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XVI
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14 naro
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.
.
37
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na sadulu CTa.io
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HO
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1
ne
npaMO
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KOTOpne nocBHTHJH ceon
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H
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XVI
riosnoe Mipocosepijanie PefixjiHHa. B'L H-BCKOJILKO
HOBOHJiaTOHHKOB'L,
CHCTCMH, H OAHH'L B'L
PHM-B,
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mHX'L HOTOM-L OT^ npecjrEflOBamH
snaMenHTHH
HS'L
HHX-L
O'H.I'L
flwciopdano Epyno,
(1600). Cx
cpe,nH HTajitflHi^eBT) noflBHJiocL HeMajio
MIJH
B-L HiajiiH 6HJO 66^ MHCTHKO-naHTeil-
B.
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B'L BT>
Apyrofi
611.11
CTOpontr,
aHTHTpHHHTapieB'L, diaiaBIllBeHii.apiK) H IIojiLiny. Ca-
KOHU-B
XVI
B.
tpaecmt
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(1539
KOTOpOMy BOF'L COTBOpHJII, qeJOB'BKa CMepTHUM-L, HO C-L 6e3CMepTHOK) AVHiOK); rp-Bxona,neHie AjjaMa JHIHH.IO qejiOB-BKa 6e3CMepim sa rpo60M1,, H XpHCTOC'L 6HJIT> HOCJaH-L Ha 36M.1K), R&6u CB06K) CMCpTLK) H BocKpeceHieMi* B03BpaTHTL qejOBtqeciBy 6escMepTie sa rpo6oM-L. Ha 9TOH CHCieM'B CKaaajiHCL ryMaHHCTHqecKie cnopti o 6e3CMepiiH AyniH,
Aa H B0o6ii;e BCCL coi^HHiann3M'L O'IVIHMH.ICH pai^ioHajHSMOM-L. CoHinn> no npH3HaBavi-L ooatecTBenHOCTH Incyca Xpncxa H Tponql>()7KecTBa.
npionpt,.n,
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Hoe aepKOBnoe VCTPOHCTBO.
54*. Pe(|)opMauionHoe ABH/Kenie ne OLMO .uirio:jui,iM'L.
Onn}>i/ H
>inrnio
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wutnnn'H'c^in mnhunifi
u o6mrcmnckHUH doH.weHia
XVI
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coBnaBiiiia
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pec{)opMai^iH
39
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XV
55*. Bt KOHIVE
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XVI
B.
naiajacb noean .
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KOTOpofi ^aHO 6bLio nasBanie dwuoMamitt.
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t/n.tinHftwcKaio pcwuoetbcix u (JtuuuMaT _. TT IlniajiH. He cociasjaa HHKor,na
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co6oro H o6eperajw CBOIO qio H HOBCJO sa co6oio
orb Apyra, paeceaie HSB^CTHOH cHCTeMaTH^HOCTH BI HX-L ii
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40 HOBaro no.io/KHJiH naiajio jjHHJiOMaTH nojirrnqecKaa pa3#po6jieHHOCTL HTajrin B'L TO caMoe OCTSJILHOH EBpOH^ o6pa,30BaJIHCL KpyHHBia HaijiOHaJIBHBIH MO-
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fl$jia,ji&
r
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1515).
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cpe^nie B-BKa BX HTaJiiio nocTOHHiio
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-
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- 46
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r
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nanaj-L
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na OAHOFO HSI AyxoBHHX'b Kyp(j)iopCTOB L, apxienHCKona ipnpCKaro, uo Ha noMon^b K-L noc.i'B.HHeMy HOCH'BHIHJIO H-BCKO.ibKO COC'B.Hiiiix'i, H pM^apH 6u.iH nod'Bat.neHbi (1522 1523). Bi i:naefi, na^ajiocb eoscmanie (MtviyroineMi roji;y ipOMadnoe Kpecmbam, oxsaTiiBinee aanaAiiyio H loro-sana^Hyio FepMaHiio. 3io BosciaHie ^aBHO sanrio
r
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OKUXb npeoGpaaoeauiu; TaKOBa 6ujia, Hanp., ,,reiMbdpOHHCKaa nporpaMMa", Koiopaa Tpe6oBajia od^e^HHeHm repMamn no^ BjiacTbio oflHoro HMnepaTOpa, petyopMti ijepKBH, saKOHOB^, cy^OB-b H Bcero ynpaBjeniii, OTM'BHU Kp'BiiocTHimecTBa H T. n. HaKoneifB, cpe^n KpecTban'b GoMwum ycnrbxoM* noMsoeamcb nponomdb anafianmucmoez, a caMHii BH^HHH HS'L HHXI>, Ooma Mwui^epo, 6un b ^aate O/I.HHM'L r
HS^ HX-L
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yate yRHqioaienia cocjiOBiii H BC'Bxt senejib npHFJiamajiH MUTeatHLix^ Kpepas.a.'Bjia nopOBHy CTtflH-L H36HBaTI> flyXOBHHXT. H pHD,apeil. B03CiaHie OTJTHHaJIOCL 60JIE>BomjiieH.
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atecTOKocTbio, HO atecTOKa 6mia H pacnpaBa ci IIpOTHB-L HHXI> COeAHHHJHCb BC^ BHCIIlie K.iaCCH 603^
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asjHqiH,
GoMa MToeuiepi., CTOHBinia BO maB^ ojjnoro HS'L onojrqeHifi 6yHTOBaBiuHX'B KpecTbaH^, o6 BHi,ajii> HMi qy^ecHyio noMoni,i> CBHine, H r
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(1525).
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dame lOpodoM* MwucmepOMZ no^j> nopiHoro fiua EomoMda, o6'bflBHBHiaro
dnjiu
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67.
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V
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1526
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mta KOMy
<J'Hij>May,m,
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urn nuxb
qTo6ti c^Liaib niit itoe-KaKia yciynKH,
ceKyjpH3HpOBaib MRCTB i^epKOBHOH coocTBeimocTH BT> Kor^a Kapjrs Y BTOPHHHO noTpeooBajx BOpMCKaro 3AHKia, TO na HOOOMZ ceium GZ Illneueprb BL 1529 r. OH-B yjKe BCTp-BiH.!!* no^epH:Ky rpOMa^Haro 6o.ibfflHHCTBa. MCHBHIHHCTBO, COCTOflBHiee TOJSKO HSTj 5 KHflSGH H 14 HMflepCKHXX TOILMI, .naa^e
BaaAi>Hi>iX'L.
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j
Ha
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npoca doJibmHHCTBOMTj. B-L ixaTb
1530
r.
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V
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c^'kiaBuieecfl
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H KaTOJHKH rpo3TOMi> ceflMi Kapjix HX-L HTO CHJOK) sacTaBHT-L no^HHHTbca, HO
OTBJieKJa HMHCpaTOpa OT"L BHyTpeHHHXl> T^MX FepiiaHiH. Mea^y npOTecTaiiTCKie KHasba TOTqac-L HOC.TB
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saKJioqHJH Meat^y co6oio cowst, ei
i.
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o saKp-EHJieHiH HMnepa'ropcKaro npecTOJia sa CBOGH ate ero saBHC'kio OTt CCMH Kyp^iopCTOBx, H3 b r
Tpoe
npoiecTaiiTaMii (caKCOHCKift, 6paHAeH6yprcKiH H MeatAy T'BM^ qeTBepTbift Kypc{)K)pCT'L, apxienHCKont
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(1547)
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He
ceiiMa ne
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o TaKOMfc ycHJieniH ero B.iacTH MeiTajH Mnorie H-BMI^H B'L naero DjapciBOBaHm, H ne na Hapo,a,i> onapajica ont renept a na CBOHX'B HcnaacKHx-L cojiAaT^ npOTHB-B BCCH H^-
Y CTajn. Teneps pacnopflataTLOi B-L FepManiH, saBoeBanHOH cipaH-B. Meat,n;y npo^HM'L, OH-L BCJI-BJI^ CBOHMT, 6orocjroBaM b cociaBHTb epeMennoe ucnoendanie enpu ( ayrc6yprCEiii HHiepnMi>" 1548 r.), KOTOpoe ^OJISKHLI 6tuiH npnuaTB H TOJIHKH, H irpOTecTaHTBi ^o OKOHqaTejiBHaro p-BmeniH
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cosepmeHHO 3HaM6HHTOH (jwpMyjrE: cujus regio, ejus religio" (iba CTpana Toro H Bipa). IIoTecTaHTCKie KHasBa H ropojj;a ciajiH npecji-B^oB-B
BaTB HHOB^pie B-B CBOHXT. BJiaA'BHiaX'B C'B TaKOIO JK6 CTpOrOCTBH), 9TO A^a^ocB H B-B seMJiflxi KaTO.iHKOB'B. Ayrc6yprcKifi
51 TaKHM1> o6pa30MX Bt SHaiHTe.TbHOH M'Spli yCUAUA* 6AO,Cmi> B0o6in,e naHooji^e BbiHrpaBHJHMH OT-L pec|)OpMan,iH OKasajiHCb roro, pecfiop.McuiJn nanecAa ydapi u tt/MaHusMy. Ha^eme HOCJTE CMepiH Penx.iiiHa, FyrreHa H 9pa3Ma BT, naia.rB pecjwpiianiwmaro ABHatema BTB FepMamn He noaB.,miocb 6ojii,rae Kpymmx-L
70*. KpOMi
r
H-fc-
Ha
nepBufi njiaHX Bti^BHHyjiHCb pejiHriosHiiii pasnorjacia, B^ KOTOpua BHOCHJIOCB Bee 6ojbine H 6o.ibine
ryManHCTOB-L.
Haqa^ncb 6orocjiOBCKie cnopbi, Majio-no-Majiy ea noHBy CTapoii cxo.iacTHKH. Oco6enHOio p eat^y JIOTepaHCTBOM'b H Ka.lbBHHHSMOM'B,
CTH;
XYI
B.
yme
71*. Pe<{)OpMaijiH C-L
T0.1bKO
CHJibHO pacnpocTpanH.ica B'b
pe^opMar^iefi
Bi
KOTOpSIH
B'b
FepMaiiiH. H'BMeu.KOH HlBeni^apiH naqajiacb B'L O^HO B-L FepMaHiH. CaMX HBHHIVIH 6uin> He
U.epKOBHblM'b pe^OpMaTOpOM-b, MajieHbicie KaHTOHbi (ILlBHu.'b,
HO H nOJEHTHqeCKHMI.
^-BflTe-
Ypn, YHTepBajib^eH'b H JioiKXio/KHBfflie ^Haia.io coiosy, nojib30Ba.iHCb B'L neM'b npnBHnojioaceHieMT, cpaBHHiejibHO c-b 6ojibmHMH KaHio-
(Il,K)pHXOM b r
?
BepHOM-b H
Kl> COH)3y CBOIO nojibsy TaKofi H I^BKHFJIH .a.'BHCTBOBaj'b Kanx-paa-b BT> 3TOM-b aie
^p.),
HpHCOeAHHHBHIHMHCa
3in nocjii^Hie cxpeMHJHCb HSM^HHTb
IIoAumunecmH posnb
Meofcdy
BI>
cmapuMU u
mnmouaMU
conpOBoat,na.iacb H posnbio pejmriosHOK). B'b TO KaK-b IJtopHX'b H BepH-b npHHajiH HOBoe B^poyqeme, ciapue TOHBI ocia^HCb, Hao6opOT-b, B-BpHbiMH KaTOJiHi^HSMy. Meat^y U,K)PH-
H KaTOJinqecKHMH KanTOHaMH .aiBa^bi Bosropawiacb Boftna. Ila-b nepBOH BOHHbl BblUieJI'b nod'BAHTeJieM'b HlOpHX-b, HO BO BTOpOH OH1>
XOMTE*
Gum
noo'BatjiieH'b,
H caM-b
pe^opiiaiopi.
najii*
na
6HTBH
nojii
(1531). Mnp-b 6ujn> saRnoqefl-b, o^naKO, na TOMX yaiosiH, qio6bi i;.mduu mumom caMOCmoameMno pnwaM pe.miio3miu eonpoci. PIsTb
H'BMen.KOH
IIlBeHi^apiH pe({)OpMai^ifl
npomiiua H
BI>
^eneBy,
BIO BpeMH oceofioduAdCb U3t>-nod?> e.iacmu caeoucmxt KOiopafl zepwioet, BBejia y ce6a pecny6.iHKariCKoe npaBjenie H BCTynn.ia B'b coioax ex IIlBGHi^apieH. ^epesx nuTb .I'Bi'b HOCJI'B CMepin HBKHFJIH B'b
pe^opMaq.ia KaJIbBHHa.
fflBeni^apCKaa JIHE^'B
FepMamH H
H
nojiyqaja
IJIBeH^apiH
HOBaro
pyKOBO^HTeJia BX
pe^opMa^a pacnpocipaHH.iacb H
rocy,napCTBa.
72. IlepBoro cxpanoio^ npHHUBiiieio
pe(})opMaAiio
BH-B
TorAam-
FepManiH, 6bi.ia Ilpifcnn. onpa.iowitHnam'H UZT> GMidn>niu meemoncKaio opdena. BTOTX op^eii-b BI> KOHU'B cpe^nnx-b B-BKOBX Ha-
Heft
xo;;Hjicfl
B'b
6opb6'B ex
ITo.ibiiieio,
y nero 3HaHHTe.ibayjo
qacib
Koiopaa
B'b
cepe.UHH'B
ero B.ia^BDin.
He
XV
HM-fea
BO
B.
Pe<j)opMai;ia B
52 MOJKHOCTH nO^ep^KHBaTB HesaBHCHMOCTB OpflCHa TO ate BpeMa dy^y
saTponyrB
OT'L IIOJrBIHH
H
BT,
jnoTepancKoft
nponoB^Bio, rpocnpHsnajt ce6fl BaccaHO yate He BX KaiecTB'B
A.4b6pexm?> Epanden6ypiCKm no,iBCKaro Kopo.ia CmusMyuda J,
AyxoBHO-pBiijapCKaro op^ena, a B-B KaqeciB-B CB'BTCKaro repijora npyccKaro (1525). Bra cenyA-npusaniH Hpycdu co-
rpocMenciepa
npoeowdcLJiac'b
1561
ero B^
eeedeniem r.
6?>
ueu
nocji^OBajnb
nepBHH Fep^o^'L
JimmpaHcmoa.
(BiOMy npnM'Bpy jHBOHCKaro op^ena
rpocMeficTepT.
KypjflHACKiii).
73. B^ ABa^uaTHx-L ace ro^axi XVI B. pe^opMa^a diaja BBeodonx'L CKan^HHaBCKHx^ rocy^apciBaxt, H SA'BCB ona mo.me cmofl /ia C6H3U CZ nOAUmuueCKUMU USMfbHemHMU. Cl> EOHH.a XIV H IIlBe^a no TaK^-nastiBaeMOH KajibMapCKoil JHCB noA^ B^acTbio o.a.Horo Kopojfl, HO B^ 9TOH yniH nepBeiiCTByiom,ee M-BCTO npHHaAJe^ajio /I,aHiH, TBM'L mBe,pi OLM
B
-
'
B^
BOJIBHLI.
anoxy BwciynjieHm .IioTepa B'B oGonx-B mecTOKin Xpucmiam //, KOTOPHH CBOHMH
niBe^OB-L (CTOKrO,lBMCKafl p-B3Hfl" 1520r.) ce6a napodnoe eoscmanie && Illeewu nodz npedoodumeMrycmaea Basu, Hs6paHHaro BCJI'B^'L sa T'BM'B na niBe/jciUH
npOTHB-B
(1523). flamnane mome nus.iomum Xpucmiana II H Ha ero M'BCTO nuiesBHr'L-rojrHiTHHCKaro repii,ora
B% MaTepiajTEHLixT. o6a HOBLie Kopoja
cpe^ciBaxi, H
CTpenacB ycHJiHib CBOIO
oqenB ^ejiajur
saBJia^BTB
CTBaMH H KCTaTH
OCJia6HTB
nieeca CJIMHIKOM-B
Moryni,ecTBeHHBiM B.
B.iacTE>,
n,epKOBHBiMH
CaMBIM^
T'BM'B r
^yXOBCHCTBO, BT> STOH
H FycTaB'B Basa, H ^pn^pnx^ I o,praaKOBO HCKajin no,nci. KOTOPBIMX HOTOM'B H HO^JTHJIHCB ijepKOB-
^BODHHCTBa, HBIMH 9Toro
seMjiflMH. .n-BJia
mepocrb
Ho H
B'B
^aflin,
H
noBe^mm
K-B
BBe^eHiio
jnoiepaHCKaro B-fepoyqema. .nonuia H ,3,0 AHF..
74*. Bi AHr.iia ne-
ora
npHqHH-B,
BT>
IIlBen,iH
jjjrn
npOBe^eHia
HOTpe6oBajocB cosBame ceuM06t> (ei Odeme u eo Bep~ 1527 r.), na KOTOPBIX'B H 6BiJiH c^iaHBi nepBBiH noB-B CKaii^HHaBCKHX'B rocy^apH'BCKOJIBKHMH ro,naMH nosjiiH'Be
r
AnrjiiH pe^opMai^ia noji;roTOBjiajiacB a,McTBieM B T-BX^ ate
KOTOpHMH OHa
l
BBISBIBa.iaCB
H Bi ^pyrHX'B
M^JCTaX-B,
HM6HHO
PnMa H con.ia.iBpe^op Hai^ioHajiBHO-nojiHTHHecKOH onno3HH,ieH npOTHB^ HOH onnosHniefi CB'BTCKHX^ coc.iOBin npOTHB-B ^yxoBeHCTBa, HO co6CTBenHO pe^miosnoe uedoeoMcmoo Kamo.mi^usMOMi cnaua^a 6u.'io &?> AHIMU cm6o. .HepacnojrojReme K-B xosanHHiaHBio nancKOH Kypin H ^yxoBencTBa npoaBJia.iocB yate flasno
ET>
53 HO CAep/KHBa.iocb Kopo.ieBCKoio Tepecbi
ociaBaibCH BI
COIOS'E
Koiopaa
Bjiacibio, ci>
HMia
Co
ijepKOBbio.
CBOH HH-
BpeMena
BOHHBI
H B'kiofi POSH (1455
A.i ofi
1485) H BOcmecTBia im npecmix NIH&Kajud.wmHz t/m/tttniiut csoe snauenie u, uao6o-
CT!H Tio^opOBt
pomz, KOpojieecKdH (i.ivcvtb ijcn.ttuacb. 8006111,6 co BpeiieHi. BCJIHKOH xapriH B0.3bHOCTeft (1215) H B03HHKHOBemH nap.iaMeHTa (1 265) HHKOr^a B'B AHFJliH KOpOJIH H6 ^OCTHraJIH TaKOH BviaCTH, KaKl, BTb uapCTBOBanie ^HHaciiH Tio^opOB-L (1485 1603). BofiHa A.ioft H B'kion POST. ocja6njia (feoAajBHyio apHCTOKpaiiK), Ha KOTopoft A^patajiach BCH cu.ia nap.iaMenTa. B-L Ha^aji fe ijapcTBOBamji nepsaro r
Tio^opa (FenpHxa VII) BT> BepxneH najai-B 6mio TO.IBKO 29 CB-fcxCKHX'L JIOp^OBI>, H HOBaa ^HHaCl'lfl COS^aJia OKO.IO 150 HOBHX'B
npeHMymecTBenHO HS^ npH^BOpHOii snaTH, npe^aHHOH KOpo.ieBCKoii BJiacTH. BBicmee .nyxoBenciBO, na BCMJH KOioparo 6aponi>i napOBTE*
A tja.iH HanaAeuia H HPOTHB-L Koioparo 6tiJH BOOpyateHti ^pyrie K.iaccn ooiijecTBa, ct CBOGH ciopOHti, noMepatHBajio KOpojieBCKyio r
BJiacTt,
JOCL H
Ho^a y HCH
MeatAoycooie ^Byxt POS-L
3atn,HTLi.
HacH.iiHMH H HapvffleniflMH npaBa co
qacxo
nap.iaMeHTi>
Kaxt
A'BJia.iCfl
saxBaTbJBaBinHX'L
iiapTift,
JIHIHL
ciopOHLi
npocTtiMi opy^ieMx
B'L
pyIIoaioMy BiioaifecTBiH H
B.iacib.
Tio^opaM-L JierKO dujio no.iB30BaTbca napjaMCHTOMt, KaK^ noc.iyinHBIM'L OpyAleM'B RiaCTH. BOT-L KaKOBLI 6tLlH HOJIHTHqeCKm OTHO-
meHm
B^ AnrjiH B'L Hana^ pe({>opMai;iH. 75. Korfla na MaxepHK-B Haqajacs pe^opManja, ^apCTBOBaJI'B Fenpuxi VIII (1509 1547). 3io OTJHiaBHiiHCH 6ojiLiunMi. CBoeBo.iieMi> H mecTOK ct
B'B
Anrjiin
r
eMy JHOABMH. llojyHHB'B H^KOiopoe 6oroc.iOBCKoe OH^ o^pasoBanie, BCTynnjii) BI> no,ieMHKy c^ JIwiepoMi BX C6MH TaHHCTBT), 3a HTO HOJyqH.TL OTX IiaillJ T neyroAHBiMH
B^PBI", H TaK'L Kopo.ib
KaK-L
Kor.ia
OTB'Bqa.i'B
eiiy
rpy6o H P'BSKO, TO
i^epmu sitMtbtin.iacb coeepiaeuuo dpymMn nmnowenana KjHMeHTi, VII He ^a.TL CBoero cor.mcm na
FenpHxa VIII B-L
no on>
r
oatecTO^HJicfl
TeiKOii
C-L
BpaKT> FenpHxa VIII
I.
I^!H;
JIioTep'L
npOTHBi> ero noc,i BAOBaTe,ieH B-L KOTOptix-b H Be^'Lii caiHraiL na Kocxpaxi.. 3 peeuocmi, KZ
CTpamHO
C-B
Kapjia \', EKarepHHoii AparoH3TOH HcnancKOH npHHueccow dti.iT,
anoxy coiosa AIIIMJH
EKaiepHHw
y
CT.
aur.iificKaro
Ilcnaiiiefi K0]>o.i}i
npOTHBt ne
pan-
6u.io
eMy B^odaBOKt nonpaHii.'iacB (j)peii.iHHa ero na Eo H saxorki'L aienHTbCH. OiKas'L nanu ])a:;i)'Ii!iniTb pa3BOA'b H BCTyn.ienie BI, HOBIJH opaKi, AO KpaiinocTH H om. \;ia lie c U-')/KHBa.TB 60ani'.;iiicKan> Koo.iH MyjKfcKa.ro
iioja,
Anna
i
r
54 HeyflOBOJibCTBm npOTHB-L nanciBa H .nyxoBencTBa H napjiaMeHTE, H BX nauJH. IIocjiyniHoe anoiHCKoe .nyxoBeHCTBO pa3Be;io Kopojfl c^ nepBOK) ero JKeHoro H pasp'fcniH.no ero 6paKi
BT>
ci AHHOK) BojeHB-L (1530). 3a OTHM'B nocji'E.aiOBaji'L pa^x nap.iaMenTCKHXx CTaTyTOBx, KOTOpLiMH no qacTflM-L fouiH omMiwieuu npaoa
nanu
AmMU, a BJ> 6uM ofizmMm
&r>
1534-
r.
uiaQOw
aKTOM^ o aniMucnou (TMH
oco6LiMi)
i.-e. na nero 6HJIH nepeneceHH npeatma npasa nann. 9TOMi H jnoiepaHe, H ,,nanHCTBi", He mejiaBniie rjiaBOK) i^epKBH, no,o,BeprajHCL KasHH (Me/K^y HHMH ). BCKOp-B Sai-BMl FeilpHXTE. VIII Bt COTpy.UHHqeC ToMacoMZ EpOMeejiem, W MOJTOTOM'B MOHaxoB-t",
jmpmupoeaM
ecrb
BO Been AnrjiiH. HS'b
MonacmupCKin umrbmsi, cocTaBJiaBinm ipeTb A66aTbi ynpas^neHHux^ STHMI* MOHacTtipeH HC-
BepXHeii najraiti, a BHOBL HasnaqeHHtixi) CB-BTCKHX'B wiop-
KOpOJIb
Harpa.pLI'L
36MJIflMH,
OT06paHHHMH
co6cTBeHiiocTH
HaciLipCKOH
y TO;KG
MOHaCTLIp6H.
6bMa
yrBep-
napjaMGHTOMi. 06 bHBjieHie Kopojfl oaBOio i^epKBH H OTo6panie BI Easny rpOMa^naro KOJinqeciBa noM-fccTin TOJibKO em,e 6oji'Be yciMum uopojieecKoe MO-iyiyecmeo, H npoasBojiy FeHpnxa VIII ne 6BiJio noTOMi HHKaKHx^ npe.n'BJiOBi. HOBLTH rjias onHpaacb na nocjyniHHH napJiaMenTX, Ha^aj'b Tenepb doimamu u o6pndu TO BI> O^HOM^, TO Bt #pyroMt T-BXl), KOTOpHC H6 XO'fBJIH HO^qHEHTbCH TaKOH r
CaM-L FeHpHXi* VIII Haxo^HJicfl npn 3TOM-L no^ BjiiaHieMi TO TO TaHHBix'L .iroTepaiiT.. KpOMBejia OH-L KasHHJii, ero
no-
coqyBCTBin K'L .moiepaHCTBy, H apxienHCKom> SJMtiMep&i BTaHH'B 6iiBmiH npOTecTanTOMt, He
BT>
KeH rep6epiHCKiH r
n,epKOBHBixi. H 6oroc.!y3Ke6HLix'L npeo^pas OTEJOHUTLCfl OTB KaTOJEHI^HSMa. CfiOeBOJIbHLIH B'L
B-L
HOBbie 6paKH
(BT.
o^meMi
y
Hero CM'BHHJiocb
mecTb
pasBOflHCb ct HpeatHHMH aienaMH H ^aate nocHjaa HX-B na n.iaxy.
76. Kor^a FeHpHX'b VIII
ynepi,, ijepKOBHaa 3KH3Hb AnrjiiH du.ia
pascTpoflcTB'B, a Hacji'B^HHK'b ero ddya/pdv
FJ(1547
553) 6HJI1 HecoBepHieHHOJrlmriH. OneKyHLi MOJIOAOFO Kopojia H KpaHMepi> saBepmHJH pe(j)OpMan,iio KancKofi aepKBH npo^Haro nopa^Ka. Hoean ii,epKOw> sannjia now1
weenie, cpeduee
Mewdy
KamoAuUjU3MOMi> u npomecmaumusMOMZ. Ilan-
CTBO 6mio OTM-Bneno, HO rjiaBOio u;epKBH ^HJII. CA^iaii^ Kopojib. MonaniecTBO TaKaie 6mio ynHgToaieno, HO 6bi.ia coxpanena BCS iepapxia ex enncKoncTBOM b BO maB^, sa KOTOPLIMT. 6tLia r
55
-
npeeMCTBCHHOCTb ojaro^aTH OTB anocmiOBv, oiciOAa na3HBaeTca eiu,e enHCKonajbHofi. BM^CTB c^ TEM'B, 611.11 pasp'fcmen'b opaKX. BH'BTIIHOCTB dorociyatemfl BT> u,epKBH ociaBjieHa KaminqecKaa, H 6biJiH coxpaseHBi TaiiHCTB^, HO 6orocjiyjKeHie ^o.r.inio
ci'Mi>
611.10
coBepiuaTbca
n
upHqameme no;^ o6oHMH BH^IMH. HaKO y npoxecTaHTOB'b anrjHKaHCKaa i^epKOBb saaMCTBOBaja yqeHie o6i> oupaB^aHiH nocpeACTBOMi) Bipii H BSFJIHA^ na CBui,eHHoe nHcaeie, KaK^ na eAHHCTseHHLiH aBTOpHTeii, BI .ntjiaxt Bf])u. 77. BAyapA'B VI ynep-L ineciHa^maTH JI'BT'L, H euy Haai B,a;oBa,ia HKij, a
ero ciapiuaa cecxpa
'
C
(10% FenpHxa VIII H EKaxepHHLi AparoHCEOHJ
1558), (^aHainqnaa Kaio.iHqKa, BcxynHBrnaa BX 6paKi, PHJHnnoM'L II HcnancKHM-L, CEJIIOM'L
J/
ct xaKHMi
ate
Kap.ia Y.
HocjiymHBiH
<
(faHaTHKOMt
OTM'EHHJTB
napJiaMeHTi.
H eo3cmauoeuM
<})OPMBI B L n;epKBH r
npa
Heft
ejiacmb
BC^ pe-
at
nancuyto AHIMU, HO Mapin ee y^ajocs BOSBpaiHTs i^epKBH HMymeciBa, p03,naHHLia npn ea OTU-B H 6paxi IIOBUMT. BjraA BJbn,aM b. Kopojiesa BOSO^HOBHJia KasHH sa B-fepy, H B'L HHCJI-B jHr^-Jb, coatmeHHtix'L npn Hen na r
KOcip-B, jiyqH.ia
r
6^1% KpaHiiepi). 3a CBOK) atecTOKOCis Mapia #ae nonasBame KpOBaBoft, HO xaKHMH M^paMH OHa TOJILKO oiBpamia oit KaxojiMi;H3Ma. Kor.ua ona yiiepja nocji'B KOpoiKaro
eii Haaiij^OBajia ^pyraa ^oib Fenpuxa Mil (on> AHHLI BoieftHt) Ejimaeema (1558 1603). ! 78. HoBaa KOpojieBa B-b rjiydHH 6bua 6o./TEe Kaiojiaq^yniH J J qxai'b HO ea uojioatenie saciaBH.io ee saKOK), npoxecTaHTKOK), KaTOJHKH ne mnmaib pe^opMai^iio. npH3HaBa;m 6paKa ea Maiepa CT> FeHpHXOii-b VIII sa saKOHHbift, a HOTOMV OTBeprajn H ea npasa na npecTo.ii.. CaM-b ea oxei^'b BT> pasHoe BpeMa CMOTp-Lix Ha Hee 1
neo^HHaKOBo;
ciapmaa
cecipa
B03.iarajiH
ee
HeHaBHA^a.
B'b
HapOA ^ r
na
E.iH3aBeia
6ojiboiia
HaAeatAH. doJibmnM-b yMOMi* H mHpOKHM-b ryMaHHCTHqecKUM'b HieMI>, a BM'BCT'B C'b T^MI) II SaM'BqaTe.lbHOK) CHJOK) BOJH,
nee,
naoooporb,
Jiacb
Heniioio
npn
c-b
B.iacTOJK)6ieM'b.
noMon^H
napjaMeHTCKHxx BH^B,
OiKasaBHiMCb,
aKTOB-b,
Ha npecTO.Tb ona, eoscmauoeu.ia
atemnHua,
oi-b
roate
auuuKaH-
KaKofi noc.TB^Haa im.iyMn.ia
KaK'b
p
npn
iepapxHqecKaro
OHa npHna.ia paBHOCHJibHbiM THiyjrb uepKBH", BepXOBHOH npaBHie.lbHHI^bI Ii;epKOBHbIXl H CBiJTCKHXb A^t". W AKT'I
Tnry.ia n
TOMI,
BT.
i^epnoob
VI.
IIo BCTyn.ieHiH
n
r,iaBa
"
o6-b
e^HHOoopaaiH
,
HSflanHbiH
nap.iaMCHTOM'b,
npe^nHCBiBaj-b co-
Bepuiaib 6oroc.iyateHie no HOBOMy anrjiiHCKOMy Tp^omjicy. Bee B-spoam.iHKaHCKoft aepKBH, H3.ioatennoe BI> ^39 ciaibaxi* B-Bpn". 611.10
yTBepat^eHO nap.iaMeHTOMx.
,-inr.iuKa-
56 B'B
cymecTBeHHBix'B
H
CHX-B
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aHrjiKKaiiCKaa
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TOMT>
B'B
HOpl)
ijepKOBB
KaKOH
BHJVfc,
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coxpaBB r
HM'B.ia
nepBBie ro^Bi ijapCTBOBanm EjiHsaBeTti.
79*. AHrjiHEancKaa pe(f)op-
si
poMGCKyw 6K) BIL
H
e.iacmb,
pe(j)OpMan,ia
EjiHsaBeia ^
*
TOJIBKO ycujiuaa
Boo6in,e
flo
KO-
KOHija JKHSHH no.iB30BajiacB v
T-I
CaMOM'L KIHpOKOMT, o6 LeMTB. Bl> Cpe^Hie B-BKa napJiaMCHT'L C03LIr
B^ B-L
o6m,eM^
q-fcM't
Ha
npn
e^erojiHO,
HO
ro^a,
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B-L
FeHpHxx VIII: npn ro^a, npn E^HsaBex^
^aate
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cpe.a.HHM'L
Tio,ii;opax'L
qncJiOM'B
qacTHOCTH EjiasaBeTa codnpajra ero
neMt - -
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Ha cosBanie co6opa (1545) B'B Tpienmrb (no jaTBiHH HO c^ia.ii. Bee, qio6Bi noMmaamb cepbC3HOu pe$opMrb Tojoca na co6op-B no^aBajiHCB He no narjiaMT), KaK'B TO otwo B'B KOHH Base./i'E, a HOFOJIOBHO, ITO .nasajio nepeB-BC-B HTajBani^aMT,; pasnBiMH
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6u na
o pe.iHrio3HOH pacnp'B. COBC-EMI. ^pyroe sp'tjinme npeACTaBJifleTt naM'L BTOpaa noJOBHHa XVI B., Kor^a B-L CBOHX-L BsaHMHiixx OTHomeHiax-L CKo.ibKO-HH6y,ii;B
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naaia,
73
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B03o6HOBHJiacb,
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na 12 jiiit, HO B^ 1648 r. Plcnanm npHsnajia
nepeMHpieMi,
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nesaBHCHMOCTb rojuan^CKOH pecny6jiHKH. 103. B-L anoxy pasrapa KaiojinqecKOH peaKuin H BOHH-B $HJinnna II B^ Anrjin i^apciBOBajia KOpojieBa Ejimaeema (1558 1603), caMoe nojio^eHie KOTOpofi, Kaun> OTBepraBmencfl KaTOJHKaMH jjOHepH FenpHxa VIII ^ AHHII BojiefiH-B, A^ajia ee samumum^eu npo-
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snoxa,
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0p3ucucz E^Kom (1561
-1626). 104-. Ho y KiHsaBeTbi 611.10 H MHOIO epaiom euympu Anuiu. 3lO 6bLHH TJiaBHHM'b o6pa30M-b KaTOJIHKH, KOTOpbie HOCTOflHHO COCTaBjajiH saroBopti npOTHB-b ea JKHSHH. Y Hnxt 6ti.ia H CBOH KaH^H^aTKa Ha anrjiiHCKiH npeciojrb B^ JIHI^-B moTJian^CKOH Kopo-ieBH Mapiu
Cmwapmz, KOiopaH, cedfl
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saKOHHOH Hacj^HHi^eH anrjiiHCKOH Koponti H ,nae cxajia ce6a anrjiiHCKOK) KOpo.ieBOio. Mapifl Cuoapi-B npi-Bxajia BX nocji'B CMepin CBoero nepsaro Myaca (^paHUHCKa I),
76 TOMI,
B-B
ro,ny,
Kor^a
BI>
en KOpojeBCTB-fc
npecBHTepiancKaa nepKOBB. OcTasaacB cana KamiHHKOio, ona npOTHB-B ce6a cypOBBix'B KajiBBHHHCTOB'B em,e H CBOHM-B JierKOoBe^enieM-L. Cnaiajia Mapia BEinua saMyjKT* sa CBoero
po#CTBeHHHKa, Jiop^a ,3,apHJiea, qejiOB'BKa BecLMa rpydaro; HOTOM/B OHa pasoHL/iacB ci MyftteM'B, H noc-U'E^Hin BCKop'B naj^ atepTBOio saroBOpa, cociaBJieHHaro npoiHB'B ero ^KHSHH. Bt BTOM^ npeciy1^
sano^osp^nt rpa^i* BOTBGJIS, Koivja ace OH-L yBes-L H Ha HGH atennjica, TO BC^ 6LUH yB-Bpenn, qio H caMa Mapia yqacTBOBajia BI saroBOp-B. HPOHSOIILTO HOBoe BoacTanie, OTI, KOTOparo Mapin npHin.iocb cnacaTbca d-BrcTBOMi) BI Anrjiiro (1568), BI IIIoTJTaHjuH
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npoucxowcdeniu KOpo.ieecKou oAacmu. O^HMMt HS'L HaHdo.i'fee BH.O;HLix'L npe^ciaBHTejieH nocji^Haro Bsrjra^a dtuix (j)paHi^y3CKiH ennCKOHT> Eoccwemz (1627 1704), aBTOpi> co^HHeiim n rio:iHTHKa, HSBJieneHHaH HS-L co6cTBeHHux B CJIOB-L cBflmemiaro nHcaaia". f
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6uz.T>
npnroBOpeH'b
KaK'b laKOB-b I codnpajca aieHHTb cuna na HcnaHCKOH npnHH cnaqa.ia COBC-BM^ He noMoraji-b H-BMei^KHM-b npOTecTanTaMi; ate, Kor^a ero saTb ^PH^PHXI II^ajbi^CKifi 6^1,1^ JIHmen-b B^a^BniH, on'b BM'Buia.ica B'b Bofiny, HO KpaftHe neyM-kao. ,
laKOBi
I.
100 npaea nanJH saBHcarB ors CBOHMH pyOMH BlIpBaJTB H3t KHHFH nocTanoBJieHiH ea npOTecit npOTHBi, HOBOH Teopin Kopojui. ^jieHBi napjiaMenia HHatHefi najiaTBi Hep^AKO ,a;aaie saoioqajiHCB ET>
npaMO roBOpHJTL, HTO
OH-L
OflHOH KOpOJieBCKOH MHJIOCTH,
H
EC'S
Ji;a?Ke
TiopBMy.
o
1640
r.
135. CHH'B laKOBa I, Rap-ira I (1625 1649) 6ujn> ropas^o MH $ e H ocMoipHTejiBH'Be CBoero OTn,a, HO npo,noji3Kajri> Ty aie noy JiHTHKy, npHHeM^ flyMajnb, qio BT> rocyAapCTBeHHtix-B ^jiaxTb MOateTi A^BaTb oS-Bn^amH ct HaM EpemeM B He HcnojinaTb HX-L, Kor.ua 3TO BHFOJIHO H y^o^HO. Bi nepBBie ro,a;H CBoero HiapCTBOBania OH^ mpti pa,3a cosuoaM napJiaMenmt, HO BCip'Bqaji'B O^HO He^OB-Bpie H r
f
conpoiHBJieHie. MejK,ny HPOHHM-B, OH'B Haqa.ii> BofiHy ci> HO Beji'B ee Kpaime HeyAaqno. IlapJiaMeHT^ KpHTHKOBajii. npaBHTejiBCTBa H ocodeHHO nanajia.i'B pisKO na JierKOMLicjieHHaro KopojieBCKaro coB-BTHHKa^ EeKHHr9Ma, 6BiBniaro eme (jjaBOpHTOM-B laKOBa L
Ocodenno
Baaten^
I
Kapja
1628
napJianeHTi)
Koxoptift
r.,
o
nemuif/iw npaeaxv, nepeqHCJflBHiyK) npasa o6'BHx B najiaTi* H BOJIBHOCTH Han,iH, BI> TOM-L ^HCJI-B H CBo6o,a,y
yTBep^HTB r
npOHSBOJiBHBixi apecTOB-B H qpesBLiqaHHBixi) H^a KaKx-6Li emopow eemnow xapmieii
cy-
o^naKO, He HCHOJIHSTB CBoero pacnycTHjfB napJiaMeHTi. H H^KOTOPBIX'B ero HJieHOBi* noca^HJii B-B TiopBMy. EocJi'B 9Toro OHT> Haqaj'B npaeumb cmpanow 6e3?> napm-
nocmeu. Kapjii.
umo
I P-BHIHJICH,
Bl>
eSHpHM-BpHBIH I
Kapja
cfl-E-iajiHCB
6epiHCKifi
oduunadif/amb Jin>m% (1629 1640), HCTOpiH AHOiH. FjiaBHBIMH COB-BTHHRaMH
npodo.iotccuioc'b
JIoyd%.
rpa^-B Cmpacfifiopdz H IlepBBiH
apxienncKon-B KeHiepnoatajOBaHia eMy rpa(})-
nasBiBajrca ^o
BenTBOpTOM'B H BI npejKenx'B napjaneHna HeyM^jiyio nojiHTHEy BeKHHr9Ma, HO Kor^a no-
CKaro THTyjia TonacoM'B Taxi,
HanaAaji'B
c6jIH3HJICfl
BeHTBOpTX B-B
Cl>
Kap.IOM'B
I,
CA'BJiaJICJi
MpjiaHAin H CTajTb Ha6HpaTB TaMi) apMiio BjracTH. 3xo 6BUTB a6co^iK)THCT B, r
erO HaM^CTHHKOMT>
&M
no^epiKaHm KO-
atejiaBHiifi
ycianoBHTB nopa^KH, Ernie BBOAHJHCB B-B BTO BpeMa na H cqHTaBHiin ^JIH 9Toro HyatHBiMi* HM-BTB doJiBmyio Boen-
Tame
OHI,
CH.iy.
ate
dHJi'B,
o^naKO, npOTHB^ BcaKOH pejiHriosHOH HCKJTIO-
Tor^a KaK^
Apyroft
COB-BTHHEI*
Kapjra
I,
loyfl'B,
Hao6opOTB, npecji^OBajii> nypHiaHi. H cxapajica npndJiHSHTB ,a;orH o6paABi aurjiHKaHCKOH uepKBH K'B KaTOJiimH3My. 3a see BpeMa Kapjii, I co6upaM deumu 6e3?> paspnweuia iwp^aKOHBI.
nocBoeMy TOJiKya sanpndpesKHBia rpa({)CTBa B^ BoeHHoe
o6 BHBJiflfl npHHy^HTejiBHBie 3anMti r
j
Hanp.,
npeaj^e
IIJIH
101 Ha co^epacaeie (JMOia oco6yio no^aib, KOiopyio Kapjrb I pacnpocTpaHHJTb xenepb BT> coBepinenno MHpnoe BpeMH Ha BCBO Anrjiiio ct n/kibio cos/jaib cyxonyTiiyio apMiio. OAHH/L HS-L qjeHOB-L nap.iaMeHTOB-L, floraiuS nojrtmHK'B
aBaib jjeHbni TiopbMoii,
no^
FdMndem,
BHJJOM-L saiiMa
yste panbine H sa 3TO norua-
He saxoT'Li'b BH6CTH H 3iy KOpafieMnyw nodanib. Tor,a,a cy^y, npHSHaBiueMy ero BHiiOBHHM b. r
Kopojib npe^aji-b ero
H MHorie Apyrie ero eAHHOMLiuuieHHHKH XOT-BJH upHM-Bpy roHHMbix-L nypHian-L H nepecejiHTbca BT> KOJiOHin AflFJiiH, HO Kapjii) I BHTe.TbCTBO 6opOJIOCb Ct OC.iyHIHHKaMH
sanpemTb
noc.i4-
asiepn-
SMHrpauiio. Ilpa-
CFO BOJIH paSHLIMH npOTHBO-
saKOHHHMH cpe^ciBaMH, nocbijiafl K-L HHMI BoenHtie HOCTOH H no^;Bepraa HXX qpesBLmaHHEiMi, cy,naM^ ( w BepxoBean KOMMHCcm" H u na.iaTa ), KOiopbie npnroBapnBajH HX-L Kt nosopuaro
y
H
T. n.
OTpfeHBaHiK)
cioji6a,
IToBH^HMOMy,
ymeft, CHcieiia Cipa({)(J)opAa,
"
maro H#TH
nanpojiOM'b
,
TOp/KeciBOBajia,
HO CKOpo
H saTpy^Henia.
136.
H
laKOB-b
H Kap.Tb I HenaBH.n'kiH uioiJiaHACKyio npeH ciapajincb npn6jiH3HTb ee K-B aurjHKa-
I,
CBHTepiancKyio i^epKOBb HH3My.
laKOBT, I BoscianoBHJi'L B'b
Hen enHCKonaTi), a npn Kap.i B r
I
.Toy^t cocxaBHjn> HJIH IlIooan^iH HOByro JiniypriK), K-L anr.iHKaucKOH. Kor^a 3iy jiHTypriio B-L nepBufi pas-b CTSJIH
^HTb BX BjumdyprcKOM'b co6op B, OHa 6biJia BCTp'BqeHa npoiecTOM-b CO CTOpOHH MOJIflmMXCfl (1637), H CKOpO Vb CTpaH'B 06pa30Ba.ICfl u cows* d.m sautumu npeceumepiaucmoa en ew nucmom Hcmadocb eoscmanie, Koxopoe CTpatJx^op^-L H JIoyAt COB-ETOr
Kap.iy I no^aBHTb
CHJIOIO.
O^HaKO, 910 OKasa.iocb ne
T'BM'b doJi'Be, HTO anrjiHqaHe coqyBCTBOBaJH H Aarce cojAaxu, cpe^a KOTOPHX-L 6mo MHOFO He xoAiH H^TH na ^enHCKOHCKyio BOHHy". OHH Hepk^RO y6HBa.in o^Hn.epoB'b, KOTOpbix-b sanoAoap'BBajH B'b nanHSM-B, H jo>ia.iH BHy-
TpeHHee ydpancTBO aHMHKaHCKHX'b xpaMOBi,. ^ener'L y Kap.ia I ne UI.LIO, H BOJieio-ne-BOJieK), He HM-BH BOSMoatnocTH cnpaBHibca C-L HIOTOHT* #o.ijReH'L
dbi.i'b
cosBaib nap.iaiieHT'b
KaK'L-pas'L B-B
MOMCHT-L, Kor^a H Bi, AHiviiH HaqHHajocb CH.ibHoe 6poaieHie. co6pajica BCCHOH) 1640 r., H BX Hero nociynH.ia Macca rpacJjcTB-b
H!H.
O^HOBpeMenHO CM'BJi'Be.
pojiio
ci
cy6cHAiH,
H ropo^OBt o npeKpam,eHiH 3.ioynoTpe6.ieBTHM^ ciaviH nenaiaTbca B^ 6o.ibinoM'B
wu'CKiH nixmuopbi, H nypuiaHCKia nponoB-BAH C^-BooiaBH.TL, ITO .naci-B KO-
Co6paHHWH napjaMeHTi eaaH
OH-L
npeKpaiHTb
Hapynienie saKOHOBi,;
HO
cxame.
102 Kap.it I B-L OTB-BTb Ha 9-ro pacnyciHJTb napJiaMeHTb. OH'B iionpob-6mio nojryiHTb corjiacie Ha Ha;iorH OTT> O^,HOH BepxncH uaHO JIOPABI eMy saflBHJiH, ITO He HM-Biorb npasa 910 Tor.ua ocentw 1640 i. KapM cnooa coseaM
6oBa.i
r
KOTOpHH
Cfl-LiaJCfl
Bl HCTOplH HBB'BCTHHM'B nOtfB
HaSBaflieM'fc
dOMdlO.
137. Cnaqajia BX ^ojiroMt napjianeHT'E He 6mio pa^^ieHia Ha na P T H H BC ^ edunodywno mpefioeaMt omMnnu sjioynompeGMHIU H HaKasania HXI. BHHOBHHKOBI,. HHatHflfl najiaia o6BHHHjia ^
'
BI rocyAapCTBenHOH HSM^H^, H3,u;aBTE, cnenjaj&uHfi sain ero .n'BHCTBm H njianti HO^-L 910 nonai-ie, H Bepxna.iaTa npHroBOpiLia Cxpac{)({)op^a Kt CMCPTHOH Kasun. Kapji, I, o6-Bii];aBmiH CBoeMy coB-ETHHKy, ITO HH OAHHT, BOJIOCT. He 'na^erE CT, ero T-BMI, ne Menie, qTo6H He ccopHTsca c^ napJianeHTOM^, Cipa({)cj)opAa
H
(Hos^H^e H CMepTHOH KasHH). MpesBEiqaHHiie cy^n 6miH ynn-
npHroBop'L, no,nBeprcfl
.Uoy.a.'L
CTpa^^op^
6ujn> KasHeH'L.
Kopa6ejrBHafl no^aTL o6i>flBJieHa nesaKOiiHOK). Kopojit cone pacnycKaTt 9TOTi> napjaMeHTx des'L co6ciBeHHaro era na TO cooacia, H o6 Bin,aji b Enpe^b cosiiBaTb napjiaMeHT-b, no Kpanneii M-Bp-B, pas'b B^ TpH ro^a. OH^ (wLiajrb ycTynKH H r
i
BI IIIoTjaH^iio. CKOpo, napjraMeHT'B nponsonuio pajidtwenie na napmiu. CA B.iaHHBia yciynKH ^ocTaTO^HtiMH, #pyrie roBOpHJin, AOB^paTb Hejbsa, H Tpe6oBa^iH HOBBIX-B rapaHTifi. qero caM-B
'BS^HJI-L
r
Kopo.iio
pasnorjiacie Eacajrocb rjraBnaro na^ajibCTBa B'b
TOMI,
qio
BI
Hp.iaH^iH
60^-^6 BjiacTHoro
Ha.u.'b
KaTOJiH^ecKoe
PVKOIO CTpa<})(})Op^a,
BOHCKOMT>.
Hacejreme, HO^HHJIO
He BOS-
Tpe6ya H ce6^ yciynoK^. MpJiaH^H npH^a^H CBoeny xapaKTepi) 3aiD,HTH KaTOjrHn,H3Ma, H napjraMeHT'b 9io ^BHasenie. Ho T^ qjreHBi, KOTOptie ne ^OB^pajiH Kopojiio, ne cxaHie,
XOTEJIH
OT^asaTb B-L ero pacnopaateHie apMiro, ji;jia 6opb6bi c^ Hpjran.nn.aMH, Tor^a KaK-b .npyrie RTO BoeHHLiMH CHJiaMH CTpaHbi HO saKOHy Bcer^a
pacnopajKajica,
RiaBHtiMH CTQpOHHHKaMH pacniHpenia upaB'b napjiaMeflia 6bMH HUM* H PdMndem. OHH atejrajiH, qTo6bi KOpojieBCKie COB^T-
Kopojib.
HHKH (MHHHCTpbl) SaBHC'BJH OT% HapjaMCHTa, H XJIOHOTaJIH I^epKOBHLix'b npeo6pa30BamaxT> BI nypnTancKOMx Ayx'B. IIpHTOMi 9TH no nx-b MH'BHiio, nponsBecTH ocodaa HasHageHHa^ KOMMHCcia, napjiaMeHTOM'b. BojibraHHCTBO HHatHen xoia-H ne oco6eHHO 3Hawre.ibHoe, 6buio sa pacninpeme ,,npH" Koponbi B^ napJiaMeHia, a sa coxpaHeme npeporaTHBii BH^-B BbiCKasajiocb Jinmb MenbHiHHCTBO, HO H OHO ocya^ajio a6cojiioTH3My H OTCiaHBajio EOHCTHTyi^iio. M3i> nappe<|)opMBi ^ojratHa 6mia,
103
nauiio.
pas^ieide Ha ppk napiiH pacnpocTpanioocb H na cKOpOM-b BpeMemi aBHJiHCb H oco6bia HasBania jjjia nap-
BIO
jiaM6HTa
BX
Kavajiepu H Kpyuioiojiosue. K-b nepBoft napiin npnHajue/KajiH BBicmaa 3Haib H sainHTHHKii aHrjiHKaHCKOH n,epKBH, a Tame 60 jbniHHCTBO nacejenia B-L diBepo-sanaAHOH qacrn Anrjiin, KO BiopOHropo^aue H CTOPOHHHKH nypmaHHSMa, CHJibHiie npeHMyu],ecTBeHHO Ha fork H BOCTOK-B. CaMHH KHHIKH OOKaSHBaJH Ha 60^6 apHCTOxapaKiep-L OAHOH napiin H Ha nypHTaHCKin xapaKTept T!H
nypHTane COBC'EMI. KOpoiKO CTPHFJIH BO.IOCH, a KaBajrepn Buciuaro o6mecTBa HX-L HOCHJH AJIHHHHMH. 138. Bi> 1642 r. drbw dowAO do eoopywceunaio cmoAmoeernn.
OKpyaceHHUH coJiA^TaMH, aBHJicfl Bt nao6m,HH b, HTo6ti JIHHHO apeciOBaiB IlnMa, F9Mn,neHa H xpexi KOTOpuxi) ont p inHJicff O^BEHHTS B-B HSM^H'B. ysna.iH od-L BTOM-B pantine H CKPHJIHCL. IlociynoK'L
OAHamAH Ixapjn
1,
r
r
),
KOpojfl, HBjflBimHCfl HapymenieM-L npaBi, napJianeHTa,
KOioparo HjeHH ero ne Hoe pasAparaeme H B^
MOOH
6e3i>
cooacia
no^BepraTbCH apeciy, BusBaji. cxpain-
H
najrai-B,
BI>
CTOJIHI^'B.
PimeHO
6i>Lio
^aace
TOpatecTBOMi, BOSBpaTHTb IlHMa, FsMn^eHa H HX-L TOBapHiD,eH Ha HX^ M-BCia BI najiaT-B. Tor^a Kap-ix I ociaBHJi'B JIOH^OHT, H nepetxaji. BI, lopK-L, Ky.ua sa HHMI> nocji^OBajiH 6oJibmHHCTBO Jiop-
ci.
H H-EKOTOpafl qacib na.iaTbi o6m HH b. Cnaqajia Mem,ny o6'BHMH CTOponaMH BCJHCb ein,e neperoBopBi, HO Kapjix I OTBeprb BC^ TpenapjaMeHTa. Haua^iac^ MewdoycoGnasi eouna Kopojia ct r
.aiOB'L
1
Kapjiy I OKasajn noMom,b Hp^aH^CKie KaTO.iHKH, a no coB-BTy IlnMa, saKJiioqHJi'b n JiHry H KOBenaHT^" C'L ooasaBHTHCb BB6CTH B'b Anrjiin npecBHiepiaHCKoe .
,
ycipOHCTBO
i^epKBH.
IIod'Eat^iH na nepsbix'b
jyqme BJia^Tb opymieMi,
yM-BBuiie
T'BM'b
nopax'b HTO
dojiie,
CKaa apMia cocioajia HS-L pasnaro c6po.ua; HO BO speMfl BOHHLI Ha cr^eny BBiciynHJia HOBaa cnjia, B-L KOHI^-B KOHIJOBI
139.
B-B HHCJI-B
^ojiraro nap.iaM6HTa 6ujn>
q.ieHOB'L
MonaxoBi" H OHI sej'b JKHSHB HOM-Biu.HKa, aanaiaro cejLCKHMt XOSaHCTBOMX, HO yffi6 Cl> MOJIO^OCTH 6bLTB p6BHOCTHLIMl flypHiaHHHOM'b. Bt HaiajTE Me^oycodHOH BOHHEI OH%, saxpaTHB-B MHOFO noTOMOirb
w
MOJOia
CBOHX-L Aeneri), opia,HU306a,M TOptie 6paJH> HCKJK)qHT6JIbHO
H
cmpoiocmm
dea
uaeaAepiucKUXb
JHOA6H,
npaeooz.
BTO
HSB'BCTHBlX'b
no.iKa,
B-L
KO-
CB06H peMllWS-
6tuiH noqiH HCKJiioqHTe,ibHO
p6M6CJI6HHHKOB L H M6JIKHXX TOproBr^eB-b, CMOTp^Biuie Ha BOHHy ex KapJOM-b I, Kanx Ha HTBI
H31>
l
^epMCpOBT*,
104 Hcnojraeme
BOJIH Boatiefi, H BT> cpaafeniaxi. npoaBjiaBmie CTOHKOCTB H OTBary, yro Bparn nx^ nasBajiH ^eji-fomodoKHMH". Cpe#H ainx'L eounoez KpoMee.m 6ujiu nocArbdooameAu pasmioct centm H anaSanTHCTH, H ^.IIO^H naiOH MOHapxin", oatHflaBinie TMcaqevi-ETa
HO XpHCTa, H pasHtie flpyrie ,,CBaTtie ne fl'kzraji'B Mea^y HHMH pasjmqia H #aate flaBaji'B o<j)Hn,epiOJiaiHOCTH npociojrio.nHHaM^. EMy y^ajroct HacToaiL BT, napqTo6Li H BCH apMia dmia cocTaBJiena TaKHM'B ate o6pa30M j>, ijapciBa
lacyca
,
r
,
H Kor#a 3TO cjiy^HJOcs, KaBa^epn citopo 6LLTH no6'feat neHH H Kap.iy I TOJIBKO O^HO cnacaxtCH 6 BrcTBOMi>. Ont dt/Kaji. K^ HO 6^1^ HMH BBi^an-L aHMnqaHaMi, (1645). (
>
r
14O. TenepB en napmMeumrb npeo6jiadaM npecoumepiaHUSMZ, H0 ap M iH fiujia uudenendeumcKaH. IIap,iaMeHT L co cipaxoM-L CMOTp'kTL Ha C06CTB6HHOe CB06 BOHCKO. BCTynHBt BT> neperOBOptl CT& r
Bt pecnyo-
RopojieM'B Ha c^eTij ycjiOBm Mnpa, OH-B Hieji'B Tenept Ha H HaciaHBajTB rjraBHHM^ o6pasoM L JLHHIB na TOMI>, qTo6Bi ror
n,epKOBLK) AnrjiiH 6111^^ npHSHaH'B co ciopOHti
npecBHTepiaHH3Mi>; HO HH.neneH^eHTCKaa apMia H CjitiuiaTb 06^ ne xorLia, Tpe6ya CBo6o,zi,Bi JinqnoH COB'^CTH H HOJIHOH MOCTH Ka/K^OH pCJIHrioSHOH o6m,HHBI. Kt 3TOMy 6111,6 HpHCOe^HHHJIOCB
apMJH Ha HerLiaTearB atajroBania H na naM-Bpenie napnocjaTB ee ycMnpaTB MpJiaH/jiK). ,3,^0 ^OHIJIO AO noeaio
na
Me,mdoyco6iH
STOTI, pa3"B neatly atHTejiaMH Jlon^ona H
HBix B rpa^CTB-B, HBiiaBHTHMHca sam.HHi.aTB napJiaMenT'B, H ociajiacB sa nocjrE,a,HeK), H Tor.ua coBepmnjiacB ,,oqHCTKa" r
6tijio
nasBano H3rHanie
B.iiaTe.iBHBix^ npecBHiepiaH'B.
cocmoHM Jiuwb
nero
HS'B
Hocjirb omoio
mt> eduHOMUwjieHHUKoeH)
apjwiu,
H ocTaBuiieca
cy^HTb Kapja 1 ,,sa HSM'BHV H Hajiaia Me^oyco6ia". JIOPAOBI oiKasajiacB OTI* 9Toro, 6Bunb HasnaqeH^ ,n;jia 3ioro oco6Bin cy.H'B, KOTOPBIH H HCM-B qjreHH P-BIUHJIH
Kapjia I
K-B
CMepiHoft Ka3HH. ^epes^ H-BCKOJIBKO ^Heii noc.5 B 9Toro npnroBOpa 6BLIH r
AnrjiiH
B'B
H
AUIMH npeepamu.mcb
KOpojieBCKaa QJ>
BjraciB,
H
najra ra r
pecny6jiuKy (1649).
141*. AnrjiiHCKaa pecny6.iHKa
A^OM-B OAHOH #eHTCKOH napTin, CToaBineH BO imast BOOpyateHHOii CH.IBI. njaa C6o6ody comcmu B^ A^Jax-B B-EPBI, HHAeneH^eHTBi B-B HOJIHTH qecKOM B OTHomeHia cioajiH Ha ToqK B sp'Bnia napodoejiacmin, r
T.-e.
6biJia
r
yqenia
o
eiu,e
npHna^ieatHOCTH BepxoBHOH BJiacin napo^y, BBiCTaBI XVI B. KajBBHHHCiaMH. B'B HOBOH coxpaHa.iacB sa ocTaTKOMi>
105 napjaMenia, a HcnojHHTejbHaa Bpyqena
6bLia
rocy^ap-
coB^xy. BT HCMX saHHMajrB #o./ijKHOCTb rocy^apCTBennaro ceKpexapa Mujiwnom (1608 1674), npoc.iaBHBniiHca r.iaBH03TB. HLJM'b o6pa30M B, KaKt IIoS^H'Be OH-B HanHCaJl. 3HaM6HHTyK) r
CBOK)
noaMy ,,IIoTepaHHLiH pan", npOHHKHVTyio cypOBOio pejmrio3HOCTbK) nypHTanH3Ma. Bi> 3noxy #ojrraro napJianeHTa OHT, A'BHCTBOrjaBRLiMT* oopaaoirL B-L KaqecTB-fe no.iHTH^ecKaro nHcaxeja, Bajii> H nojHTHyecKyio CBo6ojy. Kor^a, B-B napjaMeHT-B rocno^CTBOBajiH npecBHiepiane, ^ejaBinie BBGCTH CTporyio ijensypy, MajibTOHt oiciaHBajiT) CBo6oAy neiaiH B-L CBOGH a noc.i'B yciaHOBjOHm pecnyd.iHKH OHX nnca,TB
OTCiaHBaBinaro
pe.iHrio3Hyio
'
ciopOHiiHKOB'L Kapjia
I
e
Ha ToqK'B
aHrjiiftcKift
sara.Hiii.aj'B
UOJIHTH'jeCKHX'L TpaKTaTOB-L.
Bl> HHX-b
OHt
Hapo,nT CTOflJl
Hapo^OBjacTia, yTBepm^aff, MTO ^ejOB BK L, coSAaHHHH no odpasy H no,ii,o6iK) Boariio, npHSBan-L BjacTBOBaib, a He HOBHuoBaibCfl. OH% 3an^nQ^a MiiE H CBo6o,ii;y COB-BCTH, B'b nojbsy r
r
sp-BHifl
HH^eneHAeHTCKm iiHcaiejib (Bam) HPHBO^H.TL TO ITO coo6pa/KeHie, Incyc-L XPHCTOCX, KpOBbK) CBOCIO HCKynHBuiift see .iajiCfl ejHHCTBenHHM'L rocno,nHHOin> H cyAtero
KOTOpofi
Apyroft
COB-BCTbH)
u
nj,HHj aji'b )
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Boac^b
HapOAOB.iaciifl, cqHxafl Heodxo.a.HMHM'L
cymecTBOBanie Hapo^a npaBHTe.ia pa^OM-L ex Hapo^flBiMH npe^cocxaBJiHFomHMH napjaiienT'L. Enpo^eMi., no^x napoMnjbTOHT> pasyM'B.i'L jiHinb doji^e sajKHTOHHbie KjaccH o6ui,eOT'L
,
CTBa, a He Hapo^HLia Maccn. KpOMBe.ib xoate CTOHJTL 3a TO, ^TOOBI nojiHTHqecKHMH npasaMH nojib30BajiHCb .inuib T-B o6ni,ecTBeHHbie
KOTOpne H panbrae 6HJH npe^CTaBjeHBi
KJiaccbi,
,
paBHonpaBiiociH, MOFJIH CH.iy,
B'b najaT'fe OOLC^HH-L.
rBM-L cpe^n HiiAeneHAeHTOB-b o6pa30Ba.iacb naprnin ^Jteee.iUAU ypaenumeAeu, KOTOpan xorLia ,u;o6HTbca HOJIHOH noT.-e.
qTOf>Bi
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BspocjiBie aHrjinqane
BLi6HpaTb BI nap.iaMeHTi.. OHH TOTOBH 6iiJH ynoTpeoHTB ITOOBI OCymeCTBHTb CBOH Tpe60BaHia, HO 6BI.1H HOAaB.ieHLI
KpOMBe.ieM-B,
ne mejaBUJHMx
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En;e Men Be pasr
nepeM-BHBi.
nnmou Monapxiu" H ^pyrnxi. .MIInponoB'BAOBaBniHX'B ycTpaneeie BCBKHX-B BJiacTen OUIUHOCTB HMym.ecTB'B. Boo6me aurjiftcKoe ceKTanTCTBO BX coCTpeMjenia ^Jitodeu
CCKT-B,
n.in
;ur,i;e
H miTHAecaTux'B ro^ax-B XVII B. OT.iHqa.iocb 6ypHi,i.Mi>. apaKTCpOMX, HO BHOCJI^CTBiH aHF.liHCKia CeKTBI B-B MHpnbia H cnoKOHHiia o6n;Hnti, cpe^H KOTOpbixi> CTa.io rocno^CTBOBaTb yqenie o HenpOTHB.ieHiH 3jy H o rp-B-
XOBIIOCTH
BOHHEI,
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c.iy/KOH
H
T.
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TaKoe
npeBpameeie
106 HanpuM-fcp'B,
BOSHHKinaa BX 910 BpeMa ceKia oco6eHno pasBPLm yienie o BHyTpeiraeM & r
KOiopBie
142. BX 3noxy pecny6jiHKH uacmoauiUMt npaeumeAeMz Anuiu OMeeM, Kaiex BoenHBifi BOJK#B HHAeneHfleHTOBx, xoxa OHX H ee cpasy 6BLTB npHsnaH'B rjraBOio rocy^apCTBa. ^GJOB-EKT,, OHHuaTejifcHBiM'L yMOM-B H HecoKpyfflHMofi 9HeprieH, yB-Bfit IIpaBOT^ CBOHXX BSFJIfl^OB-L H BX TOMX, ^TO OHI) JIHTHL HCEOJBOJiK) f
cpe,a;cTBax B,
Bomiio, gecTOJno6HBbiH H He Bcer,na pasOopqHBtiH
OHX
eucono
B-B
depmaM suaMH aniMucnou
eunwueu
nojiumuurb. Hpjian^ifl 6iuia HMX ycMHpena, H ea atecTOKO naKasaHO KOH^HCKanjeH qyTB ne DOJOBKHBI IIIoTJiaH,nn,&i npHsnajiH CBOHMI, KOpoJieM^ cnna Kapja I (Kapjia II) eo
cejieHie
H
,a;aate BTOprjincB BI Anrjiiio, HO KPOMBCJIB pa36HJiT> HX-B H HHJTB IIIoTJiaH^iH). 3a STHMX nocjfB^OBajra nod-BAOHOCHaa Bonna
FojuiaH^ieH.
Ho
HacioflHiio
KpoMBejia, ^ojirin napjaMenTi. oco6BiH saKOH^ o MOpenjiaBaHin 00,3,1. HasBameM-B naem^iounaio
mma,
3anpeju,aBniiH HPHBOSHTB BX Aflrjiiro
TOBapn Ha He aHrjinqaHaM-B HJIH KOTOpne npHHa^eatajiH cipanaMx, TOBapn npoHcxo^HJiH (1651). 3ia MepKaHTHJiHCTHqecKaa M pa y^ap B rojrjraH^iH, nepeBosHBuieH na CBOHX-B Kopadjiaxx qyatie TOBapn. Mem,ny OS-EHMH pecnyd-OKaMH HaqajiacB BOfina, nocji'B KOTOpoft rojuiaH^Bi ^OJEMIHH 6BIJIH no^qHHHTBca HaBHran,ioHHOMy aKTy. Yme sanHMaa HOCTX npoieKTOpa, KPOMBCJIB BT, COIOS-B r
r
ycn^mHyro BofiHy ex HcnaHieft, npHqeatx Anrjiia saBoeBajia /I,H)HKHpxeH B H ocipOBx ^[MalKy. Bo Been EBPOH-B npomecmanmu CMompnjiu na EpOMee&H, na ceoeio sau^umnuKa^ CT>
<J>paHn,ieH BCJITB
r
mm
H OHX
nepe^x KammiecKHMH rocy^apciBaMH sa HXX npoiecTaHTCKHXx no^aHHLixx. EMy ro-
,a;ame xjionoiajix
B'BpOTepnnMOCTB
ji;jra
TOBBI 6BIJH ^aaae npnnHCBiBaTB
caMBie rpan^iosHBie njiaHBi
o6pa-
npOTecTaHTCKaro corosa ^Jia 6opB6Bi ex Ta6c6ypraMH, noBeHenia npOTHBx TypOK-B H saBoeBanie OO'BHX'B IlH^ift. aa atH3HB anrjiiHCKOH pecny6jiHKH He cooiB'BTCTBOBa.ia 9THMX BH'BfflHHM'i ycH-BxaMx. FpOMa^Hoe 6ojBfflHHCTBO Harbin noduuusiJioc'b pecny6jiunn), no eu ne couyecmeoeajio. CB'BTCKaa H naa apHCTOEpaiia H cpeflHie K.iaccBi cioajin na ciopOH^ KOHCTHiyi^iH, ^a H ociajiBnaa naijia TaroTHjacB HOBBIMX nopa^KOMx, KOTOpBiil He odesnegHBaji-B HH cnoKOHCTBia, HH CBo6o^Bi. BT> apMin Toate 6BL/1H He^OBOJIBHBI RQJ1TRMT> HapiaMeHTOMX, H6 JKeJiaBfflHMX paSOHTHCB H Hasna^HTB HOBBIC BBi6opBi, H KPOMBCJIB pininjica ero pasorHaiB. BX 1653 r. OHX JIH^HO aBHJica BX sacfeaHie ex coj^a-
npOHsaecx
rposHyio
p^^B,
Hano-iHeHHyio
ynpeKaMH, o6BH-
107
HemaMH H ydaMnu.
.name 6paHLK), H ecn> u-ieuu napmMenma HOCJTE 9ioro OLJ.I'L cosBaHi, HOBBIH napJiaMenTi,
dojiie BHAHLix'L ^-BaiejieH HH#eneH,neHTCKOH napxin,
H npHroTOBHBinifi HOBVK) KOHCTHTyijiio. 3aKOHOsa napjiaMeHTOM-L, B-L KoiopoMt ^OJI^HO ociaBajiacb BJiacTL jjaiejiLHaa pasiiLia
pe(|>opMBi
46
6tLio 6HTL
H HpJiaHAiH) THiyjiOM'b
UIoT.iaH,ii;iH
a HcnojHHTejibHafl BJiacib nopy^ajiacb KpOMBejiio ct
;
npomenmopa
npeeMHHKa). B'L
(400 oit AfloiH, no 30 or&
ijenoB-L
ITepBbiH
(nosAH-Be eMy aje
npaBp nasnaqHTb cedi H npoTeKTOp^ pasonuiHCb
,3,aJH
napJiaMenT'b
noHHManiH KOHCTHTyn,iH. KpOMBejib pacnycTHJi'L ero H H-BKOiopoe npaBHJii, onnpaacb na o^ey apMiio. 3ia BoeHHaa ^HKiaiypa ^^^ no^o6ie opraemsaijiH, H Anorn dbura pas^'fejeea na KOTOpux'b 6biJiH nocTaBJieHbi reHeKpOMBejib nonnMajii, qio He RXR TOFO
OKpyroBi,,
Ho B'L
H
rjaB'fe
Kap,iOMi> I, qTo6ti npn^rn im ea co^epatanie ^eebrn 6es-b
6opb6y
iLiaTHTb
BO
C'b
corjacia
HXI
B'L cipani BCG cnjibH'Be H CHJibH'Be ave.ia.iH BOSKI CTapon KOHCTHTynJH. Kor.ua KPOMBCJIL onnib co6paji b napjaMeni"L, B-L HCM-L yaie npasio P-EIHHJIH eoscmanoeumb npemuee ycmpoiicmGO H npe&ioatHJiH npoieKTOpy BOSJioacHTb na ce6a Kopor
,
Kopony. Xoponio snaa pecny^JHKaHCKoe Hacipoenie apKpOMBejib oiKasajica OT-L Koponbi. Mnorie o4)HD;epLi npHMO roHe flonycTarL BOSCianoBJieHifl Monapxin.
143. Kor^a
HOCJ* 3ioro
BCKOp-B
KpOMBe^b yMep-L
npOTCKTOpCTBO CHHy CBoeMy Pmapdy, weat^y TOM-L H apMiefi onaTL nanajiHCb pas^opn. HOBHH npoieKiop-L 6ujn ycTpaHeHi*, neatly OT^JILHUMH Boenaqa^LnHKaMH npOHsonuia 6opb6a sa BJiacTL, H O^HH-L H3i. HHXI>, reHepajii MOHKZ, pnwuM npouseecmu pecmaopatym Cmwapmoffb. OH^ aana-i'L ^OH^OH"L H ,a;o6HJica noMom,H ocxaiKOBi, ^o^iraro napJiaMeHia, ^10611 611.11 cosBaH'L CBo6o a,HHH napJiaMeHTx" B-L nocji^HeM-L rpoiia^Hoe 6o,iLH1HHCTBO p-BHIHJIO HpHSBaiL Ha HpeCTOJI'L CHHa Kapja I, KOTOpblH
npn
.
(
B'L
TO speMa na MaiepHidj.
II
nocniniH.i'L npi-BxaiL
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Ci)
CBoefi
ciopOHLi,
ro.oaHAiK) H
ony^a
napjaMCHT-L MaHH(j>ecT L CT> od'BmanieM'L aMHHCTin H BipoiepHHMOCTH. Tor^a napjaMCHT-L caiman nocianoBJieHie, no KOTOr
B-L
pOMy Biicmee npaBJienie AOJTJKHO 6100 npHHa^ieataiL B-L HO.IHOM'L corjiacin C-L ciapHMH saKonaMH, Kopo.iio, najrax-B JIOPAOBI> H najiaT'B (1660). PeciaBpa^a CTFoapTOBx eosepamcuia Auum Kb noAOMeniw, #5 KaKOMV oua 6buia &b nepoue wdu doMaio T.-e. ^6 naqajia Meatji;oyco6ia. BoscianoBjieHie Monapxin H BoacTaHOBJieHieM-L aHr.iHKaHCKon i^epRBH. ApMia, ,
108 KOTOpOH HHKTO H6 MOF'B SaM'EHHTb KpOMBeJIfl H KOTOpyK)
B'b
mano
BOsnarpa^HTb, ROJUREB, 6ujia no;i,qHHHTbca, H
6bi.io
ci.
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pecia-
OKOHqmica 6ypmjH nepiojvb anrjificKaro CGKOrb BpeMen-b rocno^CTBa nypmaH'b #0 CHX'b nopi>, O^HRKO, B^ Aiirjiia urbKomopun 6wmoeun uepmu r.naBHbiM'b o6pano CTporoe npas^HOBame AHH rocno^Ha odp
Bpaajeii CiioapTOB'b .
HOH cy66oTii.
C'b spyrofl ciopOHbi, nypnTancKaa cxporocTb H anoiHCKoe o6in;ecTBO BpeMeni, pecTaBpar^in
,
MIKOMUCMHHOW 6eceAocmt>w, npnai^pt KOTOPOH caMt Kapjrb II. CeKiaHTaM^ ne y^ajocb ocymeciBHTt H co^ajibHBia n^en, pacxo^HBraiaca C'b
CKOpne
ojibinniiciBa
MG^y
H
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noxpedHOCTb KOTOPOH
pe({)opMbi,
XVII
nan,iw.
Bc'fe
HHMH npeo6pa30Banie
H
pe(J)OpMBi
Bbi6opOBT>
OKOJO 170 yate
no,a;a-
BTB
najaTy
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qyBCTBOBajiacb
B-b
OAHO TO^bKO nocianoBJieHie BpeMeu-b KpOMBe;m 6biJio B0306HOBJieiio KapjiOMx II: 310 6mio oKonqaTejibHoe npeKpameme (|>eoji,ajibHaro npasa Kopojia najvb noMimHqbHMH seMJiaMH. 144. Ilpn cbiHOBbax-b Kap.ia I, napcTBOBaBuiKxi* OAHHI* sa B.
AH
H JKapAfb
1685) H lanoen 11(1685u napJiaMeumoMV eo1688) fioptfia Memdy 3o6noetuacb. HepBHtt napjraneHT'b Kapjia II, HsdpanHbifi BO BpeMH peaKuia npOTHBi nypnTanHSMa, OTJinqajica npe^anHOCTbio Eopojiio,
Wy rHMrt
B1)
J
71(1660
nopoMecnou ejiacmbw
sa qTO Torb ne pacnycKajiT, ero, T.-e. ne na3naqajr'b HOBIIXI
Teqenin BOceMBa^i^aTH JILT'S. napJiaMeHT-b j^a/Ke ne o6 fcm aHiH Kapjia II, npe^aB-b cy^y H Kasna n BKOTOpbix b jiiOJiraro napJiameHTa H B03o6HOBHB-b npecji^OBaeia npOTHB-b nypnTaH'b. CaM-b Kapji'b II 661;!^ ne npoqb jjonycTHTb B fepOTepnHMOCTb, B-b
r
r
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l
r
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o6.ierqHTb nojiomenie KamiHKOB'b, EOxopbiMTb OHI coqyBCTBO-
o^naKO, H BTOTI, napJiaMeHTTj cxajrb ce6a qxo TaK-b, B036y,HHJ b npoiHB'b ce6a ney^OBOJibGTBie Kapjia II. Kopojib JK)6HJi b secejiyio H ,naJKe pasryjibHyio mH3Hb, ciOHBinyro Ma.io-no-Majiy,
r
r
MHoro
.neHerb,
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cy6cH,a,iH.
jiacb napJiaMeHTy. i^ia,
najiaia ne ocoOenHO 6buia mejipa Birtmnaa nojiHTHKa Kapja II lie
a HHatnaa B-b ero
na
i^apCTBOBanie cnjibno B03BBiCHjacb
rocno^ciBOBaTb na^ ,npyrHMH rocy,a,apH noBCiofly .nocTaBHTb TOpmecTBO Ka ro.iHi^H3My. Hy/K.a.aacb B'b KapJi-b II coecrbM* noduuuujiCH ^pani^yscuoMy Kopo^w JH)^,O-
KOTOpaa cxpeMBJiacb ,
r
,
XIV, iLnaTHBmeMy eMy .neHe^Knyio nenciio, HO 3axo ^o6HJica Hero oft-Emaeia BOCHHOH noMom,H npoiHB-b CBonx-b co6cTB6HHLix b .naHHbix-b Bi cjiyqa'B axt HenoBHHOBenia. Bes-b BcaKOH nojibsn
OT-b
r
ce6a Anrjiia
noMorajra
^aHom
B'b
ea saBoeBaiejibHOH HO^HTHK-B
109 Toro upeMCHH.
napJiaMenrfc H BI
B-L
saroBOpOBt, noieny HasbiBaeMbiii
anmi
o
npucmn*
BT,
nanm nonpeavneMv 6oa.ocb 1673 r. uapjiaMeHTb HSAaji'b
(test-act),
no KOiopOMy rocy-
H o6m,ecTBeHHbia ^ojiatHOCTH MOFJIH sanHMaTbca TO.ILKO npHcaraBiiiHMH BI TOMX, HTO npHSHaiorb Kopo.ia r.iaBOH)
nepKBH H He Bijparb
npecymecTBjieHie, H npHiamaBinHMHca no cnjiy axoro saKoea
B'b
B'L
oopa^y. ce6a ^oj;KHOCTb
renepaji'B-a.piHpa.aa 6paTi>
npecio.ia ^p^^0lz lopncmu (6yAyni,iH laKOBt II). ysHajnj o cymecTBOBamn Tafiflaro corjiameHifl ci.
