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P: Ph,

(37)

h:L

(38)

orKyÀa p

I llreaouerp- npu6op ana r4gMepeHnrlralr,rx ue6trroqHbrx rnÂpocrarr.rqeco6ofi rpy6ry, orKpbrryro c ÀByx crôpoH. cKËxÂaB"'reruft, upeg,cran,narcqnû l9

B paccltatpl{BaeMblx x{LIBbIXcerrennlx BeJIIilIIiHanbesoMerpl4qecKr.rxHaIIopoB cooTBeTcTBeHHo paBHa

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(Bg)

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(40)

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9

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(43)

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(44)

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(46)

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(47)

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(48)

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(51)

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{52) fioTepq

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(bB)

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(54)

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(55)

(56)

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1.01 (lgRe)2,5

(57)

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(58)

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(60)

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(61)

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2e\ d . * nE") M cr. xr.rAK.

(63)

PACqETA s 9. ocHoBH rhgPAB,|h'{ECKOTO cvgoBoro Tpy6onpoBolA HA conporrBnEHhE À.ns nol6opa Hacoca, cogÂarouero coorBercrnyrouluft Hanop, ueo6xoÀauocyMMupoBart:l) Harrop,norpe6naeuufi n rpy6onpoBoÀe Ha rrpeoÂo,'reHr4e fr.rÀpaBJrr4qecKrzx coflporr]BJrenuù;2) Hanop, ueodxoÀumufi, cyÂoBbrxsaÀodsocreft. F,nso6ecneqenufi Hanop, norpednreuuft o rpydorpoBoÀe,onpeÀeJrflercff pacqeToM Ha npeoÀoJreHue B HeMruÀpaBruqecKrixcoflporrzeneHlrri r{ cBffsauHoir c grHM norepefi ÀaBr'renrzfl. Pas,'ruqarcrcgÂBa rzna rpy6onpoBoÂoB:npocrbre fl cJroN(Hbre. flpocroft rpydonponoÀ- fiocroflHnoroÀr{aMerpan 6es pasnerBJresnË. C.noxunft rpy6oilpoBo Moxer BKrtoqarb rpy6tr pa3,irrrqHbrx ÂI'IaMeTpOB C nOCJIeÀOBAT€JIbHÉ'IMIIJILI napaJIJIeJIbHbIM HilCM,

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cl Pz , t3 , \r;r-2 + =zs - : z z * : ,*t * + -1zt"' Z h b - '. n{t P

(64)

Tar xax npn ilocroquuoM Âr.raMerpe rpy6u fiMeeMpaBHoMepHoe noroKa, To cpeÀHfr cKopocrb rroroKa e nrc6oM ero ceÀBHx(eHr{e qeHLIHnOCTOffHHa, T. e.

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(65)

s.

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p

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(66)

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Lz:zz-4. 28

(67)

Cynrmy feoMerpr{secKoro u nbegoMerprrqecKofoHanopoB Mor(Ho npeÀcraBuTb KaK craraqecKr{fi nanop, gKBr{BaJreHTutrironpe4e.leH. Hofi nucore rroÀ'beMa:

Lz *4

p

: Lz'.

(68)

Hanop, reprenruË Ha flpeoÂoJreHr,re rr4ÂpaBJrr{qecKlrx conporlrBnennri o rpy6onpoBoÂe, Mo)KHo Bbrpaslrrb rrepes crenennyro QynxuHro pacxoÂa xr.rÂKocrr.r:

2n!.-' : KQ*.

(69)

TorÀa norped.nreunriuanop 6yaer paBeH Hnotp: Lz'+2rhL-2 :

Lz'+ KQ*, (70) cofiporr,tBJreHr{e. rae K rpy6onponoAa; fn [oKa3are,rb, saBr.tcffuluft or pexaMa rerleHlâflxuÀKocrr{. .II a u r,rH a p H o e r e q e H r,re: llpnuuman Bo BHrzMaHue (54) n (63), MolKHoHarru$opirny.rrrt caTb ypaBHeHr,re rr.rÂpaB. ÂJrffHanopa,TepfleMoroHa npeoÀo,reHr{e npocroro rpy6onpoBoÂa Jrr{qecKr{x conport4BJrenuft 5 6l-z _ 1)"'s

64

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(7t)

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(73)

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fnara ll

ocHoBHbrE CBEAEHhTO HACOCAX n KnAcct{ohKAqHg s r0. cyulHocTb f,ERcTBHS cvgoBbrxHAcocoB flplzHqnnuadrrbHafl cxeMa cyÂoBoriHacocHoiiycraHoBKHuso6par{ax(eHa Ha pr4c.8. VcraHosxa cocToI{Tr.r3cJreÀyloqflx ocHoBHbIX (npneo4a), (uncrepHa, peoepcreri: sacoca, ÀBnfare,'rn emxocreri nyap) u rpydonpoeogon. Hacoc- gro 14 crroJrHzre,rrslrri MexaHr4gM, rrpeo6pasyroulzirmeqecKyro gHepfr.rFoÂBrzfareJrfl (npneoaa) B fuÀpaB,'rHqecKyFo xaH14 gHepfr4ro noroKa xnÀKocrz. Hacoc, nplrBoÀHMbrir s AeftcrerreÀBvrareJleM,coodulaercqc eMKocrrMr.r BcaÀByMflrpy6onponoÀaMr4: (npuenauunr)u narnerarer'rbHbrM (or.rueuunr).flo ecacbIBaIouII4M cblBaroqeMyrpy6onpoaoÀynepeKarrrrBaeMas HarrpaB,tflx{r.rÀKocrb ercfi r.rsrllTcrepHbr(enaxocru) K H.acocy.3ro ÂeficrerreHagbrBaercfl BCACblB&HUe]rI.

llo sarnerareJrbHoMy rpy6onponoÀy x(HÂKocrbor Hacoca nocryuaer B p$epByap. 3ro 4ericlnue Ha3brBaercfl HaeHeraHueu. Hæ nopuoe ÀBr4)KeHr.re no rpy6onpoBoÂaMocyxlecrB,'rflercflBcJreÂcrBr{e pasnocru Âasflennri Ha BcacbrBar.oilreM (p") r{ HarneraredrrbHoM (p") natpydrax. .Il,an.rreuue pB ÂoJrxHo 6Hm nesrure BcacbrBaHr.rfl pe, 4eùCrAynu{efona cno6o4nyronoBepxHocTb xHÂKocTr{ LaBileHl4fr B ulzcrepge.O6uqso 3ro ÀaBJreHr.re paBuo arMocQepHoMy, T. ê. po= :Pa, kr TorÂa ÀaB,'reHHe px, T. ê. P" 6yÀer MeHbruearu,rocQepHofo Bo BcacbrBaIouIeM narpy6re co3ÀaercffBaKyyM.,[,an.neuue Hafueraptr B pesepByape,T. e. HUg.pErÂoJI)KHO rrpeBbrruaTb npoTr4BoÀaB,'reHlle - 6o,rrruearuoc$epHoro. ouo 6yÀer r4s6brroqHbrM Pasuocru 4an,reHuftpa-Pn tr pr- pû Âorï>KHbr o6ecneqnearr ueo6xo4ramylocKopocrb nporeKaHr.rff x(r4ÀKocrr{no rpy6onpoBoÀaM g B HHX. rI npeoÀo,IeBaTb f r4ÂpaB.rlr{qecKu e colpoTr4BJr eHr.I llo uasHaqeHzrocyÂoBbreHacocbr Àe,rlflTcflna odulecyÀoBbre, o6ecnequearculue0yHxqnoHr.rpoBaHue rproMHbrx (6anracrnofi ra ocywrreJrbnori),canarapubrx (npecHori,sa6opruoû u Qexa,rrHblx roa) u noâ{apHbrx cncreM; cyÀoBoft enepretnvecxoft ycraHoBKI{, o6ecuequBaroûIneQyurqaouupoBarrr4e crrcreM rJraBHoroÂBHrareJIfl 30

yclaHoBoK; cneqr4aJrbHbrxctrcTeM, o6ecner{14r.r BCnOMOtaTeJrbHbrx Barorqae QyHxqnonupoBâHae rpeHonofi, 4raSSepeurHoft, sarrïcrnori n ÂpyrrTx cHcTeMcneq?raJrbHofoHa3HaqeHrâff. llo npr4Hrlnny 4eircreun cyÀoBbre Hacocbr Âe,'rffTcfl Ha rpr.r rpyrrrbr: l) o6revrHsre (eurecuewun); 2) Jrqrracrnbreu 3) crpyfiHbIC.

pasnocrrl O 6 s e M H b r e H a c o c b r o 6 e c n e q f i s a r oc ro s  a u r r e Âaereulrû c noMorrlblorBepÂoro u,'ru )KrzÂKoforeJra, HMerorrr,ero BO3BpaTHO-[OCTynaTeJIbHOe IiJIH Bpan(aTer'IbHOeÀBLIX(eryUe.B SaeucllMocrr{ or xapaKTepa ÀBr-rx(eHns o6reusbre Hacocbr B cBoro oqe-

I cacortapuuu npg[onpoto0

Hazaenanenouttu npg 6onpo6ot

nrbÊafl, Puc. 8. fl pnuurrfl:,;r,a cxeMaHacocnofiycrauoaxlr.

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naTpyoKe- cyqecrByroqafl pa3Hoclb ypoBHerico3Àaer reoMerpHrrecKr4flHanop, Heo6xoÀI4Mbrtt >KrjÂKocraK HaAnr. nocryrrdrreHnfl cocy. r{Âcoc^ s fi. ocHoBHbEnaPÂMErPbr Hesasacr4lfoor rnna v HasHaqeHr{g HacocbrxapaKTepl43yrorcfl

CrIeÀyIOUII4MI'IOCHOBHbIMHIIapaMeTpaM14: IIpOIISBOÀI'ITeJIbHOCTbIO HairopoM, MotrIHocTbIo Iz xoeQSnurreHTaMII no,re3Hofo Àeftcrel4fl. II pouaeoôurettouocrbn Hacocd Ha3brBaercfl Ko"rr4qecrBo)KI.rÀKocrr4, rroÀaBaeuoft HacocoM B eÀuHr.ruyBpeMeHr.r.flpouseo4zre,nsHOCTbMO)Ker H3Mepflrbcfl B Odreusnx eÀrrHHrlax (nr3/v, n/rvrr.ru)n rorÀa Ha3brBaercfl o6rerranofi Q, rz B MaccoBbrx eÀaur{qax (r/u, xr/c) - Maccosofi G. 3aezcnMocrb MelKÀy o6rerrauoft n Maccoeoli npor.r3BoÀr.rreJrbHo crfl Mr{ Bbrpax( aercfl yp aBHeH}reM

G: pQ.

(77)

flponsno4nreJrbuocrb Mo)Ker 6uru teoperuqecrofi t,t ÀeftcreurenrHoft. TeopernuecKaff rrpor.rsBoÀrrreJlbHocrbQr ottpeÂeJlflercs 6es yrlera [orepb xuÀKocrli B caMoM Hacoce. ,Il,eùcmure,rbHafl IIpousBoÀHTeJlbHocrbMeHblIe reoperrrqecxoli na BerHrII4Hy[orepb, T. e.

Q:Q.-)q,

(78)

paeHocrr,r pacNoÀoB rie xq-rrorepu >KnÂKocrrr B Hacoce,paBubre Tpyoo[poBoÀax. x(r{ÀKocT[ Bo BcacbrBaroûIeMrr HafHeTaTeJIbHOM Hanopon Hacoca HasblBaercs ltp]Ipau{eHlle anepfulr, [oryr{aeuoe uaccofi" I Kr [epeKarlzeaer4oli )KIrÂKocrIi nplr ttpoxoxÂeuulI rrepegHacoc. Irlsaqe roBopfl, Hanop Hacoca l/ ecm pa3Hocrb yÀe,'IbHbIX gHepfufi I xr )KHÂKocrI{ npl{ BblxoÀe I{3 Hacoca Eo y uarnetaTeJrbnoronarpy6xa v ilpv BXoÀe B Hacoc Es y ncacuBaloxrefo IIarpy6xa, Bbrpaxennar B Merpax cro.n6a nepeKarll4BaeIraoft xuÂxocru:

H:

Er-8".

(7e)

ganllcarb CornacsoypaBHenrzro EepnynnuMo>NHo I

P o. l c a 1 ' z o ;

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(80)

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CKOpOCTLIIOTOKa' ÂaBJIeHI{e U re0îIë Cs, Ps, ?n- COOTBQTCTB€HHO MerpaqecKafl Bblcora MecTa 3aMepa ÀâBJIeHI,Ifl Ha BbIXOÀe rr3 HAtzn-To coca; cB, !p3, )Ke y BXoÀa B Hacoc (suar <npr.r padore Hacoca c IIoÀrIopoM, gHaK <(nJIIoc>>-npu pa6ore cnoÀ-

cocou). 92

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t? t? P n* P " . r o 4 +z H + z Ê . = +9 2 p

o:

(81)

Teoperiauecxnft uanop Hr, pazsneaemuftHacocoM,6o,rrrueÀeftcrBHTeJrbHofo(uauouerpnuecxoro) H ua nenwuuuy rrorepbHanopa B CaMOM HaCOCe:

H,: H*hr,

(82)

r 1 e h * - H a I I o p ,r e p a e u u f i B c a M o MH a c o c e ,M . Moqlrocrr, nepeÀaBaeMafl ÀBLIfareJIeMBaJry Hacoca, Ha3bIBaercfl norpe6nneiuoti, Hnil ttou+Hocrbro Ha 6artu Hacoca (eS$errueHafl Mou{Hocrn). 3Heprufl, rrepeÀaBaeMaflrr.rÀpaBr[qecKoMyrroroKy B HaCOCeA OTHeCeHHafl K eÀr4HI.IqeBpeMeHL- CeKyHÀe,HasbIBaer cs, no lr egHott, u nn euô p a ett uu ec rcoù, tttoulno crb to. TaNrzu o6pasou, noneguoli r4[Ir4 rv.npae,tuuecxori, MorrlHocrblo Ha3bIBaercrr p a6ora, coBepilraeMafl. rur(p aBJrI{qecKr{MnoroKoM }KuÀKocrr{ rrpn Hanope H u npouseo4nre"ttnocrn Q: a v

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(83)

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tr/;: Q.p/1,.

(84)

HMeqe BvÀyypaBueuzx(78) u (82), rorryqaeM

ff,:&&Y@ ' t02

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(Bs)

C.,reÂoe areJruo, norpe6JlfleMafl Moxruocrb N,:Ni*N":l(Q*zr.ql!4 "'

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f Iû* rBr.

(g6)

Ecnu MelKÀy ÀBLrfareJreM r.r HacocoM uMeercg MexaHl4qecKag [epeÀarra, ro rpe6yelrafl Morrluocrb ÀBrrfareJra (npveo4a)

No:&,

rlp

(87)

rÂel_lp , KnÀ nepeÀaqr{ (peayxropa). KôeQQuqueur'no,oesuôeo' ôeùàrdun Hacoca [n xapaKrepr.rsyer H yrrr.rrbrBaerBce norep[ rrpIz [epeÀarre MorqHocr]rnorped.nneuoft (eQQexrzeHofi) r Morrrnocrr{noreeHoft (ru4pan.rrnuecxoù)u floKa2

1,.e. Ëorouolrsut

BbrBaer, HacKoJrbKocoBeprxeHHa KoHcrpyKrIlis IIacoca. 9l.rc"neuuo oH paBer{oTHoueHr.logrtrx N4oûllrocrefi:

-ff" ;-'

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(88)

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Sror KfIÀ yqr.rrbrBaerrpkr Bla1anorepb: o6reuuue,fr.rÀpaBJr[qCCKUE I{ MCXAHI,IqCCKI'IE.

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QoH

(el)

Q'0H"

(78) n (82) c yqeroMypaBHeHI{ft ---9-,1r'" Q*>q

H lhr

(e2)

c yrreroM ypannenufi (89) n (90) lli:

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(93)

[orepl4. T. e. nr yqi.rrblBaer od'beMHblev' rv/].paBJrvrqecKHe TpeJIIIe B rIoÀIxI{rIHI4Kax T. B Hacoce, rlorepl{ MexaguqecKne .e. KfIÂ q*, PABJIbIftOTHOH CAJIbHHKAX,YTIilTbIBAETMEXAHI4IIECKIIiI uIeHHro I4HÀI,IKaropHoiIl,Iouluocrn Ni K g+SeKrI{Buoù N":

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34

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q":-5: 4. n* Nt Nt

(e6)

1" ruru c yrreroM ypaBueHrzri(91) rE (93) 4n : T;ïu - îyIrï'.

(97)

5 12. TPEEOBÀHh'PErhcTPÂ cccP K CygoBbtM HACOCAM l'l IEXH)'IKA ËE3Ofl^CHOCTUllPl' IIX OECn$ffr'tB^HUt'l B cooreercrBritr c <>, 4eûcrnyrcqrMn c I arcng l97l r., Perucrp CCCP Tpe6yer, qro6u cyÀoBbre Hacocbr 14 r.ix nprzBoÀbr,BxoÀrrul[e B cocraB Mexauuqecxoli ycraHoBKr4,HaÀexno pa1otanu [pr4 Bcex BosMO)KHbIXycJIoBHsx 3KcrIr'IyâTaIIuLrcyAHa, a raK)Ke npli ÀJILITêJIbHOM fPeue cyÀHjl Ào l5' u ÂuQQepeHre Ào 5'. Corlacuo o6quu rpe6oeaHasN{ Perucrpa K cyÀoBÉ,rMHacocaM nepeKarruBaeMaflx{r.rÀKocrb He ÀoJIlKHa nonaÀarb B IIoÀtxI,IrrHurIa.3to He oruocaTcfl K HaCOCaM,

y

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IrII{rrHHKa.ca,rtnzxa HacocoB, pacrroJro)KeHHbre Ha cropoHe BcacbrBaHI4fl garBopâMr.r. , peKoMeHÀyercno6opyÀoBarb rrrÀpaBrt4.recKgMr4 B Hacoce, fÂe BogMolKHorroBbrrrreHue ÀaB"rreur{flBbrilIe pacqerHoro, .ù/cranaBJrr.rB ar,or npeÀoxp anr4reJrbHbrrir<.n anau. V nacocon, ttpeÀHa34,arIeHHbIXÀJrff [epeKaqKa foproqr.rx >Kr{ÀKocrerl, nepenycK )KrzÀKocrll

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BcacbrBaroûIyronorocrb Hacoca. Hacoclr c,'reÀyer KoHcrpyt4poBarb TaK, qTodbr B HHXHe BO3HrIKadrIr4 rI1IÀpaBrfiqecKr.re yÀapbr. KpurzuecNafl qacrora BpaueHtfl poropa Hacoca ÀoJrlKHa cocraB,'rflTbHe N{eHee1,3 pacueruoft qacrorlr Bparr1eHllfl.B uacocax, padoranU,nx B yc.rroBlrrx cyxofo BcâcbrBaHHfl,T. e. ocyilIecrBJlflroIllrrx oTcoc Bo3Àyxa r.r Ha3brBaeMbrxcaMoBcacblBanilIrrMr.r, [peÀycMaTpr4BaroTMecTa ÀJrrr noÀKJrroqeHr.rfl MaHoBaKyyMMeTpoB. cauoBcacblBaloqr.rMHacocaM, cHa6)KeHHbrMÂJIrr eroft qe.npl cneunad,rbHbrMH ycrpoËcreauz, saltpexlaerct pa6orarl na sarpasueunofi BOne. Cor,racuo [paBHJraM, Ha npoMbrcJroBoMcyÀHe c,{eÀyer }rMerb He MeH_eeÀByx ocyuHTe,rlbHbrxHacocoB c MexaHHqecKr.rMI1I [pr{Bo_ ÀAMI.I' EC.iITI S KAIICCTBC TAKHX HACOCOB TIPI4MCHflIOT IICHTPO6C}KHbIC,

To.ôHr.tÀoJrxHbr6ttrt cauoncacbrBarolrlHnrn (o4rzuHacoc peKoMeHttoprxHeeororrn a) 4fe1cn ycraHaB,{LrBarb .' PyuHue HacocbrH_eo6xoÂrauo pacnoJrarapbB d'rerKoÀocryrrnbrx MecTaxHa BbrcoTe, o6ecneq[saFouleft ux HopMaJrsnyro pa6ory. 6a.nnacruas ct,rcreMa ÂoJr>KHao6cfiyxr.rBarbcfl, rro r<pafineri Mepe, oÀHLrM HaCOCOM,B KalIeCTBe KOTOpOTOMO)KHO HCIIOJTb3OBaTb

35

Hacocbr o6ulecyÀoBorO HagHaqeHrfl ÀocTaTorrHoftnpor.rsBoÀHreJrbHOCTI4,B TOM !rIrCJre OCyIIrHTeJrbHbrft, [o)KapHbIft n,rz pesepeusrfi HacocbroxJraxÀarol]IeriBoÀbr. PerNcrp olpeÀeJrfler raK)Ke HopMbr 3alacHbrx qacreri K HacocaM. flpu o6c.ny>KvBanvrficyÂoBbrx HacocoB ua4o co6,rrcÂarb npaBHJIa IIo rexH[Ke 6egouacgocrl], IIpvBeÀeHHbIeÀJIfl BcnoMorarer'IbHbrx MexaHH3MoBn <>,<>z <xvBaltfl cyÂoBbrx BcrroMorareJrbHbIXMeXaHr.I3MOB r4yXOÀa3a Hr{Mi4)>. B ,cooreercrBlur c flpaevnaulr [epe nycKoM Hacocâ Heo6xoÀr.rMo [po[sBecrr{ efo rrrrareJrrssrft ocuorp u y6e4urbcfl B HaJrHrrr4r414 HaÀexHoM Kpe[,rreHurr orpaxÂeHvft, sanlzrHstx Kox{yxoB r.r gaCTflX n KOplyCaX IOCTOIIIT4TOB;B OTCyTCTB[4[4 HA ÀBrZ)KyUiUXCfl poHHHX [peÀMeTOB,B HaJIr{qr{HHa [ITaTHbrX MeCTaXI4 r{CnpaBHOcrr.r ttp eÀycMorp eHHbrx np eÂoxp aHr.rreJrbHbrxycrp ofi crn r] Konrp oJrbHO-r.r3MepKTeJrbHbrx npuoopoB. Bo zs6exaHr4e rraÀpaBrr4rlecK[x yÀapoB rlepeÀ BKJI]orIeHIzeM o pa6ory [oprrrHeBbrx H Àpyfux HacocoB Bbrrecuen]rfl (poraqnouH [pHeMHbIxKJIauux) ro.raraer,cfl npoBepr{TborKpblrue oTJIITBHbIX rrauoB. He pasperraercfl [por43BoÀI4rbHa xoÀy Naxue-nu1o I4cnpaBJIeHHfl 14 peMoHT, gaKpeureHrre r4 noÂTflfLrlarLre faeK H 6orrog Ha ÀBu)Kyulfixcfl ÀeraJlgx, o6xulr,t carbHLIKoBbIXBTyJIoK I4 3aMepbl 3asopoB B caJIbHHKax.flpaeunaMll raKxe 3anpeuraercq Àonycxarb K oKcnJryararlrrn Hacoc npH Hafiuqnl{ Hel{cflpaBIrocrefi u ltpeÀeJIbHbIx LlgHocaxÀeraleù; npr4MeHflTbÀdrn cMagKI{ MexaHIISMoBHepeKoMeHMapKI'I MaÂoBaHHbreTexHnqecK[MIr HHcrpyKqI]tMt4 I,I3TOTOBLITeJIfl Haco'cbl He IIo Ha3HaIIeHI'Irc,ecJII4sTOrO He TpeceJr; r,rcnoJrb3oBaTb 6yer aeapufinan curyaql.rfl; ÂorlycKarb K o6c"ttyxveaHl4lo JII4q, He IIporx eÀrxr,rxcoorBercrByrouyro lloÀroroBKy.

FnaEa lll

NOPIUHEBbIE HACOCbI S 13. nPhHqnn AÊnCTBrtsn RnACCt'loURAulUc noPurHEBbrx HAcocoB flopuuenue HacocblornocflrcflK rpyilne o6leuuux. flopunenoli a I u ropIrrHq 2, coeeptttanHacoc (puc. 9) cocrollr I'13III4JIHHÀp flpu qero npruo.ttzsefiuoeBo3Bparuo-IlocryrlareJlbHoe ÀBllxeuue... BocxoÀqûleMxoÀe floplxHq co3Àaercfl pa3pexeHze B HI'I)KHefipa' Bcacusalolquft r
flpn uncxoÀflrrreMxoÂe nopttreua2 Aanur Ha x{HÀKocrb,BcacbrearcrqvtiK./rarraH 4 saxpunaercf, HarHerare.nrguriKJrarraH 3 orxpuBaercs H )KriÀKocrbHarHeraercan rpy6onpoBo/(5. 3areu ttoplxenb 2 Àeraxercfl BBepxu npoqecc noBTopqercsn rori >Ne[ocr'reÀoBaTCJIbHOCTI,I.

flopuneesre HacocÉ,rMoxHo t<.naccn$vqapoBarÊ,lto cJreÀylorrlaM ocHoBHbrM npu3HaKaM: - cnoco6y coeÀr4neHr.rr nopilHfl c npHBoÀHbrMÀBurareJreM:Hacocbr rrprzBoÂHbre r{epe3 Kpr'rBoIIJlrnHo-xpeftqNonSuuri MexaH14 3M (pnc. 9, a), npairao4eficroyrcrqHe, y KoTopbrxnoprxHn Hacoca pr ÀBlirareJrfl HMeror oÂnn o6ulari rurox (pnc. 9, 6), u ewcrIeHTpHKOBbre V.JrnKyJrArrKOBbre' ; - cnoco6y Àeûcrsaq vilv Ko,rlnqecrBy padouux no,rocreù B rIHJrr.rHÀpe:Hacocbr npocrofo 4eficrnnR, KorÂa >Kr{ÀKocrbBcaI cblBaeTcfl LI HafHeTaercq c oÀ2 nofi cropoHbr roprrHq e oÀHofi noJlocrlr ql.rJrrrHÂpa,n 4nofiuoro 1 Âetictnur, KorÀa BcacbrBaHHê.r.r J, HafHeTaHLIe OCyTqeCTBJIflIOTCF B o6eux noJlocrffx rluJrr.rnÂpa; -' Kparuocru Àeficmufl, T. e, -Pr.rc. 9. Cxetubr nopilrnesrrx HacocoB: qucry pa6oq[x o6tennos noÀa- d- npllBoÂHoro; 6 - npnnao4eftcrByrosaeMori >r{zÂKocrrrsa oÀHH o6ouefo. poT BaJra: Hacocbr oÀHoKpaTHofo H Muoroxparrroro Âericrsas (Âeofiuoro, rpofiuoro, rrerBepHoro H r. À.); - KoHcrpyKrlnu fiopttrneft: sacocbl c Âr4cKoBbrMHnopunflMn, rIrTyHlKepHbIe (cKarbrrarble, TpoHKoeue) u ltrapoBbre; - pacnoJlo>KeHllloocefi qunnHÀpoB: Hacocbr ropllgoHTa,rrbHbre, BeprrrKaJrbHbre H 3BesÀoo6pasHne; - r r , r n yn p n B o À a ( 4 n r r a r e . n n ) : u a c o c u [ a p o B b r e ,e , r e x r p l l u e c x t è , rflÀpaBrfir{ecKr.re u pyqHbre; - poÀy nepeKarlr.rBaeMoft Hacocbr BoÀflHbre, MacJrq-),KI{ÀKocTtI:. HbIe, MasyTHble,paccoJlbHbleLI Àp. CXEMbtnOpUJHEBbtX HÀCOCOB 5 14. THnOBbTE PacclrorpeHgbre Ha puc. 9 cxeMbr npeÂcraBJrrrcr co6orî ttopur: HeBbre Hacocbr npocrofo oÂHoKparrroro Àeticreûq, , y .Koropbrx 3a o4nu o6opor BaJra npr.rBoÀIroro Hacoca uJrr4 sa oÀzs Ànoftnofi xoÀ nopurHeft nprlro4eftcrByroqero Hacoca ttoÀaercfl oÀr.rH pâ6oq[ri I flpaueua,lorcq srocuôsHo* u tonnnirsnx nac,lcâi'Bircororo Àaaneur.rflcyAo'l ' '' r, :r . BbrxÀBr{rareJreû nuyTpeHuerocropaHur,.

