A visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol
Ow-lotte Gerlings
100 Great
•
tlStS
•
r IS S visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol
harJotte Gedin · . ARCTURUS
CoVER I U .uSTlIA:rto ss
Artist<' ponr.irs, kft
to
right:
"Ii,l' ",," I'.ul C6..tnne , Ed, .. ,,] ,\ lunch, \r,nCt:nt ,'an Gogh, p<~<.,. I'aul Rubens, Angelico Kauffi"ann, Jean-Aug"''': Ingn:s, Iknhc ,\ lori,ot
11",::e erntrll images: D<"t:I.il frum Tb, Gartlm a/EArtbly DdigbtJ I')' Ilicrunp"us Rosch: Marla lita by Lc().,."k, d. \r,nei: ,bail rr."" Tb, C'bair and rb, Pi", by \r,,..,rnt ,"n Gogh
nottom rO,,': E<~"J:t "I ,\ to oct , John . n'l" iStc Cor"', Rcmlmtndt , .. n Rijn, Francisco G ora, J'''''I><' "I'nt().-ct"', P.ul G.uguin, I hns 11(~bcin the Youngcr, Raphael Santi. J(Jl", Scll COb"an , Eugene Dehcro;x
W
ARCTURUS
Arctums l' ublL'
1:' 1 1:'3 Ikrmon
('Y S(R'e( London SE I 3HA l'ublL,lwd in
",~ocialion
,,;(h
foulsham w. Fotll.'
'11,;' "Ii, •• , jn " .. d i " 2IIIl6 C.,,)Tight C 2IIIl6 .~ «t Pub li.!,i,,!! Limi,'"
An fJi"'
c.~~,
ll. ,og., I.... " h ... y 11... ,;, \\'.Il"
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,,',i.-], i, too b.
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H",.I,,!!u. ","nl .. .- ,h~
CONTENTS
Introduction Angelico, Frn
6
Giotto
S
Gin.in. Tholl"" Goya, Frnncisco
Anguissola, Soronisb.
W
EI Greco
Arcimboldo, G i"''''I'I'''
Griinc"'a1d, ,\lathias
Bosch, Hieronymus
" " " '"
"7S
..
Peelers. CJ3rJ
"S
Picasso, Pablo
';0
Picro Ddla Frnllcesca
S'
Pollocl J.d.on
"'
Popova , Liulx",
'" '" ""
156
Hiroshigc, ","do
SO R8
Hockney. David
90
10
Hodler, Ferditl3lld
91
RaJ'had Sam;
162
BOIticdli, S,ndro
11
HOg"lrth. \\"lIi,m
Rcmbrnndr nil Rijn
Boucher, F"",<;<>is
"
Holrusai, K>l<ushika
'"
'"
10
/-Ioll>ein. HailS ,he Younge.-
98
Homer, \\" "s lo",
C.r<waggio, ,\ Iichel.ngdo
'S )0
CezalUlc. Paul
)l
/-Iol'per. Edward
Chardin, jem- B~I,r.is!e
H J6
In gres, je.n-Augu.
Claude LOlT'Jin
)S
Kluffinann,
Cole, Thomo<
<0
Kiim! , Gustav
Con
41
Leonardo Ih Vinci
Com!, Jeon -ihl,tisre
44
Lorenzeui , Ambrogio
COlnl3n, john Sdl
46
,\ bc~e,
Courbe! , c.usr,,,'e
4"
,\ bgriue. Rene
Crnnach , Lucas the Elder
50
,\Jalcl'ich , Klsimir
Doli, Salvador
51 54
,\Jane!, Edouard
DeI:>eroix, Eugene
"5"
,\brtini, Simone
Ducciodi Buonin<egn.
00
,\luis,"" Henri
Durer, Albrechl
,\Iichd.ngdo Buon.rmti
Friedrich. ('.:I
" "
("-
,\Iodigli.ni, Amedeo
G~insborough.
68
,\Iondrian. Pie!
Paul
70
,\ Ione!. Oaude
C.enrileschi, AJ1eml";'
72
,\ Iorisol, BeJ1he
Gcricauh, Theodore
74
,\IWlch,
Bellini, CiovalUli Blake, \\r,lIiam Bonhcur, Rosa
Bruegd , Piclcr Can.lctro, Antonio
Cimabue,
Giov~nni
D,vid , jacques-Louis Deg>.<, E<1g>r
Eakin<, Thomas
C.~ugin,
Thoma<
Hal•• Frnns
De Hooch. Piclcr
Kandin.
Augus!e
,\bn!egn;} , Andrea ,\\asaccio, TOnllll3SO
,\Iillai<.john E,,=u
Edv~rd
%
'00 '01
"" ".""
Poussin , Nicolo.
Pu.·is de
Ch~\'anncs,
Pierre -
cecile
'6<J
Renoir, Pierre Augus.e Rou,,,,.u, Henri
'"
Ruben., Peler Paul
"" '70
S"",so.., Alexei
m
Schiele , Egon
'" no
Seu,.,.!, Georges Stubbs, Ceorl\"
"0
Tinroreuo, j.COllO
'"
Titian
""'SO '"'
'" '" "S
Turner,Josel,h ,\hllord
120
Van Der Wcyden, Rogier
'"S
'" '"
\'iln Dycl:. Anrhony
,9<)
\'iln Eyd:, jan
192
'M
\'iln Gogh. Vincenr
"" "0
VeI.zquez, Diego de Silva y
'"
Veronese. Paolo
'00
'34
W~rhol,
202
'" "" ""
\ValleaU, Anroine
'" "4 ""
\\r,lIi.m Uccdlo,
P~olo
Vermeer, johannes Andy
,"4 186
'"
196
""
'04
\ Vltistler. j.mes Abbou ,\Jc,'\'eill
,\d:nOldedgemen IS
206
70S
INTRODUCTION
is a pleasant but far from simple task to pick one hundred \,'Tcat' artist.~ from hundRxls of others. Everyone has a range of favouritcs, and a gL"{)gI'aphiGi l spread is necessa ry too. With the carlysccdcrs, the European an tradition crossed thcAdantic to [be New \Vorld, and travelled with traders to the Far East. This hook helps to show how that tra dition was reimerpreted in different locations. inL"Vitahly, my editors and I had to ma ke many reluctant omissions, and the constrai nts of copyright affent.:\ the choice of twentieth-century and
I
t
conccmpol'J I)' artists. H owever, the sck~[ion that fo llows is intcndc
"idc-I'Jnging journLj' through the story of wcstern art, with the aid of one hundn..:! examples of its leading cxponcnt.~. For the most part, thL]' have trained, inspired or influenced one anothe r from the thirteenth century to the present day. It is a fJscinating, L·ver-dL-vc!oping part of our lives that we shall never ti re of looking at. Major exhibitions are a feature of g'dll eri es in every principal city now3lLiys. CUl'dtors put years of planning and negotia tion into assembling 'hlod:hlL~ter' shows of both old and modern m asters, whose works are bo rrowed and tl'dnsportL-d all over the wo rM. Yet we must remember that we can go to the S3me g'd!! eries at other times, simply to vicw their sta nding exhibitions; and the youngest of ga llery visitors are often b>1ven a special welcome. N ationa l and prov inci al gall eries not only house famous works hut also brive us the opportunity to discover the paintings of less well -known artists. These pcople frl"tluently \\"Orkl-d alongside the b'Tcat names, sharing idcas ani\ techniques, sometimes in the role of teacher o r pupil. Standing in front of a Renai ssance picture hy the likes of Botticc!!i Of Mantegna, for example, it is hard to imab>1ne th at the painters and sculptors we admire were o ribrinal!r classified as 'me re' Cl'd ftsmen. ,\ 'Iost came from humble backgrounds and we re accepted into a studio around the age of nine. At first, they earn ed thei r kcep by cleaning and running e rrands, gradua ll r working up from apprentice to journLym'ln and fina lly m astcr. The fresco painte r Qnnini has !eft this d aunting account of the Renaissance app rentice's tl'Ji ning schl-dulc: 'Start fin"!: of all by g rinding colours,
t"Ntall from The ,\ Iystic Nat i,; ty (/500)
Sandro Bom'"Uj
by
hoiling up giue, mixing plaster, then going on to prepare pands, retouching them, polishing them, app lying gold leaf, learning how to grain. Then another six yea rs to . .tudy the w;e of colour, the application of mo rdant.~, to find out how to paint d!"aperies and folds and how to work in fresco. And all the time you must p!"actise drawing .. work-tby and feast-tl ay.' If an artist brraoiuate.:i to set up his O\\Tl studio, the process hegan all over ag-ai n with ~warms of apprentires ~u!Tounded hy the tools and materials of the blL~ine<...... , in pUl"!.uit of lucr.ltive commissions. The m a~1:ers who became Court painters had father more security - as long as thl"}' pleasl-.:i their patrons - hut their stlm~ was often that of a selVant o r r abce workman. Some fresm paintel'o", lOr c.\::Jmple, were p,lid only hy the amount of wall they covered. OCGIsionally, an astute artist like C ralJach or Ruhens was elL-vatcd to the rank of diplomat. The mo re we examine the b'Teat artises of all periocls, the more we appreciate that, no matter how suhlime their work, thl"}' were 1)",,,,1 tum fr"'" ,\\..orie de Medici Di scmb ... ldng~t touchl-.:i hy the l-venes of history as much as the next person. Their ,\\..orseillcs After ,\\..orrioge lives were disrupted by wars, transformed hy scientific discoveries, To Henry IV of Fr ...."" by p,," P"ul RuJm" (/622- 2 5) {"tit short by the tlll-.:iil"val p!3b'lle or twentieth-century influenza. To treat our subjeces as fu ll y as possible, each one occupies their own double-page spread containing two pictu res, a commentary and a time line th at poines to the pri ncip al l-venes of his or her life. The selection of some less familia r pictu res will, I hope, hro aden appreciation and encourage a fresh approach. OcC"asionally, I have combinl-.:i a pair, where the connection is pa rticul arly interesting o r useful. \¥here the commentary mentions an artist with his or her own entry in the hook, that name appears in bold type for easy reference. Fo r the same reaso n, the arr.mgement is al phabetiGlI, incidentally ma king for some remarkahle neighbours. It is hopl"{/ that this hook may he enjoYl"{/ as ,I reference by student.s and pr.lctising artises, and a companion to the genera! reader who loves looking at pictu res and is interestl-.:i in fincling out how skills and personal st}1e come through in service of the creative process.
Charlotte
C~rlings
100)
FRAANGELICO
1187(')
B()rn Guno di in Vl«bio di MUg
1407
EnutT /J(}miniam mo""'try al Find" mar florm"
1409_14
Papal pditi,""ik monk< '" F()h!;"", in Umbria
1414-18
PlaK''' dr;"" ,b,," '" Comma
1419_1f
R"""", long_turn 10 Find" krom~ Fra Gi"'anni
14JJ
Co,"miIJioRM '" paim rb, Linenwo.-kers' Ttir,,),ch
1416-4f
C"mmiIJiomd by C",""O th' Mu/sii. drnml1" of s"" MlIT'o, FI()rm"
Ikposition ofChri., (d"aif) (14J6-4f) Tbr fr"''''' in Ibr am-ml if S"" Marro drnJnl"d botb ,b, ",,"munal '1'''''I mill ,b, nun,' p;,-"u "lb. ,;:b'H rbry "."" dmg",d '" ''''"Mag' m,dilll1ion . Fra Ang
Gm''''''
Int'iud 10 Rom, by Pop' Eugmiw Iv.
Pain1T ponrai' if I'll if Frana
Cbarl~
B'gi", fr,,,(n in Cap
1447-49
TriR..d"o Rom, ,;:ilb pupil Go;::",}i 10 paim PJ
1449_ fZ
R"ur'" 10 Fi""k,
14H
Rmum 10 Rom, ,;:b= br din
F
r~
Angeli"" and his 1",,,hcI lk""dL~tt, ioined 'hc Dominic.n O"kT of Pre..,h~rs ' oge,her in 1407. A, thcir
mon~"."y
No' hing is known of Ft~ Angeli""'s early ,cachl:rs , othcr ,h.n 'he influer-.cc hc >hows of ,he Siene", ",hool. Angelico .nd Ikn.,
in Fie,ole , ,he }'"u ng men wen: di ",,,,,,l to illwnin.. ing manuscripts, .nd i, is p(... it~e ,hey "' m.in"l in artistic 1>1"""rshil' for n""" of ,h<;t Ii"",. F,.. Angelico S11(1' inside 'hc Order. His religious ti,le " ..., F.. G in. '.nni hu, 'he other fri.rs n.,kn.m"l him 'Angelico'lt:.r his pil"Y'nd ,hi: be.utiful wor l ,h.. he p",u ,,,l nc •.:: r to h".:: .he n:d or n:n".,h"l.ny of his pain'ings, fi",~y belie,ing to do so would h,nt: bl..::n alrin"
pmbahly m.de ,he le~p to full.,;""le fn:s"" I",iming during 'hc fill: l'cars tha' ,heir order ""!S exiled in ,hi: U m1lri.n hill 'own of FoIig"". Giotto 's f",sco", .. Assisi would h,,'e been within <:asy tc:lch .nd 'hc bmthers a '" "",..in to hal<: "isi",1 ,hml. On<:-.:: he h.d mOl',,1 to Floren<:-.:: ., 'he illli..,;on of Cosimo de' ,\I "lici .nd ...,,<,1 de"lra,ing ,hc Com'::n' of S.n ,\hrco, Fn Angelico's h.ndling of fo.- m, PLT'l'l-cr;,'e .nd ",lour d""do pcd e"'n fur,her. Ik""d",to is S3id to h"" wo.- k,,) alof1g,ide his bru,her on 'he "~>' S.n ,\lam, ",mmi,,;on, .nd one of 'hcir
God's will.
'pl1«",,';<:-'::''''''s 'hc l"ung Iknozw Gozl.(~i.
,ha,
The Al bl rpiece of ~ ,\1:>""0 (/4J6-4f) F", Angdi'" bad an im"'''a';,~ apprOilch to comp",i,;"n and I!. i,
m"",
SOFONISBA ANGUISSOLA
I H2(!)
Born in CrmlOfIIl,
L,,""Mrdy, daugb," if a I,alb" and ri/J: d,akr 1<;46(1)
Srutli" art IInd.,Campi
IH4
iIImr Mitbdang
IH9
Appoinud
eM"
painu,- by Philip II
H70
,11arr;" Sid/ian ndN,,"an Om Pabrbo d<
ill_win, ridtJ,;:
I{mum '"
C,n"""", MllfTj" ,bip" "'p",in Ora:;io L(Jm
unh in 1621
Gn/(Jil.
Vitj"d by Jim
0," 162!i
OJ,, in Painm"
Philip II of Sp:oin with the Order of the Golden F1eece (/565) AnguiJJda)- lifo at 1k Spani'h Cour, Ivgan in I 559, ,;:b", ,b, ';:ar imrod"",! IH an artist a!andy tror'ry ",b. high'" nganJ. AngtUIRJia mad< ,"uch u" " ,b, balf-Imgtb f"Jr1l7lit throughoUt b.,. "',ur
0itJniSh. Anguiss()1. waS one of Se,"n child"'n _ six girls and. boy _ ",hast: enlighte ned father had his Elmily "due:tled in :",,,olll with Rcnai<S3.,..,e hw"anist principl"'. "in .. ,,,,u1,,,<1 in ",,' of his
S
girls to p.inters' Slu
The G~me of Chess (/555) 7bt-" if 'k AnguiJJda ,if"", Lucia, E"rop" ilrId iIIimn.'a, play ebm, ,;,bil, ,b," ~t'"",JJ looh on, Tb,ir old" ,isur SofoniJba, if Ik Jim 1::"",'" to gain an i"',rTlati""aJ r'P"'arion a, a pain=, bad a maru
0'"
,it,,,,
Anguissoh'.
unique
style
w.s
also
historically significant, FirSdr, she undtTmined ,he rigid anificiality of &4ional~e l_ml'1irs : and "",,,,nstl'1,ed wha, k" .. le sens.it.ili'r could I,.- ing in the way of e,mtiollal can
Anguis'oh's
tt
k:n' made hc:r lit ,mIlS all ' NtT
Eumpe, bringing he, into """act with Michcl:mgclo a' ,he stan of her carert and \'~ n Dr "!. ncar 'he md. In bcrwt't:n , she was ap pointed no' only OlU" I",in'rt to Philip II of SI",in bill also hdy-in_".. iting to 'wo ,ue"""i,,,
co ", £01 nJ "'''phasiz.c her Own refined ..I.. I'1C"' '' in ,he"e stin-ing ,imel, it was stiD i11l1_,nan, '0
qut't:ns. I"", restingly, she r",<"in,1 a ",hr)' OS bdy_in_waiting; htT ari''''''l'1tic status p<",'en,,,1 her fmm selling hc:r w()< ls and 'hc:y
"'Ill"y m,>
were always "",
GIUSEPPE ARCIMBOLDO
1f27
B()rn Giw'PP' Ardmbddoin Milan, .....
1f49
m"king tlJ fatb.ri amnant at Milll1l Catb.dral
I HR
I"NIigm lapmry for Como Ca,kd",1
1f62
Mo,..,- 10 Prag'u, /!
H64
R""aim COIlTl paint" ,-"bm Maximih'an il J'U,,,,dt hrdinll1ld I
1f66
Trltt..""o Ilaly
1f69
Pr."nrr ;\Iaximilill1l il ,;:i,b S""s
Vcnumnus (tk'ail) (159/) A magnifi,ml piKtrait of Rudolf il ii' tb. ll1Iam, Roman god of"'Kwllion Il1Id Ik changing " ...""., \'enumnus 1::a, abo ,b. 'Y"'bd ofC(Jmmffu, 711. ""fJ'Yar 1::a, tkligb"d ,;:itb 'k itka afbimulf at lb. ,,"bodimml of fruitfo/lUE, barmony and a nrong
Four Elcm.:nlS
1f70-71
Orgll1li= 11.." rayal ;;:rotiing'
H76
R.maim COIlTl painlff ,;:bm Rudolf Ii J'Uccudt Maximih'an Ii
HRO
Ennohl.d by EmfJ'Yor Rudolf Ii
IfR7
L",,~,
Prag'" for
Milan
1f91
SmdJ \'crtllmnu< to Prag'u, Coum Pala,iIU
1f9J
Di" of kitlnry di"a" in ;\Iilan
.k,,,,d '0
G
iu"'I" e Arcimboldo was an artist of grut ingcnuity. I're_,t.,ing the
Surre.lists 1»-' Mer 300 ye.", . hi. c''''pos.i,io))s of p.in",d Aowers. ,'egetables. and o,her morc Ilium: ohjects took 'he six"'<:nth-c<:ntury l lapsburg C oun by "nnn. 11",:e sutces.i"" empef()f"S , Ferdinand L ,\ I:tximilian II and Rudolf II, b<:C:tmc ,but"" of h .. exnaolllinary I_mrait ",ric •. In 1562 , Arcimboldo a,.;,.-",,,I an il1~><"lial
The UfF'iri in Flo n: ,..,c has. red le.,her f,~d"" de'~""ted I<) Rudolf II. Inside are 148 of Arcim boldo'. pen and "'"iSh ,k<~ches dettiling UlStwnes .nd '1''''1''' ~)f ,"rious <~'<:nts ",.,,1 0., da<si""I.lk·g<>ry. 1nc", e_"" g-'nzas we n:
imitation H.I lef, ,\lilan for P"'goc. The n: he assumed 'he I"'" of Court I",inter and d<",)
designed I<) ,~sl~'Y the 1I'I"burgs' dJ'nastic 110wer to hund n:ds of high_ .. nking gueSts. 'ille Umri l)(m~)lio is. "LTY ", re i,em , as littlc of Arcimb"ldo's s.igned wo.. k ,ulVi,'cs, m)< ,~d he I"",,: .ny writings, .khough he .. known to hal'e heen highly "Iucated. Ilis ...bu. sp'nn,,1 the ans, scien"'" <:ngine"'ing .nd philosophy, he ,,'"is • trut ' Renais"'n'" man'. Y'" f,)< nO olll;ous n::I5<))) , his work sank into obscuri,y until re,~scO\ered in the
C ourt <'o."isted of l'.gt:.nt< and I<-.J m'ments.
ninct"'nth """tmy.
W2t er from ' Inc Four Eleml:nlS' (/566) Ar a y
GIOVANNI BELLINI
14JO(')
B()rTl in J~nj", RlRofpainur
Jacopo B,l/ini l44f(')
Gj"'."armi and brOiM Gmli/. "'gin ",..-k /lJ
J«opo" amrtll1llT 140
iIIa""gTlll mam" !b,jr firm- and INc"",,, /afting
j"flu"''' 14fS-u)
In P",l1", ,;:irb
;\Ia""g"" 1460-68
R""'*to
J~nj""
",,,,.IT '"' flIT!
,"ai'F ",,,,mi,,i,,,,,
1470
&tahJi,bno1:.'rI
,;:o.-hOOp. Vi,;lT Rim;,,; and POllY., '"' "...-}
of lim tkr IIrydm 147!
147f_79
TIN ruJ.,. of l Mi" ""an gold d","a,} nbs. "" imp",,
fabric tbat rignifi,d lb. proJp
Rc'urn:",iofl,
f,m J......,j"" paiming
",,,,,,.d
in oil gl""" 14S'i_!
Doge Leon.:..rtlo Lored:.n (c. IW /)
Engag",;:itb f],,"i,b "cbniq'" t;:bm ilImi"" i"'rodt.'" .xl paiming,,, J~Jlj"
Painu panrailJ
and alk§'ri"ar at ,,/igiow rubj«rr
,,·,0
1490-1f01
Giorgi"" and TiN'an am'"'g hi, pt
H 06
Viriud by Viirrr
H I6
j)j"
in J'ro;"
G
im,anni Ikllini i. re'I><Jnsiblc for
.... ising the ,t3 ndanJ of the \ 'cntti.n s<·hool of I",inting to thc I><,; nt wherc the city ri,'alled Floren,,, as • Centre of RCn:l issanet: excellcn,". Ilis fAther, brot her .nd brothc:r·in_J.w W,TC .ni,,, tm, but it is the latter, Andrc:l M~ntcgn:.o , who initi.lly Si>UIT"J Ikllini On to p.inting J.nd=p'" and defining the """"J of a picrurc . Likc.1I his hali.n "mtL'''I_''''''es, Ikllini was accustom"J to wor king in w.. te,_bas"J "."1"1'=, eithc:r on w'>
was always cxperimenting. No,,", with
thc rich tr1nsluet:nce of oil gJ.u:s at his fingcnips _ r""c:lling nCw ,le pt hs n, lill"ilia, col ou rs .nd dL,nanding • diffLTCnt ty pc of brushwo,k _ he un""'ercd • wc:llth of possibiliti",. \ Vhcn Hellini learned how to tnn'J.", the \ 'cneti.n pl.}' of light betwC,,, sky and w.tCr, he h.d the key to all thc subde hall"oni", .nd I. illi.nt ",lours that would "'me to signifythc
,\bdont1.:.l of the
M.,.~dow
(,,15(15)
&Uinil Mat/()nnat;;.y" !Ortually bi, rrad,mllT}, at;;.'", tb, m'l'niry and tmdrrn= t::i,b ;;.,bicb b, porrr"Y'd ,b,m, H,.,., 'h< ,bildJ= Hirrfillly IllIlkF bi, ,"",b,.,.l- K"'" t::bik daily lift K"',on "'bind ,b,m in ."". ",b, ar~'rr', "''lui,i" landmzpl'!, Only tb, brooding rtn.'m and ,b, ",J.nJn po""f'h< Vnxin bint a' rh< day m o,k'llT)', t::bm tbi, JIlm, ron ;;"iO Ii, d,ad in h
,I.""
WILLIAM BLAKE
6
170
Born in /.imdoo, RlR
1771
of a 00""-
Apprm,;"d for "'~" Y'iltT to "'g'-'''''''- BaJi,.
1774-87
Of"'" Il1Id rUnT a Lond<Jn prim ,bop tuttil tkatb if broIb.,. Ribr,
1781
Mum" o"b.rj", B()iIro", bi,arn'st_
PtthJiJOO Jim booko/panlfJ, P,,{"tiC:l.I Skc",ho::. aIJirtllrll,
1789
Pubh',b" Songs of lnm>CCncc
1790--91
Engrat·" hy pr"" " ..".-):, 'Ih" ,\hrriag<: of lie",'"" .nd Hell
1794
Puhlirb" Songs ,,(Experience, illt/uding 'n,. Tygn'
I S()(}"()]
Tum up by parron WiDi"m Hay!q. BJahr Pdpbam,
,"ot~ to
\rorgin md Child in Egypt (/8 /OJ
(h" "fl-- """lar paimin", thaI Blah mad< in grn/ifllll< to a
Swur I SO;
P"""'"
Bu"" v:ba '''pp",",,;1 bim by ""ding bit w" for dt"tn::ing /",,,,!!. Blal:, ,bought jt ,"or< "biea/ '" paint in a ,;:"..,-_"'=d "",/i",", ,ban oil, ill it ,",'a, ,"a" d,,",mding of ,b, artin', ,h'l/ 71xJlnllS
"'''f''Y'''
CbiU"J{'dt::itb
,,,.,,,on
III
Chid",,,,. and
""I uirud
,,"'-'" ISIS
Pubh',bd ,\ 1ikon, i"dllding ,]mwbn BlIlh h:'YJrJ: gatb"" Y'""'K
di
OJ,, in /.<Jnt/(JtI
W
illia", RI.kc ~ eng """', ]"inter, I. ' .... and mystic ";'iona,), ~ wrotC. illust,.,cd and printed his own
lIe c"un'ed Roy"] ,..."dem;""'" Haman and llenr}' Fusdi a",ong his friends. n e n ,hough he had <~slik,,1
John
ck,,,,,, ~""111
hooks. It ,,-,,; his belief ,h., tho: im.gin.,ion .."1<
",h()<~ing
,uP""-;'"
mOn: rC11 than , the ,.,;" n.li,m
gho,ts and a"gels >.inc<: childhood ~ ,,",'CJl th., he
and 11l.,.-ri"li'J11 of his day: he found himself finnl}' outside the ruku,..1 mainstrC1m in the Age of Enlib"'",nmCJl'. lIe "'.,,, .Iso "sul'l',Jncr
h.d s l',)k<"Tl to the \r,rgin ,\!"y _ s<) it is dcar Fuseli', fa"...,y art was in tunC "ith and inAucn""d his own. T he muscular nude. of
of the F "'nch and American R.""IUlio,,-,.
,\Iichdmgclo arC ano.her dca, inspi,a,ion,
to, and
himself. RI.ke claimed n) h."c ""'"
that
N",,1 0n (1795) In tbiJ larK', t~ry 1K",,"pJ;'b.d "'lour prim, "',,;:ron ir Jbm:.·n Inl1i/y J7ltioflllli~ing lb, un;"""'" ,;:itb lb, aid of a pair of"''"pm"'' Blah tIS,'idd ,b, /Nxkground into"'" brigh' and on, dark ",ti... , impJying tbat tb. gr,a' ma,bnnatilian and pir!,i';" ""'ugb, no, mlighwunm' bu, a ~dJm nigbt_tim" Blah b.1i
It"",
but th~ hc h.d known ~" m.ny yearS thmugh his u,lIe",i,., "f engravings . Blake's spccial printing P"'ttSS invoh'ed t"'n,krring r"""'<£"<] im.!:"s of his words and pi",ur.s Onn, u'I" '" I~ate in .n .cid.resisting ink. Afn::r etehing in acid . it pmduttd, rdid illl'ge. which u,uld ridd dOl£ns mOn: u~,ies. llhke .nd his wifc hand_u~our,,1 coch I" int indi'idrnlly. using cheap c.mdh.it brushes.
Another of his tcchniqu.s ,,-!S mOre akin tn monoprinting. l ie took impressions dire", from the I", in",d surfutt uf stout p."e bo.n] and ", fined the
ROSA BONHEUR
'" 1822
B..-n Mar;,· R(J>Illi. B(Jn}uur in Bord"l1lx.
dill/gil",." a lall/lKap' pain",I S4 1_B
&bibitJ ugularly til. PariT Salon
,,!
184 8
A'::ard
and InKY" 184 9
Tu" at'.,. [ath..-', an .moo/ on hi, d,lltb
I SH
T he 1 F. ir ,;:inr acdaim Il1Id
h""
prit-Ill' ,.im by QU«rI Vier..-;" I SH(1)
BuY' roa"""
~ar
Fontalruhkau, ,b""t/,;:itb
Ploug hing in Ni,'em~is (/84S) 0", "&nhrorl '""" "Mffaud ""imingy. /, it /m"J on Bonb",,-', "','" mulj", and alI" imp;".lI by Po"N", il ",~""m!b ..mtury l)rltch i11li1l1aJ paint'" Tb, nobility a/lb." bUK' labouring ani1l1ah "PP<= to _paD" lb, 1fta;"nuJf(Jftb. 111m drn:;"g tlmn
N",ball. Mi""
1860-80 1889
Ji'(..-} "II> cbi<jly in Eng/lmd
i"Nalb ,,[Na,bali.
ilIi"", Rdllli(J",bip "'J1hJi,bd ,;:;,b AnTIll FJ""h<,b
KJu1l1ph
1894
Through EmpmJ
Eugmi"
M""'''
fim ""'1111111
aran/,lI Grand e"'Ir of hmtb 1.'gimo/Ho1Wllr
1899
OJ,, in ,\/<1"", Fontalruhkau
T
he eldest of IiJur child "' n - all "f th,," ani,u _ RoSOl fi<,nheur
'1',,,iali,,, in I.. in,ing and sculpting animals. lie, Iit'her encou rJ.g("(1 her h).. alkJwing ~
sh,,,p '" be kel" On ,he b:. k:ony of their sixth· nom I'.ris apatbllen,. llon beur's unc"m.:ntion.lity w"ls' ke}TlO'e '" h..... He: 4e wore cr<1' I",d h.i" , mok,,1 in public and , whm "i,iting ,hughterhou
hone"y
with
,di-eshing~'
h ...... nimal
subjects.
so
fret: fnJlll 'he social "Jmcntions
,ha, ,he
h.d to ""'tend with herself as ,hey were. Iler worl .."'s .echin",d h).' 'he S.lons .nd she m.de • good li"ing f,om it, while st,,,ring de1r of the "'ml~1:X sm,imen,.li,}, of ,be age . ' Ihe n:: ,,",S no n'''m~'' smtimen,ality., her ch.""u when:: >he housed. men.gerie ,h., included. p,i, of lion<, • >tag , C3ttle, num.:mus <~,gs and. P'rtlJL ' Ihe ch.,c:tu ..-as al,o hon'" '" a fn::e 1rt .chm l: 1I000h...." ..as. 'yml"theti; ,cacbcr, just as her f.ther h.d been. She .."'s well·1mown~" he, gencr",i,y ",,,",,d. ani,1S in , m.king p,mision ~"<"I'el)'one who w
t',i,
Buffiolo Bill (/889) A porn-a;,"[Colmu/ It;Ui"m f: Cody, ",/m-t'i" .b",,,.,, il! ,b. ,/w!:-"",n 'BuffillJ Bir. Thi, por1rai, "'a, mw/. afur
Co,rylJo &nb"rrJ roa,,,m, during lb. EtlTop<= "'tIT o[bu Wild U·'51 &bj,itil6l in /889. A[u,- &nNllrl- dwb, i, "'il! "f""dtlad '" a po51<1" w/"
Jour"
HIERONYMUS BOSCH
I4fO(!)
B()rn Himmy,"'" A1:m in 't_ /f""'gmixJw, ",n
t'1l1I
"[apainw' 1480(')
M~rri" Alry'
GayafftJ !'an dm ilfun.-m'"
1486
..
"
Joim Brorb.,-b.lod o/Ollr uuly La" Judgement w,","irriotU&
by
Pbiip I of S""in
HI6
1);" in
'r_ HmogmixJJ
King
G~sf"'rd.
AdorAion of the M:.ogi (d""il) (151(1)
Bow', /i",r ""rh tkpicud fr~'" and larg" fig"'"" playing OIl'
'ingk r.-m" Gaspard j, ","
Q
H
ictn"}"llus Rosch C~n not be C3tcg<>rj,,,d. lie links back to the l1lini.,urc naru,;,·c. sec n On
illumin.",d "':l"uscriplS ., the Slme .ime H anticipating the pOlS and I" ns "fDu",h gL-n,C
painting . Ilis f.milr WIT" lay "",,,,I,cr< of ,h< Bro,hcrho(kl (,( Ou, Lady in \<_ llertogenl..-,sch. 1ni< Catholic gr()up W()< kt,] ~" the cul'ural brncfi, of the <:i,y ... hen: Hosch liH:d and (tied. Hosch's unbridl ....J imagina,ion cxplo(k:s as h< dcpicts life as a con ,inua I struggle betw,..:n man and his inner na'un:. "Inere are "'any ,h<'"ries about his "-"on ishing ,-is;o" : one of the mo" persisten, being ,h., his s}'nboli'11l encodes ,he docrrin'" of a he n:,ical ('",(",ic S<'" ""lied ,he Ca,harS, \ \'I,.",,-e, H(.o;ch hctiL~-"L hI: h1d an aCute awan: n",S (,( hwnan
p»"h(~ogy.
lie uscs
litllliliar I'r"y"ms ~nd ~JIIJ()rc t() <,<",unCn, on ,hi: hWlla" ""n<~tj()n. IIi. ,,,,,,,,,.. tion<_'IHc ad across ,hOll<:inds of incs, • m<~hod which ""lied ~)r (xpen
o"'.
h.ush ... "Il>c: register ,ha' ""'onls his dc:tth describes Bosch as 1 'dis,inguished pain,er'. lie "'""s rerninly 1 strung inn""nre on Bruegel the Elder and his allegori", of ,-ilt.g.: lill::. b,er, lk,sch's I" intings we n: a,-i(Hy collect"] Il)' I'hilip II (,( SI" in. he~, n: ,he I'ro,e,t:t n' Rcto
o j) •
•
The G~rden or E.orth ly Delights (c./500) On, if lb. bm hi""", if &J
SANDRO BOTIICELLI
144:;
Born AI,_ndro di Mariano Pi/ini in Plor",«. "Jr/ of a 'an1l
146 1_ 67(')
Apprmrj"d '"
1467_ 70(')
ANJaa",,;:irb A",..,;" PoUa;""'. and Jm-o..-bio
1470
Sm up "· ...hlxJp
Fra f;'lippo Lippi IHapainr
in rlor",,,, ua;,~rfim
co,","i";",,
1472
Brol,"","m"'r"! Sf LaJ:,', Guild
1474
Pai"" St Scilliti.n for s"m" .Uaria
Maggi"'"" N...ffl" 1476-77
Pai"" ""r1rail if CiuJi"". d, ;\1,dri
148 1_82
In Rom" thora'" ,blip'! of Pop< Sirtu! V, /au.. TIIl,",J til< Sisti", Cbapd
1482_8r
P ri m",'''r~ (th'''il) (c.I478) Tb, grtIC" co/wring il1ld ilrap
".=
mgm'YT'J uquirro drafO'mambip rf a bigh ani.,.
Pai"" all'ga.-ieal "'",.IT
1484--92
Painrr mtarpim, form-""I Florm"n. dmrrb"
149 1
1497
B"","" follot."" of s"tmlll",i" Tbrot....- "'''-.iT MID
'{J,mfiuroftb, 11m,,;,,'
D
uring his lilt: Rotticd~ w"" oonn,-"""I with three m'j(l< l>hilo'ol'hies. Iii.
c.rlr I'ic"m:s .re stlnd. "I ,\ 1a,t'nn:l<, m,,1e ~Jt guilds .nd I'ri,.", clienlS. IlowCl'cr, Rotticd]i's reJ.tionshil' with co",'!:ntion.1
hcrJ"hingch.nge
Christi.nitru .. lcrwcnt,..(~cal.diu;;t",.:ntwhen he won the 1" tron.ge of Horenti nl: ruler, Lorenzo dt:' ,\ 1"lici.
.ni,'cd to d.im Florenet: I.. d 1<" Christ. Sa,onm~a i"-"it",,,1 the inf.. ",ous 'llon fires of the V.nitics· .nd llottiet:lli, nOw one of his
Dc:' ,\ bG
j)j"
in Norm"
"'h(~.rlr
~,lIowerS, ol><:,~endr
th",w ""'e",1 of his Own
gnlUI' of men hi:
,1N"'ing< .nd ].. inting< into thl: A.mes. The
"~I"",,,d .,,,u ..1 him. TIK;r .i", ...,IS nl m.. rrr d.ssical I'haoso]>hr with Uristianitr ~,r.n entirdr new ';L'W of tl><: unil'<"rS<:: one when:
rem.ining pictures of his e.re ..... . re notic""blr mo.. " ,,>her in nlnc. lIottiet:lli'" ",OoSt E""ou;; pupil .."" Filil'l'ino
]"Vni,,,, was tc.<]lC""-,1 .nd .. neg"rr taught life's
Lippi, Son of Fili],,,,.
N",·P1anlrli,ts. the /f l O
k:.so..... "1M 1,,-"';(.1 J;dbl llottict:Di's
T he M ystic N:rth';ty (/500) 711, inHTiprion "ftrring to tM ApoCDIy"" and 'tTlJUhktoi Italy' iT in both 'rYu} and Luin. Botti"Oi hat u"d an ttrroai( dr...ic, tha, magniji" 'M VlTgi" and Child; alrog,rhN", 'h, pic,."., if callingfor a wurn to ,""Jir...ai m(Kality
FRAN<;:orS BOUCHER
1701
B()rn in Pari" JOn of an "m/mNdny dmgn<1"
1720
Apprmli"d a, an mgrat-.,- 10 Can, /"'<1" m'", nllllio, ofumuy",
1721
W;", Ib, Prir d, Ro"",
1728_11
Studi" in Rom,
1711
Admi,,,,! IlJ th, AGllJimr Ruylll' a, a bi'llJry pai"'<1"
1711
Marri" iIIari, · J,a"''' &"au, 'bry Ja," bat" ,b= childrm
1714
BrnJm"a M'lnkr ofth, ,-J.oom'Y and, I",,,, Profoor and R
I7W
G",m pa"Mag' " Mad"m, d, Pompaoour
17H
BrnJm" dirUllJr if ,b, R"Jal Goo.bm fMory
176!i
Mad, Fim Pai"'lT" '" I1mit XV
1770
Oi" in Pari,
Oth li,,! ue (1745) Bouch" oomir.d lI~n",u, ,;:l](m ""'} b, nl
sensuous, light.hcar",d
m}~h, ~ogi<:":ll
subjectS:
rench art of the rightttnth Ct:ntury took its cue from the hedonistic COurt at Versailles and espttiallr fmm Louis ",Y ', mi,rress M..dame de Pon~l1dour, wh(",e
F
godde><e< and cupids cOl'orting happilr .nl(lngSt the douds mim,.-ed the self. indulge,",e of the Frmch ar;'t[)er'1<:)--.
f,,,,urite anist w'1s FrJ."'.,';< Ro..,he" Roucher was the sup n: me cxponent of Roc c.::o, a lu_mrious d,-'::o1'1ti,'e strle , which dominated the wulthiest home interiors. Al n:adr an cxttllmt draugh~'11lan . he rrained with Lm",)',",. the ttiling anist at Versailles: fnml Lmlo}TIe I-.:: l<:":lrn",l" ,'erS:ttile technique that he apl~ ied to all the de"".... ti," 3Jts he .."1< engagt:d in . fr,. " "'I""")' to I",.-ttlain designs. After th n:c J'e'1rs in Rom". lIouch,,, tti",1 dL,nonsrrating his seriousness with a h::w hi"",y paintings, Rut they were not to the curr<TIt ttstC Or fashion of the timt . so he ... mt f,,.- the m("'t luenti,'c ,,'nllnissiof1S and wOn fame ... ith his
AC'lles that he ""1< ohligt:d nl please. but deda n:d he would "",'er wi,h to exchangt: his Ca"'LT foO' '11)-' o. her,
M:arl:.me de Pomp:odo ur (tktail) (c.I758) 7br-OIlgb &"d=, ;\talli,m, tk Pompaoour a ,",am if portraying b,,""lf a! Fran,,', IImbarrilOOr if ,b, artJ. /-I, ,,'W "'" kun
Ja'"
".=
go"'"
PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER
I fU(!)
B()rn in Bru'l:b.1
I H O(?)
Apprm';,,'} '" I
'-/l1I
lU I
B"","" a Marur o/,b.Ann::"p Guild
1HZ
T~
H H _ 54
S",p in Rom" oom, ria S,;:;". All"
I H 4 _ff
1I·...h in Anre,"p 'I;:itb Hi""''Ym'"
I!aly
,,,,,-d,
Cod, "'W""" and f'lihJiJb
I US
Pint painting,
]'",,-c.-h, H61
MarTi« Mayl:m,
daugl,,"
Binh" ..... Pi,,", A"I!UUJ ,;:udtby parron. Niro/"" 1011gb_Ii".}
H 6S
Bmb if ..... Jan
H 69
Dj" in Bru=h
P.. r~l>le of the Hli nd (d""il) (/ 568) A dnail frllm Br""?'!'f /art major ,,,,,* rifffTing to Q quOl"';"" from
M"rtbro', ~"Pd: 'Iftb. Nind /rod ,11< Wind, ""'b mall fall into ,11< dirrb. . In ,bi, Rlkmn aU'gory for ,b, btunll1l fir""tion 'M 'Iring of unfon'''''''' P'"pJ" ,acb by dinging bJiT/tOy to lb. na:t, aT< jopardi=ing lb," 0"'11 wk-ation ra,bff tban t..",king it aU! for ,bt-,""h~J
"' l1larlal>lC f"",.bout Pi",,, , Bruegel is tha' .fte, " ,,,,,lIi ng nIL-n,i,'ciy in lral)·
]'I' nti n the pri ntrt . nd G(~tzius the eng ""· ..... So i, wou ld be ~ mistake to conlU", him with One
he retu rned fmnc t" then "'<'(JI~e , lI e ""1< actu:t Dy One o f ~ glllup of di'ti nguished Flemi,h hwnani,tS, which included the geog"'pher O ndus, also
of his I",.,..nt figu "'s, lie hegan p'inting c<,mpHa,j,'<:ly h,e , Pn"",'br ,h'es frum 1558. It «:t. I",,,e rn f,. combini ng , cal ism and imagina, in n, dnu ],tlc;;s inspi , ,,] by Hosch , Simil~rly. H, ucgel". ch~r1C,erS nftcn po, n' to mo",l. and m, ke s:niric~1 oh", ,,,.,i<-. ,,, On lill:" ahl>:,ugh Hmegel"s apl" ' '''c]' is '" the r ,m'" gentle tha n Hosch '•. "Iru..." robust ='1, tions a n: Th< PilD of ,b,
A
R,IvIAng,b, TN Tril,'"pb.IO""band MadM'g (Dull Grin) . In fact , the fi ,st nightmHish im.gc wa< anrihuted to Rosch until rctrlming r<~'CiI"l lIru"gd '. s;gnatu n: . Il is '''ngd iJl Mad iI/'g may be • n: k n: nu: to thl: termrS of the Spmish Inquisition . lI, uegd m,,1e sc.,;.I. nd 1. ,lititalll« lte,ts 1< rc:t(tily 1< he <"lch,Jtcd thl: jO}S of li'ing. In painting he ~'w)(l. "itllme'ns of ""p rt:ssing his inner and ou ".,. ,isi()f) : 'In .11 my " .".. b therc ,,-as mO n: thought th.n p.inting :
Chi Idr<"tI 's G.me. (1560) Brtugd't
,b,
ANTONIO CANAlETTO
1697
Born Gia'.nmi Anton;o CIl1lllk in
lmi""JOn
,at" pal"'''1719
Trat',h",;,b /",bn to R"In' "" tb.1l1,",
imIin=
1720
Nil,", rMJro,d in
"git",-/l! J"""jIlR pai"'", guild
172f
Four ,-"'r.iT
C(J,"",imo",d fir
,"",cb"nt Sul_ Conti 17JO-J9
SfUdio ,,,,,*, for 'k Englisb mllr!..'
