FBGBKL?JKL?GB? WgabfZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u aZgbfZxl \k_ [hevr__ f_klh \ ijZdlbd_ debgbq_kdbo eZ[hjZlhjguo bkke_^h\Zgbc/ lZd dZ...
72 downloads
489 Views
270KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
FBGBKL?JKL?J:PBB
:JKL
;bheh]h0ihq\_gguc nZdmevl_l
DZn_^jZ ZgZeblbq_kdhc b f_^bpbgkdhc [bhobfbb b fbdjh[bheh]bb
WGABF:LBQ?KDB? F?LH>U < DEBGBQ?KDHC E:;HJ:LHJGHC >B:=GHKLBD?
F_lh^bq_kdb_ mdZaZgby ih eZ[hjZlhjghfm ijZdlbdmfm ^ey klm^_glh\ ,,, dmjkZ ^g_\gh]h hl^_e_gby b ,9 dmjkZ \_q_jg_]h b aZhqgh]h hl^_e_gby KhklZ\bl_eb= E1<1 FZlZkh\Z/ G1:1 L_dmgh\Z/ L1G1 Ihih\Z/ <1 <1 :eZ[h\kdbc
5
<>?GB? WgabfZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u aZgbfZxl \k_ [hevr__ f_klh \ ijZdlbd_ debgbq_kdbo eZ[hjZlhjguo bkke_^h\Zgbc/ lZd dZd iha\heyxl ihemqblv agZqbl_evguc h[t_f ^bZ]ghklbq_kdhc bgnhjfZpbb1 Dhebq_kl\h bkihevam_fuo l_klh\/ k\yaZgguo k hij_^_e_gb_f Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glh\/ g_ij_ju\gh jZkl_l1 < ^Zgghf ihkh[bb baeh`_gu hkgh\gu_ f_lh^u/ \hr_^rb_ \ f_^bpbgkdmx ijZdlbdm1 >Zggh_ f_lh^bq_kdh_ ihkh[b_ [m^_l ihe_aguf ^ey ih^]hlh\db klm^_glh\/ h[mqZxsboky ih f_^bdh0[bheh]bq_kdbf ki_pbZevghklyf/ Z lZd`_ ^ey ZkibjZglh\/ gZmqguo jZ[hlgbdh\/ \jZq_c0eZ[hjZglh\/ khijbdZkZxsboky \ k\h_c ^_yl_evghklb k ijh[e_fZfb debgbq_kdhc eZ[hjZlhjghc ^bZ]ghklbdb1 KH>?J@:GB? 41 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ZeZgbgZfbghljZgkn_jZau 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 6 51 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ZkiZjlZlZfbghljZgkn_jZau11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 7 61 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb bahn_jf_glh\ ZkiZjlZlZfbghljZgkn_jZau ih obfbq_kdhfm bg]b[bjh\Zgbx1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 9 71Hij_^_e_gb_ ]ZffZ0]emlZfbeljZgkn_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b 111111111111111111111111111111 ; 81 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ]exdhahnhknZlbahf_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b 1111111111111 < 91 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb d_lhah040nhknZl Zev^heZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b111111111 44 :1Hij_^_e_gb_ s_ehqghc nhknZlZau \ ku\hjhld_ b ieZaf_ djh\b1111111111111111111111111 45 ;1 Hij_^_e_gb_ ZfbeZau +ih DZjZ\_ex, 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 46 <1 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ]ebpbg0Zfb^bghljZgkn_jZau ih FZj^Zr_\m b DZj_ebgm1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 46 431 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb dj_ZlbgdbgZau \ ieZaf_ +ku\hjhld_, djh\b 111111111111 47 441 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb eZdlZl^_]b^jh]_gZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b111111111111111111 49 451 Wdkij_kk0f_lh^ hij_^_e_gby Zdlb\ghklb bahn_jf_glh\ eZdlZl^_]b^jh]_gZau +E>=, ijb ihfhsb l_ieh\h]h bgZdlb\bjh\Zgby 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 4; 461 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ebiZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 4; 471 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ohebgwkl_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b11111111111111111111111111111 4< 481 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb p_jmehieZafbgZ \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b 11111111111111111111111111 56
6
41 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ZeZgbgZfbghljZgkn_jZau Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= ZeZgbgZfbghljZgkn_jZaZ +/0ZeZgbg= 50hdkh]emlZjZl ZfbghljZgkn_jZaZ/ D1N1 5191415/ :e:L, dZlZebabjm_l j_Zdpbx \aZbfh^_ckl\by /0 ZeZgbgZ b 50hdkh]emlZjZlZ/ \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjhc h[jZam_lky /0]emlZfZl b ibjm\Zl1 Hij_^_e_gb_ hkgh\Zgh gZ baf_j_gbb hilbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb ]b^jZahgh\ 50hdkh]emlZjh\hc b ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghc dbkehl \ s_ehqghc kj_^_1 =b^jZahg ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghc dbkehlu h[eZ^Z_l [he__ \ukhdhc hilbq_kdhc iehlghklvx1 Bkihevamxl gZ[hj j_Zdlb\h\ ;bh0EZ0L_kl= WlZehgguc jZkl\hj 0 gZljbc ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghdbkeuc/ 5 ffhev2e1 51 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabg/ jZkl\hj 4 ffhev2e \ +&O 4fhev2e1 61 GZljbc ]b^jhhdbkv +49 ],1 71 Km[kljZl :e:L= '/0α0 ZeZgbg 3/5 fhev2e/ 50hdkh]emlZjZl 5 ffhev2e/ nhknZlguc [mn_j S+ :/7 +583K, 3/4 fhev2e1 KhklZ\ bgdm[Zpbhgghc kf_kb= 499 ffhev2e '/0α0ZeZgbg/ 4/: ffhev2e 50 hdkh]emlZjZl/ ;6 ffhev2e nhknZlguc [mn_j1 Khhlghr_gb_ ku\hjhldZ2bgdm[ZpbhggZy kf_kv 0 4291 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu= Zdlb\ghklv :e:L +3/3903/47, fddZl2e1 Ij_^_evgZy \_ebqbgZ 3/75 fddZl2e +58 F?2e,1
7
baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv jZkl\hjh\ 1 508 ijhlb\ jZkl\hjZ 1 41 Kljhyl dZeb[jh\hqguc ]jZnbd aZ\bkbfhklb hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb hl Zdlb\ghklb khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h n_jf_glZ1 LZ[ebpZ 51 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ ibjm\ZlZ 1D JZkl\hj Nba1 J_Zdlb\ 7 J_Zdlb\ 4 J_Zdlb\ 5 JZkl\hj Dhg_qgZy 1 jZkl\hj +fe, +fe, +fe, 1D2+ Zdlb\ghklv +fe, +fe, +fddZl2e, 4 3/43 3/83 0 3/83 8/33 3 5 3/43 3/78 3/38 3/83 8/33 3/5; 6 3/43 3/73 3/43 3/83 8/33 3/89 7 3/43 3/68 3/48 3/83 8/33 3/;6 8 3/43 3/63 3/53 3/83 8/33 4/44 JZkq_l= ih hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijh[u +:, gZ dZeb[jh\hqghf ]jZnbd_ gZoh^yl Zdlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ1 < J_Zdlb\_ 7 kh^_j`blky oehjhnhjf/ dhlhjuc fh`_l ijb kgb`_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_ \ua\Zlv ihfmlg_gb_ jZkl\hjZ1 Ihfmlg_gb_ mkljZgyxl i_j_^ mihlj_[e_gb_f jZkl\hjZ/ \u^_j`Z\ _]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 6:3K ^h ihklhygghc l_fi_jZlmju1 Ijb Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ k\ur_ 3/8; fddZl2e ZgZeba ke_^m_l ih\lhjblv k ku\hjhldhc/ jZa\_^_gghc nbabheh]bq_kdbf jZkl\hjhf +j_amevlZl × jZa\_^_gb_, +lZ[e16,1 LZ[ebpZ 61 Ko_fZ jZa\_^_gby ku\hjhldb djh\b Ijb Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ JZa\_^_gb_ +3/8903/:3, 6× +3/:303/;3, 8× +3/;304/33, 43× +4/3304/53, 63× K\ur_ 4/53 83× Ijh[u ku\hjhldb djh\b fh`gh ojZgblv \ l_q_gb_ g_^_eb ijb .83K1 =_fheba ih\urZ_l Zdlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ1 AZgb`_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ \uau\Zxl kbgl_lbq_kdb_ fhxsb_ kj_^kl\Z +kZihgZlu,1 Ih\ur_ggh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ d_lh\_s_kl\ +\ ku\hjhldZo ^bZ[_lbdh\, \uau\Z_l aZ\ur_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ1 < lZdbo kemqZyo g_h[oh^bfh \uq_klv ba hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijh[u +:, hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ku\hjhlhqgh]h dhgljhevgh]h jZkl\hjZ/ dhlhjuc ijb]hlh\eyxl lhqgh lZd `_/ dZd ijh[m/ k lhc ebrv jZagbp_c/ qlh ku\hjhldm ^h[Z\eyxl \ ijh[bjdm ihke_ J_Zdlb\Z 51 51 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ZkiZjlZlZfbghljZgkn_jZau Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= \ j_amevlZl_ i_j_Zfbgbjh\Zgby/ ijhbkoh^ys_]h ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ZkiZjlZlZfbghljZgkn_jZau +/0ZkiZjlZl= 50hdkh]emlZjZl ZfbghljZgkn_jZaZ/ D1N1 5191415/ :k:L,/ h[jZam_lky ibjh\bgh]jZ^gZy dbkehlZ1 Ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabgZ \ s_ehqghc kj_^_ h[jZam_lky
8
