JAPANESE VERBS fully conjugated in all forms
by Roland A. Lange Japanese pronunciation Formality and deference levels in Japanese Inflection and derivation of Japanese verbs Sample table of English equivalents for Japanese verb forms Japanese verbs in alphabetical arrangement fully conjugated in all forms English-Japanese verb index Index of Japanese verbs by gerund Barron's Educational Series, Inc .
$10.95 Canada $14 .50
501
JAPANESE VERBS FULLY DESCRIBED IN ALL INFLECTIONS, MOODS, ASPECTS AND FORMALITY LEVELS by
Roland A. Lange, Ph.D. Formerly Associate Professor of Japanese Language and Linguistics Columbia University, New York
BARRON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES, Inc.
© Copyright 1988 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. NO,part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner.
All inquiries should be addressed to:
Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 87-33105
International Standard Book No. 0-8120-3991-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lange, Roland A. 501 Japanese verbs: fully described in all inflection moods, aspects, and formality levels / by Roland A. Lange. p. cm. Previous ed. published as: 201 Japanese verbs. 1971. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-8120-3991-2 I. Japanese language--Verb. I. Lange, Roland A. 201 Japanese verbs. II. Title. III. Title: Five hundred one Japanese verbs. PL585.L3 1988 495.6'82421--dcI9 87-33105 CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 800
987
CONTENTS
Introduction
I.,
Pronunciation
"
Speech Levels
Ix
Inflection and Derivation of Japanese Verbs
xl
501 Japanese Verbs Fully Described In all Inflections, Moods, Aspects and Formality Levels Verbs of Giving and Receiving
502
English-Japanese Index
506
Index of Verbs by Gerund
517
III
INTRODUCTION
IN ORDER TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE efficiently students must folIowa series of organized, graded lessons which cover the essential points of grammar, pronune;iation, vocabulary, and usage. They must not only study such material to learn new words and grammatical constructions, but also practice what they have already learned in drill sessions with native speakers of the language. There are a number of textbooks designed to give that sort of well-rounded introduction to Japanese. (One which explains grammar and usage · particularly well is Eleanor H. Jorden's Beginning Japanese.) This handbook of Japanese verbs is not designed to provide students with a complete course in Japanese. Rather, it is a reference work which gives a concise, easy-to-understand description of Japanese verbal inflection and derivation, together with tables showing all the necessary forms vf 501 important and widely used Japanese verbs. 501 Japanese Verbs should be of help to both beginning and advanced students. For beginners, it constitutes a valuable aid in learning basic verbal inflection. Most textbooks only provide students with a few examples to illustrate the principles of inflection. This means that students are hampered because there is no way to check a given form of an unfamiliar verb. With 501 Japanese Verbs students will be able to quickly verify the form in which they are interested. By presenting the full array of verbal inflection and derivation in tables, this book also enables beginning students to see the language as a system, rather than as a haphazard collection of stems and endings. More advanced students will also profit from this systematic view of the language, because it will help them to organize the many verb forms they have learned into a systematic body of data. Such formalization is especially necessary for anyone who plans to teach the language some day.
Iv
PRONUNCIATION
A detailed treatment of the Japanese sound system is beyond the scope of this work, but it is necessary to give some explanation of the value of the letters used in our romanization (which is similar to that employed in Jorden's Beginning Japanese). In the following explanation, italics represent our romanization while English sounds and words used as examples are enclosed in single quotation marks. (A more extensive description of Japanese pronunciation, which includes a section on pitch accent, is available on pages xxi to xlv of part 1 of Beginning Japanese.) I VOWELS Symbol
NOTE:
Nearest American English Equivalent
a i u e
'ee' 'u' 'e'
0
'0'
'0'
in in in in in
'cot' 'steep' 'put' 'pet' 'post'
All Japanese vowels are short and tense in comparison with their English equivalents. In Japanese the lips are not rounded and the vowels do not glide off into dipthongs. When occurring between voiceless consonants, i and u are whispered. II CONSONANTS Nearest American English Equivalent
Symbol
k
before k
'ck' in 'sick-call'
g
before vowels as word initial elsewhere
'k' 'g' 'g' 'ng' 'ss' 'sh'
s
before s before i before a, e,
0,
u
in in in in in in
'kangaroo' 'goat' 'goat' or 'singer' 'grass-skirt' 'sheep'
's' in 'sip'
Special Remarks
held for full beat·
full beat· further forward in mouth than English sound
-See description of the Japanese 'syllable' below
•
z
II CONSONANTS (Continued) OJ' In before i 'z' in before a, e, 0, u
'jest' 'zest' 'hot-toddy' In In 'cheat' In 'tsetse fly' in 'teen' 'deep' In 'cone' In
before t before i before u elsewhere
't-' 'ch' 'ts' 't' 'd' On'
ii
before k, g before p, b, m before z, t, d, n, r elsewhere
On' in 'angle' Om' in 'mine' On' In 'pun' no English equivalent
h
before i before u
t
d n
p
b m
w y r
before a, e, before p elsewhere
'h' 'wh' 0
In In
'heap' 'whom'
'h' In 'holly' 'p-' in 'hip-pocket' 'p' in 'compare' 'b' In 'combine' Om' In 'mince' ow' In 'went' 'y' In 'yacht' no American equivalent, but similar to the Or' of 'very' in clipped British pronunciation
·See description of the Japanese 'syllable' below vi
further forward further forward full beat* tongue touches teeth tongue touches teeth tongue touches teeth full beat* full beat* full beat* made by raising tongue toward, but not touching, roof of mouth and humming through nose. Before 0, sounds like ii + w + 0; before e, sounds like ii+y+e with more friction made by puffing air between lips full beat*
made by single flip of tongue tip against ridge behind teeth
III CONSONANT CLUSTERS
Symbol
ky gy sy zy
ty ny
hy
py
by my
ry
Nearest American English Equivalent
'c' in 'curious' 'g' 10 'angular' 'sh' in 'sheep' 'j' in 'jest' 'ch' in 'cheer' 'n' in 'menu' 'H' in 'Hubert' (in those American dialects in which the 'H' is not silent) 'p' 10 'pure' 'b' 10 ' bureau' 'm' 10 'amuse' flapped 'r' fo~lowed by palatalization.
The Japanese equivalent of the English syllable is not really a syllable but a mora, a unit of relative meter like a beat in music. People may speak quickly or slowly, but within a given stream of speech each mora will occupy the same length of time. This is true regardless of the type or number of sounds which make up each mora. For instance, the five words sa.ku.ra a.o.i. hi.fi.i ki.p.pu ryo.ka.ii
'cherry' 'blue' 'quality' 'ticket' 'inn'
each consist of three mora (with the division indicated by dots) and each takes the same length of time to say. These examples serve to illustrate all the possible mora types in Japanese: a single vowel, a vowel preceded by a single consonant, a vowel preceded by a cluster of consonant plus y, and a single consonant. Only five consonants occur as independent mora: k (only before k), s (only before s), t (only before t), p (only before p), and ii (in all occurrences). The system of syllable division in Japanese can be summed up in two simple rules: vII
1. THERE IS NEVER MORE THAN ONE VOWEL IN A SYLLABLE. This holds true whether the vowels are of the same type or of different types. A word like oi 'nephew' is pronounced as 0 + i, not as the 'oy' in the English word 'boy.' A word like yooi 'preparation' is pronounced as yo + 0 + i. In some romanization systems two 0, a, or u which occur in juxtaposition are treated as a single 'long vowel' and are written as 0, a, and ii, respectively. In this book, however, they are written as 00, aa, and uu. 2. EXCEPT FOR THOSE CONSONANTS WHICH OCCUR AS INDEPENDENT MORA (n in all occurrences and k, s, t, and p before themselves) CONSONANTS ARE ALWAYS PRONOUNCED WITH THE VOWELS WHICH FOLLOW THEM. Thus the words benkyoo 'study', hannoo 'reaction', and hakkiri 'clearly' are pronounced as be.n.kyo.o, ha.ii.no.o, and ha.k.ki.ri. Japanese does not have a stress accent like that of English in which some syllables of a word are given special prominence by being pronounced louder than others. Instead, Japanese has a pitch accent system. This means that syllables are all pronounced with about the same force (sometimes giving a rather monotonous impression to the stress-accent oriented American) but some are pronounced on a higher pitch than others. There is considerable variation in pitch accent depending upon regional dialect, but in the Tokyo accent, which is the standard for education and public discourse throughout Japan, there are three possible patterns, each of which is illustrated in one of the following words. (The solid line above the words indicates relative pitch.) -'L..._ _
koomori 'bat' a high-pitched syllable followed by low-pitched syllable(s) ~modati 'friend' a low-pitched syllable followed by high-pitched syllable( s) ~ mizuumi 'lake' high-pitched syllable(s) preceded by a single low-pitched syllable and followed by low-pitched syllable( s) As seen above, there is always a change in pitch between the first and second mora of a word. (This example also illustrates why the romanization used in this book uses 00 rather than o. If 0 were used it would be impossible to show the change in pitch between the first two mora of --'L..._.,., koomori.) What is most perceptible to the human ear is the contrast between a high-pitched mora and an immediately following low-pitched mora. Therefore, words such as i'5modati which do not have this contrast sound will
flat, and are said to be unaccented or to have a "flat accent." There are -.r----, . also words such as imooto 'younger sister' which have what might be called a latent accent in their final syllable. When spoken by themselves -I they sound as flat as tomodati, but their accent is revealed when they become part of a longer pause group. For instance, when the particle ga -I ..J is added to tomodati the resulting tomodati ga remains flat, but when this ..r----w .....-------t.same particle is added to imooto it produces imooto ga, revealing the latent accent by providing a following low-pitched syllable. When indicating pitch accent in this book we shall use the mark' above a vowel to indicate a high-pitched syllable immediately before a lowpitched syllable. Thus the above examples would be rendered: k6omoTi, tomodati (unaccented, so no mark), mizuumi, and imoot6. It should be mentioned that Japanese pitch accent patterns operate for pause groups, each of which will have one of the three patterns described above. When a word is uttered in isolation it forms a pause group of its own, so its intrinsic accent pattern will be apparent. But when it is incorporated into a larger pause group the accent may shift. For example, the copula desu has what might be called a recessive accent. It appears in isolation or when preceded by an inaccented word, but it is lost when following a word with its own accent. The following examples show this clearly.
but
kOTe + desu ka gives KOTe desu ka. d6ko + desu ka gives D6ko desu ka.
'Is it this?' 'Where is it?'
SPEECH LEVELS
Languages are arbitrary systems used for communication within the societies which develop them. Since societies differ in their view of the world, one can expect that languages will differ not only in vocabulary and pronunciation, but also in their fundamental grammatical categories. When native speakers of English confront the Japa,nese verb this expectation is fully borne out. Instead of the familiar (to them) distinctions involving number and person, they find distinctions between levels of formality and deference which serve to indicate the speaker's relationship to the person spoken to or about. Proper use of these grammatical categories requires keen judgment as to the relative social status of speaker, listener, and referent, the complexities of overlapping in-group/out-group status, and whether an occasion or relationship is formal or informal. These judgments must be in line with JAPANESE social views, so students' success or failure will depend
upon their knowledge of Japanese social customs and attitudes. Within the scope of this book we can only give some explanations regarding the working of these categories as a linguistic system.
FORMALITY The two sentences Otya 0 nofida. and Otya 0 nomimasita. both mean 'I (you, he, she, it, we, or they) drank tea,' but the second is more formal (and polite) than the first. While the formal sentence with nomimasita could be used under any circumstances without giving offence, an adult Japanese would use the sentence with nofida only on informal occasions when speaking to persons of lower social status or to persons of the same status with whom he or she was on close terms, such as members of one's immediate family or close friends at school or at work. While formal and informal sentences are used by both men and women, in general, women's speech tends to be more formal and polite than that of men. (Women also tend to make greater use of the honorific and humble deference levels which are discussed below.) The style of speech is usually kept uniform throughout a conversation, and is determined by the form of the final verb, adjective, or copula in a sentence. It is this which expresses the general tone of the occasion and of the relationship between the speaker and the person spoken to. Since it is the final verb (adjective or copula) which sets the style, other verbs (adjectives or copula) which may occur earlier in the sentence are usually of the shorter, informal type, even in formal speech. For example, the sentence Kare ga otya 0 nofida kara, watakushi mo nomimasita. 'He drank tea, so 1 drank tea too.' is in the formal style even though it contains the informal nofida. Students must be familiar with both forms of the verb, but should use only the formal sentence style until they have learned to whom and under what circumstances they may use the informal style without offending the person spoken to or appearing ludicrous.
DEFERENCE While the formality style expresses the speaker's attitude toward the person he is speaking to, the deference level expresses the speaker's attitude toward the person he is speaking about. As far as verbs are concerned, the deference level shows the speaker's attitude toward the subject of the verb (even though the subject of the verb may not be mentioned explicitly in the sentence). There are three basic levels: honorific, plain or neutral, and humble when the subject is a person, and another 'neutral-polite' category II
when the subject is inanimate. The plain level is the most common, with the honorific and humble levels being used when the speaker wishes to express special deference or respect toward someone. The categories of formality and deference operate independently of each other so that each verb form can be classified according to both systems as in the following table, which shows a partial paradigm of the verb kak.u 'write.' INFORMAL
FORMAL
Honorific
okaki ni naru
okaki ni narimasu
Neutral
kaku
kakimasu
Humble
okaki suru
okaki simasu
okaki itasu
okaki itasimasu
In addition to indicating respect, the use of the humble or honorific level serves to vaguely identify the subject because one never uses the honorific to refer to oneself, nor the humble to refer to the person one is speaking to. * So while kakimasu could mean 'I (you, he, she, it, we, or they) write.' okaki ni narimasu could not mean 'I (or we) write.' nor could okaki simasu mean 'You write.' In the absence of other context the honorific level will refer to an action of the listener, and the humble level will refer to an action of the speaker. As with the category of formality, the best guide to proper use of deference levels is a thorough knowledge of Japanese social custom. Until the student gains this he can follow the general principle that honorifics are used most often in reference to actions performed by the listener or members of his family, and humble forms are used most often in referring to actions performed by the speaker. INFLECTION AND DERIVATION OF JAPANESE VERBS
Japanese has two main classes of verbs: those with stems ending in i or e and those whose stems end in consonants. We shall call them Class I and II respectively. The following is a list of basic inflectional endings (informal) using ake.ru 'open' and ka + .u 'win' as examples. Here the dot shows the division between stem and ending, but it will also be used •An exception to this is the humble presumptive in which the person spoken to is sometimes covered in an inclusive 'we.' For example, Takusii de mairimasyoo ka may mean 'Shall we (you and I) go by taxi?'
at times to mark the division between the infinitive of a verb and an infinitive-based ending.