1740-41
Tr",.
174 2
Painlf R(Jman rui", m-j~ for
Eton College (c. 1754) Tbj, "in;, "f ,b. I,,'"ow- Eng/im puNic rdxxJ lUar Wind",r t..... , p";""d "';;"arm lb. rod "f Cllnm"'o I ITay in England. ,::bieb bi>d h
parronJ""pb Smith 174 6
rIm ";rit "'
I.""oon 17f1
f{""",, /Jrj'jly !rJ
lmj"bifor, r""aining in England 17H
"nul'''''" J~ni", p<"na"mt/y
1761
1768
EJm,d", ]'""ilm AaltN1I1jofFin. Am
Din offi"'r in ]-mj",
n",n;" Cln,I",,,, ehoo" to paint his n3li,,: cit)". Venice. Ln<""'ing it c"u1d make him I~""ty"f ".)n<) Ili< ~", "'ul.
T he <"m"-" itself ""•• well lrwwn, and fir" """,,1,,1 in I 550. CanalettIl 1:1 ught ,,"'crS hOI,,' to use it ~nd thus ", nder l'e<Sl'~cri,'e
_ m'''.'''' of det.il",:! .",hit""'u"" shimmering .... tcr, ~ nd bloc skies _ w""t down well "ith the
{'(,mincinglr. Iii, n
English nobilitr doing the: G r""d l iJUr. So well thot , ot One st'g.:: , J
~"
he:.d.. 11 o,,:: r Eu"' p'" Wor in Eur<1,e in 1740 <~srupt,,1 ~,"'ign trJ,eI .nd it w.... time n, s.:t:k Ou t English
In time , ('..analet'" rcr.n<:d his <JUq,ut to suit the marlet e,,::n b<~n:r. His "' p"noi", grew tn include populor Vcneti.n festi,.ls .nd
elients ., home. Fn"n 1746, Cana letto lin,1 in London for .1mo't ten rears, working It:.r p"rons such .. the llonOl'eri"" Duke
"" ", m<)flies .nd he "., willing tn I'" im .n emi ", series of ,.rouu (citr ,ie,,') in • uni~,nn ,iu:, n)
of Richmond. AI".}"S the best ""snlln<:rS of CtllOlcttt), the
furnish.nrstttt:lJ'h<M'H'. C.n.b", m.de nO «-cret of his rdi~n<:e On the "",""a d>"tIt'a (st" p.g.:: 198~". ,k:6nition of this
sole of josc ph Smith's entire {'(,lIecrion to George III in 1i61 b",ught to Engl.nd the w
A
B~sin of St ,\I,...k 's Squ:.ore, Venice (tkuri!) (c. 1745t) 1'b. ,-inii thaI'" many Grand Touri", tT",'dkd '" '", and buy _
MICHELANGELO MERISI DACARAVAGGIO
H7J(1)
B()rR
in
Car,,'..aygio, lUar
Milan, _ arrbirut I'iS4-8tJ
if an
Orpbll'wl, rrQilUJ
"'''kr P""zarUJ, a pupil
G"" '" R(Jm,
H96
iII"". fim parrlltl, Cart/ilUl/ tid iIIo"u
1f99-1600
fij,-;r
p«hJi,
c(J,"mirrion Im'(Jk-,d in crimiTlllI «"'.'i,i.., fI= Rilm, for
Napl" 1606-(J9
1610
Tnn-,/J to }1/a1
paroon.
/);,,,1
millarial i"'" in
Boy \\r,th ~ B",k", of Frui t (/ 59J.-4) Th< boy. ;;:00 !<JoE, ilJ jib. could k oJJ",jng him,,'! 1lJ Ik ,.i""yr along ,;:irb Ib, frui" j,p=iblya "If-ponrait. D"''''llggio ,;:ould bll'~ il«nllr()ilnd 21 pan if ilK'
Parro End,
b", ahaJy d,m"ID1I7l,d an ",rurll1l", in blllldling lb, J:TW~'n '" chi. m ,cUfo
"",-.ggiO'S
,,,,",",,,,/Ii#, and d!OOiJIJJ
Lomb'''ly g'lt: him. I'.ssion for r",,~sm and a
C"'a,'aggio himself ,cry much admired Midle l:"ngelo lI uona"ot; and I'aid h,""agt: to him "" ..... al times . "Inc angcl's hands in 711,
later. in Rome. hi: ""uld ,lisco, ·..... th., thesc were "','olu,ionary con""],,,. T he modds chu«:n roo- ,.,in's and ,ul" licants in his rdgious pictures we re gt:nuine peosants with rlgs , wrilllJcs and
''''pira,ion "f s, iIIanb""" p,inted for the Con", re lli C hapel , recalls God', Cua,io" of Adam 'lfl the SiStine Cha pc:l ceiling: and in S, Job" til< Baptirt ('"",b ,;:jtb Ram) , the lin)" I","es exactly lile Onc ()f the ig"udi, als() ()n the
ul,,,,t ,..-tJ.:l
Sisti nc cci ling. It al" C:lrS th.1t C '''''"1ggio'. m<~h,.1 wos to p,int directly f",m his modds, with no
C
<:arl)"
cduC:I,ion
in
p« l,"ato' -y drlwing . This
in'~C1n:s
the
US<:
()f
T he Su pper 3 t Emm~us (d""i[! (1596_16()2) 711, gfflU,n in tbi, picn,u ,,/I "'" g"'" J.d. 711, (JutJtT
Cou nte ,_ Refo,mation too , as thl:)" hoped that dramatic in,. ger)' in their ch urches eould he used to tempt people b,d fi-om dour I'rotes",ntism . Car"-.ggio combined • ,hort , wild, o",,-.sion.liy criminal lill: with an i"'n<..::I''-'Iic attibJd". Ilis in!lu",ce li,,,d on in the stu1niruh rlr til. t of toc r"" ... bblr tal"'ted Anemi';. G e ntil eschi. C a "'H"ggio'. worls continue to reM)n' te, sl'<..::ificalir with film_m"kcrS such .. 1'.",lini, J"m.nandBrtt"I,.,,,.
ISJ9
B()rn in Air_"'_ P,,"''''a, ,on of" han}.,-
ISf2_9
Srudi" at CoU'g' BoutPon ,;:itb Emil.Ua
ISf9_61
Srudi" law a' Air
IS61
Srudi" QT' in Pari" "'''''''' ro Air
IS62_70
R<j«"d by Pari, Salm. foyan .. _ Pruman .:aT dm'" bim to
I'&""J"'"
M""
/-Ionm" Fiq"'" IS72
Binb
IS71_79
In Ponroi" tmd A""ffT_JUr-Oi" ·/):itb pj
ISSO_SS
Li,~, in l'Erw'l"" and Ia",,- lmJ'~' to Gardarlm
ISS6
Mamn /-Ion"", Fatb ... di" I,aring bim an inb"i'ana
IS9f
Firrt ""<-man ,botri a' Ambrui" J~UQTd ,,,,U
1906
Di" ofpmulnonia in Air
Still L ife with POts and Fruit (1890 _94) A rtlilly
""""'n,
;ph,,,_
P
~UI Ch~nne
",os
~
shy,
itri,~hle m~n
",ere n'Jt <j'ml",h",ic to his idul of'the
logic~1
",ho, ~fter • di,,,,,uroging Start in tho: early 1860s - • ~"hidding father. cX:lInin.. ion litilu n: ~nd S,lon rct...,ls _ "'~rcdy
d""ciopmcn' uf e,'crphing ",e s{'(: and feci ,hr(JUb'" 'hc srudy ofn .. ure', It wa. his deli re ~"this essen,ial harmony. e<pres.«:d h).- c(~o ur
seemed dcstined for !.sting recognition, Ace],im wa. h:tnl ",On. taking 0"" ,hirty ycars
a< ,one . ",hich d rew him b,d '0 his bdn'''] Pr",,,n\1' in 1SS2, ' Inc ""Iusc who wished ~o
of disciplined "",l bc~,re his first one_m'n exhihition in 1895: ~,llowing ",hich . Y'JUnK"r artistS like the N. bis fon,,"] an enthusiastic
male uf Imp"'''';oni,,,, «,m",hing s"lid and duroble ' e,'en,ually ",en' much further. I>
clique . alert to C eunne 's pushing of ,he b(lUn<"", ionisrn ,
and 'he gamut of 'van'_ga"le "" pcrimcnt:ttion. Renoir a4,,1: ']-low un earth (l,cs he do it?
C6.3 nlll: knew th .. thc thco.- ics of I'"i,ian "".dm,ics and critics, Ic' .Ioflc public ollinion.
11<:
<'0 nro"
pu, 'wo t
3
COnyiS with(lU ' its b<;ngab-cadr.n .chieR,,,en,:
I n the P...l ofClt.. <-~u Noir (e.IS95) C'=
JEAN-BAPTISTE SIMEON CHARDIN
1699
171 4 (?)
BIKrI in Pari" J.m of" cabi"" mak.,. SUlrtJ training
and t:'Grking aJ
un","" 1724
Ad",i,uJ", ,b, A auJi",;' tk
Saint·we 1728
Dj""'."md by ,VimJ", J, Largilli"', at Sal", d, Jrnm=. El«uJ to F,nl
1711
MatTi" iIIarg'"r;" Sa"'Uln/
1711
The JUy (/728) O"'"f ,b, pair (Ib< otb,r "'ar Lc Ruff<~) ,bal Chardin rllb"",,,d to ,b, Prmcb Aallkmy ,;:bm Ninila; d, Lm-gillii-r< firrt di,..,,=d hi", am""g Illb...Y"""g 1xJp'/uh. at til< SRk", tk J'UlUn., Propk bad ""ITa}", tb. eant"",,,11K fik",irb niH lif" and tbry ,,"" romid.,.,d ~od ,_gil m go flr.::ard "",",dimly ar Cban/in ', dipJ","" pi""
T!lrnJ '" gmt?
paiming I7Jf
l"Ra,b "f .:if' and
ru" daugburr 174 0
Pm",,,dulLou;,
XV Mamn
Frtm{UiJ<-
MarK,,,r,,, PGIlg" 17f1
R""",, to paiming m'lIlift
1761
B"","" oDicial
bang" at Pari, Sa/()n
1767
1779
i"Natb"f "'''
Pi"r__1,,'"
h."lin .."1< the I.,." (.. tcnt~tjou< of cighteenth_u:ntur), French I" interS but iso/"ten cited, ",ith \\',.,t .,.~u , .. the gre,,,,st. La "" admirers of his ,1J1oc;;tic sttnes we n: Cou , b.,t, \'~ n Go g h .nd Gun"". T here is no hint of Rococo IfJiet)' in Chardin's pictures, despite the emuhe"'nu: sho",n hr othe, Htists of his dar such H Bo ucher .nd La""reL 'Ii, hegin ",ith , he p",duu:d ,~ill·lili::s of .nim.ls .nd frui~ similar to the I" ir th., w,., him his pl.u: ., the F,ench Aeademr. Then "",,'" his g
C
own I'",it hourgc<~s hou<ehold .. c n: his ~""'S. .nd m.de thci r " ... )'onn, the " ... lIs of wuhh), a" Io,'crs all ",'cr Eu"'pe. l ie h.d .n instin", f"." tdling the eu", ox'ment when .. look 'l< gC;;tu n: could he crrstolli ",d for posterit),. ' Ii,gt:the, ",ith th., gift , he h.d e,'ol,'ed • speci.1 t"'hni,!"'" using thick br< right tcrtu re.a,"lplar "flight. Ch"din 's h.ndling of tonal nlue< "'e ,,, imp re~i"e enough , but the ,,·ritcr Dide,,,, <... lIed him 'the g "'' ' so,ecro t" because his pictures offe ",d So much mo re. \ \r,thout pre.ching 'J< !itlse sentiment , he tapS into • consciousne~ hcp",d out,,"'rd al" "'''' ""c;;.
The Young Artist (/718) L'bardin', ,,"en 'OO, Pi"""-J,un, around tb, ug'"f Jrt'nl. Draud in a bJt« "",*ing apron, k i, picrurd ",itb a rrirhf",bi" mall, in a Ixrltkr, rrudying a drlrdng in front ofbim, Pi~J''''' did in flXt gr(l"", up to k an iUn'" and "'aT /iring in Imi" ill 1 767 ,,·hm b, di,d in my,,"io'" ,"""""a_,
GIOVANNI C IMABUE
1245(1)
B()rR
enm; tIS
P'P" in Norm" 1272
Acti:~
in R",",
1277_81
A,,;,~
in F/ornlct!
and Mis;
in Pi",
I JOI"()]
Act i!~
HOI
Di" in Pi",
The Snu C roce CrucirIX (.-.1272) Tbarua/irio" of ebri" "'aT a major tb"", for Cimam" and br iT Iv/in"d to hat"' p";""d tb. mbj
I-lo,-cntme
Onl: of his p.-inci!,'] worb is ,hI: s .... of
p'mter and mosa,clS' "'.... • (".-crunncr of the Rcn ..ss.n<"t Tncrc arc h::w ",,,,.-(10<1 ,k:l:Iil. of his lill:, lou, he did
frescoes that he and his IlUl'~S l.. in' ....1 for the church "fSt Francis., A«isi , b<~wccn I! 77 and 1281: another is his al'''' mosaic in ]'i..
1><~itjC:l.I.nd
C.th
G
,o' .. nm
Cil1labuc
•
,,.,,,,1 n) Rome in 1172, whcrc religious
"'~)nn
,.."l' in the ai, und", 'he new
"JI1~,I",ed
in 130Z. \\'hil" "'maining litithfulto
I><~":' ( Oreg".-y X. G"'g<"-y waS a ,mn of b rge
,ho: Hp.an,i"" rradition , Cimahue "mll',·"l to
idea<.lle ealled fo' a Gent.....1G)uncil in Lp)f)s, which ,ur""d Ou' to be a high."-,,er marl of ,ho: ,\li(1I1eAg.:s.
gi,'e f,"'ms a new (limmsio." adnowl"lging ,pa", and di""n"'. So 'he ma>ler 1''''<,1 the "-'y~" his I)H'"
T here in R()me, Om.bue
b"'OUS I'ul'il. Giotto. It is said th., they I)"" ()f)e (b y ()n the lk~()gna ,<x,d. Gio"" was a
were C>'1~( ... ing "-'}"S of bringing I))(,.-e ",.Iism inn) their wod. T he", "-.,, strung (bite to
sh
mmC
'''''y
&om 'he ,n
n. Iness
H}'untine .n and Cim. b"" >Y"'I",hiu:d.
of
Cin,abue im"ed him nJ he",,))e his '1'I'I"<'n,i", in Flo......,"'.
The Sant:.o Trinit:.o ,\bdonn.:.o (dUO) Cimabu.', pionuring tk'ign J<Jfimd BFamin. ",onlmunUlliry and ro",'""ud it to InOU .artbly di",mrion<, Although til< foldT" ,b. Virun)- cloal au "iO d'Ji",d ",itb !f1/d li"'I, tb. d",P"7 bang' qui" n,,"'rally; "nd ,b. fac~ bllt" ","cbanyd til< f"""ah'ly" iron< for a nro t::anmb " ,,:pm;rion
CLAUDE LORRAIN
""
Born CliUJd, Gd/i, in Cbamag""
Lorrain 1612
Orpb,,"'d
16H_26
StudS" in R(l,"' v:itb /anthrapi'"
T.m 1626
To Namy for apprmlje.Jbip ,;.'ilb iJn-U
1627
R""",, to Rom, p"WlIlRm,ly
1629
Pint daud,,'or}, bn
C . ttle and Pc.s,,,, •• 1611
JO
16JS
B'g;'" Liller
Vicw of Seaport with Mist Effect (c. 16j()) A typiCilI Gil/Ilk "apan ,-in.", ,;:irb ",/I ImildiTlgJ jlanking ,b, cum/""iri<m Imd 11gb, flooding lb, "'/xJ, """from" point jUS1 aM-' til< bor"'on. Thi, picmr< aim ilium-a," Ix1!:J d'P,b i, ",bin:.d by /ooJ:jnK "'":lIrlV rb, ba=y bor;",,,, ,brougb a griN/1m1 fading of ,harp out/ill< arid ttronge"'o",.
Verin,i,;,
a uffJrd
a/b;,,,,::,,,,,..-} 16B(?)
Binh
""mllrri,d 1682
Dj" in R"",,,
laude LHfain's chief c()fltribUl;'" nJ classical landscape I" inting ",."" his m3S"'rly bTabllCnt of lighL Although not fi-Inllally educat"!. Cb ude lnL·... the sn",es that l1
C
a'tlde's I'1tJUns g<:n"'ally came fmlll the F,rnch or It.lian ariS"'<1'1q-. II" I',in",d rJ.pidly fi-(." n<"C .."<Sity, hut ne\(" ncglem:d. thomugh 1"''1",otion thmugh d",wing, c'p<",.Dy fn,," nature. Somet;mes he painted outdoors, to
the Hil~e. He ""uld adapt the s<~tings _ p ..,,,,,.al 0, {'('''''al _ for an 0l"o nunity to cxpk'it light and atmo"I"'c ", (". perhaps "",,,,h n, a bro.d hotlwn. Hut alwaY', the b ..,ic in'l,; tation ,,":IS thc C ampagna , thc st"'tch of low-lying {'(,urn'}~id" arou nd Rome, st"' pcd in antiquity. Tt«;' Claud<'scar~' """,her, If'''' him b.
"""'n'c sunri", and ,un"'t at firSt hand. Claude a nd Pouss in dominoted thc """rneenth ",rnury in this genre and 'pawn"] ",any im;'"to.... In 1635, to k",l' ttad of his O,,,]., t and guanlagain." ~,rgcrT' Claudc began ,,,,,,,ding his {'(llllll1i«ions in a si<1chbook called the Libra lffi'ati" the '1>:,<11. of truth'. Financially SeCUre , hc 1,,1 a quiet life and tuto,,,1 on ly two ,rudmts. II is worls went on to in'pi,c gcn
aninnls. aaude then p"'1:=<,-,1 to I"int ""'I"'ns and , fi-om around 16040, to lmnumental Iand,a1"'s with tl''''"S wi ... ling through ",11 ""IS. A decade Ian.,., his ""rl b<"C>.llle stiD nx' ", <,,;c: ",ther ,.,itmn a ...1 m}"''''tlous and I"in",d On large cam""" with a W(~cr 1"let""
Londsc:>fH' with the Nymph Egeri> (/669) 0", if Clautk '''au,. and largm cam'a", ,bm::f Eg
THOMAS COLE
1801
B()rR Boiton, Englll1lll, ..... if a manu/aewu,- if "XN'/"
ISIS
f amilY''"War" to USA
1821
Stud,,, at Pbiladdpbia
AGliumyofAn 1826
S"t/" in earshUt,
m-fourllk HIltbon Rh',," SdJooI
1829
Tra,-.iJ to Ellro/". ,"un
Com",bk.
Lr~'"na I1tId
TUn"r in umd"" 184 0
II'<..-k iHromn j","llJing/y u/igi(}UJ
184 1-42
Rn 'irirr EUriif"
184 8
1);" in
,Y".:I )or}
N i.W"',. F" lls (186 7) by ]i"" kTid C hurch JlJamr
W
~h,.., ~Jnll,,1 rraining, 'he ~Ju ndc t of the innut.",i,,] ll uds<", Rj"cr
Sol",,,!. T homas Co le, ic:.m"] 'he b»;cs of oil painting from .n itinerant 1" J<,nitist in O hio, II" f(~ I()w,,1 tha' with" sdf· ,"ught d,.,,,ing I''''gram mc: tha' wou ld "'n'c ,,, undt'llin.1I his land=pc wori<. C,~c'. pmgrcss to IUD "''''~ nition w"lS "'p id. Ilis I"intings "" ulting from his firSt trip up the Il ud«", to thc C:t~4.i1l ,\")untai ns earn,,] :tn
'''rI.:.
l:tnd""l'e. As OnC who h.d grown up in • m.nuf.cruring envirunmcnt , C ole " .. s ,'e rr ",,,,iti,'c to the Lfll:crs of indu"ri'~"ti(", 'n
cnthusi.'tic "'''''I" i(", in Ncw IIr 1829, when C,~e ,i,it"'] Eu "~lC, he w"lS "'V"]"'] "lS Amc ric:i 's It.. ding p,inte r of .wc_inS l'iring s""nc rr , singlc _h.ndcdlr ""I)(JI~,ihlc fo r
.dol'",d the prodigiously t.lent<,] Fr"']erid
in", .. ]u
Il u']s"n Ri,,:: r t"' (~ti,,,,. Li ke C~e , he 1" '1"m]
Church (18!6-1900) .. his pupil. Follo,,'ing C<~c's sttrtlinglr earlr death in IfW8, C hurch show",] him,.,lf wcll .ble to c:i rrr o n the
for his StuC:ttions in South America whe n: he found" ,·cri.. l~c l'"adO;c. and Onet: on" 1000g tril' right around thc shores of the ",,,Iitcrrlnean Sea.
Stjohn the Bapti.. in the Wilderness (d""if) (1827) br 1 n ooll"1.< Culc Pain"d in N"", )....1-. /vt1:.y,n Cd,', birrori, trip up rit·,.,. and bi, jim "iIi, to EtIrTJf'" ,bi! d"mJnrrram tb, Htrt/mn Rir.-", ScbooI't 'nann,nr if rb, a"YS
Am,.,.i,an t."iltknl<JJ. / , nat "nly frd ,b, ,,·..,tkr if tratJt!U,.,." ,,·itb i" J(}aring m'lt"'taim and pitUlging "'''''ifal'', bu, air. mrr
JOHN CONSTABLE
1776
in &m B
BIKR
coni
1796-98
if a
,"",bim!
TaX" 1=_ from John 7biJinM Smith and /aUT.
Grorg' Frart
""
Em", Royal AcatNmyScbook,
L(J(IOOR
1802
PainIT Jim UniOR of IJrobIOn Jil.k
1816
Elop
in Lonmn 1824
Til< I by",""!;n
Study of Sky aM T rees f"1K Con""iIk, ~kying' ,",am maKing ,mall ",I muli" " d(JuM. t."jtb fiJI R"u,';:ritr"'(JR INK}. TypicaUy. b.c",".,.,d ud prim" in tbrk "roc" and (Jt~rlapping cdwIT. ,;.'hich gill" tkptb to til. cloud form"';OII, Thry """.. 1I()t mmmrily pan
,;:;m gold ,",dill a' tb. PaT;' Sal""
1828
,It,
Maria dhTOfTB, /,a"Rg C_Ulhk
b",
,::itb "''''' cbildrm
1829
El«ud a Royal AaliUmriil1l.
Pai"" HaJJ'igb C""k /811
PainIT SaJiJ!mry C",b,drai
1817
Di" in umd",
ohn C()n
J
1814. Dd.eroix and
Geri"'~ ult
bec'me in.'ttnt
,k:",n::e< of his Ron .. ntic natu",li'n>. Th, /Iayt;:ain <:':Ime from C o,,< ity of ot hCJ"s. Ilis lo.,g-a"':Ii ..,<1 a,bni""ion nl the RO)':II '''''''kmy Came in 1829, • ftt., )""" off.ilu ", to :tekno ... I.... lge his d .... li<:':ltion to intCJ"p ", ting the mutallili'J' of t.nd""' pe: and jlbt when 11rgt: ,"':Ithe< of it we '" bcing ,,,':1110 .......1 up h).. the indu,,,i.1 ",,,,Iution.
TIt" Cornfield (1826) Th< inbabi"d land=/" 1:'a, Conrtllhk)- ro"'tlmt iUld ImM intim"'. tbnn •. Th. liUI. to tb. rornfidd i, tb< JIll'" . ' " tb< an;J1 jOJ/(f!;yd ro J
"",Yr',
JEAN- BAPTI STE CAMILLE COROT
1796
B()rR in Pari" J.m Ofildrap
,"jlli"..-
1822
182f_28
Q,urr ill drapni apprm,ict! to ttudy an u"tIff B
rJm ,.j,i, to R(J"", t'i" S,;:;",.,-m""
1828_14
Tr",.d,Yo"nd Frana
1811
Wi", ,""lnl ", Salon
181411"d 1841
R" ..irirr 1!1l1y
1847
k'QTtkd L'gion of H(Jrl<JtIr
1848 "ltd 1849
The \\'hedl.. rrow (1881) by Camille Pi"""", Uh Milk, and 1"M"m;..-, Pi=nu ,b"TJI ....k 11w,dnfo/ ugulallJr a/mind and b<Jdy. I flrg" all """-""', grj,f, hit"m=/VId I n om jgn(JH ,lit''" aJrug,rb
At"". ThkuJo" R(Jt<=au. Ekcud m"nil
j,,,
j", INfO
ISH
,,,,tiff
Murr A/iO"
Vi,;" B
1862
At"". Cour"',. Vi,;" England
IS7!
Dj" in Pari,
he worb " fCamilie Coro. .... nn(.,ize
.he I 850s on,,""ls, C ow. began to p.in. using
with .hc..;e of hi. nin .... '''n .... centu'y F,{"Jlch "","'mllO ""ics, ",the, lile .he man himself, who was. lind and g{"Jle,ous
.. m.ny . . .wen.y .oneS ,e'r do'" to one anot he" resulting in •
T
friend to m.nr. y,~ his.n docs 110. "elong ttl all)' s;ngle c:t.ego,,", dcspitt: his b"" a"lu:tintance with .he R.rl,iz.on Sch(.~. Origin.llranr!<:1<,1 by " ........ coIou ri" Honingtt)n's lightncs. of touch. C ow. "''''SrUzed the I. ,,whilities of bnd,cape
m.d" ."". lool l>1'liruh,~' .n"",Ii,.::. Co,,,, " ... gre .. l), .dmi,,,1 br .he Imp,css;onists, .nd Ilcrthe Morisot b"""mc one of his pupi!. during the 1860•. '..:tmille Pi .s:.orro (1 83 1_1903) " ... bom in .he \ \ \::s. Indies .nd "ri,'''! in P.ris in 1855. lie m<~
p.inting, .nd th .. ther w''I'C 1<10 oft{"Jl ignor,,1 in fl,,,,,, of. stand.nl cla",ic:tl in''''''p",tt.ion , Af...... hi. firS, "i,i. ttl It.lr , which " ... tt,
,\ionc:' ... he Ac.demie Suisse, .nd " ... inAu<~ced, like moS. }'nmg poin.ctS, b), Co,m .nd C ourhe .. C o,m, ker "hice ttl him " ... to
p",,'e SO cruci.1 to his de,.:: lopm{"Jl~ Coro. p",duced rich tonal work th .. :teIrnowk,lg"! •he tradi.ions of Pou« ;n .nd Ch urle .nd
",10,"
bon"w,,! clementS of R.:lm.n.ici,m . It 1<:'<1 ", success in .he S.I
'''u<~'
ligh •• nd ",nal , .. I""" exeru.ion .nd Pis ... ,n, showed ...11
S;ml~r .dd ch"m',
tight Iml""",i<..,i" exhibitions .nd b"""mc • ,~Iocd m,:n"lI' hanne and G'1uguin. As ",dJ as .c:tching , he " ... al"..)'S c:tg ..... k.. rn new n::chniqucs , such .. Sc ur. , ;; poimilb"m,
'0 ' .
'0
Al'J'le Picking in Ari,,";. (•. 1867) by Canlill<: Cow. 0,,, of Corot', n'h'''Y 10rubCllp'~ in ;;:bich b""!,,,,u, a JI"ring ,"",",111 oflight and ,"o",,"rot t::itb wch tkliciICJ tba, bi, app!. pid:" rould "''"'''t IN turo for om of ,IN nymph' in a Claud, ""'aria. H" ba=y pr"n/a /m-, talraly bintJ at CO"") lat" ,biJ,,:ing a, a romp'iling fH'irlt""fporrra," and ""din if 11YJmro
JOHN SELL COTMAN
1782
B()rR in Nin::rb,
roR"f a ,ill: ,""WI' 1798
SlUdi" in l.ond"" '":ilb Gmin'Teirek
"/';:aumJour anirrr
""
rJm ,,,bibi';G,, a'
/ 800_0/
Toun Bri'a;n, b«",,,,, dra,;:ing ruror
180J
Join! Sk.ttbing S<xi,'Y in Lmd""
1807
Royal Acw/""yL(J(IOOR
I{mu-m to
N()f-dcb to "lICit,
"l' imag' library for 111u/mtr
"IT
1809
MarTi« An" Mil"
/ 812_12
B""diR
TheM~ rI
Pit (c.lSIJ9--/()) Around IS()4, C(J,man', rtyl"t"h~d '" til< """/for ""lI
)iu,,""u,b, (bj,jly prirlfmai:ing
1817_20
Th= roun<j Normandy yi,/d
""" """h,,",, of
"chinI(', pubJirb,d in 1822 I S2J
R"""", to No,-deb to uJUm,
painring 1814
B"","n Jim O,-,rdng iIlaJmat
King'r CoJ/'K'
&baal, Londikl
1841
Pinal t'itit to Noifoll<, ,"at., IT IIll,,, for
iantk"P" 184 2
Di" in U"u/ikI
ooling h:td at thl: age of sixty, John Scil C ot",an said, ' I nner Im"w the ti",e
which "",l<,] their own N(lrlOlL c"untTyside. C ot"'an 's b.sic technique _ including
when I "'"1$ not fo.,d of dr .... ing, . nd ha,'e heard my mot h..... $:I)' I d rc ""long he~, rc I <:(., Id s peal,' These ... o nls c"nfinn ... hat we
I",inting outdco:l1'S with 3 limited p.lcrtc - ""1$ Icam<,1 in his tttnsat the open studioofGirtin, who"e brief <'a rcer IHu~'undl)' inAuenttd all
know of CA'bnan: the 1"'I...J ar ",ach ..... "-~ up a <:ircula ting lib", 'y of ""cr 1000 im3gt:s fo<
IIriti4 ""lI:n"~ourists. Cotm. n showed a ,'ery p
"udents t" p
a, cas , , ath ..... than ",·"hing c"lour 0, '..... all and scraping 0 ' 'I_Jnging b.ck to the ...hite 1"' 1'' ' ' at a hte , , .. ge. Ilis cho itt uf particular
3"lui rcd hythe.;" who h.d ma,k: thl: G r.nd 'lour. I I"'...~· ..... , C ot man is hI:" Imo ... n a, 0.,,, of
,;ewl. ,i ,"s , high 3nd low, ga,..: «" 1'' ' for his uS<: of ah'If"'" p"'<'fning in a, C3' of sh:t,k: and
the essentially English , No , wich School of land"'JI'" I",inl<'f$, which he and 'Old ' Joh n Cn"n" I",] fnlln 1803. Ther dr ...w in'pi ... t;o.,
rcAc",im. T his, and his cha .... "'eri"ic h""d " .. 4es , ... e re cump""'] at the tim" to the '-"nerging worl$ of Chi ... and Jap.n and ,]uite
fmm D utch p.intings of fbt land a nd hig slies,
"ardingly pn: figure the mo,lcmi"s.
L
The C hirk A'l,, ~~h, ~' (r.I.~ /0) Tm moollmmtaJiry of ,bit Uatb "'IUrJ .. Itlttropt. t....non. &tb Jr,'," ro",iJr .... hI. ,nil III ~R
""tI
"flU"
GUSTAVE COURBET
18 19
B()rR in o,.-""n.-, "'Ro/a/arm.,-
1841
SlUm" Ia'w in Paru 1m, thang"
"
..
184 7
t"
painting
S.I/_prrlrai, acc'P"d Iry Pari,
Sal", I."",," Virginia Bin" kilrf him a
"" 184 8
Pari, ",,",urian.
ahdit"'.'" "fLoW, Phiipp'
I SH
MUlr{Hltrun
A/f"d Bray'" I SH
Slag" ,,,,bibiti()rl in
P,,,..,I,,,,, of
R
I Sf6--69
Trtr.,./t Enro/"
1870
Acti! ~
R
afrrd
'mprjro,uJ for Ii"
The P:.ri nter's S tudio (d.'ail) (/855) Tb,y fig"'''' "PfJ'ilT at til< em,,..
,"o",hr, /in
u 'JoJutionnry acril-iti" with Pari, Co,",""", 1872
l"Narb ofJ<JR
187J
nU'lil <",ik in S;;,ir-.Lrland
1877
Di" of dropry in La TOUN<-P,ii::.
2()
fm. A)'ro"gh b, bad rrudi,d IMg..,,,,k pim,,,, in til< u,ttt-r, (Courk' ".", '"fElly ,,1/_UWgbl), ,hi! romp"Jirion jn'ny rimpl.; Y" ,,,"'ain "'p«rr ulx> bhoomirurionjir R"nbmnd, Il1Id JH""'Ii=. Many Olb.,. figur" CTI1!:.-J in on ,,'th.,. riO. ",b, foB pim,", ,;:bieb C_Iv, d=rikd if! ~b, moraJ and f!hyica/ bi,"'Y "my ",illiG'
ill~J]ic:lti()n<
u"".c GJurb<1 rt'Och,,] his p",l a<. Re,li,t l",intCl' in tl>< 1850s. &.Ii,,,, w:lS n:gardcd :IS ,bngcrous Il}' ,hc
of the shift &,. n.n agn.rian tn an indu,n-ializ.cd so:K'i<1}': 'I ],e fn::c <~'cn of golt:mmCl'lts. The prol ~ e hal'e m},S)'"p"hics,
Fn::nch ,"'a,km)" who di,lil,,1 anphing l",in,,,1 in a 'IHIfl "'nmus, wlron,ri""lmannt".. In ,h,"e
Imu" address them 'tir""ly: Cou riJ<1 tUll &,. " tl>< R,. "amic mo"::",,,m a
days, C ou riJt<:n' with his po~ties. which .."re s
Ii..::ting of ",,,,I "",)t;o",,1 im"~"::"":n~ bu, he discard,,] 'hc ct:n'nl mle of the in,~,'idu:tl. llcJirting ,ru'" and dignity w<".e 1,)C:t,,,1 in ,I><
org; niu,ion . hal·i ng alrcady gr:lSped the
{,(lflllllUnity and rcality of <~'ery,b)' lill::.
G
"lU"
P".""'ts Ret umi ng to r;1 :og"y from ,\hr kct (/8 50) On' if ,br" R,alirr pictU""bar ,"ad< CotlTk, I ""'"' ar ,11< 18 5()'" 51 Pari, SQ/on. TI1< otb,r r~·. "Yr' T he: Stont bo-eakLTs, and bi, [nTI ,""""mm'Q/ "'m'/lJ" Rurial a' Om. ns. All ,br" painting, 'Nchd tb, puNic kcau" ordi""ry t-iDa!."' "Yr' pr"",ud in a ttyl' tbat nmhd tbn" ,,·itb ,b,ir 'k,,",'. Opinionaud and pr<1tYJCa,ity a, ,,~r, C()tlTk, " ...,- purring an a' tb, ""'if< ofJrJcial ",-0/",;""
\ Vhen ,he jill)' ~" the 1855 I'aris Uni,'crsal Exhibi'ion rejected Courl)e, 's Tb, Pain"r', S,udi{J , IlC(~'1c ridiruled him ~" ha"ing se, up his Own show in a 'P.,.ilion of Rnlism ', I lowe"' r, One "fhis Ii:." supl><}("'''' ' Del.......);.. , publie:tlly ,k.::b red: "InC)' ha,'e re ;Cct",J On< of 'he mc..;, ou tsttnding I>oin,ing< of ,he times.' Ry gi"ing "hing< :IS ,her arc' ,he monum<'n,al '",a",ltn' nonnall)· .<,,:-onled to
11lj-',h(~ogie:t1
".- his,u";cal ,hemes, C ourbe, '''' ou ' '0 demolish ,he ,ndi,ional hierarehies of ""hi"'" ma"." and increase ,ho:: eml", ,,is On pun: ly fo.- mal ,'aluts, l ie felt ,he acnlal C"m"!S and pain' ",e re :IS muth his suhj<'C' ma"cr as the ""'ne he depicted, Such ideas we", ",ell " he.d of 'hei r ,ime and C ourb", 's d""I"a,ion of ere .. i,'e ind
LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER
14 72
B()rn Luau
S""oo- in Kronam• ...., " " painw'
,,"HOJ
;\1"",.,- to Vim"", in aNKiation ;;:ilb "'t.?
,,"IHO
tmit.~rJjty
To Wi,,,nM'X '"
c_, paln_ to
f:,..d.,.itk Ill, Elm"," of Sax(l/Y. At"". muJ ""YO for MlU, jn i.mb,r, aim MU,"'I dty cOiIrItil1or in 151? Hi, iarg' 1::orhlxJp
""ploy< J"'" Hamand u,./H
/fOG HI9
Fi,i" Ib, N"b.rlalllh EJroro '"
1I'i,,,nM,,, '""."
clJimtii H20
AaJ'ur,.,"P"'h«ary'I,bop ,;:itb prin"r't
pal""
un "nd H 40
IHO
TaAllgdmrg;;:,"tb
,,,,il,d Elm",-Jobn Pud.,.idr.
Iff]
Oi" in lI;'imar
".
Sdf_Port r';t (<
il. of Locos Crlnach's youth arC but it is I',.;sihlc he and Grunew~ ld studied unde r the •• me mOS!!:r. W k" C,.,n..,h mOl"d to Vienn. in ISO! , he plt. l"""d ",,) fine I. l, religiou, ,ubj"'" 711, Rm '"' ,b, Fligb, iruo Egypt, in the "ric of the llinu hc St"'><~. Cnnach h.d d<":trlr esttbli,J",1 his rq)!Jtation when in 1505 he ..-..s im'ited to \\r,ttenbcrg os CAJurt p,in"' r .nd dil~om .. ic "b",nt n) Fn::dcridthe \ \lsc .l lis as.«ri.. ion with the EI<'CI(l<SofS,,-
D
(~ "run:
,ho,
50 rcar.>, during which time he "'.... ",,1. IJim m: a, chi,,, of the Electo.-'. entire ('lIlil}, and o, her I'fU mincnt figu'""', bot h Catholic .nd l' m'e>t:tnL In \ \r,"enberg , Cnn..,h bcc.mc • do", friend of ,\ I.:t n in L uther a nd dc.
C upid C ompl.:t in ing to Ve nus (•. 15;0) CrarlllCb d"',lop,d ,b, gmT< of'Il< "OII: nlld, for a "ht hand if pri:-a" roD«mrr. Gmmdly rIIlm,d 4'" nymphr or godth= - foran dnnmt of rUf'«!Ilbih'ty _ """'parmt drapny. ,laborau batJ aflll j"",b- only rum m nnphari=, tb,i,- naJud",,,, Tht! ,1,fIll"" Mann",irt ""t/i", if til< hotlY"'ggmr rba' Cranacb t::orhd ""'from a Ii:" mothl but fr(Jm rtyli=:Ld mgra";ngr
"
SALVADOR DALI
1904
B()rR in Fig"m", of a n",ary
RlR
/921 _13
SlUdi" paiming and drm::ing at
L'f.:.ok th &aux Madrid
.'lTIJ.
192f
rJm O"'-1l1an
,bow in &raI011" 1928
Mo,.,.,. to Pari!, IVnw"",,,play for Snji",n Un Chim And"lou and }Jim S1l1na1irrr
1914
C;,.;/ marring' to Gala (Hdnl"
(<./912) by Juan ('..- is In 'b"itrly 'arla/ytic' ph_ "Cubi,,", Gri,' pal"" t::QTCooDy lim;"d. A",und 1912, hi, to_ grr", ricb.,. and b, _d rt<=! bro,,'rIJ and
!"NIII,.i""
lI,,~d
DiahnoJj) 19J9
iJ«mu~ "'ppon
for
fi-"""" br,,,h
'with Surmuim. S"r/" in USA, 11«(/"''' R,,"nan
Catbdi(
1941
Firrt r.tr"'Proit'< at
ill",,,,," if
,\tot/anAn,
NnIJ
)i.o-}
al,'ador )),Ii ,,-!S an irn::l' n::ssii>lc self· puhlicist and the culti".,or of the art world's mOst fam ous mou>tache. T he
S
t""hnic~1
I
1948
R""",, '" Spain
brilli"n"" with which he could I"i", and draw g"'<: him equal facility for rep""lucing "ari ous s l)'les. fmm Reali'm ,
1974
Op"" "arm Mum, Dali in Fig""'"
Imp",,,,ion"m and Culli,,,, to the M""firitll of the Italians de Chiric" and Carra. Ilis ,,"'s:ttilitr and ,lills also ext<:,,,k:d to sculpture and
1992
!"Natbo/Gala
fib,,-m' king. T he ,., ,,,enpl.), he w",'"
1999
OJ,.,. o/b<art [ailu" in figlMraJ
Cbim Ant/Ill"" admitted Dali to the Surrealists' group whcn hc m,"',,1 t() Paris in 1928. Tnis c"intid,,1 with his ,li""JI,et}""fFrcud's the," yof
drawings (he had originally studied <"Tlgineeting). On arri,ing in Paris in 1906, he ,.,nl,,1 among pj<::>. so's circle in ,\ ''''' ''nanre,
the un"",scious: ",",~ng 711, Inurpr"urion"f led to D.li's ""pha,is Of) dream imag.:ry and his ~l1ran o; ac-criti c:t1" method. lIowe,'cr, the anist's right_wing I><~iti<:":ll
which included '\j)(Jllinai"" and ",",s champ i"n,,1 1».' the writet G etuude Sttin. In I.,cr }<:ar$ , Di.ghilev {'(,,,,,,,i,,,ion,,l him to design f,,, the H.lku Rus«:s. Unfo< n",.,dy,
"iews <:":Iu,.,d an e,"Cntu.1 split with the Surrealists. As w"lr Immed in 1939, he and Gala
G ris ,ulf",,,l ch",nic d'l",::,,;on and I"'ysical illness, which bo-ought 1 hout his early ,k:.,h.
~"
Huilutl's Un
0,.,,,,,,,
as t() the me
al, ,,,l1ch through
m<~iculous
grid
In ,isi 1.1" Afglun "ith Al'f"'rition on B"~,,h of F~c" of G~rci.o in Fonn of Fruit Dish with Three Figs (19J8) t.,.. S"lndo< D.li Tb. 'pilranoiaMTirica/' ,""bod wNi in Dalil- 'bimd_pain"d dr",m pbomgrapbr' im·ok·.d p"",,it-ing '""" than '"" imaK' in a
JACQ!JES-LOUIS DAVID
1748
B()rn in Pari" J.m
of a ,"",barl! 1766-74
SlUdi" paiming a!