HTO
Kopo.ieM'b,
BBisBajio
npaBHTe.ibCTBOM'L
H
ct ero CTOpOHH eme Kapjn> II
pacnyciH.i'B na.iaxy
HOBHC Bbidopm ,a;a.iH, o^naKO, coBC'BM'b yate Hoe 6o.ibiiiHHCTBO. Bo rjiaB'B He^OBOJibBbixi) CTa.TL JiopA?> r
o6ii;nH b.
nojHTHHecKOK) nporpaMMOH). no.ui napJia^ieHTi) HS^aji'L snaMeHHTLiH habeas-corpus-act (1679), 3iy n Tpeibio BejiBKyio xapxiio", aKT-L, no KOiopOMy Ka?KflbiH apecTOBannbifi aHiMHqanHH-b (HJH ero po^CTBennHKH H snaKOero
c'b
BbiCTynHBrnifi
cfiepu,
ITBJIOK)
B.iiflHieM'b
MBie)
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Mori)
saKOHHOCTH
apecia
saKJiiOHeHHaro BI>
c-b
cyAOM'b,
KOTOPHH
HM'B.II,
npaBO H
npeflOCTaBJiemeM'b CMV BoaMoacnocTH
Ha nesaKOnnoe jinmeHie
CBo6ojiBi. Kpon-B Toro, H ero CTOPOTIHHKH no^HajiH Bonpoc'b o TOMX, Moacerb JIH repuori. lopKCKifi, KaKi> KaiojiHE'b, sanaib npecTO.ii>, H Bbiciac^HTaBinaroca CMHOMI* BHJIH KauAH.naTOM'b repi^ora MonMyma,
cyA'b
IIl9({)Tc6epH
.
Kapjia
II.
Bonpoc'L o npecTOJOHacji-BAiH Aaj^ naia^io ^ByM-b biBmnM-b KaKT. 6bi npOAOJiacenieMi, KpyooroJiOBBix'b H KaUPOTHBHHKH repi^ora lopKCKaro ccbijajHCb na npoxe-
3'roTi)
ciaHTCKoe yneaie o .HoroBOp-B Meatfly iiapoflOM-b H rocyflapeM-L H roBOpHJiH, ^TO nap.iaMeHT-b HM-BCTI, npaBO OTCipanHTb repaora lopnCKaro OT-b npeciuia; HXI> HasBajin euiaMU no KJHqR-fe MaTeavHHKaM-b. ,Hpyraa napiia, no.iyHHBniaa
no HMGHH Hp.iaH^CKHX'b paadoHHHKOB'b-KaTO.iHKOBi, cioaja na TOM TO^K-B sp'Bnia, ITO Kopojib ijapciByerb Ha ocHOBaniH 60atecTBenHaro npaBa, H HTO nejibsa OTHaib y repijora lopKCKaro ero npaBO na npecTO.Tb. (Cnopi> o npOHCxoajflenin BJiacin nepemejix H ET> jiHiepaiypy). Kap.ii> II ne AonyciHjrb ^o npHnaxia napjanenioM-b nn.i.ia 06^ HCKjuoqeuiH ero 6paia, H BHFH Tor^a ycipOHjiH saroBop-b,
KOTOpbifl
1685
r.
CTOJH>.
Kapjii)
H yqacTHHKH ero HaKasanbi. B'b H rep^r'b lopKCKiii BCTynH.ii, Ha npeyMcpi,
CLIJI^
II
OTKpbirb
110 145. IJapCTBOBame laKosa - KaTOJIHK
II
611.10
Ko-
Henpo^oJiatHTe^bHO.
H
B
'
9TO CTOpOHHHK'L JIlOAOBHKa XIV, KaK'L-paS'L BpCMfl OTM'EHHBmarO HaHTCKiH aflHRrL, CTaJHE. BOnpGKH TCCTb-aKTy HasHaqaTb KamiHKOB'b na rpa^aacKifl, Boenrnja H .name ijepKOB-
P
-II)
B"L
CCbLiaaCb npH STOM-L Ha CBOG npaBO OTM'ImaTb saKona HJIH ocBodojKAaTb HSB-BCTHHX'L JIHI^'L OT-L iKWUHema Ha TOMt ^e ocHOBamn, KOTOparo Hai^m, OAnaKO, ne npn-
Hbia
flOJUKHOCTH,
laKOBi, II o6'LflBHJi'L CBo6o,a;y 6orocjryateHm, KOTOPOIO 6H.IH npeat^e Bcero BOcnojrssoBaTBca KaTOJiHKH. Hao6opOTt KancKoe ^yxoBencTBO, HG atejiaBniee HHiaiB Bt ii.epKBax'L KOpo.ieB?
CKyio fleKJiapaijiio i^ia
Tepn-BJia
061*
STOM'L,
BTH M-Bpti
no^Beprajocb npecj-B^OBaHiaM^. Ha-
KOpojra-KaTOJiHKa,
m
cmepmm
nadrbttCb,
umo
cz
eio
eio
6tijra
npecmo.u nepeudemz douepu Mapin, KOiopaa npOTeciaHTKOH H 6tiJia saMyateM^ sa rojuiaH^CKHMi, HiTaTrajit>TepoM b BuMieMMOM* OpaucKUMt. Ho y laKOBa II po^njica CLIH'B. Barn, enje B-L naiaji'B n,apCTBOBaHia laKOBa II c^jraBmie HOByro nonHTKy sa KOTOpyro JKeciOKO nonjiaTHJiHCb, P'BIUH.IHCB He iTodu anrjiiHCKiH npecTOJTL HaBcerji.a yiBep^HJica sa H na BTOT^ pas'L TOpin CKJIOHHJIHCB Ha HXX CTOpOHy. I BnjibrejiBMy OpancKOMy 6mra nocjiana Tor,a;a npocb6a dan saiyumu npomecmanmusMa u ceo6odu. HlTaTrajiBaH^CKiH npHHflJi b nparjiaHieHie, OTILHIJTB c^ CBOHMI> <j)JioTOM'B KI deperan^ BBica^n^'L CBoe BOHCKO H ^BHHyjca na JIonjaiOHi, npHB-BTCTByeMLiH Hapo,a;oMi H .name KOPOJEGBCKHMH BOHr
r
AHH,
CKaMn(1688). laKOBt II, BC-BMH ocTaBJieHHUH, nocn-Brano 6iia:ajii BO a cosBamraH BajbrejiBMOM^ OpaHCKHMi J^OHBGHT'B", T.-e. s-B
Kopojia,
eamnmnuMV
npasnaji^,
6CJin>dcmeie
qio
aHrjiiHCKiii
napywewiH nopoMMb
npecTOJii. ceoeio do-
loeopa Cb HapodoMv H oxpeneHia oi'b BjacTH, aBCTByK)in,aro HS-B ero CTpaHbi. Ha ocBo6o^HBniiHca Tponi. 6bMH BiuibreJibM'L
OpaHCKin H Mapia,
HO
OHH
no^nncaTb GUAM u denmpa^m npaez, yTBepat^aBHiyio OKOHqaTe^bHO sa Han,ieH H napJiaMeHTOM'b HX'L BOJIBHOCTH H npaBa (1689). OjjHOBpeMeHHO HOHKon^opMHCTaM-B, sa HCKjno^emeMi) KaiojiHKOB'b, 6bijra ^ana B'BpOTepnnMOCTb sa TO, TTO OHH B^ nojiHTHqecKOH 6opb6'E 6buiH npoiHBi laKOBa II, HGCMOTpa na BC-B ero o6 Bni,aHia. nepeBopOT-L, BO BpeMa KOTOparo ne fcio npojHxo HH O^HOIT
6biJiH
f
KpOBH, HasbiBaeica
emopow auiMucuow
peeoAwi^ieu.
Ona
6u.ia
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e.
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na epemn
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o nodnnmiu
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nporpaMMOH)
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flyXOBCHCTBa H flBOp^HCTBa 6LL1H
paBHOM-fepHO, qT06b! npaBHTe,ibCTBO nepeciaao pas^aBaTb Be.iBMoataM'B fleHBrH pa^n JIBHIB TT06bI 6BI.1H npCKpan^eHBI npOHSBOJBHBie OflHOH HX1> nOKOpHOCTH,
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pacnymeHBi,
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148. Ha Pnniejii,e.
^yxoBnaro CKOJILKO
nocjii} 9Toro (1614) rocy^apciBeHHue ne cosueajiuci, B^ Teqemn 775 renepaJiBHBixi. niTaiax^ 1614 r.
JI'BT'B
OH'L
6o.iBinoio ji'BHBK);
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w^ecmeo locydapcmea,
atepTBy see ocTajBHoe, xaKi, qxo npea^e Bcero K^ neMy npnM-EKHMO nasBanie eejiumio locydapcmeenuum. PaineJiBe 6BIJTB Kap-
BT)
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na nepBBiH 4>paHn,iK) Pa,a;H
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wi>
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Ha TOCyAapCTBeHHOH jno^efi,
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sacmaeumb deopnucmeo
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H
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BejiBMoa;H-ry6epHaTOpBi CJIHHIKOM^ HPHBLIKJIH CMOTP-BTB na ce6a, na CBoero po^a nacJi^HHKOBi, ^eo^ajBHBix'B repi^oroB'L H H qio6Bi CJI^AHTB sa HXI> ,a,McTBiaMH, PamejiBe nocujiaji'B T., npOBHHn,iK) .OC06BIXI,
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113 Me.iKaro flBOpjmcTBa HJH ropo/Kam.; HS-L DTOH
HOCTH Ma.io-no-Ma.iy nponsorajra nocioaHHaa .HOJLJKHOCTB UHmeudaumoffb. YKp^njeHHue aaMKH .zjBopaHCTBa B'B npOBHHn,iax B dtLiH cptmi, a r
,ny3JiH,
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pacnpocTpaHHBmiaca cpe#H
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HO deopme
.HBOpan'b,
sanpemeHH
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Tama
M-BPH pacnojiarajiH HapOAT, B-B nojibsy eio neuaeudrbAu n Be.in nporHBt nero
npHABOpHHfl HHTpHFH, COCTaBJflJIH SarOBOpH, ^^6 OKaSLIBaJIH COnpoiHBJieHie ct opy^ieMt B'B pynax'L. PHmejibe, Haxo^HBniiH, HTO ero
Bparn 6iuiH BI TO
BpeMa BparaMH rocy^apCTBa, ateciOKO Kapa.it saroBOpm.HKOB'B, roBopa, ^TO rocy^apCTBO He ^ojiatHO npomaTL naHOCHMHX'L eny ocKOptfjiemH. H-BCKOJIBKO repi^oroB-L H rpatjjOB't CJTOJKHJIO npn HeMi> roJOBy Ha njax'fc. TaKHM-L odpasoMt PHme-iBe H HOAIBHHJIX STOH snaneHie npn.naBaji'B rocy^apCTBy desyc-iOBHoe HOBOH CHJlt Od-B TJiaBHHfl CHJH Cpe^HEXt B^KOBt nepKOBB H ^eo^ajitHoe ABOPHHCTBO. Ho OH^ ne omnuMaM y mou eAacmu, Komopyp OHM, UMIWIU nadz napodoMt. no OTHomemK) Kt ipeiBCMy cocjiOBiio H ero npasa KpecTBHHaMH
ate
ociajHCB
HenpHKOCHOBeHHHMH. CypoBHH KapmKb na nodamnyw maccy, T.-e. CMOip'BJi'B na njraiejBin.HKOB'B HajioroB-L B-L rocyAapCTBeHHyio Kasny, H HTO napo^y COBC'BM'B He HyatHO djiarococioflHia, HHane OHX, noaiajiyH, BHHieji'B 6n HS-L HOBHHOBeHia. HayKH H HCKyccTBa, no ero MH^Hiio, .no.iatHH 6ujin. cjryatHTB yKpameflieMi, rocy/japciBa, HO OHI c^HiaJit, ^TO JHOflflMi HH3maro SBania do^iie npHJinqerpy6oe HeB-B^eciBO, ^-BM^ TOHKOCTB SHama. 149. /I,epatacB TaKHxt BsrjaAOB-L, PnuiejiBe, KOHC^HO, ue MOW BOHHS
na napodv,
lyienomcKOu opiaHU3au,ieu, npeKTaBJiaBnieH HS-L ceda rocyAapcxBi. ^pani^yscKie npoiecTaHTH na CBOHXI codpaniaxt H na HanjoHajBHOM'B CHHO^ CBOCH pe^op-
6
B'B
n,epKBH npHHHMaJiH
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H He
ate
Ha iaj'B csoero npaB.ienia pinin-ica see 310 OTM'BHHTB. eouua a> lyienomciMU, B'B KOTOpon OHH nojyqHJiH co CTOponti aHrjiiiicKaro Kopojia Kapja I, HO noci'B T
ycH.iift
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ocxaBHJi'B,
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HasBanie edumna
HOBAfl HCTOPIH.
MUAOCMU (1629): npaso
r -
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114 iy JLIH Apyryio (KaifB
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6ujio ne caMOCTOflTe.iBHBiM'B npasoMi,
y anrjiiHCKHX-L
a
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yqpe^Hjr-L BnojiH'B
ciporoe no^^HneHie npOBHHD,iH ijenTpy. CTaptie H o6tiqaH ero HHCKOJIBKO necT'BCHfljiH; Boo6in,e OHX nojrtsoBajiCH CBoeio
BBO.HH-I'L
BejiHqaHniHM^ npOHSBOJiOMTb. Cy^H yTpaTHJin npn nen^ HesaBHCHMOCTB, H ^aCTO OHX HSLIMaJIl paSHHfl flfejlB, HS'L HX-L B'B-
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H
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amdeMm, KOTOpaa ^ojracHa dujra H noBsiro KpnTHKy no nyatnoH RJIR npaBHiejitCTBa 151. JIlOAOBHKT) XIII JTHDIB H-BCKOJIBKHMH M'BCflnjaMH CBoero MHHHCTpa, H npeciojTB nepemeji'B KI ero
BaeMyio (ppanutyacKyw
CBiny
1715), sa Koioparo Jhodoeuxy XIV (1643 MaTB ero, Anna Aecmpiucmn H JiOBKin
Masapunu,
npo^ojiataTejiB
osnaMenoBano HO peBOJHon,ieH,
6ujio
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flaae noJiy^HJin B'B 9TOMi ^BHjKeniH yqacTBOBajH napHatCKin nap-
nrpBi.
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pasx KI Jlro^OBHEy XIV.
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4 )
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116 HojiHTHKy, HSBje^enHyio HS-L co6cTBenHBix B CJOB-L CBHnjeHHaro nncanifl", BT& KOTOpot, MOJKHO CKasaTB, pasBiLi'L OCHOBnyio MLicjib .IroflOBHKa XIV #o Bosse/nema aocojiiOTHSMa qyTB ne Ha cxeneHB doateciBeHHOH sanoB-B^n. r
153. /fyxoseHCTBO BO ^pannm em,e 1516 r. 6BLio ET> nojraoii saBHCHMOCTH 6mio
ycMnpeno
ycnjiiflMH
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ci,
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a
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^eo^ajiBHaa apHCTOKparifl BIIOJIH'B npespaTHJiacL B^ npnsnaifc. Kopojit ociaBHJi'B sa ^BOPHHCTBOM-L BC'B ero TflrocTHiia
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BM-ErnHBaBHiaacfl BI BOHHH Jlro^OBHKa XIV, Tenept He yqacxifl B-B HOBOH ci HHM-b BOHH-B, H ^TO, ct B-L 6opt6y npOHCxo^HBinyio na BOCTOK-B, He CTOpOHH,
Mooa
5
HH
HS'B
Oflna
Boima
sana^Hiix-L .nepataB'L.
sa HcnancKoe nacji^CTBO
C'B
nepeM'BHHBiM'L
o^HOBpeMeHHO na pasHtix-B Teaxpax-B, HO rjraBHHMt TeaqacTflMH $paHii,iH H 6iiJiH HH^epJiaH^H C'B npHjieraiomHMH iH.
B'b TO
Bpena,
KaK'B
B'B
H^raJiiH
H
HcnamH
S^CB
6pajia TO o^na, TO
CTOpona, (fipauujysu ,a;pyrafl mepnrbJiu odno nopamenie sa dpyiuwt. BejiHEHx-L HOJIKOnepBoft HO.IOBHHH i^apCTBOBania iKWBHKa XIY, TiopeHna
uacmm BOflijeB't
.
H KoH^e,
yjse He dtuip B'L atHBLix'B,
H HX'B saM-BHHJH pasHEia 6es-
nanpHM., repn;orT> Bn.uiLpya. Y BparoBi. B^ HaodopOT-L, 3Ty Bonny BH^BKHyjiHCB Kpynnne BoeHHLie TaL EBremft npHHn, Caeoucuiu, cocTOflBmin na CJiyat6 B y ABCTpin, H Jiop^t MoMtidpti, Eaga.ibCTBOBaBmiH na^ anrjiiHCKHMH BOCHHEIMH
jjapHOCTH,
KaKoro
6tui'L,
,
(
(
Tfo KOHi^y
.
.
BOHHH nojoateHie .Iio^OBHEa XIV CA'BJiajiocb Kpafme CTpana 6tuia pasopena, Hapo^t rojiojiia
H o^Haat^H OTpa^-L HenpiaTe.ibCKOH KOHHHI^LI cmaM npo.naate BH,a;y caMoro Bepcajia. IIpecTaptjibiH Kopo^ib cumt Mupa, HO eiiy npe^-bflBHJiH Tanoe Tpe6oBanie, na KOTOpoe 6njia nycTa, B'b
Mori. corjiacHTbca: COIOSHHKH XOT-B.IH HMCHHO, HTo6bi OHI co6cTB6HHBiMH CBOHMH BOHCKaMH H3rHa.ii. CBoero BHyKa HS'b HcnaniH, rA^ TOTI. ycn'EJTb yate yTBep^HTbca. YTOMjieHH BOHHOK) 6n.iH H COIOS-
OHt ne
HHKH. B'L Anrjiin CTOpOHHHKaMH 6opb6bi 6ujin BHFH, BH^BHHyBniie HS'b CBoefi cpe^bi Majibdopo, HO TOpisM-b, 6HBmHM b npOTHBT> BOHHH, r
noayqHTb nepeB^cx, H 3THM'b p-Bmeno 6H.io omcmynMnie Bi. FepManiH no CMepTH JleonojibAa I (1705) HMnepaTOCA'B.iajicfl pOM-b CTapmin ero CMHI, locufa /, HO H OHI CKOpo (1711)
yjjajrocb
AUIMU. ynepi,
qero aBCTpincKm nacji-B^CTBeHHUfl HMnepaTOpCKaa Kopona nepenuiH K-b 6paTy ero Kap.iy. Ha HcnaHCKifi npecTOJi'b. FocyAapCTBaifb,
fies.n'BTHbiirb,
3CMJIH H
BCJi'B.iiiCTBie
ero npasa na HcnancKiH npecTOJix, He
Koro HHTepeca, qTo6bi HOBHH HMnepaTOp-b ~Kap.n VI (17111740) CHOBa coe.aiHHHj'b BT> o,HHy Monapxiio aBCTpiiiCKifl H ncnaH-
HepeM-Bna B'b anrjriHCKOH HOJHTHK^ H Bon,apeHie FepManiH npeTen^enTa na HcnancKoe Hac.TBACTBO BOHHy K'b KOHI^y. ToplfiCKOe MHHHCTepCTBO BCTyHHJO CX .
CKia B.ia.n'BHiH. BI,
128 KOM-L
XIV
locH^a
I,
6oH)
B'b
a
Taimbie
neperoBOpti
1713
BT>
npn
ein,e
^pannja H Afioia
r.
JKHSHH HMnepaxopa
aaKJiiOHHJiH Meayjy
co-
CaBofia H IIopTy-
&?>
MUp-6 Vrnpexmn,', ro.oaHjua, Ilpyccia, Toate CKOpo npHMKHy.in KI> yipexTCKOMy jjoroBOpy. Kapji^ VI H 6o.ibinaa ^acib HMnepcKHx^ KHasefi, npHHHMaBinnx b y^aciie B-L BOMB'!, npoflOJiatajra BBCTH ee em,e OKOJIO ro^a, HO ^paHijysu nerajiia
r
Bi)
penuiH
H
HacTynjienie
no
sacTaBHJiH HMnepaiopa
CKOMy
doioeopy npnsHaTB OCTaJIBHHM'B npOTHBHHKaMI>
XIV
.llO.a.OBHKa
pawmamm-
MHpa
yTpexiCKaro
ycJiOBia
(1714).
OCTaJIOCb TOJIbKO
HO-
8TOMy npHM-fepy. PesyjiBTaiOM't BOHHH sa HcnancKoe naCJI^,HCTBO 6u.Jii> pasdrbAT) ejiadrbniu Mcnaniu Meotcdy ofioumu npemendenmaMU. CaMa Hcnanm C'B CBOHMH KOJiOHiaMH ocTajiact sa $HCJTE,ii;oBaTb
jHnnoMi> Y, HO OHI>
6ujn> oipe^Bca sa ce6a H CBOHX'B no-
.o.ojiateHi*
TOMKOB'B OTTb BCflKHXt HpaB^ Ha 4>paHI^y3CKyK) KOpOHy H OTKasaTBCfl
BI
MnjiaHa H HeanojiHTaHCKaro KopoOTB FH6pajiTapa, KOTOPHH ia saxsaBO BpeMfl BOHHH. $paHn,ifl na STOTB pasi He TOJIBKO He c^TeppHTOpiajiBHtix-L npiodp-BTesiH, HO Aaate ycTynnjra
noJiBsy
ABCipiH OTX noJiBsy ate
BejiBrin,
AHH
m, a AnrjiiH B!>
qacTB CBOHX-B c-BBepo-aMepH-
aH^ia nojiyqHjra npaso ^epatait rapHHSonu H-BKOTOpUXl 6eJIBriHCKHX'L Kp'BHOCTJlXI), COCTaBJIflBIHHX'B ^apbepTb" $pan^H. CaBofiio, KOTOpaa dma saxBanena (})paH^y3aMH THO ea saKOHHtifi BJiaji.'BJiei^'L, H BT> coe^HHemH CT> 7
H Cap^HHieH ona cocTaBHJia uoeoe Kopo.teecmeo CapnojiynnBHiaa Koe-Kama npnp-ESKH, 6iiJia
duncKoe. Hpyccia, Toaje
npHsnana paBHHM^ odpasoM^ CTB-B.
JIio6oiitiTHO,
Hio
CBoen'B
KOpojieBCKOMi, JI;OCTOHH-
rocy^apCTBa
(CapAHHia H Ilpyccia),
BT>
o6a
KoiopHMTb qepesi nojTOpa B BKa cyatji,eHO 6mio nponsBecTH od'be.a.HHeme Hiajiin H TepMaHin, o^HOBpeMeHHO nojiyinjiH THiyjix Kopor
JieBCTBi.
165*.
,21,0
cepe,a,HHH
XYU
nepBeHCTByioui,HM B r
B.
Ha BOCTOK ^ EBponti 6mia Hojibmaj HO BOHHH OHa .nojiatHa 6uji& ycTyuHTB 310 paa eo emopou nojioeunn
XVII
Moiyw^ecmea.
Ho
B.
H
eio no3Hn,iH),
H nepeencmeo nepewno
m
9THMT> Haga.io
BI> Hana.i'B
mpamb
XYI1I
eectMCi
BI>
euduyw
IIlBei^ia noTepa.ia
saHaxyK) Pocciu. O^noBpeMeHHO ct
poM
locydapcmeo, HpycciH, KOTOpaa ^ocinrjia BCJIHKOH
Ha
9noxy
nojioateHie IIlBeu.iH, KOTOdocmuua eucweu rnoumt, ceoeio
BT>
uefioMwoe
nn>Meu,Koe
cepeAHH'B TOFO ate CTO-
^P^aBH.
Heyji;oBO.n>CTBieM L CMOTP^JIH coHM^Binie C'B nero ciapne cieiti. Bx 1697 r. CKOHrocyAapH,
npeoSjia^aflie inBen,iH
inBeji.CKiH Kopojib
EapM
ci>
i
XI, ocxaBHB^ npecTOJ-b
129 1718), a lepeai. #Ba ro^a CBoeMy Kapay XZT(1697 6uxi> saoioqeH'B cowm npOTHBi IHBenJH mpeMH cocndnuMU xocyKOTOptixt RajKABia cTaBH.i-B cedt onpe.n'kieHHyK) u;Lii> oy^ymefi BOHR'S ct KapJiOM'B XII. Jlempz I, napB MOCKOBCRIH,
jrfcTHeM,y CLiny
yTBep^HTBCfl na BajmHCROM'B Mopls; KOpojiB nojiBCRiii (H caKCOHCKifi)
saBoeBais
BH,ny
i99
Aeiycm* II
JTHtfuHHAiio;
CUMHUU (1697 ^aiCKifi
1730)
1733) HM-EJI-B Kopojit 0pudpuxz IV ce6-B npeatma .naiCKifl
pac^HTHBa.!!, BOSBpaiHTB K)5KHOH qacTH IIlBei^iH H OTHHTB IILieaBHrL y ero repn,ora, 6uBinaro SflieM'L Kap.ia XII. COIOSHHKH COBC-EM^ He oatn^ajiH cepbesnaro conpoiHBJieHifl co CTOPOHH MOJOAoro mBe^CKaro KO-
HO
sa roHOHiy
CJniBraaro
pojia,
OHH
jierKOMHCjeHHaro H Majocnoco6Haro
:
cBOHxx pac^eTaxx. Kapji^ XII HejiOB'BKOM'B 3HeprHiHHM & H cpasy odHapyauLT majiaum?> en eoennoMK drwfb. B'B 1700 r. COIOSHHKH C'B pa3HBiXT> Hanajin na .BjajrfjHiji Kapjia XII, H Haqa^acB eejiuma eouua (1700 1721), coBnaBinaa no BpeMeHH CT& BOHOHIH6JHCL
B'B
f
HOH aa HcnancKoe HacJii^CTBO.
XII ex canaro Haqajia no-
Kap-i-B
pacnpaBHTBCfl C'B HenpiaieJiaMH HOO^HHOHK-B. OH-B nepenpeat^e Bcero B-B ^aeiro H npHCTynHJi-B KT> oca^ Ko-
neHrarena,
H-BM-B
sacTaBHJTB
Bcj'E/j'B sar^M-B OHX noflBHJica
^aTCKaro
npocniB MHpa. Tgb nanec-B cipamHoe
Kopo^in
no^ Hapeow,
nopajRenie pyccKiorB, a HOCJI-B BTOFO o6paTHJica npOTHBi TpeiBaro CBoero npOTHBHHKa H OB.iafl'E.zrB BapniaBOio, KpaKOBOM^, TopHOM^, 'B H jtpyrHMH ropo^aMH. IIo Tpe6oBaHiio Kap.ia XII HO.IHKH
ABrycia II jmmeHHBiM'B KOPOHBI H BH6pajiH na npecioji'B nosHancKaro B06BO,ny Cmanucmea Jlewuncmio. KapJi-B XII npec.i'B^OBaji'B in,
HHSJioateHHaro Kopojia
B'B
caKCOHCKOM^,
H
Kyp^iopmecTB-B
Hacji-BACTBeHHOMi ero BBiny^HJi-B ero
na yc.TOBin omasa OTI HOJIBCKOH KOPOHBI H OTB corosa ci MOCKOBCKHM'B H.apCM'B. IIOKa KapJX XII ^'BHCTBOBaJI'B B'B HO-IBmi* H CaKconiH, Ilexp^ cxa.ii TBep^oio noroio Ha BajTiftcKOM-B M0pij H 6yAymyH) CBOK) CTUIHHJ Heiepdypr-B. IIlBe.ncKiH KOpo.iB CHOBa o6paTHJi B CBOH CHJBI HPOTHB-B Poccin, HO npn UOAB'B 1709 r. 6uji b pa36nTi IleipOMX H cnacca r
r
Typnno. IIoKa BOHH^ coiosx
H
C'B n.'kiBK)
r
Xoifl Kap.iy XII HOXOdf, (Hpf/H'i;iu
saBOCBaHia uiBe.ncKHX'B o6.iacTeH.
HOAHflTB TypOK-B HpOTHBi IleTpa HO xypKH OXOTHO nomjiH Ha MHpx C'B pyccKHM-B rocysa HesHa^HTejBHLifl ycTymcn C'B ero ciopOHBi, H ^aate noqxo6Ki caM-B Kap.TB XII y^a-injca HS-B HXI BJia^imiH. .TuniB
y^aJOCB
1711
o TOMX, qxo6Bi CFO HpOTHBHHKH B0306HOBHJH
OHI> xjionoiaJi-B Tans, C Jb PoCCieH,
r.),
,
HOBAA HCTOPIH.
9
130 HOCJTB naTHJTETHarx) npe6biBama BI
Typnjn B03BpaTHJica inBe^CKiii KOna K-L po./ib BparaM^ IIlBeniH npHCoe,nHHHJiHCb em,e pOflHHy, Kor.ua Hpyccia H FanHOBep-b. Ho cnepiH Kapjia XII (1718), ydniaro BO BpeMH oca^u HATB O^HOH nopBeatcKOH KP-BHOCTH, HOBoe npaBHiejibCTBO (cecTpa Kapjia XII YMpuKa-dAeonopa H orpaHHqHBaBmiii ea B-iacib rocyflapCTBeHHbiH COB-BTT*) saKiioqHjrH MHpnbie floroBopu ct BpajK,a;e6.ajepoEaBaMH. HlBeijiji noxepfljia ^acib CBOHXT* B-ia^Hifi B'B
HHMH
FaHHOBepa H HpycciH; ^ania
B-L nojitsy
H iiOA^HHHJia
ABrycii
npioop-BJia IHjies-
odasaHHOCTH mraTHTB syH^CKyio nomem,e paHBme BepHyBinificfl BI ILmiiiy,
niBei];iK)
II,
]IlBeu,ieH
nojibCKHMt Kopo.ieM'B.
MHpi. Poccia,
noc^B^H
KOTOpaa no uuwmadmcuoMy
doioeopy
1721
C-B npiotfp'kia HHrepMaH.iaH.niK), BcTJiaH.ii.iio, JhujKnaHjuK) qacTLio KapejiiH H 3>HH.iaH/i;iH. niBen;ia Btidmia HS'B qncjia BGJIHKIIXX ^ep^aBi,, HO ^ojiro enje Me^iajia o B03Bpam,eHin ced-B npeatnaro nojioateHia (pyccKO-niBe^CKia BOHHH).
166*. Be p HO f| H ipiiwa-
XYii?T'
ncnancKoe HacJTBflCTBO H sejiHKOH C*Bna npecmirL npyccKaro KOpojra 4>pn^pHxa II BCTynjiema Eocjift BOHH-L sa
sana^HOH EBpon^ He nponcxojiiHJio KpynnBix'b nojiHTHqecKHX^ ne P eM ^ HI> Bouua usa-sa noMcmio npecmom (1733 1734), B-L BTb
b
TI
7^0
-
KOTOpoii ABCTpia
H
III
Poccia no^epjKHBajiH Cbina AsrycTa II, ABQraHHCJiaBa .len^HHCKaro, 1763), a <paHnia
(1733 c^JiaBmaroca Tecien-L
rycia
6ojiLmoro
^pani^yscKaro Kopojia Jlro^OBHEa XV, BHaqenia. Ha nojibCKOMt npecTOJit
ne
a CTanHCJiaBi JlemnHCKifi ^OJISRQE-L 6ujii> ^a B^ corosi c% HcnaHien H Cap^HHieii roiOBa
III,
6mia o6i>aBHTb BOHHy ABCTpin, HO Kapjit VI nocn BinHjr b $paHHno, B03HarpaAHBi KopojieBCKaro TecT JieH'b HMnepin H npHna^jieiKaBnieK) saiio HMnepaTOpa Cmecpauy, npnqeMi no cnepTH CianHCJiaBa Jlen^HHCKaro JIomapumia do^jfcna 6ujia omoumu K% 0pani^iu. ^TO Kacaexca ,o;o r
r
-
$paHii,a-CTe({)aHa, TO sa
ycTynKy JloTapHHrin on-b noAynuM Tocmny, TRk npeKpaTHJiacb jijHHacTia Me^nqn (1737). KPOM-B xoro Heanojib H CiinHJiia, jiiOCTaBmiaca nocji'B BOHHBI sa ncnancKoe Hacji'B.aiCTBO ycTynjieHH B^ BHJI.'B OT^JibHaro KopojieBCTBa ciapncnaHCKaro Kopojia orb ero Bioporo 6paKa Kapjiy meMy ctiHy (MJia^fflia nos^H-Be nojryqnjii OapMy), q-BM^ nojrojKeno 6buro uaua.to vocnodcmey Eyp6ouo6?> u &t NmaMu. KapJii VI OTCTanBajix npasa Kyp^ropcxa caKCOHCKaro na noJibCKin npecTOJi'b H meji^ na TaatKia yc rynKH $paHD,iH H HcnaHin, cipenacb B'b cynijHOCTH K-L O^HOH H TOH AfiCTpin,
6biJiH
r
ss.e
E^-BJIH.
B^
ci Pocciet
BH,a;y
STOH ate caMoft
ABCipia, Be^maa B-b nocn-BniHjra saKjnoiHTb
I^-BJIH
BOHHy npOTHB^b Typn;iH,
131 TypKRMH (1739), no KOiopOMy omasajiacb OTB saBoeBamn, eio co CTOpOHBi Typijin B-B npe^n.nymyK) Bonny (1716 1718). Jlfijio Bt TOM-B, qio Kapjt VI He HM-LTB HacjrE^HHKOB'B MyiRCKoro nojia H, SRejism nepe^aTB
BC'B
aBCTpmcKia BJia^Bma AOHTo6n Mapiu-Tepesiu, pasniiMH yciynKaMH pacno.ioaiHTB B^ no^iBsy 9ioro njaHa HHOCTpanHLie .HBOpn H He cos^asaTB ,pa AfiCipiH npn xaKOM'B nojoajeflia 6o,TBe scero x-ionoTavi-B o TOM-B,
CBoefi
qepn
JIHUIHHX'B
Bl
HOJlHTHHeCKHX'B OCJIOSHemH.
3TOM-B CMBICJ'B
OHi
npaiMamuHecKyw camyiw, H pasHBie .HBOpH 06-BmajiH eny, nowepatHBaTB npasa ero ^o^epH. Ho e,a;Ba yMep-B Kap.ii> VI, KaKi, 3TH npaBa erajiH ocnapHBaiBca cpasy H-BCKOJIBKHMH npeTeH^eHTaMH, H Hana.iacB Bonna sa aBCTpiHCKoe Hacj^CTBo qio
6y,nyT'B
1748), OTKpHBaiomaff co6oio yme HOBHH pin Meat^yHapo^HBix^ OTHomeHin XVIII
(1740
nepio.n'B B-B
HCTO-
IV,
167. Bo
BpeMfl BOHHBI 3a HCnaHCKOe HaCJ^CTBO H BeJIHKOH TT BOHHBI cisepHOH BHHrpa.ia H UpycciH. 3io rocy^apcxBO JIOCB
nocTeneHHO
HS-B
OT.U.'BJBHBIX'B
,
r.a.'B
IIojiBnia
Haqa.ia
CT>
ia
HOB-B
H
XV
^pyraM-B,
Hnor^a
wme
ne co-
e{)aMHJiiH,
H
JIdpOMt Ilpycciu 6uw> u,apCTBOBaja ci THiyjiOM'B
JIlBei^ia. B.
^o^eH^OAJlepHoe^.
3TOH
KHflateciKB,
npHTOM'B BT> TaKOH 3Toro CB caMaro Haqa^a 6HJiH y rocy^apciBa
c^
npHKacaBHiHxca OAHO
B^
anoxy pe^opMan.iH O.HHHI HSI
AjiB^pexT-B BpaH,n;eH6yprcKiH,
c^-BJiajicfl
MeficTepoM'B TeBTOHCKaro AyxoBHO-pBiijapCKaro op^ena, BO Koioparo OH-B BBeji) jHoiepancTBO, npeBpaTHB-B HXI. BM-BCT^
H,ie-
rpoc-
c'B
JieHHOH saBHCHMOCTH OT-B HOJIBHIH (1525). iwoicmeo HpyccKoe Kor.ua BBiMep.io HOTOMCTBO AjiB6pexia, Ilpyccia ci corjiacia HOJBBT&
CKaro Kopo.ifl CHrH3MyH.ua III nepenua B^ pyKH O'paH.a.eHo'yprcKHX'B
(1618), HO Meai,ny o6onMH STHMH BWEHiflMH ForeHno HHatneMy xeqeHiio BHCJBI do.iBraafl
.le^ajia B-B
COCTdBl
IIOJIBHIH.
ymeepdiMCH na Peunn>,
OKOJO TOFO
SRQ
BpeMCHH B
r
r.a.'B npio6p BJi'B
repu,orcTBO Toate OTA'B.ieHHoe OT^ Hero ivLiun'b pa^OM-B qyainxx Bja^Hifl.
Bo
BpoMH TpH^i;aiHji'feTHeH BOHHLI i^apciBOBaji'B B'B BpaH^eHoyprB 0pud-BuAbteAim /(1G40 1688), nposBaHHBiH BZIUKUMI, KtjjiifwpcntoMn. inifi
H6M1, 6B1J-B SaKJIOqeH'B BeCT^aJBCKiu MHp'B, yB6JHqHBBpan^enoypri), oo.iBmeio qacTBK) HoMepawkt u M&ute&ypiQMt
(K)48).
UpH Bo
BpeMfl uiBe^cKO-noJiBCKon
BOHHBI
B-B
nfliH.necflTbix'B ro-
opa30Bame Hpyccm.
132 Ha ciopOHy HlBenJH, a ciopony HOJIBHJH; narpa^OH sa TaKyio no6BLio oc6o6oofcdenie jiHTHKy ew, lepww npycchmo, omz MHnou saeucuMOcmUj BI KOiopon OHt Haxo,puiCH no OTHomefliio K-B nojiBni-E (1660). HaKOHercB, 3>pH#pHx^ - BHJBrejiBM'B npnHHMaji & #BflTe,iBHoe yiaciie Bt KoajmnjflX'B npoiHB'B JIio^OBHKa XIV H npoKyp^iopcrB CTajri CHa^ajia
noTOM'B iiepemejrB Ha
mm
r
nod^oio na^t ero coiosHHKaMH
niBe^aiiH
npn
(1675). CtiHt BejiHKaro Kyp^iopcia ^pH^pHxt sa I BI BOHH-B sa HcnaHCKoe Hac.i'BACTBO nojiyqajii KopomumyM (1701), H BpaH,a;eH6yprL npeBpaTMCfl B^ KopojreBCTBO Upycciio, npnieM-B yTpexTCKm MHpi> ,50.11 eft HOBOG npnpani;eHie (Te&j&pfct> na HH^HeM-L Pefm-B). BiopOH KOPOJIB npyccKiii,
I (1713
3>pudpuxb-BujimeMM7>
JIHKOH c^Bepnoii BOHH'E H
1740)
npHHfljrt>
yqac-rie
BI Be-
saKJiioqeHiH
npH MHpa no.iymTL 3HaqHgacTt niBe.ncKOH IToMepamH (1720). xejiBHyio 168. Bi HOBOMI> rocy a apCTB'B ci. caMaro HO^OJO ero BOSBBI(
meH j fl ymeepduMH
1
a6co
cymecTBOBaBniie
*
B^ OT-
*
qacTflx^ roreHtjojLiepHCKOH Monapxin, OTCTanBajiH M-BCTnyio caMOCTOfliejiBHOCTB, H BejiBKin Kyp^ropcTi., CTpeMHBniinca CHJIO.HUIBHLIX'B
THTB 9TH ^aCTH BOC^HHO, BCTyiJHJTB CI> HHHaMH BT& 6opB6y. Bl CaMOM'L BpaH^ee6ypr B ct 1653 r. jiaH.HTar'B nepeciojii co6Hpo rbCH, a B^ (
r
repnorcTB-B Ilpyccin,
XOTH
cefiM-B
H
yij-BJTEJi'B,
npaBa ero nocioflHHO
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nanaMH, 6ojbHieH) nacTbio npnTOMi rpyHa ceHMHKax-B Mem^y npoqnM-B Bu6HpaHeB'B'/KecTBeiiHaa. IKKMI.I na o6miH ceiiM'b, rA* OHH cocTaB.ia.iH noco.ibcxuHt CB cenaTOM-B, BB KOTOPOMB sac'BAa.iH ^yxoBHue H BejbMO/KH. CcHM-b co6npa.ica .iHinb pas-b B-B ABa roia H B.iia're.ibHbiMH
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SeMJie^Jiie, npOMBinuieHHOCTB, xoproBjiH, napoji,Hoe o6pasoBame, JiHTepaTypa, BCH MaiepiajiBHafl H ^yxoBnaa JKHSHB nai^in naxoAH^HCB et nomoMb ynadnrb. fiuccudenmu (npaiiOCJaBHBie H npoiecTaHTBi) nodeepicMuct npec^rbdoeaniHM^ H HannHaJiH Bos.iaxjionoB'B.
raTB Bc B CBOH Ha^emABi na HHOCTpaHHBia rocy^apCTBa, npaBOCJiaBna UlBen;iK) (BX XVII B.) H HBie Ha Pocciio, npOTecianTBi r
(B'B XVIII 170*. IIpH TaKOM-B
na Hpycciio H ia
,
BH^rnHflfl
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nojiBSOBaiBca
B.).
BHyTpeHHesi'B ynaAK-B He norjia xoponio HOJIHTHKa TOCy^apCTBa. Y COC^JlieH 6BIBaJIH M6JKAOno TorflaiimeMy BpeneHH jierKO MOFJLH 6n BOC-
tfo.i'Ee
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npaBHTejiBCTBO,
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Jiyqnie
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H3T>
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saBHCHMOCTH ocBo6o^HJiocL
repn,orcTBO
mjflXTa, pas.u'LieHHaa na napiiH, ycipaHBaia KOH^e^epaC"B CBOHM-L KOpOJeM-B, Kyp^IOpCTOMl* CaKCOHCKHM-L
HJH H CCOpHJiaCB
II (1697 1733), npioftplmnHM'L Kopony nocpe^ciBOM-L BTH pacnpn ^aJin Ileipy BejiHKOMy 603MOOfcnocm^ 6Mn>wami>cx eo euympeHuiH drb.ia Ilo.'tbwu ET> Ka^ecTB'B nocpe^HHRa Mea*Ay Kopo.leM'L'H HIJIflXTOH) H T-BM-L UO^UHHTS P^^L IloCHOJIHTyK) BJliflHilO Poccin. Ho H 6e3t xoro yate #aBHO HHOCTpanHHfl Bjinnia 6miH CHJILHH B'L HOJIbm-B, H CaMH HOJIBCKifl napllH BHYTLIBaJIH COC'B^eH .
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Yace flHt-KasHMip'L (ctiHt CHrnsMyH^a Hojibni'B pasdrb.it
npe^CKasuBajii) X\'III B. npyccKifi
cepe^HH'B XVII B. cocndxMU, a B'L Haiaji'B B'B
III)
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mu
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180
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H3-L
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B.
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wun
npOKJiadueami) ce6n> dopoiy H CA'B.iaJiocL rocno^ciByiomHMX XVIII B. 9TO CTOJi-Biie ^aate cjniBei'L HOA'L HassaHieM-L fiuji CKCIIO
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ci>
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3io HOBOG ^EHJEeme HasbiBaeTca xaK/Ke npo-
npocB-BTHTejiBHOH jiHTepaTypon), a OTB nero noHasBanie H oco6oe nanpaBjieHie HOJIHTHKH npocerbu^eunuu (HJIH
a6cojimnmM?>.
CaMoio
Bbi^aiomeioca
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paijioHajiHSMa
npocB^mema
o6?>xcHeuix dan ecrboct pasyjurb.
XVIII
B-EKTB
no npeHMyin,ecTBy, B'BKOMt
Pau;ioHajiH3MTb 6tui B npHcym.t H ryMaHHsny, r
H OT^aciH
pe<})0p-
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HO ne
nojry^HJii)
caMOCTOflTe^tHOH
<{)Hjroco({)iH
CTpeMJienie OCHOpinieHin BC^XI. BO-
aBHJiocb
rjiaEHLiM-L o6pasoM'L na pasyM-B B'L namero yMa. SaM-BqaiejiLHO, HTO ofipaswMt dan (fiujiocofinocmpoeniu XVII e. notJiymum MameMamum, KOTOpaa
npocoB'L
B HS'B HeMHOrHX'L OCHOBHBIX'B
nyTeM'b
pascyjRflemH
see
HOJOJEeHin H HSBJieKaeit
CBoe co^epatanie,
HSTi
des'L Bcaitaro
3a ^eKapiOM'B, nepBHMi) ({JHJIOCO^OM'L yMOHanpaBjema H B^ TO ate BpeMa MaTeMaTHKOMi> ), cjii^o-uaHflCKiH eBpefi Cnunosa (1632 1677), HSJioacHBHiin CBoe o Toas^eciB-B Bora H Mipa (naHTeH3Mi,) no cnoco6y, T.-e. B-B $opM-E aKcioMi H TeopeMi). To JKC H
Ha6jK>,ii;eHia.
J
Hoe HanpaBjienie npe^CTaBJiaji'B co6oio H nojroBHHBi
pOH
XVII
B.,
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(1646
^HJIOCO^I BTO1716), BejiHRift MaTe-
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(OH-L H3o6p'BJi'L ,3iH(})({)epeHi^iajibHoe c^HCJieme)
Ho oco6eHHO
cnjibnoe BJiianie
H pasHOCTOpon-
na yMCTBennoe jjBHmeme XVIII
B.
amMuCKiH udeu, pasBHBHiiaca B^ anoxy o6'BHx b peBOJnoH no.n'b CHJibflbiMTb HX-L BJiiaflieM'b. HMCHHO B'L AnrjiiH aBHJica f
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iH yqenbiH SHOXH,
Hwmom
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Ma reMaTHHecKia r
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CM. o H6MI, same,
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JK6 MHCJIHT6JIO
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MH
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naMH
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Bee MBinueHie XVIII
XVIII
B.
JIoKE't
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rpona^Hoe
Bjiiame.
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Bcero HCKajin pasyMHtixt o6 LflCH6HiH H ecTeciBeHHHX'B ocHOBaniH. MeaK^y HPO^HM-L BTO Tpe6oBame pacnpocTpaHHB.
r
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H ea pejmriio, H Ha noJiHTHKy.
JIOCB
172*. Bo BTOpOH
nOJIOBHH'B XVII B. BT> AflFJliH 3KQ BOSHHKia oco6an pejariosHaa CHCTena, CBOAHBinaji BC^ ^orMaiBi K-L B-Bpt B-L ^HTie Bora (oiKy.ua ea HasBanie demm) H Bi 6escMepTie 3TO 6uji& oco6aa ^opna aHTHTpHHHTapHSMa, H aHiMincKie
na ce6a naKb ua saeepmumeAeit pe(fiopMait,iu, noieMy H o6o3Ha^ajH CBOIO CHCTeMy, KaK-L ^xpHCTiaHCKifi ^eHSMt". Mnorie ceKTaHTH B-BPHJIH BO BHyTpeHnee OTKpOBenie, H BOTB BTO ompOBeme He B-L qeM-L HHOM'B, KaKi BTJ pa-
^MOTp^jiH
BI,
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n^eax-B,
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H6 CT'BCHaJO;
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O'B
CHjy pejiHrin
.nencTti
BH^-BJIH
B'B
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ea CTOpOH-fe.
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qeM'B,
HCKJuoqaj-B
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mnnTHqecKOH ToqKH 3p-BHia. 173*. PasyMHaro ocHOBania H ecmecmeeuHaio ofiwcHenw, $udmofi dnoxu UCKOAU u d,w locydapcnwa. yqenie PHMCKHXB o6-B ecmecmoeHHOMK npaetb B03o6HOBH.i'B H in, iiojiHTHKii eme ro.i.-ian^c.Kifi yqeHBifi Tyio Ipouiu (1583 BOHHBI H nnpa" (1625), () npaB-B 1045), aBTOp'B coqHHeHia
C'B
BB CBoe BpeMa aBTOpHTCTHoft KHHFH. Ho na nHcaTe.ien XVlIlB. anrjiHCKia noJHTHqecKia Teopin BTOpoft IIO.TOBHHBI
|
138
XVII
CTOJTETia.
Bi* anoxy nepBoii peBOJHOuJH
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xapaKiepi, HyBCTBHTe.ibHOCTH, a CBoeaiy CTpeMjeniio KT. CTH H npociOT'B SHaHCHie oqeHb BaaiHOH AoCpOAiTe^H. Ero JiHTepaTypHBIH TajiaHrb dbLi'b npaMo saM'feqaTejbHBiH, H OHX yM^Jii saiporHBaib
Ayint qHTaiejieH Tania cxpyHU, KOTOpua 6u:iu HeAOCiynHBi caMOMV Bo.iBiepy. Pycco 0tatfCflM00OJ0 UMCHHO ne cmo.n.KO na MMCM, cKo.ihKo na mjecmeo, na nacmpoeHie H BucKasBiBaji-b 06^ o6m,ecTBeH-
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Odm.eCTB'B KOTOpLIXt qyBCTBOBaJTB Ce6a KaK'L-6LI qe.lOB'EKOM'B CO-
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(xoate ^eHCTHqecKyio), Hsronna TEX'L, Koropne He H noAiHHHTBca, H ^aate Kasna cMepTLio BcaKaro, KTO BeAex'L ce6a necorjiacHO ct ea TpedoBaniflMH. FjiaBHafl n; BJiB Pycco paeencmeo pejiiriio
r
eo e.mcmu, XOTH y Hero OHO H jrkiajiocb Meac^y npopaBCHCTBOMi Bt nojuoil H6C6o6odrb omdrbMHaio ipawdauuHa neped* caModepwaemiM* uapodoMt. 178. KpOM-B pan;ioHajTH3Ma H ji;eH3Ma, BO (f)panijy3CKOft JIHTepaTyp'B pasBH.iHCb ceHcyajiusMt u Mamepiajiusjuz. IlepBUH CBOEC'S HaiHH SHanifl K-L npOCTBIMI) qyBCTBOHHBIM-B BOCnpiflTiflMI, caMOCToaiejiBHOH nepepa6oTKH HOC.I'E.UHHX'B qejroB-BqecKHM'B ^yJ
eme npHHHMaBiiieHCH cencyajHSMa
6BiJi
B
r
CaMHJii BHAHBIM-L npeACiaBHTeKouduMam, a OCHOBHBW H,a;eH MaiepiaJOKKO^I'B.
scero HSjroarnj'L 0(j)paHi^y3HBniiHca H (HJH O-iBdaK^ no j)paHi^. npOHSHomemK)), aBTOp'B npnpoAH" (1770), r#-B see pascMaTpHBaeica, Kan-L
Hoe .nBHrnenie MaiepiH. CeHcyajiHCTBi H MaTepiajHCTBi nojyqnjiH 3BaHie eHUsUKJioneducmoev, xaK'L KaK-B HX'B BSFJIH^BI CA'BJiajiHCB pyKOBO^IU,HMH H^eflMH BHnHiuone.iuH HayKi. HCKycTBi> H peMecjit", BO ^pani^iH B'B cepe^HH-fe XVIII B. (1751 1765). Bo 3Toro npe^npifliia
CTOHJI'B
fludpo (1713
1784), mxiBSOBaB-
Mea^y npoqHMT) noKpoBHTejiBCTBOM'L EKaiepHHBi II. 4>pannpaBHiejiBCTBO, Copdonna H napHJKCKiii napjaMenT-L, BOo6iu,e
npecji-BflOBaBmie
BOJBHOMBicjiie,
HieHca KOM'B,
HOCJI'B
,
TaftHO, H3i>
HO
BBixo.ua ^Jia
o6ffl,ecTBa
OHO
KOTOparo
HBIH H nojHTHqecKia
B-L
6opojiHCB ci> ^3ni^HnepEBix-L TOMOB-L neqaiaB-
flOJiro
"
KJionejuefi
CB-BTI>
BTO HSflanie
noqepnajio CBOH
c^iajocB HcioqHH-
(|)iLTOCO(})CKifl,
MOpa.iB-
y6-BatfleHia.
179. ^pani^yscKie
nHcaiejin XVIII
B., KacaBmieca o6n^ecTBeHHOH 3tH3HH, HHTepeCOBaJIHCB H6 OflHHMH HOJIHTHqeCKHMH, HO If 3KOuoMuuecKUMU eonpocdMU. OdpasoBajacB #aace oco6aa mKOja $u-
3ioKpamo6z, cneujajiBHO, HsyqaBranx'B .HOB-B.
CJOBO
a
^<})H3ioKpaTifl
snaqHT'B
xosafiCTBeHHyio HCHSHL Hapowcnodcmeo npupodu: no-
3ioro yqeniH nponoBl^oBajH, qio ncioqHHK^ 6oraiCTBa HaXOflHTCfl B^ SCMJI-B H 6fl eCieCTBeHHHX'B CHJaX'B H qTO HO-
CJi'BflOBaTejiH
:TOMV iiyjRHO 6oJiBme scero 3a6oiHTBCfl o pasBHiia cejiBCKaro XOSHHCTBa, a TaKace 3au;Hiu;a.TH udejo vpaouwi'.n.cmtinnidio m'nmnn'.n,ET,
ecTecTBeHHBiir XO^-L Bemeft
B-L
BKOHOMnqecKOH
144 6mia noJiHaa HPOTHBOHO.IOJKHOCTB MepKaHTHJiHSMy H CaMBBTB BHAHBiM'B npe.ncTaBHTe.ieM'B UIKOJIBI 6ujn> Twpio (17271781), (jjH.iocotjyB, yKasLiBaBinifi Ha yMCTBeimoe ,
H o/uio BpeMa MHHHCTPI. (jmnaHCOB-L, e^opMi).
OHI,
OKasa.it 6o.itraoe
AdaMa CMuma(l723
B,iiaflie
Ha
ll9Q),podoH(maMuma uaynu no-
dnonoMiu. Bi. CBOGMI, coiHHeHin
,,0
doraTCTsi napo-
(1776) CMHTL Toate CTOHJI^ sa 3KOHOMHqecKyio CBodo^y. H CMHTI o^HHaKOBO ocyatAaJiH ycxapijiLia
H
(J)H3ioKpaTBi,
pasBHTno seMjre^iifl, npOMBimjieHHOCTH H MejK,ny npo^HMi) OHH nana^ajH na pa6cTBo, Ha Kp-BnocTHKHecTBO H na (jieo.a.a.iBBLifl npaBa noM^m.HKOB'L Ha^t KpecibflHCKOio seMjieio. M-BniaBHiifl
HO-
BHXl HA6H.
180*. ^paHuyscEia H,a,eH XVIII B. nojiynujiu 6o.woe pacnpou enn> ceoeu podunu H Besflij OKastiBajiH CHJitnoe cmpanenie ^ Hie. Mx'L (pHJiaHTponHiecKafl CTOpona noATBHCTBOBajia Ha Eemapia, KOTOPBIH BI CBoeM'B co^HnemH W npecTynjreHiax'B H HaKasaniax'B^ (1764) BOOpyatHJica HPOTHBT> BapBapCKax^ HBITOK'B H EasHen Tor,a,auiHaro yro^OBHaro npasa; EKaiepHna II " HaKas^ Bi Ba-ia MHoro H HS'B 9Toro co^HHeHia B-B CBOH .
.
Haqajii XVIII #jra pacnpoc.TpaHeHm H npOBe^eHia B'B ryManHBixi. H^CH o6pa30Ba.iocB ,naate oco6oe o6i^ecmeo fi Maconoez (HJIH BOJIBHBIX'B KaMeHmnKOBi)), dBicipo pacnpocipaHHBineeca no Bceii EBPOH-B. B^ ^^omaxx" BTOTO o6ni ecTBa coBepniaB.
B-B
1
JIHCB
pasHBie MHCTHqecKie
o6pfl,a,Bi,
HO
ajkiBio ero CTpeMJieniH
6BMO
6paicKaro paBenciBa Meat^y yTBepat^Hie B-BpOTepnHMOCTH H 3xo 6Bi,ia CBoero po.ua flencTHqecKaa ^epKOBB, H noiOMy ona BCTp-BTHJia CHJiBHyio 6opB6y co CTOpOHBi KamiHH,H3Ma. O^naKo,
JTIO^BMH.
Bi>
MacoHCTB-B paii.ioHajiHSM'B yciynajit M'BCTO MHCTHi^HSMy. 181*. OC06BIH XapaKTCpX BO BTOpOH nOJOEHH-B XVIII
B.
110-
"
^yqjjjto
me".
HibMeuKoe
npocerbu^euie
.
$paHn;y3CKafl
npocB-BTHieJiBHaa
rjiaBHBiM-B odpasoM'B nepeycTponcTBO -- ero nepeHSM-Bnema o6iu,ecTBa nyieMi) yqpeat^eHin, H'BMen.Kaa eocnumauie nymeM* yjiyuweuin omdn>Jimuxb Aunnocmeu. Bo <j)pan^y3CKOH JiHTepaTyp-B 6HJio 6oJiBme TaKoro, HTO roBOpnjo yMy, H-B-
.iHTepaiypa
nponoBijiiOBajia
Men,Kaa ouHqajacB 6ojBHieio cep^e^HOCTBio. HHcaTejieg caMBiMi, nonaTHHMi* ^Jia FepMamH
Hsi.
$paHn,y3CKHXTb
6^^^ Pycco, H
OH'B
no9TOMy OKasa.i B rpOMa^noe Bjiame na MHOFHX'B H'BMei^KHX-B nncar
npocB BTHTejBHBix B B-B FepMamH ^BIJIH Jleccmm (1729 1781) H Pepdep* (1744CBOCK) 3HaM6HHT^ SamHTOH) B'EpOTepHHMOCTH ( 1803). IlepBBlH u H onnosHHien HCKyccTBenHOMy (})paHi^y3CKOMy My,npBiH ) 60J-Be TJiy60KHM'B BO HMa eCTeCTBeHHOCTH, BTOpOH TOH
BHOXH. IlepBBiMH
r
r
nponoB-B^nnKaMH
7
145 Ha JKHSHL Hapo.ua ex ero noasieft H ootigaaMH. 06a OHH BHnocieneHHoe HCiopH npaBCTBeHHoe BOCHHTame
y <j)paHnj30Bi,
Bsrjia.noM'L
ero B^pOBaniflMH,
A'iH
B%
BT>
ceMHAecflTwxi) roflaxt
no^ BwiiflnieM'B
HOEHXI. H^efi
FepMama
6ypu u uamucua (Sturm- uud Drang-
nepeatHJia oco6uH nepiodz
periode), Korjija BHCTynn.!!, E^JILIH pa^i) nncaxejieH ex nponoB'BABjo H HCKyccTBa nyieMt o6paiu,emfl KI> npHpo^ H ne-
Do^
qyBCTBy.
ejHqaniiiie
1832) H ( n
H
BJimuieMi STHXI* CTpeMjreHifi Ha^ajiH noaxii
FepMamH T^me (1750
(1759 IHuAMpz a
1805), nepBtia nponsBe^emfl KOTOPHX'L Feie H ^PasdofiHHKH" HLmiepa) npaMO OTpasnjH na BJiiflme H Pycco, H n 3noxn 6ypn H HaiHCKa". Kx qncjiy FepManiH Biopoii HOJIOBHHLI XYIII B. OTHOCHica
BepTepi
dMMauyuM Kanmz (1724
BOpoT-L
B-L
OTBjeqeHHOft
1804), npOHSBe^min a-kinE nepe,,KpHTHKOK) ^HCiaro pasyMa"
(Jwjioco(f>iH
OH!> ^OKasHBajri, ^TO neJiOB-BKy Aociynno seame JHIHL HO OTHIOAB He cymHOCTH Bemefi, H BM-BCT'B ex T'EM-B ont npaBCTBeHHOCTH, ocHOBaHHOH Ha H^ei ^ojira, KaK-B n KaieropnqecKaro HMnepaiHBa", T.-e. 6esycjiOBHaro noBe-i-Ema. Ero pe6mia CBoero po/i,a xpHciiancKHM-L ^eHSMOMx; ero nojiHTHneckifl CHJibHoe BJiiame Pycco. KaHrt, KpOM^ xoro, Hciopin coBepmaexcfl nocieneHHoe coBepmeH-
(1781).
CTBOBanie
ycxpoHCTBa nejOB-BqecTBa. IIofl'L BJiiane^arorHqecKHxi. H^eii Pycco HaxoAHJicfl snaMeHHTtiH pemKOJisHaro odpasoBaHia Hecmajioibi4U (1746 1827). OH-L atHJii B-L I^BeH^apiH H saniraajica o6yqeHieM-L A*TeH, HO ex T-BM^ H H3Jiaraj[ B CBOH BSFJifl^ii EX jHiepaTyp-B. Ont BM'fccT'E o6m,ecTBeHHaro
r
na Heo6xo^HMOCTH co^McTBOBaTB 6jiarocoHapo^a nyieM^ pacnpocTpaHenia BI HCMX odpasoBania. OT.KHqa.iocb Bes^ cipeMJien npocB'Bni eHie XVIII B." HiaK-L, K-B npeodpasoBaHiaMx KX nepeBOcnHTamio JHHHOCTH H Kt nepeycipoHCTBy ofinjecTBa, a Tanate B-Bpoio BX TO, HTO Hcxopia oco6eHHO
naciaHBajix
1
qejiOB-BqecTBa
eCTb Hciopia ero npoipecca, T.-e.
Hia yMCTBCHHaro
(Tiopro),
coBepmeHCTBOBaHpaBCTBeHHaro (JeccHHr-L H Fep^epx)
H o6m,ecTBeHHaro
HOBAfl HCTOPIH.
10
146
IMABA
VII.
a6cOJHOTH3M1>. I.
nopWKt
CxapHH
(
186-190).
(
195-198).
II.
III.
OTA-kitHna
TepMania
cxpaira:
MejKflyHapoflHHa
IIojiHTHKa
182185).
(
Hpyccia
191),
(
npocBimeiraaro
OTHomema cepeflimH H
(
a6cojiK)TH3Ma.
192194)
IIOJOBHHH XYIII
Biopoft
H Ascipui B.
(
199
208).
IY.
OTA-BJLHNa cipaHn: ie
miaTH
(
Hojitraa
(
209),
Anrjiia
(
210214)
H C*Bepo-ajie-
215218). I.
182.
no-
HoBbia H^en, nponoB-EflOBaBmmcfl nncarejiflMH XVIII B., naxo^HjiHCb Bi nojiHOM'L npomueoprbuiu cz 6oMwew uacmbw cmapuxz yipewcdeniu u ofiiyecmeeHHuxz omnoweum. ecTecTBeHHoe npaBo" oipHijajio HCTOpa^ecKH (J)OpMH 6iiTa,
KOiopHa EPHHHTO Tenepb nastiBaTB
(ancien regime). H^e'E npocB'fcmeHHaro 3a KOTOpHH, KpOM-B Bo.I!>Tepa, CTOflJH H (J)H3iOKpaTH ?
a6cojiH)TH3Ma,
npaKTHKa a6cojK)TH3Ma, Haxo^HBmaroca no^ CKOH peaKi^iH HJIH npoiecTaHTCKOH HexepiraMOCTH. YqeHia MOHH Pycco IIIJTH BI pasp'Bst c'b rocno^CTBOBaBineiD noiTH noK) npaBJienifl. TO^HO laKace CKaro paBencTBa, nponoB'B.iiiOBaBniiHCfl Pycco H $H3ioKpaTaMH, n;aji L COCJIOBHBIH npHBHjrerin H <J)eo;i;ajrbHBiJi npasa. HaKonei^i., ci> OTHMi npHHi^nnoM-L HHKaK-L yate ne MnpiLiocb H r
KpinocTHoro npasa.
183. flCTapHH
nOpfl^OKt"
BeS.H'B
HM-BJIl
60JTEe
HJH
xora H pa3HOo6pa3HJicfl no OT^JSHBIMX cxpanaM-L. BoIff e. dajieno ne nepBHX'L, Hprbnocmnoe npaeo cyw^ecmeoeaAO ez eesdrb. Ero ne 6mio HH B-L Anrjiin, HH na nnpeHeHCKOMt nojiy-
o^ja
qepTBi,
XT
ocipOB-B, HH BI HTajm, HH B?> IIlBei^iH; BO ^paHi^m OHO Bcipiiajiocb jiHnib BI HeMHorffx'b npOBHHi^iflxi); saio B-b ^anin, BT& Fep-
Benrpin, B'b ^exia, B-L Hojibm-B OHO em,e jreatajio BC'BM'b rneTOMi na KpecTbiraax'b, odasaHHtixi. no OTHonieHiio K-b nOM BHl HKaM b 6apnj,HHOH H paSHHMH nOBHHHOCTflMH H o6pOKaMH. BO KptnocTHbix^ 6bijro o^enb najro, BecbMa MHorie Kpeo6jra,ii;ajiH noseMe-ibHOio co6cTB6HHOCTbK), HO sa TO Ha nen npoB-b
l
r
1
147 .leataTt
paanna
(j>eojjajibHaro
upOHCxoa^eHia fleHeatHua H
HaTypajbHbia HOBHHHOCTH BX nojibsy ceHbepOBX. Bx .nepeBHax-b aa ceHbgpaMH coxpaHHJHCb eme ociaTKH nojiHijeHCKOH H cy,ne6eoH CTH, H Bee 9TO oiCHb pas^paatajio napo^x. ^ajrfce, BX rfcxi r^i yate He 6tuio KplmocTHHqecTBa, a BI> HXX qHaiij H BO 3>paHnw, ^w^o MHOIO u 6e33eMeMuuoc% upecmbum^
noM'fcmHKOB'L sa ^eHtrH H.IH sa oi^aqy HOJIOBHHLI
36MJIH y
Kpecmwm
Oco6eHHO 6ojismoe pasBHTie &i Anuiu, r^i Bt XVIII
co6cTB6HHHKOB'B Hcqesi.,
H cipana
nojiy^HJio
KiaccTb
B.
HJH noKpujacb na HaeMHHMH Bejiacs KpynHtiMH (jjepMaMH, KOTOPLIXX pa6oxa pa6oqHMH. HaKonei^'B, Bt XVIII B. o6HapyatFL!ioci> cmpeM^teuie yuimmoOfcumb UAH, no npauneu Mn>pn>, oipauumimb Kpn>nocmuuHecmeo^ OKasLiBaBineeca
H
npaMo
doj'Be
HeBiiro.a.HHM'B
H
&ifl
cejLCKaro
rocy^apCTBa. UPOTHB-L necBodo^Li KpecTbflHHna H ero ocodenno paiOBajiH ^sioKpaTH, H^eooMi KOTOPHX-L 6Hjia o6pa6oTKa SGMJIH. ^jfl
184. Ha^x
KpeciBflHCKOH naccoft BosBumajiCfl Kiiacc'L ropo^;- ropoaHe. a BI HCM-L P-BSKO pas^aqajiHCb HPOCTOJIIOAHHH H asHiejieH, saatHToqeBie JIIOAH, HasiiBaBmieca BX FepMamH 6wpiepa,MU }
BO ^paHAin 6ypwya. B'b TO Bpena
BI>
ropo^ax-L
npojiemapiama B-b coBpeMenHOMi* CMHCJI'B qero ne HM-BIOIII.HX'B H upo.naiomHX'b CBOH
noumu
cjiosa,
T.-e.
eiye ne jnoflen,
6uM) HH-
Tpy.ni) sa flenbrH, noTOMy pynax-L MejiKHX^ penecjieH-
HTO npOMLiinjieHHOCTb Haxo,a,HJiacb BT, HHKOBT, (MaCTepOBI,), pa60TaBmHM'b C-L H660JIbfflHX b r
KOJTHqeCTBOM'b
Mjia^inHx-L TOBapHn^efi (no^MacTepbeB-b) H yqenHKOB'b. KaacflbiH pa60THHK-L Mori Ha.H'BflTbca co BpeMeneM'b can-b c^jraTbca MacTepOMx, xoTfl BI> XVIII B. MacTepa yjRe oqeHb saTpyinajn .nocTynx KX
CBoeny 3BaHiio, Tpe6ya
,
uiie
^-BJiaacb
Bee
CTpoace H CTpoate
6ojibnie
na
sKsaMeH-B H
SBanifl.
BCTynHHX'b ^ener'b npn nojiyiemH Ilpe^o^eoro H Toro ^e peMecjia ocTasajiHCb coe,o,HHeHHbiMH BX Ha6juoAaBmie sa rsM'b, HTo6bi HH o^na MacTepCKaa HC BOSna cqeTx ^pyrHX'b, HO B-B TO ate BpeMa CHJibHO CT-BCHflB-
CBo6o,a;y
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nponsBOflCTBa H ^orosopOB-b
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^HsioKpaTH eoopywcuAuc* u npomiMz
u,exoe%,
Haxo^ HXX
H HeBbiroflHEiMH, H npOTHBOp'Bqani.HMH CBodoAi Tpy.ua H pacnopaatenia CBoeio JHiHOCTbio. Bi XVIII B. BI, Anr-im yate
EpynnoH npOMbinuieHHOCTH XIX B., H ex HcqesHOBeHieMx Me^Karo ce.ibCKaro xosaScTBa o6pa30BaHiro npojeTapiaTa. H BX j^epeBHaxx, H B-B ropocpe^H HapOAHOH Maccti BX XVIII B. B0o6me
nepexo^
KI>
HHiii,eTa.
10*
_148 XVIII
naa, sanHMajia cpednee
lUpoeannuMU
sajKHTOHHaa H yate .HOBOJIBHO nojiOMenie memdy napodoMK u npueujie-
B.,
Ona ^aBHO
cocjioeinMU.
noJibsoBaiact
BHOJIH'B
jiin-
HBIMH H HMymeCTBeHHBIMH
HpaBaMH H H6 SaBHC^ia OTX apHCTOHO ct nocji'B^HeK) 6uji& npHHHateHa: Kpaiin, cpaBHHTejiBHO Hep^AKO ne Mooa saHHMaiL HSBicTHtia flomHOCTH BI B'B apnin, BX H-EKOTOPHX^ Miciax-L ne HM'Bjra npaBa ^BOpflHCKlfl
36MJIH (B'B HOJILm-B H B006m,e BJia.U'ETB
SeMJTflMH),
MHOrO TaKHXT> HaJTOrOB'L, OT'L KOTOpHXI* 6UJIO OCB060jK,a;eHO pflHCTBOj H T. n. Bt FepMamH dioprepCTBO nojiLSOBajiocb CKHMH HpaBaMH JIHHIb BTE HMHepCKHX-fc rOpO^aX'B, T^ OHO 6UJ10 H rocnoflCTByroinHM'B KiaccoMt (KaK-L H ET> ^pyrnx'B Tor^aniHHX'L pecnydjiBKaxi)), HO Sflte ouinqajiocb KpaHne ysKHMx KpyrosopOMTb noro ropo^a; BI ABCTpiH me, Bt Hpyccin H B-L pasuLixi) 6ioprepCTBO 6mio KpafiHe npHHHateno. JlyqniHMij HOJIOnojiBSOBajiacB ^paHr^yscKaa dypatyasia, cocTaBjraBniaa ct O^HO ,,TpeTbe cocjiOBie" H BI> neM'B nrpaBma^ rjaBHyro poji&. $paH^y3CKafl oypatyasia CTpeMHJiacB HS-B npOBHHijiH BX Ilapaat^ H Majio-no-Majiy CTajia sadaeamt mom ofiutecmeeHHOMy mnrbnm\ cpe^H Hea oco6eHHOH) nonyjiapHOCTBio nojiBSOBajHCB HOBHH H,a;eH o CBodo.n'E H paBencTB-B. Ona o^eHB T#roTHjracB B0o6m;e npnBHjreriaMH H qBancTBOM-B ^BOpaHi. H noTOMy nacmpoeua 6u^a deMOKpamuuecuu. B'B cymHOCTH ona cipeMHJiacB sanaTB B'B TaKoe nojio^enie, KaKoe dypatyasin yme npHHa^ieatajro BI B'B 9TOH cipaH'B HS^aBHa ne 6ujio coc^06nu(n> npueujieiiu, T.-e. neTHJia
saKOHOM-B BC'B ciHTajiHCB paBHBiMH. Bjiaro^aps 9TOMy,
dypatyask pano ciajra cjiHBaTBCfl B-B O^HH-B npaBani.!!! ^ffieHipH, T.-e. ex HOM-BCTHBIM'B ^BOPHHCTBOM-B, B'B cocTaBx KOTOparo nona^ajH H MJia^mie CBIHOBBH jop^OBx. BnpoHeM^, H S^'BCB rocCTb
cncieMa BH6opOB B r
B'B
napjraMeHTi> dojiie djaronprnir
36MJieBJia a BjrBii;aM B, Heatejia Kynn;aM B >
i
(
1
185. Hasepxy H dyxoeencmeo
(B-B
o6m,ecTBeHHOH KaTOJiaqecKHX^
HOCTBH) ^BOpflHCTBO OTJIHHaJIOCB Ha.H'B
B'B
H
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Oco6oio Ha,pieH-
OHO rOCHO^CTBOBaJIO
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6K)pre-
pOB-B OTX saHHTia MHOPHX-B .nojatHOCTeH. HnnepCKoe pKTn,apCTBO B'B FepMaHin H nuraxTa B'B HojiBra-B 6BLIH ^aate HOJIHBIMH H 6e3KOHTpOJIBHBIMH rOCHO^aMH Ha.H'B KpeCTBaHaMH. BO ^paHHlH 3HaTB
nojB30BajiacB pasuBiMH npHBHJieriaMH, ,a;ocTaEJiaBmHMH BBirO^BI. BBICHiee .HBOpaHCTBO OCOdeHHO CTpeMBJIOCB (
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caMyro BJiaciB. nojiHTH^ecKott npeatnen
Ko-
149 CHMOCTH apHCTOKpaiiH, ocmae.m.tu oi> HenpuKOCuoeenuocmu en cov,icuiwua npueuMiiu. HpHflBopHaH c.iyac6a .naeajia BOSMOJKHOCTB no^;BT> npaBHTejitCTB'B naKJiOHHOCTB K-L TaKOH HO.IHTHK'B H HOBBIX^ MHJOCTen H fleHeajHtix'L BMxavB. Kt ciBy BO 3>paHn,iH npnqHCJflJiHCB H qjieHBi napJianeHTOBi,
CBOHMH
BJiajvEBmie
flO-iaiHOCTflMH
T.-e.
na
npaBax-L qaciHOH co6cTBence6a HesaBHCHM'Be no OTHomemH)
HOCTH H noTOMy qyBCTBOBaBinie npaBHTejiBCTBy, HO BM-BCT^ ci> T^M-L 9 ra cy^eiiCKafl apucTOKpaTia (noblesse de robe BT> ounqie OTI, ^eo^ajiLHOH noblesse d'epee) H CBOH, H qyatia peBHHBO o6eperajra BC^ r
KT>
Bx
KaTOjrnqecKHX'b
co6oK> H ^yxoBeHCTBO.
oco6oe
cipaHax'B
cocjOBie
Bucfflie HJieHH 3Toro cocjiOBia CTOHJIH
^BOpflHCTBa no CBOHMI, npHBH,ieriflM b,
seMejiBHHMi 6oraiH floxo^aiTB (decHmuHa)] Ha Bticuiiff M^CTa BI i^epKBH nonanoqin HCKJHoiHTejiBHO O^HH ^BOpflHe. B'B XVIII B. BO <>paHn,iH r
mum
cerbmcKaio a66ama, atHBmaro BT. CBOG y.noBO.ibCTBie H KaK-L MHorie A/MajiH, HJIOXO B-BpHBmaro BI y^enie nepKBH. THIIX HanoMHHaei'L HiajibflHCKoe flyxoBeHCTBO ryManHCTHqe-
CKOH anoxn). Bee, iTO pe^opMa^fl yHH^TOJEHjia B'B npOTeciaeTCKex'L CTpanaxt, yAepasHBajocb KaTOJinqecKHMH cipanaMH n ciaparo noKamojiuuecKdH, peaKi^in cdvbJiaAa dyxoeencmeo npaune $aB-L ero pynax-B Haxo^H^ocb napoduoe ofipasoeauie u .
KHUWCHOX itemypa. Oco6eHHOH) peBHOCTbK) B-L no^epmaHin neiepnHMaro H BJiacTo.iK)6HBaro KaTOJiHi^H3Ma ouiHHajiHCb iesyHTti. BpajK.ua " KI KaTOJHqeCKOH n,epKBH CO CTOpOHBI $HJIOCO<|)iH XVIII B. H 06%flCHfleTCfl TJiaBHLIM'L OOpaSOM-L BC-BMH 3THMH OTpHIjaTeJIBHBIMH CTO-
186*.
B'B
cepe^HH-B
XVIII
B.
rocyjjapn,
AO TOFO
Koioptie
OTHOme- H eH
BCflqeCKH o6eperaJIH HenpHKOCHOBCHHOCTB CiapBIX'B
Bin, cmajiu depwcambcn npommonojiowcnou noAumuuu. Focy^apCTBO HOBarO BpeMGHH, COKpyUIHB'B HOJIHTHqeCKyK) CH.iy
n,H3Ma CTBOM'L
H
^eo^ajiHSMa, HX-L
ocTajiBHBiMH B'B
sa
coxpaHHJO
jtyxoBencTBOMi)
npHBHJieriH, paBHo KiaccaMH oon^eciBa, sa ^yxoBencTBOifL
KyJBTypHOM-L OTHOffl6HiH, B'B
H
KaKT> HX-L rocnoflCTBO
con,iajiBHBis
XVIII
B.