37

o6'beM x(r.rÀKocrr.T,TeopernqecKu paBubrrî ,lç'S, fÀe .F - rrroulaÂb norrepeqHorocerreHhflr{r4,rrngÀpa, a S - xoÀ nopurufl. co3ÂaHxfl noprrrHeBoro Hacoca ÀyyxparHoro Àeircrszs Àns lvro)KHocoeÀr4Hr4rb(c4nourl) ÂBa Hacoca npôcroro Àeftcrnaa c yr,'IoM Me)KÀy Kpi{BotxHrraMr.i rrpHBoÀHoroBaJra lB0o. O,reetaÀHo,3a o4uH o6opor Ba,ra HJrH sa o4uH 4eorîHorî xo noprusefi e o6onx UHJILiHÀp^ax _6yÀer rroÀaHa )KHÀKocrb o6renaolr, TeoperHqecKr.rp aBHunr 2FS. flpyruru Br{ÀoMHacoca ÀByKparuoro 4eiîôrnr.rnflBJrrrercfl oÀHorlr.rJri.rHÀponuri nopruHenoft Hacoc Àeorinoro ÀeËcrens, y Koroporo o6e no,'rocrr{ c o6eux cropoH noprxHfl flBJrflrorca pa6ovuuu (pxc. l0). Hacoc vMeer ÀBa npr.TeMnttx2 ,' t4 3 u Ana ordrr.rBHbrxI vt 4 xnaIIâHâ. O6e nonocrr] Ur4JrHHÀpa Ha2 coca flBJrflroTcfl BCacbrBalorqHMr{ v HarHerareJrbHbrMn. llpu xoÀe J noplÛHfl BBepX OTKpbrBaeTCfl Hlr)KswÏt npnerraHufiK,rra[an 3 u s Hux', uioio no,'rocrb rII{JTLIHÀpaBcacblBa-

ercfl us npneuuori rpy6u 6 )KHÀKocrbo6reuoM, TeoperlrqecKu paBHbrMFS. llpr xoÀe roprrrufl

Puc. 10. Cxeua oÀsour.rrrnnÂpoBoro B H I I S S T O T nopur{eBoro Hacoca Àsoi.iHoroÀeûH qepes

KJIAIIAH

3AKObIBACTCfl

orxpurulî suxruufi HaCTBIIfl. rHerareJrbuuftt<.nanag4 v.ornwsHyIo Tpyoy ') BbIx{LIMaerCff saCOcauuufi o6teu x{r.rÀKocrrz. O4uonpelteuuo B BepxHroro[o/'Iocrb uI{JIHHÀpaBacacbrBaercqr{epe3 nepxunË upueunurt KJrattaH2 r{HÀKocrbo6teuowr,paBHbrMFS. flpu xo4e nopunfl BBepx sror o6'ren )KaÀKocrH6yaer Bbrrecuflrbcffqepe3 nepinnfi sarsêrare.nrsr,rri xnanaH "1 B orJrriBuofirpy6onpono4. C"ne4oaarenlno,[p]r Ka)KÀoM4nofiuolr xoÀe BBepx-BHH3 noprrrufl dy4er noÀaHa )Kr4ÀKocrbo6reuoM, reoperr{r{ecK[panHrrrw2FS. Ec.nu yqecrb o6reu, 3anuMaeMbril ruroxoM, To rloÂarlaxuÀKocrr,Iea o4un o6opoT KoJreHqaroro BaJracocTaBKT

2jç'S-fS: S (2F-l),

(e8)

fÀe I - uroruaÀb noneperlHofo cerreHr.rff IIIToKa. Vueslueuufl noÀarlu 3a cqer IxroKa y nopuueBbrx ÀByxulr.rruHÀpoBbIX HacocoB rrpocrofo 4eûcrni.rr ge sa6lrcÀaercfl, T. e. our.r HMeror reoperHqecxyro no4auy 2FS. Hacocu, HMerou1t4e rpexKparHylo rloÀâr{y ga oÀr.{HÂeoriHofrxoÀ noprttHeri, coorBercrByroqzrî oÀHoMy o6opory BaJia, noÀaror )Kr.rÀxoct, o6teuorvr S.FS, KoMnonyrorcq I.t3 rpex oÀHour.rJruuÀpoBbrx HacocoB rrpocrofo oÀHoKparHoro Àericreuq c yrJroM saKilr4lKr4 MexÀy KpnBorunnarrau(ro,rreuanrn) ttprrBoÀHoro eâna 120.. Hecnrorpx ua sHarruredrbHuera6apurbr, TaKHeHacocbrnpr.rMeHflrorn rex c.nyvanx, 38

KOrÀa or nop[rHeBbrx HacocoB rpeoyercs Har.r60JrF,txaq paBHoMepHOCTT,rr0Àaqu, HaIIpr.rMepB KarrecrBe rpysoBb]x Ha raHKepax. Ecnu coeÀHHrzrbÀBa oÀHor.llr,ruHÀpoBbrx Hacoca ÀByKparHoro 4ericrena, To [oflyrrr.rM nopurueeoli Hacoc qerbrpexKparuoro 4erîcrezq. Ou rroÀaer 3a oÀr4u xoÀ nopuuerl o6reu-xz4xocrn, paeHuft rlerbrpeMpa6ouul,r o6teuau IIr4Jrr4HÀpoB. Ec,rn yqecrb o6tenr ltopmHeBbrxrrrroKoB, To noÀarra x{rrÀKocru 6yaer paBHa

4FS-2/S:2S (2f'-l),

(99)

rÀe I - [JrorqaÀb rlonepeqHoroceqeHr.rfl nopuHeBoro IuroKa. . Vro"ir Me)KÀy KpuBorrrurraMa (naoru,ralrn) ua npunoÂHoM Ba,'ry 6yaer paeen 90'. " Huôo"ot MHoroKparHoro 4eûcrnus BbrfroJrHrrrorcfl B Br.rÀeporopHO-[OprXHeBbrX, y KOTOpbTX noplxHi.r coBepuaroT He ToJrbKonocTyrlaTe,'rbHoe,Ho r.r BparqaTelbHoe.ÀBr4xeHHeBMeCTeC Ur4JIr.rHÀpaMr. B saeIzcfiN4ocrlror pacrroJro>Keunsoceri q]r,'rr4HÀpoBporopHo-floptxH eBbI e H aCOCbI IIOÀp a3ÀeJI g I,OTCfl H a p aÀIi a,IIr,H ble I.I a KC IZa,IIbHbIe.

Cxenra paÀr4ad'rbHoro poropHo-nopuHeBoro Hacoca nepeueHnoË npolrgBoÀlrre,TbHocrlr Hso6paxeua na pzc. I l. Hacoc cocronT r.rg HerroÀBr4xuoro rlr4r'ruHÀpflqecKofoxopnyca /, B ueHTpe Koropofo pacrroJro)KeHa nycroreJrafl HerroÀBlrx{HafluanQa 2, pasgeneuHafl Ha ÀBe rroJrocrr.rneperopoaxori. K o6enu [o,]rocrflM qan$u rroÀBoÀflrcfl rpy6u B u 9. Ha qan$y 2 cso1o1lo Haca)KeH porop, cocrosquft I{g ceMr{ paÂHaJrbHopacnoJrox{eHHblxrIfi,'rHHÀp o e 4 ( < s n e 3 À aT I H J T H H À p o B > ) . B uu.nunÀpax HaxoÀflrcrr noprrrnr.r (lnyuxepn) 5, Koropbre cBoI{MH noJIgyHaMr.lô noÂBlrxHo coeÀr.IHeHbrc HarrpaBJrrrrcqlrMr.r o6o4a 7. 06ol, )KecrKo cKpenJreHc rqraMn 3, xoropsre Moryr ero nepeMe[[arb B ropr.r3oHTaJrbHoM HanpaBJreHr.rH. llpn nycxe Hacoca or nplrBoÀHoro BaJra ÂBzrareJlfl Bparqaercff porop-sBe3Àa qr.r,rr{HÀpoe. Ecnn npr.r groM qenrp o6oÀa 7 cosraÀaer c qeHTpoM qanKepbr 6yayr npn6nuxarbcrr K rleHrpy, yMeHburarl o6tem B Iro,trocrflxqH,{ilHÂpoB I.I HafHerarb xuÀKocrb B HrllxHroro rpy6y 9. HerpyaHo y6eÀr.rrbcfl B TOM,qTO ecfin H3MeHHTb CTOpOHy SKCqeHTpLICLrTeTa, T. e. CMeCTI.ITb TtraMr{ 3 o6oa 7 sneso (cu. prac. ll, a), ro HanpaBJreHlre[oÀarrn

39

llanpa 6treuue îpaq,euus pomopa.4ulugdpoî" ,,30eJdor

Hanpa6l euue _cMeuleHun - 0000a tr0JlôLça

LJ

-{-HanpaBteuue-cMeu"+e-

HUfl K?I,UA-

L-l

Puc. I l. Cxeruapaanânlnôro poroirno-nopruuéaoroHacoca.

40

0000a

>KrrÀKocrrz r.rSMeHûTcq. B etou cdlyqaeBcacbrBaHr.Ie )Kr4ÂKOCTn 6y4er ocyqecrBJrrrbcq r.r3Hrzxseft rpy6u 9 - npn cKo,'ib>Keur.ur rrJryH)KepoB no szxseft noJroBrdHe o6oya, a HafneraHr.re xuÀKocrz 6yÂer npor4cxoÀr.r-Tb B Bepxnr"orc rpy6y B - npn npoxo>xÀeHlrn n,'ryH)KepoB no oepxueûrroJroBuHe o6oÀa. PaccuorpeHuurîporopHo-nopruHenorî Hacoc-rpocroro ÀeiïcrBHfl' TaK KaK BcacbIBaHI4e Iz HarHeraHlre x{I4ÀKocrl{ ocyqecrB,Ilfl-

Iorcr c o4nori cropoHbr[opruHfl-rrJrynx{epa, â KparHocrt ero geû_ crBlrfl paBHarr[cry ql.rJrr.rHÀpoB. B 4anuou cJlyqae3a oÀr4nno,rHuft odopor_poropa6yaer rroÂaHodteu xu4xociu, panHuù 7.FS,r. e. Hacoc6y4er ceMuKparsoroÀeficrnut. I(p2111ocrb paÀr.rar'rbHbrx poCeqeuueoxon

D Puc. 12. C"e*a u*cuanoHOrOporoPHo-noprxHeBoro gacoca.

ropno-[oprHeBbrxHacocoBMo]KerÀocrurarb l3-15 npn oÂHoporopuoM zcrroJrHeuna. B ru4ponpuBoÀaxrrpr4MeHflror n ÀByxporopHbIeHacocbr(poropu crrr-flr na oÂsori uan$e) . B erou cryrrae rdx KpaTHOCTb yÀBaHBaeTcfl aeTcqyBeIrirreHr4e npor.r3BoÂH, qeM ÂocTr4f TeJIbHocrIin 6o.neepaBHoMepHafl noÀaqa >Kr4ÀKocrr.I rrpl] rrocroflHHori qacrore BparrleHr4fl poropa r4Jrr.r poropoe. I4x npor4gBoÀr4reJrbgKCUeHTpr4CVTeTa, HOCTbperyJlupyeTcq nyTeM r43MeHeHr4fl T. e. CMeIueHtrfl IIeHTpa o6oÀa orHocrireJrbHo rIeHTpa qauQtr, Bcd'reÀcrBr.re qero oHr.I Hocsr HaIlMeHoBaHr4e HacocoB nepeilrenuofi [por.r3BoÀLrTeJrbHocru.Cxema aKcr.raJrbHofo poropHo-iloprxHeBofoHacoca trepenaensori npor'138oÀr'ITeJrbHocrrz c roprr3oHTaJrbHbrMpacnoJrox{eHr.reM roKa3aHa ua puc. 12. uHJrr4HÀpoB Hacoc cocrorir Hs 6roxa rrr4,'rr,rHÀpoB (6apa6aua) 2 c nopurHrlrn_3, coeÀ[HeHHbrMl.r ilapnapuo rrpu rroMorqr]rxaryuoB 4 c rraù6ofi 5, yroJl HaK,ToHaKoropoft orHoct4re,rrbHo ropp3oHrantgoii ocr.t 6.roxa IIH,'IHHÂpoB(6apa6aua) orpeÀeJrfler cooôfi BerïHqr.rHy xoÀa nopruneft ri, snaqr4r, nponsBoÀr,rreJrbHocrb Hacoca. flpa spaqeunn ruaft6u or npnBoÂHoro Ba,'ra ÀBrjrareJlfl nocpeÀcrBotr.txap4ana 6, npuxnMaeMofo npyxc4Hoiï, npaqeuue noryqaer 6apa6au c qr.rJrlruÀpaMr.rtz [oprxHflMra. flpn 3roM oH cko.trsur: ropqeeofi qacrbro lro ollopno-pacnpeÀeJrr{reJrbHoMyÀr{cKy 1 c cepnoer.rÂHbrMrroKHaMv a u 6, c KoropbrMr.rcoodrqanrcfl KaHaJrbr7 6noxa ulrJrr4nÀpoB. 41

Ecnu yro.l V:0 (ropqeBbrerrJrocKocrulapadala H uraûdsrnapa.n.ne"tlutr),Hacoc Bparqaercfl Bxo,Tocryro,raK KaK He 6yaer nepeMerqeu[qnoprxHeùno ocll u o6tem B uu,rr.rHÂpax coxpaHlrrcfl NOCTOflHHbIM.

IIpn nonopore ruaû6u Ha yro,'r Ê:90-y roprxHr4rrprr BpaqeHHrzrrepeMerqarorcfl B oceBoMHarrpaBJreHrrrz. llpn groM B BepxrreM [oJroMeHHLr noprrrHr.r 3 nepeueularorcqBnpaBo,o6teu no,'rocrnufi-

r'IIIHÂpa yBer'IUrIABaeTCs. vl BCaCbIBAHHe )KHÂKOCTH[pOI4CxOÀI.iT 143 oKHa a. B suxseu tro,roxenl4n noplueHb nepeMerrraeTcflBJIeBo,odtevt nOJIOCTLI HafHeTaeTcff rlepeS Un,'II4HÂpayMeHbIXaeTCflvl >KW\\KHOe: B HI,I)KHLIX IO,{O)KeHI{flX

IOpIIIHLI

OTxOÀflT B[paBO

H SaCa-

cblBalor B rlr.rr'ruHÂpbr lNlrÀKocrb r{g oKoH 6, n nepxunx ilo,{oxeHlrgx rlepeS OKHa d. ilopIlIHI'I, ÀBHtaqCb BJIeBO,HaIHeTaIOT)KI'IÀKOCTb B cnyuae nocroqnnofi qacrorbr BparrreHnflnoÂaqa Hacoca saBHcLIr or xoÀa rropuweï.t h, onpeÀe,rfleMofo yrJroM HaK,rroHâmaii6rr. floarony Hacoc, Ka:r^u paÀuaJrbnblft,tn.ntercr HacocoM [epeMeunofi nponsnoÀi.rreJrbHocrr{ [pocrofo Âeficrsvs c KparHocrbro, paBHoft unc.ny qn/'rnHÀpoBn 6apa6aue, o6uvno 7-9. Axcua,rr,uue poropHo-[oprllHeBbre Hacocbr BbrrroJruflrorcfl c rro: Boporur,rMn d,roxalrn uHJrrTHÂpoB(6apadauoe), a raNxe c 6ecxapÂauuoft cBflsbro 6noxa uHJrxHÂpoBc uraft6ofi H uryH)KepaMr.r 6es uraryHon. Poropuo-noprxHeBbreHacocbro6paruulr, T. e. I{x MoMHo acrro,'tb30Barb B KaqecrBe rflÀpoÀBlrrarereË. HÀCOCOB 5 15. OCHOBHHE,qETÂ,|h nOPUIHEBbIX flopurHenofi Hacoc KoHcrpyKrr{BHococronr r.r3ÂByx rpyrl[ Àera,refi : HerroÂBlrxHbrx14ÀBralKyurnxcrr. HenoÂe[xHsre 4eranra, o6reÀI{HqeMbreno4 o6quir,t Ha3BaHr.reM<>,BK/'rrcqaror e ce6q: pa6ouue IIHJIT4HÀpbr c KpbIIxKaMrrH ÀHurrlan,tn,narpydNu npaelrunfi (ncacunaroulufi) u ornunuofi (Harnerare"rrnufi), KJranaHHyrroxopodxy H yrrJrorHeHnr (ca"rrnnxu) . K ÀBr.r)Kyrqr.rMcfl ÂeTa,'Ifi M OTHOCflTCfl nOplIIHH

C yndIIOTHHTeJIbHbIMLI KO,'IbIIaMI'I,

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BbIE IIITOKI.I I,I K,'IAIIAHbI.

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ua_

r'rJru rrlracrMaccbr; Hepa3pe3HbIMHKoJrbqaMH lr3 g6oHllra (nos, 1, pac. 13, e), $w6pst r.rJrnreKcroJrrrra; MaH)KeraMr4Hs Ko)Ki.r.peszHbl ^KoxaL{r'runpopegnsesHori TKaHr.r;nrsrNoii Ha6rasNoftH3 rreHbKrl. HbIe Man)Kerbr (nos. .1, pzc. 13, d) le,rxnrcfi caMoyrrd,rorHrlouuMr.rcflKo,'rbllaMr.r, oHn co3ÂaroT xopoltryrc fepMeTHrrHOCrS, Cnoco6_ crByror MaJroMy r43HocycreHoK pa6ouux qr.rJruHÀpoB rz o6ecne.rnBaror HaÀex(Hyropadory Hacoca [pr{ ÂaB,rennrrxÀo b00 Nrc/cnr2iz À r 4 a M e r p er o p _ q T l z À o 1 0 0 M M , n p l l r e M n e p a r y p e n e p e K a q u e a e M o f i )KLIÀKocrHÀo 50'C. B uexoropblx cryrraflx yn,TorHeHrreÂocrr4raercfl npn noMorqu 6e.noro Merad'rJra(6a66u"ra Ë83), xoropbrM ltor{pbrBaercfl boxoeas noBepxHocrb rtopfirHq c lpo6raeNoft sa uefi KoJibr{eBbrx KaHaBoK, co3Àaloxlux na1upvtuToBoe ynJIoTHeHÀe. L{e"unune ltoprxHu o6.naÂalor noBbr[reHHofi npouuocrbro, Ho cHr.rMaTb c Hr4x It ycTaHaBJrLIBaTb Ha Hr{x [oprxHeBbte KoJrbua g]']^a,LvTeJrbHo cJro)KHee,lIeM y cocraBHbrx flopuHeft c npocraBoqHblM 1D

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nprrreMrreparype ao 35'C.

Bnyrpeuuan [oBepxnocrb IIHJIITHÀpa Âr4cKoBbrxnoprxHeft 6o,nee noÀBepxeHâ r4sHocy, u noSToMy IIIIJII'IHIzMeIor BcraBHbIe Pa6ouue Âpbl BTyJIKr.r. (cxarruarue) nopflnyHxepnue runra6uealor orKpblrblMu (puc. 14,a) rrJrr.rsaKpblrblMIr (puc. 14, 6). Outl Pnc. 14.Ilaynxepune (cxalrua- ofrrquo LI3foToBJIfltoTcqLIg tlyfyHa 14 4 - orKpblrblei cra,ru, Ho Mofyr 6EIrr tarixe nolott) ^^.::l:T"' u - rd^PDrrdç' KpbITbI 6pousooori pydaurxoii nn6o ll3roroBJrflIorcfl IleJrzKolr as 6pouslt. Marepua.n À,'rfl HsroroBJIeHI4fl-6ponsa MapKIi Ep. OOl0-1. IlunopmHqMII MOX{HOBbIrIOJIHqrb JrHHÂpbrHacocoB c TIJIyH)KepHbIMLI 6es Écraeuux pa6ounx BryJIoK. llnyu>NepHue (cxa.uruarue) noprxur.r yBeJrzqvBalor ra6apuru Hacoca BcJIeÀcrB[e yÂJII4HeHI{flqlaJrr.rHÂpa.OÀnaxo B ttpoqecce gKcrIJIyaraIrI]Il Mo)KHo KoHTpoJII'IpoBarb ynrIIoTHeHI'Ifl[,'IyHMepoB (CKaJIOK) COCTOffHHê ' B CBfl3I'IC qeM I'IX ycrIeM HacocoB c ÀlIcKoTaHoBKa Ha cyÀax 6o,ree npeÀnor{THTeJlbHa, BbrMH rroprxuflMrr,y Koropblx cocrosHl{e yn,rorueHLtÈTpyÂHo npoB e p s r b 6 e s p a s 6 o p K l 4H a c o c a . llopurueesre rrroKlr, Ha Koropble Haca)Kl.IBalorcfl ÂI4cKoBbIe I4. I{HÀpHIIeCKIIM tlop IIIHI,I, o6uq go r43toroBJIflIor cra,'IbHblMH IlHd'I C a "nr HuKLr rrpeÂcraBJlflIor co6oû ynJIorHeHHfl ornepcrufi B ÂHHIrrax q[,'rr.rHÀpoBB Mecrax BblxoÀa cKaJIoK It IlroKoB. Ca.nrU Ha6USXn.Ha6USlKer 6urr, Mqrxafl a vilH Mera,{Jll{qecxas 6 (pzc. l5) . Msrxue rxaHefi, [po[LITaHua1ulru l{sroroBJlflIor tt3 x,{onqaro6yllaxublx HbIX MaCJTOM C TaJIbKOM;neHbKoBble u acoecroBble - Il3 IL'IeTeHbIX rnHypoB rr KoJreu, nponllraHHblx rpaonro-xnponoû cltasxoù; ltan44

x{eTHbre- H3 Ko)KIl IZ 3r'iaCTLIqHOfi nIaCTMaCCbI,CBflSaHHOIi ByJIKaHHgI4poBaHr'rori pesnuoû, r.rHofÂa co BcraBKaMr.rrzs Ko,'Ieq 6e.noro MeraJL{a B c,'ryqaeBbrcoK}ix4aeneHzri rr reMneparyp nepeKar{HBaeri,rotixlrÀrocru. Cyuecreyror pasrr4rrHbre Br4ÂbrnarenroBaHHoii ua6usx[, cepÀIIeBkrHaxoropoli cÂeJraua r4s cBHHrIoBoftlpoeonoKr,r c xJrorqarodyrt axsoft on,r erNoiI, np rz4ar,oqeftHa 6 lrgNe >KecrKocrb n rzsnocoycroi.iqHBOCTb.

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py6xe 5 uacoca. llpn Haua BnHqzBaHVrI raeK I rurrr{JrbKr{ 3 ocyuecrn,uercq paBHoMepHoec)Karl4e it Ha1fisxu, xo caJrbHr{KoBo ropas o6xuuaer IIToK, yIIJrorHsfl ero. flo Mepe lrsHoca MflrKofi Ha6nenx ee Hy)KHOIlepl,IoÀHrlecKltIIoÀ)Kr4MaTb,He ÂonycKaq nepeKoca saxuvrsoiï 6yrcn rrilrr cJILIIUKoM 6olsuroro Puc. 15. Vnnorsenus (ca;rruuxu) nopIIIHeBr,tx Haxarl4ff. VI ro, Ir Àpyfoe HacocoB. yBeJILITIHBaeT TpeHne, BeÀer K [oTepe MorrlHocTn, n oBbrlrenHoMy r.r3HocyHa1usKu rloBepxHocr I,ItlroKa. B Herorop ux -u npLI HeoOJIbInlIX HaCOCOB KOHCTpyKUT{flX ÀLIaMerpaXuroKa Ha)KarHe ocyqecrBJrflercfl Haxt,tMuoft rafiroli, lepeMeilIarculeftcs no Hape3Ke

rpyu46yxcu. MeraflrnqecKaq Ha6Hsxa cocroi4r r4s paspegHblx 6ponsonux KoJIeII TpeyfoJlbHofo ceqeHlrfl, rlepeÀyloql{xcfl c KoJIbIIaMH Ize 6eraK, qro6u 6ponsoesle 6u.itll rloro Mera,'rla. Ko,rrqa gaK,IIaÂbIBaIor odpauleHu uupoxoft cropoHoli K reJly caJIbHLIKa,a ns auraSpuxIILioHHofo 6e,roro Mera,l,'Ia - K IxroKy. IIoHalrkrrratrKJII4HoBbIX floll sarsrlTBarr4rr caJrbHI4Ka.BcJIe,IIcrB].Ie nepxdocrerî, Kor'Ibrrapacltflparorcq ra o6ecneqllBalor xopoltrylo HenpoHr.rqaeMocru.. Crlrxu [o,ryKo,'Ieu Ha6nsxu ÀoJI)KHbIpagHocl{Tbclt '12 OKpy)KHOCTI{ nOpIuHeBolO[I'rOKa IIJIH ILIyH)Kepa. Ha paCCTOfiHrLîI MerarnnqecKaq HadrlnKa npl4Meuflercn B Hacocax co cKopocrrMll 6o.uee3-5 na/c,npu 6o,rnuux Harlopax LI reMrleparypax. K.n a n a H bI - BecbMa orBercrBeHHaflÂera,'ib, or xoropoft B sHaqurenrgoft crelreHl{ ganl4cllr pa6ora Hacoca. Hasua,IeHlaeKJIaTIaHoB cocror,rr B ToM, qrodrt neplloÀllr{ecxu coo6tr1arl u paso6qarb pa6oque rro,rlocrr4qI4JIIIHÀpa co BcacbIBaIoqI,IM 14 HafHerareJIbHbIM rpydonpoeoÂaMrl, TeM caMbIM odecner{neafl ÀBI4xeHae x(IlÀKocrn 45

B rpedyeMoM HanpaBJreHr.rr4. B Hacocax IIpr.rMeHrrror câMoÀe]icrByrouIUe HeBO3BpaTHbre KJrarraHbr,T. e. TaKHe, KOTOpbIeOTKpbIBaTOTCf rloÀ. ÂericrBueM pasHocrr.i ÂaBJreHr{riIIo o6e cTopoHbr KdranaHa r.r

Puc. 16. KnanaHu floprxFreBbrx HacocoB:a.-.''rapearuarr,tii c Frr.ixHr.iMr{HaI]paBJrfroIIluMl-I pe6pauu; 6-rape,rrvarnii c eepxueii uanpannnrcqefi; B o4uoxo,rlqenoû; a-ruapoeoii: ô - ruapuupunù; e.- n,'racrnu-varbre; cff- c$epuqecKnft c roIIHIICCKIIM C3Â,'IOM.