]b^jZahg ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghc dbkehlu/ \hagbdZxsbc ih oh^m j_Zdpbb ihke_ [ukljh]h ^_dZj[hdkbebjh\Zgby hdkZehZp_lZlZ1 Bkihevamxl gZ[hj j_Zdlb\h\ ;bh0EZ0L_kl= 41 WlZehgguc jZkl\hj 0 gZljbc ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghdbkeuc/ 5 ffhev2e1 51 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabg/ jZkl\hj 4 ffhev2e \ +&O 4fhev2e1 61 GZljbc ]b^jhhdbkv +49 ],1 71 Km[kljZl :k:L= '/0α0 ZeZgbg 3/5 fhev2e/ 50hdkh]emlZjZl 5 ffhev2e/ nhknZlguc [mn_j S+ :/7 +583K, 3/4 fhev2e1 KhklZ\ bgdm[Zpbhgghc kf_kb= 499 ffhev2e '/0α0ZeZgbg/ 4/: ffhev2e 50 hdkh]emlZjZl/ ;6 ffhev2e nhknZlguc [mn_j1 Khhlghr_gb_ ku\hjhldZ2bgdm[ZpbhggZy kf_kv 0 4291 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu= Zdlb\ghklv :k:L +3/3903/45, fddZl2e1 Ij_^_evgZy \_ebqbgZ 3/75 fddZl2e +58 F?2e,1
9
Ijh[u ku\hjhldb djh\b fh`gh ojZgblv \ l_q_gb_ g_^_eb ijb .83K1 =_fheba ih\urZ_l Zdlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ1 AZgb`_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ \uau\Zxl kbgl_lbq_kdb_ fhxsb_ kj_^kl\Z +kZihgZlu,1 Ih\ur_ggh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ d_lh\_s_kl\ +\ ku\hjhldZo ^bZ[_lbdh\, \uau\Z_l aZ\ur_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ1 < lZdbo kemqZyo g_h[oh^bfh \uq_klv ba hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijh[u +:, hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ku\hjhlhqgh]h dhgljhevgh]h jZkl\hjZ/ dhlhjuc ijb]hlh\eyxl lhqgh lZd `_/ dZd ijh[m/ k lhc ebrv jZagbp_c/ qlh ku\hjhldm ^h[Z\eyxl \ ijh[bjdm ihke_ J_Zdlb\Z 51 Ijb Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ k\ur_ 3/8; fddZl2e ZgZeba ke_^m_l ih\lhjblv k ku\hjhldhc/ jZa\_^_gghc nbabheh]bq_kdbf jZkl\hjhf +j_amevlZl o jZa\_^_gb_, +lZ[e16,1 < J_Zdlb\_ 7 kh^_j`blky oehjhnhjf/ dhlhjuc fh`_l ijb kgb`_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_ \ua\Zlv ihfmlg_gb_ jZkl\hjZ1 Ihfmlg_gb_ mkljZgyxl i_j_^ mihlj_[e_gb_f jZkl\hjZ/ \u^_j`Z\ _]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 6:3K ^h ihklhygghc l_fi_jZlmju1 61 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb bahn_jf_glh\ ZkiZjlZlZfbghljZgkn_jZau ih obfbq_kdhfm bg]b[bjh\Zgbx1 Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= baf_j_gb_ baf_g_gby k\_lhih]ehs_gby ijb 673 gf \ j_amevlZl_ hdbke_gby 1$'+1 Fblhohg^jbZevgZy :k:L +f0:k:L, dZlZebabjm_l j_Zdpbx \ dbkehc kj_^_ +S+ 9/3, \ ijbkmlkl\bb 50hdkh]emlZjh\hc b Z^bibgh\hc dbkehl1 PblhieZafZlbq_kdZy :k:L +p0:k:L, ijb wlhf bg]b[bjm_lky1 Ih jZaghklb h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb :k:L b Zdlb\ghklb f0:k:L jZkkqblu\Zxl Zdlb\ghklv p0 :k:L1 Hij_^_e_gb_ h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb :k:L ijhba\h^blky hibkZgguf \ur_ mgbnbpbjh\Zgguf hilbfbabjh\Zgguf fbdjhf_lh^hf1 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb f0:k:L J_Zdlb\u= 41 DZebc nhknhjghdbkeuc h^ghaZf_s_gguc/ q^Z/ oq1 51 DZebc nhknhjghdbkeuc ^\maZf_s_gguc/ 60o \h^guc/ q^Z1 61 50hdkh]emlZjh\Zy dbkehlZ +50H=, ^bgZljb_\Zy khev/ 3/34; fhev2e +j_Zdlb\ d\ZebnbdZpbb ©qª g_ ijb]h^_g,1 71 1$'+/ ^bgZljb_\Zy khev/ 3/3335 fhev2e1 81 :^bibgh\Zy dbkehlZ +4/70 [mlZg^bdZj[hgh\Zy dbkehlZ/ ]_dkZg^bheh\Zy dbkehlZ/ K9G43H7,/ 3/39 fhev2e1 91 FZeZl^_]b^jh]_gZaZ ba k_j^pZ k\bgvb +/0fZeZl= 1$'. hdkb^hj_^mdlZaZ/ DN 4141416:/ F>=,1 Kmki_gaby \ 83( jZkl\hj_ ]ebp_jbgZ/ ki_pbnbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv 4533 F?2e +58 f]25/8 fe,/ :5 F?2e1 :1 /0ZkiZjZ]bgh\Zy dbkehlZ +j_Zdlb\ d\ZebnbdZpbb ©qª g_ ijb]h^_g,1 JZkl\hju1 41 NhknZlguc [mn_j/ 3/4 fhev2e/ S+ 9/31 4/5 ] h^ghaZf_s_ggh]h nhknhjghdbkeh]h dZeby b 3/5; ] ^\maZf_s_ggh]h nhknhjghdbkeh]h dZeby 60o \h^gh]h jZkl\hjyxl \ 73083 fe \h^u/ mklZgZ\eb\Zxl S+ 9/3 b h[t_f jZkl\hjZ ^h\h^yl ^h 433 fe \h^hc \ f_jghc dhe[_1 JZkl\hj klZ[be_g ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K \ l_q_gb_ 60o f_kyp_\1 51 Kf_kv j_Zdlb\h\/ khklhysZy ba [mn_jgh]h jZkl\hjZ/ 50 H=/ 1$'+/ Z^bibgh\hc dbkehlu b F>== 3/73:3 ] ^bgZljb_\hc kheb 5H=/ 3/3479 ] 1$'+/ 3/;:99 ] Z^bibgh\hc dbkehlu b ijb[ebabl_evgh 9 fde kmki_gabb F>=
:
jZkl\hjyxl \ 73083 fe 3/4 fhev2e nhknZlgh]h [mn_jZ/ mklZgZ\eb\Zxl jG 9/3 b h[t_f kf_kb ^h\h^yl nhknZlguf [mn_jhf \ f_jghc dhe[_ ^h 433 fe1 Kf_kv j_Zdlb\h\ klZ[bevgZ ;043 qZkh\ ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 4;0583K1 =hlh\yl i_j_^ mihlj_[e_gb_f1 H[t_f kf_kb j_Zdlb\h\ aZ\bkbl hl qbkeZ hij_^_e_gbc1 61 JZkl\hj /0ZkiZjZ]bgh\hc dbkehlu/ 3/4; fhev2e1 5/6<97 ] /0ZkiZjZ]bgh\hc dbkehlu jZkl\hjyxl \ 73083 fe 3/4 fhev2e nhknZlgh]h [mn_jZ/ ijh\_jyxl jG b ^h\h^yl h[t_f jZkl\hjZ nhknZlguf [mn_jhf \ f_jghc dhe[_ ^h 433 fe1 JZkl\hj klZ[be_g ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K \ l_q_gb_ h^ghc g_^_eb1 FZl_jbZe ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby1 K\_`Zy ku\hjhldZ beb ieZafZ djh\b/ k\h[h^gu_ hl ]_fhebaZ1 N_jf_gl klZ[be_g ijb 73K \ l_q_gb_ kmlhd1 Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 I_j_^ hij_^_e_gb_f l_fi_jZlmjZ jZkl\hjh\ b ku\hjhldb ^he`gZ [ulv ^h\_^_gZ ^h l_fi_jZlmju baf_j_gby +6:3K beb 633K,1 Khhlghr_gb_ h[t_fh\ ku\hjhldb/ km[kljZlgh0[mn_jgh]h jZkl\hjZ b klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z +jZkl\hjZ ZkiZjZ]bgh\hc dbkehlu, 4=43=41 D ijh]j_lhc ^h l_fi_jZlmju j_Zdpbb kf_kb j_Zdlb\h\ ^h[Z\eyxl ku\hjhldm beb ieZafm1 I_j_f_rb\Zxl b l_jfhklZlbjmxl 43048 fbg ijb aZ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_1 AZl_f ^h[Z\eyxl jZkl\hj /0ZkiZjlZlZ1 I_j_f_rb\Zxl1 <dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j1 Q_j_a 93 k +eZ]0nZaZ/ nZaZ aZ^_j`db j_Zdpbb, baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb ijhlb\ ohehklhc ijh[u beb \ha^moZ ijb ^ebg_ \hegu 673 gf \ dx\_l_ k lhesbghc kehy 4 kf1 AZl_f lhqgh q_j_a 4/ 5/ 6 fbg baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv1 < ohehklmx ijh[m \f_klh ku\hjhldb ^h[Z\eyxl lZdhc `_ h[t_f oehjb^Z gZljby1 JZkq_l1 Ba 70o baf_j_gbc hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ^ey hiulghc b ohehklhc ijh[ jZkkqblu\Zxl baf_g_gb_ __ aZ 4 fbg +∆:2∆W,hi/ \uqblZy ba dZ`^h]h ihke_^mxs_]h agZq_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ij_^u^ms__ +j_amevlZlu ihemqZxlky kh agZdhf ©fbgmkª,1 Ba lj_o agZq_gbc baf_g_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ^ey dZ`^hc hiulghc b ohehklhc ijh[u jZkkqblu\Zxl kj_^gxx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx +∆:2∆W,hi b +∆:2∆W,ohe1 Dhjj_dlbjmxl \_ebqbgm hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb hiulghc ijh[u= +∆:2∆W,hi 0 +∆:2∆W,ohe1 +∆:2∆W,kdhj1 JZkq_l Zdlb\ghklb f0:k:L ijh\h^yl ih nhjfme_= 9 9 Zdlb\ghklv/ gfhev2+k×e,43 00000000000× +∆:2∆W,kdhj/ ]^_ ε×O×Y 9 0 h[t_f j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb/ fe> Y 0 h[t_f ku\hjhldb/ fe> ε 0 dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc wdklbgdpbb 1$'+> O 0 lhesbgZ kehy `b^dhklb \ dx\_l_ \ f_ljZo +4×4305,> ∆:2∆W 0 baf_g_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb aZ 4 k1 >bZiZahg baf_j_gby= ^h 63 F?2e1 JZkq_l Zdlb\ghklb p0:k:L1 Ba \_ebqbgu h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb :k:L \uqblZxl \_ebqbgm Zdlb\ghklb f0:k:L1 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu= p0:k:L 0 ^h 53 F?2e +^h 663 gfhev2+k×e, ijb 6:3K beb :90;6( hl h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb1 >bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ agZq_gb_1 Ih\ur_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb f0:k:L lhqg__/ q_f ih\ur_gb_ h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb :k:L beb Zdlb\ghklb p0:k:L/ mdZau\Z_l gZ
;