Infinitive Indicative Imperative 1* Presumptive Provisional Gerund Past Indicative Past Presumptive Conditional Alternative
Class I
Class II
ake ake.ru ake.ro ake.yoo ake.reba ake.te ake.ta ake.taroo ake.tara ake.tari
kat.i kat.u kat.e kat. 00 kat.eba kat.te kat.ta kat.taroo kat. tara kat.tari
*This form is used only by male speakers when speaking harshly. Otherwise it is replaced by more polite informal imperative expressions. Two common ones which we will label informal imperatives II and III are infinitive + nasa; (imperative of nasar.u 'to do') and gerund + kudasai (imperative of kudasar.u .'give to me'). Of these the second is the more polite and is the one preferred for general use in making requests.
Comparing the endings for the two verb classes we find that in the last five categories they are the same (-te, -ta, -taroo, -tara, and -tari) but in the first five categories they differ as follows: Class I
Class II
Infinitive -zero -i Indicative -u -ru Imperative oro -e -00 Presumptive -yoo Provisional -reba -eba Except for the discrepancy between the vowels in the two imperative endings, the differences between the endings can be accounted for by a rule to the effect that the initial vowel of a suffix is lost when the stem ends in a vowel (Class I), and the initial consonant of a suffix is lost when the stem ends in a consonant (Class II). For example, kat- + -i = kat.i, but ake- + -i = ake; while ake- + -ru = ake.ru, but kat- + -ru = kat.u. Turning now to the verb stems we find that both Class I ake- and Class II kat- remain constant throughout the ten categories. This behaviour is typical of Class I verb stems, but not of Class II verb stems. All Class II verb stems which do not end in -t - undergo a change when attached directly to one of the five suffixes which begin with -t- (-te, -ta, -taroo, -tara, and -tari). xii
These changes differ according to the final consonant of the stem, but all Class II stems which end in the same consonant undergo the same change. All of the possible changes are illustrated in the following list of examples. (-Ie is used as an example, but the change would be the same before any of the other four -1- endings.) kas- + -te kak- + -te kag- + -te yob- + -te yom- +-te sin- + -te kar- + -te kaw- +-te
becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes becomes
kasL te kai.te kaLde yon.de yon.de sin.de kat.te kat. te
(kas.u 'lend') (kak.u 'write') (kag.u 'sniff') (yob.u 'call') (yom.u'read') (sin.u'die') (kar.u 'cut') (ka(w).u 'buy')·
·Since in Japanese w only occurs before a, Class II verbs whose stems end in this sound do not show it in all forms of the verb, but only when the suffix begins with a.
This concludes our outline of inflection, but Japanese verbs have many more forms which are the result of derivation or the addition of various auxiliary endings. Up until now we have considered orily informal affirmative forms. Our next step is to cover the formal affirmative which in both verb classes is derived by attaching the auxilary verb -mas.u to the infinitive of the original verb. -mas-u occurs only as an ending for other verbs and has no substantive meaning of its own, serving only to raise the level of formality of the verb to which it is attached. In general-mas.u behaves like a Class II verb, but it lacks an infinitive, has dual forms in the provisional, and has a Class I-type ending -yoo in the presumptive. Indicative Imperative Presumptive Provisional Gerund Past Indicative Past Presumptive Conditional Alternative
-mas.u -mas.e -mas.yoo -mas.eba / -mas.ureba -masi.te -masLta -masi.taroo -masLtara -masi.tari 11111
All of these forms except the presumptive and the past and non-pa~t indicative indicate a higher than n<;>rmal level of formality or politeness. As a rule the imperative -mas.e is only used with honorific verbs such as nasar,u 'to do,' and kudasar.u 'give to me.' In the past presumptive the infinitive + masi.taroo is usually replaced by a combination of the informal past indicative + des.yoo (the formal presumptive form of the copula). A similar construction using des.yoo is also used in the non-past presumptive category. This differs from the -mas.yoo form not in degree of formality, but in the identity of the subject and other modal content. Consequently the -mas.yoo form and the informal indicative + des.yoo form will be labeled presumptive I and II respectively. The two forms using des.yoo are paralleled by informal ones using dar.oo the informal presumptive form of the copula. We are now ready to move to the informal negative category. Here we find that, except for the imperative and presumptive, the "verb" is really an adjective derived by adding the adjectival ending -ana.i 'negative' to the stem of the verb. The resulting negative adjective then inflects like any other adjective. It will be noted that our earlier juncture rule works for -ana.i too because the initial vowel -a- is lost when it is joined to a Class I stem ending in a vowel.
Indicative Imperative
Presumptive Provisional Gerund
I II III *1 II I
**11
Class I
Class II
ake.nai ake.ru na ake.nasaru na ake.nai de kudasai ake.mai ake.nai daroo ake.nakereba ake.nai de ake.nakute
kat.anai kat.u na kati.nasaru na kat.anai de kudasai kat.umai kat.anai daroo kat.anakereba kat.anai de kat.anakute
*In the Class I presumptive I there is optional variation between ake.mai, in which mai follows the stem directly, and ake.ru.mai in which it follows the affirmative non-past indicative as it does with Class II verbs. We shall use the shorter form in our tables. **WhiJe gerund I has the same range of uses as the affirmative gerund, the negative gerund II is more limited. It is not used with auxiliary 'giving' verbs to form polite request or polite command constructions such as negative inperative III. xlv
ake.nakatta ake.nakattaroo ake.nakatta daroo ake.nakattara ake.nakattari
Past Indicative Past Presumptive Conditional Alternative
kat.anakatta kat.anakattaroo kat.anakatta daroo ka t.anakattara kat.anakattari
Here we find three informal imperative constructions corresponding to those mentioned in connection with the informal affirmative imperative. The 'na' used to form the negative imperative I is a negative command particle. In the formal negative category we find the -mas.u ending again as well as various compounds using the copula.
Indicative Imperative Presumptive Provisional* Gerund Past Indicative Past Presumptive Conditional Alternative
I II
Class I
Class II
ake.masefi oake nasaimasu na ake.masumai ake.nai desyoo ake-masefi nara(ba) ake.masefi de ake.masefi desita ake.masefi desitaroo ake.nakatta desyoo ake.masefi desitara ake.masefi desitari
kati.masefi okati nasaimasu na kati .masumai kat.anai desyoo kati.masefi nara(ba) kati.masefi de kati.masefi desita kati.masefi desitaroo kat.anakatta desyoo kati.masefi desitara kati.masefi desitari
The semantic difference between the presumptive I and II is the same as that between the two forms of the affirmative formal presumptive. The imperative, gerund, and alternative forms given here occur only in conjunction with honorifics or when using a very forn:tal style. Up till now we have dealt with derivational endings such as -mas.u and -ana.i which have a range of inflection only within a given category such as 'formal' or 'informal negative.' The remaining derivations are different in that they result in new verbs which can themselves take the entire range of inflectional and derivational endings which we have described up to this point. (See pages 411 and 482 for examples.) First we will consider the derivation of the passive, potential, causative ·Of the two possible provisional forms of the copula: nara and naraba, the shorter version is used more often in colloquial conversation and is the one we shall use hereinafter in our tables. IIY
and causative passive forms. Since the inflectional endings for these newly derived verbs will be the same as those we have already given for Class I verbs we will show only their informal affirmative indicative (citation) form in the tables which follow.
Passive Potential Causative Causative Passive
(Original) Class I
(Original) Class II
ake.rareru ake.rareru ake.saseru ake.saserareru
kat.areru kat.eru kat.aseru kat.aserareru
Since the newly formed verbs belong to Class I, th~ division between stem and ending of the passive would be akerare.ru, katare.ru, and so forth. It will be noted that the chief difference between the derivation in original Class I and Class II verbs is that original Class II verbs end up with a separate form for the passive and potential while original Class I verbs use the same derived form for both of these categories. In addition to the causative passive endings shown above ( -saserareru and -aserareru) there are non standard shorter endings -sasareru and -asareru which have the same meaning. We will not include these in the tables in the main body of the text, but they would be used with any verb which takes the longer forms. The last two categories are the honorific and humble. Two forms are given for each, the second being that which shows the higher level of deference on the part of the speaker. Here, once again, we are dealing with completely new verbs so we present only their citation forms. Class I
Honorific Humble
I II I II
oake oake oake oake
ni naru nasaru suru itasu
Class II
okati okati okati okati
ni naru nasaru suru itasu
This table shows the typical derivation of honorific and humble forms wherein the infinitive of the original verb becomes a noun by the addition of the prefix 0- and the inflectional endings are provided by the verbs nar.u ('to become'), nasar.u, su.ru, and itas.u (all 'to do'). Of these nar.u and itas.u are Class II verbs but su.ru and nasar.u are irregular. The student should consult the appropriate tables in the main body of the text to find out the inflectional forms of these two verbs as wen as those of the seven other irregular verbs ar.u, gozar.u, ik.u, irassyar.u, kudasar.u, ku.ru, and ossyar.u. In the honorific and humble categories a number of common verbs do not follow the typical pattern, but instead use suppletive forms which are not derived from the original verb. For instance, the verbs nasar.u and nI
itas.u encountered above are, respectively, honorific and humble equivalents of the verb su.ru. Normally in such a case there will be only one form each for the honorific and humble categories.
Next we will present tables for the verbs ake.ru and kat.u showing all the inflectional and derivational categories which we have discussed. The form of these tables is the same as that which will be used throughout the main body of our text. (There is no standard arrangement or list of categories in use for teaching Japanese. The names for the ten basic inflectional categories have been taken from Bloch's study on inflection, but the content and arrangement of the tables in this book represent the author's opinion as to the most important forms of the Japanese verb and the most convenient arrangement for their presentation.) In order to assist the student in learning the distinctions between these verb forms the Japanese tables are followed by a chart containing English translations of each form of ake.ru. But before proceeding to these tables, three forms of the verb-the infinitive, the informal indicative, and the informal gerund-demand some additional comment. THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive is the form of the verb which is used in making compound words. We have already seen how the additional of the prefix 0- 'deference' changes an infinitive into a noun. There are, in addition, a number of nouns which are added to the end of infinitives to form compound nouns. For instance, kata 'method' and te 'hand, doer,' when added to the infinitive of tuka.u ' to use' give tukaikata 'way of using,' and tukaite 'one who uses.' Indeed, there are many infinitives which function as nouns without the addition of other elements. For example: Infinite/Noun
Meaning
Verb
Meaning
kaiigae warai yorokobi nagusame utagai
'idea' 'laughter' 'joy' 'consolation' 'doubt, suspicion'
kaiigae.ru wara.u yorokob.u nagusame.ru utaga.u
'to 'to 'to 'to 'to
think, consider' laugh' ~ happy' console, comfort' doubt, suspect'
To form an adjective from the infinitive, one simply adds one of a number of adjectival endings. We have already seen this happen when the negative ending -anai was added to the infinitive of verbs to form the informal nonpast negative indicative as in ake.nai. Other important endings of this type are -ta.i 'desiderative,' -yasu.i 'easy,' and -nikui 'difficult.' By attaching these endings to kaki one gets kakitai, kakiyasui, and kakinikui which mean respectively 'want to write,' 'easy to write,' and 'difficult to write.'
There are also many verbs which are attached to the infinitives of other verbs to make compound verbs. We have already encountered -mas.u which is by far the most common. Three other important ones are -tagar.u 'non-first-person desiderative' (which, like -mas.u, occurs only as an ending in compound verbs), -hazimeru 'to begin,' and -naosu 'to repair or fix.' If we add these to kaki we get three new verbs: kakitagaru 'to wish to write,' kakihazimeru 'to begin to write,' and kakinaosu 'to rewrite.' Verbs indicating direction are very productive in combination with verbs of motion. For example, when the infinitive of the verb tob.u 'to jump, fly' is attached to agar.u 'rise,' ori.ru 'to descend,' kos.u 'to cross over,' and mawar.u 'revolve,' ope gets the new verbs tobiagar.u 'to jump up,' tobiori.ru 'to jump down,' tobikos.u 'to jump over,' and tobimawar.u 'to jump around.' THE INDICATIVE
It is important to remember that all indicative verb forms can function as complete one-word sentences requiring neither subjects nor objects. Thus, regardless of whether they be formal or informal, past or non-past, affirmative or negative,
Akeru. Aketa. Akenai.
or or or
Akemasu. Akemasita. Akemasen.
Akenakatta. or Akemasen desita.
'(Someone) '(Someone) '(Someone) open (it).' '(Someone)
opens/will open (it).' opened (it).' does not/will not did not open (it).
are all sentences. When we add more information such as subject, object, time, and location, the indicative becomes the last word in a longer sentence as in: Mado 0 akeru. or Mado o akemasu. Ano hi to ga aketa. or Ano hito ga akemasita. Kyoo wa akenai. or Kyoo wa akemasen.
'( Someone) opens/will open the window.' 'That person opened (it).' '(Someone) will not open (it) today.'
The informal indicative plays a very important role in Japanese modification because it is the form which is used to modify nouns. In Japanese IIYIII
the modifier, be it verb, adjective, or noun, always precedes the noun which it modifies. Since the indicative is a sentence or ends a sentence, one is, in effect, modifying nouns with sentences. For example, the sentence Mado 0 aketa. '(Someone) opened the window,' can be used as a modifier in such phrases as: mado 0 aketa mado 0 aketa mado 0 aketa mado 0 aketa mado 0 aketa
hi to toki syooko riyuu kekka
'the person who opened the window' 'the time when ( someone) opened the window' 'the proof that (someone) opened the window' 'the reason why ( someone) opened the window' 'the result of ( someone) having opened the window'
THE INFORMAL GERUND
When ending a sentence (with or without following particles), the informal gerund indicates an informal request as in:
and
Tyotto matte (yo). Soo ossyaranai de. Hayaku kite (yo).
'Wait a minute.' 'Don't say that.' 'Come quickly.'