3a ^BOpflHCTBOM-L
-
roc-
B'B
rpaJK-
MonapxuHecKux*
npammo;iui4U3MOMz u (fieodoAUSMOMZ 603o6H06u.mci>, HO Ha 9TOTX paSfc HMCHHO yate B'L KVJIBTypHOM'L H COniavlBHOMT) OTHOmefliflX'L. TaKoft noBOpOTX B-L HOJIHTHK-B 6u.TB ^IBH'BHIIIHM'B maroMi> B'L HdopiH adco.iioTHOH MOHapxm, CTpeMHEmeficfl KI 6eaycepe^HH-B
6opi>6a
Gb
rocnoACTBy. BTB npoiecTaHTCKHXi. cipanax-L wepKom* locydapcmey a B'B XVIII
noduunuAa
,
eme B.
ne P 6M* Ha
pet})0p-
KI TOMy
HOJETHK*.
150 ate
caMOMy CTOJIH cipeMHTBca paBHHM'B o6pa30Mi> H rocy^apn. ^ajrie, deopfiucKin npueuMiiu u noMrbiyuum no6opu cv 6ujiu npaune neeuioduu dwi msnu, KOTOpaa Jiyqine 6ti ecjH 6u H ^Bopjme njiaTHJin Hajiorn H ecjrn 6ti KpecTBJme saatHTOiH'Ee, ne no^BepraacB cjiHinKOMi, 6o.iBiHHM B no6o,
r
ET> nojiBsy noM'fein,HKOBi. ^yxoBCHCTBO 3ain,Hmajio CBOH npasa CCHJIKaMH Ha SaKOH'L BoaUH; .HBOpflHCTBO OHHpaJIOCB Ha CBOe HCTOpHnpaBo; roc^apciBy ociaBajiocB TOJIBKO onpaedueamt ceounpunpUHu,unaMU ecmecmeennaio npaea, T.-e. CCHJIKaMH Ha -ror-
o^HnaKOBo Bpaat(j)HJioco^)iK), KOiopaa B'B o6m,ewi> 6njia H KamiHHHSMy, H ^eo^ajHSMy. 3xa $H.aoco<})m yqnjia o paBencTB^ BC'BX'B jno^eft, o TOM-B, qTO rocy,a;apCTBO ^OJiatHO ocymecTEJiflTB ,a;e6Ha
HTO BBinie rocy^apciBa H-BT^ na seMjrs HHEaKHXTb ynpeat^eHin, HTO T^MX He MeH^e OHO ne #OJIJKHO HasflSHBaTB no^anHBIM'B T^ HJIH ^pydfl B-BpOBaHm, ^TO o6^3aHHOCTB 6FO HpOCB'Bni.aTB o6m,ee 6;iaro,
H T. n. HoBoe npe^ciaBJieHie o rocy^apciB-i npOTHBoH TaKate ociaTKaMTb npeatneii (Jjeo^ajiBHOH pas^po6jieHHOCTH p-BqHjro napo.n'B HayKofi
7
HOTOMy qio ct par^ioHajiHCTHqecKOH TOIKH sp-Bnia B'B BH,ny TOFO, rocy,a;apCTBO npHSBano ocymecTBjrflTB o6m,ee 6jiaro 6miH 6HTB ycipoeHH coo,a;Horo H xoro ace rocy^apciBa ^ojratHH H BepnieHHO o^HnaKOBO ynpaBjaTBca O^HHMH H T-BMH ate saKOiiaMH. 7
PaHBme
Kopojin BBO^HJIH ^TO^BI M'BCTHBlfl BJiaCTH CJTOBHO
i^eHTpajiHsai^iH), BT>
3a6oTflCB JIHHIB o TOMI,
r
OT,H'BJIBHBIX &
6BIJIH
HpOBHHU.iflX'L
6e3y-
no^HHHeHH i^eHipajiBHOMy npaBHTe.iBCTBy, HO ocxaBjniJi sa o6jracTBio en npeatnee ycTponciBO H npHEHjierin. TenepB HOHIJIH
yate .najiBme 3Toro
m
H atejajH npueecmu 06-
Jiacmuyw otcusm, mam CKasamb, odnoMy snaMeuamejiw, HCXO^H Hs^ Toro IHCTO OTBJieqeHHaro noHHMama rocy^apCTBa, Koxopoe OHH Haxo^HJin BI $HJioco(j)iH ecTecTBeHHaro npasa. TaK-L nponcxo^HJio c6jiuwenie
Mewdy
aficojiwmusMOMt
CTOpOHH, npOCB-BTHTeJIH,
"
u
Ci. CBoeii npoc6n>w,euieM?> Hnj,a, KTO 6BI MOF'B OCymeCTBHTB HXTb .
ocTanaBjrHBajiHCB na MonapxH^ecKOH BJiacTH, TaKOBa CHJ1-B, CHOC06HOH 9TO C.fl.'BJiaTB.
HOH
BoMmepa u coiosi MejR,ny
cfiusioKpamoet.
MonapxaMH H
ate
Bo-iBTepi
Ha HM6HHO
npflMO rjiaEHBiM^ o6pa-
--
H
HeTepnHMOCTH KaTOjnqecKaro ^yxoOE% roBOpnjnb, HTO y Kopojien H y ^HJIOCO^OB'L O#HH H Bparn, H TTO noBTOMy nyaten-B TaKOH cotos-B. HaKoneu'B, Tony, Kaitx paHBme He TOJIBKO o6meciBO, HO H rocy^apn BJiiamio ryMannsMa, pe^opnanm R KaTOJinqecKon peH TenepB OHH CTajH Hnor^a H jinqHO ncnBiTHBaTB na BJiacTOJiK)6ifl
T-B
KaK^ 6BLia
BjiiflHie
npocB'BTHTejBHOH .iHTepaTypBi. HpyccKiH KOPOJIB &pud-
151
II dame caMt GUM
$ujioco$OM*-p(iu,ioHajiucmoMb
BT>
H HanHCOJII* R-fcCKOJIbKO TpaKiaiOB-b BX STOATb II cocmaeuAa C6ou Hamm no coHuueuisiMb Enamepuna u Eemapia. 06a OHH HCKaJin Jinqnaro snaKOMCTBa ct (jjpamjysCKHMH iracaiejiaMH H Be.iH ci HHMH ^pysecKyio nepeiiHCKy. H B-L nOJHTHK'fc
IocH(frb II BO BpeMa CBoero nyTemeciBia BO ^pamjiio nosuaKOMHJica co MHOFHMH luicaiejiflMH. ECJIH caMH rocy^apn ociaBa*iHCt> paBHO^ymHHMH KI> HOBOMy nanpaBJieHiio, TO B'B ^yxi no-
paiopx
qaCTO
CJI'B.UHflrO
HX-L
A'fcHCTBOBa.IH
BOT-L
MHHHCTpfcl.
BC6
9TO H
npOCB-BmeHHHH aOCOJHOTHSM-B. 187. 3noxa npocB-Bn^eHHaro adcojnomsMa coBnaAaeTt ct
COS^aJIO
KOM'B
B-B-
maBHarO
II
H aro (1740 1786), ^KOpOJIfl-^HJOCO^a" ^pH^pHXa STOH es CHCTCMH. KOH^M^ cJi^yeiTb npHHHTb npeACTaBHiejifl 17H 9) (j)paHi^y3CKyK) peBOJioi^iio (1789). Bi 9TH nojietbua (1740
BI>
pasHtix-L
HJH
Bb r
II,
a
IocH({)a
II,
npaBHJiH 60-
^pH^paxa
npocB^meHifl. KpOM-B
#la;yx'B
Tame
H MHHHCTPH
MonapXH
rocy^apCTBax-L
MeH-fce
^HCTBOsajiH
BT>
II
H
310 BpeMa:
III (1759 1788); Bt ll<>Mf>aM, MHHHCTP-L locucpa dMManyu.m (1750 IIopiyraJiiH 1777); Bt Heanoji^ JTanyyyu, MHHHCTP-L Eap^a III (uapCTBOBaBmaro npeffi^e SA'BCB, HOTOM-B B'B HcnaHin) H ero cuna &epdunanda IT (17591825); BT> TocKae^ JI&WQM
Apanda,
MHHHCTPT,
Eapm
II (1790 1792); B-L ,3,aHiH Cmpygnae, MHHHCTPI> Xpurcmiana VII (1766 1806); BI> I^Be^iH Fyemasb III (1771 H Ilojibin^ BI, STO BpeMa OmaHUCAa&b-Aeiycm*, 1792) AP- (Bt OT'L 1764 #o 1795, Tome cipeMHJicfl K-B pet}>opKor^a Haqa.iaci> (j)paHqy3CKaa peBOJiioijifl, HanpaBHEiiiaaca
caaioro a6co.iK)TH3Ma, OTHomeme npaBHTejibciB-L K-b w npocpasy H3M tHHJiocb. EnponeMi,, H^KOiopbia HanpaBjieHifl r
(j)njoco(j)iH
^apefi.
XVIII
^pHflpHxi
Fojib6axa.
MeH-fee
B.
H paHbiiie He nojb30BajiHCb CHMnaiiaMH rocynHca.!!* npOTHBi n CHCTeMti npHpo^n"
II ^affie
scero
MOFX iipaBHTbca HM-B Pycco C-B CBOHM'B KaK-L npaBHxejibCTBa STOH 3noxn TBep.no
pecny6jiHKaHH3MOMi>, TaKi> sa CBOK) BJiacib BO BCCM-B ea od^eM-B.
188. Ocodaro BHHMaHia a6cojnoiH3Ma
r
K-B
,n
OTHomenie npocs-BH i^epKBH. r.tattuhi.m pejinrm
sacjiyaiHBaeTi
fcjiaMx
Aosymom emou no.iumuKu 6um enpomepnuMOcmb, Baja H
(j)Hjoco(J)iH
XVIII
B.
BT> KaTOjiMqecKHx-b
Koiopoii ipe6o-
cipanaxx npnxo-
;uuoci, KpOM^ Toro, ycTaHaB^HBaib HOBbia oiHonieHia Meat^y i^epKOBbio H rocyAapCTBOMT>. B'b HcnaniH, IIopiyrajiiH, Heano.it H HiajibaHCKHX'b
rocy^apCTBaxi,,
rfljk
cn^bH-Be scero
K
a6co-
152 ci
ciBOEajia
cepe,a;HHBi
npHnMOCB jjecaTH JI^TL
CHomema
B.
pejinriosnafl
oco6eHHO
peaKiua,
ctumyw
6opi>6y c*
IIoMdajrB
B-B
IIopTyrajiiH npn 1770) 6ujin npepBaHH
H, eanp.,
^
neme
XVI
BBiflepataTB
(1760
namoBI,
Te-
npaBHTejiBCTBOM'B H nancKOH Kypieft. Apan.pi, IIoM6ajia, TanyqqH H ftp. jj-EHTejieH 6miH 6o.i'Be HJIH MeH-Be o^HnaKOBBi: nancKia 6y.oH MOFJIH 6HTB o6Hapo a,HBaeMLi JIHUIB CKifl
Meatfly
r
CB-BTCKOH
corjiacia
C'B
BjiacTH,
a
npeatHia
6yxjiu
nepecMOTpy; npaBa qepKOBnux^ cy^OB-B H HHKBH3Hn;in JIHCB HJIH coKpanjajiHCB, H ^yxoBencTBO no^iHHfljiocB cy^aMi)
CB'BT-
CKHMI; enncKonaM'B sanpemajiocB sajiaraTB ijepKOBHtia naKasania Ha jno^en, HcnoJiHaBmnx^ KOpoJieBCKyro BOJIO; qensypa H Hapoji;-
noe o6pa30Bame OTHHMajHCB y ^yxoBeHCTBa; sanpenjajiocB pacinnn,epKOBHoe 36MjieBjra a 'BHie, H coKpam,ajiocB qncjro Monamel
,
a HX-B
nnor^a
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ate
1
npano ynpas^HajiHCB H-BKOTOpHe MonacTBipH
OT6npajiHCB
KasHy H
BI>
n.
T.
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oMfiaM, KOTOpBifi npnd'BraJi'B BI> HCH K-B H Ka3HflM^, C.H'kiaBl H31> HHKBH3HU,iH npfl-
Moe o
CB-BTCKOH
opyjue
B'B
pasBHTin
ua
nepio.a.a
ate
ate
H
HaH6ojrEe
sadoTHjrca B'B
CB-BTCKaro
KOHIJ-B odpasoBania. nyTB BBiCTynnjra H aBCTpiacKaa noiHTHKa npn
IIopTyrajiiH
TOTTB
OHI>
BjracTH.
II.
IOCH^'B
189. Bi
nojiHTHKa, HanpaBJieHHaa npOTHBi Ka^aate xapairrep'B Meat^yHapo^Haro corjiaHienk. nojiyqHJia nocTaBHBniiii cBoero I^-BJIBK) no,a,qHHHTB rocy^apeH iesyHTOB'B,
TOJIH ^ H3Ma
oflHOMi) cjiyqa-B
?
a BCK> o6pa30BaHHOCTB .nyxoBencTBy, 6ujn> rjiaBHtiMi. opra-
,
KamnHqecKOH peaKn,iH, a noxoMy OTHOCH.ica o^HHaKOBO spaat" KaKi> Kt npocB-Bmemio TaK^ H K-B npocB-BmenHOMy a6cojnoBi XVIII B. TH3My. cepe^HHi yupewcdenin opdena 6u.iu 'ynunmoofcenu H ero HMymecTBa KOH({)HCKOBaHBi B'B IIopTyrajiiH (npn HOM6aJi'B B^ 1759 r.), BO $pan^H (npn Illyasejii B'B 1764 r.), B^B ,
Hcnamn (npH Apan^-B), BI> (BC-B Tpn noc^Hie cjiyqan
Heanoji-B (npn TaHyqin) H B'B IlapM-B B-B 1768 r.). FjiaBHOio npH^HHOio Ta-
KOH M^PBI 6BMO
iesyHTOB-B no^^HHaTBca saKonaM-B rocy-
iieatcjiaHie
Bo ^paHr^in OHH npano ccBiJiajiHCB na CBOH co6cTBeHHBie H Kor^,a (j)paHn,y3CKoe npaBHiejiBCTBO HOTpe6oBajio y reHeyciaBBi, pajra op^ena (PHqqn) HSM-BHHTB Roe B-B qens 9TH yciaBLi, OH'B OTB-BTHJIT, snaMeHHTOio (})pa30io: ,,sint ut sunt, aut non sint" (nycTB
AapCTBa.
nycTB jryqme HX^ BOBce ne 6j^T%). HOM.naate Bomejix B^ corjiaraeme C'B 6yp6oncKHMH ^BOpaMH $panHcnamH, Heanoja H llapMBi, H BTH npaBHiejiBCTBa noTpe6o-
dy^yTi,, 6a.n> n;iH,
KaK-B
(1768)
CCTB,
y
HJIH
nanBi' (K^HMeHia
XIII)
noJHaro
153 opdena.
liana
UBLTL
iesyHTOB'L H He
sam.HTHHKOM'L
cor.iacHJCfi.
CMepTH rocy^apciBa HacTOOH na 6u yHHiTOJKHTb op.neHt. TaKoro cooacHJica nanu, KOTOpufi HsdpamH du.i'L nanoio RmMenrnz BTHMI XIV, KOTOPHH EX 1773 r. CBOHM-L 6peBe n Dominus ac Redemptor" of>weu.n> opdem ynuumomennocJi^
Tor.ua
HasBaimLm
ero
XIV BCKOpt noCvii 3Toro CKOHqajzca, B-L ero ciajiH BHHHTB iesynTOB-L. yqpeatAeHifl op^ena ociajrncb cym,ecTBOBaTE> JTHIDB BO BHOBB npio6p BTeHHux L ^PH^PHXOMX II H Mo.
Kor.ua KjufMenrb
r
l
HOK) IE
npOBHHiuflX'L
iesyHTOB'L Ma;iH
KI
npyccKiii
npHMHpHTL
HOBEix'B
KaTO.iHqecKoii
^epKBH
).
BapoqeMT>,
H
B'BJiopyccm), r^i npn Kopojib H pyccKaa HMnepaipni^a ^y(CnjieaiH
CBOHxx no^aHiix'L, npHHa^ieataBmnxx J
C'L
nofliBHemeM-L
HHOB'BPHHM'B
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TafiHO op^eni) npo^ojiataji'L cymeciBOBaTB H
cipanaxx, nona
fit
1814
r.
ne
B'B
6uM eoscmanoeMm
190*. Bopt6a B-L
npocB-Bii^eHHaro a6co.iK)TM3Ma C'L ^eoAajmsMOM-B MVbpaxb Kb oipauuueuiw UAU omMVbuvb Kprbnocmuoio
npaea, r^-B OHO cymecTBOBajo. Kpon-B TOFO, rocy^apn H MHHHCTPH 9TOH 9noxH CTpeMHJHCB Ki> yjiyHwenm adMunucmpaHfiu u cydonpomeodcmea, K'L npHBe^eHiro BX nopa^OK'L sanono&b u (fiuHancoffi, K'B
napodnaio xodHucmea H napodnaio oGpasoeanix, KX HpaBOBi H K'L ycHjremK) oomecTBGHHOH 6jraroTBOpHiejiL-
no^HHTiio
CMflrqeHiro
HOCTH (eoBBia co6pania saKOHOB^, mKOJiH, rocnHTajiH, BOcnHTaiejiLHBie ji;oMa H T. n.). Bx CBoefi aKOHOMH^ecKoft HOJIHTHK'B npocB-BdcojiOTHSM^ ^epatavicfl naqajrL MepKaHTHJiHSMa, HO BX nepio.ua yate H3-L
H'BMei^KHX'L
CBoero
CKasuBajiocL H
KHflseft
BJiiflnie
O^HHX
(JmsioKpaTOB'L.
(pH a;pHX'L-KapjrL Ba^eHCKin) ^ame npo(
KI>
npHBep^eHHOCTLio
^HsioKpaiHqecKOMy
II.
191*. Pe(j)OpiiLi npocB-Bu^eHHaro a6cojiK)TH3Ma novmu coecnm ne Kocuyjiuc'b FepMaHiu, KpOMrb Ilpycciu u Aecmpiu. Pas^podjenna COTHH OTA"BJILHLIXI KHSnocJi-B TpH^i^aiHJi'BTneH BOHHH HMnepia BI> CBoeMi> ^ BJIOM L ET> Teqeeie no^yxopa B-BKOBI H6 HCnHTBIBaja HHKaKHX-L CKOJLKO-HH6y^L KpynHBIX-L nepCM'BH'L, H Bl OTA'BJILHHX'L KHflateCTBaX'L npOAOJIffia.!!) rOCnO^CTBOBaiL atfCOJK)f
r
caMaro MejioqHoro CBOHCTBa. BT> cepe^HHi XVIII oatHBHjiacL TOJTLKO
JHiepaiypa. Qua
npHHHJia
B-L
B.
B-L
Fep-
3TO
npocB-BTHTe.iLHoe HanpaBjenie, HO dojiie KacajacL BonpocoB'L H BOCHHTaHifl OTfl'EJBHOH JHHHOCTH, q-BMI, BOnpO-
HpaBCTBCHHOCTH
154 COB!*
nojiHTH^ecKHxi,
Bt
H couiajbiiHX'b.
BHCiHHXi*
cc^epaxi,
jiHiepaTypa ne no.vbsoeajiacb npumoMZ nu MdMbuwu TjiaBHHH repofi CBoero BpeneHH, ^pH.npHX'b n, nojiy^HBiniii MOJIO;I;OCTH
<|>paHijy3CKoe
BOCHHTanie, COBC^M^
flaate
MeijKOH jmiepaTypbi H npesnpajnb ee, xoia yate CTBOBajiH JleccHHr*,
H ero MJia^niiH
Fepflep^,
B-L
II,
H-E-
ero BpeMa
^M-
H
OH-L,
KaHT'b, Teie H Illajuiepx.
coBpeMeHHHKi, IOCH^'L
B^
H ne snajrb
naxo.a.HJiHCL
HO^-L
(j)paimy3CKaro npocB'Bm.eHifl. FpOMa^Hoe KHflSCH HM'BJIO CJIHUIKOM't HH^TOatHLIfl BJia.H'BHm H 6fcLIO
^To6u npeflnpHHHMaTb qTO-JiH6o KpynHoe. 3TOMy #jifl FepMaHiH Hosaa atH3Hi> na^ajiacB jrann> CTE> TOjqKa, naro efi $paH^y3CKOH peBOjno^en. BTB HpycciH H ABCTpin CJIHIEKOMI*
d-BjiiHO,
192.
Bi>
1740
r.
na
npeciojit Bciynnji^ 3>pudHMfl BejiHKaro. OH-L
npycCKifi
jj K oTopOMy coBpeMeHHHKH ?
IIo-
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197.
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Mori> OTKJIOIIHTB ero
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9TOH HOJIHTHKH, nojiy^HBinefi y ero BparoB'L HasBanie r io3e({)HHH3Ma". OdHapo^OBanie nancKHxi dyjM'b dtuio nociaBjeno B't saBHCHMOCTL DTI corjiacifl npaBHTejibCTBa; MHoria .nijia, p-BmaBiniacH
6miH
MonainecKie op^ena, sasnc'EBinie OT^ renepajroB-L, KOTOpue JKHJIH Bt PHM^, 6iMH no^HHeHH MicTHOMy .nyxoBHOMy naga-UbCTBy. KpoM-B TOrO, lOCH^t II yHHITOJKHJTB COTHH MOHaCTBlpGH, KOH^HCEOBaJtX HX'B HMynjeCTBO H COKpaTHJ^ HHCJIO MOHaXOB^. D,6H3ypa H HIKOJia Toate OTHaTti y .nyxoBencTBa, H ne^aib no-iy^HJia OTHOCHCBo6ojiiy. IOCH^ II pe<|)opMHpOBa.zFb H cneD,iajiLHLia AyxoBnanoio,
npeiKfle
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7
nocjiymHBix'B rocy^apCTBy. BTB STH .nyxoBHBia yqnjiHiii,a BBOHOBBI6 yqe6HHKH Bl flyX-fc H^eil XVIII B.: Bl, EHX-B KaiOJIH-
KX O.HHOH MOpajH, H nponoB-EBceMorym,ecTBo rocy^apCTBa. Ho MBICJH locn^a II, 6y,a;y6BMH 6HTB npeffi^e Bcero yqHTejraMH njie CBamenHHKH ,o,ojia:HBi H rocy^apCTBeHEHMH qHHOBHHKaMH. IlMnepaiop-B daoice nyMma, npnKasaBi, BHHOCHTB H3^ ^epKBeH HKOHBI H CiaiyH CBaiBIXi H Be.l'BB'B HSM'BHHTB H^KOTOpBie CBOflHJica
npeHMym,ecTBeHHO
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Pe^opMaiopCKaa A'fcflTejiBHOCTB locn^a II pacnpocipannjiacB H na #pyria ciopOHBi JKHSHH na aflMHEHCiparuio, cy^onpOH3BOACTBO ^HHancBi H T. n. Meat^y npo^HM-B, OH-B laKate npe^npHHaji^ nepeCMOTPI> saKOHOB'B, H npH HeMT> BBimjia nepsaa qacTB HOBaro W !OCHsaKOHHHKa". B-B a,nMHHHCTpai^iH OH^ cipeMHJica ira diopoy
TpaJIHSai^iH,
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HOBHHIBHMH KaHi^e.iapiaMH. Bi> 9TOH od'BeAHHeHHOH Monapxin aten-B 6uji% rocno^CTBOBaTB O^HH^ asBiKx HijMeijKiH (B'B
161
BM^CTO ,iaTHHCKaro, 6uBmaro HeHTpa.KBHBiM'B
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pasHon.ieMCHHaro
cociaBa ea nace;ieHia).
198. PecjwpMBi IocH(|)a II BCTP^THJIH BO BC'EX-B ero B.ia.n'BHiax'B 6oMwoe neydoeoMcmeie. HpociOH Hapo,p, B-B samniy KOTOparo 6mio MHOFO c^-BJiano IOCH^OMX II, HJIH no CBOGH nepasBHTOCTH He MorB oicaaaTB no^epacKH npaBHTejBCTsy, JLIH caM B ciar
na CTOpOHy BpaiWB pejiHrin.
cym,ecTBOBajiH
II
BCJTEflCTBie ero M'fep'B,
Bojiie scero ueiodoeaAu na
eencmeo u deopme. BT> ^Byx'B
eme
IocH(})a
odjiaciflx-L
BT>
uMnepamopa dyxo-
Bejiuiu H
cpe^HeB-BKOBtia COCJIOBHIJH
Ka-
Bempiu
KOHCTHiyi^iH,
KOTO-
IOCH(|H> II, ne npHSHaBaBmin HHKaKHX'B HCiopHqecKHxi, npaB-L, Hapymajii). 3io npHBejo K-B npamoMy eoscmanm BejiBrin, B AyXOBeHCTBO BOCnpOTHBHJIOCB I^epKOBHtlM-B H DJKOJIBHBIM'B p6(})0p-
HMnepaiopa. Bx BenrpiH TOJEC TOTOBHJIOCB BOscTanie, BO Koioparo cianoBBJiocB ^BOpaHCTBO, pas^paaceHHoe BejiBria H Benrpia npflMo rposHJH oinacib OT-B MOKpeciBflH'B. H Ha Hapxin, CMepTHOMi> o.np'B IOCH^I. II ciaji-B OTMtnaxB CBOH pe(j>opMH, HTo6H cnacTH I^-BJOCTB MOHapxin. ,H,ByMa TOJIBKO CBOHMH 9.HHKpacnopaateHiaMH OHI, HH sa qio He xoT-Bjn noatepTBOBaiB TOMl B-BpOTepnHMOCTH H OTM'BHOH) Kp'SHOCTHOH SaBHCHMOCTH KpeciBaH-B.
Ilocji IocH({)a II ero 6pai'B JLeonoMdz
1792) noweM na
ecn>
ycmymu,
II
(1790
H ciaptiH nopH.noK'B Bociopate-
0X8063.11 B
III.
Hciopifl
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cBimeHHaro
a6cojiOTH3Ma
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CBO^nica
K-B
B'B
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npeepaiyeniw Ilpycciu &z eedUKyw depwasy u
:
B-B
rjiaBHBiM'b
anoxy <j>aK-
nadenm JIoMiau.
199*. B'B cepeAHH-B XVIII B. rjiaBHBia eBponefiCKia rocy^apciBa ynaciBOBajiH B'B ^Byx-B BOHHax-B, BO Bpena KOTOPBIX'B KdH IIpycciH
docmuwa
nojiowcenifi ee.iunou depztcaeu. Ilepsaa cojiy^Hja HasBaflie BOHHBI aa aBCTpincKoe ceMH.iiiTHeH (1756 1763), H 06$ OH-B 1748), Biopaa
3THxi> BOHH-B
(1740
T-BCHOH csasH c^ atejaHieM^pHApHxa II pacmnpnTB CBOH Ha cierB ABCTpin. B'B 6opB6y Meatfly flByna r.iaBHBiMH rocy^apCTBaMH e.wbwajiucb dpyiin depjicaeu, npn HCMI B-B nepBofi BOHH-B OH'fe cioajiH 6o.iBme na cioponi IIpycciH, HO Kor^a ^PH^PHXI. II Btimeji'B nod'EflHiejieM-B HSI 3TOH BOHHH, TO nepeuiJiH Ha ciopony ABCTPJH. Bx qacinocTH ^paHnja BO Bpeua sa aBCipiHCKoe Hacj-BflCTBO 6tua B'B COIOS'B CB IlpyccieH, cioa.iH
BT,
HOBAfl HCTOPIfl.
11
162 Amvii;i ate CToa.ua Ha CTOpOH-fc ABcipin, C'B
6op b6ow r
ceMHjrfeTHeii
Memdy
^'BficTBOBajia
06k
IIpyccieH.
TOJIBKO B-B EBpOn-B, HO 2OO*. B-B 1740
KOioparo He
EI,
sao^no ct ABCTpieH, AHiviia BOHHBI TaKHMt odpasoMt conpoBoatAaJHCB (fipam^ysaMU u amauuanaMU, KOTOpaa BGJiacb ne
HaodopOTx, <paHH,ia nuia
a
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r.
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u aecmpiucKuxx Fa6c6ypioe 6. f
CMepiBK) HMnepaiopa
Kapjia VI, y
npeKpaTHJiocB MywcKoe nomoMcmeo KaK'B sa copOKi. JI-BT^ B-B Hcnamn,
TaK^ H BI ABCTpin BOSHHKajTB Bonpoci> o Hacji'B a;cTB B. BT> HOCTH ABCipin, KaKi e^HHaro rocy^apcTBa, ior.ua He 6mio, Monapxia H'BMe^KHX B ra6c6yproB-B cocmonm r
(
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r
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c'B
pasHonjreMeHHBiMT. HacejieHieMi, H
BHyTpeHHBDTB ycxpoHCTBOM-B C-B
KapHHiieii H TnpojieMi,
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l (
Benrpm, 06meH) HO OHa npeKpaiu,a-
lexia,
JIoM6ap,nm).
BTHXI aeMejiB QjijsREJiB, ^HHaciifl, H Monapxia jierKO Morjia pacnacTBca, T-BM^ do.i'Be, ^TO BI> ea ^acTHxx Bonpoc'B o Hacj-B^OBamH p-Bmajica 6n no SaKOHaMT,, KOTOpBie npHTOM-B Ha STOT'B C^eT^ 6BL1H neofliraaKOBLi. Ilepeji.'B CMepTBio KapJi'B VI ocodenno xjono-
BC'BX'B
o TOM'B, *iTo6Bi nepe^aTB see CBoe
TOJBKO
Mapin-Tepesia,
^TO
nacji-B^CTBO
BBiine^uieH saMya^B
sa
({)aHa .loxapHHrcKaro, ne sa^ojiro nepeA'B T-BM'B npOM-BnaBinaro JIoTapHHriio na TocKany. HMnepaxop-B BX TaKOM^ CMHCJI-B H cocTaBHJi'B
caHKUjiw, ,a,o6HBHiHCB npHSHania ea sene-iB cBoen Monapxin H co CTOpOHH
npaiMamuuecKyw
co CTOPOHBI
HO JTHmB TOJIBKO OHl yMCpX, KaKl Ha OT^JIBHBia nacji^CTBa saaBHJio npnTasanie H^CKOJIBKO
201.
FjiaBHBiMH
conepHHKaMH MapiH-Tepesin
(1740
1748)
a
5 HJIH uypcfiwpcmT) 6a6apcniu EapM-AM6pexvm u npyccnm KOPOM aBciiHCKoe ^ -TT -n Q*puopti6 11. IlepEBiH em;e paH'Be ccBMajca na CBOH npasa,
CTapmaro noTOMKa CTapmen #onepH ^ep^HHaH^a I, H na MHHMOC BTOFO rocy^apa. ToT^aci) no CMCPTH Kapja VI OH-B nocniniH.!!, saKjno^HTB coros'B ci) $paHH,ieH H HcnaHiefi, noo6 fein,aB B HM^ pasuBia
nj,aHie
r
BBiro/i,Bi ws>
FepManiH H
r
HTajiiH. ^pnjiipHX'B II BOcnojBSOBajica
npe^aBHTB H CBOH npHTasania na Kor^a-TO npHna^JieataBHiia po^CTBeHnHKaMi) ForeH-
meftca pacnpeii, qTo6Bi Cnjiesin,
TpeTBHM'B npeTeH^eHTOMi. (na MopaBiro) BBiCTynHji'B canconcKiu (H KOpoJiB noJiBCKin) Aeiycm?, III. Boen-
^McTBia OTEpBunb $PH^PHXI II, 6BiCTpo sanaBi CHjesiio. C^ CBoen CTOPOHBI CTapaa co^epHH^a ra6c6yproB-B, ^pan^a OTnpaBHJia HBia
CBOH BOHCKa H Bl FepMaHilO, H
BT> HTaJliK),
H
B'B BeJIBrifO.
163 C'b
6aBapuaMH
(jjpanujsbi
Bsa.iH nepeB'EC'b
B'b
Hia-iin, a
ciaBinHMt
),
H ior.ua
samum BTE,
B'b
Ilpary,
COIOS-B
c'b
EejbriH nanecjiH nopaaceme
Ha CTOpony ABCipin.
FepMaHCKie
.
Kyp(j)K)pCTti
fiaeapcmio ev> UMnepamopu (Kap-n> VII, 1745). IIocjl Bcero 9Toro sa Mapieii-TepesieH
1742
uyp^wpcma
Benrpia AaTnpojis. Mojio,naa rocy^apBina, npoaBHBinaa Ayxa, CA'fejaB'L pasHBifl ycxynKH CBOHMt BenrcpCKHM^ IILIM-L, OAymeBHJia nxt na 6opt6y sa ea HHTepecn. CKOpo ciajio nepexoflHTh na ea ciopony, H KapJix VII 6ujn> ^.aate HSHS-L CBOCH Hac.i^ciBeHHOH BasapiH. ^panijysLi xoate OIIJIH MexiH, a HOTOM-L aBCTpincKaa apaiifl B-L COIOS-B C-B nporea.ia (JjparmysoBt H sa PGHHI. ^pH^pnxy II Mapia Hai)
OKasajracb, o^naKO, BiiHyjK^eHHOio yciynHib CnjieaiH) no ocodoMy MHpHOMy ^oroBOpy, no Kor^a na CTOpony ABCipin nepeUIJIH CapAHHia H CaKConia, ^pH.npnx'b II, onacaacb sa Hosaro CBoero BJia^Hia, cnoBa.H ua BTOT'b pas-b yate B'b
Tepesia
coios'B
BX
^panuieii OTRptun, BoenHbia ^HCTBia aaxBaTOM'b
CT>
Kap.iy VII y^ajiocb BOSBpaTHTbca B-b Basapiio. BnpoqeM-b, HMnepaTopi) CKOpo ywepx, a ero cun-b OTKaTO
caivioe
KaKi)
speMa,
OTX BC^XT, npnTasaHin, jHmb 6bi CHOKOHHO BJia^Tb BaBapieft. ITpn Bu6op B HOBaro HMnepaTOpa on-b naate caMi no^ajrb rojioc'b sa
sajica
i
Mapin-TepesiH, KOTOPHH H nojryqnjii Kopony PHMCKOH HMnepin no^i HMeneM-b 0pami,a 7(1745 1765). pHx b II paBHHM'b odpasoMi. onaTb saKjnonHJi-b Mnp'b c'b Mapien-TepesieH, y^epjKaB'b sa co6oio CnjiesiK). Bonna BT> FepMaHiH OKOH^H-
My^a r
jacb, HO npOAO.iJKajiacb enje a TaKate B^ KOJiOHiax rb.
H^KOTOpoe spena
B-b
Bejibria H
Bo BpeMa BOHHbi sa aBCTpiitcKoe eacJi'BACTBO nponcxo^HJia Mewdy AuiJiieu u 0pam<,ieu. TeaTpoM-b 9Tofi KOTOpyro (jjpaHaysu BI KOH^'B #aase sasoeee TOJbKO BOSBpaTHBT* npH saKJioqeHm o6n^aro MHpa. Ycn-BXH BCTpeBoatH.in FojuiaH/iiiK), H ona saK-nognja coios-b ci 6biJia
,
Bejrbria,
Tro6ti ^aTb OTnop'b ^paHi^iH.
B'b csasn
c'b
3THMH OTHO-
oKasanHaa (^pannyscKHM-L npaOH-b npe^npHHaj-b BOSBpan^eKor^a Kapjy CTioapTy, Hie aHr.iiHCKOH Koponu CBoeny ^OMy. B* AMepitKfo u Hndiu BO see To8 ate BOHHH aHrjHqane saxBaTHJH H-BCKOJibKO ({>paHHaxoflHTca H no^epatKa,
'BHiH,
HO
npn
Mnpa BOSBpaTHJia HXX saBoeBaniH BT. Esponi H
saKjnoHeniH
sa OTKas-b c'b ea CTOpOHbi OT-b noAAepatKH npeTen^eHTa na aurjriHCKin npecTOJii.
paHu,in
orb
202. CTBO,
Oilmifi Mnp-b,
6biJi'b
saKJiOHCHx
oKOHgHBniiii BOHHy sa ascTpificKoe Haoi-BAB-b
1748
r.
ei
Axewb.
IIo^TH BC-B rocy11*
164
iipoxHB'b
Hpyccm.
yqaCTBOBaBfflia Bl> 3TOH BOHH-B, BbmiJIH H31> Hea CTBIMH pyKaMH, ecJH ne ciHTaTb ne6ojibinoro yBe-iHiema H npio6p^Tenifl HcnancKHM'L npHHn.eM'b $HjrannoM'b
Cl>
Tiy-
repn,orcTBa IlapMH. Bbinrpajra TOJBKO o^na Ilpyccia,
CuAesieu u cpasy sanaewasi nojioofcenie eejimou depoicaeu. BT> ,n;oPHXI> II OKasajca XHTPHM'B HOJIHTHKOMI, He CTH^eHin CBOHXt u-Bjiefi OTKPHTHM'B B-BPOJIOMCTBOM!) H KO BCflKOMy npasy, H HCKycHHM-L nojiKOBOweMt, a ero apnia -
^a
csoero BpeMenn. Mapia-Tepesia saianjia neHaBHCTt Kt CBoeMy npoiHBHHKy. Ona HHKaKt He xoTija npHMnpnibca ct nepexo^OMi O.HHOH HSI. cociaBHHxt ^acien ^emcKOH KopoHH Kt o6pa3ijOBOio
Hpyccin, T-BM'B doji-Be, ^TO, dy^y^n peBHOCTHOio KaiojinqKOio, ona ^aji^jia CHJiescKHxt KaTOJiHKOB^, nonaBrnHxt no^t BJiacib npOTe-
ciaHTCKaro rocy^apciBa, B^ caMOM^ ate ^PH^PHX-B II ona BH^-BJia ^epaKaro BOJiLHO^yMqa. C-L r^-BjitK) BOSBpaiHTL ced'B CHJiesiro HMnepaTpnn,a cxajia pa6oiaTB Ha.a.'B odpasoBameMi GOMWOU KOOMvyiu npo-
mu&z 0pudpuxa
II,
coc^eH na
nojissyacb ney.noBOJiBCTBieM'B
KO-
H HaciMBCTBeHHBiH odpas'B ^"BHCTBiH npyccKaro Kopo.na. SJIOH II, ne ma^HEmm H KopOBaHHbix B ocod'B, noMort r
$pH,aipHxa
MapiH-Tepeain BI ea npe^npiaTin. KpOM'B CaKConin H IIlBemH r HMiBinHXi ocHOBame 6oaiBca ycnjreHia Hpyccin, HMnepaxpHi^a CKIOHHjra na CBOH) cxopOHy Pocciio H ^paHu.iio. IlepBaa HSI BTHX^ .nepmasi, BOBJieqenHaa $paH^eft BI Boimy C-L IIlBe^eH (17411743), He yiacTBOBajra B^ 6opt6'B sa aBCTpiHCKoe Hacj^CTBo, HO yate BX KOHIJ-E ea roTOBa dmra OKasaiB HOMOH^L Mapin-Tepesin, K'B corosy HOCJI-B TOFO, KaK-L HMnepaTpHi^a najiBCTHBoe HHCBMO MapKHsi HoMnody^ BjraA'BBmeH ET> TO
$paHH,ia npHMKHyjia HHcajia
BpeMa cepweMi*
XV. BTOTI
coios'b
Meac^y AByMa ciaptiMH H ea Kopojib Feopw II Kyp^iopCTx raHHOBepCKin) 3aKJiK)HHJi b coios'b ct ^pH.HpnxoM'b II. ^jibK) KoajiHii,iH npOTHB^ npyccKaro K0po.ia 6buro nuseedenie Jlpycciu ua npewcuww cmenem Kyp^iopmecTBa Bpan^en6yprcKaro. KpOM-B TOFO, H B-B ABCTpin, H BO ^panain CMOTP^JIH na Epycciio, KaKi, Ha rjraBHHii OHJIOT^ npOTecTaHTHSMa, KOTOPHH JTio.a.OBHKa
CHJIBHO BCTpeBoatH.i'B Anrjiiio,
conepHHii,aMH (BI TO ate BpeMa
OHi
r
TOBte c^HTajiH HymHtiM'b coKpyniHTb
B'B
HHTepecax-L KaTOJiaqe-
CKOH I^epKBH.
203. CoKm npOTHB^ HO
Ha
'
IIpycciH
6biJii
saKJiioieH'L B-L
6oJifiiiOH
TafiHi, cyM-BJii npOBi^aTb BC^ ero no,a;po6HOCTH H prbwuMH npedynpedumb cowsnunoez, HT06H nepBbiM^ HanacTb Ha HHXfc H H6 ^aTb HMTb COe^HRHTbCa. BblCTptlM^ ^BH^eHieM-b OHI> B'b 1756 r. saxBaTHJix CaKCOHiio, OBjaflteb npn BTOM^ ea ^HHancaMH, MarasHHaMH H CKJia^aMH opyatia H BsaB'b BX HJI^HI ea
^pHflpnx'b II
165 icio^a OH-L #BHHyjica
apMio.
B1>
exro,
cnaqajia o,a;epaeajrB
r
noiOMt ero saciaBHBmee noTepirkzrB nopa^enie (npn Eomnrb), OTCiynHTb. IIoJioateHie <JpH,npHxa II, Kor#a ero Bparn nepenuiH B-L Haciynjie6.iecTamia no6'EAbi
flB-fc
na^-L aBCTpifiijaMH,
xoia H caM-L
^panaysu noo'fc.nHJiH anrJinqaH-L OoMepamK) Bioprjmcb mBe^H; pyccme paa6HJiH npyccaKOBT, (npn rpocci-Ieiepudopfirb) H saHH.in BocTOiHyio Hpycc^'BJia.iocB
Hie,
BI>
TaHHOBep'B;
saipyflHHTejibHBiM'b.
BTB
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Hia npasa Ha.n'B KpecTbanaMH, xoia 6bi Aaate U.'BHOK) no.iHTHqecKOH HesaBHCHMOCTH rocy^apCTBa. KpOM-E mjiaxTH, conpOTHBJiajiocb npeo6pa30BaHiaMi> B-L .nyx-fe iioBbixi) H^eH H KaminqecKoe He atejiaBmee .nonycTHib paBiionpaBHOCTH .unccH.neHTOB'b. o6pa30M b, Hojibma na.ua BCJi-B^CTBie He o^HHX'b BH^HIHHXI., HO r
pHHHHi), H
urpaJiH SA'BCb
T'B
oaBHyio
ate .usa
THBO.H'BHCTBie HeBbirO.H.HHM'b
.HJia
pojib
cocjiOBia,
B-L
coHpoiHBJieHiH pe^opKOTOptia OKasbiBajiH npo-
EHXl, npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHLIM'b Ha^HHa-
HiaMi H BI cipanax'b npocB-BmeHnaro a6cojiK)TH3Ma.
Bx
210. no6-fesa nap-
BI
B p 6 Ma.'
AnrjiiH
KaK^ Bes^i
HOCJI'B
BTOpofi
peBOJnon,iH (1689),
BI>
TO
na MaTepHK-B rocno^CTBOBajia a6cojiK)THaa MO-
.
napxia, coBepmajocb oaMnrbumee paseumie B-b
CMHCJI-B
cmapou noHcmumywu
em,e 6ojibHiaro ycHJiema napJiaMeHTa.
a6cojiK)TH3M^
He
saxpOHyji^
cymecTBOBajio yate EfiponBi TOJibKO
nepe^
enj,e
AnrjiiH,
IIoaTOMy npocBiT-BM-L
doji'Be
ein,e,
TOFO, KI neMy Ha MacipeMHJiHCb, cynj,ecTBOBajiH paseHCTBO
MHoroe
HS-L
saKOHOMi. (oicyTCTBie cocjiOBHBix'b npHBHJieriH), CBO-
cejibCKaro HacejremH (oicyTCiBie KpiuiocTHoro npaea), nenie n,epKBH rocy^apciBy n B-EpOTepnHMOCTb. fteKmpawH npam, HSflaHHaa napjaMeHTOM'b npn
6o.ua
Ha
(1689 1702) caMHMT> TOHHUMt 06u omnoweHin Kopoan u naesauMuun onpedrb/ium npaea
npecTOJi-L BHJi!,re.iBMa III
Ona
noATBep^Hjia crapbra, 6e3cnopHtifl npasa napJiaMenia H H pasp-BOHjia Bt nojibsy napJiaMCHia Bonpocn, 6biB-
no;waHHbix'b
mie npe.nMeiOM'L cnopa: EOpojiB He MOF-B ocBo6oat,naTL OTI. HCHOJIsaKOHOBi; RJI& co^epataHiH BOHCKa ciajio Tpe6oBaTBca pasnap.iaMeHia; ijreHH od^Hxi. najrax-L He MOOH no,a;Bepecji^AOBaHijo sa CBOH P-B^H Bt napjaMeHT-B; sa no^aHHBIMH odesneqHBajiHCb CBo6o.ua Bti6opOB B H npaso no^asaTb Kopojuo H napJiaMeHTy nexni^iH H T. n. 3xa ^eKJiapai^ifl BI. r
dmia wnojiHeHa ^pyrHM^ napJiaMeHTCKKM'B (1701). Ho cnepTH BnjihrejibMa III, ne .nfrreH, npecTOjn ^ojrateH-L 6nji L nepeiiTH K-L AHH^,
BH.ibrejii>Ma III
o npecmoAonacjirbdiu
HM^Buiaro
r
BTOpoS floqepn laKOBa* II, paBHtiM-L o6pasoM b, des.a.'BTHOH; nap.iaMeHTi> nociaHOBHJi nepe^aib HOCJI-B ea KOHIHHBI anrjiiHCKyH) Kopony raHHOBepCKHX'b KVp^IOpCTOB-b, KOTOptie HO aaeHCKOH OTI> laKOBa I. Ho yKaaaimoMy aKiy Kopojib 6bui'b npHHa^eataTb K-L aHrjiHKaHCKOH qepKBH H He M0i"b r
Y
KaKiH-JIH60 AOJHKHOCTH HHOCTpaHI^aM'b. Hflio npaso MMJiOBaib npecTynHHKOBi,
B'b
KOpOJfl, .HaJI-Be, 6bIJIO OTTOM-B cjiyqat, CCJIH OHH
npHroBapHBajiHCb KI HaKasaHiio caMHM'b napjaMeHTOM'b, KaKi. 3TO 6blBaJIO CI> MHHHCTpaMH, H BM^CT-B C'b T^M-L HpaBHTeJbCTBO JTHHia-
npasa
corjiacia napJiaMeHTa CM^Hflib cyAefi, qxo o6esHesaBHCHMOCTb. Ho npHHi^nny, rocnoACTBOBaBmeMy u H paHbHie, n KOpojib ne M0i b nocxynaib nenpaBHjjbHO H desi.
HX-L
lr
,
aa Bet 3JioynoTpe6jieHifl Bjacibio OTB-BiajiH ^ypHbie COB-BTHHKH KOPOJIH; aKT-b o npecTOJiOHacjrEAOBaHiH, no^TBep^HB'L 910 o6m.ee npaHTo6bi Bnpe^b BC^ KOpojieBCKm nociaHOBHji'b, T-BMH qjieHaMH TafiHaro coB-Bia, Koioptie KOpOJIK) B-L ^aHHOMTb CJiyHai COB^T1> H TEM-B 6paJIH Ha Ce6fl
BHJIO,
HOAHHCtiBajiHCb
CTBennocTb sa Hero nepe^^ napJianeHTOMt. BcKOp-B (1711) npHHUHm> HeOTB-BTCTBeHHOCTH KOpOJIfl H OTfi-BTCTBeHHOCTH MHHHCTpOB-L CHJII.
noflTBepasfleH'b
eme
pasi,
nocji'B
qero KOpo.ieBCKia
HO^HHCH Toro HJIH ^pyroro MHHHCipa yate He MOIMH HHKaKOH CHJIbI, H MHHHCTpbl BO BC'BX'b CBOHXl R'kviC OTqex-b napjaMeHTy. Eme o,nHa ciaitfl ania o npesanpemajra ^JieHaM-L napjaMenxa 3aHHMaib B'L TO KaKifl-jin6o ^ojiatHOCTH no npaBHie.ibCTBeHHOMy BpeMH HO qepe3T> H-BCKOJIbKO jTBTl> (1706) HS-L 3TOFO npaBHJia
6e3T.
172 6bLio
HCKJiioqeHie
MHHHCTPOB'L: HM6HHO qjieHant napjia-
#Jifl
pasp'Emajiocb saHHMaib MHHHCTepcmfl flOjmnocTH, HO Jinmb ycjiOBieMfc c-Kmemfl c^ ce6a ^enyiaTCKHxi nojiHOMoqiii H BTO-
no;vi>
Hsdpama
BT>
CBoeM'b
yTBepflHJTb BC-E
OKpyrL TaKHMi ofipasoM'b, aKT-b o omerbmcmeennocmb Munucmpooz sa
.nMcTBia, HCKJnoqHTe.ibHoe npaeo napjiaMUHUcmpoez H cy^eii H nesaeucuMOcmb ct/deu ovm
npaBHTejibCTBeHHbifl
Menma cydumb Koponu.
211*. drbAOM*
H
npaB^b,
.neKJiapai^ifl
H aKTi* o npecTOjronacji'B.niH tern
napmiu
.~
euio&t, KOTOpaa coBepuiHJia Biopyio peBOJiio^K). OHJIO ne aiajro CTOpOHnHKOBt jHmeHHOH npeciojia AH.
Cpe^n TOpieBt
nojryqHBmnx'B HasBaeie moOumoez. OHH .naate cociaBJiflJiH sajvEJiaJiH noniiTKH BOSCTanm. BOTT> noqeMy KOpojieBCKaa BJiacib
H
nocJi'B BTOpoil peBOJnon;iH ^OJiatna
no,
emom H
Bi
o6ni;eM'B
C'b
BHraMH H
6mra onupamtCH npeuMyiyecmeenno
6paib MHHHCTPOB-B rjiaBHbiM'b odpasoMi* ns'b BTOH napiia. xaKOBa 6biJia no^HTHKa BiLibrejibMa III, cxo^HBrnaroca B'B MblCJIH
Heo6xO,UiHMOCTH 6opb6bl
C,T>
JIlO.HOBHKOM'b
XIV.
KopojeBa Anna (1702 sa ncnancKoe
1714), npn KOTOpoa npo^Ojimajiacb BOfina H npOHSonuio cjiianie AnrjiiH H IHoTBac.n E a;cTBO r
1
e^HHyro BejraKo6pHTamio (1707), TOJKG dojibinyio qacxb CBoero n,apCTBOBaHia 6biJia B'b coros'B C'b BHraMH, BO r-iaBij KOTO-
jtaH,aiiH
B'b
MdMfiopO, npOCJaBHBHliHCH BOGHHHMH HOflBHraMH B'b sa FOHH-B HcnancKoe Hacji'E a;cTBO. IlepBHe ^Ba Kopojra ns'b rannopBlX-b
CTOSJI'b
1
BepCKOH ^HHacTin, saHflBmen asraHCKiH npecmirb BX 1714 r., Teopi^l 1727) u Feopit (1714 (1727 1760) TOJKG HCKajrn mw;epjKKH BX nap OHH 6bLiH o6a3anH BOSBeAeflieM-b CBOHM-b BHroB-b, KOiopon Ha npecTOJ'b. Dpn HHX'b aKo6HTbi Bee eme npoji,oji.atajiH CBOH npOHCKH. CHaia.ua OHH ^MciBOBaJiH BI no^bsy cbraa laKOBa II (laKOBa III), HO BnocJTEflCTBiH B'b pojH npeTGH^eHTa Ha aHrjrificKiH npecioji'b
H
BbiciynHJi'b
nonbiTKy
BHyK'b
Boscxamfl
laKOBa
II
(KapJi-b-BAyapAt),
c^aBmi
46) npoiHB^ Feopra II. B'b desnpepHBHO BHFH rocno^CTBOBajiH B^
(1745
HOITH OTI BTOpoii peBOJiioi^iH &Q CMepiH Feopra II (1689 a 9TO o6cToaTejbCTBO TOJbKO 6jiaionpiHmcmeoea^o daM1760), paseumm npaet* napmMenma. Yate npn BBJibreJibM-B III codnpaTbca emero^no, H Kompojib najaibi 06^-BJiajicfl A'BHCTBHTejibH'Be. .JKe.iaa ynposa co6oio rocno^ciBO BI napjaMeHT'B, BHFH npn AHH'B nposaKOH'b,
na
no KOTOpOMy
ceMHjrETHiH
ueHbi
napjraMeHia CTaiH BLi6HpaTbca
oco6eiiHO ycHJHJicfl napJiaMGHT-b
npn
HSX ranHOBepCKOfl ^HHacTin. Feoprx I no-anrjiiHCKH H coBC'BM'b He snajrb anrjiiHCKHX'b sa-
nepBbix'b AByxi
He roBOpHJTb
cpoK'b.
Ho
Kopojiax-b
173
Tame
no^ojry SLKJIT* BI CBoeMt po^HOMi, FaHHOBep'E, npeflomiBJiflfl ynpaBJiaib Am\iieH MHHHCTpaM-b H 6ojrfce Bcero saqT06lI 60TflCb H6 BHSHBaJIH HeyflOBOJIbCTBifl Bfc TOM^, MHHHCTpH II Feoprb napJiaMeHT-B. npo^ojatajii 3iy no.-iHTHKy, XOTH yate H a
KOHOB-b,
Bupaaiajrb ney^OBOJibCTBie Ha TO, .aajiHCb
BT
MHHHCTPH".
CTB6HHLIMH ci
CBOK)
TTO
onepe^b
AnrjiiH ^KOpoJieMi CA-Enoc.TEHie, dy^y^H OTB'BT-
B-L
nepeA'B nap.iaMeHTOM'L, CTapaJIHCB A'feHCTBOBaTb BI> COero 6ojrbmHHCTBOMi. BTO HM-EJIO rpOMa^Hbia nocji^CTBifl
Been aHoiHCKOH KoecTHTyqiH. 212. FjraBHbiM'b codbiTieM'b BO BHyTpeHHen KHSHH r J
AeoiH npn i leoprax-L OBIJO otfpasoBame napAaMenmcKaio MUuucmepcmea. Xoxa MHHHCTPH H 6njiH no saKony OTB-BTCTBeanHMH nepe^ napjaMeHTOMi, HO OHH OTTB Hero ne saBHC^jH. EopoJib Mon> HasnaqaTb MHHHCTPOB% He HS'b TOH napiiH, KOTOpaa .
tKMbHIHHCTBO napjiaMeHTa. BT>
o6HiaH
BI)
HapJiaMCHT-B,
H
^affie
H6 HSX
COBCEM-b
Co BpeMenn nepBHX'b raHHOBepCKHX'b Kopojien BOHLIO cocTaBJiflTb oduopodnoe u napjiaMenmcKoe MHHHCTCP-
A^aTb MHHHCTpaMH Han60JI'Be BH^aiOn^HXCfl IJieHOB'B rocnojjCTByiomeH B-B najiaT-B odmnHX napTin. Bi ^BawaTHxx H T.-e.
CTBO,
BX KOHai ^apCTBOBaHifl Feopra I H BI II BO rjiaB-B MHHHCTepCTBa CTOJLII BaMnoM. HM-BJi-b OHI sa ceda dojibuiHHCTBO Bt Bcerfla Pofiepmz XOTH AOCTHrajii. STOFO #ajeKO He qecTHHMH T.-e.
ro^axi,
u,apCTBOBaHifl
Feopra
COPOKOBHXI> ro^OBi, OH^ na^Tb. Ha MaTepHE-B jiacb BOHHa sa aBCTpincKoe Hacji^CTBO, H Feoprb II, coBaHHHH repMancKHMH ^-BJiaMH no CBoeMy FaHHOBepy,
HO
B-b
Haqa.i-B
CTOpony Mapin-Tepesin. B'b 9TOMi> CMHCJI-B HanpaBHJTb CBOK) HHOCTpaHHyio nojHTHKy H Bajibnojib, HO nrapjraMeHT'b 6Hj-b npOTHB-b njiaHOB-b Kopojia H Bajibnojia. Tor.ua npaBHTe.ibCTBO pacnycTHJio na.iaTy odn^HH-b,
HO
Kor.ua
HOBHC BH6opn onaTb
^OJIH onno3Hn,ioH-
HOe dOJbHJHHCTBO, KOTOpOe TOJKe OCy^HJIO nOJIHTHKy MHHHCTepCTBa, BHme.Tb B'b OTCTaBKy (1742). C'b 3Toro BpeMCHH H ycTadHHafi, nojiyqHBniiH CHJiy saKOHa, HTodn Munucmepcmeo, ne UMrbwiyee doMwuncmea &b najiamrb o6uiunt, ouxodtuio ei> om-
cmaoKy
(HJIH
BHoopOB-b). BT AnrjaB
o6pan;a.iocb
KT>
rojiocy
CTpaHH nocpeACTBOMx HOBUXI.
TaKHMi odpasoM^ caMHfl cyn^ecTBeHHHa npasa nepeuMH KX MHHHCTepcTBy, caMO ate
CTajo saBHC'BTb OTX rocno^CTByiomeH BX na^aT-B odrnHH-b napriH, T.-e. najiama (6w,um wui/'w.ta nepeencmeymyee sncwenie et w-
cydapcnwenHOu .mumu Ani.iin.
213 Huueu
:i:
.
CaMa
na.iaTa o6mHHi> ne Gujia odnano,
ecubXb KJICLCCO&Z oftutecmea.
npedcmaeumeM-
HpaBOM'b Buoopa
BI> rpacJjCTBax'b
CK06 MHHH-
174
seMJieBJiaJiBi^w H caMOCToaiejibHbie
nojn>30BawiHCb jiHnib
xosaesa B'b
C'b
-
HSB-BCTHLIM'L ro.uoBbiM'b AOXO^OM^. Tairb Kaira B'b
XVIII
B.
AnrjiiH HOTTH coBctM'b Hcnes'b Kiacc'b MCJEHX-L co6ciBeHHHKOB b r
H 3GMJIH COCpeflOTOIBJIHCb
pyKaXX nOM'Ein.HKOB'b, KOToptie yqacTKH apee^y (jmpMepaM'b, BC^nraM-b xosflHCTBO HaeMHbiMH pa6oiHMH, TO HstfHpaTejibHbiMH npasaMH KpeCTbaH'b,
B'b
B'b
B'b
OT^'EJibHbie
OT,a;aBajrH
MOOH
TOJibKO H
rpat^CTBax'L
nojibsoBaibca
noM'Bin.HKH
Kpynnbie aeMJieBJia.n'BJibi^bi 6miH nieio qacTbio Bnrn. cpe,HHie H Me-erie - - npeHMyn^ecTBenno <{>epMepbi ate BI rojiocoBaniH na Bbi6opax b saBHC'BJiH oi'b
^a ^epnepbi.
jiop,nbi)
BOJI-BG
(jieH,ai-
6ojib-
r
BjiaroAapa
OAHH 6oraTbie H
BJiiflTe.ibHbie
KpOM-B TOFO,
eme
AnrjiiH
B'b
6biJf[H
nycKaBinie B'b M-BCTe^KH (6yprH),
B'b
?
BCJi'B.ncTBie
^ero ^aate nojryqHJiH nasBanie IHUMIXZ
^ HHX'b no^KynaTb
HJIH
ciopony.
meHbi
napjaMenTx
nep^KO
cpe^nie Bfea npaso Bbidnpaib CBOHXI. npeji;HO Mnoria HST* HHX'b dtiJH B b najiaiy o6in,HHi)
,
ropo.ua,
JIIOAH,
r
B-b
6HJIO
B-b
9TOMy,
pasnuMH
Bt
6biJio
H HX^ rojroca jrerKO
Majro,
.npyrnMH BJiiaHiaMH HanpaB^aib
B'b
ropo^ax-b TO^e npaso nsdpama npHHaA-
npHBHJierHpOBaHHHM'b KOpnopan,iaMi,, HO Mnorie HOBtie ycn-BBmie BbipociH H pasBHTbca BX XVIII B., 6bMH JH9ioro npasa. BoT'b no^eny HHatnaa najraTa
noseMejibHyio apncTOKpaTifo H noqeMy o6oraTHBmieca jiHCTbi, TOproBjiero, CTpennjiHCb noKynaib ce6-B HM-BHia, Bxo^Hib B^ cocxaB'b KJiacca noM-Bnj.HKOB'b (dweumpu).
npeHMyni,ecTBeHHO
TaKaa najiaia OTCTaHBajia rjiaBHHM'b TOJibKO
o6ni,ecTBeHHaro r
H36pameM b
^enbraM-b
KJiacca, HJIH
a
r
o6pa30M b, ea
qjreHbi,
HHiepecbi
o6a3anHHe
apncTOKpaTHqecKHM^
CBOH rojioca. Bajibnojib
^epmajica BO
BjianiaMTb, r.iaB-B
caMH
npaBjienia
HH^HeH npeHMynjecTBeHHO nyTen-b no^Kyna HMI HJEH oKastiBaa MHJIOCTH ,a;eHbrH pas^asaa pasnbia BX BH^-B flOJUKHOCTeii, MOHOHOJiiii H T. H. Hoc^ Ba.ibnojia H ,npyrie MHHHCTpbi nojib30BajiHCb TOR) ate CHCTCMOK), HO Jiyquiie jrio^H AnrjiiH 6biJiH npOTHB'b nea, H yate BI Ha^aji-B n,apcTBOBaHia ji-BT-b
Feopra
reopri
m.
qjreHOB'b
Ha o^epe^b eonpocv o nap.mMenmcKOU (1770). Pasp'BHiHTbca, o^naKO, 9TOMy Bonpocy cyat^eno
III 6ujn> nocTaB.ieH'b
214*. FocnoflCTBO BHroBi, noKOJie6ajiocb C'b BCTyn^emeM-L na npecTOJi'b Feopia III (1760 1820), B-b HaqajrE ^apCTBOBaHia KOTOparo OKOHHHJiacb ceMHJi'ETHaa Bofina C'b 6oJibniOK) BbiroAOK) ,pa AHr.iiH. F.iaBHbiM'b ^aTejieM-L B'b 9TO BpeMa dbui'b BejiHEin opaTOp^ H 3HeprnqHHH MHHHCTp'b Bu.twMi> Ilumvm (1708 1778), n
175
napim BHroB'b, HO ocyatAaBuiiH CHCieMy noAKynoB-b H Booome 3 l 6e3qecTHbia cpe^ciBa ). Feopw HI 6uM, oduauo, npomuet euioei H B0o6m,e npOTHB'L nap.iaMeHTCKaro npaBjiema, atejraa BosspaiHTb KOpOH"B nojinyio nesaBHCHMOCTb BI> HasHaqemn MHHHcipOB'b. Ilo BpeMeH MHHHCipaMH jj-LiajiHCb jnqno yro^Hbie KOBIO y^aBajiocb. naM'b eMv W J r J po.no .IIOAH, HO 310 BbisHBajro OHHOSHuiio co ciopOHH napJiaMeHia. *
B,iaro,napa HOBOH HOJIHTHK-B Kopojia, BJiacib Bce-TaKH nepenuia xenepb K'b TopiaMi., OTKasaBuiHMca yate coBC'EM'b OT^ aKo6n rH3Ma. B'B r
3TO .pHHHoe i^apCTBOBanie OT-L
Anom
OTA'BJiHJiHCb
ea cliBepo-aMe-
KOJioniH, o6pa30BaBuiia ns-b ce6a ^eMOKpaTHqecKyro pecCoeAHHeHHbixi JUTaioB'b, a BO $paHn,iH Toate nponsonura
peBO-uonja, BCTp-feqeHnaa
IIo^
H-BKOiopOK) qacTbro anBjriameM'b 3THX'b co6bi-
odmecTBa coqyBCTBieMi,. caMOH AnrjiiH pa^OMi* c-b ciapbiMH napiiaMH xopieB-b H BHsapo^H.iacb HOBaa, deMOKpammecmfi napmia, itoiopaa BHOBCTynHja BJ& 6opb6y sa napJiaMeHTCKyro peopMy. 215*. Bib qwcJi'B MHoroqnc.ieHHbix'b KOJiomH, npio6p BTeHHbix b c *^fP?;^e ET> XVII H XVIII BB. B-b C-BBCpHOH AMepHITB OHa 6.iampuuadu
r.iiftcKaro
T!H
C'b
B-b
r
i
3
C-BBepnaa
MepnjicHA'b,
BCJIH
H lOaraaa Kapo.iHHa,
Feopria,
XOSHHCTBO
(njraHTamn Ta6aKy, caxapnaro TpociHHKa, xjionnaTHHRa, pnca) nocpeACTBOMi pa6oBi>-HerpOB'B. Hao6opOT'B, c'BBepHtia KOJOH!H (Maccaqyceici., KoHHeKTHKyrt, Hbio^-AHjeHAt, HeHCiLibBama H ^ejiaBepi.) 6Bi.iH nace-
KOTOpue
MejKHMH co6cTB6HHHKaMH, HH3Ma. IlepBaa
HS-L 9THxi> KO.iOHifi,
AepataBHiHMHca CTporaro nypHTaMaccanyceTC'b, BosHHKJia BO speaia
Ha nypnTam, npn laKOB-B I, H ocHOBaTe.iaMn ea 6miH HH^eHCHJibBaHiH) ocHOBajn ntcKOJibKO nosAH'te KBaKepu H CBOCH KOJionin oco6biH xapaKTepi.. Jlmnb ^st KOJionin (HbioIopK b H Hbro-^atepceft) He HM^JIH CTporo nypnTancKaro xapaKiepa. HOBOH Anrjiin", KaKt nasbiBajiHCb rjaBHiia HXI KOnpHHecjiH ci co6oio B'b AMepHKy pejinriosHHa H noJiHTHqeCKia HACK, sa KOioptia 6opo,iHCb H cipa,najiH na pOAHH-fc, H yciponna HOBLIX-L M^cxax-L &> eudrb muz fibi deMOKpamuuecKuocz, pecroHeniil
r
'
RT> KOJiOHiax'b
l
) l
rp.
HOBOH AHoiH caMbia
OHI, npn JKH3HH no.iyiHJi-L HaaeaHie n B6JHKaro
/tim>(Ma. B-L oxjiHiie
XIX
B.,
on
ceoero cuna,
BaajHbia jrkia
KOMMonepa"
H
HOCHJTB
rocyaapcTBeHHaro jtaie-ia KOH^a
OHI HasHBaexca IlummoM* CmaptttUM*
pima-
"
176 na co6paHiflx B
BC Bxi> r
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rpajKAaH-b,
HOCTb 66 HOKHHyTb.
216. Anoia
najiarajia
Ha CBOHXX aMepHKancKHxx KOJIOHHCTOB'B
HniB ^3$ o6fl3aHHOCTH noMOiamt eu eo epeMH eounu u nonynamb JIUWK amMiiCKuxt y nweapu KynitOGz, HO OT-b HajioroB-b KOJIOHHCTH .]!
6biJiH
CBo6o,nHLi. IIocjiiAHee
HaM^, Haxo^HBniHX'b,
Ha
odcioaTejibCTBo He HpaBHJiocb
nanpHM., qxo Aflraa TpaTHT^ MHOFO
OflHy 3am,HTy KOJiOHin BO Bj3eMa
BBGCTH
BOHH.
Hocji'B ceMHJi'BTHeH
nouuiuny ci pasnaro po.ua npeHMymecTBeHHO ex KOMMepqecKHX'b 6yMari. KOJIOHHCTH noB-b .loH^OH'b 3HaM6HHTaro @pa,HKJiuHa (1706 1790) saaBHTk qio OHH ne OTKasbiBaiOTca njiaiHTb Hajiorn, HO TOJibKO TaBX ycTaHOBjreHin KOTOpux-b OHH caMH MOIMTH 6bi yqaciBOBaTb. ro naipioia no^epJEHBajri. DHTTI, yKastiBaBmiH na TO, BIO npaso Bcix-b anrjiHiaH'b H ^TO ero nejrbsa OTHHMaib y KOJIOFep6oBaa nonuiHHa 6bMa OTM^neHa, HO 310 He HTb eeosnyw nowmuy na Mnorie TOBapti, n B-B
KOJiOHiaxi> iep6oeyw
,
,
Kie,
.
BI KOJiOHin H3^-sa rpaHHn,bi. AMepHKaHn,H SBLIH 9THM-b cnjibno pas^paatenbi, H oflHaa^bi 6ocTOHCKie atHiejiH BBi6pocnjiH B-b Mope HIOH rpysx ^aa, npHBesenHbiii na anrjiiHCKOM'b KOpa6j'B
9io
H
6biJio
nana-iOM-b
217. Bx canoMX sa HMOCTB.
CMyT-L,
OKOH^HBmHxca
naqaJi-B 9ioro
HOBaro CTOJiKHOBeiiia KOJIOHHCTH
o6^iu Kompeccz ez @uAadeM(fiiu, KOTOpbin H c^Jiajica y _^ T Bbicmeio BJiacTbK) BO BCXXX TpnuajmaTH KOJiomax^. 1 eopr'b 111 ptc0 3 BajlH
.
Ha^aBHiieca 6e3nopajiiKH H HasHa^HJii) TOpiHCKoe MHHHCTepCTBO. MemAy MeTponojiien H KOJioniaMa Hanajracb Bonna (1775), a Ha ^pyrofi ro^-b (1776) KOHrpecc-b Hs^ajr-b 3HaM6HHinHJica
no^aBHTb
CHJIOK)
KOTOpoii o6^HBJaj B Bceaiy I^HBHTTO KOJiOHin OT^-BjraiOTca OTI> Anrjiin sa TO, ITO jH30BaHHOMy Mnpy, ea npaBHTejibCTBO napynrajio ecxecTBeHHbia ^ejiOB'BqecKia npasa. Tyio
deKmpaww nesaeucuMOcmu,
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r
cocTaBJiena B-b ^yxi H^GH ^)HJioco(J)iH rocnoACTBOBaBmen Tor^a B-b sanajiuon Eepou'B.
^eKJiapai^ia 6bija
Haro npaBa,
Pe-
uxi> syjibTaTOM-b OTna^enia KOJOHift OTI> AnrjiiH 6Li.io npeepau^enie 6i>
nesaeucuMue Coeduneunue Illmamu Crbeepnou AMepunu', STO 6ti nepBHH cnyian npuM'BHeHia Ha npaKTHK'B HOBBIXI,
lJbHtie
CRHXT> Hfl6H.
CTHTVIUH,
coxpaHflfl
UITaTbl
BbIpaaTbIBaTb HOBblfl KOHnpeatHee csoe yciponcTBO, HO
CTa.lH
BT>
cymuocTH Ha BepxoBHyio
B.mcTb Haposa, Ha pasjrEH jienie Bjaciefi apyrie npHHn,Hm>i Tor^amHeft <|)H.ioco<})iH. Bo rjaB^ CBoero Boncica Konrpecc'b nociaBHJi'b Feopia Bawuni-
npH BTOM-L
ccbiJiaflCb
mona
(1732
1799),
qejOB-EKa,
oumqaBniarocfl
saM^qaTe.ibHOK) 3Hepriefi H
6o.ibinoio iipe^aHHOCTbio poflHH'E, HOK) xpa6pocTbio. Co6cTBeHHO roBOpa, BauiKHrTony npninjiocb cosapMiio. IloA'b ero naqajibCTBOM'L 6biJiH OTpa^u ,a,o6pOBOJib-
H6 ^HCI^HIIJIHHHpOBaHHblX'L H MaJO HpOHHKHyTblX'b A^a, a HeyiiijiLifl BoeHHtia BJiaciH B^odaBOKi. OA'BBajH H njioxo KOpMH.iH. AMepHKaHijeB?, cnacajio,
COBC'BM'B
o6ui,aro
H.IOXO
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MTO y caMHX'b aHFJiHqaHi, He roiOBHMHHxca KT> 3iofi 6biJio dojibiiioro H xopomaro BOHCKa; OHH
TO,
TO^KC He u
noKynaiH BOOpyateHHBie OTpa^bi y H'BMeijKHX'b KHasen, 3a Kaa^aro coji^axa n npHHJiaqHBaa em,e sa ydnTbix'b H w
H H-EMenide oipflAH ne p'BinajiHCb nycKaTbca B'b 6biTb oipisaHHtiMH OTT> deperoB-b, H 310 6bL/io oieHb 6oacb cipaHbi,
AHr.iiiiCKie
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OTKy^a
i;iH,
sa CBo6o,ny;
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AnepHKy noixajn BOJiOHTepn noMoraTb cpaataibca
B-b
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x
lauem.z
AMepHKani^bi npHCbuiajiH
BI>
riapHati ero BCiptTHJiH, KaKx Be.iHKaro naipioTa, H cano (})paHi^y3CKoe npaBM-BinaJOCb B'b 6opb6y, atejiaa oiOMCTHTb AnrjiiH sa CCMH-
.
).
npHCoe^HHHjacb HOTOMI, Hcnanifl, a ycxpOHJia xor^a ^pyrHMH ^epataBaMH eoopywenHbiu w.timpaMimenib (1780), HanpaB-ieHHbifi Tome npOTHBi, AnrjiH, KOpa6jH KOTOpofi Hana.na.iH Ha Kyneqecme cyji,a ^pyrnx'b Hau,iH, Hin,a, ne nepeBosflicfl .IH Ha HHXT. ji,jia efl BparoB^ opyatie, aMMVHHi^ia H T. n. BOHHy.
K>b <paHn,iH
Poccifl
ci>
aHOHHaHe BI> AMepHK-B cia.iH Tepn-BTb nopaOTX BOHCKI, BaniBHriOHa, cyM-BBmaro opraHHSOBaib H AHCI^HCBOHXI> BOJOHTepOBT>. BoflHa OKOHnHJiaCb BX 1783 T.
BT> KOHi^'B KOHI^OBI,
l>C(l.il,n;HMn MlfjtUMT,. 110 KOTOpOMV 6bl.ia HpHSHaHa HCSaBHCHMOCTb CoeAHHeHHbixi UTraTOB'b. 218*. OcHOBame HOBaro rocy^apCTBa aa AiJiaHTHqecKHM'b oneanoM-b npOHSBejio 6ojibHioe Bneqaui'BHie BI> EBponi. OKOHiaxejibHoe ycTpOHCTBO CoeAHHeHHbie IlliaTbi nojiy^HJiH BX 1789 r., H onaib
',>
l
)
B-L iHCjrfc Bo.ioHiepoBi
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H
aHaMCHHTHM
nojLCKiii
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(17461817). HOBAfl HCTOPia.
12
TOBrfc-
178 Bt STOM^ ^i-fe BaniHHrTOH'L CBOHM-L H desKOpHCiieMt. KoucmumywH Coedunenmix* IHmamom sa Kaat^on H3t 13 KOJiomft SHaqeme enoAurb caMocmonmeMnaio locydapcmea CT> CBoeii co6cTB6HHOH KOHCTHiyijieH, HO ,pa HHOCipaHHOH HOJIHTHKH H o6m;Hx B MaTepiajiLHLix'L HHTepecoBt (iopTOBJIH, nyTefi coo6m,eHifl H T. n.), paBHO KaK'L RX& p-Efflenia cnopOBi, Meat^y OT^-BJiBHtiMH HiiaTaMH HJIH rpaat^aHaMH paaHHXi uiTaiOBij 6HJIH coa^aHH, KPOM-E Toro, commiH yupewdeuifi. AMepHKaH^H npHIIHJIH npHHi^Hn-L pasdrbMHiH eAacmeu. 3aKOHO,a;aTejiBHaa B.iacTL 6HJia Konrpeccy, cocToanjeMy nst na^iaTH ^enyTaioB-L H cenaia; BHdnpaiOTCH Bceo6m,eK) no^aqeio TOJIOCOB'L Bt qncJi'B, npo6o.iiLiiiia
ycjiyra pOflHH'E OKasajit
r
KOjraqecTBy
atHiejieii
cociOHTt H3x ynoJiHOMO^eHHEixx OTt
Ka^aro
a
niTaia,
fflTaTOBT> (no ,nBa
OTI
H36npaeMHX L Ha mecib JI-BT'B. HcnojiHHTejiLHaa BJiacib dtiJia BpyqeHa npesn^eHiy, Koioparo AOJiatHH 6HJIH BH6npaTi> Ha ro^a oco6He Bti6opmHKH, Toate HasHaiaeMiie Bceo6m,eK) rOJIOCOBt, H (KTB KOTOparO HCKJIIOIHTeJIBHO SaBHCHTl MHHHCTpbl. IlepBBiMt npesH.a.eHTOM'B 6mn> BaniHHrTOH'L. $e^epajBHBie cy^ti, cof
npaso He npHM-BnpOTHBOp'Bqam.HX'B KOHCTHTyi^iH. XOTa Bl CB06MT HOBOMt yCTpOHCTB-B aMepHKaHHLI TOJJBKO BOCnpOH3BO,HHJIH H pa3BHOC066HHOCTH HpeaKHHXl HOpa^KOBt, rOCIIOflCTBOB3JIH OCHOBHLia CToan;ie
H3t HecM-EHaeMBixi
qjienoBi,
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HaTB SaKOHOBt,
BaBUIHX-L
TO ate BpeMa 3TO yCTpOHCTBO rocy^apCTBeHHofi atHSHH
B'B KOJIOfliaX-L, B-L
6H npHM'BHeHieM'L
K-L
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^y3CKOH HOJIHTHqeCKOH (|)HJIOCO(})iH, qTO npOHSBOAH^O BCCLMa CHJILHOe sneqaTJi'BHie na caMHX'L (|>paHi^y30B'L. ^a H no cyu^ecTBy Bepo-aMepHKaHCKie Coe^HHeHHBie IllTaTH 6miH H BO HCTOpin nepeou .