Pari> R")'ai Aallkmywukr Vim. ,:: j",. Prir d. Ro"", l77f_tID
1782
StuJi" in [!Illy, finally rm.rm to Pari,
Marn" ilfargtl
Cbar/,,'" PrnJuJ;
'bry Ia," bat"
fo1lr cbildrm 1784
Pail", L()iJi, XVI', c(J,"mirrion The
O"h of the ]I",.. tii 1789_'}4
Politically imYJ/:-ro in r ,mtb R
N..poleon Bon ..p one Crossing the All" (/ S()I) Tbir/it·
Di!'omd by ';';/' 1791
1796 1797
At"". Nilf'"lion
for por'rai, ,i,ring 1802_15
Cli,"hTranh
1816
BaniJb.d", "Wdtk on fallof Napdron, jim to Brumlr
1825
IJa,.id IrlId hi, ,"u/il. n" '"~"'f,' tugg<sud II tbat ifNapo/i()n am attack ,b, AJ~';:i,b nub ,';giJtlr. ,b",b
Rnnarri" ,;:ift
OJ,, in Bru",1T
W
hen J'''''lucs- Louis D,,·id Came hack to F.... n"" f",,,, 1t~lr in 178(1,
he returned with stlong ide. Is ba",d m ,he ,ul'''''''! "inues of a"cient R,. "e. lie w"ls "","ni",,1 n) Nco.. cla«ici,,,, , ",hich dc",and",:1 thn a"i,ts should tale ,hci, subjeCts and 'l)'le f'"m antit]"" m,)(lels, as Pou";n had 150 }" a,s p""iou,ly. Tne F"' nch , es pondcd by drt:1ing U"'id II) bo, h the Acadc",y and ,he Salon. Hi s highly finished linc , colou, and "'"nl""i,io., ",c ", W"atly a,bni,,,,!. Mo.-c ,han that , his St}ic wa. I",,,,,,i,,,d as ,"",~u'io.,al)', matching the country'S »nod fo , an end n) a,i''''''rltic OOITUI" io., and. ""urn to the ,tr,n, p"riObC morals of ''l)ubliC".ln R,.nc. Upo., ;)ining the ", ,,~ution:try Commtion,
nn'id ll)",d for L ., .. XVI'
Tb~ /J~lllh afIHIl'''! (drr~t'f) (179 J) 711ir i, DIII.'id', gr,am, ""..1: and ~ m,mpl, ofpoh'llrIlI palming. 711, radical rn"'",illtUlr:'f M~r~' if sixm'npi ..p.... Cb",./1It1t Cardll)' - a GntuJi" _ "", Irirhd 1m' 'l:'q in, ",i,b ,ht 'IOU ht i, 1Iill balding, and 1Iabblh of ,\ bn' ""S oft'" M" camp"'" ",ilb MUhtI_".~) I'j"",; " iT alf i",~1l' of_"'",.
"'/1""'''
'''''I
"''''']''11-
EDGAR DEGAS
18J4
Born in Pari" J.m of a /mnhr
184 7 I SO
iJ<",bofmorb
Gir" up
Ia~.
Snltb'" drtr~'ing ,::itb L,,,,"'k. arrmdJ rruJi()"
Barri", I SH -f9
Mak" "'~",I1rjfH
to ' '''Iy rtudying and palming I S6S
Paru Sal", tklmt
1872_7J
Tra,-.iJ ,;:itb brlllb", Rmi '" Nn., )i.o-k iltId
Nn:> 0.-1,,,,,, 1874
H,Ip, organi=, fim ""p"",ionist .rbibition
1876-86
Taka par' in mb"qum,
Imp",,,,,;,,
,,,,bibiti",,,, ImT 1882 1880
FiJi" !>pain. Ettbing 1::"b Pi,,,,",, and
The Ope .... Orchestr~ (/868- 9) Th< fim
,Ii,
Ctroll" 18S 1
&bibin!im
"Wp"'''' if J"""," I S9f
Tun up pbomgrapby
/ 909_ 11
C'IlJ" t:"rk J", to fa iling ':'T"igbt
1917
OJ,, in Pari,
dgar ])cga,' 1""S
nflight and rolour. ,' lanet " .. y or may not holt, ,uggt:",-,
study the Rrn.i""anct: tlvough h'l..::nt o-il" nJ Italy and _ 'lfl hi, uwn ,h<..-,,'l' _ rop:l'ing in the
Il-,." the Stt n in 1874. althuugh he ne,Cr wh,~ ly
LOUl' '''. There in 1861. he and ,\ b nct met in ftont uf a Vi::b"'I"::z. ])<-1;:a, . who ne,." """""I imcstilf"ing ",'ery tt:chnie..1a'pect of l
""e'l"ed their doctrines or techniques f,..hi""df. lie 'lfllr'ig n"l his works whrn I><: s,~d or cm ihited them . thus '-'<"'troll ing their
and drlwing, h.d Spcnt th rt:" yC:t IS on the ru
nw"her and ,'alue in the
E
Iml" ess.i'lfl i,<.<. Degas exhihitcd with tl><:m right
mark<~I'I.ct:.
'm e Llundresses (., 1aN) Notbing ",uJd I!< much fortl!
His subje",s COme f". " his uwn b.dground: the high.hom f"''''rnity uf the ra"""JU r'd "i,in" , and the nude. srtmingly ub",,,'<'1, a< he said himself, ''''''JUgh the keyhl~e '. Degas \\'1$ .Iso caIJti,~",d by Jap.n"", prints, which in'l,;ml him to ttperi",,::nt w~h I~~iqueand unu",all"""I"""~"S. Unf"n unatc~.. Dtps' caustic wit lu" him
m.ny friends and he C.me '" • ,"'~tary uld age. "" his biggest I"-I~,I",,, \\"1< alw"!ys his failing "J'eerhaps th1t \\"1< why he ",uk "P Ilhu,ugr:tphyat the ag>' "f 6 L the camrta being efl'e",j",ly a new p,ir of eJ'C<. lIis exprtt ,,,nture intu I""ds \\"1< anuthrt att"'''I'' to wo.-k .IU",..I the pmblc,,~ Hut his Ia" reSort \\'1$ n, make s,mall w:IX SCW ptures of dan""'s and 1>:,,,,,,: ' ,.one S<"tS ro' lon ger in """",.-y.'
cxet,,,
DELACROIX
1798
B()rn and raimJ '"
18H
SlUdS" ","kr Nrodarrian GUmn, mutI (".iri'IlkU
1816
Ent,.,-, L '£COl, d" B,aux.-ArtI, mutI Bonington
1822
Finr Pari,Sakm
182f
Vi,i" Boning",n in England, ",ah, li'rograpb!
1811
At::ardd LLgi(Jfl 01 HOTlllur
18n
&,..II Frnl
18H_n
Pain" ",any pom-ai, '(6"mim'ont
1818-+1
iJ«oram- pan 01 Palai"Ju LUXN"ruurg
18fO--fI
im()ramailingol ApoUo Galhy in Lo"''',
18H
Sro"~
180
"«'1"_' ill
48 "",*, al Pari, Unit~",,1 Erbibiaon
EJro:ro '" r ,mtb h"~'!tlu
1861
1861
Fini,l1<, mural, for cburtb
Women of Algie rs (d""i!) (/814) In 18 J2, Ddacroir 1;:a! among Ib, r"i~", ""mdSng ,b, Frnl
E
u~nl:
Dd'U:Toix IJt id"d him«::lf on the
I'icrurl: 1'""id<,1 im petus
to
Ddacmix's Own
<1'1:<,1 .. which he cou ld work: 'skilful enough to sletch. man f.lling Ou t of.
"'cati"itJ-' hut he nen'" =<1",,,1 the Romantic hho:l. obstinately insiSting that hI: ",'as '"
win,k",,' during the bml: it ttles him to get ,.n, thl: ground: And notonlydid he luim . ho: 10" ",1 music. ",~d ",ide~'. and wmII: flscinating k~t"'< • nd iournalsa bo", his lill: .nd times,
I'u", dassicist'. I-Ie grcatly adm"",1 and <:'<'l'i<,1 ,\Iiehdangelo. Vewt>CSC ",.1 Rubens in thl:
Dd""'oix Studi",1 with G<'rie.ult undl:' C ue,in ~nd subs.::qucntly 11O«::d ~" his friend as the I'mnl: figure On the Raft _/rb, U"/ru,,, Tne
LO"'TC. and alwar<
made
""y "" ", ful
IJt
him«::1f besjde ,he iconic Libeny figu re as ,he an,,<,1 man in ,he "'I' ha', Dda"'o;x had coo"p"",,1 ,hc iourney fn. " "a,rling, in,..""ti,·c "~o ur", n, ,ctdy in I",,, with p, ..
p:tS.
,\Ius~cre 3' Ch i", (/824) Inrpi"d by ('.iri,au/t)- ma''"'''t
1'""""
1::,,,
DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA
12U(!)
B()rR in Sima
1278
Sim", mlmi"pal wlnmirrion for 12 '/):oodm pmulr
1290(')
Marri" 7;'t'iIl"". 'bry hm', "'~R ,hild""
12Sf
Altarpim w,"mi"i(JtUd for Sam" Maria Not~Ua, Norm"
129f
App"i"ud '"
Wlnm;,," of clltb,dr"i non<-
maron,
HOI
Altarpim CiH",",'m'oMJ
for
cbapd in Pala;::;:o PuNic. I J08_ 11
PaY,"n/! "ronJ,
for ,\ he,tiI. for Sj"", CIllb.dral ,b, only.", rigmd by OW"" 11 / 9
I)i" in
Sin/"
A 'Rish(~) S.in"fr.o" ,\bescl (dnai!) (/ JOS_II) "[b, Siro", pair/un bad a r"",lrJ:abk fo
(~
lluonin.<egn' ,,",-< the carlies, of the Sicnc'" sch()(~. Like C h ,.. !.u" of Flo"'nce . he ",."". RcnaiSS3.ntt fo ",r unner, his art marking" t"'n,it;on lIyunti"" to G ,.hic. Loren >c tti and ,\b rtin i would build on his lepcy by d{....d ,1' ing the Intl:rnational G ,.hic style. Little is .ctually Imown .hout Duecio, though "'ntCl"I,,"'a,y ",,,,,ds ",,-cal he had se",n chi~]r"" , oCCJ.,;jon.lI,.. rln inn, ddll, and """,,,itt,,] ",i,.." ci,ic OffL"TlttS. lie ,,"1' fined
D
"""in
"""'tt
!i-,."
OnCe ItJr refusing II) s....... r .lIegianet: II) the local ",iii,;., and "vin for refusi ng to fight in "'.",nun •. N""
city st0l' '''] "",1 to """""I"ny the Mami) in procession thmugh the fnll" Duccio"s studio to the '"1the
'"t'''''
swo rd, the AI"",,,, ,,",-< l",int,,1 to cdel","e • military ,ictory th .. h,d ..,'cd Sicn. ftom im'a,ion. It h.d bcen tht...., }" ",s in I>
'Ju,bs' kiss' and 'PI"}"r Ofl the ,\ tount of Oli,''''' J'nNn ",,,,,.tit (I J()8~ 11) Duu;a'l ,\ \.:tc;;tit ';:al tkJuhJ,·rid,d, Tht! frJRIt " ...,. 'h, ",,,,,tit i"
"=,
1471
Born in ",,,,",mOO-g. ,on of a ~ltbmj,b
1486
Apprm!i"d '" painu.. and ""oJ_ cUt illl<51J7lllJr Ji-Ohlg<'mu!
1494
Marrin Agnn h ry of'YIlT,moo-g
1494-9f
Vi,,!J '
1498
Publi,ooApoc:lhp«: ,ujn, pain!J Dmdm AItIlrfJi'"
I fOf-U7
SlUdi" in lmia and Boi<Jgna, inflummlby Bdlini
H12_19
In '",'r,!O Emp"'" Marimih'an I
HH
Excbang'I t::orh ,,·itb Rapbad
Ifl8
;\fun- Martin Lu!b... in AugrlNrg
I fl0-21
H28
TIliIn "'nlm-Iand, ,,·itb A gn", m"oGrulU"'ald
Sdf_Ponr..lit (/498) Th< "'mpositi"" of ,bi, p_1 pomui! foil",," Ill< N ..-mlin, nyl<. In i" Ill< ci<J,bn, bairrryk i11ld di"anl t'i"", ofmm.."-I"pp,d ,"""nUli",. all india'" Ibu! Dii"r ",m-jdn",d bi"",lfIl dignifi,d man of ,b, ""rid, and "" m", pro,.;naal lTafoman
A
Ibm,h,
D~n:r
.."1< the
~"CJll00t
'lni"
Eu"' pe - bearing his ,li"in",i,,, 'AD ' mOfl()gr'm ~nd
his bme ""1< ~s"ur"] when:wr he went. Dc'pin: c'."phining ,h.. oill"inting n)()k up "".e time than it ,,-!S financiaDy wonh , D~,er p,in,ed nume",uS altarpieces .nd
of the N o
-
di n:",io.,. The notio., of 'R""aiss; nCt:
,," n'
pom.its. I n time, he .Died him«:lf to 'he ideas
appealed to Diirer, who«: self- ronn it< - a n...... ide. in it«:lf _ stamped his image on the
or the Rd'>nllatio." and ,ht" n: ,,"1< • blcn,ling of northern n:ali>1" ... ith the Rt",,,issan«: ,isio.,.
d""ciol"ng Eun1,ean tndi,io., . After. "i";t to \h,i«: in 1494, he <"'"ain,,1
])jj,er ronse"'ed his wo< b On I"P'-"" ,.. ,,<~imcs ,b«>] and en"Il with no.es on ,he
in N un:m herg fo.- ,he nex' ,en l'cars, busr p
suhjtcr_m.tter. Il is wo"l. h:t"e su"i,,,d 'c..>, in letters and ,~aries, and al,,) in the Cour" "" tb, An
mark,,] him .s o.,e of the mai'. p
Fou r Il o"",men of the Af><>"" IYf>
THOMAS EAKIN S
''''
B()rn in
PbiaJdpbia, "'"
of a "am.,. 1866-68
Srudi" at L' Erd, d" B,tlllr-Ant, Parin",tkr Gm,,",
1869
SfUJi" prj,.",/y ""tNr BOOrlll!
Vi,;" S"..,O.
IS7f
PainlT T hcG,,,,,s Clinic
1876
Cmtmnial
E.rporiti()n, PhiJaddpbia
ill"" fotu" ,;,if SUSiln M"al,,;:dl,
The Fainnm Roge rs Four_ in _hmd (d","il) (/879) Tb, p",i,i"", "f,b. /'K' of rb, four-in-hand ilY' CIllcul"ud by EnJdm fro", Ib, puhli,b,d ," of Mttybrid§)- Ix",< p/Mtoffapbr tbat b. ",,:rud Enkim', patron, P"irman RiJgn' "'aT m!b<=d tmd im'j"d Mttybridg, '0 gh" """' 1«11"." in Pbimddpbia. Afrr-.::ardr, ,b, Unn',.,-riry" Pmruyi:-ania «(J"'TIK,d ;\luyi>rit/g, to a",tin", bi! ",...J. tb.,.,
kg;'" ""thing ill Pmnryi:-lmia
Aaltk1l1jofFin.
A" 1881
Buy, jim camnu
1882
Mad. Dim:",r. P"''''y/,'anja AcatN"'y,,/fln< Artfand Pn/
1886
R";gII! from
Aallk",y""" rlwl< hfr "'{JIM C(Jiltrot''''Y
1889
Pail", ' inc Agn ...... Clinic
1887_99
M",." to Nortb Dahl'a
1916
OJ,, in Pbilatklpbia
Amcric~n Rc:llist , Thomos t",in"l in Eu", p" in the Ia", 1860s hut ,tid no. ,'rn'ure ~hr'"td again. lie w.. s inlL"n,i,cly o,,,,upi,,] fo. a d=de fr'. l1
L
ea
1876, tcaching. t the PcnIlSJi,'.ni:t Ac:ld"",), of Fine Ans, Ia",r bec<Mlling ",,,,,,II Dirccto... E.kins was harshly cri.ici",] during his tCJlurc fo.. his inm"'",i,,, .eaching m.... hods. lie in.>i"ed i. ".,,, 1><:<. ~Jr his srudents tt, wo.. k fr,." from dissectinn: .nd to oh"'n'e moti,., I", w.tching a.hletics. He want"l.h<"Jl' to describe rcalitl' without .he int""""ntion of """,kmic or foshion.ble li>rmulas. This appruach , he helie,,,d, led .n 'rti" di rcct]l' nJ the interior rc:llities nf hum.n ch"'''''ter, Con.«:q""ndl" a p<.O".",it should h" p"n .... nting, not nat",ring, ahh,.,gh i. should ne",.. sacrifice the dignitl' of
the sitte r. Eakins p,id highll' for his rc.'olutioMI)' principles. lie w.s forced to rc';gn fro", the Ac:ld""l' in 1886 for Ilrest".ing a "'JI"I~c",ll' naked m.. le mudd to • mixed· gend"r life class. Fru", the 188(1s, E.kins worled wi.h I"'otography, OS insp',...;nn , OS.n an ~ln" , and li>r .",
The Agnew Clini c (/889) Tbis bu!(' pitm" Il"'-' 'Il< Pmmyk'ania IJni,.",ity ,",ditM mmm" a p
CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH
1774
B()rn in
Gr.ifr.::ald, _ " a "mdk-mu,," 1794-98
Srudi" at AauN"'Y"/ C(Jp",bagm
1798
S"r/" in Dr-rom
I sor
k'QTtkd pri=< by
W,jmar h im,uof Ar' 1807
B'g;'" ""rJ. in o#h
18 11
BrnJ,"" ,"",."y,,! B.,./in Aammry
18 16
Em", Dr,";'"
The Riescnge bi rge (/8](;-4) Pai~"J during a P"-'oJ a/bappy rrability in hi,lifo, f 'ri,dricb lolli, back .., il mountai" fOur k maa. ,,;:mtY:1"'" ,,,rli" and rrnJlk;) and '-;01." il m""d """,,lIT ,bat j,
Aallumy I S18
/-I.,.,
ilIarri" GroIi", BiH","" in
Dm'm 1824
B""m" amn"",
prof""'- III O,-,mm A cadnny I SH
Su/f"''' ,tr(Jil< 1m! "J1/1in"'~ to "."'} in "pia and ,::aw"",,,,,,"
184 0
,Ii,
OJ,, in Om'll",
"'I'" D.vid F ""I rich st"dic::d painting and "a'UNI hi"o. y in 0 ,1'' '''ho gm but ""'''lUaliy w Ii,,, in Dn:«]cn, wh(.o;e bcau,iful ,urruw"~ngs i"' pi n:d so many of hi. mp~ic landscape •. Drcs<]cn w'" .Iso the hub of ,he Ro m. ntic n_",:men' in G erma"}' "nd nOt onl)' did Friedrich m. kc 'he '''lu.intt".,c of painter Philil" O no Runge, but also mct «:,,,,,,1 I)(lets the rt: , indu<~ng G:l<~he. h >< nine ycars, he worked on ly in I",,,.,il or "'pi" , his 'ul~ecrs rAnging fr
C
ch"."
I'.-i'''tr ch"I"'!' Fri .. lrich'. I~ndscal'c ",·(..led the 'piri. of th< C rucifixion. Sh"dcd by his uS(: of. «:nllar Sttn< to conny a rdigiou. mes<:lge,
«:,,,,,,1 critics wen' as fAr as =u>ing him of <:Icrilege. Althuugh Fri,,]rich 'ried hoth p(>]rich ,ufti::rt:d. stru ke in 1835 .nd w"-' limited from ,hen ()fl ,,-..rdsw"1,iasien::hesand,,-..,c,,:olours.ll;'
w.
immedi.,c innuentt ,,-..s confin<>] fcw Students, hut his "'ork " .... rt:(li",(,,'er,,] ., the <:ndufthcc<"Tl'ury.
W~n.lcrcr Aoo,'c the Sea of Fog (IS/8) "TN ,::iJd_baimJ. wlitary jigur' i, Fri"Jricb bi,""lf.:IM, in ,babaracur of rb, mmd"" ~ Ix"",d and ;rid: in band ~ b", dimbd an," a rod":! p'ak abot" til< ,"otu/tIlin mim. Only a ,bon '''"' ab,ad
THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH
1727
B()rR in SUtlbury.
ron"f a ,!JIb,.,. and a painu,.
1740-4f
Sm' '" Londikl
1lJ
ftllllyart. "'"nli" ,-lITi" '" rt Illlj""
''''/mJing mgrtn·.,-rand Jur"1"'inr
174 6
ilIarri" b,;,-", ilIarK"'rn BIl" and w,· up r1Iuli.
in Ipndtb
IHO
17f1
Binh
Binh" dnugb,,.,. Marga'"
1760
The Ib ....·est Wagon (1 767)
Family,"""" to
C(Jnfi",d to t(f"~'1I, GainrlxirlJUgb ", lip in hi, ,,,,di.. /-I , c"m, '" Ilppr«illU Ruk", and 'k Duuh mll'u,-!- injl"n/a
Ba,b for por
co,",";"i.", 1768
can '" d'UfUd b.,." in lb. jlumry"f /i", and ,b, "al,
Potu/ding ,"nn,,"
ofLmdonl fillyal A au/",'Y
1774
1777
P"mily ,"0'..,' to L(J(IOOR B'KinJ ""'"
c(J",mirriOTlf for
royal family
1781
Toun LtJ:,
Dirtri". Fi,i" A",t.""1'
1784
R
dj"'gr"'f'''''' .t~r banging
1788
OJ''''!,Il,,,,,-in L""don
hom'" Cain,l,oruugh,.."lS a f()un<~ng memhe, of Lon(k,n's Ro),al Academ)" togethe, ",ith Josh ... Rqr.,lds, Both we,e ,c"""plished po"nit p.inters hut Re),nold. mo(lelled himself on Rcm l>r. ndt, whe,eos ('.:t in.horough , h1l;n g fi,st ,tudied W~ tt.,.~ u and V.n Rui"hd , h"'" me • <1 .... liC1"'d admi n:, of V~ n D)d. Like m. ny ani"s, G ain,b.:)(ough su!:."ined to the t),"UHl}, of soeiety p()(tnitu ",. ! Ie wrote to. friend who,", "ife's ponrait he had .hady bcglD1: '! ha,,, no OftL'TlCf l" omi",<1 myself the
and hit upon the hapI''' ",,,~,in,,ion of po'ing dientS on thei, ""mtry CStt"'S, ",hieh also .lIowed him to ,iew thei, an ",lIccrions, C.. ins homugh'. "",, 'e to London in 1774 ottrlC",d the attention of C"'0'W lll. Liking hi. info,m.lity .nd "!(JlY s}"np"hics in ",!ual mC1Sure, the king a.ked him p.int the my:il t.mily, I'l'p.<sing the officio I Coun p.in"" wI-.:, hap pened n, heJoshu. RLynolds. The old ri,'al. were « ..... 'neil .... l" G.in,huruugh's final illne~, ",hen he famously cried fro", hi. 1,,,1: 'We.n:
Pleosu", uf sitting down tt, [fini'h ] it hut S<JI"e c()n~"md,,1 ugly
all going to Hea"en and Van D}'d is of the c(."p.ny.'
No wonder he ..'os in demand, his «,,,a,lahlc .hili'}' to ""hie,,,, a lilene,,> with
The Bl ue Boy (l ITO) Th< boy ir Joolltb"" Burrall, til< ",n" a frimd"f ,b, anir" By drming bim in Q rui, """in, GIlinrlxirollgb i, P"Ying bomllg' to lim Oyd:; and by muing ir a "hi"" b, i, cbaOmging Rry""Id, ':.'00, in OM "bi, di"",,,ur, dmllud rba! 'Ib, main ma«" a pictttr, "",Id not Iv hi",'
T
'pon"'nei,}' and fn:shncs. h.d httn legcr>da,y since I. ,}'hood. Funhe,m"'e , G ain,l)()ruugh ",uld "'n(Ie, an)' "'Xlure of fuh,ic , fmm muslin to s"in. IlowL~'cr, he >tiD pn:h::rr<>1 bnd'C1pe
]" jming
to 1',J
n,
,ui,
PAUL GAUGUIN
184 8
B()rn in Pari" JOn afaFmlm journali)1
186f 1872
Pari, ItocH1raiur
1871
Marri" M"".
G", 1874
Vi,i" jim Impr",.milt ,,,,bibition
1876
A'''puJ at Pari, Salon
188f_88
S'fJ/lr"u~ from
';:if' ImJ ,bi/drm. j oint ",lollY in Pont _A,.m, muff Emil, &rnarJ 1887
1888
Trtr.-,/J to PilrIIlm" and Martini,!,,' I"Ari
1889
ViritJ IJniuna/ Exbibition, Pari,
1891
Sai, to Tabi,i
189J
R""",, to Fmn..
1894
R""",, to Tabi,i
190/
Poor and ,id:, to Hit-a_Oa, Mar'l"'=
ma'~,
190J
LondSC"~fM" Pont _Awn (/886) Til< IlTtim' tol(/fIy in Pon,_A,"", raJ1;:il= GiWguin Jim ,rid going nam-., r,aring a Ji,b
Di" in ilia"!"'",, biamk
n 1S89, Paul G auguin ,,""al,ady nthe,an exotic figure. I'a" of his childh,. ,d ,,"" 'I"':'" in Lim. with hi. P'''''''ian mO. her and he had als() .,."cll,,] widdy in the n:lll"" nd on busines<. Ila.,,",,,,, hi. q""'" ~>< an ,-:tnh~' 111ndi«: :i<'b.. ., the Uni,,:ys,,1 hIla,; tiof)
I
these in"'nse nCW .nag<:< ~,ur,,] • mariet and G auguin ,,-:t•• ble ~l finance hi. fi,st trip to Tahiti in 1891 , w~h ano. her in 1894. l lccnd,,<]
in Pa .... , wh= the d;';l~ay uf. I"~p":,,ian ,iD.go:: i"'I'; "'] him n) ","ch bL),,,,d the an;'ts' coianiel he had ""P'."ri""",-,] in ]inn"". Sculpting and carving wcre G auguin:' \\r,th the outletS. eariiest artistic
his days in the ,\1a,'JUcsas, where he had """'<"<1 to ",'oid thc twin contr<~. of gOlcrnment h.m,au<:1":l.C)· a"d the m;';si,,,,. riel ,'" Tahiri. 'He ,,"". I.. g.n and he saw nHun: with the eycs uf. 111g;.n' sa id Lc Moine" fi::llow exp1tria",. C.. uguin'S final yC:t1'S "Crt, a loog, dnwn-ou t stTUgglc with alcoh,~ i'm and the effectS of sy philis, relie,'cd only by .df_admi nistered
en<"ahl,,] him to take of himself in ,ciation to. lengthy western t",dition and to ,un I",,,"""ing hi. own unique "isi,,,, . ]ionun. ",Iy,
"">
,,,n
Contcs Bu t..rcs (pri",i,;'·, Tal..) 1902 '!Our m'ili=ation i, YO'''' Ji""",. my barlmri,,,, i, my rrnorari<Jtl to b,al,b, I "'" a """fl'. ' Gauguin', boM, non_narum/is'i, ftyl' ,"'()hm ,;:bi/, t."<1rking
,;:itb J"n GGgb" frimd. E",il< Bff"rIIlrd. Strong J.",rurit. .. lin" and /la', brigbt ",lotlrt1:.·"" impiuJ by rimp', t."(JOO
ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI
1f9J
B()rn in R_" Jaugbu,.
/6/2_IJ
Gm,i/,«bi
Rap
A;~Jftin.
During and 4"'rap' rrja~ painnJudith and llolof<-rncs Mamn painur Pim""",,;.
Sri",,,,;, Thry '".t~ to Norma '/):b= daugbur Prudmtia j, ko-n
1616
1621
II-<.o-hat Nor"'" Aau/",'Y of Art and IJ<,ign, INc"",,, flm ';:",nan 1n''''Nr Mo,." t. G""'a ,'ia Ro,",
1622
Painlf =onJ
'-
Sus:mnah and the Eldc".. {{",.n..,
<(J,","imam in
1m;"" ;\/",,, Iim
S"s:lIln.oh ~n.OJ the E lders (1622) 0", "&mih,,bj', /,= ""/",, 1m! mort mlll.-ing ;magn S"",,,,,,,b j, d
,~.
/623 _J8
m....h in ROln"
,,,,,,ram fyom
,-in;,
bu>hmld and m""" on to N"Ph
16J8-41
Engagro at C(Jun of
Eng!~-b
Cbar/,sl
1642
England at C;,-;I Jlh R"unIJ
L,at~J
'" Napl" 16f2
Di"i" NapJ"
n ...",isi. Gcn'ileschi's carlr <,h.,.,ion c<,.,sistrd <"fl'i",ly of p,inting, in focr
her tUlU.- Ag".tino Ti<Si. lIe' r.. h..... ,,,,,I .nd ,herc ~Jllowed a sCl'en_mon,h trial. during
'he couldn't rcad 0< write u"til she ,,"1< an ",Iuk. She studi,,1 initially ",ith her pain'er fa,her and in ,h" way >he met c.. r~,".oggio, ",hose chia""",,uro "ylc ."p"".",,1 her S<J much 'h" >he w:lS dnwn to Ihro"ue d"m' and cxp",ss;i"::ness. She ""1< her own "".leI ~"her firSt ,-cr';"" of Swarmah and ,b, EM"" l"in,,,1 when >he ,,"1< "" Iy • .::.'en'CCn. Hut., nir.ct<"t:n , ('.entilesehi "",-< "ped I".'
",hieh Gen'il eschi was accused of being intim.,e p". "i,",uo" s , subiected eDmina,ion, and ,hen tonured ",ith ,humooat:ws ",hile gi"ing ""ide,",e. "Iits,; ,,"1< imp''''lfled Ii,,;ust one J'car. After ,h" humili'tion. ('.entiIL""'hi " ..",,,1 ''''''her p,inter, l~cranton~J Stiancsi, and the I"ir """cd nJ I~on::""". T hey both """,,,I., the Ae"lcmy of An and Design , when: GrntilL"",hi
A
'"
h..,.",,, ,hc fir>t offici.l ""lttt:ln "'~"~>et, >Uj'lu..,d I".' h<'f p"'u,. Cu,;",oll dc' ,\1"lici. G.,,,il ...,,,dli " .... h.ilcd ••• lI"nius ."d r<~ f""lu''tttlr decricd. bccIOIse she I'0Sjesscd • cr<... Ii"e ,.k,,, 1",lie.... I!<J be cxd,~i'clJ' ""Ie. h.ru",,"'}'. this did n"t s,' ~, he, I",,,b,eing "'"ri,", (If ker i"'I"Jrt.nce .nd c'cn g,ining 1",,,,n.lI" ft.." Ch .. lc~ 1
Judith a"d ll"lofemcs (/6/2- 2/) IIlunTtning tM d«IZpitlllian rf ,b, A",r;,m "fIP"=r 11.lof......' by 1M J,,::ub btnJiM Juditb. tbi, pl1lJ.·trfid 'Xf"'mian rflb.mini "",n Nn",iana/lurmoi/. Th< "ali"" and "''''Halk ,bi_ruro ""ily "'IZub Cartn·IZKKi. or Rnbmt. ,,,,,,i/,,,bi pttinltd fn', OIMr , •..rno.u; i, ".",. Ibm" ,ba' pttrtimlarly "pp
i,.
179 1
B()rn in R(Jam
18 12
PainlT O fr",.,- of ,hellussars
18 14
Pai",,"!ne \ \\)und,,1 Cuirassier
18 16-18
Vi,;"
18 19
PainlT T he Raft of the ,\ 1"lusa ,::in; goM m,dal a' Salm
1820-22
Vi,;" England
1822_2)
Pain" f"'''rai" a' LA Salpiwi"',
1824
/)j" in R(Jam foUo,;:ing a fall from a 00"-'
l urly
The M.d"o"",n, the 'llf e n. of S. 1fM'tri~re' (/822_J) IVbil,1 in Eng/mid, Giri"lU}' bwJ mad, rrudi"of rb, f"''''rty and mimy on rb, ITTWr
W
ithin. short lik , T hcodo re (~ric.uh
The lik..gz.cd
iI/,,,,,,,,
is. highly charg,,<1
'trongly inAut'flttd his friend Del:>e rou. , and lef, a
wo.- k th., mix'" Rcal;;m and R'M n'n,ici'm. It ",en, On .1l()w in LJn' ~Jn , dnwing hug.: crowds
.uh""'n,ial mark On Europcan p.in,ing . G cric.uh and Ddacro;x w
~"si_. months. Regrctttl~y, ('.I'ricault p,in,,,1 his "~nll ,brl tone< with hi ,wllen -. """,mn mi'tt kc., ,he time th., r",ullS in 1ck in F".nre, it "-'05' riding .cciden, ,ha' Ci us,,1 his earlr dea,h .
,b,
Officer o f the I I uS"" ",, (18 12) Girieau},'nJrt"fJrion 10 bonu and racing gilt·, bim an "","ing 'Y' for Ib, ani,"aIl1i", and ,,,,,,.nnml, and i" po;;:" ic nnpbllJi=,d "'m mo" in rbi, pitlUr' by rh< iropard. ,J:in ITrapp
GIOTIO DI BONDONE
1267
B()rn in
J'<'pignaniJ 1277
R,!,,,,,dJy dj,..,~,.d
by
CimaM«
"'" I JOf...(J6
Ji'(..-h in Rom, ""
fr"'" for u,tmm Pa/a"
Pai"IT fr'"'''' in
A"TIIl Cb"Pd,
Pat/,,,, HII_ 20(')
Paint; fr'xot!,
in Ani,. Pad"" and Rim;,,;
H21_ JO(,)
W..-h in Flor",,,
H J4
App"inud "rchir-a and mll'U"
IHf_J6
II-"'h in Milan
IH7
OJ,, in N orma
J esus Be fo re the I lig h Pri es, Co if.h:as (/ ]()5...()6) &Jut" JlnJ~ AI'''''' Chap,l Pamm Cio,," ,"ak~ tb, /va",d "ihng .!C"ipb",' .b"lnM" /0"'" hh tb, lid
rb.,.,
C
im~t.""
''l,u"",Hr
(lisco",.."j Cion)
H • shcl'hcllf hor ."... ,ching the picture or" sJ,ttp on a rc.::l. Fro", thm
on , ... <Stem an f(~ I()w,,1 a nL'W
"'''',S<:, l nc Ix"..
prob,blr ",orkcd first on mos.i", in the
Flo.-cn,inc Rap''''''!'r hc~"c his intere'ts sl>rc:td to p,inting , sculpt un: .nd ",chi",crurc. G~",,, b"",,": ~ sut""",ful bU)ine"'11l'n tm , running. bU)r wo.- bh"p and suw"r ting cight child'L-n. II"wner ~ P""' P<:l'<)US 0' not ~ Giotto's c"ntribution would h,,'c hrtn in)l"c,->ul'1ble. Ilis ""tS"", Gmahuc had worled to ''1",:srnt for m in its own Sl"'rt, hut it "'.,,, G iotto wh" finallr disca,ded 1IJ".:tntinc t",dition and , in imi ..tion of nol""ly, t"ok the 1"l
g>'stun: is c"",,,inci"g heco.u><:: ,ul bodies inha hit th<;, clothing. It ":'::mS no cxP""-'" ...... 'pam] with c""lr ultrlmarine pigment ~" I",inting the A,m' Cha pel in I'.du., T he glo'ious blue 10"" in'pitt,II',ou" to describt: the effi:cr as 'l'1diant ,hr ', T here i. s<' much of the outdoors in Giott" 's worl th., it wou ld he 'urpri'ing if he had not 'l'mt his childh,..,d in the c<"' nt,}"Side, And he makes uS f<..:1 th<::d on hi. ma"c,y of fn:sc<, I'" inting '~"""tlJ' to his pupil., Almo" • centurr Ioter, his W'l
The Resurrection ofL..",rus (/ J05-06) N"nb 11':';1, Arma Cbapd, Padua u,,,,,r"', rb. brorbn
"""",,,il,, "'"
THOMAS GIRTIN
l77f
B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR
of"
brwb,",,*.,.
1789
Apprm!j"d '" Ed,;,ard /Jay"
1794-
Firn ,,,bibir;",, III RopIAc,.,}""yLondtJR min' in
LondtJn ,;,i,}' Turrur for fJIllTllll TbmnaTiUo"",
1796
Pint im/'P'ndmt '"'''" tritbin
Britain
1799
A"md, {ftTt ,"",ing
1800
ilIarri" ;\/ary Ann BOrT'"
1801
Binb
IS02
Opmingof E i<~) Illet ,,,pol is. OJ''"f artb,"" in
The Tithe B3m. AhbotdlUry (1797) Girt;', aftm tinud ,b, ,hub" tbill b, moo, in til<"pm air, IlJrbcugb b, ",,,ally limi"d bi"",li'o r~'O or 1M" c%un. Mllny form,d tb. harr,,, finj,b.d ;;:aurro/()Ur1/mt, '" tb. ,igTlllrur. b", rugg'ITT, hi, "PU,,,riM ,"'''lit ,b", ",Ii",,,,rr t..... '" ,;:il/ing to Imy bi, ,h,dm too
L(J(IOOR
T
homos Girtin m.ried a high ]",; n, in
the Engli'h schm] of iandsCl.l'c "'"1"'n:(~()uri".<. In his day. his ",,,rl was al,..,,)"s oollll"mi with ,h., ,,( Turner. the
ConsenSus
being th ..
T um.....
Iohourcd
tI,.,
iustifi.l~r to I'
If",m. It ,,-as. m<."Chanical tasl but both ,,,ung m<"n ",in,,1 much fnll" it. ,\lomu's Lon
Durh:am C. thed r.1 and Bridge (1799) "Bri,ain t.....,-, moo P"""mr ,":hil, Ih, tear teith Prima p"t~n"d "'ntinn/tal ,,,,,-.I. I, ';:M air" ",,,,id,,,d fH"rim'c for 'Il< "',al,by '" c""",,,imM pit_a" ,h,ir "'::n national mM"'","D, Cir,in trould manipum" rb.ligbt '0 nul:, any mood "quiml, from rt"rmy to tranquil. H, u 'JoJuti
FRANCISCO GOYA
1746
B()rn in Fum;J",x/"" "'" if
a giltkr
17f9
Srut/i,um IInMr
LuZJin in Samg""'" 176J_66
Ji'(..-h ;n ",di. of Cour, /",;"r.r Bay'"
1771
1774
In Madrid, painting r"Pm'Y carro,"" for Royal Pilct
1780-84
E/""d '" f&JyaJ AGliumy of San PnTllltloo
1789
BrnJ,"" COUrt pain".. ro Chari" IV ofSpai"
1792_91
Sr.',,", ilbw" I'Q'~I p"""""""
SOlum De.'ouring hi . Sons (1819-21) In 1 S 19, Gtlya mUilud ro a J(J/i'ary boo" "",rid< Mat/rid l."b,,", Iv fill,d til< ",alIT ,;.'irb hi, Black ]'. jilting<, tb,!art and darhn prod"",
d,aj,"" / 808_ 14
Nap«ro"ic im·",jon if Spain. PainIT ""nrll;' if
b(JITifying pictur« n -.,- painuti, Jla""ting tb. '
1I';'lling"'"
18 14
Paimfamjlicr in
The Second of M ay. I 808 and T he l"hird of ,\hy. 1808 18 19
iII",." to 00"'"
(JutJi/, Madrid.
paintr iliad ],.inting>
1821_24
L"" ~T~pa;n
rmiKtl!;on
if
,;:bm
P",Jilllmd I'll "ruin in p'n""~'(JfI
1828
.
h< could confront daily
roti,co Goy. i< the firSt gr-e .. I" inte, of the nin{"temth <"<-"fltu,y, a '" ... I....-n' ",,'-
F
Sp,in. the least mlight<-"fled Eurupcan cou"t,y at the time. 110,..""""-. G oya ,~d fi"d a lihe ... l_ min,k:d f,crion in Mad'id. ,..ho ,b,ed to criticize the ",,.blilerS. Natu n:. \'elazq""<. ' nd Remhrandt.·
Rut G oy. could nenT just slot into the art rradition . his inn"flti,,:ne<s and ,bri ohsessions alw.ys ",t him ap.n. As one ",hob, w'ote: 'Tne dari""", in his wo. ks is th .. of de'p.ir. .. tenifj.'ing. No m}'Stcri,." gte'm of light ap pur< as a 'obce .. CoOJ"i al,m'1Ched the hOff(,.-s of corruption and injustice . not fru", an e"' pty_!!">luri ng. 1)(,litical angle but as an intuiti,'e ani" . bcli""ing his i",,!!"s <"uld bring about a new ,,)( ... al underStt,..ling. Eu"~l"'n
"Inc <ssenti,1 GO}~ en,erg,,1 through his own I"'ysie:. I suffering: One wintcr in An,hlu,i, hc fdlp "'Y"" terrifying illness, which left him deaf and k.ring ins:tnity. \\r,thou t this ,,,,lc.1. hc m.y ne"" h,,'c ,1<-"pen,,1 Our "i,ion with g n::at worb like Th, TbinJ of Mil)". I sas: Th, ,,,",,,,,ion"f 'k dif",tkrr" Madn'd: or with the Blac1: PainrinW dauhcd in oi l I"int di n::<1ly on to the pia" ..... ,,-,II. of his loneiy hous<:: .nd wi>:,le ,",rics of <1chings " ." ,li.nrrbing n, be I>ul>l ishcd in his libime .
Ch,...les IV ofSrmn "ith F~ mily (/SOO) Thi, group fH!rtnlir, &arly i"'Pmd by Ja"=q"'=' d'fJicrr a mad,' _ ,b<Jugb far /nAn Ivaunf'" _ f"mily" 'k Ag' afEnh'gb''''m'''t. 'Tb, rorUt,. ba1:", and bi, ,::ift afur "'inning tb, kJ,,,'Y: a, ,b,
EL GRECO (DOMENIKOS THEOTOKOPOULOS)
H 41
Born in Candia (""'" Hm,Hon)
I H7(1)
Train, in a
'"""'1Jt
Mo,",,-,.IMil<',
irtflurn"d by 7l~'"n, Bam,,'" and nnw""'" H70-76
m..-h in Rom, ,;: it bGil , K" ill
"""'''. opmly mriii"" Micbdll1lg
H76
Ma,...,.,. Madrid, hid [allY for royal
parr"rIIlg' U77
M",." to Td,oo
H78
Jmmirna';, /", CUrt"/H #..,- birth
'"""'Jorg' Manud
H79
Pail", "inc E.'1>Oiio
/fRO
Pbilip JJ , ..",,,i,,,i()m ,\ lanp'!o", of St ,\huria: fir &:oriaJ
H86
PainlJ til< Hurial of Cou nt OrVz
H91 _
Gaim Inilrly
160J
ClH",",'m'"", in
To/,do and Madril
161 4
OJ,, in 7iJkoo
£.. in, Lo ui~ IX of Fr. """ (1586 _94) l.iJui, IX, King
W
hen EI G ,tto the icm ,,,inter left
point het"'r tI,.n ,\ Iichd. ngdo . I'roud and
Cn::te for Venice . he wos <Xlfl fmntt:d _ quite lite,.,lIr _ I')'
self... ssLT,i,·e . he la' ..... h""ame emhmiled in long.term lawsuits. "Inc nickname 'Gre<x,'
new IlCrSl'ecti,·es. His first major inflllCnCt: was
irled him n", and he alwa)s sign"] his wo.. k
Tition: h."",o "".s another. Howe"". tht-rc arc strong i... ]ic:uions ,hat EI G n::co ""wllr wotied urHiLT Ti ntoretto . llo,h artists made
Domenikos "Ineotok0i'0ulos in G red . S<Jl11etimes .d(~ng Kres ("Cretan'). Ne,,, nhdess. while in Rome he did c(lflsoli(bte
coml"",i,io",,1 s ke,ches from clar Or ","
the 'e,;.,;enet: of llr,antiu",' ""i,h It.lian "'. nnetism. l ie C(. 11pn::""d 'poCt: and twistL']
inAuence shine, thmugh EJ G reco's Cbri" /)rit'ing til< Troo", Fno" tb. T""pk. In Rome . EI G rec() h.d little surcess.
his f"
perh'I'" due tt, h .....r ogant claim ,hot he could
tho: "",,",: tt, Sp,in did not
Ahl.:'ugh"I;,le(~,d"mond"dacoolerl"b",. (~minish
1£1 G rt..::o's
rny>Iical inlcnsi~·. ll~ ",ugh, ,he SI'.in·$ key C .. holi<: ci,)·. which cng~ged "'i,h 'he C""n.e .... Rcfor" .. ,iu" 10)' im·e~ 'ing gen ... "usly in r<~igio"" ut. How fonun',e ,h., 'he ~mn.li'y of SI,,"i>h .h>.picccs ofTered .. II. norro ... p.nel. 10 c<)ml~cmcn, ,he ~nist's dongotc<1 figu"'" EI G .oo,~ uni'lU" st)'lc h;,,1 no ~JII,,,,'e,," nd " .." di~g:",k,1 f,O' ce",uries. A group of on I",·c ••• cdisc,,,· ... td him in ,he nineK..,nth ""nlUIY, n"", h to m" ... lm ;nl1;(., of "thers like DcJacl'...i~ , Dcg"AS, ChaMe , Van Gugh :m,! G:otJ guin. rcligi ..""
m'MMI ..