Gerunds have many functions when occurring within a sentence. When a sentence simply lists a number of actions without contrasting them or citing one as the cause of the other, all but the last action are often expressed by gerunds. For example, the two sentences A -san wa zyuusu 0 nomimasita. 'Mr. A drank juice.' and B-san wa koohii 0 nomimasita. 'Mr. B drank coffee.' can be combined in one sentence as A -san wa zyuusu 0 nonde, B-san was koohii 0 nomimasita. 'Mr. A drank juice, and Mr. B drank coffee.' If one wished to give strong contrast to these two actions, one would abandon the gerund in favor of an independent clause ending with the indicative: A-san wa zyuusu 0 nonda ga, B-san wa koohii 0 nomimasita. 'Mr. A drank juice, but Mr. B drank coffee.' Similarly, one would use the indicative if a cause-and-effect relationship is to be expressed as in A -san ga koohii 0 nonda kara, B-san mo koohii 0 nomimasita. 'Mr. A drank coffee, so Mr. B drank coffee too.' A sentence in which the subject of all actions is the same, and which uses a gerund for all but the last verb in the sentence, indicates that the actions were performed in chronological order. For instance: Kao 0 aralte, gohan 0 tabete, gakkoo e ikimasita. means 'I (you, he, they etc.) xix
washed my face, ate, and went to school.' But Kao 0 aratte, gakkoo e itte, gohan 0 tabemasita. would mean 'I (you, he, they etc.) washed my face, went to school, and ate.' The gerund has no tense, mode or aspect of its own, so all such information is expressed by the final verb in the sentence. Therefore, if we change the above sentence to Kao 0 aratte, gohan 0 tabete, gakkoo e ikimasyoo. its meaning becomes 'Let's wash our faces, eat, and go to school.' Gerunds within sentences are also used to express manner as in Eki made aruite ikimasita. 'I, (he, they etc.) went to the station on foot.' and Nani mo iwanai de d,ete ikimasita. 'I (he, she etc.) left without saying anything.' We have already seen that in the informal imperative III the gerund combines with the imperative of kudasar.u to make a polite request as in Akete kudasai. 'Please open it.' and Akenai de kudasai. 'Please don't open it.' While the gerund may combine with any other verb if the combination makes sense, certain combinations which occur frequently have taken on special fixed meanings. Perhaps the most important of these is the combination of the informal affirmative gerund plus i.ru 'to exist.' Generally speaking, when the gerund of a transitive verb is used with i.ru the combination shows continuing action as in the English progressive, but when the gerund of an intransitive verb is used the combination shows the existence of a continuing state. A good example of this contrast is seen in comparing combinations using the gerunds of two verbs which mean 'to open.' Ake.ru is transitive and would be used to convey such information as 'I opened the door,' while ak.u is transitive and is used to convey such information as 'The door opened.' The transitive gerund akete plus i.ru means 'I (or someone else) am opening it.' On the other hand, aite iru from ak.u means 'It is (in the state of being) open,' NOT 'it is opening.' Other productive gerund-verb combinations are those in which the gerund precedes sima.u 'to finish,' oku 'to put or place,' and the various verbs for giving and receiving. That with sima.u means 'to do something completely, to finish doing something,' or 'to end up by doing something.' That with ok.u means 'to do something in advance or with reference to the future,' while those with verbs for giving and receiving mean 'to perform an action for the benefit of another, to have another perform an action for one's own benefit,' or simply 'to benefit from the action of another.' The informal imperative III, which used the gerund plus the appropriate form III
of kudasar.u 'give to me,' falls into this last group. Verbs of giving and receiving will be discussed at greater length following the main verb tables. We should also mention the use of the gerund in combination with the particles mo and wa to express permission and prohibition. In asking for permission one uses the gerund plus mo as in Mite mo ii desu ka. 'May I look (at it)?' To answer that question in the affirmative one might say Hai (mite mo) ii desu. 'Yes, you may (look at it).' To refuse permission one might use the gerund plus wa as in lie (mite wa) ikemaseii. 'No, you must not (look at it).' We are now ready for our sample verb tables and tables of English equivalents.
01
ake
ake.ru to open
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
akeru akemasu
akenai akemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
akero akenasai III akete kudasai oake nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
akeru na akenasaru na akenai de kudasai oake nasaimasu na
akeyoo akeru daroo akemasyoo akeru desyoo
akemai akenai daroo akemasumai akenai desyoo
akereba akemaseba akemasureba
akenakerebll akernaseii nara
akete akemasite
akenai de akenakute akernaseii de
aketa akemasita
akenakatta akemaseii desita
aketaroo aketa daroo akemasitaroo aketa desyoo
akenakattaroo akenakatta daroo akernaseii desitaroo akenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aketara akemasitara
akenakattara akemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aketari akemasitari
akenakattari akemaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
akerareru
Potential
akerareru
Causative
akesaseru
Causative Pass.
011
akesaserareru
Honorific
I II
oake ni naru oake nasaru
Humble
I II
oake suru oake itasu
kati
kat.u to win
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katu katimasu
katanai katimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
kate katinasai III katte kudasai okati nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I
katu na katinasaru na katanai de kudasai okati nasaimasu na
katoo katu daroo katimasyoo katu desyoo
katumai katanai daroo katimasumai katanai desyoo
kateba katimaseba katimasureba
katanakereba katimaseii nara
katte katimasite
katanai de katanakute katimaseii de
katta katimasita
katanakatta katimaseii desita
kattaroo katta daroo katimasitaroo katta desyoo
katanakattaroo katanakatta daroo katimaseii desitaroo katanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kattara katimasitara
katanakattara katimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kattari katimasitari
katanakattari katimaseii desitari
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
katareru
Potential
kateru
Causative
kataseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kataserareru
I II
okati ni naru okati nasaru
I
n Dill
SAMPLE TABLE OF ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
In the following table of English equivalents two conventions have been adopted in order to avoid undue redundancy. 1. The same English translation is used to represent both the formal and informal verb forms, with the understanding that the formal will be more polite in tone. 2. Only affirmative translations are given because except where noted the student can easily deduce the meaning of the corresponding negative form. Needless to say the translations offered here cannot hope to cover all possible cases because meaning is influenced by context. Nevertheless, they should Serve to delineate the main semantic boundaries between the various forms.
Infinitive
opening (This form is non-commital as to level of formality, tense, aspect, affirmative or negative. It merely serves as a base for many endings, and sometimes to end a phrase.)
Intlicative
I open (it), you open (it), he (she, it) opens (it), we (you, they) open (it)
or: Imperative
I (you, he, she, it, we, you, they) will open (it) open (it)! (The Informal Imperative III and the Formal Imperative are closer to 'please open it.')
Presumptive
I: I am going to open (it), we are going to open (it)
*
or: Let's open (it) (There is no negative form which corresponds to this second meaning of presumptive I.)
II: I (you, he, she, it, we, they) probably open (it) or: I am probably going to open (it), you are probably going to open (it), he (she, it) is probably going to open (it), we (you, they) are probably going to open (it) Provisional Gerund *NOTE:
if I (you, she, he, it, we, they) open (it) opening (it) (Non-commital as to tense and aspect which are established by the final verb in a clause or sentence.)
In this book and in Japanese dictionaries the informal affirmative indicative is used as the citation form for verbs.
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) opened (it)
Past IndicatirJe
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) have opened (it)
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had opened (it) (Indicates completed action.) I (you, he, she, it, we, they) probably opened (it)
Past Presumptive
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) probably have opened (it)
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) probably had opened (it)
if I (you, he, she, it, we, they) should open (it)
Conditional
or:
if I (you, he, she, it, we, they) were to open (it)
or:
when I (you, he, she, it, we, they) open (it)
or:
when I (you, he, she, it, we, they) opened (it) opening (it) and - (Non-commital as to tense and aspect. It merely indicates that two or more actions were, are, or will be performed alternately.)
Alternative
Passive
is opened (by someone or something)
or:
will be opened (by someone or something)
or:
is opened (by someone) with bad result (for someone else)
or:
will be opened (by someone) with bad result (for someone else) (This form is sometimes also used as a sort of hQnr>rific to show deference for the person who performs t/j~ action.)
Potential
can be opened
or: Causative
can open (it) I make (someone) open (it), you make (someone) open (it), he (she, it) makes (someone) open (it), we (you, they) make (someone) open (it)
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will make (someone) open (it)
or:
I allow (someone) to open (it), you allow (someone) to open (it), he (she, it) allows (someone) to open (it), we (you, they) allow (someone) to open (it)
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will allow (someone) to open (it)
CausatirJe Pass.
I am made to open (it), you are made to open (it), he (she, it) is made to open (it), we (you, they) are made to open (it)
or:
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will be made to open (it) IDlY
Honorific
you open (it), he (she) opens (it) they open (it)
or: Humble
you (he, she, they) will open (it) (all showing deference to the subject of the verb.) I (we, or a member of my 'in group') open (it)
or:
I (we, or a member of my 'in group') will open (it) (The speaker shows deference by lowering his own position.)
ACCENT TABLES
We shall now present tables giving the basic accent patterns for verbs. Since the patterns for Class I and Class II verbs are different, four tables will be given, one for an accented verb and one for an unaccented verb in each class. The accent mark indicates a high-pitched mora directly preceding a low-pitched mora. Thus akeru indicates ikJu. The absence of an accent mark indicates a word in which all but the first mora have a high pitch as in o}ieru. Since the accent pattern is the same for all verbs of a given type in the same class, verb tables in the main part of the book will only show the accent for the citation form. Since wakar.u is a Class II verb and is marked as accented, it will be clear that the accent of its gerund is wakatte, that of its non-past negative indicative is wakaranai, and so on. (The accent for other Japanese verbs can be found in Kenkyusha's Japanese-English Dictionary.) It should be kept in mind that the accent shown in these tables is for the verb form in isolation and may change when the verb becomes part of a larger pause group.
IDIYI
CLASS I ACCENTED VERB
tabe.ru
tabe
to eat
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
taberu tabemasu
tabenai tabemaseii
tabero tabenasai tabete kudasai mesiagarimase
taberu na tabenasaru na tabenai de kudasai mesiagarimasu na
tabey60 taberu daroo tabemasy60 taberu desyoo
tabemai tabenai daroo tabemasumai tabenai desyoo
tabereba tabemaseba tabemasureba
tabenakereba tabcmaseii nara
tabete tabemasite
tabenai de tabenakute tabemaseii de
tabeta tabemasita
tabenakatta tabemaseii desita
tabetaroo tabeta daroo tabemasitaroo tabeta desyoo
tabenakattaroo tabenakatta daroo tabemaseii desitaroo tabenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tabetara tabemasitara
tabenakattara tabemaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tabetari tabemasitari
tabenakattari tabemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
taberareru
Potential
taberareru
Causative
tabesaseru
Causative Pass.
ta besaserareru
Honorific
I II
mesiagaru
Humble
• II
itadaku
uvll
CLASS II ACCENTED VERB
barM
bara.u to pay
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
barau baraimasu
barawanai baraimasefi
barae barainasai baratte kudasai obarai nasaimase
barau na barainasaru na barawanai de kudasai obarai nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I , bara60 II .harau daroo FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
baraimasy60 harau desyoo haraeba haraimaseba haraimasureba
barawanakereba baraimasefi nara
haratte haraimasite
barawanai de harawanakute haraimasefi de
haratta haraimasita
harawanakatta haraimasefi desita
harattaroo haratta daroo haraimasitaroo haratta desyoo
harawanakattaroo harawanakatta daroo haraimasefi desitaroo harawanakatta desyoo
harattara haraimasitara
harawimakattara haraimasefi desitara
harattari haraimasitari
harawanakattari haraimasefi desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
baraumai barawanai daroo baraimasumai barawanai desyoo
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
harawareru
Potential
haraeru
Causative
harawaseru
Causative Pass. Honorific
harawaserareru I
n Humble IIYIII
I
n
oharai ni naru oharai nasaru oharai suru oharai itasu
CLASS I UNACCENTED VERB
osie.ru
osie TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osieru osiemasu
osienai osiemaseii
osiero osienasai osiete kudasai oosie nasaimase
osieru na osienasaru na osienai de kudasai oosie nasaimasu na
·osieyoo osieru daroo osiemasyoo osieru desyoo
osiemai osienai daroo osiemasumai osienai desyoo
osiereba osiemaseba osiemasureba
osienakereba osiemaseii nara
osiete osiemasite
osienai de osienakute osiemaseii de
osieta osiemasita
osienakatta osiemaseii desita
·osietaroo osieta daroo osiemasitaroo osieta desyoo
osienakattaroo osienakatta daroo osiemaseii desitaroo osienakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
osietara osiemasitara
osienakattara osiemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
osietari osiemasitari
osienakattari osiemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to teach, to inform
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
osierareru
Potential
osierareru
Causative
osiesaseru
Causative Pass. Honorific
osiesaserareru I
n Humble
I
n
oosie ni naru oosie nasaru oosie suru oosie itasu
·There are alternate unaccented fonns osieyoo and osielaroo.
Db:
CLASS II UNACCENTED VERB
ara.u
arai
to wash
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL 1*
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arau araimasu
arawanai araimaseii
arae arainasai aratle kudasai oarai nasaimase
arau na arainasaru na arawanai de kudasai oarai nasaimasu na
araoo arau daroo araimasyoo arau desyoo
araumai arawanai daroo araimasumai arawanai desyoo
araeba araimaseba araimasureba
arawanakereba araimaseii nara
aratle araimasite
arawanai de arawanakute araimaseii de
aratta araimasita
arawanakatta araimaseii desita
arattaroo ara tla daroo araimasitaroo aratta desyoo
arawanakattaroo arawanakatta daroo araimaseii desi taroo arawanakatta desyoo
arattara araimasitara
arawanakattara araimaseii desitara
arattari araimasitari
arawanakattari araimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL* FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
. Passive
arawareru
Potential
araeru
Causative
arawaseru
Causative Pass. Honorific
!lrawaserareru I
n Humble
I
n JClI(
oarai ni naru oarai nasaru oarai suru oarai itasu
·There are alternate unaccented forms araoo and aral/aroo.