hkljh_ ihjZ`_gb_ i_q_gb beb k_j^pZ> hljZ`Z_l ly`_klv [he_agb/ kl_i_gv ihjZ`_gby hj]ZgZ b ijh]gha1 71Hij_^_e_gb_ ]ZffZ0]emlZfbeljZgkn_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b ]ZffZ0]emlZfbeljZgkn_jZaZ +]ZffZ0 Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= ]emlZfbeljZgki_ilb^ZaZ/ D1N1 5161514/ ==L, i_j_ghkbl ]emlZfbevguc hklZlhd k ]ZffZ0/+.,]emlZfbe070gbljhZgbeb^Z gZ ^bi_ilb^guc Zdp_ilhj/ dhlhjuf y\ey_lky ]ebpbe]ebpbg/ kem`Zsbc h^gh\j_f_ggh b [mn_jhf1 Dhgp_gljZpbx hk\h[h`^_ggh]h 70gbljhZgbebgZ baf_jyxl nhlhf_ljbq_kdb ihke_ hklZgh\db n_jf_glZlb\ghc j_Zdpbb ih^dbke_gb_f1 Bkihevam_lky gZ[hj j_Zdlb\h\ ;bh0EZ0L_kl= 41 WlZehgguc jZkl\hj 70 gbljhZgbebgZ 9 ffhev2e +]hjxq__ \_s_kl\h 50]h deZkkZ,1 51 Km[kljZl ]ZffZ0/0 ]emlZfbe070gbljhZgbeb^1 61 ;mn_jguc jZkl\hj ]ebpbe]ebpbg 3/88 fhev2e1 KhklZ\ bgdm[Zpbhgghc kf_kb= ]ebpbe]ebpbgh\uc [mn_j 3/8 fhev2e S+ ;/5 3 :/8 ffhev2e ]ZffZ0/0]emlZfbe070gbljhZgbeb^1 Khhlghr_gb_ +6: K,/ ku\hjhldZ2bgdm[ZpbhggZy kf_kv 42441 J_n_j_glgu_ \_ebqbgu= Zdlb\ghklv ==L fddZl2e m fm`qbg 3/5804/::> m `_gsbg 3/4:04/:31 jZkl\hj oehjbklh]h gZljby1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hq_]h jZkl\hjZ1 < ijh[bjd_ \ 43 fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u baf_evqZxl kl_deygghc iZehqdhc h^gm lZ[e_ldm j_Zdlb\Z 5 b jZkl\hjyxl kh^_j`bfh_ ijb i_j_f_rb\Zgbb b gZ]j_\Zgbb gZ dbiys_c [Zg_1 Ihke_ hoeZ`^_gby d jZkl\hjm ^h[Z\eyxl 5/83 fe j_Zdlb\Z 6/ i_j_f_rb\Zxl b ^_j`Zl gZ \h^yghc [Zg_ ijb 6:3K1 Mklhcqb\hklv= 4 g_^_ey ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ +.5 0 .;,3K +i_j_^ ke_^mxsbf mihlj_[e_gb_f \udjbklZeebah\Z\rbcky km[kljZl jZkl\hjyxl gZ]j_\Zgb_f gZ \h^yghc [Zg_ 8 qZkh\ ijb 6:3K,1 Ijh\_^_gb_ ZgZebaZ1 :gZeba ijh\h^yl ijb ^ebg_ \hegu 7330763 gf/ dx\_lZ 4 kf/ l_fi_jZlmjZ 6:3K/ ih ko_f_ +lZ[e1 8,1 LZ[ebpZ 81 Ko_fZ hij_^_e_gby Zdlb\ghklb ==L Dhfihg_glu Ijh[Z +fe, Dhgljhev +fe, JZ[hqbc jZkl\hj 3/58 3/58 3 Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh bgdm[bjmxl 8 fbg ijb 6: K b ^h[Z\eyxl Ku\hjhldZ djh\b 3/358 0 3 Bgdm[bjmxl lhqgh 48 fbg ijb 6: K b ^h[Z\eyxl JZkl\hj mdkmkghc 4/83 4/83 dbkehlu Ku\hjhldZ djh\b 0 3/358 I_j_f_rb\Zxl b baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ijh[u +:4, b dhgljhevgh]h jZkl\hjZ +:5, ijhlb\ \h^u b \uqbkeyxl jZaghklv hilbq_kdbo iehlghkl_c +:5 0 :4,1 Ihkljh_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqgh]h ]jZnbdZ1 Ba j_Zdlb\Z 4 ijb]hlZ\eb\Zxl jZa[Z\e_gb_f dZeb[jh\hqgu_ jZkl\hju kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ 91 < ijh[bjdb \ghkyl
<
ih 3/358 fe dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ/ ^h[Z\eyxl ih 4/:8 fe jZkl\hjZ mdkmkghc dbkehlu/ jZkl\hju i_j_f_rb\Zxl b baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ijhlb\ \h^u ijb ^ebg_ \hegu/ ijb dhlhjhc baf_jyeZkv ijh[Z1 Kljhyl dZeb[jh\hqguc ]jZnbd aZ\bkbfhklb hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb hl dZlZeblbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb1 JZkq_l1 Ih jZaghklb hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijh[u +:4, b dhgljhevgh]h jZkl\hjZ +:5, gZ dZeb[jh\hqghf ]jZnbd_ gZoh^yl dZlZeblbq_kdmx Zdlb\ghklv ==L \ bkiulm_fhc ijh[_1 Ijbf_qZgb_1 Ijb dZlZeblbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb ==L ijh[u \ur_ 8 fddZl2e ijh[m jZa[Z\eyxl nbabheh]bq_kdbf jZkl\hjhf / ZgZeba ih\lhjyxl +j_amevlZl mfgh`Zxl gZ jZa\_^_gb_,1 I_j_kq_l _^bgbp1 4 dZl2e 4 fhev2e×k 4 fddZl 93 ?2e1 LZ[ebpZ 91 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ 70gbljhZgbebgZ DZeb[jh\hq0 J_Z]_gl 4/ fe >bklbeebjh\ZggZy J_amevlbjmxsb_ guc jZkl\hj \h^Z/ fe dZlZeblbq_kdb_ 1 Zdlb\ghklb/ fddZl2e 4 3/8 8/38 5:; 5 4/3 7/88 889 6 4/8 7/38 ;67 7 5/8 6/38 46<3 8 6/8 5/38 4<79 81 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ]exdhahnhknZlbahf_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= h[jZah\Z\rbcky \ j_amevlZl_ ]exdhahnhknZlbahf_jZaghc +>0]exdhah090nhknZl0d_lhe0bahf_jZaZ/ DN 816141<, j_Zdpbb njmdlhah090nhknZl ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb k dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc kheyghc dbkehlhc ij_h[jZam_lky \ hdkbf_lbenmjnmjhe/ dhlhjuc k j_ahjpbghf h[jZam_l hdjZr_ggu_ dhfie_dku +j_Zdpby K_eb\Zgh\Z,1 Ih baf_j_gbx bgl_gkb\ghklb hdjZkdb km^yl h[ Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ1 J_Zdlb\u1 41 Km[kljZlguc j_Zdlb\ 0 3/36 fhev2e jZkl\hj gZljb_\hc kheb ]exdhah090nhknZlZ1 Kmki_gabx/ kh^_j`Zsmx 6<4 f] [Zjb_\hc kheb ]exdhah090 nhknZlZ \ 506 fe \h^u/ jZkl\hjyxl/ ^h[Z\eyy ih dZieyf dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx kheygmx dbkehlm1 Kx^Z `_ ih dZieyf \ghkyl 43( jZkl\hj +5627 ^h ihegh]h hkZ`^_gby bhgh\
43
Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 =exdhahnhknZlbahf_jZagZy Zdlb\ghklv ku\hjhldb g_ f_gy_lky aZ ; qZkh\ ojZg_gby ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ b aZ 405 g_^_eb ojZg_gby \ oheh^bevgbd_1 I_j_^ bkihevah\Zgb_f ku\hjhldm jZa\h^yl nba1jZkl\hjhf \ 6 jZaZ1 D 3/8 fe jZa\_^_gghc ku\hjhldb ijbeb\Zxl 4 fe [mn_jgh0km[kljZlghc kf_kb b klZ\yl \ l_jfhklZl ijb 6:3K gZ 63 fbg1 J_Zdpbx hklZgZ\eb\Zxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f 5/8 fe LOM b ihke_ lsZl_evgh]h i_j_f_rb\Zgby p_gljbnm]bjmxl1 5 fe kmi_jgZlZglZ kf_rb\Zxl k jZ\guf h[t_fhf jZkl\hjZ j_ahjpbgZ b k 9 fe 43 1 kheyghc dbkehlu1 Kf_kv hklhjh`gh \kljyob\Zxl b gZ]j_\Zxl ijb ;33 \ l_q_gb_ 48 fbg1 Ihke_ hoeZ`^_gby baf_jyxl bgl_gkb\ghklv jZa\b\r_cky \brg_\h0jhah\hc hdjZkdb ijb 83; gf1 Nhlhf_ljbjmxl ijhlb\ dhgljhey1 < dhgljhevghc ijh[_ d 3/8 fe jZa[Z\e_gghc ku\hjhldb ^h[Z\eyxl \gZqZe_ 5/8 fe LOM/ aZl_f m`_ 4 fe [mn_jgh0km[kljZlghc kf_kb1 >Zevg_crbc oh^ ZgZebaZ lZdhc `_/ dZd \ hiulghc ijh[_1 Ijb hq_gv \ukhdbo agZq_gbyo n_jf_glZlb\ghc Zdlb\ghklb ku\hjhldm jZa\h^yl \ 8 0 43 jZa/ mqblu\Zy kl_i_gv jZa\_^_gby ijb jZkq_lZo1 JZkq_l1 :dlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ \ujZ`Z_lky \ fbdjhfheyo njmdlhau njmdlhah090nhknZlZ/ h[jZah\Z\r_cky ijb bgdm[Zpbb k 4 fe ku\hjhldb ijb 6:3K aZ 4 qZk1 < dZq_kl\_ klZg^ZjlZ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv k\h[h^gmx njmdlham beb gZljb_\mx khev njmdlhah090nhknZlZ1 KhklZ\e_gb_ klZg^Zjlgh]h jy^Z ba hkgh\gh]h jZkl\hjZ njmdlhau +433 fd] \ 4 fe 41 jZkl\hjZ +&O, ijh\h^yl kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ :1 LZ[ebpZ :1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ njmdlhau1 ‹ ijh[u Hkgh\ghc GhjfZev0 3/4(0guc 43 1 Khhl\_l0 guc jZkl\hj jZkl\hj jZkl\hj +&O kl\m_l jZkl\hj +&O +fe, j_ahjpbgZ +fe, njmdlha_ \ njmdlhau +fe, fd] +fe, 4 3/43 4/<3 5/3 9/3 43 5 3/48 4/;8 5/3 9/3 48 6 3/58 4/:8 5/3 9/3 58 7 3/83 4/83 5/3 9/3 83 8 3/:8 4/58 5/3 9/3 :8 Dhgljhev 0 5/33 5/3 9/3 0 K ijh[Zfb klZg^Zjlgh]h jy^Z ijh\h^blky lhevdh p\_lgZy j_Zdpby/ l1_1 ihke_ 480fbgmlgh]h ijh]j_\Zgby \ \h^yghc [Zg_ b hoeZ`^_gby kh^_j`bfh_ ijh[bjhd nhlhf_ljbjm_lky1 Ijb jZkq_lZo g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv/ qlh bgl_gkb\ghklv hdjZkdb \ j_Zdpbb K_eb\Zgh\Z k njmdlhah090nhknZlhf khklZ\ey_l lhevdh 95( hl bgl_gkb\ghklb hdjZkdb k\h[h^ghc njmdlhau1 >ey i_j_kq_lZ \\h^blky dhwnnbpb_gl1 :dlb\ghklv n_jf_glZ \uqbkeyxl ih nhjfme_= Z×57×4/9 00000000000 Z×3/54 fdfhev njmdlhau njmdlhah090nhknZlZ gZ 4 fe ku\hjhldb 4;3 aZ 4 qZk bgdm[Zpbb ijb 6:3K/ ]^_ Z 0 dhebq_kl\h njmdlhau/ gZc^_ggh_ ih dZeb[jh\hqghfm ]jZnbdm> 57 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ gZ 4 fe
44