6oMwou u dnucmeumeMno deMonpamuuecuou
pec-
KpOM-B TOFO, BX HOBOMX rocy^apCTB-B
npHHu,Hni pejinriosHOH c.Bo6o#n. Ilpn CTpaH'B MHoatecTBa CCKT'L GUJIO HCMUCAUMO ycmanoeum^ mKyio-Jiu6o locydapcmeeunyw y^epnoe^^ H 3TO noBjeKJio 3a co6oro OT^'kieHie H^PKBH xapaKTepHyro qepTy Coe^HHeHHHx^ IllTaTOB'L BI. C.-AMeBM-BHiHBaiOTca HH He HH coros'L OT-L rocy^apCTBa. mTaxu,
rpax#aHi. FjiaBHLiM'L OHTHOMI, ,a,oiro Coe^HneHHiiMH IIlTaTaMH, ocTaBa.iocL H nocj'E ocBo6oat,neHia HXI OT'L AHF-OH pa6cmeo ueipoez, pa6oTaB-
PHK^
em,e
B'L
pejiariosHLia ^-fcja
TaroT^BHiHM'L
B'L
na.n'L
njraHTan.iax'L IO^HLIX-L
179
TJIABA
VIII. peBOjnon;ia.
I.
II.
06mee BHaienie
MeawyHapoaHHH OTHOuiema
III.
B-B
219).
anoxy ^pamjyacKoft peso-no^in
(
247
249).
I.
219" OL (jjpaHimcKOH peBOJioijiH 1789 Kpymeme ciaparo nopn^Ka BO
inee epe.ua.
r^-Bjiaro
pu^a HCTOpHqecKHxt
XIX
EBpon-B, H BCH ucmopiii
nepeeopoma KOHIW B'L
Espon-B,
XVI HOH Espon-B, HO
B.
XVUI
HM-BJIH
nepeM'BH'L
.
BO BCGH
sana^Hoii
naxodumcn nod* CUMHUMV BMHe.
IIpeatHifl
peBOJnoi^in,
nponcxo-
H3t FepManiH pacnpocTpaHHJiacB no Been
pesojiioi^ifl,
xor.ua aae
To
coBepmaBmaaca ate
B'L
MOJKHO CKasaib o
H od-BHxx anrjiiHCKHXi):
nenocpe^CTBCHHaro Ha BHyipenHiOK) atHSHb ^pyrax-L napo^OB-B OH^ ne HM-BJIH. A'kio (^pani^yscKafl peBOJiiouifl. IIpHHHHaMH ea rpOMa^naro 6mio TO, TTO atHSHL jjipyrnxt sanaAHO-eBponeficKHX'B napoH^epJiaH^cKoii
B,iiflHifl
.,
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ocxajiacB flBJieaieM-L M-BCTHHMI,.
Jl,pyroe
e.
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r.
AOB-L CTpajiajia OTT> T-BX'L ate HeflOCTaiKOBt, sa HcnpaBjenie KOTOPHX-B B3fljHCb B-L 1789 r. (j)paHi^y3Li, H ITO eme B'L anoxy upo^B-BTHiejiLHOH jHTepaiypti ({jpaHi^ysLi npH^a^H CBOHM'L H^eflMi, naCTO.ILKO OTBJieqeHHLiH xapaKiep-L, HTO OH-B KasajiHCL
KO
cipaHaM-L H Hapo^aM-L. Yaie npocB-BmeHHHH nontiTKy nepeycipoflcTBa atHSHH na ocHOBaniH HOBBIX-L
BC'BM'L
^'B.ia.i-L
3io 6uja pecfiopMa ceepxy,
H ona
B3H.1HCL
BO
Bc'eir
^paHii.iH pecfiopma sa pacnpocipaHenie CBOHX-L npeo6pa30BaniH cpe^H saBoeBaiejiLHtia BOHHH ^.ia noBceM-BCTHaro yTBepat,a;eHia
HaqajrL.
a .IKWBHK-L
jRHBa.i'L a6co.iK)TH3M'L, TaKT>
pajH
qio6H ^ociaBHTL H BH-B paHnJH no^ep-
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npOHCxo^HJia HO^TH cnusy, H caMH
nowAa
EBpon-B. Bo
H
B'L
XIV
anoxy
peBO.iK)n,iH
pacnpocTpaneflia CBOHX'L HOBHX'L
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Boe-
lenie jppaHuyacKoft pe-
1
SO
IL
220*. Tpn qeTsepTH XVIII BHKa
xvm
B.
^^
^
Haqajia
B.,
npOTeKiuia
OTI,
cMepia
(1715 1789), JIwdoeuKd XV (1715 1774) H Iwdo-
peBOJiroiuH
.pyMa ijapCTBOBamaMH euna XVI. 3io 6mio BpeMeneM't scero pasBHTia jiHTepaTypti, HO EM-BCTE ci> T-EM-B H BIIOXOH noiepn paHn,ieH Hflro siiaiema BI /vkiaxi, Meac,a;yHapOAHOH HOJIHTHKH H nojiiiaro
BHyipeHHaro pasjioateda H ynaji,Ka. CncieMa .Iro^OBHKa XI\' npucmpany KK coeepmennoMy pasopenm UORT> tfpeMeneM-L Tflatejitixt rpOMa^Haro rocy^apCTBeHearo flOJira H noeTOflnnaro nperocy^apCTB6HHBTx b pacxoAOB^ E&RT* ,a;oxo^aMH (^e^nqHTa). PeamjioHHHH KaTOJHn;H3Mi, o^epmaBniia nodt.ny na^ npoiecTaHTH3MOMI nOCJli OTM'EHBl HaHTCKarO B^HETa, H KOpOJCBCKiH a6CQJIK)TH3MI), ydHBmifi BC^ yqpeaK^Hia cipaHLij HO caMi no^^HHHBHiiHca r
BepcajitCKOH npn^BOpnoH snaTH, npo^ojiatajin rocno,a;cTBOBO $pafln,iH H BI XYIII B. KaK-B-pasi Bt TO caMoe BpeMfl. KaK!> cxpana 6Buia rjraBHLiM'L o^aroM's HOBLIX^ H,a;eH a sa ea rpaHHn,aMH ?
rocyAapH H MHHHCTPBI ^McTBOBajiH B^ .nyx-B npocB'Eiii.eHHaro a6cojnoiH3Ma. II JIO.HOBHKI. XY H .Iio^OBHE'L XVI 6BMII .mdu 6emeHHwe, ?
HG SHasniie HHOH ^HSHH, KPOM-B npn^BOpHOH atH3HH CBoero Bepca,ifl, H OHH pimHTejibHO HH^ero He npe,a;npHHHMajiH RJISI yjiyqnieH!H o6maro nojiomeHia p$jn>.
,0,0
cepe^HHti XYIII
B.
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5KejiaBmie npeo6pa30BaHifi H HCHO noHHMaBHiie H
CBOH Ha^eat^Bi na KopojieBCKyio BjiacTt, Kaiwb Ha KOiopaa ^OJISKESL nponsBecTH 9TH npeodpasoBaflia;
BOSJiarajiH
CTBeHHy;o
CHJiy,
H BojibTepi>, H (jmsioKpaTH. Kor/^a, o^eaKO, o6m,ecTBO ITO omH^aflia ero 6BMH HanpacHHMH, OHO cia.io, Hao6opoi L oiHOCHTbca KI* 3TOH BJiacTH OTpni^aiejibHO, H Bt HeMi> HaqajH pacr
7
npocTpanaTbca a^en nojiHTHqecKofi CBo6o,3,bi, BbipasHTe.iaMH KOTOpbixi> 6LL3H MoHTecKbe H Pycco. BTO c^ija.io sadauy (ftpaHu/yscKaio npa-
eumeMcmea
ECIH B'b ^pyrHxx rocy^apciBaxt SHOXH npocB^meHHaro a6cojiK)TH3Ma BCTp^gajiH npoiHnpaBHiejibCTBa BO^MCTBie CO CTOpOHbl SamHTHHKOB'b CTapHHBI, T.-e. CO CTOpOHbl #BOpaHCTBa H ^yxoBeHCTBa, TO BO <J>paHH,iH npaBHTejibCTBy, Kponij TaKofi npnxoAH-iocb HM-ETb jifejio H ci> ne^OBOJbCTBOMi T-BX-B 06o K.4acco&&, nomopue 3tcejia.'iu npeofipasoeauiu. BTO 6bijia sawcumoHHaa u o6pa306aHHaH fypwcyasiH. Cnaqaja ona-TO H eiye fioarbe mpydnoio.
,
npeo6pa30BaHiaM b, He saiporHBaBHiHM'B cymeCTBa KOpOJieBCKOH BJiaCTH, HO HOTOM1. HM6HHO B"B H6H .iocb aseaaeie no^HTHqecKOH CBo6o^bi. Bx otfneM-L no.ioateme jranib
KT.
r
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IioflOBHKa
.
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:
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f
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BCTynaJio
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CypOBLIM'b ocTa.itHOH flauin,
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M'BpaM'L,
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B'b
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oi"L HsxaTia HS'L najioroB'L, HO KP^HKO ^epatajiHCL sa BC-B #pyria CBOH npasa. B'L naKasax-L TpeiLaro cocjiOBia BHCKa3LiBa.iocL OTM^HHTL BC* ^eoflajrLHLia npasa (O^HH ateJiaHie BHKyna, flpyria 6e3B03Me3flHO, KaK-L npe^nojiarajii) Tropro), HO oco-
JHCL
oeHHO HacTaHBajiH na OTOM'L KpeciLaHCKie HaKasti. HaKOHen.t, BO HaKasaxi, npe^JiarajiocL MHoacecTBO .npyrnx^ pe^opM-L
BC-BXI.
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BipoxepnHMOCTH, JIHHHOH HenpHKOCHOBeneocTH, neiaTH H np. H np. Ilepe^ BLi6opaMH H BO speaia BHBHin.io xaKate neMajio no.iHTHqecRHX'b dpomiop'b, HSX KOTOoco6eHHbifi ycirfcx'b HM'BJia 6poniiopa a6. Cidca ^TO xaKoe u CBOH BSFJIH^ asiop^ KOPOTKO BiipasHJTb Bt ipeibe coc,iOBie?
Tpe6oBama
CBo6oflbi
H
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lanoe ipeiBe cocjOBie? ^-BM-L OHO HHH'BM'L.
OHO 6ujio #0 CHX-L nopi>? u
Cpe,nH HsdpaHHux-L BI flenyiaTBi ^-EMx-HBdyAb .nyxoBenciBa (291) npeo6jra,najiH, cociaBJifla OKOJO ^Byx-L xpe-
atejaeii. OT-L
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d'B.nHLie
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npHxo^CKie CBflmenHHKH, KOTOptie 6ujin enncKonoB-L H adoaiOBx H noiOMy na-
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cipoeHH
^eMOKpainqecKH. Meat^y npe^ciaBHiejiflMH ipeTbaro (557) 6buo H-fecKOJibKO npHBH.iernpOBaHHHX'b H Meat^y HHMH Ciact \ rpa^ Mupafio, yate Tor^a HSB'BCTHBIH CBOHMH onno3HuioHHbiMH co^HHeHiflMH. BtiJiH jiH^epajibHO HacTpoeHHBie H npe^cocjiOBifl
CiaBHTeJIH ^BOpflHCTBa (BC'BX'b
6BIJIO
270).
OTKpmiHCb BX Bepcaaij .7 Man 1TOn 17o9 r., HO nepBbia HC^IH nponuin BI npepeKamflx-L Mea^y npHBHJierHpOBaHHbiMH H xpeibRM-L cocjiOBieM-b o cnocodt coBimaHin. xaK-b KaK'b nepsbie ^sa iniaTa He XOT-BJIH no^^HHHTbCfl ipeTbeMy cocMOBiio, TpedoBaBmeMy COBM-BCTHIIXI* sac^afliH. HaKOHei^i), 17 iiona
227.
FenepajibHbie
HiiaTH
.
cocjOBie
-rpeTbe
HPHHHJIO Baatnoe p-Bnienie, ofoae-uw ce6n ucmio-
HajiwuM* co6paHieM7> ET> Ka^ecTB'B npe^ciaBHiejieH 96% Han,m. 3io nociaHOBjieHie npeBpamajo cpeAHes'BKOBbie cocjioBHBie renexaTbi BT. 6e3cocJOBnoe Han,ioHajibHoe co6panie. K'b
3TOMy BCKOp* npHCOe^HHHJTHCb npHXO^CKle CBflmeHHHKH H H-BKOiopbie .HBOpflHe; HO ^B0pi> 6tun> STHM-L KpaflHe neflOBOJieH*, H Kopojib Beji^Ji'b saKpiiTb 3a.iy sac-B^anm Hai^ioHa.ibHaro co6paHia. Tor.ua ^enyiaTbi co6pajiHCb BI ManeafB ^JIH nrpbi BX Maqi> (Jen de paume) H noujisiAuc'b dpyn> dpyiy ne pacxodumbca H co6npaibca BCK),ny, r^-B TOJbKO npeACiaBHTCfl BOSMoatHOCTb, noKa i^ia
ne nojiyiHTb npo^naro rocy^apCTBeHHaro yciponcTBa.
mee
Hx-b codpanie nponcxoAHJio yate BT, i^epKBH, xan-b KaK'b H Maneat-b
noTOM'b sanepii). Meat^y T-BM-b na 23 iiona ^Bopi ycTpOHJix sacrbdauie reHepajibHbix'b HiTaiOBi, B-b KOTOPOMI> Jro-
XVI
npOHSHec-b p-BHb
Kor^a
c'b
npHKasanieM-b co6Hpaibca Bnpe^b
Kopojib ociaBHJii
sajy,
^enyiaTti BLicniHX'L co-
HO ipeTbe cocjOBie npo^o.iatajio HSX npH^BOpHbixi. paaoniHCb MH-
Toate sa HHMI. yAa.iH.iHCb,
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o^noro sHaneHHTbiMH c.iOBaMH o TOMX, ^io ^enyxaTEi coBolero nai^iii, H HTO y^a.iHTb Hx-b MoacHO .inmb CHJOIO
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188 H-fccmiBKO
flnefi
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nepBBixT> mTaTOB-B BOIILTH
Haro co6pama.
228.
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B'B
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TTO OH6HB tfesnoKOHJio H HaijioHajTbHoe co6panie, H Hapo^. Kor^a BT, npHmjro B^odasoK-L HSB-fecTie, TTO HeKKepx, BI TO BpeMH
OTCiaBKy H ElapHJK'E npousouiAO eoscmanie,
rpOMa^HOio nonyjuipHOCTbio,
npHKasaeie noKHnyTb ^paHn,iK),
B-L
no.iyqnji'L
B-B KOTOpOMi rjiaBHyio pojib Hrpa,iH rojro,naBinie OTI, 6e3pa6oTHiu>i H ^oporoBHSHbi xji'Bda pa6onie. 14 irojia Hapo^ebia TO^HBI pasrpaCWJIH apcenaj'B H opyateHHbia JiaBKH, Hana.in na rocyAapcTBen-
JBacmuMw H
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XVI
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BI npOBHHr^iax &, r
r flBoe jrH6epajbHBix B flBOpani, BHecJin B'B co-
Hie npejpOiKeHie OTM-BHHTB <j)eoflajiBHBia npaBa
H'EKOTOpua 6e3-
nyT6M^ BBiKyna. Tor^a npOH3onuo SHaMeHHToe sacndanie 4 aeiycma, B^ KOTOPOM'B flenyTaiLi BBicniHX'B coCTajH nanepepBiB-B OTKasHBaTBca OT-B CBOHXI. npHBH.ieriii,
B03Me3flHO,
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H co6pame npHHajio fleKpeTH, CTBa,
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XVI
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saHie,
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co6panHHM'b Hpe^cTaBHTejiflM-B ,
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BCHKOM-B c.iyqa'By
nai^ioHajbHoe codpanie OBLIO Tenepb eduncmeeHHOw CUAOW, KOTOpofi noBHHOBaJHCb. P^OM-B ex HHM-B BOSHH-
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190 Bi>
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pecnydJiHRancKOH napTin
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m
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191
co6pamn na
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na ciopony peBOJiioi^iH H nepesecTH HamoHajibHoe co6pame B-B 6oJi4e cnoKOHHoe M^CTO. Jtio^OBHR-L XVI H Mapia-AHTyaHeia HHiajiH ero Koiopbix-b OH"L HSJiarajTB ,a,jfl HHX-L CBOH MbiaiH, H flaate eMy .neHbra aa ero coB^Tbi, HO H He AyMajiH aiymaibca STHX-L noMHfl xopofflo ero noBe^eflie BX HanajrE peBOjnoain H He cymeciBa ero H^efi. llojaraff, HTO ^OB-BpaTb ewy He OHH Bce-iaKH Haxo^HJiH HyatHbUfb n.iaTHTb eaiy ^eHbrn, qiodu ne ero, no Kpairaeft M^pt, CBOHM-b sparoMx. HaijioHajbHoe codpanie xoate ne nonujuaAO udeu Mupa6o u paenuM^ ofipasoMt emy ne doewpfuio, oco6eHHO Kor^a BX ny6jHKy nponHK-b cjyxx 061 ero TanHbixx CHO-
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BX HO BX CBOHXX njianofix Haqajt co6paHiH, cpeflH anp-BJia 1791 r. OHX yMepx noc.i^ Henpoj^ojiaiHTe.ibHOH 6o.i'B3HH. BejHKOMy xpndyny ycipoeHbi 6bijH BejiHKO.i'BnHbifl noxoponbi, BX KOiopbixx yqaciBOBa.iH r
Bbicmee AyxoseHCTBO, HauioHa.ibHoe codpanie, nauioHa.ibHaa ifl, K.iy6bi H Macca napo^a. Bet qyBCTBOBajH, qio ex MH-
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cn.ia.
192
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cocxaBi $paHn,in, HTO KpafiHe pas^paatHJio nany. aKOHei^i), 6biJia ne^OBOJibHa T^M^, ^TO (|>paHi;y3bi no^ dejbrincKoe BOscTanie, KOTOpoe BBiSBaji'b CBOHMH M-B-
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mubuiaa
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codpaeie saM'fcCOCJOBHLIH npeatHin cipoft o6m,ecTBa ipawdaucKUMt paeenCm&OM1> H OTM-BHHJIO HeCB06o,Ii;y KpeCTbflHCKOH n03eM6./IbHOH C06CTBeHHHJTO
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di.uo ynnqToateHO. TOJIBKO saKOHBi 1790 r. o BBiKyni (f)eo,naJibHBix'b 6bUH cociaBjeHBi oqeiiB neyAaqno H BBi3Ba.iH HOBOC pas^paBT>
.nepeBHax'L,
nona qepes'b Tpn ro/ja BTH npasa He du.iH BH^ naKasaHia ^BOpanaM'b 3a 3MH-
6e3603Me3duo BI
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peBO.iioi^ieH.
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codpania CH.IBHO CKa3a.iocb yienie
235
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.
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BT>
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HO Hrpa.ia
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17S9
new r.iaBnyio
r.ifp.wint.iin.
n-
r.
po.iB
H
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Pasjkieflie rpaHuTam, na
nnn,
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198 H naccuBHLix.'B OTCTpamLio o rb yHacim wi> nojb30BamH CKHMH npaBaMH OKOJLO TpeTH BSpOC.lLIX'b (^paHLjySOB'b, TBM-L H-EHHiaa qacxb Hau,iH ne Mooa 6biTb #OBOJibHa. ^ j3fl xoro, r
yiacTBOBaib BI> a,enapTaMeHTCKHxi> cotfpamiix'b, Hyamo 6bi.io yate oneHb saatHTOHHtiM-L yejiOB'EKOM'b. Bbinrpajia oypflvyasia H nor
Tenepb ona c^^a^acb nepBencTByioii],HM L o6in,ecTBeHa KpoM-B Toro, H oqeHb oooraTHJiacb nyieM^ KJiaccoMi), r
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KOiopHH
yHpe^HTejibHoe co6pame
pacnpo^aib ^a noKpHTia rocy^apCTBeHHaro ^o^ra. PeeoHe KOHHU.mci) c'b BBe^eHieMt B-L ^ScTBie KOHCTHiyijiH
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Hey^OBjieTBOpHTejibHOCTb 3KOHOMHqecKaro cocTOflma po^a, 6LiBnia>i eme HacjrE zueM b ciaparo nop^Ka, npo^ojiasajia JEHTb HCTOIHHKOMI) deSHOpfl^KOBl); HO TJiaBHblJl npHIKHbl r.
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BOJiHeniH
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me
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pejinriosHyio
jKHSHb.
H pasApaatenie Hapo^a odesne^HBajiH
niKXij
opraHHsaijno
npo^nyio
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TpeBoatHoe Hacipoe-
ycnn>oci mo6um(e6i>,
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6ojibmoK) napiiiiHOK) ^HCAHHJIHHOK).
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Hene^JieHHO
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r.
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He nojynHBmie Ha Bbidopax'b VL renepajibHbie uiTaiLi 1789 r. dojibuioro qncjia FOJIOCOBI, H Majio onbiTHbie. Bi> BTOM^ co6paeiH o6pa30BajiHCb cji'B.nyiomia napiiH: npasyio ciopOHy B^ VIIOAH,
aHH.iH
Koucmumywoumie Monapxucmu
((J)ejbflHBi);
onpe a,'E.zieHHbix b BSOH^OBI) saHHJiH cpe^Hia CTOpony cocTaBjfljiH .a.B't napiiH: otcuponducmu H mamnpu. ITepBaa USX BTHX^ ^syx^ napiiH ^.I^BO H3i) jno.a.eii BecbMa cnocodHbix^ H HaciHTHBaBiiiafl nicKOJibKo r
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opaiopOB^, nojiyqujia nasBaHie oi'b ^enapiaMeHia Mupondu, OTKy.ua CHJIH ea BOKAH, a HaH6oJiie BHAHHMH ea npeflciaBHTejiflMH 6miH Bepmo, Bpucco H Eoudopce (MaieMaTHK'b H (J)Hr
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acHpoHAHCTOBi) ocnapHBajiH B^iflHie na co6pame H Ha HapOATb MOHTaHbapu, nojiyHHBHiie CBoe uasBaHie OT^ saHarax^ HMH u BepxHHX^ CKaMefl sajibi, ycTpoetmoH aM^HieaipOMi, ( n ropa ), oaBjiococjxb).
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B'b cocTaB-b cotipania: BjjacmiiodHBbiH H Kpairae O^HOCTOPofiecnbept, O^HHX HS'L HaH6o.TEe BH.HHLIXI. /VEaiejieH Kiy6a SaM-EiaTeJlbHO TaJiaHTJIHBUH, HO EM-BCTE C'L TEM^ 663;
opraHHsaiopi) AeMOKpaTHiecKaro Rjyda ttfedHS, HOHCTOBUH Mapamz, nojiy^HBiuiH nposBHme n /I,pyra napo^a" sa raseiy, Koiopyio ns^afiaji'L no.n'L :3THM L HMeneMi H norojiOBHoe HCipe6jieHie BC'BX'L sparest pesoConepHHMecTBO Meax^y atHpoe^HCTaMH H HKo6HHi;aMH naiajocb B?> nepBtie a;e M^cai^H aaKoeo^aTe^BHaro co6paHia H c^iajiocb H3-L OaBHHX'B ({>aKTOBJ, HCTOpiH ^paHUySCKOH p6BOJIK)Il iH. KOp/j.e.ibepOB'b;
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coopaHia (nenpucHjfCHbte ceHw/ennuKu). yqpe,a,HTejH>Haro oaKOHOjiaTejibHoe co6panie nocTanoBHJio KOH^HCKOBaib HMyiu,ecTBa 3MnrpaHTOB'b, a nenoKOpHHX'B CBam,eHHHKOB'b HaKasuBaTb JTHmeflieMt
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He xoTij-L yTBep^HTb ^eKpeibi co6pama 061 BMHrpaHTax-b H nenpHcaaxHOMi> ^yxoBencTB^, HO BTHMI TOJIBKO BOsdy.nHJi'b npOTHBi> ce6a KpafiHee HeyAOBOJbCTBie BI napo^. BM'BCT'B C-L STHM-b KOdojiie H
see
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no.nosp'BBajiH
B'b
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1792
r.
HSfc
HacioajiH Ha ofaswAeniu eoiinu Aecmpiii, yate
0paHw
11 (1792
1835); BX
H Ilpyccia; 310 OLLIO HanajOMi) oojibmoe B.iiaHie na HCTOpiio
r^
310 BpeMa ex ABCipien
B'b
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BCCH EBPOHM. H /taj-b .TiOAOBHK'L OTCTaBKy 3TOMy MHHHCiepCTBy BbiSBajio B'b IIapHa; B uapodnoe eoscmanie (20 iiomiX BO BpeMa
X\l r
KOTOparO H,
TO.IHbl
HHCypreHTOB-L OBJia^-klH
OKpyajHBi> .Iio^OBBKa XVI,
KpeiOBx
061.
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Tpe6oBajiH
KOpOJeBCKHMI, y Hero
CBamennHKax-b H BOSBpamenia atnpOH-
AHCTCKHXl, MHHHCTpOBX. 237. Meawy T-BM^ r.iaBHOKOMaHAyiomiH COIOSHOH aBCipo-npyc-
200 EpaijHuwemcniu, HSWB ManH^ecrb, B-L KOTOPOMI, rposH.i'b (JjpaHijysaM'b KasHHMH, cojRateHieM'L ^OMOB-L, paspyuiemeM'b EapHata. Tor.ua B% CTOJIHH,^ Bcntixnyjo 10 aeiycma CKOH apMiefi,
lepi^oro
noeoe eoscmanie,
conpOBoa^aBHieeca HsoienieMTj
r
c rpa;KH,
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co6pamH, HO nocji^nee nociaHOBHJio
a
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ero ate npncyTCTBiH
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no,ni cipaaty, o B Bonpoca 6y^ym,eM ycTpoficiB-B ^pani^iH cosBaib r
codpanie no^-L nasBameMt nawoHa.imaio Komeuma. najia KOHCTHTyum 1791 r. HcnojiHHTejiLHyK) BJiacis saKOHOco6panie nopyqnjo HOBOMy MHHHCiepCTBy, HOCTI.
MHHHCTpa
K)CTHu,iH jtociajcfl ,U,aHTOHy,
B-L
KOTOPOMT>
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opraHH3aTOpOBT> BOsciaHifl 10 aBrycia. Bca ^pani^ia B'L 310 nepeatHBajia oqens TpeBOJKHoe BpeMa. Ha^HnajrocL HHOCTpannoe Haa neatly
$paHn,y3CKoe BOHCKO OKasa^iocb HHKyji;a HeHa^eatHUMH. TIocji'B 10 asrycTa Jla6HBmiH HaqajBHHKOM'L OJJ.HOH H3i> apMi&, XOT'BJ^ ABHHyiBCfl
uiecTBie,
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iiaqa.ibHHKH ero
na
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HTo6bi no^aBHTb MHTemi), HO cojiAaibi ero He nocjry6'Bataji B B'L FepMaHiio. BT> HapHafB TOJibKO H ro-
H OHt
niajiHCb,
f
BOpH.iH o saroBOpax-L IIMO BCHKia rpanHi^bi.
H
HSM-Enaxx, a pa3,npaateHie napo^a nepeFopo^ dbi.i'b BO B.iaciH HOBaro o6m,HHHaro
coB-Bia (noMMymi), saxBaTHBHiaro paTymy B'b HO% na 10 aBrycia. U,aHTOH b BLixjionoiaji'L y saKOHO^aTejibHaro co6paHia nosBOJienie f
f
pO.HCTBeHHHKOB'b 9MHrpaHTOB-b,
H flpyrnx'b
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AreniH HOBHXX
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npocio H36HBaTb: ,
B'b
H HPOHSBO^HJIH SA'BCb CBOIO .unKyio pacnpaBy, B Tpext .nHen BX nepBLix-L qHCJiax^ ceHTa6pa (ceumHbpbcmH Bti6opbi B^ ROHBeHTb coBepHia.iHCb noA'b Bne^aTJi-BHieMT. BTHX-B COBX H He6jiaronpiaTHBixi HSE'ECTifi C'b BOCTO^HOH rpanH^i, nepe3i> KOBCiynHJia aBCTpo-npyccKaa apMia. Ho BT TO ,H?e BpeMa HHOseMHoe HauieciBie BHSBajio B'b (JjpaHnjscKofi Hai^iH 6yp-
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TO caMoe BpeMa, Kor,a;a BT, HapH/Kii OT3aci>,naHia Hai^ioHa.ibHHH KOHBeHT'b (21 cenxadpa
TO.inw BOJOHiepOB'i,
H
B'b
OTdHJ^ npn
BaMMU
(20 ceHTa6pa) aTany npycB'b HacTynjieme H
9Tcro 4)paHU,y3bi neperajiH
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201 CTEUH
CaBOMH
npOH3BO^HTb saBoeBanifl (Be.ibria, .TBBMH 6eperb Peiina n C'b Hnimefi E% KOHijii 1792 r.).
238.
B'b
Hau.ioHa.ibHOM'b KOHBeHT-fc
na mnpOH^HCTH saHHMajiH yse
i
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npaBvio ciopony, a j'BBaa Bca cocToa.ia HSX aKo6HHH,eB'b-MOHTaHbaa a ueHTp-b (,,paBHHHa ) HS-L Hep'fcniHTe.ibHbjx'b JK)ji;eH, B-BHHO neatly #ByMa Ha3BamibiMH napriaMH. H JKHPOHH HK06HHUU 6miH deMOKpamaMU u pecnyGjiuKanuaMU, noK.iOHiiMKaMH Pycco H Hflea.iHSHpOBaHHLix'L pecnyojiHKi, KJiaccHqe-
CKOH .UPGBHOCTH, HO Bl TO JK6 Bp6MH paCXO^HJIHCb Me/K^y C06oi<> BT> BecbMa BajKHtix'L nyuKTax-b. ^HPOHAHCTBI 6fcuiH ropa^HMH sa'VUiUmuumMU ceofiodu Jiunnocmu H 6oa.iHCb eceMOiyiyecmoa locydaprmea, XOTH 6u H B'b pecny6jHKaHCKOH ({jopM'fe; BMicii ci T^MX OHH ne coqyBCTBOBajiH HacH^iaM-B Hapo^nbix-L Maccx. IToaiOMy OHH 6opb6y C'L HOBBIMI> ropo.u.CEHM'b COB^TOMI, H ci> /I,aHTOHOM-b, KOTOpblX'b o6BHHflJH
B'b CeHTfl6pbCKOH p-B3H^. Hao6opOTb, cioajH MOHiaHbapbi sa*noj[HTHKy ycTpameHm ( w TeppopT.^), sa HCnocpe.a.CTBeHHoe A'BHCTBie Hapo^HHX'b Maceb npOTHB-b BC-BX-L neco-
r.iacHO Mbicjiam Hx
r
sa Boopyatenie rocyAapciBeHHOH BJiacin HeorpaHHHeHHtiMH nojiHOMO^ifiMH H sa no^asjeme cipeMJienifl HOH CBOdOA'B, B'b KOTOpOH OHH BHA'BJH HCTO^HHR-L BCflKarO (
b,
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HCKOu duKinamypu BCK> npaBHTejbCTBeHnyio CTapoii MOHapxie H ,3;aate ex dojbmeK), q'EM-b ona, H p-B3KOCTbK). HXT, Hapllfl 6bMa OTJITCHO OpraHHSOBaHa H
O6ffl;e-
(fiopjwb
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Kanx ffiHpOH^HCTbi A^HCTBOBajiH nacTO nanja BC^MX nponubiM-b 6u.ia ({jpaHE^yscKaa 6o.i e KX noBHHOBeHiio. CHJI-B, q'BM'b KT> HOJibsoBaHiio no^roTOBJieHa B'b CB06o,3,OH). II03TOMy KOHHJk KOUI^OB'b nepeB'BC'b OCTaJCH Ha CTOiiHpoBana,
Tor.ua
EnpoqeM^, H caMa r
POH'B aKOOHHII.eB'B.
239.
nepEbiM-b
KOHBeHTa
jtfuoM'b
6buo
ofiweumb KOJ)O.W.
no^Ha.iH
atHponflHCTbi
a Bb r
Bonpoci.
o
nod* KOpO.WM*. ^KOdHHI^U Kp-BHKO yXBaTHJHCb 3a BTy MbIC.Ib, eMx Po6ecnbep'b npaiio 3aaBH.ii>, ^TO TyTx a-kio He Bb cyA^, nojiHTHqecKofi M'Bp-B, H HTO [KWBHK-b ^oJiaieH-b yMepeTb, .
Aa6bi iKHJia pecnyfijiHKa". C-b TOHKH sp-BHia npasa, jj'McTBHTe.ibHO, He OHJO ociiOBaniH cy^a naA'b KOpojeM-b, KOTOPHH no KOH-
w&
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9TO
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canoe
npecTO.ia.
IlO.HOBHK'b
6ojibniee,
Morb
OrKpOBeHHoe 3aa-
XVI HpOCTO
%w
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vTBepHxAenia pecnyo.iHKH, Hcnyra.io Tor^a npH;iyMa.ni c)>c
npHroBOp'b KOHBeHTa na yTBep^xAenie
napo^a,
-
202 HO HKo6HHn,Li 9Toro-TO Kaicx-pasx
H
Haia.icfl nponeccx, flepataji'B ce6a ex 6o./ibuiHMx
6ofl.5HCb.
XVI
BO BpeMH
KOTOparo .Iio^OBHKt JJOCTOHHCTBOMX, HO atHpOHflHCTH H6 HMXMH flOCTaTO^HO rpajR^aHCRaro MyatecTBa, iTo6bi cnacTH ero OTX KasHH. FpOMaflHLiMx 6o.nb-
IHHHCTBOMX lUIOCOBX ^.IlO^OBHK'B KaneTx" 6LMX HpHSHaHX BHHOBBX saroBop-B npOTHBx cBo6o#H nanJH H npOTHBx o6m,eii desonacHociH rocy,napCTBa; annejura^a K^ Hapo^y 6mfa OTBeprayTa Toate SHaqiiTejibHHM^ dojibinHHCTBOMt (aiejKAy npo^HMi, H rojiocaMH MHOrHXt JKHpOH^HCTOE'L), HO .1HUIB HGSHawreJILHOe 60JbHIHHCTBO HBT.IX
BHCKasajrocb sa CMepTHyio KasHL. B'L qHCJ sa icasHB dtiji'L RopojieBCKin po.neTBeHHHK'L,
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CTaBmiil HasHBaTL ce6a rpaiKAaHHHOM'B ^HJiMnnoMi, 9-icuiume (T.-e. PaBGHCTBo); .nyMaiOT'B, HTO BTHM!) OHX xoT^jii) cnacTH OTt KOH(J)HCKan,iH
CBOH
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B'L
BneiaTJiiHie BO Been EBpon-B, H npomvez 0paHu,iu o6pa3oeamcb ipOMadnan Koa.muw, nocTaBHBHiaa CBoeio D.'kiLK) BOscranoBHTt BO ^paHi^iH MOHapxiio H npeatnie nopa^KH. 240. Bx TO canoe Bpena, KaK-L ^pam^iH rposnjio HOBOG naniecTfiie HHOCTpaHneB'B H natiia roiOBa 6BLia nejiOB'BK'L, npOTHB-L BH BmHHX b BparoBi, BHyipn MAO, oopwa M npOH3B6Jio CTpainnoe
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BX Banden u Fpemauu (c.-s. yrojix $paHH,iH) npOTHBx 6ojibuioe napo^Hoe Bosciaeie no^x cnacenia CBaco eHHMKOB'L H JJBOPHHX.
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ne xorkiH desnpeKocjiOBHO noBHHOBaTBca Po6ecuBepy. B'B 9noxy Teppopa B^ rocnojiiCTByioni.eH nap rpynna, Bpa/KA^6Hafl xpncTiaHCTBy. EH y,naJiocB oceHBio 1793 r. npoB6CTH Bt KOHBeHT-E saMfbuy xpucmiancKaio uaMndapn pecny6jiuuanCKUMZ, E% KOTOPOM'B ji-BiocqujieHie BejiocB C-L npOB03oauieHia pecny6JHKH H ^Jlfl 0603HaHeHifl M'ECflljeB'B npHJliVMaHBI 6BL1H HOBBm Ha3Bax
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OTT> BnyTptMiHeii
Heypfl^Hi^u PeBOJiioaia ne HcnpaBH.ia neqa.ii.narn HOTOMV qio nocTOflHiu.iii CM\ TI.I, conpOBO-
^eeer'B.
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208 B'B npOMBinueHHOCTH H yna^KOM-B ToproBJiH, M'inaiH yjiynneHho ^HHancoB^. Em,e ygpe^Hie-iBHoe co6pame BBinyCTHJIO 6yMajKHBia flensm (accHrnaTBi), odesneqenHBia u,epKOBHHMH HMymecTBaMH, HO 9TH fleHBTH TaKx yna,iH BT> I^H-B, TTO naniKa K0(j)e
25
d.w nonpac.ienin
oyMajRicaMH
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246*.
B-B anoxy ^HpeKTOpin BBT^EHHyjica H TOTI OM KOTO P y cyatAGHO 6BMO c^iaTBCfl noTOMi, BjaABiKO HanoMom Eonanapmi>. OH-B potmen BI 1769 r. na ocipOB'B KopnpuHa^ieataBineMi) $pani^iH c^ 1768 r., H npOHCxoAHJii. HS^ /I,ecaTH JI-BTI po^Hiejin OT^ajH ero B! 6pienHCKyio BoeimyH) niKOJiy, rji.'fe OH^ HOTOM'B OKOHmn'B Kypci ci qHHOM'B apTH.oepiiiCKaro nopyraKa. Kor.ua BcnBixnyjia peBOJiiouifl, eny 6mio ,
.
TOJIBKO ^BajmaiB JI-BT^.
a
OH^
CTOHJI'B
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cpasy npHMKnyji'B K'B iiOBOMy ^BHmeHiK), ^ame BI> O^GHB 6jH3KHx B OTHoraeiuax'B KI. r
9noxy Teppopa napiin Po6ecnBepa, sa ^TO qyTB 6Bi.io ne nocipa.naji'B oqenB cepBesno 9 TepMH^opa. CBOH saM-BgaTejiBHtia BoeHHBia ^apOBania OH'B BnepBBie B^ 1793 r. no^ TyjionoMi, KoropBiif B03MynpOTHB^ KOHBeHTa, a B^ 1795 r. KOHBGHT-B BB^PHJI-B eMy CBOIO 3ain,HTy npOTHBTt BOSCTania 13 Ban^eMBepa. B-B anoxy ^HpeKTOpin BoHanapi'B c6jiH3HJica (Bappa), H B'B 1796
BOHHY
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r.
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aioro
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renepajia
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pecny6jiHKaHCKoii napiiH, no^epataB'B nepeBOpoii. 18 ())pK)KTH^opa.
III.
247*. ^paHHjscKaa peBOJnor^m BcnBixnyjia BCKOpt noai'B CMepin II H em,e npn atH3HH locndba II H EKaiepHHBi II, HrpaB^pH^DHxa r BOJIIO^OHHHXI, 3HaHe Hie .
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Meaj^yHapo^HOH HOJIHTHK'B
Bx XVIII
B.
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no-
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OXOTHO no/wep^HBaJiH H ^aate B036y,at^ajH BHyipeHHia CMyTBi y coc^eH, Kor^a 910 6mio BHFO.HHO HMI caMHM'B, H ex BTOH ase TO^KH sp-BHia Bsr.iaHyjiH OHH na co6Bi'ria, coBepniaBiniaca BO paHn,iH noKa He nonajiH, qxo BTH co6BiTia aBJiaioxca yrposoio ,pa BC^XX MonapnpaBHTejiBCTB-B H Boo6m,e .aiJia cyni,ecTBOBaBniHX'B B'B TO 7
209 nopaflKOB-B. ^TO KacaeTca BjifleieMt n^en no.a.'B
HMH
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r
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OB
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TaKi KaKx Kaas^HH CTpeMHJCfl rjiaBHBiM'L o6pa30M-B oeymeCTBHTB CBOH co6cTBeHHHe njiaHH. Me^^y npoqHM'B, AscTpiio H Ilpycciio, KOTOpua Oflnlj nepBOHanajiBHO BCJIH BOHHy ci paHiueH, OTB,ieIIojtt.ni'B, KaKTE> past B'L 9TH ro^M noABeprmefica H (1793) TpeT&eMy (1795) pas.ai'fejiaM'L. Bci^CTBie peBOntLia caMnx-L jnoijioHHaro ^paHuysoB-L H coqyBCTBia KT. EHMI. B'L ^acTH
co6HTia
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CKaro Bonpoca, ({>paHi^y3CKafl pecny6jiHKa HC TO.IBKO OTpasnja HHOseMHoe HainecTBie, *HO H coBepmnjia pH^t 6jiecTfliniHx L saBoeBaniH. r
248. I^IH
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H BTOpocTenenHBie
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14
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napiOMi. O.HHH JTHHIB nopaiKenia, sanpocHJia Mnpa KOTOPHH H 6uji & saKJUoqeHt BI EaMno-^opmio (1797). Ona oiKasajiacb OTI B r
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npnqeMt cap^HHCKifi Kopo.ib .na/Ke (j)opMa.iBHO oiKasajrca OTI> llbeMOHia Bt nojibsy $paHii,iH. TaKHMt o6pasoMi K-L KOHn,y peBOJion,ioHHHX-L
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211
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MOHapxHiecKOK).
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rjiaB'B
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eny
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ycnjiHJi^
o,a,HOMy cenaTyc'B-KOHcyjibTy
OHI
nojiyqHJi'B
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mumyM UMnepamopa (ppanwj(1802), no ApyrOMy 306K (1804). (Ob 3THMH AonojineHlflMH KOHCTHTynjfl VIII ro^a no.lyiHJia nasBanie KOHCTHTy^n HMnepin). ECJIH qTO-JH6o H He npaBHJlOCb HOBOMy BJia.UHK'B $paH^H B-L 3TOH KOHCTHTyn,iH, TaKl) 9TO 6BIJI'B TpHSynaTi), KpHTHKOBaBffliH npaBHTejibCTBeHHBie saKOHonpoeKTBi; no3TOMy HanojieoH'b cKOpo coKpaTHJi'b ero npasa (1802), a HOTOM^ H co-
BCiM'b VHHqTO.JKHJTB (1807). 3aKOHO^aTeJIbHHH KOpnyCI*, BOTHpOBaBffliit
H HaJiorn,
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(1809) ero COBC^M-B He
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2
1
5
IIpH BC6MX TOM'b HanojeoH'b, Kor^a eMy 6biao IIYVKHO, o6xo#Hjrb desi CT^CHeHia H flpyria Tpe6oBaHm KOHCTHTyuJH. BRHManifl.
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IIpH CTapOMi nopHflidj (|)pann,y3CKafl K'b
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CHCTCMa CHOBa
KT>
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AdMunucmpaBsr.iflflaM'b
ca-
Moro HanojieoHa. B-b nepBbin me ro^-b KOHcy.ibCTBa OHTB BO rjaB'B OTA-BJibHtix-b ^enapTaMeHTOBT) npe&eKmoev,, B-b y BT> KaaiflOH odmnH-B (T.-e. ropo^ HJIH fleOKpyr-B nodnpe^etcma, pHHeMl, ECli 9TH 4HHOBHHKH 6bMH HOCTaBJieHH Bt SaBHCHMOCTb OT"L npaBHTCJIbCTBa H nO^HHeHLI CTporofi flHCi^nn.iHH'B, HanoMHHaBHieH BoenHyio. /Jaaje HJienbi coB'BTOB'b, KOTOpbie flOJJKHH dblJH CBOHMH yKasafliflMH HOMOraTb 3THM-b RaROMl 6bl TO qHHOBHHKaM'b, HaSHawaJHCb npaBHTe.lbCTBOM'b, H HH dw.io caMoynpaBjeniM ne MOFJO 6biTb H p'fcqH. (TenepemnHfl *
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opraHHsai^ifl ^pani^iH eci'b Jinmb BH^OHSM^HeHie HoBafl CHCTCMa OTJTM g a,.Ta.rj> ^pti^nni ()M GucmpOWlOW 3
tiauufttmwo pe(J)opMii
Hano.?ieoiia
npOBefleHHLifl
HMT>
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flCHOCTb,
H flpyria
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6o,ibHieK)
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n.),
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ma.iaHmoMK H
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T^MT. Best's c.TBjjHJ'b r.iaBHbiMi. oopasoMx sa T'BM'b, 4To6bi npaBHTe.IbCTBO BCe 3HaJIO H BC-BMl) pyKOBOflHJIO, a Hai^iH JHUIb naCCHBHO
Hano.ieon-b JH^HO npKHMMaji-b caMoe A'BflTe.ibHoe ynacTie, COTpyflHHKOB'b HeyTOMHMOCTbK) Bl paOOT^ H CHOC06nOCTbK)
CBOHXT>
npocax-b.
253.
B'b nepBbie ace TOABJ KoncyjbCTBa HanojieoH-b ycTpOHJi-b H KonKop.iai
^panuiH. .Inqno
BJia
paBHOflymno, H
OHT>
OTHOCHJCH KX pejinrin
jjaaie odHapyarHBaji-b
H-BKOTOpoe a noTOMy CMOTp-Lrb na pe^nriio, JHHib KaKi, Ha no.iHTHqecKoe CTBO. FpaaiflaHCKoe ycTpofiCTBO ^yxoBencTBa, ns^a co6paHieM b, H npecji'BflOBaHie KamiHn,H3Ma flKo6Hi;aMH copascTpOHjin i^epKOBHyH) atHSHb ^paHuiH H nopOflHJH Meaifly r
<[)paHn,y3aMH pe.iHriosHbiH pacKO,ii> H CMyxy. THJia pejinriosHbifl roneHia H BOSBpamia HxeHiio
OKO.IO
pas^opu
40
Meatfly
jHpeKTOpifl npeRpa-
KaTOJHqecKOMy 6oroaiyHO Hs^-sa o6.iaflaHiH HMH no^HajHCb npHca/KHMMi) H nenpHCfl/KHiiM^ T.
i^epKBeii,
216
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npH
CHJiy o6napyatHBajiH HenpHcaaiHBie ci PHMOM-B. Hano-ieoH-b npeKpaTHjrb 9iy 6opB(5y, SaKJnoqHBX BO BTOpOM'B FOfly CBOerO KOHCyJIBCTBa (1801) KOHKOpdamz G's nanow IlieM* TIL KaioJiHijHSM'B 6mi^ npHsnaH-B pejHrieii orpOMnaro 6o.n>mHHCTBa <j)paHn,y3CKHX'B rpajKjjaH'B (a ne roHO oinpaBjieflie o6mecTBeHHaro 6oroijepKOBBio),
6biBmie
B'B
cotos-E
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Kama
saBHCHMOCTt
B-L
OT'L
HOJiimeHCKHX'B pacnopa-
^ia no^epatania EnncKonBi CTajin nasnaqaTBca nepBLiMi. KOHcyjroMi, H noTOM-L yate nojiyqais KaHOBHiecKoe nocTaBjenie; CBaui.eHHHKOB'L ciajiH enHCKonti, HO onaib-TaKH c'B corjiacia npaBH rejn>CTBa. Hasna^eHO 6njio aiajiOBaHie, HO dtiBniia i^epKOBHtia npaBHTejitCTBO naii^eT'L HyajHHM'B
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HXI> BJiafl'EJibijaM'B.
254.
HanojieoH'B can^ dmi'B
B'B
IOHOCTH peBOJuoi^ionepOM-L, HO " H OT B yqaciia H^eoJiorin
p aHO QTKasajica H orb ^ peBOJnon,ioHHOH
P
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BOJiHemaxi).
napo^Hbix'B
noHaiHa, HO
rpaat aiaHCKHM B
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J
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KaKT>
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r
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CoBepmaa rocy^apCTBenHBiH nepeBO18 6pioMepa, OH^ onpaB^tiBaji'b ero neofixoduMOcmm cnacmu paBencTBOM-b.
1789
loda H rjaBHbia npiodp^Tenia PGBOJIIOIUH; T-BMI JKe Heo6xoAHMOCTb ycTaHOBJiema BO
OH'b MOTHBapoBajTb
UJH HaCJlij^CTBGHHOH MOHapxlH, KOTOpaa 0,HHa, TOBOpHJTb OH-b, HOBHH nopaflOK'b Bemeii. Ycn'BX'b Hanojieona BHyrpn
ynpo^Hib
o6^acnaeTca He o.nHHM'b yiOMjeHieMi) HanJH oi'b peBOHO H TBarb, qio QHT> cos^aji-b npoqnyio H Kp BnKyio BJiacTb, KOjnoain, Bsajra Ha ce6a oxpauy noeaio o6w^ecmeeHuaio cmpon OT^ BOSTopaa K^ Bpamema cxapOMy nopa^Ky. HanojeoH-b ocTaBHJTb B'b HOJIHOH He4>paHH;iH
r
npHKOCHOBeHHOCTH paBGHCTBO BC'BX^ Hocib
BC'BX'b
B BpOHcnoB'B a;aHiH r
r
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saKOHOM-b, paBHonpaB-
oiM-BHy AecaTHHbi
H 4>eo^a.ibHBixi
npaB'b, a laKate coBepnraBiuyioca npn peBOJnon,iH pacnpo^aa:y n,epKOBHLIX'b HMyH],eCTB b H T. H. EMy npHHMOCb .a.aate ^OBepmHTb B'b BTOM'b r
OTHOuieniH
A^O,
na^aToe peBOJnouieii. Pe^opMbi yqpe,nHTe,ibHaro
codpania COBC'EMI pacmaiajiH ciapoe rpaat^ancKoe npaso HO peBo.ironja He ycn'BJia BLipa6oTaTb HOBaro KO^eKca ygpe^HTejibnoe co6panie. HanojieoH'b B'b nepBbia ate BpeMena KOHcyjiBCTBa Bsajica sa ocyffl,ecTB.ienie 9TOH saAanH H, nopy^HEX ee OHBITHBIM'B lopncTaM-b, caM'B npnsa KOTOptiH .nyMa^io npHnaibca
HHor^a yqaciie
B'B
eni,e
HX-B sanaTiaxi..
B^ 1804
r. 6BiJi'B
TOTOB'B
217
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oni,
(j)OpMt
ocHOBy jRe ero
B'B
nojyHHBmiii HMH Kodenca HanoMona. IIo npociOTOio, HCHOCTLIO u 3aKOuieimucTi>n.>, uu.iH nojojKeHLi paoencmoo ecnx* coflepJKaimi
KOAeKC'B,
rpa/K,naHCKiH
ipawcdam neped% SCIKOHOMZ u yvaMcenie Kb eoAn> omdn>MHuxz Jimw &b uxb esauMHuoM omuoweninxb qacTHaro xapaKTepa (oco6eHHO B-B fli>.3ax BHMyin ecTBeHHBix'B). KpOMij Toro, ct caMaro Ha^aJia Hanor
1
npHMHpHTB C^ HOBHM'L nOpflAKOM'L Beni,eH T^X-B KOTOpne cnocodHH 6tiJH OTKasaTbca OTI nojinaro
p-BinH.l-L
KT>
cxapoMy
nopn^Ky. B-B caMOMi,
ate
Ha^a-ii*
npenpamuM npec.mdoeanin dMmpaumoeo
OHT,
H
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paspt-
BepHyTLCfl Ha po.a.HHy, ne BOSBpaiHB'L HMI,,
255*. Oxpaeflfl rpam^aHCKiH cipoir, BEime^miii HS-B HanoJieoH'B Men^e scero ^yMaji-B o TOMX, qiodBi #aTB ^paun.iH
BHy-
uumKou nesaoucuMOu
cu.tu
TpeHHiOK) CBo6o,ny. OH-B ne mepnrb.io &b o6iu,ecmen>. nepkuHiecKafl nenaiB, pajBHBifl
Typnafl
CKift
Hsumnaa JiHTepaiypa, Teai-
npe^cxasjieHia, HayqRoe npeno,naBaHie, CJIOBOM'B, BCH Ky.iBA^TCJBHOCTB o6iu,ecTBa 6ujia ^o-HejB3fl CT-BCHeHa ciporo-
CTHMH npOH3B(MBHO ^HCTBOBaBffleH i^eHsypBi, no.iHi^eHCKaro Ha^sopa H npflMoro BM-BniaTe.iBCTBa npaBHiejBCTBeHHBix'B qHHOBHRKOBi. Oco6eeHO MHoro noipaTHj'B HanojeoH^ ycnjin Ha ycipOHCTBO locyKOiopaa AOJiatna 6Bija sa
dapcmeennou noAityiu,
060 BceM-B ^OHOCHTB.
see SHaiB,
C'B
BC'BM-B
HaH6ojiBmHM'B
no.n
OTHOCJLlCfl OH-B K'B SaKOCH'BJIUM'B pOHJHCTaMT. H HenpHMHpHMLIM'B
ny6jHKaHn,aM-B. BnpoqeM^, Hanojeon'B OXOTHO npHEHMa.!!* Ha c.iyat6y
H CiapBIX-B MOHapXHCTOBl, H Hpe^BBXI. peBOJUOHJOHepOBl), 6CJIH OHH iH eMy GBITB B^PHBIMH. Ito Mnornxi) jiKo6HHi^eB'B BUIILIH ^aaie peBHOCTHBie cjiyrn ero AecnomsAia; xaKOB'B dfiui'B, nanpHMKHHCTp-B nOJIHUm <&ywe. npOTHBT) H6IIpeKJIOHHBIX B, Iiao6or
1800 r. na JKH3HB nepBaro KOHcy.ia 6ujo CA'BJaHO noKymeHie npn HOMOIHH adciwii Mawunu, H Hano.ieoH'B BocnojiB30BaiCfl BTHM-B, ^xodBi coaiaTB MnorHXt HKO-
POT-B, npHHHAia.iHCB caMBifl cypOBBifl M-BpBi. B'B
OHHUeBX, XOTfl SarOBOp^ 6KJ'B yCTpOeH-B pOflJHCTaMH, BH^-BBmHMH BI HanojieoH'B non-Bxy A-M BOscxaHOBjeHia saKOHHOH MOHapxin. Repeal, CKiii
HBIH
H-BCKOJIBKO
6UJ1T>
OTEpBlTX HO.lHHJeH APyrOH pOfl.lHCTH^e-
KOTOPBIH saM'timajiCfl renepa.ii Mopo, BBicjiaHAByxji^THflro aaKJuoHenifl B'B AMepnKy). KaKi. 6u B-B
saroBOpi
nowB
JI'BTl.
(BT>
aiaH^apMaM-B cxsaiHTB na TeppHiopin (B'B FepMamH) o^noro HST* ((jpaHuyacKHX-B npnH(lepwia AmiencKaio) H paacip-BjaiB ero B'B IlapHai'B. Boo6me Hano.ieoH'B
OTMeciKy
B-B
c.iyqa-B
Beji'BJi-B
HaAO^HOCTH H
BCKOpt
noc.i'B
CBOHMI>
OH-B CHJI He npOHB npHS^raiB K-B Teppopy. 18 opioMepa nepBBift Koncy.TB
218 ce6a npudeopmiMo -mntamoMo. ^apOBanie eMy noacHsneHHaro KOHcy.ibCTBa Bt narpa^y 3a BejHKia .n'kia BOHHLI H MHpa 6mio TOJIBKO
nepBHM-B
maroM-L
1804
(xoia
jacb
HMnepin, cocToaBineMyca B^ $paHn,ia AajKe BT, 1806 r. cwraem,e pecnytfjiHKOH, KaKi, OTO SHamiocb H aa MoneTaxt). Ha r.
K-L
ycTaHOBJieniio
o<|)<j)imia./:ibHO
HOBaro HMnepaTopa, BOSBeflentfaro Aepa^aBHaro Hapojja, npi-BsmajTB B
TOpJKecTBeHHyio KOpOHan,iio npecTOJii.
nana.
B0.ieio
Cx Monapxien
6ttjn>
na
BoscTaHOBjieH^ IIHIIIHHH
cia.ia
HMnepaipHija Mosecfiuna (B,a;oBa renepajia Borapne, nraa saMyat-L sa Hanojieona em;e AO nepsaro ero niajibflHCKaro noBM-BCT-B
xo^a).
C't
aTHM-L 6ujin
BOBCiaHOBJieHbi
(HO 6e3 & BCHKHX^ r
apucmbxpammecKie mumyju 6apOHOBi>, rpa^oBi, repKOTOPHMH HanojeoHi, mui'B narpa^aib Bbi^aio-
^o^OB'B,
KHflseii,
rocy^apCTBeHHtix^ A^flTejeH H soeHaqajibHHKOB'b; RJIH nodmi^ BOsciaHOBjeH'b H THTyjii Mapmaja. (KpOM-B TOFO,
in;Hxcfl
cjTEflHHx^
HanojieoH-L yipe^HJit
eme opdem nouemuaio
.teiiona).
HoBaa 3HaTb
o^naKO, B-L npeHe6peateHiH y CTapoii apHCTOKpaiiH, uo OxoTH-Ee Hano.ieoH'b ynnHtaji^ HOCJI'B.HHIOK). llkwi> Bbiuie 6biJia,
cL r
T-BM^ BbicoKOM^pn^e H rpyd^e ^Jiajica OH'B B^ o6pajiiojiibMH, ne Tepim HH Maji-Bamaro nporaBOp-Bgia H ^ep^a
cTpax-B nepe.nt BcnBiinKaMH cBoero rH^Ba. OHI ocooennHO OXOTHO ^aBaji^ gyBCTBOBaTb 6biBmHM'b CBOHMI. TOBapumaM'b BCIO pasHHay HXT> nojKmeeiH; caMbie snaTHbie H THTyjiOBannbie ero cno^BHatHHKH AOJiatHbi 6bMH ssaxb, HTO BOSBe.iHqeHbi OHH jiHnib 6jaro,napa B-B
Oco6eHHO xorEJiocb HanojieoHy nopo^HHTbca ci ciaptiMH AHHaciiaMH. ^jia 9Toro OHI atenHJi'B CBoero nacuHKa Eeieuin Koiapue H o^noro nst 6paibeBi> (TeponuMo) Ha n-BMeuO^HOH ero MHJIOCTH.
KHX'b npHHi^eccaxi,
Buji&jn,
njeMaHHHnj HMnepaTpHn,bi sa
3aMyatT>
o,a;Horo H'BMen.Karo npHHija H T/H., a HOTOM-L H caMi, BCTynH-it B-L CBOHM'L 6pa rbaM^ .no^epbio aBCTpificKaro- rocyjiapa. pOACTBeHHHKaM'B H Han60JI Be BH.UHLIM'b HOMOH],HHKaM b OHI saBoeBanHbia KOpojiesciBa H repn,orcTBa. BjiecKOM-f. CBoefi Hanojeoni, B0o6me xoT'BJi'b saiMHTb BC-B 6HBniia ^o Hero HMnepin f
7
r
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CUAOW, na uomopyw onupajicn Hanojieom, 6u.m t>Tt pesojuoijiE Bonay ex H.-BJIOH EBponon, OHT> npo9iy 6opb6y co CTpacibio nepsaro snaTOKa BoeHnaro A'kja H remajibHaro nojKOBO,ni;a. Enj,e BO Bpena HTajbaHCKHx-b HOXOAOB'B co.i^aTH, cpaataBinieca no^ ero snaMeHaMH, do.i'Be #yMajiH o c:iaB B r
H
r
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q-BM-L
6060^ Hapo^OBi*. 6y^n A.ia o6oramema o
6oraTbie no^apKH renepajraMi
HanojieoHi, nrapOKO pasBHJi <{)paHn,y3CKOH KasHbi H pas-
H
219 KaKi Ha .,nyiueqHoe Mflco, ero Ero apMia no CBoewy cocTasy, no CBoefi
KOTOPBIX'B OH-B CRM-L CMOTp'E.TB .iHiuB
6oroTBOpn.ni.
H AHCKHiuHirB OLi.ia jyqmeio B'B EBponii, H B-B nefi 6u.no CTBO SaM'fcqaTeJIBHBIX'B BOeHHBIXTb TajaHTOBT*, BBIffle/UnHX'B HS'B
III.
256*. HanoJieoHOBCKia BOHHBI, T.-e. BOHHBI BpeMen-B KOHCV.IBCTBa H HMnepin (1800 1815) 6BUH HenocpedcmeenmLm npodo.i-
eoum peeo.mu/ioHHuxz. Kor.ua HanojieoH'B B03BpaTHJica H3i, Ernnia, ^paHijia Bee em,e naxo^HJiacB B'B BOHH^ ci Anrjiien, ABH BTOpocTeneHHBiMH repMancKHMH rocyflapaMH. Anrjia TairB (HcenieMz
KOHija K npodojiwajia.
eecnm 6op^6y
@pauii,ieu (KpOM'B MaycTpansaa npOTHB'B nea HOBBia &>
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3ia nodi^a
f
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ABCTpien
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1
npHCoe^HHHB'B U,epKOBHyio odJiaciB K'B npn BTOM^B PHM-B Biopoli ea CTOjnmeiL
6mia saBepmena
6BunE.
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T-BM-B
Jlymy (1810). HHJIT>
THTyJI'B
pUMCUaiO
KOpOJIH.
(j)paH^y3CKaa HMnepia HaxojuuiacB na BHcmeH cxeneHH CBoero MorynjecTBa. Ea rpaHHi^H no.iyiH.iH HOBoe pacuiHpenie, Kor^a KI> npeatKHMi, npio6p fcTeHiaM'B peBOJnon,iH H canoro HanojreoHai (BejiBria, JI^BBIH 6eper B Pefina, ntKOiopBia iacTH HlBeftH IlancKaa o6.iacTB) n,apiH, CaBOiia, IlBeMOHT-B C-B FeHyen, TocKana Ilocjii
1809
r.
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r
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ci>
225 PeHHa #0 3jib6u. rVxijaH^iK) Hanoaeoni. CBoero (1810) y 6paxa .Iio^OBHKa aa TO, HTO TOTE HJOXO Tpe6oBam KOHTHHeHiajibHOH djiOKa^H. 3ia ase caMan npnP'EKX oi^
BC'Exi.
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Hanojeona
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y
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npOMHM-B y iepu,oia OMdenfiypicmio) c'EBepnoe no6epeatbe
H^Mei^Karo Mopa. TaKHMt oopasoM'L, npn HanoeciecTBenHLixi rpa^pani^ifl Aa.ieKO Bmiuia HSX CBOHX'L HHUT." (PeHHa H AJH>UOBT>), OBJia^B'L, KpOM'E CaBOHH H BC^Xl, HHc BBepo-3ana,noMT> H cepe^Heoio HiaiiH H c-EBepo-sanaB^OJIB
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(
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Kopo.ieBCTBO
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TpeTt MiajiiH, H Hj.iHpia 6miH
npoeunyiaMU
0pwwu.
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^TO H nopo-
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(lepOHHMa BI Beci^ajiiH, Mropaia HcnaniH) 6miH Toate jrnmB saMacKHpOBaHere HMnepm. IIlBeni^apiH H PeHHCKin COIOS'L,
fipambetn Hano.ieona
BI HiajiiH,
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npH3HaBaBinie
BI>
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CBOHM-L npoieKTOpOM-L, ci oxBaHeHBi BJia^HiflMH Hano.ieoHa, a na BOCr
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HMnepappa
PefiHCKaro corosa
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o6e3CHJieHHHfl AscTpia H
repijorcTBO
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cipauiHO yp'BsaHHHH H
BIIOJIH'E
Dpyccia, B.nodaBOK'L HM-BBniia nosa^H ce6a
BapniaBCKoe, Hano.ieoHOBCKiH aBaHnocTi),
BBI-
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261
Cpe^HeB'BKOBoe s^anie CBflmeHHOH PHMCKOH HMnepin He naTHCKa peBOJiiomoHHOH H nanojreoHOBCKOH ^pani^iH H paspyniH.iocb, noxopOHHBi> noA'B CBOHMH pasfiaJiHHaMH Bci .nyxoB:;:
.
KHaatecTBa H Maccy MejiKHx-L B^a^nin. IIpH HanojieoH-B Fepna vemupe uacmu: 1) JI'BEHH deper-L PeHHa H no-
in pacna.iac'b
H'BMei^Karo Mopn EXO^H^H BI cocxaBi, ^>paHqin; 2) cpe^nioio FepMaHin cocxaBJiajiH rocy^apciBa PenHCKaro coiosa IHCJIOM-B '2
'2:
cia.
na BOCTOK-E 6miH CHJIBHO yMeHLnieHHbifl 3) ABCipifl H 4) IlpycB-L
nepBuxi
flByxx
qaciflxx,
Haxo^HBHiHXCfl
B-L
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saBHCHMOCTH OTt HanojieoHa, npouseedena 6u.ta no.tnaR Hanp., CaKCOHin), T.-e. OTH ABOpaHCTBa, ceKy.iapHsoBajHCB npHBH.ieriH .nyxoBenciBa (KPOM'E HeMHornx'L seMe.it,
HMymeciBa, yHHqxo;Ka.iocB KpimocxHoe npaso, BBO^H.ICH O^eKC-B, H no typaHujscKOMy o6pasi^y coBepina.iHCB paaHBIfl
aAMHHHCTpaTHBHBIfl,
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HCTOPIfl.
15
226 H6 HiTEBUlia
B'L
JVBHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
HHKaKOFO SHaiema,
TaifL
H
B'L
ii'EBOTOpbix'L rocyflapCTBax-L PefincKaro coiosa BBefleHbi 6tiJH KOIICTHTyn,iH, XOTH H coBepmeHHO npHspaiHbia, HO Bce-iaKH ocnoBan-
Ha
HLia
Hapo,piaro, a BTHX-L HSM-EHeniH
Haqa.Ti>
Cpe^H
He cocjiOBHaro npejjCTaBHTejiLCTBa.
AecmpiH
nodeuwcnow. IlMnepaTOp^ paHi^'L Apyroro, HO BHyipH cipanLi Bee 6HJIO
OTM^HH
nocjrfc
pec^opM-L
I
ocmaeadaci),
OAHaKO, ne-
Tepajit ojjHy npoBHHH,iK) sa ocTaBjmjrs no ciapOMy, Kan-L
IocH(j)a
II.
O.UHHM^
CJIOBOMI>,
MO-
napxm ra6c6yproBt nepeatHJia peBOJiKmioHHyio 6ypio H TOCHOACTBO HanojreoHa, coxpaHHBi> B'L HenpHKOCHOBenHOCTH ciapHH 3a TO Bt Hpyccin 6tuiH npOHSBe^enti Kpynntm pe^opMti
262*. ^PH^PHX-L
)
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xvii
B.
yMepi> Bcero
sa Tpn ro^a ^ ocTaBHBt Ilpycciio co BC^MH CTaparo nopa^o ,a;o KpinociHaro npasa BKJFOHHTejibHO. Ero njieMflHHHK'B_ 0pudpUXK-BuMieMMZ II (1786 1797), yBGJIHqHBUliH Ilpycciio no BiopOMy H TpeiteMy nojibCKHMi pas^jiaMt, ne TOJII>KO (
P aHI1.y 3CKO S
II
peBOJiroi^iH,
ne Ay^aji-L o KaKHx-L-jHOo pe^opMaxTb, HO 6^^^ npaato BparoM't nponanpaBJiema CBoero ^a^n. Cji'iiAyroiii.iH Kopojit ill (11'97
1840) paBHmrB odpasoM-L He
Ho sa HpyccieH Bee em,e ociaBoeHHaro rocy,a,apCTBa. lencKaa 6HTBa 1806 r. paspyniHja H 9iy c,iaBy, a .najbH-BHrniH xo^i. BOHHH ct HanojieoEOWL noKasajix, ITO H Bca CHCTena BnyipeHHaro ynpaBJiema B^ HHKaKHX'L npeodpasoBamS.
CJraBa
Ilpyccia 6BiJia pacmaTana. Hano-ieoHTb ociaEHJi-b 3a ^PHAPHXOMIBH.ibrejibMOM^ III jmniB noJOBHHy ero Bja^eifi, ^a H TO ns'b MH-
BTO CTpaniHoe 6^CTBie sacTaBHJio npyccKoe npaBHTejibCTBO npHHaTbca sa npeoSpasoBania, 6esx KOTOPHXI> AaJbHMinee cynj,eCTBOBame Dpyccin npn HOBBIX'L odcToaTejibCTBax^ 6mio 6bi ne-
JIOCTH.
MLICJIHMO.
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caMaro Ha^ajia (^panii.yscKOH peBOJiroijiH napmin. com/ecmeoeaewaa ommrburb cocjioenuxo npueu.wiiu H r
IIpycciH
CT.
rpa^aHCKaro paBencTBa. dTa napTia coqyBCTBOBajia C"L
HanO.ieOHOBCKOH a^MHHHCTpaTHBHOH Il,eHTpaJH3aiJiiH, HO BM-ECT-B T-BM-L MC^TaJia H HaCTOaiB.eM'L HapO.HHOM'L npe^CTaBHTeJL-
9Toro HanpaBJienia 6ujn> lapHa deu6epu. npyccKofi cjy5K6'B naxo^HJica 6aPOHT> Hlmeum (1757 1831), Heco^yBCTBeHHO OTHOCHBniiftca K-L peBOJiou,iH H CHCTCM-B HaiiojeoHa, xoTa H BH^BHIIH B'L HOBLIXT> riopa^;Kax-L MHoro jjocTOHiiaro no^paaaHia. Kopo.ib c n BJiaji'L ero PYKOBOMHHHCTpOM'L, H IIlTeHH-L CM^JO HpHCTynHJI'L K'L p6(J)OpommrbHUM Kprbnocmuyw saeucuMocmb npecmbHu* B-L CTB'B.
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B'b TO ase Bpe^ia
r
r
IIpycciH (1807) H ^OSBOJHJ'B oioprepairL HOKynaTb ^BOpancKia
na BpeMfl sa noarinHKaMH npe;Knn npasa B-L HX-L HMlmiax-b. IIlTefun* 6u:i% 6iopOKpaTHqecKOH ijeHTpajiHsanJH H cxpeMH.ica pasBHTb B'L caMO^Hie^bHOCTb. OHX xorki'b BBecTH Bt IIpycciH topodcKoe u ft cnmoe caMoynpaeMHie, HO ycnijjrb HS^aTb TOJIBKO noJio/Kenie HO
na,
ociaBH.TL
H no.iHijeHCKia
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o ropOACKOM'B caMoynpaBJieniH. Hano.ieoH-b, yaiiaB^ o TOUT,, mo OTHOCHTCfl R-L HGMy Bpaffi,He6HO, nOTpe60Ba^'L OTCiaBKH
petjwpMaTopa. /^pH.npnx'L-BHJibrejiLM'B III 9TO Tpe6oBaHie H Ha^HaqHjTL MHHHCTpOMt 6^1^^ npOTHBHiiKOM-L caMoynpaB.ieHia H CToajt sa ApanCHCieMy ueHipajiHsai^iH, HO sa TO iomoeuM eeedenie 60
npycciu
npedcmaeumeMcmea. Haodopoii),
napodnaio
<|)OpMu lIIieHHa
OHI
npOAOJrjKajrt, omMibHuei* u,exu
H
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pe-
^OSBOJIHB'L Kpe-
CTBHHaMt
BHKynaTL CBOH 36MJH B'L HO-lHyK) C06CTB6HHOCTL HOcpeACTBOMx yciynKH noM'tii^HKaMt Tpein Kam^aro KpecibaHCKaro yqacTKa H T. n. Bt yo a:e BpeMfl npyccKoe npaBHTejLCTBO cipeMH.IOCL no^Hflib Hapo^Hoe npocB-Bmeflie, BI neMi eMy ocooeHHO noMorajx saii'BqaTejbHbiH yqenbiH H MbicJiHTejib Bu.meAbMt FyMGoAbdntt MOJO.HOCTH caM-b CHjbno coqyBCTBOBaBiiiifi (}>pannpeodpasoBaniflM-b. EMy dbij'b odasaHi CBOHM-L BOsuHKiiOBe-
(1767 B-b
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1814), Kor^a-io Toate 3aui,Hn;aBniiH
nops^KH. Tenepb OHI rjiaBHbiM'b o6pa30M-b CTBOBa.!!* Ha naTpiOTHSMT, CBOHX-b COOTeieCTBeHHHKOB'b iiOBtie ((>paHi;y3CKie
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BI>
42
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MHpy IlpvcciH paap^uiajiocb ^epjRaib noA'b pyjKbeM-b qejiOB'BK'b. FenepajH) fflapwopemt npn.nyMaj'h cno-
HM-BTb dOJI-BC 3Ha4HTeJIbHyK) apMiK).
Bi
TOMT3,
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poiKoe BpeMfl
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oSyHHB-b,
o^naKO, flBHTbca CHOBa H a cjyatfy B-B ciyqa'B BOHHH. ex apMiefi cosAaBajHCb xaKHMi* o6pa30M-b pesepBHtra BOHCKa H /pa Kpannnx'b cayiaeBi. Hapo^Hoe onojiqenie (jaudfl,Jin ocyu;ecTB.ieHia TaKOH CHCTCMBI Heooxo^HMO 6u.io
ofmsaHiiocTbio, r
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XIX
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228 Pe$opMbi
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HO H
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yKp-fcnHTb ITpycciio, KOiopoe CTajiH BOSJiarait
ecn>
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mpiomu,
Ilpyccia
HanjoHajiBHBiH
6mio HHJIH
HOBLia
xapaKiepi, ocyin,ecTB.ieHie npiocTaHOBHTbca. Kor,na Bonna KonqHJiacB, naciyBpeMena, H B'B HOJIHTHK'B .^pH^pnxa-BHJibrejiBMa III
noBOpoii*
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FjiaBHOK) CHJIOIO, coKpyinHBineK) BJiajJiBi^ecTBO Hanojieona,
ucmioudMuaio dyxa
B-B
nopa6om,eHHBixi HJH yrpo-
llepBBiH npaM-Bpi Hapo.a.Haro conpOTHB-ieHm saBoesaTejiK) no,a;ajrH ucnamtu H nopmyiaMu,u, c'B ca-
Hapo.aiax'B.
Maro Haiajia (1808) BpajK,ne6HO BCip-BTHBHiie ({)paH^y30B^ H opranpOTHBx HHXI napTHsancKyio BOHHy (guerilla, H nojiyraBmie BoeHHyro noMoni,B OTI Anrjin (no^ CTBOMi Jiop^a BejiJiummona). Bi 1812 r. co6paBmieca BT, KaKopiecbi BBipa6oTajiH .pa HcnaniH eectMa jiuOepaMnyw noucmuKOTOpaa AO-i^Ha ()BiJia 6BITB BBe^ena HOCJI'B nsrHaHia (j)paH3a ncnanqaMH H nopiyrajibuaMH nocji^OBajiH un>M\ybi, Ha-
BO
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6oflTBCfl,
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n,ioHajibHbia
CTBO; sa 9Ty MBicjib B'B anoxy na^ema HMnepiH yxBaTHjica caM-B MioparB. Hs'B BC'BX'B napo.noB'B EeponBi mojimo odnu nojimu uanojieouucmaMU. OB caMaro na^enia P^HH IIOCHOJIHTOH OHH BOS-
6um
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229 ULIJH
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HTe.ieH H
IIOHTH BCH
o Mnp-B H jKejraa nepeHTii B-B niH, HanoJieoH'B ^BHHyjicfl HS-B
cejeflieM-B.
AoatflaBiiiHCb
npoci>6Bi
HepasopenHtia eiu,e ic/KHwa ry6epMOCKBH no Ka.iy^CKOft ^opori, HO
onycTomeiiHOH H BBiiKatenHOH npn STOM-B pyccKHMH BOHCKaMH
no
npecJi'BAyeMBiH iajiBCTBOMi> Eymysoea, HOCJI-B
He
Tapymuurb H MaAonpoc#am4n) H
oipaafeH'B (npn
OTCTynjieme
cropija.
noji'B
na-
napiHsancKHMH oxpH^aMH H M-BCTHBIM'B na-
CypOBaa 3HMa ^OKOHHHja HCTpetf-ieme BCJHKOH apMin. nepenpaBBi qepes^ Eepesuuy, r^ caMij Ha-
3.ionojiyyHOH
qyTB-6HJio ne uonaji'B BT> HJI-BH^, ,a;o rpaHHi^ti ji;o6pajiHCB majiKie ociaTKH BTOH apuia. Hanojieonx dpocnjn ee em,e
no.ieoH'B JHIIIB
BT JlHTB'E H nocn'BinHO OTnpaBHJiCfl BO ^paHijiio, HTo6Bi opraHHHOByio apMiro HS^ BoenHBix-B CH.I'B, ociaBinHxca BT> caMofl
H BI no^BJiacTHBix-B en seMJiax'B. ney^aqeio nanojieonoBCKaro noxo^a BT, Pocciio B-B eouua sa oceo6ooicdenie 1813 r. AjieKcaH^p-B BcnBixHy.ia r I J
266. 3a
.
nepeHGCTH oopBoy ci> HanojieoHOM'B sa npe^TBJiLi FOCCIH, H noflBjeeie B^ FepManiH pyccKHxi. OTPH^OB-B npHB-BTCTBOBajiocB 3a ro urbMe^Kie npaH'BMn.aMH, icaK-B npuwecmeie U36aeumejieu. pTBfflHJi'B
r
eume.m ne cpasy npuMunym B I CT.
Man,iH 6o,a;Hoe
mmuiCKOMy
B-B
corny, saKJiroqeHHOMy
HSI. HHXI> ^a/Ke
npaMO no^co6cTB6HHOH OHH BHJVEJH KOTOPOM-B otiopy
npyccien; HfeoTOpBie
Hanojieona,
Hapo^noMy
KZ
Boo^ynieBJieHiK) CHJIBHO coA'BHCTBOBa.in
npooa-
roBopHBmia o npaB^j Hapo^OBi, na CBOpacnopflateHie co6cTB6HHOio cyABdoio. H'BMI^H ne na^a.iH
npyccKaro Kopojfl,
H-BCKOJIBKO HOCJI-B xoro, KaK-B (f)paHH,y3Bi o^epma.iH OCGHBK) HOOTS Tpex^eeBHOH 6HTBH noA'B fleunitsmoMz, B-B KOTOpoft caKcoHCKia BOHCKa noKHHy.iH (jjpamjysoB'B, HanojeoHT> AO.Iatenx 6HJii. Ha^aiB OTCTynjreme, H xor^a rocy^apn PefiHCKaro corosa
^aate
O^HH'B sa ^pyrHM'B CTa.iH nepexo^HTB
H en^e panBme npHCoeAHHHBmeHca
K-B
na CTOpony Poccin, IIpycciH SHMT, ABCipin.