VARIATION IN THE ACCENT OF 'UNACCENTED VERBS' DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT**
1. The informal affirmative non-past and past indicative forms of unaccented verbs acquire an accent peak on their final mora when they ocCur immediately before the particles ga, ka, kara, keredo, si, and ·yori, the sentence particles ka, kai, sa, and wa, the noun-substitute no, and some forms of the copula. Examples: agaru kara, akeru keredo, hataraku yori, hazimeta desyoo (alternates with hazimeta desyoo) and kaeta no. 2. The informal affirmative gerund of unaccented verbs acquires an accent on its final syllable when it occurs immediately before the particles mo and wa and the sentence particle yo. Examples: kiite mo, kesite wa, and kimete yo. LOANWORD + SURU VERBS
All of the verbs with which we have dealt thus far have been composed of native Japanese elements. Japanese also contains a vast nurhber of verbs which are derived from foreign loanwords (often nouns) by the addition of the native Japanese verb suru 'to do.' Thus siiipai 'worry' kekkoii 'marriage' and hakkeii 'discovery'
+ suru gives siiipai suru 'to worry' + suru gives kekkoii suru 'to marry' + suru gives hakkeii suru 'to discover'
Up to the mid nineteenth century the vast majority of such verbs were derived from vocabulary borrowed from Chinese. But from the Meiji period onward an increasing amount of vocabulary has been borrowed from European languages, and from English, French, and German, in particular. These loanwords, which have now reached flood proportions, are assimilated to Japanese in the same manner as the Chinese borrowings. Therefore, one finds in common use today such 'Japanese verbs' as kopii suru 'to copy,' anaunsu suru 'to announce,' and saifi suru 'to sign.' If they wish to communicate effectively in Japanese, English-speaking students must keep three points firmly in mind when dealing with Japanese verbs based on borrowings from English. -In the case of yori, this alternates with the pattern of unaccented verb plus accented yori as in hataraku yorio "The author is indebted to Professor Eleanor H. Jorden for her exceIIent treatment of these variations in the appendix to Beginning Japanese. IIDI
1) The words must be pronounced as they are by Japanese, not as they are in the original English. Remember, they are Japanese verbs. 2) Their meanings may differ as much from the original English as does their pronunciation. 3) They cannot be coined at random by combining any English word with suru. Use ones which you have observed Japanese using, and consult a native speaker if in doubt as to whether a particular combination is in use. We shall now present one table for verbs of this type derived from Chinese nouns and one for those derived from English nouns. It will be noted that these verbs lack type I honorific and humble forms, that SOME Chinese-derived verbs are prefixed by go- rather than 0- in the formal imperative and honorific forms, and that English-derived verbs are usually not prefixed by either.
IDOIII
beiikyoo SU.ru to study
beiikyoo si
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
beiikyoo suru beiikyoo simasu
beiikyoo sinai beiikyoo simaseii
beiikyoo siro
gobeiikyoo nasaimase
beiikyoo suru na beiikyoo sinasaru na beiikyoo sinai de kudasai gobeiikyoo nasaimasu na
beiikyoo siyoo beiikyoo suru daroo beiikyoo simasyoo beiikyoo suru desyoo
beiikyoo surumai beiikyoo sinai daroo beiikyoo simasumai beiikyoo sinai desyoo
beiikyoo sureba beiikyoo simaseba beiikyoo simasureba
beiikyoo sinakereba beiikyoo simaseii nara
beiikyoo site beiikyoo simasite
beiikyoo sinai de beiikyoo sinakute beiikyoo simaseii de
beiikyoo sita beiikyoo simasita
beiikyoo sinakatta beiikyoo simaseii desita
beiikyoo sitaroo beiikyoo sita daroo beiikyoo simasitaroo beiikyoo sita desyoo
beiikyoo sinakattaroo beiikyoo sinakatta daroo beiikyoo simaseii desitaroo beiikyoo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
beiikyoo sitara beiikyoo simasitara
beiikyoo sinakattara beiikyoo simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
beiikyoo sitari beiikyoo simasitari
beiikyoo sinakattari beiikyoo simaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n beiikyoo sinllSlli m beiikyoo site kudasai FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
beiikyoo sareru
Potential
beiikyoo dekiru
Causative
beiikyoo saseru
Causative Pass. Honorific
beiikyoo saserareru I
n Humble
gobeiikyoo nasaru
I
n
beiikyoo itasu
DIIII
kopii si
kopii sU.ru to copy
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
.
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kopii suru kopii simasu
kopii sinai kopii simaseii
kopii kopii kopii kopii
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
kopii kopii kopii kopii
suru na sinasara na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
kopii kopii kopii kopii
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
kopii kopii kopii kopii
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
kopii sureba kopii simaseba kopii simasureba
kopii sinakereba kopii simaseii nara
kopii site kopii simasite
kopii sinai de kopii sinakute kopii simaseii de
kopii sita kopii simasita
kopii sinakatta kopii simaseii desita
kopii kopii kopii kopii
kopii kopii kopii kopii
II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL }<'ORMAL
sitaroo sita daroo sintasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
C.mdition.J1 INFORMAL FORMAL
kopii sitara kopii simasitara
kopii sinakattara kopii simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kopii sitari kopii simasitari
kopii sinakattari kopii simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kopii sareru
Potential
kopii dekiru
Causative
kopii saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kopii saserareru
I II I
n lIlDIlv
kopii nasaru
kopii itasu
ROMANIZATION
The first system of romanization for Japanese was devised by Portuguese missionaries in the sixteenth century, at which time it was used in a number of remarkable books, including a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary which is today used by Japanese scholars as the principal source for data on Japanese pronunciation of that period. With the reopening of Japan to contact with Europe in the mid nineteenth century romanizations were developed based on the spelling in various European languages: a French-type romanization, a Germantype romanization, and so on. Among them was an English-type romanization which came to be called "Hepburn romanization" because it first appeared in a Japanese-English dictionary published by James Curtis Hepburn, an American Medical missionary. It is this system, with some variation, which is commonly used in the U.S. press today. Within Japan the debate on which romanization system is best has been long, and at times bitter, with competing factions each publishing materials written in their own system. The Japanese government has sought to bring scholars to a consensus on the matter, but even the designation of an official system in 1954 failed to end the debate. The two main differences between the Hepburn romanization and the one used in this book are their treatment of two identical vowels which occur in juxtaposition and their treatment of certain consonants when they occur before the vowels i and u. We have already discussed the advantages of 00 versus 0 in the section on pitch accent, so we will confine our discussion here to the second difference. Whereas the Hepburn system has: sa za ta ha
shi Jl chi hi
su zu tsu fu
se ze te he
so zo to ho
our system has: sa SI su za Zl zu ta ti tu ha hi hu
se so ze zo te to he ho
The Hepburn system uses shi, ji, chi, tsu, and fu because to the ear of a native speaker of English the consonants in the syllables thus represented sound closer to ENGLISH sh, j, ch, ts, and f than they do to ENGLISH s, z, t, and h. Thus it is based upon the perception of speakers of English and on distinctions which are valid in English. Our romanization is based upon the perception of speakers of Japanese and upon distinctions which are valid in Japanese. Analysis of the sound system of Japanese shows
that although the pronunciation of JAPANESE s, z, t, and h is influenced by a following i or u it is perceived by Japanese as the same sound as when it occurs before other vowels. Any system of romanization which represents all the sounds of Japanese in a consistent manner can be used in teaching Japanese IF THE ACTUAL JAPANESE PRONUNCIATION REPRESENTED BY THE LETTERS IS CLEARLY AND FULLY EXPLAINED AND DEMONSTRATED. But the ideal romanization for Japanese is one which is based, not upon the sound systems of French, German, or English, but upon the sound system of Japanese. IUs one in which each Japanese phoneme (minimum significant unit of sound) is consistently represented by its own symbol or combination of symbols. This is particularly true in a book like this, in which we are trying to give the clearest possible picture of Japanese inflection and derivation. Our romanization happens to be similar to the official Japanese romanization, and to that used in Beginning Japanese, but the main reason for our choice is that this romanization represents the Japanese sound system accurately, and hence, represents Japanese inflected forms accurately. For example, when one uses the Hepburn system the infinitive, indicative, and imperative I of the verb kat.u become kach.i, kats.u, and kat.e, giving the impression that the stem ends in three different consonants. Similarly, these same forms for the verb kas.u 'to lend' would be rendered as kash.i, kas.u, and kas.e giving the false impression that the stem ends in two different consonants. Thus, an attempt to conform to English spelling would result in a distortion of Japanese inflection. TABLES OF 501 JAPANESE VERBS
We are now ready to enter the main body of the text, which consists of tables of 501 common Japanese verbs showing all of the forms which were presented in our sample tables. The verbs are intransitive unless designated as transitive. It is likely that students will approach this book looking for two basic types of information. Some will be seeking the inflection and derivation of a Japanese verb whose citation form they already know, while others will be trying to find a Japanese verb which fits a particular meaning in English. To provide for the first case, our verb tables are arranged alphabetically according to the citation form of the verb. Thus students who IDYl
want to find out a particular form of the verb taberu can find it easily on page 419 between suwaru and tadoru. For the convenience of students who are seeking a verb with a given meaning in English, an English to Japanese index of all 501 verbs is provided beginning on page 505. Here students can look up 'begin' and find listed the intransitive verb hazimaru and the transitive verb hazimeru on pages 70 and 71 respectively. Thus, within the narrow limits of 501 verbs, this text also serves as a sort of Japanese-English, English-Japanese dictionary.
JIlIXYIl
agari
agar.u to rise, to ascend AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
agaru agarimasu
agaranai agarimaseii
agare agarinasai agatte kudasai oagari nasaimase
agaru na agarinasaru na agaranai de kudasai oagari nasaimasu na
agaroo agaru daroo agarimasyoo agaru desyoo
agarumai agaranai daroo agarimasumai agaranai desyoo
agareba agarimaseba agarimasureba
agaranakereba agarimaseii nara
agatte agarimasite
agaranai de agaranakute agarimaseii de
agatta agarimasita
agaranakatta agarimaseii desita
agattaroo agatta daroo agarimasitaroo agatta desyoo
agaranakattaroo agaranakatta daroo agarimaseii desitaroo agaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
agattara agarimasitara
agaranakattara agarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
agattari agarimasitari
agaranakattari agarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
agarareru
Potential
agareru
Causative
agaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
agaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oagari ni naru oagari nasaru
age.ru
age
to give (to second or third person)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ageru agemasu
agenai agemasefi
agero agenasai agete kudasai oage nasaimase
ageru na agenasaru na agenai de kudasai oage nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I
ageyoo ageru daroo I • agemasyoo n . ageru desyoo
n
FORMAL
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
agereba agemaseba agemasureba
agenakereba agemasefi nara
agete agemasite
agenai de agenakute agemasefi de
ageta agemasita
agenakatta agemasefi desita
agetaroo ageta daroo agemasitaroo ageta des~oo
agenakattaroo agenakatta daroo agemasefi desitaroo agenakatta desyoo
agetara agemasitara
agenakattara agemasefi desitara
agetari agemasitari
agenakattari agemasefi desitari
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
agemai agenai daroo agemasumai agenai desyoo
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
agerareru
Potential
agerareru
Causative
agesaseru
Causative Pass.
Z
agesaserareru
Honorific
I
n
oage ni naru oage nasaru
Humble
I
sasiageru
n
akasi
akas.o TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
akasu akasimasu
akasanai akasimaseii
akase akasinasai akasite kudasai oakasi nasaimast.
akasu na akasinasaru na akasanai de kudasai oakasi nasaimasu na
akasoo akasu daroo akasimasyoo akasu desyoo
akasumai akasanai daroo akasimasumai akasanai desyoo
akaseba akasimaseba akasimasureba
akasanakereba akasimaseii nara
akasite akasimasite
akasanaide akasanakute akasimaseii de
akasita akasimasita
akasanakatta akasimaseii desita
akasitaroo akasita daroo akasimasitaroo akasita desyoo
akasanakattaroo akasanakatta daroo akasimaseii desitaroo akasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
akasitara akasimasitara
akasanakattara akasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
akasitari akasimasitari
akasanakattari akasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
10
reveal, disclose
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
akasareru
Potential
akaseru
Causative
akasaseru
Causative Pass.
akasaserareru
Honorific
I II
oakasi ni naru oakasi nasaru
Humble
I II
oakasi suru oakasi itasu 3
ake.ru to open
ake TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
akeru akemasu
akenai akemaseii
akero akenasai akete kudasai oake nasaimase
akeru na akenasaru na akenai de kudasai oake nasaimasu na
akeyoo akeru daroo akemasyoo akeru desyoo
akemai akenai daroo akemasumai akenai desyoo
akereba akemaseba akemasureba
akenakereba akemaseii nara
akete akemasite
akenai de akenakute akemaseii de
aketa akemasita
akenakatta akemaseii desita
aketaroo aketa daroo akemasitaroo aketa desyoo
akenakattaroo akenakatta daroo akemaseii desitaroo akenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aketara akemasitara
akenakattara akemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aketari akemasitari
akenakattari akemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
akerareru
Potential
akerareru
Causative
akesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
akesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 4
oake ni naru oake nasaru oake suru oake itasu
akirame
akirame.ru TRANSITIVE
to abandon (an idea), to resign oneself(to)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
akirarneru akirarnernasu
akirarnenai akirarnernasefi
akirarnero akiramenasai akirarnete kudasai oakirarne nasairnase
aki rarneru na akiramenasaru na akirarnenai de kudasai oakirarne nasairnasu na
akirarneyoo akirarneru daroo akirarnernasyoo akirarneru desyoo
akirarnernai akirarnenai daroo akirarnemasurnai akirarnenai desyoo
akirarnereba akirarnernaseba akiramernasureba
akirarnenakereba akirarnernaseii nara
akiramete akirarnernasite
akiramenai de akiramenakute akirarnernaseii de
akirarneta akirarnernasita
akirarnenakatta akirarnemasefi desita
akirarnetaroo akirarneta daroo akirarnernasitaroo akirarneta desyoo
akirarnenakattaroo akiramenakatta daroo akirarnernaseii desitaroo akirarnenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
akirarnetara akirarnernasitara
akirarnenakattara akirarnernaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
akirarnetari akirarnernasitari
akirarnenakattari akiramemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
akirarnerareru
Potential
akirarnerareru
Causative
akirarnesaseru akirarnesaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I D
oakirarne ni naru oakirarne nasaru
Humble
I D
oakirarne suru oakirame itasu 6
aki.ru
aId
to grow tired of, lose interest in
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
akiru akimasu
akinai akimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I II
akiru na akinasaru na akinai de kudasai oaki nasimasu na
In
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I akiyoo II akiru daroo FORMAL I ' akimasyoo II akiru desyoo Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
akimai akinai daroo akimasumai akinai desyoo
akireba akimaseba akimasureba
akinakereba akimaseii nara
akite akimasite
akinai de akinakute akimaseii de
akita akimasita
akinakatta akimaseii desita
akitaroo akita daroo akimasitaroo akita desyoo
akinakattaroo akinakatta daroo akimaseii desitaroo akinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
akitara akimasitara
akinakattara akimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
akitari akimasitari
akinakattari akimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
akirareru
Potential
akirareru
Causative
akisaseru
Causative Pass.