~n,t
r
,.,1""0 (
\ r.. w of iJ"~iI) (1197-99) In rb. .,.cirn. ci.y o/wl«!>, immonBIi::.nl bur i~ .... _f,bt "lim tlt/iJ ""'rt iJf1lmarK lilmhm~ in rtflnw 1IrI, I'J C"tr_ 'Y"'JW,btric cird, of in."I«.",,1 frimdu,"" PB'"", tlt/d buN,. p ..ji,
fou'"".
1470(')
B()rn M",bi, "',itbarth G(Jlbar' in Wt=burg
1480(')
Apprm'i"d '" a gdd.J7lfi,b in StraJfuurg, /aur "-()rh in StNnga'u'-) m/dio in Cd",IU
1490--98
JI'<.o-h in BIlJ,1 at
"-oot/m, illl_amy I WI_21
Propri,mr if' "-()rhbop in S,lig""wd,
HOJ
ERrlim }:TWt:;n "'or}:, ,\ locking of Christ
HII _26
m..-h", ",ttrtof ArchbisOOp if' Main"
1f12_ 1f
Paint; lsenhci", Akarl', e"" for OOspiwl chapd if' S, Amhony ' iIIo""mry iR Aka"
HI 4
ilIu". Dimr
1f2f
Embra", Lutb
1f2S
Di" of ,b, pJagt« in Halk
C ru"; Ii- ion Is.,nhcim Altarpie"" (""nt,e I'0nd) (C,1 515) n", HO'Pj,all= ,a",d for rim"" if'incurabl, di",,,,, lik< St Ambooy" Fir, (t/, il ,onmiing lin}: "'''~''m LOri" arid ,bui,}:. Tb, ""rd,of 'Il< illJrrJ'ption .' 'H, ",U" i"""ill< but I ,""" d='ill<' ar. ,,,,pbari,,,d by tb, disproporri(}""U riZL' ofl"'" and gatb=d around rb,croJJ'
,ho<,
" lfl ''''''I'''':'')' of Bosch, C r"""ch and Durer, G run<:w.. ld "m,jdcn:d hjs O"TI "'I'UI:l,j(lfl se"lfl)'I"I',thie. "'all}' lay wi,h ,he I'"ltcstan' cause, bu, hc ",'nag"j to hep his sc:er<~ until he disclo",1 his SUI' '')(' li:.t the I'ea<:tn,'s R",-(~, in 1525. IIc was <~,]))iss,,1. 'nd ftu", ,h<J) On
A
e",hra""d Luthcris"" exchanging I',in,ing f()( • ca",er:lS ~ hplraulic engin<..::r.
Gtiinc"... ld is seen n()".. (h)~ as 'he g"''' I'",cur«" of ,wen,je,h..,en'ury GCIl,,'n EX])(cssi(lfli,,,, , but this w-iS not ",.Ii,-"d un,.it ,\I (.lerni,])) 1"'. "I'",<j • re""" .. lua,j"" of his work:tS .n .ltc.-n.,j,-c '" cla.';e.1 ide.li,,,,. Grun<...... ld hi",self did no' seek n, un"",::' any grea' .,ti.tie ,ru,hs Or '0 h",.k new ground wi,h his s,}-'Ic. Wh., he did w:lS lilt ,hc I'loin undelS .. n
P.~ul the Ilcnnit. I"",h<;m AIt',],i""e (d"a;l) (" 151 5) Tbi, ,tory ,,'OuJd bm-, h«n fami/iar '" "'''Y''n, trOO prap in ,b, cbllfJ,lof St Anthooy" H"'PiwU= in lI
S,oin, Anthony ofEgypt's Vi. i, IOS";nt
FRANS HAlS
USI
B()rn in Anre-.,.p, RlR
of" c/o,b·
mahr
16()()"'()J
Srudi" wui.,. /,a/illrl _trainro
JllniII"nd.,.in Haarln"
1610
Mar"""S,
Lll1;", ''''ikl
/612_1f
!lIarod,"
Annnj' /-Ia,mmsdocb'
1616
VIT;" Anr~'""p Pain" foro grMP
G"ic
[Hmrai'
GU:llllofSt
G<"rge 1617
;\fam« Lydvrb Rryni
1627
Viri"t/ by I{II/mrr Jim
",.
and,IIlUt;
161f
16f4
40tb ';:roding armi:-
Vi,;" Amrurd","
Po=IDanT ",Id at allCti",
1666
Port r';! 0 (£" ...> Andriesch Il esse. (1626) 711, ,,,,iMntiy r<,/,roah/, Sal''' Hm;", j, portTilj'tI "" 'Il< OClllITill "Ibn
j)j"
fir tiro,
in HMrk",
"'nS Ibis and Rcml>r~rul t (van Rijn) wen: ""''''"~lOrarics. both c"n
groups. \ \r"h no d~lIland for dc",,,,<:d interi ors ,. religious p'intings ., ,he 'ime .
1. ,rrrait6ts, bUl ,"uh ''',,'' ""l' <~ff""'nt in th,;r ~PI'ru.ch. \\'h.,-e R"",hnndt is ,ti""".... .nd int""l'c .... i," , Ibis' ,ittt:'" arl: fi-<'lucndJ' burSting ... ith ,itl~IJ-'~nd,u'-£'c<: chanlL Ilis pon",its ho,,, he::en call ....1 'I~e=nt' ar~ • hhough , sinc<: he:: ..."-< con"antly in debt , I hi' himself had linle reason to be checrfUl. P""' i,ling~,, "'n child n: n or p<XJriy I"id by his clicnts , ... hate,'cr thc rcasOn, numetOuS commissions could not "','I: him frum an imI1O,'et .. h....1old ag.:. In his day, Ibis ...as unti,'all,,1 .. " p,int.,- of
Dutch ,mi,ts were kC<"Tl to IfJ in (JIllers j;:J' group 11Onr.its. Fn)(n thc $.... &"" of the:: Banq""
F
'n,e G}'1~Y Girl (/628- JO) 0"'0/ HaN ,/tOrr "PP,aJing porrrilits, ,b. ""'.! in ",b;,b b. bimdl" tb. br-rnbtrork "'&gmt b. ,uiddy uiz.J _ fI«ting ;'nf1"mion. 'fb. gi"f "ddong glima 'o<::ardr __1m; """'" ~ if" '*"a tbat II"'fofi'" "'", ,.!fit.. ,;", ifill,;""
,ba,
ANDO HIROSHIGE
1797
B()rn in EtMJ, ",., o[ a fin o::arom
1811_12
Pupilifbool: ilhmraro,. [/tagat-a Toyohirn
1811_30
('"aU' prinlJ if ",,,/i,i,,,,,1 rnbj«lJ, including "irk"'- if ,",
1814
PuNJ,b" C(Jmpl," ,Jition Fifty-
11",::e Sta,ions of 'he "Ii.bido Road 1811-40
P,U a[popularity, p"NJrb~ t"ariow
TI()!ab/, =-i"
184 1--4J
Trmpo Era
a"'''riry afj,m quah'ry o[';:
Abandonr Nrb,.,,,,1 [(Jrma' for u",itlll
c"'''po,iti(J''' Rice Pl:.nting in the
18r8
lUin ~ '
0110, Iloki Prmince (c_18 55)
/-li""big' "_ar Tl()t afraiJ ro "" "-"'nn.,tyk /""1'''';'-'' b"" ,b, rie< f"lt), nHub a"-ay t(J ,b, foot if a min·ro''''-.d biD. i\I,aTl1:.'bik rain-drmcb,J "",*"" pi"'" up rif/«,;,-, "IuaHr if "-a'" o::ilb shoo" if rie<, in a ;'uutifiJly ,"oduJa",J paltbr:.",* if gr"nr and grryr
ndo Ilirc.lhigt: w"" a leading expo.,e", of uk;y.., _ 'pictures of 'he Ao.,ing "",-~I' _ duting ,he la" h.lf.cm,ury of
",hich rai,.,d ,hem .I",,'e I~.in ~Jlk an. The}' ",{"te p.-i""d n) ,ni, 'he p(d,"tS of ",i(~tI.,..da<s ,ndes","n, ani ... ns and ",e",h. ntS. P.intings
it< existcn"" "" • Jap'nese an li:-:.n". Uti}".e o.-igi"",,-,-e ",o"dbk,,,k I'.-ints (b-do ped along n::t.,i,,,I), "'I"'i,~iea,ed lines of 'heir own, ",i,hin , J'I"n<:<e tr,,~,ion of ha.-",o.,ious c,~our .nd sn"'-ful co"'p,»i,ion.
",{"te ",,.,,,,<,1 for ,he wealthier .-anks. Iliroshigt:'s nJt,,1 Outp", "''''' inun<"l1"', « . ne H(('I"';nts. He studied
A
,ha,
\ \ \),king In the nineteenth century, Iliro'hige and H oL:u .. i e""h I><de"ed to n,aitsof ""'BlS, IO....::StlrtS, poetS and Courtl::s; lIS , Tbe in .... '" ]o,'e "f .he Jap.n<se f,>< all "'1""" of.he na.u",1 world ensured that bo. h artists had an enthu,i,,-,,ic ~,I1I""'ing. Ahh"ugh he m'r no. haw matched Holu",i', draftsman"'ip , lI imshige at his be« i< unsurpassed in his poetic ,i,i"n, I I is abai'r to e",le .he mOI . 1of a p.rticular platt still ha' unfailing appeal to w<stt:me""
N ig htSnow a t Knl .... a (/ 812_14) A '":ood /Wd: from ,b, =i" Fiftr-Thr<..:: Sta.;,." of .he '!(,bid" R..td Hit cbarlKtnirrieaUy rbad,d rry ugirrN"l rdligbt at',," a m()"main t'iUag' ",gulftd in ""'''', tbrougb ,,·birb tbY" /,,"p« a,.. rrrugg/ing 00'"', Sn({".r, rain ()r mirr ar, ftrt"<J",.,d INxkgr""nt/ (I),llIi,;orn agairn, 1::birb Hir05big' " I f bit mlt'dkrr, ofi'" tkpicud <Ti1<Jing ,arb (Jib=' p",br, mfpbari=ing tb, 'rarlJi",,, ofHi"",,,
DAVID HOCKNEY
1931
/ 9fJ_f7
in Bradford, of" cia}
B()rR RlR
SlUdi" iI! Bradford School of
An 19f9..{i]
StudS" at Royal CO/kK' ofAn, LondtJn,
nt,,,,
Kitaj 1961
PuNJ,b" Rake's
l''''grelS ,tching>_ Pint ,.iri, t. Nonh Africa , 1I1mr Andy Jlnroo! in
Nru )"'} 1964--68
1970
T,,,uh, painIT, ",xb.sand ,xbibirr «ron USA Rm'fJ"P'cti!" at
Wbi,m,ap
1971 1978
Mo,...,. to Pari,
1982
TaX""p pbollJgrapby
1984
/"",,",, painting "fur ,btu,),<"r bm,}. B'gint _in ofh'tbograpbt Major """"'fHCtT:U ,bo,;:n in USA and UK. Sm up muli"
in ;\fa/jim 199f_96
M~j... r.lTT1
A au/",'Y, u,ndon
"M
'r,..
S"r/" in Lor Ang
1988
Sar" fr"m TM Rlliu i Prng......, San Fnmd"" 1982 H()ri:nry fim mgaf,'d ,;:irb ,,_jnt<rprning HoglITtb', Rake'; P,ug"'''' ,;:bm k n"lmrt.J "" " miu of".bing in 1961. In 1975 b, tN"jg,ud tb, "' and c".",'"" for l§Jr Stra,imJ:yi- "P""iI t~mon, {lITt pnf"rmro a! 'k Glyrllkbour", Fm;"a~ Eng/and. Iloci:nryl ,b.a'" ''''r} ,"ix" practicality ,;:im '''''Ptiooal t'irion. To tlia" ,;:Iio ilCctmd bim"f "'gh'ing painting, Ii< up/i.d; nr.-.,- rtl!a"d ,Ii< rb.a," al a Jid./i"" n",bing / do i, a I.Mi",. '
&bibiIJ ';:aU,.· cdOl1rrofFArr '",hbiu lantNil!,.
"id Ilockncr i< One (If ".,,' ,,,rs.,ile a"isl< of his gencta,ion . manr of whom ha,-e not dn<:loped H interc<'inglr fi-(. " theit c(. "m(lIl mots in 1'(1' An. l lu-oughout a long ea«",. Ilodrncy has manag,,1 bo,h nl mun " lIl''''''<"1"Sr _ th rough his qui<~lr affitm:l ti,'c h"Ollo -crutic I'" inting< and to b<"C(Mne :I IItitish ""tional tn:asu n:. as wi'ness,,1 I".· his c ",,,,ion :IS :I Ftccm:ln of llrad~,,,l. his hom" town. lie has ""in"in"] .trong ,ic< with Yo.-l,-mi'" and ''''rn,lr tL~urncd to m:lke grntle ,,-a"''''(~ours of the landscape. The'" exist in tottl ",nt,."" to h .. ")(lnumrn",1 'TC:ltmCnt of the G nnd C an}"'lIl. oTigin.llr exhibi,,,]., Lundoo's R(,)--al AC:ldcmr. Not onlr is II(dner~ 'lill,,1 dultsman . he has. 11o pmdu'-'t:d ,-",ching< to iliuStntc Six Fairy Tal" of ,b. Brotb= Gr;,m" and CPo C,,,,,frs
D
Po"",. During the 19iOs he ,cn'u",] into St.ge (k:.ign wi,h "",w"es .nd "'I< ~'T Srr"'ins k},s "[1" Rah', Progr"t .nd '\\O.OT"S "[1" Magic flll". I"Mh s",!,,,,d at G ~."dd"JUrne . ,\hnr sor that his Ixt inting ,tyle has brnefi«,] fi-,. " the bn,.drning Out th., ",-as ,e<]ui",d Ii>T St'g<:
"".ok
Mr:and M rs c:L.rk 2nd Per<)' (d""il) (1970_71) Om, OilTH flo,";ng dmgns rombind ,;:ilb C,lia Birr~'dr, prinud "",il'I produ",d lUi"' of ,b, mort dmrabl, gan",nrr of 'k lar. 196(band "rrly 197&, Hochuy pJaY' ,;:i,b aUw.,ns '" if b, "'"' a R"w"an", p"'"traiD'sr. Th, Ii/i" ilIJ<JCiard ",i,b MlT Oa,* nand for purity Imd inro"upribiliry; and ,b, car P'Frf (a ,lang ""m for pmiJ) ,in boJ, uprigbt on Mr Clark, lTarm an'a. "n" <""pk oaupy "'" dimlKI bah,.,",b, cam'a" ,,'bicb cwld k dit:id,d ,ari/y "",ugb, Thi, may or may"" rif/
FERDINAND HODLER
ISH
B()rn in &m, ,oo
o/"cllrpm"r 1871
M",." to G~,,,. Srudi" at L'FAd, d'I B,tlllx-Anr untkr ,\1m"
IS87
MufY &r,bll Smcki. Angus,ill< Dupin gr.'" birth to"," Humr
ISS9
MllnT" &nbll Sm""i, di"(TCI!J b.,. 1891
1691
Vi":,, Qnd ",bib,,, in Pari,
1894
,\/",,- &rib. J«II'''5, IIfllTTj" b.,. 1898
1897
Wi", gold ,",dill Ilt
1699
"'" 1909
Munich
Adm;",'; '" Bn/in S«:",io" W;", g()M ,",tlnl
Pari, JI'.,rld Exhibition
Ilt
iJ<1l,b of
AUgU51ir" Oupin 1911
V"kn,ilY (i"k · /"),,,,1 gi!~J birth li' dlltlgbur
Pawi",· Val",,,,,, 19H
1917
iJ
1916
Poster tO r 19th Art Exfti l>ition of the \roen .... Sttession (I'XH) H(}(/h"'IlJgu",
Oi" ofp",,,,"",,ill in G"''''11
Oth of Ji
B
e in and D iirer, II"dle, ... o,-icd initially as. 1'
'p1lboli.. w().- k, 71" Night , hos slccp prefiguring death, but the ""),," of G en<:v. fail .... l to See he)"JOd the nal .... l bodies and h'nnt,1 it from ""hihition. The ,e,ultin g pub~citr, with ..... nls fr(. " Frln"" , Gen"'n}" and AuStria , secu,ed II'HhT's intern.,io",,1 rt:l'unti(lfl, Ilis inn""n"" <"an he O'a""d in the work of ,. herS, like ",.. ti ss<:. nd Kli", t. Late, pictures we n: on a s",aller scale, c3
H' Hlicr ",.de ",.nr st:lf_l'onnirs and , ... ith shadel of his childho,. l. he
P~intingo f :> ,\Iount:.oin (/909) u,n,J,."p' painting ';:aT a memif"/ ""'Q for HaJJ,.,. during bi, final pan. Til< "'/"'trJ b, ",..,J for mo"",";n rtl1lK's and /aJ:~ gym TIt"ng" and d,arn Ill" bi, flJi' n;oJ,·,d H, m"naK'd '" pr""w Ira", if 'Il< grand So:iu imag< ",i,bin a bigbly p""",ill. ,.iriiKIary fly!. "nd tb, multJ "''" parti
WILLIAM HOGARTH
1697
B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR
of a Lain
WXM
1711
Apprm!j"d '" a rih'ff mgt'll'.,-
1720
Sm up aJ c'if'f'" mgT"""-, produdng hook ill1mr"';",,,. A,uM! Tbornhill'I fru ",., rlauk",y
1729
EJ"P',,;:j,b Tbornbilll daughur; Jan.,
B"","" " POITTIl;' painu..
1711
SUlrrr painting 'mod"" ,""",lily' mbjurr
171f_H
Rum bi, 0"'11 Rcadn"y in St Martin', lAm. • guild for profmionn/t and ,.bool flK y""ng
TIle Shrimp Girl « .174J) Thi, /;"<1.1 porITai, trw Tl<Jt duIU for a co"""';,,_"'; Hagar'b k'P' it for hi",,,'! /, is /m"d "" II popumr ,Ii,,", hm:.'1IIlJ ,Ii, o-j<:< "fLondon, ,;:Im-, difj,,,,,, m-m 'n1tkrr " ... '" ponr"Y.d in a =-jn ifpri"tf. /, i, a rapidly <""uuJ oil ,hub, un u"""",/ i1f'Pt"'Icb '" partnlitu,", b,,! i, gr."" jim rb, rigll' impr",;'" ifa [ac, glim/",d in paning. Hoganbl- ,::ido", ,I,,":....d lb. pi""" to t'rimn- ,;:irb 1M w,","m" 'Tbry ""d b. ",UJt/ "'''paint fI"b. Th= l- fhb and /Hood for )'lu/'
ani",. 1748
b ''1'
Calai, "n' '1'Y
I7H
Publi,h" tn'a';",
The Analr'.is of lkautr 170
Ap[HJinud S
King 1764
Dj" in umdon
ith,lIr wittr L>n
W
'. comic literl'1' I" imer' . l nruugh soti ,e, bot h Fid<~ng and 11<>ganh eX]"",,,1 the evils of their .gt: , .. rgrting the mCOn , cak:uhting "" ...... Iitr of thuse who tool the ]_"'rttr and mise 'r of othe::,s as "'l'l'ing " Ofl'" n, th<;, own "h" ntt gt:. As !itr as 11<>g.rth was c<.-.c,'tn<'<1, he:: w'!S also cal1~l1igning 'b",imt thl: ,,'-'to: 6,.. F", nch Rococo (he w1.. an ""'''' ")f) tel1~)('rlr}' of Boucher) which he reckon"] w.s un
being cought 'kcn::hing tho: lIOn's ~..- tifi"Jtions, In 1753, Hog;.nh publish,,1 atracrcall,,1 Til< Ana/pi,
Ch,,;ring the ,\km],..,r (175~/5) 'An Election' ';:M Hogartb', Ji""/ moo"" morak =i", IUw'YI",d in four PMIT, ,bit i, Ib, firllll ,;:bm "~rytbing d'l:mnill" inllJ a riot, Hogarrb uad of ,b, i'"p",ia/ ,ai' rignifjing !'i-llJry; HogMtb bill a fat ~(J!" flying """, ,b, b,ad
,a"',
KATSU SHlKA HOKU SAI
1760
B()rn in HonjJ,
"'''"f
Ed" (Toryo),
a mirror p()/;sb.r
1770
L,,,m't;.'oodhJod:
can-ing 1779
Stud,,, Il1Id
J.
"",h-
.,-t'
in ",U/iG of Kalru1;m;:a SbUtl,b"
1792
1.,a'~T
t•
Knrrub":a
r1Iuli. "fur d.",b
"iShWIJIM, comi"n" rrtllJying and ullming ,I"'~'b",
179J
i"Natb "ffirrt ,;:ift, /<""ng ,.,,' and
"""t/augb'= 1797
Marn" =ood
"'if, 1798
The Poetess On<> no KottUchi «.IS10) Th< ~1IfT """'''p'l1Iying uli}""..-c prinn Ul}u
SUlrtT landrca",
painting
'"ro,,,, fon",', iJ.,., ~Q"i,"ilK' ./,b,]apan=
1-"" On" "" M macbj,;:jrb '"" a/bn p""m,
1812
i"Natb"1
1814
B'gim publi'hing l lokus;; ,\ lang;
1823_1/
C"a"Tand pubJidm"!nc T hinr-Six \r,cws of ,\ 1()u nt Fuji
H
l"Natb of=(}I/d
Ik,w""n the agcs of sixtr·~'ur and "''':nl}'"t'''' he had. burst of
1828
';:if' 1811-49
PuNJ,b" J()urn<1' the \ \\ucrElDs
to
1849
OJ,, in Arah""
"'"
qlMJudt:.vrdfor'w(Jro. Th./m=
ok",,,;
,,-,,;
r<Sl'on>.iblc
~"
•
I'hL"nu",
lin,l for nothing clse and "'.... dri,'''''
'0 perfe", his s'rle ",i,h c,,:ry nCw undt:mtl.ing.
se,,,,,1 m'ior series of woo
"Ii, al,,,,:cia'c thc impa'" of such infiutntt, it is nett""rr to ", mcmber tha, J'p'n underwm' • poli"J' of N,tion.1 Sedusiofl fi-,." 1639 to 18504. Foreign ,ndt " .... sttiedr limit"l'nd the J'p'ncse ,hcmsel,'/S for bidden to ",\,el • broad. T he pietu ",s d",i,'cd f""" Europc:tn ""gr"'ings in'l" r"l llokus:t i fin.lI)" to be",,,,,,. bndsc:tpiSt a' the .ge ofthinr-<:igh,. I lc 1l<"g1n w,,.. l .f"" h, c>:ptTim""'ing with we"ern pe" p"",i,,, , m.king
offer. I n the P"'ttSS, hc <:-.1ml: a"'-OSS cxamples of
Ao1ting w(,.. ld· _ th., mode ,he rCl'","", jou rner
"t di'pl'ring • <~"in'" ",/Stem inAu""<"t: that h.d origin.llr filtc ",d ,hmugh the Dutch
in 'he b'e nine'tt",h <"<-"fl'urr cirde of inAuentts .nd """.1
'rJ
Eur'~le
,i.
to "'ml~etI:
•
'0 • (k:ligh'c<1
the glo.- i/S of the J'p1n/S" p.- inL
"a
A D~imyo ,\lusing on ~ Lost Lo>'e (/815-6) 0", =-i" nltirJ,d O ne ll und n:d Poems Explain"j By the N urs.::, ,bi, ,"a""pi"" of",.I>"r printing ilkmra", a p"nn by Sanji Hit",bi. HoA:!lJlli', innat< '''''' "fproportion marri" ""II ;;:i,b bi, dr:',/"p,"nlt ,,'-""UnHtyi' P""""ti,"; and jJ'gur" " all kind" at ",...-k and I,i_" fro bi, in;arjab/, nltbrui""n f...- d
HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER
14 97
B()rR in Aily;Jmrg, RlRofHam /lo/lvin lb. EJd"
HIO(?)
-"
HI9
Srudi" t.,j,b [atb.,-
in AugJmrg, tbm
In"""
to Sa,.!
8"","","m"'r.!
Ib, Ba,d anim' guild
I f26--2S
I f2S_12
Pint lTat~k to England, ,;.'i,b i",rod",,;... '" Thuma, ;\10n' from &-1lJm"'. PainlJ p"nrai'''lt ,b, Tudor ",tIT, I{mu-m to
,;:if
and "'" child_
Sir Ridl:.lrd Southwe ll (/516)
in B",,/
HJ2
JVbm rbi, por..-Qi, tl'M painud, Sou!Ir~.,,1I bad
Iv", Jbffi/fa/SuffolK and Noifoll; for m'" pan, d'JfJiu til< [ac, !bat b, "" .... a ",,,,-jcud ,""rd=~
Ahanoom family in 8",,1. Smh, in England
Holh
IH6
Anacb.d to Eng/iIb C.",.,
ri"",,.', ",,,,,tion to til< J
I5:4J
I)i« of til< plag'" in Lond<Jn
u",b"t~n ja1:J il
hi, mu,-ing moutb drat."! !b.
aIlS I k>l bcin .."1< one of two gift....! sons tnincd by their artist Etthcr
northern Eu",l''' ' n:ligioU$ illl"g'" came under a't:l.d in Ihsd ~nd ,tiS
lJan s Iiolbein the Elder. Roth ,rart<:<] out~ . oooL des.igncrs and alu,,,.. nHs for
town·s food ,ul" I)". Arti,ts enT}"whcn:: we ", seeling al",rn. ti,·c ,,,,,l .nd IlolI",in docid"l
the le.ding Cer,,"n I,.. in",r Frob"" offuscl.
togo
but the ,~der oo}" ,~ed in 1518. In those d.}"s. printerS were publisherS toO and their
lie sailed in 1526. h.,·ing perSu~dod Er1smus to write. let",r of introduction nJ
workshops wCre m<..::ting pJ.""s fo r the in tcl le<"lu.1 eommunit}". Froben·s office
Henry VII]"s Treasurer. Sir T hom .. ,\iore. Ilolbcin·s .dmission to the English Court w..
attr1e",] ""nJ· schoh rs .nd S<) the }')ung
tho: h-y moment of his career .nd ],ef,,..e long
Iiolbein met the Du",h hwn.niSl Er"mus. Ilolbcin I",intcd his firSt officialponrJits in fusel _ of. burgo" .. ,,,,r .nd his wife - Ilut.
tho:)" h.d a=I,,<:<1 him .. their leading. niSI. ·Iogether with his ",sponsibilitic. It:.r "" rcmonial and li::st;,·e occa,ions at Court .
despite their ,ucruss. he (~dn't res"itt himself to 1"" tr1iture. Ilc c n:: .. <:<] a 1101",1.. SLTics of
Ilolbcin p,,,,·ided an """""'p.niment t() 11"1V}"·s serialmarri.ges with hi' p,,, rr.its of thc
w'''l<]bio''ks c.lled Da"a "f l"Na,b. de,ign<:<] , .. ined gl25S. m.de mo,k:ls ~" g,~d'J11iths . • nd p.in",d ' ,.ne religious ,ubj""'s. IlowL,·.T. in
king·s ~<"Iual ~ nd I"'''pecri,,, I" ides. Hut these were" mere h.ndful ~mong thc one hund n::d 0' S<'. including mini .. un::s. th .. he
H
1525 . .. the
Re~Jm, .. ion
'p rc:td throughout
t()
Engbnd.
I" inted in " " al.
,\nn " of C I<...'cs (/1 J9) 1M Tudor p
"n
WINSLOW HOMER
00'
IflJ6
B()rn in &mm. }IU, .....
16H
Apprmrj"d to a lirh
1156
Spn"H rb, par in halla
1157
B"","" m"ga=7n. il/nITTa"'r
lap}
Sm up,tudi. in N"" );..-}
1666
Arrignd e;,..il JI'ar ani"
1667
Fi,i" Pari,
1671
B'ginn:'YJrking in ,;:aw..oIa","
l'fU -n
Lit~J
in
CulkTcoatJ,
England 1
au
1664
iIIot-,.,- t. Main< SpmM ",ort ,;:inftrf
fro'" ""'"
on in filorida,
Bab"m", and
I lome . 5"ttt Il ome (/86J)
.-t. a ';:1lT «mIT, Hllm
C... IU'J
Paintr til< (,,,,If S,n:'111
1910
OJ,, in Prom N«k, ME
'In future
will by Ill)' the w.tcrcolours' Although \ \r,n,low 110"'''' firs, us,,) th<: m,,,~ul1l who:n he was ~I "'ady a m'bJ , e Htist , he signifi<... ntly .... i«:d thc p,,,filc of " ... trt,,~our in America.,.1 through .CI·c<11 hund , cd wo , b bec.me its aclrnowl("dg.:.-d ma"C'. 1I,."c , '. Ht training con sisted of app "' ntje.:.-ship to. lith0W'I"'e ,. Once he had become .n illu,t"to' fo, HaYf'"'r U'"kry in Ncw Yo.- l , he Stt"''']
a,tist ",<::Inl exp,,)itions to the \r,rgini. fi-on t whrte he .,.",ml>led. 11O,tf,~ io , which fo< m,,1 the ba,is ~" his fi,st iml. , .... nt oils. Unlile Whistl ... ,.,d Sarg.'n~ 11,.,,.,,. _ ~ "'!l: n,,1 . nd lD1ostcntltious man _ ,,,,rl,,1 ,,,,.0;,1).' in AnKm .nd lefi- w.nt.g;.,d" Eun)]>C1n mO,,'m""" lib: In~"",,"on i<J)) to 1",,,,,,,,1 witi><>u t him. Ii i. carly wab;"" ~ours ("'r(llcd • p",-C ilil\\'a, rurll i
C uDcre,",ts, S,eam rr.wlcrs hod .I re.dy begun to replacc sm.llc, fishing c",ft , but lIome' pc,sjstcd in ,<'Co,ding ,he old w"ys "nd ,,,,,li,i,,,,,,1 skills, "s in il/mding Ib, "',,', He "1(JI',,1 'n Prout N<'Cl, ",.. inc , hi< nl New Yon, It 1"-""",,, his home 6" the ,"" of hi< life , "I"''' &,." ",,,rung h<J~d,,}s un 'he NL'w England e,",s~ in the Adirond.cks "nd Quebec, "nd .he wint,,., th .. he 'P"''' in w"n"'" dim"', II,. "", I",in",d .he SC3 .nd its I""JI~e "1"'''''llr until. firnDr, hi: omi'tt:d I"-"I~e Jtl f.",ut of the ,""ness of the , JCc:I n .Ione,
,"'W'n
"ftL,.
Sh~rk Fis hing (/885) H()m" "'ar "'" Am"ica', fmt >p
PIETER DE HOOCH
1629
B()rn in
Rotunltrm, "'" if' a bricH'Y"- muJ a
mith::ifi 164 S(!)
Studi" in Haarlnll untkr
B.,.rot71f and Ocb"n.~1t
165:2
,\I",.,.,. to IJ
16H
m....hllf pain"" and 1
Just"''''/'' CranK'
165:4
Mamndaug/t," of a marUr [aim" (potury) ","hr
16Sf
BrnJ,"'Im",tkro/ Ddfi guild. s'm i, bor"
Pi,," 16f6
I)augb'" Anrlll
j,
'"~ 1661
Mo,.,.,. to Am"",!",", painrr IlJjlum, d"mm;,
A Mus ;",,1 p.~ rty (1m) A ",phi";,ilud inuri..; pai"u" darkly during til< artin', Am,un/am p
7],,,.
",,"r
t:.",nllfl in rd
1667
IRa,boi.:'!'
1684
Di" in an i1Wl
<"'I''''''''CJl.h-<'rtltW)' rusnll"<:rS of Dutch
S
ani,ts
(':1,,11:
from th<: mcr-ch:.nt cbs:;es,
al",c"';endr to hand. l -""",<s 3SSocja",d ",ith tho: Dutch
sch()<~
_ nlwn liew; .nd dom",ti"
IBllilc o, her Eur<"C1n ""unrr;", ",hrn:: church .nd aristnc.-:>t)' ,..c", "ill tho: ",ai'.
inte,iors _ gal'C sa' pe ~" ""periments in IlCrSl",cri,,: and ''1,ruducing l'arious ,urf.c<:s.
I"tn'n<. T his meant Outrh I"intcts ",crt: he 'n ch<-.,,,, an}' germ:: _ suth '" 1...·tr1irun: ,. still ~k:
"'pan fn'm the well_tried "',"""a """ura (set: lug<: 198). the n: w<"t" magnifying and ",luting len«:s, .nd ",ilTorS , anr of which could be
-
~"thell""h'cs.
Piete, de Ilo()"h '; best genre work "'.. s " .. tlr in his ca ",,::r, in Delft ",he n:
...."pl,'),,,d in rend<"ting ",cD"",· hrickw".. k, tilal ""utlj'1rds, and rdlccri()f)s in gbss ,. "',....1.
he IlK~ F>hritius (a pupil of Re mbr.ntlt) and Ve rmeer. G il'en that Delft waS the ",anu&Cturing cent'" nfhigh qu:l.~tr len",s, it is
Iksidcs technical I" ofi"ien
aca",~lli'hal
likclr th. t all th n:" ",,,!c uSC of •
t""hn<~ogr So
set of tnning circum,t:tn"".', Sa(lly, de I koch'. later J'ca, ' "''''. a d,,,li,": in his p"',,::rs. lIe ","lS de""lSt:tted at his ... ife's death in 1667. Rut ab-cadJ' his mo, 'e to ,\,,," ..... d.111 in pur,uit of wcahh)' dicnts h.d bl to coarser wo.-k on • larger seale , en'CutI:d ... ith " (b,ke, p,lettl:, reinfor cing the feding th., de 11()"ch's grntlc light no I()ng<::' shone.
'me CMUrtyani of ~ H ouse in Ddft (/658) Typical of tk Ho",bl- bantlJing of'fHK' mill P"'P"'tit", 1::itb tb. long rirra ,bro"gb tb. arch and tJari"", doorT /'fi inrriguingly ajar. 711, JWw innriprion ",>tIr: '711i, iT St J""'"", ,'ai, ifyou ,;:j,b to "pair to fN',ima mill ,"U}:""'. Por "" '"ust [1ITl d,stmd if ..", "'i,b '" Iv rai"d . Do" i, i""i" ""0 "''"par' ,b, c"",mud ,"o,b.,. mill cbild in ,11. du,,",d hac}: yard 1::i,b tb, "',,,"an unti" ,b, ""'" mc}: arch:ay. p..m1 to '''P out in bff Ivrr dotb,s?
EDWARD HOPPER
1882
B()rR
in
Nt'!!! )"T}.
J<JR"/ar¥"p" 1899_
"" ,,"'-'"
SlUdi" iU",rra,iun al.""'t1!! );..-}
w,",""aai an
,"'"
SfUdj~
paiming a'
Nn:> )"'} School
afAn 1906--10
Tbrn "para" 'ripr to EtmlfJ<,
,bj,jly to Pari, 1924
MarTi" ]"'
19JJ
Bui/Mba_ ", &arb Tnm), Cap, Cod. R"""purrJ< at MUnu'""f Mod.rn An, Nn;)
The AlKinthe Drink"r (1876)
);'Ti
!)"gaJ' im"gi1llltion accitkm,,11y tr_formro ,b,
/94J_ff
19H
t.,.- Edg;.r Dcps
up"",tiOTIJ if "~'O
Th< ,""<Jlmm il actr":t Him Allar", ,11< man a
Pit·. ''P''I7l'' lTip' to M""co
pai"m-caJlro iJ<Jbou,in. D
E/""d '"
Am"iam AGliumyofAm and LL,,",
1962
{{mo'Pm;,', of he I"inting< of Ed..... rd 11,,1" ..... an: I.ndmarks of Ame rican Realis." , .
tnditi"n.nd. ,isit" r n) Paris in thecarlr 1900s, lI"p pe r n: mained un,ffi:cred I')' m","ments
style he ne,,, r abmdoned hut <~d not f"lIo",' merelr in (mler to rep roduce
likeCubism , ju" ... heavo;dedAb"",crionbtcr on in AmeriC"~.
the "i,ii>le. As he said , 'No 'm"unt "f skilful intcn'CJ1tion can "'I~''''' the essential elm'CJ1t of imagination.'
'Amerie. seemed .wfully c rude and "' ... when I got b,el " he admi""L J'Ct it ..... tl-.,se qualities th., rooted I loppe r'. disquicting
Fiftr J'earS "1""'tC Tb, AbJjmb, O,.jnh r from Auu"na' but D Cg">s sti rred Hoppers a ..", n: nCSS of ... ho t the Amt.,-ican aniSl call,,1
,is iun , thmugh ... hich he c<Jm'eJs the SCJ1se of alienation that I",-""Ie. a "J' hig city. lniti .. llr trlin,,1 a< .n illlL
Sao Paul"
'd<'C~J'ing
BimnaJ., Dj" in
statement:
fm'" J"ur orih~n.1 idea', ... ith the 'It ·s much bette r to dnw
ro" a go,_II"intcr ",chnic:tDJ'. lI ut the sell"';ty and harsh illumination of his "',mllO,ition<,
fn))n ... m<mo..y. It"s • transfunnation in ... hich imagin.. ion ""Ibbonte' .. O ne "'1"o
IlO l,..!a",d Il)' S<~C1'ln figures who at time. al" car scan:elr n)(l<e .. Ii,,, than the furniture , d", ..· ,i"",'cr,; in ... ith . ",~ k"";,,, a"')(.<;phe n:. L ike all
grupbiCTa' Pbi/atklpbia
M""""'"f Art 1964
Major n'1T{J!fp"'ti:-. ", Wbi,"'J' MUHtmf
of
A","iam An, N"" );..-} 1967
;\fajor US
upr'_!Il,ir, at
Nn.,
) i.o-}
T
Although
"Iueated
In
the
European
significant arti,ts, I lol" cr can. without a 0-""" of
sentim""talitr, m.kc p"'plc Imk at SOmc cOO1lmonphcc im.gc .nd prt""i",: their OW" 'u""-l" i bi ~tics in the
cri""""".
tit"" of tiun . model .nd intdlcctual match. Jo ",as an artist h<-rsclf. whose d''I·dol. "cnt was ,h"art,,] br I lul" rt'. dcmands on hrt 'imc. T hey had a «u
Auto"'." (1927) br Ed",. "l llopp'" A "Y!1mm ri" a/"", ,,·itb a cup" coffi" II,. c"" only g'"'' if !bu,"pty cbair "PP"ri" ,",am tbat 'M" 'X"f"Cting '"'""'~ or ind«d ""(Jwd ""/,,,,", !b, arrh'aJ of anyon, at aU. Pladng bn in i11l aJima,ing nr.·iron,"m' ,,·b= ",""" con"'" only ,,·itb u
"dirt"""
JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQlJE INGRES
,eo
1710
B()rR in Mon"",ban, It
"0 1
11107_111
"',kir
RlR
of
Srudi" wui.,. o",it/ ant/trim,b, Prj" tk Ro,", Stud,,, and "",h-
in Rom" &gim ,b, odali"llM uri" ISIJ
ilIarri" ;\falkl,in. CbIlfJ'U,
IflZD-Jf
Studi" mill ""rhin Plorn/a
If124
{{"ur'" to Fnma
ItJJ4-41
Dirmor
In ,,,,,tinll"} d,,",mdfor
portrai" 1149
Tkatb "f Mad,kill<
flU
Ma"";" fklpbiTl< Ram,/
Loui s .Frm,,-ois Bertin (tk'ail) (/812) S,,,,,J in il ,impk chair agaiTl51 " Alh
bourg""'"
1167
OJ,, of[»Im,""";a
in Pari,
'"""f,b.
«"'Qimy a
J
ean_Aug ",« DOl1unJ'l"" lngn::s ",ade hIS reputation In I" )
"'n'uoUS na,ure'. Thi. i. ",hy Ingres i, so admi",!. IIi. IMcru ",. a'" p.in,,,1 wi,h .mazing phy,it.. li.y: and he ", Iishes c''''Y dett~ of h"
him losting r{"(,('gni.ioll. I h'ing won the l'tix
wc:tkhysittets' d o. hes and ;'::",dle,y. A ,ul" .,ne cxaml~e i.Mad",", ,\fai_i"in h<:, no",lg"wn ,
'{"turning nl Pa," in 1824. ThtTC he found little in C""unOn ",i.h hi. F"'nch "..."e"~)o.-,,ies , ",ho h.d mc:tn",hile 'h ",a,h,,1 the a"""phcre
",hich ,,",l .wel", }'c:tts nl p,in'. lIe.- li,tle ,t.ugb"" ".,IS to h"'e been included in 'he pOtn-,i" bu. she had grown up hy .he ,ime
of Romm.ici.m·. Ing'es C1l1ed hi' }'".mger ,i, .. I, Dd"e roix, ',he "po,tle of ugliness'. In retalia,iuf), Dehc",ix deda,"] Ingres had '00
Ingres finished. Ingn:s "'bJmed to R,. ne as Di",ct,.o' of the French Academy in 1834. Aw"y from 'he
imagina,ion 31 .11'. Indeed, Ing,e. had nO
COn'ttn' cri.ici'm in J>.ri., he un ..'t'lpl",1 hi. nbu f,,< .c:tching. Like hi. own .ut,,,, David,
instinct ~" nart'l,i,,, and hi. Sct IMetts ,ufl',,. ~" i•. Up do"' , the ", is a mOSS of info.- m.,iof) but no {,(lnnccting energy. He h,d a houtgt'n;.
mentt~.y,
and
",nth "''':'al, as Ihuddai,e admi",,!, 'a
rL~
his
dttl~J'
he "h"C1,ed dt'l"'ing abm" all: 'If I h,d nJ put a sign "''', my do<,,-, I would wri,e "Sthml "f Dra"'ing" and I'm certain ,ha' I ",nuld
Thd i s Imploring J upitc' (/ S 11) in tbi, iUU!trlllion from Ho,",,"', lIi.d, "n,,,;, MI:' Jupit,," '" "pair tM Gruh'injusri" '" 1m- '"" Acbil/". InKY" elF'" Th"i, in ,I!< familiar mould "an ,/onK"ud odali"l"', bff body
WASSILY KANDiNSKY
1866
B()rR RlR
in !II",,,,,,..
if a "a
,""cbimt
1886-92
Srudi" Iir", and "OII'I,"io at
JI/",.-"", iJnit",-riry
189f
VITj" 'mp,.,.,i""is,
,,,,bib,,,,,,,, d«nn '" '" a painu,/90/-04
FGII"ib Phalanx
Trm.-,/J to Italy, N"b.,.mrllJJ "nd
"'""hAft-iea 1910
Pa;n"{lITt ahnnut in tra,=oIOtir The Dre~m (191I)
1911
C<>--foutllb D
Mar, 1917_20
MarTi"Ni"" Nicolay"''''' Andnyrt',J:aya, birth if run VTn.,",od W...-h in ill",.."", at Propkl Co,","iNlrialof
Eduazti"" 1921
1924
iJ
K," 192f
Mo,." ,;.';,b Baub/lUIto
19JJ
"
..