Ilpn
ojjnaKO, OHH BtiroBapHBajiH coxpaHenie sa co6oio CBOHXT. H BepXOBHBIX-B HpaBl. KHflSBff, JHIHeHHBie HaHO.ieOHOMX BI>
9TO ate BpeMa HaqajiH BOSBpanjaTBCfl B'B CBOH B.iaA'BHifl. Bi HOHB na 1 flHBapa 1814 r. qacTB npyccKOH apMin
231
pOMT> (joiinu
meam-
H
Bjiwxepa) nepenpasHjacb lepes'b Pefm-b, cdrbmMiCb ca,Ma panuiia. Cipana obi.ia
HCTomeHa H odeacH.iena, ITOOLI OKa:3LiBaTb conpoiHB.ieHie KOTOpue noTOMy H ne Bcxpteun zjifccb HHKaKoro oinopa co CTOHanpOTHB'b TOFO, BO
Hapofla.
KI>
yate Hepacno.iojKeme CKO.ibKO paa^ npOHBHJiT> CBoe
(J)paHii,y3CKOH Hai;iH
odnapyatH-
HanojieoHy. HMnepaTOpt
eui,e
H-B-
Boeimoe HCKycciBO, noKa OAHO nopaaieHie (npn Apcnc'L-ciop'L-Oo'L) ne ompHJO nepe.n'B coiosaHKaMH dopoiu e?> IlapuMo. Mepest H BCKOJbKO .unen noCwi-fe 3ioro OHH OB.iar
rocno^CTByiomHMH Ha/vb (j)paH^y3CKOH CTOJinuen BbicoiaMH MOHMapmpa H BCiynHJH BI> caMbiii ropo;rb. (I>paHi^y3CKie reHepajibi, 6biBmie ocof>eHHO 6.1H3KHMH K'b HMnepa'ropy, nepeinjin Torjja Ha cxopony ,vli.ni
ero npOTHBHHKOBi). Hancueony ocxajiocb TOJibKO ompeHWH ovm> npecmo.m H yfexaTb na HiajibHHCKiH ocipOB-b V.'ibfiy, OT^anHbifi B-b ero
Bja^nie. Bo^paHuiio BepnyJHCb Byp6oHBi BX JMTS$ Jlwdoeum XFZZ/, opaia JKWBHKa XV^ \ HO caMa ^paHuja 6bMa jiHrnena Bcix-b l
HHbix'b
H BC ! 1
267. Ho
1792
r.
BM-BCT-B
ex HAtnepien
cos^ama BH^ ^pani^iH.
efl
HHSJiojKeHiH Hanojieona COIOSHHKH coopajHCb
na KOH- do,THOU.
Bnurb (1814)
J^JH p-BmeHia noJHTHqecKHX'b BonpocoBT,, B03Hosaro nojioJEema A'B^'b, HO Konrpecci HG ycn^.n> OKOH^Hib CBoen cJioacHofi pa6oTbi, KaK-b HwtOAeOHZ eosopa&?>
ipeccz
HHKaBHiHX'b eiu,e
noc.rl>
eo
Hs-b
3>paHu,m H CHOBa
sanaji'b
npecxojrb.
B-b HsrnaHiH
Byp-
H SMHrpaHTbi HHqero He no3a6buiH H HHieMy He nayiHu Hx-b HaM-BpeflieM-b 6biwio BOsciaHOBHTb ciapbift nopfl^OK-b, HO .iHCb 9TO TOJibKO pa3,a,paa;ajio napo.n'b. HanojieoH-b ysnaji-b 06^ STOMX, .
BO ^paHqiio (s'b MapT-B 1815 r.) H <5burb BCTp'BqeH'b naceKaK'b cnacHiaib npiodp-BieHiH peBOjnoi^in. .Iio^OBHK'b X\'III npoiHB'b Hano.ieoHa Mapmaja Hen, HO TOT-b caMi npnK'b
HMnepaiop'b
CBOCMV
npeatHeny
BCTynHJTb
B-b
IlapHmi.
rocy^apro,
H
B03BpaTHBmiHCH
npn BOCiopateHHux-b o6 BmaHifi H r
(^pani^ysaM^
.iHoepa.ibHtix'b
na HOByio KOHCTHiyuiio, HanoJieoH'b p-BHiH.i'b npenycoiosHHKOB'b H ABHHyjicfl BI> Be.ibriio. Cio^a yae amviiHCKifl
H npyccKia BOHCKa
HOA^
naqa^bCTBOM-b
I>.t)oxepa. Hano.ieon'b Hanec'b CHana.ia nopajKenie npyccaa noiOM'b Hanaj-b npn Bamepao ua aHrjHHaHi,, HO K'b Bej-
H
na noMomb BjioxepT,, H cpaajenie 110.1 HUM i nopaaxeHieM bHano.ieona(18 iioHfl). BcKOp-B sai-BM-b noAOcn-B.i'b
r
\\\\ maro BO
spesifl
pojl.llicihl
lUi:
peBo.nouin. Panhuie .IIOAOBIIKT.
XVIII
Ha:mBa.icfl
.Ih.HiHHK;
rp
X\'I.
232
-
-
BiopHiHO noaBHJiacb no^t crEnaMH riapHata. Hano.ieon'b na past 6ujn> coc-iani na o. ce. EMHU, TJI$ H npoioMHjica #o CMepiH B^B 1821 r. 3io BTOpH*raoe rjapciBOBame Hano-
apiiia
jreoHa
BT> Hciopin no;vb HasBaHieM'B cma BOSCTaHOBHJIH BO 4>paHlUH Byp60HOBi H
HSB-BCTHO
HHKH
OnflTB
dmn.
Coios-
XVIII HOBHH (BTOPOH napHmcKin) Mnp^, no orpaHHqHBa.iacb
1790
npedibJiamu
^.,
o6H3HBajract BH-
KOHTpH6y^io H ^oji^ea fouia naib ceoa y nojiopacia Tticaq^ coiosnaro rpoiia^Hyio
TJIABA
(
06mi,a qepxH BHyipeHHeft atusHH sana^HOH
EsponH BI
coiosa
XIX
B.
281286)
H
nepBofi nojroBHH^
275-279). III.
Anrjia
OT.H'BJIBHNJI
cipaHH #o 1830
TepMania
r.:
280),
(
$paHijia
(
287290).
(
IY. Bjiianie IIOJIBCKOH pesojio^H Ha
Espony
(
291V
V. Oifl&iBHHfl rocy^apcxBa ^o naiajra naTHAecaTHxt ro^OBi,: TepMaHia
293 H 304 .da
co-
X.
I. Meai^yHapOAHHa OTHomeHia BI 9noxy B^HCKaro Konrpecca H CsameHHaro 268-274).
II. (
JI-BT^B
(
312),
$paH^a
294
(
303) Benrpia
(
313), Hia.iia
(
(
292
314) H Aur-
315).
I.
Konrpecca.
268". Co6paBiniHca BI> B-BH-B nocji-B HHSJioatenia Hano.ieona KOHr P eccr& firL Hciopia XIX B. nojtyHH.it TaKoe ate sna^enie, KaKoe B^ XVII B. npHna.HJiejKa.io secT(J)ajiE)CEOMy Mnpy. Bn>ucmu uonecmecmeenuuMb saeepwenieMK Koa.mwu, HHSBeprmefi Hanojieona, laKt KaKt, paspymnBt HMnepiio H BC^ ea cos^ania,
ipecc*
6u.n
COIOSHHKH ^oJiatHH ^OKI. 181 5
Bt rr.
dtiJiH
ycxaHOBHTb
Bi,
Espon-B KaKOH-jrn6o nopa-
CBOHX-L p-BnieHmx'L rocy^apH H ^HiuiOMaTH Bt 1814 pyKOBO^HJincb H'BCKOJTLKHMH nprnmnnaMH, KOiopLie, o^eaKO,
ne Bcer^a cosna^ajiH Me^^y co6oio. UPOHHKHIHCB Bt
AeiumuMmMa,
06111,6!^ npHHBOscTaHOBJiema saKOHHLix'B npaBt, naH HanojieoHOMt, OHH He Bt cocToanin
T.-e.
peBOJnonjeii
H He XOTEJIH BOSBpaTHTB BJia^Hla BC-BMTb SaKOHHBIM-B ^,HHaciiaM'L (nanp., MejiKHMt KnasbaMt Bt FepManiH) H COBC-BM^ He 6BIJIH,
,na
pacnpocTpaHa.iH 9Toro npHHi^nna Ha ciapbia pecny6jiHKH (Benei^iH), Parysy, FojuiaH/jiK), repMaHCKie HMnepCKie ropo^a), noToaiy
233 OLI.1H
CIHTaibCa CX COBepUIHBIHHMHCH (f)aKTaMH, a
ciopOHBi, ne doen>pH.iu
;jpyroii
pecnyfi.'iuKaHCKOu cfiopMn.
cnpaBe^iHBHMt naipadumb
6bL/io
npHsnano
coA'McTBOBaBHiHX'b
HHSBepjKemK)
C-L
BirfccTi.
rocyAapefi.
HanojieoHa,
na-
H,
rocyjapciBa, KOiopbia npoiHBHJiHCb coiosHHKaM-b (CaKcoma H JJama). HaKOHei^'B, AHnjOMaiH ciHiajiH nojesHtiMx oipadtnw, T-E
<>nn>
EepOHt/
fiesnoKOunou
HHMH rocy,napCTBaMH
^pam^iu
6o.i^e CHJIBTILIMH BiopocTeneH-
yBejiHgHB-L BJia^flia Henocpe.a.CTBeHHLix'L coctaHi^iH. IlepeA^BiBaa Kapiy Esponu, B-BHCKIH KOHrpecc'B 7
u
o noAumuHecKOMz paenoetbdu, HO coBepineHHO He X pac^eTTb naua.ia nomionajimocmu, pasxe^HHaa
HanJH,
qyat^He
qyBCTBOBaBinia
H coe#HHflfl
HOJIHTHB-L
O.HHO
^pyry HapojiH.
.npyr-L
269. RiaBHHa
CBoe e^HHCTBO,
TeppHTOpiajTBHtm HSM-BHeHia, npOHSBeAeHHLia Ha POCCIH BHIHJia HSX 6opB6tI CJT B,HyK)H;ia.
B'BHCKOMI, KOHrpeCC-B, 6HJIH
r
npHcoe;j HHeHieM'L ^HHjaH^in, Beccapadin H dojitmefi BejHKaro repuorciBa BapmaBCKaro HO^-L nasBaHieM-L mpcmea IIoMcnaio. AjieKcanApx I XOT^JIX nojiyiHTb Bee Be.iHKoe rep(
J
HO AOJiateH^ ^LUX ycTynHTb Jlosnanb llpycciu, a I O,AU(qacibio HacejeHHyio pyccKHM^ HwieMeHeM-L) Aecmpiu, KpOM'fe KpaKOBa, npeBpamennaro Bt BOJTLHHH ropo.u'L. ABCTpia csepx-L Fa(.l<>M(>apdo-6enewaHCKoe
Kopojieecmeo)
H
JJajiMan.iK)
(Kopojieecmeo
csepx^ ITosHaHH H H-BMei^Ku yTpaqenHbixx no THJibSHTCKOMy MHpy, noAoeuuy Canconiu u wyio o6Aacnib na Peunrb. Ha rpaHHi^axx ^paHain 6ujio cosdano Kopojieecmeo HudepmndcKoe wax FojJiaH^iH H Bejibrin, c% nepeAaqero ero Kopojiio H repijorcTBa JIioKceMdyprcKaro BX FepMaHiH. BHJIO /I.uHpiw). Upyccia JKC
npewuee Kopoaeecmeo Capduncnoe npHCoeflHHemeM'b
ycujieno in'n'M<>
K-B
pecny6^HKH FeHyn. ^ania du^ia HaKasana omnxOT^aHHOH Hepoeiiu, niBe^CKOMy Kopojiro. Bi HcnaHin H Hop-
CaBOHH H
obiBHiefi
BOsciaHOBJieHbi 6biJiH cxapbia npaBHiejibCTBa. Anrjiia 3aB.iaH Te.ibioAaudoMo H npio6p B.ia npOTeKocTposaMH
MaMmom
r
HaA"b IOHUHCCKUMU ocmpoeaMti, qio GHJIO oqeHb ea MOpCKoro MorymeciBa. 3aBoeBaHHwa KOJIOHIH ona sa co6oio. Hma*M no B-BHCKHM'b TpaKTaiaMi, 1815 r. ycipoena c.ii.nywmHM'b o6pasoM'b. Bx c/BBepnoH HiajiiH Ha-
KOpO-ieBCTBa
CopduucKoe H JloMfiapdo-BeneitiaHCKoe, npn-
I ABCipin, H He6o.ibmia repn,orcTBa Modem, JtjKKa H HapMa. Cpe^HioH) IliajriK) cociaBJia^H ee.mKoe lepwicmeo Toe.nociaBnieeca 6paiy aBCTpincKaro HMnepaxopa, H Hancwut KHKHOH IlTa.iiH H.'BHOK) H3M^Hi Hano.ieoHy j
^ KOHrpecca.
234 CHaia.m Mpoparb, HO BO BpeMa .,cia ARCH" OH^ nepeme.i'L Ha CTOpony HanoaeoHa, 611.1^ notf^awH-L H Bnoc.il^CTBin sa HOHBITKV BoacTania pascTp'kian'L.
Heano.m
B-L
BOijapH.iacb npejKnaa jjHHa.Focnodcmeywuiew noMimwiechOJO CUJIQW cdibAasiacb B'L HTa.iiH
CTia.
Aecmpln (qepes'L JloMtfap^o-BenenjaHCKoe KOPOJIGBCTBO H TocKany). Ocooenno MHOFO XJOHOT-L jjociaEHJio B^HCKOMy Koiirpeccy ycTpofiCTBO FepManiu. BepHyisca K^ ciapOMy
(])eojiiajii>HOMy
cxpoio H cpeji,He-
HMnepin OHJIO H6MHC.iHMO, HO H CTpeMJieme nepe,n;oBLixi> JTFOanoxH (Hanp., IllTeilHa) K-L nojHTHqecKOMy odie^HHeniio xaKate He
iior.io
ein,e
ne
ocymecTBHTbCfl, noiOMy
ycn'fcjia
ITO
I
n^ea Hai^ionajibHaro e,nHHCTBa
r;iy6oKO nponHKnyTb napo^Hoe cosnaHie, a coiosa ne xorkiH jinmHTBCff CBoeii ET>
PeimcKaro
dHBHiaro
BLi6paH'L oLi.i'L cpe^Hift nyiB. BM^CTO npemHHX'B ipexcoTii ^ecaTH Knu^ecTBT, H pecny6jiHKi), BX FepMainH npHanano 6u,io renepB mpudii/amb eocem^ wcydapcm&z: o^na HMnepia (ABCipifl), naTB KOpo-ieBCTB-L (Ilpyccia, CaKcoHia, TaHHOBep'B, BaBapia H BiopxeMr
oepri,),
28
KHaatecTBi, c^ pasHtiMH THiyjaMH (Meat,ny
HHMH JioKceM-
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BpeMeH'L H $paHK(})yT'B-Ha-M.). BC/B BTH rocyiapciBa o6pa30BajH HS'B ce6a repMancniu cowsz CT> oco6HM L COIOSHUM^ cefi-
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B'B (PpaHKcfiypmn-Ha-M. no^ 3xo nocj'B.HHee rocyjiapCTBO sanajio
npe.nc'B.naTejBCTBOM'L ABCTpin.
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60
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cpedneii
Eoponn,
nepeencmeywu^ee noo^HOBpeMenno iia^ pas-
B0o6uj,e
rocnoji;cTByj[
Bca no.iHTHKa ABCTP!H saiLiioBI oxpaneHiH 3ioro no.iojKeHia. Ea pyKOBO^ani,iH MH1759). 6ojrke Bcero 3a6oTn.ica HHCTp^, KHasb Memmepnuxz (1773 B'L 1T06H H HO npOHCXOJJHJO HHKaKHXTi HiaJliH TOMT), FepManiH nepeM BH L, TaK'L KaK-L OH-B MOFJH 6ti no.a.'BHCTBOBaTb na n-BMeAKHxi) H HTa.ibaHCKHx/b no^aHflBix-b ABCTpia H .IHHIHTL ee Bi.iroji;^ sanaxaro
jpo6jieHHLiMH FepManieH H
Ilxajiieii.
qa.iacB Tenepb
r
r
no.ioaxeiiia.
Bmopow no^umunecKOw CUAOW
#5
FepMamu 6u.m
Ilpyc-
na BOCTOK'B (ciapLia H sana^ (npHpeiiHCKaa Ilpyccia), Meaijiy KOTOPHMH je^ajia SCM.IH) BCH ociajbHaa c'LBepnan FepMania. TaKoe reorpa(j)HqecKoe HOJTOtin,
cocToaBiuaa
.nsyxt rjaBHbixi, qacTeft
ns'b
cos^asajio A^fl Hpyccin rocnoACTByromee
FepMancKaro
^
nojoateHie B^ BTOM
coiosa.
270". HecMOipa na
EC'S
ne^ociaTKH nopa^Ka, cos^aHnaro
B-EH-
CKHM-L KonrpeccoM'b, onx- nadoMO ofiesnemuo MemdynapodHuu &> Eepomb. B'L cJi-Eflytomja A^caTH.i'BTia EBpona nepejKHJia
3noxH peBo.iiouioHHLix'L HOTpaceniH (1820, 1830, 1848 IT.), HO OHH lie HapyniHJH MHpa Meaeay eBponencKHMH rocyj^apciBaMH, H no.io/Keflie ^'BJ'L
npo^oj/najocb
,no
Haqa.ia naTH^ecaibix-L
235 Beet Mea^yHapOAHHH nopaAOKi, BX 31011, nepioA'B BpeMeHH ocHOBHBa.ica Ha corjacin naiH BejHKHxi> ABCipiH, AmviiH, IIpycciH, Poccin H ^paniuH (ntmmi^xoifl HX^ HHiepecu Hep-EflKo H CTa.iKHBajHCb Meatfly codoio.
OKCUO copoita
T.-e.
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:
neeiapxiH cymecTBOBajio no.iHTHiecKoe pasfl'B.ienie Ha ipn BOCTOHHbia AepataBbi (Poccia, AfiCTpia H Ilpyccifl), 6iiBuiin a6co.mmmiMii> MonapxixMU, H ^.B-B flepataBti sanaAHu Bcero
BT>
H Afloifl), HM-EBinifl KOHcntHHnjn.ioHnoe ycwponcnwo. caMHMii BOCTO^HLIMH flepataBaMH 6ujiH Hecor.iacifl: ABcipm H PocHM kni pasHue eudu omuocumeMuo Typiwi: Poccifl cia
ui)i
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BX xeqenie copona
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pasyM-BHia
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KaKi, Be.iHKia ^epaiaBH npHsnajiH aa co6oio npaeo ex smu drbm ex u.'fejLio noflaBjeaia peBOJirouiw. npOTHBHHuero TaKoro HanpaBJienia HOJIHTHKH 6uji& ate
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rocy^apt no,iyjHJTL B-L jiyx-B (j)paHi;y3CKaro BOJibHOMuaiia, HO BnocJi'BACTBiH npOHHKca pejiHriosHLiM^ nacTpoeHieM-L H flaate CTa.ii> BHJBTB B-L CBOCH 6opi>6'B CT. HanojieoHOMx BLinojiHeHie noc.iaiiHHqecTBa A.ieKcaiiApy
HnsjoatHBi, BITECT-E ex CBOHMH coiosHHKaMH Bonanapxa H B C-L
HHMH ycipOHBT) Espony, pyccKig HMneparop-L ecTecTBenno cosdanHUu na en>HCKOMo Kouipecctb nopndoKb
H npeaioro fljia ocHOBy OHX nponoB'BflyiomeH opaiCTBO Ha-
BOHHBI. Jlyqniyio
B-L
MeawyHapOAHBia xpHCTiancKOH pejiHriH,
KaK-L 6u JHMHO colpOBHA-BHia. CTaB.ieHHMH HMnepaiopOMx, BM-BHajit rocy^apaMT. BX ooasaHHOCib oieqecKH ynpaBJiaib CBOHMH no,maHHUMH H no6paicKH noMoraib Apyri. Apyry. TaKHMi, o6pa30M-L BX ocnoBy coiosa 6ii.iH no.ioateHti
npeflCTaBHTe.iaMH KOioptixx aB.iaiOTca
rocy^apH,
AKTL CBamenHaro
coiosa,
COK
236 coBepmeHHO npOTHBonojoatHBia nojiHTHqecKoii <J)HJioco<J)iH HpHMKHyiB R-B coiosy 6BL1H npurjianieHBi npea^e Bcero ABCxpia H Ilpyccia, ci> KOTOPHMH Pocciio CBasHBajn E% npoiiLiOMT> nojiBCKie pas^luiBi (1772 1795) H BOHHBI C-B <J>paHH,ieH (1799 B-B a HacToameMi, OAFraaKOBocTB rocy^apCTBenHOHJ $OPMH. 1815), K'B coiosy npucoeduHUMic'b u dpyiin locydapcmoa. BH^ ero H,neH,
XVIII
B.
Typoin, KaKi, ^epataBBi HexpucTiaHCKofi, nana,
Kpoii-B
ce6a
Biinie
6HJTL
coros-L
.npyrax-L
rocy^apefi,
caMHMH
saimioqeH'B
H Anrjris, 6e3i
MonapxaMH
noTOMy MHRiaBHBiMH
yiacTia
qero He flonocitajia anrjiiftcKaa KOHCTHTyi^ia.
CBamenHaro corosa ocTaBajiHCB, o^naKO, JIHIDL mpu GOcmounuH depwaeu. Cnaqajia aBCTpiHCKifi MHHHCTP^ MeTTepnnx'L OTHecca KI npoeKTy HecoqyBCTBenHO H %a,w,e ycMOTp-BJi-L B-L HO IIOTOMI HCKycno BOcnojiLSOBaJica COIOSOM-L
onacHLia H^en,
oxpaHema
BLiro.nHHX'B
ABCipin nopa^KOBi, cos^aHHBix'B no^aBJieHia KaKHx^ 611 TO HH 6BiJio HaKOTOpLia MOFJIH 6BI 6HTB CH OliaCHBIMH.
,a;jra
CKHMI KonrpeccoM-L, H
jLiia
.HBHJKeHiH,
npoiHM'B, eny y,o;ajrocB ydi^HTB rjiaBHaro coiosHHKa ABCipin Bi TOMl, qTO XpHCTiaHC-rpeKH, BOSCTaBHlle npOTHB-B MarOMGTaHCKOH Typi^in, TOJIBKO SyHTyiOT-B npoTHB'B CBoero saKOHHaro rocy,napa.
pe-
272. B-BHCKin KOHrpecc'B 6ujn> uaua^OM^ uompecco&z (BI Axen'k Tponnay, * J> Jafidax'B Y cooTBTBTCTBOBaBHiHX'B
''lywaio
pnda dpy-
H Bepofii),
BHOJIH'B
coiosa
H^ex CBanj,eHHaro BonpocBi no.i!o6oBHBiMH corjiameHiaMH, HO na BTHX'B ate KOHrpeccax'B H BHpa6oiajica npHHU.HH'B BM^niaTejiBCTBa B^ .a.'BJia ,a;py-
raxt rocy^apciB^. Ha axencKOMt nompeccvb 1818 #0 CpOKa OCB060JI.HTB ^paHI^ilO OTB HHOCTpaHHOH
p-BraeHO
6BMO
OKKynai^iH.
TpH
r.
Konrpecca 6nmnL saHaiBi drbJiamu Ifcnaniu u Hmajiiu, BI KOTOpiix'L BX Haqajrfc ^BaAi^aTBixi ro^OB-B BcnBixHy-iH peBOJiiouiH. Ha IlHpeHeHCKOMT, H AneHHHHCKOM'B HOJiyocTpOBaxi. nocjrfc 1814 npOHCxo^HJia cmpamnan peanujitt, Koxopaa pas^pa^ajia Hapo^ H .aipyrie
BOHCKO.
Bx
qacTHOCTH
OTM-EHnji-B
1833), dJiio^aTB,
apMia
B'B
Hcnaflin Kopo.iB ((Pepdunandt FZZ,
KOHCTHTyniro
1812
ate 6BiJia He^OBOJiBHa
1814-
KOTOpyio o6^na;ajii conepcneKTHBOio BOHHBI B'B AMCr.,
ucnaHcnm KOAoniu
Ilepy, YparBaH, (KoJiyM6ia, ^H.IH, MeKCHKa), CTaBinia
r^-B
r
237 Ha
BoeHnoe Bosciame H BI Hop/KHTB B'B EpasH.iiH, npeflociaociaBajca KOTOpOH Kopo.ib Sai'BM'B BCIUJXHY.IO
KOHCTHiyijiio.
ini/KiMu,
anrjiHHaHaM'B pacnopaacaiBca
BHB-B
BI>
.InccadOH-E.
Bx 1821
iia-
r.
H GO Capduniu, IWE BOHCKO lairiK-e saciaBHJio npaBHTe.iBCTBO #aiB KOHCTHTvnno. Bo BC'EX-B 9THX-B nepeBOpOTaxi> nepeyto pOM mpaAO eoucKO, B-L KOxopOMx, KaKi. H B-L Ha.iocB peBOJionjoHHoe flBHaveme
H,n;eH.
1812
i, odmeciB-B, rocno,a;cTBOBajiH ({jpaHi^ aM'EHaxejibHa nony.iflpHOCTb ucnaucKOii BToarB ^BaateHiH: KPOM'B caMoft IIcnaniH,
ona BBO.HHno ea cociaBJifljiHCB B'B jacs Heanojrfc, o6pasi^y KOHCTHTyn,iH IIopTyra.iiH H Cap^HHiH. B-B HiajiiH 310 nojiHTHqecKoe ^Bnateme conpOBoac^ajiocB H HawonaMmiMi. HiajiBflHCKie naipioiBi CTpeMHi.
B-L
HJIH
HM6HHO
JIHCB
ea BI O.HHO HBIX-B
K'B OCB06oat,3ieHiK) i^-BJioe.
oSmeCTB'B
HiajliH OTi AfiCTpin H Kl> o6'Be fliHHeHiK) (
OHH ^McTBOBajH npeHMyni,ecTBeHHO
nyieM'B Tan-
(mp6()Hapie&t>, T.-e. yrOJIBmHKOB'B), n B6HTBI
o6pasoBaHH no npHM^py MacoHCKHX'B BCipeBoatH^H CBflmenHBifi
U
KOTOpBlX-B
jioa^B.
H onx P'BUIHJ'B
coios'B,
CTBenno no^aBHTB BC-B 3TH ^BHatenifl. Ha Konrpeccax^ B'B Tponnay si Jii6axn> (1820 H 1821) ABCipia .notfHJiacB nopyqesm nponsBeciH eoennyw dKseKyww &i HmaMU, HTO H 6Bi.io ero Hcnojineno. Tanoe ace nopyqenie .nano 6BiJio eeponcKUM* KompeccoMt (1822) 4>paHn.iH no OTHomeniK) K'B Ncnauiu, r^i (^pani^ysaMH mate HacHJBCTBeHHO -
6ujH ynHiToaceHBi
BC-B
OOOHX-B nojiyocipOBaxx
nepeM^HBi, npOH3Be,u;eHHBifl peBOJnoi^ien. Ha BOscTaHOBJieH'B 6^1^ a6cojiK)TH3M'B, H npo-
Hsom.ia peaKqifl, pyKOBOAHMaa
KaiojeqecKHM-B ^yxoBencTBOMi,.
Bx
Heanojiii, nanpHM^pi., 6BiJio ^aace sanpen^eno ynHTBca npocioft rpaMOT-B BC'BMI., y KOFO H6 6BIJIO HSB'BCTHarO COCTOflHifl. Ka3HH H
TiopBMBi .noBepuiHJiH pacnpaBy
273. ,
ci .in6epajiaMH.
KOH^ B ABa^aiBix'B ro^oB'B CBflm,eHHBiH coioai, cia^i-B, pacwamueambCfl, H CKp'BnH.ia ero BHOBB JHHIB nosaa peB'B
1
BO paHiuH (,,iiojBCKafl" 3Hca
B'B
OTHonieHiflX'B
H Ilpyccien,
6Bi.io
Mea^y
ipenecKoe
1830
r.).
npn^HHOK) axoro
Pocciefi H ea coiosnHi^aMH,
eoscmanie.
Ha
BajiKancKOM-B u
ocxpOB-B cpejjH
nopadomennoH xpncTiaHCKofi
n
paHH
iio.iy-
(cTa^o) co Bpe-
MCHH Typei^KHXi BOHHij EKaiepHHBi II yTBep^HJiocB yd-BatfleHie, ITO oc6o6odumb ceouxi eduHoerbpitee*. Yaie panBme xpHCiiane nacTHBia nonBiTKH Boscxania (a qepnoropi^Bi xaK'B-TaKH H OTCToa.iH CBOK) CBodofly), HO do.TEe KpynHBia flBHatema npOH3onr.m .IIIUIB B'B Haqa-TE XIX B. Bi 180(i r. H 1815 IT. GWUHUH 'p6u (
Mtuomz 06peuoeum)
H ^aate ^odHJHCB HSB-BCTHOH BaccajBnaro KHaaceciBa. no.n'B (})opMOH Ilpn noMomn PocciH caMoynpaBjenie H PIJMMHM BX laKi, HasHBaeMBix-B
liapa-Feopiiu H
BOoCTdHlc.
238 KnaatecTBax'b
CKHX-L
(Mo.'idae'm
Ho caMoe
u Bcuaxiu}.
npOHSoiu.io cpeflH rpeKOBTj.
CH.ibHoe
Mai. HHSinnxT. KJiaccoBt rpe-
Hacejiema flaBHO (jiopMnpOBajHCb noccTanqecKia
6an,nbi nojiy-
a cpejm
xapaicxepa (K/iec/Smu\ B03HHKJIH TaHHijfl o6m,ecTBa HJIH BeH rb". Fpeqecme naipioTH qepes-L CBOHXI. tHBniHxi) sa rpanHi^eio, na^ajiH TaKate BCTynaiB f
CHOineHia ci HHOcipanHLiMH rocy^apaMH
H nojiHTHHecKiiMH
IlepBaa nonuiKa K^ BoscTaHiro 6tuia c^Jiana (HS-L renepaJiOM s pyccKOH cjy^ou KH. Hncu.mnmu (1821); ycn'fexa ona He HM kiia, HO BtisBajia U-B.ILIH pa^t Hapo n;HHx L BcnRineK'B na iori> Ea.iKaHCKaro nojiyocxpoBa, KOTOpua, o^HaKO, no^asjiajrHcs TypKaMH ct cipaniHOK) .^ecTOKOCTbio. FpeKH samHmajiHCL oxqaaHHO. Hanp., jiflMH.
r
r
r
(
ocam.neHHOM'L TypKaMH, ciaptie H HeMOin,HHe, <5HBinie He BI cocioaHin y^ajHTBca c'B rapHHSOHOM^, aKeHmHHaMH H B't
MuccoM/mUj BI,
cy,na
ropti,
BsopsajH yKpinjieHia
ropo,a,a,
noxopOHHB-L
c'b
codoro
HHMH H BOpBaBHiHxca TypOK^. Ha MOp-B JierKie noAn.itiBajiH K^ TypeiiKHMi* KopaSjiaM-L H- no^atHr
HHor^a ne o^st ycn-sxa. TypKH naiajiH T-BMt ne Men-Be oco6eHHO Kor,a;a K-L HHM^ na noMomb npnuieji'L ernneTCKin nama
MeiMemz-Ajiu (1824).
BoscTaBinie
npOTHBt Typi^in rpeKH
no.ib-
r
6ojibHiHM b
30BajiHCb
coqyBCTBieMt BI, EBpon-s, y oj^KHX-b KaK^ HOTOMKH xpHCiiane H MyqeHHKH sa B-Bpy, y ^pyraxi B'b CHOBa BJUIHEOBX, BCTynHBHiHX'b 6opb6y C'b asiaTCKHM'b BapKaKi> 6opn,bi sa CBo6o,a,y HPOTHB^ ,a;ecnoEfiponbi BOSHHKT. Tairb nasbiBaeMbifi (
y TpeTbHx-L
Ha
TH3Ma.
Mnu3Mi\
sana.n'B
BT>
nojibsy
rpeKOBi* ciajiH codHpaib jjjenbrH, nocbuiaTb
BoenHbie npHnacbi; na xeaTpt co6biTi8 c ra.iH yssmaTb ^odpOBOJibi^si, B'b qacji KOiopbixt 6ujn> BejiH^anniiH noarb anoxn jop^b Eaupono r
Ho
npaBHTejibCTBa ^epatajiH ce6a HHa^e. HMnepaTopi. AjreKcaH^p-b 1 JTHIHO CHMnaTHsnpOBaj'b rpeKaM-b, HO cqHTa.rb ce6a CBflsaHHUM'L ycJOBiaMH CBamennaro corosa H npHHiiiHnoM'b .ierH-
(1788
1824).
B'b TanoM'b HanpaBJieniH OKaaiiBaji^
.
ne
.TKOJiaBiHiH
HHKaKHX'b nepeM^H'b
nojzyocxpOB'B H npeACTaBJiaBmin
na Hero B.iianie MeiH na BajKancKOMi
rpeqecKoe jjBHjKeme,
KaKT, io.ibKO
o6n^eH peBO.aion.iH. Hpyccuoe npaBHTejibCTBO m.io sa KpOMt Toro, nojiHTHKa MerrepHHxa no.ibsoBajracb jiaace
HTO AHuifl
aHrdfiCKaro
MHHHcxepCTBa (JKdcmMpu),
6oajiacb pyccKaro
r
Majo HHTepecoBa.3acb sonpocoM'b H cTapajracb c-b
AHr.iieir.
T-BMI, 60,1^6,
BM'BHiaTejibCTBa B b Typen;Kia
274. IlepeMima Bt
OTHOineniii iep;KaBt KT> rpeuaMt npoTr Kor#a na pyccKm npecTO.it BCTynH.it HiinepaTOpt HUKO(1825), a Bt AHOW saB^UBanie BH-fciiraeH IUUHTHKOH ne-
.MM 7
pem.io (1822) Bt pyKH
rocy^apb
r
PoCClfl
I
1827). HoBbm pyccixiii Kt nai;io-
RauHuma(\110
BOSBpaTHTb CBOIO BH'EIUHIOIO no.iHTHKy
p'fciuH.it
na.ibnoH TpaflHuin Ooptdti CT> TypnaMH, a KanHirarB B0o6m,e COHVBCTB6HHO OTHOCHJCfl KO BCEMt OCB060 HHTe.lbHHM'L .O.BHHeeHmM'L. MeTTCp(
HHxt, KOHeqno, cxapajica npoiHBOA'BiiCTBOBaTb HOBOMy odopoiy, KUKOH npHHfl.iH ^-BJia, HO 6e3yc[rEinHO. HMnepaTOpt HHKO.iafi I
*3UMH
cs
BOIILIH
sanadmiMU
Tor^a
B-B
depMaeaMii, H Poccifl, AHr.iia H corjamenie AO^HTSCS QTL TypOK-L H rpeKOBi, ne-
peMHpia H npHHHTB y^acxie B-L OKOHqaiejibHOM'L saiinpeHin Od'BHMH CTOpOHaMH. TypKH, y KOTOpBIX'B B1> 3TO BpGMfl BCiynH.!!. na npecTO.it secLMa .n-BflTejbHbiii MaxMymo, CBoe ijapCTBOBanie
yunqTO^eHieMt
HHti^apt
Me./K;iy
H
BOHCKa, OTKa3biBa.iHCb ^OTt saiLuoneHm nepeMnpia. Tor.ua ^jiOTt dburt HCTpeo.ient npn Haeapuwb coe^HHeKHbiMH (j)JiOTaMn Poccin, AHr^iin H ^paeain (1827). 3a 3THMt nocj'B.noBa.ia Bofma
Poccin ct Typaieft. HOC.TB nepexo.ua pyccKoft apMin sa Ba.iKaHbi naqajibCTBOMt 3,n6Hqa) BOIOIOUJ.HMH rocy^apCTBaini oujt sar
MHpt Bt AdpianonOAfb (1829). IIopTa npH3iia.ia HCSCWHFpeniu H npomewmopamo Pocciu KaKt na^t 3THMt HOrocy^apCTBOMt, Taict H na^t ^ynaliCKHMH KH/i/KecTBaMH. TaKoe ycHJienie Poccin na BajKancKOMt no-iyocTpOBt oqenb ne npa BH.lOCb ABCTplH. Bt TO 3R BpeMfl ^paHUJfl BCTjnH.ia Bt 60.146 Hyio CBasb ct Poccien, H BsaHMnwa OTHonienia naqajiH npHHHMaTb nanpaB.ieHie, ned.iaronpiflTHoe
KOMdnnaniH, Kor^a BO ^panuiH npOHSOiiua
^.ifl
npeaiHeH HX-B
^iTO.ibCKafl"
peBO.uouiH
(1830).
II.
275. 3noxa, o6in,e iitenie
HacTynHBmafl noc.TB na^eHm Hano-ieona I, BOHOCHT-L nasBanie anoxn peaKi^in. Kant pe^opMaaioHnoe ABHXVI B. Bi>i3BaJo npoTHBt ce6a peaKuiio co CTOPOHU
.iHUHSMa,
TaKt H see HCTOpHqecKoe ABH^eiiie BpeMCHt (j)paHi^y3CKOH pesojioi^in H Hano.ieona
naro a6co.iK)TH3Ma, 3Bajio
npOTHBt
ce6fl
peanu/m
co
I
1:1.1-
3 ra r
cmopoHM cma^atn tmi^ima.
BtipasH.iacb B-L ycHJienin H B03CTaHOB.ieHin aoco.noTH3Ma Taut. ouj'b noKO.ie6.ieHt. CaMbiH a6co.iioTH3Mt OTKa;iiucH OTt
OHT>
XVIII
B.
H cTa.it no,wpjKHBaTb KaKt-past rfecaMbia coc.iOBia, ct
o6pa30Mi>
6oi)o.incb
npaBHTe.ibCTBa,
w*
3
i,
240 miaca B* XVIII
"
noro BJiianieM^ H^en npocBijnjema KaTOJinqecicaa xoate nepROBb npHHa.ia yqaciie ET> STOH peaKum, H B-L 1814 r. nan a TRu VII eoscmanoeuM opdenz iesyumoez, KOiopBiH HeMe.ii,B.
.
jieHHO ate Haqaj-L CBOIO npeacHioio fl-fcaTejibHOCTb KaK-b npOTHB^ npoie-
CTaHTHSMa, Taifb H npOTHB-b BC'EX'b HOBBIX'b Hflefi. 3MHrpaHTbI, BCpHyBinieca na po,a;HHy, H B0o6in,e ABOPHHCTBO ciajiH ^odHBaTtca B03CTa-
HMH dtwo yxpaieHO BO Bpeam peBOJiioqiH H npn Hnor^a 9ia peaK^a nepexoduia ecmifi ipanmu. Bo
HOB.ieHia Toro, HTO
anoM-L
Haiajr-fc
pecTaBpau,iH npOHCxo^HJix
6n>.
meppopt,
BspiiB'B KaTOJiniecKaro BT>
(J)anaTH3Ma ^oniejii .naate ^o H36ienia H-BKOTOPLIXI> M-BCTHOCiaxi) lOra. Bt HcnaHiH noc.n'fe
1814r. 6mia BOScianoBJieHa umeumwn, H
naqajiHCb roHeniH na
noMoraBrnHxt H cogyBCTBOBaBinnx-B ({jpani^ysaMi. To ace A BH BI HeanojrB. B^ CapAHHia oiM-BHajiHcs p-Binenia cy^OB-L, cocTOaBiniaca BO Bpena (j>paHi^y3CKaro BJia,piqecTBa H o6i.aBJiajiHCb HesaKOHHHMH 6paKH, saKJnoieeHue no KO,a;eKcy Hanojreona. CapAHHCKoe npaBHTejitCTBO npe^nncajio ^aate o^-BBaibca no TOH MO^-B, KOTOpaa r
;
6iuia #0 (j)pani^y3CKaro saBoeBania.
Bt
FecceH't-Kacceji'B Toate se-
Bepnyibca KI napHKani H KOcaM^, HOCHBmHMca B-L XVIII B. sjvBCb npaBHieJiBCTBO He xorkio npHSHaBaib sa o(})pmepaMH H HH-
JI-BJIH
H
HOBHHKaMH qHEOBl H
flOJHKHOCTeH,
nOJiyqeHHHX^
Bl>
9HOXy
BeCT-
Kyp^ropCT'b raHHOBepCKifi TaKate OTM'EHH.i'b y ce6a set HOBOBBe^eHia, BOSCTanoBHEi, npH OTOM^ HHTKH, TaMoatHH Mea^y OTfl-BJbHHMH npOBHHi^iaMH, saBHCHMOCTb KpecTban-b OTI> noM B<{)ajibCKaro KOpoJieBCTBa.
r
fl. OcodeHHO 3ia peaK^a nanpaBJia.ia CBOH y/japH npOTHB-b o6pa30Bania, JHTepaiypH H nepiojjHiecKOH neiaiH. B-b caMoii .iHTepaTypt B03HHKJIO oco6oe peaKwouHoe uanpaejieuie, o6^aBHBmee Bonny H
in,HKOBi>H T.
"
XVIII
H
H ryMannsMy H KB BaBmee o6nj,ecTBy BOSBpaTHTbca cpe^HMMTb B-BKaM'b. Hanp., " HHTBIH IKowtfM de-Mecmpv (1754 1821) B-b CBoeii KHHr'B W nan (1819) nponoB'BflOBaji b neo6xoAHMocTb H cnacme.ibHOCTb ^orMaia nancKOH nenorp^rnHMOCTH. 3a BosBpamenie K-b cpe^HeB'BKOBLiM'b ^eo;T,ajibHbiM b nopa.nKaM'b xaRme paTOBajrn n-BKOTOptie nncaTejin. 3io TaroT-BHie K-b cpeflHHM-b B^OMI npoaBHJOCb H B^ H3anj,noH .iHTepaiyp'B. npocB^ni,eHiK)
B.,
pe<})opMan,iH,
r
r
f
cTynaj^ M-BCTO pOManmmMy, BfloxHOB.iaBnieMyca H pbI^apCKOH nossiefi cpe^HHX'b B'BKOB'b. $panii;y3CKiH nacaTe-iB IIIamoGpiam (1768 1848) B'b CBoeM-b ^yx-fc xpncTiaHCTBa" (1801) nepBBiS o6paTH.ro BHHManie na scieTHqecKyio CTO-
pony KaioJiHn.HSMa. B-b XVIII B. cpe^nie B'BKa 6BMH BT> npene6peavemH, KaKi 3noxa ^roTnqecKaro BapsapCTBa"; xenepb MHorie, Hao6opOT^, CTa.iH Bociopraibca HMH. Ilnmepecz Kb podnou .iHiepaTyp^ H BI HCTOpin 6Lro ecTeciBeHHBiM'b
B-b
-
241
HaiuonajbHaro qyBCTBa H peaKujefi npoiHEt OTB.ieieHHaro KOCMonojHTHSMa XVIII B. Ho Huor^a 310 HanpaBjienie caiio npHHHMa.io CJHUIKOII-L HCK.no^HTejbHbiH xapaKiepi).
276. Ha samnTy qnjiocb
OHO
Hagaj-b, KOTOPHM-L yrpoaia,ia
onoj-
peaKw,
Jn6epa.iH3Mi.
no.iyqHBinee BasBame .mfiepajiusMa. 6buo odpasoMt pacnpocipaeeHO cpcda fit/potcyasiu
#pyroe HanpaB.ieme,
rjaBHiiM-b
H
ceo6odHuxo npofiecciu (yqeHHXTb, nHcaie.ieH, T. n.), a O^HO BpeMH u &z ap.uiu Uo cepeAHHti
^OBT,). Bt nOJHTHK-fe JHOepaJHSMT, 6UJIT> SamHTOK) CBo6oAM H KOHCTHiyiuoHHtix'L ygpeat^eHiii. CaMtiMt mMCfl xeopeTHKOM-L jH6epajiH3Ma B^ .nBa^i^aTHX'L ro^axt 6u:n> Eeu-
MdMem Eoncmam
(1767 1830), Kor^a-io q.ieni uano.ieoHOBCKaro HOTOMI HS-L no.iHTHqecKHx^ BparoBt HanojieoHa, KI O^HH'L TpH6yHaia, KOiopoMy, o^naKO, nocj^niii caM-L odpaiHJCfl BO Bpeiifl n cia AHGH" ci>
npocbooK) Biipa6oTaTi> HOByio KOHCTHTyi^iK). B-L CBoefi HOJIHTHB. KoHCiaH-L TOJTBKO pasetui daAime 63iAndu Mon-
gecKOii Teopin nK~'rt;t,e
MiHuyw ceobody u na pasdtweuie e.iacmeu. Oni) CHJILHO 003npomuet napodoejiacmix Pycco, flOKaSHBaff, HTO HHq^M-B HC-
HCI o
Bjacis H BX pynaxi Hapo^a OHI> pa,iBi
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KOH-
CTaH-B 6bLTL CTOpOHHHKOM'L CB06o^H COB^CTH, CB060AH CJIOBa, CBO6o,nbi neiaTH, a xaKaje H CBo6o,nbi iipOMbinuieHHOCTH. BKOHOMHCTH BTOH
anoxH, npHHa^ieataBinie dojibmeio nacibK) TO/KB 6bi.iH
samHTHHKaMH
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^laisser passer, laisser faire", T.-e.
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npn rocno^CTB-B TaKoro npHnn,Hna, HHITO HC CT^cnHJO 6H OTI>
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KT>
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B-L repManin) cToa.ia na ciopOH-B peaKi^in, .npyrafl (npeHMymeciBeHHO BO ^paHEiiH) dsuia HacTpoeea JH6epajibHO. CaMHi KpynHbiH (J)paH^y3CKiH noBTb XIX B. H'u;moj>7, /'mo (1802 1885), r.mBa pOMaHTHKOBi, naqaj-L nncaib B^ eu;e poa.iHCTHHecKOM'b ^yx-fc, HO BX KOHI^'B .nBa^u nepemejT) na ciopOHy jindepa.iOB'L H .naate saaBH.i-b, MTO n " ecib JH6epa.iH3Mi> B-L .iHiepaiyp-B TaKOH poMaHTHSM^ 6bi.i L nporeHia.ibHOH JHHHOCTH H reponqecKaro ^yxa. Yate r
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16
242 CTapimy, yKastiBajH Ha He/jocTaTOiHOCTB paijoHajiH3Ma XVIII B. H peKOMeH^OBa.iH o6paiyami>Cfi KZ ucmopuuecKOMy onbimy, H B'B aiOMt 6njra BaatHaa sacjiyra. Ho eain y O.UHHX'B o6pameHie K-B
HCTOpiH 6LLIO TO.IBKO pesyjiBiaiOM-B nepacnojiojKeHia K-L HacxoaTO flpyrie ccHJiajiHCb Ha HCiopiio, Hao6oporB, jjjia onpaB^ama CTpeMjremH. Ct nocj^Hero uijjibK) (j>paHijy3CKie HCTO,
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^aTHX L I
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T.-e.
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npe^KOBi* dypatyasin, BO BTOpon
Hciopien napJiaMenia (T^ ate HCTOPHKH). ET>
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nepe-
Ocodyio cajiy npio6piuia 3TO BpeMa H jiH6epajibHaa nepioAHqeccKaa npecca. 277. B-L 9noxy Haiajia 6opbdti peaKn;iH c^ JiH6epajrH3MOM'L c rajio BOSHHKaTB r
eme O^HO odmecTBGHHoe nanpaVI-TT BHSBanHoe dKOHOMUuecKUMz BJieme, nepeeopomoMV noui^a XI III u naw.ia XIX e. PO^HHOH 9ioro nepesopOTa 6tLia Anrjiia. 06e33eMejienie KpecibaHCKOH Maccu cos^ajro s^icb npojemapiamv, a H-BKOTOpbia oco6bia yoiOBia co^HCTBOBajiH ne6ueaAOMy pocmy npomuwjieuuocmu u mopioe.m (Macca KaMeHnaro yrjia H atejlisa, passemepCTH, MopCKoe H KOJioeiajibHoe Morym,ecTBo). 6jioKa,ii,a HanojieoHa I ne Morjra coKpymaTb KOMMorym,ecTBa AnrjiiH. KpOM-fe TOIO, s^-fecb B^ KOHU.'E XYIII B. 6mio U3o6pn>meno Mnomecmeo Mawum, rjraBHHMH H3i) KOTO(1815
1830)
.
6biJiH
napOBOH
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(
1769 r.), 6yMaronpa1 770 r.) H MexaHHHecKiii
Yam/wit OKOJIO
MamHHa (Apnpaumb u Papipuecz B b CTaHOK'b (RapmKpaumi B'b 1785 r.). r
CHanajra napOA'b OTHO-
MamHHaM-b Kpanne Bpaatjj;e6HO, noTOMy TTO, coKpaiu,aa na cnpoc^ pa6oHia pyKH, OH-B OTHHMajH y Hero xji-Etf-B. KpoM-fe Toro, na (()a6pHKax B BT& 910 Bpena cia.iH CTpanino 9KcmiyaTHpoCH.ica
K'B
r
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B'B
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MacxepCKHx^. Il,exH BO 6biJiH yHHHToatenH BO BpeMa peBOjnonin (1791); ET> AnmiH aKOHOB^ Haqajia XIX B. TO/EC HOJIO^HJIH Konei^t cpe.a.HenocTaHOBjremaM'b, CTicHaBOHM-B KpynHyio r
orpajK a;aBniHx B 1
paHn,iH
MCJIKHXI*
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a Tsepi.
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243 cH.if.no
yBejHHPLio KO.iHqeciBO npo^yKTOBt npOHSBo^CTBa,
K'L
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3KOHOMHqecKOMy cipOK) conpOBOJK.na.iCfl Maccoio 6e3pa6oTHneH BSpoc.iLix'L, 3KcnjyaTan,ieH
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naynepHSMOMt (nnmeTOK)). rocyflapciBO, OTKasaBineecH OTL BMijoiaiejiLCTBa
278.
HOMHqecicyK) JKHSHL, He npe^npHKHMajio HHiero
3a ro
BT
f
pa6oqHxi>.
npH
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B'L
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yjyqiueHia no-
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pecpopjuu, KOTOpaa ycipanHJia 6H BC^ STH HCMI, aBTOpH BTHX'L DJiaHOB'fc H6 B'BpHJIH 60JI^e B'L
CKie nepeBOpOTti H oipni^aTejiBHO OTHOCHJIHCB KT> jrn6epajH3My. BCK)
OHH ycMaTpHBajH
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SKOHOMHuecKOM* uudu6udyajiu3Mn>,
OHH
qacTHbix'B XOSHHCTB'B. npe^npiflTifl
T.-e.
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o6mecTBeHHHMH, OTKy^a xamfl
yqeflia
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coiwajiucinuHecKuxt. B'L HOCJI'BAHHX'L HaiaJio 3KOHOMHqecKOft SaM-BHflJIOCL TaKHMT> yCTpOHCTBOMI* O^II^eCTBa,
HpH KOTOpOM'L H opyjufl npo^SBOACTBa Haxo^HJHCL 6u B'L pacnopa/KeniH ne OT^iLHHX'L jiHu.'L, a H,^Jiaro o6n^ecTBa. HepBtiMH ci laKHMH BtiCTynH.iH Oysm B'L Anr-iin H Cem-CuMom H 0ypw BO Po6epT L Oyani (1771 f
1858)
CTB6HHOCTL CBOHXfc pa60HHX'L OKasajicfl
na
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nepBLIX'L TOJjaX'L
XIX
B.
EfO
Ha nepBLix-L nopax'L y^aqatiM-L, H Tor^a OHI CHCTeaiy
Ero
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611.11.
iL ^HCTO npaKTnqecKH,
ocodnx'L
TOBapHHi.ecTB'L
odpaiHjia na ce6a BHHManie HanoJieoHa I (yace EJCHLI), HMnepaiopa AjieKcaejiipa I H KOpojiH npyccnaro,
fl'feflTejibHOCTL
o.
CB.
HHiepecoBaBfflHxcfl ero njianaMH. B-L npe^npHHfl.i'L
ocymeciB.ieHie
ji.Ba^H.aTLix'L
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ro^ax-L B'L
Ero npHHi^HnoM-L 6mia o6nj,HOCTL HMymecTBa, ipy^a H BoanarpamAemfl. Tpa^x CeH-L-CHMOH'L (17601825) EMH, E'EpH-fee, ero yqeHHKH cos^ajiH ^aate i^-Bjiyio pejinriosHyio ceKTy H XOTEJIH npn^aiL en
H-EKOiopoe
npeA.iarajiH UJflMH,
B'L
no^o6ie
CCH'L-CHMOHHCTLI
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(1772
r
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map'L nepen^eT-L K-L ero CHCTCM-E. BC-E BTH pe(j)OpMaTOpu aac.iyB'L TOM-L -KH.IH HasBanie yTonncTOB-L. HosjiH'Ee, B-L copOKOBtix'L ro^axx
me
ayx-E nncajiH Ka6e, aBiop'L KOMMyHHCTHqecKaro poMana n IIyTeniea CTBie B-L IlKapiio" (B-L pOfl-E n yTonin To^iaca Mopyca) H Jlyu Riant IvSSLM. peKOttfeHHOBaBmifi rocy^apCTBy B3flTL na ce6a n opra(1811 16*
244 Tppa",
iTo6bi
saM^HHib
qacTHLia npeAnpiflrifl
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HblMH MaCT6pCKHMH HpOTHBl, HpOMblULieHHOH CBOfiOAbI CTaJTH B03CTaBaib H nncaTejH, He npe^iaraBiiiie oomaro nepeycxpOHCTBa 06.
meciBa, HO peKOMeH^OBaBinie TOJIBKO npaBHiejibCTBeHHoe CTBO B'b OTHOineflifl MeacAy npe.a.iipHHHMaTejflMH H pa6oHHMH. 279. KpOM-B no.iHTuqecKHX'b H con.iajibHbix'b ^BHiKemn, na s
EBponii iipOHCxo^HJiH B'b XIX B. deuweniH Hawona.ibHbiH. Oco6yK> CH.iy OHH nojiymiH B-b FlTaJiiH H lepManiH, r^t BOSHHiuia .
061. (B!)
oft'EHx-L cipaHt RJI& ocBo6oatA6Hia OTI> yjiyimeHm BHyTpeHHeii atnsiiH. BTH CTpeiuenm
od-be^HHeniH HxajiiH) H
6biJiK
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npoHHKHYTbi jHdepajibHbiM'b HanpaBJieHieM^. BHateHia H ex pasHonMMennou CBOH
BI>
Aeemp'm.
(1806), aBCTpiiiCKoe npaBHTejibCTBO npe^npHHajio repMaHHsai^iio Ma^bapx H em,e 60.1*6 ycHJHJio OH-BMeqenie cjaBan^. Mern^y rtM'b B'b nopa6om,eHBJia.n'BHiH
e^HHyio HMnepiio
CTajo pasBHBaibCfl naiuoHajibHoe caMOcosHame, CHJbHOMi) yrHeiemH naxo^HJHCb B'b ABCipiH cjiaBaHe r
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KOTOpue roBOpnjiH ^aaje o BOsnoatHOCTH H no.iHTHqecKaro o6 be;i;HHeHia, Tor^a H'EMijBi H Ma^bapbi cxajiH roBopHTb 06^ onacnocTH, KaKOK) f
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1814).
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245
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ma
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yBJieKCfl
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na pasHbia rpynnbi. BojbniHHCTBO
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xaBinie
cowra, TEM^
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oasaMH 6mn>
npHM-fep-L y^aqHEix-L
llcnamn, Heanojii H HopiyrajiiH, Ba.iH
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rp, npOBancKiii
(18241830). CTapinift HS^ ^paH^H B-L 1791 r.
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XVI; Kor#a
Koioparo POHJIHCTH
3te
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npHHO-L HMH Jio^OBHita XVIII.
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Ha Hero
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rpaHTOB-L H iesyHTOBi. 283. JIiOAOBHRt XVIII (BX
HX-L
coxpaHUM nanoMonoecniH ynpemdewn
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no odpasuj aHoiMCKofi KOHCTHTyn,iH. nojiyHHja HacjrkflCTBeHHyio
paHi^ifl
no HOBOH KOHCTH-
na.iaiy nspOB-L H BudopiiyH) na.iaTy
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.ia>n,
BucoKiii r^ensx; BCJ^cxBie 3ioro Bt 3noxy peHsdHpaxejeH no.ib30Ba.iocb Jinmb HesnaMHTe.ib-
npasaMH Hoe MeHbuiHHCTBO HaaiH, HMCHHO o^HH 6oraibie. Ilo3TOMy B-b naMor.ia H^TH 6opb6a TOJBKO Meac^y ABOpflHCTBOM'b H caiiofl 3a-
248 qacTBK) dypacyasia. .IIO^OBHK'L XVIII XOTE.I'B CTOHTB BBIIHC H Haxo^Hjit cpe^n pofljHCTOBt TaKuxi* .no^efij KOToptie T&napiift jajiHCB MHHHCipaMH fljifl npOBe^enia HMCHHO TaKOft nporpaMMBi (repLJOFL PumeMe H fleKCMii), no npOTHBi, HO^O^HOH HOJIHTHKH BoopyatajiacB
napxia yMmpa-pOHJimmoe'b, KOiopaa noaiOMy ne JioH nocioflHHO npOTHBOA'BficTBOBajia ero MHHHCipaM'B. JlwKopojfl
XVIII 6BUO ipy^HO npOBOAHTb CBOIO nporpaMMy. 3io y^e CTapBifi H .name .upaxjniH, 6o.ibine Bcero JrHIHOMt CnOKOHCTBiH H KOM^OpT-B, pOHJIHCTEJ ate nOCTOHHHO HM'BJH 6ojiLinHHCTBO
B-L na.iarB. 06^ee HanpaBJienie eBponencKOH THKH Toate ne o.iaronpiflTCTBOBajio npHMHpnTejibHOMy o6pasy CTB!H, H $paHn,ifl npn JIIOAOBHR-B XVIII BHHyat^ena 6tuia
BOHCKOMI. HcnancKyio
peBOJiioijiK).
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dpaxx H XVIII c^JiaJiocB ,n;aaie ne JIio^OBHKy
OKastiBajiH CHJitHoe .naBJienie ero
ero ceMBfl.
Kpairaeii peaKn,iH,
Kor,a;a
IIOJIH-
na 6ojibHoro H BCH
Haai'E.nHHK'B
6opoiBca
nojj'B cnjiy
O.UHHI (^aHaTHK-L (JlyeeM], Bosne-
KHHH OTeiji, repn,ora Eeppiuemio (1820), HecqacTnaro ^pHH^a noipedoBaji'B npHHHTia pasraxt peaKn,ioHHBix'B Byp60HOB'L
BapBapCKH
y
Sap'BBaJII.
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(npenMymecTBeHHO npOTHB-L ne^a-m).
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Kap.it x.
284. C^iaBinHCB KOpojieM-L, Kapj'B X Baji^ CBoero coma Cb yMmpa-pottJiucmaMU u
HHCKOJEBKO
He CKPBI-
Kompeiau,ieu. B-L 06-
mecTB-E ^aate XO^HJIH cjiyxn, dy^io KOPOJIB caM-L c^Jiajtca iesyniOMi. HOBBIH KOPOJIB oco6eHHO .nyMaji'B o TOM^, KaM> 6u npoBeciH TaKOii HS-
na^aiy CTajH 6u nona^aiB o6y3,naTB onnosHHJOHHyio nenaTB H ycHjiHTB BJiiflme .nyxoBencTBa. BMHrpaniBi ^aBHO o 603Haipa,mdeniu 3d KOufiuCKoeanmiH 36MAU] MHOrie ,o;aate TpedosajiH, qio6Bi STH SCMJIH 6um npocio-Ha-npocTO OTHHTH dapaTejiBHBiH saKOH-B, TOJIBKO
npn KOTOPOM-B
yjiBTpa-poiLiHCTBi, H KaK'L
y HOBBIX'B
BJia.H'BJIBI^eB'B
B-L
6Bi
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npaBHT6.IBCTBO BOHpOCOMl., npOBejio B-L na.iaiax'B saKOHi. o6i> accnrHOBaHin na BOSHarpaiKACnie 9MHrpaHTOB'B ^ kIa^o MMJiJiiap^a ({jpaHKOBi,, PeaKn,ioHHoe nanpa-
KaK'L-HH6yAB
f
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1827
BI> najiai'B.
r.
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KapJn>X
dmweme
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Tor^a nopy-
cocTaBjieme HOBaro MHHHCTepCTBa yM^peHHOMy pOHJincxy ,
Map-
KOiopBin p-Bmnjica oc.ia6HTB peaKi^iio H npOBecxn H-BKOTOPBIS
Jin6epajiBHBifl
M^PBI. Kopo.iB, o^naEO, JIHHJB CKp-sna
3ioro
MHHHCTepCTBa,
neqaTH,
cep^e MHPHJCH
odesneqHBHiaro
a^MHHHCTpai^m, o6jrerqHBinaro no^qHHHBHiaro HIKOJH .nyxoBencTBa
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ne
&o
Koneij'B npeo6jiaAaHiK)
CBo6ojy
249 HaA30py H Aaaie sa^yMasiiiaro saai-EHHTB iianOwieoHOBCKyio cncxeMy cxpon,eHTpa.TH3auiH
M^CTUHMI
caMoynpaBjeflieMTb.
.lH6epa.iH noa-
MapTHiiMiKa, no KjepHKa.iw H y.iBipa-pOHJiHCTLi cxpaniHO ero BOSHenaBH.n'BJH. .InoepajBHaa nap-da doajacB TO.IBKO, KaKX OH
M BCTHoe canoynpaBaeHie He nocjiyjKHJO Ha nojiBsy yjiBipa-poajHciaMt, H noTOiiy iie no/wpjuaja npoeKia MapinHBaica. Kap.ii> X r
oieHB 9TOMy o6pa,noBajCfl H, ^aBt MnewcTepCTBy oiciaBKy, na ero M-BCTO caMaro KpafiHaro peaKi^ionepa, KHHSH (1829). IIocjrE 9ioro B-L nai^iH co CTOPOHH Kap.ia X CTa.iH OHCHnpuMoro Hana^enia na KOHCTHTyn,iK), H jjaiKe pyccEifi noc.ianB'L
Hapnat-B
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r.,
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cecciro
na.iarL.
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Kapj-L
KOiopoii otuia npflMaa yrposa
npe.3;-
ITajaia oiB'BHa.ia adpecoMi, coAepataBniHMi, ropBKie
ynpeKH Kopojro; appeal, dmrt npHHHTi, 221 rojocoMt npOTHB-L 181. KopojiB cnaqa.ia OTCpoqnjrB sac-B^aHifl najiai'L &o OCCHH, HO CKOpo (16 Maa) mj(Bjn yicas'B, pacnycKaBiniH najiaiy H ^aate atajOBaBiiiiHCfl Ha nee H HasHaqaBmia HOBHC Bu6opu. Ha BBioopaxi. npouun, BC-B 221 .nenyTaTi, H 6mro Hs6paHO eii^e He MOO ,
ycn-BBinaa
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i
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co6npaTBca Ha coB-Einaimi o TOM-B, aBHaro BH,ny napymeHia KOHCTHTVUJH; jaBKH, 6ujin ifl, (J>a6pHKH saKptiTBi HXT. BjiaA'BJifci^aMH, H pa6oqie K'B BoacTanie, KOTOpony npHMKnyjH MHorie H HS-B jipyrHx-B enyTaiBi ciajin
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TecrL-aKia).
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1829
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qHBmie nepeB'BC'b H BBi^BHHyBime MHHHCTepCTBO/})^(1764 1845), H cocTaBH.iH CBon OHXIB o pe^opM'B. Ilajaia oom.HH'b ero npnHfljia, HO najiama .wpdoet omoepwa, qio BOS^VAH.IO CTpainnoe B-b napo^, rposHBuiee npaMO peBO.irouien. Fpen noA.a.i'b BX
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H pefiopMa 6bua npoeedena (1832). Mnorifl npasa noctuaTb npeAC'raBHiejieH B-L napjaMemx, HO saTO 9TO npaBO ^ano 6bijio dojibranM^ ropo^au-L, KOiopBie ero He paHbme. Hs^HpaTe.ibHLifl upasa du.iH npHSHaHH, o^naKO, sa 3eM.ieBJia;vkibiiaMH H ^OMOBjaAkibi^aMH, HM-BBHIUMH 10 (J)yH,
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sa i-BM-b
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FepMaHia (BpayHHiBeftri, FecceHiKacceji'B, CaKComn, raHHOBep-B H T. n.), r^i ^BMH nocjii 3 roro BB6A6HH HOBBIH KOHCTHTyulH, HO B'B Odll^eM-B H nOCMb 1830 I. 6t> FepMamu ece ocmaeajiocb no cmapOMy. B^ TaHHOBep'B TOJIBKO-ITO Bo:iHeHift B'B c'BBepHOH
r
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293. Cy^ 66 COK)3i>.
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Meat^y
1820
r. ?
7
255 cymecTBOBaBiiiaro xor^a ycipOHCTBa FepMamn, HO y/ne nepe^ 1830 r. npyccidH TaMoaceHHUH COFOSI, oxBaTUBa.it 6o.itniyio HaciB dkBepHOH
FepManiH, BT> TpHjjn.aTBix'B ate H copOKOBuxt ro^axt paciipocxpaH na BCK> FepMamio (npOM-B ABCTpin). .iHtfepaviu IOJKHOH YJI$ CHJiBH-Be scero 6HJH pasBHTU EOHCTHTyaioHHBia ynpe-
HHJica
cnaiajia O^CHB KOCO CMOTp-LiH na BTO 3KOHOMHqecKoe OO-LFepManiH nofl'B rjraBeHCTBOMi> Ilpyccin, npo.no jmaBnieH ;u'pcxapHiiu. HO BnocJi'BACTBiH TaKoe OTHOiiieHie H y HHX-L ntcKo.ibKO HSM^HHJIOCB.
294
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H eMy 1861),
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npeKpacHHH
opaiopx,
Bt nepBtie ro^ti csoero r^apCTBOBania ont nojoateme neqaTH H nayKH, HTO cxkji&Jio ero HpycciH H BI> ocxajiBEOH FepMaHin. Sa.nyMaB'B .HOCTPOHTB snaMeHHTBifi codopt, OH-L caMT) npiixaji-B na sai^iaAKy ero 6ameH B, na 3TO TOpjKecTBO Apyrnxt repMaHCKHxi, rocy^apeS. Bo BCCH FepManiH OICHB nonpaBH^acB piiB Kopojifl, BI KOiopoS OH-L roBOpHJi, KeJIBHCKOMt COtfop'fc, KaKX CHMBO.TB Hai^iOHa.IBHarO e^HHCTBa H opaicicaro eAHnema neatly BC^MH H^MaaMH. KaK-B-pas-B OKOJIO 9ioro rposH.ia BcnBixHyiB BOHHa CT> I>paHi^ieH, H caMH H-BMei^Kie pOMaiiTHKi,.
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Bnocji'E.ncTBiH Bjiianie
1847
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BO MHornxt Kpyrax-B FepManiH. oxei^i ero, ciHTaBiniH ce6a CBaaaHHWM'B o6 BmaHieM-B r
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npoBHHi^iax'B H .HOJIFH
cooacia Hapo^naro npe^CTaBHTe.iBCTBa. HyKAaacB .nja'nocTpOHKH atej-BSHuxt .noport H yciynaa ipe6oBaHiio CT>
Hia, 4'pH.npHX'B-BHjBrejBM'B IV BX 1847 HasBiBaeMBiH coeduuenmtu .mndniai* HS-L OTT>
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FepMamH, xoia jn6epa.iBHaa napxia H
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in,
256
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f
JK>/i;OBHK L-<J>HJIHniI b 1
H,apCTBOBa.TB BOC6MH (1830 1848), [ijapCTBOBame ero ^JTHTCH na qacTH. Bi> ,1B'B TpHjiuaTbixfc ro^axi B-L IlapHad} H apyrHxi, M'Bciaxt gacTO BCiraxHBajiH napodnuH Goscmania, H B0o6m,e ykiajncb nonumKU misecpinytm iwMCKyw Monapxiw. Bx BTHX-L not&paiinJH
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H npasamie KJiaccu npnd'BraTb K^ pasnaro po^a M^paM-B npeat^enia H
no,a;aBjreHifl.
npeji;y-
3aTpyji;HHTe.iBHOCTb no.ioacenia ycjiomna-
HTO Kopojiio .nojroe BpeMa ue ydaeaAoct cosdamt npoHuoe MUHucmepcmeo. Bi> Tpn.ni^aTbixi. ro^ax^ npOHCxo,n,HJiH BectMa CM^HLI MHHHCTpOBI. B^ SaBHCHMOCTH OTI> BSaHMHBIX'b OTHOine-
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napJiaMeHTCKHMH napllflMH. rJiaBHBIMH BO^K^flMH KOTOpLIX'L H Twp%. Bo BTOpoarb nepio^ IJOJIBCKOH MOHapxin, T.-e.
copOKOBbixT, ro^ax^, saroBopti H B03CTama upeKpaTH.iHCb,
Ha 6mia
noKy-
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Kopojra CA'BJiajiHCb p'Baie, H'BCKO.ibKo JI-BT-B Ho ynpaBJiajio O^HO H TO ^e MHHHCTepCTBO FHSO.
TOJIBKO BH'smHOCTb.
ECJIH nopa^OK'B cepbesHO Sojite ne HaH irojibCKaa pymajica, Monapxia Kasajracb BHOJIH^ ynpoqHBmeioca, TO BHyTpn o6in,ecTBa npo^ojiaiajrH rocno^CTBOBaTb nedoooMcmeo u nepeMnuaMv. Bt anoxy IIOJILCKOH MOHapxin BO $paHnpOHSonwo o6oc rpeme OTHomemH Meaj/i.y dypajyasieii H npojer
HanpHM., em,e B'B 1831 r. B-B ,/IioHi BcnBixny.io rposnoe eoscmanie pa6ouux^ KOTOpoe He CTaBHJio cedi HHKaKHxi* nojiHTHHeCKHX'b E^'BJieil, 6y,aiyqH BBisBano HCKjiiOHHTejibHO 3KOHOMHqecKHMH npn.
H atejiaHieM'b padoinx-b
yjyqmHTb CBoe MaTepiajibHoe noBoo6m,e He^OBOJibHiie pa6oqie H no^ep/KHBa ro.nax'B BC'B pecnyo.iHKancKia nontiTKH, HO B-B ronaxi> npojieTapiaTi yBjenajica doj^e yate pasHbiMH yneHiaMH, nponoB B a;oBaBHiHMH mxiraoe nepeycTpoficTBO Haro 6biTa oomecTBa (TeopiaMH Jlyu Bmna, Ea6e u flp.). 295*. IIojo^eHie caMoro .lio^oBHKa-^HJiHnna 6bi.io caMoe i
r
mueoe. BosBe^eHHbifi Ha npecTO.i-b peBOJiioujeH, OHI>
257 na nepBuxi, nopaxi,, lepjuaTh ce6a coo6pa3HO ct9THMi> npoCBOCH BJiaciH H pasbirpbiBaib pojib ,,Kopojm-rpaiKflaCMy Bib snaqHTejibHOH M^pli H yflaBajocb (nanp., OHT> xo-
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nposecTH B-L napJiaMeHT-B ^adpHqnbie saKOHti B'b nojibsy padoqnx'b *), HO BO 4>paHH,iH 9TO OKasajocb HeBOSMoasHHM'L. 200 2-H) T. H36HpaiejieH cociaBjfljiH s^cb nSaKOHOM^ onpeA^ieHHyio cipany" (pays legal), sa npeA^iaMH KOTOPOH Haxo,nHJiacb sea ocia.ibHafl nanifl. MHHHCTPLI H ^enyiaiLi rocno^ciByiomaro Kjacca BO BCCH CBoen ^flTejibHOCTH H BT> 6opb6'B ^pyr'b ct flpyroarL BC^H ce6a KaK'i. 6yAio He 6bi.io BO Bceii paHiuH HHKoro, KPOM'B KHXI. ca*)
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B6CTH BHOJH'B
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HH na Kama yciynKH o6m;ecTBeHHOMy MH^Hiro. 297. BBIXOAOM-B HS^ TaKoro neHOpMajBHaro nojioateHia
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naqa.iy ^BHatenia
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noc.iy^Hja aiumai^in
ei
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259
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nHCK'B,
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BT>
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pnatCKOMT, HacejeniH Mticjib o pe(j)OpMi BBi6opOB-b. OnnosHi^ia BOBCC HC xorfejia ^OBO^HTb ^-BJO AO p"B3Karo CTO^KHOBema c-b npaBHiejibCTBOMI, onacaacb, ITO ecJH6bi npon3om.iH 6e3nopaAKii, TO OHH 6biJiH 6bi
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paibca TOJinbi napo^a, Koiopbifl Haia.iH rpa6Tb opyatenHbie cipOHib 6appHKa,^bi, nana^aTb na BoeHHbie nocibi. codpajo HanjonajibHyK) rBap^iro, cocTOflBrayio HSI. 6ypatya3ia H BX Tpn^uaibix-b ro^axi) OXOTHO no^aBJiflBmyK) Hapo^Hbin BosciaHia, HO
ona -renepb codnpajracb H ^HCTBOBajia BHJIO; B-b ea oTpajax'b ^ame KPHKH sa pe^opny H npoiHB'b MHHHCiepcTBa FHSO. JHnn'b coBepiueHHO pacxepfl.icfl H nocn'BniH.Tb FHSO OTCiaBKy, ^TO BHSBajro B'b IlapHatt sapbiB-b Bociopra H Ho senepOM'b xoro ate ^HH (23 (j)6Bpajifl) niyio Hj.iK)MHHaii,iK).
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I
260 KOTOpOH
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OOHOBI.
Bypatyasia,
Bt naqaji'B
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o(5mecTBeHHoro
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HJIH, KaKi.
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MeHeMi.
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^BHateHiro
flaBaxb
naxoAHJiHCb 6LIBmiH npOTHBHHKOMX peM'BH'b
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(1808
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1874),
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261 oonie ycipaHBa.iH pajntia MaHH(()ecTauiH, OO.IBIIIHIICTBO BpeMennaro npaBHiejbCTBa nom.io Ha ycTynKH, o6a3aBmHCb o6e3iieqHTb sa na-
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BpeMeiiHaro npaBHTe.ibCTBa, no yme 6e3T>.lyn H.iana H ero TOBapHin,a.
299.
KpaHne He^OBcueH'b TaKHM'b cociaynpe.nHTe.ibHaro codpama H HOBaro npaBHie.ibCTBa. MeatAV me BpeMeiiHoe npaBHTejbCTBO RJIH. ycnoKoeiiifl pa6oHHX b, .IHiiK'HHbixT> sapaooTita, ycTponjio laKT na3HBaeMi,iH naiunufuhHUH MO,IIpojeTapiarL
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AOHMO #0 117
Cnaqajia P^IDHJIH npejyioasuTb pa6o^HMT> nocTynHTB BT> coj^aifci HJIH HCKaTt paXOTHT1,; nOTOMI) HOCTaHOBHJIH yjjaJIHTB BC'BXI) npHinJILIXl iiOHa
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M^PH, pas^paatafl R&poxi>, Moryrb BbissaTb ci. ero ciopOHbi B03CTanie, H npaMO roiOBHjiocb K'L yjiH^HOH dopbd-B. Hai^ionajbHoe co6paaie ipe6oBajio nojiHaro saKptiTia nai^ioHajibHLix^ MacTCpcKHxi, HO padoiie npocHJH AOCiaBHib HMI KaKyio-JiH6o Apyryio pa6oiy, He q-BMt KopMHib ce6a H CBOH ceMbH, ec.iH nai^ioHajibHbjfl Ma6y,3,yT b aaKpiiTbi. Tani. KaKi> HOHHTKH cooaiueHifl HH K-L
snaa,
r
He npHBejin, TO
dun.
uemupe
Eaeemmy
6tuia
23 iwna fl^Jia
HCMCMOM, eoscmanie, npodoAotcaeweeca no^aBjema 3ioro BoacTaHia renepajy
Bpyqena ,a;HKTaTOpCKaa
BJiacib,
H
no.a.'b
ero naqajib-
CTBO 6HJH uociaBjieHLi, KpOM-B peryjapHbixb BOHCR^, Han,ioHajibHaa rBap^ia, cocioaBHiaa HSI 6ypmya3iH CTOJIHI^H H OKpecTHbiXTb M-BCT-
TaKi HasuBaeMaa no^BHatHaa rsap^ia, Ha6paHnaa H3-b ate, HO dojibnie HSI pasnaro c6po^a. Iwubcnie duu 6ioH atecTOKHM-b H caMLiMTj KpOBaBtiM-b MeatAoyco6ieMi>, KaKoe H
HOCTeit,
napaati. B-b CBOHX^ crEHax-b. ^Jia <})paHi^y3CKaro npojieiapiaTa 9TO 6bLio CTpaniHHM-b nopaatenieM'b, HO
TOJibKO
BH.n'BJi'b
HaHecen L ydapt u pecny6jiUKn>, Taifb KaKi rpona^noe Hai^in ciajio ea 6oaibca H naqajio nowpacHBaTb CBO HMI Bci M^PEI, KJiOHHBmiaca KI yMeHbmeHiio o6m,ecTBeHHOH r
300*. BB6JI0 B0 ^P aH ^ H
HMoieoffL
1848
CBo6o^bi.
yHpe^HiejbHoe co6panie BLipa6oTajio H HOByio Koncmumyyiw, noKOTOpofi ^epataBHUH ^)paH-
OceHbio
r.
Hapo.ni. nyieM-b Bceo6m,aro roJiocoBania Bpyqajii) BCK> HOJIHOTY 3aKOHO,ii;aTejbHOH BJiacxn sauouodameMHOMy co6panm, a BCK) HOJI-
i^yscKin
KOTy BJiaciH HcnojiHHTejibHOH
H36HpaeMOMy na qeisipe ro^a npesu-
denmy pecny6jimu. npe3H,neHTCKie Bbidopu
coBepuiHJiHCb
BI>
Haqajii
^eKadpa, H HS'b CCMH CJIHUIKOMX MHJiJiioHOB'b rojiocoB-b OKOJO naTH ci HOJIOBHHOH MHJLiioHOB'b ^ociajiocb JIwdoeuny-Hcinojieouy Eoua-
napmy,
njieMaHHHKy
$pan^H
6biJio
BI
Mojroflsix'b
TaKoe.