IIporrycKaroT x{r.rÂKocrb roJrbKo B oÂHoM HanpaBJreHr.ra.finr o6ecneqeHrrfl vrrpyfofo orpaH14qeH?rff noÀbeMa r.r 6brcrporo saKpbrrr.rfl K , ' IA T I A Hb I C H A 6 X ( C H b I N D V X { H H A M I I .

llo ÂeËcreuro x,'rananbr rroÂpagÀe,rrrrrorcflHa rroÀHrzMaroullrecfl I{ orKl4ÀHbre(xlapunpnue) . Ha pnc. l6 npeÂcraBJ'reHbr pa3Jrr4qHbre 46

KoHcrpyKunH K,'ratraHoB. llracraH,{arlre KJrarraHbI rrpeÀcraBJIflror co6oft oÂHy r.iJII4HecKoJIbKo rr,IIacraH, BoJrHucrbrx *rJtr [,'IocKHX, roluruHoù 2-5 n,tru,npu groM Hr.rlKHrze rrJracrr.rubII,IMerororBepcrIIfl ÀnaMerpoM oKo,rro 4 unr u cÂBrzHyrbr oÀHa orHoclrreJrbno 4pyroli. d'raryuntte, 6pousoBble r{,rrH Knanasu 6Healor MeTa,'r/.'rr{qecKr4e: cTaJlbHbre;HeMeTa,tInqecKl{e:Ko)KaHbIe,peSI4HoBbIe H IIJIaCTMaCCOBbIe, a raKx(e KoMnogI,ITHbIe, T. e. MeraJl'tuqecxae c odnuqoexoft zs KoMI4,nrracrMaccbr,6axayra r.rÀpyf[x yrtrorHflIolqlix MarepHaJIoB. Illapoeue K,rarraHbrorJrHBarorr43r{yfyna n"nu dponsu H B HeKoTopbrx cr'Iyrraflx ltoKpbIBaror cuapy)Krz cJroeM pesuHbr. I,Ix 4enarcr oduquo nycroreJrbrMu Àr{aMerpoM, paBHbrM 1,5 4uauerpa ceÂJra. Knanan nro6ofi KoHcrpyKrlr{14LI ,rs "lrto6oro Marepr.raJra ÂoJrxeH o6ecneqraearl repMerr{rrHocrb BaKpbrrrzrr,6ecuyuHyro pa6ory n 6slcrpoe orKpErrue KJrarraHHofoorBepcrr.rs; cogÀaBarb MeHbrrrerI4ÂpaBJrnqecxnx conporuB.renuil flpoxoÀy )Kr.rÀKocrr{;6trrr npouutrlr H H3Hocoycroftqr.rBbrM,uMerb ne6onsruyrc crordMocrb IIgforoBJICHIJf .

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OIIpeÀe/'Ifl eTCfl }.{3 COOTHOIIIeHLIfl

ô*: (0,1+0,2\ d,,

(100)

rÀe d" - Àr4aMerpIlpoxoÀHoro orBepcrr{s KJranaHHorofHesÀa. B ucor a Ha lrp a B/'rfl ro]Ir4x rrIToKoB Lrlr\r [epbeB

ln: (0,7+ 0,8)d..

( r 0l)

t{nc.no [epbeB o6uqso cocraBd'rqeri:3:4. [InprzHa npureproii noBepxHocrr.r,cM: ,[Tq

MCTAIT,T}1!IECKI{X KJI AN AI{OB

b" : (0,2+ 0,25)Vd,

(r02)

Â,IIfl HCMETA,'IJ]I{qCCKI,IX KJI AIIA HOB.

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h * ^ ^ * : ( 0 , 1+ 0 , 2 5 ) d r .

(103)

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(104)

flh*^ur( 600+650, rle n -qacrora

BpauIeHAfl Baila rrJrrr 4noriutrx xoÂoB rroprxHt

B MI,IHVTV. ï'eJlVI{r4HA rr,rÂpaBJlr4qecKrzx norepb

B KJIanaHe

o[peÂeJrfleTcfl

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h.:E]-,

(105)

zg

rÂê cr-cKopocTb x(HÀKocTr.r B rrpoxoÀHoMcelreHr4aK,'ranaHa;Âd{fl HarneraTe,'IbHblx Kd'IarauoB cr' : )* 4 mI c, ÂJrfl BcacbrBaroullrx K,irarIaHoBcr":0,75+2 vlc; ( - xoa$Suurenr rrÀpaBfinqecKoro corpoTUBJIeHI,IflKJrartaHa, gaexcslqtaft or efo KoHcrpyKrIr{I4; ÀJIfl rrJIocKoro rapeJlbtlaroro KJra[aHaI c snxneft uanpannnrculeft

( : 1 , 3 5 + 0 , 2 5: d ' ;''1 'T

lxr max

(r06)

B rex cJryqaflx, KofÀa oÂHH KJranag se o6ecnequBaer ocHoBHbIx rpedonaHraft,ycraHaBJrr{BarorHecKoJrbKoKJrarraHoBc cyMMapnbrM rlpoxoÂHbrMcerreHr4eM, paBHbrM[/roqaÀr{ [poxoÂHoro ceqeHlIfl oÀHOIO Kd'IAIIAHA.

!,uauerp oÀHoro KJra[aHa Mo]KHo orrpeÀeJrnrb Hs ycJroBufl curourHocrr{ rroroKa no $opnay,re

o^:{h,

(107)

rÂe Qc - ceKyHÀHbrùpacxo4 x{r,rÀKocrlr qepeg orBepcrr{e K,rranaHa, rrtsfc; zn-qr{c,rro KJralaHoB, o6u,rno or I Ào B; p-Ko3QQIzqlIeHr pacxoÀa KJIairaHHorooTBepcTl4fl . 5 16. KOHCTPyX4hHnOplllHEBbtXHACOCOB Ha przc. l7 uso6paxeHa KoHcrpyKru4flBeprr.rKaJrbHofo AByxrIrpeÂvKTopHoroIIopIxHeBofo Hacoca Jr14HÂpoBofo SJreKrpofipuBoÀHoro MapKn 3Hn-5 2 4notiHoro qerbrpexKparsoro ÂeficrBntr, qacro t4cnod'Ib3yeMofoB KaqecrBe ocymr.rred'rbHofo Ha coBpeMegsux Âo6ltBarour[x, rpaHcnoprnbrx 14nepepadarutearculnx cyÀax psI6noft npoMbrrrr"rreHHocru: nnaslasax rlr[a < z EMPT rvna <<MaqKoBcKr.rri>>. t !,na gpyrtx KJranaEoB cIr,I.ra6r. 4. 2 À[apxa Hacoca pacuilQposunaercr rax: 3 - 3"'reKrpoflplrsoÀuofi, Hcoc, fl - noprunenoù,5 - uouep MoÂefin. 48

na-

Bpaqeufie

eana êJreKTpoÀBr.rfared,Iq 1 uepes IIr4rzHÀpIaqecxnft

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Puc. 17. 3"rexrponpunoguoii nopruueroûÀsyxlgnnu4ponnfiuacoc4noûuoroverbrpexKparnoro 4eùcrnuxSHII-5.

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Hacocc uapoBbrMrropuHelrr Puc. 18. flopuruenoù6ecx,ranausr,tii <rrerbrpexKparHoro

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o d p a 3 y l o r t l u û r p e n l n c B o l r M u K a p  a H r r ô - c B r 3 â H H b i Mqrâi c T r M x r t ô ,lbui illap c rreTbrpbMflKaMepaMrI. Hecyunnru tuapa sBr'rslorcfl: c oÀnoiï cropoHbr- npueo4uoit BaJI c yil,rorneHrreM6; c apyroù cropoHbr- ttpoMe)Kyror{Htrfinan3, orK,roHeuHbrfi noÀ onpeÀeJreHHbrMyf,'roM K npr.rBoÀHoMy,K odozwr Ba,{aM noÂBoÀrrrcfl cMagKa rrepes rxryuepHbre MacJreHKr{5. lrnn lepeKpbrrr4g c HarHerare.lrsofi H BcacbrBaroulelicropon urapoeoù noplxeHb oxBaTbIBaeTcflÀByMfl rro,IyKpyfJrbrMr.IuapoBbrMH qaIIIwavn 4. lIpH KaxÀoM o6opore uapoBoro noprxHfl KaxÂafl KaMepa B lxape OÂI4H pa3 OTKpbIBaeTCfl,BCaCbIBafl)KI'IÂKOCTbH3 BCaCL'IBarou1eronarpydxa H oÀHH pas gaKpbrBaercfl,HarHerafi xr.rÂKocrb r{epe3 Hafuerarennnuri narpy6ox. Srzu Âocrnfaercfl r{erbrpexKparHoe caMoBcacbrBaroqeegeftcrnne Hacoca. llpu uacrore Bpauleurrfl 965 o6/n'ruHKaMepbr Hacoca 6ucrpo oropolgnflrorcfl oÀHa sa Âpyroii, odecneqrrBafl paBHoMepHyIonoÀaqy x{aÀKocTH B Ko,'raqecrBe 4 w s l u i r H a r r o p eF r a f H e r a n n q3 . 1 0 5l l a . .4,,ra npe4oxpaHennfl Hacoca c uapoBbrM rroprxHeMor qpæMepHOfO npeBbrrxeHr4ffHanopa HafHeTaHHfl, orracHoro AJIfl Ka)I<Àoro o6remuoro Hacoca, Heo6xo4r,rruoHa HarHerareJrbHoM narpy6xe rrpeÂycMarpHBarb rp eÀoxpaHr.rreJrbuo-rep enycxnoft KJrarraH. III aponoft nopueHb rlpesBbrqaïiso noÀBep)KeH rroBpe)KÀeur4ro14 H3Hocy or nre,rrqariurnx rBepÂbrx B3BerrleHHbrx!racrfiq, nogToMy nepeÀ BCaCbrBaroulr.rMnarpy6xou Heo6xoÀrauo ycTaHoBr.rTb ceTqaTbrfi

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paHeeu oduuHo npe4or,tuqufr or paccMorpeHnbtx cyu,ecrBeHHr,rx craB,'rqerco6olî [op[IHeBbIeHacocr,IÂByKparHofo4eËcrnur (cunln,rerc) r qerbrpexKparHofo Âeûcreuq (ayn,nexc). llapoaaa qacrb Manpxlro4eficrByroquxHacocoBilpeÀcraBJlflerco6oti floplxHeBble IIIHHbI C pa3JIIIIIHbIMII KOHCTpyKIIIIflMI'IilapOpaCnpeÀeJII'ITe,'IbHbIX OT HI{X MO)KeT6Urr OrseceHa K oÀttoft opraHoB 14 B 3aBûCr{MOCTI4 u3 cJleÀyl,olllax rpyfln HacocoB: 5l

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- c aBroMarrzqecKr4M () napopacrpeÀeJreHueM . I(oucrpyNqzx npxtro4eûcrByrouefo ropHsoHra,rbHofoHacoca tuna <> rzso6paxeuana pac. 19. Hacoc ropasouTaJrbnulirnna Ày[,rexc. fu4pao.uuuecruriqnJILrHÂp5 rzueer BoceMbKJrarraHoB 7, pasir,reu,eHHbrx B x.nanaguoti xopo6re. I4s Hux ÀBa [pr.TeMHbrx glr xax4oû noH ÀBa orJrr{BHbrx ,rlocrn.CdopHuri fr.rÂpaBrnqecxuft uoprueHt 6 pacflo,'ro)Ken Ha oÀHoM IIIroKe c [apoBbrM [oprxHeM 2. flap flo noJrocrflMrrapoBofo IIirr'Ir.IHÂpa3 pacnpeaed{flercfl llr.rr'rr.IHÀp[qecKl]M 3o,TorHHKoMI (n apyrux KoHcrpyKrluflx[pr]Menflrcrcxxopo6qarbre sonornraNrr), pbIqarOB 3OJIOTHHKOBO|O IlepeMelqarcIIlllMcflOT CHCTeMbI ÂBIIX{eHHS 4. 3onorgnKr4 HopMaJIbHbre,rz, c,'reÂoBare.rrbHo, rapoBaq MaIITHHa npLIBoÂaHacoca pa6oraer 6es pacuapeHr.rflnapa. flg, [ooqepeÂHoM BrrycKe napa.soJrorHÀKaMHrrepe3 coeÀHHr.rrerrfipre KaHaJrbrB rrpaByto u ,'reByro pa6o.rue [oJrocrr.r qr.rJrr4HÀpoB ïaposbre I]oprxH14 no,'ryqFFor Bo3BparHo-nocry[areJrbHoe ÀBr.r)KeHze, ïoropoe nptr,JlocpÉAcrBe [rroKoB coo6ulaercq rr4ÂpaBrHrrecKr.rMnopuHsu. Haôbe/ocyuecrn,rxeT BcacbrBaHven HarneraHrze :" e xaNÂoli r.rs qerb,rpex pa6ounx nonocreii u{ÂpaBfiHqecKrrx unJIr.rHÀpoB.lflpuerolr rtoprxnkt cfiapeHHbrx rlnJrr,rHÂpoB ÂBnx{yrcfl c r4HTepBaJroMB [o,'roBr4Hypa6ouero xoÂa, qro o6ecne,rueaer uau6o;tluyro p aBHowrepuocrn;IIo La'tn 2. I(oHcr:pyxqun Beprr4KaJrbHoro npanro4eiicrByroqero rapoBoro Hacoca cHMnJreKc rnra <> rroKagaHaua puc. 20. llz4paenuuecKas qacrb Hacoca npeÀcraBJrfler co6ofr oÀHorllrnnn4poeuft nopuHeeo4;Hacoc 4nofiuoro ÀByKparHofo Àeùcrellq. I-lznuuap 1Q-xaæ6-orJrvr 3a oÂHo ueJroe c KJraranHofi ropo6xofi 21. W>xp.as ilo,rrocrb ur.rJrrruÂparzMeer cBor{ K,rananu. Ha pucyHKe-l-paspese rroKa3aubrBcacbrBaroilIueB u HafHerareJrnsue lt1 nJrocKl.reKJIarraHbrsnxseft noJlocrr4 III]JIaHÂpa. K.ranasu IIpr4)Kr.rperrrerKam,lB npyxnHaMr,r, o[upanûrr4Mncrr Marorcff K K,riarraHHbrM Hà rape.nxn 20 v sarpeureHHbrMr{ B BepxHlrx qacrsx urnr.ruÀe,refi,19. In4pannnuecr
Mecro BbrxoÀa ltoprlrHeBofo nlroKa 13 us tu4paBJrr{qecKofo IIHdlr4HÂpayrrJloTHrrercrrcaJrbHHKovtI 1, roropufi Ha6[saercq neHrKoBbrM rrpocaJrennbrM rxHypoM r.r noÀxr{Maercfl BryJrKori. B nnxnMerorcfl orBepcrrlfl , 3aKpbrneft qacru rr.rÂpaBr[qecKoro qr.rJr]4HÂpa Éaeune peer6onuua cnycKHbIMnnpolxamu 17.

1 Hatzneriôe.auuetpupru, cnetlua,ril3lzpyrcuzxcflHa BblnycKeHacocoB. 2 Cu. Àa,ree.: r.ucc,'reÀûp,aHlie paBHoMepHocrrz noÂaqlr noplxHeBbrxHacocoB

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( rl5)

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KOJITIAKE B03-

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(120)

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(r22)

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(123)

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e,:$oH,

(r24)

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(127a)

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(r28)

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[ p o l I 3 B o À f l r o c M o r p M e x a H I ' I 3 M aI ' I ' e c , l l l { ttycKoM flepea Hacoc [pr4BoÂr{rcfl e aeftèrene naponoft NraIxI'IHofI' y n-pruoÂeficrByroillt4x HacocoB Hyxuo [pofperb napoBylo Mattrl{Hy. V npueo4[pOBepLITbHâJIIiqIIeMac,'Iae rOpo6xax HOrOMexaHHgMaIIOJIaraeTCn rlepeÂaq Il [oÂlI]l4rIHLrru yrBepx(ÂennMPX CCCP 27 1975). Aera6pn1973r. (fl., Tpancnopr, 64

Hax MOX(.T Bbr3Barb pa3pbrB Kopnyca K,,rala'H'ri

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e. e. Eorouolrnuri

65

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(r32) 73:,

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(136)

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q:(F-f)t,

(l3B)

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(140)

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(141)

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Poropuo-n.nacrrlHlrarbre, LrJrH ilJrz6epHbre,Hacoct,r, B Koropbrx u3MeHflIOTCqO6'beMbI,OtpaHHqeHHbIeÀByMfl COCeÀHuMIZ n,IaCTI.lHt<arlr:a(w,n6epaur.r), noBepxuocrflMr.rporopa 14 BHyrpeHHHMlrcreHKaMH craropa (Nopnyca), trBrrJrrrcbpa3Br.rrr.reM v ycoBeprxeHcrBo- CaMO y KOTOpbTX BaHr..IeMKOJIOBpaTHbIX HaCOCOB, BbrTecHr4îeJlb TeJro BparrleHr.rfl() 6lir saN{eHeHBbrrecHr.rTeJreM-rrJacrunoft. B. sag[cu\4ocrll .or !rl{c,ra [r'IacrI4H Hacocbr naoryr 6trrt t4JII'tMIIOIOIJaCTI4HT{aTbIM}r; nO pacrroJlo)KeH],Ilo ÀByx[JIacTr.lHqaTbIMH poTopa : SKcrIeHTpIlqHbrMHr.rdrrilKoHrIeHTpr4rrHbrMlr ; no floÂarre ]Kr4ÀIOCTOIHHOfT KOCTTz: I4Jrr4nepeMennoft npOr.r3BOÀHTe/rrbHOcTH; nO C[Oco6y ÂeftcrBzs: flpocrofo lr,rfi ÀeoriHoro; rro HanpaBJreHr]ro [epeKa. qr.rBaeMolixr.rÀKocru: peBepcr.rBHbrMLr r4JtrrHepeBepclrBHbIMI4 (npu rrocTorr HHoMHanpaBdrleHur.r BpaIqeHun) . Ha pac. 31 uso6paxeu npocreftuHri 4eyxn,rracrnHrrarbrftnacoc rrpocrofo 4ericreaR, HepeBepcr.rBnrrft pacloJroxe, c oKc[eHTpt'lqHbrM nr.reMporopa, rrocroqHHoiïnpousnoÀr4TeJrbHocrr.r. B xopnyce 12 eparyaerc.fl 3KcueHrpurrHo pacrrololKeHuuft n quJiuHÀpuqecKoriNalrepe porop 13. B uasax poropa ceo6oÀHo cKo,'rb80

sqr' ÀBe rr,rracraHbr14, pacnupaeMbre npy>rzuoli TaK, lrro BbrxoÂrrulr4e u3 poTopa KoHubr rrr'racTr{H npI1Ixxnofi ca,rr,r. 3a Heri e pa6ouerî KaMepe cosÀaercfl pa3pexeHrze, a lepe4 Heli'- ÀaB,reHHe.B pesy,rsrare r.r3 BcacbrBaroqerî rpy6tl 9 vepes Qz.rrrp 10 nozayx r4 napbr xrrÀKocrrl BcacbrBarorcflB pa3pe>KeHHl,rc rroJrocTbHacoca, a 3aTeM r{epe3 H e B o 3 B p a r H u f ir , r a n a u 3 , u e x a uaqecrvft ce[aparop 6 H eosÀyllHyio rpy6y 7 nrtxolar u aruocQepy. Hacoc c narpy6NaMu pa3MeilreH B pe3epByape B, Koropuft Âo onpeÀeJreHHoroypoBHfl saflo,'rHeHMacJroMÀJrf npeÀorBpau{eHr.rfl rroÀca.cbrBaHr4flBO3Àyxa. YpoBeHb MacJra KoHlpofiHpyror r{epe3 cMoTpoBoe creK,'ro 4. Pesepnyap ocyuaercfl qepes Tpy6y 2 n BepxHee orBepcrue, 3aKpbrroe npo6xofi 5, rrJrrr qepe3 HH>KHeeOTBepCTHe c npo6xoft 1. 3auo.tusrb pesepByap Mo)xHo qepe3 OrBepcrr4 e c npolNoir I 1. Hacoc ucfio,{b3yercrr Ha cy: Aax KaK eaxyymuuri AIrfl co3AaHVtr rroHr,r)KeHHofo .rIaBJreHHfl. Ero HeÀocraroK cocrozr B HepaBHOMepHOCTr.rtroÀalr[ ( n y n u c a q u n ). D , n s B É , r p a B H H B a -Plzc. 31. Poropuuù 4ayxnnacruuvaruù r'rl1lfl noÀaqx IIpr4MeHfroT Ha- Hacoc. cocbl c 6onlruair,t Ko,rr,IqecrBoM TIJIACTI,IH. ,I[,,tn odecnerreHr.ifl caMoBCacbrBaHI,Ig ''pl,MeHqlorcfl BoÀoKoJlbueBbre BaKyyMHbIe MHofonrTacrrHlrarbre Hacocbr npocrofo 4eftcreuR, cxeMa r.r KoHcrpyKulrfl Koropbrx rroKagaHa sa puc. 22.

B xopnyce Hacoca3 axcqeHrpr.ruuo pa:ïeuleHbrporop-

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crr4HaMr'i. flpn npaqeHr4r.r poropa >r{HÀKocrb (eoaa) or6pacueaercn rrJracrrrnqarbrMx Jroflar.KtMqK neplr$epun u o6pasyer Bparqatorquricq xo.irrqeeoùcnoËr5. Bc,re4cinra-e Hec>Nrauaeuocru xane,rrsoft >Kr'rÀKocrt4 BpalqatourTricaNo,rsqesoftcnolî r{MeerfiocroqHHyrororxllrHy n pacloJrafaercfl KoHrIeHTpr4r{Ho rro orHo[IeHrT]o K pa6oqeli rlHr'r'uHÀpr.Tr{ecxoli xauepe Hacocâ.Tar Nax porop ycraHoeaeHaxcr{eHrpur{Ho, fiorpaHnqHbrri nuyrpeuHuËxu4xocrsuft cnoû epau1ato-, u1erocqKo,qbrla,conpuKacarcbc BryJrl{où_crynuqeft snepxy, 6y4er 81

[pI{ BparrleHlrHnocrerreHHooTXoÂr4Tbor Hee c oÂHoft cropoHbr rr BHoBbnpu6Jlr{xarbcflc Àpyroù. B odpasyrcqeecflrrprr orxoÂe [pocrpaucreo 6 3acacbrBaercfl x(nÂKocrnpa3pelxeuHoe Bo3Àyxr],'I[ )Kr.rÂKocrb r{3 oKHa /, neperoHaercnito oKpyxnocrr4 ,rorrarKaMr{[Jracrr{HaMur{ HafneraercflB oKHo4. HasgaqeHr.Te oKoH6y4er nsMeHflTbCq IIpu r.r3MeHeH]4I{ HarrpaB,'reHI1Ifl Bpaxl,eHrrfl Br.rÀHo r.rs cpaBuenr{fl cxeMbr c NoucrpynqNeft.

poTopa:

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uacoc: 4 - cxeMa; Psc. 32. MuoronractuuqarstftBoÀoKoJIbI{eBoËt 6 - xoucrpyxt1un. B paccuorpenllbrx poropno-[Jlacrl]Hllarblx Hacocax Ii3MeHeHI{e np]I BcacblBao6reua MelKÂy ÀByMfl [JIacrI]HaMI,I-BbITecHHre,'IflMV HUr4 14 HarHeraill{n ÀocTl4raercfl SKcqeiITp],Ir{HbIMpacrIoJIo)KeHI{eM poropa, Kpoue roro, oHI,i sBJIflIorcfl HacocaMLInpocrofo (o4Izuapuoro) ÂeËcrBufl, T. e. sa oÀtIH o6opor poropa Ka)KÀafl fiâpa nJIaHelOcruH oÂriH pas ocyuecrBJlfler [pIIeM I'I loÀar{y )KI{ÂKOCTI',I. craroK TaKr.rxHacocoB- 6ontttraq Hafpy3Ka Ha ocb poropa I{ IIJIaI.I HepaBHOMepHocrbroÂarl14. CTI{HbroT cLrJIÂaBJIeHItgXLIÂKOCTI'I 6o,ree coBepIIIeHHbIMI.IMoxHo cq[Tarb flracrllur{arble Hacocbl c Kourreurpr{rrnblMpactto,ilo)KeulieMporopa u Saconnult npoQn,relt pa6oueir KaMepbI Koplyca. Cxeua raKoro Hacoca ÀeoftHoro Àeû' ô r e u q H e o d p a x ( e u aH a p l l c . 3 3 . B $ a c o u n o l i p a d o u e i t r a u e p e x o p 82

nyca 6 rrMerorcfirrerbrpeoKHac npope3flMr.r: 7 u 3- BcacblBarorrne, 4 u I -HarHerareJrbHble.B porope 5 unercrcs rra3bl,B Koropblx pa1kraJrbHorr,rracrrrutt2. flpn epauleHr.rrporopa rrepeMeu{ârcTcfr, rrraerlrnbr rrpH)Kr.rMarorcfl ttoÀ ÀeftcreHei\,rqenrpo6exnoù cu,ru x euyrpeuuefi[oBepxuocru pa6ouefiKaMepbr.fIpH epaueHau poropa B HaIIpaB,lIeHI'III

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nacocÂnoftsorogeticrnur. Puc.33.Muoron.nacruuqarnfi V orou 4 u I o6t'err.r6yler yMeHbrxarbcfl, ÀaBJreHHeBo3pacrarb r.r >xuÀKocru 6yÀer HafHerarbcs. Taxul'lt o6paaou, sa oÀr.ru o6opor poropa KaxÀafl rrapa n.lracruH HafHeraer >KHÀKocrbÀBa pasa. IIocKo,'rr,Kypa6ovee ÀaB,rreHrrexr4ÀKocrr.r 4eftcroyer Ha porop c AuaMerpaJrr,Honporr{BorroJroxHblx cropon (oxou ,l u 4), gaunetile>KLtrKocrri Ha rroÀrxznHrrKrl poropa 6yaer ypaBHoBelxIrBarbcff. TeopeTr4rrecKyIo IIpo].r3BoÀHTeJrbHocTbMHoroI]JIacTriHlIaToro Hacoca 4eofiuoro Àeftcreng 6es yuera o6teua, saHI.IMaeMororrJIacrHHaMr.I, Hrb rro c,'reÂylouefi Qop nay"ne : MO)KHOBbrqr{CJr

(tT-r?), Q,: l2Ùbna

(142)

fÂe o - yrJroBas cKopocrb poropa; b - utupuua pa6oueft qacrn f2 Lr T1- éoorsercreeHuo 6onlurorî r.r nrànurî paauyctr nJracrr4Hbr; ,{acrû nJIacrI{HbI; no.nyocericraropa; r z-r r - ÀJIHHaBblcryrlarcu1efi qacroTa n BpaIIIeHvf. Mou{socm HacocaonpeÀerqercqrto paHeenpnBeÀeHHbIM QopMyJraM. O6ururi K.rI.Â. Hacoca cpe4ueft Molrluocrll cocraBJlfler qn= 0,85. 83

Taroli Tr4rr HacocoB rrpxMeHflercfl B cr.{creMefr.Àpoflp LrBo/\ana,ry6Hux MexaHH3MoB Ha cyÀax TfIp rula ofpyuairi, 1'u3,ro,rorr). I(oucrpyxqufl MHoro[,]IacrlrHqaroro Hacoca cncreMbr << Hooer.iH.r>> I I o K a s a H au a p n c . 3 4 . Hacoc cocro'T r.r3qyryHHofo Koplyca ,r, saNpen.neHHofoJrarattrw 9 va $yn4aueure. B xopnyce paâvreure"u $rco"n aa palouar KaMepa 4noliHoro Àeficrezq c rpaBbrMl4 7 u B n neeHN{r.r'1 I u 12 pa6ouunaz KaMepaMn. Porop 4 raueer Àecflrb paÀra,rrb*brx rra3oB, B KOTOPbIC BCTABJIEHbI CTAJIbHbiE II.IACTI,IHbI J.

