Методические указания и контрольные работы по английскому языку для студентов III курса исторического факультета ОЗО

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Ростовский Государственный Университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов

Методические указания и контрольные работы для студентов исторического факультета ОЗО III курса Выпуск 5

г. Ростов-на-Дону 2001

Контрольное задание № 5

1. 2. 3. 4.

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 5, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал: сослагательное наклонение: аналитические и синтетические формы. значение модальных глаголов с перфектным инфинитивом. глаголы shall и will в модальном значении. употребление глаголов should и would как вспомогательных.

2

Вариант 1 I.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое в сослагательном наклонении. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II.

If these principles had been adhered to, we should not have been brought to this alarming transition, from a confederacy to a consolidated government. Could he here known what was happening in America during his voyage, he would have found nothing to encourage himself. The ink of such a document would hardly have time to dry before England would declare war. It is not surprising that under Egyptian methods of treatment the schoolboy should have thought of running away to become a soldier or charioteer or farmer. If he had obeyed his commander’s order, he would not have fallen into the hands of the enemy. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните сказуемое, выраженное модальным глаголом с перфектным инфинитивом. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

III.

Without General Benedict Arnold the Continental Army might have lost the Revolution. Most primitive tools and devices must have been invented independently by different civilizations. They cannot have reached the same level of development. Two invasions - by the Danes and the Normans - cut short the time in which a recovery in England might have been made. There was always considerable resistance by the peasantry to the reimposition or the increase of labour services, and the grudging and reluctant labour of the set can never nave been highly productive. Прочитайте и устно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1и 2 абзацы текста. THE MEDIEVAL CLIMAX 1. In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a Jubilee, a year-long celebration of the anniversary of Christ's birth. Pilgrims to Rome, once the capital of the Roman Empire and now the seat of the papacy, would earn spiritual rewards, and from everywhere in Europe men answered the call. Chroniclers of the time said that by the end of the great year, two million pilgrims had made the long and hazardous journey to the ancient city, where a normal population of perhaps 50,000 lived among the ruins that, in the city's days of glory, had held twenty times 3

that number. Among them was Dante Allighieri (1265-1321), a poet and official of the republican city-state of Florence. In Dante's great long poem, The Divine Comedy, the final summarizing masterwork of Medieval literature, images of that pilgrimage — the abstracted, slowly moving crowds pacing the bridge across the River Tiber leading to St. Peter's Basilica — would recur, years afterward; as would the character of the pope himself, whom Dante would come to hate with a more than human hatred. 2. Both for the Church and for European society as a whole — and the two were not really separable — the Jubilee year was to be a high point. After the stagnation of the early Middle Ages, the population of Europe had been growing for three centuries, filling up the productive lands of France and Italy, expanding east through the virgin forests of Germany. Manufacturing and trade kept pace with population and with them the urban centers on which both depended; ancient cities had grown, new ones had been founded along the trade routes. In the cities and large towns, grandiose Gothic cathedrals commemorated these centuries of expansion, each the spiritual and administrative center of a Church whose lines of control stretched back to Rome and papacy. To provide the trained administrators required by this settled and expansive age, dozens of universities had been founded, particularly in the thirteenth century, and many of them naturally grew up in the new cathedral towns and supplied their needs. 3. Among the earliest writers, and certainly the greatest, to begin breaking out of the Medieval mold (as later ages conceived of that mold) was Dante Alighieri (about 1265-1321). Dante was born in the city-republic of Florence, in Tuscany, a hilly region in north-central Italy. He received a good education and to the end of his life was active in the bitter politics of his native city. Early in his career, Dante was strongly influenced by his good friend, the slightly older Florentine poet Guido Cavalcanti. Dante imitated Cavalcanti's courtly love poems, and it was probably his friend's influence that led him to write his greatest work in the vernacular — that is, in the everyday form of Italian spoken in Tuscany rather than in Latin. (By that choice, Dante determined that Tuscan, and not one of the dozens of other dialects and languages used in the Italian peninsula, would become Italy's literary language.) 4. At the age of nine, Dante saw a girl named Beatrice and fell in love with her. For the rest of his life, she was for him an ideal image of human beauty and heavenly purity, although when she died, he married another, at the age of twentysix, and fathered several children. During these early years, Dante held important political posts in Florence and served as a soldier and as an ambassador. About 1292, he completed his first important book, the Vita Nuova ("new life"), a collection of sonnets, with prose commentaries, telling the early stages of his love for Beatrice; the book ends with the statement that he will write more about her when lie is able to do so in a worthy manner — a clear foreshadowing of his Divine Comedy. In 1302, Dante was banished from Florence for political reasons and remained in exile until his death. Over the next few years, he wrote a number of works in Latin and Italian which reveal his mind at work on a range of 4

problems, from language to government. In 1318, he completed the final canticle, or book, of The Divine Comedy and died soon after, still a bitter exile. On the threshold of old age, Dante had nevertheless lived to complete one of the world's great masterpieces. The Comedy (the word "divine" was added centuries later) is, on the surface, an autobiographical narrative. IV.

Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What were the main features of the Medieval Climax?

Вариант 2 I.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое в сослагательном наклонении. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. 2.

If he had won that decisive battle, he would have been made a hero. If Germany had been ruled with any wisdom, it might have made a reasonable peace at this time. 3. If his plan had been carried out the allies would have captured Paris in no time. 4. If the Greeks had been ready to advance, a thousand might have put a hundred thousand Bedouins to flight. Such was the confusion among the Greeks. 5. Mankind would have been obliged to live constantly under the government of a single person, if they hadn’t contrived a kind of constitution, that has all the internal advantages of a republican government.

II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IV.

Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните сказуемое, выраженное модальным глаголом с перфектным инфинитивом. Переведите предложения на русский язык. The British could have made some concessions to the Americans to obtain peace and preserve the empire. The news of Bunker Hill* must have brought no comfort. Most of the Englishmen may have been disappointed on hearing the shocking news of Lexington and Concord. King and ministers could have denounced only themselves, that they had failed in the campaign. The dinosaurs all died at the same time, so something very unusual must have happened to cause their death. It might have happened by chance. Прочитайте и устно переведите 3, 4 и 5 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1и 2 абзацы текста. *Bunker Hill - Банкерхилл -место сражения рядом с Бостоном.

5

BREAK-UP AND RENEWAL: THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE 1. The Renaissance began in a new kind of consciousness, and we meet it first in Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) — Petrarch, as we call him in English. The son of an Italian exile who grew up in southern France, Petrarch traveled widely in the France and Italy of his time and lived for years in a succession of cities without ever being at home in any one of them. By temperament as well as circumstance, Petriarch made exile the way of his life. Two inner forces drove him: a rejection of the dominant culture of his time, a refusal to pursue any of the goals it offered a man of intelligence and education; and an intense nostalgia for Italy's Imperial past, when Rome had been the center of worldwide wealth and power and the patron of a golden age of literature and art. These two forces made Petrarch, as a writer of his native Italian, the greatest lyric poet of his century; and, as a student and writer of Classical Latin, the first of a new breed of men who in time would be called humanists. 2. Petrarch reached that point by way of successive stages of development that began with his earliest schooling. Western Europe in the fourteenth century was divided by hundreds of local languages and dialects, the spoken ancestors of modern French, Italian, Spanish, English, and German, barely beginning to be molded in the stable and expressive forms of literature. It did not much matter. For the serious business of government, diplomacy, and the Church, of theology, philosophy, science, and the law, Medieval Europe possessed an international language, Latin, that was understood by educated people everywhere. Hence, for those who were to be educated (and by the fourteenth century that was a possibility for growing numbers of young men and women), the first indispensable step was to master Latin and with it some scraps of Classical literature collected in anthologies for the purpose. 3. Dante's Comedy is both the last great work of the Middle Ages and a foreshadowing of the Renaissance. In literature, the Renaissance proper may be said to begin with two Italian writers of the next generation: Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), known in English as Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375). The two had much in common. Their lives overlapped with Dante's, they were among the first to recognize his greatness, and they were much influenced by him. Together, they embody the chief qualities of later Renaissance literature, both in Italy and elsewhere in Europe. 4. Petrarch was born in Arezzo, a city fifty miles southwest of Florence (his father, like Dante, was in exile). His family moved to Avignon in southern France, but Petrarch soon went to Bologna to study law, which he hated and left to read Classical poetry, especially the works of Virgil, Cicero and Seneca. On Good Friday, 1327, in a church in Avignon, Petrarch saw a woman called Laura, even as Dante had once gazed on Beatrice, and unrequited love became the fount from which poured, for over thirty years, a stream of poems. 5. Born in Paris in 1313, the illegitimate son of an Italian father and a French mother, Boccaccio as a boy was apprenticed to a merchant; he hated the work and 6

gained his father's approval to study law in Naples. Like Dante and Petrarch, he, too, found a woman who became his poetic inspiration. Like Petrarch, Boccaccio combined the life of a man of letters with government service, often as an ambassador. In Florence in that capacity he met Petrarch, beginning a friendship that lasted to the end of both their lives. Petrarch encouraged the younger man to continue his study of Greek and Roman classics. Boccaccio learned to read Greek and collected Classical manuscripts when and where he could. Living and working for much of his life in Florence, where firsthand knowledge of Dante was still readily available, Boccaccio wrote the first short biography of the earlier poet as well as one of the earliest critical commentaries on The Divine Comedy. Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What was the main language of medieval Europe and why?