Hanojieona
I.
nosaro
npaBHiejia CHHI. rojuraH^CKaro Kopo.ia JIiOAOBHKa, OH-B
Ilponuioe
ro.nax^ npHHHMajii. yiaciie B'b Hia.ibaHCKOM'b pesoHana.ia TpHjiaaTuxT> roAOBi, a np Jlro^o-
263 BHK'E-H;iHnn'E
B03CTaHOBHTb H
Bt
c^ia-it BO
ByjiOHH TO.ibKO
ABIJ
saKJHOieniio
yepest
coBepnieHHO
nonbiiKH
tfespascy^Hbifl
^paHnJH HMnepiio (Bt CipacfiyprE Bt 1836 r. Bt 1840 r.). 3a nepByio nonLiiKy ont nono npnroBOpy cy/ut Kt HsrnanieMt, sa Biopyio KpimocTH FaMt), H3t KOioparo ewy
(BT,
inecib J^T-L
6iiJKaTB.
Ilocjit <j>eBpajibCKOH
peso-
HOC co^pame H nocxaBH.i^ CBOIO KaH^H^aTypy na AOJjKeocib npepecny6jiHKH. Hsfipame npesnjieHTa Bceo6in,eio no^aqeK) ro.IOCOB-L OTAaaa.io piineHie 3ioro Bonpoca Bt pyKH o6mecTB6HHHx L 3H,3,eHTa
f
K.iaccoB'L, He iKe-iaBrnHxt rociio^ciBa Kpynnoft ^ypatyasin, ja H caMoe npoHcxo^Aeeie KaHAH^aTa coe^nnnjio OKOJO ero HCiopHHecKaro H nonyjiapearo HMCHH H KpecTBHHi), H pa6oqHxi>, H Me.iKyio 6ypasyasiio,
H ayxoBencTBO, H MHorHxt MOHapxHCTOBi,. ;l,pyrie KaHjTOaTLi (KaPo.i.ieHt, JIaMapTHHt) OKa3a.iHCb BX
301*. Biopan
pecnyOjiHKa
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^ilOHbCKHXl, AH6H"
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01 Ha- P "> '
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cipoeHie, oqenb Hed.iaronpiflTHoe J.IH pecny6jHKH. 3io Bbipa3HJOCb oco6eHHO apKO Bt TOMt, qio Bt saKOHOAaiejibHOMt co6paflia, BH6paHHOMt no KOHCTHiyi^iH 1848 r., cocmaeuAocb suauumejiwoe 6oMxoifl
MonapxucmoGi, ,
H
pas^JenHbixt
na Tpn
napiin
croflBHJHxt sa rpa(})a IJJaM6opa (BHyKa Kap.ia X),
me.iaBmHxt BH^iiTb na npecmrfc BHVKa
.
4>HJiHnna, H 6oHanapmucmow>, no^ep/KHBaBniHXt .IioAOB npesH^enTa pecnyfljiHKH. HecorjacHiie Meav^y co6oio OTHO,
na npecTOJit,
OHH
A'BHCTBO-
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Hie,
HTO noBJieKJio sa co6oio co ciopOHH co6panifl .innib HOBKIH orpao6iu,ecTBeHHOH CBOOO.HLI, ycH.ienie Bjiflnia jyxoBeHCTBa H
HHqenifl
nontiiKy ynnqioaveHifl Bceo6meH no^aqn rojiocost.
ct 1849
r.
(f)paHn,y3CKOH
pecny6jiHKoft
TaKHMt o6pa30Mt,
ynpafijifljio
MonapXHCTCKoe
He MOFJO HCKpeHne no^epatHBarb 3iy ^opMy npaBJienia. IIoc.i'B pasnuxt ney^aqHuxt BOScxaHifi Bcii BH^BBie pecnyu.iHKaHUM CH^JH Bt TiopbMaxt H.IH HXH.IH Bt HsrHaniH.
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r.
H npesHjenit pecnvn.niKu BOBCC ne
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PHXI JWH". BTO
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r.,
HanOJieOHOBCKHX'b TpaftHIjiH, aHr.liiiCKHX'b nO./lHTHqeCKHX'b BSrJUI^OB'L H conjajtHCTHqecKHxi, o6 fem,aHiH. lIpHHut-npesHAeHTt cxpeMHJiCH K r
f
i,
e,a,HHOJiHqHOH
BjiacTH, KOTOpaa, BBiuie,a;iiiH
na Bceo6m,yio H,neH.
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peBOjnoi^iw, OIIH-
npOBO^Hja 6u COIUaJIkHHfl H
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B i> r
Ha^ajit oqeeb HCKycHO cosjtaBaTb
nap riio Bt codpanin, pacnoAaiamt QK ceom noMsy dyxoeeucmvo n apmm H BI TO ^e Bpena BbiCTaBJiaTb ce6a cnacHiejieM'b cyui,eCTByiomaro o6m,ecTBeHHaro CTpoa OT-L coqiajibHOft peBOJnoijiH. BOJIB OKI HasHaqaji-B na BajKHMmia rpajK^aiiCKia H BoenHtia HOCTH CBOHX-L npHBepateHneBT), 6ojrbineio lacTbio JiK)ji;efi CT> COMHHr
nponuibiMt H roTOBbixt Ha Bee pa^H ^ener'L, BJiaciH H u Bt cepeOKonqaTejibHaro nopaateaia ^pfftCHHKB 1849 r., na^ajiacb 6op b6a Mewcdy npesudeumoMv u mxoHo-
T6JibHbiM b r
/
1848r.
co6panieMz. KoHCTHTyi^ia B,iacTH
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KaK-L ^sii
.npyroii,
nociasHJia 9TH ABli
nesaBHCHMLia
on.
o;i,Ha
BT> co6paHiH nuia nocioanHaa 6opb6a Mem^y Monap(jerHTHMHCTaMH H opjieaHHCiaMH), HG ftteviaBiiiHMH ynpoB.iacxH npesn^eHTa, H napTieft npesH^eeTa, CTpeMHBmeiiCfl K'jb ero ycHJieHiio, a pecnydjiHEanabi CTaHOBHJHCb TO na o^ny, TO Ha
.Hpyrot CHJIH.
^pyryio CTOpony.
BT>
BHji,y
HCTeqema cpOKa npesa^eHTna nepecMomptb
6jiH3Karo
CEHX-L nojHOMoqiH, Jlioji.OBHK'b-HanoJieoH'B HacToajt
HG
jjosBOJrflBHieii BT>
CTpani, ccbuiaacb na
ET>
Heo6xo,aiHMO
1850
CBOIO
OHX
RJIH
nepeH36pania npe3H,n;eHTa, no ne Tor^a OHI Haqajit arnojib3y. HTO ero nepeH36paHie B t nper
TO,
ynpo^eHia
nopa#Ka.
PaHbiue
Maa
(31
Ha ns^anie saKona, KOTOPHH OTHHMajrb npaso yqacTBOBaTb BO BceHapOAHOMt roJiocoBamH y jno^eft, H6 HM'fcBHIHXI) HOCTOaHHarO M^CTa ^HTeJJbCTBa H 3aM BHJaHHbIX b Bl> nojiHTHqecKMxi saroBopaxt, HO Tenepb OH/b naqa.ii> TpedoBaTb y co6pama, qTo6bi OHO eoscmanoeujio eceofiwyw nodauy lOJiocoet in, qTO co6panie na 3 ro HC cor.iaBH^-B. OHI snajri), HO qTO 3aTO cant OHT> npio6p'feTeT b noBbixt npHBepaceHU,eB'h r.)
caMT. ^ajit corjiacie
r
p
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r
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3 MBJuiioHOB-L rojiocoB'b).
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303.
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BT>
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1
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t.
apecTOBanbi Hando.TEe BJiiaTe.ibHbie Hjeebi saKOKOMHorie H3i
coopania. no.iHTH4CCKie ;vBaTe.iH pa3Hbix'b nap-rift H napo^a, KTO cqHia.ica noonacH'Ee, npn qeM-b soe untie caMbia Ba/KHbia
()Tpa,iu 3ana.iH
H V.IMUM
na
a
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pacK.ieenbi
H3B'Bu;aBin,ia o
pacnymenia saKono^aTe.ibnaro codpanm B03CTaHOB.ieFiH Bceo6meH nojaHH ro.iocoBT> H .JiaTb npe3H#6HTy B03MOHiHOCTb ^MCTBHTe. IIonbiTKH OKasaxb npoTHiso^iiHCTBie H.IH, no KpaHHefi crpanoK). i,
npoTecTOBaib, CA'B-iaHHbiH ^enyTaiaMH, BbicinnM-b CTBenHbiM'b coBiiTOM'b,
6bLiH
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a TH-
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3^;eKa6pa Koe-rA'B CTa.iH-6bi.io CTpOHTbca 6appHKa^bi, HO y^e4-ro ^iHC.ia nonbiTRH B03CTania OMJH Be3.it no6'Bx^eHti. fljui yciparaenia napo^a BoeHHbie
OTpa^bi
no
npoupH
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y.ini^aM'b
H
cip'kiflJH
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KafieHHy. ApecTOBannbie ^enyTaTbi 6bi.iH Bbicjanbi maHAapMaMH 3a rpaHHi^y. B'b npOBHen.iax'b nonbiTKH conpo-
B'b
nacTbio
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npaBHTe.ibCTBa pacnpocTpanavin c.iyx-i. 6bI.lH BbI3BanbI OnaCHblM'L 3arOBOpOMT.
BparoB'b pejHrin, o6mecTB6HHaro nopa^Ka H co6cTB6HHOCTH. BcKOpi BcenapOAHoe rojiocoBaHie ceMtw cs noMeunow MU.ui'>uaMU lo.iocoeo
G50 TbicaTb npnna.io npe^ioiKeHia npe3HAeHTa H .Iro^oBHK b-HanojeoH b B^ Haqa.TB 1852 r. o6HapOAOBa.n> uooyjo KOHCIUKnti/HJH), cocTaB.iennyio OT^acTH no o6pa3ny n KOHCTHTyi^iH HMiiepm" npOTHBi,
?
r
r
(T.-e.
KOHCTHiyi^iH VII [ ro.ua
nyci.
Toro
pynaxi
H cenarb OM.IH ;i;c
Bca
ea lonojineHiaMH).
B.iacib co-
Kop-
npesn^enTa;
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r
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cpe^OTOHHBa.iacb
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7.800.000
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copOKO-
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r.
266 BHXI. ro^axi. BHyipeHHifl OTBomemfl 6ujm B0o6nj,e onenb uammymuH. Besfl-B rocno.ncTBOBa.io He/jOBOJibCTBO cyiu.ecTByiomHM'b H ace.lanie HSM^HHTB ero KT> jiyqmeMy. OopasoBaHHHe 6wpiepu BO BC-EXI
repMancKHxt rocyAapciBaxi,
cmpeMMuiu
H
acejiajiH
6buiH
B-L
nacTpoeHH
BBe^eflia KOHCTHTynJH,
AU-
flyxli
xaM'b r^t
eme HG 6tuio, CBodoAtr nenain H Hapo^Hux'L co6paHm, OTM-BHH Kp'BnocTHoro cocTOflHis KpecTbflHi), r^'B OHO eui,e .nepacaiocb, BBe^enifl cy^a npHCflatHiix B H T. n., a TaKate saM-BHH corosnaro r
ycipOHCTBa FepManiH odpasoBaHieM'b H3t nen e^HHaro rocyAapciBa. H-BKOTOpOe MCHSIUHHCTBO, 60^1^6 CHJbHOe np6HMyHl,eCTBeHHO Bl) K)ffiHOH FepMaHiH, BI> CBOHX-L TpefioBamflxi, HIJIO em,e .najibuie H BH-
padunaMHUH
yase
mpefioeania
B-L
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KH; Meat,ny pa^HKajiaMH con,iajiF)HBix'B
acejiaa
noBHHHOCTefi.
ocBo6o,HHTbCfl
He^OBOJibHbi
Boo6me
pafiouie.
B'b
yqeHift.
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yace
Kpecmbxne Tome BOJHO-
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(Jeo.najibHBix'L
CBOHMI, nojomeHieMi, H ^opo^CK^e He B-b nepBofi nojiOBHHi XIX B.
6biJTH
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coBepmeno CBoeBpeMenebix-b npeodpasoBaHifi: BTO-TO H ee KI uijiOMy pa^y BOsciaHiH H nepeBOpoioB'b, KOiopbie H OHJIO
BaroTCfl pceojiwyieii
IlepBbie
1848
npnsHaKH
i.
dpoatenifl o6HapyatnjiHCb BT>
FepMaHiH
do
eiu/e
a Kor^a cio^a npnmjio
espuea (fieepaMcuou peeojimwu, BTOMI co6biTiH, Bes^ BcnuxHyJH BoscTanifl, nojiyHHBfflifl moecKUX* peeojiw u,iii. B'b pasnbix'b H^Mei^KHx-b CTOJinr^ax'b npoacxoBoscTania 6ioprepOBi, H pa6oHHX b, a nnor^a Ha iiOMonjb K'b r
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HO H
B'b dOJIbfflHX'b
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ABcxpia Eoro HHKor,na He HCHbiTHBajia paHbuie. 3xkcb
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BM-BCT'B
Taicifl
r
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H BOOpy5K6HHbie KpeCTbflHe. OT^JIbHUH HpaBHT6JIbCTBa
no,a,HflJiHCb
Ha
nenrbM^KUX^ noddannuxK
3anj,HTy CBonx-b Han,ionajibHOCTeH, a
Cl HHMH H HCTOpHqeCKHX'b HpaBl
cjEoatHBHJHXCfl B'b ra6c6yprcKyio Monapxiio.
OT^'BJIbHblX'b rOCyjjapCTB^b,
Tyrb npoHsonuio o6paiHoe
TOMy, qio 6buo BT FepManiH, CTpeMHBraettcfl, nanpOTHB-b, K'b 06^6^Hemio BO HMH Toro ate HanionajibHaro npnui^Hna. 06ui,e-repMaHCKafl peBOjnoijia B'b
ABCipia conpOBom^aJiacb peBOJiioi^iaM .loMdap^o-BeHe^aHCKOM-b KOpojieBCTB-B), eeniepCKOu H CKOU (y nojaKOB-b, qexoB-b H xopBaiOB'b). Kor^a B'b napii 1848
(BT.
Bn>nn> ecnuxnyjio ooscmauie,
MeTTepHHXT>
lo.i/KeH'b
611.1^
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caxbca
cocxoajiocb
306.
BT, T
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noc.ii,
na^a-ia aBCxpifiCKOft pe-
no3o6Hoe
ate
u
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Hacejieuie npyccKOH
ei
CTOJIHUH no-
rpe6oBa.io OT^ ^pH^pHxa-BH.ibre.ibMa IV* BBejjeHi* BM-BCTO TO.ibKO-qio cos^aHHaro coe^HHeiiHaro KOHCTHTyi^iH, r
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Kopo.ib 3ajn> Ha 910 cBoe cor.iacie, HO Hapojvb H BOHCKO oatecTOHeHti 3pyn, npoiHEx 3pyra, HTO Ha n.ioma.jflX'L
iara.
xaKi* 6u.iH
H
Hapo^T. nac'rpauiHafl 6opb6a. na ciopony HO CKJionflibCfl ciaja noi/B^a cipOHTb 6appHKa3Bi, yate Ha Koxoparo cn.ibHO iioA'fencTBOBa.io 310 Kor,na Kopo.ib, BoftcKa, yjiHi^axi,
BepJiHHa
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qa.rb
KpOBonpo.iHTie, Be.i'fe.i'b. BoficKy y^ajiHibca sa ropo^, odxaBH.!!, naBiuHM-b H ^aate o6paiHJicfl KT, napo^y ex npoic.ia3axb CBOHMT, no^anHbiM-b KOHCxnxyuiio H od'Bu^a.i'b
ce6a paftox-E na nojibay e^HHCXBa H CBoSo^bi BCCH FepEui,e npeat^e ql^Mi cocxoa.iocb aBCxpifiCKoe yqpeAHxejbHoe
[.
codpame, xaicoe ate co6paHie HO^-B HaaBameMi, Ha^ona.ibHaro OHJO cosBano H BT, Bep.iHH-B (2 Maa). 307. Bx Mapxij 1848 r. pesojioi^ifl o6ouua set H-BMei^Kis HO Bes^-fe noBxopa.iocb O^HO H xo ate cxo.iHuti, H BX cyn;nocxH ne AOBO.ibcxBOBajHCb oxM'BHOio cxaparo nopa^Ka H HOBBIXX yqpeat^eHiH H saKOHOBx BT, ox^'BJibHbiX'b rocy/japBT, caMOMx KOHU-B Mapxa et> (frpanKfiypmrb-ua-M. cirbxa.iucb
CKifl
napjiaM6HTT>.
,.
naufiojirbe
eMnmcMHue
q.ieHbi .iH6epa.ibHbiXT, napxift pasHHXT, repManH o6pasoBa.iH HST, ce6fl npedeapumeMuuii naprocy^apcxB-b ?., KOxopbiH npHiviacH.Tb Bet npaBHxejbCXBa coiosa nponsBecxH
BT, e^HHoe H o6m,ee codpanie CT, irjbjibK) BbipaooxKH HOBaro rocyAapcxBenHaro ycxpoficxBa ^JH scero coioaa. npaBHxejibCXBa, xojibKO HXO c^tjiaBniifl ycxynKH co6cxBeHHbiMT, comacHJHCb H na 9x0. BT, cepe^HHij Man co6pa.ica H
Bbioopw Bceo6u;eK) no^aieio TOJOCOBT. ^enyxaxoBT, 3Jia Bceft
TepMafliH
uawonaMuoe
xoparo 6biJH naHdojiije BH^nbie npe,ncxaBHxejiH cpe^HMXT, KjaccoBT,, HHMH MHoro npocljeccopOBT,, yqHxe.iefi H a^BOKaxoBT,. (He aa Ba^en-B 6mia C3 kiana nonuxna pecny6.iHKancKaro Boscxaflia, HO He HM-kia ycn-fexa). U \ IIO^XH OflHOBpCMeHHO XaKHMT, o6pa30MT> BCCHOK) H J'Bnepe^T, BXHMT,
308
XOMT,
r
BT,
:i
1848
r.
BT,
Bep.iHH-B,
BT,
$pSBK^yprt-Ba-Maftfli H
BT. B-BHTJ
^
268 CBOH 6u.iH
aanaiia
npeo6pa30BaTL
Ho
H
co6pama, Koiopna H BMenjda .nepJKaBia H
yqpeflHiejiLHbia ofrfc BejiHKia
r
BCIO
pesyjibiaTOM't KOTOPHXT. GLUTS
HapojjHbia BOJraema,
co6paHW, yjier-iHCL ne TaKt CKOpo, H noeun eosecnuxuea.m 0& omdn>.M>Hux% Mtbcmaocz em,e ne pa3i> B'L
BTHX'L
cmanifi
1848 H
1849
ji,a?Ke eiu,e B'b
BCTE
yqacTBOBajiH
r.
Ha
o6mecTBenHtie
B-L
nepBtix-B nopaxi* KjaccBi,
RBII-
HO OOTOMI, OHO
IlepeuMii omcmcMu omt ueio npecmi^w npaBHTe.iLCTBa H ABOPHHCTBO nocn-BHinjiH yjjOBJie-
pascmpaueam'bCH. nocJi-B
KaKi>
Toro,
Hxi Tpe6oBanifl; CKOpo cejibCKoe Hacejienie na CTOpony nopa^Ka npOTHEx npo^ojiataBinHXt BO.IHO-
rjiaBHLiH
TBOpHTB
ciajio ,naa;e
Baiboi ropOTKaH'b.
B-L caaiOM-L ropo^CKoarb
Hace.ieHin npOHsomeji-b
paspuso Mewcdy 6wpiepaMU u pa6ouuMU. BioprepciBO o^ep^Kajo no.iHHJb npH noMom,H paoonaxx, HO Kor^,a pa6oqie d'fe.aty doji'le nrpaib caMOCTOfliejbHyio po.ib H naiajiH na KOTOpwa dioprepti ne MOCJH cooacHTbca, HM-L conpOTHB.iaibca H caMH c^iajHCb Meniie rpe6oBano OTHOfflenno K'L BJiaciaMi,, /Ke.iaa HM-BTb HX-L na ycnoKoenie cejibCKaro Hacejenia H CTOPOH'B. ,
r
niaaca
B'L
ropo.nax'B
603MOMcnocmi)
6opb6a
dioprepaMH H paooMMMH
Me/K^}
npaeumeMcmeaMo ecmynumb BOGHHOH
o?>
Oop^y ct
TOMV /KG CEMOMV ABCTpia H Hawonaiwocmeu. 6opi>6a npHBOAH.ia Ma^bapbi, OTCTanBaa CBOK> HG npoib 6miH HOMOHL npaBHTe,ibCTBy npOTMBx BOscTaBinHxi) CBo6o,ny,
npn
i^iefi
HOMOIU,H
CHJIH. Bi>
K'b
KpOMiiToro, cann yrHeTa.iH xopsaTOB-L; H-BMHH OTHOCHc.iaBanaM^ H xorkin coxpaHHTb CBOG rocnoACTByK)B b nojrojKeme m,ee HMnepiH; nexn H xopBaTbi HeHaBH^iH ii'BMu eB b H H MaAbapt iio^ep/KHBajH iipOTHB-L IIHXT> aBCTpincKoe H,
CBbicoKa
KT,
r
r
1
CTBO.
u
Pas'bejmnenie
6bj.io
309. BL
Hje
BT)
na^enla
npn4HHOK)
uauamcb
PeaKii/iH
JJ^ H ^
LTbHLiMH cocjiOBiaMH H
r
OT,a;
Meatfly
ycil'klO
IIpycciH u
peBOJiouiH
BT,
cv
y^pe^HTe^ibnoe co6pa3aKOHOBT> OOt OTM'BH-B H
ABCTpiH,
Aecmpin.
BblpaOOTaTb
pa^
npaBi, npHna^TeiKaBmiix'b HOM Biij,HKaM'L E&XL KpecTbaiiaaiH, r
BbiKyn'B
HO no Bonpocy rio.iHTH4ecKOMy neatly npe^CTaBHiejiaMH BC'EXT. napo^iiocTeil ABCipiii ne MOFJO cocioaTboi nHKaiioro corjamenia, H
OHH
TOJibico
Bpa/K.^OBa^HH o-jHH
C'B
^pyrHiin.
B^
B'BH'fe
npojio.ima-
napo,HHbia BOSCTania; HMnepaTOp^ jiBa/K^i 6u:i% HO T'BM-L ne iieii'Be peaKi^ia y/Ke ociaejiaTb STOTX ropo^i, HpaBHTejbCTBeHHbia BoficKa ct ycnixoM'!.
jiHCb
B-b
HeH LMei^KHXI r
Bosc'ranie, HO ero
SGMJHX'B MOHapxiH.
B'L
CKOpo no^aBHj'L renepaj'b
269 y.
Tort ate
BHii^Hiiirpeu/b ocenLio
npn noMom,H xopBaxoBT, MUM ct 6on Bn>uy H naMa.rb pacnpaBy CT> BHHOBHHKaMH BOsciaHin. yqpeAHTe.ihnoe coopaiiie ULI.IO nepeBeACHO HS-L B^HLI B-L MopaBCKin ropo.n'b KpeMSHp'b H cicopo pacnymeHO. 3%bcb B-L KOHIVB ro,na 4>ep#HHaH,JVL I oipeicca OTL npeCTOJia BX nojibsy CBoero mieMaHHHfta 0pamt,a-Jocu$a. IIpaB.ua. HO-
1848
r.
Boe npaBHiejibCTBO ca>io o6i>HBH.io M& AscxpiH KOHCTHTVI^IK) (1849), OAHaKO, OHa He TOJIBKO He 6mia npHBe^eiia BI> jvBifcTBie, H0 BCKOP'B H
^P M ajbH
OTM^HeHa.
310. 3aBoeBanie B-BHM un peBOJiioniH H
r
BaHjiHinrpeuoMi. 6ujio 6ojbiiiHM i, v^a-
ApyrHxi, iacTflxi>
BT>
n FepMamH.
'
-r>
TT
B'L TlpycciH
npycdk
npaBHTe.iscTBOM'L H nanjoHajibHHM'L coopanieMi) m.ia ooptoa, H Hapo;vi npOAOJUKajii. BOJiHOBaibCfl. nocji HairBCiifl o iio^aBjemH peBOJiioi^ioHHOH Binii $pH^pHx^-BH.ibre.ibM^ IV omcpouuM sacndauia nai^ionaMHaio co6paniH H npHKasajii nepeaecTH HX'B BX Bpas^eH6ypi b, HO doJibiiiHHCTso AenyTaTOBx H e xoxiijo 3TOMy ir
Tor^a Eepjiunr, e* ocadnoMb nocji BTOFO, OAHaKO, KOropo^i. 6ojibmoe BOHCKO. od-bflEHJO
IlpaBHTe.ibCTBO
H BBeJio
B'L
r
lljycciu Koncmumyi^m c b npeo6;iaaaKJiaccoB'b o6u;ecTBa H ociaBjeHieMx sa npanH-
CBoero
po-ib
BJiacibK)
dd.ii>
6ojibinoH B.iacTH.
OKOHqaTejbHO ona
ro^a (1850) H ^McTByeit
B-L
6bi.ia
BBC-
HpycciH ^o CHX'b
nopx.
311. CBOK)
T-BM^
Meatfly B-b
padoiy.
*
(|)paHK(|)ypTCKiH
napJiaMCHTi. npoflOJiaiaj'b
HeM'b oSpasoBajiHCb no Bonpocy 061 odxe^Hne-
HJH 1 epManin AB-B napiin. He.'iUKO-nrbMewafi napmia xorkia BKIIOHHTb H ABCTpiio Bi cocTaBi, 6yflyHj,eH TepMamH, Ma,io-HnMei4K(M
H CTaBH-ia BO
FepManiH Ilpycciro. IIoMTO ABCipiH xorkia BOHTH B'L COCTaBI, HOBarO yCTpOHCTBa CO BC-BMH CBOHMH KHMH seMJiHMHj Hero H^Mi^u BOBce He ate.iajiH. Bopb6a MCBJiK)qajia ABCTpiio
BSflJia
napTia
CJi'BflHflfl
Bepx-L,
rjiaB-B
T-BMT.
^ojite,
coBepmaBniHMHCfl cpe^n pasabixi ea ocjia6jfljia 3iy flepatasy, Tain> qio Ilpyccia Jierno Morjia OH o6cTOflTejibCTBOMT> ^JIH o6ieAHHeHia TepAiaH!H. 3ioro, o^HaKO, He cjiymiocb. Cna^ajia cj)paHK(j)ypTCKiH nap.iaHe flOBtpaa Hpyccin, Bbi6pa.ii> BT> HMnepcKie HaMiiCTHHKH" CT.
peBOJiioaiflMH.
,
6HBinaro o^enb nonyjapHMM-b, HM'BBiiiaro HHKaKow peajbHOH CHJH, H jnuib noaflnie npedAOUMnepamopCKyw Kopony ><jhieMMy IV (1849). BOpOJb H6 npHHH.Tb, OIHaKO, 3TOH KOpOHbl, TaKI> KaK-L OHa H3i>
aBCTpiHCKHx-b npHflqcBT,,
HO
lie
BI>
ero r.iaxaxi,
HblH
peBo.iiouiomioe npOHCxo/Kfleme. Oc raB.ieHIIJiyCCKHMl) KOpO.ie.Mb, Ht' HM"Ba HH KaSHbl, HH BOHCKa, l|>paHKiiM'kia
r
M6HTa
270 He
B-L
cocTOwnin
6ujn
ocymeciBHTB BBIKonemumyi^m lepManCKOii umnepiu. Basapia, pa6oTaHnyio BiopTeM6eprB, FaHHOBep^ H CaKconia, He roBOpa oo'B ABCTpin, (>BLIH o^HnaKOBO H npoiHB'B 9TOH KOHCTHTyuJH, H npOTHBi, npyccKOH rereMOnapJiaMeHTB HM-L
BTHX-B rocyAapCTB-L HOJIV^HJIH npe^nHcaHie noKHHyiB a H^KOiopBie y&xajm caMH. OciajiocB 0,3,110 padu^panKijjypT'B, m.ibuoe Menbwuncmeo, KOTOpoe nepeHec.io-6mio CBOH sad^ama BI> UlTyTTrapTt, HO SA'BCB OHO 611.10 pasoiuauo no npHKasaniio Hin.
^enyxaTH
BiopieMdeprcKaro npaBHTeJBCTBa. Em,e ^o 9ioro neqaj&naro KOHua co6paHifl, B-L naqaji'B CBoeMt BO86yatiaKnaro caMHa paAy/KHua naat^H
no^najiti
pa^HKajibHOH napiin
B-L
pxdz napoduuxz eoscmaniu, HMHepCKyiO KOHCTHTyullO, HO H BOeHHOH) CHJIOK); H OC066HHO KaK^-pasx
nrpajia
qaciax-L
EC'S
BH^HyK)
pOJIB
B'B
Od^a
apnia.
pereniCTBa ^a BOHHBI C'B a6cojiK)TH3HOCJI-BAHeiO BCHBIHIKOK) no6 BJK^eHHOH peBOJUO^H (1849).
napjaMemoMx MOMT,
npyccKaa
paBHBix'B
sacxaBHTb rocyjuapeii 9TH BOSCTaniH
qxodLi
HMnepcicaro
(
6BIJIO
312*. nocji-B noflaBJiema penojnoi];iH 1848 r. BT> FepMamH eoscmaHOSMHU commiH mpemdenifi, cosjjaHHBia B'BHCKHMI,
Bo 3CTaHOMe ' 6HJIH .
me
ciaparo
HpyCCKlH KOpOJIB, OTBeprmiH KOpOHy, KOTOpyK) 6My ^paHK(})ypTCKiH napjaMeHTt, He OTKasBiBajica, OH^ TOJIBKO XOTBJTB OT'B saji;aqH o6 Le,a,HHeHm FepMaHiH, 3TO nyieMt yniH CB ^pyrnMH rocy,u;apHMH. Ho SA'BCB OH
TepMaHCKaro KOHrpeCCOM-L.
no^HOCHJi-B
r
COnpOTHBJieHieM'B CO CTOpOHH ABCTplH, a ee nojwepJKHBaji'B H HMnepaxopi. HnKO^afi I, TOJIBKO-HTO noMorinin en ycMHpHTB BenrepCKoe BOscTanie. BT, OMMWI^ (1850) COCTOHJTCH
THJCfl
r
CB
p'BIIIHTe.lBHBIM'B
npe^CTaBHTejeil
n-BMei^KHX-L
npaBHTe-iBCTBTB,
KHfl3B
na KOTOPOM'B
sacTaBHjii npyccKaro
HlBapn,eH6eprB KHHCTpi), OTKasaTBca OTB MHCJIH o6-L yiiin, H repMancKin BT, ^paHK^yp-rE-Ha-MaHH'k noA B 7
COIOS'B
C'B
r
BOBCTaHOB-ieHT,
6H.i'b
313. BeHrepCKoe juonijj nr\ >f*T o TTI o r
B'B
npeiKHeM-B
qHCJTE napo^OB'B, npHHHMaBfflHXi) yqaciie B-B pesoH MadbHVU. \$4:8 T., 6UJ1U KOTOpBie CTa.IH AOdHBaTBCfl B03B'B
npaet> Koponu ce. Cmecfiana. Bo rjiaB'B Ma^BapCKaro naABHatema cra.i'b CM-BJIBIH H 9HepniqHBiH aABOKai'B Eomyvm (1 802 1894). BenrepcKie naTpioiBi Meqiajin, BnpoqeMx>, He TO.IBKO o OTX TOM-L, HT06BI CJl.'BJiaTB CBOK) pO^HHy COBepfflCHHO HesaBHCHMOFO
ABCTplH, HO H
TOM'B,
qTO^BI
rOCHO^CTBOBaTB
HaA'B
CJiaBaHCKHM-B
BXO^HBHIHX'B B-B cociaB-B MOFJIH /KejiaTB Benrepne BOBCC Benrpin. [locJi^Haro, KOHC^HO, CKie cjaBHiie, y KOTOPBIX^, Hao6opOT-B, ^BHO cymecTBOBajo cipeK'B o6T>e^HiieHiio cepdoB'B H ^iMaTHHn,eB B B-B xopBaTOBT> HacejrenieM'B
BC^X'B
3eMejB,
Kor^a-.iHoo
r
7
ocoooe icopo.ieBCTBO.
npaBHTe.ibCTBO BOcnoJii>30Bajiocb Madbxpa.m H no;uepjKHBajo naijioHaab-
ABCipiiiCKOC
neuaeucmm xopeamoeo
m
Hbm cipeMjenia HasBaHearo cjraBancKaro napo^a. XopBaxcKiH dan^ oco6enno cn-ibHyio noMOujb B^HCKOMy npaBHie.ibBoscTaeia, HO CKOpo yBH^Tb, ^TO CBOHX-b OatHAafliaX'b OTHOCHieJbHO HCTHHHblX-b HaM-B-
EACLHUHT> OKasajrb
npoiHB-b
ciBy
BT
na^bapCKaro
B-BHCKaro ^Bopa H aBCTpincKOH 6iopOKpaTiH. Me/K,ny T'BMI BOS-
CTanie paspociajiocb.
Ma^bapu
opraifHsoBa^H
ns'b .noGpOBO.ibi^eB'b
npe-
KpacHyio apMiro (wmedu), B^KOiopyio IIOCTVHH.IO na Bbicinia ^o.iatHOcrn ne Majio noJibCKHX-b SMnrpaHTOB-b, npHHHMaBinHX'b yqacTie B-b BO:J-
1830
CTaniH
BoeHHbie
r.
BHyrnajiH
ycn-fcxn
Maj^bapaMi, yB'fepeii-
H BeHrpia GUACL ofam.iena pecny6. iuKou, npnqeM-b Koniyx-b 6ujii> o6;reqeH'b ^HKiaiopCKOK) Bjacibio ^ia ^a.ibH'Bifniaro Be,neHia BoeHHbix-b A-BHCTBIH npoiHE-b ABCipin. BHH^HIUrpei^'b, ycMHpniejb peBOJnon,m BT> caMOH AscTpin, OKasajica ne B-b cocToanin no^aBHTb BoeciaHie, HO KaK'b-paa'b BT> 3?o speMa na noM0in,b KI, ra6c6ypraMT) aBHJiHCb pyccum eoucm nod* nauaMcmeoMn Hocib
ip.
B'b
f
nod'B^'B,
JlacKeeuna.
HunepaTOp'b HaKOJiaii
I
ciH'rajrb
BeHrepCKyio pe-
Poccin, TaKi. KaK'b BT> cjyqa-B ycntxa OHa HOBJieHb 3a COdOK) HOByK) HOHblTKy B03CiaHia B'b IIO.lbUI'B, H
onacHOK)
^Jia
aKTHBHO BbiciynHTb ji,.ia 3aui,HTH aBCipiHCKoii MOHapxin. BeHrepCKaa apMia ciaaa Tepn'BTb orb pyccKHXi., H jifkjio OKOHqnjocb TEMT,, qio ea Haqa.ibHHK'b Fepieu npn Bujiaiown> (1848) c,najica Ha Benrpia 6ujia ycMnpeHa, jiHinHjacb CBoero ceHMa H OH-b
no3TOMy
HafflejT>
HyatHbiM-b
>.
npocTOK) iipOBHHuieft HMnepin l^cdyproB-b. B'b 1848 r. npOH3omjia pesojiioi^ia H B'b IlTajin.
314.
y.n'BCLPeBo.iwiua
BcnbimKH 1831 r. HaqionajibHoe ABHateHie ne RiaEHbiMx arHiaiopOMT. BbiCTynnj-b Madsuuu, KOnpeKpain,a.iocb. TOptJH ycTpOH.rb dojibraoe TafiHoe o6meciBO MO.wdou Hmn.iin'*, nociaBHBHiee CBoero saAaqero o6^eAHH6Hie HiajiiH BI> (^opM'B ^eiioKpaiHHecKOH pecny6;iHKH. Ci jipyron cxopoHH, Mnoria B03Jiara,iH nocj'B
Hey,naqHOH
CBOH Ha^eat^Bi na
Capdunm,
roiOBJiaji'b 6ojibinoe
Kopojib KOiopoft KapM-A*%i>6epnvb no^u BOHCKO. Ero HasusajiH Aame n MeqoM'B MTa.iiH H
HTO cap^HHCKaa apMia H noMoatei^ Hia.ibanaaM'b ocBo6oorb aBCTpincKaro nra. Kor^a BI 1846 r. nancirift npeciojii. 3aIliii IX (1846 1878), TO H orb Hero CTa.in oatn^arb 6yAym,aro H o6i>eAHHeHia Ilijuin HOBHH nana npowsBe.Tb BX CBO-
;iy.MajH,
Koe-naKia peifwpMi.i H
,ia/Ke BbiCKasa^ica
d'beAHHCHia Hiajin
B-b
(JwpM'b corona iieat,ny
OTA^.I^-
CT>
Tpesoroio cMOip-kiH
B-L
ea rocy,napaMH. Bpe>ia
H
MeTTepnnxi,,
Ha
see 310
H FHSO,
H
.niini,
n
ma Aumia
B-b
CMUC.TB
CBOO
no;uep/KHBa.ia
272 naujoHa.TbHoe .nBHHJCHie
iia
nojyocTpOB fe. lirajbaHCKaa peBOJiouin Har
aaste #0 (|>eBpajibCKaro nepefiopOTa M^CTHHMH BcnuniKaMH, a na/jeme iiojibCKaro Tpona CA'E.iajiocb CHreajiOMi) H &:in ofiiyaio eoi
mania. Mnorie HiajibaHCKie rocy^apH S-BatajiH mi* CBOHXI. a KapJTb-Ajibdeprb nocii'EiHHji'b nauami> 6ouuy c?> Aecmpieu, ci, CBOHM-b BoftcKOM'B Bi JIoMoapjUH B^ TO canoe BpeMH, KaKi <
Ho
ce6a pecny6jiHKOH. iH:
OJJHOH
(c-b
H
OTA"BJibHBiJi
BosciaBinHX'b
ue 6u.w eduno-
njoxo noMora.iH He MOEMH CTOJKOBaTbCfl Me;K^y co6oio OTA'kibHbiK
cxopOHbi,
el
.npyrHM-b,
y
CTOJIHUT,.
jipyroft
o6jiacTn
napiin. Bi, IOJKHOH HTajrin Bospo^njica CTapbiH HeanojHTaHD,aMH H CHn,H./riHi^a
Mey II),
flaBimH-dbiJio KOHCTHTyn,iH),
CHJiOK).
/l,eMOKpaTHqecKaa
CKOpo
yqpe^H.ia ^B-E pecny6PHM-B H B^ Benei^ia, HO He CTajia noMoraxb Kap,iy-A.iLuepTy. IIocji'EAHiH noiepn^Ji'b .nBa nopa^eHm (npn KycTonm'fe H npH
.IHKH
napTifl
B'b
HoBapi)
OT-L aBCTpiwi^eB^,
qero OTpeKCfl OTT^ npec ro,ia r
Hyu.m(IS4b8
KOTOPHMH
KOManji.oBaji'b
nojibsy cbina
B-b
CBoero
Padeiwiu,
noc.i'fc
Bunmopa-9MMa-
1878). HOBHH Kopojib saKJtOHHJii ci> ABCipien Mnpi,, JloMdap^iio, HO He OTM-^HHJII) KOHCTHTyi^iH, aaHHOH BT>
BOSBpaiHB'b eft 1848 r. ero OTI^OM-L. Benei^ia Toate 6biJia saBoeBana Pa^.ei^KHM'b H BOSBpamena no^t aBCTpincKoe Bja^biqecTBO. Riio IX, 6'BataBHieMy HS^ Pana, OKasaJin BT* CBOIO oqepe^b noMom,b ABCTpia, HcnaHia H r
pecny6jHKa npn npesH^eHT'E CBoeM .Tio.HOBHK'B-HanojeoH'B npHHHJia y^ame BX nodaeaeniu puMcnou peGOJiwujiu. He CMOTpa na reponcKoe conpOTHB.ieme pecny6jiHKaHueB b, 1882), cpaataBfflHXca noAi> HaqajibCTBOM'b Iapu6aMdu(l8Q7 Bsarb (jjpaHi^ysaMH, H nancKaa BJiacTb B-b neM'b 6biJia HOCJTE axoro Best's Bt IlTa.iiH, KPOM-E Heanojib;
.naate
^paHnjscKaa
i>
r
.
315. PeBOJHOHJa 1848 rocyji.apCTB'B
B'b
cuMnoe napodnoe
r.
Tpn.nijaTbix'b
6pojtcenie.
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np
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HaodopOTi, roTOBT> 6uxi> nowepatHBaTB BparoBi, Cap^HHiio H Hpycciio, no^i. yc.iOBieM'B BOSHarpaai^eiiia III,
HO 6jiarOIIpiaTCTBOBaJI B .1HHIB B'B HSB-BCTHUXX Hpe^JaXX. B'B 1859 T. OHl Capduniti, Ha^aBuieii BOHHy CT* ABCTpien, H OTHHJII y H
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uin CaBOHH) H Hnnn;y.
Hiajiiio
B^
corosfc
cap^HHCKaro Kopojia npHsnajm Ha^^ co6oio BOSCTaBiuia CBOHXI* npaBHTejBCTB'B Hacejienia Bc Bxi> Hacien HTajiH, KpoMi ci> i^ijoro nojiOBHHOK) nancKHX'B BJia^Hin H BeHe^aHCKOH o6,iacTH. r
PesyjiBTaTOM-B 9Toro 6HJio npOBOsrjranieHie cap^HHCKaro Kopo.ia
mopa-9MManyuAa uopoaeMK Hanojeona B'B
RmaMu
(1861).
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KOTOPBIH H HOCJ-B TOFO PHM-B ({jpaHi^yscKift rapiiHSOH'B H HH sa ^TO ne III,
nany CBtTCKOH BjaciH. OHI, TOJIBKO corjamajca Ha npacoe^HHeHie K-B HiajiH H BeneEtiaHCKOH o6jracTH, HTO H cjyqnjocB B'B 1866 r. Docji^Hee codtiTie cioajio yme, o^naKO, BX jiHrnaTB
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OTI>
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H no Bonpocy o npeodpasoBamn FepMancKaro coiosa. IIo^ 06-Le.nHHeiiiH HxajiiH cpejjH H^MueB-L naiajiocb CHOBa Hau/iona.imoe deujtcenie. C-L CBoefi cxopOHH H repMancida npaBHTejiscxBa ,a;o.mHBi
ycHjemn coiosa B'B BoeHHOMt OTHomeHin B-L BHJV BOHHCTBGHHaro HanpaBjemH, npHHaxaro (j)paimy3CKOH IIOJHTHKOH. Bx 9TO BpeMfl B^ EpycciH BOSBLicHJCH BT> KanecTB-fe nepsaro MHHHCipa 1898), noKpynHHH rocy^apCTBenHHH ^aTejb EucmapKb (1815 CTaBHBmiH CBoeio sa^aqeK) o6iedunenie FepMauiu nodo npyccKou 6M.1H noflyMaxs o6i>
leiejuonieu.
HM'BH
ciio,
KaK-L Bparx ABCipiH, Hanojeoni. Ill noompfl.n. IlpycB'L
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CTBa o6 feHX'B r
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Hanojeona
BX
coiosi*
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Bejitriio.
^paHuin H3-L conepHH^enoiOMy BHCMapny y^ajiocb pasptmeHie HiaJibHHCKOMy icopo.iio
Buro^y
flepataB'L,
III
j^jifl
H
ct IlpyccieH npOTHBi) AscTpiH. Hano.ieoH-L III
^64 CTOponn
o6e3CHJiflTh
Apyrt Apyra, eMy jerKO Oy^eTt BuciynHTb Bt pojH BepmHiejifl cy,a;e6'L TepManiH H noJiy^HTb sa 310 qio-jn6o Ha J^BOM-L depery PefiHa HJH .IioKceMr
Ho ont
oniH^ca Bt CBOHXI pacieiaxt, noTOMy Heo6tiKHOBeHHO 6iJCTpo nanecjia ABCTpin
Epyccifl Bt 1866
r.
eAHHHBmHMca
neio
BTOpocTeneHHUMt rocy^apcTBaMt Fepcanoe prbwume^ibuoe nopameuie. ABCipia nocnimnjia saKJiionpa nocpeAHHHecTB'fe Hano.ieoHa III Mupv c?> HmciMeu, ycxyci>
eMy Bene^aHCKyio
o6jiacTB,
KOTopyro Hanojeont III H ne-
BHKTOpy-BMMaeynjiy. J(ML FepMamH no6^a, Dpyccin iia^t ABcipiefl HM-fejia ogent saatHoe snaMenie: ABcxpia Biiui.ia U3z cocntaea repmaniu^ %& H caMBin coiosi. pacnajica, 6y,ny^H
na
Maima
^OBBIM^ Ctwepo-iepManCKUMt leieMonieu no^t o6pa30Ba.iCH Ilpycciu, Koiopaa caMa npH KtHefi i/oe.tuHiuaei> npHcoeAHHeHieMt H^KOTOPBIX-L rocy^apCTBt FepMamH (FaHHOBepcKaro Kopo-ieBCTBa H jp.). Hanoa COIOS-L HTajin ct IlpyccieH, a III, ^asaa csoe cooacie eHHBiH coi\iacHTBca H ea Tanoe ycHJieHie IIpycciH, KaKoro, KOHCHHO, BOBce He HM'feji'L Bt BH^y, djraronpiaTCTBya ea CTpeMJie^-Bajica na TeppHiopia.ibHoe B03Harpa/KAeHie ^pannin, no c'BBep'B
oit JiHHin
caMtiM-L
Ct w.tr,
p-fcniHTe.iBHLLM'B odpasoM'L BocnpenaxcTBOBaji'L Toro BpeMCHH npecmtiotct Hano.ieona III ez Eaponth ua-
nadamb. HMnepaiopx
(})paHi^y30Bt ciajrb xenept yae j:/<>nn,namb Aecmpieu u Uma.ricd npoxHBt IIpycciH, ct X-BMI B036ya?jiaa oomecxBCHHoe MH-BHie Bt ca-
o saKJiwHeniu cowsa BM-fccxij
a>
npoxHBi> oepJiHHCKaro npaBHxe.ibCXBa. Hao6opoxi>,
Ha Hano.ieona
III
CMOxp'B.iH, KaKi>
BT>
na naBHyio noMixy Bt
280 o6 be
riojinaro
f
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jiHiiib O^HO Heatejiaiiie Hano-ieoHa III 6biJio npenaxcxBieMt HOMV ofoeAHHeHiio HX-L PO^HBLI C-L PHMOM^ BO oaB-fc.
HHH ;pa Hanojieona
III
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1870
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r
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BOCnOJIbSOBaJICfl
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)
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Bo BpeMH BTOH
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Mey
B-L HCiopiH Meat/iiyHapo.aiHLix'L OTHomemH BpeMen-b BTOHMnepin sacjyjKHBaiorb 6biTb OTM-BHenHLiMH em,e H^KOTOpBie oojrfce $aKTH. CT> KOHi^a miTH,a;ecaTbix b ro^OB'b HanoIII nocToanno no^ep^KHBa.i'b Hau.i oJWBiH H Bajiaxia, KOTOpbia BCKOp B H
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o,a,Hy
Ty^a CBoe BOHCKO, KOiopoe sanajio Cnpiio. B'b 1863 r. BCIILIXnyjio HOBoe eoscmanie noAmoez HPOTHBTB PocciH, .naBDiee noc.ia-ii.
3>paHijiH
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ci.
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r
iiOM Binajio
eny saqaib HOByto BOHHy BO HMa npHHUHna HaruonajibHOCTH. OKOJIO TOro Hie BpeMeHH HanojieoHi. Ill, CTpeMHBiniilca Boo6ni,e KB eAHHemio n jaxHHCKHX b pac-L", emrbwajiCH eo euympeHnm MeucuKU H noc.aa;rb Tyji,a apiiiio ci> n.'fejibio saBoeBania BTOH cipaHbi H o6pasoBaHia ns'b nea Baccajbnaro rocy^apciBa no.n'b BJiacibio r
aBCipificKaro apurepuora
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c'b
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Ciwepa u lOia eo Coeduuenuuxt mmamaxo 6.iaronpiaTCTBOBa.io aiony njaey Hano.ieona III, HO Kor/ja c^Bepane no-
Me.ytcdoyco6ie
281
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Hii'b
MencHKH. JIpe^ocTaB.ieHHHH caMOMy ceo-fe MascHMKoaHi, pascipiijHi',ai;iimi CTOpOHHHKOB-B npesH^eHTa (Xyapeca), caM-b nona.n> in, K-B noc.TB,a,ueMy H ftbun, pascTp-kiaHi) (18(>7). TaKOH HCXO^-B KcneAHiuH Toace CH,TBHO noBpeAH.rB iipe/KHeMy npeHano.ieoHa III. II.
324.
Bi> anoxy Biopoii HMnepin r.iaBHHM'L coGuTieM^
BI>
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H FepMaHiH 6iuo nojHTHqecKoe od^e^HHeeie oSinx-L BTHX'B cipaei, KOTOparo HH HTa.ibHHuaMx, HH H-BMI^M-L ne yAa.iocb ,a;ocTHrHVT& B-B 1848 r. B'B IIiajiin nocj'B 1849 r. yate ne oatHAajH oti'Le.UHHeHifl OT^ nanw, noiOMy qio Iliu, IX coBepmenHO, HSM-BHH.it .iiioepa.i&HLiM'L CBoero npaBjieHia H na^HHaHiflM'L naqajia l)in IIxa^iiH
Ha CTopony,
nepenie^ii,
peaicnm,
KpaftHeii
BC^ HOBBIH
ocyac^aBmeft
H HanpaBJienia B-L oojacTH .SHSHH H MLIC.IH. Bi 3Ha" u (CHHCK'B r du yumuKn> (Quanta curd) u Cusuafiyctb L o6xaBHJi^ ou^ jiaate coBpeM6HHLix saujy^A^Hift, 1864) BOHHy Been ia
f
r
1870
a HI
.HBHjiHsaii,!!!,
r.
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co-
KoiopOMy npH^ajit SHa^enie BcejiencKaro, npOBOsrjiacHJi'L, nena onno3Hii,iio MHorHXi* euHCKOHOBt, doiMamz o nancuou nenoipnwuMOcmu Bt .norMaTHqecKHXi, H HpaBCTBeHHBix'B Bonpocax-B. nojiHTHqecKaro o6xe,nHHeHia HxajiiH TBMI* Menie Mor.ia npanardi, HTO nocJi'B 1849 r. OHO MOOO coBepmHTBCfl JIHUIB HJIH B-B caBOHCKOH ^HHacTin, HJIH HOJVB snaMGHeMi* pecny6jraKH. 3a,pec-
oOiedtmenie HTaJiin nonpeatHeMy CTOH.IH Madsunu H HO MHorie pecnydjiHKaHUBi iiaiaJiH CKJOHHTBCH KT) TOH HTO 3TO ,H BJIO MOiKCTI. COBepHlHTB MOAWO CapdUHCItaH MBICJIH, Monapxia, coxpauHBHiaa KOHCTHiyi^iK) 1848 r. Meat^y T-BM-B B-B CapAHiiin ci> .miHaja naTH necflTBix B TOAOB-B nepfiBiM-B MHHHCTPOM'L ,
r
r
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BHKiopa rpai|n,
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C'b
AfiCTplefl,
a
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3TOFO
naiajTB yBe^iH^HBaTB KasHy H BOHCKO H HCKaiB COIOSHHKOBT,. CBoero BuyrpeHHeio HOJHTHKOH) oui> cyM kii> ciiHCKaib pacnoJioaeHie JIHOCr
a BM'liiuaie.ibCTBOM'B B-B Kpu.MH Moryni,ecTBeHHaro Ha npuBjeK-B Cap^HHiii BOHHy ciopOHy ill GB Hano.ieoHOM-b 'I>panuiH. Kaiiyp-i, ;ui/Kt sa&HoqH.rb
pa:ioBt CKyio
BI>
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i
no KOTOpOMy od'Bn^aj'B yciynHTB paHuiH CaBH^ B03HarpaatA6Hia sa ooie^HHenie ctBepiion oa])\Min;iinicb TaKHMi coK)30MT>, Kaaypi ne naxo^n.TB 6o.TBe .norofiop-B,
BOHK) H HHu,u,y B B r
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BLisEajn*
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r.
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sauo Bt 9TOMt ero Tpe6oBamH, TO OHt deunyM ceow apMiw ua MOHMo, HO K-L BHKTOpy-BMManyHJiy noflocrrkia $paHii,y3CKaa no,a,t
Uw-
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cn.ibHLifl
BI>
npn Madotcenmrb H npn CoM$epuno H HO HanojieoH'b III, HM'BBmia ocnoBanie
nopa/KeniH
6H.IH OTCiynHTb,
BOHHy
H yate npOTHEx $paHii,iH BM'BinaeTca Ilpyccifl, no^ <paHn,eM b-IocH(j)OM b Mupt (ET> JUwpuxrb). 6bijia ycxynnTb HanoJieoHy III JfoM&xpdiw. a TOTX r
ee BHKTOpy-BMManyHJiy.
nancKOH
r
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Mem^y
BT,
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(qacib
o6,iacTH), Modenrb, Hapjun H Tocnann> Boima c'L naxpioTHqecKiH noptiB^, H nacejieHie BTHX^ o6jracTeii,
upHsnaTb CBOHM-b KopojieMt na noMoujb K-L H rapH6ajb^H c'B oxpa^OMi. ^o6pOBOJibLi;eBi, HO IIOC.TB i^iopnxcKaro MHpa, He^OBOJibHbiH laKHMx HCXO^OMX OHX CTa,Tb A^HCTBOBaib Ha CBOH CTpaX^. C'B KaKOK)-HH6y^I> npaBHTejieii, P-BHIHJIO B-b Haqaji BOHHH
Heio ji.oSpOEOJibiiieBij
OH'b
Bbica^HJica BI>
CuujUMu (I860),
TblCfl-
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KOTOpOH npHB-BTCTBOBaJIO 6FO CX BOCTOprOMX, H B'b CaM06 KOpOTKoe BpeMa ocipOBi, 611;!^ ocBo6o^eH-b o'Tb neanojiHTaHCKHXi OTCK)ji,a FapHoajib^H nepenpaBHjrca BI, loatHyio HxajiiH) H s^c TaKOHfflte nopa3HTejibHbiH ycn Bx b fihicmpo saeoeeaez u camuuHeanoM. Ilpn nepBOM-b ace HSB-BCTIH 06^ OTOH peBO.itoijiH BHKTOp b-3MMaHyHJi b sanpeiHib FapH6ajibAii ^a-ibB-Muiee npojj,o.imeHie naqaiaro onacancb, qxo OHO npHBe^exTb K-b odpasoBamro Ha IOF-B oco6ofi pecny6.iHKH, HO HOTOM-L OHI> P^HIKJI^ eocnoMsono6n>da,MU uapoduaio lepon ^JLH npHCoe^HneHm KI Cap^HHin H Heanojia C-L Cm^HJiieH. Ci> BTOIO ij'kibio OH-L noc.iaji CBOIO apMiro B'b Heano.iHTaHCKia B.ia^Hia H T^MI .noBepinpurb HX^ HOKOpenie, HaHaioe TapHdajibAH. Bonpocx o npHCoe^HHeHiH K'b Capp-BHiujca B-L cpeji,HeH HTajim eceuapoduuMo H Bonpoc^b o npncoe^HHeHiH CaBOHH H HHn,n,bi K-b TaKOH ;i;e nopa^OK^ 6bLii. npnoojaciefi). HflTX H B-L lOatHOH HxajiH CT> CHH,H,lieH T^-B BJaCTL r
r
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283 HOH H BeHdjiaHCROii oojiacTen) napmMeuHio, ROTOpbin l;nKTOpa-3MMaHyH;ia w KoHvieio MH.IOCTBIO H no B0.it Hapo,na Ilocjiij 3ioro rapn6ajb;i,H dea pasa drbAaM nonumxy C-L
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B-L nepBLifi
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;uf)poBOJibii,Li
BHKTOp'B-BMMaHyHJI'B BH^.l-L, 4TO OBJaA^Tb PlIMOMX ne em,e iiaciynnjio, H noKa HCKajit TOJIBKO c.iyHaa npHtoe^HHHis
(j)pani^V30B'L.
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r.
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npH
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KaR-B B'b
BCHblXHyJia
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30,-
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325*.
B'b nflTHAecflibixi. ro^ax-b
FepManiH rocno^CTBOBajio ecn ywwmootcumb nepeMibnu, npouseeoeHHUH
1849
KOHCTHTyu,ia
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if
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ceflMi,
flaace
iia noiiomb CBOH BOHCKa. KpecibflHCRia pecjwpMbi 1848 r. vs> 3TO BpeMH CTajiH yptsLiBaibCH, H AajRe BoaciaHOBJifl.iacb B.iacib noM^mHROB-b na^ RpecibflHaMH, RaR'b 9TO c.iyqH.iocb, HanpHM., BX
6My
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CBOHXI* HM-BHiax-b. IIpyccRaH ROHCTHiymii
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apHCTORpaiin H
ROHUli HflTH^eOlTblX-b TO^OBT, B'b FepMjuiiH BHyxpeHHflfl no.iHTHRa HaMajia npHHHMaib HOBoe HaupaB.ieme. 11'ra.iwiacRafl BOHHa 1859 r. npOHSBe.ia OMenb CH.ibnoe nio mi
B'b
cpe^H HHX^ cxpeM.ieHie RT> OceHbK) xoro ace ro^a jHoepa.ibHLie CTOPOHHHRH
HiiMnein-. osxHBHB-b
oui,c;iHHeniio.
o6i>-
re P Mama
_ 284 FepMamH no^
rjraBencTBOM'B Zlpyccin HOJIOJKHJIH iiaiajio
oco6oMy nojiHTHqecKOMy oom,ecTBy noA'B HaaBameM' CBoeio sa^eio ocymecTBJieHie cowr>a, KOTOpoe nocTaBHJO Karo e^HHCTBa na ocnosaxt tiMnepcmu KOHCmumy^iu 1849
i.
Cx
H-feMeuKHM-L rocyflapflM'L Hy;KHO O&LIO no#yMaTB o OBI Jiy^ine opranasoBaTB BoeiiHBia CHJIBI Bcero FepnaHCKaro
Apyrofi CTOpOHBi,
KaKx
TOM-B,
Mort nocji'fe npioo npncoeAHHHTb H JI^BBIH depenb c^ ocoSHMi, npoeKTOM-L, HO ABflfajik BHCiynajia cxpia npoTHBonociaBBjia eny CBOH, H neatly o6oHMH rocy,a;apCTBaMH corosa
BH^y TOFO, HTO Hanojreoiii,
BT>
CaBOHH H HHII;II LI Ilpyccifl BX aiOM't I
B03o6HOBHJioci>
III
noa:ejiaTb
cmapoe conepnunecmeo. OKOJIO Toro
ate
BpeMenn
B-L
OOOHX-L STHX-L rocy^apCTBaxx nponsoiiiJTH H BHyipeHnifl nepeai-kHBi.
326. Bt 1857
r.
npyccKiit Kopojit ^pH^pnx'B-BHJibrejiBM'b
IV
nOABeprca #ynieBHOH ^ojiisim, c^JiaBmeH Heo6xo,u;HMLiM L Hie pereniCTBa. IIpaBjeHie nepeiiuio KI. ero 6paiy, KOTOPBIH (1861), Kor^a 6ojiBHOH KOPOJIB ynep-L, can'B r
nofl'B
HMeneM^ BiumeMma
I.
f(jin
HpycciH
naqa.iacB,
reHTOM-B,
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BaBinyK)
#o
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Epycciro
poe
TOFO
BpeMenn
B-B
o6m,ecTBeeHOMii MH^mH Meai^y HOBBIM'B KopojieM-B Haqa,iacB ynopnaa 6opB^a, B-B
Bpeaifl
CTBOM-B
H Hapo^HBiMi, npeACiaBHTejBM Tor^a CHMnaiiH MHOFHX'B
cooHflTBCfl Ha cxopOHy ABCxpiH. ABCTpin nocjrB 1859 r. TO^KG npOHSOuuia uoJiBinafl
H^MneBx Bi>
3io na Bpeam no^najio FepManiH, HO nepesTb H^KOTO-
IIpycciH.
cia.in
HopaaKeme, KOTOpoe
noTepn'fejia
Monapxia
ra6cdyproBi>
BI*
flHCKOH BOHH-fc, H HOTCpfl JIOM6ap^iH SaCTaBHJIH npaBHTeJTBCTBO HOAyMaTt o npeo6pa30Bamflxx. B-B 1860 r. $paHn B-IocH(}) B r
r
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rocy^apCTBy KoucmwnyiijiK), HTO CHJIBHO HO^HSJIO ABCipiH cpe^H H-feMi^eB'B. BnpoqeM-B, 3Ta KOHCTHTyn,ia BI> pasHon.ieM6HHOH MOHapxlfl ra6c6yprOB-B He BC'feX'B O^HHaKOBO VAOB.ICTBOpHJa, H ee npninjiocB He pas'B nepe^iBiBaTB, npHqeM-B npaBHTejiBCTBo K0je6aCBoeiiy
40CB
Me^y
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pas^JieHieMiMOHapxiH Ha AfiCTpiro H BeHrpiro H cfiedepaausMOMV, paciuHpemeivrB aBTOHOMin OT^'B-IBBBIXT* Hai^iona.iBHBix'B o6,!acTen. 6u TO HH 6BMO, ABCTpia Toate OTKaaBisajiacB OTT& a6co;iFoH BHCTynaJia na HVTB KOHCTHTy^OHHoii s^muu.
T.-e.
327.
m
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cib
tyeumpajiu3MOM?>, T.-e. CTpornM'B e^HHCTBOM'B,
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B'B BHfly nojioatema, saaaTaro ^paHi^ieH, n conepHHqeABCTpieft sa npeo6jia^,aHie B-B FepiiamH HOBBIH npyccKiii
KOpojB BnjTBrejiBM^ I H ero dJiHajaHHiie coTpy^HHKH, BoenHBin MHPOOHO H Ha^ajBHRKt reHcpajiBHaro uiTaoa Mo^bmne, CIHnyaiHBiM'B yciuMmb uucMHuoem), upMht. CaMi,
285 H JH1HO OTJHiaJICH JK)60BbH) KX B06HHOMV
,
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"
T.-e. sa pasBHTie KOHCTHTyqin H npaBOBoe rocyji;apCTBO .inoepajbRLix^ yqpe^^eniH; ona mejiaja o6 beAHHeHia TepMaHin no^t npyccKOH refeifoinefi, HO H C-iBimaiB ne xoi^jra o6i> ycn.ieHiH MH-
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BT.
u n
Koncf)AUKmz
.
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yTBepac^ais dro^/KeT^, 9TO, B3RMa.io HajiorH
H npOBO^HJO CBOK) BoeHHyio
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HecMoipa Ha
pe
KOH(j)JIHKTa BHJIbreJIBM'B I, KOTOpHH TOTOBT, 6UJH> CKOpie OTL npecTO.ia, vkwh yorynHTt, npHSBajTb Ha nocrt nepsaro MHHHCipa Onnno (fiom- EucMapm, ya?.e pan-fee xoro npocJiaBHBiuarocH CBOHMH KOHcepBaTHBHHMH y6^)K ii;eHiaMH H HenpeK.iOHHHM'L HpaBOM-L (1862). (
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CTBeHHHX'L ^HT6JieH HOB-EHDiarO BpeM6HH. Hw-Bfl B'L BH^y o6l>e^HHenie FepManin HOA^ npyccKOH rereMOHien, BncMapK-L TOBOPHJ-L, HTO BCJIHKie BOnpOCLI BP6M6HH MOryi"L p-BmaTBCfl TOJIBKO SOM'B H KpOBBK)", a H6 HapJiaMGHTCKHMH p^iaMH H rOJIOC IIO^HHHBI.
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csoeMy nporpaMMv, saiwiioiaBniyiocfl B'B o ^ateJiia'B H KPOBH". BncMapKi* CTOHJI'B BO oaB-fe B'B T ^ TO^BI, Korvja Ilpyccia Be.ia CBOH ipn BOHHBI, ]\ra.io-no-Majiy
OHI H
BBinojHHJi'B
1
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B-B COIOS'B
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B'B
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THB'B ABCTplH, 6BIBnieH B'B COK)3
r
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C"B
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328*. 15
1.
Bofina
,3,aTCKaa
IILresBHr'B
1864
H Fo^iBniTeHH-B eme
xaKoe npOHCxoaLAenie.
HM'BJia
r.
B'B
1848
r.
niiimBi B03Cia.iH npo-
^aicKaro npaBHie^BCTBa. Ha HX-B cxopOH-B 6Bi.io Tor^a o6meCTBCHHoe MH-Bnie Been FepManin, HO BCKOpi peBO.iion.ia BX o6onx B TMBT,
r
repr^orcTBax'B po.u,
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(^PH^PHX'B VII), Eiiy
CT>
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1863
r.
yaiepx
B-B
flaniH KO-
KOTOPBIMI> npeKpaTH.iacB ijapciBOBaBinaa oro u.nr.Kanmiii
nac-iiiAOBa.!!.
BOHHa.
1
286 no
jKencicoii ,iHHin
XpHciiati'B IX,
HO
B'L
Fo,iBiHTeHH E, r
FepMancKaro coiosa, 6mi L jjpyron nopa^oiTB npecmioH HacjrEAiH, repn,orcTBO ^OJISKHO 6mio jjociaTbca o^aoMy KHH3K) (repijory AyrycTeH6yprcKOMy). y6 EHY#eHHLiH HTO B-B
cociaB-B
r
f
J
mn BI>
HHKTO ne CTaneTB BoesaTB, H B-B TO ate Bpena atejiaa nycTHTB xo^t HOByio BoennyK) cnjry Hpyccin, BncMapKi. npe^jro/KHJi'L sanflTb BM'BCT'! c^ DpyccieH FojibraTeHHTb, a KCTaTH H HLie3-
110^ npe^oroM'B 3am,HTti npaB-L npeiee^eHTa na rojimTHHCKoe nac.i'B^cTBO. ^anifl 6tiJia ne Bt cocTOflmn BecfH BOHHV C'L COK>3HHMH apMlUMH, BTOprniHMHCfl B"B repI^OFCTBa, H HOCJI'B saKJiio^HJia
nopameHifi
MJipt,
yciynHBt
cojosHHKaM-L
H FoJIBinTeHH'L. ofirbUMU COWSHUMU 329. IIocJi'B no6'B Jiti naA'B ^aniefi (jepotcaeaMU ncma.iucb npepenauin HS'B-sa ynpaBJienm saxBaieneLiMH
wwdy
(
BOHH&i.
repi^orcTBaMH H HXI> oyj^ymen cyABOti a Tanme H3x-3a iipeodpasocoro3Haro ycTpOHCTBa TepMaHin, Bonpoc'b o KOTOPOM^ K-L r 9TOMy BpeMeHH Tpe6oBaji B HacTOfliejiBHO CBoero p^nieeia. FoTOBacb ;
Baeifl
K'B
BOHH'B ci ABCTpiefi,
ci, Hia,iieH H na B03HarpaaiAeHie 4>paHn,iH TepycTynKOH) na JI'BBOM'B 6epery Pejraa, noocTepermncB, na STOT-B cqeT-B CKOJBKO-HH6y^B noJioatHTe^BHua od'B-
Hanojieona
BucMapK'B saKjnoHHjn coros^
III HaAejKAOK)
Co CTOpOHBi pyccKaro
npaBHTeJBCTBa, BoscTaeie 1863
KOxopOMy Ilpyccm r., BncMapKi, TOJKC ne onacajica. IIocj'B 9ioro npyccKin Kopnyc^ sanajri, FOJIBdtiBmiii B-B ynpaBJieniH ABCipin, a ynojHOMOieHHtiS FfpycnojiBCKoe
no,o;aBHTB
B^ coiosHOMi cenM-E npe^aBETJiT. TpeooBaeie CBoero npaBHTejibnpeo6pa306am b FepManm ev noeuu como, H3i. KOTOparo AscTpia 6tiJia 6ti COBC-BMT) HCKJnoqeea. 9io TpedoBaaie ne TOJTBKO ne BCTp-BTH^o coHyBCTBia BI> .npyrHXx. H-BMei^KHXj) npaBHiejiBCTBaxx, HO npaMO sacTaBHJio HX'B cxaTB Ha ciopony ABCipin. Ilpyccia npe,a;ycin
CTBa
/
coe^HHeme HenpiaTejrscKHX'B apMin, pasoHBinH HX-L no OAHHoqR'B, rjiaBHHfl aze ea CHJIH Hanecjin aBCTpini^aM'B CTpamnoe nopaaceme npn Cadoeou (HJIH KenHrrpeu,^) B-B ^exin. OAHOH 1131 npe^HJia, o^naKO,
BoeHHBix?. ycn^xoB-B IIpycciH 6tiJio Jiyqniee BOOpyateHie ea pyatBa"). HOC.TB Ca^OBOH ABCTpia 6mia ne-
(,,nrojiBqaTBia
cnoco6na
BCCTH ^a.iBH'BHUiyK) Bonay; H ee ^aate oqeHB Majro B03-
Harpaat^ajiH noO^ti, (KycTon,n,a, Jlncca).
o^ep/KanHHa Meat^y T^M'B na^ iiTa.iBani;aMH oatHAajrB TaKoro 6tiCTparo OKonqania
HHKTO He
BOHHBI H TaKoro TOpatecTBa npyccin. Men-fee Bcero omn^aji'L aioro III, .nyMaBinift, ^TO Bonna saianeTca, HTO 06^ CTOponti o^na jpyryro H qio Torji;a eMy ocTaneica TO.IBKO
maTBca ex CB-E/KHMH
cpj.iaMH B'B 3iy
pacnpio R npo^HKiOBaiB
I
287 CBOH ycjoiuH Mnpa. /Ke.iaa npe^ynpe^HTb laicon o6oporb A^a, BHCMapK% nocntiiiH.rb saiuioqHTb C'B AfiCTpieH MHpt (BX Ilpaw>). 3a CBoe nopasieHie ABCTpia saiuaiHJia noxepeio BenenjaHCKOH od.iacTH,
H
yc'iyiLieHHOH Hano.ieony III jua nepejaiH Hxa.iiH,
cocmaea FepMancKato roiosa, KOTOPHH c% TEM-L ynpasdneuHUMb (1866).
611.1%
U3f>
330. Bonna 1866 B^ FepMafliH.
r
o6 BflBjeH L r
Ilpycciio rocno,jKeio no.io^eum llpyccia yeejtwiu.ia coou ejiadibniu u
r.
cjij.ia.ia
Bo-nepBiixt,
ynuumowcujia uxb uepesno.iocHOcmb, BKJiroHHBt TeppHTOpiK) KOpOJ6BCTBO FaHHOBepCKOe, Kyp(f)H)pUieCTBO FecceH'B-KaccejbCKoe H repijorcTBO HaccaycKoe H H-BCKOJHKO OKpy-
ejurbcmrb BT.
mn>M?>
ci
CBOK)
roB!>
H FecceHi-^apMUiTa.nTa,
BasapiH
a TaiuKe
na-MaHH-B; IILiesBHrB-FojibiiiTeHH'L
$paHK(])ypTi
BOJIBHBIH
Taitate
ropoji.
ocxajca sa
n-BMeuKm rocyjapciBa a cmep* omz r.iaBGHCTBOM^ HpycciH Crbeepo-tcpodpasoBavin cowsi. B'L-TpeiBHX'L, XOTH roatHafl FepManiH H joJiaiHa COCTOHTb HSI. OTA'fejIbHLIX'L H HesaBHCHMblX-L TOCyjapCTBT,, HO
DpyccieH. Bo-BTOpuxi,,
BC'B
Mauna
iioj'B
oHH.i'B
BX
comu,
H c% HHMH maiiHue nacmynameMuo-oGopouHCHjy KOiopbixi. OHH jiojacHbi 6mrH npe^ocTa-
pacnopHateflie Hpyccin CBOH BOHCKa, ec.iH6bi npoHsouuia HM6HHO ex ^paHuicii, KOTOpoio BncMapK^ oco6eHiio ;mnyrocy^apen IO^HOH FepManin. 331. IlpyccKoe npaBHTejibCTBO BBJIO jaTCKyjo Boftay 1864 r. H
aBCTpiHCKyio BOHHy 1866 r., BCG eui,e naxo^ncb ET> KOH^JIHKT'B CT> na.iaTOH jenyiaTOBt H BcniecKH nojaBJiafl B-L CTpani CBo6o,HHoe BtipajKeeie
o6mecTB6HHaro MH^Hia. Bjeciamifl nod-BAti naj'b ^anieft H ABCTpiei'i c b ea coiosHHKaMH ja^H na uoeux* &u6opaxb npaeumeMcmey tioAvwmcmeo, ja H OTX caMRxx nporpeccncTOB-b HasbisaeMbie naiwouaM-.mGepa.iu, saaBHBinie, MTO OHH 6yf
nojHTHKy BncMapKa. Xoia BO^KAH (i.-e. jBOpaHCKon) n K)HKepCKOH napiin H XOT^.IH, qiodbi npaBHBOcno.ib.30Bajiocb u^kn&wi ^Jia B03Bpain,enia K% ciapoMy BncMapK-b, oAiiaKo, c6.iH3ii.iCH ci, Ha^OHa.i b-.iH6epajiaMH, KaK-b H OHH, ITO ,iyqfflHM b cpejCTBOMi, jja cn.ioqeflia 6y nymeH FepManm 6}^!% pe(j)OpMbi. C^'kianubiH KaHUjepoM-b HOBaro CtBH^IIIHIOK)
nowepatHBaib a
(
r
f
,
Bepo-repMancKaro
coiosa,
KOHdMtmywfa,
1849 He doa.ica, HM^H
^.;
OHT>
OKasavii
co.n'BHCTBie
BBejeHiro
B-L
cocmaeMHHOu na ocuoeaniu UMnepcnou KOHB-b
HOBOH KonciHTyi^iH
611.1%
y,nep^aH% H #e-
pHHi^Hni* Bceo6men nojaHH ro.iocoB%. BncMapK% en nepej% r.iasaMH npHM-fepx ^paHijiH, rj^ Bceo6u;ee
HsdHpaiejbHoe npaso FC Hapyuia.io npaBHxaibCTBeHHaro no.iHOBJiaCTia; OH% ^yMa.1% jaaie, MTO xaKaa cncieMa Bbi^opOB-b dyjei'b .iyqraHM%
288 ciLiOTHTb BOs^BuraeMoe HATL 3^anie.
HoBaa KOHCTHTynja
us* cowsa
npeBpama;ia FepiiaHiio locydapcmm ((Staatenbund) 60 cowsnoe 'wcydapcmeo (Bundesstaat). Ero cewMt, nojiy4HBiiiiii na3Bame peuxcmaia, HM-BJI, CBOC ecTecTBennoe Aonojmenie #jia BOnpocoB-L TaMoaceHnaro coiosa Bt Tairb HasHBaeMOMt majuowceHHOMZ napAdMenmrb, BT> KOTOpOM-L yqacTBOBajra H HmHHa rocyAapCTBa FepMaHiH. 3ia KOHCTHTyn,ia ^McTByeT'b C'B HSM-BHeHiaMH H H AO HacToan^aro BpeMenn. 332. Bi> ABCipin nocjiij nopameHia B^ BOHH-B 18G() r. TO;KG npOH30in,iH BaatHEia nepeM-Bnu.
Ilepe^x 91010 BOHHOIO
^HT^ ABCTpin ne HM-LTL npognaro H H npaBHiejiLCTBO KOJieoajiocB HaH6oji'Be pasBHTHMH Moaapxin Fa6c6yproB L 6tuiH .HB-B .
B'B
ET>
r
H MadbHpcmH. E% 1867 r. OH-B BCTyirajra Mem,ny co6oro B-L couawenie, no KOTOpoaiy Monapxia nojryqn.ia dycuiucmuuecKoe ycmpoucmeo H npeBpaiHJiacb B^ coBpeMeHHyio ABCTpo-Benrpiio. Pina JTefiTa
-IfucAeumanm H Monapxiio na .HB-B HOJIOBHHH cociaBi nepBoii BOUIJIH o6.iaciH C-L
pas^-BJiHjra
Tpancjieumanm. B^ KHM'B HacejieHieM'B,
a usi cjiaBancKHX^
L
Iexia,
Mopasia H
cocTaBHJH Benrpia ex H XoTa OT^JTBHEIMX o6jiacTaM b H 6tuio XopBaiia ^aoiaiufl. 3TOMt HO BI> O.HEOH noJI;OBOJII>HO mnpOKoe caMoynpaeaeHie, npn JIOBHH-B locnodcmeywwee nojiowcenie sanajn nrbMyjU, BT> ^pyroa n,ia,
Torj^a KaK'B Biopyio
r
M r
1
H
ApyrHM^ |y^ajioci> 9Toro ^ocTHrnyTs, omcymcmem coAudapnocmu memdy
T-BMi),
6, raro 3;apa
OT-
nacejenia ABCipo-BeHrpin. Y CBoa KOH3THXI) j^Byxx nojiOBHux ra6c6yprcKOH MOHapxin CTHTyuia, CBOG napo^Hoe npe^CTaBHTe.ibCTBO (peiixcpaT^ BX ABCTpin H ceHMx Bt Benrpin), CBOG OT^-BJiBHoe MHHHCTGPCTBO, HO ;ua 06(a HM6HHO HO BOnpOCaMX (})HHaHCOB1>, BOHCKa H BH^ffl6ojibinHHCTBO
HOJIHTHKH) o6oHMH rocy^apCTBeHHBiMH cefiMaMH BBi6HpaeTca oco-
Koiopaa H saHHMaeTca
daa dedeiawix,
BonpocoBi.