0<"""
Mo,-,.,.", hall« 1::bm Nciulo" BaubilUJ" OJ,, in Nrnilly_ mr_S';M
",,'Fran,'\\arc
Man- marly at.::i1jJ indud,d ""i,"lllY in hi, "it,d picttlln for him, animal, "f"""",Nl lb. in_rna and harmony ,;.'i,b "'",,'" ,ba' human kh'gJ bad las!, ilrId b, firmly hd;"',d !ba' ar' _Jd bridy rb, rIa",,,,1 and ,b, rpiri"",1 "",ilk. Marr m
W
OSsil}' K~ndinsk}' could hear colou rS. T his condition _ known
OS sJTI.~"hc
'l}'riCiI' and 'coml""itions' os thoub'" they were l,;ettS of music, K"'(~rbk)'s pionttring (J.:,,,lolw,,cnt of . hstr.<1 p.inting
.nd inn""nti.1 aniSlS of the tw<:nti<1h ttnrury. In 1901 he 1,,1 an a,.,nt_pdt nl<,,"n"'nt in ,\l unich CiDed I'hal.nx. lI
K.ndinsky h.d • long_ten" rdationship with 'lilt of the Ph.l.nx studmts . G .I)( icle
1,,,.,llthl his n",,1 to exp.-ess colours .nd ~"'ns OS if theJ.· wen:: phJtl<,,1 fr()011 the "II"e air thmugh
,\lunter, whose "ision and "-'I",rimen"'tion innuenttd hi. style dramatically. Up to the
which «JUll<1 w'l'C< ",,,,,I. Hc a'pin:.-o:l to 'pun::
ou d"''''k of ,..'lr in 1914. whm K.ndin,ky h.d to leal'e Germ.ny. ,\lunter ''"is prc<ent ., crucialmon",nlS in his Can::<'I': his firSt .b"rl<1
I"'inting' th., ""ul.1 bring"'" ""'wer tn the <:Imr:: <.'In(";(lIl" thru;h(~d os I"tming nJ a S}11lIhlll}' 'C(~()ur is the kL'}'. Thee}" is the halluner:rn.:: soul
I",inting, and the ~)unding of the Express;lIni" iNt- 81"", R.ju,. (lIIue Ride,) grou p with F rlnz
is the piano with its m.n}' chuI
M.re (1880--1916), She led
'ilnting 3lJn" " ,.ic:llly.' Kandinsky ,,'OS thirty before he began to
appr",i.,ion of child .n. which K.ndinsky beli<~'<,<1 offer"l. (k:<" >I,;,;tual unde"'t:tnding
p.int .nd }" t I...".me (lIle of the mo.t ()(iginal
through which all hun13nkind might gmw.
him
to
.n
Impression '; (19 11) br Was,;lr Kan(~n,kr IVl1uJimryi- rryl, t..".,./m"J on ,b, lWn _ "f'T'"",,,,i<JnaJ pro!'"ri" 0ff(lm and co/our. UJ,J '" 'X'f''''' ,b, full "mg' of bi, ,",,"ori,,, "moriom and imaginarion
ANGELICA KAUFFMANN
1741
B()rn in Cbur. Jaugbu,." a mitral painu,-
170
Fa,"ily mot', '" Sdr.::ar.:lm-g (""11>
Atl51riaJ 1761_6f
T,.",-.iJ '" Rom" Mila", 1m;"" Napl" and florm«, finally
jolnr Sf
LtltaT
A a"k1l1j.
1766-81
/{(I/'"
Mo,-,.,. Ii' EngllVld. marri,s Ant""io Zllrrbi. a Jm..till1l
pain".. "" .ring ,;:itb ,b, Adam broth.,-,
1768
F:.m ily o f Fe ruinmd IV (/7SJ) An ",·",,,..dillllriiy larK' painting in t::bim ,b, r"1"/ f","i/y "[Sicily and Naph "pp<ar Jifrriu, p""d ilgai_ a iandrrap< Tarb... than ,b, ricb inu,.ior " a paN"" Bringingtbildrm up in ,b, fr"dom and h
F(Junbr ,",,"Iv,. "[ l,,ndon, R.lyal
ACtu]""y,;:itb RrylWltlJ
1781
R"""", t. rUn ma:=fol r1lU/i" in Rom,
1807
Di" in /{"''''
ngdiC. Kauffillann "'.... a I",'(""'o>n:ll " om'n in the age of the a"",,,."ur and the fi",~ n) cho.llrngc slinting. Dc::'1,in: Iwing barr,,1 fn. " d... ",ing ,ho:: m.le nude_ Ofl ",hich the "'mt:ntiofls of hi,,,. y p.inting n:,tt:d _ she under..."", S<"'I"",I J'calS of 1""I"""~>n in Italy
A
IlCh"arr~inginLofl'~)f) "'theageof''''''''''y-fi,,:.
A< a child pmdigy. Kauff,,"nn 'poL" ~Jur iangu:tges, piay"l music. nd abmt: all ,he coukl p.in~ cntinu<,j to m::..::i,,, "",u"is,ions and est! bl i,hed. "'I", .. tion in h
Im;«,] to L>n<~>n ",,',he "ife "fthe English Al1lb:l<S3.,k" in H ...,i"". s"" p";nt,,d numerous ponni,s in her first J'ca r - One sittt:r "''''' the famous actor .nd ,heatre ",.nager, ])a"id G arrick _ until she h.d sufficient funds to I>ur her own house and ""uld 'urn to history p.inting. Promnt"j by Joshu. RL")'nolds, Kauffm.nn bttame • fOlmder m':I"her of L')f)don's Roy.'! Academy of An , contribu ,ing no k:ws itions. Zuffany 1" intI:d 711, Awl""iaa"'"f,b, Royal Acwlmry in 1772 to ",,,,u,,e,mr.tt: ,ho:: o"":lsion. lrllfliCllly, it ,,"" dt:cid,,1 that ,ho:: "lCmllClS we n: to be ar ... ngt:d around. nude male ,,>odd. so in ,.,icr nJ include tho:: 'wo w,."en aCl,k,,,ici'n< _ ,\hry ,\Io",r and K.uff""nn _ Zo fEtnr
E.ii>.:.li>eth Ih rtlCJ' ~s Il ennio nc in A Wi"u,.. .. T,,/, (c.lnO) E1i=
GUSTAV KlIMT
'" 1862
B()rll
in
Ballmgarun•••m of a gold "'K""'''-
1876
Enrou at Sobool"1 ATn and C,.a/n,
V;",,,,, 1886-91
Pail", t"llrj"",
<(J,","imam for "ih'nK' and ,"urld,
1892
1897
D
B""",,, jim Cbai,man " V;",,,,, &",';011
""
W;", gold ""tlnl at Uo.-Id', Fair.
190J
Vi,;" R,,'..rnrlll
Pari,
J ud ith II (dn,,;!) (/909)
/90'i_ 1I
,b,
Rmgm from S«:",ion, hroJ,"" ",mllNro[
Vi""",,. JI'<.o-hb.:f, cr.aUf til< Sn.clct friel.<: in Bru,,,IT /907_8
Pai""Th" K iss
1911
Pirn pri=:L at I"'"""rio""/ Ar' Exhibition, fill""
1918
Dj« ofpn",,,,onia
afura J1fllJ... in Vim""
"iT
Th< 'Kunsrxball' marhd /(Jim', /uxl",bip nru ",,,t"'"mt, "fur iT diJPuU ,;:j,b ,b, &"XIionim. Judith II if in J"gmdsril (C,r",an arr lUi"'..,"') mod. 1m, ,!xm" If""' injl""''' jf-"," Scbi&',
r-d" for BFarllin. Iff""';"
drl1!::jng, ,;:hich Klim' pony ad",",,}
A
lcadingCXI'OfK"Jl'Ofartm)lJ\'C1u,"mng \r"'nn' Se""ss.;c.,istS,
anti-<,<)ns",.,~ti,'e
",,,.ts c,'crl"hing:
which he Schiele I.,e,
res,~,',,1
his own
And .lthough handling
,,~our
h).' difli:: ", nt mcan<, he toO ""!S iml" "",,,1 when
Gust'" KI imt fn:'luentlr I","'olcd antagon istn. T heEm pc:mrJirln'JoM'phll",'cn fo.-ha de hi' dri,'crs to go 11
he first 'a", Klimt's "ork at the 1908 'Kun'..lr 0"" t1'l<: nen twO rca rs. Far fmm Paris. Klimt 'pem e,c,y ,ummer at t1'l<: Attt:rset: _ Ausrria'. bigg.::st lake. He hmd
emtici'm in his Ixt intings. Klimt's effect on other artistS .."1< mOre pos~i,'e. lie himself had b<"n influ<:n""d br the Swiss H ooler, who r<~urn,,1 the c<)ml~ imcnt s:t}ing: 'I Jo,'e his f""""es .. the fn:"I,." w~h
the bnd'c"pe inspiring, and ..-..nl: of his best· kro"TI ""rl; wen: Ixtim,,1 the n:, inch.J(ling Th< IVIT. Klimt's won.s on cam ...... en: c<. nlxtr1t;"dr li::w, he n:g;rded himself mOfl' OS 3 mUr1~st , ... hich had hecn his prime rnub:: n) ,u",,",ss.
Three Ages o fWo "", ,, (/905) Th< ,btu ag<' r'f"",,,,,ting lb, ryd,
in Ib, ,.ima of miiTobio,"gr. A li"k ""arcb "uaIJ Ib, rbap" jI(Ji1,ing aho,~ ,b, )'ltmg
LEONARDO DA VINCI
'" 14f2
B()rR
in Vinci, ,,'"
afa notary /",b.r and ",am'" ,"otb.,.
140
Tum to I"." ,;:;,b fatb
1464
Appr""icd to
1472
BrnJ,"'I ",mbra! S, L ,,*,', Guild
1477_82
ErtabJi5b.r 01:.'11 "lIdi. ,;.'i,b iII,did
",/dia "f J"",,m;{J, ,;:itb GbiriaJUJio, B(Jfritini, PfftlgiTI<J and di Cmlj
parrorlllg' 1482
Mo,.,.,. to ,our,
Pai"IT \r,rgin of the Rods
149f_98
1499
Pai""Th" L3St SUI,lt..
LI Snpiglim (I 50S) A ddiea" 0<1 rtudy. p"bap" Maoorma, h",,,'11 IlTTne Lady with Dish",·dlcd I hir
Tnn-,/J to Marl/till, I~Jlj""
FlornlCl! and Romllg1lll
I SOJ-06
R"""", to florm", Pai"" ,\Iofl' Lis.aji.ohal/aJ
Giocotloo 1m, k"p
par1Tai, I f06-12
HII
Fund! king off= pam"'ag' in AWarl. Pain" mvnJ \r,rgin of the Rods
Tr",..d, to papal court in
HI6
R_,
R"im to hnu:b (ourt in .'Imhof"
HI9
Di" in Amboi"
L
C()fl""~)
,b \r,nci ".a;n"hsana n ;,und
craftsman hut ,"lon 1".",,,<1 himself,
sci"",;" os ",ell. It is no. known w"tTI: he learn"j cnginttring: he might e,"n ha,-e taught himself the b",s of mcchanics, His notl:l.-.oks "',"al the '{,(' pc of his or igin'lity"",1 a n: full of exquisite dettil. E,"rything is in It.lian b<"CilN: Leonanlo Iack{'(1 Latin, ",hich "",,, I,,(.b,bly an a(h-ant3gt: sinc<: his "",k w"ls mot<,1 in h" own ollscn~tion nther ,han ,he tc:tching; of othcrs. Not a II LCOfla"~,'S idc:t< ",e", sucressful, Ii i, ch, rktl:ri«ic de,;tt of ifumata ('in thc manner of ",, (.ole) depended on slow, ca reful modula,ion of lib"'t and shade _ tt, LCOflar
d<~'cI(1,<,1 a
new {'(. "I"", ,,,I tt, I" o"e ,he waD f, ...
Th
L<"na"lo's al, ,,,,,ch nJ R;thcr than I~acing C hrist and the al"",dcs in a >tri<:t r"w, he wouped thL,n ""runDy, Clch gt:"uring in rc:t<:tinn to 0"",. ",. .... ,><:nt th., Ofle of ","-", ",ould S< )(jfl betny ho", T he w.y
,it""",«,",,,,, {,(M,~)("'itiOll .
that ,he 'I""'" al" c:trs
to
",,,,,it behind Ori,,!;
""'-d ". cla",i" =,,~~c of ("""I"~ nt PL"TSI><-'Cti,,,. Lee••• ,,10 is Ofle uf 'he g n:atl:« I'" intcrs .nd ,""a,ile gt:niu<es In hi,,,,,y: ,hc .... "b<. limL"nt of 'he Eur(1)<":t n Rcna i"",nc<: , II is p.rticip"i ofl in a deb"e ., murt , hetween r'l>rcsenn,i"e< of the artS and scicntts , is "'llOrtl:d .dmiringly h)' Va",ri: ' [he ] silene ....1 the IL":tm<,I. nd {'(", founded the li,-elie" intellect: "",st
The \rorgin ~nd C hild with St Anne (co 15W) 711< rr""," "hfr jI(f"~'J from 'k kiNI of 51 Ann< d"""n tbrough ,br"
K"'tratu- in an intrrau n::irring manna
.b"""n ... """'r1I''''''''
AMBROGIO LORENZETII
1290(')
B()rn in Sima, ywngt'r brotlm- of til< aniIT PinTo
11 19
R«(Kdd a, Iit-ing in Sima
1125(')
PainlJ fr=- fo.cbap'" hou" ofS. Fmn",,", Si"'a
1127
Enurr tb, ,,,,ild at FIorrn"
1111 _12 I H7_J9
Paintf fr'xot!, in ,b, Pala=o Public. QtSima
1148
Oi""f tb, pJagl« in Sima
The Life of S.int N ichol. s ofB~ri (d"ail) (c.lJJ]) AI hirbop of Myra, S, NidNJla, if ,bot:.", ""..ing tb, "",,,,from f"min. by mira"""""'y Jryingand mllltiplying ,b, filCh oft:.·bw ,bat blMl fall", in'" tb, ""
T
he,e an: k w hard IiIcrs a,~ibhlc aoollt
Am b"'gio L"" nz<~ti. It " "".<\, liLdJ' that he ","", a p"pi l of Duccio. n'gnhe r with h" (~( k:, hrn, ho::, PiL~"': and ho:: is Imown n,
he,,_known ~" his fi-cs<x>l:s in ,he grand cou ncil chamber of Sim • . dealing with thm,cs of W)(. l
ha,,: I" id "' Ic,,,, twO cxt{"["hl ,·"its to ]o1o",r'I<'t:
and h.d w""rnmmt and 'heir cfkcrs on b"t h urbon and rural life. II " delightful srenes a n: {"[am">l:d with inci(k:nt .nd an:hitcctural d<~ail.
fi-,. " h" "JIl>l: in Sic",. lIe ".,,, dearly fa",iliar no' on ly "i,h the wo rl of Giono bu t al
T hey an: 'he frr" p'norlmic "icws (}If town and cou"t'Y sin"" das.ieal times. and dernln"rlte tho:: n: ""rb hle cun t",l of Str""OJ n: . 'I"ce and
""Iu"ihle~" ""min Sic""", inilu<"Iltt:s on ,ho:: an of I~o n:n,". I'.nirularly in the a"'" of ,.,,,11
(~st:l.""e achie",d
de",, ;onall';""'''''' Both Arn h
in I tI ~a n p.inting a' this time. ",·ith Am brogio:lS an ad"an,,,d "1:1"{"[. ·ll..:: L, n: nz<:tti ho::ot hcrs to,th died in thc gr ....J, plague of] 348. which killo::d two... thi,ds (}If tho:: 1"1, uhtion of Sien •. indu(ling • g ",at many of 'hc c()nrr,~ ling a"s"){"["1<)·.
The Effects ofGoooJ Go..-crnm<:nt in the City (J."'if) (/117_J9) Thi, d,,,,il a/fortb a g/im!= "f"JI!ryd", lift in " t:."/I_g",·,",,d city. !II", Qnd tr"m'" rid, about on m,-,,/mck, a ,bop IT/nub op'" f llr In"i",,, and il1l i"'''-''''ng p"rrion oftb, t"",n armi,,,,,,,", ;, r,,·,al,d, fiJI oflmttkmmtJ and boleoni,,- Althougb Sin'" ri:",g,d Flo,,,,,, in pr"'P"ity at til< tim, of p"iming, it i, prolmbly an jdroliud "prumt.,illil to eontr"" ,;:im tb, '/mJ g",""m",,,,' jr.Jro in tb, """' cba"br. ,botring a dty d"'a"""d by f"m'n. and mlln
AUGU STE MACKE
I SS7
B()rR in iI/,xb.d., ron
"I a ,neil
min"r
,,"-'"
Srudi" ar' al Dii",/t1J rf AJ:i>d,,"i.
190f
VITj" Italy.
Anmd, Biaiin in
,,,,bib,!.,,,
H,jddkrg
1906
Vi,;" B,Igi/,m, Nnb..-/alUJ, and Likloon.
1907
Vi":,, Pari,. influmadby 'mpr",.mirtI. M",.,.,. to 8.,.1111, f1Iuli" untkr Corintb
1908
Vi":,, /Ullyand Pari,
1909
MarTi" EJifllil<,b GN"bard,
19 10
Birrb
Pie rro! (/ 9/J) AJ'b<JUgh gmmdly Fllttt'ist inbi,ro/iJluingand Cubi" in fix'"' 111...-,1-,. bad RiJI Y" bad "m, to "mlni/a" aU 'k ;"fI"n/in k biNI ", .. UrIU,-.,} during hi, Ii.. parr ii' Il paint"
In"'
ill""
Marc. ]m;:kmry and K","Jimryin
M"nith·1"''''
Dcr Rhuc Rei""
19 11
MU/J
19 12
Vi,;tJ Ddau""y in Pari, ,;,j,b Marr
/ 9/1
Binh
Ernn and KI« in B(Jt/R
if ron
Ji'''''JK''''g in Bonn.
Vi,;, fro.n
!"Rla"""y and ApoOiTllli"
19 14
VITj" Tun;,i" t."i,b 1<1«. Dj" in hatt/. at P"1b.~· I"_
Hurl",
uguste M acke w.. s Iud)" enough t() min)" financial s<"CUri'r. and waS ~Iw..y< ITtt to study and tr,,·el. l ie ~I<" Vin ....!
particularly s}"lll'"he,ic to the c<~ ()." harmonies of the O 'l'hic Cubist Delaunay. '\\"cke nlOk an independent line with the ~n
the p"ronage of his wilf,'s unde , lkmha, d Koehle" in return for ad"is ing him on hi.
"fhis time . I Ii. inll:""" wCTe figur."i,·e n"'· ..... m}sticol , u
a"c"lI",tion. ,\ladee fir$! S3w Im pression ist p.intings in Pa, is in 1907. Then. in ,\ I unich in 1909, he m....
a, cas , and s<'m<~imes avin" a multicolour ....! mO'. ticin the"rleofDcbunay. On E...",r ,\Ion(by, 1914, KI<"t: ""d ,\I ade
Kan.Hns ky and ,\ la,c , "J'~Jundc rs of the Exp ",«ioni" group /"Nr Blau, R,jur (RI uC
a, rin,1 in the Tunisi"" ,m.ge of Sidi Roo Sa id. ,\ lade sl .... ch,,] the ou,,"de of ~ cofe befo.e they
Rid ..... ) ""d wotied with them to 1''''1''''' the alman.c ~"thei , firSt exhibition. \""~hin. fL'w rca, s , through f«-quent tr.",1 and pe , sonal
hurried on elsewhe "'. Six mon ths b ll: ' he was kill,,! in action. I lis friend ,\Ia ", _ who would mttt the same !itte two )"C3.rS on _ w,nt C this
"'nt""'S, ,\ lade h.d cn",wltCTed e,cry m'ior modern ~" o"""lIlen!: the F,en<'h Fa",·e. (i,..,luding '\\21 isse), the Cuhis11l of Pi",~sso a nd
'1'i"'I"" ' \ \ <: p,int<1"S Imow .. he V"e ~ br ib
R'"'que , ""d the Itali.n FuturistS. I le,..os
wh(~ebeing.'
A
Worn"" in ~ GreenJ~""ct (/9/ J) Painud at Ld:, Thun in S;;.'ir.Lrland. ,hi, f","{JUS picttlr, ,hm::, a parriculnr/y ,,,,,itit-, tmd harmoni"", arTflng,,"m' offix'" and cdiJRr. /, i, ",,,,in ,hat ..IIaa, "wid hat-' a paw-anir1 ifb< had rnn.-;,-ro. A.- Marr ,aid: 'II", hi, frimdr, ,,-, h"," ,,-ha' prot"i" ,hi! man ofgmiu, UfT"/y bo" in him. '
"""tn,
1898
B()rn in UIJi~;, of a 'ail...
ron
1912
IIIo,kr comm;t' JUiatk
1916--18
StudS" at A auJi",;' tkr B,aux_ArIT, Bru=lr, iNcom,r wIRm"aal arrirr
1922
Marri" GfiTgm, B<rp. Impirro by Cbiri(o', T he Song of Lm'e
1925'
MUIT Dadai"" 1l'orkn:.'i,b Arp, Sdrr::irrffJ, T""ra and Man {{ay
1926
Pain" T he Lo" Jortcy
1927_29
Lit~, in Prune" m"IT Ernrr, /Jali, BI'm", and EJ "" nJ
19JO-4O
{{mum to
Fa ntom:.s po
Bru=lr. Stunalirr ,bal.." in Pari" [.""don. N"" )0'* 19J9-4S
Cbang" painting
Jry/" Imt r,,''''IT 19H_f7
1965'
nllkl: mO" of hOI fdlo", SurrealISts
docs
Rene ,\lagmte ~c
mL-an an)""" n: ? Hut Magritte will not let uS dodge this
lowpmfile ""JS his "'''rof ensuring that he m.... with as little interfen:ne<: as p",;sibll: whilst cone<:nrr.,ing 0., thl: Surrc:tli" n,k of 'barring
o.,slaught , nor allow anr sit ... tion to ",main blindlr a=I" '-'<1. lie m.nipula",s time , sc:tle .nd ,;ewl.,int "1'C3 ",dlr. lie turn< night into
fmm J"ur mind all n:n", milo-ane<: of wh., J'ou h,,'e ""n , .nd Ilring alMrs 0., the lookou t~" wh., has nner bern '.
dar. li e offerS mirmr im.ges th., show the n:",rSe of what we exp"ct to sec. lie <:reateS ';SttS through win
T hl: rricLs ~nd puns I><esent,-,
<"nva",S, ,ugge,ting the I)()ss.ibi~ty of finding threc_diml:nsion~1 ",.Iity through the A.,
CO., tcml. ' .... ')· ,;ewerS undcrSnnd "''). well. We know th., thing< an: not al"'''rs wh., th!)' Seem because we are suLiected dailr to thou., nds of Il",di'_gmerl ",d images. \Vh.,
surf.e<: of. picture: J'.... the "icwer muSt sec th., it's ~lImcrelr I" inted. 'E,,,rJ"hing ,," sec hides another thing , wc al"'''rs "'''nt n, s.,,, wh., is hi
U
Pa;n" r~'ofr'xo rycln in Krwkh... 1,_Zu, and Cbar/""i {{m''''f''cm'' a' MUH"'" of Motkrn An, N""
);,'*
1966
B'gi", "wpm", paintinW
1967
Di" ofpanOUfae (ane" in Br"",1r
the
e,;
of our
Own
eJ'es
The I ""1'f'Y Donor (/966) Magri'" 1::a, ah::ap to""i"", tbat tbinK' ba'~ a flip rilk n-m mor,
KASIMIR MALEVIC H
2
1878
B()rR
in K/rJ,
roR"f Q fiXrory fimmml
1897
Srudi" at Kin! SdJooI "[An
190f_1O
In M""OIr, rrl
1911
iJ<'igm "IT muJ CI,m,,"" for \r,C!O.Y (JI'LT
,hI: Sun
19H
&bihi" ,;:irb Tat/in I1nd Po"",'a in T,mfF'::ay V' and ,1xr~'J iliad:
Square a'
1918
'(). W'
PainIT \Vhi,c On
White 1919_12
UacM at V,,,dJd:
An 11151;"''' 1922_27
uiXb.,a' Lmingrad
AcatkmyofAm
Three Li ttle G irls (1928_12) AJ'bwgb painml in Ib, p.,.iod if S(}(ia/in l{,aJi,.", imp"ud by Sw/in.
1926
!b", ,btu figur" ",IN> til. old Sup,mati" formaliti,s and '""1 Ill", "for dir«t/y iNK} '""'" if Ma/"..icb', 'Mli'" ""rh, !b, )'1()wcr Girl" 19M
PuNirooThc World os 1>1<..'1-
Ollje"';,;')" 1927
V,silI Qnd ",hili,,, in Jinnat.7and B
Gak, l L Corbwi..- and Sd,,";,un. Vi":" GropiUIill
8nub","
1927_29
""«b,, at Ki",
S",,, Art insriruu 19H
OJ''"f em'a.- in Lmingrad (lWI!'
SI P",,,lmrg)
K
"'illlir ,\1abich
usc: Or I''''l)(.<\c to an .nd it ,,~s his belief th:u arti,,,, ,hou ld be ,piritU:lII)'
ind
erc;tc~.
Sttning with
simple d", ... ings, h" gI',. "erric "lU:l"', CmS< and rccHngle WC ", intcndcd to show the 'su p,cm'<)' of ~",,,s·. M aJe,'ich initiatcd
1915. Three }'urS I.,cr, he produccd his f'mous Whir. on Whir. , 1
SUI"",,,.,i,m in 191 J with his,;c", and ""tum'"
This StatCment 'nticip"ed Minim.lism by 6ft)" )" .rS. P''''t.re",lution, the }'oung S",;et Union
f,,, the Futurist '1><... a Fi,,",), ",-.,- til. Sun, ~" which One of the h""kclot hs '''"is a hl.do .nd white "lU:lre. lie 6n.Dr exhihit,,1 the i"",ic
,;cemcd fertile ground Ii" .niSls , .nd SUI''''m.. i'm became the Slrle Ii" e,c'l~hing frum 61m l'0stcrS to """mi", .nd tcxtilcs.
Bmd:
Sq"""., the
'0.10' ,how in Petrog",d in
,\tob'ich,. man
()fgr<~t
ch.n" and. brilli""t
v
'I",.kcr, held le.ching ],ostS in ,·",iou, in"i,u,;ons and ,,",-< ",ad" • Cuntor ..
the 1("",lin. Rut beyon d the "arly 19!0s. the StotC tighten,,] its grip and dccn:cd ,hat the artS
should glorify 1'(~ itic.1 and s<>cial ideals. 01"",,,,,,<1 and marginaliz.cd _ ",Cn arrested "nre _ ,\hb'ich w.tch"J ""hi!c Stllin il11l. ,,,,d Socialist Realism In 1931 . nd I"nishcd inde pendent .n l1l(lll'I11CnlS fro", wh., h.d bttn the world's ""-,, , I'"JgrCSS;'" coun try ~"
11". lern "I",,,,,, an.
S Ul' rcnuti st Compositio n (/9/5)
An ''''''1/pI, of rb, m-aigbtfort'ard ",mbinat;'" ofg",,,,n,-icai
and lb. 'Wbi"an Wbi,,' ,.,.j"
,b,
EDOUARD MANET
1812
B()rn in Pari" J.m
of ajudI{' ISfO--f6
SlUm" in Par" tmtkr COUrtlY" Trtr.·,/J ,;:iddy
INrI
Binh
u.,
ISH
,\/",,- l"NkuToir
Isrs
At"". &udd"i,.. Pint painting "Inc Ahsirnhc Drinker
1861
MufY
1862
!"Natbolfatbn
186J
ilIarri" Suzan", l.""bo/f, Lion'r ,"o,b". Exbibirr D<'jcwler 'ur L'll.,.""
/)"ga'
186f
Exhibits 01)'1" 1';'
1866
ill"" Ci::"",,,
LoL:. de \'.ole nee (/862) LoJa d, liz.kna "'a, ,11< kad dan=- in" from M"drit/ ,;:ro pnfixmd ,b, Port< IJallpbjru during lb. ""m"" """'" if 1862
Il'
"''''P'
and ill"",
1868
iII"". &rtb. Mori""
1870
S",," in Nlltimal Gtulrd
187r
&bihi" "Ine Seine ., Arg<:n"'u~
1881
AI::ard
1882
/881
&bibi" liar ~t the F(~ics · lkrgcrcs ", Salm L'K Ilmpul"",}
OJ''"f I)'pbiliJ in PM;'
d()uard M.net "'.... a l'ara<~)xic.1 C<Jlllllina,ion of the ",,,,IUlio,,""y ani"
... ho =,·,,1 official gold mcd.l" the
end<,1 up in thl: Salon dc. Rcfuses, .lthough ,\I.1n<~ reoll}' had n(. anticil""ed the 11OW<" of IlU b~c opinion ah",inst him. 'i::t, :IS for :IS hi<
dehon";' Ill.n_.bou,_,own who uscd "",,~ sl.ng: .nd ,hI: repu b~con lih<:rol who .,-,,,ltl:d n)
p<"'rs werl: c
go home '0 'he c<. nfor .. ble consLTl'ati,'c lifl:,t}'11: to which hI: "",,, a"''''tom'''1. II<: "",,, hand"lOl'c , witt}' and genc",'" to fril:,"1s. wI>:)
~)lIo",< a sixlrcmh"::m'ury engra'ing of. lost drawing by R.phael, call,,1 TN ]1lllK'mm' of Par;'. BJ' re in,erpreting ,hI: worl of a
indu
R"".issan'" m.ster, ,\ hn<~ "",, q""sti'lOl ing thl: I,o<sibili,}, of hcli<:f in an}'thing onl: on'" ,rust,,1. ' Ini, p.inting "",,, "'ml ~l:lrd thc J" "'
ilk-gitima'l: ''In , who." moth~r ,\I.. nl:' m'rri,,1 himself, o,",c his father ".,,,
aflrr thl: dea,h of M .. nl:" s Iit,her, wl10 "",,, I,,"h • judgl: and an .dult"r ......
He "",, Onl: of 'hI: gcnl:""ion regularl}' exclud<,1 from 'hI: Pari< Salon. Rej<..,.l:d for both stylI: a nd ""n'l:n' , thl: litmou,l}'
II)' 1874 ,\ hn<~'s ""ut:t tion a. exp<1"illlc n",1 arti,t and lead"r of thl: I n~, ,,,<sioni'ts ,,",S finnl}' es.. blished. 'Ine Cali' C uerl,,)is, ncar his
E
''In'm,,, ~ial
OJympia and
Dii""'''' rtlr L'H.,.Iv
Batignolb sttJ
ml:<~ing
platt
fo.- Monet, Renoi r, Si sley, Deg-... and Pis• • ro and .ltho ugh "'ane, presided ""er them regularly, he would not P."ieil>1,e in ,heir emi hit;ons . I I<: chose instl:.d nJ ","ain !Orused o n ,he Sal,." which he Cllled ~he trut field of hattie '. I lis ">1in influ,-",,,,,. had al,.."y< b<..::n the Spanish pain,ers Vcl"'''luC>. and Goy"", but it ,,~ during 'his ,ime - when he aCbJally went pain,ing m pI.in air & (MI1 ,\10 """ ', boo, studio _ ,ha' he Cl ml: cl'N:st
'0 the Im p.-..."",i,., ist style,
DCi e uner s ur L'! krl.e (/86J) 711. t","",,'r boM rtil,", chilUmg" tb. 1= c
t'.,..
,bilt if tb< o,b.,. t"man (1I1i".d hil,bing ""d 1I1llIity ilkgaf) . It bar h<m rugg""d ,ba' ' h< fa" ir tbat if ,\Iamt 'r ,"othl Jlicrorim iII",rm" 1m, ,bat 'k rudy h
ANDREAMANTEGNA
'"
14 JO
B()rR in Ma di Carturo, "'"
if a
'"P"'1441-45
Apprm!;" to Sqtuuci"u,
.. ..
,, ,, 1448_ 55
h«","" ,.,jot"i:"
"" W..-h ,;:i,b
"uJpm,. /Joon"Uo 1.,a'~T
SqtUlrc;"", j ''':orhbop
Painu fr=ar for Cburch
"f 1M
Ern",'"",i, Pad,UI 14 51
Mamn Niroi<Jria BdIiR~
Jist",
if
artin Gi(mmni
u nl
BrnJ,"'I COUrt
pain",- to GiJ1I=:Agtl!
Ma"''''' 14 65_74
Pain" fr=a< for C " l1lcra deg]i SI'("; Pal"""" D1«:aJ,
a'
14 66
Lwlov iro Grrtting I lis Son Co nii"", ] Frmcesro Gon1::lll" (tlmil) (14 71_74) Th< [m«l< in ,b, C.
C(lmp/"" ,"oml1nn",,1 "ri" Ti-iwlll'" of
Ill'"''
deg~ Spos; (bridal ,bllmhff) af'b. dJuaJ pala" in Mantua ilY' rrriking <"il1l1p/"offf,,,,,,b-c
C.<:s;.r 14 66_'10
Pail", fr'x~ in 8,11'.0."
I"""",
cbap<1
14 90
B'Kin,ropp'r
mgTtn:i"gy 14 95
Painlf ,\ 1a<~>nn'
ddb \r,,,orjo 1506
Dj" in Mantua
W
hen Andrea ,'hnteg'"
waS"
Jumg Ill'n , thITe w.s huge
in.c"", .ruund the nnnh It.lian cit}' of P.du. in ,he c"lkcrjon .nd study of Rom.n.miqui'ilS.M.megn.ln{·... m.nyof,he uni"'rSi,y sch,~.rS and .ntiqu.ri.ns im',~,' ....J in this ",ork .nd ",hot he lc:im,,1 from thcm he f""",<:ndy "1",,,lu,,,,d through his.n In turn, his painting< Ji:...1. growing in",,,,,,, in the rL~i,'al of da5
dli:Clsrdlttlt""in!lu""",()fD(ln,.cD(~~l<wh(.n
ho:"ntt:wo.-!",I"'''''''I''''-"Jlti"". ,\ lantcgn.·s m.jot dill lay in his uSC of illusionist pCrSpccri"1: 1.o,h for ~"I:g,,)und oc,ion and l",dground sccnery. Thc priml: cx.ml~c is his f",sc" p.in,ing in thl: Cil"'"il tkgli "''p'''':, M.nt"", ... hich insp,r,,1 R~ phad .nd C O'-'''ggio .nd the wo.-k of thc b~roquc ma"crS. The StZ('n""lt:t'pic",, in \hon:t is.nother fine example. The 'poti.1 con'truc,i"n of the I'" inted hall in which the ,\ I"~)nn:t is di'pI1)',,1 fits the .ctu.1 frame, ",hich itself sinH.!' tt" the front of a tt:ml~e.
"!(,get"", "ith his bruther-in_bw GiOl'anni Be llini , Mantegn. " ... hrgelr ,c>ponsi!>ie ~" sp rCiding the idCis of ,he e.rlr Rt·miss.nce in no,thern ha!r. No, ()n!r wcrC his paintings highl)" "'p"I,,!. his "'gr:t"ings also won the a
UMne n t:l ,ion ",'cr the o.,.~d Chri st (c.1490) Manugna b", frill,,,d tbi, confinro 'Pa" in a """Y,bal arcbiucturally d'fi"";1 ""N ,,/I "fa m"IX"'; and, '''';lUd '" b, "'..... in IN rrudy of damca/ mo(1
SIMONE MARTINI
1
1284 (')
B()rn in Sima, .om
afapla",_ 11/ 4
Vi,;" A";g,wn
H/f
Paim; ,\ 1aCStl in Pal""w PuhbJi,o,
Sima 11/7
Vi,;tT Naph
1119
Pain" polyptycb for church in Pi",
/JU
MarTi« C."·iUIrIIl ;Ii Filipputcio
1121 _12
Pain" "'My ,burch and go:-'t7Im
/'M I"",. /111
PainIT Annunciation for Sima Ciltb.dral
Angel G~ [,rid. Annunrution (J",';I) (1 JJJ) Th< fl/'lda, an j, "'d",, b"., JlTihing lb.""g'/)"-.rd, imo tb, mlln ~Id kaf INxJ:grOUlul Jr,tb no ltIrTmry IaL"f, p,-,/mjonaJ goJdlNllurrcould g" 01-'" olU b'mdud kll:-" (8, 5"" "l"ilY') .lIt of11 ring!< du"'" ,11< gold coin" ,",dineal ltidy
,;:itb LiP/'" M,,",,,; BJ9
S",/" in At'g"''''' iHc","" frimd " Pm-arch
H"
Dj" in At-ign'"
i,m"" ,\ I.trtini <~ed" t the 1"1,,1 Cou rt in A"ignon , .ftc r • ,uccessful and well_ «·... arded Jill:: 'I'~nt in the se,vice of inAucntialp""'ns. I lis illness,,~ such th" I>.: h.d .I r.....dr d",..n up a will . • nd his g<:nCT,,, il)· and lolt: ~" his extend"d f.mily an: cle" from the ,beum<"nt. lie was much k,,·,,1 in n:turn. esped.lll· bJ.. his wift: G i"'~nn. ,..ho rL"Ill1in,,1 in full ,oourning ~" him. ·Inis type of e,·id<"l1"" is ..,,''''' fmm tl>.: fou ne<"l1th ""ntury .nd. in Con tra" . ,...,thing d<.finite is Imown of ,\ \.1 nini ·, life hc~, n: I J 15. when he I" inted .nd sign<:d h .. ilia"';; in Sit"lla. J udging f'olll the importance of this commission . he was . h .dy 3 distinguish,,1 p,inl1:'. and 1",' llo l>ly ICpr
S
and dill with Duttio and Amb.-ogin Lorenz.ctti. It is 1' ''''u''' ....1 that Ducc;o waS ,\lartin; 's Iel.ch<:r. l ie d",,,I'1,'-"<1 Duocio's tr"'-tlnm' of sP"'" and ",lw1le . • nd mastl:",d the Got hic SI)·1e so hriDi. ntly th .. his ''llln.tion sp n:.d 'CT,'" Eum pe. ,\ lartini ,~d not. howe"". h:t,,, Duccio·s instinct foO" d"'m.tie n"",ti,·e. lIis skill was as • <"~ourist . and in "''''''ling the depnee of t;"hlJ'""ehd figurlS in gr.nd «::nings. l ie "'~ the prtft:ct C ou n p,intrt. ,\\.1 n ini .1«, di,ected. ",·,,.. bhop in Sien • . und<:ruking o.. n.men~.1 w,,.. k. such as gil , ~ng • nd hrt.ld;" ,biclS. l ie was ""nSunU1l"e h.ndk-r of dt... il . ,..ho ",uld as n:adily I" int • n:alistie to,..n.""' pe on . w.1I as he ",uld illumin:tI1: " singk: I.. ge of manuscript~" his friend. the I. ,et l'ct"'ICh.
Soint Louis of Toulouse C rowning Robert of Anjou (Ill 7) A oouhJ, coronation "'}" pJac" ,;.'bil, UJi';' IX
TOMMASO MASACCIO
IWI
B()rR Tomm"", di
Gil1'.'"n"i di Simon, Guidi, in s'w Giot'iumi J1l/darTliJ, ..... if a 1I<Jtary
I>#)6
Tkatboffatbn
1422
S",/" jn FkJrm", ,"",liNr"!
Corp'mm'on d_g/i Sprdali
1424
liN", Guild ofS, LuJ:" rrudi" ""tkr arebi,ut Brtm
1426-n
Pail", fr'x(}S in Bn""",,, Cbll/"I jn Santa Maria J,/ Ci"min<, florm"
1428
Trtr.·,/r to Ro,"" i)j" tb'H
M:.odonn.:.o ~r..J Child "ith £Oint Anne (/424) Thi, flTlJUP "'ar a ",Ilabot-arion h
,Iw!:.', tba, tINy ".= ;\I"",a-o. 'r c""'rilm!'m. TIN
MooiKIr/Q) righ' JmupuJJ
,il,
(Illl1""" " Ia."",;"
li,'cd "hand_to_
(lisca
mouth cxistcnct: with his widowed ,mthcr in lolon::nCt:. Ilis I",st dothes re;id,,] with the I"wnbmkcr, and he <"uldn't
tho ~ like Giot ro's t.,,~ m:: him , p,'e TlI:W life to westCrn art. Along with two Flo,cntine contcJllpol"1ries, the a",hi",,,, lI,undll:
af~",1 to
I"r his ""i,unt , who c,,:nlUaUr took him to law. A "'a",h f,. fresh p"mnage mar hal'l: httn whr ,\ las.:tCt:io ,ul1lenlr I
who t:t ught him l'<"t'l'ttti,'e _ and tlv: srulp". D,.,ateDo. ,\ "'saccio cmb"",,,] the l.i""il~cS of human ism wh l~ l:hc:t rlc,Dr. li e 1'1"",,1 thl:
in 1418, nL~·<"t to r<:turn. Onc "' I. 'rt 'I",aks of dc:tth br I)()i'"ning. while "'hers sa>" hI: fcU
&Uiblc indi,·id ... 1 and thc ,cal ",orld at thl: Ct:nt,C of his "i,ion, d,awing ,ubj<:ClS ti-,. " lill:
"i",jm n) the plague. ,\1a=cio could ha"1: I",en juSt one of the crowd who ,trugglcd to ,utl·i,'1: and then
a,ou nd him r"hcr than ti-om gi~]cd "",die,al "".Ids. In 1416, ,,·hen his fo ,me, coUabo,ator,
,'ani,h<,] anon)'Jllousl)· thmugh conAi", 0,
,\las<~ifl(),
T
left the III"1""acci C hapel unfini,h<,]
. nd wcnt to H ung.r), on othe r hu,iness , "'=<:<:10 n><Jl the pr(~ccr (lI'cr. 111e frcscocs th .. he I"intl:d the n: wc n: not only g n: .. ly supL"fio ' nJ "'",o lino 's bu t Ill'Y bc ..id to h",c st:trt<,j the ltt~an Rcn.i"",,,",c with his Illa.tl: 'y of I'=pecri,., and ("'''''''ation of light . D uring a reg rcttal~y hrid Caree r, ,\b=cio ga," Flo n:ntine ... t the di n:criotl it n:qui n:d. As • leg.!)", hi. Rr:tnc.cci frcscoes bC""llle thc adnow lcdl!"d ""lining sch<><)1 of gL-nc .... tion< ofFlo n: ntinc paintl:""
The Rende ring o f the Tribute Monq (dnail) (I n6_27) An .pm,tk from Mattb":J'1 §J'1"I- 711. tax ,dlroo.- a' Capn-nau", tUm alllh pay"''''t .ftM "",pl. !ax. JuUJ ' anrt:.'", i, to oro", Pn
H ENRI MATI SSE
1869
Born in u Cat "UI ·C""'Min" ron of a grain ",,,"eb,,,,,
1887_88 1891
Stud,,, law L,at~"".., li'
mmyar! 1892
En"n crudia <{ Mo.-
d" B,,,ur-Am, Pari,
1894
Birth
1898
MatTi" Amili. Par",,,. ",,,,b.,. if MarK,,,,-iu, tb'Y /"",- b",', r~" •••"
190r
Group ",,,",d Lcs Fomt:s 4'''" ,rbibi,ion at til< Salon J'a"",,",,,
1906
VITi" N(J..,b Africa
1907
&cbang" /",int_ ingr ;:itb PitiIDa
1911
Vi,;" Rurria
1917
;11",.,.,- "",",,nmdy
The App:orition (/874-76) t.,.. (',u,,",'c ,\ lo ",.u G""at" MOn'at< til< ..... ofa Pari, armiuct, """'"' kiNI.,. of'Il< Sy",/xlim , Impiml by lb. fifiunrb ."'tlttlrf iraiiam, b, " ...,- a
'" Cou J'Awr
1941-43
Und"~,.,-{/m=
J1I'Xtry, ""'" to
hook 'IJus..-",;""
/94S_f/
iJ«oramiJ<J",,,,iam cbll/"I
oiN",,,-/Ja,,,,"" ({"rmY<. Jma
19f4
Di,.,- Of"",," in
Cimi,=
H
Pi.,.~ sso
d.ncerS and riot of {,(,lour. ,\ htisse ...a s .n
shared aniSlic p, e_cminen"" and I. ' pu ia, ity fo. much (jf the twentieth
unosh'm,,1 bou rg<"is, Matisse tooL early rr.ining from G u
enri ,\ htisse .nd Pablo
century. hu t the n: ","1< • huge difkrence bcrween them . Against Pi"">.,,,', unrdCllting showm.n;hjl~ ,\ hti>.'"
his students to quest jon e''''1~hing and to ",h'lnce thei r own opinio ns, ,\ loti>\«: Studi,,1 the
methodically. and nncr set out to be cont""c,,",!. lie or<:e litmo u
"" o rls of ,\1:.one t. G~uguin . Van Gogh and a u nne . Then he cxplo red Seu r~t's l)(j intilli'm thmugh Sign"", lIut it ",'1S fnJln
in ., the e nd of. busy day, lkhi nd the nude
190+-{17 thot he got togt:the r with Derlin .