8
akisaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
oaki ni naru oaki nasaru
ak.D
aid
to open, to become vacant AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
aku akimasu
akanai akimaseii
akoo aku daroo akimasyoo aku desyoo
akumai akanai daroo akimasumai akanai desyoo
akeba akimaseba akimasureba
akanakereba akimaseii nara
aite akimasite
akanai de akanakute akimaseii de
aita akimasita
akanakatta akimaseii desita
aitaroo aita daroo akimasitaroo aita desyoo
akanakattaroo akanakatta daroo akimaseii desitaroo akanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aitara akimasitara
akanakattara akimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aitari akimasitari
akanakattari akimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II III
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 7
anador.u to despise
anadori TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
anadoru anadorimasu
anadoranai anadorimaseii
anadore anadorinasai anadotte kudasai
anadoru na anadorinasaru na anadoranai de kudasai oanadori nasaimasu na
anadoroo anadoru daroo anadorimasyoo anadoru desyoo
anadorumai anadoranai daroo anadorimasumai anadoranai desyoo
anadoreba anadorimaseba anadorimasureba
anadoranakereba anadorimaseii nara
anadotte anadorimasite
anadoranai de anadoranakute anadorimaseii de
anadotta anadorimasita
anadoranakatta anadorimaseii desita
anadottaroo anadotta daroo anadorimasitaroo anadotta desyoo
anadoranakattaroo anadoranakatta daroo anadorimaseii desitaroo anadoranakatta desyoo
anadottara anadorimasitara
anadoranakattara anadorimaseii desitara
anadottari anadorimasitari
anadoranakattari anadorimaseii desitari
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
anadorareru
Potential
anadoreru
Causative
anadoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
anadoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 8
oanadori ni naru oanadori nasaro
8noai si
8nnai SU.rD TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
afinai suru afinai simasu
afinai sinai afinai simasefi
afinai afinai afinai afinai
siro sinasai si te k udasai nasaimase
afinai afinai afinai afinai
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
afinai afinai afinai afinai
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
afinai afinai afinai afinai
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
afinai sureba afinai simaseba afinai simasureba
afinai sinakereba afinai simasefi nara
afinai site afinai simasi te
afinai sinai de afinai sinakute afinai simasefi de
afinai sita afinai simasi ta
afinai sinakatta afinai simasefi desita
afinai afinai afinai afinai
afinai afinai afinai afinai
II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
to guide
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simasefi desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
afinai sitara afinai simasitara
afinai sinakattara afinai simasefi desitara
afinai si tari afinai simasitari
afinai sinakattari afinai simasefi desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
afinai sareru
Potential
afinai dekiru
Causative
afinai saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
afinai saserareru
I II
afinai nasaru
I II
afinai itas u 9
aiisiii su.ru
aiisiii si
to put one's mind at ease, to be relieved
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
afisifi suru afisifi simasu
afisifi sinai afisifi simaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
afisifi afisifi III afisifi afisifi
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
afisifi afisifi afisifi aiisifi
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
afisifi afisifi afisifi afisifi
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
afisifi afisifi afisifi afisifi
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
afisifi sureba afisifi simaseba afisifi simasureba
afisifi sinakereba afisifi simasefi nara
afisifi site afisifi simasite
afisifi sinai de afisifi sinakute afisifi simasefi de
afisifi sita afisifi simasita
afisifi sinakatta afisifi simasefi desita
afisifi afisifi afisifi afisifi
afisifi afisifi afisifi afisifi
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simasefi desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
afisifi sitara afisifi simasitara
afisifi sinakattara afisifi simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
afisifi sitari afisifi simasitari
afisifi sinakattari afisifi simasefi desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
afisifi sareru
Potential
afisifi dekiru
Causative
afisifi saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
afisifi saserareru
I
n Humble
I II
10
afisifi nasaru
afisifi itasu
arasoi
arasb.u TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arasou arasoimasu
arasowanai arasoimaseii
arasoe arasoinasai arasotte kudasal oarasoi nasaimase
arasou na arasoinasaru na arasowanai de kudasai oarasoi nasaimasu na
arasooo arasou daroo arasoimasyoo arasou desyoo
arasoumai arasowanai daroo arasoimasumai arasowanai desyoo
arasoeba arasoimaseba arasoimasureba
arasowanakereba arasoimaseii nara
arasotte arasoimasite
arasowanai de arasowanakute arasoimaseii de
arasotta arasoimasita
arasowanakatta arasoimaseii desita
arasottaroo arasotta daroo arasoimasitaroo arasotta desyoo
arasowanakattaroo arasowanakatta daroo arasoimaseii desitaroo arasowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
arasottara arasoimasitara
arasowanakattara arasoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
arasottari arasoimasitari
arasowanakattari arasoimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to dispute
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
arasowareru
Potential
arasoeru
Causative
arasowaseru
Causative Pass.
arasowaserareru
Honorific
I II
oarasoi ni naru oarasoi nasaru
Humble
I II
oarasoi suru oarasoi itasu 11
arasi
aras.u to devastate, to lay waste
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arasu arasimasu
arasanai arasimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
arase arasinasai III arasite kudasai oarasi nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
arasu na arasinasaru na arasanai de kudasai oarasi nasaimasu na
arasoo arasu dareD arasimasyoo arasu desyoo
arasumai arasanai dareD arasimasumai arasanai desyoo
araseba arasimaseba arasimasureba
arasanakereba arasimaseii nara
arasite arasimasite
arasanai de arasanakute arasimaseii de
arasita arasimasita
arasanakatta arasimaseii desita
arasitaroo arasita daroo arasimasitaroo arasita desyoo
arasanakattaroo arasanakatta dareD arasimaseii desi taroo arasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
arasitara arasimasitara
arasanakattara arasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
arasitari arasimasitari
arasanakattari arasimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
arasareru
Potential
araseru
Causative
arasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
arasaserareru
I
n
oarasi .i naru oarasi nasaru
II
oarasi suru oarasi itasu
Humble 12
aratamar.u
aratamari
to be renewed, to be changed
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
aratamaru aratamarimasu
aratamaranai aratamarimaseii
aratamare aratamarinasai aratamatte kudasai oaratamari nasaimase
aratamaru na aratamarinasaru na aratamaranai de kudasai oaratamari nasaimasu na
aratamaroo aratamaru daroo aratamarimasyoo aratamaru desyoo
aratamarumai aratamaranai daroo aratamarimasumai aratamaranai desyoo
aratamareba aratamarimaseba aratamarimasureba
aratamaranakereba aratamarimaseii nara
aratamatte aratamarimasite
aratamaranai de aratamaranakute aratamarimaseii de
aratamatta aratamarimasita
aratamaranakatta aratamarimaseii desita
aratamattaroo aratamatta daroo aratamarimasitaroo aratamatta desyoo
aratamaranakattaroo aratamaranakatta daroo aratamarimaseii desitaroo aratamaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aratamattara aratamarimasitara
aratamaranakattara aratamarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aratamattari aratamarimasitari
aratamaranakattari aratamarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
aratamarareru
Potential
aratamareru
Causative
aratamaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
aratamaraserareru
I
n Humble
oaratamari ni naru oaratamari nasaru
I
n 13
aratame.m
aratame
to change, to revise
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
aratameru aratamemasu
aratamenai aratamemasefi
aratamero aratamenasai aratamete kudasai oaratame nasaimase
aratameru na aratamenasaru na aratamenai de kudasai oaratame nasaimasu na
aratameyoo aratameru daroo aratamemasyoo aratameru desyoo
aratamemai aratamenai daroo aratamemasumai aratamenai desyoo
aratamereba aratamemaseba aratamemasureba
aratamenakereba aratamemasefi nara
aratamete aratamemasite
aratamenai de aratamenakute aratamemasefi de
aratameta aratamemasita
aratamenakatta aratamemasefi desita
aratametaroo aratameta daroo aratamemasitaroo aratameta desyoo
aratamenakattaroo aretamenakatta daroo aratamemasefi desitaroo aratamenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aratametara aratamemasitara
aratamenakattara aratamemesefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aratametari aratamemasitari
aratamenakattari aratamemasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL "resumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
aratamerareru
Potential
aratamerareru
Causative
aratamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
aratamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 14
oaratame ni naru oaratame nasaru oaratame suru oaratame itasu
ara.n
arai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arau araimasu
arawanai araimaseii
arae arainasai aratte kudasai oarai nasaimase
arau na arainasaru na arawanai de kudasai oarai nasaimasu na
araoo arau daroo araimasyoo arau desyoo
araumai arawanai daroo araimasumai arawanai desyoo
araeba araimaseba araimasureba
arawanakereba araimaseii nara
aratte araimasite
arawanai de arawanakute araimaseii de
aratta araimasita
arawanakatta araimaseii desita
arattaroo aratta daroo araimasitaroo aratta desyoo
arawanakattaroo arawanakatta daroo araimaseii desitaroo arawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
arattara araimasitara
arawanakattara araimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
arattari araimasitari
arawanakattari araimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to wash
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
arawareru
Potential
araeru
Causative
arawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
arawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oarai ni naru oarai nasaru oarai suru oarai itasu
1Ii
araware.ru
araware
to appear
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arawareru arawaremasu
arawarenai arawaremaseii.
arawarero arawarenasai arawarete kudasai
arawareru na arawarenasaru na arawarenai de kudasai
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
arawareyoo arawareru daroo ' arawaremasyoo arawareru desyoo
arawaremai arawarenai daroo arawaremasumai arawarenai desyoo
arawarereba arawaremaseba arawaremasureba
arawarenakereba arawaremaseii. nara
arawarete arawaremasite
arawarenai de arawarenakute arawaremaseii. de
arawareta arawaremasita
arawarenakatta arawaremaseii. desita
arawaretaroo arawareta daroo arawaremasitaroo arawareta desyoo
arawarenakattaroo arawarenakatta daroo arawaremaseii. desitaroo arawarenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
arawaretara arawaremasitara
arawarenakattara arawaremaseii. desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
arawaretari arawaremasitari
arawarenakattari arawaremaseii. desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
arawarerareru
Causative
arawaresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
arawaresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 18
araW8S.U
arawasi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
arawasu arawasimasu
arawasanai arawasimaseii
arawase arawasinasai arawasite kudasai oarawasi nasaimase
arawasu na arawasinasaru na arawasanai de kudasai oarawasi nasaimasu na
arawasoo arawasu daroo arawasimasyoo arawasu desyoo
arawasumai arawasanai daroo arawasimasumai arawasanai desyoo
arawaseba arawasimaseba arawasimasureba
arawasanakereba arawasimaseii nara
arawasite arawasimasite
arawasanai de arawasanakute arawasimaseii de
arawasita arawasimasita
arawasanakatta arawasimaseii desita
arawasitaroo arawasita daroo arawasimasitaroo arawasita desyoo
arawasanakattaroo arawasanakatta daroo arawasimaseii desitaroo arawasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
arawasitara arawasimasitara
arawasanakattara arawasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
arawasitari arawasimasitari
arawasanakattari arawasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to express
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
arawasareru
Potential
arawaseru
Causative
arawasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
arawasaserareru
I
n Humble
oarawasi ni naru oarawasi nasaru
I
n 17
ar.o
ari
to have, to exist (inanimate)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
aru arimasu
nai arimaseii
aroo aru daroo arirr.asyoo aru desyoo
arumai nai daroo arimasumai nai desyoo
areba arimaseba arimasureba
nakereba arimaseii nara
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
.
atte
n arimasite
nakute arimaseii de
atta arimasita
nakatta arimaseii desita
attaroo atta daroo arimasitaroo atta desyoo
nakattaroo nakatta daroo arimaseii desitaroo nakatta desyoo
.Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
attara arimasitara
nakattara arimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
attari arimasitari
nakattari arimaseii desitari
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Polite·
gozaru
*This is neither honorific nor humble (because the subject is inanimate), but rather neutral polite.