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Puc. 34. I(oncrpyxquaMuoronJracrrznqarofo Hacoc a rnfia <>. pa60uue KaMepbrMoryr coeÀHHrrrbcflnoBOpOrOM KpaHa-30,rorHnxa6 c BcacbrBarorrlr4M narpy1rNaÀKOCTI,I, KOMIraKTHbr, MOryT Bblno.rrHflTbcfl KaK B OÀLiHapHoM.TaK r4 cÀBoeHHoM HcrroJrHeH r {V( a n a p o r o p a H a o À H o Mn a n y ) . I4x ue4ocrarKr.i - HeperyJrlrpyeMafl [por.rsBoÂr.rreJrbHocrb H cp aBHr'rreJrbHose60.rrurue ÀaB,reHr4qHaf HerâHr.rfl (o6rruuo He 6ô,ree -64.105 l7a (64 xrc/clr2). !,.rr Hoplra,rruoli ,*.nryuruli, ur^* HacocoF Heo6xo4nuo, vto6u IIepeKar{IzB a,'[Icb TIHCTbIe MHHeD adrrbHble M a c J r ac B f l 3 K o c r b F o B V 2 , 6 + 3 , 3 o E 5 0n p z r e M n e p a r y p e o r ' _ f _ 1 0 a o

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nonAcTHbtE HAcocbl .Ilonacrur'tvtII Ha3bIBalorcfl Hacocbl, B Koropblx ÀBLI)KeHI,IenepeKaqHBaeMoft )KHÀKOCrI] OCyIleCrB,rfleTCfl B pe3y,'IbTaTe BpaIqeHI.Ifl ,rolacTeû. B gael,IczNlocrll oT HanpaBJIeHHfl ÂBIrxeHLIf ]KI{ÀKOCTI'I B HaCOCepa3,'I[qaIoT TpLI OCHOBHbIefpyrlnbl JIolacTHbIX HacocoB: qeurpo6elKnble (norox xI.{ÀKocrll riepeMelqaercq or Irenrpa x nepz$epaw B paALraJrbHoMHarlpae,renuu); OceBbIe I'IJIU [pOner'IJIepHbIe (IIOTOK ]KI4ÀKOCTI'I[epeMeUI'aeTCq B Â O J r bO C r .H { aCOCa); - .BuxpeBbie (rloroK )KI,IÂKocrH rlepeMeu],aercfl no KoJIbqeBoH rle-

p a $ e p u i r B l 4 x p e o 6 ap 3 H o ). s 22. nPhHq'/fl AEncrs,.a H KItLCCUot'tKNlne qEHTPO6E)r{HblX HACoCoB C x e m a q e H r p o d e ) K H o r oH a c o c a r l o K a 3 a n a H a p l z c . 3 5 . H a c o c ynurcoù, n HMeer Kopnyc ,/ cnupanenaÂsoft Qopulr, HasbIBaeMbIÛ' porop, cocrosqurî us pa6ouero KoJIeca 2 c nonacrflMn, Ha3bIBaeMoro KpbrJrarxoù. Pa6oqee KoJIeco )KecrKo HacaxeHo sa nan 3. K r
satoqnf{ narpy6ox K rleHrpy Harcoca. XzÀrKaercrr ÀaBJreHHe.lloÀ ÀelicrBneMrro'cJreÀHero xr.rÀKorcrbr{epe3 Hatnerare,irbuufi narpydox oreoÂlrrcq B coorBercrBylou{niïrpy6onpono4. Taxau o6pasoM,sHeprilrr,coo6rqaeuaflxvÀKocru Ha pa6oueu KoJrece,3aBr{cr{Tor qenrpo6exuoft clrJrbr, Koropafl ÂJrfl eÀI.IHLIIrbr p aBHa Maccbrrrpr.rBpaIqaTeJIbHoM ÀBl,rxeHr.rl,I Ëq:

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rrepe3 Bce KoJieca (pnc. 36, c). Hanop, co3ÀaBae[ocJreÂoBareJrbHo Mnù Hnz, paBeH cyMMe HanopoB orÂeJIbHbIXcryneuefi - KoJIec,rIpH r. e. paenOft COXpaHflerCqrtOCTORUHOft, oTOM rrpOU3BOÀrrreJrbHOCTb rtoÀarre oÀHocryrreHqaroro Hacoca. Ec,'In seo6xoÀIiMo yBefiI4rII4Tb coxpaHr.rB rlocroflHcrBo Harlopa, KoJIeca coeIIpol.r3BoÀr.rTe,'rbHocrb, (puc. 36, 6). Taxue Hacocbl Ha3blBalorcfl, irHoÀrlnflror rrapa"'rJreJrbHo KoJIec rraeonorotrHbLrtra.B uacocax cileLuaHqoeo runa coe.III4HeHr4e (pnc. 36, a) . pa,'rJre,'rbHo-nocJleÂoBareJlbHoe V ecex MHoroKoJrecHbIXHacocoB cKopocrl4 >KI4ÀKocrI,IMeHbIIIe, qeM y oÂHoKoJIecHbIX [apaMeTpaMI4, IIoHacocoB c oÀI4HaKoBbIMII STOMy LrX K.tI.À. BbI[Ie BCJIeÀCTBIzeCHI{)KeHLIffrI'IÂpaBflnqeCKIIX rroTeob. fio cnocody rroÀBoÀa>KlrÂKocrt4pas,rlzqalor qeurpo6exHble Hacocbr: - c oÀHocropoHHr4MrIoÀBoÂoM>NlzÀKocru(pnc. 36, a-e); - c ÀBycropoHHr.rM rroÀBoÂoMxlrÀKocrn (pIac. 36, e u ô). ltoÀBoÀ )KHÀKocra. y oÂHoKo,recnblx HacocoB .[,sycropoHHuri (pvc. 36, a) yne.nnunBaer rrpolrsBoÂLIreJIbHocrb BÂBoe. llpra cnuMerpnrrHoMÂBycropoHHeMroÀBoÂe x{I4ÀKocrI,I(pnc. 36, .d) y runoOceBOeyCIIJIIIe. focTyrreHqaTbrxHacocoB ypaBHoBeIIIIIBaeTCff flo 6ncrpoxoÀHocrr4, xapaKrepl43yeltofi NoeQ$uqueurou 6ucrpoxoÀHocrn ns uJ7tl yÀe,rr'noti .racroroft BpaureHl{s, qeurpo6exuue Hacocbr noÀpa3ÀeJrrlorcfl Ha rlixoxoÂHble (n":49 : B0 o6/muu); o6lvuw); 6ucrpoxoÀHble (n,:150+ HopMarlbgble (n*:80+150

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9uc,leuso xoaSQuqzeHr 6ucrpoxoÀHocrl,IpaBeu qacrore BpaMouIMoÀeJlbHofo Hacoca,norpe6.naroulero uteur.rrr raK Ha3bIBaeMoro Harlop I Nl soÀ. cr. rlpu [poH3BoÀLIHocrl 0,736xBr a cosÀaroIr1ero 75 nlc BoÀEI. TeJrbHocrr4 B saenczlaocrrlor BHaqeHIrflros$Suqzeura 6ttcrpoxoÂHocrl{ rzsMeHflrorcn Sopirnupa6ouaxKo,rec(puc.37, a-ô).flpn yeenvueHW ns yMeHÉ'naercfl orHoilIeHr.reÀraMerpa BbIXoÀHbIXI{ BxoÀHbIX noJiyKpoMoKnonacrefi DzlDo. lIpu n') 300 uavdo,ree oKoHoMIaqHbI oceBbre (Âuarouarrnrte) , a npn n")600 - ocesHe uacocu. flpn Hacocbl 6yayr pa6orarr c 6olee nr(30 [oprxHeBbreI.I poraIrLIoHHbIe B b I C O K I 4 M 1 4K . T I . À .

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npolzsBoÂI.ITe,ltbHocTH OT yTeqKH >KI4ÀKOCTIIH3 HafHeTaTeJrbHOft [OJIOCTI]BO BCACbIBAIOlIlVIo.

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Pnc. 39. K nuroly ypanneHuitSit,repa:rpeyroJrbguKr.r BxoÀHbIxu BblxoÀHrtx cxoDocreri.

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fÀe , G,r* ceKyFrÂHafi TeoperHqecKaF MaccoBafl rrpor.r3BoÀuTeJr HOCrb;Kr/c. IIpHpaI{a ocHoeaulrr 3aKoua MoMeHToBKoJIItqecTBÂBIr}Ke.HIaq I{eHIte MOMeHTaKOIHIIeCTBa ÂBItxeHHg MaTepua,IbHoI{c]'IcTeMbIoTpaBHO BpeMeHI'I HOCI4Te,'IbHO ÀaHHOIioCI'I3a HeKoTopblftrIpoMe>KyToK 3Ty CIrHa CVJy, BHSIIIHI4X Bcex ÀgfiCTByIOUIIX MoMeHTy r1Mrly,llbca TOrÀa Mo]KeMHarlucarb creMy 3a ror )Ke rlpoMelKyroK EpeMeHI,I.

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(163)

firnu:r.a r'ronacreli, KaK I4 HX lllrcd'Io, Brl4qer Ha Harlop. flocneÀHr.rfi cHr.r)KaeTcq npa yBer[qeHLII4 ÀJILIHbI LIJII{ ee qpesMepHoM coKpaIrIeHI4H. onrElra.lruatr D\JtLrHaJIorIacTIz onpeÀe"IfleTcfl IIpH yfdile ee

o6xBara upu6,'rzszre,rruo 75-110o, o6pasoBaunoro Me>KÂypaÀI4ycaMr4,orpaHr4rir.rBaroilrr.rMlr HaqaJroIr KoHerrJronacrl{. flpr arou xax.ir,aflrrocJreÂyFourafl,rofiacrb ÂoJI)KHaceoeiï sttxoÀHoft Npouxoft uepeKpbrBaTbBXoÀHyro KpoMKy rlpeÀblÀyxleù "nonactz, 'Iro6H He ycTpaHfirocb HarIpaBJIsIouIeeÀeftcrel4e MexJlolacrHoro xaga.na. To,'Ieo u:deNanne 3afpoulr{Ha Jrollacreft Ào.irxlra 6url MIrH}IMaJIbHoù [poxoÀHblX ceqennft KoJIeca. \ro>KÂeHr.rfl qEHTPOEEIKHbTX HACOCOB E 26. KOHCTPyK$TIH H PbIEOHACOCOB qeuTpo6exHoro HaKoncrpyxrrHf KoHcoJrbHororopr43oHra,trbHofo IIoÂBoÀoMxLIÀKocTH, coca HecaMoBcacbrBaroqeroc oÀHocTopoHHIrM oc)'rlecrB!'rflrolqero rlr4p KyJIflqlrro BHyrpeHHero KoHryp a oxJiaxÀaloureft eoÂn Àrr3e,rff,uso6paxeua Ha pl4c. 41. Hacoc HaBe[IeH Ha ÀBI'IrareJrb, nepeAarou1urînpaqeniae Ha BaJL|O vepes cl4ÂflIllyrcHa nplasuauarlrqecKorî utrronKe uecrepHlo 9. Ban relKllr B paÂI.{a,ïbHbIX pnKoBbrxnoÀrrr.rrrHrlKax11, yKpe[,'IeHHbIXB Kopnyce B. Ha rosco.ntriuft rose[ BaJra, r,rMe]oqefo 3aulr4Tuyrop)r6awry 12 c caJIbHHKo95

BbIMynJrorHeHr.reM ,13,HacaNeHo Ha rrrrroHKe4 pa6o'aeer(oJrecoc,'rorlacrsMrr 5, sarpenneHsoe ralîNoft 3 u eparqarcureecgMex(Ày ÂByMfl Ko.rrbrleBbrMr.r BcraBr{aMr4:[epeÀHefi 2 v, sa1neft 14. Bo4a nocrynaer Ha Jrorracrri pa6ouero KoJreca qepes acaclrearoulnrî narpydor ,1 r.r BbrxoÀr{Tqepe3 HafHerarenr,sufi narpy6ox 6. CMasxa K rxaprzKonOÀIIIIznHLIKaM nOÀBOÀHTcflrlepes nlaCneuxy 7.

/0 ,tI

Puc. 41. I{enrpo6exunËi xonco:nr,snrisacoc ropr43ourarbnsrËuecalroncacnsarcuuft

Vpannoe,enrrzBaur.re oceBbrxycunnit, KâK paHee 6lr,ro cxasauo, Mo)Ker 6um 4ocrzfHyro y qeurpo6exHbrxHacocoBc ÀBycropoHHIIMIroÂBoÀoM )Kt4ÂKocrr.r, Beprr4Kaltslrri rHrr Koroporo lrapxu Oi{H (e.nexrpnuecxNli qupxy.llquouuulî Hacoc) uso6pa>reHni puc. 42. Epousoenù Kop[yc Hacoca,pasrerr,ru*rîno ocu, cocrolri H3 ocHoBHoroKopnyca9 u xpunxr 6. K ocnoeHorîqacrr.r.Nopnyca xperlqrcfl ,BcacbrBaroquli(He rro[aJr a paspes) r4 Haruerarentl,t;k 14 .narpy6ru. Pa6oqeeKoJreco8 cocrozr Hs cpeÂHefoÀr,rcKa c tipr]JruTbrMr{K r{eMyc ÀByx cropoHxpaùuauu ÀucKaMr4, Me)KÀyKoropbrMr4 {aclo,'ro}Keuu pa6ouue Jrorracrx,odecneqI,IsarcIt-1tze 4eycropoHnnft ,V nxo4ulrx KpoMoK,ronacreft c o6eux cropos {roÀBoÀ>KrrÀKocrr4. .HMeIO,TCfl 3aIIII4THbIêXOm'Aa I 5. 96

Pa6oqeeKoJrecoc JrolracrqMr.{ Haca)KeHo Ha BaJI16 us neo>xanercqeû cralrkr.Ba,r iaueer ÀBe olopbr. BepxHra oltopa J coôrovr Hs ÀByx paÀr.ia,'IbHo-yrropHblx uapLiKorroÀIlllrrrHrzKoB, BOCflpr{Hr.rMaro_ tqr.rxoceBbreil pa1ua,rbHbre Hafpysxa. floÀruzrsrzNr{cùasnearcr KOHCZCTeHTHOIïCnA aSXOft C nOrvtOIIlr,IoKod'IrarlKogolî N{aCrenxn.

Hnx-

Hflfl onopa rrpeÀcraB,Tser co6ori pesilHoesrli rroÂurlrrrHr.rK 12, Noplyc KOTOpOfO

qB,'IfleTCfl

Ht4X(Hela

xpururofi 10 Koplyca Hacoca. fIoÀurunuur< 3aKpbrBaercfl rKHÀKOCrbCO3ÀaeTr1d4paBilr4qecxuft 3arBop. O6nuuoexy

-5

BAJIA COCTABJIflIOT ,IIBC CMCHHbre 3auIr4THbre BryJrKH: oÀHa rroÀ caJrbHr4KOM,Àpyrafl noÀ pesllHOBbIM IIOÀIIiHIIHLtKOM. BepxHari KoHerI Bad'ra Hacoca

7 B I

coeÀuuenynpyroft uy$rori 2 C

Ba,'IOM

3,'IeKTpOÀBI,ItaTe,'Ifl.

OcHonHoft ouopôrî Bcefo Hacoca sBJrffercr ceapuoft SoHapb I, elrrtorHenusrft H3 cra,rrnofi rpy6u n odecneqzearcu1aft KpelJreHr.re 14 ueHTpo,BKyBaJroB. Cnycr< )Kr.rÀKocrrr v3 Hacoca ocyI]IecTBJrfleTCfltrepe3

12 11 Puc 42. [enrpo6exuuii nepruxa.lrruurî Hacoc c ÀBycropoHHr.rM noÂBoÂoM)Kr.rÀrocrN lrapxlr3I{H.

orBepcrlrq,.. saKpbrBaeMue npo6NawuIJ. porop HacocaBpaulaercs no qacoeoricrpeJrKe,ecJrH,cMoTperb Ha Hacoc co croDoHbl 3JreK-uopcxoft rpoÀBr.rfare,ra. flpra pa6ore Ha BoÀe Hacoc àUH ,ree" C,rIeÀyIOilUe OCHOBHbIeTeXHHqecKr.reÀaHHbIe: flpouano4urenbHocrb, M3/'I Hanop^, M Bo4. cr. . 9 a c r c r a B p a r q e n u s , o6/utuu

Moulnocru Ha BaJry uacoca, xBr

150-170 r0-18 I 450 6,8-7 ,2

B paccnrorpeHHoM Hacoce npor43BoÀr.rreJrbHocrbBo3pacraer B ÀBa pa3a, TaK KaK ÀBa [oToKa >Kr.rÀKocTLi ÀBLr)KyTcq IIo JIOrracTflM OÀHO_ BpeMeHHO C O6eHX CTOpOH LT4CKAKOr'IeCa,T. e. I]pI{ oÂHoKoJrecHoM HCIIOJIHeHIII4 OH fl 8,1geTCfl ÀBVX|IOTOIIHbIM. 4

A. E. Eoronrolruurfl

97

Beprnra"nlHuri qeurpo6exuuri Hacocc ÀByMflpa6ovuuu t
IIapAr'IJIeJIbHO,

TaK

I'1 IOCJIeÀOBaTe"IbHO,

IIOKa3aH

Ha

puc. 43. Pa6oqueKoJrecalrMeroroÀHocropoHuuri noÂeoÂ)KI,rÂKocrI{,

pacrroJro)KeHbr clrMMeTpI{qHo (sepxa.nrHo) nxo4ulrlrH o'rBepcrr4flMr{oÂHo K ÀpyroMy. Taxoe pacrloJIolKeHr{e KO,'rec ypaBHoBe[rII'IBaer oceBble tI4ÀpaB,tuqecKrIe Hafpy3KI.I, BOCIIpl.IHLIMaeMbIC BAJIOM.

B gael4ct'tl{ocra or cyÀoBbIX norpe6Hocreft Hacoc Mo)KHo BKJIIOqaTb LrA napa,r.ne,rluuft pe)Kr.rM pa6oru - À,rfl o6ecneqeHr.rfl4noiinofi ttpor.r3BoÀHTeJIbHocrI,I (Àeyxnorounmû) r4ilv Ha pe)KHMrrocJreÀoBare.rlnuû y À B o e H HoroHac o 3 À a H u q Àrq (Ànyxcrynenuaruri) ropa puc. 43, 6, e. I4sueHeHne pe) K r { M ap a 6 o r b r H a c o c a n p o u 3 B o AI4TCfrrryTeM rrOBOpOTa3OJIOTnura 10 pyxoarxofi (pac.43,a).

âre,'IbHbtl\{ Pnc. 43. IJ,eurpo6exnuii ÀnyxronecHuii uacoc c fl ocr'Ie.a,oB KOHcTpyxUUq; 6-cxel{a u flapaJlfleflr'HbllvlcoeÀljHeHueM Ko,'Iec: anocJleÀoBaTenbHoro BKrIoqeÉvtl; B - cxeMa nâpaJIJIe,rbHofo BKJIIO' IIEHIIg.

flpu lrsueHeHtzurroJIo)KeHI{lsoJIorHI4KnepeKpblBae_ru orKpblBaer Ii BCacbIBaIocooTBeTcTByroxlfienpoToqHble KaHaJIbI B HaTIOpHO14 uleir KaMepax Hacoca. flepeN.nrcuarb 3oJIorHI.{KMoxHo H BO BpeMs 4eËcrenn Hacoca. Bcacuearculzli I.I HafHerareJlbHblùnarpybtKIIeIi. 98

rroÀrrrvlHrzKa, ABA p A\r4al'rbHo-y[opHbrx Bocrpr.rHr.rM aroqr]x oceBbre I.rpaÀr4aJrËHhre Harpy3Krz. HnxHerî onopoû cnyNzr pesnuoeuftno4urlrrHuK1. Mexay xpaûuulrz onopaMr4 paclo,'ro>Keua gua$parma2, I,IMCIOUIAfl YN,'IOTHCHHC I,I PA3ÀC,'IflIOI[Afl

BCACbIBAIOTI]]C TIOJIOCTH PA.

6oqzx Korec. fllapuNono4rrnrrrHuKr.r cMasbrBaror co,quÀoJroMc rroMourbro Ko,rr[arrKoBbrx MacJreHoK.I(opnyc nepxHeË oropbr oxJra)KÀaercaeo40rî, rrocrynarcu1efi_ uepes rpexxoÀoBorî xpaH B ns sepxuefi cnvpa,rr xoplyca tto .rpy6r<e. I( HrzxHeri noJrycrrupaJrsnorîNauepe npzeepnyr uryrlep (na puc. 43 se nIa4eH), coe4rzneunuir c rpy6Nori a,rq noaBoÀa BoÀbr B Kopnyc H_HlKHefopeslrHoBofo no4nnnHrzNa ,l (uoaa 14gBrqercfl cnaasNoft).ox"naxÀaroqaq BoÀa or [rapHKoloÀrrr]4 rrHrzKOB OTBOÀr4TCrr B BepXHrOtOBcacblBaroulyroKaMepy Hacoca qepeS rxryr{ep 9. B_ u1xqgft. qacrn Kopryca HaxoÀr.rrcq orBepcrue, 3aKpbrBaeMoe npo6xori 1/, vepes Koropoe c[ycKaercrr BoÀa r4s pe3nuoBofo noÀur4rrnuKarz saxseft pa6oueft KaMepbr. Ba.n Hacoca coe,'HHeHc BaJroMa,rrexrpônpraBoÀa ynpyroft.rr,ry$roft 6. Onopori Hacoca cJry)Krzr $ouapt Z, xoiopuri Npe^niarcnN cyÀoBoMy Syu4anrenry. K Hraxneuy $nanqy $onapx rpr.rKper,,reH yse.n 4_Nopnyca, K BepxHeMy S;ranqy - npaeoanoft a"rrer<rpoÀBr.rrare,ur. Porop Bpaulaercfl rro qacoeoù crpeJrKe, ec,'rurcMorperb Ha Hacoc co cTopoHbrsJreKTpoÀBuf areJrfl. O c u o e H o r î u e À o c r a r o x u e H r p o d e N H b r xH a c o c o B p a c c M o r p e H H b r x TI4IIOBCOCTOHT B TOM, IITO OHI,IHe O6.laÀa}or cyxnM ncaclreanuerrr, T. e. He Moryr Bacocarb Bo3Àyx r.r3BcacbrBarcqeËmarucrpa,ln. lloSTOMyrrpl,I [epBoHaqaJrbHoMnycKe r]x HaÀo Sano/THflTbrlepeKaql1I_ eaeÀaofixr4ÀKocrË,Io. Ha.nuque lxl{ÂKocrn e padouerî nonociiz qeHrpo6exuoro Hacoca MoN<er6url o6ecneqeuo nyreM ero ycranoBKlr Hr.rlKe_ypoBHfl BcacbrBaelrorixKeg6irIrr, caMoBcacblBaIouI4M,T. e. ocyqecrB,rtflTb cyxoe BcacbrBaHrie.C eroli rleJrbroHacoc KpoMe ileurpodexuoro pa6ouero Kodrrecacgadxarcr KoJrecoMBaKyyMHofo Hacoca, Haca)KeHHofoHa oîtluk Bail v o6ecneqnearculero rrprz 3arrycKe Hacoca orcoc Bo3Àyxa Hs BcacbrBaroqeûlrarncrp anw (puc. 44) . Kopnyc 3 Hacoca ,rurori dponsoeuù, r.rMeer seprzNartuÉ,iri p a 3 ' b e M .B - x o p n y c e p a : n a e r q e n l i K a M e p a , p e 3 e p B y a p 4 , r n e o g s r l . r KpbruKa 1B naryyllHoro Hacoca. Porop Hacoca cocror4r lr3 craJrÉ,Hofo BaJra 1 c naca>xeHHbIMI,I Ha HeM qenrpo6exHtrlr No,reconr4 Ii KoJrecoM 19 soÀoKonbrreBofo BaKyyMHoro Hacoca, orJrrzrbrx a3 6pousrr. Porop orrr4paercflHa ÀBa noÂrxnnnuKa: eepxnuft trrapr]KoloÀnlnrrnr4K 10 u vu>wuuri noÀnunurzK cKoJrb)Kenus2, no"uyuaùqax KoHcLIcreHTHyIo cMa3Ky 143rrpecc-Mac,rleHoK. Ha cropone BcacbrBaHHfl pacnor'ro)Keuyrr,'rorgurentntrri Ha6ueoqutli ca,lrgnN 1.9 c ro.nrqat.r':n14 rnÀpaBfiHqecKofo 3arBopa rz HaxnnrHoft erynrofi 6. V sacoca ycrau-oBJreno yrrJrornrrre,rbHoe Ko,'rbrlo 5, y mapr4KonoÂur{nHUKa- eoftnoquoe KoJrbr{o11 u sa:llwruuË roxyx 12.

n

/1 12 IJ

1+ 4S

Puc. 44. BepturamHufi rlrna FIIIBC.

100

qeurpo6exunù

Hacoc eaMoBcacusaloIr1uû

I(opnyc rolt,{aBr{oBofo 5rç1ps;.rBa 7 coeÀr]Hen rpydrKJronacrHoM KyyMnoro Hacoca Bo3Àyx r.r3 BcacbrBaroulefonarpydxa I2 tpoxoÀr.rr rrepeB cerqarurl $x"rlrp B. rrorrJraBKonouycrpoftcrne B, uepes orKpbrroe orBepcrr.reurns 9 rr K,rranaHI0 to tpy6t<e I1 u goJrorHuK /6 à xauepy naxyyruHoro Hacoca 1 (no,roxenze II rua pvc. 45). 3acocausuli eos4yx, Bpaqaqcb B Me)KJroilacrHoMrrpocrpaHcrBeBarlepe3 CepIIOBUÂKyyMHOfO HaCOCa,CX{I4MaeTCfl IZ BbITaJIKr.iBaeTCfi HbIe oKHa pa3ÀeJrr4reJrbHofo Ài.icKa 21 s pe3epByap 3 c eoÀori. B pesepeyape BosÀyx orÀeJrflercfl or BoÀbr H rrepe3 cBepJrenue 15, so,{orurzK n Bo3ÀytxHyro rpy6xy 17 orso1Lltca e armocSepy. Orcoc Bo3Àyxa rz3 BcacbrBaurlefi Mafr.rcrpaJrrzqenrpodexHofo Hacoca 6yÀer npor4cxoÂr.rrb Ào rex ltop, rroKa BoÂa He sanoJrulrr rrarpy6or 12, pa1otyw ro,rrocrb Ko,reca 6 qenrpo6exHoro Hacoca 14tto[,'raBr{oByroKaMepy ycrpolicrra 8. I{ernpo6exHuft Hacoc HaqHer ltepeKar{LiBarb}I{LIÂKocrb,IIoIIJIaBoK7 ncnrHeer, IIepeMecrnT l4ro,'Ibqaruri KJranaH9 u nepexpoer orgepcrue, coeÂr.rnflrortleecs c rpy6xofrt I L 3ro npe4orBparnr rronaÂanue 3arpfl3neuuofi soÀH s eaFoli

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rxugroM-rrepeKpoercfl Mafl npy>Nr4Hy. JrrrHt4tr peqvpKyJrflr(lrH, r. e. flp14 rpydxa 19 ue 6yaer coo6uart KaMepyBaKyyMHofoHacocac pe3epByapoM,H Koreco_BaKyyMHofo Hacoca 6yaer pa6oraru exoio_ crvro (no,roxeune III Ha pr{c. 45), raN rar ero pa6ouaflKaMepacoo6ulaercac arruoc$epoft uepes rpy6xy 17 u on 6y4er pa6orarr Ha Bo3Âyxe. Ecnu rtpu ycrâHoBHB[reMCflpe>Kr.rMe paqeHrpodexuoro 6oru HacocaBaKyyMBo BcacHsarclr1eftMarLrcrpa,'IH yrraÀerH Hacoc[epecraHeT TO

KaqaTb X{HÂKOCTb, CaMOBCaCbrBaroqee

ycrporicreo cpa6oraer ABTOMATIIqCCKI,I.