Вариант 3 I.

Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните глаголсказуемое в сослагательном наклонении и модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II.

If they had been on good terms with the English, they wouldn’t have made such an offer. If they hadn’t been suffering from sickness, they might have surrendered. If had they known all the circumstances, they might not have signed the treaty. If Constantinople had been taken in 1915, it is possible that victory might have been obtained in two years by mobilizing all the Balkan States against the Central Powers, and opening a free channel of supply to Russia. It seemed as if the whole of the southern states, where the opposition to Great Britain was not nearly so strong as in the north, would be brought into subjection. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните глагол should и объясните его значение в каждом предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.

The king’s advisers proposed that some more *marines should be raised in Ireland. 2. The draft treaty suggested that a strict international control over observation of the agreement should be exercised by a commission of NATO states and the Warsaw Pact. 3. Congress had abandoned Philadelphia for fear that they should all be made prisoners.

7

*marines -солдаты королевского морского флота. III.

Перепишите следующий абзац. Подчеркните глагол shall и объясните его модальное значение. Переведите абзац на русский язык. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president.

IV.

Прочтите и устно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.

England 1. With Geoffrey Chaucer (about 1340-1400), the Renaissance made its first appearance in England, though the creator of The Canterbury Tales is still, like Dante, a Medieval author in many ways. Chaucer was born in London where his father was a wine importer well connected with the nobility. As a boy, Chaucer was a page to Prince Lionel's wife (Lionel was the son of King Edward III) and later served briefly as a soldier in England's interminable war with France (he was captured by the French, ransomed by the king). King Edward employed him as a diplomat, and Chaucer traveled in Europe, especially in France; in 1372 and 1373, he was in Italy in the king's service. From his travels Chaucer gained not only a knowledge of the French and Italian literature of his time (he seems to have known Boccaccio's work and at least some of The Divine Comedy) but a wide circle of acquaintances and a range of experience that served to broaden his own writings. On his return to England Chiaucer served as a customs officer for the port of London, justice of the peace, and clerk of the king's works (he was in charge of government construction in and around London). In addition to these important offices, he received regular grants from the king and is often regarded as England's first poet laureate. At his death, Chaucer was honored by burial in England's royal church, Westminster Abbey. 2. Chaucer produced a substantial body of poetry and prose, but he did so in time left over from a busy and successful government career. When he refers to himself and his work, it is with a gentle self-mockery that is nearly the opposite of the conscious pride of his great Italian contemporaries; everything he wrote is filled with a spirit of tolerant good humor that sometimes rises to hilarious comedy. Like Dante, he had to make a conscious choice of the language he would write in — between an English emerging from welter of dialects and the French that, since the Norman conquest three centuries earlier, had been the language of the English court and of the educated classes generally. Although Chaucer chose 8

English (and thereby helped decide the language in which England's literature would be written), he was much influenced by late-Medieval French literature. 3. With Chaucer's death in 1400, the growth of English literature came almost to a standstill for more than a century. The Hundred Years War with France continued intermittently and on the whole unrewardingly until the middle of the fifteenth century; the cost and lack of success bred conflict between the king and Parliament. Through much of the century England was also torn by the struggle of two rival families and their allies for the throne, periodically erupting in assassinations and civil war. This long-drawn-out social violence was costly in itself and disruptive of trade. The dynastic struggle seemed to have ended when Henry VIII became king in 1509, but the nation was soon drawn into the religious and political conflicts that swept across Europe with the Reformation, complicated by the fact that Henry's only son and immediate heir was the sickly Edward VI, who died at the age of fifteen. Not until Elizabeth I succeeded to the throne in 1558 did England once more provide the climate in which a nation's culture, including its literature, can flourish — a strong and stable national government, expansive prosperity, general peace. 4. The Renaissance in England was renewed in a flood of books. A retired merchant, William Caxton, had set up the first printing press about 1475 and fed it with translations and collections of earlier literature — Chaucer, for instance, and Sir Thomas Malory's prose retelling of the King Arthur tales. Earlier, in Italy, many of the Latin and Greek classics had been published in reliable editions. In England under Elizabeth the classics were now translated, along with important new products of the Renaissance in Italy, France, and Spain. England was lucky in its translations. Many were remarkable in themselves and acquired the status of original English works, profoundly influencing the great generation of poets and playwrights that was about to come to age. V.

Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: When did England flourish for the second time and what was the reason of it?

Вариант 4 I.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое в сослагательном наклонении. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1.

The archers stuck their quivers in the ground and shot uphill; their arrows would have been easy to catch on shilds unless they passed high overhead. 9

2.

The scarcity of English archers would have one disadvantage for the Normans; there would have been few enemy arrows for them to pick up and use for return volleys. 3. The Britons, who had the easiest slope to climb, would have been the first to meet the English resistance. 4. The war would have been fought in vain if some measures were not taken to present the recurrence of such a conflict. 5. If Great Britain had to deal only with the Americans, it could hardly have failed to war out their resistance, considering how large a part of the population longed for peace rather than for independence. II.

Переведите следующие предложения. Проанализируйте значения глагола should в этих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

III.

There was a consultation held in our printing house among his friends, what he should do in this case. We had no remedy but to wait till the wind should abate. I think that in both our interests it would be extremely undesirable that matters should be so left at this stage. He should have seen her in that mood. In your position I should not rely on him. Перепишите следующий абзац. Подчеркните глагол shall и объясните его модальное значение. Переведите абзац на русский язык. The president shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present honour; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the surpreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established by law.

IV.

Прочитайте и устно переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 4 и 5 абзацы.

THE REFORMATION 1. When Julius II died in 1513, the Church was seemingly in better health than at any time in the past two hundred years and could look forward to a period of tranquil consolidation under his successor Leo X. The Papal States were once more firmly in hand. Efficient and comparatively honest administration had filled the papal treasury, and in Rome the pope had inspired a host of ambitious artistic projects, of which the building of the new St. Peter's was only the most obvious. In the last year of his reign, the pope had even called a council aimed at reforming 10

some of the more flagrant abuses within the Church. Leo's election promised a peaceful continuation of these policies. The son of Lorenzo de'Medici, he was a gentle man, cultivated in his tastes, generous in his support of the arts. Like Julius himself, he had been among the minority of cardinals that Alexander VI had been unable to bribe. 2. Hardly ten years later, however, all this had changed. The authority of the Church and many of its fundamental doctrines were under attack. In Germany, the religious issue had touched off a bloody civil war. French and Imperial armies had made Italy a battleground. The papal treasury was again empty, and the survival of the Church itself — as a unified, international institution — appeared to be in question. What had caused this drastic change was the beginning of the Reformation. The Reformation was the product of a variety of complex forces, not only religious but political, economic, social. More than most great historic movements, however, it found a focus and a voice in one man, Martin Luther (1483-1546). Leo's virtues were ill-matched against so determined an opponent. 3. Early in Leo's reign, powerful family connections had secured the appointment of a young German prince, Albert of Hohenzollern, as archbishop of Magdeburg, then as bishop of Halberstadt and archbishop of Mainz — lucrative and politically influential territories that took in much of northern and western Germany. 4. The Reformation came to England encumbered by a political complication of a different kind. From early in the 1520s, Protestant refugees from Germany, France, and Switzerland had settled in London — and had been systematically suppressed by the conservative King Henry VIII, acting through his chief minister Thomas More. The queen was a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, six years older than Henry, the widow of his older brother whom he had married for obvious political reasons. When the queen failed to bear a male heir that lived — hence threatening England with a renewal of dynastic conflict as in the Wars of the Roses — Henry demanded that the pope annul the marriage and allow him a new queen. There were precedents: Alexander VI had done the same for Louis XII of France; marriage to one's brother's widow was against Church law and had only been allowed by papal dispensation — wrongfully, Henry now argued. There was an important difference, however. The current pope, Clement VII (a Medici cousin of Leo X), was preoccupied with deli-cate maneuverings between Catholics and Protestants, warring France and the Empire; lacking the political necessity of his predecessor and fearful of the queen's relative, the Emperor Charles V, Clement delayed, made excuses. 5. After more than two years of negotiation Henry acted. He forced through Parliament a series of bills that restricted the rights and privileges of the clergy, culminating in the Act of Supremacy (1534), which separated the Church of England from the papacy and made the king its temporal head. Meanwhile, on the authority of a newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, the marriage had been dissolved and Henry had married a young woman of his court, Anne Boleyn, who 11

was now crowned queen. (Before his death in 1547 Henry pursuing the same goal of a male heir would have four more wives.) V.

Прочитайте текст и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What was the Reformation and how can we evaluate it?

Вариант 5 I.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II.