18
aruld
arUk.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
aruku arukimasu
arukanai arukimaseii
aruke arukinasai aruite kudasai oaruki nasaimase
aruku na arukinasaru na arukanai de kudasai oaruki nasaimasu na
arukoo aruku daroo arukimasyoo aruku desyoo
arukumai arukanai daroo arukimasumai arukanai desyoo
arukeba arukimaseba arukimasureba
arukanakereba arukimaseii nara
aruite arukimasite
arukanai de arukanakute arukimaseii de
aruita arukimasita
arukanakatta arukimaseii desita
aruitaroo aruita daroo arukimasitaroo aruita desyoo
arukanattaroo arukanakatta daroo arukimaseii desitaroo arukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
aruitara arukimasitara
arukanakattara arukimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
aruitari arukimasitari
arukanakattari arukimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to walk
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
arukareru
Potential
arukeru
Causative
arukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
arukaserareru
I
n Humble
oaruki ni naru oaruki nasaru
I
n 19
asob.n
asobi
to play
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
asobu asobimasu
asobanai asobimaseii
asobe asobinasai asoiide kudasai oasobi nasaimase
asobu na asobinasaru na asobanai de kudasai oasobi nasimasu na
asoOOo asobu daroo asobimasyoo asobu desyoo
asobumai asobanai daroo asobimasumai asobanai desyoo
asobeba asobimaseba asobimasureba
asobanakereba asobimaseii nara
asoiide asobimaslte
asobanai de asobanakute asobimaseii de
asoiida asobimasita
asobanakatta asobimaseii desita
asoiidaroo asoiida daroo asobimasitaroo asoiida desyoo
asobanakattaroo asobanakatta daroo asobimaseii desitaroo asobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
asoiidara asobimasitara
asobanakattara asobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
asoiidari asobimasitari
asobanakattari asobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
asobareru
Potential
asOberu
Causative
asobaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
asobaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 20
oasobi ni naru oasobi nasaru
atar.u
atari
to strike (against), to apply to AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ataru atarimasu
ataranai atarimaseii
atare atarinasai atatte kudasai oatari nasaimase
ataru na atarinasaru na ataranai de kudasai oatari nasaimasu na
ataroo ataru daroo atarimasyoo ataru desyoo
atarumai ataranai daroo atarimasumai ataranai desyoo
atareoa atarimaseba atarimasureba
ataranakereba atarimaseii nara
atatte atarimasite
ataranai de ataranakute atarimaseii de
atatta atarimasita
ataranakatta atarimaseii desita
atattaroo atatta daroo atarimasitaroo atatta desyoo
ataranakattaroo ataranakatta daroo atarimaseii desitaroo ataranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
atattara atarimasitara
ataranakattara atarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
atattari atarimasitari
ataranakattari atarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
atarareru
Potential
atareru
Causative
ataraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ataraserareru
I
n Humble
oatari ni naru oatari nasaru
I II 21
atatamar.u
atatamari
to warm oneself, to get warm
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
atatamaru atatamarimasu
atatamaranai atatamarimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
atatamare II atatamarinasai III atatamatte kudasai oatatamari nasaimase
atatamaru na atatamarinasaru na atatamaranai de kudasai oatatamari nasaimasu na
atatamaroo atatamaru daroo atatamarimasyoo atatamaru desyoo
atatamarumai atatamaranai daroo atatamarimasumai atatamaranai desyoo
atatamareba atatamarimaseba atatamarimasureba
atatamaranakereba atatamarimaseii nara
atatamatte atatamarimasite
atatamaranai de atatamaranakute atatamarimaseii de
atatamatta atatamarimasita
atatamaranakatta atatamarimaseii desita
atatamattaroo atatamatta daroo atatamarimasitaroo atatamatta desyoo
atatamaranakattaroo atatamaranakatta daroo atatamarimaseii desitaroo atatamaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
atatamattara atatamarimasitara
atatamaranakattara atatamarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
atatamattari atatamarimasitari
atatamaranakattari atatamarimaseii desitari
Presumptive INFORMAL I II
FORMAL II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
atatamarareru
Potential
atatamareru
Causative
atatamaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
atatamaraserareru
I
n Humble 22
I II
oatatamari ni naru oatatamari nasaru
atatame
atatame.ro TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
atatameru atatamemasu
atatamenai atatamemaseii
atatamero atatamenasai atatamete kudasai oatatame nasaimase
atatameru na atatamenasaru na atatamenai de kudasai oatatame nasaimasu na
atatameyoo atatameru daroo atatamemasyoo atatameru desyoo
atatamemai atatamenai daroo atatamemasumai atatamenai desyoo
atatamereba atatamemaseba atatamemasureba
atatamenakereba atatamemaseii nara
atatamete atatamemasite
atatamenai de atatamenakute atatamemaseii de
atatameta atatamemasita
atatamenakatta atatamemaseii desita
atatametaroo atatameta daroo atatamemasitaroo atatameta desyoo
atatamenakattaroo atatamenakatta daroo atatamemaseii desitaroo atatamenakatta desyoo
atatametara atatamemasitara
atatamenakattara atatamemaseii desitara
atatametari atatamemasitari
atatamenakattari atatamemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to warm
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
atatamerareru
Potential
atatamerareru
Causative
atatamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
atatamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oatatame ni naru oatatame nasaru oatatame suru oatatame itasu
23
atumar.u
4ltumari
to gather, to assemble
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
atumaru atumarimasu
atumaranai atumarimaseii
atumare atumarinasai atumatte kudasai oaturnari nasaimase
atumaru na atumarinasaru na atumaranai de kudasai oaturnari nasaimasu na
atumaroo atumaru daroo atumarimasyoo atumaru desyoo
aturnarumai atumaranai daroo atumarimasurnai aturnaranai desyoo
atumareba atumarimaseba atumarimasureba
atumaranakereba atumarimaseii nara
atumatte atumarimasite
atumaranai de aturnaranakute aturnarimaseii de
atumatta atumarimasita
atumaranakatta atumarimaseii desita
atumattaroo atumatta daroo atumarimasitaroo atumat.ta desyoo
atumaranakattaroo atumaranakatta daroo atumarimaseii desitaroo aturnaranakatta desyoo
atum~ttara
II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
atumarimasitara
atumaranakattara aturnarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
atumattari atumarimasitari
atumaranakattari aturnarimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
atumarareru
Potential
atumareru
Causative
atumaraseru
Causative Pass.
24
atumaraserareru
Honorific
I II
oaturnari ni naru oatumari nasaru
Humble
I II
oatumari suru oatumari itasu
atume
atume.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFlRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
atumeru atumemasu
atumenai atumemaseii
atumero atumenasai atumete kudasai oatume nasaimase
atumeru na atumenasaru na atumenai de kudasai oatume nasaimasu na
atumeyoo atumeru daroo atumemasyoo atumeru desyoo
atumemai atumenai daroo atumemasumai atumenai desyoo
atumereba atumemaseba atumemasureba
atumenakereba atumemaseii nara
atumete atumemasite
atumenai de atumenakute atumemaseii de
atumeta atumemasita
atumenakatta atumemaseii desita
atumetaroo atumeta daroo atumemesitaroo atumeta desyoo
atumenakattaroo atumenakatta daroo atumemaseii desitaroo atumenakatta desyoo
atumetara atumemasitara
atumenakattara atumemaseii desitara
atumetari atumemasitari
atumenakattari atumemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to gather, to collect
INFORMAL AFFlRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
atumerareru
Potential
atumerareru
Causative
atumesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
atumesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oatume ni naru oatume nasaru oatume suru oatume itasu 25
LO
ai
to meet AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
au airnasu
awanai airnaseii
ae ainasai atte kudasai oai nasairnase
au na ainasaru na awanai de kudasai oai nasaimasu na
aoo au daroo 'airnasyoo au desyoo
aumai awanai daroo airnasumai awanai desyoo
aeba airnaseba airnasureba
awanakereba airnaseii nara
atte airnasite
awanai de awanakute airnaseii de
atta airnasita
awanakatta airnaseii desita
attaroo atta daroo airnasitaroo atta desyoo
awanakattaroo awanakatta daroo airnaseii desitaroo awanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
attara airnasitara
awanakattara airnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
attari airnasitari
awanakattari airnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMA4 Imperative INFORMAL I II
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
awareru
Potential
aeru
Causative
awaseru
Causative Pass.
28
awaserareru
Honorific
I II
oai ni naru oai nasaru
Humble
I II
orne ni kakaru
awate
awate.m to lose one's composure
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
awateru awatemasu
awatenai awatemaseii
awatero awatenasai awatete kudasai oawate nasaimase
awateru na awatenasaru na awatenai de kudasai oawate nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II
awateyoo awateru daroo awatemasyoo awateru desyoo
awatemai awatenai daroo awatemasumai awatenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
awatereba awatemaseba awatemasureba
awatenakereba awatcmaseii nara
awatete awatemasite
awatenai de awatenakute awatemaseii de
awateta awatemasita
awatenakatta awatemaseii desita
awatetaroo awateta daroo awatemasitaroo awateta desyoo
awatenakattaroo awatenakatta daroo awatemaseii desitaroo awatenakatta dcsyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
awatetara awatemasitara
awatenakattara awatcmaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
awatctari awatemasitari
awatcnakattari awatemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
awaterareru
Potential
awaterarcru
Causative
awatesaseru
Causative Pass.
awatesaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I .ll
oawate ni naru oawate nasaru
ayamar.u to apologize
ayamari TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ayamaru ayamarimasu
ayamaranai ayamarimaseii
ayamare ayamarinasai ayamalte kudasai oayamari nasaimase
ayamaru na ayamarinasaru na ayamaranai de kudasai oayamari nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
ayamaroo II ayamaru daroo I •ayamarimasyoo II 'ayamaru desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
ayamarumai ayamaranai daroo ayamarimasumai ayamaranai desyoo
ayamareba ayamarimaseba ayamarimasureba
ayamaranakereba ayamarimaseii nara
ayamalte ayamarimasite
ayamaranai de ayamaranakute ayamarimaseii de
ayamatta ayamarimasita
ayamaranakatta ayamarimaseii desita
ayamattaroo ayamatta daroo ayamarimasitaroo ayamatta desyoo
ayamaranakattaroo ayamaranakatta daroo ayamarimaseii desitaroo ayamaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ayamaltara ayamarimasitara
ayamaranakattara ayamarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ayamaltari ayamarimasitari
ayamaranakattari ayamarimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ayamarareru
Potential
ayamareru
Causative
ayamaraseru
Causative Pass.
28
ayamaraserareru
Honorific
I II
oayamari ni naru oayamari nasaru
Humble
I II
oayamari suru oayamari itasu
ayasimi
ayasim.u TRANSITIVE
to be suspicious of
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ayasimu ayasimimasu
ayasimanai ayasimimaseii
ayasime ayasiminasai ayasiiide kudasai oayasimi nasaimase
ayasimu na ayasiminasaru na ayasimanai de kudasai oayasimi nasaimasu na
ayasimoo ayasimu daroo ayasimimasyoo ayasimu desyoo
ayasimumai ayasimanai daroo ayasimimasumai ayasimanai desyoo
ayasimeba ayasimimaseba ayasimimasureba
ayasimanakereba ayasimimaseii nara
ayasiiide ayasimimasite
ayasimanai de ayasimanakute ayasimimaseii de
ayasiiida ayasimimasita
ayasimanakatta ayasimimaseii desita
ayasiiidaroo ayasiiida daroo ayasimimasitaroo ayasiiida desyoo
ayasimanakattaroo ayasimanakatta daroo ayasimimaseii desitaroo ayasimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ayasiiidara ayasimimasitara
ayasimanakattara ayasimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ayasiiidari ayasimimasitari
ayasimanakattari ayasimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ayasimareru
Potential
ayasimeru
Causative
ayasimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ayasimaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oayasimi ni naru oayasimi nasaru oayasimi suru oayasimi itasu 29
ayatilr.u to manipulate
ayaturi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ayaturu ayaturimasu
ayaturanai ayaturimaseii
ayature ayaturinasai ayatutte kudasai oayaturi nasaimase
ayaturu na ayaturinasaru na ayaturanai de kudasai oayaturi nasaimasu na
ayaturoo Presumptive INFORMAL I D ayaturu daroo FORMAL I ' ayaturimasyoo D ayaturu desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
ayaturumai ayaturanai daroo ayaturimasumai ayaturanaidesyoo
ayatureba ayaturimaseba ayaturimasureba
ayaturanakereba ayaturimaseii nara
ayatutte ayaturimasite
ayaturanai de ayaturanakute ayaturimaseii de
ayatutta ayaturimasi ta
ayaturanakatta ayaturimaseii desita
ayatuttaroo ayatutta daroo ayaturimasitaroo ayatutta desyoo
ayaturanakattaroo ayaturanakatta daroo ayaturimaseii desitaroo ayaturanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ayatuttara ayaturimasitara
ayaturanakattara ayaturimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ayatuttari ayaturimasitari
ayaturanakattari ayaturimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE ayaturareru
Passive Potential
ayatureru
Causative
ayaturaseru ayaturaserareru
Causative Pass.
30
Honorific
I D
oayaturi ni naru oayaturi nasaru
Humble
I D
oayaturi suru oayaturi itasu
azukar.u
azukari TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
azukaru azukarimasu
azukaranai azukarimaseii
azukare azukarinasai azukatte kudasai oazukari nasaimase
azukaru na azukarinasaru na azukaranai de kudasai oazukari nasaimasu na
azukaroo azukaru daroo azukarimasyoo azukaru desyoo
azukarumai azukaranai daroo azukarimasumai azukaranai desyoo
azukareba azukarimaseba azukarimasureba
azukaranakereba azukarimaseii nara
azukatte azukarimasite
azukaranai de azukaranakute azukarimasefi de
azukatta azukarimasita
azukaranakatta azukarimaseii desita
azukattaroo azukatta daroo azukarimasitaroo azukatta desyoo
azukaranakattaroo azukaranakatta daroo azukarimaseii desitaroo azukaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
azukattara azukarimasitara
azukaranakattara azukarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
azukattari azukarimasitari
azukaranakattari azukarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. 'INFORMAL
FORMAL
to hold in trust
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
azukarareru
Potential
azukareru
Causative
azukaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
azukaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oazukari ni naru oazukari nasaru oazukari suru oazukari itasu 31
azuke.ru
azuke
to put in someone's charge
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
azukeru azukemasu
azukenai azukemaseii
azukero azukenasai azukete kudasai oazuke nasaimase
azukeru na azukenasaru na azukenai de kudasai oazuke nasaimasu na
azukeyoo azukeru daroo azukemasyoo azukeru desyoo
azukemai azukenai daroo azukemasumai azukenai desyoo
azukereba azukemaseba azukemasureba
azukenakereba azukemaseii nara
azukete azukemasite
azukenai de azukenakute azukemaseii de
azuketa azukemasita
azukenakatta azukemaseii desita
azuketaroo azuketa daroo azukemasitaroo azuketa desyoo
azukenakattaroo azukenakatta daroo azukemaseii desitaroo azukenakatta desyoo
azuketara azukemasitara
azukenakattara azukemaseii desitara
azuketari azukemasitari
azukenakattari azukemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
azukerareru
Potential
azukerareru
Causative
azukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
azukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 32
oazuke ni naru oazuke nasaru oazuke suru oazuke itasu
beiikyoo si
beiikyoo su.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
beiikyoo suru beiikyoo simasu
beiikyoo sinai beiikyoo simaseii
beiikyoo siro beiikyoo sinasai beiikyoo site kudasai gobeiikyoo nasaimase
beiikyoo suru na beiikyoo sinasaru na beiikyoo sinai de kudasai gobeiikyoo nasaimasu na
beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo
beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
beiikyoo sureba beiikyoo simaseba beiikyoo simasureba
beiikyoo sinakereba beiikyoo simaseii nara
beiikyoo site beiikyoo simasite
beiikyoo sinai de beiikyoo sinakute beiikyoo simaseii de
beiikyoo sita beiikyoo simasita
beiikyoo sinakatta beiikyoo simaseii desita
beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo beiikyoo
beiikyoo sinakattaroo beiikyoo sinakatta daroo beiikyoo simaseii desitaroo beiikyoo sinakatta desyoo
n
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
to study
beiikyoo sitara beiikyoo simasitara
beiikyoo sinakattara beiikyoo simaseii desitara
beiikyoo sitari beiikyoo simasitari
beiikyoo sinakattari beiikyoo simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
beiikyoo sareru
Potential
beiikyoo dekiru
Causative
beiikyoo saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
beiikyoo saserareru
I
n Humble
gobeiikyoo nasaru
I
n
beiikyoo itasu 33
bikkuri su.m
bikkuri si
to be startled, to be surprised
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
bikkuri suru bikkuri simasu
bikkuri sinai bikkuri simaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
bikkuri bikkuri DI bikkuri bikkuri
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
bikkuri sureba bikkuri simaseba bikkuri simasureba
bikkuri sinakereba bikkuri simaseii nara
bikkuri site bikkuri simasite
bikkuri sinai de bikkuri sinakute bikkuri simaseii de
bikkuri sita bikkuri simasita
bikkuri sinakatta bikkuri simaseii desita
bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri
bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri bikkuri
II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL 'FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
bikkuri sitara bikkuri simasitara
bikkuri sinakattara bikkuri simaseii desitara
bikkuri sitari bikkuri simasitari
bikkuri sinakattari bikkuri simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
bikkuri sareru
Potential
bikkuri dekiru
Causative
bikkuri saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 34
bikkuri saserareru
I II
bikkuri nasaru
I II
bikkuri itasu
butukar.u
butukari
to collide with
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
butukaru butukarimasu
butukaranai butukarimaseii
butukare butukarinasai butukatte kudasai obutukari nasaimase
butukaru na butukarinasaru na butukaranai de kudasai obutukari nasaimasu na
butukaroo butukaru daroo butukarimasyoo butukaru desyoo
butukarumai butukaranai daroo butukarimasumai butukaranai desyoo
butukareba butukarimaseba butukarimasureba
butukaranakereba butukarimaseii nara
butukatte butukarimasite
butukaranai de butukaranakute butukarimaseii de
butukatta butukarimasita
butukaranakatta butukarimaseii desita
butukattaroo butukatta daroo butukarimasitaroo blltukatta desyoo
butukaranakattaroo butukaranakatta daroo butukarimaseii desitaroo butukaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
butukattara butukarimasitara
butukaranakattara butukarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
butukattari butukarimasitari
butukaranakattari butukarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
butukarareru
Potential
butukareru
Causative
butukaraseru
Causative Pass.