BoccraHoBJreHHe HOpMaJrbHOfO pelK[Ma pa6orr,r ltpoficxoÀr4r B pe3yrIbTaTe TO|O, qTO

us rpylxw 13 ÀaBJreHr.re Ha cHrr$on pe3Ko cHr.r3r.rTcg, npylKr4Ha nepeMecrHT 3o.rrorHrrK 16 BBepx, paso6qnr earyy u H u Ë H a c o c c a r M o - Ptzc. 46. O6rqufi nHÀ qesrpo6elKHofo iracoca rura HIBC. cQepoË n coo6ulur ero

c rronJraBKOBbrM yCTpOùCrgONr. I4:HgwucJroBaMlt, oH cHoBai{aqHer pa6orarl B pe_xr{Meno;ro}KeHnq11 c noc,ueÀyroqr.rM [epexoÀoM B .rlodrox{eurre 11^fnocne cogÀaHrflneo6xoÀzuoroBaKyyMa4,u ncaqeHrpo6exubrMHacocou.O6uruli BuÀ Hacoca cbrBaHarr >Kr.{ÀKocrr.r H U B C À a HH a p n c . 4 6 . OcnosuHe iexsuqecNrzeÀaHHbreBbrrrycKaeMblx HacocoBTHrra HUBC rpr.rBeÀeHbr e ra6rr.4. B nocneÀnnefoÀbr ua pudonpoMbrcJroBbrx cyÀax so ece 6orrIx14 x Macrrrra6ax cr anu IIpr.rM qeurpodexHbreHaeHflrb c[eq]raJrbHbre cocu. 3rn Hacocbrr{cnoJrb3yror ÀJrsBÉ,rrpy3rupsr6u ne cererî, .nona pu6^u, a raKlKe noÀartu pu6tr x rexHo,rornqecKuMafperaraM. Ocodesuoc* pa6oru pd6ouacocoBsaK,'rrcqaercq B roM, trro ourr repeKaqr.rBaror HeoÀHopoÀHyro Maccy: cMecbpu6u c BgÀoft (uyns_ ny). fly.nrna 6Heaer pasnaunolîKogqeHrpaqar4 B saBucr'Mocrnor 103

Taîttuua 4 OcttosHslerexnuqectrue AaHHHeBhrtrycKaeMuxnacocon Hl-lBC MapKâ Iracoca

flpoi.rseo4ureJrruocm, u3/u Hanop, M BoÀ. cr. BaxyyrrauerpuqecKatBbrcora BcacbrBaHfls,

63 30 6

TOKA: MApKa t'lOUIUOCrl, XBr nepeMeHHoro Snexrpo,qaurarelH roKa Hanptlrenraeu 220/380 Bl MapKa: MorqHocrb, r(Br

L

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63 20 o

40 20 o

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flepexauusaeuax )r{r4ÂKocrb npH l : 30'C nocrorHHofo S.nexrpoganrate.uu

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Tprorr,ruarMopcKaq npecHarr BOÀa

n 4 l H 8 3 n40MB3 n40MB3 n32MB3 L 9 8 6,1 6,1 AM52-2 4M51,2 A M 5 1 - 2 AOHq2"2 8 b b 4,5

7 I

I

1 2 t 3I 4 1 5 / 6 t 7 18

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Puc. 47. I{enrpodexnuû pu6ouacocP6. pa3MepoB pbr6br. flpu neper
104

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pbr6a He ÀoJrx(Ha 3acTpeBaTb MexÀy ,IonacTflMr.rKoJreca,

BBHÀY IICIO MEX(JIOIIACTHbIC KAHAJIbi BbIIOTHqIOT KI'IM I,i C M I,TH I,IM AJi bH bIM q HCJIOM JIO II A CTCIï ;

ÀOCTATOIIHO IIII4OO-

- [oBepxHocrr4 Jrolacreft KoJreca Ào,rr)KHbr6nrTb r.uaÀNUMr414 HMerb rr.rraBHbre oqepraHr.ig,qro6tr ptr6a He rroBpe)KÀaJlacb; - Ha rryrr.r ÀBr.rlKeHuqlyJbnbr B Hacoce [oBopoTbr c,qeÀyer Bbr_ tIoJIHflTb

TLTaBHbIMI'I, a IIX qv cJIo -

- B H y r p e H H e en p o c r p a H crBo Hacoca n pa6ouee Ko"[eco Ào.rrxHbr 6lrm JrefKo ÂocTylHbIMlI I\ilfl OCMOTpar.T

MIIHIT MaJIbHbIM;

O!II{CTKH.

/^ .,2 BrtrueHsroxerlHbrM TDe6osaHzqt[ e Haz6ortrrieii cTeIIeHH yÀOB,'IeTBOpfl IOTKOHco/rbHbre oÀHocTyrreHqaTbre pu6ouacocn (pwc. 47). B c a c H e a r o u 1 a r ?n a r p v 6 o x I ornur 3a oÀHo rr,e,roe-ônepe4ueil xpuurroû 3 xopnyca Hacoca pr r{Meer claorooeoû rlror{oK 2. Vnurxa 4 t
i

f

iji'

B

NO4TUNI]HI.IKAX BPAIqACTC'

BAJI

12,

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neeHri xouco.rrsrrfi KoHerr KoTopofo HaÀero Ha [rrroHKe H 3aKpe[neHo rafixoit 7 pa1ouee ro,reco 5 c ÀByMfl rlorracrsMn. llpoxoÀHoe orBepcrize BaJraB Koplyce yrrJroTHeHocant'sutKHueqeurpo6eNude pu:l:y:lt'9"HX o o H a c o c b r .I a K o t 4p s r 6 o u a c o c c B r 3 a H c c y À H o M c l r o M o u l b r or p o c a .

105

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435 20-25 487

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107

MbIMr: 1- npn paÀfiâ,TbubrxJro[acrsx; II - ttpn Jrolacrflx, orofHyrbIX Ha3aÀ; III - npr.rJrorracrflx, 3afnyrbrx BrrepeÀ (pr.rc.49) . ToqNa B ua mtsn[ opÀr]Har 6yaer coorBercrBonarr uynenori floÀarre rrpr4 rroJrHocrÉ,ro 3aKpbrroM HafHerareJrbHoMx,ranane. llpn gToM B KaMepe Hacoca 6yaer crarr.rqecKr.rtinanop H",, xoropuft MO>KHO sAMepr.rTb rro MaHOMeTpy. !,,rx nonyuegus ÀeËcrenre"'inHoûxapaKTepI{crlrKHHâcoca geo6XOÀI4MOyr{eCTb IIOTepI4 HaIIOpa Ha np0OÀO,'IOHI'Ie fI'IÀpaB,TIIlqeCKI4x conporrzBJreHrzft e caMoM Hacoce. llycru KpHBaff OA ua pnc. 49 etrpa)KaeT fpaQr.rqecKyro3aBl{cr4MocTbHanopa, TepfleMofo B Hacoce, H,M

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(168)

fÀe 7?s- NoaQQnuneur 6ucrpoxoÀHocrr.r. Odltqso ïv :0,85+0,95. llpoHseo4rareJrbHocrbqeurpo6exHoro Hacoca opr.reHrupoBoqHo Mo)r(Honafrlu no gMnupuqecxor? Soplry"le

(l6e) Q:k'!d', k":13+lB HacocoB c Àrrr (100 nalpy6ra Àr4aMerpoM nrru; \q" h":20:25 ÀJrflHacocoBc Àr4aMerporra narpydNâ'>100 nau; d_ ÀiraMerpHarnerare,rrbHoro' narpy6Na,4na. Teoperzuecxzlî Halrop qerifpo6exuoro oÀHocryneHlrarofoHa_ coca onpeÀedrrfl'ercs no Qoprray,re Oli"tepa H

I I T

-

.- u z c z u

c flpuuenxa t)2:12@:#,

HaxoÀlrM4eftcrezre,rsHufiHanop

H, ra eoÂ.cr.: mczurznpnr "LI -_ --lt;-,

(170)

rÂe m.-qvclto cryneneft; c2u- oKpy)KHaqcocraBJrrrouas a6co_ .urorsoft cKopocru BbrxoÂa xrrÂKocrrz c padouero nonèru, ,ru: :czcos azi 12- Hap!)KHbrËrpaÀr.ryc padouero Ko,leca; n_.c.a_ crora Bpaqeuun pa6ouero KoJreca;q _ xoeQSHrILreHr rlr4pKyJrflrlr4r.r, roropuri Mox{Hoo[peÀeJrurbrro ypaBHeHlirc

9:

. . ^ 1- I ' -_--------__ I L+Z z -t _ lt r r \ l"

(r7r)

\rz /

V: (0,55+0,65) +0,6 sin l3z,o6n,{HoV:0,8+ l,B; z- qr4c,rro,rrouacrefi

2:

rz* rr lg'. '2(rr-rr)

-.in " Fr * Fr .' 2

o6uque :5+lô. ll3

fu4pasnzvecxufi KflÂ

.IIoua' vroxtto onpeÀeJlllrb no Sopnay,'le

KI4HA

0,42 Î':,çprno-l-, 1pz'

(r72)

4uauerP rÀe Drrrp- rlpvBeÂeHur'tft

D r n p : ( 4 + 5* '){ +

(173)

O6srqso11":0,85+0,96. Hanop's oÀnoftcry[eHr4qeurpo6.exHoroHacocaMox{Honpn6,'tl.lrto oMflnpnqecxofi$opuy.le x{eHHoorlpeÀedtlllrb

(r74)

H : k'n2D7,

r1te k' -r
^r

QH 1024'

(176)

Ctr4 IL'IHB cncrerr,Ie N,: MgH, MacooBafl npoH3BOÀlITeJIbHOCrb,M:pQ; r/le M)KHÂKocrlt, xr,/Pt3.

Q77) p-

IIJIOTHOCTb

s 29. nPABhn^ rExHhqEqKoR EKCnrvATA4llh qEHTPOEEIt(Hblx HACOCOB ueo6llocne MoHTaxa Hacoca' lepeÀ BBoÀoM ero e ÀeûctBIze' : IIpoBepKy IIpOIz3BecTI'I xoÂLIMO - flpor{Hocrll xpen.neHvfl Hacoca K cyÂoBoMy Qyn4auenry; - coocl,IocTll BaJIoB Hacoca v [pI{BOÀHOro ÂBl',IfareJlfl; - np aBLIJIbHocrI{BKJIIoqeH I'Ifl rpy6onp oeo4on ; KaM; - rIocTyrIJIeHI.Ifl CMa3KI{ K TIoAIITUIIHI'I - ltcilpaBHocrLI nycKoperyJll4pylounx ycrpoftcrB H KoHrpoJIbHor{sMepItreJIbuuxnPt't6oPon' ,to nycxa Hacoca rPe6Yerca: aTeJlfl' IIpeÀ- IIpOBepI4TbHa[p aB'teHHe BpalqeHl]fl 3"teKTpOÀBI'If nycrl'Irb efo u MyQry' sapnre,rlno- paso6ulue coeÀITHLITeJIbHylo l14

B XoÀ, odparr.IBnpr4 gToM BHuMaHr{eHa CrpeJrKy,Bbror.rryroHa KOpIIyCe Hacoca 14yKasbrBaroqylo HanpaB,rreHlleBpauIeHLIfl; - rpoBepHyrb 3a MyQry Hacoc, qrodbr y6eÀr.rrbcfl, qro oH ,'rerKo H paBHoMepHo BpaxlaeTcfl oT pyKri; - npoBeprzTbHaJraqrzecMasKri y Bcex rroÀlxHnHI1IKoB; ec,rrlrHMe_ ercfl pe3HHoBbrtï noÀruurrHHK,y6eÀHTbcflB orcyrcrBr.ra B HeM Mac./ra; -[poBepr4Tb caJrbHr4Kv H HA1UBKy. y HecaMoBcacbrBaroxllrxHacocoB rrepeÀ rrycKoM Heo6xoÀlrMo saJrr.rrbnpororrHyro qacrb Hacoca H Bcacuearcq,uft rpydonpoeo4 fiepeKar{HBaeuor?xrzÀxocrblo, orKpbIB npLI oroM K,rIalaH Ha BcacbrBarorleM rpy6onponoÀe r.r BosÀyixHyro npo6xy Ha Kopnyce Ha_ coca.. V caMoBcacblBaroqux HacocoB Ào nepBoro rrycKa ,H nocJre Ka>KÀoropeMoHTa HyxHo ga,rrlrBarbBoÀofr KaMepy BaKyyMuofo Ha_ coca, orcacbrBaroqefo BosÀyx. B 4a.ntHelilreM TaKoe HarroJrHeHr.re Mox{er norpe6oearbcq ro,rr,Ko B cryrlae HenocryrrJleHafl }Kr.rÂKocrl{ K |JIABHOMV HACOCV.

q.eHrpo6elKHofo llycx Hacoca p e K o M e u À y e r cosc y IqecTBrTrTbB cJreÀyroqeM nopsÀKe: L Bx"rrrcqnrb Hacoc. flocne rofo KaK Hacoc pasoBber pa6ouyro IIACTOTYBPAUIEHI4q,H3 KOHTPOJITNOIï rPY6rNxy) ttocretteHHo rrptrorKpbrBarb Ào rex nop, rroKa ue 6yÀer Àocrr.rfHyra rpe6yellar npousno4n_ Te/rbHocTbril'ru xe ÂolycKaeMafl Harpy3Ka 3JreKTpOÀBr4raTeIq. 3. llocreneuHo [oÀTflHyrb caJrbHr{xnacronlro, urodtr Hapyx(y BbITCKAJIO

HEKOTOPOC

KOJII{qCCTBO

>KI4ÀKOCTIZ, HCO6XOÀI,TUOC À,IIfl

cMaSKu n oxJraxÀeHHff ua6usxw. Orpery.nzpoearr, Ko,I[qecrBo x<[ÀKocrll, Ilocryrla]oqee LI3 HafHerare"rtuoù IIOJIOCTTI B CadrrbHr4KL 4.na o6pasoBaHr{fl frzÀpaBruqecKofo 3arBopa. Ec.nu [epeKaqrjBaeMAfl >KI4AL
3AKJITOqAETCfl E

HA6TIOÂEHHH

3A

IIOKASAHHflMI]

KOHTDOJIbHO-

r.IsM-epureJrbHux npn6opoB14ycrpaneHr.u4 HenoJraÀoK. Heo6xoÂrzrr,ro BecrITnocrosurioeHa6,rrc4eHue sa padoroû calt_

HIZKOB14 IOÀIIHIIHUXOB.tlepe3 carThHHKr.r Ào,rr)KHonucrynarl ue6o.nruroe KodTHqecTBo)Kr.rÂKocrn, o6ecne.r[sarcqee cMagKy Ha_ 6uexu '' nofd]roqarcqee relJrory rpe'r4q. tlpesnrepHoe ''oÂTsfr.BaHHe 3alKr{MHOrlery.lr
T A K KaK Bbr3brBaer HârpeB Ir I43HâIIHBàHAe BAJ|A I4,'Ifi efo

3AilII'Ir-

HOIi BTyJIKH.

O6cnyxunanne 6esÀelicrByloqefo Hacoca, HaxoÂsxrefocfl B co3aMecTogHHrl roToBHocrIT K nycKy, 3aKIloqaercfl B ycTpaHeHI'II',I qeuHbrx Bo BpeMfl pa6oru 4eQeNroe I,r coxpaHeHlzuero B r]Hcrore r.r r4cnpaBHocrz. PexoneHÀyercq e)KeÀHeBHonpoBopaqHBarb porop B COOTBeTCTBIIH C CyÀoBbIM OCMOTp Hacoca BpyrrHylo 14rIpoHsBOÀLITb rpaQnxoru npo$u"rarrur
l. llorpe6.rrfleMafl I{acocoM MourHocrb r{pe3MepHâ.Bogl4oxHHe IIpuqrzHbrcJreÀylolllhe: - rrycK rrpH orKpbIToM HarlopHoM K.IIartaHe(nycrurt Hacoc [pIi OTKpbIBarbefo rlo Àocrl4)KeHI'II'I 3aKpbITOMKJra[aHe H TIoCTeIIeHHO H o p M a J r b H o.rria c r o r u e p a u e H u a ) ; - He ypaBHoBelxeHooceBoe AaBJIeHLIe(ypaBHoBecl'IrbÂaBJIeHile rryreM npaniz,ruoft ycraHoBKH ynopnblx ycrpoiicrn u orpery,'IllpoB a T b o c e B b r es a 3 o p b l ) ; - 3afpflsHeHlie lporoqnoË qacru Hacoca (npouracrurb I{ [poMbITb[poror{Hylo qacrb, ; -

IICPCKAq],IBAHI'IC

XI]ÀKOCTI'I

C

IIOBI,IIICHHOË

SggXOCTbTO I,IdTI'I

rry,rlbllr,rc 6o"rrunu coÀep]KaHLIeMpu6u (yuenlruHrl Bf SKocTb >Kr4ÂKOCrr.r rIyTeM nOÂOfpeBa r4lrr4cHH3LlTbrIaCTOry BpallleHl'Ifl, IIpIIKpbrrb BcacbrBalou1uûx.nanan); -MexaHLIqecKIte rloBpe)KÀeHlïfl,rlpeSMepHaflSars>KKa ca,tbHllCMaSKLIB noÂIxI4[IHI4KaX (yCrpaHI'ITb MeXaHI',l\IecKI',Ie KOB,OTCyTCTBIIe geQerrrr, rloÀarb cMaBKy B noÀIxHIIHut
IIpHeMHbIe

KdllaIIaHbI

LIJILI KJIUHKCTbI

SaKpbITbI

IIJIH

HeÂO-

craroquo orKpbirbl (sa,lurt rpy6ouponoÀ I.I KaMepbI xllÀKocrblo, rroJlHocrbloorKpblTb BcacblBalouue xnanaHsl) ; - pa6ouax xapaKrepzcraKa Hacoca He coorBercrByer xapaKTepr.rcrr.rKeHaf HerareilbHofo rpyoonpoBoÀa (HsMeHl{rb qacroTy COiIpOTI'IB,'IeHI'Ifl BpailIeHHq HaCOCa, yMeHbIXIrTb rI.IÀpaBJII.{qeCKI'Ie e rpy6orpoeone); - BbrcoKafl TeM[epaTypa nepeKarll4BaeMol{ xHÀKocTI,II] HerIJIorHocrr4 Bo BcacbrBarcqeii Jrr4rr4r4(cHnsnrs reMrleparypy [epeKaql4saeÀ,roii)KHÀKocrLIH yrIJIorHLIrbcropouy ocacunaHun) ; -- HenpaBr4JIbHOe BpaIIIeHI{.flHaCOCa,HeÀOCTâTOqHarlpaBJIeHI.Ie 116

BpaueHLIfl ÀBIrHafl qacrora BpaIIreHHa (zsueHurb HarlpâBJIeHLIe qaCTOTyero BpaUIeHHfl). fareJrfl, yBeJIHTILITb "Hacoca; Bo3Mox{Hble 3. HeÀocraroqr{afl npoI.i3BoÀLITeJIbHocrb IIp I,lqr.iHbr cJreÀyloulIe : - BcacbrBaloqafl ceTKa, Qunlrp lr'llH KLIHrcroH3acopeHbl, [pI]ensuir K,'ranaHHer.{clpaBeH(npo4yrr H flpot{IrcrllTb cerKy, Su,rrrp r.i,TzKr.iHrcroH,nepe6parb npI,IeMHbIûx,ranau) ; -HerrJrorHocrr4 Bo BcacblBalouleir't' rpy6onpoBoÂe (ycrpaHnrl noÀcoc Bo3Àyxa B coeÀuHeHvtrxLr caJrbEr4Kax); --sarp13HeHHe nporounoii qacrLI Hacoca LrJrr4rpydonpono4a (npouucrurb Hacoc u,ru rpy6onpooo4) ; --HeÀocTaTorrHafl qacroTa BpaIqeHLIg Hacoca ([oBbIcIiTb rlacr o r y B p a q e u z n 4 n u r a r e n n ); -- HeirpaBnrlsrrii no46op Àr.iaMerpoBBcacbrBaloqefo H Hafnerare,rbHoro rpy6onpoeo4on (cltennrl rpy6sr) ; - r.i3uoc .ronacreti pa6ouero Korlleca H Ha[paB,Tqlotrl.eroarrriap a r a ( o r p e n o u r u p o B a r b H a c o c , 3 a M e H L I Br . i 3 H o r r r e H H b4r e r a r u ) . IJ,enrpo6exHbre Hacocr,r IrMelor cJIeÀyloqlre ocHoBHbreÀocror4FrcrBa:paBHoMepHaq [oÀaira xu4xocreii; 6ucrpoxo4Hoctr,, 6narIpIl roÀailfl veuy o6ecneqaBaercfl BbIcoKafl rIpoLIgBoÀHTe,rrbHocrb ue6onluux ra6apurax r.i Macce; Bo3Mox{HocrbLrx coeÀrrHenriflHeqro o6;let'qaer I,Ix aBToMarrocpeÀcrBeHHoc S,reKTpoÀBHraTed'IflMI1l, rlz3aULirc;orcyrcrBLie I{JIaIIaHoB,r{To yrIpouaer Iax ycrpoËcrno z rroBbrrraer fr.rÀpaBJrr.iqecNrzii KIIÂ; cnoco6Hocrb rrepeKaqLlBarb)KIzÀKOCTII paS,,ri.runori Bfl3KocTI{, B ToN{ ql{c,rle n c MexaHI,IqecKI,IMH BK.TIIoqCHI4flMI,I.

K ueÀocrarNaru qeurpo6exHblx HacocoB orHocflTcfl: orcyrcrBrze cyxoro BcacbrBaHi{fl;naeHlunlTt,lto cpaBI]eHuIoc [oprxHeBL,rMI] HacocaMu, odreuuuri KnÂ; saBlrclrMocrr KIIÂ or pelKlrMa pa6oru u BflsKocrir )Kr.rÀKocrri;saBlrcl4MocrbHalopa or [poI.I3BoÀHTCJIbHOCTI{.

IJ,enrpo6exHbre Hacocbr rxupoKo rrpr.rMeHflrorcfHa MopcKr{x pbr6onponuc"roBbrx cyÀax B KaqecrBe HacocoB oxd'IaxÀeHllfl ÀBLIrareleù BHyrpeHHero cropaHHq r.r HacocoB B paB,rrHqHbrxcyÀoBbrx cncreMax- [ox(apHoït, 1annacrHoir, caurzrapHoIi ]r Àp.; pu6ouacocoe n pu6ouacocHbrx ycraHoBKax; HacocoB, o6c.ryxnearcrrrux BcrroMOlaTe,llbHbIenapOfeHepaTOpHbIe'XO,tOÂI'IïbHbIeI{ BOÀOOilpeCHHycTaHoBKLr,a TaK)KeÀ,rq odecneqeHl{flpa6orrr TexHoJrofhTeJrbHbre qecKoro o6opyÀoeanIzqcyÀoB. h BhXPEBbIE HACOCbI S 30. OCEBbI,E Oceeue Ha.cocbrorHocflTcfl K fpyltne JronacrHbrx. Ocesoft ,Hacoc, KaK ia qeHrpodexHuû, cocroHT r.r3 ÀByx ocHoBHbIXqacrefi: Kopnycau poropa. Kopnyc - KoporKafl rpy6a, n xoropoii Bpaxlaercfl porop (puc. 55) . Porop Hacoca cocrorzr H3 Bry,'rKrr c nonactsvu 2 (o6rrqso 3-6 .rronacrefi), HacaxensoË Ha KoHerI sana. Jlonacrn

rt7

rrpeÂcîâBr'rflForco6oti pqÀ nôBepxHocreri, r{Merorl].IxB nonepeqHoM ceqenlrr{ rtpoQI,t,'rrrrroÀbeMHbIXKpbrJrbeBcaMoJrera. Tax xaN rpusorraHeËHocrn npoQu.rreii ,ronacrn pa3Jrr.rqHa,To ttpu [ofieperruoM IIepeMeIqeHilV ee B IIOTOKe)Kr.rÀKOCTi] BpaularerTbHbrMÂBrr>KeHr4eM cKopocrlr o6rexasrls Hapy)Kuofo r.r BHyrpeHHefo npoQn;reii Jrorracrr4 pagdrr4qnbr. BcneÀcrer.Te3roro ro o6e cropoHbr Jrolacrr.r co3Àaercfl pa3uocrb Àaeneuirii, 6,raro4apa uenry oèyurecrBrTflercflrrocTyrraTeJrbHo-BpailIare/'rbHoe ÀBr])KeHHe)Kr.rÂKocTr{BÀoJrb ocr.r BaJra, o6ecnequsarculee BcacbrBaHner.r HafHeraHrze.3a pa6ouHl,ru Jro[acrs,MH 2 ycraHaBJruBarorcr HenoÀBtixHbre r'rorracrr.r-neperopo4ru.1, o6pasyroque ocenori HanpaB/'rflroulnriannapar, ô noir,rotrlbroKoropofo BpaIrIaTe,'rbHoeÀBI;I>KeHrze )KaÀKocTr{ BbrpaBHI{BaeTCfl

r{aCTÉ,

H

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B

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B Kpyrrnbrx oceBbrx Hacocax JronacTr4KoJreca Àe-

Prc. 55. Ocesoii Hacoc: a suaa; 6 - pa3pe3.

JIaIOT rrOBOpOTHbIMr.r ÀtJrfl,Vr3MeHeHHg yfJIa HX HaKd'IOHa |IpI{ I1I3MeHeHr{14 IIpoH3BOÀHTeJrbgocrn. B o6lrqsux nacocax ocyxlecrBJrflercfl ÀpocceJIbHoe peryJrr.rpoBaHr.re. Oceerte Hacocbl Hecrroco6Hbr K cyxoMy BcacbrBaHHrO, v UX BCaCbrBarOUafl cnocodHocrb HacroJrbKo MacxeMa o6uero

JIA, IITO NP}I HacocoB

YCTAHOBKC 9TI,IX BcacbIBaHIle o6rt.Ino

o6ecfle.rI4BaIoT rloÀttoDoM. o6innraH flpN yeenuqeHLIr4 rracrorbr BpaureHr.rfl cBbrIIIe 1000-1500 co3ÀaBaeMble oceBbIMI,I Hacocbl HalrLIHaIor KaBr4TlpoBarn. Haroplr, M BoÀ. cr., qro ofpaHLIHacocâMr{, o6uqno He npeBblrxaror 18-30 qr{Baer r.rx [pr4MeHeHr4e AJrfl pa6oru Ha cerb rpydonpoeoÀos. OÀHaKO OCeBbre HaCOCbrCO3ÀaIOTyCTaHOBI.rBrxeeCqpaBHOMepHOe ÀBI4XeHIle IIOTOKa >KLIÀKOcTLIC npOI4SBOÀLITe,'IbHocTbrc10 000 u3/q.