ku\hjhldb b 4 qZk bgdm[Zpbb> 4/9 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ gZ njmdlham njmdlhah090nhknZlZ> 4;3 0 \_k 4 fhey njmdlhau \ fd]1 DZd ihdZaZeb bkke_^h\Zgby/ ^_ckl\b_f nhknZlZa \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b fh`gh ij_g_[j_qv/ lZd dZd hilbfmf bo ^_ckl\by j_adh hlebq_g hl :/71 < ghjf_ Zdlb\ghklv nhknh]_dkhahbahf_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b khklZ\ey_l ^h 6 fdfhev njmdlhau njmdlhah090nhknZlZ gZ 4 fe aZ 4 qZk ijb 6:3K1 91 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb d_lhah040nhknZl Zev^heZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z1 H[jZah\Z\rb_ky \ oh^_ dZlZebabjm_fhc d_lhah040 nhknZlZev^heZahc +DN 714151:, j_Zdpbb ljbhau nbdkbjmxlky k ihfhsvx ]b^jZabgZ1 Ijb wlhf \ j_Zdpbhgghc kj_^_ dhfi_gkbjm_lky ojhfh]_g/ ij_^klZ\eyxsbc kh[hc kf_kv 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabgZ k f_lbe]ebhdkZe_f b ibjh\bgh]jZ^guf 5/70n_gbe]b^jZabghf1 < kbevgh s_ehqghc kj_^_ ojhfh]_g hdjZr_g1 J_Zdlb\u1 41 Km[kljZlguc jZkl\hj1 833 f] [Zjb_\hc kheb njmdlhah040 nhknZlZ jZkl\hjyxl \ 8 fe [b^bklbeeylZ1 >h[Z\eyxl 4 fe 45( k_jghdbkeh]h gZljby b i_j_f_rb\Zxl kf_kv ^h ihy\e_gby fhehqgh0[_ehc \a\_kb1 P_gljbnm]bjmxl 43 fbg1 ijb 6333 h[2fbg1 FZgbimeypbx ih\lhjyxl ^h l_o ihj/ ihdZ g_ [m^_l ihy\eylvky ^Z`_ fZe_cr__ ihfmlg_gb_/ dZ`^uc jZa ^h[Z\eyy k_jghdbkeh]h gZljby ih 507 dZieb1 IjhajZqguc kmi_jgZlZgl keb\Zxl b ^h\h^yl \h^hc ^h 45/8 fe1 OjZgyl ijb fbgmk +43045,3K1 51 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabg1 433 fe j_Zdlb\Z jZkl\hjyxl ijb ih^h]j_\_ \ \h^yghc [Zg_ \ 433 fe 51 +&O1 OjZgblv \ l_fghc ihkm^_ \ oheh^bevgbd_1 61 ;mn_jguc j_Zdlb\1 3/8( jZkl\hj ^\mm]e_dbkeh]h gZljZ/ jG :/71 71 3/89 fhev2e jZkl\hj ]b^jZabgkmevnZlZ1 :/6 ] kheb jZkl\hjyxl \ g_[hevrhf dhebq_kl\_ \h^u ijb ih^s_eZqb\Zgbb _^dbf gZljhf ^h jG :/7 b ^h\h^yl \h^hc ^h 433 fe1 81 3/335 fhev2e jZkl\hj fhghch^mdkmkghc dbkehlu1 3/37 ] o1q1 j_Zdlb\Z jZkl\hjyxl \ 433 fe \h^u1 ?^dbf gZljhf ^h\h^yl jG ^h :/71 OjZgblv \ l_fghc ihkm^_ \ oheh^bevgbd_1 91 43( ljboehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ +LOM,1 :1 6( 1D2+1 ;1 JZkl\hju ^\mm]e_dbkehc kh^u/ ]b^jZabgZ b fhghch^mdkmkghc dbkehlu j_dhf_g^m_lky ojZgblv \ kf_kb k \h^hc \ khhlghr_gbyo 7=4=4=4 khhl\_lkl\_ggh1 I_j_^ bkihevah\Zgb_f d 4/:8 fe kf_kb ^h[Z\eyxl 3/58 fe km[kljZlgh]h jZkl\hjZ/ _keb ieZgbjm_lky hij_^_e_gb_ 43 ijh[1 Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 Ku\hjhldm \aylhc gZlhsZd djh\b fh`gh bkke_^h\Zlv \ lhl `_ ^_gv beb \ l_q_gb_ g_^_eb/ _keb __ ojZgblv \ aZfhjh`_gghf khklhygbb1 Kf_kv/ kh^_j`Zsmx 3/4 fe ku\hjhldb b 3/5 fe j_Zdlb\Z ‹; bgdm[bjmxl \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo qZkh\ ijb 6:3K1 >h[Z\eyxl ijb ihf_rb\Zgbb 3/6 fe LOM b p_gljbnm]bjmxl 43 fbgml ijb 4833 h[2fbg1/ ihke_ q_]h ijbeb\Zxl 3/9 fe 6( 1D2+ ^ey ih^s_eZqb\Zgby kj_^u1 GZ ^_kylv fbgml hklZ\eyxl klhylv ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_1 >h[Z\eyxl 3/9 fe jZkl\hjZ 5/70^bgbljhn_gbe]b^jZabgZ/ ihf_sZxl gZ ijh]j_\Zgb_ \ \h^ygmx [Zgx ijb 6:3K gZ 43 fbgml1 AZl_f hiylv ih^s_eZqb\Zxl kj_^m 7/5 fe 6( jZkl\hjhf _^dh]h gZljZ1 H[jZah\Z\rmxky
45
hdjZkdm nhlhf_ljbjmxl ijb 873 gf ijhlb\ dhgljhey/ dhlhjuc kh^_j`bl 3/4 fe ku\hjhldb b 3/4; fe j_Zdlb\Z ‹;/ gh [_a ^h[Z\e_gby km[kljZlgh]h jZkl\hjZ1 Km[kljZlguc jZkl\hj \ dhebq_kl\_ 3/35 fe ^h[Z\ey_lky \ dhgljhev ihke_ bgdm[bjh\Zgby \ l_jfhklZl_1 >Zevg_crbc oh^ ZgZebaZ dhgljhevghc ijh[u lZdhc `_/ dZd b hiulghc1 Hij_^_e_gb_ h[jZah\Z\r_cky hdjZkdb g_h[oh^bfh ijh\h^blv \ l_q_gb_ 43053 fbg1/ lZd dZd \ ^Zevg_cr_f p\_l jZkl\hjZ f_gy_lky1 JZkq_l1 Ih ;jZ]bgkdhfm k khZ\l1 nhlhf_ljby \ dx\_l_ k ^ebghc jZ[hq_c ]jZgb 8 ff ijb 873 gf +a_e_guc k\_lhnbevlj, ^Z_l ^ey a^hjh\uo ex^_c \_ebqbgu hl 3 ^h 4/3 _^bgbpu +ihdZaZl_eb wdklbgdpbb × 433,1 :1Hij_^_e_gb_ s_ehqghc nhknZlZau \ ku\hjhld_ b ieZaf_ djh\b Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= s_ehqgZy nhknZlZaZ +DN 6141614, dZlZebabjm_l ke_^mxsmx j_Zdpbx= Q0gbljhn_gbenhknZl . \h^Z ⇒ Q0gbljhn_ghenhknZl Dhebq_kl\h h[jZah\Z\r_]hky \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb Q0gbljhn_gheZ/ ijhihjpbhgZevgh_ Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ/ hij_^_ey_lky ih hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb h[jZapZ ijb 738 gf1 Bkihevam_lky gZ[hj j_Zdlb\h\ ;bh0EZ0L_kl= 41 =ebpbgh\uc [mn_j/ S+ 43/7= ]ebpbg 88 ffhev2e/ 0J&O5 5 ffhev2e1 51 JZkl\hj _^dh]h gZljZ 1D2+ 533 ffhev2e1 61 Q0Gbljhn_gbenhknZl 5:/9 ffhev2e1 71 KlZg^Zjlguc jZkl\hj Q0gbljhn_gheZ 83 fdfhev2e1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hqbo jZkl\hjh\1 Kh^_j`bfh_ neZdhgZ k J_Zdlb\hf 5 jZa[Z\eyxl ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^hc \ 43 jZa1 +OjZgblv \ aZdjulhc ihkm^_1, JZ[hqbc j_Zdlb\= kf_rZlv j_Zdlb\u ‹4 b ‹6 \ khhlghr_gbb 7=41 J_Zdlb\ klZ[be_g g_ f_g__ 43 ^g_c ijb 73K \ l_fghl_1 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ijh\h^yl ih ko_f_ +lZ[e1 ;,1 Ijh[u bgdm[bjmxl ijb 6:3K gZ \h^yghc [Zg_ lhqgh 63 fbg1 Ihke_ hdhgqZgby bgdm[Zpbb ijh[u hoeZ`^Zxl1 < hiul b \ dhgljhev \ghkyl ih 8 fe j_Zdlb\Z ‹5/ \ dhgljhev ^h[Z\eyxl 3/38 fe ku\hjhldb b nhlhf_ljbjmxl \ dx\_l_ 4 kf ijb 738 gf ijhlb\ dhgljhey1 JZkq_l ih dZeb[jh\hqghfm ]jZnbdm1 LZ[ebpZ ;1 Ko_fZ hij_^_e_gby Zdlb\ghklb s_ehqghc nhknZlZau1 J_Zdlb\u Hiul Dhgljhev JZ[hqbc j_Z]_gl 3/83 3/83 Ku\hjhldZ beb ieZafZ 3/38 0 Ihkljh_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqgh]h ]jZnbdZ1 Ba hkgh\gh]h dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ +j_Z]_gl 7, ]hlh\yl jZ[hqb_ jZkl\hju/ dZd mdZaZgh \ lZ[ebp_ <1 LZ[ebpZ <1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ Q0gbljhn_gheZ 1 ijh[u J_Z]_gl ‹7/ fe J_Z]_gl ‹5/ fe :dlb\ghklv ?/ gfhev2k×e 4 3/8 8/38 5:; 5 4/3 7/88 889 6 4/8 7/38 ;67
46
7 5/8 6/38 46<3 8 6/8 5/38 4<79 GhjfZ= 5:;0;63 gfhev2k×e1 Ijbf_qZgb_= fh`gh ijhihjpbhgZevgh mf_gvrblv j_Z]_glu 5 b 71 ;1 Hij_^_e_gb_ ZfbeZau +ih DZjZ\_ex, Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= α0ZfbeZaZ +DN 6151414, dZlZebabjm_l jZks_ie_gb_ djZofZeZ k h[jZah\Zgb_f dhg_qguo ijh^mdlh\/ g_ ^Zxsbo p\_lgmx j_Zdpbx k bh^hf1 H[ Zdlb\ghklb ZfbeZau km^yl ih mf_gvr_gbx ijhp_glgh]h kh^_j`Zgby djZofZeZ1 J_Zdlb\u= 41 :fbeZaguc km[kljZl +jG :,1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_= Z, 46/6 ] [_a\h^gh]h ^\maZf_s_ggh]h nhknhjghdbkeh]h gZljby +1D5+327, b 7/6 ] [_gahcghc dbkehlu jZkl\hjblv \ 583 fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u1 >h\_klb ^h dbi_gby1 [, 3/5 ] jZkl\hjbfh]h djZofZeZ jZa\_klb \ g_[hevrhf dhebq_kl\_ \h^u b \ueblv \ dbiysbc jZkl\hj +Z,1 Dbiylblv 4 fbgmlm/ hoeZ^blv/ ^h\_klb \h^hc ^h 833 fe1 KlZ[be_g \ l_q_gb_ 43045 ^g_c1 JZkl\hj ^he`_g [ulv ijhajZqguf1 51 3/4 1 hkgh\ghc jZkl\hj ch^Z1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_= 6/89: ] ch^gh\Zlbklh]h dZeby +.,26, b 78 ] ch^bklh]h dZeby +.,, jZkl\hjblv \ ;33 fe \h^u1 F_^e_ggh ijb ihf_rb\Zgbb ^h[Z\blv < fe dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc +&O/ ^h\_klb \h^hc ^h ebljZ1 61 3/34 1 jZ[hqbc jZkl\hj ch^Z1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_= 58 ] D) jZkl\hjblv \ 683 fe \h^u/ ^h[Z\blv 83 fe hkgh\gh]h jZkl\hjZ ch^Z b ^heblv \h^hc ^h 833 fe1 OjZgblv \ ihkm^_ ba l_fgh]h kl_deZ \ oheh^bevgbd_ ^h 4 f_kypZ1 ?keb g_ ^h[Z\eylv \ jZkl\hj .)/ lh _]h ke_^m_l ]hlh\blv _`_^g_\gh1 Oh^ jZ[hlu +fbdjh\ZjbZgl,1 < ijh[bjdb gZeblv ih 4 fe km[kljZlZ1 Ijh]j_lv 48 fbgml \ l_jfhklZl_ ijb 6:3K1 >h[Z\blv ih 3/35 fe ku\hjhldb beb k\_`_c fhqb1 Bgdm[bjh\Zlv \ l_jfhklZl_ ; fbg1 AZl_f ^heblv ih 4 fe jZ[hq_]h jZkl\hjZ ch^Z b ih ; fe +521 Baf_jblv hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv gZ NWD_ ijhlb\ \h^u1 K\_lhnbevlj djZkguc +96309<3, gf/ dx\_lZ 4kf1 Dhgljhev= klZ\yl lZd`_/ dZd hibkZgh \ur_/ gh ku\hjhldm ^h[Z\eyxl ihke_ bgdm[Zpbb \f_kl_ k jZkl\hjhf ch^Z1 Baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ijhlb\ \h^u1 JZkq_l= O 77+D0H,2D/ ]^_ O 0 dhgp_gljZpby ZfbeZau/ f]2e > D 0 hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv dhgljhey> H 0 hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv hiulZ1 =_fheba g_ \eby_l gZ Zdlb\ghklv ZfbeZau1 K_jby bkke_^h\Zgbc g_ ^he`gZ ij_\urZlv 80: ijh[1 <1 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ]ebpbg0Zfb^bghljZgkn_jZau ih FZj^Zr_\m b DZj_ebgm Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z1 F_lh^ hkgh\Zg gZ kihkh[ghklb ]ebpbg0 Zfb^bghljZgkn_jZau +D1N1 5141714, dZlZebabjh\Zlv h[jZah\Zgb_ /0Zj]bgbgZ \ ijbkmlkl\bb /0dZgZ\ZgbgZ b /0hjgblbgZ1 H[jZamxsbcky /0Zj]bgbg hij_^_eyxl