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое в сослагательном наклонении. Переведите предложения на русский язык. In 1648 a yet smaller minority came to the conclusion that security could only be obtained if Charles were deprived of life. Great Britain would have defended Turkey from the same motive, that is for the sake of commerce and power. Under these conditions as Thomas Paine asserted America would have flourished much more. According to the law, if goods hadn't passed trough customs by the twentieth day after their arrival in port, they were to be seized and kept. The Russo-Japanese War had hardly begun when it became apparent that Russian prestige would be greatly shattered, no matter what the outcome of the war might be. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните сказуемое, выраженное модальным глаголом. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IV.

But we would suggest that whatever part these men may have played in the actual negotiations, the policy pursued was made possible by events in Russia. Learning without tears may have been the ideal in some respects, although the Egyptians also had a belief in the efficacy of corporal punishment. The teacher can’t have lost his temper. It put him automatically in the wrong. It might have been a pause in the struggle. Both sides needed to reform. Harold might have taken advantage of the period of normal disorder. Прочитайте и устно переведите 4 и 5 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 и 3 абзацы.

12

THE ENGLISHNESS OF ENGLAND 1. England's coastline has helped to shape both the history of the English nation and the psychology of the English character. The knowledge — unconsciously assimilated since childhood — that there was a wide stretch of water between Englishmen and 'foreigners' encouraged a sense of security that could easily slide into one of superiority. And it was true that her physical isolation made England different. The long centuries during which the land was free from invaders meant that there could be a continuity of tradition impossible on the war-torn Continent. Englishmen have always been conscious of the history that surrounds them, and, from traditional royal and parliamentary ceremonies to Tudor-style villas in the suburbs, have sought at every level to revive and remind themselves of that history. 2. Some English characteristics upon which both natives and visitors have tended to agree have to do with national psychology: egoism, self-confidence, intolerance of outsiders, ostentatious wealth, independence, social mobility, love of comfort and a strong belief in private property. Others, equally marked, have to do with the physical appearance of English town and country, and are more easily illustrated than described: an urge to wander over the earth and bring back its products to make England a microcosm of the world; a preoccupation with 'home' that has led to the evolution of both the English house — informal, relaxed and domestic — and its landscape setting; a love of games in which (until the rise of spectator sports) competition was less important than enjoyment; and that special feeling for the sea that made Englishmen not only great sailors and explorers but also the inventors of the seaside holiday. 3. We come back to the cliche that Britain is an island, a fact that has been subtly decisive in so many aspects of her history: in the Reformation, which determined the course of religion in England; in the pattern of trade, which led to the formation of the Empire; in the growth of a navy at the expense of an army, with its repercussions on the political system; ... even in the well-known 'insularity' of English art and English music. The cultural moat has often been wider than the twenty-one miles of water that separate Dover from Calais. 4. In view of the ambiguity and unreliability of the literary sources for the period, it is necessary to turn to the study of remains of the incoming Anglo-Saxons and their contemporary Britons. The main concentration of Anglo-Saxon finds from excavations and in the museum collections consists of pottery urns and metalwork ornaments — brooches, bracelets and the like — which come from the cremation and inhumation cemeteries of these peoples. It is only in the last fifty years or so that excavators have begun to recognise 'pagan Anglo-Saxon' settlement sites, as well as cemeteries, and the greatest source of information is still the burial remains rather than material from excavated Anglo-Saxon villages. There are greater or lesser degrees of decoration on burial urns which contained the cremated remains of the dead. Cemeteries reveal that people were originally laid out for interment fully clothed and often fully armed, with belts, brooches and weaponry. Females were buried wearing necklaces, rings or bracelets. Such inhumations are occasionally accompanied by pottery, metal or glass vessels, perhaps the 13

containers for a final ritual meal for the dead person. Settlement sites, on the other hand, produce a mass of evidence for the industrial and farming processes of the Anglo-Saxons, as well as a wide range of domestic handmade pottery-types, normally plainer vessels than the decorated funerary urns. 5. To assign a precise fifth-century date to such objects is the task of the archaeologist, whose method depends mainly on their association with Roman literature or with objects like coins, with their dates and mint-marks. No Anglo-Saxon artifact bears on it a date-stamp which can be read off, and there are few areas within Britain where early Anglo-Saxon material is in close enough relationship with Roman finds for their dates to be clearly assessed. It is by their association with better-dated Roman material in the German homelands that early Anglo-Saxon pots and brooches can be dated. The method depends on establishing a valid parallel between the British pottery under consideration and decoratively similar vessels which can be dated by association with other groups of material in Germany. It is important however to be aware that to arrive at a date by this method is imprecise. V.

Прочитайте текст и ответьте на следующий вопрос: What do you understand under the “Englishness” of England?

14