Pacqer oceBoro Hacoca ocHoBaH Ha reopuu no4reuuoti cu.rrr Kpbrrra, paspa6orâuuoû Il. E. )(yr
saliru no $oplrynef.
fÀe

KooQÔHrIr.IeHrHafiopa K"2:0,0244

n"'i'; nr-Ko3ôSrqseHr

6ucrpoxo4uocrr (600-2000) . flpouseognreJrbHocrb oceBoroHacocaQ, u'/q, n (P?.- o?\ _ï (179) , Q: 3600r1ucr rÀeqv - o6reuHuft KII (xoe$SrqaeHrnoÀarrpr), rly:0,90:0,95; C2-oCeBâecKopocTb noroKa,wfc, c2:5+7; D"_- uapyxirnrî 4ua/ a Merp padoueroKo,reca,M, Dn : (5+5,5) 1/ -i Du- Àr.raMerp v n crynr.rrrbr(nry.irxra)pa6oueroKoJreca,M. O6ltqno orno[reHr.re ]raxoÀrrrcsB [peÀeJlaxDolDu: Àr.raMerpoB :l,B=-3,0, npl{rleM6ô,fr,urre3HarieHuqy KoJIecc 6o.nrmeË6ucrpoxoÀHocTbro. Buxpenue HacocbrraKxe Mo)KHoornecrl,rK fpynfle JronacrHbrx HacocoB,]cTâHâB"rrrrBaeMbIX i.t sKoHoMHqHo pa6orarcq[x npr{ sHaqenlrflx roaS$zqneuroe 6ucrpoxo4nocru nr140. Bnxpeaue HacocblrroÂpa3Àe/rsloTcr Ha ÀBaTr4rra: l. Hacocu c 3aKpbrrbrMKaHa,rroM, y Koropbrx neplrQepurîsue KaHaJrbrcoeÀHHflrorcffc BcacbrBaroqr.rMH HarHeTaTeJrbHbrM oTBepcTlrffMHl]ocpeÂcTBoMoKoH B T0prleBbrxKpbrrxKaxKopnyca. 2. Hacocsr c orKpbrrbrM KaHadToM, y Koropbrx 6oNosHe KanaJrbr coeÀnHeHbrc BcacbrBaloulr{Mr4 HarHerare,'rbHbrMrrarpy6xaltl. Ha puc. 56, c noxa3aHa cxeMa ycrporicrea rz 4eficrnza BHXpeBofo Hacoca nepBoro rlrla. Ocodesnocrb BuxpeBoro Hacoca cocrorir B KoHcrpyKrlarapa6ouero Ko,'reca 9, xoropoe [peÀcraBr'Iqer co6oËr Àr.rcK c ÂBycropoHHrznrnQpesepoBaHHbrMr.r tto oKpyxHocrlr rra3aMH 6, pa3ÀeJrenHbrMr.r neperopo4roft 5, o6pasyroullrl,uzcncTeMy paÀr.rad'rbHo HarrpaBJreHHbrx Jrorrarox. Ko.neco c,'ronarKaMpI. nagaMu xecrKo cvrLrr Ha Badly 8 e noÀ[][rrnrrKax 7 xopnyca 2 u zMeer BcacbrBaroxlvfrt 3 w HafHerareJrnsufi ,1 narpy6xn. BcacHsaroulnii narpy6or uepes BrrycKHoe otKeHIiIe r.r no Àeùcrnseu qenrpo6exHbrx cu,rr or6pacsrnanrcfl B Ko,,rbrleByro [oJrocrs 4, xaK 3To rroKa3aHocrpe,'rKaMuHa puc. b6, a. B noJrocrn cKopocruafl sHeprufl xuÀKocrlr npeo6pasyercfl B 3Hepfr{Fo - craruqecxur? Ha[op. 3arelr qacrr]rlbr )Kr{ÀKocrr4 ÀaBJIeHHfl az xo.nlqenoft noJrocrlr [o[aÂaroT B OÀr]H r43 C,'reÀyForqr4x Me)K,'ro[acrHbrx rrasoB, Bparqaflcb c lresr,ureii ot
)Kr.rÀKocTbHecKoJrbKopa3 noryqaeT rrp14 paxIeHlie HaIIopa, nepe_ Merqaqcbc oTcTaBaHHeM oT Bparqarcuerocfl KoJreca. B qe,'roM ÀBr.r)KeHHeuaCrzq x{r.rÀKocrr.rrrpoucxoÀr.rr rro clurpaJrr.r,Bt4xpeo6pasuo,KaK aro Br.rÀHoH3 pr.rc.56, a. llonaB[rafl Ha JIOIaCTI B TOlrKe A rracrr4r\a )KprÀKocTr4yrracTByer B oKpy)KHoM nO HalpaBJIeHHrOBpalqeHr{fl (l) KoJIeca, oTHocHTe,IbHoM ÀBHIKeHI4I,I

HA_eHemdHUe

Puc. 56. Cxelta aeûcreufi Br.rxpeBofoHacoca.

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'B coorBercrBrrr4c f ocrona Br.rxpeBbre Hâcocbr MapKHpyror 6yr
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t33

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c noMolrlbro xnanaua 5 Knanas 4, HuerculuË rrz4poynpaBJreHr,re, B CI.ICreMeCIrr4Ba, noÀÂepx(HBaeT olrpeÀeJleHHoe[poTI4BoÀaBJIeHI,Ie rrpeÀorBpaulaloulee oTpbrB nJlyHxepoB or )KHÀKoCTI{H yÀapbI B fHÂpoÂBrzrareJre.Hacoc 7 nepeueuHoft npouseoÀI{reJlbHocruynpaBJIflercfl cepBoMoropoM 6, no,lyuarcurl.IM c [ocra ylpaBJIeHLIfl I]MIIyJIbc, HacocoM 10. D,asneulle B cHcreMe yrrpaBJIexoropuft ycuJrr4BaeTcfl KJIanaHaMI,I9. Hacoc II HHfl peryJlHpyercfl npeÀoxpaHIIre"IbHbIMIiI r{epe3 HeBo3BparHble KJIaTIaHbIB nono,lHser yreqKn B cl'IcreMe. B eroË MarncrpaJII{ noÀltllrKu ycraHoB./IeHrpxseeoft $unrrp 12. .(na pasrpy3Kr.r MexaHIi3Ma or ÀaB,'IeHI{rB npeÀeJIbHbIXnoJIo)KeHlrqx Hueercr 6.nox*tpoeoqHHft K"Ia[aH 13. llpu rIaÀeH]'II4ÀaB,IIeHIlfl B cricreMe npyxlluuuit ropMos 2 saropttaxuBaer Àeurarerl. B Ha-

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- CJIêÀHTb3a TêpMêTLITIHOCTIIIO cIzcTeMbI,He ÀOnyCKafl yTeqeK r{epe3 Mecra yn"rrorHeH[Ï414 coe[r4HeHrzftrpydoirpoBoÂoB, a[napaTi pbl H MeXaHr.r3MOB; - flepHoÀr.rqecKrz, He pexe oÀHoro pa3a B roÀ, npoBeprrrb KarrecrBopa60qero MacJra; , - qepe3 KaxÀbre 2000 q pa6orbr, Ho He pelxe oÀHofo pa3a B 2 roÀa MeHflTb Mac,ro B fizÀpocIzcreMe, nonyrHo lpor.r3BoÀq qI4CTKy, MbrTbeI.rOKpaCKyMaCIqHbrX6aXOe; - Ilep]roÀHrrecKfi, qepeS Ka)KÀbre150-200 u pa6oru, [por3BoÀnrb qucrKy H rrpoMbrBKycerqarbrx 14MarHr.rrHuxQa.ltrpoB ruÂpocl.IcreMbr;uepes 500 q pa6orbr 3aMeHflrb narpoH Sra.nlrpa norJroI]Iarcrqefo THna; - B neplro4 6es4eficrena rr4Àporrpr4BoÀaoÀr.ru pa3 B Mecsq IIpor43BoÀr4rbKoHrpoJrbHyro IIpoBepKy efo ocHoBHbrx 9JreMeHroB n 4eftcreru; - He pe)Ke pa3a B roÀ flpoBepflrÉ,cpa6aTbrBaHue3arqllTbl fHÀpoIIpr.rBoÀa,B ToM rrncJre rrpeÀoxpaHr.rreJrbHbrx KJrarraHoB,no [pe3HaqeHr.rrM rrapaMeTpoB; ÀeJrbHbrM - rrocToflHHoc,rreÀHTb3a cocToflHr.reMll3o,rrflql4l,IH KpenJreHr.IeM gJreKrponphBoÀaHacocnofi craHqur,rLr cr{creMbr Kadereft z ttpr4BoÀoB Harrla3aqu cHf a; - nepproÀr.r.qecKH cMa3brBaTby3d'rbrTpeHr.rfl,rxapHr4pHbrecoeÀI{HeHIIfl, noÀlllr.rrrHr4Kw, 6 noxu MexaHI,I3MoB ; - co6,rrcÀarn oco6yrc qacrory npu c6opxe u pas6opxe ruÀpoarperaroB r.i fr.rÀpoanraparypbr B rrepuoÀbrpeMoHroB,penusuri rzocMOrpoB; -_ npoTrzpaTbÀeTa,rrr.{ Tor'rbKolrrzcTbrMMaTepIraJIoM- 6arucrou, 6ssrro u,ru Q,raueJlblo, He [p[MeHflTb HlrrffHyro Berourb H JIocKyr, KOrOpbreMoryr 3acopr.rrbclrcTeMyrr.rÀponpHBoÀa; - MapKr.rpoBarbnpu6opn KoHrpoJrbHo-pery,r[pyrcuefi annapaTyp[,r B coorBercrBlr]I c [pr.IHrrr{nnanrnofi rr.rÀpocxeMofi Lnr. o6flefrrenrzflodcry>KuBaHVflvr o6HapyxeHufl Her{clpaBuoro y3JIa. flpa no4roroBKe fr.rÀporpHBoÀaK nycKy Heo6xoÀurr,ro: -: -. rpoH3Becrr{ Hapyxuuri ocMorp, y6e4urscn B KoMnreKrHocrlr fr.IÀpocucreMbrrz orcyrcrBllu e HeIZltocroponul]x npeÀMeroB; * y6e4urrcfl B rrcnpaBHocrn 6apa6aHon, vryQr, ropMo3oB; - npoBepr]rs ÂeftcreHe pbrr{aroB ynpaBJIeHL.Ifi I{ ycraHoBllrb lrx e uefirpanlHoe rroloxeHi.re: -ttpoBepurb HaJrr4qnepa6ouero Macd'IaB eMKocrflx H cMasoIIHOI'OMacr'taB y3/'IaXTpeHHt; - B ,reTHeeBpeMfl npoBephTb cHcreMy oxJIax{ÀeHLIfl; (szuHee) pa6oru BKJIIoqIlrb BpeMq Ào Harlafla xoJroÀHoe BCe MexaHLI3MbI I,I npOBepHyTb BxOJIOCTyIO MacJIOIIOÀOrpeBaTedll{ B reqeHnel0 nrns. O6c.nyxHeaHrre rr4Àponpr.iBoÀaBo BpeMn 3KcnJIyaraqHHrlpeÀycMarprrBaer cJIeÀylouee: " ,+ Hap.y,xublri -ocMorp' rl,IÀpoMexalllrsMoB He MeHee ÀByx pa3 uerltpexuaconoft pa6oru; B reqeHr.reFrenpepbIBHofi r58

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- nplz BHe3arrHoriocTaHoBKeMexaHr.r3MoB B MOMeHTIIOÂHflTIIff rp-y3a- TOpMO3oT)KlrMaercfl c[eq[a/rbHbrMr.r [pr4cnoco6JIeHLIflMLIU o6ecner{HBaerrrJraBHoe oilycKâHrzefpysa ; - crpeMJreHr4e HcKJrroqHTË, BO BpeMfl pa6orbr cpa6arbrBaHr.re ofpaHar{HrerbHbrxri 6,norapoeouHux ycrpoficrn. Ocrauoexa fr.rÀporrpnBoÀaocyu{ecrBJrflercqnyreM flepeBoÀapyKoqroK_cucreMbr ynpaBJreHr.rfe uefirpa,nruoe noJrolreurre z [poBepI(H Szxcaqzu MexaHH3MaropMosoM. lloc,re ocraHoBKlr seo6xoÀuMo ocMo,rperb rr.rÀpocr{creMy,qro6u y6e4nrlct B orcyrcrBnr.r noep_exgeuuft r.r reqr{ Mac/ra LI B cd'ryqae ueo6xo4rzlrocrri ycrpaur.rrb o 6 nap y x e u H l r e 4 e Q e x r u . Paccnrorpuu xapaKTepHbre HeucltpaBHocrH, Koropbre Mof),"l I4Merb Mecro npa pa6ore fuÀponpHBoÀa, H BbrsbrBarouluelzx npHq HHbI.

l. Orcyrcrnr4e ÀaBJreFrr.rfl B cucreMe fnÀponpuBoÂa; Bo3Mo)KHbre I]p]rqIrHbr: - Hacoc He noÀaer >KnÂKocrbB ct4creMy (nponepurl tacltpaBHocrl Hacoca); - rrpesMepntrfi ussoc ÀBrzxyilIuxcs qacrelî Hacoca (nponepurs npoH3BOÀI.rTeJrbHoClb Hacoca Ha xo,rrocToMxoÀy r4 noÀ Harpysxofi, B cJyqae neo6xoÀlluocr[ 3aMeH]rrb rlsHorxeHune4era.nn); - 6o.rlmne BuerxHr{e yTeqKH qepe3 yn,'rorHeHnfl H coeÀr.rueHnrr Hacoca a rpy6onpoBoÀoB (nponepurt r4cnpaBnocrr yn.norneHzû, NO.ITflHYTb HJIH 3AMEHI{Tb HX, NOÀTflHYTb COCÀI'IHCHI{flTPYoONPOEO,loB, cMeHHTb [pOKJIaÀKH) ;

yrer{Kr.r B faÀpoarpefarax ,'rn6oorr
Hum npuurzuy). 2. tllyna t ewÛpaguuB fnÀportpuBoÀe; BosMoxgbreflpnqr.rHbr: - 6o.nluroecoflporr.rBJreHr.re Bo BcacbrBarcrqerî trarncrpann (npoBeprrrb.apÀ{arypy Bo BcacbrBaroilIeM rpy6onpoeo4e u npnerr,rHuft Qn.rsrp); - rroAcocBo3Àyxa Bo BcacbrBarcrqeË M afncrpaJru(repvrerusrpoBarbcr{creMy); - [ysbrpbKrzBo3Àyxa Bo BcacbrBaeMofi pa6ouefi xr.rÀKocrr.t . ( "vcrpaHr.rrbnorraÂaHHeBo3ÀyxaB )Kr.rÀKOCrb r{ He Ào[ycKaTb neHoo6pasoeanHr);

- sacopeHr.re BosÀytxnofo KdlranaHa (>) ru4po6axa , (oqlzcrlrrb r.1orpefyJrupoBarb canyu) ; -.HeHcrrpaBHocrb Hacoca (orpeMoHTHpoBarb rrlrn 3aMeHHrb Hacocr; - HeKalrecreeuuufi MoHrax( HacocHoû ycraHoBKH (nponepnrt IIeHrpoBKy Hacoca c npr.rBoÀHbrM sJreKrpoÀBlifaTe,reM,HcnpaBHocrb cceÀr.rHr4reJrlHori uyQrbr, KpenJreHueHacoca z 4nHrare.na)i t59

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Pas4en eropoù

BhHTbIPETYJIT,IPYEMOTO u|ArA

lBPtul

Qro6u cyÀHo noryrr'uflo nocry[areJrbHoeÂBH)KeHue, Heo6xo4r,nr ÀBHxHreJrb,npeo6pasyroqafi MexaHuqecKyro gHeprrjro,pa3Br.rBae_ Mylo -ÀBHfareJIeM' B ycI4JIHe' npeoÀoJIeBalouree conporunneHlieBoÀqnofi H Bo3ÀyrrrHorî cpe4. OcHoeuH[,rBlrÀonaÀBH]KrlreJqHa coBpeMeHHbrx MopcKuxrrpo_ ylç.3-o_lbr1cyÀax flBrrflercfl rpe6uofi BHHr peryr,rr{pyeMofouara (BPIII). OH nparrrs.rr ua. cnreHyofiuuuoirayrpèOnôry irrnry-6"*""poBaHHorouara (B@III) z ulreer nepeÀHr.rM cJreÀyrourre [per{MyuIecTBa: - [o3BoJqer I'IcrIoJIbSoBarbnoJlHyro MoulHocrb fdTaBHoro ÀBHrareJrq Ha .nm6ux pexl4Max IIpI4 pagrl{r{HoM BoÂoH3MeuIeHr.rH cyÀHa; - odecneqgBaer rrpn rlocrotHHofi qacrore BparrleHr.rgfJraBuofo ÀBsrarerq nofiyqeHr.Ie pa3rHrrHbrx cxopocreË cyÀHa or noJrHofo xoÀa BnepeÀÀo rro,'rHoroHa3aÂ; - rlo3BoJlser ocyurecrB/'IflTb MaHeBpI{poBaHHe 14 peBepc rryTeM ynpaBJ'reH[fl c xoÀoBoro MocTHKa 6es noÀarru ÀHCTaHTIHO_H_HO_rO KoMaHÀs IIilV Marxr4HnoroorÂeJreHr.rfl: -

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- yBeJII{qHBaeTMoropecypc ÀHSeilfl, ga cqeT HcKd'rloqeHlrflero ocraHoBoKr.rnycKoB npH MaHeBpaxcyÀHa; - o6nerqaer nycK rdrraBnoro ÂB'rare,Tff 3a cr{eT cH'xeHufl Harpy3xr4 ttpE ycranoBKe Jrorracrefi e uy.neeoe [oJro]KeHr{e. 3rn nperlryilIecrBa oco6euuo Ba)r(HbrÂJrr npoMbrcJroBbrx cyÀoB, TaK KaK O6nerqarcr pa60ry c cereBbrMHopyÀt4rMH ,'roBa,yBeflHrIEBaror cpoK c.nyx<6rr f./raBHoro ÀBvfareJrf, cHr.r)Kanr paciog rouJIHBa, noBbIIrIaroTMaHeBpeHHOCftH oesonacHocrb rrilaBa1brfln parî_ oHe rrpoMbrcla, o6reruarcr pa60ry cyÀoMexaHr4KaH CyÀOBoÀflreJrfl.

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yçTPOIZCTBO V1nPUHu]i|nrqEùCTBhtBprll 9IEMEHTb! BhHTÀ. s 37. ocHOBHblE IEOMETPhqECKIIE CH'IbI, MOMEHTbI !,"irx roro qrodbr cyÀHo ÂBura,'rocb B orrpeÀeJreHHoMHanpaBJIeHIllI, HeO6XOÀAMaToJrKar0il{aflCrrJra,[peOÀOJIeBaIOXIaflCI{./IyCOIpOrnBJreHr{flBoÀflHoû r.r Bo3ÂyrxHoûcpe4 Koprycy cyÀHa. Ârq cosÀa- rpe6Hr{g ToJrKaronleûcu.nu MopcKr4ecyÂa HMeroT ÀBI.I)KIITe,Ib HOfiBHHT. suHt, BB14HTI14floAo6Ho roMy, KaK o6uqultfi Mera,'Ir'II4rIeci
2nm

Puc. 75. OcuoeuHe reoMerpuqecxfie rpe6Horo nuura. 3JIeMeHTbr ,l- rlâr Ènllai 2 -HarHerâorlar cropoHa; 3-exo4xqan KpoMKâ; 4-gacacusanilIaq KpoMcrDpoHa; 5 nepo; 6-BltxoÂsulaq Ka'; 7 -ocb Bpalq-eHuff BUHTa; 8-crytruidâ; 9 xoMerb; 10- HanpaBreHue Bpatr{eHrq cuura; 11 - HatrpaBreHrTe Àtstr)KeHufl cyÀna,

<> B BoÀffHyIocpeÀy Ir npilo6peraer [ocrylarer'IbHoe 4ËzN<eune,coo6qaq ero cyÀHy. VnopHoe ycHJIIre,Heo6xoÀHMoeÀJIt{ 9TO|O, CO3ÂaeTCg,IIO[aCTfl MI], IOBepXHOCTI]

KOTOpbIX ilpeÀCTaBJIfl IoT

co6oû qacrb BI{HToBoftnoBepxHocrl'I pe3b6bl. 9Nc.no Jlonacreli coorBeTclByer rrncfly saxoÀoB (Hr'rror) pe3b6bl. Jlouacru cBoI'IMoctÊ2

- Kot{,/reBoûuacrr}o, HJrLt HoBaHHeM ! KpenflTcfl Ha cryKoM,,reM nzrle' Fracax'eae'roft Ha KoHerI rpe6Horo BailA s'a Nopuoft cyÀHa . (pvc. 75). llonepxuocrb rrorracrr4() .o .ropo*r,'Ënrorpriulen B KOpMy' Ha nepeÀHeMxoÀy cyÀHa Ha3brBaercflHaeueratuur,dtL a co cropoHbr, clr,rorpnqer?B Hoc,_ seca(u\arcuqeù. Taxvu o'6pasonr, ^rpy6e ecnv saclanum rpe6Hoïi euHr Bparqarbcfl B He[oÀBri)Kuoft (cyÀHO yÂep)KuBaercr Ha nBaproBax), on 6y4er 4eftcreoeaft noÂo6Ho oceBoMy Hacocy H rrepeMeurarb [oroK BoÀbr B oceBOMHan p a B / ' I eH HH . I{arHerarcq afl v sacacbrBa}oqas Br.rnToBbreloBepxHocrr.r npIa trepecer{eHu u o6pasyroT JlHrrHH KOHrypa ,'rofracrl4, Ha3brBaeMbre KpoJvtKar,uJLO\ACTU. flpu epar4eirr4HBr.rHTarroroK eoÀH 6yÀer ria6 e r a r r H a n e p e À H u e r { p o M ^ r z , r o n a c r e û , H a 3 b r B a e M b tu" .x o b ' n u q u * u , u c6erarl c [pornBonoJrox{Hbrx,etLxoônu,ux. KpoMoK. KaK nseecrHo, pest6a KaxÀofo BHHra xapaKrepa3yercfl feo_ Merpr4qecKr.lM rrraroM, rrpeÀcraB,'rfl }oxrr4MCO60il oceBoe p accroqHHe, Ha KOTOpOe nepeMerqaercrrMeraJr,'rrzqecNHË BrzHr npfi uà""u"uunut B TBepÀoe re/'ro r4JrHraûxy 3a oÀHH no"runfi o60p-or. leonrerpnuecr
H:tm. feouerpuuecKr{M [rafon rpe6uoro Br{HTa fl Haslteaercq Be.[rrrIHHa' FIa Koropyrc [oÀHl{Maercf HafHerareJlbHafl [oBepxHocrb JIoracrn Ha oÀHoM paÀnyce sa oÀr.rHno.nHtrfi odopor (cu. pzc. 25). \poMe__roro, pa3Jraqaror ruaroeuli yfoJr (p, xoropuft cBsgaH c uafoM H n paguycoM r ceqeHufl ,'ronacru 3aBucr.IMocrbro

tgp:3

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(r84)

r{Tonpn ''ocroflHHoMruare H Kax(ÀoeceqeHr]e]IMeer oueera4Ho, cnoft pa4uyc, r4 cJreÀoBareJrbHo, cnorî rtraroeuftyron. Handontunfi yroJr g 6yaer y ceveHr.ril, 1nusNuxK cryltr4rle(y- xou,rra),Har.rMeHb-

l:tuit - y KoHIIeBbIXceqeugfi /'rolacrll. !,eftcreare,rlnurl uar rpe6Horo BHHTa MeHb''Ie reoMerp14qecKofo BcJreÀcrBr4e cKo/rb)KeHHfl Br.rHTaB.BOÀen Or6pacrrnaHrzflBoÂbr B cropoFry, IIporHBorro,roxHyro ÀBr.r)KeHi.]!o. ,Il,eûcrezre,nnHufi uar rpe6uoro BHHra- 3ro paccrosHr.re, Koropoe cyÀHo npori4er sa o4zu o6opor BHHTa,Ha3brBaeMbrfi. nocruntn BuHTa. orsocnre,rruot? nocrynblo Bnsra l,- Hasueaercq orHoIUeHL4e rlocry[a K ÀrzaMerpyenura D..

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HuMi III - 6o.iruu:un.

Ha JIOnaCTHHa6efarcU{ero rrOTOKaBOÀbr a McrMeHTbI OT BO3ÀefiCTBr{fl Lr ueHrpo6exHbre cuJrbr H MoMeHrbr or Macc BpalllarcUll,Ixcfl Jrolacreù. fu4po4anaMhqecKr4e cuJrbr Bo3HI{Karor or ÀeficrBnr cHJr rqfu (ynopa Jronacrr.r) P u cun co[porr4BJreHnsBpaueHr4ro,rronacrx 7. Cuna P HanpaBJreHaB cropoHy ÀBrzx{eHlrflcyÀHa, a cwila T - nap aJL{eJIbHO rrJrOCKOCTT.T BpauleHr.rflB14 rrTa. Kax staÀHo r,r3 pnc. 77, rotxu [pr4Jro)KeHuflpaBHoÂeftcrBylorrlux crrJr Ha Jrorracrr.r6nv,er
..I{enrpo6exHafl cnnraR uacc s ,'r}o6oilrceqeHHHJrorracrr{6y,qer Àeficreoearb noÀ HeKoropbrMyrJroM K oclr Jronacrn u n,toxer 6urt pasJroxenaHa ÀBecocraBrqroulne:K HaltpaBJrgnHyro lrapaJrJreJrbHo ocu, w. M - neprreHÂHKyJrspHyro eii. 3rrl cocraeJrgrorrlae,'rexar B n.lrocKocTrz, napanne.nlnoft nrTocKocrnBparqeHllffBI4HTa (crur. pnc. 77). Panuo4eùcrByFoqafl cu.rr( pacrflfr{BaerJroracrb B paÀI4aJIbHOM HaIIpaBJIeHLILI -Iz CTpeMIITCfi OTOpBaTb ee OT CTy[lIrIbI.