47
ih hdjZr_gghfm ijh^mdlm j_Zdpbb1 H[ Zdlb\ghklb n_jf_glZ km^yl ih dhebq_kl\m h[jZah\Z\r_]hky ijh^mdlZ1 J_Zdlb\u1 41 NhknZlguc [mn_j 3/47 fhev2e/ jG :/81 51 JZkl\hj /0 dZgZ\ZgbgZ 0 +5627 3/33: fhev2e gZ 3/47 fhev2e nhknZlghf [mn_j_/ jG :/81 61 JZkl\hj /0hjgblbgZ 0 +&O 3/33: fhev2e gZ 3/47 fhev2e nhknZlghf [mn_j_/ jG :/81 71 63(0guc jZkl\hj ljboehjmdkmkghc dbkehlu +LOM,1 3/5(0guc jZkl\hj ^\Z`^u i_j_djbklZeebah\Zggh]h α0gZnlheZ \ Z[khexlghf kibjl_1 91 49(0guc \h^guc jZkl\hj fhq_\bgu1 :1 JZkl\hj α0gZnlhe0fhq_\bgu/ ijb]hlh\e_gguc ba jZ\guo qZkl_c gZnlheZ b fhq_\bgu +j_Zdlb\u 8 b 9,1 OjZgblky lhevdh kmldb1 ;1 JZkl\hj ]bih[jhfblZ gZljby1 3/99 fe `b^dh]h [jhfZ ^h[Z\eyxl d 433 fe 8(0 gh]h jZkl\hjZ 1D2+1 JZkl\hj mklhcqb\ ijb ojZg_gbb \ oheh^bevgbd_ \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo f_kyp_\1 Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 < ijh[bjdm \ghkyl 3/68 fe jZkl\hjZ /0dZgZ\ZgbgZ +5/78 fdfhev2e,/ 3/68 fe jZkl\hjZ /0hjgblbgZ +5/78 fdfhev2e, b 3/5 fe ku\hjhldb djh\b1 Kf_kv bgdm[bjmxl 4 qZk ijb 6:3K1 < dhgljhevgmx ijh[m km[kljZl ^h[Z\eyxl lhevdh ihke_ hdhgqZgby bgdm[Zpbb1 J_Zdpbx hklZgZ\eb\Zxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f 3/4 fe 63( LOM1 Ihke_ p_gljbnm]bjh\Zgby 3/8 fe kmi_jgZlZglZ jZa\h^yl \h^hc ^h 3/8 fe b ijh\h^yl j_Zdpbx KZdZ]mqb1 >ey wlh]h ijh[u hoeZ`^Zxl \ \h^_ kh ev^hf \ l_q_gb_ 48 fbg1/ ^h[Z\eyxl 4/8 fe k\_`_ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ α0gZnlhe0fhq_\bgu1 LsZl_evgh i_j_f_rb\Zxl b hoeZ`^Zxl \h ev^m _s_ 48 fbg1 Ihke_ q_]h ijbeb\Zxl 3/< fe jZkl\hjZ ]bih[jhfblZ gZljby b kgh\Z \u^_j`b\Zxl \ e_^yghc \h^_ 53 fbg1 JZa\b\rZyky hdjZkdZ mklhcqb\Z \ l_q_gb_ 50o qZkh\ ijb ojZg_gbb jZkl\hjh\ gZ oheh^m1 I_j_^ nhlhf_ljbjh\Zgb_f ijh[bjdb kh]j_\Zxl ijb 733K \ ijh^he`_gbb 63 k/ qlh[u ij_^hl\jZlblv bkdZ`_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ \u^_eyxsbfbky imaujvdZfb ]Zah\1 Ijh[bjdb \ulbjZxl b kh^_j`bfh_ nhlhf_ljbjmxl gZ ki_dljhnhlhf_lj_ ijb 848 gf beb NWD_ k a_e_guf k\_lhnbevljhf +8580863 gf,1 JZkq_l1 Ijhba\h^blky ih dZeb[jh\hqghfm ]jZnbdm/ ihkljh_gghfm ih /0 Zj]bgbgm1 54/3: f] Zj]bgbgZ0+&O jZkl\hjyxl \ 433 fe \h^u1 I_j_^ bkihevah\Zgb_f hkgh\ghc jZkl\hj jZa\h^yl \h^hc \ 83 jZa1 < 8 fe ihemq_ggh]h jZ[hq_]h jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`blky 3/4 fdfhev /0Zj]bgbgZ1 Ba wlh]h jZkl\hjZ ]hlh\yl jy^ jZa\_^_gbc / kh^_j`Zsbo \ 8 fe hl 3/3358 ^h 3/4 fdfhev1 AZ _^bgbpm Zdlb\ghklb Zfb^bghljZgkn_jZau ijbgbfZxl dhebq_kl\h fbdjhfhe_c Zj]bgbgZ/ h[jZah\Z\rboky aZ 4 qZk bgdm[Zpbb ijb 6:3K \ jZkq_l_ gZ 4 fe ku\hjhldb1 431 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb dj_ZlbgdbgZau \ ieZaf_ +ku\hjhld_, djh\b Mgbnbpbjh\Zgguc hilbfbabjh\Zgguc fbdjhf_lh^1 Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z1 >ey hij_^_e_gby Zdlb\ghklb dj_ZlbgdbgZau +DD/ DN 51:1615, ijh\h^yl ke_^mxsb_ j_Zdpbb= DD Dj_ZlbgnhknZl . :LN ⇔ dj_Zlbg . :LN =D +]_dkhdbgZaZ, :LN . ]exdhaZ ⇔ :>N . ]exdhah090nhknZl . 1$'3
48
=090N>= +]exdhah090nhknZl^_]b^jh]_gZaZ, =exdhah090nhknZl . 1$'3 ⇔ ]exdhgZl090nhknZl . 1$'3+.+. Hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv 1$'3+ baf_jy_lky ijb 673 gf1 M\_ebq_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijhihjpbhgZevgh \hajZklZgbx Zdlb\ghklb DD1 J_Zdlb\u ]hlh\yl lhqgh ih bgkljmdpbb d gZ[hjm j_Zdlb\h\ ©DD j_Z]_gl/ 1$& 0 Zdlb\bjh\Zgguc kh klZjl_jhfª nbjfu /DEV\VWHPV/ Nbgeyg^by1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hqbo jZkl\hjh\1 41 JZkl\hj ljbk0[mn_jZ1 Kh^_j`bfh_ neZdhgZ 4 jZkl\hjyxl \ 53 fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u1 KlZ[be_g : ^g_c ijb ojZg_gbb ijb +50;,3K1 ?keb hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv k\_`_ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ/ baf_j_ggZy ijhlb\ \h^u/ f_g__ 3/:/ lh wlhl j_Zdlb\ bkihevah\Zlv g_evay1 51 JZkl\hj dj_ZlbgnhknZlZ +klZjlh\uc j_Zdlb\,1 JZkl\hjyxl kh^_j`bfh_ neZdhgZ \ 43 fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u1 KlZ[be_g \ oheh^bevgbd_ +50;3K, \ l_q_gb_ 60o f_kyp_\1 61 H[t_^bg_gguc j_Zdlb\1 =hlh\yl \ lhf kemqZ_/ _keb j_Zdpbx klZjlmxl ku\hjhldhc1 JZkl\hj [mn_jZ b jZkl\hj dj_ZlbgnhknZlZ keb\Zxl \ khhlghr_gbb 43=4 ih h[t_fm1 Dhg_qgZy dhgp_gljZpby j_Zdlb\h\ \ j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb= Ljbk0[mn_j/ S+ 9/:±3/4 0 433 ffhev2e> dj_ZlbgnhknZl 0 63 ffhev2e> :>N 0 5 ffhev2e> 0J 0 43 ffhev2e> '0]exdhaZ 0 53 ffhev2e> :FN 0 8 ffhev2e> 1$'3 0 5 ffhev2e> ^bi_glZnhknZl +Z^_ghabg 0 8C, 0 43 fdfhev2e> 10 Zp_lbe0/0pbkl_bg 0 53 ffhev2e> W>L: 0 5 ffhev2e> ]_dkhdbgZaZ +=D, 0 6833 F?2e> ]exdhah090nhknZl0^_]b^jh]_gZaZ 0 5333 F?2e +=090N>=,1 FZl_jbZe ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby= ieZafZ beb ku\hjhldZ1 W>L: 0 ij_^ihqlbl_evguc ZglbdhZ]meygl1 Ba[_]Zlv \ha^_ckl\by ijyfh]h k\_lZ gZ [bh`b^dhklv1 DD klZ[bevgZ ijb ojZg_gbb \ oheh^bevgbd_ ijb +50;3K, \ l_q_gb_ 4 g_^_eb1 < aZfhjh`_gghf khklhygbb ieZafu beb ku\hjhldb +0533K, DD klZ[bevgZ 4 f_kyp1 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu1 >ey fm`qbg 480443 F?2e ijb 633K> 5704<8 F?2e ijb 6:3K> ^ey `_gsbg 480<3 F?2e ijb 633K> 5704:3 F?2e ijb 633K1 Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 Z, Ijb jZ[hl_ kh klZjlh\uf j_Zdlb\hf1 >h\_klb ieZafm beb ku\hjhldm b jZkl\hju ^h l_fi_jZlmju 6:3K +633K,1 J_Zdpbx aZimkdZxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z1 Khhlghr_gb_ h[t_fh\ jZkl\hjZ [mn_jZ/ ijh[u/ klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z ih h[t_fm khklZ\ey_l khhl\_lkl\_ggh 83=4=81 Ihke_ ^h[Z\e_gby klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z kf_kv i_j_f_rb\Zxl/ \dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j b lhqgh q_j_a 4 fbg +eZ]0nZaZ/ nZaZ aZ^_j`db j_Zdpbb, baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ijhlb\ \ha^moZ \ fbdjhdx\_l_ k hilbq_kdhc lhesbghc kehy 4 kf/ ^ebgZ \hegu 673 gf1 Q_j_a 63 k/ 93 k/ <3 k baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv \ l_o `_ mkeh\byo1 [, Ijb jZ[hl_ k h[t_^bg_gguf j_Zdlb\hf1 J_Zdlb\ b ieZafm +ku\hjhldm, ijh]j_\Zxl ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 633K +6:3K, b kf_rb\Zxl \ khhlghr_gb_ 83=41 <dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j1 Bgdm[bjmxl ijb ba[jZgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ lhqgh 4 fbg +eZ]0nZaZ, b baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv \ dx\_l_ k hilbq_kdhc lhesbghc kehy 4 kf/ ^ebgZ \hegu 673 gf q_j_a 63 k/ 93 k/ <3 k1 JZkq_l hkms_kl\eyxl ih nhjfme_= ∆:×9
49