Still Li fe of Fruit
~nd ~
Brone St:.otue (19 W) by ncnri " t. tisse
,llath" aUo,;:"J tb, ((J/oUTToftlN" obj«rr '" dietat, tb, fiTllll romp",ition , ll'imn. g/lfdngfruitJ and bright urami" I,ap aUt from ,b, .""/ b«kgr""nd, at ,IN "''", ti,", ","aining in"gral to tb, arrangnnmt , Mati"" r
""
Vlami,..,l, IIra'JUe .nd othe' ~Jm,,::r stu,lcnts, to cx periment in the vi,id c"lourS and exaggerat,,1 "rle that ''"is c.II,,1 Jiam'ism . ,' htiss" "a,-dled sou th One Summer with Dc",in to C<~ lioure: and that ,,'" where he firSt had the i,lca 6" his l", inting"TN Dana, wh ile w",ching fishe rmen dancing in • ci rcle o n the he1Ch . After the F.mes, ,'hti>.'" hegan to wo r! with hold", shap'" and Sb"Oflg I", nern<. O n""
he had m'N"lperm.nmtly to the erJl.: d 'Am r, his ple"'ure in no1ting b.-ight c,~ourS Ofl tO Cam'H culminated in SOme of his 1110St su=«ful wor b. As an old man , ,'htiss/: underwent a bdo minal surge ry, which left him quite dis.hled. Und.unted, he <."nte ",d J'et ano the r phas<: of c ",ati,ity with s.impic coIour"j p"pe r CUt_outs; and so, often h....Jrid,lcn , he ""tried Ofl making an nJ the 1,,-,,.
MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
14 7f
B()rnin Capr''', of a Hmrltiru ""bJ"nlm RlR
14 91
iJ<",bo/,"",b
I4SB
Apprmtj"d '" Gbirlandaio in
Norm" 14 90-92
LrJ<' in Iro_bold
of u,rm=o d,' Md,ci
1496-1 roo
L,at~J N(Jf"ma.
S"r/" in Rom" <cuJptJ til< Pictl I fOl-04
&Ulp" D"'id in Norm"
I fOf- /6
&ulptT jig"m for ' ..rib a/lul;", 11
HOS_12
H14
The l loly F~mily "ith In fm' Stjohn the B-.ptist (I),mi ""00) (c. I W6) Pair/uti for lb. birth
Pair/ITSi";,,, Cbapd"iiing Tkatb "f["tbn L""~T H(Kma for
good RdatiombipT
"",hJi,buJ ,;:itb tk· Cmeali"i IlfId
Vi,ton'" C,,!<JuRa
Hl6-41
PainlJ T he L"-,, Judgement
I f 4 2_fO
iArr painringJ, CO""<:rS.iun ()f St I'.u] iUld
CrucifIX;o., ofS, Pctrr H 46
Mad. d!iif
arrhi"" of 5t Baril'a., Ro"",
p".,.',
IH7
i"Natb,
CoIon"a and p"pil tI,f Pi"mixJ
H64
OJ,, "I a four in Romr
""i~ng ,
ichdangdo lIuon'IToti - like his Hm:ntine "'''' '''''1. ''''1)', U:on:..rtlo d:.. Vinci _ is One of art'S "10" "ctSttile gcniusc,. P(-.ssit.iy the gre.",,, m. rille
M
Michelangelo "'.... in ",,,-.stint d ...mand and al .....ys wcll ",,,..,,,k:d. Thmughout his life, h... im, ... " ... d ... isely in pr"perty ~" his ~,ur ilrothers and p(Mcss{"(1 .. ~>nune himsclf., the
sculpnJl' in the ...... stLTn trlditiOfl, he "'.... . 1", a
t~"e
m..tn p.inte, .nd ",chiu"t. Ihd he onl)' sculpted his first Pi"i) , p.inted the Sistine Ch"l'eI or design ... d St I'etn's in Rome , .ny on<:
lIis 'esl'0nsc to the Sistine Ch"l'd '-«ignment ,,-J< tt, I'rot"st' 'IJOinting is not my .. rt'. The "''' - 3S we Im(",· _ is hi"o.-y. Fo.- ~,ur
ofthn«:: ..chie,em""« ... ou ld h1l, ...... n'ured his 1'1."" in history. Michclangelo's .bait)' n, judge. block nf
highly uncomfortable yearS, ,\lichehngclo struggl,,1 to t.... nsfo.m .. n (.Id ..,ha l'cd , l..... ky ,'ault with Snme of the most ,uhlime .."d
marble "'.... lcgcn
m",,,ouble i"JOgcs in the ... orld. As an old m'n , he
fo , his DIl"id, ,\1 ichcJ.ngclo "'.... ol~i gcd to , ...... o,k .. forty-year-old bind, p,e"iousJy ah.ndOfled bJ.. ' n()t her sculptor
rearS of his He n, St Pe"T'S II,->ili<,... ' Inc dnme that he
Leading up
to
the ""mmissio.,
~JI'
the Sistine
of his death.
fl,m"" ",chi"",u",1 J.n(b" .. ,k.
Christ . the u .•t J udgernent. Sistine C1upel (dnai!) (1541) Tbi, gat·, ri" to confr"""'Y from ,b, 'U"', Cbri" "anding. ra!b.r !ban 'i!!ing '" ,b, Bihk !Il< cbi./prohkm, Al!b<Jllgb ""TIlling =-,aimy ,,,,," It , " ( I " au!bori'am', "",i,ion. in u'Pon" !o /a"r /a,,~ againrt nudi,y. aTI(J!b", pain=- add,d 'Ptlriow d"'p"i", Ln" / tritb Cbri,,', kfi fool IT" cb, martyr-.d S, Bar,bolom"'.'. holding bi,."", jiayro d,in, 711, ,}in romai", il/icb,/any/a;- "//_por'rai,
fr'"'' "a"'. "....
JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS
'"
1829
B()rll
in
&U,bamp"''', .Rlll of In,,",," "
J=ry Militia IS#)
EnutT R",ai Aall/""'Y ScboolT
184 8
C...fourub fh_ Rapb"'h'u Brorb"bood ;;:i,b Hunt and Ra,uni
184 9
&bihi" Lon:nzo and l.. t.clb at Rayal Aead,my> Likloon
ISfO
Erbihi" Christ in
the 11 0,,'" or II is Par"" ", al R",ai Aallumy> umdon
INrI
Pain"SidllaJl", 0l"'clia ,,,,bibi,, A ctuJ",'Y
II' IS'iJ
Vi":,, Srotland 1::itb Rwh",
P,,~rs'
ISH ISH
Mamn EJji,
addition "fa Imr"f"'''/', for "" '" all am'.,-,i","mt. Bubb!.,. ",mumo", of,1!< ,"0" i""i,Qlhmiring 'Y,"006 n'.,. dn'i"d, and ,"any of ,b, col()ilr pri"'t tba, P,,:rr /at.,. pubJi,l!
RWDR afUT b.,. annn},"n"
1862
Sonp Atl",rtisclnCm F.,.turing Bu[,t.lcs (/886)
Mill";, grimdmn, Wi/b'a," Jam", "'aT til< In/JIM for ,bi, pim,u, originllDy ,i,lro A Child's Wo.-l,l Wbm bwgll' by PUlrT, Millai, p"mjrrion bad rriJl to h< .blllh"d for ,b,
family unh in South KnlJingt
ISH
1878
TIJII
W;", ,""lnl
a'
Pari, Unn'"",1 Exhibition, ao::anJ
ofHo_r ISSf
1896
fij,-;r IIni" '" h«",", Sa",,,,,
El«ud fh,iikm
of ({"Jill AcatNmy. OJ<< of tbroat callaT in Ulnoon
n 1840, .gt:il" there, he met Ilolm.n Ilun~ who ],ecamc • lill::lUflg fritnd, .nd .iso D'n'" G.bricl Rossetti. All thtee agreed th31 the Acad""y h.d stiA,,] Hritish • It IUflg with its 'murky chi","""""",', So in IfW8, Out of their ndical disc..;,ions, the Pr<~ Raphaeli", B"" hcrhood ""ttgL,1 to ch.lk:ngt: ",thodoxy with a cok,wful rL"tUm to l" e.R"",issanct: , '.h.J",.
I
".J
T he lill:: of the Brutherhood ",,-< f.irly sholt .ix rearS_I .." SpCflt undL"t .,tack fro", I><"h
I><"'s ~nd puhlic, Mill.is' ebri" i" Tb, Hom,"f HiT Par",,, dtew. ,"<-'nomouS re"iew from Didens. ThI: f..;s teach,,] the earS of Ruslin who "TO'" to Th, Tmm in dell::,..,e of the )'t<:R.phaclite H""hLTh,. ,d. This p",,,::d • lit ",lUI conne",ion f,>< ,\lilhis, who fdl in I"'t: with .nd I.,rt m' rriL'] EfSe, Ruskin's ",,·wife. Tl",y WL"Tlt on nJ h. It: eight children. '11>< p:tSSion ~lr me,~e,~lism wore of!" when
,\ lill.is ti,..,d of 'l'tnding .11
to
a brilli.nt «"hrUei:.tn but hi: " ... s no intdlc<1ual. lie p.intcd politici.ns and sentimcnt.1 n",.,i,'cs without. traCt: of cynicism. lie enjo)'<"<1 the wuhh and a"... nls t/,.t his talcnt ju,t/}, hrought him: <~Jt<,1 On his f.mil}, and kcp' the lo}"I'}' and .lftttion of his fricnds . e'p<..::ial~·
t/,. t of his Il::lk,w a "i,ts,
0l,hdi:.o (1851_2) Til< P",Rapbadi,,, 'rpd, K"t::n, bad '" Ii, in a balb of"'at", b,a"d by oil lamp' from klot." "TN (Old ,b, caught at a "TId, brougbt tb, tM,at if dnmagd again" til< arti" frum b", fatb",
""
AMEDEO MODIGLIANI
1884
B()rnin lit"(Jm(J
1902-OJ
Studi" in N
1906
;\1"",.,- to Pari,
1909
R"""", to Lh"(Kr/(J and '" PilrjIagain. Bnmm!i, d«id" to '" a "uJpmr
ill""
19 12
&bihitJ Jcu1p,urt> at Sal",
19 14
H,al,bh
"u/prur< '" paiming 19 1 7
,\I",.,.,. to South of Fran"" munHdrn,,,",,,
J,amu 19 18
Birrb
J,a"'" 19 19
1920
s....",ed Wom~ n in Blu e (1919) A lNaunfoUy unM"",,,d portrai, in a iimj",d pal"" tbat ",miry! a mroiU/m', mood Til. rub,l, br(Jlml ron" _J in tb,haaground '"'" '" r<jlm ,11< in".,'fHl"
R"""", to Parh
Di""f"'lmtular mmingi,i! in Pari!
IllCdCO "'"digli.n; produced such
c:tn'ing tndition , and the rebuilding of
di"incr;,'e worl 'hot I" ")I~ C wonder how - in Paris .. the .tart of the twen'i .... h ""mury _ he re",ained unnJuch .. II')-·
"'ontparnasse meant he could heg plenty of li""ston.: ITo", bu~ding sites. lie establish,,1 his clong-ned style with a ",rie< of d
A
either Cubi'", or F,un';'I11. I ,... ",.<1 uf fn.cruring his inl1g.: or I",inting in heightened colour, he te., k a decidedly "1" csentt tional al" ",ach. ,\hldigliani nnet had any interest in the all,,,.,,,, and 6,u nd no affinity with l'i<:":l.<.SO Or ,\ htisse . After hcftiending the Ro manian sculpn>r ll rlncu,,; , he mo, ·"IIT,. " "'Oll tlmme to ,\ 1onql1rn:ts.«: , where llrlncusi h.d a studio. ,\1odigliani , as an Inlian , Et,'ourt,1 the sto.,e_
'1"'0 years hter, ,\1 odigliani ab'n,l>ned sculpture on he,lth g rou nds. I lis paintings consist alm(.. t enti ", ly of p()( b".its a,.1 nudes. The I. mraitsofhis lTicndsa re
by hi! dc:tlcr Z I' "UW,ki , who often SUI" li"J JIliru and
<:":1.))\'''''
te.). The ,lender, ma"ncr"]
fig"'''' I,,"ame ,\ 1odigli.ni 's tnde" .. rk: the ",'al
he.d with linea, featu n:s. inclined Oil • long neel. with the body quidJy brush,,1 in ochre. ,\lodigli.ni ".,IS destroying himself with drug> .nd .I"oh(~. but Stib >tn-.eti,'e. as one fm,.lc sitter dL"",rib<,t: ·... with I~..,l """led hai, • nd the most beautiful hot.
Reclining N utl e (1918_19) Early in 191 7, in ZhorIJt."skij apartm"", Modigl;i1ni painud a =-i"of milk! ,bat ",sur,d bi, f""". '",Ikry mcnff, 8.,.,1!< lI'.il/ gat" bim a """ _ man ,Ixmi in 1"N"'mivf; d<x,ibing ,b, mm" '" ·rump''''''''·. Tht! pair, "'mmirrio= rapidly ,I<md ,b, g"'Iculpt"'''' ;'u/u"". H, painud inumr.'
,un...,s
PIET MONDRlAN
'"
1872
B()rn in AmnTI'oorr,
JOO"
a kOOma,,"
1892_94
190J
Srudi" jiM art a' RijhlXad',"j" Am"","rm Wi", mR.-,lImg
pri=, from Ani" Ami,,.,,,, SOO":! 1908
i.,aml f"!;ntilli" and
IIm"IT
,m,niq"n at Too",p',o.",.,"X an ",lorry 1909
]","f n,",,"pbi'1!,
hr,", t;:irb Cllh'iniJrn
1911
En"",,,u» Cubi"m
11' ...bibiti"" in AmIT"'!"'''
1912
Mot-" '" Parh. InurTllltionai fll,"'
interior (1919) by Th ..." ,'an D"". hu rg An arcbiuctul7ll '"(JIM in D< Srij! rry/<, ,bo,;:;ng
afrr ,bm:.~ in
mllrhd rimimri"" ,;:i,b MarolFi,",', prindph
Pariumd Bfflin
if o.rign 1917
f"""dJ Dc Stijl
group ,;:j,b Jim
""""',
1919
R""",, to PlITi,. Puh/i,b" Lc N",· ]']""ici'"H:
1914
19J8
1940
On Hi,kr'djrr,,/ 'tkg""YIlU art'
Mo,." to Lall;'m. '""" H'r~'(Jr,b and Nrol",,,
s"r/" in N".,
);,,*
j)j " ofp"",,",,,,ill
in N""
);"-J:
P
iet '\\ondr;an ,,"11l~
( ". "
a dCl'oUl
Cal,-in;" family of k<..::n l",interS and musicians. Rut their rCI"cssi,'c discipline led to his reject inn of a steady an 'eaehing car<"r in f.",ur of the ~rti,t's lilt: itself, and Ia "'r stiD , n, his ",,,brJee of T h<'<''''I'''y. T his mj'rli n!lly .nd M~I ",ich. ,\londri.n'. mCou nt<:t with Cub;;",
Strandcd in Holland h).' World War L ,\ Iondrian ~nd T ht"O Van Dnesburg (18S3_1931) fnr m"l • grou p .nd pu b~s""d • map,in<: eall<:d iJ< Stij/(T he S,},le). T he writer Schot"Tlm.cler's ide.. of 'pc" iti,'e ",}'stiei,,,, ' ... ere directly inc"'po r.,ed ~ nd ,\l()fl dri.n·s .esthe,ic
became
,heir
guiding
forCt: ,
"""mi""l to putif}'ing ",,)
,i.
in 1911 ""'S ,he eritical I,oint of his .rti"ie
design .nd 'Jl,ogr:t I"'y. Tne ,'el)' «Tm , Neo·Plasticism , ,h., ,\lnndrian ",Iop,cd for his geometric
den:I'1.""''' ' whm he relm,,,d n'''m,1 forms fmm his IMen"i.1 """,I", I.ry. 'I"gether with
.b"NCtinn!l in 19!1, ..'as bnrn,w,,1 from Sehn<:n".. cke r. \ \r,th his ')'1'.,.1 as}""mt~ric~1
Tht"", ,,,}', it 1"" ,dl,,1 him into the "nLS ofthe " 'an"ga"k The nt.;cure Dutchm.n left f,,, P.ris, ,he first s"'p ""''''rds ~ n in,,::m.,inn al life
"rlngemCJltS of squa res and rectangles p.in,,,1 in l" i""'I)' ",lou rs <~,'i
,hat wnuld ha"e a lasting in'l"'ct nn western .n.
'rlnscmdmtal ""peri""Ct: and pun: h",mny.
,,• !
!,
1; , ~
j
1 ~!
,•• Comf>O
CLAUDE MONET
184 0
B()rn in Pari" J.m ofarbip'Tcbandh
I SfS
I S'i9
,,,,di,,
At"". muJ '/):itb Boudin
Enr,," at AallJimi< Sui"" Pari,. ilIm, p j,TIlTTO and C_Iv,
1861
PainHen plein air 1::itb MaM' and &zilk
1869
Plein air Jtlu/i" 1::itb /{"", ir
1870-71
iIIarri" C,miU, l"MlIiin
Lilt" Summer Il:.oysucks (d""if) (/891) Aft
ill"""
offa,h
1887
&bibi" in NnIJ );'Ti
1892
Marri" Ali" /-IoJdJd"
"'" 1908
PainH'" Gj",my. Fi,i" Lundon, paintr Tha,"~
bud" ,\Io.,ct is the em,nl figu'" of
R<,udin, the Iml'<essioni,tS included him in
Iml..-cs
their first P"iscmihition. In AI..- il 1874, a gruul' of ani,tS _ all S.lon
enCOunter betwcen • «'en.ged cari""rur"t a nd • 10",,1 p,inter, .. the SMp of thc ". ,Ir picrurc fnmer in Le I-blTe. "Inc"" r <>ung Monet "'..,
l"'ot(W'l'hic "U(~O. S(. lIe of the nam'" ",ad now like a rok: uf honour: a unne , Delf~s,
C
rtiectS - mounted their show in • fo nller
intnJduttd to Eugt:ne Rou<~n: A""demrtni""d, hut One wJ.:, liL,,] to paint his he""h scenes in the <" en air, in d.l", of pure colour
,\lonel , Morisol, P"",m" Renoir and Si,iL.,.., ,\lost eriti", werC scathing .nd the tLTm
with lu(",c, dtli""te bru'~"ruLes, 1n., 'UIlUller, Roudin ttught ,\ lonet to d",,,,· and paint <~r""dr
One, Louis Lero)" who rCSLHed particular scorn fo< ,\1onct's I,"pmi"" StmriY•. T urning
from n"ure, 'in thc light, within the "mo'phere, JUSt as things . n:'. "I(J honour
the jo"e ban on Lcmr, the artistS "tJI'",d the n.me penll.nendr,
'ImpressionistS' "'.., un""ittinglr coined br
Ej',igbt
d"","",,,, 19 11
Tkatb"f Ali"
19H_26
Ji'(..-h"" W",cr Lilies " , j "
1926
Dj""f Itmg cant" in Giurny
Sic arn T r.in, LI G~ re £.oint _Loure (<<'''il) (/877) 0". ofa uri" of M."t!h'. mih'''! rtIltion pictUff', 'Ha"d at JjjJmnt rim~ oftb. day. For bi, mort "mbi,i"", rtluly" tb. urban /andJalI'" M ...." d"m Saint_UnItY., gam::,,! to bi, "'Io,..d Normandy. H. c....antra"d .., lb. foU-'P"lrum .jJ
'''',In,
BERTHE MORISOT
1841
B()rn in &1Irg
Jaugbu,.
if ,,",iT
,it,/ ",,-Il1I' I SfS
;\1orb.r d«itkI B.,.rb, ,bould ,tlldyarr
1860-62
Pupil
1864
rIm ,,,,bibi,, in Salon
1868
Tnn-,/J in Spain
1874
M~rri" E"g~
Mann. brotb
1874-86
&bibirr at all
impH".,,,i,, ,bo1."J, bar 1879
1878
Binh if daugb,.,-
luli. 188 1_8J
Pari, bot= bui/,. 1::bieb M{/,"~ arWtJ
1892 I S9f
,""'Ing
Young \\'o"",n Powdering H er Face (<
"""
i"Natb "f Eilg~
Di" of info"""" in Pari,
B
roduttd n,,::r 300 I"intings. Their prinrip"l subjectS arc "omcn and children: .nd • large
1''''llOnion of them 1i::.. urc htT siSltTS and their f"mi~es, or her own ,bughlcr, Julic, ",h,. " she
lTom Paris. Summcr familr riding mulcs hec:tu", Ikrthe and unchapell","!, T hcir gmemmcnt offici.1 _
1861 ~'und the whole through the Pyrcnees Edmc ",uld not g" fatocr _ • highlr p.id ",en built. stu,Go in
regularlr rtt'J<,bl. IT,. " 'he 1",1".- in II;', ,\'un, to the ,,~,Ies"'-"Jlt in ]u/i, Dayrlru.ming. Mori,o,'s own ,mther waS ""I)(""ihle ~"
the If'lllcn Ii:Jt thcn~ and oc "".I his "ih:: frequL"Jldr rntCrt:ti""d I",inll:rs,.,d mu
fc.;tering the .. I""IS of hcr artistic ,bughtclS, ncr,he .nd Edme. T heir tutor ",as the
Edm"'nl lie indu,k:d her in his 1869 Salon picture Tb, Sa/rolly, btt.me hcr mentor and, ","entu.llr, her brother·in·!'",. On""
land",ap' st Corm, who encourag ....J them n, ",ork '" pI,in air and make p'inting trips
"'""J'
Morisot
bt'C'me grc:ttlr attracted
to
"''''net.
ma"i"j
to
Eug(,"" ,\ bnL~, ,\ loris,. "',,-"ructL,j
• ni>lr cird.. of her ,,"'n. At ,h<;r ""'" house: in Ilourginl th<,' B,,,.. lr<'gubr ,;(lire" lOr •• tistS ."d ",1';"'''' .• m'.'g ,h •• n Ikg.os. C.illd..."",. '\\O" C1 . I'isso'n'. Whi $Ile r. Pu .is de C lu,.. " ,,<-so Ke noi r ,,~I ,\ bll •• m~. No '~JUIJI ltc. "'e,hh)' h,dgr, . ,ro;1 ",,'e ,\1< .. '~'I K,"u"itics Il..,}" • •d Ih, Wic ,ti Iw
i,..
pri,,~cg..,1 "', . "<'11. 11,," 'e'c •. >he "...,ded "0 I.. ,.,~. ing'" prulCdion ",.ny h._If!.,kHy " .jfh ,he 1 "~I","';..,i"s in 1874 ....1. despite the mioogyni";" ~"itu.b 01. ,,",,' 17..110,,' ,"illS. >he nl ....g..'tl1O puBlIC .00 >u;toin • proi.:soio ....1nolo.
11tc Butterfly Il un' (l8U) .lIorir.. ) illur &lm• .,,<1 M J"ung 1rnbip. Sbr ",roU rll'M ~infuJly lD 8mbr: 'lour lift mtut br
EDVARD MU NCH
1861
B()rn in u,u". ,.., of an "r",:! ooctor
1868
iJ
1877
l"Na,b"f n'ru..
1880
Stud,,, aT! in Kn'''iil1/ia (""'" 0,-"), injlumad by frimd Krnbg
I SSf
Tr",.d,to Pari, '"'
xbdanbip for ,btu 1!""h
1886
Tkatb oflarbn
1889_92
VITi" Pari, on ",«",it.. Kbdarrbipr
1892
F.xbibitr Fticu: of Lilt: in Bn-lin
1899
Trtr.,.IJ in ERrol"
1908
Rc.'cri c (18 70) t.,.. o.lil
Tr",ud for
,-"
d<prmion in Dani,h
19 12
""""""to"
Inu,-TIIl,;01",1 bwd:rbrGIIgb in
CoIog'" <"bibi,;on 19 19
A'::artkd gold
,",dill in San Fran<j".
1910
Ey"igb' d,urio"""
1931
Hi'kr t/.c/a,,, hi, ",,...} )J'g"ura'"
"'4
OJ,, in Ehly
alcoholi,m. I lis dcp ",s";on onCe led to hO'pittlit.:ltio1l. ,\ ]uoch's th.,,,cs Ii, ,,,,ha,k,w<,] m.nr of the 1""''<:<"1I],at.,ns of the tWL"nt;"th centurr' lonelincss, alimat;on , neuro";, a"d sex""litr. A not e from his ,li"r a"oounce" 'No longt: ' ,hall I Illint intcriofS with men ' C:lding and ",,,,,m knitting. ] willill int li,;ng p<"I~e wi>:, I> ",.the .nd kd and suffe, .nd I",,,: l Ie
no ]a,ting h:tl" incss in eithcr of his Own I", 'e .f!':tits, akhough he ""llI,lCmo..,,,,d I,," h w,""m in 711, FriruofLifr. Munch's an was cxhi hi «'<] ,,"'~]wi,k: , won .,,·a,d. and ."rlctI:d ",lIce",rS within his
his Ill,ents and two sihlings .Ii,,] nrlr. Munch su",i,,,d into his eighties but suffcred f". " chrunic anxietr, pSj'cho'o",atic di", ..es and
liktime. In] 93 7. I lidet·. n::'I'
E
~llmd
The s.::r.,.~ m (/89 J) by Lh"1r
CLARA PEETERS
H94
1607
B()rn in Anre".,.p
Pai"IT Jim rmm/,d pim,u
16 10(')
Painlf "Ii-portrait \ '.ni.os
16f7(!)
j)j"
in Ann::",
T:>I.I" With ~ Pie . G :>ttoe "nd ali" .,,; (;:.16/ /) P"urr' ",,,,* dralop,d rwriaahJy from 1m- 'IITI'",. C
"' agai"" a dark hlXl:grGlUld for maxim"'"
T
11m
he ,en" 'still [ill::' had no. btto imuu,,[ whm Cia" ]'<'t:.crs' carttr began. I kr 'l'pc of picture was
perSonally. 11<1" binh "rcc'l<,""1 in An,werp in 1594 but the time and I~ace of her dc:t,h "' main a 1l1J"Stcl)'. Shc is said to I.",c left a I,;Cturl:
grncraliy <:illcd • 'hrcakf." pice'" ("nrbijtj') he""u.., it depic,,,[ bread .nd fruit. More
da,,,1 1657, which would be thl: Ia'est da,e ~" her, bu, it is 10'" Nor docs her nalllc al" car on
dal>o"'tc H"ngm",nts of food .nd drinl
anJ' guild T(~ls, although women had J,een li"ed,in"" 1602. It may S<"t:m iml"ol"ble tha' a girl of thint"n
qrnlifi ..[ as 1 hanhrj, (bmquct). ]'cctc",'
p,inting.
arC
highly skilled.
b""Ulifully finished and of 1,;zc ,h., dmlands prominent <~sl~'Y' All <"Vid"m::,<; I'(~nts to her 2S a l'.-ofL"<Sin"al arti" with wcalthy dil:n" , and thl: only "1emi,h woman nJ ha,'e ,pccialiu:d So carly in ,hi. gcn "'. Shl: kft m'er thirty w(His, sig n<,1 and da,cd oowt"n 1607 and 161L induding a .df_port,ai" iiwi,as, p,in'''' arou nd 1610. Y("t, wI: know almo" nothing abou ,
Pc<~ers
",uld ha", p"in",d so cxpe rtly, bu, Angelic. K.ou lTm:.onn """Jml~ishcd her firSt " . nll.;,".ion a' ,he agl: of twe"e. T he 1607 I,;c,url: is , wedding pi<"e: 'he green h,,,kcmL")'cr and H_""("ti'n wi"" gI,",s "'I"ese," hu,b'nd and "ife: a gold ring lie, near" lit candlc: sprig< of ",,,-,,,ary signify fidelity. It wou ld h"'1: 1.,"'d,,1 1'""",rS with a ch'nning dehut and 'he idcal l~a'~Jnn ~JT
he, amning ,kiU.
T""l e "hit \'~se of Flowers ~ntl Dried Fruit (/6/1) Thil tN",rurit'< gm,. gltt·, arD'r!! tb, opportUnity to ,00'" <Jf th
t-"""""
PABLO PICASSO
1881
&m in Malaga.
.... if a m-Il,;.'ing P'",~
1901-06
T""·.hhm::u,, Bar"/(6/Q and Pari;, finally ,,,,I,, in Pari"
'8/", and 'R",,'
,,"ioJ, 1906-- 14
Pain" Lcs ])clIlo;",lIes
d'A,igr>:'n (1906). ;\tunBra,!"', Tbry ;m-mt Cubi"" Il1Id
pion_ ,"Ollf{' 1914-1 8
min' ,;:i,b Comilll, Sari. and Diagbilro
1910,
n;'"h aT J
';.'1';", in J1lt"Hillin rry/., Painrr GucrniCif..Pari,I""17"".",/1 &hihi,j"", 1917 1919-4f
In Prana for WIVIJ ,;:ifb Saba"h, Do,-a Maar, I"," han!";" Gii<J,
1947-49
Birth of ,.m Gawk and dnugb",. Palo",", hoih by Gil"" JIM, IlJ «",mi""
19H
'.-
;\I"" J«II'"I;",
""
MarTi,s Raqt", iII"tI'f'" ,\l()Uyjm
""
",biJirion
""
lDm,., """ OJ,, al MOllgim
Figure ~t ~ T~ l>l e (1912) by Umber", 1I("",;on ; UmMrro Boca",,; (/ S82~1916), Il found ... "ftb. F utllrist ,""""""", f"" '"" PiCiIDa 'brougb Sr.."",,,; in Pari" in 191 1. Th< dialog'" hm::«11 Mil""", Fururi,m arid Pariria" Cubi,m trllJ fruitful Bomoni ";'",,-ivd PiCIlfJU'r ,,,Imi,!'" iffilJingfigllT' and barl:gro,md, di''''hing fradi,imal p
Pi,,,,,,,',
, E
aCh ,ime I had "",,,,,hing to say, soid it in 'he "~y I felt was 'igh~ Difl"rtL..,' motifs drtmnd difl",....." ,echniques, T his does not imply eithe, e,,,IUlion or Il
di reetion
of
his I"Junce is usually PiC".lSward, ,i rru.llr no aniSt unl' n:(~ct:tl~e',
could <:'""' 1'' ' his inn""n"", La,er on , Pic;s"J "fcr''''] to .. " histo,y, cte;ting "!ria,ions Ofl carlirt m.."ets' worb ,hrough a ,'a,iety elf "",(lia: prints, dro"'ing< and I"iming<, A prime cx:t,,~,le is the S<"tics LA, MmiTlllJ, ]>iC:iSSO oft"" ,urned '0 a 'I'ecific w(lr k bee;u", he id""'ified with it I""sonally .nd, .. a SI"nish anist , he had .I",,)'s felt pnJ~Jund tics ",ith EI G rCf:O, Vcl' ''l uez and GOJ'"
Wccping Woman (/937) by Pablo Pica",,, Th. ,"odd for tbi, im"mly ,""'ong pi""'" "'...- rtlTualirl photograph..- D"ra Maar (TbroJora Marh'icb), PiamfJ" ,"iring and ,"""for ,,'m' Y'iln kfor. a 'tonny "fHlr",iln tbat kfi b.,. bro!m and rrowit'<. iiI:< (Jib.,. I.fi·,;:ing 'Y,"patbiun in 1937, tb. ",,,pI.'t 'Y~t."".on tM m 'il"'ar in Spain. ilIa...phomgraph.d Pac"''''J
'"
PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA
1410fU)
Born in &r§J Sam
14Jf(?)
-" "4'
l44f_62
m"king in fllorm" unti.,.
J"",.....ia"" TiII:.'1l rounciUor in Borgo S"""f'Ohrn Pain" ,\h<~Jnn.
ddl. ,\1 iscrj"",t;a in Borga S"""P"liro 14f2..{jf
Pa;nu fr='" for church (JfSt
hand,-,Auz;::() 14H(!)
JI'<.o-.bngjU.- C(Jur,
o/ Rimini 1459
Paid fir 11"rk ("",,,last) in I,,"'am
1465(')
II'<"-hng for Duk. oflJrbina
1492
Oi";,,
B3ttiSt~
Sfo r"" , "ife of Federico d:.o Mont ddtro
(c.1472) BaffiJ1a Sfor-..a " ...,- a ,",,"lvr if ,11< ruling Milan". family. Sb. /xir, P,dmro m'm dough"" and a ,,'" afU,. ,;:Ix", hirth
m. t/j,d Moo birror;"", klln-. ,bi, portrait _ "'" ofa
&r~
diprycb _ tra. paim
SarIJ'P"/lTa
jJrhiTl() IlrId Ib, rumJ",,,Jjng ",untryritk
P
icro
""('<,,,1,,1 ,.. 1,.,longing to .nl' worhh'1', and 'pCJl. mo,t of his time <;thet in Ar<-uo 0' Borgo S'n"'I_,bn. lie S','::mS to h",,, ftt"lan,,-,1 on~' fot shon p"ri,. ls in Rom." Ferra,a, U rbi,.., and Flo,m"", perhaps juggling a nID"h"r of assign""'ntS ., anr Ofle ti"",. Ddl. Fran""sC:l.'" ",o,k in ,he 6eld of a,chi,,,,,,ural inn.",;ofl wou ld ha," made him much s()ugh, ... f,,:r, It:., he ,..as also" "".• ,," ge'l<"",riei'n .nd ,he au,ho, of. leHned Ire.,;", Ofl the rules of pe"pc",;,.::. Such cxperti", with ",ale and P"'I_mion malos his
I"imings "isuallr I"",,'crful. Wha' makes tl><:m I~easing as well is his genius ~" o'g-.nizing c"lour ma5SCS. C:I.,cfullr h:tlanC("(I'gainst Ia'ge p.le "cas to :>thieve unitr be,ween 'p''''' and lighting. Dell. Franc ....,.,. "" l< h,1 ,Iowlr. Fo.- a f"" co I"ime" this non".lIr poStS pn)t.iems but he hung \R~ sheL"tS (JI-cr tl><: pl""L"I"" night So he cnuld ",turn n) it tl><: next ,hr. O il I" inting on ",ood _ ,ueh as he had prol" t.ir Srtn in Urh, no _ g"t: him no such tmuble. Ddt. Fran""""', ''l'le ,eAc",ed ,he I",) ut.,itr of Flemish oil p.inting among ,he l"tH"'S of the pL,.iod , ",hich mar .emu n' ~" the lo5S of CSteCm aftcr his death , when "'-"cs inL~'itat.i}' ch.ng.::d.
1'.1. ,\Iont efd tro (/472-74) T he B'L..... aln'l'ice", ,\ hd,. ma and child ... ith angel;, <:lints and Fede,ico d. ,\lo nteklrro, Dule of UTllino Th, Dill:, 1a5t bi, rigb' 'Y' Il1Id par' "bi, ""', in a and o::a, ah::ap ,b.,;.'n fating I'fi, Thi";:a, proImbJy tklla Frmlw
"'u,..,,,,,""',
JACKSON POLLOCK
'"
19 12
B()rn Paul]acbJ1l PoJlJd: in Cody
1929
,
. .r
"nd,.,.
SlUdi" BroukI at An Studmn'L,agtM.
Nru )",-,", In/h""wl by Ruk", and E1 Grn", Mi"j Imd Mati"" 19J4
S"r/"
jn
t
Nn"
);'rl:
19J8-42
•
Pic",,,, and Sun-,ali", 194 J
t·
'r: ' -. X
II-....h for F,,/u,,/ An Projer. Inj1umad by
I
r Im Ida ,IW!:J
'-
NnIJ )"'k. Turn,
pro/mio"" h: i,b
"
..
""",;!.""
co"'rtxt
Marri"",",;" L" Knlma
194 7
Firrt A.,io" painting
19fO
&bibitJ at bj",nn/,
19f2
Uxr.J! Pari" C,.."",,"g "'Karlius ,,"ro'f"Ctit'
J~"j",
fij,-;r Jda
Iff,""'" 195:6
N . ... jo £md Pictu re PoUod d""/op
Cuggmb
Dj" jn
car
acrnm' on umg blimd
J
adson Poll ock's groundbrcaking m.... hod
helped New York to ,uppbnt Paris H the a,'a"t.g:trde "apinl of modern art. Br the end of\\'o.. ld War IL it waS time ~"a culrural ch.llengt: f""" the New Wo rld . l'oU()ck dcda",1, 'I dOfl't «:t: whrthe 1",>hI.",. of modem
I",irning c:tn't he: «",,,
(""L",
I'oliock's A.... ion p'inting ".". inn""n""d LJ'
tho: Sur ",.li,ts· 'p"J"hic au""nati,,,, ·. R... jo:: .... ing ">.,,,1 and p.lette. and withou t anr 1'",liminarr ,h~t·hes. he 'pread unprim ....1 Cam'as on" the nom and I,,)u n:d p,int SI ... ight f""" a c:tn . or he dripped and ait·k ....1 it . using hrushes and "iel<. Som .... im'" he inco" I_"a",d LruL.n gla« (Jt wire It:.r a,U::d "'Xlu n:. Pollock is litmous ~" the wild drunken ho:ho,;our tho t uk~"a "' lr liUed him . '~t he " ..... a ,olitarr i",~,'idLlic:t",d. hischicl" " ""rihuti(lfl toan " ..... n, cxl" cssmlOtim a",1 ll' r1S:ttiOfl through .I>
Undul.oting P2tM (/947) Hi, larK' Tall, 'drip paintingy' au PoJJ.Jtk', mast imprmi'a ""rh, ,,·bicbll< prot/u"d bm:«n 1947 tmd 1952 (poJJ.Jtk "'main,d fr"in aJ",ixJ fro'" 1948 througb ,"on
eI"'''''.
LIUBOY POPOYA
'"
1889
B()rn LiuixJv
S""K'Y"Tla Etling in iII....-",,', daugbu,. if a 'm/" 1907-&
StudS" und.,Zhutot"ryand )it""
/909_11
T,.",..d, arlJiUld
Rwria and to /,a/y 1912_14
SlUm" in Par", ''''t',h in Frana and ludy
19H
ExbihitJ t;:itb Ta,h'nand Mal"..irb in 'Tra1l11::ay V' and '0. W' in Pnrogroo
1916
JC#nI ;\1aInTcb', Sup","a~'rt J
ArchitertonicCompos ition (1918)
A la," aimr«! rtyl', pain"d in brilh'am "'/1JUrT /921 _21
uacbing,
on rlJUgb b.Jard; grom.rr'ic ,hap's an rup
an a,,,
,rbibiting and !b,tlt" ooi?"
1924
tb, t-,.1914 RUni"" abstractionj",
Di« of"arl" f"~r in
ill"",,,,, allghter of • wealthy draper in ,\lose,,,,,.. Liuh<Jl' 1 )(1 ~"" initially s bJdicd art ",·;,h I'ri"ltC '""'rS. She "Is" had the "I, ,(),nmity to tr",·d a gre .. dea) ",,)und EU"1'C and ","" intrudurcd to. b",ad rang.: of in!hx:nttS . fi-(Mn Russian icons and the It.lian Rt:naissan"" to the CutM,ts and F uturi'm. When I'ol,o, 'a wa. f"H,t,1 to "' turn 1.:",,1: at thl: outb",ak of World Wa, L she wa< not a bne. Unlike a n ists in othet parts of Eu,ol"" who we rt: di'p",,,,d, the Russians fow,,1 them"'h'''' "',mired, thereby fo.."ing the mo't ~,nnidable a'"1nt.ga,de. At first , I'<'I'''' 'a wa< "ccuI,;ed with wo,ling thmugh the Cubi« and Futurist in'piration' that shl: had ' l:""i"l:d while «udying in I'ari •. I lo",e"", by Ia te 1916, .he had joi ned the Sup,ematist. and .."1, painting
D
dynamic gt:,.,,{"tric c'." p",ition', In the carly 1920s, Po p"'a's fa",in:! tion with C .,structi,;.m rt:sulted in he, gi"ing up purl: p'inting in fa,'our ofindusrrial d"'ign. RLfo rt: h'" untimely dcath at the age of thirtr·fi",. she had ",o.-ked in thcarre and Co"tume de,ign and ll-" abo I""ding thl: de'ign studio that 'en'ed the First S",re l atill: Fa<10'Y in ,\ Io,,,ow. Across Europe , in the early twentieth ""nn,,)", w,."en "ni,ts we '" more a<1i", in the "i,ual and perfo'ming an" than th
Sea ted Figure (191f) Paprr.:a)- Cubi,,_impiud c(Jmp,,,iri.n iUllJ1rat" til< Rtroian appro",b ,. Cuhjnn, t::br b wu/,d "'!::arth i>h,rr",ri.n and T"'""'trUCrion, "[b, figuu TNnajrn tkfini>h/, ,bruugb Papo"a', ""
NICOLAS POUSSIN
H94
B()rn in Uf A"'My<. "''' of /VI <",·""din
16 12
1621
/mpmd by J-a,.-in, rtlllli" M~n",rifm "'ltkr Lmlnnald in Pari, Trl1'.-,h to Ro,",
t-i" J""j", 1624
Sm/" fJ"7mmnltly in Rom,
1624-10
O,-,n::, amiqui,j", Painu mytlxJlograJ ,,""'.
In/k"" wl by 7l~'''n
and
JffrJ~".
E.rp
1629
16JO-4O
The Sh'1'he rus of A...,.~di. (dn"if) (/6J8) in mid_/6 la., Pourrin ,rpJlJr,d ,b, "."'} of Rapha.l, Roman
,b,
MarTi« A"",,· Mari" I)"r,/Nt
armi,,,,,,,". tmd u,,;n hoohon m
m'
'hff,
Painu biIT
Injlumad
by iIIa""gtlt1 and Raph"'/ 1640-42
164 2_H
B"","" Frrncb Cour, pain," to L""" XIII. R""",, to Rom, Painu land""!,,,. c"",i" .." birtory ,~,
166f
Hudrb d«ljnu, OJ";,, RiH"'
,rolH )'()us",n fo nlluiated the Pr
N
through his art he ,,~d "pic, nohie .nd ,~jrring nics. He undenook historical re",.reh "" po",ibly, mining himself in ~rehacokJgy .nd the study of co,ns, .nd c~refully checked the. uthenticity of ell',,},thi ng. lie ontt w")le in. letter: 'I.m ~"ttd by my n"ure t"w.rds the'Hlleriy." As. p,inter, Poussin worked pro
Echo and N.r<:i ssus
(1627~28)
For Q p
and tb, Rmairrana pom. A, 'k """' ,im" b, cam, undn- Ik painurly in/bunt:<
_IT"
PIERRE-CECILE PUVIS DE CHAVANNES
1824
B
IS44-f2
SlUdi" in Par" tmtkrStb1!
inf/umad by Cb"",riau INrI
&11ibiIJ )'icci
a!