butukaraserareru
Honorific
I D
obutukari ni naru obutukari nasaru
Humble
I II
obutukari suru obutukari itasu 35
butuke.ru 10
butuke
throw at, to hurl against
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
butukeru butukemasu
butukenai butukemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
butukero butukenasai III butukete kudasai obutuke nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II
butukeru na butukenasaru na butukenai de kudasai obutuke nasaimasu na
butukeyoo butukeru daroo butukemasyoo butukeru desyoo
butukemai butukenai daroo butukemasumai butukenai desyoo
butukereba butukemaseba butukemasureba
butukenakereba butukemaseii nara
butukete butukemasite
butukenai de butukenakute butukemaseii de
butuketa butukemasita
butukenakatta butukemaseii desita
butuketaroo butuketa daroo butukemasitaroo butuketa desyoo
butukenakattaroo butukenakatta daroo butukemaseii desitaroo butukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
butuketara butukemasitara
butukenakattara butukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
butuketari butukemasitari
butukenakattari butukemaseii desitari
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
butukerareru
Potential
butukerareru
Causative
butukesaseru
Causative Pass.
36
butukesaserareru
Honorific
I II
obutuke ni naru obutuke nasaru
Humble
I II
obutuke suru obutuke itasu
daihyoo
daihyoo si
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
daihyoo suru daihyoo simasu
daihyoo sinai daihyoo simaseii
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
daihyoo sureba daihyoo simaseba daihyoo simasureba
daihyoo sinakereba daihyoo simaseii nara
daihyoo site daihyoo simasite
daihyoo sinai de daihyoo sinakute daihyoo simaseii de
daihyoo sita daihyoo simasita
daihyoo sinakatta daihyoo simaseii desita
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo daihyoo
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
SU.nI
to represent (a group etc.)
TRANSITIVE
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
daihyoo sitara daihyoo simasitara
daihyoo sinakattara daihyoo simaseii desitara
daihyoo sitari daihyoo simasitari
daihyoo sinakattari daihyoo simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
daihyoo sareru
Potential
daihyoo dekiru
Causative
daihyoo saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
daihyoo saserareru
I D
daihyoo nasaru
I D
daihyoo itasu
37
dak.u
daki
to embrace
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
daku dakimasu
dakanai dakimaseii
dake dakinasai daite kudasai odaki nasaimase
daku na dakinasaru na dakanai de kudasai odaki nasaimasu na
dakoo daku daroo '.dakimasyoo daku desyoo dakeba dakimaseba dakimasureba
dakanakereba dakimaseii nara
daite dakimasite
dakanaide dakanakute dakimaseii de
daita dakimasita
dakanakatta dakimaseii desita
daitaroo daita daroo dakimasitaroo daita desyoo
dakanakattaroo dakanakatta daroo dakimaseii desitaroo dakanakatta desyoo
daitara dakimasitara
dakanakattara dakimaseii desitara
daitari dakimasitari
dakanakattari dakimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
dakumai dakanai daroo dakimasumai dakanai desyoo
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
dakareru
Potential
dakeru
Causative
dakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
dakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 38
odaki ni naru odaki nasaru odakisuru odaki itasu
damari
damir.u to not speak
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
damaru damarimasu
damaranai damarimaseii
damare damarinasai damatte kudasai odamari nasaimase
damaru na damarinasaru na damaranai de kudasai odamari nasaimasu na
damaroo damaru daroo damarimasyoo damaru desyoo
damarumai damaranai daroo damarimasumai damaranai desyoo
damareba damarimaseba damarimasureba
damaranakereba damarimaseii nara
damatte damarimasite
damaranai de damaranakute damarimaseii de
damatta damarimasita
damaranakatta damarimaseii desita
damattaroo damatta daroo damarimasitaroo damatta desyoo
damaranakattaroo damaranakatta daroo damarimaseii desitaroo damaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
damattara damarimasitara
damaranakattara damarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
damattari damarimasitari
damaranakattari damarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
damarareru
Potential
damareru
Causative
damaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
damaraserareru
I
n
odamari ni naru odamari nasaru
I
n 39
damas.u to trick
damasi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
damasu damasimasu
damasanai damasimaseii
damase damasinasai damasite kudasai odamasi nasaimase
damasu na damasinasaru na damasanai de kudasai odamasi nasaimasu na
damasoo damasu daroo damasimasyoo damasu desyoo
damasumai damasanai daroo damasimasumai damasanai desyoo
damaseba damasimaseba damasimasureba
damasanakereba damasimaseii nara
damasite damasimasite
damasanai de damasanakute damasimaseii de
damasita damasimasita
damasanakatta damasimaseii desita
damasitaroo damasita daroo damasimasitaroo damasita desyoo
damasanakattaroo damasanakatta daroo damasimaseii desitaroo damasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
damasitara damasimasitara
damasanakattara damasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
damasitari damasimasitari
damasanakattari damasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
damasareru
Potential
damaseru
Causative
damasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
damasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 40
odamasi ni naru odamasi nasaru
das.u
dasi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
dasu dasimasu
dasanai dasimaseii
dase dasinasai dasite kudasai odasi nasaimase
dasu na dasinasaru na dasanai de kudasai odasi nasaimasu na
dasoo dasu daroo dasimasyoo dasu desyoo
dasumai dasanai daroo dasimasumai dasanai desyoo
daseba dasimaseba dasimasureba
dasanakereba dasimaseii nara
dasite dasimasite
dasanai de dasanakute dasimaseii de
dasita dasimasita
dasanakatta dasimaseii desita
dasitaroo dasita daroo dasimasitaroo dasita desyoo
dasanakattaroo dasanakatta daroo dasimaseii desitaroo dasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
dasitara dasimasitara
dasanakattara dasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
dasitari dasimasitari
dasanakattari dasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to extract
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
dasareru
Potential
daseru
Causative
dasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
dasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
odasi ni naru odasi nasaru odasi suru odasi itasu 41
dea.u
deai
to encounter
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
deau deaimasu
deawanai deaimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I 0
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I deaoo 0 deau daroo FORMAL I • deaimasyoo 0 deau desyoo Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
deaumai deawanai daroo deaimasumai deawanai desyoo
deaeba deaimaseba deaimasureba
deawanakereba deaimaseii nara
deatte deaimasite
deawanai de deawanakute deaimaseii de
deatta deaimasita
deawanakatta deaimaseii desita
deattaroo deatta daroo deaimasitaroo deatta desyoo
deawanakattaroo deawanakatta daroo deaimaseii desitaroo deawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
deattara deaimasitara
deawanakattara deaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
deattari deaimasitari
deawanakattari deaimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I 0 FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
deawareru
Potential
deaeru
Causative
deawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
deawaserareru
I 0
odeai ni naru odeai nasaru
I
odeai suru odeai itasu
0 42
deki
deki.ru to be possible, to be formed AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
dekiru dekimasu
dekinai dekimaseii
dekiro dekinasai
dekiru na dekinasaru na
dekiyoo dekiru daroo dekimasyoo dekiru desyoo
dekimai dekinai daroo dekimasumai dekinai desyoo
dekireba dekimaseba dekimasureba
dekinakereba dekimaseii nara
dekite dekimasite
dekinai de dekinakute dekimaseii de
dekita dekimasita
dekinakatta dekimaseii desita
dekitaroo dekita daroo dekimasitaroo dekita desyoo
dekinakattaroo dekinakatta daroo dekimaseii desitaroo dekinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
dekitara dekimasitara
dekinakattara dekimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
dekitari dekimasitari
dekinakattari dekimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
odeki ni naru odeki nasaru
I
n 43
de.ru
de
to exit AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
deru demasu
denai demaseii
dero denasai dete kudasai ode nasaimase
deru na denasaru na denai de kudasai ode nasaimasu na
deyoo deru daroo demasyoo deru desyoo
demai denai daroo demasumai denai desyoo
dereba demaseba demasureba
denakereba demaseii nara
dete demasite
denai de denakute demaseii de
deta demasita
denakatta demaseii desita
detaroo deta daroo demasitaroo deta desyoo
denakattaroo denakatta daroo demaseii desitaroo denakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
detara demasitara
denakattara demaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
detari demasitari
denakattari demaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
derareru
Potential
derareru
Causative
desaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
desaserareru
I
n
Humble
n 44
ode ni naru ode nasaru
enryo so.m
enryo si TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
eiiryo suru eiiryo simasu
eiiryo sinai eiiryo simaseii
eiiryo siro eiiryo sinasai eiiryo site kudasai goeiiryo nasaimase
eiiryo suru na eiiryo sinasaru na eiiryo sinai de kudasai goeiiryo nasaimasu na
eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo
eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
eiiryo sureba eiiryo simaseba eiiryo simasureba
eiiryo sinakereba eiiryo simaseii nara
eiiryo site eiiryo simasite
eiiryo sinai de eiiryo sinakute eiiryo simaseii de
eiiryo sita eiiryo simasita
eiiryo sinakatta eiiryo simaseii desita
eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo
eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo eiiryo
II
FORMAL
to restrain oneself in deference to others
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
eiiryo sitara eiiryo simasitara
eiiryo sinakattara eiiryo simaseii desitara
eiiryo sitari eiiryo simasitari
eiiryo sinakattari eiiryo simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
eiiryo sareru
Potential
eiiryo dekiru
Causative
eiiryo saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
eiiryo saserareru
I II
goeiiryo nasaru
I II
goeiiryo suru goeiiryo itasu 46
erab.u to select
erabi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I
D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
erabu erabimasu
erabanai erabimaseii
erabe erabinasai eraiide kudasai oerabi nasaimase
erabu na erabinasaru na erabanai de kudasai oerabi nasaimasu na
eraboo erabu dareD erabimasyoo erabu desyoo
erabumai erabanai daroo erabimasumai erabanai desyoo
erabeba erabimaseba erabimasureba
erabanakereba erabimaseii nara
eraiide erabimasite
erabanai de erabanakute erabimaseii de
eraiida erabimasita
erabanakatta erabimaseii desita
eraiidaroo eraiida daroo erabimasitaroo eraiida desyoo
erabanakattaroo erabanakatta daroo erabimaseii desitaroo erabanakatta desyoo
eraiidara erabimasitara
erabanakattara erabimaseii dcsitara
eraiidari erabimasitari
erabanakattari erabimaseii dcsitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
erabareru
Potential
eraberu
Causative
erabaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
erabaserareru
I
D
Humble
I
D 48
oerabi ni naru oerabi nasaru oerabi suru oerabi itasu
t.ro
e TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
eru emasu
enai emaseii
ero enasai ete kudasai
eru na enasaru na enai de kudasai
eyoo eru daroo emasyoo eru desyoo
emai enai daroo emasumai enai desyoo
erebaemaseba emasureba
enakereba emaseii nara
ete emasite
enai de enakute emaseii de
eta emasita
enakatta emaseii desita
etaroo eta daroo emasitaroo eta desyoo
enakattaroo enakatta daroo emaseii desitaroo enakatta desyoo
etara emasitara
enakattara emaseii desitara
etari emasitari
enakattari emaseii desitari
to obtain
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
erareru
Potential
erareru
Causative
esaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
esaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 47
gakkari sU.ru
gakkari si
to be disheartened
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
gakkari suru gakkari simasu
gakkari sinai gakkari simaseii
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
gakkari sureba gakkari simaseba gakkari simasureba
gakkari sinakereba gakkari simaseii nara
gakkari site gakkari simasite
gakkari sinai de gakkari sinakute gakkari simaseii de
gakkari sita gakkari simasita
gakkari sinakatta gakkari simaseii desita
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
gakkari gakkari gakkari gakkari
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
gakkari sitara gakkari simasitara
gakkari sinakattara gakkari simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
gak kari si tari gakkari simasitari
gakkari sinakattari gakkari simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
gakkari sareru
Potential
gakkari dekiru
Causative
gakkari saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 48
gakkari saserareru
I
II
gakkari nasaru
I II
gakkari itasu
gaiibar.u
gaiibari TRANSITIVE
to stand firm, to exert oneself
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
gaiibaru gaiibarimasu
gaiibaranai gaiibarimaseii
gaiibare gaiibarinasai gaiibatte kudasai ogaiibari nasaimase
gaiibaru na gaiibarinasaru na gaiibaranai de kudasai ogaiibari nasaimasu na
gaiibaroo gaiibaru daroo gaiibarimasyoo gaiibaru desyoo
gaiibarumai gaiibaranai daroo gaiibarimasumai gaiibaranai desyoo
gaiibareba gaiibarimaseba gaiibarimasureba
gaiibaranakereba gaiibarimaseii nara
gaiibatte gaiibarimasite
gaiibaranai de gaiibaranakute gaiibarimaseii de
gaiibatta gaiibarimasita
gaiibaranakatta gaiibarimaseii desita
gaiibattaroo gaiibatta daroo gaiibarimasitaroo gaiibatta desyoo
gaiibaranakattaroo gaiibaranakatta daroo gaiibarimaseii desitaroo gaiibaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
gaiibattara gaiibarimasitara
gaiibaranakattara gaiibarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
gaiibattari gaiibarimasi tari
gaiibaranakattari gaiibarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
gaiibarareru
Potential
gaiibareru
Causative
gaiibaraseru
Causative Pass.
gaiibaraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ogaiibari ni naru ogaiibari nasaru
49
gozar.u
gozai
to exist (inanimate neutral polite)· AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
gozaru gozaimasu
gozaimaseii
gozaroo
gozarumai
'~ozaimasyoo
gozaimasumai
gozaimaseba gozaimasureba
gozaimaseii nara
gozaimasite
gozaimaseii de
gozaimasita
gozaimaseii desita
gozaimasitaroo
gozaimaseii desitaroo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
gozaimasitara
gozaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
gozaimasitari
gozaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
-TIle fonns gozaru, gozaroo, and gozarumai are rarely used in standard conversation, being replaced by their fonnal equivalents.