:dlb\ghklv DD +F?2e, 000000000000000000 / ]^_ 9 0 h[t_f j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb/ fe> 9/55×Y Y 0 h[t_f ijh[u/ fe> 9/55 0 dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc wdklbgdpbb 1$'3> ∆: 0 m\_ebq_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb aZ 4 fbg1 ∆: jZkkqblu\Zxl ba j_amevlZlh\ baf_j_gbc ∆:263 k1 Ba 60o \_ebqbg ∆:263k +f_`^m 50f baf_j_gb_f b hdhgqZgb_f eZ]0nZau/ f_`^m 60f b 50f baf_j_gb_f/ 70f b 60f, jZkkqblu\Zxl kj_^gxx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx/ dhlhjmx mfgh`Zxl gZ 51 441 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb eZdlZl^_]b^jh]_gZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Mgbnbpbjh\Zgguc hilbfbabjh\Zgguc fbdjhf_lh^ Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb eZdlZl^_]b^jh]_gZau +E>=/ DN 4141415:, hkgh\Zgh gZ mq_l_ mf_gvr_gby dhgp_gljZpbb 1$'+ ih baf_j_gbx hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijb 673 gf \ j_amevlZl_ ke_^mxs_c j_Zdpbb= E>= ibjm\Zl . 1$'+ eZdlZl . 1$' J_Zdlb\u= 41 DZeby ^b]b^jhnhknZl/ q^Z/ oq1 51 DZeby ]b^jhnhknZl/ 60o \h^guc/ q^Z/ oq1 61 β0gbdhlbgZfb^Z^_gbg^bgmde_hlb^ \hkklZgh\e_gguc/ ^bgZljb_\Zy khev 1$'+/ fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZ :371 71 GZljbc ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghdbkeuc +j_Zdlb\ d\ZebnbdZpbb ©qª g_ ijb]h^_g,1 81 GZljby oehjb^/ q^Z/ oq1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hqbo jZkl\hjh\1 41 NhknZlguc [mn_j S+ :/7/ 3/4 fhev2e1 3/49 ] ^b]b^jhnhknZlZ dZeby b 5/3: ] ]b^jhnhknZlZ dZeby lj_o\h^gh]h jZkl\hjyxl \ ;3 fe \h^u/ mklZgZ\eb\Zxl S+ :/7/ ^h\h^yl h[t_f \h^hc ^h 433 fe1 KlZ[be_g ijb ojZg_gbb ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K1 51 Km[kljZlgh0[mn_jguc jZkl\hj= nhknZlguc [mn_j 3/4 fhev2e/ S+ :/7/ 1$'+ 3/498 ffhev2e/ gZljb_\Zy khev ibjh\bgh]jZ^ghc dbkehlu 4/36 ffhev2e1 3/344: ] 1$'+ b 3/3447 ] ibjm\ZlZ gZljby jZkl\hjyxl \ ;3 fe nhknZlgh]h [mn_jZ/ mklZgZ\eb\Zxl S+ :/7/ ^h\h^yl h[t_f [mn_jhf ^h 433 fe1 Hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv jZkl\hjZ \ dx\_l_ k lhesbghc kehy 4 kf ijb 673 gf ^he`gZ [ulv g_ f_g__ 4/51 Km[kljZlgh0[mn_jguc jZkl\hj klZ[be_g ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ +4;059,3K \ l_q_gb_ ;043 q beb \ l_q_gb_ kmlhd ijb ojZg_gbb \ oheh^bevgbd_1 61 JZkl\hj oehjb^Z gZljby 487 ffhev2e1 FZl_jbZe ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby= ku\hjhldZ djh\b beb ieZafZ1 =_fheba f_rZ_l hij_^_e_gbx1 Ijh\_^_gb_ ZgZebaZ1 Ku\hjhldm b km[kljZlgh0[mn_jguc jZkl\hj gZ]j_\Zxl ^h l_fi_jZlmju 633K beb 6:3K1 < dx\_lm ijbeb\Zxl km[kljZlgh0[mn_jguc jZkl\hj b ku\hjhldm \ khhlghr_gbb 65/8=41 I_j_f_rb\Zxl/ \dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j1 Q_j_a 93 k +eZ]0nZaZ,/ b ^Ze__ q_j_a 63 k/ 93 k/ <3 k baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv \ dx\_l_ k hilbq_kdhc lhesbghc kehy 4 kf/ ^ebgZ \hegu 673 gf ijhlb\ \h^u beb \ha^moZ +imklZy dx\_lZ,1 JZkq_l j_amevlZlh\ hkms_kl\eyxl ih nhjfme_= ∆: 9×430< :dlb\ghklv E>=/ gfhev2F×e 00000000000000000×0000/ ]^_
4:
Y×ε×4305×436 ∆W 9 0 h[t_f j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb/ fe> Y 0 h[t_f ijh[u ku\hjhldb/ fe> ε 0 dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc wdklbgdpbb 1$'+ \ f52fhev +ijbf_qZgb_ 4,> 43< 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ fhev \ gfhev> 4305 0 lhesbgZ kehy `b^dhklb \ dx\_l_/ f> 4360 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ f6 \ eblju> ∆:2∆W 0 baf_g_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb aZ 4 k1 ?keb \_ebqbgZ ∆:2∆W mf_gvrZ_lky [he__ q_f gZ 03/335: \ k_dmg^m1 lh ku\hjhldm jZa\h^yl 487 ffhev2e jZkl\hjhf oehjb^Z gZljby \ hlghr_gbb 4= ih\lhjyxl baf_j_gb_/ Z j_amevlZlu mfgh`Zxl gZ 431 < ijh[_ k ku\hjhldhc k \ukhdhc Zdlb\ghklvx E>= fh`_l [ulv baf_j_gZ hq_gv gbadZy gZqZevgZy \_ebqbgZ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb/ lZd dZd dhgp_gljZpby 1$'+ \ lZdhf kemqZ_ m`_ kgb`Z_lky ^h ijh\_^_gby i_j\h]h baf_j_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb1 LZdmx ku\hjhldm jZa\h^yl 487 ffhev2e jZkl\hjhf oehjb^Z gZljby \ khhlghr_gbb 4=4 Z j_amevlZlu mfgh`Zxl gZ 531 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu= 473 F?2e 0653 F?2e beb 5666/; 0 8667 gfhev2F×e ijb 633K1 Ijbf_qZgb_ 41 Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 1$'+1 J_Zdlb\u= 41 DZeby ^b]b^jhnhknZl/ q^Z/ oq1 51 DZeby ]b^jhnhknZl/ 60o \h^guc/ q^Z/ oq1 61 β0gbdhlbgZfb^Z^_gbg^bgmde_hlb^ \hkklZgh\e_gguc/ ^bgZljb_\Zy khev 1$'+/ fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZ :371 JZkl\hju1 41 NhknZlguc [mn_j 3/4 fhev2e S+ :/71 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ kf1 \ur_1 51 Hkgh\ghc jZkl\hj 1$'G \ nhknZlghf [mn_j_ 8 ffhev2e1 68/8 f] 1$'G jZkl\hjyxl \ 43/3 fe 3/4 fhev2e nhknZlgh]h [mn_jZ1 Ko_fZ hij_^_e_gby1 Ba hkgh\gh]h jZkl\hjZ 1$'G ijb]hlZ\eb\Zxl jZa[Z\e_gb_f dZeb[jh\hqgu_ jZkl\hju kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ 431 LZ[ebpZ 431 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ 1$'G1 DZeb[jh\hqguc Hkgh\ghc jZkl\hj >bklbeebjh\ZggZy Dhgp_gljZpby jZkl\hj 1 1$'G/ fe \h^Z/ fe 1$'G +ffhev2e, 4 4/3 73 3/4 5 5/3 7;/3 3/5 6 6/3 7:/3 3/6 Hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv jZkl\hjh\ 1$'G baf_jyxl ijb 673 gf ijhlb\ \h^u \ dx\_l_ k lhesbghc kehy `b^dhklb 4 kf ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 583K1 JZkq_l1 Kj_^gxx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx jZaghklv wdklbgdpbc jZkkqblu\Zxl ih nhjfme_= : +:50:4,.+:60:5,25/ ]^_ :4/ :5/ :6 0 agZq_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb jZkl\hjh\ k dhgp_gljZpb_c 1$'G/ khhl\_lkl\_ggh jZ\ghc 3/4/ 3/5/ 3/6 ffhev2e1 JZkq_l ε ^ey 1$'G ijh\h^yl ih nhjfme_= ε :2F×O/ ]^_ ε 0 dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 1$'G \ f52fhev> : 0 agZq_gb_ kj_^g_c Zjbnf_lbq_kdhc jZaghklb hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb jZkl\hjh\ 1$'G> k 0 fheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby 1$'G \ fhev2f6> O 0 lhesbgZ kehy `b^dhklb \ dx\_l_ \ f_ljZo1
4;
451 Wdkij_kk0f_lh^ hij_^_e_gby Zdlb\ghklb bahn_jf_glh\ eZdlZl^_]b^jh]_gZau +E>=, ijb ihfhsb l_ieh\h]h bgZdlb\bjh\Zgby Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z1 Ih l_jfhqm\kl\bl_evghklb bahn_jf_glu E>= ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ 6 ]jmiiu= 4, l_jfhmklhcqb\uc lbi E>=/ g_ l_jyxsbc Zdlb\ghklb \ l_q_gb_ 630fbgmlghc bgdm[Zpbb ijb 983K/ khklhysbc lhevdh ba km[t_^bgbp ©k_j^_qgh]hª lbiZ +E>=4 0 GGGG,> 5, l_jfheZ[bevguc lbi/ bgZdlb\Zpby dhlhjh]h ijhbkoh^bl ijb 893K/ khklhysbc lhevdh ba km[t_^bgbp ©fur_qgh]hª lbiZ +E>=8 0 FFFF,> b 6, ]jmiiZ n_jf_glh\/ l_fi_jZlmjZ bgZdlb\Zpbb dhlhjuo e_`bl f_`^m 893K b 983K +E>=5 0 GGGF/ E>=6 0 GGFF/ E>=7 0 GFFF,1 < lZ[ebp_ 44 ij_^klZ\e_gu j_amevlZlu h[ke_^h\Zgbc [hevguo1 LZ[ebpZ 441 KjZ\gbl_evgZy Zdlb\ghklv bahn_jf_glh\ E>= +j_amevlZlu h[ke_^h\Zgbc [hevguo, Ku\hjhldb :dlb\ghklv E>= \ ( ijb W3K 893 933 983 :33 Ku\hjhldZ [hevgh]h <9 +<30443, <4 +;50<5, 88 +7508<, 8 +30:, bgnZjdlhf fbhdZj^Z Ku\hjhldZ [hevgh]h 98 +830:6, 75 +4;08<, 43 +;04;, 4 +305, iZj_gobfZlhaguf ]_iZlblhf Ku\hjhldZ a^hjh\h]h 9< +860<8, 7; +76098, 54 +4;05:, 0 q_eh\_dZ J_Zdlb\u= 3/38 F ljbk0[mn_j/ jG :/81 Oh^ bkke_^h\Zgby1 Ku\hjhldm djh\b kf_rb\Zxl k ljbk0[mn_jhf \ khhlghr_gbb 4=4 b jZaeb\Zxl ih 3/: fe \ ljb ijh[bjdb1 H^gm ijh[bjdm ihf_sZxl \ \h^ygmx [Zgx ijb 89±3/43K/ Z ^jm]mx 0 ijb 983K b ijh]j_\Zxl \ l_q_gb_ 63 fbg1 H[_ ijh[bjdb aZdju\Zxl ijh[dZfb1 Lj_lvx ijh[bjdm/ h[hagZqZ_fmx E>= 583K/ hklZ\eyxl klhylv ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_1 Ihke_ [ukljh]h hoeZ`^_gby ijhbgdm[bjh\Zgguo ijh[ ^h dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmju hij_^_eyxl Zdlb\ghklv E>= \h \k_o lj_o ijh[bjdZo ex[uf ba h[s_ijbgyluo f_lh^h\1 JZkq_l= Zdlb\ghklv bahn_jf_glZ E>=4 [m^_l jZ\gZ Zdlb\ghklb E>=/ bgdm[bjh\Zgghc ijb 983K/ Zdlb\ghklv E>=5/ 6/ 7 [m^_l khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv jZagbp_ f_`^m Zdlb\ghklvx E>= 893 b E>= 983/ Z Zdlb\ghklv E>=8 khklZ\bl \_ebqbgm/ jZ\gmx h[s_c Zdlb\ghklb E>= aZ \uq_lhf E>=0893K1 461 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ebiZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Mgbnbpbjh\Zgguc hilbfbabjh\Zgguc fbdjhf_lh^ Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= lmj[h^bf_ljbq_kdh_ baf_j_gb_ baf_g_gby fmlghklb wfmevkbb heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ \ j_amevlZl_ _]h n_jf_glZlb\gh]h ]b^jhebaZ ebiZahc +DN 6141416,1 J_Zdlb\u= 41 Ljbk0+hdkbf_lbe,0Zfbghf_lZg/ q^Z/ oq1 51 >_ahdkboheZl gZljby/ q^Z/ oq1 61 DbkehlZ kheygZy dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy/ oq1 71 Heb\dh\h_ fZkeh/ hlghkbl_evgZy fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZ ;;31
4<
Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hqbo jZkl\hjh\1 41 Ljbk0[mn_j S+ ;/;/ 3/358 fhev2e/ gZljb_\Zy khev ^_ahdkbohe_\hc dbkehlu 3/347 fhev2e1 3/6 ] Ljbk0+hdkbf_lbe,0 Zfbghf_lZgZ b 3/9 ] ^_ahdkboheZlZ \ f_jghc dhe[_ gZ 433 fe jZkl\hjyxl \ 93 fe \h^u/ ^h\h^yl S+ ^h ;/; dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc kheyghc dbkehlhc +50; dZi_ev,/ ^h\h^yl h[t_f \h^hc ^h 433 fe1 KlZ[be_g \ l_q_gbb 50o g_^_ev ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K1 51 Hkgh\ghc jZkl\hj heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ/ 3/34468 fhev2e1 < dhgbq_kdmx dhe[m k ijbl_jlhc ijh[dhc gZeb\Zxl 433 fe Z[khexlgh]h kibjlZ1 AZl_f 4/3 ] beb 4/4 fe heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ gZeb\Zxl \ dhe[m lZd/ qlh[u jZ[hqbc dhg_p ibi_ldb gZoh^beky [ebadh d ih\_joghklb kibjlZ/ gh g_ dZkZeky __1 M^_j`b\Zy ibi_ldm \ lZdhf iheh`_gbb/ dhe[m g_ij_ju\gh \jZsZxl djm]h\ufb ^\b`_gbyfb ^h l_o ihj/ ihdZ heb\dh\h_ fZkeh g_ \ul_q_l ba ibi_ldb1 Ihke_ wlh]h dhe[m k kh^_j`bfuf klZ\yl gZ 4 qZk gZ ZiiZjZl ^ey \kljyob\Zgby1 Wfmevkby klZ[bevgZ \ l_q_gb_ f_kypZ ijb ojZg_gbb ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K1 61 JZ[hqZy wfmevkby heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ/ 4:3 fdfhev2e1 4/8 fe hkgh\gh]h jZkl\hjZ heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ f_^e_ggh ijbeb\Zxl d 433 fe ljbk0[mn_jZ/ himklb\ \ g_]h jZ[hqbc dhg_p ibi_ldb1 H[jZah\Z\rmxky wfmevkbx \kljyob\Zxl \ l_q_gb_ h^gh]h qZkZ \ ZiiZjZl_ ^ey \kljyob\Zgby1 Wfmevkby klZ[bevgZ \ l_q_gb_ f_kypZ ijb ojZg_gbb ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K1 FZl_jbZe ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby= Ku\hjhldZ/ k\h[h^gZy hl ]_fhebaZ/ [_a dhgk_j\Zglh\ b ZglbdhZ]meyglh\1 :dlb\ghklv ebiZau \ ku\hjhld_ klZ[bevgZ \ l_q_gb_ g_^_eb ijb 73K1 Ijh\_^_gb_ ZgZebaZ1 Ku\hjhldm b jZkl\hju gZ]j_\Zxl ^h l_fi_jZlmju 3 63 K1 < dx\_lm hilbq_kdhc lhesbghc kehy 4 kf ijbeb\Zxl jZ[hqmx wfmevkbx heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ b baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv ijb 673 gf ijhlb\ \ha^moZ1 >h[Z\eyxl ku\hjhldm/ hlf_qZxl \j_fy/ i_j_f_rb\Zxl [_a \kljyob\Zgby1 Q_j_a 73 k1 +g_ebg_cgZy nZaZ j_Zdpbb, ihke_ ^h[Z\e_gby ku\hjhldb baf_jyxl ijb l_o `_ mkeh\byo hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv :41 Khhlghr_gb_ h[t_fh\ jZ[hq_c wfmevkbb heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ b ku\hjhldb 63=41 Q_j_a 6 fbg ihke_ baf_j_gby :4 baf_jblv :51 JZkq_l j_amevlZlh\1 :5 +:4 0 :5,2W/ ]^_ W 0 \j_fy j_Zdpbb \ fbgmlZo1 9×4:3 ∆: DZlZeblbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv/ gfhev2F×e1 0000000 × 000× 49/9:/ ]^_ Y×: ∆W 9 0 h[t_f j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb/ fe> Y 0 h[t_f ijh[u ku\hjhldb/ fe> 4:3 0 dhgp_gljZpby heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ \ jZ[hq_c wfmevkbb \ fdfhev2e> : 0 hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv jZ[hq_c wfmevkbb/ kh^_j`Zs_c 4:3 fdfhev2e heb\dh\h]h fZkeZ> 49/9: 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ fdfhev2fbg×e \ gfhev2k×e> ∆:2∆W 0 baf_g_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb aZ 4 k1 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu= ^h 5; F?2e ijb 633K1 471 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb ohebgwkl_jZau \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Mgbnbpbjh\Zgguc hilbfbabjh\Zgguc fbdjhf_lh^ Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z= n_jf_glZlb\gZy j_Zdpby/ dZlZebabjm_fZy ohebgwkl_jZahc +OW/ DN 614141;,/ ijhl_dZ_l ih ke_^mxs_c ko_f_
53
OW ;mlbjbelbhohebg . +52 ⇒ lbhohebg . [mlbjZl Bg^bdZlhjgZy j_Zdpby= Lbhohebg . 8/8C0^blbh0[bk0+50gbljh[_gahcgZy dbkehlZ, ⇒ 50 gbljhf_jdZilh[_gahZl :dlb\ghklv OW ijhihjpbhgZevgZ kdhjhklb baf_g_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb gbljhf_jdZilh[_gahZlZ \ bg^bdZlhjghc j_Zdpbb1 J_Zdlb\u= 41 DZebc nhknhjghdbkeuc h^ghaZf_s_gguc/ q^Z/ oq1 51 GZlj _^dbc/ q^Z/ oq1 61 8/8C0^blbh0[bk0+50gbljh[_gahcgZy dbkehlZ, +8/8C0>17%,/ q^Z/ oq1 71 60 ;mlbjbelbhohebg bh^bkluc/ q^Z/ oq1 81 /0pbkl_bg kheyghdbkeuc1 Fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv j_Zdlb\ nbjfu ©J_ZgZeª1 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hqbo jZkl\hjh\1 41 NhknZlguc [mn_j/ 85 fhev2e/ S+ :/:1 :/3:8 ] h^ghaZf_s_ggh]h nhknZlZ dZeby b 74/8 ] _^dh]h gZljZ jZkl\hjyxl \ ;33 fe \h^u/ mklZgZ\eb\Zxl S+ :/:/ ^h\h^yl h[t_f \h^hc ^h 4333 fe1 KlZ[be_g ijb ojZg_gbb ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K1 51 JZkl\hj 8/8C0>17% \ nhknZlghf [mn_j_/ 3/59 ffhev2e1 3/436 ] 8/8C0>17% jZkl\hjyxl ijbf_jgh \ 833 fe nhknZlgh]h [mn_jZ/ ^h\h^yl h[t_f [mn_jhf ^h 4333 fe1 JZkl\hj klZ[be_g ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 73K \ l_q_gb_ 9 g_^_ev ijb ojZg_gbb \ ihkm^_ ba l_fgh]h kl_deZ1 61 54; ffhev2e jZkl\hj bh^b^Z [mlbjbelbhohebgZ1 3/3:<5 ] bh^b^Z [mlbjbelbhohebgZ jZkl\hjyxl \ 809 fe \h^u1 >h\h^yl h[t_f \h^hc ^h 43 fe1 JZkl\hj klZ[be_g ijb 73K \ l_q_gb_ 9 g_^_ev ijb ojZg_gbb \ ihkm^_ ba l_fgh]h kl_deZ1 71 Hkgh\ghc dZeb[jh\hqguc jZkl\hj /0pbkl_bgZ kheyghdbkeh]h/ 8/3 ffhev2e/ khhl\_lkl\m_l Zdlb\ghklb OW 499/: fdfhev2F×e beb 43333 F?2e1 =hlh\yl \ e_^yghc [Zg_1 3/3;:; ] pbkl_bgZ kheyghdbkeh]h jZkl\hjyxl \ 83 fe ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u \ f_jghc dhe[_ gZ 433 fe b ^h\h^yl \h^hc ^h f_ldb1 KlZ[be_g ijb 73K \ l_q_gb_ 5 qZkh\1 81 JZ[hqbc dZeb[jh\hqguc jZkl\hj /0pbkl_bgZ kheyghdbkeh]h/ 5/3 ffhev2e/ khhl\_lkl\m_l Zdlb\ghklb OW 99/: fdfhev2F×e beb 7333 F?2e1 =hlh\yl iml_f jZa\_^_gby hkgh\gh]h dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ \h^hc \ 5/8 jZaZ1 KlZ[be_g ijb 73K \ l_q_gb_ 5 qZkh\1 FZl_jbZe ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby= Ku\hjhldZ djh\b beb ieZafZ1 OW ku\hjhldb/ ieZafu djh\b klZ[bevgZ \ l_q_gb_ 8 ^g_c ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ b ijb 73K1 Ijh\_^_gb_ ZgZebaZ1 I_j_^ hij_^_e_gb_f ku\hjhldm +ieZafm, djh\b b jZkl\hju gZ]j_\Zxl ^h l_fi_jZlmju baf_j_gby +583K/ 633K/ 6:3K,1 < l_jfhklZlbjh\Zggmx dx\_lm d jZkl\hjm 8/8C0>17% ijbeb\Zxl ku\hjhldm1 I_j_f_rb\Zxl1 J_Zdpbx klZjlmxl bh^b^hf [mlbjbelbhohebgZ1 Khhlghr_gb_ h[t_fh\ ijh[u/ [mn_jZ k 8/8C0>17% b klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z khhl\_lkl\_ggh1 4=583=81 Ihke_ ^h[Z\e_gby klZjlh\h]h j_Zdlb\Z j_Zdpbhggmx kf_kv i_j_f_rb\Zxl/ lhlqZk baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv +:4, ijb 738 gf +7330 773 gf, ijhlb\ \h^u \ dx\_l_ k hilbq_kdhc lhesbghc kehy 4 kf b h^gh\j_f_ggh \dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j1 Lhqgh q_j_a 63 k/ 93 k/ <3 k ihke_ i_j\h]h baf_j_gby baf_jyxl hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv +:5/ :6/ :7,1 Ijb baf_j_gbb ijb 6:3K ^_eZxl ihijZ\dm gZ ohehklmx ijh[m +kihglZgguc ]b^jheba km[kljZlZ,1 Ohehklmx ijh[m klZ\yl dZd hiulgmx/ gh \f_klh ku\hjhldb ^h[Z\eyxl ^bklbeebjh\Zggmx \h^m1
54