PansoÀeficrByroulafl cun M co3ÀâercKpyr{HBarourue MoMeHrbr, crpe-

Mflrlll1lecffpasBepHyTbJrorracTbB n/rocKocTbBpalqeHr4gBIjHTa. Taxunr_o6pasou, or coBMecruoro 4eftcrBr.rflfrrÂpoÀHHaMHqecKHX a qeurpo6ex(Hbrx cvJr w HX MoMeHToBdrorracrrzr.rsfudaorcq, cKpyqIiBaloTcg I{ p acTfl|I,IBa}oTcfl. [na rpe6uoro BrrHra c QzNczpoeaHHbrMrrafoM (BOIII) BJrr.rflHr4egrHX cvn kr MoMeHToBueo6xo4rzrraoyirr.ITbrBaTbnprr ortpeÂeJleHr.rHrrpoqnocrn Jrorracrefi u crynaqtr. !,,rx rpe6uoro BnHra c peryJrr{pyeMbrMrrrafoM (BPIX) yKasauHbre cr4Jrbrr{ MoMeurbr KpoMe rlporrHocrn onpeÂeJrflloreu6op MexaH]43MoB noBopora Jronacrefi,Heo6xoÀlzrr,ruxÀJrfl ororo ycunuft lr cncreMbr ynpaBJreHr.rfl. 5 38. CXEMbIH RnACCTtDhKÂt4hgBPul Cxeua ycraHoBKr.rBPIII na cyÀHe rrpr4BeÀeHa Ha puc. 78. Ona cocrouT H3 cJreÀylou{r{x ocHoBusrx .{acrefi: rocra ynpannevufl. 2 c MaHeBpoBoftpyxorrrofi 1; e,rexrpoMafnnroe 3 crcrèN,rbrynpaBJIeHrafl; pacrtpeÀeJrHTeJrbHbrx 3oJrorHr]KoB 4 p,nn cr{JroBoro MacJIa; \,rexaHu3Mar43MeHeHr.rfl ruara (MI4[X) 5; rpeduoro BaJra-BaJro[pono4a..6; rpe6uoro Br.rHrac rroBopornrtlru ,ronacrauu (BII,II) 7;inroeoft cHcTeMÉiI Hacoca ÀJIfl troÀaqr4 Mac,{a (Ha cxeMe He rloKasaua). VcraHoexa pa6oraer cJreÀyrouu.rM o6paeou. Ilpr.r HeËrpaJrbHoM noJroxeHur4 rr,laueepoeoil pyKoqrKn / pacnpe4e,nure"tsslrfi 3od[oruux 4 ruaxo4rTcfr,e HeIirpantHoM noJroxel:ztr, 14MacJro,noÀaBaeMoe HacocoM, rltrpKyJrr{pyer, He coBepttrafl p a6oru. Bpauleuue ÀBr.rfareJrff r{epes BaronpoBoÀ 6 nepe4aercs BIII 7, Noroprrft Bpaulaercfl c ycTaHoBJreHHbrMIUaroM .nonacreft, ocyxlecrB,{flr orrpeÀeJreuutrfi pe)KHM ÀBHX(eHlIfl CyÀHa.

flpr orx.noHequr.r uaHenpooolîpyKoflrKr4,/ n nonoxenne <>pacnpeÂeJrr{reJrbuufi sonorHr.rx4 clreqaercq oleKrpoMarHr4ravu 3 B KaKyro-Jrlr6o cropoHy- HanpuMepBnpaBo.flpu-erou clrJIoBoeMacJroor.Hacoca rto npaeori rpy6e rocryrraer n MI4Ill, a no neeor?yxoÂr.rrHa cJrrIB.Cepnotrorop MI,ltlIa cosÀaer neo6xo4urraoe ycnJrr{eH rrocpe,AcrBoM MexaHHsMattoBopora ,ronacrefi (M|I.II), pa3MerrleHHoro B crynIzqeBfl.II, c?rHXpoHHo ltoBopaqaBaer Jrottacrn BHHraB cropoHy yBerlzrreulrff r.rxuafa. Korla rrlaf noBopora Jronacrefi Br.rnraÀocrnfHer 3aÀaHHofo(no npu6opau), naauenpogaff pyKosrKaBosBparqaercr n HerirpaJrbnoe rroJrox(eHr{e. llpu groM pacrrpeÂeJrnTeJrluuri sorornr{K raKxe BosBpaqaercflB cpeÀHee[oJroxeur{e c noMorrlbro o6paruofi cBfl3r.r; [oÂaqa MacJran MI4III nper
pauaercq il Bfl,{ o6ecnequeaerHoerrft pexr.rMÀBr{xeHr.lg cyÀHa pyromxy / np14 yBer'rr.rrreHHoM rrrare Jrorracrefi.Ec;nr.iorr{,'roHr.{Tb pacnpeÂe,'ri.rre.nrnrrri <>, 4 cMecrIzrctl BoJrorHrrK B no,rro)Kenrze cHJIoBoe e o6paruyrc cropoHy, T. e. BJreBo.flpu aroM tIo,'toMeI{HH Macd'ro or Hacoca6y4er nocrynarb e Mtr4til no reeoû rpy6e, a yxono npaeofi. Cepeoltoropqepes MflrT pa3BepHer,'IoÀr{rb Ha cJrr.rB nacrr.rBn,ri e o6parHyiocropoHyI,IyMeHbtul{rmaf 4o rpe6yevroro. Bc,[eÀcreue 3roro rtpr4 IIocroqHuoù qacrore Bpaur,eHr.rfl ÀBHraTe/'Ifl H Ba,IOnpOBOÀa yMeHbrrrllrcfl cKopocrb cyÀ]ra r r a n e p e À H n i ix o À . @ n x c a q n s H O B O f O r r O , 1 0 X { e H H fJl I O i l a C T e i r OCyUeCTB,ItieTctl TaK X{e' KaK B c,ryqae npeÀbrÀyuleM

Pac. V8. Cxelta ycrauoexu BPIIL

ycrauonxoft naaHeeponoËpyr{olrKr4 e ueftrpa"rsnoe [oJIox{eHIze. Ec;ru ycraHoBr.rrb ,rIonaHa Hy,'reooft ûar, crn BIII cyÀHo norepfler xoÀ I]pH pa6orarcureu ÂBafare,re H BpalIIarclIIeMcfl BI{HTe. D,ns noJiyqeHrdx gaÀHefo xona ,'Iolacra reM >Ke cfloco6on pa3Bopaqr.rBaroror Hy,'ieBoro ilara Ha o6parHufi (pruc. 79) . CyaHo HaquHaer ÀBHraTbcfl 3aÀHHM XOÀOM IIpn coxpaHeHI4n nocToflHHO|O HanpaBJIeHl4fl BpaueHrlfl, ÂBHfaTeJIs I.I BaJIOIpOBO.II.4.

PaccuorpeuHaflcncreMa yrpaBJreuuqBPIII ycrpoeHa no raK < HasbIBaeMoMy ltpr.rHrlany. HecneÂsularrcr]creMaorJIHTIaeTCffTeM, rITO LISMeHeHHelIafa

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Ào rex nop, rroKa MaHeBpoBaflpyKorrKa 6yaer orKJroueHaor seriTpaJrbnofo no,rro)KeHut,u H3MeHenr.re or rrrara nonacreft gaBr4cr.IT npoÀoJlxr.rre!'rbHocrt4orKJroHeHr.rflrr,taueeponoftpyKoflTKr.r.!,;rn Quxcaquu noJrox<eHufl"ronacrefi pyKoflrr(y Bo3Bparqaor e HeftrpaJrbHoe fioJroxeH].re,KaK ToJrbKonpra6op- yKagareJrbrrod'roxeur.rs nonacreù [oKaxer, qro Jonacrr4 pasBepHyrbr Hâ rpe6yerrasrrlrlrar. HecneÀqulaq clrcreMa ylpaBJrenus BPlil no ycrpoficrny uaz6o,ree npocra, no rpe6yer locrosnHofo sa6nrcÀeHun za npulopaMr.r rr yÀep]KaHlIfl noKa [po[cxoÀr.rr LIBMeHeuaneeposoft pyKoflTKI{ cyÀoBoÀI4re,'reM, Htle pe]KHMa. B nepHo cJroxHbrx MaHeBpoBgro He no3BoJlffercyKoHrpoJrro 3a noJlolKeÀoBoÀHTeJrroyÂeJrgrb ÀocrarorrHo BHr4MaHr,rfi HHeMcyÀHa H ÂpyfHM BaxlrbrM ollepaqnrM ynpaBJreHr.rq. t66

flpu c,rre4rlreri cucreue ynpaB,rlelrq MâHeBpoBâflpyKôrrKa ycTalIaB,'IHB aeTcfl B OIrpeÀeJIelrHoeIIo/'roxeHI.re, cooTBeTcTBVrOUee Da3_ Bopory nonacrer? Ha rpedyeunlî urar. B ocra.nrHolo onepau"n ilarBopora ;lolacreli ocyurecrBJrflercfl aBToMarHsecKlr, 6ds vqacTHg qeJroBeKa.rloc,re rofo KaK ,'roriacrrzBfI,I safrMyr rpe6yeuoe nono>KeHLre, cepBoMorop MI4III ocraHaB,lr.rBaercflH y4epxHeaer Jrorra. crll Ha 3aÀaHHOMUrare.-TaNHno6pas_ol,r, cJreÀsrrlaqcHcreMa ynpaBJreHTflBPII 6o,rreeyÂo6Ha, Ho ycipor?crBo ee cJroxHee. Kponae pasÀeJreHHflno ilpr.rHqr4nycr.creMbry''paBJreHr.rfl Ha cd,re-

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ÂflilrHe r'r HecJreÀsrque, BPfl-I MO>KHOx;rraccuQzqupoBarb no cJreÀyrorrlHMOCHOBHbTM npH3HaKaM: - ro Àr.rarra3oHy noBopoTanonacreft; - - - _ _ _ n o p o À y a H e p f n r { , r 4 c n o d r r b 3 y e MÀo,fri q p a 6 o r u c e p B o M o r o p a MIZTII: - ro xapaKrepy cBfl3z MexÀy pe)KuMaMr4 padoru BPIII H TJIaBHO|O ÀBHtaTer'Ifl .

flo Àaanaeo'VrroBopora.nonacrefiMox{HoBbrÂeJrr.rrb rp' fpyrrrrbr BPTII: - BcepexrzMHbre, odecne,{Izearcuue pe>Kr.rMu Bce padorlt cyÀHa B Àr.rarra3oHe or <> Ào <
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npfiBoÂoM oT npIlBOÂOM,C MexâHUtleCkI4M e SfieKrpoMexaHHqecKLIM Baila n c pyrIHbIMnpHBoÀoM, rpe6Horo ' flo xapaKrepy isqstl ÀHcraHquoHuoro ynpaB,teul4flBPIII z aenCJIeÀyloqile Bap IiaHTbI: f areJlfl BO3MO)KHbI 1) ynpae"rrenneBPIII Il ÀBHrareJIfl He3aBI'IcrMoe'r. e. yIP39urara B[I.II, rOIbKo LI3MeHeHIleM JreHIAeC MOCTIIKaIIpOH3BOÀI1TCq a [ocTofHHafl qacToTa BpauleHHfl ÀBarareJlfl noÂÂepxHBaeTcs perHna; fyJIsTopoM oÂHope)KLIMHO|O 2) npeaycMorpeHa aBroMarallecKafl [pofpaMMHaq cBs3b MexÂy yrnoi,l (uraioril) ycrauonxu ,lonacreft Br.rHra u .racroroil BpaIIIeH1rfl r,'raBl{oro ÀBl4farer'Iq,IzMelouefo Bcepe)KuMHufipery,narop. HO OrIllqaeTcfl BroDaq chcTeMâ rrB,rfleTcfl6onee gKoHoMr4qHOû, 6o.rrtrueri C,rroxHocrbro ycrpoficrsa 14 ynpaB,'IeHr.rs.B o6oux c.rIyqasx ueo6xoÀI{Mbl xourponl sa padorofi ÀBhfare,rq t,ts l-lflV MaH KoppeKTI.IpoBKac qe,IIbIo npeÂoxpaHeHHf IIIHHIIoro oTÂeJIeHI,{g erpysKI'I. IIep or ÀBl{raTedrfl

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I(oncrpyNquq B|IJI c MexaHHBMoM roBopora ,qonacrefrMn/I B P - 3 9 4 Cr o K a 3 a H sa a o r z cB . l. Kopnyc cry[r4ubr 3, errnolHeHHuft n3 nropcrKeHnq nonacreft. Vser rroÀIIII{[HI.rKa Jlorracrr{ cocrollT r.rs ruar?6H6 nonacrn, xo.rtrqeeofi nraft6u 4 u ynopuoli uraftdu 11, rKeHHe 10; conepnafl BpalllareJrbHoe naJrbrrbr noBopaÀBuxeHne,nad'rbrlbr qI{BAIOT JIONACTI,I.

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TaNr.rl,to6p asonr,B cry[]rqe noÀÀep)KlrBaercrr rocroqHHnû o6relr Mac,ra, qro ueo6xoÀrzMoÀJrfl npeÀorBparqeuna o6pasoBaHr.IflTaL{ BaKyyMa I'IJIH IIOBL,IIIIeHHO|O IZCK,'IIOÀaBJIeHIzfl'Il' C/'IeÂOBaTeJIbHO, qaeT B03MO)KHOCTb MaC,'Iaqepe3 IIOÀCOCaBOÀbI I{"IIl BbITeCHeHIlt{ yIIJroTHeHr{sJroIIacrH. flpl,I npocaqr4Ba[r;r.L\ MacJra B noJrocrb MexÀy o6rexare.nett I u Ko)KyxoM 14 e cnyuae rIoBbrIIIeHIza 4anreuux 6oné'e 4 xrc/cl.l2 cpa6arrrBaer npeÀoxpaHlzre,'Ibuuilx,ranaH 12, nepenycKafl Mac,'Io B nor'tocrb crynrzIlbl. Vn,lorueHue noÀtuIznHI{KoB,roiïacreri rro3Bo,'rsern asapuftuux cJlyqarx npoll3BoÀHrb cMeHy rroBpelKÂeHHotinonacrz [o eoÀoft. MexaHHsL{n3MeHeHZqriiara (MI4llI) aenrercr fllÀpaBJruqecKr4M cr.uroBblMafperaroM, o6ecneqLIealolIII{MrloBopor .nonacreû nyreM co3ÂaHl{fl Heo6xoÀuuofo ycLIJII4flLI MoMeHTaÀJIff MexaHH3Ma[oBopora Jroracreft (MIIII) u SnrcnpyrcuflM saÀaHHstftyroJl r'rorlacrlil. OcHoeHHMr{y3naMn ti Àera,'IflMITMIZLII (pnc. 82) tBJlflIorcfl: nyprore,rsrË san 12 c coeÂI,IHlIre.tlHoii uyQrori 19, ryunuagpoiu 6, 24; rcipnroaoii NpuurNoti J. nopurueu B lt mrasrori 13; rr,tac"rrolyNcoft I70

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- 6a,raucupHyroFz. Kax Ha ÀBe qacrfl: KopMoByFo F1 ra HocoByro BI4ÀHO r.r3CXeMbrnOÀ pr.rCyHKaMH 86, 6, e, npu orKJroHeHLru flepa pyJIfl or ÀI.{aMerpafibHorl nJrocKocTr4 Ha yfoJr o cuna P1 npenflrcTtsyeT,a cwila P2 cnoco6crByernoBopory nepa pyJrfl,yMeHbrxafl r{ TpedyeMyn MoulHocrbpy,'reBoùMa[rr{Hr,r.or.nuqne noMOMeHT pyJrfl or 6alascupHoro cocroHTB yMenbrxeHHoir Jry6aJraHcr4pHoro Bbrcore6a.naucupuoliqacru nepa no oruorrreur.rrc K BbrcoreKopMopyJrr.rMofyr 6nrt roÀBecHbrMH sofi (przc. 86, 6) . Ea;raHcr.rpHbre (puc. 86, e) u c slxsefi onopori4 (puc. 86, e). ls0

Py;rrnr Bcex paccMorpeHubrx rr.rnoBnpucyu o1rlH o6u1nftHeAocraroK: eSQexrneHocrbHX Àeftcrsus ilpolropqnoHailbracKopocTH cyÀHa. B ro xe BpeMf uara6o.nlurafl MaueBpeHsocru Heo6xoÀuMa rorÀa, KofÀa cyÀHoÀBnx{ercrrHa Ma,'rbrxcKopocrflx.B raKI,Ixcryrraflx gry MaHeBpeHgocru o6ecneqrrBaeT TaK HasbrBaeuuft aKrreHHËpyJrbHJrupynr @ocrpaI (puc. 86, ô). Axr[sHsrri pyJrb cocrour rie fpyneBr.rÀHofoKo)KyxaB, ycrauon,qeHHofoBMecrec uacaÂxori2 s o6HqHoMrrepe py;rn 3. BHyrpu Ko)KyxapasMerueHrpe6nofi san 7 c Hacax.(eHgbrM Ha KopMoBoM

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Puc. 87. Kuueuarzqecxarl u pacqeruat{ cxeMbl MexaHl{qecKofopy!'IeBoronpr.BoÂa c sy6uarrrn cexroporta.

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rroBopaqvBarcrcs 6an,rep H py,rb or py;renoft MauIilHbI Ha rpe6yeuuû yro.n or ÂHaMerpa,'IbHofiIIJIocKocrI4cyÀHa. .I[,nn yueHrrrleHI,rq cotrporI.IB,IIeHvflBoÂe rIp14 ÂBLI)KeHHHcyÀHa floflepeqHoMy cerreHrl]o[epbeB pyneri ltpLIÂaForodreNaelrayroQopuy, KOTOpaflyBeII4rlI'IBaeTTaKN(e C[,Ty ÀaB,'IeHI4flBOÂbI Ha nepO pyJlfl. Bcnontorarerlguft BuHT aKTHBHoropyJIfl B corlerauult c r,'IaBHbIM rpe6nunr BI4HroMno3Bo,TfieryBe,ruql{Tbxo cyÀHa. I VcraHon.neu Ha PTM tunâ <>.

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r{epe3 qepBsx 7 n qepBrrrHoe KoJreco5 nepeÀaercfl iro aany 9 uurrzHÀpur{ecKoËruecrepue B, HaxoÂtuleiica B sarrelJreHHu c sy6uarhrM ceKropou. Cexrop noBopaqr.rBaercqn uepes 6y$epHbre rpy)KHHbrnoBopaqr.rBaerpyMne,'rb,Bparqarculur?6an,rep py"ur. 6ySepHbre npy>Kr4 Hbr npeÀoxpaHflror 3ydbfl nepeÀaq or rroJroMKr.rlrp]r yÀape Bo,rH 14npr.r ÀaB,'reHI4I4 Jrb4\aHa I]epo py,'rfl. Cexropuuri sy6uartrù [pr{BoÀ ycraHaBJrr.rBaror Ha cyÀax Ma,'rofo tI cpeÀHefo BoÀor.r3MellleHr.rfl c rxHpoKriMri KopMOBbrMr.I O6eOÀa[,rH. !,,ra nepeqaqu donr,urax MoulHocreri ua pyneeoli 6a,nnep i,rcrrod{b3yercfl rr4ÂpaB.rraqecKr{ri [,'ryH)KepHbrfi(nopnuesori) py.lesofi npzeo4, uso6paxeuuufi Ha pzc. 88. llpano4 cocrozi H3 ru.rJrlrHÀpoe -l n B, ycraHoe"nenHbrxHa cravurue 11.,8 qn,rraH4paxÀBr.r)Kyrcqnryuxepu (cxa,ri
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;KeHr4eM [o,rr3yHoBI0 no HarrpaBJrrrnur.rM craHr]ntt 11. flpra erou pyM[eJrb 4 nonopavaBaercrr,cKoJrb3fle nay@re3 n nooopauzBaf ee. rrJryHlKepHbrxrrpzMeHflrorcfl qerbrpexKpoue ÀByxrluJrr.rHÀpoBbrx nplzBoÀbrc ÀBycropouHrrM pyMneJreM H nropori naULIJI[HÀpoBbre pori fi,'ryn)KepoB H qu,'rlruÀpoB, ocr4 KOTOpbIX paCnoJrox{eHbr rro I1r1ttuçnt 5 vt 6. B oroM c,'ryqae Macr'ro oÀHoBpeMeHHorroÂaercfl B oÂHy IIapy III4drIlIHÀpoB,pacIIo,'ro]KeHHbIx no ÀI4atoHaIh, It oTcacblBaeTcfl Ii3 4pyroû. llo.riocru qnJrrrHÂpoB rroÂKrloqaloTcq K rroJrocrsl,rNooo6xn 9 n p e 4 o x p a r { H T e J r b H b rKxJ r a r r a H o B , KOrOpbre nepe[ycKaFor )Kr,rÂKocrb I.r3 oÂHlTX no,rocreri B Âpyrfie c npoMex(yTorrHbrMÀpocce.rrHpoBauzeu. Sror npoqecc npor4cxoÀnr B Cr'tyqaflx,KofÀa ÂaBJIeHI,Ie B OÀ-

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B ÀBIlxeHIIe pyJIeBoI{npl{BoÀ' 6yaer [oBopal]HBarbcn It rIpHBoÀt4Tb lpuqeM yrroBaq cKopocrb sa;la 6yÀer B ÂBa pa3a MeHbue ylJloeorî cxopocru ruecrepHla6. g e p e a x u I u I I B p a u a l o r c f i c o  I i H a K o B o fct x o 2-ù sapraur. pocrbro B oÀHy cropoHy. flpu erou 6yayr Bpalrlarbcs uecrepHll cKopocrbto 14TaK)KeB oÀHy cropoHy; ttrecrepHlt 5 u 6 c oÀltHaNoeor? 3 u 4 Bpaurarbcq He 6yayr. Becl 4uSQepeHqlIa,'I KaK oÀHo Ire,{oe Bpalqaercfl I.r [oBopaql4Baer BaJI 1. Ha py"reaoû [pI'IBoÀ rlepeÀaercrr MoulHocrb or o6onx Âsl4rarereft oÀHoBpeMeHHo,I'I yfJloBafl cKopocrb sana I paBHa yr.nonoft cKopocrlr IxecrepeH 5 u 6' 9eprxxn I u II Bpaqalorcfl oÀHoBpeMeHHo 3-fi BapHanr. c oÀrrHaKoBoficxopocrblo, Ho B pa3Hble cropoHbl. B stou,cryqae Bce rxecrepHu Bpalqanrcfl Ha cBoHX ocgx, Ho rlonepeqnHa 2 ctour Ha Mecre. Ban I Bpaurarbcs He 6yÂer I'I pyJlb ocraHercs HenoÂBH)KHbIM:

KporraepaccMorpeHHblx Bo3MoxHbI TaKr(e lpoMexyrorlHble Bapnauiu pa6oru aprQsepeuuna.na. [n$Qepeuuua.rr . (De4oplluKoro rxr4poKo l{cnoJlbsylor B cepBoMoropHoM (c.rreasueru) yttpaBJIeHI{I'I py,renoft irraurlzHoh,saudonèe pacnpocrpaHeHHoMHa cyÀax' 3ra cucreMa yrrpaBJleHr.IflAOJIX{HayÀOB,'IerBOpsrl ÀBVM ocHoBHbrMycJIOB T 4f l M :

I ) ynpan.rreHr.re py.rrenoft vrailunoli ÀOJIxHo ocyqegTBJlfTbcs c ltoMoul,bloo6srqnoro pyJleBofo lxrypBaJIa; BpauleHl{fl Ir noJIoxeHHeM 2) .iuexay cKopocrblo, HanpaBJIeHI'IeM rxrypnaJra I,I cKopocrblo, cropoHoft N yr.nou ilepeKrTaÂKI'IpyJIff ÂoJIxga 6nm aBToMarl{qecKattcorJlacoBaHHocrb; B cH. Taxas corJlacoBaHHocrbÀocrlzraercfl nyreM BKJIIoqeHI4fl C,'IeÀqIIIeroycrpoHcrBa, HaSbIBAeMOrO creMy pyJleBoro ynpaB,'IeHI.{fl cepsolr^oroporr. cepeouorop - MexaHI{3M, IIpI,I noMolllH Koropofo Ha nycKoBoe ycrpoficreo pylenofi MaIxIlHbI oÀHoBpeMeHHoMofyr oKagbrearu eoâÀeficrsire pyneeoft qepe3 rerenepeÂaqy (<) u py,reBafl MaIILIHa (>). B e.texrpHuecKux pyJIeBbIx MauI'IHax cepBoMoropHoeyltpaB"'Iegne odecneq[Baercq c noMourblo 3aÀaloqero Iz c.IleÂrqefo 3,teMeHroB. Bpaqeuueiu IIIrypBaJIa xax 6u 3aÂaercs rpe6yeurtii yro,'t [epeKJIaÀKI.I py,'rr. Py"neBaq Ma1II]'IHa,IIpI'IBeÂfl py,'lb B 3aÀaHHoe IxrypBafle. flosono,rlox{eHne,ocraHoBllrcfl yxe [pI'I He[oÂBI'I)KHoM Co cKopocTblo' KoOCyUIeCTBTqeTCg poT IItrypBalra, KaK IIpaBI4,'IO, ÂBHropaf He coBllaÀaer co cKopocrblo nepeKJra4KvpyJIfl pyd'IeBbIM I{MeeTCqnpsMoe coorBerrareJreM, Ho MexÀy 3TI{MI'ICKOpOCTflMI'I crBr.re,r. e. 6o,lsureft cropocu [ITypBaJIa COOrBerCTeyerdônluan cKopocrb nepeKJIaÀKHpy,'Iq II, Haooopor' 188

Cxenra npr.rHrlr.rn14aJrbHoro ycrpoficrna cepBoMoropHorocJreÀsIIIero y[paB,rreHHrr KoHTaKrHoroTHna pyneoofi Marxr.rHbr c 3J'reKTponpr.rBoÀoM Àana Ha puc. 93. O6uorxa aos6yx4enr.rflqepe3 cKodrrbgrulue KoHTaKTbr-crpeJrKr BK/rpqaercflB ÀuaroHaJrbrroreHrrnoMerpuqecKoro Mocrr.rKa. Cxo.rrtsstqrtfr KoHraKr-crpenxa4 cBflsan c ocsro 6an"lepa 12, xnuraxrcrpeJrKa3-c py;leBbrMnrrypBa;loru.1. Ec"rNyro.n noBoporaIrITypBaJIa lto [oKa3aHrTr,o aKclroMel,pa paBeHHyJrro,a nepo pyr'rsrlo pyJreBoMy yKa3areJrr.o HaxoÀrrrcrB Hy-

Puc. 93. Cxeua cle4xrr{ero ynpaBnenna pyleoorî eJreKrpolpr.tBoÀuoû uauruslr c cepBoMoTopoM KoHTaKTHOTO TLIna.

JTeBOMITOJTO)KeHUH, T. €. B IOJIO]KeHr4U<>,Hanpfl]KeHLIe B roqKax A u E cKoJrb3rrrlr4x KoHTaKroB 3 n 4 olcyrcrByer, raK KaK nJier{ri noreHrlrroMerpnqecKofo MocrriKa paBHbr. Tor B o6MorKe eos6yx4euafl feHeparop a 1 1 pasert Hy,rn, ri r.rcnoJruzre.tlsurî enerTpoÀBufare.tl ,10 senoÀBH)KeH. Pylr ne noBopaqEBaercr.