Sa/(J1I, rub",irriorIJ
r<j«ud for "".. , 7 pan
1861
Sfa" p/lrma", Pc",,", fr- Sa/on. War di1llllud to mat. pair
186f_69
Hirtory /",inting CiH",",'m'''MJ
The Poor Fishe rm:.on (1879) Submi,ud '" ,b, Salon if 188 I, ,bi"",,/ painring c"",,d ron!rot'''')'' PIK wm, judgn, Ib, jlam", of ,"I" mad, i, diNT" '" droJra';'-" ",rbn tban 'fim ~ art. Sill" Ibm, tbi, "''"/''''ition _ n'OC/lfw. if ,11< Holy P",m'ly _ bad",.,"< un, of Pm-i, ,"ort nlduring ,mag<>
for
Man.illu Mum,,"
IS72_7f
IRnKIl'" Poi,i", ,""." ball
1871
Exbibirr Sum",er ,,' SakJII, pUrrb"",d by S1""
1876
Co,","iIJiOnM to
paint LifcofS, Gene,il:,,: in Paru Pantbion
ISSS_S9
imlra'" Pari, SorixJ"rI<
/889_9J
189J_9';
fNt:ara," Pari, City Hall
Pain" ,""raJ, for PuNic library, 8""(6/, USA
1897
Marri" Pri1ltm Cantac""m,
1898
Dj" in Pari,
P
icm :-Ctcilc PUlis de Ch.,'annes ",IS the Icading muralpaintrt of his timc. I I<: " .... eH,n admired br the rounge,
generation , whieh included V" n G o g h, G~ ugu in and Se ur" " H well as the I)(l<~ Gauticr. Alth ough a contcmpo,a'r of the Impre ~io n ists , I'tn'is' pracri"" ,emaincd "" " "I in thc Italian frescocs hc had encountc,ed 00 his Ira"d . as a J'oung man. Pi cro dclL:. Fr.~'. wori in A", w, had inspi,,,II'tn'is to
he"" mc an a"i,t himsdf.
Yet his nat , shadowle;s, dec<" ati,'c st)'le a"",,,,d cstablishment ho"ilitr~" manr J'c:lrS. The establishment ",,,,,<,1 not to ap p,ccia'" his ,ctrten"" n) fresco p,inting _ I'm'is "",d oil on Cam'aS fo r his murals. rathe, than appl)'ing pig]))<"tlt <~t<"d r to pl,,-,,e, _ and "",,,,,,d him of
not kno",ing ho,,'
t()
paint 0' dra,,·. I lis ",ork
inc0'l~"at,,1
a strong lincar dcment: his palette, howcnT, always ", maincd p,le and
su ];Jued. U"I"' pu la, th''''gh it was in academic circles, his technique exert,,1 a 'trong intluen"" ul"'" Gauguin .nd imp"ct<,1 on the de", lopment of thc Nahis , a symboliSt gnlUp 1<,1 br D<.... is, IInnna,d and \'uilla,d. I'tn'is' ~lrtuncs switch,,1 dram:lticallr in the li« twentr J'c",' of his lill:: , ",hen a far.sight,,1 Di,cctor of Fine A,tS ,kcided to conll"ission the monumental S, Gmn'.,,, ",rics in thc Pa,is Pantheon. In 1895 Pmis found him",lf the guest of honour at a grand b'nquet presided O,'
Yo ung G irls by the Se" (/879) conjur" up /lJI at,"0'fJh""
RAPHAEL SANTI
'"
14 81
B()rn Raffa./ Silt/I; in UTbi"", .....
Cour, pain," to F,tkriro do
Mo""fi1tnJ , DII*' ,,[Urbina 14 91
l"Narb of m"rIm-
14 94
i"Natb "f[",b.r
"'"
Apprm,j"d ,.
"'''
p.,."gi,," jn P,rugia
M",",,- to Norm", i.ronaroo,
rtudj"
ilIicbdarlyio, Barr%,"", IlrId
Ma",,.-jo
I fOf-U7
Pa;""" uri" rf Mad"""",
H07
Pain" til< Depo,ition
I f09_20
Calkd to R(lI'" by Po/" JUIiUT Ii to paim tb. Stanz.:l.,
£..in, B~rl .. ,..• . Si stine ,\btlon "'" (J"aif) (/ 512) Salm Barlmra J.xWIom of tb, picttlr, fram. ",",ard, fb, imaginary "'''gng",jon at rb, foot if rb, Si,~jne ",.donna. 5b, iT ilJ <xquiJi" aT any"f biT MudonTlaJ", for ,;.'N," Raph"'/ m-"Q '"' a ""ilk rllllg'
including Sch()<~
of Athens HH
iJ
]uJiw- /I. PainIT Sistine ,\ 1ad(ln na HI 4
Mad. archil«t of
S, P""'J, R(Jm, IH7
Pain" til< Transfiguration (unfinjJImJ)
H2O
OJ,, in R(Jm,
T
he p " mgt:" of the thrt"t: gi.nts of tho:: 1I.li"" High Rm.issancc, Raph1<:1 is best known fn, his Vatican frescos,
]'<:rugino, Raphael mOl"d n) 1'1,,,,, ,,,,,,. lncn: ho:: hon,,1 h .. art n, the Renaiss;tntt i,leals ofbc:tutr
numerouS ,\ ladonnas and &scinating I_"tn.its, including the be.utiful u, f'(JrTlllrina (ro:,w
and han""nr. al though his genius ,.-1< ti,,] br the d,,,,,ar-.is of I"'''uns. Raphael ', s trength lar in his drl ftsm""ship
'L~'ul,,1 as Raphael's ""' n" ",ife) and the h.unting Pop< ]uJiUf Il. Sun ()f. Court I",inte "
and , at that time , d""'ing ",as con,idered the !Oundati()fl ()f.1I "isual artS . Fo, the last S",'en
Ral",.d w"s b()1i1 into thc right sur,oun,~ngs~'" an ani,tic cart'" and , d"'pite being o'l,ha""d at ck"Vt.... , his 1""""';uus talentS "",,, ,,-,I hiss",,;,...!.
rears of hi s life , he cmplo}'ed Marcantonio R.imondi in his Romc Studio , cngr";ng the b.ddog of d"wings th., he bdcd time to Com'ert into p.intings. It ",as Raimondi 's
] h"ing """pletcd his "pp , m tittship with
,cnderi ng of Ral>had'< Tb, ]udg,,",nr of Pari, that sugge,~cd thc po", of ,\bnet 's figurlS in
Dij""'''' Sur L'H.,.k (,,'cr thn::e ""nruries I. "',. \ Vhcn 2<Signcd to thc Pap,,1 Cuurt. Raph:td ".,,, gi,.::n ch:t ~ of all major I)« ~C"''' nut unly p.intings but a,chi",,,,u n:: and thc p'L"«:n,.,ion of antiquitilS. Raph.eI wasn't a great inn"'"1 tor or di""".:: n::,. r'" when he dicd at thirl}~""t:'" his.,t ,howed an cmotional depth th., might well h."e m"turcd to equ,1 th., of Leo"" r.!o and Michel:..ngdo.
The Ikpo
REMBRANDT VAN RIJN
1606
Bo.-nin i1idm,
roR"f a ",HI", 1624
Srudi"in Am"",!"," untkr L"","illI
162f
S"'''Pftudioin L.idm, pupill
inchliN iJou / 61/
iII",." '0 Am"",!",",
b«",""
_=fuJ
portrait;n. S"'rIT
mlJingandfim "'"alm"a, 1614
iIIarn"S",J:j"
"'"' Fjmlmrgb 16Jf-41
Sash'" gr.'" birth to fo1lr cbildrm,
"'" ",n, 71"", runr.w 1642
164 7
l"Na,b "f Swh'" , PainlJ T he Nightw.tch
Portr~ it of the )"Oung Sa
Engag's Hmdrickj, Stoffik
i" IN,,,,h'fm; I"," '"011
par"",16f4
165:6
Birtb " dnugb,,.,. Cor",!i" by IlmdricJj<. PaintJ llcndridjc futhing D«iaud
/Nl"}rllpt, Pain" Tims Rc:l(~ng 166J
l"Na,b "f HmdricJj,
1668
l"Narb of7irtn
1669
Di" in A",,,,,,imR
Cl1lb,an'h "an Riin's dur cmpathy with ,t~C human condition makcs it sur prlS"'g to it... rn thot hc nC,"Cr tn,'cllcd outsidc ]-loll. nd. 11"",c,,,, Lastm.n,
R
antiquitics >how,,] a collcctio" that indudcd Lcorurdo, Mic hd""gdo, R.ol'h:.ocl. I ]oll",in, Tiri "" and Rul", ns: .nd hc h.d sto.-"" of cxotic dothcs, ornaments .nd anllour, ",hich he u",d
his """t innucnti.1 tc.cher, h.d iK't:n to ltal)' and ,>I,,,,,,,,,] thc wo.- k ofCar''''ggio. La"man taught his 1"'1'; 1thc tcchnique of ,billY",
as 1" '1" in his p.intings. Dunng Rcmbrmdt's long cart"" hc cnpg"] in dtawing , e",hing • nd I'" inting. 0,,<.,. looO of his worls still exist and although he is l'rul",bly best known for I_mniru n::, particularly his own , his subiectS ,ange throu gh biblic.1 themcs, e'''I}'day life. I.ndscapc .nd nudc< . In cach g<:n n:: he cun,er<' minu ", of 11". ,ds_ he would study his Own exp n::ssion" in thc mirro, - and ,uch dept h of fttling , that hc endun::s as one of tbe ,,.,st s),llp1thctic and apl" ""iat,,1 of all the gr<... t arti,ts.
Ardungd R.opfud L .,.~,;ng the F.mily ofTol>ios (/637) Th< Arrbanyl Rapbad b,1pr TobiilJ to mtor. bi, flltb") ,igbt and ,bm jlin ojf in a Baroqtl, flurry offor"bor"mJ limb" ,;:ingT and JTll/"ry. Bllt In"IT impr"'''·' if aU iT R,,"branm)- Inarurfol miaro.turo
PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR
'M
184 1
Born in Um"K'T, ron
ISf4
"I a 'ai/or
Apprm,;,,'; '" paint f"K,,/ain and droJrat;". itt7",
1862
]","$ A,,/i.,. Gky', mmT 8""iU" Mo"n, Siliry. Cbrltt< and PiITllrru
1864
&bihi" at Sdm
1868_69
Sba= rrudiG ;;,j,b 8"";0,, En plein air rrutlS" tritb MOlIn
1870-79
JI'<.o-h and "bibi" aT impr,,,ionisr
1880
At"". Ali'" CbilTj~,
1881
Trat',/J loAlpia. Spain and Italy.
influ",,,'; by Rapb",~ Ruh<", Uph ill p.~th Through Lo ngGr:><s (/876) A land""!,, v:i,bfigur",jTom R"",ir)- purm Im!",,,i",,;,, pol" ics, it " .... probahJy paint.d during "'" " 'k ""m,,", ,ba' ,b, r~" arrim 'Pm! tog,tbn at Argrn""i/
and I,./,,"'l"'=
ISSf
Binh if JW/ Pi,",
1886
&bibi" in NnIJ );'ri
1890
MarTi" Ali'"
1891
Birth of"" J"'"
1898
S
/90/
Binh if ron Claud,
1912
L'gim "I H.""u,-
19/f
l"Narb ofAh'n.
1919
I)i,,"/b.arr
"nack in o,grt
jth 'he 'ITi,'~ 1 of ,he railw.. y. 'he b.t nks of the Seine ht:rond I'ari. bec.ml: a pOIJUla.- .-I:SO'" j;:J.- cit), worle:rs. La G.-.::nou illc .-.:: at Cmissr"",1.J .-_Seinl: ,,"'" a .-estomant built f""" sc,erll bo"s "~l<'] tog",hcr, p" Jl'iding a dan"" no", in the e,·enings. T his ,,"1, thl: destination (jf Pie«e Augustl: Renoi.- and Claude ,'lunet une dar in 1869, ",h"" the two )'oung friends SCt up thei, ea",l. tugcthe.- m pkin "ir and initiated the b.-.:: .kthmugh to Imp,,::ssion i'm. Ill' 1SSI, the r<"1r hI: turn"] fo.t), and bl:g;n tra,elling "Jund Emo pe and Nonh Africa , Renoi, knew it w" time fo.- a .-eassesSm""t .
W
J-Ic
Wo"",n Combing H er ll:.oi r (1907-08) Gabri,lk Rmard ;;:a, a dir1llnt rowin ,;:ixJ "'m, a, bi< ",n lUll/', nun., and "1IY,d OR a, b"""J;"P'r and mOI1
""
HENRI 'DOUANIER' ROUSSEAU
1844
B()rnin ural, ..... of a pl1l1nlvr
I S64-M
Army"",,,,,r dnT;"min in
uWm"'lIli hand 1869
/ 87 1_9J
S"r/" in Pari,. MatTi" O,mnl" BiiJIilrd, tbqi"," bat" tbr" cbilthm Jj",h in 'ill_
n",;Otl [ (If" ,;rrj" '"'1". Nid;"",",d 'iMw",i.,' (",wine ifJi=-J
1886
rJm ,,,bihitJ ", Sal", J" Indipmt/arllT, Wall in the F()n:s .
1888
iJ<",bof°hnm"
1897
P"int,"!nc
n.e Footl.. U P!:.oyct'S (tin,,;!) (/9()8)
Slttlling ('0)'1"1"
1898
"pan,,,
In ,""W"" to bi"""ti, rubj<m. Rou=atl mjay,d ftaruring tb. "'
Marrin R_Ii< ·
]"'ipbilU Nwry 190J
D
Joupb;", 190f
Fir" ,,,bib,,, at Salon d:4",,,,,",,,, The ll ungry Lio.,
1908
PiC/lJpj
Iroldra
NrIiJ"" in hi, Ix",,,,,,
1909
A"I"j,ud" iTrJo"'''"nI' in
"''''k fraud 19 10
1);,,"1gilTlgm" in Pari,
n cncount<"f ",ith llenri 'DOU1nic,'
Pi .,.~s.o. G ~u gui n ,
Rou,"",au r<1'eal,,] a ""'nge mixture of un",(j( I,Hy shy"""; and a Ci,,·in)n b,,6cf
among his ""quaintances _ Rous"'au heg1 n ,ubmitti ng '0 .he Salon ,k:s Indol",nd, nl<, to
in hiso",n artistictalen •. lie h,d und ..... g,,"" .he u,"" IeIL,,,,,,,tary sc]y,,~ ing but a. Su ne I. )in. he
",hich he "' main{"(llor"1 fo< .he "'st of his lilt:. Rou s"'au's I" in.ings are .erm{"(l 'na'IYe' bu.
beCime {"()""inN,1 that I" in.ing w~s his true " ' >Ca,;on and claimed .ha. his 1'''''''1<' IX)",,'y had p"-"lud,,lan school.
.his ,~)e'n '. imply that .her a n: in"inctual. On .he ""fl'''' 'y, he I'lann{"(] his worl with an""'e Ci re, usi ng numerOUS ske.ches and pictu n:
La.e" Rou""~u wen' ahead and ob tained a copyi,,'. Cin] 1(" the Lo",'''', "'h ..... e he sl'en. a lot of time stu'i)'ing the early Italians. He Ille'
",f
the IX){"IS Jarr)" and de G ou'men. , ",ho c,. ",,,i,.;i')f)ed ~ li.hograph li-u", him f,IO' .h,;, ,e"ie ..., L'/magin, and hefo ", long Rous",a u
ana"""yand 1IO'0llOn;Ofl .he be" "'"'y he Ime.... Once P'-" .he prep"a"IO'y stages Rou<se~u's imagination toul off, and .he unrem,rlable
found him",lf a,h"itt{"(] '0 the w'IO' ld of wri ...... s and artists. Encourlg"l by the ""'~"ny of the
onc _ti me toll colltt"', hecamc .he cxo. ic storyteller who", un ique im"gt:s are now
,,'an.-ganle _ in the end he I"",d such namOS as
"''')gnizcd and admi",l eH"ywhe n:.
A
Dchun:ty ~nd Apollinai ",
The Sn~ke Cru.rmcr (19(fl) Tbi, 1M" mwician rmndr lih a dark E,·•. ,alling 0'" all r/" '''pm''/rum b.,. moonlit paradi", i{()Iro"'" ""uJd for oolm Ilmong lb. jungl. ff"''''Y
PETER PAUL RUBENS
'70
I f 77
B()r" in Si,K"', RlR
I f91_9f
of" 1""7"
Apprm,j"d in
Ann:"p 1600
Vi,;" I mj", '"' " ....1:
/60/
Fi,i" R'IN",
JU,
"."'} if eMmiaggia 160J
Dip/'Im,,!i, ,.ili, '" S!",in
160f~
" "ur'" to Rom<
/609_14
iIIam" Imb,Ua
Brunt, uniu in Anrarp, b", 1M" childrm. Pai"" w,"",irriorIJ for
Ann:"p C",b,Jrui 1610-20
StudS" "";,.~ many C",/rolic <(J,"",imaTIJ
1621
/)jpJ"inatic =t'i" for lfapJmrgy
/6n_2f
The Str.... I h t (,.1625) A p "..,-, p"i"wJt::ilb a "/",,,;1 pi"",", in ,11< rnbjctJ '" h< found d"" '" biN",
Co,"mim(Jm in Pari, IUId Anr~'"P
1626
D
1628_10
N'giJIia'" "'tiC< 11<11:."«" Madrid and umd"".
Kn;gbud by Cbltri" /. iIIll1Ti" 1f,lm" P""rmmt, ba, flt-. mildI'm
/61/
Knigbud by Philip I V. "
dip/'Ima!;, ,,,,'it< 164 0
Di
P
eter I'au! R ul>ens "",,, the IJO<SCs,;o, of
phenomenal gifts, toge,he r ",i,h the
physical ""ergy and orgoni""ional abili,y to cxerec'" ,h",,, . A< ",elJ as being an cXP
p.in"". c.,cl1~,""l Rul o: n< r"'m l"'lingt:!.,.,..,.J i, als" fr"" J him fr"m guild rub: he " ,..]d d'1~oy, witMut re,meto,n<, ,he huge ,,,,
schm l "Iucuion, Ruben$ p","uttd 'con:. of ebb",..", aitarpi""es and allegor ical ttilings. l ie ,.."!. adc p' ., painting SUPI. ,«::,lly Christi"!n ,·inue but gi,ing i. a 'rat,,1 to .... "Ilh ""iz.<: fccur"~.y and fn: .. I,. " from ",-ant. Rullens '
,\brie de ,\l "did Di sem l>:orlcing '" Muse illcs After ,\brrl:..ge to I len ry IV ofFr.nce (1622~2f) 0", if,11< ryek if 21 painting, for ,b, Palai! tk LuxnnbotITg, nH",",'m'o",d by ,b, fim,m oot::ayr qu"" Marr d, !It,did '" tkpict b", lifo, Rub.m pr'f"'rd bund"dJ if ,"arur ,hub"fir bis"lIdi. to ""r.l- fro",. I, t::..,. no ,ary las.ldiplo,"",i",Uy,ilb", tin" Ib, q""" "'ar quam"","" far Jrom actnlct;,~, and bad "·",,,d buy amoUnrr if'"""'Y "·i,b<JilllKbi,,.-ing allytbing ,,,narka"" in b" lifo. To RuhmJ' ",dit, b, kfi " ""itji,d cusr",n" M "''"pi,riM
AlEXEI SAVRASOV
1810
B()rn in iIIo,,",,', ron of II ,"",bllrl!
1844-54
Studi" al ill",,,,,,, SdJooI of Painting, Smlptur. and Archi,,,,,,"
18H-f7
180_82
1861
uacoo lantkap' paimingat ilIo,,"'" School of Painting Pountkr ,"N""'r ofJl~ndmtT
""~ 1871
f"unOOJ A""aa~'..,
of Tra,.dling Arl &bihi~'o"",
&bibi"d T he Rools I b,'c RebJrncd
1897
By the Whirlpool (Dttp W~,,, ....) (1892) by ls:"k Lc,iun 'I "-il1It di"",'''' and 1<=" in my aI::n
'0
''It''''
Di" in iIIo"",,,
k:xci s,,'t:tS<'" ''"is ,he 111('" Iyricol and named 'litther' _ of tl-.: Russian bnd,copists, ]-]e ...as a fO__ cl.ssi
A
I~ndscopc eiasses of s,,'t ..«,v at thl: ,\10""''''' Sehe... 1,'(Painting, Lc,;un ""''''I:d ,he Sehe... 1 ., ,hinc"" .nd studied ,I-.: ", ~" ,en J""'S be~,,,, tn,'cliing to I'a,is whc ", he Came urol<..- the
,ha,
T b-c Rooks I b ,'e Returned (18 71) by Alcxci S.v",-",,' Th, "mun of ,bnooi; to a r,",,'ly fr""'" land rignaJftb, tran,ition fro," "-im,,, to 'f'Ying a, tb, hird; r"'uild tb, r(J()}"y_ Til< Ilrtist bad trat~JJ,d ,,-itkly in tb, ""rib"", pra"n= of /{""ia and b, fr'qum,/y pain"d ,,-im,.,IarulsaJ/"S and tM ",ming tbtr",
EGON SCHIELE
'"
1890
B()rn in Tub'n, ,,",
of a ,-"ik'",_ na';oo marU,.
"'" 1906-09
1908
Family rnot" I
1lJ
Vi"'"", , o-/db fatb.r
if
Stud,,, ", AcatNmy,,/fln< Anr, Vi"'M E",,;urlfu, /(Jim'
am/bi"",",,! Vim"" Ktmmcball /908_10
Inf/umad by Klim"II'<..-hat S«:",io"i""
Wi"",. 1911
Ji"'.b""" Sdf·Portr~ j t (1911) Stbid.', pruning ,,1/· JIl,;ifl>tti(J1l i:! _ IiI:< '" '"any if hi, P""' _ '""" proNNy an ad, Th< 1mag" b. math "/bill"'if ", rbi, tim< t~=d bm:"«n
,\/",,- Jill";,
(JialryJ ",,,,,,it Tbry ,,,"'"' to
,",lot/FUma,ic tmd ,ina", in"'T fo
Nrnknflmm 1912
Cont'icud ifpuhJic im'",Jrah'ry_ &bihi!J al Cdog''', ill",,, Munich tkakr
Ham 1914
G""~
At"" &ii,b Harm,
19H
fij,-;r on<-man
<",bibir;"" in Vi",,,,,, iIIiltTi" Edith. foi", army
1917
Rq",,,nrr Austria in K",·.,-nrnm,. ,/, _ _d
,rbibit;ort in Slllabolm and
ilJ
k ",ud a ,",t/'ipliciry "iid"";",, and
gun Schiele. like his id(~ Gus .. ,' Klimt, twk c",tici,,,, as. m.jor thm,e of hi. wor k, It led n) aeeusations of his hcing -sex· obsesscd' .nd hc onee ~)und him",lf in
prison briefly for 'cxhihiting an
sexuality and ,u pe rb Il:chnic:il slills, Ilis mother daim,,1 th., he could dn ..· I..,~, ,,, his ,.,co" d hirtbd.y, and his drl"'ing ability was som<~hing that Schiele h",..,d ti ", lcsslr throughOut his lill: until he ..,hi",''']' n....Jr·&ult]css line, I>,inting he ~,und less ca
Schiele'. un"'IIlI" olllising ...... ndour in hi. t"""""" of the nude figure _ bn,l" and malc _ ofll:rs an un",,,ling mixture of "I'~L""cnt
n(x hing should iml",]e his 1" ''1: '''''' ""'''' ,,1< the purity of ,·i,;on and css<'fltial nuth that he fdt ... ere the Purl"";':: of his a n,
E
C.p",bag'" 1918
Major ,,,bibi,"r in ~9rb S«.rrion.
Oi""f info",'=a in Vr"JIa
Wom:.on Undrcs
attN/'''''''
/
I
GEORGES SEURAT
'"
ISf9
B()rn in Pari" J.m
o/a I'gal
SlUdi" und,.,. L,bm"rm (a
for,,"" rrudm' of Ingm) at L'frd, tI"
8,,,,,,,.£1,,,,
Pari,. Vi,i,,",b Impr",.",irr ,xbibi,ion 1879_80
ilIi/i'ary ""-,j,, in
'"" /881
/)rtn::ing «"Putl ", Salm
18114
Exbih;!> Il1th",," .. A'nil.-rc.< a'
Jim , biJu, "
&leiiri tN, Ani"" Indip
1886
Exbibi" Lo
Grlndc Jane at
S,b Impm,"";,, <",bibiri"" Qnd
The Sides how (/ 887_88) A t::iJ1ItkrfoUy atm• .,.'c, dill/uJly ,","pautl pim'I"< of a "at',/ling
fair; ritb til< oil and g'" lamp "'h',ring til< gloom "I" rinu,-', rt"""'g
and ""'p,ing
,b, aIllJi",,, '" '<JI"' ""'pin ",,",aim""'!
SakJn d" Indip
1887
r Im ,rbibi" in
Brum/n;:i,b L" V;ng!
1889
Exbibi" in Bru=1r ,;:itb L" Ving!_ At",,, iIIadd.;", KndJJ.ro
1890
Binh" _ Pi"" by Madd.,in<
1891
Di", ,;:itb 11m
Pi"'"""
dipbtbm'a in Pari,
eorges Scun.t'. n.m< IS l'",c"c.iI} '}nonp11()u> ""h the "ord 'pointillism', • ,lil1>Jonlst I'.mbng method ,ha' he him>clf <::tiled 'ol"i<::tlp'in'ing', S..... "u .."1< a N,,,-lm prC<S.ionist, \ \r,th Sign"" and, carll' ("', Pi<s'm" he enpg<,1 in an anal}si< of the 'tthniqu<:< """I bJ.. the Impn:S<.ic.,i,ts to rq,,-(.Iutt: light and "~o ur. S,·,m.t'. go.1 ,,"1<' It:.nnul. It:., the c n::ttiIe,..bl lit
G
like ("her highll'
,~sciplin,,1
l"intelS _ Dell:..
Fr~ nce..,.,. POllssin and ,\ loMri"n. It:., ex:tmple _ Seur." ", Iished 'he inteliect ... 1
<·h,lIenge. Im'ed
to
wo,k 'scien,ifi<::tllr' and
'-"'ljo)'ed 'he bl><..- ious pn,":ss of I..-n" ing his ,heu,y. U n~mu,,:ttcll" it ,~dn't a"'mlll' work: :tt l<::t,,, ro, as p",dico::d. Ap'" frum "n in""nl~e'e gra,1' of existing ",lour ,h""ie< . Scura' 'nd Signac didn't que,tion the pu ritl' Or n:hti", C(~our ",I ..e:< of ,he pigm'-"'lts th:tt they u",d. ' Inc ' L"
Of mulSe. Scura,'s wor ks arc n(" c"lou riess. bu, nO, '''' ther ",ini>()w brigh,. I"-,,e.d. all , .... '" I"in,ukinglr apl~ied duts I'mdu"",, the I~eas:t nt ,;s"al smsatio n uf" ligh' P'" rll' hue. 0' g",in . which has hecome Scur:tt's ,~stingui,hing mark ,ner all.
A Sun.uy Afte rnoon on LI
G,..mde J~u e
(1884_86)
Srorat', mast iam"," painting, tb, prod"" bibi,ion ;;:bu. it Jim "PP'Ilr,d, His fJ
GEORGE STUBBS
liB
1724
B()rn in lit.-"-p"d, ron of a curri..-
1719
Pupil
1 741_H
P()rtrai,i" in R()rrlm-n England Srnd,,, and "tlCb« alUlw1I1)' at IxJspit,,1
);,,*
I7H
Vi,itJ l"'l)'by boa' and iIf.".""" 00 r,rnrn ''D)'ag<
1 7S6
B,nb
17S6_SS
Famil), lit·" on fa,m in R()rtb
I7f9_70
;\10'" '"
Lond"".
E.Juiru "'lim;
':<pand '" indud, 'rom'"",';"" ' pi'= and ,;:ilt! animah 1766
1770--80
Puhh',b.$ An:I n""y of the Ilor$e
E.xp
I7SI
'\/,mim-
17S4--Sf
PaintJrural rubjutJ
1790--91
R",it", co,"mirriom fum Prin"ofJl:'I,s
IS06
Oi" in lilnd""
,\Lores ~ntl F",,[s in a Ri,-er Lontl<;c-~ fM' (d''''if) (I 76j..(iS) SrubbJ mad< a "ri" of"udi"
co'g.: Stubbs had a p.ssion fo' an. n""y, both human .nd anim.1. II" ,,,,,,,i,.cd linl" ~,,",.I ,uining bu, knL·... enough of 'he subje<1 to ,e""h i, to m"li",,1 stu,k:nlS while in York: .nd in I iSl , he illu>tr.llI:d Dr Joiu, Runo.,'. &my 7i";:anir Q C(Jmpk" Nn:> S)"i"," .«lein.lfl, amId <:X1~.in (~,~b:: of the I h,..,,·cri,.,s .nd his l,ruklflg<,1 ", fusal of {lJl1unissilfl.< from ( "">rgt: R. Stubbs' cxquisitc .natomical drl ... ing' form,,1 the b"-';s of his exp"rtise . . . horse p,inte,. For eightcen months he ,cnted • rL,,\01I: Li.-.::,~nshi n: f.nnho"", wherc he ",ukl work undi"urb"d, dissc<1ing 'pecimens to di"""", the IUn<1i(lfl of e,"'y boro: and mu>cle. ' Inis led to his publi""tio., ofTb< AlUl""ny
G
Stu"""
In tho." days, horse p'inting. WC '" rlnk,,1 lower th.n landscap<s. Yct , with. eirclc of ",,,~lth)' P"""'" Stubbs kCJ. bu<}' en ough , Iniming ,,~, ra""h'l<sc, foo- .riStoC",tic OwntrS .nd b",,,ler. ",ho " ... nt,,1 a pi<1o.-ial ",,,,,,I to """'. "p'ny thei, stud I)(. ,k I.. tings . And ,.her """missions f(~lo".ed fo' famili". I'(., ing in thei, ho.-st:-drlwn ""rri'g<s. Stubb •• Iso L-nj'l)'cd p.inting. ,·"i<1y of wild .nim.ls, including lim., tigers, gi ..ffes, m().,k,,}s and ,hi,..,,,,,,,,s, ",hich he ohscn-<,l in fa.",d " fir., h.nd a lim St:l Ilcing a h'l<sc. M.ny of Stub"'" p;Ctu"'S " "'" eX"""lI:d in thin oils and exist no,,' in a rlther frlgile ",ndition. IlowL'Ve" ll"lSt . n: still p,i,'''.::Iy o"'n,,1 by thc familics f(l< ",holll they we n: 'l
Two Foxhountl. (1792) A ""","i"ion [Tilm Ib, R,,-.,.md Thumal J:J""o[ linroltlJbit?, ,;:bo ';:al an Ir.'id '1'(Jr!3man Imd ''''P''"' hmd.,. o[forboimtb. Thil t!lg and hitd! in an imaginury kmd=fJ' '!:.Yr' pruhahJy /r"m Ill< Enrl
JACOPO TINTORETIO
'"' HIS
B()rn Jamp" Rolmrti in J'mia,
"'''Glady" I HO(f)
Srudi" wui.,.
Titian. 'l"arr
H 4S
Pail", St ,' lark Jirc";ngthc Sh,,: for s.",,/a Jj San Marro
15:49(')
Marn" PIlU51i1lll d, J~Jt",-j, tbry bat" fit·.
daugbuTT trlId r~"
.m I f62-66
H64-87
Pai"" ,\ 1iude. of St Marl iJ«oram- s.U<J/a di s"n Roc,"
I'iSS_90
Painlf P.....,lisc for iJog,'r Pilla"
H94
Pail", La" SUI, lt.. for cbttrcb
of San Giorgio Maggi,.." Din of f"~r in
I.."i",
T ftd"t of the Body of 5 t M:.o r L: (/562-66) Tbtu paiminK' "ftb. 1I1irad" if S, JII..,.-J. "',.,., math for til< Smola di S= Ma,...u, H.,." ,b, C'brimllm" Akxllndn'll UK,", Ik ",;m', hotly. und
T
io""-,,,to is> nidnam!: ",coning 'little
"I)'picoli}' ",..,ugh , he d"",k,1 nJ worl On ,,10"". consol.b.ing whot he hod l<:1m ..1 fmlll
of hi' father's ,h", in \ b,i<" and "~ou",d them
"lit ian with hi' o,,",,"'ation, of Michcl.. ngdn. lie ",rote, ',\ l ichdangdo's dr, wing and T iti. n's
in with d)'es. II()pd"ully. the dyer apl" ""i<:<."<] his Son to Ti ti,.,. . Hut T itian and T inn""tu qua ,,<:11,,1 n, soch • dew"" that the I",), " ... Il,,]
",I()u r' on the " ... 11 ()fhisstu,~" . Tinton:: ttocnj,,)',,,]cxpcrimt-ntingwith'pccial lighting dlcctS. lIe ()wned =Ie m()dek of,ttt"'"
()ut. Some heli",'ethe ma"'" ",a"",d to he ridof a ri,'al tt I""" howe"". l'n",.."", ,k"" secm to ha,'e gone thmugh lill:: ",ith a "'put";()n ~"
,\
being a",k,,"'rd.
up so tho t he ",uld ol>;en" figwt:S in ,wt;"n.
from the ,\I",]ici " . nbs. made b)' one of lichdangck,·sossi,ttnts. T h"", ",t...., the lOcus of his lant<:m_lit ""I>cri""",,,. lIe "'''n hung them
Tin",,,,,,o li" ....:1 H"I wor k,,1 exch.J,i"cir in Veni", . E,'e,},thing he did was ordercd by the \ 'cne,ian StatC Or "Hious churchcs and confrHcmities. \ \r,th ,,'cr_inerca
The Origin of the Milky Way (/ 570) Wi,bing to imm()r",/i=, biJ infant ,,'" 1I
TITIAN
'"' 1488
B()rn 7i=iilrlo
J-«dli in Pin', di CiNlor" ,..,
1498
Apprmrj"d to lb. Bdlin;, ITIIll,,,,
I f07_1O
Amrt"'" "' GiorgOJ'u
/fH
Starn .,,'" t:...-k_ ,~p
HI6-IS
PainIT A"ul1~"i()n of
the \r,rgin HZO-IU
P",od of m"jJF p"nraitT
H2J
'\/un GJn="ga, Duk,ofMantun ,
i"'roo"",.., '" Cbarl" V
H2f
M~rri"
C.db'a,
,my bat·. fo1lr
,hild"rt "'for. Ii.,. d.",/i in 15JO IfJO
I OJ
"ti",,,
I f4 f-46
Clurh V
Painu \'
'k Fan/<" in Ro"", I f 4 S_f1
HH_62
H76
pa"""
ApfWnrd Cam ""__ OJ
HJS
Pope p.~uJ 1Il. AJc.u ntlcr F~mese (/54J) AkraM.,. Far""" rb.lasr ofrb. RmlliJJaTl« P"P" il1Id a ,",,,,"an ""h',j,ju. H, traT "'''''''Y-fn', at rb, tim. Titian pai"",d ,biT portrait, a oftIN artJ and aJ", a ufo"'''' ';.'00 lauf" ""","(loud lb. Countilof Tum, Thi'1::'" 'k P"P' r<'P"nsibJ. fir ,""',nllT/mica,ing Hmry Jllli
Co,"",iIJiOnM by J
Co,"mirrio,ud by Cbarl" V in AugJlnlTg
Painu _j~of "otic ",yrbdogi" for Philip /J I)i« of til< jnJ~ni",
plag'"
itian hec.me the 111('" cdehr-oted p,inte, in Venice, following the
,b,
p", maturl: dc,tth of Gio
of V"gin , p,inted ~" the FrAnciscans, .,tr.ctrd AI~,IlSo d'E"e, DuLce of Fer.. " , who <",Icred three mythologi",,1 "udies from
thl: plague, Roth wt"I"C t .... in<,1 by the Be llini hrutl.::rS, but Titian found them unillSl,;ring
'lit ian's woei,hol' ~" his pCrSo.,al gallery, T hl: Dul.,.s rrtuliJlo had .lal",, ,c, " ...11. and a g(~d
T
()f)""
.nd h>d ioi n....1 Giorgio.,,,,, studio his ap p<enticeship waS OlW, T he Illir were so .... ""Illtible th., s<",,<~imcs P.... 'I~I: cou ld not tell
""i~ng,
It was • col1u"iS$ion ma, ,,,d o., ly by Esn: himsclf, whosc manne, ahemat<"<1 h",wttn
Aatteryand bullying, Latcr in his <:-.! ",er, when his work h.d matur,,1 thruughou t thc dem.nds and adulation
their woei al"n, lIt ian 1:",I,,::d "'pidly as a pun: p,inter, with nO 'Ren.issancc man' di""",i o., s such .. s
of s<, m.ny king<, prin<-.::s and po p"s, l ,tian
sci"""" , po,:t,}" Or a",hiu"Cru"" Thl: Arrtl1nprion
""me tt, ,'aluc tl.:: <:X1~o"'tion of ",lour al><",:
any othe, as1"'''ts of art. All hi. life he hod known how to ext,.,,,, the he,t from hi. materials and he a,han",,1 n, a n)nalp,inting stylc. using not only brush,,"'l'" hut "Iso hi. fingL1"' a ,"Ipi<"'" of rlg (I><: d"imcd he did this to a",id l(X)king lile Ra ph..cl). Th< l"Natb
sup ", ,,,"cy. which I. ,in, fon.... "] n) the I><:ics of his innuence. among them mO" no'ably D eh e roix . GoY". Remh ,..~ndt . Re noi r , Rubens. V:an D r"" and Vd. "luc>'.
Ba.,.,hus :I nti Ari. dne (/522) 0",
""ff
JOSEPH MAlLORD WILLlAM TURNER
I77S
B()rR in /.imdoo, ",n"f a harhff
17Sf
,;:;,b 'mek in B""'ford on Tbamn
1790
Lit~J
Em"" R(Jpi A cadm'Y StboolT
1791_94-
Lit~J in BriT!lJ~ ,hulling tiJilTJ in
Britain 1796
Firrt 0#1 ,bo1:.'11 AGllk",y,
a'
Fi,hLTmCJl at Sc., jnjlllrnad by Wil_ and Potwin
1798_ 1818(?)
Lit~J
,;,irb mirtHE
Sal7lb Danby, ,b.y
ba," "". daugl""",
1802
JI/',"M-o/ Aaukmy. Fim of many ,-iri". ta
Europ< (Pam mid
"''' ISOS_If
Alp,), injlumad by GaUtk UJrTai"
Crossing the Brook (/815) ThiT o..'ombi" .un. bar km gr.,,,, tb. 'CI""d, ''''''111m! '" 'X'f"Y'/y tba! ruml England ,()ll}d .nril), k ",inllnn fiT Italy. Tt,mff
iJ
bad /.anud t. drtrQ and colour "'p"grapbjro/ ,in".,,- in tb. mid·/791J,
Opmr umdikl
;;,bm N and Ginin "'"' ""rJ",ro "'g,,1m- by Tho,"", iIIollnJ
gallny Lit.~T
,"ar Tha",,,
a' bl
T1:,i,h"b"m 1819 1829
r Im t'jrit "' / "'/), D
Su/l=tkprmioo 1818
"
..
ISH
Pai",,"lnc Fighting "!"'",crairc Pai"" R.in, S'c:l1n .nd SI''' .... ! Dj" in limt/""
T
hc n.me of J.M.\V. T urner .. closely as!'()c;.,ed with London·s Royal
on V.mishing Days cou ld tell. w'y different
A<=l
sto 'y. V.mi.hing 1b.}'S allow,,1 exhil:oitorS to n:touch tl>
at the ""nu.1 ""hil,;ti"" •."d ",,,,<,1 as 1 member hoth of the Cuuncil 1nd the hanging comminee. lie e,,,n lectun:d in hndsC1pc
.trend to "" " I"1II',lIid C1m'",",' th., I,)()k,,] ·Iike ch1<" !rcto.-e the c n: ation·. and "'t to work ·with .11 tl>< Ilrightest pigments hc could 11r hi. h.nd.
painting for ",,'entL"Cn rC1rS. Ah'>gL~her. Turner sounds like • thomughly n:sp<"t:1I~e
on .. until they liter.lly bhzed with colour." Many iu:adt"lician< lo,,l,,l :.;b.n"" ., TUr'n
AC"Adcmidan who could he n: lied upon
'I, ,,rent bd of social gru:.::. !rut to h.ng next n, him.nd ri,k bt;ng <"I~l"'l by his ""00 was 1 littl: they aD dn::t,k:d. ben Cr_t:tl~e. rJO Sb"lngt:r n,
to
P'''''u"" tl>< son of·bmwn gr."y· I" inting"! that the Impressionists n:jter,,1 half a ""nlU'y bter. Ilow<~'er. Turners fellow ,\i;::.demicians
criti""", ofh .. own t.ight .n:t>ty grttn·. w'" h",,,,1
n) L...,bim , '1 Ie's just hem hen: .nd 6",,1. gun: Turner had indn,1 fin:dagtJn-o,. a, any""e • starti ng pistol _ It" ,he run up to Im]".es';"ni,,,,, Around 6ft}' J'ea" b,er, in Ro ""n, Mo ne, set up his ea«] ., ,he "",,,.,,1· fluor ",in,lJw of. shup '1, ]_"i« the c:t,h"],,,l lie h.d decided to f,~]uw 'he eump]e of Turner, whose guu.ch" ,h~eh of Ruuen Ca,h<,]",] he h.d m ee seen in L""t", and n<,'cr f".-g"''''n.
Fire 3' .sc.. (/8 J5) Tur",r ooor,d til< "a and painud it in all itt mood" 711, wip at til< <WIT, 01 tbi, al"'ITrop/l< i, til< Indiaman Oron"''' It ,,-..,. ROt til< "a ,bill d'ITroy lTO".,J'olfJgU'" tba, -"
PAOLO UCCELLO
'"' /J97
Born Pool. di in Florm"
1).,,,,,
1407
Apprm,j"d '" ..wpmr ,.bib",;
14/f
Join! til. C(lmpany "iSILuh",,,
pain".. 142f_J /
14J6--4;
JI'<.o-.hin 1m;",,,! mar",. ,""wcist
W...-h on fr'J
1447-48
VITj" Padua.
Pain"Th" Flmd
14H-W
Pain" "Inc lio n]" "(Sa,, R()m'no
1468
Lit'ngn, U,.hi""
147S
Dj" in Norma llorscmen . B:>ttle o (£"n Rom:.no (<<"'if) (/455) So n ROil" no "'/U on'gilUlUy a ,btn-pa'u/ pi= w,","im(J",d by lb. ,\froid. Tbir i, pan "/tb. right_band mrion ,bo,;:ing lb. rout "f 1M SI"us< by IN F/(J,.m,in" in 1412. UndmiahJy, fomb<Jr"ning K"'-' Uc«Uo analn ambm'c probJn"" h'gb, iltId ,bad, "quir-ro h<'," bandling. Bll! 'hi! ruhtk ",/()ur
abo,.,
'oJ" U""cllo qualifies as one of tho: m".' ,'cr-so.ilc fUunders of .he Eorly Renaiss;nct: , h"' ing begun his co """ wi.h .he "'. n who p
P
"Inc painte' ,\13 ..."";0 and the scul p.or Don..dlo orc hoth cre<~.,,1 wi.h in'piring Ucedlo to 13k" up .h" Study of p=p,":1i"" ]-I()w<'I'rt, no (),-,e - espttiaUy his lu,-,g.,uffrting wili:: _ cou ld h."c p ",<~cr/:d ho",' cngrossed he would h,,",me in .he
r<:ndrting prt'P"";"'" T hc 'r1ining ,h.. Ucct:llo ",,,,;,,,,1 fro", .h"
""",u"'gcmcnt of a ""t<,
Flo<<:n,incsculptorGhihertir()olShimfin"lyin 'he d"c",.,ti,'c In ,er",tion,,1 Go.hic "ylc: ()f)<: ,h:1t w"ls ,ha,,-,I hy F,I"i:tno and I'is:tncllo, It "'... p"~,,,I~y PiS3""Uo who .. ugh< Uttdk, n, I",inl.
dr,w;ng fo1>1",,. Ucct:llo's ",,,iculous I><:r,p<"';"c drowings
undcrl'inocd.1I his p,intings. In his fi-"""o of Tb, f'/ood .nd 'he ,h""::'p"nd &,,1, of s"n Rom/ltl<J , he g"l"c full rein n, ,he 'tthni<'01 eff""" he h.d ",os,e,,,!. Unfortun.,dy. onCe ,he
no",lty ,,'O' p:tS~ hi, w(l< k Ii::I1 fi-(. " Em'ur .nd he 'p~nt • ,ttl",j,'e old .ge. Nc,"nhelcss, in 'he long tun, Uttello's .chic," ",en's were s.ignifiC".ln' , .nd his S)S IE'" " ... furthe, ttitd .nd ,,,,,,,d by •• """",.ion of Rm."",nct: .ni"s, Pie ro .le U. Fr~ ""esc:II, Leorurdo d ~ Vinci and Dli rer.
