpecvAuoi(.)v», alloWS At.e! 6 Isaac de Pinto (771)+'4. ot npq; Th>V pe'(oxt;}v Stv onpoou;:-UUV1:Ul trrlOIlp(ll b napa peTa TO 1747, evw TO Xpnlla'HCrrnplo TOU "ApmEpvtall TQtXOKOAAouae TiS peTOXt, TWV tpIIopeupn'''''' lIn" Tn 1585'" (339 eyypmpt£ eKeivn tn xpo-
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B. H ANAHTYEH T[JN TAAAIK[JN TPAHEznN '0 xapw~; tpnriXTJlxt: anD TO\' Guy Anrol1ietti, Vne matson de Bauque
XYlIc siecle, Greffulhe Montz
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(1789~1793),
1963,
a Paris au
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ouiCtlv, 8ev AetrrOUV OPhl£ Ka1. oi PeYMO! K-epoooKonol noil elva\ Ka1. Ot mo bpaonlptot. :!:uP'PhlYa pt nl. pUp'rupia tvo<;; 'haAou, TOU Michele Torcia (782), no" Elva! ouvrle",<;; upepoAnmob, TO •Apotepvtap ~)(el GKO}ln, t'Ke1vn 't.tlV o4Jtpn enoxnl TO filO opocrr11P\O xpnpaTlOTtlplO 'tft~ Eilphlnn£m. &nt:pvaet. 1.U1AlOTu uilt-6 Toii Aovoivou. I:t6 p6:na TGlV (JlJy~ :XP0VhlV uUTn n n:paonos eKTQCms KtpOOOKoniu tni TWV peToxwv ofyoupo peyeEruv'£Ta1. Kaas oullninTEl pt. TOV aOTup{n:nTo rrupe:To 'f@V oavElwv 'fOU t~Ct)TeplKou. Aim,) dVUl pui aAAn KepOOOKonia~ nou Stv EXel opoui Tnb o'tnv Eupwrrn Kai y\U niv onoia eu enavtA90upe. rtf aDTn StfiAft QVCtnTU{:n) Ot onpel~O£lb TOU Louis Greffulhe41.0, nov eIX£ i.YKaToUTa9d W£, npolotclll£:vOS uno TO 1778 at eva onpa.vTlK6 tpnoplKO npaK'topEio OTO ..ApOTepvtap441 t Btvouv pHi 6pKet6 ~fi)vtavn eb(ova. en tnaveA60upe apKcTc£: tpopes OTU lpya KUt TiS KtVnOe'l£ UUTOD 'tOD P'lqJoKivouvotl ocm Kat O1JveroD VeOnAOUTOU) ea enuvtX90upe (niS OloponKe!; papwpit!; toU. Lta 1778, lIlY rrapupovn tfiS eio65ou tfib ruA.Ma~ mov n6Aepo, oro nAcUPO T&V UYVA1Kc;)V anOlK1G>v Tllb 'AlleptKflSl Pla tPEArI KEpoooKorriu otE§iyetat f.Aei>eepu OtO •A)Jotepvtap. 'H onyprl, )(apn OTnv am.paAeul TiiS OUOETepoTnTas, TOU l.{'UiVSTat KaT6AAn.hn YleAntJci uno 'rlS nepIOTaaelS. "Eupene o.paye va PlqlOK1VOUVWU.n oni anO'lKIGKa tpnopeupa"tu, 'r6.)V onoic.w n fAAeuvn n'rav npoBlbV1pn, va (upe6.d OTOV nelpaop6 'f6.)V ayyAtK&V Kat peta TWV YUAA1KWV OaVe1.hlV fi va xpnpo'rooo'tnoct TOUS erravaOTQ'rCbi ,,'0 naA16s oas: unEOToAptvO!; Bringley, ypa'PEI " Greffulhe "tOV A. Gaillard (ato ITapiOt), I\piOKETat tow l X6)ptvoS OTO apeP1KaV1KO: npuypaTa WS; TO AatPO»442. "'000 )'to. TOV i61O, 0 Greffulhe·uvoKuT£ueTot 01::. OlIOtOOnno'te imoSson elval 'foii XepLOU tau Kat 'rOU tpUiV£1Qt KoAii. PiXVclQ1 pi 'to. pOU1PU mn XfmllonoTnptoKrl KEpOooKonln, naipvovros:' npopnee\es;. nai~et Y1(1 't6v eauTo TOU KUt VIa 'tOlJS O:AAOUS, yui