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HLrffrrTypBa.[a, rpoxox{ÀeHlle ToKa npeKparuTcfl Ll ÀBHraTeJIbocrapyJls. a B IOJIOMeHIZe HOBI4 TCs, 3aÔrZKCi{pOB Ct
pyJIeBbIMLr Ma[IHHaMHc cepBoC.neÀsuruecucreMbl ynpaB,'IeHI4fl MoropaMlr sau6o,ree yÀo6Hbl, TaK KaK odecneqzealor rpaÀIlulIoHHyro B MopcKoM Q.lore [epeK,'IaÀKy nepa py,'Ifl npII noMollru o6H'IHofo pyJreBororrrrypBaJlaH TeM xe cnoco6oM, KaKvM py,renoli npo- 6es [oMorufi MaIIII'IHbI, T. e. BpyqHyl0. ynpaBJreHneP)r,'Ie[d Lr3BOÂHJr HeÀocrarox sroû czcreMbl - c,'Iox{Hocrb ycrpolicrna. Ha HeNoropblx cyÀax Â,'Ifl ynpaB,'IeHIIffpyJleBoil uamusofi upltMeHffercff 6o.ree rpocrafl, Hec,{eÀflxlar ctlcreMa reJleyrrpaBJIeHI;Ifl, KOrOpafl MO)Ker ÂydrupoBarbcfl co c;reÂsulefi. HeÀocrarox ee 3aKdrrloqaercflB ToM, rrro py,'IeBot?Àonxeu yÀeJIflTb 6ollrue BHHMa' ÂarI-IHflrrOKaSaH[rrM3aÀaloqero aKcHoMerpa I] ucno,'IHHTeJIbHoro qHKa Li y Hero ocraercs MeHbrrreBpeMeHHÀ,rg ua6.nrcÀeHlIfl3a ÀBLI)KeHHeM CyÀHa. ,4,;rx y4epxaHHfl cyÂHa B Ter{eHI'IeÀ,rII'lre.llbHofo BpeMeHI'I Ha 3aÀaHHOMKypce 6es yuacrvfl py.IIeBOfo[pI4MeHtlIOr aBroMarHqecKyro clrcreMy <>. !,eficreue laroft cl4creMblocuoBano Ha npr.IMelrenIIZrIIpoKoMrraca HJILIMarHIlruoro Kol\4fiaca.Opranlr o6uqgoro ynpaBJIeHllfl Ào,{>KHr,I6Hrr cÉssaIIbI c' aBToMarl4r{ecKlIM pyJreBbrM.Korla cyÀHo drfl)Ker Ha SaÀaHHblfiNypc, pyJlb rlo aKcuB Hy,teBOe IIOr'lO)KeHI'IeIl BK,IIIOrlaeTctl OMeTpy yCTaHaBJILIBaeTCfl anropyneeoft. Àeficreue aBToMarlzqecKofo pyJleBofo MolKHo [pocJIeÀITTbno na puc. 94. CXerr,le KUHeMaTI4TIeCXOË flpr.r Hy;IenoM IIoJIoxeHrrH pyltfl KoHTaKrHafl crpeJlKa 5 saxonpoMexyTKe KOHTaKTHbIXKO,'IeU4. [lpr ÂHTcR Ha LIsoJIflUI'IOHHOM 190

3ToM noJioxeHuri nûrâHûe B odMorKy Bo3dyx{ÀeHrrfffeHeparcpa 13 He nocrynaer, l.r 3,rreKrponpnBoÀpy,rs He pa6or.aer. KorÀa cyÂHo noÀ Àericrnfiex,{Berpa, Bo,rH l{,rrHTeqeilrifl orr{JloFrHTcfloT gaÀaHHoro Kypca Ha yfo.[, Boc[przH[Maervruft<> aBTopyJIeBofo, oJieKTpoÀBfif are,rb 1 no,ryurEr I4MnyJIbc or ÀarrrI,IKa fnpoKoMrraca a HaqHer Bpaurarb uepes trySty 2 nanvtx J. flpa sTOM r{epe3 KOHHTTeCKyIO nepeÀariy nepeMecTl,rTcfl KoHTaKTHafl crpeJrKa 5 c uso.laqnoHHoro npoMelKyrKa Ha oÂHo r{B noJryKoJreu 4. O6wom
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Puc.94.CxeÀ.ra aerorvraTr.{qecKof o pyJreBof o (aeropy;renofi ). ,reeori npnBoÀ 9 noeepHer pyJrb B cropouy, Heo6xo4Huyro ÀdrrflBo3Bparr{eHnflcyÀHa Ha 3aÀaHHbrËr xypc. Ba.nnxil o6parHoû cexaw B, Bpaqaflcb or 6al,repa B uepes My$ry 7 u peayxrop d, naunyr noBopaq[Barb KoHTaKrHr,re[oJryKoJrb\a 4. BnaroÀapr 6o.[tuerî 'racrore BparqeHr{fl rroJryKoJrerlHeroKolpoBoÀqIIIafl !racTb noJryKoJlbqa coBMecrarcfl r{epæ HeroropsrË nep}roÀ BpeMerttac t>. Eo.uullrri rzJr14MeHblrrzfi' yro,r nepnoHaua.ntuoft neper(Jr aÀKH pyJrfl aBropyJreBbrMsaBucr.rroT peryJrHpyeMofo.lrnQra n uyQrlx 2 v 7. Vro,r nepexJra4Krlrtepa py,'rff $nxcnpyercq yKasareneu ,/0. : IIpu r43MeHeur{nKypca rJrH MaHeBpr4poBaHr.rn aaropynenofi orKJrroqaoTr,r nepexoÀflr ua o6uqnoe py,'reBoeyflpaBfleHr.re. l9l

Cnn nPh hOBOPOIECvÂ114. S 12. ÀEliCTBt'tÊ, ONPEIENEHhE MOMEHTAHÀ TOTOBE EA'T'IEPAPYNg HcxoÀnofi BeflHrrHHofi Anfl onpeÂeJleHafl MotqHocrll, qacrorbr BpaqeHr.rfl pyJreBoro ÂBnraTeJlrr U oCHOBHbIXpa3MepOB pyJreBofo IIpHBoÂa sBrrreTcfl ueo6xoÀl.rtr,lltftopaqare.nlnltfi ttaoueHTHa foJroBe 6annepa pynr. Paccuorpuu cr{Jlbr 14 MoMeHTbI, Àeficreyroulue Ha cyÂHo npn noBopore (pnc. 95). llptE rIoJIolI(eHI{I,Ipy,'Ifl B ÂI{aMerpaJlluoft nnocKocrr.r () cyÀHo ÀBuxercfl Bnepe paBHoMepHoco

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Puc. 95. Cxeua aeficTBItg CI,IJI npu pore cyÂHa.

IIOBO-

cKopocrblo c, flpeoÀoJleBaq cnry ( conporznreHl'Iq soÀHofi Ir Bo3gyl]uofr cpe4 cnnoft raru rpednoro BIlHra. llpn arou crpyll BoÀbI o6rexarcr cyÀHo c o6oux doproe u o6eux cropoH rlepa pyllfl, co3AaBaq ypaBHoBeIxHBaloxlnecflÂaBJIeHIZfl,He BJII{flIOUIlleHa HanpaB,'reHneÀBI{xeHHfl cyÀHa. llpu orxnoneHnn rtepa pyJlf BnpaBo Ha yroJr o or ÀI{aMerpanrnoft nJlocKocrl{: crpyl'l BoÀbI, o6rexaroque cyÂHo c rlpaBofo 6opra, orKJloHflIorcfl I{ oKa3blBalor ÀaBJIeHfie Ha cI'IJI rHÀpoÀI'Inepo pyJIfl crlpaBa. Cuna P -paBHoÀeftcrnynqan K lleHrpy pyJlt, npI{JIOxeHHafl Ha rlepo BOÀbI HaMr.rqecKoroÀaBdleH[q (I{T) rpI'IJIoxuM cyana rnxecrlt (UÀ). ÂBe uenrpy K ÂagrreHr{r cunu Q Il Q1, xaxÀafl. Hg K0ropblx paBHa cune P; cHJIbIHanpaBCTOpOHbI'TaK rITo paBJIeHbI napaJIJIeJIbHOLI B TIp0TI4BOTIO,IIOX{HbIe HoBecr{eclicreMF,I.He Hapyruntcs,. I4s cxeMbl CI{JIgcHo' uro o6pac rldrleqoMm, Karapas' 6y,aer [oBopaquBarb syercrr napa cHJr P-Q cyÀHo BoKpyr IIeHrpa rqxecrl'I. O4uoepeir,reHnonpn p a3JIolKeHIlntto ilp aBH,'Iy fl a p a JIfieJlofp aMMa 'r. cunn Q1 o6pasyerca ÂBe cHJIbI: - cvila ,(, nanpan.ireHuaflreprleuÂuKyJlflpno K Ân cyÂHa, KoTOpaq Bbr3bIBAeTÀBH)KeHIie CyÀHa B IIOIIepeqHOM.HaIIpaBJIeHI{I',I cropone_ noBopora.,[leficmnrc culu (lbetrQ), nporI.IBorIo,'Iox(HoM ( 6yaèr nporusoaeiicTqoBarb cu.rra R doxoBoro ÂaBJIeHHfl BoÂbI. t92

Àericrsuqsîitx cûri H anepuari ÀBrMeHnqcyÀHô P.t-tl::::_ oyÀer ollr.t cbrBarb rlr4pKyJrffrlrirc (r
Mrv

(r86)

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M.: Pl,

(187)

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(r88)

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nepbq6a.raucapuuxu se6alancûpuuxpy.rrefi Ha rrepeÀIlgllul" Het,I 3aÀHeM xoÂycyÀ_Ha zsodpaxeHuua pr.rc. 96. HHIKe_[pr{BeÂeHbr Sopuy.nu ÀJrff onpeÀeJreunq MoMeHToB Ha roJrogax 6an.nepoe rrpflMoyfoJrbHux py.nefi. Arff oOhrKHoneHHbrx uedanaHcvtpuux pynefi (puc. g6, a): - Ha nepeÀHeMxoÀy -

M6: M.* M,p: PS+lPS : (l f fl PS;

(l8e)

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(re0)

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s (s,.*;:16,

(lel)

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cyaua). Orsoruesue flJrorrlaÀr]6anancnpHoftqacru flepa pyJrfl F6 K rr,r]o_ il\aril F Bcefo pyJrs- raK HaabrBaenuûxoaQQrzuuen.ïoonnanCAUHI,I:

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Fmin: p'#

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(le2)

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sHaqeHI.IeMoMeHra ll46 Bo3paCraeT. llpn o) a c,'IeÀoBaTeJIbHo, )35o cn,ra pacreT MeÀJIeHHee,qeM yMeHbuaercfl IIJIeqo, lI, cJIeÀoBareJtbHo,SHaqeHHelv16 lMeHbruaercfl; no3ToMy (rmax:35" npuyrOJI rIepeKJIaÀKI.I [epa pyJIfl Ha 6opr. HflT 3a MaKCHMaJIbHbIË B BoÀe H yBedrl'r,[,nn ynaeHulleul{fl corlporl{BJleHl{fl ÀBLI>KeHI'IIo npocOBpeMeHHbIX MOpCKHX Ha lIeHIifl CHJIbIHOpMaJIbHOTO ÀaBJIeHI'Ifl MbrcJIoBbIxcyÂax ycraHaBJlltBarcr 6a,rascllpuble py,rn odreraeuoft Qoplrsr. Cn.rra HopIraaJlbHofoÀaBJIeHI{fl p Ha pyJlb ortpeÀeilqercfl rto MeroÀrrKe B. ,II. Cypnn.l.rto, ouioeaHuolî Ha fl{ÀpoAl{saunqecxofi - reopnll H. E. Xyroecxoro o rloÀ'breopurr < euuofi cr{Jle re,'ra B noroKe 6slcrporexyuefi xIaÀNocrn.

Puc. 97. Cxeua Àefictgvfl c*rJrH MoMeHroBconporIlBJIeHIIflHa 06nePlr PYneû. TeKaeMbIe

PaeuoÂeùcrByloqafl

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(194)

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(223)

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Pas4en vereeprurù

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Pzc. 149. Tennogas cxêua onpecuure,rr,HoûycrauoBKr.tpTM runa > : e - npxnqrrnfiantnan; 6 - MoÀepHr.r3r.rpoB arruafi.

ponofi noÀorpeBare.n_t3 (puc. l4g, 6) gnn npeÀBapr.rreJrb'oforo_ ÀofpeBa [Hrarer'rbgori eoÀH rrepeÀ-BxoÂoMB Hcttapzre,nt 4. Kpoue Toro, Ha PTM >r.t < npor.rsBeÀenaMoÀepur.r_ salfafl'' 3aK'1oqarcqafr'cfl, B peul{pKyJIflIIHI'IpaccoJla - rloÂofpeB sadopruori BoÀbr B pesy,rbrare ee cMemr4BaHuffc lracTbro orKarr[Baen40û rzs HCIIapHTeJrspacco/'ra. ,{,nn eroro ÀonoJIHr{Te,rrbHo n0oBe.rIeH nepenycKnofrrpydonposon I I. PeuirpKyJrflIJLtfl,paccoJra [oBBoJIfleT yMeHbrrILITbKorr4rrecrBo ga_ oopTHOI4BoÀbr, rroÀaeaeN{oriB cr4creMy, ra 406nrrcr nocrossuorî ee reMrreparypbr nepe4 ren.uoo6ueHHuKoM[yreM pefyr,rr.rpoBaHrrff KoJ[rqecrBa nepenycKaeMofo paccoJra HesaBHcr4Mo Or reMneparypbr sa6oprHoli BoÀbr. vrrz,rnsaqltoHHbre onpecHr.rreJrluue ycràHoBKH runa À Bce qaûIe nplrMeHflror c r4cnoJrbsoBagi{eMTerlJlorbr oxJra)Kll*

Âaroqeri clrcTeMbr Àr.rse,'reûB rzcnapHTeJrflxnoBepxHocTHoro lKlanflrrlefo ThI]a oTeqecrBeHHoroI]poI.I3BoÀcTBa. Tenroeas cxeMa o[pecHureJrr,uoii ycraHoBKH TI]na !, npoasnonoKaÀr4TeJrbHocruo5 r/cyr, ycrauoB,reunofi sa 6MPT <>, sana Ha puc. 150. 3adoprHan BoÀa npoKaquBaercfl HacocoM / uepes KoHÀeHcaexexropy 2. rop 6, orKyÀa oHa locrynaer K paccoJlbHo-BoeÂylxuoMy 9acrr erofi eo4u r{epe3 HeBosBparno-sanopnltft KJIalaH 3 u porarr,rerp 4 HaIlpaBJIflercfl B llcnaprlreJrb 6. fpercqafl BoÀa I'I3 CI'ICTCMbI OXJIA)KÀCHUfl

s s

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B Me)K3eJrfl rlr.rpKyd'rHpyer rpy6nou npocrpancree6arapeu 5, u qepe3 creHKItrlepeÀaerrerrr'Iorysa6oprnoiieo4e, ucnaprrcqerica BHyrpr'r rpy6ox. Ocrarculuûcq ttocJle I{c-

napeHt4q paccoJl 143 KaMepbI 14 crrapeHr.rflr.r napoBo3Ày-IxHafl s cMecb H3 KoHÀeHcaropaorKa" qr.rBarorc.fl 3)KeKTOpoM3a o0pr ÀJrs [oÀÀepx{aHlzfl HeooxoÀHtr.rorixosueurp al],LIHIzcnap fl roqelicq BoÀbr u rpe6yeuoro BaKyyMa. /0 BropnuHlrft nap, o6pasoeasrlrInftcq rtp14 LIc[apeHIII{ F* uopcNoft BoÀbl, c)KI,I)Kaercfl \--S H nOCTyrIaeT R KOHÀeHCaTOpe e c6opnltK AvtcrLrJrJrflTa 7, orô quunepng KyÀa HacocoM 8 uepes fioPuc. 150. Tennoeaq cxeMa oflpeculrrerb' n,r a eNoeL'titp ery,'Isrop ypoBHfl, noft yrunusaquossoù ycraHoBl(Ir runa Â. poraMerp II u AarruK co,reHoMepa ,10 nocrynaer K gJIeKTpoMarHlrrHoMy aBToMarLIqecKoMyKJIarIaHy9. B sanzcllMocrl{ or OH HarlpaBJIfleTCflB IlHCTepHynpecHol{ BoÀbI coJreHocTr4/J.LTCTILJIJIflTA wtu o1patuo ts llclapureJlb. Paqnona,ntrafl yrvIJrræaqI4oHHaflnoBepxHocrHaff onpecHI'IreJIbHas ycranoBKa ÀarcKofi Srapnru <ycraHoBJIeHaHa cyÂax rr.rlta <, PTM runa <>ll nnae6asax n|IP Trrra <>. Ten,roeas cxeMa BoÀoorrpecHarenrHoûycraHoBKIàtllna <> n o K a 3 a H an a p u c . l 5 l . Onpecuurè.rrbcocrollT Ir3 Izc[apI4TennA, ceilaparopa B u xow4encafopa C. Padora onpecHl{reJlfl cocrollr B cJleÀylou1elt.Qacrr oxJIa)r{Àaroqeft no4lt, eltxoÀgqeù 143cI'IcreMbI ox,IIaxÂegl1fi ÀBI1lareJrs BHyrpeHnero cropaHIIr, rlpi.I reMrleparype o6H'IHo 60-65" C nponycKaercfl r{epe3HcnapllreJlb .4 ra, qnpxy,rnpyfl c uapyxltoli noF

308

BepxHocrr.r ero rpy6oK, HarpeBaerMopcKyroBoÀy, fipoxoÀqrqylono rpy6xaM.^3a6opruan co,rreHafl BoÀa r4cnapflercflnpu reMneparype oKoJIo38'c, genqlorqerics reMrreparypoftee HacnIrlènnq6,raioaapa

26/ 25/ 24

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Puc. 151. Tennoeaq cxeMa*Ba_Kyyrr.rHoft yru.nusaquonnoûycra'oBKrr rrrna <> ua n,ras6age
BaKyyMy -93010, co3ÀaBaeMgMy g)KeKroponr.Ilpr,r s .orpecHr.rreJre H3MeHeHr4r'r reMrreparypu sa60prHofi so4u Bbrrrreu,ru srzNe 30'-

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Ilpo6y AncrrrJrJrflra Mox> [pnBeÂeHbr s ta6n. 14. Ten.[oeas cxeMa nflTl{cryrreHrlaroro 6ecnorepxuocrHoro a1r4a6arsoro onpecHr{reJrtrrvra M, ycrauowreHHofo na PllB <>, nso6paxeua Ha pvc. 152. 3a6oprHarr BoÀa rlrzpKy,tflur.ToHHbrM nnrareJIbHbrM HacocoM 2 sacacatnaercfl qepes Srl.tlrp .1 n no4aercn r{epe3 pacxoÀoMep 3 s xoHÀeucaropbr onpecHrzred'ra4. llpoxo,4n rlocJreÀoBaTeJrbHo Iro sMeeBHKaMCTyneHefionpecnzre,'Ifl, BoÀa rrcBblllraer cBoro reMrrepaTypy 3a crreT Terrr'rorbrKoHÀeHcvpyrcIIlerocfl froÂrrHofo napa. IlepefpeB nr4rare,llnoft BoÀbr ocyqecrBJrflercfl rrplr npoxolKÂenuu KoHÀencaropa 5 erNexropa lr napoBofo rroÀorpeBare.ns B. fleperperar lto orHorrreHrztoK TeMneparype HacbrrrleHr.rr, coorBercrByroqeft ÂaB/TeHuron nepnofi cryrreuri ucnapr4Ted'rfl,nII3ll

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ÂoJrx{eH noÀBepfHyrbcs coorBercrByrou1eri o6pa6orxe, Koropafl SAKIrOqaeTcq B MHHepa ilils ar\L|HH OSOHHpOB aHl.ilI. Â,rg Àocrax{eHafi KaqecrBa narleeorî BoÀbr, coorBercrByroqeto rpe6oeauarm canurapHofi HHcneKur4lr,a raK)Ke HopMaM fOCT 2874-73, B Lr4crrrJrJrflrÀo6ae,'rsror B coorBercrnyrouéft Ào3rrpoBKe c,'reÀyrou,re xHMVKaJrlz.u,Nel (Harpr.ryna$roprl4), NaHC03 (na6oHar), NaHCOa (narprzyrilrnÂporeucy.rrlsar), TplrlyrrlÀporeurap MgSOa (narnesnynacy,rrsar), NazSOa' (Hârpayucy,rn$ar), CaCi, ( Na"rrnqr.ry naxnop 14) Satr pacmôopenun

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Fnaea XIX

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16. II o n o s P. H. Cy4onne BcrroMorareJlbHbre MexaHr.r3uu. M., lluueeas npoMbrrrrJreuHocru. 1970. 1 7 . f i l i x _ O .4 . , X u p n r o g o s E . C . , E r o p o s a I I . b . C y  o n n en z n roBbreHacocbr."4., Cyaocrpoeuue, 1969. 18. T o t-0 ,_:t C C. Cy4ontre u 6eperonue npoMbrc,'roBbre ycraHoBKH u Mexagr.rsMbT. À1.,flullenaa rpoMbrrx,'reHHo crc. 1972. 19. Typ xr.iu A. A. BcnonorareJ'tbHË,re MexaHrzsMbr Iz rexuo,rorl4rrecKue xoJroÀr-r.rr^bur,r_e ycranoBKr.i rpoM!,rcJroBbrxcyloe. .II., CyÀocrpoeuue, 1960. rlepenaHoB 20. E. E. Cy4oeue npolmrc,rooueùrexaHr.rsnau. M., llzrqeBar npoMbrrxr'reuuocrn, I976. 2l.9epKaccxuri B. M., PoMaHoBa T. M., Kaynr p. A. Hacoclr, xoMrrpeccopbr, BeHTu,rsropbr. M., Sneprnr, I968. 22.9nHqee tr{. A._3xcnnyaraqilfi HacqcoB,cyÀoBbrxcticreM r.r rrtÀponprrnoÂoa.M., Tpancnopr,1975.

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13. |IpIznqun Àeficrnuq u x,raccu$uxarlrlflnoplrrHeBbrx HacocoB 14. Tunonue cxeMbrnopuHeBbrxHacoioe 15. OcHosgbreÀeraJrr.rnopllgeBbrx HacocoB 16. Koucrpyxqulr ropuuèenx HacocoB 17. Ocnoeu reop[]r ]i pacqera noprrrHeBbrxHacocoB. fpa$nxu noÀarr 14 cxopocreù : $ t s llpanz,ta rexsuqecxoû 3Kcn,'ryaTatlfil1 nopllHeBbrx HacocoB Poraqnonnue Hacocbr I.rraea IV. s l e .LLlecrepeuulreHacocbr s 20.Banronr,re Hacocbr . Hacocbr s 2 1 Poropuo-n,racrr.rHqarbre S $ S $ $

fnana V.

28 30

Jlonacruue Hacocbr

$ 22. flpnnqun 4eficreur u x.naccu$uraquaqeurpo6exnbrx HacocoB

3? 42 48 <.7

64 o/

68 to

80 IJô

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$ 2 6 I(oucrpyrqrzrz4eurpo$eNnux HacocoBu pu6oHacocoe

gb HacocoB r.r rpy6ouponoaoe 107 $ 28. ulpeÀeJreHuenapaMerpoBqenrpobexulrx HacocoB . ll2 qeurpo6exrrtrxnacocoe I l4 s 2e.IlpaBLLrarexuttqecxor?3KcnfiyaraUHtr 30. uceBbre v Br.rxpeBbre Hacocbl s . ll7 fnasa VI. CrpyûuueHacocbr : :125

s 27.^apar{repr.rcruxnqeurpo6exHbrx

s 3 1 .flpuHurzn 4erîcrnul

u xnaccufzraqua crpyrinux HacocoB

. $ 3 2 .I(oncrpyxqua rz eKcn,'Tyararlza'crpyiiul,rxïacocoe fnaaa VII. KoncrpyxrueHbregJreMeHrbr cy4oBbrx crrcreM

. 127 . lA1

s 33.I(,rraccvrluxaqurl cyÀoBbrx cr.rcreMri Ltx KoncrllvKTr4Bubreg,,reMEHTbI s 34.Texsuqecxas gKcfir'ryararrrqcyÀoBbrx cilcreM H rpe6onariua

Perucrpa CCCP . l3g Cucremu nxApaBfluqecKnx[pr.rBoÀoB . l3g f uÀpoÀuurarenli s 35.flplrurlran 4eûcrnua, BnAbr14Ha3uaqeHr.re. Oco6eusocrrzexcnnyâraqnu s 36.Cxeulr ru,4ponpr.rBoÀoB. . l4g P a s 4 e , r r B T o poft. BllHTbI PETyflI,IPyEMOTO IIIAIA (BPIII) . 16l Vcrpoficreo r rpr.rHqnilgeficrnun BPIII l,rasa IX. . 162 Br.iHra.Cunu, rrroueuru $ 37. OcnonnbrereoMerpliqecKuegJreMenTbr 165 $ 38. Cxerrlu u x,naccu$uraqurrBPIII Koncrpyxquu BPIII n npaBr.rJra f,rraea X. oKcnJryaraqriu 168 cyÀHa $ 39. Koncrpyrqua BPIII npoMbrcrroBoro r/o $ 40. Tpe6oaauzr Perucrpa no eKcrrrryarartuuBPIU D c a n o r u ri. IIAJIVBHbIE MEXAHI,I3MbI t79 PynenHg Mexan[3Mbl Inasa XI. $ 4 1 . OcnosnHe ôBeÀeHHflo py,'reBoMycrpoficrBe. flzQQepenqua,rr (DeÀopi.rrlKoro . j s 42..I{,eùcrnuecriJr npu noBopore cyÀHa. OnpeÀeJreHueMoMeHTa Ha ro,rroBe6annepa py,rx . l9Z py,'IeBbrxMarxI4Hc 3,/reKTpuqecKr.iM r.t $ 43.LXeMbr r{ KOHCTpyKTII{û sJreKTpornÀpaBJrrrrrecxrzM npuBoÀaMr-i . 197 s 44.Pacqer Moilluocrr.iu qacrorbt Bpau{eHuffpy,renoù MaIxtIHri. flo46op pyJreBoroÀBlrare,Ir . 206 s 45.Ocuosr,r gKclJryararllrï pyJreBbrx Marrr.iH. Tpe6onauua perl.icrpa H rrpaBr.rrTa rexHrrKr.rdegonacnocru . 210 fnasa XII. fxopnr,re l,t rlBaproBubre MexaHr,rsMbr , 214 s 46.Cxevu u KoHcrpyxr{Hr.r6paurnznerî,unu,leù u ,1e6eÀoK MexaHusmoe. s 47.ucHoBbrpacqera flKopHo-uBaproBnbrx [Io46op '. npr.rBoÀHoroÀBr.ifare,'rfi . 228 sKopHo-rrrB aproBHbrxMexaHlre rraon.Tpes 48.OcnosH 3l
f,rasa VIII.

Bbrx rpy3orloÀ6eMHbrx MexaHLIsMoB

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P a e 4 e l u e rB e p r u il. IPOMbICJIOBbIE MEXAHI{3Mbl f,raga XIV. MexaHugtru rpaJ'IoBoroJtoBa i

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249

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335

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f,rasa XV

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JtoBa

273 276

r.I TexHIiKa 6egonacnoctli

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$

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fnaea

290 14 14x nplrHIIn-

293 295

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s 62.I(oncrpyrqun onpecHl{reJIbHbIx aflttaparoB s 63.Teu,'roelte cxeMbI I-icnaplireJlbHblxu onpecHllre,'IbHbIXycraHoBoK 306 f,raea

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s 64.Ocuoen

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AËPAM EBCEEBhT{EOTOMONbHbIR cvAoBblE BCNOMOTÂTEf,bHbIE h PHEONPOMbIGJIOBbIE MEXAHH3MbI Pe4axrop P. À. Hnxuruua XvÀoNeireeHuurtîpe4ax'ropO. A. Anapeea TéxnnqecxlrfipeÂaKropA. f[. lllnpneea Koppexrop E. M. PeYrcxax Odiopu;reiraexyÀoxHlrxa H. tr'I.A6pauoea AE Ne 248 (Doptr.ratlte,4acÂaHo e na6op 31.08.79.lloÂnizcaso K Leqarr.i08.01.80.M-26801. |Iernreparypuax' urpn$ra lapuurypa Ne t*-p. svùà.u -1. "ti"""OOxS0t7"i qarb BbrcoKafV i. c"r..n.u. n. ït,0. yu.-"t^. n.'Zt,t.' TirpaN l1'00d'gxs.LI3A. Ne 3438-78. 3axag Nb 1880.I{esa 80 xon. I4gAarenlcrno