S , G eorge 3M the D r.ogon (•. 1456) U."lkJ uN, til< St in tr'" Gomi. rryl,. Tb, n,liam hight', d,,,,}1y 11lrI" linn up ,::itb a rtorm diJUtl "'bind bim. "":bich ",ult/ lignify t/i"i", imo,'ron'"". A, ,il< ti"", i, projm fin::ard in", ,b, pirtU" pI_ b,lping '" rnahlirb a cbr",·t/immITomzl '1''''' roand"":bich ,b, &gllrl' d",""I _ "" I""g" d;,tr",d _ pr,/",m to I,,.,} ,il< "'rtqun-d drag"'" li1:. a P" t!>g
""'7" ''''''K'
liD"'
ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN
H911
B()rR
in 7;'urnai,
roR"1 a marU,.
cu,l.,. 14 26
HolUJurro aT Ma"" RIlgrrd< la Pastllr'
,I/am" EJi=akrb GifT""" Tltry
I"," bllt" fchild,,,,
14 27_11
Studi" in 1."Or"'-
,bopof Robm C«'"pin, hmlflm
Mal"'-;" Paim",' rmild
LrJ<' in Brug", IlIWOIlUT1;:itb
14 J5-40
lim
''''
PainIT Dcscrn'
frum ,he Cruss for Armm' Guild "/u,ut'llin 14 15
S"r/" in BrUJulr, mild<
' . .0
City
Painu,-
La" Judgement llitllTf'i«< w,"mirrio.ud by CbllnallJr RoJin
U fO
Trllt·.IJ to I'aly
14 f2
{{"urn< to N"b
The N . ti,; 'Y (d",,;f) Jrom The .\Ii ,...dlorcs A]"''l'i«" ('<-. 1442) By rUfJ, I",,, tin- H'rydm', ffp"tllfion ",xb.d '" jar ",S!""'" '":It",
KingJ,uln /J
t. 'Ymbdi;:L b ... purity, ....ra IJIb", e,kbm" b ... ,irru" if ",durtm"
(in a"d ruh
triprycbt 14 B
14 62
PainIT SL~'<Jl S.ct"ll1lcms Ilkarpi«<
Painu
S~int
C(~UI1l'" allar-
"
.
pim Dj" in BT1lJJd,
R
ogier "'n del Wcrdrn bCClme ,he
dehne. He rn JOlied in
o..,,~,in's
w,,.- kshol' in
single Ill'''' ' imp","'n' Flo:mi,h l" in,cI f,~ lo",ing thc dc.th of\ '.In E}ck. Sincc he signcd none of his w,,.- ks, Iit",s ""n""ming
' l(lUrnai , .... ncrging H a M.1Stcr aftc, h"C J'c,rS and "."ing nJ Rruges, ",hen hc "."t plUMblr "'"nC undcI the inAutnce of Van E}'d.
'heir .u,hcnticitr .nd chro,.,lo!!:r h"" '0 he gathe red fi-,. n "',ml"ri'on ",ith o,h<"tS and the r"",,,ds of ,h,..,c who c,. nmissioncd him. The
Aftcr 711, [)",,"', of 143;, Van dcr \\'i:J,]cn's ris<: to f.me ,,"1< "'pid , 'aking him litr .nd wide in pUrSuit of OnC prestigious c,.nmi",iOfl aftcr
,tan of \ '.n d." \\'i:},k"Jl's CI ",cr is ""siel nJ
.noth.", W hen the ch'n""liol nJ ,he Dule of
The Descent from the Cross (d4J5) Fur '"" "f,b, ,"ort ,,"oriorllllly ebarg
II urgundy, eh. ncdlo, Roli n. founded his 11(.o;pi"" in Ilcaune. V.n det Wtydm w'lS called ul_'" n, ,k:....,rJ.tC the eh.pel In Italy. h. ,,-.s ly by toc ,\1.,lic;'; in Flo,m"" .nd the
Angdieo. "t""", SI}ics wen: ncan:SI his"w", \'.n dc, \ \ 'cplc'tl's btLT " o.-k ".,,, ttnainly .nrich ....1 by what he "'" of other 1t~lian "'a''''''. The FIt,,,ish p.in",,, who ,uccccdcd hi", _
Estes in Jit'IT'rJ., \ Vha" th"", . he .],;,;) t~ught the "..,hnique of I"inting in oas. ,.. ,,,,thing" which Flemish I" in"'" were I" nicuhrly "k1'" Alth:)ugh oc f"'our,,1 hh.- iano .nd Fro
RoutS. ,\ kmling .nd \'.n dcr Go"s _ w. n: .11 in,k:I • • d to \ " n dcr WL),dm. but his inAucn"" persi" .... ] "'t:n n}(,rt: widely ~"the n:m.in,k:, of toc emtur}", in Frln"" . Germ.ny. • nd SI"in,
ANTHONYVAN DYCK
I fll9
B()rR A",..,;" "/111 Dijdr in Ant11.""f!,
roR"f a ,ill: ,"""eb",,, 1609
Apprm!j"dw Hmd,-i} t'1l1I Bal", in Ann:.Yrf'
/ 6/1
Pai"" Jim por..-ai,
16 18
M",ur
Gui/do/Pai",", 1620
R'Porud in ,,,,di.
a/ RuN'" 1620-21
Firn riJit to
England 1621 1621 _n
I{mu-m to Ant1.Yrp
m..-h""
, ..",,,i,,,i()m in Italy / 627_12
/ 612_14
llcn rictu o f Frmcc. Quee n ofEngla twl
R""",, to "',,-} jn Anr.c"'P. PajnD parrraitI arid r
(/612_J8)
lim Dye!: bad 1111 'Y' for til< "",ur< "ifilU ft>bria fro'"" "ny nzrly aK" Tb, qtl«n', '",," "Pf"arana in tbi, ,""gnift"," y.lkJU! go"'" ,"alt., it dipicult to ivlin.., '";1orru"" lay ab."d "b.r;
W",*, ill U,nD.l1l.
"'ar il1ld 'k ,,,,,,,,jon of bn- bwlNmd
App
Rm,rm toAnt7:."'1'
16Jf
Rmum '" ,,"k in LiklOOll
1619
iIIarn
' 'IT d/lUgb'" 1640-41
Tr",.dd"n::"" Lor/d.m, Ann::"p and Paru
1641
n 1632. Anthony ,-an D}'cl heca",,, Co"n l"in'LT h)" im'in,ion of Charles I, who I,..esen,ed the celebu,,,,) Flemish artiSl with an allo ...ance .nd. ,i,'erSide house in
Charles. Ilmrio::.tl '\\:l,;a and the !oJ'" children _ with and wi,hou , thei, 'klg< and horses. II .. 'u=,.. ","" c"nfinned b}' inc",,-,,,d orderS f,"m ,he .riSlnc",,,y. Ih"ing ...nrloed ... ith Ruilt:ns,
LmdOfl~"
Van D)"1, knL·.... 11 .hout bus)" ,tudins. lie
""''' of,he ",SI of his life. lie .nd the king unde"'oo
o'g-'ni",1 hi s own '0 keel' 'p,ee with one IlOm,i, pc, wed, m.king faci.llilen",,,,, of
perkctl)". Ch.rles .... nted. n image th .. w.s not
,he sitterS himself, he~Jre instructing his helprts
JUSt. likene,.. hut s},,,bolic of his tigh' ttl rule, while \'.n Dp::i _ litmili" with the noh l<>< of
to p,in' ,he g"m':ntS, which th
I
Rhekfri.rS. \'an D}d ,,,,,,.in<,1 in
Antwe,p .nd Genoa _ ","" .mhitious
~"
""'" kh
fini'hing ttluch",
,nd SttOJS. J us, thr<"t: ,mnths ,ftt:, his a,ri, .. 1in London, he ",cein,1 a knigh'hood .nd a
\ Vha, L,nergcd "'... s a 'p<:CtlrulH bod)" of w,,.. k th .. ch",n;,,1<>< the de!>"" Ca".lie, Style
nlU1l>1e eh.in and ml:<),!. lie I. tt:, 1""'0")'1:<) himself holding the g(~d chain and po;n,ing juhihntl)" to an e",,..,mus ,unllow.,..
.nd I,..ofou n,llr inn""n",,) p(,..trliture fr., On" ,<:cn'ut)". Ld)" .nd Knell....- owe much to \'.n D}"k: and his m(.,;t "den, eib""{"t:n,h _<:"t:ntut)"
\'.n Drd painted dm.ens of portr1its of
~Jllowe,,,",, G"; nsborou gh.
Lords John " n.llkm:ord Stu.:.lrt (/6J8) Jim I)yd:"''''' "'p"t at ","nparing til< doubJ, portrait. Til< r<>p/nuJmt Stuart btu,bUT pr"mt ,br"-'l"artff "'u
".=
JAN VAN EYCK
H90(1)
14 22_24
Bont in Ma=yck
Dip/(Jlnar for Jllhn o/&t-llYia in Th< I laK'"
14 2f
App"inud C",m
painut" and ,""},, to Pbilip Ik Good
a/Burgundy
14 26
14 28_29
i"Natb
Sm,"" dlpl"ma/r marTial:' mimon t" Spain IUId Portugal
1412
CO/npl,," allilrpi"" in S, BlI:'on CIllImJ",~ Gbmt
1412_JJ
BUpb"u"in Br"g"
14 J4-J6
The M:alonno "ith Co nonJori s , -. n dcr P~dc (tk'''i!) (1416) Tb, ,lid",.", if IN Go",,,,', ffJ«Uld" iT rignificlVl' , &ing t..",,,!thy and t....,U ....,""'''d, lim Eyd: aima5! ",""'imy bad iKem to op,jal/ aith _ ,"muTT and 1m", _to lID;" hi, imag<-muing
PaintftN Am( ~fini
Po«,.,;. an;/,\ h,tmn' with C hancellor Rolin 14 J6
,."
Pai"n l nc M"do., n. with C.non Joris '~n dcrP"dc
Di"i" Brug"
he fore".,,, Flemish I"in"" of the fiftcrn,h-ttnn"r 1,,1 "double IiI<: ~" the firSt half of his c~r<..,r. Jan ,'an EJ"::l's al' l'oinbllCnt OS Cou n I"inte r .nd ,-"b to l>hilil' the G ood of Hurgundr w"lS a ",,<.ful <,<wc.- ~"se
m"r" c"mplex and COmeS fr"m Van Eyck's desi re'" perfect. pigmented "il already (')"pl,,)'ed n, tint d<"',r";,,,, metals.
Canon \'an dc, I'ad" , for ",·hom Van Eycl p,in",d two ou ~"an,ling " \.t,lmn:ts. Van E)'d and his bnJther I luhen _ wh,,,;t:
yield"l. full r.ngt: of "'turat"] hues, also nCw minu re<, b
death left Jan n, coo"pl .... e the G hent Cathedral ah",],iece _ are usually c redited ",;th the
wetC ","ided. Such ea n: the con";t""nts "",1.> n:d th .. V'n E}'Ck's ",lou r< ,.",ain " fn:sh
imcnt;on "f oil I"inting. T he truth is ,."he r
as the d'r he:«~ d(""'n his brush.
T
,' I"st im p,)nantly, \ 'an E)'Ck rulired th .. I" inter< ,j)()uld use l''''l",rly n: fin,,1 dr)ing "ill lile pOI, 'y or lins
in oi l. a,hcr:\C n:.ction" het"....,n ing n:,lients
"''I''
The Amol6ni Port r.rit (/414) TbiJ i, pruhably "''' a mll1TiIlg. portrait; ci,.il ugi"= in Lilk tin" Gi{f<'anni Amolfini', HIllITiIl", at 1447. ,birtun Y'atT /aur. s., ,;..00 it tb. 'mmllrl in gr=? Om tbrory /",i~" to An",lfini', Uri"","' c/o,b., and tUgg"" it i, a rribuu to IlrI .arh·", "Iatio",bip ,bat md.d ,;:itb b.r dmtb in childbirtb . St Marga"" tb. patron wi", of childb<aring it am.·ro u/",n ,b. bdposr, IlrId Q 'ingk tYJtit~ candk bum, in tb. CllrItklabra for tb. up(m ",b. ,"otMr" _I
VINCENT VAN GOGH
ISH
B()rn in ''''001 _ ZUlu/m. _"a I)uub R'fixm
/"'." 1869
Ju""" d.,.l: al Goupil am! C" in Tb, Hagtu
187J_76
W..-h for Goupil in Lond<Jn and Pari,
1876
u«oo in
1877_79
ERglil1Id
Stud,,.,- tlmJlof,J
and P'u,",oo in
B'/giw" 1879_90
StuJi" an in By""..!,
1881 _8J
Sm "I' mull" in Tb, iJagu<, aoop"
T he C h.:. ir ~ n.J the P il'" (1888- 89)
,"othI5i", H(J(JnIiJ: and [amily ISSJ_Sr
Iii" (",gil)
R""rw to par"''' in Nu",,,,. D
ofla,b.,. 1886--89
U'~J in
Parin:.'itb
brotbn- n"",
'""" ,onumportzry Qr1irrr
1888
M"",.,-toArlt:J. Gauguin ,.j~'tJ bim, ",~"d ror
i,,
1889_90
J~1u"'Qry pati"" in S"int_Rt'my
"ryitl1n 1890
Mo,""" to Am",.,.·
Prod"," 76 pier"",. Sboon bi"",I/, di<, re'" ""Y,lllu,11I1_0j".
unA",.cr., Stlrry nights. «"Irt<>! car .nd 'Ulc"lc a c"mpellmg 1111.<1urC n, ."}une look ing Ii)r an cram!~e of t"'WC g.::nius, And if\r,ncrnt nn G ogh's I"'-ss.ions and difficultics "c not dcar enough I'm", his ""m'OSCS, we may .Iso rcad thc letterS he wmte to his. n dcaler bmthcr, Theo. Van G ogh's lirSt job ,,'OS as an .rt dcal,.,-'s a.-i'tant in Tne I hguc. l ie taught himself n, d,.,,· e.rti'T hut didn't p,int until his hte tWLTltics . • f",r f.iling '~'cry attel1~" n, hecom.: • I"'''tcher, th.nks to the crntic bch:n;our th., bligh",d ~II hi. relationships, Fu.- two J'carS 'the Dutchm.n' li,,,d in P"is with T h,,<, . ",ho ,,':IS hell,(u! in inrroducing him to l1"ny artists . ir.::luding the hn p.-c<:.1 V.n G ogh's I",~'iously su nil ", p,let'" to S<)I1"'thing
S
','cry much .Ii,'e, ,'cry strong in colour ... ' P.inting at a fantastic "te. V.n G ogh ""hic,,,d his ",orks during thl: h« twO J'car< of his lit<:. Fm", the bli<:.,,),,:n"" in 18S8. hc
gn::'"''''
Rut • ,'i(~cnt outburst full"""ing G .uguin's "ri,'al in Aries led n,. ycar's 'tly~" V.n G ogh in Saint _Remy '-'J'luI1L La"'r. Th"o """ 'ed h .. br othcr nonh .gain. n, Dr G .chct's C~re in AUH:rS-sur_O i,;<:, V"" G ogh di,,! thtTC in July 1890. fro", a self_inAictcd gun ",ound, ' Ii'gcthcr with I1U""" ,,( J" II,,,,' nowcrS • mund his dcathb,,! in a tiny r""'" at the inn . T h,,, I"';ngly ""'ng.::d no fcwer th.n ,;<:vcnty_';x p'intings. V'n G Ob""S c n: "i,'e energy h.d p".lu,,-,1 thcm .11 within his final SL~'cnty
Sbrry N ig h, Ow rthe Rhone (/889) 11m Gogb'r d.siu to paint a rwrry nigbt rry ';:at ro,""bing b, mmtiotud "p'audly in bi! I"'.,-r throughout 18 S8. Tb, uJUIt tr...- tbir mmy if Arl<J, ar b, d=rib.d i, to Eughu &tb, '711, '
DIEGO DE SILVA YVElAZQlJEZ
'"
H99
B()rn in Sn'iU.
1611
Apprm'i"d '" ParoroJ
1618
1621
iIIarrinJl1mIa Pach""
App<Jin"'/ Cou" painr
/nJlum"d by TItian 1627
App<Jin"d king" gmt/urian ",1m-
1628
iltu/J Rllhmr on
,",,,ion to Spanirb ,~,
/629_JI
SabNtral in Italy. inf/n"'ad by Tin"'.-"'"in Jmi.,., S"";:(I"I:
"f ,Ilicb.lang'/(J
and ""pha
,\b rw"'; bI T eres:;, in ~ HI ue Dress (tktilil) (/659) IN In/mI,a Margari'a _ tm cbarming em!raJ f'KIlr' from Los ,\ lenin'" (/656) _ b". 'WI" rnn"" and impriJ(J,ud by b... formal call" m-m . I aa::'l'u" t::aT inrrrut'.J '" paim ngular p"rtrai" of1k pri",,,,, ,;:bicb ","', ,m, '" ,b, Awrri"" ",tin to T«ord b.,. gnrdng tip. Sb, bad h«n INfTlJllNd ilJ a baby to Prine. lLopoJd
PalmI panyaitJ, r,ligiour and
clarrical mbjmr, and bunting ,em" 164 9_ f1
16H
To Italy. art cdlutingfor king. MUll" """illn and B
friendship mUn' ,hOI ,he .. nist w.. s no'
Cbambn-lain
the Sp'nish C ourt bctore his ,wentr·fifth bi n h,b r. C ourt l>lintcrS, h",...~,cr talcntcd, h..d
PainlJ p"nrai"
to be a •.-.. re of ('()"'pl<:>: rituals, H:I:tUJun , " .<:tiled into 'hc cur ", n' th .. , had beL'J'I running
stn: ngth '0 strength , using the 'keen cJ'c .. nd pmdigious Etcili,}, with ,hc bru,h ' his
La<,\l minos 1660
C ou n, O li,,, ,,,< , m.n ..gt:d n) S""' rt: , phtt .. ,
It wi< an "h.. ntagt: ,h" \ 'd'UJun and IV we rt: bot h }"ung. T heir dc,,:I (~ )ing
I)h~ip
o, 'cr.wed br M.drid {'ti'lucttc and fon un"dr, his 1- ",rar.1 of ,he king won acttp"ntt ,traigh"w"r. Vcln'luez' carnT wen' fi'om
Appoinud
16f2_f9
D
icgo de SiI," r \ 'd'Ujue, wen, to M ,dtid ",cling rur.. lp"run:tgt: .. nd, with thc help of thc king's minis",r,
Dj" in Madrid
decp 'h rough ror.. 1 ponr .. iture ... ,hc public im ..gt: of the Sp'ni,h Hapshurgs [had b<",. "e I codifiL,1 th rough thc in,erl"...tati"", of Titi .. n and Annmis ,\ to.-.'
,ha,
,cacher .. nd hi"gr.. phc r P""hco no,,,,1 frum h .. d:lrs. lIut hc p<.",,,,s,,,d mO rC ,h .. n • polished
c:t rlicst
""hniquc: Rube ns p",i",d his
~"odcsti .
.. .
kin,1 "f qui~1 .uth"';ly. \'~1."I"Cl h~d ~ gift ~r iden'ify;ng. ~n.t communicuing. 'nnh of eh~r":lcr Ihrough his ,,·orb. :Ii "'ell :Ii ,he oh"i,"",!, ahilily 10 rccord,. lih11e .... lie " "".IS ' " in'"I~ Inn"""nl X. T he 1"';mli<1h-<:~1IIUrr • ni;1 F,...",~;s 11.."., f~m()"sJy "·<:.k,,1 on his '''''n inte'1"~"'li ... of Vdn'IUC~'
l'op,
I"""",,,
X,
'I
h~".me
ol"'ISSt"<1 .. il h.""u "'c.....1 "p...., IIp.1 ";,ns of ft,clings , ,,,I v,,,,s "f... im.ginOlkln in "",.'
Old \\'O .... n Co o king .:U!I (/6/8) Tbif 'JP"'!pictlln it k1ldi:"n IIU l. odegDn. SPIll/ish"" '""...... '/"" g",""By m,aning frill.Ii!, Nml OR II kitt/mr 11:"". Ail tb",bjtctu ... n","Xty lit from th< front and dmromtrl1" II n.ri,ry of rwf"l1m ...d II it Ib<JUgbl Ibat I a""'f"r= /"lin"d Ibit '" an am''''';''''''''' for bit u:illt. "lid ,.,..J.. it t::itb bim t::h
fit""''
""""'"tT.
JOHANNES VERMEER
1612
Born in Ddfi,
,,1<1
"fit ,ifJ: 1:.",a,~rlart d,,,kr
1644(1)
No un;rtb in !"Rift, rraim in l.itrubt or An,..~""p
I6fO,
Painlf himri,"} and n/igi(JIM fubjWJ
165:2
iJ
16B
M,,"hffo/Sr Lulu', ''''iid. I\tilffj~ C",bari1lll BoI"", ,b'Y It",·, chiMrm
,Jr.,,,,
16H
1660,
Binh "Jim dlmgl"" Maria CbilllK" to
painting gmrt rubj«tJ, injllMnad by l"Nuand Jim Miff;' 166J
Birth ifJim ,..,
Girl Jrllb" Pearl EArring (1.1665) 711, tulJm"t;m girl j, d"",d orimllll_rtyIt in a turban, ,;.'bicb m"ms tbat tbt picrurt i, probohJy a ""nie, or cbarac"r rtudy. In irr jt.,b ,implidry arid mrron"" ;, ,"1J5t p<Jpular imag"
J"b"mln 1670,
"J
i,,,,,, ","«r',
Burin<JJ rn/ftrTOlI /;ml
167f
Pbyri"'/ilrId ,",mal bt"kb d""''''raw. OJ,, in Ddfi
T
he D utch century
",h()<~
of the ",,'en'ttn,h
l'",duc,,1,
in cffc<1 , • of L~''''T aCuIl"'nt"Y
nil ships to d".d l,""e1<3nl<. Joh.nnes \ hmtt r ,,"is chieAy conttrned "ith interi"... and ",ith one " ""n in I",nicul ... It fca bJ rt:s in So m.ny o f his e:trefully """~><J""! ",or b . lit fr,." the left by '",0 win r . nd Onc ""p_hung w"111. 1)C<~l le within 'his 'I",ce alwars secm intent UpOIl ",hat they >re doing but in. ""'1' detached " ...y. Venne..,. ·s p.inted 'I"lnquil im.gcs did no'
t~lIJ'with
his "'al_lill: situ,,;on : he and his will:
d<~'cn
child ", ,, . l lnwc,"r, the re is ,h., Venne..,. built himself. Sl"'tt into ",hich. in • sellSc. hc c<-.J ld tctrcat _ • h.d
L~'id""ee
,a,",,"a oh,.ura. It stood", Onc end of th.,
familiar r"om . • nd Vermeer .rr.nged his su bjectS ., ,he othL"', Fi rst "h'ocat"'! ~Jt .niSls in ,hc IHOs. the wm"" oh"ura e:tn be m"le '0 .ny sioc. A siml~e darien"'! box . i, h1S. pinholc ,. _ in Venntt r', case _a Irns in 'he side . T he im.gt: of.n ob;.:", ou tsid" I"'$(:s through thc 'p..,.,urc .nd '1'1"" " up,idc down on a bhnk e:tm'1S fi .•cd to thc
interior ",... 11. \'crmttt would ()il - ,;1<~ch the projected image in black .nd white , X'''r on.lysis r<"'I·""ls it bent... th the ",~our h}",s. T hen he woukl emerg<: fi-,." his 'c.mer' to p,int slowly .nd meticulouslr the finished ",nion in full
The Astrono me r (/668) Thi, painting ","inik ,.,- tbat Jff,"'" li,. afur J""","r'r tharb, iNal,", trust" for birr""", Tk asrronomrr', glob< "'ar math by /-IoRdi,.,- in 1600. I, tirr '"' It drap,d 1::i,b an ,,,,,tic clo,b and ,b, art",,,,,,"" 1."fi,n a jlo"'ing go""', ar iftb, rdrolarly ,,;m,ific fo"'rr bar niD '0
,ab/,
PAOLO VERONE SE
wo
HIS
B()rn Pool. CQgh'ari in
Idona, ",nofa xulpmr I f 4fJ(!)
Studi" tmd.,. Anton;o Badil, in
Iffona 1HZ
Pain" fr=<xs in ,ua",,,,, Calb,tlraJ
I HJ
s"t/" in
J~ni",.
With bl<mi, pai"lT "ilingl in /)()!{'" P;uac, I f H _ f9
D<.:o.-a", cburch of San S,haJtia1UJ, Imj",
H61
I f62_6J
fr'''"''
Pai"" in Villa SilT"""', M"," Painlf ,\ 1arri.gt:
.. Can. I f6f(!)
il/arn"EJ""" BiN/ik, 'bry hilt·, ",,' f_
H72
Pain" LbI SUI" '" for
Ph.o ...~oh·s D.ug h!,,,: The Finding o f Moses (tin",.,) (/57fJ-75) Tb, Egyptian prim", and b" "'''__aK'' "''"pkU ,;:i,b dt::aifj""T. ba'-, C
c""""" of SS. G;"'.""rmi, Poolo
1f71
""''''l'
Trj,d for irnt .. ,..
"'''' by Holy OJji" o/,b.lnquirition HSf
Pai"" Pic...
H SS
Di" of Q i"'" in Imi",
,al:,
()gt:thcr with Titi "" and Tinto rctto, 1"010 VenJhese dominat"] the Vcneti.n art scenc during the
n: ligiolJS SC<."nCS in a Venetian "'''ing with the Sti nts in silks and j<:wds, .,..] .. khough " . nC "-"1"o,chcd him fo r it , othcrs admi",] this
sixIl:enth
Aattt-ring portrl),,1 of their city ''''Il:. In I 563 , \'crnn"'" ".nplt~"l the Marriag' at
h"'e bcen a fitting title for him. lI is w(lI" ks exhibit .. II the opulenct: thot Vt"Tlict: had go thc n:d throub'" ct:nbJrie, of '-"<"n,,>crce .nd
Cana , sign'lIing • ,.Ient fo r .rchitecturll sct-l'iect:s. Soon , mo n: onlcrs we n: 1~.roJ f(lI" ht nqut~ pieture< .nd in 1571, the Dominican
conq"'-"st. He thought nothing of p'inting
'-"<,m" m of SS. Gim"1nni e
T
I>:u~o
n:que
'rne ,\hrri-.'ge:l t Co"" (d""il) (/ 562-6J) Tb. """,ion "pain. Tb. mwici"", an R(J'" Illb.,. ,ban Titian, I ~"'''''' bim"ifpJil)'ing til< "iola, bi, hrotb.r &",dmo, Tin",,,,,,,,, JiXopo BanJUlo IlrIlI Pall,.,}io
"1,1,,,,,,,,,cnt u,rr Suppecou", it inclu,hl
i"'''''crCTlt cle"'CTlt< not ",ention"j in the lIible. lile ~ ;Cst<"I" with .. p.rro. .. nd drunlt:n G ennan s"I,licrS. Vcr"n e", stoutly dcfcnd<,j an .nist's right to u'"' his i", ..ginatiln n) fill up the 'p.et: On his C"m~S .nd .. "'''''I" "", i", ...as ,cach",1 hy .hcring the tide to F"lJt in
,b. H",,,,
ANDY WARHOL
'" 1928
Bllrn A1Ukm
lI'izrOOJ" in rorm
City, "''' of a mi"', 1942
l"Na,b "ffa,bn
194f-49
Stud,,, a! Cllnlql,lnsf;"''' ofT«blWlogy, pjmlmrgb
1949
Co,",",,"anl arrirr
,;:itb Vogue and
I bil'''''''' 11.<1", 19S6
G"" on '"Kid trip
1960
Pail", jim Coca Cola b.mlu
1962
Pai"" fint C,,'"plNH', ",up lim, Pirrr rmtJ
Factory artie 196J
Ma},.,. jim film,
SI",,1' 196f_6S
Crime Scene ofr>. .. id 'The Bertie' B.,..dle (/9J9) A "''''·4.o-im< ,bot by 'Jj;',K'" ~ ,b, photograph..- 1::00 jn'piml Jl'arbor, n'/hrr"" prinrr o/,-jol"" ""'" nor;,.,-, fum il! ri(Jf, and car cn"b~, lI~rb.:J .prn/y ;""''Pura'''/ ,b, pbOOlK"'pbj, imllg' in", biT ar"~'(Jr} al Il 'nfl' til'" "",pi- ,::.,-, "'" ruff ,;:b,,}'.,. pbmograpby Il1IlI an cwld '" mnlti(kl,d in til< um" ",atb
ill""""" collnbora"s ,;:irb l~h-"
Und
Factory '""t~r ,ift 1968
Shot and ",'=Iy injur
197f
1980
Pubh',b" Phil""'1,hr of Andr W"rh<~
m..-h"" t'nro tap' and pri,.""
caN, TI'
1986
Ma-'"-, /M' pri,"
"ri" 1987
OJ<< follot,jnK
YOU"'" --K''Y jn Nm );,,-}
(1' artist Andy Warnol's carll' dar< as. conu"erri.1 .ni" prim,,1 him fo, the ... o, ld of a.hcni,ing im'I,"'I)' .nd dieht.1 celebritrth.. he so "JOUr in,·"k,1 in the 1960s. II)' the end ofth.. dcc:t(k: he h.d m.,h,) Ou t.
P
new a ",n' of ""ti"it)" the essL"tlti.1 demmt bring th .. he should be the one n, (k:<:idc wh .. h'p penL,1 thrte. At his New ",ri studio ""II,,) Tne hett'l)' he and his a>Sistlnts, quite litrt.II)', "l,roduced the Amrt;;::an S"'te of mind. T h"J' n.nen<,1 it onto a mesh , "luce>cd ink through it and hung it Out to dry _ OlCr "nd ()),rt apin. Unique ""... ori ",as a thing ctorr ""S ,ulre thon a ,,'oriplace , it bttame a fa,hiO
Undugtound - ... ho fon",,) his ,..."i.1 set .nd f""tu red in his films. W.,hol's film _m.king tonll,,) o...:r s.inr p".I..,tions. Ilis det",.. Slup, la"ed s.ix hourS but .ctu.llr reputed • s,ingle twenty_minute sequence _ like the scr<:cnp,intL,1 (k,llar hills _ until the mind switched from looking intentlr to I" s,,,;,'e a""' pnnce. \ \ '>rhol's ne.,_f.",1 shooting bl' Valerie S(~anis, one of the F:t<1ol)' wo, kLT<, left him in chronic Inin f""" 1968 on ..."rds. l ie did p".luce mo,e s ill<ert..,ns and ,'i.b ... but h .. strategy h.d "Ircadr w(lrked , the re b), demon"uting that ,",cond- and third-h"nd "" pcrien"", a re nlO of",n """"p, <:d for real OneS. ,\io", th"n a nr o, her twcnti .... h..,cntutr figure, he p<:n""nendr a l", ,,,d tbe concept of art.
,\bo 197J (/971) IIhba' munud '" hand_painting in c(6nbination ;;:i,h ,i/J:Jrr«1l '" podua ,I!. M"" T,...nmg ,"i~_ 711, Chin", rommunist /,atNranti hi, 'min"' _ .blo"'" and Jdd "·"Y"·h", m tl!. U"k R,d Book ~ hwJ a cui, foJla,,·ing am""g)ll""g ".",",,",_ M",,·, unliJ:,/y a«'P,ana in", a capitali" wd,'Y "·a, ","ugh for Warba' '" inch"N him in hi' gaUny .ff="'" I!.wJ,
ANTOINE WATTEAU
"" 1684
B()rJl
in
J'aimci",JU>, ron
of a "'
;\10""'- to Pari" flIn.n,,, by copying Duub marUIT
"'''
Stud,,, "nd.,GiOot, tb,atri",/
1708
tln;g""
m..-h,d,b A,wnm al Pal";, til' Lux,mhourx,
injlum"d by R,b",
1709_/0
Admi,,,d ro ,,"rod! AaliNmy-
[aia Pri"t/, Rom" Y,fUnI<
P.~i ", of Lo>'"",. E ml .... b tion lOr Cyt h" .... (th'ail) (/ 71 7) Cytb.ra ir tb, /abJ,d irlantl ,,/"'., for ,:,bich pil~ffm Nnbark hut ~'" anT,-,. Til< t=rorul ""ing '''Kil',lT imp=jbJ, dr,amI ofeM,i"g f(Jrmality "sid, in ["'-(JUr,, 'P"nrlm,iry. 711, fi-is.on hm,w" lb." fo1lr l(Jt~1J iHuh,/,., Ixulily contRa: Il/'p'an camaJ andy" rb, rilJ:Hnd uh-,tJ tbry ar< '",aring Qr. "dtkm',ly lixtil,
T"o
to
J'aimci",_ 1710-12
B'g;'" "",-J. on Cr
17H
R"""", to Pari" I;,~r hrj'fly 1::ilb
parron CTIl""'. B'gin, painting fi~.,. galan'''' 1717
At"",," if' f'y""b Aallkmy
1719
Vi,;" L..uJon, ,uJm-rulori, t/iag1l(Jud. Pain" T he h.li.n Coon"<~"ns
for
Or iIl,ad
1720
Rm,rm to Pari,. PainIT Enscign<:
de G crsaint 1721
1);" "f '''Nnu!<Jrrr in Nogm,.rur_ ilia""
"'hing "'x"'" (J< ugly is :i
N
couniers, musicians and cheruh. at play. At th< SIn'" t~ne , \\'atteau's i(I).'lIic wor ld has an air of theatricalitl" cxpbin<>ll".. the flct that he Ofl"" worked with a theatrical designer. Gillot designed dttor and C,,''''meS ~" the O pera and was a p.inter of the fashionable Italian w,",""Jia ddl"ar" <·har""",,,, which \\'atll:au often used. For ,u ne "",-'on , their l"rtn<:rShip end ....1 after four }TarS, .lthough W.tteau was no~)rious ~" his irritahility and intra nsigcnce to""",I. organi .... tiofl of any kind. ]-]oweVL"t, a
new offer 1....1 him'" Aut of couruhip). a gen n: So new that the French AC1dt,llY had tn (b'L«:: the Il:rm when they aU"l'll:d EmN'*ati(k/ for Cytlm-a as Waneau's diploma piece. Watteau's pUI,; ls La nc ":t and PattT per pet""ted his St}ic , hu t the fiu gal""u ,~d OOt last much hq'ond the R.:){'()co peri « !. Ilowc,'er, Watteau as a colouri,t u'ntinu .... l to in'pi n: p.inll:rS as late as the NeoImlll"essiofl i,ts.
Gi ll~ (I7/.~-HI)
Hltt"." may b.t~ pai"ud tbi, ill • Jign for tbt <11ft «,,,,,d by flr/lvni .•n ""'" rho plaJ'd tbt roI, of""lancbo/i< Pi....... fro'" tbt r<;II""dia drll·....,.. gnt"P brbilld blm, Dmmming ,bt gnt,.iry .fGiI/rr.,.i,b ,bt b... II ·i ",.." kt1 bim apart ill a co/""r/", nrld of biJ 0'1:'>1'. By Ibilll"". HIIII"''' r.r flUrr iU",i'" ttlbrraJarit anti ptnJildy t~')' kllJiI;,,, 10 Ibt
".....,.,r
,ba,
JAMES ABBOTT Mc NEILL WHISTLER
,eo
1814
B()rR in [..,1:..,41, }IU,_
raik:ay mgin«r
ISH
;\10""'- to Pari,.
Studi" tmd.,. Gkyn B
"ching ISf9_1S92 S",/" in London. Prodn", Tb","" "chinu 1861
Pai"IT mirtHJJ ]""nlla HiJjm.an a,'lne Litdc White Girl
1866
T,,,,-.iJ '" South A,"""iw
1872
B'gim Th","" Nocturnes
1876
IRnK""I P,aax:k I{""", for
LrylimJ.
qtulrr
""""""g' 1877
&bibirr F.lling R().,l<~
Nocturne in Bl.ck:and Gold: The F~lling Rod "' t (/874_n) Whirrl.,-', Tb","" Nocturnes, pain,," during ,b, I 870J, 0".., tb,i, impir"'ion to ]Ilpa~" pri"", Thit Nocturne, ,":itb in rpangkd Try, glr.',
1878
Sun RwJ:in for iilvilltld ,;:in,
1879_80
Banb-upl, ;\lo'",,'" 1m;",
1884--86
Orl<-,"= fb",;:,
,j" '" ,11< f,,'"ow tIS)'P"" Ivtt:",u Whirri" and tb. crj,ic Jobn /{wkin
in
Lond<Jn 18SB
Mamn &Iltrj" 'T,irj, God,;:;"
1891
5.1/, to Pu"ch imd Siurti,b ,"Ikno'"
1892
Mo,",,- to Parh 1::itb B
1896
B.arrj" di"
190J
Dj,.,- in limt/""
IT~'ing in Paris fi-'Mn the USA in 1855, )'l1lel Abt..", ,\ k"lcili W histler 'urmund,,1 I".· a"" of artistic nlentS,
w-..
Sl'ccui.,;o" ,,1' Jund,,1. W"" she in a ,rantt? A nCHOU' }'oung hride? "Ii, """pm" Whi,tlrt p"c his long,nn(Gng n:1~r: ' T h....-c is no sto.-}'.
which included Co url>et, De!"•• , Fan,i,,_ b,()"r, M~n'" and l)issaIT<~ ll~ ,tudi,,] undcr
Rut an exerci,., in shadcs of white in"Mlll'rchcnsiblc to the \r,,,,o.ians, 'nd So ,.."lS
GIL)",c, with Eng6sh ""dm.s who ",li4,,] his naml><'J"nct: and sh''l' wi •. Yet_ hehind the d.n<~fi,,1 ex",rior ".,,, a serious 'piri. wI.> only
'his allhoITence of namlti,'c. his ref" ... 1 to ",()",Iiz.<: th,ough art, his 1' n:li::rc nCt: ~" the exquisitely dc
wan'''] to male .n. \Vhi"lcr ",,,,cd nJ Lon<1Jn and >how,,] his fir,t significant ", o.-k, Til< J.j"I, Whiu Girl
lill:: thes<: WC n: "e....' De'1'in: Frmch st"dio training, \Vhi,rlcr's true,t inspirotion "'"1$ the Japanese print. It
(Symphony in Whiu, '\'0 . I) , at the A"ademy.
info.-",,,I his latc< paintings, including the
A
,.."l'
Noct",.", that p",,'oked R uskin's lit:..::llous cO,,"nent .hout the 'I,ot of I'" int th",wn in the public facc'. W histlers Tn"" ohitu",)" 'ttou ntI:d wl}'Iy: Thc rrial w"1.< painful tt, many. amu,ing to mo,e: in the end ,\I, Whistle , ol"aincd ()f) C farthing dam.ges·, Rut it also .ffinned: 'lic ..... s Sct UP(" .. painting .nd etching wh. t he saw, with no ulteri(" thought of ut~itr, 0' popularilj" 0' wh1t "'(lU ld "h"lnee him in l)(j,itiof) .nd <stcC",. "Art~" Art" .. the
docrrinc that \\'histler 1"(,(css,,la nd I" .",i",d to
the md:
Arr~ ngcmcnt
in Grey:l n.l BL,,:! No.1: The Artis t's ,\Ioilicr (/871) H'oim",', "".,.piling, puri"m moth", arrit"d tmin,.i"d from ,b. USA to lit'H:itb b.,. 'm::n d.ar bllt,nfly" in bi, Ch
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Imag'" ''1,rud"""d "ith permission from the
f(~ I()",ing:
Art Archi ,., (Picru rt: D",;1): 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. H ]5 . 16. 17. J9 , lO.lL n . H. 2-1. 15 , 26, 17.19. 30. 31. n H. H 35, 36, 17, 38, 39 , -11 . 43 . 4-1. 46, 48 . 49. 50. 51. H. H 55 . 56, 57, 58, 59 , 60. 61 , 61 , 66, 68 , 70. 71 . 74 . 75 . 76. 77,79. 80, 81 . 81,83, fW . 85 . 86, Sil , 89, 91. 94 , 95 . 97 , 100. 103. 10-1. 106. 107, lOS . 109. 110. 111. 112. 113 . 1 H 11 5, 116. 117. liB. 119, llL lB. 124, 115. J!6 , 1l7. H8. 119, IJO, 131. lH, lH 137, 138, 139, 140, 1-11. 1-13. 144, 1-15, 1-16. 148, 149, 151. In , lB . lH . I55 , 158, 159, 16L 161. 163, 1M. 165. 166.167. 169. 170. liL 174.176, 177,178, 179. 180, lSI. 182. J83 , lfW. 185. 186, 193. 19-1. 195 . 199. 100. 101 , 103, 10-1, 105
Ilc nri ,\l:.iti<sc p IH (') Su"",,<sion II ,\1:t,ilsdDACS 1005 Pi ct ,\I o rwlri:.on p 141: C""n/",,irio" ,;:itb R,d. Blac}, Bbu and )
Ed .." rd ,\Iunch I' 147: ' Inc Sc "'"m 189 3. ·!~n~,er.t on I. ,a,d. 83.5 x 66 Cm. ,\lunch ,\ l u,",wll , o.lu. ,\r,,,,,,k: (') ,\ l unch ,\ 1",<"Um/,\ lunch EI~ng"-"" Gmup, BONO, OskJIDACS, u,n,tm 1005 Photo: (') ,\ lunch ,\1 ",emil (Andersen/de Jong)
AKG Art Lib,... ')" p..[,!o Pic:>sso p 151 (') Su"""~()n Pic:tS.<()/
"
BridgCTIl3n Art Lib,... ry: II . 18. 40, 71. 73 . 78. In 133 . 135. 1-11 . 156. 1)7, 160. 171,171 , 106
Corbi s : 13 , 18. 41. 45. 47. 51 . M . 65 . 67. 69 , 87, 90, 92. 93 , 96, 98,99, IOJ. 101, 110, )36, 147, 150, 168, 175, 187 , I BS, 189, 190, 19J. 19!, 196, 197, 198, 101, 107 Ed ward Ilo JlfH'r 1'105: Auwma' Des ,\ loin'" An Crn'e, I'enllan<"", C~le<1;on'; Purcha",d "i,h funds from ,he E,hllundson An Fowl(h';()fl, Inc. , 1958..1
D.vid H od ",,,>, p 91: MT and ill". GIlT} and Pmy 1970-71. Acry lic ' II <"Am'as. fW" x 110" (') D"'id I k.::kncy
£..I .."dor D.li I' 53 (') Sah".do. Utli.
G.J.·Sah"1'~"
Djli Foun,btion ,
DACS , L",.lon 1005 Vtisily K>nd insl.y I' 109 (') ADAGP, I'a,i< .nd DACS, Lond'II 1005 Rene M:.>gri tte pIlI (') ADAGI', Pa,is .nd DACS, London 1005
DAC~
1005
J ""kson Pollock p 155 (') ARS, NY and DACS, Lond'II 1005 Andy W" rfto! I' 103 (') ' Inc Andy \\,.,1.:,1 ]i(Junda,ion fo< ,he \r,,,,,al Ans, IncJARS,;"'Y and DACS, L",.ion 1005