TOV PoBoAflm 'Eppavou:riA Haller (OUTeN noil nftpe enG XEplU tOl) TIlV naAH} '[pane~a Thelusson-Necker), Y\(1 TOV Jean-Henri Gaillard, TQ'lJ£: Perregaux) TOV naVfGxoiJ napOVTG Panchaud - TpanE~hE£: O'fO Uupiot - Kat OTil reve6n yta 'fOV Alexandre Pictet, Yia 'fOV Philibert Cramer) yU} tov Turrettini t 5AO oV6pata nov qnyoupapouv pi: xpuou ypapl'UTa OTO peyaAo Ild'Aio Ti\~ ITpOteatuVTlKfiS TparrE{o£, 1I0U pe.\.e'rnoe () H. Luthy"'_ To nOl)(Vibl elvai OUOKOAO Kat pnpOKtVQUVQ, "'EXel va KaVEl vi.: pe.yciAu x.pnpunKa nom!. 'Alla n:AtKa., ov 6 Louis Greffulhe TO XEtpi~eTm pe 'roon npepia 1 dvm enEU):O npOKStTal Kupiw£ yin TO. xpnlluTn ciU6lv. "AS xaoouv' va 6pcu!; Tt TOV tVQXAei, Xc.}pi£ va 'tov fuu:'Ant~et; ,,~Av 1.mopouoE KUVE:l£ va pav,[E4'El O'fn oouAeui 'rc;)V KctpaAOi.wv (avcuptpeTal Ota ayyAtKG KCtpOActlU) Ofl6)£ ot nOMe£ illes, yp6.tpel OTOV HaUer~ TOTE eo KaVap!;, KQAE pou q:;i.At. nOVTa n€:tuxnpevE£ OOUAeli£».«T6 VOptopa pnopEi: va vuptOE1' Sci vnapsouv DOAAG oKullnavc:Bci0llUTQ UKOPll», e~nYet aUou, !lap' oAa auto. atv tInoioe.TOl oUTe at ayopts, oUte ot AOylOTtKtf; pe'fCltpope£ npiv va TO oKeq)'re1:. atv etvat pnpo.KtvQUVO£, otv pttlKapEl 'fa nanG Oflu)£ 6 Panchaud. 'EK'fEAei 1"i£ EV'fOM:.£ TWV neA.Q'f&.v TOU. :!":t6v Philibert Cramer, lIOU TOU oivEt i:vToAn va ayopaoet .!10.000 AipEb 'IVOIWV», onAQ.on P£TOXEf; 'ft1.£ 'AYYA1KfiS 'Ennpeias Tt;)V 'AVUTO-
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aAAa p6vo va KepOOOK(miioouv. To riding on horse back nov dvat Kt:pOOGKOnia OTOUS AOXVOUb T11S KpallKll£; AOTnpio~ K.A., IT, ~$j 'AAA-a at yevIKt~ ypappt£ ~avaBpiOKet KOVld£ OTO AoYoivo, l-'t pta pU;:'Pl1 Ka€hJOT{;pnon~ Til'\' IOto JIpUKTlKn noil EnlKpan:i anlv 'OMavoia, aUllneptAGl-iBaVOpEVWV Kat 'rWY ReSCOU1llers days) Ai:~n nou tinoT£A~l £ueeia va rrouJ\;t\OOl)V,
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pe va avai~ouv oi Rescounters nOD EUvOOUV TiS 10t(;£ ouvaXAaye£ pi; pta dAAn poptpri. Kat GTO Aovotvo, onw£ Kat OTO "Ap(jTf~pvTall, m'JTO\ noil pe~ aOAoBouy Kot npoBaUovtGt elval oi peoit€.:£ EprropeupuTMv (O't'COPl.OV, xpuHYttKbW OilOlWV, PIIUXaPlK6)V, KGvvaBtoD, pe'(o~l.Oi.i\ stock brokers~ ei61KOt t.nt nirv ffiJvaAAayG>v. Lta 1761, 6 Thomas Mortimer Olupaptu-