Oi.a.'BJibHHa
cjiaBancKia
r
o6cy^eHieM B
njreMena
ycTpOHCTBOMx MOHapxin, sa HCKJuoHemeM'B nojiaKOBx, KOTOpwe syioxca
aBTOHOMien H caMH npuBPLienipOBaHHoe no-ioatenie no OTHonieniio
Bt FajiimiH
BecbMa mnpOKOH
HT>
pyccKOMy (pycMHCKOMy) Hacejiemio. r. H o6pa30Banie OBBepo-repaiaHCKaro coiosa, H ABCipo-BeHrpin, ci .npyroH, pn>wu.m eonpoct
333. BofiHa 1866 o6?>
o6zeduneniu
napmiu. C-BBepo-repMaHCKin
COIOS-L,
AonoJinenHLiH .^oroBOpaMH Ilpyc-
289 rocy^apCTBaMH H TaMO/KeeHLiMT, nap.ia6ujn TOJBKO neHTOM-B, npe;uBepieMT> Tenepenraeft FepMancKOH HMne71 r. H&JIH OKOHH-BMueB-B Ha^i. 4>paHi^ieH BT> 1870 IIo63j.pi pin. C!H
joatHO-H'BMeuKHMH
C-B
B-B HaHa.TE 1871 r., BO npyccKofi rereMonm. llapnaca, BHJbre.ibM'B I 611.11 npoeosuawem ez Bep-
caHKijiio
lepMducKUMi UMnepamopOMZ. (BHCMapKt c^jajr HMnepCKHM-L Kani^jepoMt). Kaat^oe repMancKoe rocy^apCTBO CBOK) KOHCTHiyniio H B'B^aeT't HOHTH BC^ CBOH BHyTpeneifl HO
HHMH B03BHinaeTCfl UMnepCKdH KOHcmumyitifi, no KOycTpaHBaioTca Bci a-kia o6mifl. Ho BTOH KOHCTHiy^H BO oast
Ha,/i,t
BC'BMH
TepManiH naxo^aTca HMnepaxop-B (Kopojb npyccKin), COK)3HHH COB^Tt, COCTOHIIjiH H3i npe^CTaBHTejeH OT^JIBHUXt TOcyjjapCTB'L, H peftxciar^, HsdHpaeMiifi Bceoomero iio^aqeio TOJIOCOBI,.
334. BnyTpeHHaa
HCTOpia 4>paHn,in B-L 3noxy Biopoft HMnepin CBoeodpasHHH xapaKiepx. Hano.ieoe'L III eo3o6uoeuM no- Um npu Ha ww* ceoeio dndu. Ero BJiaciB, KaKt H BJiaciB nojeoHli
na mapOKOMi, ocHOBanin BcenapOAHaro H36paniH, ^eMOKpaiH^ecKoe npOHCxoat^eHie, H cyn^eciBOBajo, KPOM-B roro, napo^Hoe npejuc'raBHiejiBCTBO paBo6pasoM AGMOKpaTHMecKaro xapaKiepa, TaK'B KaK'L ^enyiaTH Kopnyca H30HpajHCb Bceo6meio no^aqeio TOJIOCOBT., HO EM-BCTE Ct T^Ml, CT. ApyrOH CTOpOHH, BC6 6HJIO yCTpOGHO sanoHodameMuuu uopnycb ne MOW UMbm\> numKOu IlpaBHTe.iBCTBO uinpOKO no.iB30Ba.iocb CHCTGMOH KaHAHMTypt H a^MHHHcipaTHBHaro .naBJienm pa HSa H BCB npoeKTbi HOBBIX'B saKOHOB-B nsroiOBJifl.iHCB BT. rocy.a.apCTBeHHOM'B COB'BT'E, snojiH'B saBHC'BBnieM'B OTB npaBHle.n.cTHa. I>R3pOKpaTHqecKaa onena najTB o6m,ecTBOM'B, CK!H na^sop-B na.n'B BC^MH npoaBjeniflMH no.iHTHqecKOH Hano.ieoHa
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npeycnnsium
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8006^6 CaMMfl CyOPCHHH na JKHSHB HMnepin O^GHB
@paHu,iu,
coopy-
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> :
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na.
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Ht'TOl'lH.
HO y aioro naTepia.ii.KopaaieR, H T. n., obua H o6paiHafl cxopOHa. Oon^eciBO BTOpoii 19
290 HMnepin npocJiaBHJiocb ceoero noroneio sa JierKOH HajKHBofi, CBoeio CTpaCTbK) Kt pOCKOIIIH H HaCJTaJKfleHiHMl. H nOJIHHM'L OTCyTCTBieMTb npaBCTBeHHbix'b HfleajioBi,. HanojreoH'B III npaMO ciapajrca pasBHBaib CBOHX-L nojwaHHBix'b HanjoHajibHoe OTTmec-iaBie, Koiopoe
B'L
Bpanjajio 6ti HX'L BHHMame OTI, BHyxpeHHHX'L jj'Ejrb; MCJKfly npoqHM'L OH-L C-L 9TOK) n^JibK) co^HCTBOBaji'L npeBpamemio Ilapn^a
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BI KOHCTHCMHCJI'B
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mHpenia npaB'b Hapo^Haro npe^CTaBHTejibCTBa H o6jierqeHO 6mio nonenaTH. MsM'SEema BX KOHCTHTyr^in 6biJiH yTBepat,neHbi
1870 n,TeHm
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t.,
KOTOPBIH Hanojieon-L III ycTpOHJi-L
BJiacTH.
Ho
e,nBa
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9noxa
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1
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Cpe^n TaKHXi, o6cioflTejibCTB'b Hano.ieony III H npnnurocb na^aib Boney ci Hpyccieii, na nepBBixi ate nopax-L o6HapymHBinyio, ^TO Bee BHyipeHHee ynpaBjienie $pann,iH H Bca oprannsai^ifl BoeHHOH 3am,HTBi rocyBpaaf,aie6HbiH
npHBe^eHti
npaBHTejibCTBy.
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ynaAOK'b o6ni,eH ji,eMopa.iH3a-
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or Io70
71
r.
335. IIOBOATB K'b (})paHKO-npyCCKOH BOHH-B 661^ CJl^J)m,m. 1868 r. B-b Hcnanin nponsomjia peBOJiioqm. KopojieBa
B'b
o
H ncnani^H npe,u;ji03KHJH sanflTb BaKanTHbiH Tpon-b H3x npyccKOH KOpojreBCKOH (|)aMHjin roien^AMpno
,
ne TOJibKO 3aHcnancKOH KOpOHti, HO H npnHHTm b orb BHJibrejibMa I caMoro HOTpe6oBaji (})opMa.ibHaro ofrEmama B'b H B'b qTO OH-L He HHKor^a jjacrL CBoero cooacia na TOMI, 6y,nynj,eMi STY KaHflH^aTypy. Kor^a npyccKiS Kopojib OTB'BTHJI'L na 910 HanojieoH'b III nocn BiiiHJi b o6meumi> Ilpycciu eouuy, XOTH paHnifl COBC-BM^ em,e ne 6biJia roiOBa KT> naqaTiio BoeHHbix b .n-BHCTBiH. Hapo,ncTBeHHHKy BnjibreJibMa npHHn,a OTKasaibca OT^
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r
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BOHHBI eb 4>paHn,ieH, CTaji'b
6biCTpo
ji;aBHO
npHBo,T,HTbCfl
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KOJHqecTBeHHOM'L, H B-L OTHOHieHiflxt; BAo6aBOK'L y ({jpaHijyaoB'L He GLLIO HHKaKo BT.
r
291 H
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BOCHHOM-B X03HHCTB'B napFLTB HaCTOfllHJH IIo3TOMy (j)paHnj3Bi ciajH TepirETi> nopa/Keme sa nopa/KemeirB. 2 cenmflfipH 1870 i. npu Cedanrb nponsonuia c,naqa npyccaKaM-B BOHHLI,
B'B
Mapmaja MaKt-MaiOHa, H
BOCBMH.necflTHTBicfl'moH apMiji no.ieoH'L III
BsaTt
ftBLi'B
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B'B
H
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npoeo3i.mmenie pecnyfiMtm. Easem ct apwieH BT,
175
Mapina.TL
T.
KOTOpyro npyccaKH OKPVJKHJH B-L Meyn>. Meat^y H CaMHH HapM^, KOTOpHH HOCJ-B OCa^H,
.,
o6jIOatH,lH
inenca 6o.TBe qei'tipex-L
M-BCfli^eB-L,
BHHyat^eHT,
fitLi-L
cdamwa ua m-
iinw)jAHi^m(\^l\}. ITpaB^a, npaBHiejiBCTBO Hai^ionajiBHOH o6opOHLi, B-L KOTOpoMi, oco6oio 9H6prieH npocjiaBHJCfl FaM6emwa (1838
1882), opraHHSOBajio HOBLTH apMin HS-L HOBo6paHqeB'L, HO OH-B He BI CHjax-L 6njH 6opOTbCH c^ ropa3.no CHJBH'BHnTHM'L HenpiflTejeMi,. OcxaBajiocB
saKJiioqHTB
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5 noc.TB 6ie.
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no KOiopoMv
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Dapn^a
c^aqH
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Ki
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6Bija yn.iaTHTB
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BC-BXT.
enje
nponsomjio ciojiwi^eH
.IH-
H-BM-
H
Koiopaa .nojiatna 6Bi.ia ocymecTBHTB HOBBIH con.iajiBHBifl Tpe6oBania. Tor^a npaBHie.iBCTBO Ha^ajro UPOTHB-B KOMMyHBi BOHHV: ero BOHCKa Biopmrno oca^HJiH IlapHat-B, KOTOPBIH H 6ujn> HMH cKOpo
KOMMyny,
06^ CTOpOHBi o6napyatnjiH CTpamnoe oatecTOienie, ITO 310 ne^,noyco6ie 6BiJio KaKi> 6ti noBTOpenieMx IIOHBCKHX-B 1848 r. Ho pecny6jiPiKa na BTOTI. pas'B y^epatajacB, H
BSflTi.
nojyiH.ia
B'B
1875
336. Bx
nepeBOpoiBi, Anrjifl Mnpno pasBHBajiacB Ha npoqHBLVB CBoero rocy^apCTBeHHaro oBixa. .IHHIB cpe^n no^BjacT-
ocHOBaxi* HBIX-B
r. HBIB'B AMcTByiomyH) KOHCTHTyniio. TO BpeMH, KaK-B Ha MaiepnK'B nponcxoAH^H KpynHBie
6H HapOIOBX B'B B'B
1857
COBepma,lHCB CKOJBKO-HH6y^B 58 r. et Iludiu 6buo fioMwoe eoscmanie
KOTOPOM'B npHHHJH yqaciie H cocioflBinie HSX xyseMi^eB-B ate Ono 6HJO BBisBano npurECHemflMH areniOBx OcrB-
no.iKH (cHnan).
HH^CKOH
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KOMnamH,
npaBHiejiBCTBO atecioKO y KOMiianiH ynpaBJienie
ynpaBJflBHieH cipanoK).
noKapajo
AHrjiificKoe
BosciaBnmx'B, HO saxo OTHJUO BSflB'B ero Henocpe^CTBCHHO B-B
HH^ieH, CBOH pVKH. H-BCKO.lbKO H03^H'Be npOH30DMO H 6* IfpAdHdiu CUMHoe peeoMOWQUHoe Gpo.weuie, no^roTOBHBmeecfl eme B-B npe^'BHAynuH Hpjian^UBi ycipOH.iH TanHoe o6meciBO (fienieez, Koiopoe CTpeMHTbCH Ki odn^eMy BOSCTaniio, HO H C-B 9THMI npaBHTe.iBCTBO CKOpo cnpaBH.iocB. B'B MaiepiajBHOM'B nepiofl'B.
cia.io
roji.i
nu.ut
r
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anoxofi
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292
u mopioeaio npou,6nmaHiH.
PaBUHiTL odpaaoM'L 310 H BpeMeHeM^ B03Bpameaia na nyiL enympeHuux'b pefiopMb, HHM% JJ'fcflTeJieM'L KOTOpHXl, 6uJlT> FyMaHHtlH H SHeprH^ jiH6epajiLHOH napiia P^adcmom (1809 1898). OH-L B036y,a,HJ L o HOBaro Heo6xo,nHMOCTH Bonpoci paciHHpema HBdHpaTe.iBHHXt npaB'L, H B'L 1867 r. (B'L MHHHCiepCTBO ero npOTHBHHKa fluspae.m, 611.10
r
BuKOHC$tt*bda) 6ujia nponsBe^eHa emopan nappe$opMa, ^onojineHHaa BI 1885 r., 6jiaro^apa jrop.ua
mpemwu
jiHinb
o^na ne nojiBsyeica H36HpaT6JibHLiMH npaBaMH. KpOM-B Toro, FjiajiCTOH'B nociaBBJii CBoeio sa^aHeK) ymupomeopenie Hprnndiu yciynKaMH saKOHHtiM'B Tpe6oBaniHM B MpjiaH^eBx. OCE^ORKJIT* MiciHoe KaTOJinqecKoe Hacejefiie OTT, najroroBt B^ pecpopmou. TenepB
Bapocjraro Hacejienm AnrjiiH
r
anMHKaHCKaro ^yxoBeHCTBa (1869),
samHTHJi-L ocotfmrB sa-
KOHOM'B
Hp.iaH^CKHX'B (^epMepOB-L Orb npHT fcCH6HiH CO CTOpOHH aHIMiftCKHXl nOM'BmHKOB'b, ; a B'L KOHI^'B CB06H fl'EflTe.IbHOCTH r
JIO^HJI-B
^aate ^aib Hpjian^in OT^'BjrbHwfi napjaMenii ^JT Bauia ea BHyipeHEHMH ^jiaMH. Docji'BUHaa M fcpa BCip-BTHJia, r
Bl AHFjiH CHJbHOe npOTHBOJli'BHCTBie.
337. BrL |_)MKclHCKOc
BaatHBia co6biTia nponsonuiH
BT>
B6JIHKOH saauiaHTHqecKOH pecnydjinK-B.
niecTH^ecaTbixi, ro^axT, H
S^cb
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posm
MeoKoy CYbeepnuMU u wwcHUMU wmamaMU, r.iaBHbiM'b ate BonpocoM^ HX-B cnopa 6bM-L Bonpoc'b o pa6cmerb neipoev. IIocjr'B^Hee cyiu,ecTBOBajo TOJIBKO B'L toJKHbix'b raTaTax'L, rji$ pasBHJHCb Kpynnaa noseMe.ibnaa
co6cTB6HHOCTb
H
njraHTaxopCKoe xosanciBO,
xor^a
KaK^
HITaTaX'b EC'S StHTeJIH 6LMH CBOOO^HH H paBHOUpaBHLI. IQataHe yAep^HBajiH y ce6a neBOJiLHHqecTBO, onnpaacb na KOHCTHTyu;iK), ^osBOJiaBinyro OTA'fc.ibHHM'b iniaTaM-b HM'BTL CBOH ocodbia
B'L C-BBepHLIXI,
ygpeat^enia, HO c'BBepane c'rajn TpeooBaiL, qTo6ti coios'b 3anpeTHJi L r
cymecTBOBanie pa6cTBa ea
Bceft leppHiopiH lUiaTOBi. BTO pasnorjracie coBna^a.io ci oopbdoio ^Byx-L nojininqecKHX^ napiiH pecnyfijiumuCKOU u deMonpamuuecKOu, HS'L KOTOpux-L o^na OTCTaHBajia npasa
nrraTOB'b, ^pyraa npasa Bcero coiosa. B?> 1860r. B'L 6mi L H36paHi> AepaaM* JLunnoMm (1809 1865), npopa6cTBa HerpoB-L. Tor^a CGML loatHbixi. niTaiOB'b saxoT-BJH HS-L coK)3a ^Jia o6pa30Baeia oco6o Kom^ejiepaiUH; OHH me H nepr
BLIMH Haqa.iH BpaazAe^Hbia
Hsomjia
^McTBia npoiHB'L c'BBepan'L. OTCFO^a npoMemdoycoCmoH eouna, ^HBinaaca OKOJIO qeibipex'L 1865). Ceaqajia ycnixi, CKJionajica na CTOpony
(1861 HO B'L KOHUJk O^OJI'BJIH C'EBepaHC. HUMU H BTHMI no^opBaji'L CHJiH HM'BTL ^-BJO
C-L
JlHHKOJIbH'b Ofa&6UA% Heip067> C6()6odr
loataH'L, KOTOptiM'L npHiiiJiocb
renepb
qacTLK) co6cTB6HHaro Hacejeflia, ciaBHiaro Ha CTO-
293 pony
Ho
dkBepflHi). B'L
B'L 3TOH 6biBiuiH
JHIIKOJEH-L 6HJn> ydHit OAHHMT>
HCMi THpainia, H BOHHa OKOHmiacb oco6eimo
BOMB'S
BHOCXEACTBin npesH.neHTOM'b.
yate IIOC.TE ero
leHepa.n
BbiflBHny.icfl
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6u.n> CMHpHTbca, H Herpu no.iymiH npasa CBo6o,a;Hbix b r
III.
338
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1871 1., HO caMH Me^yHapOAHLia Tpex'L AecflTHJi-BTifi no^BeprajiHCb
EBponti
OTHOineHifl
BaanHMi
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Biopon HMnepin BO $paHuiH cA^ajiact lepjwnix, H c^ neio CTOJIH HCKaib c6,iHateHia BC-B Apyrin rocyAapciBa, B'L ocodeHHOCin ^e ABCTpia H Poccia, TaKi> HSM'EHeHiflM'B. Ilpeo6.mdawu^eio depjtcaeow nocJi'B na^eflia
qio B'L EspoirB CTa.iH .roBOpHTb o cowm mpext UMnepamopom, KaK^ o r.iaBHOH Mem.nyiiapOAHOH KOMdHHai^in, o6e3neqHBaK)in,eH o6n;iH Mnpi, (XOTH BI> TO ate BpeMH BC^ rocyAapciBa CTa.iH ycuAusamb ceou eoCoio3 L Tpexi> HMnepaiopOB-b" 6ujn> Kanx 6bi B03o6nor
opyjfceHifi).
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CBamenearo
BI>
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TaKoe
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DOCTOR'S, pyccKO-Typei^Kyio Bonny H KOHHHBinarocfl 6ep.iHHCKHM L KOiirpeccoM'b. XopoOTHOineHia PocciH CT> ABCTpiew H ITpyccien Tor^a pascTpoiuncb, H
1877
1878
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r
rr.
oaBHOio
CHJIOIO c^kiajicfl HOBLIH
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FepManiu, Aecmpiu u
(1883),
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ataTbCH H BTOpocTeneHHbifl rocy^apCTBa. Hso.iHpOBaHHbiMH nocjii 3Toro ^paHqifl H Poccia, ^TO sacTaBH.io H HXI
006010 (1891) H ^aate saKviioqHTb ocodun comi. BTHM-L 6ujii cosflanx CHJbHLiH npOTHBOB-BC'L
Meac,ny
cpejHe-eBponeilcKHXT> AepasaB'b. B-L 1899 pyccKaro rocy^apa B'L Faari* codnpajiacb
coiosy Hiio
339
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r.
:::
B-L Meat^yHapOAHbix-L OTUOOTpasHJincb H na fl'Liax'L BajKaHCKaro nojiyocTpoBa, cos.naB-L IIOBUH ycjOBin ^JIH ,na.ibH Mniaro xo,na BOCTOHiiaro Bonpoca. AecmpiH, Haniaimaa HST, HTa.iiH H HST> FepMa.
HsM'BueHin, coBepinHBrnmca
meniflx-L cpe^nen
EBponu,
r
HW, oopaTH.ia CBOH i.t.ia
TaKace
B])OMH.
KJIK'L
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HaiipaB.iaTb PoCClfl,
JWtt
B03MOaxHOCTb
Ha IxuKant'K\ii H
npyccKaa nojiHTHKa, KOTOpOH HOC.l'E 1870
SaBeCTH
BOeHHblH
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fy.lQYb
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ee
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l
Am\iia H ^pannja JHUIB na spena OrroMaHCicaa HMnepia oonaKX Hecnoco6HOCTb pyatHBa.ua nojinyio Bospo/KAemio, n xpnciiaHCKm no^BJiacTHbia cyjiiany, TO-H-JI.'EJIO eoscmaea^Uj Hapo,a,HOCTH, Bti3HBa.iH npOTHB'L ce6fl CTpaniBiia penpeccin co cxopOHH 3iH BOsciaHia H Typei^Kia sB-BpciBa He MOOH He oipaHa Bu^'BJHBinHxca HS-B Typi^in xpacriaHCKHxi. rocy^apCTBaxi, sa
TypijiK)
npou,ecct en pas^ootcenin.
Toate co3,o;aBajio
He npeKpamajiocb 6po^eme. Bee STO, Bt CBOIO HeMajio XJIOHOTI ^Jia APimiOMaTiH Be.iHKHxi. AepTRaB-L.
Ha BajKaHCKOM'L no.jyocTpOB-B ci
Htia MSM-Enema, npOHcnie^niia
cepe^HHtr ceMH^ecaTHxi, 6u BaccajibHua KHajKeciBa Moji^aBia H Bajiaxia Bo-nepBHXt, naTHjiiecaTLixi TO.HOBX
KX 1859
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CJULIHCB
Bt e^HHyio PyMBiHiK), KOiopaa BX cepe^Hni mecTHro^OBi nojryqHJia JiH6epaJibHyK) KOHCTHTyijno (1866) H Bo-BTOpbix b, BX HiecTH^ecaTbix-L ate ro^axt sac-
r.
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cajbHaa
Cepdia ^ooajiacb OHUu^enin En>Mpada (1862) H ^pyKp'EnocTeH (1867) OTX Type^Hxi> rapHHSOBx, a BX 1869 r. nojryqHJia KOHCTHiy^K). Yate ET> 310 BpeMa cep6bi no^epatH-
Bosciame CBOHXI conjieMeHHHKOBi BX FeprjeroBHHlj (1862), Ha CTOpOHy KOTOpbixT> CTaHOBFuiHCb paBHbiMi> odpasoMx H qepHoropi^H. BxTpeTbHXt, ycHJiHJiocb BX 3iy ate 3noxy na^ionaMnoe douwcenie u cpedu 6oMapz, KOTOpbiMi .naate y^ajiocb BX 1870 r. ^o6nTbca OTX cyjiana 6o;irapCKOH n,epKBH ex 3K3apxoMi> BO H ipenu He MOFJIH ycnoKoiiTbca BT> rpammaxx, Hbixi HMX BX 3noxy ocBoooat.neHia. Bx naiH^ecaTLiXTb ro^axx H ^paHi^ia, cnacaa n.'kiocTb Typn,iH noMtmajH Fpei^iH BocnojbsoBaibca pyccKO-Typen;KOK) BOHHOIO A^H pacrnHpenia CBOHX-B B,ia BHiH; HO Kor.ua BX 1862 r. rpeKH JHHIHJIH npeciojia CBoero Kopo.ia ?
r
3,
/
(Ommona OHH
I),
Anrjria
OT^ajia HM-L lounqecKie
ocipOBa sa
TO,
qio
na
npecTOJTb ea KaH^,Hji,aTa (Feapia /, cbina Kopo.ia ^aTCKaro XpHCTiana IX). BcKOp'B saT^M-b (1868) ua Epumn ecnuxBti6pajiH
eoscmanie HpOTMBx ivpOKT), HO eBponeficKaa AHn.ioMaTia onaTb noM-Bmajia rpenJH BM-BraaTbca B-L 310 pjkjio H OB,m;rBTb KpHTOMi. B-L HOBblH $a3HCX BCTyHHJIi BOCTOqHblH BOHpOCX, KOl^a BX 1875 T.
nyjio
naqajiocb Bosciaflie npoiHEi, TypOKx BX Pepu^eioeunn H OTTy,o,a pacnpoCTpaHH.iocb cnaqajia Ha Eocnm, a HOTOMX H Ha Eo.napm. Cep6ia
H ^epnoropia
xoate
no^Ha.incb,
qTo6bi
OKasaib
noMom,b
CBOHMX
repijeroBHHCKHM-L H docniHCKHM'b e^HHOHJieMeHHHKaM'b. BTO ^Bnaveme eno 6bijro ex 6ojibuiHM b coqyBCTBieM^ H BX Poccia, oiKy^a na r
ex TypnaMH MaccaMH ycipeMHJHCb jto6pOBOJibHbi.
Bx
EBponii
295 BneqaiJiHe
npOHSBejH BI TO BpeMa Typenjua HOBaro Go.napcmio eoscmaniH. EBponeHnpn ycMnpenin cnaa ^Hn.ioMaTia ci. caMaro Haiaia ABHHvema noipe6oBa.ia y TypUJH petjjopii'b Bt JVEJTE ynpaBJienia xpHCiiaHCKHMH no^aHHiiMH, ci ciLibHoe
ocooeiiHO SB'fcpCTBa
CBOCH CTOpOHH, COBepmeHHO, O^IiaKO, nOiepaBIHHMH BCaKyiO B^py Bt
TypenKaro npaBHTe.ibCTBa. HS-L BC'fex'L BTHX-L neperoBopOBi. HHiero ne BHXOAHJO, H TO.IBKO TpeooBaHie HMnepaiopa AjeKcan^pa II, 410611 cy.naHi, npeKpami-L BoeHHtia ^HCTBia, cnac.io Cep6iio orb
o6'kiii,aHia
nojearo pasrpOMa TypKBMH (HOCJ-B nopaacema
cep6oB-L npn flpwHHm-B). Bi> KOHii.t-KOHi^OB'L A.ieKcaH,npi> II 6HJi> BMHyjKfleH'L npH6-BrHyTb KT>
CHJI-B
opyadfl.
340. BocTOHHaa Bonna 1877 THBT>
BT>
TypuiH
coiost
C'B
^pyrnx'B
-1878
r.
Bejiact Pocciea
npo-
H
BajI
PyMHHieH, ^epHoropieft H Cep6ien H npH
Hai^ifi.
HOCJI'B cnjibHaro conpOTHEjiemfl Mom,b
cJiOMJiena, H Kor,na pyccme IIOHBH,IHCB y caMaro KOHIlopia AO.iHtHa 6u.ia saKJiioqHTb MHpi> ci Pocciea ez Cam-Cmecfjano. ?occia no.iyHH.ia no 9TOMy MHpy BaxyM'b H ,
BI>
Kapc'b
PyMWHiH CKOMy
Asia,
B-L
a
B-L
EBponi
r
ona oi^aja noiepaHHyio no napnatCep6ia H ^epnoropia
Ho6py n^y, (
Koxopyio
odM-BH-L sa HacTb BeccapaoiH,
.noroBOpy
1856
r.
PyMbiHia,
oftwuMHu uesaeucuMUMu locydapcmeamu H nojiyia.iH npHpameaia. Typei^Kaa xeppHiopia wb EBponi no,peacajia Heniio.
Bojirapia npeBpan;a.iacb
6mio npocTHpaibca
B-L
K-L rory
BaccajbHoe KuaatecTBo, Koiopoe AO 3reficKaro Mopa. BC,TB^CTBie
ci> 6jrHataHniHM L OKpyron-L Etui's 6bi COBC'EM-L OT-b .npyrHx-B B.iaA'feHiii TypOKi Ha Ba.iKaHCKOMi, no.iyr
r
r
oc rpOB Ii
BOCIUH Poccia.
nojiyocxpoBa, 9ecca.iiH ex Aj6aHien repi^eroBHHoii); ycipaHBaib 910 KHaatecTBO .nojiaina Bocnia H FepueroBHHa ^OJISIHU 6miH nojry^HTb HOBbia (XajiKejjOHCKaro
H
ci>
ygpeai^ema HO^-L Ha6jno^eHieM-b Poccin H HacejieHHbiM'b rpenaMH H apManaMH, Toaie 6iiTb .naHbi pe(j)opMti no corjiameaiio ct Poccien.
341. CaH^-Cxe^aHCKiH ^oroBopx noqiH coBepuieHHO Ha.ri>
Hie
ynpaa^-
eBponeHCKyio Typi^iio H OTaBaj'B ee BHOJIH-B B-b pacnopaaieCi> xaKHM'b pesyabTaiOMi. ne MOMU npiiMUpumbCx uu
Poccin.
AHIMH, nu AecmpiH.
AHLiiiicidfi
KoncepBaTHBHHH MHHHCip'b j
(fiuspae.m) cxajnb rpoanib PocciH BOHHOK), Ha no ui'p;KKy co CTOPOHH ABCipin, KOiopaa xoaie Haqa.ia r
B0op\ /Kaxbca, dy^y^H yB-Bpena, qio FepMania He ^acrb paarpOMHTb ee Poccin. PyccniH HMnepaiop-b oiKaaajca, o,HHaK0 OT-L MIJC.IH o HOBOH BOHH-B H cor.iacHJca OT^aib caHx-CTe^aHCKift .norosop-b na nepe7
eBponeHCKaro Konipecca.
.I-BTOMI,
1878
r.
co6pajncb
BT>
Be P JI
B0 '
296 Eepmurb nojrB npe^c^aTe.iLCTBOM'L BncMapKa, BsaBiiiaro Ha ce6a ^ecTHaro MaiLiepa", MHHHCTPBI H IIOCJIBI HICCTH BejmKHX-B POJIB H TypnJH. Am H ABCTpm y,o;ajiocB Bipoe coKpaTHTB 1
.
BojirapiH,
pac^JieHHEt tfojirapCKyro leppnTOpiio caHt-cie-
^oroBopa Ha KHjmecTBO Bojrrapiio, aBTOHOMHyro npOBHHBocTogHyio PyMejiio H MaKeAomio, Koiopaa 6tuia B03Bpain,eHa
(f)aHCKaro njio
Bocnia H FeprjeroBima 6ujiH OT^anu na u BpeMH ABCipiH, KOTOpaa o6fl3ajiacL OKKyirapOBaTb H ynpaBJiHTs HMH, XOTH TeopeiHqecKH on-fe H ocxajiHCs cyjiTaey.
cyjnaea.
Bo
TO
sai-EMi,
ate
BpeMfl
sana-ia
Anrjiifl
H ErnneT-L). TaKoii
HCXO.H.'L
Kanpt
OCTPOB-L
(a
KOHrpecca
6epJiHHCKaro
coros'B
Tpexi HMnepaTOpOBi>; ABCipia .naate CTa,ia B'L pi>3Km OTHOfflenm conepHH^ecTBa C'L Poccien na BajraaHCKOMt no.iyocTpOB-B. (B% 1885 r. nepBHii 6oirapCKiir KHasb Atencandpz EammeufiepiCKiu npHCoe^HHHJi^ K^ KHflatecTBy H BociOHHyio PyMejiio, HO yate E% 310 Bpeaia Poccia He HM-BJia npe/KHaro BJiiania BT, BOJIrapin).
CoBpeMenHaa nojiHTH^ecKaa Kapia BaJiKaHCKaro no.iyocTpoBa CBoe na^ajio orb 6epjiHHCKaro KOHrpecca.
TJIABA xn. BceMipnoe TOCHOAGTBO eBponencKHxi Pascejrenie eBponeHn,eBi, no ApyrnML HaciaMi, AnrjiiH
O^aopi,
343).
( (
OftpasoBaeie BHi-eBpo^eHCKHx^
345).
eBponencKux'b
.uepacaBi) ^
posaa ToproB.^.
342*.
eBponeftcKHx-B KO-ionift
(
349).
347).
CB-fexa (
(
344).
BJia^-BHift
342).
KoaomajiLHafl HOJIH-
KojiomajrbHoe MorymecxBo
Poccin
(
346).
MaiepiajrLHaa Kyjitiypa eBponeSi^eBi..
PacnpocipaHeme esponeHCKofl
ii,HBHJiH3auiH.
C<j)epH Bjiiania
348).
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Mi-
350).
Co BpeMCHH
OTKpBITla AMepHKH H MOpCKOFO nyTH BT> nponiJio qeiLipe B^Ka, B'b Te^enie KOTOptix'b eBponeficme HaocHosaJiH ceou nocejienin eo ecnxi uacmnx* cerbma. FjiaBHBiMH
HamaMH, npHHHMaBniHMH yqacTie B'L STOATS aaBoeBanin seMHoro GLMH cnaqajia Hcnafln,H H nopTyrajibi^H (BT> XVI B.), HOTOM-B (f^pany^ysu H am^uuane (c'b XVII B.), a BI canoe no-
niapa,
BpeMa K-B ^acjiy KOjroHiajbHBix-B Hanjii iipHCoeAHHHJiHCB H u umaawHtyu. QB ^pyroii CTOPOHBI, ein;e co BTOpofi HOJIOBHHBI XVI B. Haia.iocB H nocTynaTejibnoe ^BHateHie Pocciu Ha asiaTCKin BOCTOKI.. r.menuMU npuuuuaMU smoio pasceAeuln eBponeHqeB'B no BceMy seMHOMy niapy 6BMH c.i'B^yiouj.ia. Panie Bcero npojioazH.TH ce6'B .nopory B-B HOBBia CTpaHBi JIIO^H oco6eHno 9HeprnqHBie CTpeMHBHiieca ,
297 o6oraTHTBca BOHHOIO, TOproB.ieio H pasnaro pOA'fe #o6BiBama flparoij'EHHBix'B MeiajuoB
BT>
Biopyio, 6ojike nos^Hioio Kaieropiio nepecnacaBiniecfl OT-L pejmriosHHxi. H JIIOAH,
njiaHTanjfi.
ycTpOHCTBa
cociaBJHJiH
npec^rBflOBamH HaKonen.'B, ocodenHO
,
KOTOPHMI.
XIX
no#BeprajiHCB
Ha
po-
jjMcTBOBaTB H Tpeiba HCKaib HOBBIX'L M-BCTI,, #a nepeHacejienie, sacTaBJifljoiAee H B0o6me 3KOHOMHH6CKaa Hyat^a. (CcbMKa npeciynnHKOBt Tome B-L HSB'tcTHLix'L c.iyqaHX'L yBejHqHBajia HacejreHie KO.iOHin). 3iy DMH.
B-B
B. cxajia
rpaniio B-L XIX B. SHaiHTejibHO cia^in odMwamt ycoeepmencmeoeaunue cnocofiu nepedeuMcenisi napoxo,u;cTBO H acejiiiSHLia .noporH. EyMmypuoe npeeocxodcmoo eBponeni^eBi c'L caaiaro ate Haqajia ^asajo HMI nepeB'fec'L Ha^t mHTe^aMH Apyrnxi qacTen CB-Bia. HH3inia pacti H ABCTpajiia cxajiH .naate BLiMnpaiL nc^B nanopOMt iiapopacBi, a 60^6 ^HBynie Hapo^ti CTaparo cs-BTa .no.irKHti noAHHHHTLca 9KpBOMHiecKOMy H nojiHTHiecKOMy rocno,a,CTBy CaMLia KOJiOHiH eBponeHCKHXT> Hapo^OBt eBponefin.eBx. eecbjua pasAuuuuu xapanmepz. Bi> O^H-BXI, A^J 6-fejiOH
6HJIH
BO a BopeHieM L cpe^H
TyseMD.eB-L nesHaqHiejibHaro
r
r
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luaHTaTOpOBi., Kyni^OB-L H pasHuxt npaBHieJiBCTBeHHLix'B H.IH
TOproBBiXB areHTOBi), HO Apyria KOJiOHin noJiy^HJin npaMO eBponenCKoe nacejienie, BI KOTOPOMI. HMiioTca npe,ncTaBHTejiH Bcix'B oome-
Bx
pasHBia Bpeiiena H y pasHBJxi HapojjOB!, Meotcdy KO.wuucmaMU u Memponomeu Toate
CTBGHHBix'B K/iaccoBi.
63auMHbiH omuoweuia
npHHHMajH o^eHB pasjiHqHBift xapaKiep-i. Bi o6meM-L BT> 6o,TBe pannia BpeneHa saBHCHMOCTB KOJiOHifi OTB MexponojiiH 6BiJia 66jiBnieio, HO ci> KOHi^a XVIII B. Haqa*iocB cipeMjreHie KOJOH!H K-B oceo6oMcdeuiw omz nodnuueniH Mempono.rixM'b. IlepBBiH npHM^pi. B^ BTOM'B OTHOHieHin 6BiJii noflaH'B anuiiucKUMU KOJIOWHMU
BT>
c-BBep-
HOH AMepHK B, OT.ioaiHBmHMHca BX 1776 r. OTI. CBOCH Meipono.iin H o6pa30BaBinHMH pecnydjiHKy CoeduHeunuxb IHmamoeo. Bi naCToam.ee BpeMa DOHTH Bca AMepmca COCTOHTX HST^ caMOcioaTr.ihHBIXX rocyAapCTB'B, o6pa30BaBHJHxca H3-B dBiBmax-L KOJOHin AH mi H. Hcnanin H IIopTyrajin. IIsx KOJIOHIH, ne pasopBaBuiHX-B HO.IHTHCBaaH c'B CBOHMH MeTpono.iiaMH, HandojBUJHMH npasaMH, r
HX-B
KO.IOIUH,
KI>
CBodo^HBiMi.
cocTaBjaK>m,ia
BeAUKo6pumaniu
BO
BC-BX-B
rocy^apcTBaM-B,
no.iB3yioTca
BejiHKyio (fiedepampe qacTax-B cB'B'ra. B'B
H npOMBimJieHHHKOBI>, COJ^aTT, H qHHOBHHKOB-B, H nyTemecTBeHHHKOR'B H.IH BI BHA^ cnjoniHUXT. BCTp'Bqaioica TaKH>ii> oilpasoM'B Ha BC'BXI nyHKTaxi 36MHoro
iiiapa.
BM'BCT-B
CT>
OTHMX pacnpocTpana^Tca
B'B
.npyrHX'i, qa-
298 H rjaBiiMiiiie eeponeiicme HSUKU,
snaqeme
343*. KO-
6jaro,napa
no,iyqaioiiue,
MipOBbix'B HSBIKOB-B.
BcvTEACTBie Taicoro pacniHpema HCiopHqecKofi cuemj H eBponeiiCKaro nacejiema no .npyrHM'B HaciaMi*
pacnpocTpanenia
"
no.4ummecKaH, dKOHOMuuecKaa u KyMmypuasi ucmopin oce u Go.me npio6prbmaem^ noucmunrb mipoeou xapaKmept. Meayi;y HapotfHBia OTHomema BTB caMoii Efipon-B yate ^aBHO ciajH AO HSB'ECTHOii cieneHH onpe^'kiflTLCfl H KOJOHiajibHHMH HHTepecaMH. Hao6opOT'B H KpynHLm BOHHH, npOHCXosHBniia B'B EBpon-B sa noCB-ETa
6o.?n>e
?
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cnwoMo.
ipn
conpoBoat^ajmcb H KOAOHiaMHMMv conepnuueHe TOJIBKO ocBo6o,o;HjacB OTT> HcnaecKaro Bja-
B-BKa,
FojrjraH.nifl
HO H ci>
Bo
KOJioeiaMH.
BOHHH
Espon-B Toate pacnpocipaHfljiHCs H
na KO-
saBJia.n'BJia B-L
MHorHMH ncnaHCKHMH
^paHi^ieH MHornxi. cjiyqaax^ BsanMHHfl OTHOineHia
npflMO CTajH saBuctTi. OT^ conepnHqecTBa BI> HanpHMipi>, sa nocji'B.HHee BpeMa oco6eHno
CB'BTa.
xapaKxepi. Ha^aJiH npHHHMaTB BsaHMHBiu OTHomeHia Aieat^y H Poccieft ct Tixt nopi), KaK^ pyccKie coBepniHJH CBOH scwoeeania 6?> cpedueu Asiu, KOTOptia, no MH-Bniio am\iHHaHT>, onacnti ^jia Hxi) >iaro
o.mduuecnwa vz Hndiu. ECJH AMepaKa H ABCTpajiia yaie C-L caOTKpBixia HX^ eBponeiiii,aMH CA'BJajrHCb HX-L .nodnqeio, TO BI* XIX B. npOHSonie.i'L HacToam,iH pasdtbjiv u Acppum MwrJy
eeponeucKUMU locydapcmeamu. ^ajfie Hiajin, KOTOpaa BX Bnoxy pas^podjieHifl H AyMaTb ne Mor.ia o KOJioniajiBHOH cxa.ia HCKaib TeppHTOpiaJibHbix'b npiodp^Tenifi na ,,qepr
MaxepHE't" (q ro npnBejio ee, Mea^y npo^HM-b, K-B ex AdHCCHnien). Ho oco6eHno paseu^a no.mmuKy o6^e^uneuHaH lepMama, c.n'BjiaBinaaca sa nacToam.HM'B
KOjroniajibHbiM'B
Coeduuenubie saBoesaniH H
rocy^apCTBOM^. J^aace CmepoBbiciynHJiH ne^aBno na HVTB no6fyu)HOCHOH BOHHH ex Ilcna-
Ulmamu HOCJI-B
OTHajiH y nea Mnorie ocipoBa oiceanaxx.
344*. 063opb
5 LIJH
eBponeilCKHXT, KO;IO- JIOH1H
na AuaHTii'iecKOM-b H Be.in-
IlepBbiMH KOJioniajbEbiMH .nepazaBaMH BX HOBOH HciopiH BT> cepe^HH^ XVI B. ncnaHCKUJ KO-
HcnauiH H Roomy uum.
.
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HOH AMeptiK-B qenia
BCK) loaiHyio qacTB ea AO Ka.iH(j)opHiH
Kojiopa^o
H
Pio-Fpaiw
(MeKCHKa),
a
r
H Bepxnaro iexaK/Ke
^jiopH.ny.
a oKeanax-B. TorOjHcnaHiii npHHa^.ie^ajH Mnorie ocxpOBa Majio-no-Majy HcnaHu,bi pacniepsuiu ecn> ceou KOJioniu. ^acib H:
KpOMi
Ho
OTHaia APVPHMH rocyjapciBaMH
B'B
pasnoe BpeMa
(BI>
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r.
299 'hunnnHHCKie o-ea CljEepo-AiiepnicancKHMH IIIiaiaMH), no
H
Ky6a
nacib
Hana.TB
BT>
o6pasoBa.ia
XIX
1
AMepumb
e?>
).
IIojHxIiiaH
'/no
caMw.w<mnu'.n,Ht,in
B.
c\vu/a
nocTnr.ia ana-
nopTyrajtCKHX'L. (Bx 1822 r. orb nopiyrajin oTfl'kmiacb Bpasnjia, obiBinaa cnaqa.ia nimepien, no wb 1889 r. npeBpaTHBuiaaca B-L (^ejepaTHBHyio pecny6.iHKy). HOCJTE
H
qacTb
KO.ionin
Ilcuanin H IIopiyrajiH
HOCTL
HO
FojuaHdifl, Aur.iieH,
r
pasBH.ia CBOK) KOJOHH3ai;ioHHyio A BflTe.ibH ea KO.IOIUH Bnocj^ACTBiH qacibio OUJIH
qacTB
nu.ianACKHX'L
ii;o
KO.IOHHCTOB'B odpaso-
pecny6jHKn (OpaHajeByio H TpaHCBaa.it B-L IO'/KIIOH A^PHK'B). EnponeMx, H -renepB rojLiaHjuH npHHa^ieataT-L HudepJiandcKaH Ocmi-Hndin (CoH,ncKie H MojyKKCKie ocipOBa) H He6o.ibmifl o6jiacTH E% AMepumb (BI> FBiaH-B) H AecmpaMu (na HOBOH rBMHei). H-BCKO.ibKO nos^ii'Be CTa;ia 3aBO^HTi> KOJOH!H KoiopaH B'i> XVII B. npeAnpHHHaa sacejeeie KaHa^n, HO Bt caMOCTOfliejibHLifl
X\'III B. BI> BOHHax'L.c'L AHrjiiefi OHa nomepnjia CoMwyw H<-IH>> cvouxt KOMHiii 6* cmepHOu AMepuKrb. 3a TO ^paHaia BOsnarpa^H.ia
XIX
Bt
co(l;i
B. npiotiptwneHMMU ev Acppunrb (AjiaKHp-t ci 1830 r., qacit KOHFO, MaAaracKapi, o-Ba Byp6ou b H H.ib-^er
CeHeraii6ifl,
^panc-b, npoieKTOpai'b naA'b TyHHCOM'b H ^p.) u &> Asiu (CaflroH'b, KoxHHXHHa H npOTGKTOparb Ha^x AflHaMOM-b H TOHKHHOM'L CT> Hanajia HedojibHiia
Bja^eifl y ^paHi^iH ecTb, 2 3 H o-Ba) ) H AecmpaMu ). FBiauu Ajuepumb (^acib H llnw.ria cxajn aaBOjjHib KOJiOHin .in nib BO Biopon no-
BocbMH^ecflTbix-b
KpOM B Toro, r
ro.u.oB'b).
BT,
XIX
B.
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nocji-B
1884 n 1885
r.).
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Kpacnaro Mopa (BpnTpea) n xaKaa aie IIiWHCKaro oKeana Meai^y SKBaTopOMi H
a.(|pMKancKaro noCepeatba ou.iacTb
npit(lj)i'iKnaa
10 in,
y
m. He6ojbuiHMH KOJOHIHMH oO.mjjaerb H flanix. Bi> 1885 nonTpii 3KBaTOpia.ibHon A(J)pHKH ocnoBano uii.io no c.
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:n:i;:iA(in.,
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no.KUiHiit.
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it
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HHMI. napCTBOMt HCIItlHCKHXt ie:
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OCTpOBt raiflK. oTKplJIUM XVIi H XN'III in;, cua'ia.ia
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in.
XIX
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iipaBHiejiBCTBy,
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ocipOBOB'L).
Eiunmtb.
Csepxi, Toro,
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C-L 1882 r. rocno^ciByerB B-L H CHHiaeTca oco6&TM L rocy.napCTBOM'L,
Anrjiifl
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nepioji;x>
C'L
MCJKJtyHapO^HHH, KOXOpblfl .ioe
rjaBHUMii
Ha'iajOMx. KaxojnmecKoii: peaKiun.
ci>
BT>
cio.i'BTie
Ha^ajia
oxx.
He60JIbmHMlI
HepepblBaMII HailOJIHfllOXX. C060K>
iiiMajibKaibneHCKOu
BOHHH
U,i>-
BX.
I'epMaHin jjo BOUHLI xpTOaxiurEXHefi. PeijiopMaijioHHoe jiBiKKenie, oco(5eHHO co BPCMCHX. Buna H na^ajia KaxojiiiiecKof! peaKiuii, npuqimoo CH.IBHBIH ymepfrb
^ecKOMy uanpaBJieHiio. Bx coiua,iBHHa
XVI
H
nepfiofi nojOBHH-B
XVII
B.
BC* nojuiTinecKk n
r
nojiyiaiOT & oco6ufi xapaKiep-L BC-i-B^CTBie CBoeit CB^SH c i> pecj)opMaii,ieH, KOiopaa ^ijiaeTCfl KaKi. 6si SHaneHeM'B pasHBixt rocy.HBJiacema
r
anoxy pe^opMauin H KamimiecKofi peaKuin coBepmaexca npeBpameeie Monapxin BT, a6cojJOTByro MOHapxiro HOBaro 3io 6Hja anoxa na^eHia cocjiOBHO-npe ][CTaBHTeJiBHbix'& yqpem^eniS H KOpoaeBCKOH BjacTH. Han6ojibmaro pa3Birrm H 6jiecKa .nocTHraeii. MOHapxia BO $paH^iII BI npaBJieHiH Kapjumajia Pumejibe H JIio^OBHRa XIV, KOxopbie HaxojiiJiT'b no^paajaxejieH H BX> ^pyraxx, cxpaHaxx,. 9xoxx, nepio,n'b xapaKxepHsyexcH MHoniMii oco6biMH qepxaMH, naiaratomnMH nenaxb Ha BC^ CXOPOHH B-B
125132.
cpejjHeB-EKOBofi COC.IOBHOH
r
Measiy npo^HM^, a6co.iK>xn3M'b saomiMi coioa'b c-b KaxoBPCMH BI> AHMiH HOBOB HanpaBieHie He H no-iHXiiiecKaa CBo6o,na o^epatHBaioxi) no6'E niy npoxecxanxusMi.
o6ni,ecxBeHHoS
atiiSHii.
peaKuieii. Bi> xo ate
l
BX, JJByX-b
pCBOJIBOAmXTi.
YMCXBCHHoe pasBirrie EBponu coBepinaiocb no^b BjiflHiem CB-fexcKaro 171-181. Hii3Ma H pejiHriosHofi pe^opiaaiUH. IlepBbiH yxpaxMx, CBOK) cujiy BX, 3noxy cxBa Bxopofi, HO EX. XVII B. BOSpo^HJOCb, a BX, XVIII B. cxajio npflwo rocnoji;cxBOsaxb onaxb CB-BXCKOC HanpaB-neme j^pocBiiiueHifl" (Boibxepx,, Pycco H ap.). XapaKxepnaa ocodenHocxb axoro HanpaBieHin pasysia, jtJia
BX. xo,
Bipa
BCCH JKH3HH. HanpaB.ieHie 3x0 sapo^MOCb
nepein.io BO
BT>
MorymecxBO ^eioB'BiecKaro
HXO OHX> MOJKexx. see o6'bflCHHXb H Ha3xn ecxecxBeHHHa OCHOBH
^paHuiro,
r^-fe
KpnxHKa cymecxBOBaBiuiixx.
XVII B. BX. AHoiH, HO oxxyji,a BI XVIII B. n npoiicxojtHJia na ocHOBaniH HOBHXTJ H^efi. BjiiaBX.
rJiaBHbiMx, odpasoM'b
xor^,a
nopajJiKOBx.
niio axoro HanpaB.ieni^ no,a;HHHHJiHCb H
o6pasoBaHHoe o6m,ecxBo, n npaBnxejibcxBa
MHonixx, cxpan'b.
Bxopaa nojOBHna XVIII
B. fibuia anoxofi npocBini,eHHaro a6cojiK)XH3Ma, n sniHHCxpbi cxapajiiiCb jtMcxBOBaxb BX. jiiyxi w npocB Bm,eHifl" H BCJIH 6opb6y npoxuBx, KaiojumecKofi ACPEBH (Meat^y npoiHMx, yHH^xoaieHie op^ena iesynxoBi.) H (j)eo^ajiii3Ma (KpecxbaHCKifi Bonpocx^). FiaEHbiMH npeji,cxaBHxejiflMii
182190. Koria
r
rocyji;apH
3ioro HanpaBJieHia Ha Banaji ^ETJIH ^pii.a.pHxx. II H Iocn(j)x, II. EonbixKOK) npHM-BHeHia KX, SZHSHH HOBHXX, odiuecxBeHHHxi 219.
6ojbiuefl
cxeneHH
6bi.ia
n^efr
BX,
^panuyscKaii peBOirouia, Koxopaa OKasaia rpOMa^noe
Ha apyrifl cxpanbi sana^HOH Esponbi (ycianoB-ieHie rpam^aHCKaro cxBa H KOHCXHTyniOHHaro npaBJieHia). llo BHyxpenneMy CBoeaiy co^epataHiro anoxa Hanojieona I 6bi.na xoibKO upojiojimeHieMx. (JjpaHayscKofi peBOJiEouin, xoxa B'b xo ate
Hie n 251.
275
279. BpeMfl H HaiaJOMx. peaKn;iH npoxuB'b nea.
Kor^a Hanoieonx.
I naix,,
noBceMicxiio
DPOXHBX, Hji;e8 XVIII B. H flarae Boo6m;e Bcero HOBaro (npoxiiBx, ryMann3Ma H npoxecxanxHSMa) BO HMfl cpeji.HeB'BKOBbix'b npuHITpoxHBX. 9xoil peaKii,iH 6opo:iocb ipyroe HanpaBieHie, nojiy^usinee Ha3Ba-
npoH30injia CHjibHaa
nie
jiH6epajHi3Ma.
pea^m
PeaK^a
iiM^jia
xapaKxepi
6ypjKya3in. Bx> 3xy aie 3iioxy Koxopua, He ^OBOibcxByacb IITCXO nojuxuHecKHMH pe^opMaMH, cxajin npejt.ua raxr,
nonyjiapeHx.
cpe^n
313 H
no.moe
cou,ia;ibHHX'b
nepeycxpoficxBO
oxHOiiieHiii.
XIX
HaKOHeu'b,
B.
fitm.
IiaijiOBa.lbH UXT. ABHJKeHifi.
CH.-lbHI.IXTi
BpC.MCHCMI, IViaKHMMii :noxa.MJi oopi/ibi II
MOKMV peaKniefi
r
n .in6epa.iii3MOM b 6bi.in 1830 H
BT, 3ana;iHofi EBpoiit uponcxoAJn pesojiiDuiH. OCOUCHHO xapasxepOMi, oiYiii'ia.ica 1848 r., sona HOTLH BO BCT>XT> Jaiuua coBepmajacr, o/KecxoMGHHaa nojumifecKaa ii couiajibnaa IIJH na/i Mopbtfa. ,II,jia aanaAHOil EBPOIIH 310 6biJio BpeMa pacnpocxpaHenia iipeji ia-
1848
noBbia
Korjia
r.,
rvpnr.iMT,
Kapxy IX) H oxMtHbi EpijnocxHHiecxBa (CM. Eapx\ X; HO OCO^CHHO CT> cepeniHbi XIX B. cxaja npeotfpasoBH-
BiiTejibHbix'b y'jpejKjeiiiri fcM.
XVIII
CT, EOHn,a
B.,
348.
r
Boi
Maxepia.ibHaa aiiisHb eBponeficEHxi. Hapoji,OB b, 6iaro^,apa npiii.-.ia^Hbix'b 3iiaHin H xexHiiHecEiiMTj H3o6p BxeBiaji'b (napofiaa ii ip. isaii.ca
r
B'b ii
aie.TE3Hbia
napoxo^u,
iipOMbiuijeHHOcxu, H np.j.
jioponi,
3JieExpnqecEi3
xe.ierpa(j)i.
up.,
1
IV.
KpaTKie onepHM ucTOpiu OTAtyibHbixi> cipan-b
ABcTp
i
).
a.
06i o6pa30BaBiu aBcxpiScEoii xeppiiiopiH CM. BT, oCiacHiiTe.ibHOM'L xeKcrfe KL KapxaMt I, IV ii VI VIII (oco6eHHo IV). AficxpiiicKaH MOHapxia ^ocxaiact BI cepeji.HH'B XVI B. 6paxy Kap.ia V, 'I>ep;uiHaH,ny I, ox b Koxoparo u npoiisoiiua MjaAfflaa aimix ra6c6yproBi.. Bi cepejinph XVI B. 3i fccb oieHb pacnpocxpaHHJiCfl npoxecxaHxiiSMt, HO yae B'b KOHU^
65.
r
r
^
117
CDJbHoe BjiaHie KaxojmiecEOH peaKuiii. BT. X\ II B. Aficxpia c^fciajiacb onjroxoM'b peaKuionnaro a6coiH)XH3Ma. BT> Ha iia^-E xpnjmaxiLiixHeft BOBHH ^exia aa B03cxaHie jumiiuracb CBOIIXI Ha^oua.ibHLix'b npaBi., a VL KOHU^ XVII B. ii B'b Benrpin nponsourjio Boscxame, Koxopoe 6BiJO axoro
CTOJTExifl
XOJKC
noiaBJieflo.
BT,
nepsofi
nojiOBiiHi
KyjbxypHbiii
sacxofi,
n
XVIII
B. B'b
nojiixn-
AscTpiu ^aplIJIb cepeAHHi axoro cxojiixia npaBiixejbCXBO yBiiji,'BJO Heo6xoAHMOCxb pe^opjyb. HacxoamiiMii pe^opMaxopOii-b BT- EOHui Bbicxynuji, s^icb locHcjvb II, jipEin npe^cxaBiixejib upocBtnienHaro a6coaioHO ero nonuxEa BCxpijxHJia cmbHyio onnoaimiio co CXOPOHH aain.HXHHEOB'b iipaBb ox.i'kibHBix'b qacxefi MOHapxiH. a TaKaie co CXOPOHH jyxoBeHcxsa u .HBOp^HcxBa, ii npeeMHiiEii Iocii(j)a II Bepnyjuicb ET, npeatHefi EOHcepBanecKiS
ii
121.
saMli^axbca
cxajio
jininb
126.
195-198.
BI>
,
TIIBHOII UOJIIXIlEli.
B'B 3noxy (j)paflity3CEofi peBOJHOii,iii n iiMnepin Hanojieona I Ascxpia xepnf,.ia HocioaHniia nopa/KeHia BT, BofiHax-b CBOIIXT> CT> ^paHuieii n noxepaja MHoria CBOII Bja^iiHia, HO BT, ea nojiixniecEOMT, n o6m,ecTBeHHOM'b cxpoij see ocxasajocb
noiipe^vHeMy. (Bi> axo BpeMa BOSHHET, xHxyjn, aBCxpiBcEaro iiMnepaxopa). BtHchin Kompecc-b onaxb yBejiiiiuT, Bja^TJHia Ascxpiii, co3,naBT, ija eea, EpOM-fe xoro,
rocno^cxByiomee noJOHtenie ci.uii
IIO.IHTIIKII
TepMaHin
ii
Uraiiii.
^HIIIL
ne
Bt
1848
BOUI.IH
XIX
B.
261. 269.
FjaBHOio saAaneH) aBCxpiii-
c^iajocb oxpaHeme cxaparo nopa^Ka (ciicxeMa Ascxpia nepesmia cujibiioe noxpacenic BC.iiiicxBie
r.
oxBaxiiBuieft OAiiuaEOBO H H-BMeuEyio, n He-H'BMeuEia ea
Croja
258.
cipaHbi
Biiyxpji
BT,
MexxepHiixa).
BT,
?i
ucxopie MG-IKHXI rocyjapcxus, oupaaoBaBmnxca 6o.n>ine H HOTOMy H6 HM-felOmaXi AJHHHO& HCTOpiH. TaKOBH, n Cep6ifl.
305
-
314 309.
SXOMB Kpiisnci; MOHapxiio Ta(5c6yproBr> an aronimrB en nauioHaibHOCxeii n BoeHHaa HOMOIUB, OKasanHaa eft Poccieil. Bo BpeMa 3x011 peBO.iioii,iii Benrpia otf'&HBH.na ceoa pecny6iiiKoii, no iipoTHBI 3xoro B03cxa.m xopsaxiJ, a Maxe/Kiiaa apiwia MaAbHpL Aojauia 6uja IIOJIO/KIITB
(HTa:iMiHU,eBL, cjaBHH's n BCHrpOB't). Br, cnacjiii XOJIBKO
313.
326.
i
nepe^-L
opyaiie
pyccKHM'B
BOfiCKOM'i,.
Ilocjrfe
no^aB.uenia
peBOJiKmin lt'48 r. BB 1859 r. ci> Hxa.iiefi
newman Bofma
ABCXpin nponcxojui-ia ciUBiiaa peaicnia, no
noianM BHyTpeHnifi ynaiOKL MOHapxiii, sacxaBii.ia npaBHTejLCTBO B-B 1860 r. BCTymm, Ha KOncTiiTynioHHuli nyxt. HiiKOTopoe BpeMfl OHO EOJieoaiocL Me^w CHCTeMasni ueHTpajiisMa, ir (t)e^epa.iif3Ma, n TOJILHO noci l> iiopameHia BT> Bofmt CTJ [JpyccieS ir
paHn,ie8, ofiHapyjKiiBiiiaa
aBCTpificKoe 332.
r
BT>
MOHapxiii ra6c6yproB'L (1867) ^yaiHCTmiecKafl KOHCTHTyu,iH, npeBpaiHBina/T ciapyro ABcipiio Bt coBpeMeHHyio ABCipo-BeHrpiio.
AecmpiucKie locydapu
e*
na-b
CT,
ra6c6yproB'L, MaHiii. HXT,
Bi,
XIX
1848
Koxopot!
XVI XIX ee. B-B ABcxpiti ^apcxByex B AHHacxia cepejpHH XV B. BbidHpajiiicb n iiMuepaxopn Fep^
nocjii^OBaxejbHOcxb yKasana
B. B'b
ABCxphi
r
(B b
Hiiate
o6sopi ucxopin FepMaHiii).
^apcxBOBaJIIl: ^panux. I (so 1835
r.),
^epjumaH.!]^
I
(ji,o
n ero n.ieMaHHHK'b
r.)
AH
r
.1 i
a.
Bb AHoiu npn
.
.nimacxin Tro^opOBb upoHSonijio ycineuie KOpoieBCKoil BJiacni upaBi nap.iaM6Hxa. Bt iiepBofi nojioBHHii XVI B. no noHimy TeHpuxa VIII s^icb iLi.ia npoii3Be.ii.eHa pe^opMauia, c^jiaBuiaa Kopo.ia oaBOio Mf.cxHoii H xtMt eme 6ojrEe yBeJiiiiiBuiaa SHa^enie ero BJacxii. Bo Bxopofi
7479. aa
c iiexT>
XVI B. pa.np&j'b ci> 8x08 npaBiixejibCXBeHHoS pe^opaiauieii (anoiiKaHCKaa BosniiKia pe^opnauia Hapo^Haa nypnxamiSM-b. (B'b XVII crojitxiii o6-B 9x11 pe(|)op>iaiun npHiMii B'B cxoJiKHOBenie, Koxopoe 6biJO BT> xo ate BpeMa 6opB6oH) Bo Bxopoif nojOBimi? XVI B. yxBepAHBmaa aHOHKan, CKyro n,epKOBb. Ea n,apcxBOBame npoiiuo B'B 6opB6t ci> Kaxoiii^ecKoft peaKn,ien i 145 n npocjiaBiuocB ^OIBUIIIMH aKOHOMH^ecKHMii n KyjbxypHBiMH ycntxaMii. B'B Ha ia.il. XVII B. Ha aHoiiicKift npecxoiL Bcxyniua uiox.naHji.CKaa ^HHacxia CxioapxoBT., cxpeMiiBinaaca K b.a6cojuoxii3My, HO KaK'b-pas'b B-B 3x0 BpeMa napJiaMeHX'b CHOBa ycujiijica, a xaK^e ycninBaxbca cxaji'B H uypiixaHHSM^. IIpu BxopOM-B Kopojit ii3 i> axofi ji,iiHacxiH, Kapii I, nponsomjia BL Anrjiiii peBOJiouia. TaK-B HasBiBaeMBifi so.iriit napjiaMCHXi. nanaji'B npoxiiBT* Kopo.na Boimy, iis'b Koxopon n Bbirueji. no^irejieM B. 3xa peBOJHonia npuseJia KI> ycxanoBieHiK) BT.
^ 103104.
Anoiii
BI>
^
133
_
BjacxfcK)
Meatfly KopojiescKOK)
ii,apcxBOBaJia
H napiaMenxoMT,).
EjiHsasexa,
OKOH^iaxejiBHO
r
r
r
r
;i,i]
ycxponxe.iaMH Koxopofi dBiiii BO rjiaB'k (RH^eneHjienxBi
n napo^OB-iacxia). .I-BXI,
Bo3CxanoB.ieHHBie H'BM'B
cxpaHBi,
nocjii>
Ha
onaxB
EpaiiHie 6bijiH
nypHxane,
upe^cxaBiixejiaMii
Ho anoiHCKaa pecuy6inKa ea
ii^eH
CxroapxBi cpejtn
Haii,iii
CHOBa
naia.ni
6o.iBuioe
CxtoapxoBi,.
napyuiaxb
Heyji;oBO.iBcxBie.
noKpOBiixe.ibcxBOBaJin Kaxoju^nsMy. HiKoxopoe BpeMa cxpaxa nepe^-B HOBOI! peBO.HK)uiei1 anrjiiiqaHe nepenociuiii axo, no BT> 1688 r.
npoqiiMT.,
cii.iii ji,.ia
210-214. laKOBi,
OHII
Me}K,T;y
ns-b-sa
npHoa-
BiobreibMa OpancKaro. Kopo.iB B03Be^eH'B na npecxoj'B, a sonpoc-B o B3anap.iaMCHxa OKoa^axeJiBHO pimem, seoapa-
^BIJI'B
KOpoHM n (Bxopaa anrjiiicKaa peBO.iionia). BT, caMOMx Hanaj'fe XVIII B. B'i OKOHHaxejbHO ycxanoBinacB oxBixcxseHHOCxB MimiicxpOB'B nepe^t nap.ia-
niefi npas-B
Anoin
saKOHH
CBoefi 3am,nxBi ro.uiaH;i;cKaro miaxrajiBxepa
II 6iataji'B, BujBrejiBMT,
HMHBIX-B oxHonieniax'B 1
CBof5o,nBT
nenpoHHa, H icpes'B
ocHOBama nponsonua pecxaspauia
npecxoi-fe
BBisBann
6biJia
315 a B'b cepejiHH'E cxo.Tfexia, upii iiepBux'b Kopo.iaxh ranHOBepCKoil cxin B03HHKJO nap.iaMeHTCKoe MimiicxepcrBO, x.-e. MiiHiicipaMti cxajH Hasnaiaxbca 60:11.111 imcxBa, HTO c^tjiajo ua.iaxy o6ni,iiH'b nepi BeucxByioineii nojniTii iecKofi ciuofi Aarjiin. Ho CHCxeaia napiaMeHxcKiixii Bbi6opOBT> Gbi.ia Becuia jypna^: BT> Hii/Kneii naiaxf> 6bi.io npe^cxaBJieuo TOJMCO HesHa'in-
npeACxaBiixejiii nap.ia.MeuxcKaro
ie.ibB.oe MeHBiuniiCTBo. iisGiipaxe.iH iioiKynajHCb,
eme BO
rojiocaMH. IIo3xoiiy
Bxopoii nojiOBifH-fc
BonpocT> o napjajieHxcKofi pecfropMi, no^'L laRiiciiMOCxb nai)Ti)iMii xopieB'b
ii
ia
11
aenyxaxu xoproBajn
XVIII
B.
BjianieM'b
&ra
ace
anepiiKaHCKoit
Anoiii
H BiiroBt, o6pa30BaBiiniiiiicfl
HOBas, AeMOKpaximecKaa napxia. 'Il)anny3CKaa peBOjnouia 1789
BT,
anoxy
Bofmti
pa^OMi CT> cxaptiMH pecxaspaAm, B03HiiKJia
Bneiaxjinie Ha
nponsBejia CHJbHoe
r.
CBOIIMII
nocxaBieH7>
s^tcb
AnoiH, Koxoptie na^ajiH onacaxtca 3a
CBoe noio/Kenie anoxy peBOJUouioHHtix'b H HanoieoHOBCKHX'b Bolini AHrjim r.iaBHofi npoxHBHiiuefl ^panuiii, BO BHyxpennen nee aiii3Hii cxpaHBi 3acioii. Me;K,ny xiM'b aapojcL BL 9x0 Bpeaia CiicxBOBaii. H BOJiHOBaica, 4x0 eme K.iaccH
ni.ii'
B'b
rocy^.apcxB'B. Bi>
6ojrEe nyrajio npasaiiue KJiaccu cxpaHH. axnx-b
CBoeKOpBicxieMi>
KJiaccoBT.
H
Boiie scero Hapon^
xpefioBajTb
ae^OBOJieHi,
6bi.i-b
napJaMeHicKofi
^.ia
pe(j)opMbi
yHn^xoaieHia 3.ioynoxpe6jiQpifi npn BBiCopax'b H pacnpocxpaneHia H36npaxejibHaro
Ha 6oJibinee ^HCJIO rpaauaH'b. HiJKOxopbiil noBopoxTj BT> aHoificKOil no.inHanajca .iinub BI, .nBaAUaxux'b roiaxt (sMaeminauia KaxojniKOBT>), n oiHa 6oa3Hb peBOJiroiuii sacxaeiuia, HaKOHeivb, napjaMeHxi, corjraciixbwi na napjaMCHxcKyio pe^opwy, ycmiHBiiiyio, oiHaKO, O^HH npOMBinueHHbie H xopoaccu. (Enpoqeni, noci-BAHHM-b HC y^ajiocb, KaK-b 3x0 6buo xoaa BO iipaBa
c^jaxbca
6e3pa3i'fe.ibHO
rocuoiaMH
HapoiTi 6bu b HCIOBOr
no.ioaLeHifl).
HCxo^OM'b napJiaMCHxcKoft pe<|)opMbi H xpe6oBaji'b Cojiie paiitKajbupeo6pa30BaHiii B'b HHCXO ACMOKpaxuHecKOMT. lyxi (napxi^sfb). Kpo.Ml. axy aie 3noxy xoproBo-npOMbiiiiJieHHbiMii K.iaccajiu Beiacb arnxaitia npo-
B'b
xoro,
XIIBt BbirO^HBIX'b
HCOIO^HXeJbHO
O^HIIM'b 3eMJIeBJIaJI 'BJIb^aMb XJEtfHBIX'b >
3xa anixauifl OKOHiiuacb ycnixoM'b; iapxiicxcKoe He npHBe.io n najio cauo co6oio. ii
Hie
^BiiaieHie
HII
Ajia BHyxpeHHefi ^1131111 caMofi AHrjin sxopaa noJOBima XIX B. 6w.ia 3noxon iipoMiiiiLieHHaro n xoprosaro npouBtxaHia (oco6eHno BL xpexbeff qexBepxn
B^Ka) n Mn])iiaro pa3Biixia ea HOJHixH4ecKHxi> yqpe^^eHiii B'b ji;e3iOKpaxii4ecKOM'i. ii!UipaB.ieuiii (^Bi HOBbia napjaMenxcKia pe<})OpMH H x. A.). To.ibKO ea oxHomema IIp.iaHnin cnjibHO o6ocxpnjnicb B'b 3iy snoxy, HxoBjeKJio 3a co6oK>, BnpoqeMi,,
IM, ii
peijiopMbi
6bija
BO BHyrpeinnixi. nopa.aiKax'b
xoxe yBe.iH4HBajiocb BT 3x0x1
Anr.iiii
BT,
171-173,
An
1858
MoryiuecxBo
Kopo.ieBa BiiKxopia ns-b
nepejmett
r.
PVKI
pa3Biixia iyxoBHoft Kyjbxypbi r
BI
AHr.iiii BI,
29, 37.
179, 278 u 279.
XVI XIX
ncydapu
i.
,iopu: IViipnx-b VII (148:i
Mo
VI
(B'b
r.
nenocpeAcxBCHBoe 3aB-BiOBaHie npaBiixe.ibcxBa).
HtKOXopue MOMCHXIJ 141,
nepioix.. Bi, 1877
Ilium
iipOBOsoauiena HMnepaxpimefi
xoproBoTi KOMiiaHiii
3xofi cxpanbi. KojiOHiajibnoe
Mapia
1553),
ee.
Ci,
KOHua
XV
Haiajia
j;o
1509), Tenpux-b VIII (10 1547),
(^o
1558),
X\'II
Tro-
CHHT, n ^oiepn 1603). P.I, X\'II B.
ero
RiH3aBexa (^o
ne])epiJBOMi> iHHacxia CxroapxoBi,: laKOBT. I (10 1625), Kapit peciiyoaiiKa (;u> 1660) H ctiHOBi,a Kapja I Kapjb II (jo 16s b
i
io
1649),
laKOB-b II
1701
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168S).
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Anna
r
III
Uo
1820),
BiribrejbM-b III
(
Bcxyniua Ha npeTeopn, II (jo 1760),
B-B 1714
1727),
OpancKifi
I
r.
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n lliiKxopia.
55
315.
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57.
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br
XVI
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i
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102.
BJiai*Hifi Kapjia
164.
BpeMfl Hn^ep.iaHjtcKo8 PCBOJIIOIUH BO Bxopoft noiOBimi XVI B. BT, neil no6 feMULT* Kaxo.nmn3Mt, ii OHa ocxa.iacb Bt cocxaB-B HcnancKOH Moaapxiii. BT, XVIII B. no oKOH^iaHin BOHHBI sa iicnancKoe Hacji^cxBO BejiBrm nepeiiuia
Kapxy
(CM.
I),
BT,
Bo
r
r
d'm cxpana rocxoajia list ninpoKHMT, caMoynpaBienieMT,, HO BT> KOHa'b XYIII B. CBOCIO iecnoxnq;ecKOK) HOJIIIXUKOK) BHSBaiT, s^-fecb Boacxanie, Koxopoe r
B.iacxB aBCTpifiCKiix i> Pa6c6yproBi.
(CM.
Kapxy
IV).
198.
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248.
lociufrb II
260.
CKOpo npimfljio no^T. BJiiaeieMT, 4)paH^y3CKoi^ peBOJtioiuii ^eMOKpaxii^ecFdri xapaKxepT,. Bt anoxy nepBOil pecnyOjiuKH H HMnepiH Hano.ieona I I>e.itria BxojiiiJia B'B cocxaB'B 3>paHn;iH (CM. Kapxn V ir VI), a B^HCKiS KOHrpecci, coe^nHH.TB ee ci
269.
291.
ToJuiaHiieS
CT,
BT, oji;no Hnji,epJiaHji,CKoe
KOpojieBcxso (CM. Kapxy
ojiHaKO, BejBrifl ox^jinjracB OXT, ToijiaH^iH
n npespaxMacB
1830 r., caMOcxoaxeiBHoe
VII). BT, BT>
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r
aH
i
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BT,
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XVI B.
6270.
3i
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TpaHHUBi rep&iaHiu iiepsofi no.iOBiiHti
e p
BT,
TepMamH nponcxoji.HJia
I
n VI
pe(j)opMan,ifl.
VIII.
U,apcxBO-
Koxopony BH^mHia BofiHBi noMTiiiia.111 iipnBO BflyxpeHHHXT, jvBiaxi,. Pe^opMa ^epKBII conpoB0ffiji;ajiacb BT, TepMaHin CMyxaMH no.iHximecKaro n coiuajiBHaro xapaKxepa, HSX KOXOpBIXT, OCOCCHHO BaJKHLI pBIUapCKOB II KpCCXBflHCKOe B03CTaBUI BT, Jl;BaA^aXBIX'B rojraxT,. CT, SXHMH CMyxaMH cnpaBH.mcb KHflSba, Koxopbie IIOXOMT, noGivUuir n BajiT,
a^Cb
BT,
3x0 Bpeaia
KapjiT, V,
HJIXB 6ojrke jitjaxeiBHoe yiacxie
iiMnepaxopa, Korji;a OH'B Ha^ajrB-o'rao ycnuiBaxB CBOJO BJiacxb (niMajiBKaJiBjj,eHCKan BoSna). PesyjitxaxoMT, BXHXT, co6Hxin 6buio B0o6me ycnjieme KHjiaiecKOH B.iacxu.
TepMania pacKOJioiacB na cijBepHyio, npoxecxaHxcKyro Kaxoin^ecKyio. Pe(f)OpMan,ia xoate co^tficxBOBajia ycHjeniio KnaseS, ee
BT, pejmriosHOMT, oxHonieHiir
n
lOJKHyro,
uepKOBHyro co6cxB6HHOCxb BT, CBOIIXT, B.iaHOBOG .nyxoBCHCXBO. KoHen,T. pe.iHrio3nofi nojiiiHHHJiii 6biiT, no.no/KeHT, ayrc6yprcKHMT MIIPOMT,, cpaBHaBiiiiiMT, iipasa Kaxo-
npuHflBniiix-B. OHII ceEyiapii3HpOBa.iH
H
,T,'bHiaxT,
CBoeil
H
BJiacxii
jiBoxepaHCKiixT, Knasefi,
BiiciiMOCib OXT,
Btpu
HO nocxaBUBiuiiMT,
B-fepy
HXT, rocy^apefl (cujus regio, ejus religio).
nojuaHHbixT,
BT,
sa-
(CaMH npoxecxanxbi
TepManin PQSA'EJIHJIHCB Ha .iioxepaHT, H pe^opMaxoBT,. Ayrc6yprcKifi Mirp-b paBHonpaBHOCxb xojibKO sa .noxepanaMH). HpoxecxaHXHSMT, nposoiatajiT, ^-fejiaxB ycnixn BT, Pepsi amn H BO Bxopofi no^OBHHTI XVI B., ocodeHHO BT, ra6c6yprcKHXT> seMiaxT,, rAti ji;aae Haiaia ycxanaB.uiBaxbca cBo6ojia npoxecxanxcKaro BipOHCnoBTJ^aHifl, HO KT, KOHniy axoro cxojrfc-
BT,
npiisHaJTB
117123
yciuiHBaxbca KaxojtniecKaa peaKnja,
pyKOBO^iiMaa iesynxaMu. C-L PynonajtaexT, pyKH cxponixT, npHBepjEeHueBT, HMnepaxopCKaa BsanMHOe He^OBlipie, cymecxBOBaBraee BT, 3xy anoxy jieai^y Kaxo-
xia cxajia
BJiacxb
II
n npoxecxaHiaMii, r.
Biacxii,
isyxT,
XVII
B.
ET>
o6pa30BamK) cpe^ii
COIOSOBT,:
onaxb MeiE.ny UMnepaxopOMT,, cxpeMHBiniiMca KT. ycnjieHiio n KHasBaMii, oicxaiiBaBiniiMii CBOIO caMocxoaxe.iBHOCxb. Bt
pasjajiT,
CBoeii
BT, naiajili
npoxecxaHxcKofi ynin n Kaxojiii^ecKOii .mm. odoiiMH BcnnxHyia BOima, HSBlicxHaa HOJI.T, iiMeneMT, jiarepaMH MejEjjy Ho BI, Heii, KpOM'fe pejinriosHaro pas^opa, o6napy^HJica HOJIIKHasefi
BT, 1618
npUBCJio
BT,
317 no OKOH'iaHin ea oxxopoii OXT, FepManiii uiijbia o6iacxn 3Ha inxeJbHyK) lacxi, noMepaniii). Tpn^itaxii.if>xHHa Miioro noBpe,i,ii.ia Hl>Men,Koii nauJH H BT, SKOHOMinecKOMT,, H BT, Kyjbxyp-
BMf,raajiicb COCTVUI H i'l'jianuia
Roiiiia
i
IllBeuia
9jib:mc'i>,
oxHomemn
HOMT, oxHoinemaxT,. BT, no.inxnqecKOMT,
KOXOPHMT, Ha MHOJKCCXBO oT^li-ibHbix'b KHaaiecxBT, H ropo,a,OBbix b pecuy6juiKT,, npii3HaBT> sa HHMH no<mi iio.niyK) caMOCioaxejibHOCxb. BT, H-EMCUKHXT, KHajKecxsaxT, yxBep^iuca aficojuoxnsMT,. n BT, XVIII B. 3noxa upocB'EmeHHaro a6cojioxn3Ma npom.ia ,TJH HHXT, 6e3CJitji HO.
OKou'in.iacb BofiHa, 3aBepnin.iT,
BecxcfmbCKiii
MiipT,,
npon.eccT> pasflpotfjieHia PepManiii r
191.
>
I'ltauuyscKaa peBOjmuja H lomepia
Hanojeonal cxpanmo uoTpacm TepMaHiio.