JZkq_l j_amevlZlh\1 >ey jZkq_lZ ∆:263 k ba dZ`^h]h ihke_^mxs_]h j_amevlZlZ baf_j_gby hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb ijb 583K beb 633K ^ey hiulghc ijh[u b ijb 6:3K ^ey hiulghc b ohehklhc ijh[u/ dhlhjmx bkihevamxl \ jZkq_lZo/ \uqblZxl ij_^u^ms__ agZq_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb= :6 0 :5 ∆:5263 :7 0 :6 ∆:6263 :5 0 :4 ∆:4263 Ba ihemq_gguo \_ebqbg jZkkqblu\Zxl kj_^gxx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx ∆:2∆W1 < kemqZ_ baf_j_gby ijb 6:3K ihijZ\dm gZ ohehklmx ijh[m ^_eZxl ih nhjfme_= +∆:2∆W,hi 0 +∆:2∆W,ohe +∆:2∆W,kdhj :dlb\ghklv OW \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b fh`_l [ulv jZkkqblZgZ ke_^mxsbfb kihkh[Zfb= 4, k ijbf_g_gb_f dhwnnbpb_glZ fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 50gbljh080 f_jdZilh[_gahZlZ> 5, k bkihevah\Zgb_f \_ebqbgu hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb jZ[hq_]h dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ /0pbkl_bgZ k mklZgh\e_gb_f ebg_cghklb dZeb[jh\hqghc djb\hc1 JZkq_l k ijbf_g_gb_f dhwnnbpb_glZ fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 50gbljh080 f_jdZilh[_gahZlZ hkms_kl\eyxl ih nhjfme_= ∆: 9×439 :dlb\ghklv/ fdfhev2F×e1 00000000000000o 0000 / ]^_ ε×436×Y×O ∆W 9 0 h[t_f j_Zdpbhgghc kf_kb/ fe> Y 0 h[t_f ijh[u ku\hjhldb/ fe> ε 0 dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 50gbljh080f_jdZilh[_gahZlZ \ f52fhev>436 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ ba f6 \ eblju> O 0 hilbq_kdZy lhesbgZ kehy dx\_lu \ f> 439 0 dhwnnbpb_gl i_j_kq_lZ fhe_c \ fdfhev> ∆:2∆W 0 baf_g_gb_ hilbq_kdhc iehlghklb aZ 4 k1 <_ebqbgZ dhwnnbpb_glZ fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb 50gbljh080f_jdZilh[_gahZlZ aZ\bkbl hl mkeh\bc hij_^_e_gby/ S+/ l_fi_jZlmju/ ^ebgu \hegu baf_j_gby b ^j1 Ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 583K +^ebgZ \hegu 738 gf/ lhesbgZ kehy `b^dhklb \ dx\_l_ 4 kf, dhwnnbpb_gl fheyjghc Z[khj[pbb jZ\_g 46/6×435 f52fhev> ijb 633K 47/6×435 f52fhev> ijb 6:3K 0 47/99×435 f52fhev1 JZkq_l k ijbf_g_gb_f dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ1 Bkihevamxl ke_^mxsmx nhjfmem= dZlZeblbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv/ fdfhev2k×e1 ∆:2∆:dZe ×99/9;/ ]^_ ∆: 0 kj_^gyy Zjbnf_jbq_kdZy baf_g_gby wdklbgdpbb hiulghc ijh[u aZ 63 k + ijb 6:3K k ihijZ\dhc gZ ohehklmx ijh[m, ∆:dZe 0 hilbq_kdZy iehlghklv dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ /0pbkl_bgZ k dhgp_gljZpb_c/ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c Zdlb\ghklb OW 99/9; fdfhev2k×e1 >ey mklZgh\e_gby ^bZiZahgZ ebg_cghklb kljhyl dZeb[jh\hqgmx djb\mx/ ih dhlhjhc lZd`_ fh`_l [ulv \uqbke_g j_amevlZl1 Ihkljh_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqghc djb\hc1 Ba hkgh\gh]h jZkl\hjZ /0pbkl_bgZ ijb]hlZ\eb\Zxl jZa[Z\e_gb_f dZeb[jh\hqgu_ jZkl\hju kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ 451 D 8 fde dZ`^h]h dZeb[jh\hqgh]h jZkl\hjZ ^h[Z\eyxl :83 fde jZkl\hjZ 8/8C0>17% \ nhknZlghf [mn_j_ b 58 fde ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u1 Hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv baf_jyxl ijb 738 gf ijhlb\ ohehklhc ijh[u \ dx\_l_ k lhesbghc kehy
55
`b^dhklb 4 kf1 OhehklZy ijh[Z khklhbl ba :83 fde 8/8C0>17% \ nhknZlghf [mn_j_ b 63 fde \h^u1 Ebg_cghklv dZeb[jh\hqghc djb\hc ^h 499/: fdfhev2k×1e/ l1_1 ^h 43333 F?2e1
LZ[ebpZ 451 Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ dZeb[jh\hqguo jZkl\hjh\ pbkl_bgZ DZeb[jh0 Hkgh\ghc >bklbeebjh0 :dlb\ghklv OW/ khhl\_lkl\mxsZy \hqguc jZkl\hj \ZggZy \h^Z/ jZ[hq_fm dZeb[jh\hqghfm jZkl\hj 1 pbkl_bgZ/ fe fe jZkl\hjm pbkl_bgZ F?2e fdfhev2k×e 4 4 < 49/9: 4333 5 5 ; 66/67 5333 6 7 9 99/9; 7333 7 9 7 433/35 9333 8 ; 5 466/:9 ;333 9 43 0 499/: 43333 Ijbf_qZgb_1 AgZq_gb_ ? dhgkl1 p_e_khh[jZagh jZkkqblu\Zlv ^ey dZ`^hc iZjlbb j_Zdlb\h\ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k f_lh^hf \ ijbeh`_gbb1 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu ^ey f_lh^Z \u\h^ylky \ dZ`^hc eZ[hjZlhjbb1 Ijbeh`_gb_1 Hij_^_e_gb_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ fbeebfheyjghc wdklbgdpbb +? dhgkl, 50gbljh080f_jdZilh080[_gahZlZ ijhba\h^yl kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ 461 DZ`msZyky fbeebfheyjgZy wdklbgdpby jZkkqblu\Z_lky ih nhjfme_= ?dZ` +:kj×Z,2Q/ ?dZ` +:kj×3/3:93,23/358/ ]^_ :kj 0 kj_^gyy Zjbnf_lbq_kdZy wdklbgdpby hiulguo ijh[ ijhlb\ ohehkluo ba < j_amevlZlh\/ Z 0 iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby dx\_lu / jZ\gZy 3/:93 kf5> Q 0 dhebq_kl\h fhev ^h[Z\e_ggh]h pbkl_bgZ/ khhl\_lkl\mxs__ dhebq_kl\m h[jZah\Z\r_]hky 50gbljh0 80f_jdZilh[_gahZlZ1 LZ[ebpZ 461 Ko_fZ hij_^_e_gby dhwnnbpb_glZ fbeebfheyjghc wdklbgdpbb 0 gbljh080f_jdZilh080[_gahZlZ JZkl\hju HiulgZy ijh[Z/ fde OhehklZy ijh[Z/ fde KlZg^Zjlguc jZkl\hj pbkl_bgZ 8 0
56
dZeb[jh\hqguc fZl_jbZe k ba\_klghc Zdlb\ghklvx OW/ dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zg ^ey jZkq_lh\ ih dZeb[jh\hqghfm jZkl\hjm beb dZd dhgljhevgZy ku\hjhldZ ijb dhgljhe_ dZq_kl\Z f_lh^Z1 GhjfZevgu_ \_ebqbgu1 Ijb 583K 0 83/30488/3 fdfhev2k×e beb 63330<633 F?2e> ijb 633K 0 95/304<4/3 fdfhev2k×e beb 6:47044863 F?2e> ijb 6:3K 0 ;;/30 573/3 fdfhev2k×e beb 798<047776 F?2e 481 Hij_^_e_gb_ Zdlb\ghklb p_jmehieZafbgZ \ ku\hjhld_ djh\b Ijbgpbi f_lh^Z1 F_lh^ JZ\bgZ hkgh\Zg gZ lhf/ qlh p_jmehieZafbg +PI/ DN 41491614, hdbkey_l ^bZfbgu/ kh_^bgyykv k ^bf_lbeiZjZn_gbe_g^bZfbghf/ ^Z_l jhah\h_ hdjZrb\Zgb_/ bgl_gkb\ghklv dhlhjh]h ijhihjpbhgZevgZ dZlZeblbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb PI1 J_Zdlb\u1 41 3/8( jZkl\hj kheyghdbkeh]h ^bf_lbeiZjZn_gbe_g^bZfbgZ +IN>, \ Zp_lZlghf [mn_j_ jG 8/5 ]hlh\blky i_j_^ mihlj_[e_gb_f1 GZ\_kdZ ^_eZ_lky gZ ZgZeblbq_kdbo \_kZo1 JZkl\hj ^he`_g [ulv [_kp\_lguf/ l_fgh0k_juc p\_l j_Zdlb\Z g_ ^himkdZ_lky1 IN> ^he`_g [ulv i_j_djbklZeebah\Zg/ j_Zdlb\ ]b^jhnbe_g b k\_lhqm\kl\bl_e_g/ ^Z`_ \ i_j_djbklZeebah\Zgghf khklhygbb ^ebl_evghfm ojZg_gbx g_ ih^e_`bl1 +OjZgblv \ oheh^bevgbd_ \ wdkbdZlhj_1, 51 :p_lZlguc [mn_j jG 8/5 ]hlh\blky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf= 53 fe e_^yghc mdkmkghc dbkehlu b 496 ] Zp_lZlZ gZljby lj_o\h^gh]h jZa\h^yl \ 4 e ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u1 Ih deZkkbq_kdhc ijhibkb f_lh^bdb hij_^_e_gby PI \ dZq_kl\_ bg]b[blhjZ j_Zdpbb ijbf_gy_lky 3/4( Zab^ gZljby1 <\b^m lhdkbqghklb b ^_nbpblZ wlh]h j_Zdlb\Z fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv 3/58( jZkl\hj jh^Zgbklh]h dZeby1 < hiulgmx ijh[bjdm gZeblv 4/3 fe Oh^ hij_^_e_gby1 k\_`_ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ IN> b ijb[Z\blv 3/4 fe ku\hjhldb1 Kdjuluc ]_fheba/ dZd ijZ\beh/ g_ f_rZ_l hij_^_e_gbx1 Bgdm[Zpby ijh^he`Z_lky 63 fbg ijb 6:3K1 Dbg_lbdZ j_Zdpbb lZdh\Z/ qlh fZdkbfZevgZy Zdlb\ghklv __ iZ^Z_l gZ gZqZevgmx kdhjhklv +i_j\u_ 48 fbg,/ lZd qlh \j_fy bgdm[Zpbb fh`gh f_gylv wfibjbq_kdb \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl Zdlb\ghklb IN> k khhl\_lkl\mxsbf ihke_^mxsbf i_j_kq_lhf1 J_Zdpby bg]b[bjm_lky 8 fe 3/58( jh^Zgbklh]h dZeby b ihf_s_gb_f ijh[bjhd \ e_^1 Hilbq_kdmx iehlghklv baf_jyxl gZ NWD beb ki_dljhnhlhf_lj_ ijb ^ebg_ \hegu 858 gf ijhlb\ ©ke_ih]hª dhgljhevgh]h hiulZ1 < dhgljhe_/ dhlhjuc hljZ`Z_l nhgh\mx ^bZfbghhdkb^Zagmx Zdlb\ghklv ku\hjhldb b ^he`_g [ulv bg^b\b^mZevguf ^ey dZ`^h]h [hevgh]h/ baf_gyxl ihjy^hd ijb[Z\e_gby j_Zdlb\h\/ l1_1 kgZqZeZ ijb[Z\eyxl bg]b[blhj/ Z aZl_f ijh\h^yl bgdm[Zpbx1 Hij_^_e_gb_ PI \ ieZaf_ ijh\h^blv g_evay/ l1d1 h[jZam_lky fmlv/ dhlhjmx mkljZgblv g_ m^Z_lky1 Ijb hlkmlkl\bb qbklh]h PI ^ey klZg^ZjlZ fh`gh dZeb[jh\Zlv j_Zdpbx dhk\_ggh/ k ihfhsvx iZjZee_evgh]h hij_^_e_gby \ ku\hjhldZo a^hjh\uo ex^_c kh^_j`Zgby f_^b b PI1 AgZy kh^_j`Zgb_ f_^b \ djh\b/ fh`gh jZkkqblZlv dhebq_kl\h PI/ mqblu\Zy/ qlh ijZdlbq_kdb hkgh\gZy fZkkZ f_^b +<8(, k\yaZgZ k PI b khklZ\ey_l 3/65(1
57
&X +fd](, ×433×3/<8 PI \ f]( 0000000000000000000000000 4333×3/65 Hij_^_e_gb_ f_^b emqr_ ijh\h^blv k ^bwlbelbhdZj[ZfZlhf/ Z dZeb[jh\hqgmx djb\mx ^ey f_^b kljhblv ih k_jghdbkehc f_^b1 Hrb[dZ hij_^_e_gby PI f_lh^hf JZ\bgZ f_g__ 6(1 Kh^_j`Zgb_ PI m ijZdlbq_kdb a^hjh\uo ex^_c \ ku\hjhld_ khklZ\ey_l +570 83, f](1 KHHLGHR?GB? ?>BGBP >EY h[jhlbghc1 =hjvdbc= Ba^0\h =hjvd1 mg0lZ/ 4<:51 448 k1 51 Ebnrbp <1F1/ Kb^_evgbdh\Z <1B1 ;bhobfbq_kdb_ ZgZebau \ debgbd_1 _e_dlhjkdhc1 F1= EZ[bgnhjf/ 4<<71 6:3 k1 71 Wgpbdehi_^by debgbq_kdbo eZ[hjZlhjguo l_klh\ 2 Ih^ j_^1 G1LbpZ1 F1= EZ[bgnhjf/ 4<<:1 <75 k1
KhklZ\bl_eb= FZlZkh\Z EZjbkZ <eZ^bfbjh\gZ/ L_dmgh\Z GbgZ :e_dk__\gZ/ Ihih\Z LZlvygZ GbdheZ_\gZ/ :eZ[h\kdbc <eZ^bfbj <eZ^bfbjh\bq
J_^Zdlhj
;mgbgZ L1>1