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POTUV t:V'(QVO evavTiov aUTnt; Tn£: ;,papas, Every man his broker J KuOeva£ va eivat peOtTn£ TOU taUTOU 'tou: airr6£ etVat 6 thAO b tOU BIBAtou TOU Kat pta 6iKfl, to 1767) eo. owaet '[Iiv eUlwtpia yHi Antpn nnaUaKTtK(;)V ptTPWV pe tDV lVVOlO OTt tuionpa 61euKplvt~E,[at hl!; PD tlfiOXPEwl1Kn n nnp€llBoJul tou l1£:Cin~OVTam. "OAa uirt:a eVTouTOlS OE:v KOVOUV Tlnon: aAAo 6.n6 TO va unoypupp,i~ouv 'tti oIIoUbmotnTU UUTOU TOU EnuyytAP(t'[OS OTti xpnpu't:ltITnptOKn ~u111 TOU onoiou Ot tOptl.{ie.£ dvat oxenKG XopoAeS-: 1/8 'roi~ EKUtO TO 1697. nav(,} an6 TOU b pemT££ pavTE,:uEt Kavei!; til oraon '[6}V xov6peprropwv Kat TWV tparre'nwv XPUOOXo(UV Kai cino KotW TtlV KaeOAOU ape.AnTeO opcion tt1£ «uXoy6-puyaS», Ofl(vS anoKUAOUV on'! OlUAeKTO tOU trrayyiApaTos 'Cov jobber, 6nhClon TO pn i:YK&K'pl}JEVO pe(Hl~ovTa. 'An6 To 1689 0 George White KUTnyopOUoe «mho t6 nepiepyo d5o£ tvTOpWV nov anOKOAOUVTat stock-jobbers)', OTt onptoupyow nnimn Kui avoco ThlV pt'toxwv KaTU BouAnon y16 va nAOUTtOOUV els Sapos o.AAu>v KUt on «KaTaonapd~ouv TOU£: av6pwnous peoa 01'6 Xpnpa'tlU'tnplO, orr(Vs Ot CtKpiot!; allon: TO. BOG1{OTOnm til£: AiyUflTOU». Mnnw!; KUt 6 Defoe OEY fypotpe (STU 1701 i£va IJi-KPO, o.vun6ypolflo BtBAtO, pt ThAo The Villany of stock-jobber.., detected m; MeplKu XPOVlG 6.pyoTepo (1718), pHi 9E.Q'tpIKn napacnaon, A Bold Stroke for a Wife, pe.tol.pepet to 6eu'Crl {lTD Kmpeveto TOU Jonathan Qvapeoo OTOU£: dealers. 'roub sworn brokers (6pKhl'COUb" peOtTes) Kat KUptLlt TOU~ jobbers. Kat vu eva oeiypa 'f{~V 6lQA6ywv: J1POTOl: JOBBER: Notl" eOAu""u OTO 7/8. l10l0, ayopa~.. : AEYTEPOE JOBBER : fpuppimu Tii, Notlu, eOAaoaa,. Ait~n npotleapias: TOU 'Aytou MtX'"lA 1718. Komyopiu AU)(VMv Aompias. TPITOl: JOBBER: Mf.T0X£S TMV f\vaWAtKWV 'lv6,,;;v: TETAPTOl: JOBBER: Amn6v, cAOl nouAClT£, KuvdS Mv ayopa~el! KUPI01, "yo, oyopa~", YIO XiAI", AlpeS. Tuv UAl.n Tphn 0'(0 3/4. ENA fKAPLONI: $peoKo KOtpf:, KUptot, lPpeOKO Katpe.j ENAL APrYPAMOlBOI:, K. TRADELOVE: l1poaoXft raBpIuA, eu poG niulpOOQe're Tn OWipop6 tUt "tou KetpOAalou TO onoto ouptpUlvnoape. '(is npoaUes· GABRIEL: MUAt(no KUPU;; Tradelove ; OpiOTE eva ypapp6tto 'filS Sword
Blade Company. ENA rKAP.EONI : Tout, KUplOl;4H "IoV)~ eo. npenel Va Oupiooupe on n KEpooOJwnia atpopa. tnton~ TO Exchequers bills (Ta ypuppaTta TOU Anpooiou) Kat ni Navy bills, KnOo,s KOt 'rl!;,; PE'r0XEb i::{;.nvtu nepinou E'rmpEti;)v (tmKet:paAn~ T(;)V ono({Ov lnav Ii TponE~o '([lS 'A)'YAias Kat n 'ETatpeia TWV 'IVOIG>VJ nou aVUOUOTllenKE. i:~ OAOKAripoU '(0 1709). "The East India. Company was the main point~', ypaq>E.t 6 Defoe, Tftv enoxn nOD ave5aivEl auni it nOpOOTGOn, it Nona eUAaoo-u Stv owoel oKol1n utpoppu yH1 TO OKCtVOa.Xo t:fib Sout}) Sea Bubble.
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184
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