HGH cpejHeBtKOByK) CBam,eHnyK) PiiMCKyio iiMuepiro n MHorie jpyrie ocxaxivii cxapnuH. BT, 3x0 BpeMa 1 epMania 6biJia coBepuieHHO nopa6omeHa c^paHuysaMii, 110 nocii Hey^aqn noxoji;a Hano.ieoHa BT, Pocciro HiiMUbi Haiaiii ii
pa:;pyiiiH.iii
BT>
Bo8Hy sa ocBo6o/K,T,eHie, OKOHHiiBrayioca iisrnaHieMT, (^paHuysoBT,. H'b niiMeuKoil Hauiii BT, 3xii FOJI.BI cxajo o6Hapv3iiiBaxbca cxpeM-ieme KT, no.iHXHqecKOMy o6T,ejiiHHeHiK),
HO BiHCKiii KonrpeccT,
cosjajiT,
BaeMbifi TepMaHCKiii coK)3T,.
S
257258 H
>5
^
1 -
266.
269.
USB 38 u-BJieuKHXT, rocy^apcxBT, jHnib xain>-na3bi-
nocj* 3xoro
BT,
ox^t.ibHMXT, Hi;Me^KHXT, rocy^apcxBax'b
275280.
npoHCxojiuia cn.ibnaa peaKn,ia, HanpaBiiBiuaaca MeHi^y npoiHMT, npoxiiBT, cxpcMJiema KT HaiiioHa-ibHOMy ejiimcxBy H BBetfeuiio Hapoji,Haro npeji,cxaBiixeibcxBa.
6buo. 9xoit pcauuiH HC noKOJieC^ia n iroibCKaa peBOJionia 1830 r. BT, sxy snoxy ojtHaKO. npe^npunaxo n npOBeieno 3KOHOMiiiecKoe o6i,eAHHeHie PepManiH (KpOMf. ABCxpiii) nojtT, rereMOHiefi Ilpyccin (xaMOffieHHbif! COWST,). TaKT, KaKT, BT, PepManin Hapo^Tj ObUT, HejnoBOjeHT> CBOHMT, nonoaceuieMT, yjfie
BT,
Hia
BT,
cro.iiiuaxT,
nonbixKa
BT,
BC^XT,
FepMamn
CT>
304.
xiiMi c^t-iana
(t)paHK(t)ypxcKiiMb
Koxopaa, o^HaKO, Koniioacb Hey^aieK). Uocjif, no^aBjeHia P?BO6o'jibiiJiix'b H-feMen.KiixT> rocyiapciBaxT, (Aficxpin H IIpycciH) xo jse cjyH
pasornaH'b,
Bl.Hc-KiiMi,
rocy^apcxBT,. BMTJCXTS (xaitT, HastiBaeMbiMT,
repMancKiixT,
o6T,e^nH6Hia
HH.ion, n BT, rocy^apcxsaxT, 6bi.iT,
H
BOJHOBaxbca, xo 6tuo jocraxoiHo oj,Horo nsBtcxia o (j)eBpajbCKOii HapiiiKt, 1848 r., TioObi BT, Mapxi xoro ace ro.ua BcnbixHy.ui Boscxa-
BT,
KOnrpeccoMT>.
o6T, of)TeflnHeHin
cpe^HiixT,
Pep.MaHiii
Ho vae
PepManin,
BT,
n
OUJIT,
na
napjaMenxr,
paHK<|)ypxcKi2
nopa^oKT,,
3xy 3noxy H-tiMeuKie
pa3,T.ijJinjiHci,
e rT,nncnie co BiuioqeHieMT, Ascxpiii)
Ma.iHXT>,
BOScxaHOBieHT,
ifit napxiii
311312.
uaxpioibi,
Be.HiKO-HTiMeuKyio (O^T.-
n Majo-HtMeaKyK) (oC)T,eAHHeHie
noj'r,
r.ia-
B6HCXBOMT, Ilpyccin, HO 663T, ABCXphl).
PeaKnia npoao.iiKajiacb BT, TepMaHin ^e-axb I-BXT,. BT, 1859 r. cpe^H H-BMUCBT, CHOBa o6napyiKii.Tocb cxpeMJienie KT, odxejumeHiio I'epManin ua ocHOBax'b KOHcxuxyuiii, BbipaCoraHHofi 4paHK(t)yprcKiiM'b irapjaMeHxoM'b,
HO
xo
BT,
SXOXT, BOiipocT, o6ocxpiiJiT,
cxapoe conepnimecxBo Meaijy ABcrpiefi cotosl;. OxnaBT, BMiicxi; y ^anin III.iesBiin, n
sa
n
xe
325.
Bpe>ui
Ilpyn-ioil
ro.ibiiiTeffHT,, nepBGHcxBO BT, ^epsaBbi BT, 1866 r. noccopiuncb MCTK^V co6oio H3T,-3a o6mefi io6bi'iii H H3T.-3a Bonpoca o 6yjyni,eMT, ycxpoficxBt PepManin. JI^io lomjo jio BofiHbJ, BX Koxopoii no6-BAUJia Hpyccia. Ascxpia 6biJia iiCKjmeHa HST, PepMiHin, a Dpyi-ria. upucoejuiHiiBT, PamiOBepT,, Peccen-b-Kaccejib n ji,p. SCMJII, cxa.ia BO rjaBt HOBaro
$328
331.
o6ii
Ctsepo-repMaHCKaro coioaa, nojiyqimmaro iconcxirryuioHHoe ycxponcxBO co BCC 1771 rr. ci, paHuieii 3xon, BpeMa BoiiHbi 1870 coK>3T, H rocyiapcxBa K)JEnoR TepMaHiii npeBpaxiuiicb BT, coBpeMeHHyro PepMaH-
o6m,eii no^aieff FOJIOCOBX. tio
CKVK) IIMUepiK).
H-BKOxoptie MOMCHXbi pasBiixia .ayxoBnofi Kyjbxypu
BT,
PepiaaHiii BT,
47. 171, 181, 227.
uMnepamopu
e*
XVI-X1Z ee.y&b
XVI-XVIII
BB
.
30
3(>,
$ 333.
318 HMiiepaxopbi Bbi6iipa,nici> 1104x11 fenpepbiBHO nsi jurHacriii ra6c6yproB'b. IIocit> I ero BHVKII 1555) n ^epnHnannx. I (no 1562), Kap.ii> V (1519 nocjrfejiHflro MaKCHMiuriaHi, II (no 1576\ CBIHOBBJI ero Pynoib4)x, II (no 1612)
Maxell!
n
1618), noiosrb epnHHaHnx, II (no 1637),
(jr,o
.Ieonojibn'& I (no 1705), ero cbiHOBba
Co CMepxbio
VI
locm})!, I (no 1711) n Kapjrt
(no 1740).
npeKpaxiuacb MyatCKaa .mima FaficfiyproB'b, HO nocjrk KpaxKaro nepepbiea (Kapjii, All no 1745), Kopoaa nepeiiLia KT> 3axro Kap,ia VI nocjitnHflro
'I'panny I (no 1765), pononanajibHiiKy ra6c(5yprcKO-.ioxapiiHrcKoii juinhi, napcxByiomefr n xenepb BT> AB^xpin. Ero CbiHOBbfl Iocii(j|)T>II (no 1790) H Jleonojibn'b II (no 1792) H cbiH'b nocj-fejtHflro ^panni) If OKaHTOBawxb co6oio pir^'b HMaepaxoCfiflnieHHori PiiMCKoii
pOB'b
aBCxpiftcKaro (1804)
CT 1806 no
1871
ir
rr.
iiMnepin. 'PpaHU'b II IIPHHAJI'I. cx ce6fl xnxy.ii, pusiCKaro
CJO^KIIJIT,
TepMaHia He HMijia o6maro
TJIXV.TI.
nMiiepaiopa
iiMiiepaxopa (1806). rocynapa. PefmcKifi COIOST,
(no 1813), repsiaHCKiii coros'b (no 1866), CijBepo-repMaHCKifr coro3T> (no 1871). BT. 1871 r. 6njro BOscxaHOBJeno inmepaxopCKoe nocxonHCXBO n cn'fejaHO Hacitncxi^eu-
HHMI,
jnmt
s-b
BT,
npyccKiixi, Kopojieil: BiuibrejibM'b 1888) H BiuibreJibM'b II.
roa ,
Ji
a H ^
nocxasiniecji B^ nanaj-B
i
I
1888), ^pvinpnxT, III (xp
a.
XVI
B.
57.
CKO^bKHXI, OTn^-lbBblX-b KHHiKeCXB^, HS'b KOXOpBIXT,
84.
ycxpoficxBO (cp. Kapxy I).'y;Ee
102.
(no
Kap.iy V,
KaainOC
HSL
cocrofl.iH
CBOC
IIM^.10
H-B-
OC06oC
npa Kap.i* V antcb pacnpocxpaHJLics npoxeHO oco6eHHO cxaHXHSMi,, ycHjmjicfl OH-b B-b cepenHH-fe XVI B. npii iicnaHCKOMT, Kopoji ^njiimni II, KoxopOMy nocxajnicb axil seM.in. ,3,ecm)x3M'b n <|)anaxn3MT, axoro Kopoifl BbisBajiii sn'fecb Boacxanie, BO BPCMH Koxoparo roaLHbifl iipOBHHuin oxniMjiHCb, onnaKO, OXL cisepHbixT., nocjiinHifl 3te o6pa30Bajiii ns'B ce6fl j)enepaxHBHyio pecuy^JiiiKy CoennHeeHbix'b [lpoBHHii,in, 60.1^6 HSBijcxHyio non^ HMeHCM'L ToMaHnin. Ona oxcxoa.ua CBOEO HesaBucuMOcxb n upoc.iaBM.iacb iimpOKOio Btpo-
124.
248.
OKOH iaxe.-ibHO HesaBiiciiMOcxb rojuanniii 6biJia npiisHana MnpOM-b. Bo Bxopoff no^oBHH'B XVII B. H Haia.rb XVI II B. ona i
xepniiMOCXbio.
160164. ^a^tCKHMx,
naBHtiirb u.enxpOM'b Koajimii! npoxiiBT* saBoeBaxeibHbixTj
Becx6biJia
'tpaHuiii. BT.
iLiaHOBi)
260.
peBOJipuiw ro.uraHniH npeBpaxn.iacb BI Hepasn^-ifcHyio KpaximecKyio peciiy6jiHKy BaxaBCKyro (cp. Kapxy V), a npii HanojreoH'h I csa^ajja roj^aHACKiiHt ROpojieBCXBOM'b, a HOTOMT. Bxoniua B b cocxaBi^ caMofi
269.
HMnepiii Hano.ieoHa I (CM. Kapxy VI), BlmcKiii KOHrpecc'b, coeniinnxb Toj-iaHniK)
291.
ex, Be^ibriefi
anoxy 257.
(}>paHii,y3CKOH
r
BT> onuo KopoiescxBO HnnepiaHncKoe (CM. Kapxy VII), HO Beitrm oxxopnacb ox-b TojuaHniH (CM. Kapxy VIII). HnnepjanncKOMy KOPOJJEO npHanJe}Ka.rb B'b FepMaHiii .IroKcen^yprx,, no KOxopOMy axox'b Kopojb 6bu b qjeHOMI, TepMancKaro corosa. (B'b Hacxoamee BpeMa, iiMenHO c-b 1890 r., .IroKceMCyprx, cocxaB.iaexx, caMOcxonxe.ii.Hoe KHflmecxBO, cv 1866 r. yiKe He Bxonaiuec
B'b
1830
r.
r
r
B b cocxae-b FepMaHiir). roJijiaHncKiix'b Ko.iOHiax b CM. ofvbHCHiixejibHbiFi TeKCTt KX, r
/I,
73
H
i
XL
H. r
JI,aHm .iHiinuacb IIlBeuin, Koxopaa 6bi.ia c b neio coennuena no Ka,ibMapCKori VHIII. BT, 1527 r. snicb na^iajiacb jfoxepancKan pecjiopMaum. B r^ aH i fl npiiHiiiia.ia yyacxie BX, xpHnn,ax!i.rfexHen Bount n noJiscHa fitua B'b Haqa.it
119120
XVI
a
Kapxt
^ ^^
B.
-
OXT, B.iajtHifi,
Koxopbia ocxaBa.nrcb eme sa neio
BT,
icaiHOH
IIlBeuin.
319 XVII
Bi, cL'i)(MinrI;
KOpojieBCKafl B.iacxb BT, AaHin cgjuajaci, ueorpamweHHofi. 3x0 rocyiapcxBO npiiHiiMa.io y^acxie BT, eejiiKofi c'EBepHofi BOfiHTi. BO BXOpOll IIOJOBIIHt XOFO X.G CXO.lf,xifl BT, ^aHJH 0,T,HO BpCMfl 6bl.ia B'b xoay cucxe.Ma npocB'feineHHaro a<ScoxTH3iia. Bo BPCMH uanojieoHOBCKiixT, BOiifl'b
XVIII
BT, HeTui.il.
OHa
B.
f5w.ia B'b COI03T1 CT,
$paimieii,
1815
4x0
:>,a
.iimiii.iaci.
CAT5Ja,ica BT,
165. ii
187.
268
269.
:>28
330.
Uo ro.uimmiH
Hopaeriii.
4ieHOM'b TepMancKaro coioaa, uo B'b 1818 r. CT, HUMT. HIje:jBnrh Ha4ajocb HaiuoHa.ibuoe oTHfl.ni y ,i,Bii>K<'iiie cpejui M'BCXHbix'i, HtjineBi, a B'b 1864 r. Dpyccui n Ascxpia i,anin oGii .tiir repuorcxsa. (Ci 1866 r. OHH npnua.ueasaT'b Ilpycciii).
Kopojb
126.
B.
r.
^
repuorcxBt u COCJUIUCHHOMT,
r,
r
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eme
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B'b
ocTa.iacr, BTspna Kaxo-iiiuiKDiy, H iipjaH^cide iiaxpiorbi ya:e
ninl HMyiuecxBT,, KOxopbiH pa 3Aaea.HI ct
aHrjui4aHaMT, (a
XVII
CT,
B.
B. KT,
n
cepe^HHii XVII B. wpjian^ubi uponsBejiii cxpaiimoe Boscxame, HO OHO jKecxoKocxbio ycMHpeHO KpOMBeieM'b, nocji 4ero no.ioatenie u npoii3Be,T,eHbi 6biJin HOBbifl KOH<JnieKan,m. IIonbiTKa
137 n 142.
ua>n>). B't CT,
laKOBa nopanteHieMT,.
BT,
oco6enHO
Am.iiir,
BT,
iipjae^u eme
B.
3iioxy <J)paHuy3CKOit
HaKa3auie sa
BT,
pac'iiiTbiBa.iii.
II IIOC!TB Bxopofi aHrjiilcKofl
XA'III
:*ro
O^naKO,
peBOJnoii,iii,
lIpjaHAifl
napJiaMCHxa (HC 6biBiiiaro,
oT.i.h.n.iiaro
anr.iificKiiMT, iiap.iajieHxoarb).
peBOjnonin Kon4ioacb xoate HXT,
n'hcKOJibKO pasi,
BT,
noAUHMaJHCb npoxiiBT, na Koxopyw OHH ciubno
1800
jHraiuacr,
r.
Bnp04eM'b, n paHbuie
248.
CBoero
paBHonpaEHbiMT,
r
c-b
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llpyccia noiepirkia cipaiuHoe nopaaiGHie (IIlreHH'b,
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OTHomeniii.
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Bep.niHi) npiiiiuio HSBiiciie o ifieBpajbCKofi peeojiouiii 1848
TO H
306.
Bcnuxny.ia peBO.iroiua (,,MapTOBCKah"). HpaBiiTejbCTBO cnaiajia UQUI.IO Ha H co3Ba.io nauiona.ibHoe cofipame ^ja Bbipa6oTKji KOHCTHiyuiir, no no-
3lo.
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Bt cepeftimij XIX B. (Ka.mnpncoejiHHeHa KynjeHHaa y Pocciii A.iacKa. BT, neHcnameit C.-A. III. npio^p-fe.!!! KyOy H IIopTopHEO, a
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BO $paHHJH 82-83.
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BT,
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ycHjrenia
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H MynimnnajiBHaa peaKaia, Koropaa npimaja n xapaKiepT, pe^tirios-
325 fioii
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Meauy Kaxo.iHUHSMOM'B
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ii
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xpaxaMii
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XIV
pasopiurb cxpany. Ero iipeejmnKii He npe^npiiHH3[a.iii H3i neHaiBHaro no.ioH6Hia, H ne ^;t.iajiii HH-
Hiiiero, ixofiBi BBiBecxH rocyjiapcxBO
cepBesHBix-B npeo6pa30BaHifi. JI^o cepeAHHBi XVIII B. x-fe o6mecxBeHHbie Koxop&ie BHA'BJUT neo6xoji;HMOCXB pe^opwi. H ^ejajn IIX'B, sosjarajiH BC^ CBOII HajiieaijiiBi na KOpojeBCKyK) B.iacxB, HO HOXOM-B cxajii o6Hapya:iiBaxB cxpeM.ie-
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npOHHKaiacB ^eMOKpaxii'iecKiiMH
XVI npaBiixe.iBcxBO BBicxyiiiiio-fiBiJio Ha nyxB pe^opMi, HO OH* pa36iiBaJHCB o KOHcepsaxiiBHyEO onno3Hn,iio, noKa o(5inee pa3cipoilcxBO .n'fei'B He npaBuxejiBcxBO co3BaxB reHepaitHBie inxaxBi, He co6npaBinieca 175 FeHepajiBHBie mxaxBi 1789 r. o6'f.flBii.iii ceCfl HauioHajBHBiM-B co6paHieMi, 11 l npe^npuHaiH no.iooe nepeycxpoficiBO oCmecxsa H rocy,a;apcxBa Ha Ha iuiaxx. (JuiJioco(|>iii n ecxecxBCHHaro .
HaiaJacB
npasa", cpe^n cnjiBflifiinaro napo^Haro
TaK-B nasbiBaeMaa Be.niKaH
(jtpaHayscKaa
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Cxapwi!
cxpoii o6mecxBa fiaaii saM-feHCH'B 6e3cocjoBHHM B rpaiK^aHCXBOMi, BC-B ocxaxKii <|)eo,naJin3Ma YHHiToateHBi, n citaana 6HJia nonBixna BBeAeHifl BO paHuin KoiicxnxyuioHHofi MOHapxiir. Ho 3xa iiojuxiiiecKaa <J)opMa HC yAeparajacB, n r
Ipaiiuifl CKOpo npeBpaxHiacB B-B pecny6jiiKy. BT, nepBBie ro^w pecny6.mKii npaBuxejiBCTBOMi, paHnin 6ujia peBO.iB)uiOHHaa ^iinxaxypa napxin jiKoGHHueB'i.:
napxia ^OJimna 6Bua opraHH30Baxf> saiunxy cxpaHBi
OXT, BH-fernHflro
naniecxBia n
BHyxpeHHia Boscxania. F-iaBBBiMi, cpejtcxBOM-B peBOJiiouioHHaro npasnBjkxa&iM xeppopi>. BT, 3x0 speMH BO ^paHuiii HC ^BIJIO HiiKaKOil KOHynin, no icor^a xeppop'i, naKOHeui, npeKpaxmica, pecnydjiiKa nojymna KOHcxuxyiuio, AiitcxBOBaBiuyio OKO.IO icxBipexi j'fex'B (snoxa ,TiipeKxopiii). BuyxpeHHee nojioaieHie HC ox.mqa.iocB, ojnaKO, npo^HOCTBio, n pecny6jHsaHCKoe npasuxejBCXBO ,iepJKa.iocB XO.IBKO HapymcuiflMii KOiicrinynin n onupajiocB na BoeHHyio cn.iy.
326 Bi anoxy 250.
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HOBBIXI, pecnyGjieK-B,
paun,ia pacmiipii.ua
HO
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1799
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cxajia xepn-fexB
BocnojBSOBaica reHepajrB Bonanapxi, iiTo6u npoiisBeirrn nepeBOpoit H saxsaxnxB BiacxB BTB CBOH pyKii. Snoxa KOHcyjiBcxBa H HMnepin HanoieoHa I ynpo noa BO paHn,iii HOBLIU
OO'IUHMI. He.a.oBOJiBCXBOM'B
rocyji,apCTBeHHBiii
i
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281286.
fla.ua
BHyxpeHHaa nojHTHKa
IIocj-B
CBoeo6pa3HOil (j)opMOH npocBimeeHaro a6cojnoxii3Ma. na^enia HanojieoHa nponsonija pecxaspauia Byp^onoBi,, coeAHHenHaa CT> I>paH^in KOHCxiixy^OHHofi xapxia H coxpaHenieMT. BaatH BHiiinx'B HO<
i
npeji.uiecxBOBaBnieif 3110x11.
Bca anoxa pecxaspauin xapaKxepusyexca
6opB6oio neatly peaKii,ie8 n JH6epajiii3MOM'&, dHBinero BT xo aie BpeMH 6opB6oio sie/My cxapBiMH npHBHjrernpOBaHHBiMH cociofiiaMH H 6ypffiya3iefi. B-B 1830 r.
Ha npecxoxB npunita HSI Byp6oHOBT H npeBpaxHBmaa 6yp7Kya3iio BT> npaBam,iff 11 KiaccT. Bt rocy^apcxB* (irojiBCKaa MOHapxia).
npoii3ouijia iK).nBCKaa peBO.iroAia, BosBe^iuaa .iimiii
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anoxy BO
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paon,iH
6ypjRya3iei1 u npojiexapiaxoMij, a
noxoMy npoxnBi, B03HHKJa ciuBHaa jjeMOKpaximecKaa onnosnuia. BT> 1848 r. BI, Ilapn^t aa peBO.nioaia, OKOH^iiBmaaca iipoBosriamemeMi, pecny6iHKii; Meatji,y
HO BCKOpi sax-BMi, npoiisoiHJO iposfloe Boscxanie npoiexapiaxa (iroHBCKie AHII), Koxopoe 3acxaBH.io ocxajBHHe Kiaccu o6m,ecxBa ^ejaxB npem^e Bcero CII.IBHOH BiaciH. TamiMi) HacxpoeHieMi>
Haii,iii
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334335.
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ao BOHHBI
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Eopojiu u dpyiie npaeumc.iu (frpamtiu ciiiinie Bajya: nocJii Jlro^OBHKa
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327 6paxba JIioiOBHKa XVI, JK>AOBHK B XVIII (jo 1824) H Kapjx X (no Monapxia .iJOflOBHKa-^nimina Uo 1848). Bxopaa pecny6jiHKa Uo 1852). Bxopaa jiMnepia Hano-ieona III (AO 1870). Tpexba pecny6jHKa (CT> KOiicTHxyiuefi 1875 r.); npesiueHTbi: Tbepi (flo 1873), MaKL-MaroHi CAO 1879), I
J>yp6oHOBi>:
1830). Iio.ibCKaa
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1894),
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71.
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124.
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npn
Ill
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260.
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(16111632), Kapj-b
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BiacxH pereHxray (Maxb
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iiMnepieii 272), Koxopaa xenepB xoate HMTiexT, pecny^JiiiKancKyio 4>opMy npaB.ieHia. Oco6eHHO BaiKHHMT, 6BTJO AHoiii yxBepSvieHie BT, Hnjiiii, oxKy^a ee (
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coBpe-
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XYII
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BT,
xeuepb paaHBia BH-B-eBponefiCKia rocy^apcxBa,
Enmerb, Hepcia, A^raHHCian-b H B.iiaHie
KojoHKaauia ABCipa.iin KOJOHIII ea rorfe
HH^IH H 3aBoeBaHie pyccKHMii nojoraeinieS KI. A3in oiHOcaica TaKse Kt XIX B. Bi c<j)epy Bjiflnifl
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XpoHO^oria BawHtMiiinxi>
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cotibrriM.
1492. OiKpiiTie
1498. OiKpbirie MOpCKoro nyni
B-B
X VI 1517.
Cnop-b 06^
1519.
IIs6paHie
1525.
KpecibaHCKaa BOiiHa BT, CeKyJapH3a^ia Ilpycciii.
1527.
Pe^opMama
Kapja V.
BT>
IIlBeuin H
OTxkneHie anr^nKancKoS 1540. OcHOBaHie op^ena 1534.
1555.
Ayrc6yprcKi
peinriosHbiii
1559. Pe(j>opMauia BT, IUoT
1563. KoHeu'b i-pii^eHTCKaro co6opa. 1572.
npespameHie IIo.ibiiiH BT, BapeojOMeeBCKaa mm.
1581.
Haiajio ro.i.iaHACKofi pccny6.niKu.
1588.
nsfiHpaiejibHyK) MOHapxiio.
Heno61u"Maa apMaja.
1598. HaHTCKiil
\
1
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1614.
Haqajo inHaciin CiioapTOBT, BT, Anuiu. IIpeKpaineme reHepajbHtixi, luiaTOBT, BO (IpaHiun.
1618.
Hanajio
1620.
BuTBa npw Btuoil
1603.
1640. Co3Banie 1648.
1649. Pecnyo.niKa BT, Aer.iiir. 1660.
Ocouemio
I'epMauia. (l!pio6p'E-
EBponeilcRia
3aHHTi> Poccieii yrae K'L cepe,HHH'B
lipmaHCKof!
A^
KO.ioiiiii.
npio6p'fcTaTt paHi;ia
nanpaejiajiHCb nepBOHanajbuo BI, Otura pasiiieea Mem^y iicnaHuasin, nopTy-
A(J)PHKH" OTHOCHTCH yate KI
Aain Be^yn. csoe naiaio eme
nanp.,
cjii.ia.iin
Kojonnaauin
eBponefiCKoil
aurjiiiianaMii,
H
npcao.iaiaJH
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repManieit Haqajiocb TOJBKO nocji'E ea ofrbe^HHema. IIOCJTE CBoero oGi>e,ijiHenia exajia 3aBO,a,HTb KO.IOHIH H
nOTOKir ,
xoace
B.
PeciaBpauia (JnoapiOBT,.
speMa n neMi,
Km
ail
330 1661.
Hanajio caMOCxoaxejBHaro npaB.ieHiu .lio^osHKa XIV.
1675.
BHXBa
1683. Oca.ua
npii ^epfiejnHHij.
BlmBi xypicaMH.
1685.
OxMima HaHTCKaro
1689.
Bxopaa aHMiScKaa
XVIII
3ji,HKTa.
peBOJiKmifl.
ffw>tf&.
17001714. BoSea 3a iicnaHCKoe Hacaiji.CTBO. 17001721. BejmKafl dkBepHafl BOUHa. 1701. IIpioo'p'BxeHie 1714.
HpyccieS KOpoieBCKaro
xiixy.ia
Hana.10 raHHOBepCKoii ^HHacxin vb Anrjiii.
1740. Bcxynieeie Ha npecioj'b ^piupHxa II. 1740 1748. Bofina sa aBCXpiifcKoe Hacjit^cxBO.
1756
1763. CeMiiJi-fexHaa BOHHa.
1772.
HepBuff pas^jiTb noiBnm.
1773.
yHHixomeeie
op,a;eHa iesyiixoB'B.
CiBepo-AMepHKaecKHx-L Coe^HHeHHHX'L BepcajBCKiS Mnpi>.
1776. Oxjioatenie
1783.
1789. Ha^ajro ^panuyscKoi! peBOJUon,iH. 1792.
1793.
Haiajo peBOJirouioHHHX'B BOHH^ n pecnyGiHKH BO BxopoS pa^B.nt IIojifcinH.
1795. BasejiBCKiS Miip-B
H
179697.
noxo^H HanoieOHa.
1799.
XIX 1804. 1805.
1806.
Hxa-iBflHCKie
xpexifi pas^-fei'B IIO.IBIIIH.
HepeBOpoxi 18 6pK>Mepa. en>K*.
ycxaHOBieme iiMnepiu BO BnxBa iipH AycxepJiHi;^. BnxBa npii leni.
paHAin.
1807. TniB3HXCKi8 MHpt.
1813.
HOXOJVB Hanojieona BI Pocciro. TepMaHCKafl Bofina aa ocBo6oai^,eHie.
1814.
BlmcKiS KOHrpecc'B.
1812.
1815. CBflHl,eHHBIH
1820. 1821.
1827.
Ha^aio rpe^ecKaro Boscxamn. HaBapHHCKaa 6nxBa.
1829. Aji,piaHonoJiBCKiH
1830.
1832. Ilepsafl nap-ianeHxcicafl pe(j)OpMa 1838. HapxHCXCKoe .HBnateHie vt AnrjiiH
1848. <J>eBpajiBCKafl pesojiiouia. r rocy^apcxBenHBifi nepeBOpox B 2 18521870. Bxopaa imnepia BO
1851.
18531856. KpHMCKaa Boiina. OcHOBanie HxajiBflHCKaro KOpojiescxBa. 18611865. CiBepo-aMepHKaHCKoe Meai^oyco6ie.
1861.
1866.
ABCxpo-npyccKaa
Bofina.
187071. $paHKO-npyccKaa BOima. 18771878. PyccKO-xypen,Kaa BOHHa. 1879. TpoficTBeHHHii corosi,.
IIIxaxoBi,.
331
VII
Hawtfoyite
XpoHo/ioriR
.
BamHbixi>
nucaie^ew,
xyAOWHHKOBT> H
XIV
37.
8H>Kt>.
HeipapKa 13041374. EoKKaiio 13131375.
18. 19.
n.
15961650.
^CKapi-B
154.
KbpHejb 16061684.
141.
M^JBTOH-b 16081674. 1620-1673. DacKaJb 1623-1662.
157.
XF enm*.
16271704. 16321677. irt38. .IOKKX 16321704. Byajo 16361711. PacHHt 1639-1699. HbioxoH-b 16431727.
131 ifl57. Boccroai-b
13691415. Bajua 14071457.
45. Tyc-b
171. CniiHoaa
22.
171
35. 8.
ryren6eprb ? 1468. KojiyiaoT, 1435-1506.
154. 154.
171.
~yvr
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W JL
Mbic/iMTe;ieH,
).
154. Mojibepi,
1320-1384.
45. BiiKJintn,
yneHbixv
1
T.
171. .TeSffHHii'b 32.
14551522. BpasMi 14671536.
24.
MaKiaBejum 1469
36.
KonepHHKT> 14721543. MnKeJib An^aiejio 14751564. ToMacT, Mopyc'b 1480-1535.
1646-1716.
31. PefixjiBHt
27.
29.
1527.
33.
14831520. PaCjie 14831553. .fioiep-b 14831546. I^BHHOII 14841531. TyTieH-b 14881523.
34.
MiOHuep-b 1490-1525.
27. Pa<J)a3Jib
28. 47.
49.
36. Ilapanejiba-b
53. ^aBCT-b
178.
A'
r
I
15641642.
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Pajuuefi
:5ii.
Ia:i[.k'p-i,
36,
r,-)pm-ii
173. Fpouin 173. ro663i>
')
17291781. 17321792. 277. YafiTi, 17361819. 180. BeKKapia 16381794. 241. KoH^opce 17431794. 277. Kapipafirb 17431823. 181. Teprtep-b 17441803. 181. IlecTMOiWi 17401827. 226 H 229. MHpa6o 17491791.
1000.
1750-1832.
181. UTniiep-b
17591805.
1630.
1657.
1583-1645. 1588-1679.
Jfepean
noAoema
279- ,lo6pOBCKifi
XIX mna
3 ).
1753-1729.
275. /Kose(|)'b ^e-Mecxp-b
17541821.
IIpHBeAeHu .mult rt HMeua, KoropBia BCTptnaioTca BX TeKCx-fe, npHHeMt pacuoB-b nopa^Kt roAOBt poxjeeia. IjH^pa, cioamaa BnepejH HMCHH, Bl KOTOpOML OQO
M
.loaie H
Ha
ir>71
ir.78
1727-1781.
277. Apupaftrb
181. ro-ro
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181. JeccHHri,
15391604.
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).
Pycco 1712-1778. ^inpo 1713--1784. A.UIMI, CMIIH, 1723-1790.
179. Tiopiu
1514-1564.
Bpyno 1548 :;7. liaKOH-b 15611626. lo:>. IITeKcnHp-b 15641616.
53.
2
181.
14931541.
COUHHI,
MonxecKbe 16891755. 16941778. $paffKJHB'L 1706-1790
192.
179.
36 H 52. CepBerb 15091553. 36. BeaaJiifi
216.
177.
KajbBHH'b 1509-1564.
51.
176.
175. BojbTepi.
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332 17601825. 17621814. $y.ibTOHi, 17651815. BeHJKaMeH-B KoncxaHT. 17671830. BHJBre.iiBM'B TyM6ojiB^T'b 17671835.
278. QjBB3b: CiiMOHi 262 ii 279. 4>nxxe
273.
344.
276. OrrocTCHT,
276.
262.
279.
279.
MriHEeBHTB 1798-1855.
Fwro 18021885. Tail 18091872. BjiaHi, 18111882.
276. BiiKiopi,
$ypte 17721837.
244. Cxe^eHCOH-B
Tteppw 17951856.
17981876.
279. HajiauKiit
17711858.
278. Oy3H-B
Kojuap-B 17931852.
279. IIIa^apiiKi, 17951861. 276. Ttept 17971878.
17(18 275. 1848. fflaroppiain, 262. AjieKcaHfl-B ryM6o.JiBji,xi> 17691853.
278.
HHX
279.
17811859.
Jh^eBim,
278. Jlyii
Tnso 1787-1874.
276.
VII.
06-bflCHMTeflbHblM
TGHCrb
Kl>
Ha
nepstixt secHTH Kapxaxi, npe^cxaBiena (BI Macmxatflj 1 20.000.000) H xa sie xeppuxopia Meamy 35 H 60 c. in. ii 10 15 H 50 55 B. ^. (OTL $eppo), iero coBepmeHHO aocxaTOiHo ,pH ncTopin BC^X-L sana^Ho-eBponeS:
expand. npe^QOJarafl, ITO y itaHi^aro yiamaroca GCTB mKOJitHfafi reorpaauacx, ct KOTOPLIM'B OHI, Moatexi, cnpaBJurr&ca, MBI ne C^HTOJIH Hyat-
CKiix'L
<j)HHecKifi
HMMT. o6peM6HflTB
r
6oJIBinHM B
KapTBI
KOJIHieCTBOM'B
HaSBanifi,
KaKT>
TaK'B
OHH
HcnempajH 6u
KapTBi H STHM-B npenaxcTBOBaJH 6Bi cpasy xo, HXO naM-B XOX^JIOCB oco6eHHO p^3KO BBiflBHHyxB Bnepe^Tj. ^exHpe Kapxtr (no MepKaxopcKOil npoeKn,in H no rpuHHicKOMy Mepujtiany) ^aace OCO^CHHO 1 xpe6yroxi cnpaBOK-B B-B o6BiKHOBeHHOM^ reorpa^imecKOMTb axjiact ). TO.IBEO
Eapma L
Fa6c6ypiCKiH ejiadnnia
HacjTBjjcxBeHHBifl
Kapjia
V
npu Kapan
V
(CM.
Bt EBponi cocxoajin
60 H 61). Hcnanin, ABCxpin c'B Ka-
57, 58, HS'B:
1)
Ci^HiieS u Capjumin (ncnancKoe naai-B^cxBo), 2) nacji-fe^cxBo) H 3) HH^epiaHjiOB'B CT^ BOCXOIOKpaimaMii Byprynjiiii H Aarae He6o.iBinofi xeppuxopieff (lllapojie) na BepxneMi,
Heano.ia pimxieil HLIMII
BJiaA'inifl
C'B
ii
THpojieMi. (ra6c6yprcKoe
Jyapu (6ypryH^CKoe Hacj-BjicxBo). ByAyqn BBiCpam, na npecxoji-B CBSPHMCKOH HwnepiH, Kapii. V nepe^aii. UOXOMTE. aBCxpificKia po^oBBia seMin 6paxy ^ep^HHan^y I, HO saxo npiodpte. rep^rcxBO MioaHCKoe, Koxopoe axoro xome cjn'fejiajiocB ji.ocxoflHieM'B ra6c6yproB &. Bx. xyaie anoxy 6paxi
xeieniH
r
Kapjia
Y
cxaa'B
KOpojeMi
^Texiii
H Benrpiu, xoxa (J)aKXHqecKH BjacxB ero pacnpo-
cxpaHfljacB JIHUIB ea c-BBepo-sana^nyK) laciB orofi uoci'kjiHeii cxpaHBi (BCH ate ocxajiBHaa Benrpia 6BiJia BO BJiacxii xypOKt C-B 1526 r.). Hocjrfe Kapjia V ,nHHacxia
Fa6c6yproB'B pacnajiacB Ha isi JUIHIH
l
)
JI,Jia
6ojiLineS
HaiMaflHOCTH
BT,
HcnancKyio
(cxapuiyro) H
Kapiaxt AOirymeHH
H^KOxopLia
HGTO^HOCTH.
Bo-ite Bcero aio Kacaexca yBejraieaifl
TeppHTOpifi, KaKOBH KnaaiecTBO Opanati, H rpa<|)CTBO BenecceHi BO $pann,iH H
Kiesa na Kapxaxi III H
H Till
ii
x.
n.
V
HJIH
xeppHTOpin
TaKxe ynpomeHH HHor^a H
BpeneHa na Kapxax-B VII Hanp. Meai^y $paHii,ie& H Tep-
TaiviSypra H
rpaHHn,u,
MaHiefi Bt anoxy ^epesnojocnmi (Kapxii I H III) H.IH roainaa rpanemi Hpyccin na napxaxt IY, VII, VIII, H IX, upnneM'L Me.ma KHaecxBa C.
npyccKofi xeppnxopieH, He BH^ijieHH (KpOM-fe MeoeHo'ypra.
^apMmxa^xa).
Ha Kapxaxi
H6MHCJIHMH. Cp.
II.
4
I
H
X
(oco6eHHO Ha
I)
OjtjieH6ypra H
CJIHIDKOMT,
xo^Hwa
rpafmn;Li
333 .
Ha
3ToS Kaprfe
conpiiKaca,iticb
Kapma
MOSHO
MTO
Biijfeib,
CVXOIIVTHIJH
rpaHimu
paniuu
ra6c6yprcKHMii Bjaj-BHuiMii. eo
PacnpocmpaueHie npomecmanmusMa 71
emopon no^oeuwb
XT!
102 H 117). .IiOTepaHeTBO cnjoumofi xeppiiTopiei! Botfpyn, liajmficixaro Mopa, Hace.ieHHo8 upeHapo^aMii repsiaHCKaro njieiaeHH, n ^ajeKO pacnpocTpamuoci, KI.
48, 49, 51,
(CM.
wry
II.
CT.
73,
75,
81,
79,
82,
84,
85,
Hacejenia FepMaHin. Y pe^opMaxciBa (KaiLBiiHi! ;.M;I; ne 6bno, HO sa TO OHO pacupocTpamnoch H Ha Sanaa's, n na BOCTOK^ Torflaumaro KamnHiecKaro Mipa. Ha
cpejui KaiojiH'iecKaro
(Joibiuog cnjouiHoii xeppiiTOpiH
OHO BCTp-kiifJio conepHH^ecxBO, Kpou-fe KaTo.iiiuH.iMa, B-B KOiopoe cano ociajiocb cxporo nauioHajiLHHM'b, ia BL FepManiii iiua nocxoaHHaa 6opt6a Meatny JEOTepaHCTBOMT> n KajitBiiHiiaM IMI,. Ha BocxoKi; (st Ilo.ibuii> ct
JHTBOH n B-LBenrpin)
KajibBHUiiaMOMT, xoate oiqacTii conepuii'iajo jnoTepanciBO,
CT>
npiiHiiMaBuieeca s^icb, BnpoMGM'b, rjiaBHbiM'b o^paaoin. uicTHbiMH H'feMuaMii. FyCIITCTBO HM^JIO nocji-B^OBaxejieR B'b 4exin, Mopasin, Cnjieaiii H BeJiiiKoi! llo.ibmi,
HO xyrb 6LI3H ii jnoiepaHe. Bi> o6iuiipfloii o6jacTH pacnpocTpaneHia npoTeciaHTH3Ma HC 6LL1H SaipOHyTBI JIHfflb HCCOJIbUlie OaSHCBI, I'/lt 1I.1H COBC-BMT, H6 6bIJOIBiiatenifl, HJU OHO 6uio CKOpo no^asjieHO. TanoBH, nanp., BT, nojbiu-fe MaaoBia ci> rjraBHHMi) ropoAOM'b^BapmaBOK) H no-ioca SGMJIM MejKjty ^panuiefi n FepManiefi. r^i je/Ka.iu ucuaHCKia
Boo6m,e
roffiHoS
Bia^Hia n
SGMJIU,
jipyrifl
ociaBiniflCfl
KaTOJHi^ecKnuii.
CLIJII Ajibnti
rpanimeu pacnpocTpaneHia npoxecTaHTHSMa
n !!H-
npaBOCJiaBHUM-B HacejieHieML. KaTOjniiecKaa peasuia CMJbHO OTo^BHHyja rpannuy npoxecTaHTnajia Ha C'feBept H sanait. VII e. 3ia Kapia paciia^aeica Ha ip Kapma III. Brnopaa no.ioeuna
peneir, BOCTOiHOil
3eM.ui
CT,
X
iaciu:
i
Qpamia npu Jlwdomnn XIV (CM. 61, 124, 159, 161 H 163). Upu XIV ^paHuia 3Ha4HxejbHO VBejHqHJia CBOH) TeppHTOpiro. Erne BT> cepejiinf, XVI B. FeHpiixT, II nojiyinjn, Meu.^, Tyjb n Bepjje'fl'b, Koiopue 6bi.in a)
.IioioBHKt
3a 'b.
$paHuieft Beci^ajbCKiiMi.
no impeHeficKOMy
MiipOMT>
Miipy (1659) ^panuia
(1648),
^asmnMi.
npiofip-fejia
efi
eme n
PyccujbOHT, H 6oib-
MaciL Apxya, no axeHCKOMy (1668) - HtcKOJbKO norpaHiiqaaxi. KptnocieS co CTOponbi BeiBriii, no HHMBereHCKOMV (1679) ^paniinrKoHTe H B'b 1681 r. cpejui
uynoKaro Mupa MHPOMT>.
Cxpac6ypn,, saKpinjeHHtii! sa .[W^OBHKOMTJ
(Meatfly
paHuiei1
n
-3.ib3acoMT>
Jieatajia
XIV
.ToxapiiHria,
PIICBHKI-KIIM-I,
Koiopaa 6tua
166). KpoMt TOFO, npn .lioiOBiiKt XV, o icM-b CM. npiicoe;uiniiJi> BHyipii caMofi ^panuin IHapojie Ha BepxneMi ."lyapu, iipinia.i.ic-.uaBiiiifi Hcnaaiu (no 6ypryHflCKOMy Hacj^CTBy), H OpaHCKoe Kiur.ivecTBO na HinKHeM'f> xe^euiH POHH (no coc^ACTBy CT> r. ABHHbOHOMi. H rpacj)ciBOM'b BeneccenoMi>, npHHa^iemaBmuMH nant H npncoeAHHeHUbiMH KX l'pauuiii .in IK no BpeMH peBOJiouiii). HaKOHeui,, JIio^oBHKT, XIV oBja^J'b e^e Ha 6epery
yate
XIV
i.
.hiMuniiia Kajie H JI.iOHKiipxenoM'b,
H3T>
Koxopux'b nocrBjHiB
61^1.
Kynjefli> sa
(o6a ropo^a npHHajJeHiajH anrjiuiaHaM'b). 116, 121 H 124). Bo b) lUeedcKiH 6.i>idn.nui noc.m eecmtfaMCKaw Mupa ( Biopofi noioBHH'B X\'I n nepBofi no-ioBiint. XVII B. IllBeiua sanaja rocuon-
,v.'Hbrn
ciByiomee nojioxenie na
I3a.ixiffcKOM'b
Mopt.
BMtinaxe-ibCTBO
ea
BT>
Tpii^uaTii-
OKOH4HJOCb npio6p ETenieM7- H^KOTOPBIXX Teppniopif! H B'b ctBOMT. PwreeoM-b n jp., Fepsianiii: :uia'iiiTejibHoi! MacTH IIoMepauiii ci o r
Boiiny
c-b
c)
OKpyroMT> n enHCKonciBi, BpeMencKaro H BepaencKaro.
noc.iib attdpycoecxmo MUJHI. Ho aH,a;pycoBCKOMy Miipy CT> Pocciefi Ilo.ibma .iiinui.iacb npe/KHefi BOCTOinoil CBoeff OKpauHbi CT> ropo^aMii CMO-
HoMiua
334 H KiesoM'b, a neaa^ojiro nepe^i xiM-b .Iiiijuraiuw oxoiiuia
K'b
IIlBeiun,
H BMicxi ct T^M-L nojibCKin Kopojb npiisHaxb HesaBUCHMOCxb rcpnorcxBa IlpycCKaro, HaxoflHEinaroca paebure B'b saccajibHOH saBucnMOcxn OTT> lloibiuH (no oiHBCKOMy Mnpy 1660 r.). Bt yKaaaHHbixi, rpanimaxTb Hojibiua npocymecxBOBaJia 6ojbiue cxa
Jiif-b
(#o nepsaro
pasji.'EJia).
Cp. Kapiy V.
c^ cepeduuu X VTfT e. 9xa Kapxa Ha pacuajtaexca a) OGpasoeame npyccKou meppumopiu (CM 167, 201203, 207 208, 269). Hpyccin 6uio MapKrpa<J)crBO BpaH,a;eB6yprcKoe c'b naBHUM'b ropOAOMi B'b 1618 CT> HHMI coe^Hmuocb repuorciBO IIpyccKoe GL o. rop.
Eapma IV.
Ilpyccix, Aecmpin xpn qacxn:
u Caeoun
#0 1660 r. ocTUBaBineeca BI BaccajibHOH aaBHCHMOCTH ox-b Toro ate BpeMenn Kyp<j)ropcTbi 6paHAen6yprcKie iipio6pijjni Ha Peflni rep^rciBO Kjiese (y HHX^ 6biJin H ^pyria MeiKia qepesno-iocHbia Biaji.'fcKiianrc^eproM-b, OKOJIO
IlojibuiH.
1648
Hia). BecT(|)ajibCKifi Mnpi,
pamir,
i-feM-B
oieHb ee
r.
^aji, B'b
BpaH^eH^ypry sHaiaxejibHyK) lacTblloMe-
1701
r. Eyp^ropCTt 6paHji,eH6yprcKifi npnKopoja npyccKaro. BcKOpi (1713) Ilpyccia npio6pijra Feib^epH-b na HnatneM-b xeieHin PefiHa H (1720) lacxb mBeACKOH IloMepaHiH. ^pH.npux'b II
yciLiiun,.
Hajri THTyji'b
Hpycciro upncoeji;nHeHieM'b Ciaesiii (1740 1748), TaK'b HastiBaeMofi IIpycciH, KpOM-fe ]I,aH^H^a H Topna (no nepBOMy nojibCKOMy paa^-fejiy 1772 r.) a BOCTOIHOH $pHC.iaH.niH (B^ 1744 r. no jtHHacTniecKUM'f. OTHomeHiaMi)). Ho BTOr
pOMy H xpeibeMy
paajj.'kiaM'b HoJibnin (1793 H 1795) Ilpyccia npiodptia a TopHi>, BeiHKyjo Hojibuiy H MasoBiio. B'b 3x0 rae spena ona jiiiiDHJiacb, CBonx'b aapelfflCKHX'b y^acxKos-b, sasoeBaHHbix'b peBOjuon,ioHHOii ^paH^eii (
no THibsnxcKOMy Mnpy 1807 r. (CM. 220 H KapxyYI) yxpaxnjia
248), a
nojiOBuny CBOHXT. B03Bpaxnjrb IIpycciH EtosHaHb H H^KOTOpBia u-fe-iyro
B^HCKifi KOHipecc'b 1815 r. oxHaxna Hano.ireoHOM b, H npJicoemmiLi'b K b HGH no^xn nojOBiiny CaKConin n 6ojbinyK) o6jacxb Ha PCME* (CM. Kapiy YII); npn axoMTb Ilpycciii He 6Haii B03Bpani;eHbi, ojjHaKO, ^pyraa nacxb BejiiiKofi IIojibinH H Maaosia, BOine^niia .
r
r
aeM-in,
cocxaB-b uapcxBa IIoibCKaro. Bt 1866 x. Ilpyccia yHiiixo3KH.ua lepeanojiocnocxb BOCxo^HoS H aanaflHoft ^acxefi BEJHO^emeM-b BT, CBOM cocxaB'b TanHOBepa, Kacceia, Haccay H <5paHK<|)ypxa-Ha-M., a xaKise saBia.a.'fejia IILiesB B'b
Kapxy YIII). MejiKia BJia^ima, OKpyjEeHHbia npyccKOH xeppuxona Kapxax'b IY, YII n VIII He OXM-BICBM. b) AecmpiucnaH meppumopia noc.m 1740 i. (CM. 200, 202203, 207 208, 209, 269). ^Jia o6pa30BaHia ABCxpificKofi MOHapxin CM. Kapxy I. (OxMixmii, xoibKO noxepro Jlyaania Ha C.-B. ^exin; ee HMnepaxopi> ycxynnjL'b CaKconhi no fflxeHHOM"b (CM.
pien,
ox^ijibHOMy Mnpy BO BpeMa xpH^uaxHiixHen BOHHW; cp.
121). B'b
1740
r.
MOHap-
xia Fa6c6yproBi cocxoajra HSI. HliCKOJibKHX'b ox.n'kibHbix'b (cMe^Hbixi, H nepesnoF.iaBHbiMH 6biJiH: KopojiescxBa tfemcKoe (ct CmesieS) n BeHjrocHHX'b) B-iajvEHifi .
repcKoe, apurep^rcxBO
ABCxpificKoe,
repAorcxBO
Eapunxia, rpac|>cxBO Tiipoib.
aBcxpificKie Hn^epjaHAbi (Be:ibria H JIroKceMdypn>) n ^OM6a,pji,ia. (IIocjii^Hia ^si o6jiacxn Aficxpia npio6p fejia no yxpexxcKOMy Miipy 1713 r., CM. 164). IIpn Mapin t
Tepesin Ascipia jinrnHJiacb CiueaiH, Koxopyro y Hea oxnajia Ilpyccia, HO saxo no nepsoMy nojbCKOMy pas^iy (1772) npio6pi.ia Fajimiro. Bt Konn-fe XYIII B.
no xpexbeMy noibCKOMy pas.n'fe.iy Ascxpin jj,ocxa.iacb Majiaa Ilojbina (1795).' ^paHiiyscKia peeojiiouioHHbia BOMHU jmniii.in ABCxpiro Bcixi. BjaAinifi Ha JI^BOHT> oepery Pefina H JIoM^apjtiii, npn ICMI. BI> BH^ BOSHarpaac^ema eft 6u.ia oxjtana
Bocxo^naa ^acxb BeHe^iaHCKOH o6iacxn ( 248). BnpoieM'b, npn Hanoieonf. Aficxpia noxepaja H 3x0 npio6p fexeHie, n HiKOxopwa npeiKHia Bia^tma (^ 260), ^ero rpanimbi ea CHjibno coKpaxiuincb (cp. Kapxy VI). BincKin KOHf
O
>
rpeccL BL 1815
r. (cp. Kapxy VII) BOSBpaxiuiL Ascxpin JHL iipeatHim, IIO.ILCKHXL o^ny FajmiuK) (HO 6e3L KpaKoea, Koxopbift 6i>UL npucoeaHHeHL .THHJF>
o6.iacxeS
yBe.iHiHjrL upeatnie upenkiu Ascxpiii npHcoejuiHenieML 3a.jbn6ypra, .IoM6ap:jo-BeHeiuaHCKaro icopojieBcxBa H ^ajMauiH. BL 1859 H 1866 Ascxpin .111miLiacb CHaqa.ia .Ioji6apji,in, a IIOXOML BeeeiuH (CM. Kapxy VII ii VIII), a BL 1878 r. 110 nociaHOBJCHiio 6ep.iHHCKaro nonrpecca n OKKyiiHpOBajia xypeuKia npOBimuin
BLl846r.),
tt
DocHiro
ii
FepueroBiiny. Bearpia, .imiib cijBepo-3ana,HHOK> HOJOCOJO Koxopoft Fa6c-
6ma
BL XVI B. (CM. Kapiy I), OTBoeBaaa y xypoK'h yacxflMii BL 1718. MeJKjty 1718 H 1739 rr. ra6c6ypni Bja^'kni em,e ^acxsio Cep6i dn. rory OXL Casti) H 3. lacxLK) Bajaxiir, 1x6 na Kapx* ne oxMiqeao. ByKOBiiaa (na BepxHeMt xeieHiii Ilpyxa) npHCoejuraeHa BL 1777 r.
6ypm
BJia^fejiH
1699
c) Caeoiifi e* X.YIU e. (CM. 164). USL coe^HHenia CaBOHH CL HbeMORxoMt H CapjiiiHieR cocxaBinocb KOpo.ieBCXBO CapjumcKoe. BL anoxy pefiojuouiii H Ha248 no.ieona I ero MaxepiiKOBaa xeppuxopia Bouuia BL cocxasi. $pannin (CM. H 260 ir KapxH V H VI), HO B-fcHCiciB KOHrpeccL BL 1815 r. BoacxanoBiuL Cap269 H ^imcKoe Kopo.ieBcxBO, npiicoejurHHBL KL H6My H xeppiixopiio Tenyn (CM.
Kapxy VII). BL 1859 Kapxy VIII).
Eapma
1870
rr.
Cap^HHia
Paadn.w Ilo.muu u $panmj3CKifi
V.
324 H
o6Le.HHHii.ia BCK> Hxajiro (CM.
X Vlll
saeoeeanifi Kontta
e.
3xa
Kapxa paa^LMflexca na ^si iacxii: 207208). Poccia nojy iJia Bijopycciio, Boa) PttfdtMU Ho.ibiuu (cp. jiHHb CL Ho^ojiiea H jliixsy CL KypjflHjuefi, Upyccia nojibCKia seMJin no H6My xeneHiio BHCJKT, BeJiiiKyH) nojbiiiy H MasosiK), Ascxpia rajimiio H Dojbuiy. Bnocj^cxBin HanojieoHL co3ji,aJiL H3L 6o.ibiueri qacxu 36Me.ib, 257 H 260 mnxca HpycciH H Aficxpiir, BejHKoe repii,orcxBO BapuiaBCKoe (CM. ii Kapxy VI), HO B-EHCKifi KOHrpeccL 1815 r. B03BpaxHJiL Ilpycciii iacxb BejiiKoS FainuiK), H3L ocxanbHHXL ate iacxeft o6pa30BaiL uapcxBO noibiuir, a Aficxpin i
i
IIo.ibCKoe,
ox^anHoe AjeKcanipy
b) (PpaimyscKiH aaeoeaaniH KOHWI H
rp.
BenecceHL
paHuin
H
269 H Kapxy VII).
I (CM.
XV
'111
e.
(CM.
248).
BL 1790 r. ABHHLOHL
KL 'PpaHuin. BL 3noxy peso jiouioHHBixL BOH HL JI*BHML 6eperoML Petlna, CaBoiteii H IlbeMOHiOML
npncoeji,HHHJiiicb
OB.ia^ja Bejbriefi,
co3^,a.ia iioBbia pecny6jiHKii:
BaxaBCKyro (ToJuaH^ifl), re.ibBexn^ecKyio (IIlBeS-
(Fenya), U,H3ajbniiHCKyK)
(JloM^ap^ifl), PiiMCKyro (IlaiiCKaa o6jiacxb) H napxeHoneficKyro (HeanojinxaHCKoe KopoJieeciBOj. TocKana xoate 6u.ia
uapia), '."liirypificKyn)
Kapma,
\'L
HMnepin Hano.ieona /
(CM.
257, 258 H 260).
HMnepia Hano-
jieona I npeflcxaBieHa 3^'Cb BL uepio^L Haiifio.ibiiiaro CBoero MorymecxBa.
BL
ea
cocxaBL BXOJIUII, KpOMi) ^paHuiH: cf>Bepnafl FepManifl, FojjiaH;ufl,Be.ibrifl, j-feBHfi Oepen, Pefma, roro-saiia^Haa UlBeiiuapiji, 3anaAHbiH nacxn c'feBepHofi H cpejnefi Hxajin H ^ajMauifl. Hano.ieoHy npnHa^jie2ca.iH xaoate BOCXO'IHHH iacxn c'BBepi
HOH H cpe^Heii Hxajiii (KOpojiescxBO Hxajiificsoe). IIO.HL upoxeKiopaxoM b Hanojeoua uaxo^H.iHCb PeiiHCKifi COIOSL (ropoAL 3ptj)ypxL BL ueHipii 3x08 xeppuxopiii iipiiHa;iJ(.'-,i;a.ii,
CKoe.
caMOMy Hanojieony), IIlBeiluapiK H BejiiKoe repuorcxBO BapiuaBKOPOJGBCXBO n Ilciiania 6ti^ir BL pyKaxL saxa H 6paxa
Ileuno.iirraucKoe
Hano.ieoB
Kapma
VII. Cpednnn
Eepona
noc.w* eibHcxaio
nompecca
(CM.
269).
O^L
Aflcxpin H Ilpycciii cp. o6LacHnxeJibHHg TGKCXL KL Kapx-fe IV. Ascxpia H Ilpyccia .iiinir, sana^HHMH CBOHMII i iacraMii BXOAHJU BL cocxaBL FepMaHCKaro coiosa, BL
rpamiuax'L Koxoparo HaxoAHJHCb, KpoM-fc xoro, rojbiirreilHL, iipnHajjeacaBiiiift KI,
n
.TiOKceM6ypri. nitiiHa^jieHtaBniiii Kopo.no Hiuep.iaHj,CKOMy.
336 MeHbUIIIXX, HXJMeUKIIXX, TOCy^apCTBt OXM'E'jeHbl JIHIlIb MCXblpbie KOpOraHHOBepiD, CaKCOHia, Basapia H BropxeM6eprx,. (BaBapiH Ha jrbBOM'b 6epery Peilna npiiHafljrejKiix'b n^ajii.u'b). Bx, Hxajrin 6bnii: JIoMCapjto-BeHeuiaHCKoe KOpojieBCTBo, Cap,a,HHCKoe Kopo:
I6BCTBO, repuorcxBa MojieHa, Ilapaia n KX,
JyKKa
(nociiyi.Hee IIOXOMX, npncoejumu.!iocb
TocKant), BeiuKoe repnorcxso TocKaHCKoe, HancKaa
06xiiixx> Cuiiiuiff. <J>paHuia 6buia
o6jiacxb H KOpoieficxBO
orpaHimeHa npe^iiaMii 1790
r.
(
267).
Till. Cpednan Eepona e* 18641871 i. ( 321, 322, 324, 328 330, 332, 335). 3xo 6buia anoxa Baambixx, TeppiiTopiaiLHtix'B HSM^HeHifi. 1871 r. noiepajia 3^b3ac h H JToia-
Eapma
r
1859 H 1866 yTpaTH.ia JloM6apji,iK) H BeHen,iio. OH b ji;ocTaJIHCB KOpojreBCTBy Hxajiiii, ofipaaoBaBuieMyca BI> 1861 r. IISTJ upucoeAHHeHia Kt r
BI.
TocKanBi H ciBepHoit qacxii IlancKofi o6jacTii. IIonpHcoe^HHena KT> HxajiiH sea BI> 1870 r. Bx 1864 r. Aficxpia H [Ipyccm OTHfliu y ^aniH HLieaBHrL-ro.ibiiiTeSH'L, KOTopHMt BT> 1866 r. OKOHiaMojieHii, IlapMii,
6bijra
TeibHO saBJia^a Hpyccia, BoioiiiBniaa recceirb-Kacce.!b,
BT,
cocxaB-b cBoeii xeppuxopiii TaHHOBep'L,
Haccay H $paHK(f)ypx'b-Ha-M.
Bet ctBepo-repMaHCKia rocy^apcxBa (npufriusHxeibHO Ha cliBepi> o6pasoBajin C^Bepo-repMaHCKiS coH)3 L, Koxopbii! B-B 1871 r. c'b BX, Hero IO^HOH TepManiH H 9ib3aci,-J[oxapiiHxiH 61111, iipeoCpaao-. BT> TepMancKyK) HMnepiro. ABCxpia, HCKiiOHeHHaa HS^ FepMaHiii, BI 1867 r. npeBpaxiiJiacb BT> Aficxpo-BeHrpiio (FpaHHua Meatjy 06-BHMH qacxaMii MOHapxin B-b
ox-b
1866
x.
r
50
c.
in.)
XIX
Kapma IX. Pacnpocmpaneuie npedcmaeumeMHuom u
Tpu
e. yHpe^cdenifi e^ o^eHb iiMtroxb HpjraH,a,ifl,
coejuiHCBBbiH KOpoiescxBa, AHnia, IIIoTJiaHji,ia cxapyio KOHCxiixyuito, paBHO KaKx, H UlBeitiiapm npeji.cxaBjiaex'b HSI, ce6a BecbMa i,peBHK)K) pecny6JHKy; $paHU,ifl nojiy^Hia uepByro KOHcxHxyuiio BX, 1791 r., a BT>
r
XIX B.
BT, 1814 r. OKO.IO xoro ate BpeMeHii upe,a,cxaBHxeJibHbiJi yipeaftenia 611111 BBe^eHbi B b HopBerin (1814), uapcxB'fe Ilo.ibCKOM b (1815) H ioro-3anaji;HoS TepMar
r
H!H (BX, BasapiH, BtopxeM6eprE, Baji,eHf> u FecceHx, ^apMiuxa^xi BX, 18181820 rr., ne cquxaa MCJEHXX, caKCOHCKiix b rep^rcxBx, BX, 18161821). Bx, 1830 r. Beibria r
oco6yro KOHCxnxyuioHHyio Monapxiio. (OKOJIO xoro ate KOHCxnxyn,ioHHyK) MOHapxiro iipespaxiuiacb H rpen,ia). Ilocjixi 1830 r. npe^;cxaBHxe.ibcxBO 6bijio BBe,a,eHO BX, recceHx.-Kacceili u CaKConin (1831),
Bbijitjnuiacb BX, BX,
BpayHuiBeilr-B (1832), TaHHOBepxi (1833) H
HcnamH
BX,
(1833). IIsx, KOHCXHxyniit, BBC-
BX, anoxy 1848 r., y^epatajiHCb jinuib cap^HHCKaa, ojibaeH6yprcKafl (1849) H npyccKaa (KOHCxrixyu,ia 1850 x.)- Bo Bxopoit iioiOBimii XIX npejcxaBiixejbHbia yqpeaiAeHia 6njiii npunaxbi seen Hxa^ieil (1861, 1866 u 1870), ABCxpo-Benrpieil (1860), Cep6iefi (1869), PyMbmiefi (1866) H Bojirapiefi (1878). Bx> 1867 r. nojry^HJix,
^eHHbixx,
oco6yro KOHCxiixyniro CiBepo-repMaHCKifi
coioax,,
npeBpaxHBniiiiCH
BX,
1871
r.
BX>
repMaHCEyro HMnepiro.
Kapma
X
.
Om.wina Kprbnocmnuuecmea
nocJM> 1789
i.
(On.
197, 261, 263,
275, 304, 308 H sp.). Bx, H-BKOxopbixx, cxpanaxx, Kpinocxnoro cocxoaHiaKpecxbanx, HC 6n.io yate H paHbiue (IIIH COBC-BMX, ne 6biJio). TaKOBbi Anoia, HcnaHia, Hxaex, nero cxpaHaxi> BL XVIII B. cy1789 r. oxM'EHiuia nx b, ocxaxKH PeBOJnon,ia mecxBOBajH KptnocxflM^ecxBa. o6jiacxaxx> KpoM-fe caMoil ^paHuin, u y codicil (riaBHbiMx, o6pa30Mx, BX, HiueuKiixx, Ha itBOMx, 6epery Pefma). BT> aiioxy Hanojieona I npoiisoui.ia oxMina KpinocxHoro
;iia,
IIlBenifl.
Bo $panAin n norpaHHmbixx>
r
JIHIIIS
cocxoania Kpecxumx,
BX.
nf,Koxopbixx, ^acxaxx, PefincKaxo
OHO BOscxaHOBinocb),
BX, Ilpycciii
H
BX, Be.fliiKOMx,
coiosa
(s^tcb
HOXOMX>
repuorcxfit BapmaBCKOMX>.
337 1848 r. npoueccr, axon, 3ane,niHJica. Hyamo saM-BTirrb, HTO pa3HHXT> CTpaHaXT> KpeCTbaHCKaa SaBHCHMOCTb HMtja JUUeKO H6 OflHHaKOBblfi
BT, nepioflT, Meai^y 1815 BT,
xapaKiep'b, #a H nponeHTHoe oTHomeHie KptnocTHbix'b n CBodo^HBixT, KpecibflHi 6uxo oieHb pasjniiHoe. PaBHUMT, ofipaaoML H ocBoGoa^eHie cosepuiajiocb Ha pasHLIXT, ycjofiiaxT, (naiip., 6e3T> SCMJIH
KynoMT, noBKHHOCieii H
T.
CT,
IIJIH
KaMii cy,ne6HO-nojinueMCKoff BJiacTH HJII
CT,
seMjreio, c'L
coxpaHemeMT, 3a noMtmiiCT, BH-
OTM-EHOIO ea, de3B03Me3iHO IUH
&.).
Xpono.ioiin omMtbHU KfnmocwHuuecmea: jiijBLiH 6epen> PefiHa H CaBofia BX 1792 r.. BT. II!jie3Bnn,-rojibiJFTeflH'h BI> 1804 r., BT> Ilpyccin H BeJHiKOWL repuorcTBi BapmaBCKOMi BI. 1807 r., BL BaBapiii, Ilaccay H AP- M-fecxaxi. Ha npaBOMi, Gepery B-L FecceB'b-^apMiiiTaATii Bt 1809 1811 r., BI uiBeji,CKoff r., Bt 1810 r., BT> Ojbji,eH6yprB BI 1814 r., BI npHtfajTificKHXT, ry6epPoccin BI 18161819 r. (BT, BcTj/iHAiw BT, 1816 r., BT,KypjaHAiH Bi.1817 H JtH(j)iflHiiii BT, 1819 r.), BI, BiopTeMOepi'ii BT, 1817 r.,B> MeKJCH6yprBBi 1820 r., FecceHT.-Kacceji'B H FanHOBept BT, 1831 r. (xoia KpiinocTHi[4ecTBO yate OTM-B-
PefiHa
BT, BT,
1808
BT>
Hfljocb 3A*Cb
H
T.
BT,
a.,
paHbine),
anoxy BecT^aJbCKaro KOpojeBCTBa ), BT, CaKConiH BT, 1832 r., BT, 1848 r. (xoTfl 3A^cb HasBame KpiinocTHHqecTBa Hcqesjo Poccin BT, 1861 r., BT, PyMUHin BT, 1864 r. BT.
ABCipiii
BT,
xpucmlancKuxo cmpanaorb. Hanajo HO ocymeciBHJiocb OHO Tor.ua jurab Famii. FjiaBHHMT, o6pa30MT, oTMiraa coBepmii.iacb BT, XIX B., a nueHHO
XpouoAoiifi omjMbHbt
paCcmea neipo&b
ei
ocBo6oacji;eHia nojojECHft 4>paHii,iefi BT, 1794
Ha
O-B-B
BT,
anrjiigcKHXT, KOJOHiaxi, BT, 1834
r.,
BO 4paHay3CKHXT,
Ha
AMepiiKaHCKHXT, IIliaiaxT,
BT,
1861
Bpa3H.iiH uocji-BAOBaiejibHO
BT,
18661833
BHieJibcTBT, H
o-Bti IT.
iiciesaexi. H BT,
XlXir
^aioTT,
o6mee
BT,
1848
r.,
BT,
C-BBepo-
neaijty 1854 H 1886
Ky6ii
rr.,
BT,
HOAT, BjiameMT, eBponeficKHXT, upa-
Mea^y HapojtfiBixT, corjaiueniH (HaiHHaa
pa6ciBO MaJO-no-Majiy
Kapmu
r.,
r.,
MycyjbMaHCKOMT,
cr,
BtHCKaro Konrpecca)
nipli.
upeflcxaBJieHie 061, Hciopin
CKOil Ko.iOHHsaniti sanajHbixi, HapoflOBi,. (HB'BTHIJMH KpecniKaMii
BHii-eBpoiiefi-
OTMiqeHO MTICTO-
uoioateHie OCTPOBOBT, H oiA'BJibHbixi, IIVHKTOBT,).
Kapma XL HcnanCKia, nopmyia.ibCKix, u WA.iandcKiR e. Ha 3Tofi Kaprk npeAcraBjeHT, MOMenrb, Kor^a BT,
X VII
KO.IOHIU ei cepcdutub
Ka^ecTB'B KOJOHiajb-
Haro rocy^apCTBa Bbicxyniuia Fo.oaHjim. BT, HacToamee BpeMa pa3.no 6ojbuie KOJionifi,
'I'BMT,
1) BjiajvEHia IIcnaHiH,
GHJIO
HS^
BT,
XVII
Koioptixi,
y FojjraHjUH ro-
B. BT,
pecny6jiHKn. 2) ^jiopHfla, OTOineflniaa
XIX KT,
B.
o6pa30Bajncb caMocio-
C.-A. UlTaxaMT,. 3)
l)o.if,inie
pasnoe Bpewa (HnaiiKa BT, cepe^HHii XVII. Ky6a BT, KOHU-B XIX B. H T. n.). 4) KanapcKie o-sa. 5) ^ujninnnucKie o-sa (yipaieHbi). 6) Bpasujiia. 79) 0-sa AaopcKie, Ma^efipa H 3ejeHaro wuca. 10) o-Ba, yipaienHbie
epHaH,no IIo. 11) O-BT, CB.
BT,
RaeHH
(HUH'B anrj.).
Ha a4tpHKacKOM'b
1213)
IlepBOHaqajbHtifl iiopiy-
15) xenepb pacuiupiiBUJiflca. 14 Ha HeffiOHii. 16) HoBbie ifl yqpesflenia BT, ItHflOCTaH-fc H KOJOM^O (co 2 noj. XVII B. ano., xenepb mxaTbi Hbto-IopKi, H IlbHt-^JKOpcn). 17) FBiana. 18) KanjaH^T, (HUH-B aHrj.). 19) O-BT, CB. MaspHKia. 20) IlepBbia roiJiaHACKia iiocejeHia Ha CoHflCKiixr. n MojjyKCKHXT, o-BaxT,, npuHafl.ieataiiuix^
xenepb
IIOMTII
I^HKOMT,
MaTepiiKli,
Fo.uiaHfliii.
nepsoe nyiemecTBie Kojyn6a, 2) nyib H 3) uepsoe KpyrocB-Bmoe njiaBanie). ee. 4>paHuy3CKia Kapma XII. 0paHu,i/3CKifi KOAOHIU e^ XVII c-BBepHoil AMepiiKii A^i'JHCb ua KaHafly (ciB. qacit) H JlynsiaHy IlepBaa BT, nacioaiuee BpeMa npHHaAieatHTT, AnrjiH, Biopaa BXOAHTT, BT,
(Ha
3Toft ate Kaprfe OTM'BHeHbi en;e: 1)
P>acKO fle-Fana
BT,
HHfliro
XIX
BT,
.
HOBAa HCTOPIH.
22
338 cociaBT> C-BBepo-AMepifKancKHXb IHxaxoB'b, npHiesit xeiiepeiimiH iiixaxi, 6biii b BT> Haqa.i'h XIX B. HenocpeicxBeimo ycxyn-iem. <J>paHnieS Cisepo-AMepHUIxaxaMi,. IlyHKXBi, oxMljHeHHbie KpecximaMii, paHuifl aa cotfoii y^epi
FBiana 6bLia noxepjma, HO iioiOMt BHOBI> npioGp-brena. Kanaka. 2) jlynaiaua. 3) Hbio - ^aynjiJieH;^. 4) MiraeJiOH'b paEmie8). 5) Faimi. 6) Majitie AHXH.ibCKie o-sa (y,a,epffiaHLi). 7) FBiana ataHa). 8) AJXHPB H TyHHC'b. 9) CeHerajn,. 10) Cyiam,. 11) BepxH^a FBimea. 12) paHii,.KoHro H 06oKT>. 13) Ma^aracKap-b. 1416) 0-BaCeiiieJiBCKie, AainpaHTCKie u MacKapencKie. 17) EoHjuiinepH. 18) KoxunxBHa. 19) AnHaMt H TOHKHHI. 20) 1)
Hosafl KajeAOHifl. 21) Ki> wry orb KpecniKa o-sa MapKiiacKie, ToBapHmeciBa. TaHTii H .ajj. 22) 0-sa HoBBi8 AMCTep^aMi, H CB. IlaBja. 23) 0-Ba KeprsejieHi,. '111 eo. B-B 1763 r. JKnpma XIII. AHIMUCKIH KOAOHIU &b
XV
XIX
BOCio^Haro uo6epeffibJi C-feBepnoS npio6p*Jia (J)paH. Bjaa-BHia, HO CT> 1776 r. caiwa yxpainjia nacib axoro iio6epeiKbfl (13 nepfibix-b raxaxoBi, C-BBepnoH AnepiiKH), a HOXOMI H o6jacTii K-b 3ana,ny. BJiaAiBinaa
paHbuie
JiHinb qacibro
1) JTa^pa^op-b. 2) Kanajia CT> HbK>-ayH,ii;jieflOM'b. 3) OoaAH'BaiiiiH ict neS npii5) IIoxepflHHbia KOJioein. 6 H 7) O-sa Bepwy^cKie u BaraMCKie. coe^BHeHiji. 4
8) ^MafiKa. 9)
BpHxancKiS Fonjiiypac'b. 10) 0-B'b TpaHH^axt. 11) TBiaHa. 12 0-sa ^ajboeH^CKie. 1315) 0-Ba BosHecema, CB. EieHH H TpucxaHi j;a KyHba. 16) Maibxa. 17) Knnpi,. 18) Acj)pHKaHCKiH BiajvBHiji AHrjiin. 19) Aji.en'b. 20) 0-sa BapefiH-b B-S DepCHACKOMi, saiHBii. 21) 0-Ba MypiancKie. 22) O-BI CoKOxpa. 2324) 0-sa .laKe^HBCKie H Maje^HBCKie. 25) 3aH3H6ap-b. 26 28) 0-sa CemeibCKie H AMapanrcKie it ^acxb MacKapeHCKHXi> (K'b B. apxHoejr. "rlaroct). 29) BpHxancEaa HH^ifl c b' O-BOMT. Il|eH.iOHOMT.. 30) 0-sa An^aMaHCKie H HHKO6apcme. 31) Ma.iaKKa H CnHranyp-b. 32) OEB. qacxb o-Ba Bopneo. 33) FoHKOHnb. 34) 0-sa KOKOCOBHG. 35) K). B. qacxb HoBofi FBHHen. 36) Ascxpajia. 37) r
TacMaeia.
38)
COJOMOHOBH
o-sa.
39)
JI,ffiHJib6epxoBbi
o-Ba
H
Majibji.eH'b
H
K'b rory
Ernnex'b
(
341),
Hiua, Bofixn
B'b
OT^ HHXI AHrjiia
Henocpe^cxBGHHoe
^;p.
OXT.
(KTB rory
40) $H,HJEH (K'b C*B. o-Ba CB. Kpecxa). 41) Hop^ojibK-b. 42) I c. B. H B. o-Ba KepMajjeHL H O-BI ^axaM-b). 43 44) O-Ba
HHXT.
HoBaa
3e-
$aHHHHFb,
o-Ba.
cxpeMnxca, OBiaA^Bi Bcisn,
coeji,HHeHie
ci>
CBOHMH
ro.
a<|)p.
Bcxp-BXHBinHCb Ha sepxHeMi, xeneniH Hnjra ct ^paHuy^aMH.
Kapma XIV. EOMHIU FepMamu, EmaAiu u EeMiiu
XIX HMI
8i>
nocMbd-ueu
uemeepmu
Korfta BTH xpn rocyji,apcxBa Bbicxynnjiii Ha nyxb KOJioHiajibfloli npnnijiocb nanpaBHXb CBOEO a'feaxejibHOCXb Ha A(f)pHKy. BnpoieMi,, e.
eme ocxposa na BejiHKOMi OKeaH*. Ha axoM ^e Kaprfe CliBepo-AMepHKaHCKie IIlxaxH. ftb 1776 r. OHH saHiiMaiH xepptixopiro, npn6jiHSHxeibHo oxM-feyeHHyro Ha Kapx-fe XII (Meatfly <j>paHU. KOJioniflMH H MOpeML), OKOJIO 1820 r. npH6JiH3HxeJibHO xeppiixopiro, oxM-B^eHnyio Ha Kapxi XIII yxpaxa). Ha Kapxi iioKaaanbi xaKJKe AjiHCKa H nocji^Hia npioGptxeHm
npio6ptjia ii
xeppnxopiH
IIIxaxoB'b.
1) Toro.
2) KaMepyHii. 3) FepMaHCKaa K).-3. A(})pHKa. 4) FepnaHCKafl Bocxo^Haa A(J)pnKa. 5) MapiancKie o-Ba. 6) KapojiHHCKie o-Ba. 7) Fepn. BJiaji.'feHie na HOBOH FBHHei, o-Ba AAMHpajixeScKie, apxaiiej. BncMapKa,H ^acxb COJIOMOHOBbixTb O-BOBTB (a K'b C.-B. oxi. HHXI> o-Ba MapfflajibCKie). 8) 0-sa CaMoa. 9) FocyflapcxBO KOHFO. 10) BpHxpea. 11) II-OB^ CoMajib. 12) C.-A. Illxaxbi. 13) 14) Ky6a H IIopxopHKO. 15) ^tuiannHHCKie ocxposa. 16) FaBan
o-Ba, npHHaju. C.-A.
III.).
norPlilHHOCTH.
Cxp. 91, cipOKa 11 CBepxy Haneiaiaflo: 66.3bmyK>, BM^CTO Cip. (
Crp.
139143. Ha 176),
Pycco
232,
cipoKa
noj^xi, nponymeHti aarojoBKn: Boibiepi) (
177),
18
aHUuooneAHCTti
csepxy
(
(
175),
178) H (^HsioKpaiti
(
nane4aTaHo: IlljieaBHn.-rojBraTefiH'B,
MOH179).
BM^CTO