60
hagemasi
hagemas.o TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hagemasu hagemasimasu
hagemasanai hagemasimaseii
hagemase hagemasinasai hagemasite kudasai ohagemasi nasaimase
hagemasu na hagemasinasaru na hagemasanai de kudasai ohagemasi nasaimasu na
hagemasoo hagemasu daroo hagemasimasyoo hagemasu desyoo
hagemasumai hagemasanai daroo hagemasimasumai hagemasanai desyoo
hagemaseba hagemasimaseba hagemasimasureba
hagemasanakereba hagemasimaseii nara
hagemasite hagemasimasite
hagemasanai de hagemasanakute hagemasimaseii de
hagemasita hagemasimasita
hagemasanakatta hagemasimaseii desita
hagemasitaroo hagemasita daroo hagemasimasitaroo hagemasita desyoo
hagemasanakattaroo hagemasanakatta daroo hagemasimaseii desitaroo hagemasanakatta desyoo
hagemasitara hagemasimasitara
hagemasanakattara hagemasimaseii desitara
hagemasitari hagemasimasitari
hagemasanakattari hagemasimaseii desitari
to encourage
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hagemasareru
Potential
hagemaseru
Causative
hagemasaseru
Causative Pass.
hagemasaserareru
Honorific
I II
ohagemasi ni naru ohagemasi nasaru
Humble
I II
ohagemasi suru ohagemasi itasu
51
hagem.u to strive
hagemi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hagemu hagemimasu
hagemanai hagemimaseii
hageme hageminasai hagefide kudasai ohagemi nasaimase
hagemu na hageminasaru na hagemanai de kudasai ohagemi nasaimasu na
hagemoo hagemu daroo '~agemimasyoo hagemu desyoo
hagemumai hagemanai daroo hagemimasumai hagemanai desyoo
hagemeba hagemimaseba hagemimasureba
hagemanakereba hagemimasefi nara
hagefide hagemimasite
hagemanai de hagemanakute hagemimaseii de
hageiida hagemimasita
hagemanakatta hagemimasefi desita
hageiidaroo hageiida daroo hagemimasitaroo hageiida desyoo
hagemanakattaroo hagemanakatta daroo hagemimasefi desitaroo hagemanakatta desyoo
hageiidara hagemimasi tara
hagemanakattara hagemimaseii desitara
hagefidari hagemimasi tari
hagemanakattari hagemimasefi desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hagemareru
Potential
hagemeru
Causative
hagemaseru
Causative Pass.
hagemaserareru
Honorific
n Humble II
52
ohagemi ni naru ohagemi nasaru
hairi
hair.D to enter AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hairu hairimasu
hairanai hairimaseii
haire hairinasai haitte kudasai ohairi nasaimase
hairu na hairinasaru na hairanai de kudasai ohairi nasaimasu na
hairoo hairu daroo hairimasyoo hairu desyoo
hairumai hairanai daroo hairimasumai hairanai desyoo
haireba hairimaseba hairimasureba
hairanakereba hairimaseii nara
haitte hairimasite
hairanai de hairanakute hairimaseii de
haitta hairimasita
hairanakatta hairimaseii desita
haittaroo haitta daroo hairimasitaroo haitta desyoo
hairanakattaroo hairanakatta daroo hairimaseii desitaroo hairanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
haittara hairimasitara
hairanakattara hairimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
haittari hairimasitari
hairanakattari hairimasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hairareru
Potential
haireru
Causative
hairaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hairaserareru
I
n Humble
ohairi oi naru ohairi nasaru
I
n 63
hakir.D to measure
hakari TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hakaru hakarimasu
hakaranai hakarimaseii
hakare hakarinasai hakatte kudasai ohakari nasaimase
hakaru na hakarinasaru na hakaranai de kudasai ohakari nasaimasu na
hakaroo
hakarumai hakaranai daroo hakarimasumai hakaranai desyoo
n
,hakaru daroo
I
Jlakarimasyoo hakaru desyoo
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
hakareba hakarimaseba hakarimasureba
hakaranakereba hakarimaseii nara
hakatte hakarimasite
hakaranai de hakaranakute hakarimaseii de
hakatta hakarimasita
hakaranakatta hakarimaseii desita
hakattaroo hakatta daroo hakarimasitaroo hakatta desyoo
hakaranakattaroo hakaranakatta daroo hakarimaseii desitaroo hakaranakatta desyoo
hakattara hakarimasitara
hakaranakattara hakarimaseii desitara
hakattari hakarimasitari
hakaranakattari hakarimaseii desitari
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hakarareru
Potential
hakareru
Causative
hakaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hakaraserareru
I
n Humble 64
I
n
ohakari ni naru ohakari nasaru ohakari suru ohakari itasu
hakari
hakar.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hakaru hakarirnasu
hakaranai hakarirnaseii
hakare hakarinasai hakatte kudasai ohakari nasairnase
hakaru na hakarinasaru na hakaranai de kudasai ohakari nasairnasu na
hakaroo hakaru daroo hakarirnasyoo hakaru desyoo
hakarurnal hakaranai daroo hakarirnasurnai hakaranai desyoo
hakareba hakarirnaseba hakarirnasureba
hakaranakereba hakarirnaseii nara
hakatte hakarirnasite
hakaranai de hakaranakute hakarirnaseii de
hakatta hakarirnasita
hakaranakatta hakarirnaseii desita
hakattaroo hakatta daroo hakarirnasitaroo hakatta desyoo
hakaranakattaroo hakaranakatta daroo hakarirnaseii desitaroo hakaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hakattara hakarirnasitara
hakaranakattara hakarirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hakattari hakarirnasitari
hakaranakattari hakarirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to plan, to plot
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hakarareru
Potential
hakareru
Causative
hakaraseru
Causative Pass.
hakaraserareru
Honorific
I II
ohakari ni naru ohakari nasaru
Humble
I II
ohakari suru ohakari itasu 66
bakkeii su.ru to discover
bakkeii 51
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
.
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hakkeii suru hakkeii sirnasu
halleii sinai balleii sirnaseii
hakkeii siro hakkeii sinasai hakkeii site kudasai gohakkeii nasaimase
hakkeii suru na bakkeii sinasaru na bakkeii sinai de kudasai gohakkeii nasaimasu na
hakkeii hakkeii hakkeii hakkeii
halleii surumai balleii sinai daroo halleii sirnasumai balleii sinai desyoo
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
hakkeii sureba hakkeii simaseba hakkeii simasureba
hakkeii sinakereba balleii sirnaseii nara
hakkeii site hakkeii sirnasite
halleii. sinai de hakkeii. sinakute balleii sirnaseii de
hakkeii sita hakkeii sirnasita
bakkeii. sinakatta balleii. sirnaseii. desita
hakkeii sitaroo hakkeii sita daroo hakkeii simasitaroo hakkeii sita desyoo
hakkeii. sinakattaroo hakkeii. sinakatta daroo hakkeii sirnaseii. desitaroo bakkeii. sinakatta desyoo
hakkeii sitara hakkeii simasitara
hakkeii. sinakattara hakkeii. sirnaseii desitara
hakkeii sitari hakkeii simasitari
bakkeii. sinakattari hakkeii. sirnaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hakkeii sareru
Potential
hakkeii dekiru
Causative
hakkeii saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hakkeii saserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 58
hakkeii nasaru
hakkeii itasu
bald
bak.D TRANSITIVE
to put on or wear on the feet or legs (as with shoes, trousers, etc.)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
haku hakimasu
hakanai hakimaseii
hake hakinasai haite kudasai ohaki nasaimase
haku na hakinasaru na hakanai de kudasai ohaki nasimasu na
hakoo haku daroo hakimasyoo haku desyoo
hakumai hakanai daroo hakimasumai hakanai desyoo
hakeba hakimaseba hakimasureba
hakanakereba hakimaseii nara
haite hakimasite
hakanaide hakanakute hakimaseii de
haita hakimasita
hakanakatta hakimaseii desita
haitaroo haita daroo hakimasitaroo haita desyoo
hakanakattaroo hakanakatta daroo hakimaseii desitaroo hakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
haitara hakimasitara
hakanakattara hakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
haitari hakimasitari
hakanakattari hakimaseii desitarl
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hakareru
Potential
hakeru
Causative
hakaseru
Causative Pass.
hakaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ohaki ni naru ohaki nasaru
&7
hanare.ro
hanare
to separate from, to leave
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hanareru hanaremasu
hanarenai hanaremaseii
hanarero hanarenasai hanarete kudasai ohanare nasaimase
hanareru na hanarenasaru na hanarenai de kudasai ohanare nasaimasu na
hanareyoo hanareru daroo hanaremasyoo hanareru desyoo
hanaremai hanarenai daroo hanaremasumai hanarenai desyoo
hanarereba hanaremaseba hanaremasureba
hanarenakereba hanaremaseii nara
hanarete hanaremasite
hanarenai de hanarenakute hanaremaseii de
hanareta hanaremasita
hanarenakatta hanaremaseii desita
hanaretaroo hanareta daroo hanaremasitaroo hanareta desyoo
hanarenakattaroo hanarenakatta daroo hanaremaseii desitaroo hanarenakatta desyoo
hanaretara hanaremasitara
hanarenakattara hanaremaseii desitara
hanaretari hanaremasitari
hanarenakattari hanaremaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hanarerareru
Potential
hanarerareru
Causative
hanaresaseru
Causative Pass.
iii
hanaresaserareru
Honorific
I
Humble
I
n n
ohanare ni naru ohanare nasaru ohanare suru ohanare itasu
banas.u
banasi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hanasu hanasimasu
hanasanai hanasimaseii
hanase hanasinasai hanasite kudasai ohanasi nasaimase
hanasu na hanasinasaru na hanasanai de kudasai ohanasi nasaimasu na
hanasoo hanasu daroo hanasimasyoo hanasu desyoo
hanasumai hanasanai daroo hanasimasumai hanasanai desyoo
hanaseba hanasimaseba hanasimasureba
hanasanakereba hanasimaseii nara
hanasite hanasimasite
hanasanai de hanasanakute hanasimaseii de
hanasita hanasimasita
hanasanakatta hanasimaseii desita
hanasitaroo hanasita daroo hanasimasitaroo hanasita desyoo
hanasanakattaroo hanasanakatta daroo hanasimaseii desitaroo hanasanakatta desyoo
hanasitara hanasimasitara
hanasanakattara hanasimaseii desitara
hanasitari hanasimasitari
hanasanakattari hanasimaseii desitari
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
°ast Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hanasareru
Potential
hanaseru
Causative
hanasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hanasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
to release. to set free
ohanasi ni naru ohanasi nasaru ohanasi suru ohanasi itasu
hamls.u to speak
hanasi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hanasu hanasimasu
hanasanai hanasimaseii
hanase hanasinasai hanasite kudasai ohanasi nasaimase
hanasu na hanasinasaru na hanasanai de kudasai ohanasi nasaimasu na
hanasoo hanasu daroo hanasimasyoo hanasu desyoo
hanasumai hanasanai daroo hanasimasumai hanasanai desyoo
hanaseba hanasimaseba hanasimasureba
hanasanakereba hanasimaseii nara
hanasite hanasimasite
hanasanai de hanasanakute hanasimaseii de
hanasita hanasimasita
hanasanakatta hanasimaseii desita
hanasitaroo hanasita daroo hanasimasitaroo hanasita desyoo
hanasanakattaroo hanasanakatta daroo hanasimaseii desitaroo hanasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hanasitara hanasimasitara
hanasanakattara hanasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hanasitari hanasimasitari
hanasanakattari hanasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hanasareru
Potential
hanaseru
Causative
hanasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hanasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 60
ohanasi ni naru ohanasi Dasaru ohanasi suru ohanasi itasu
bane
bane.ru to hop, to jump AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
haneru hanemasu
hanenai hanemaseii
hanero hanenasai hanete kudasai ohane nasaimase
haneru na hanenasaru na hanenai de kudasai ohane nasaimasu na
haneyoo haneru daroo hanemasyoo haneru desyoo
hanemai hanenai daroo hanemasumai hanenai desyoo
hanereba hanemaseba hanemasureba
hanenakereba hanemaseii nara
hanete hanemasite
hanenaide hanenakute hanemaseii de
haneta hanemasita
hanenakatta hanemaseii desita
hanetaroo haneta daroo hanemasitaroo haneta desyoo
hanenakattaroo hanenakatta daroo hanemaseii desitaroo hanenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hanetara hanemasitara
hanenakattara hanemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hanetari hanemasitari
hanenakattari hanemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past l'resump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hanerareru
Potential
hanerareru
Causative
hanesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hanesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohane ni naru ohane nasaru
haiitai su.ru to oppose
haiitai s1
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
haiitai suru haiitai simasu
haiitai sinai haiitai simaseii
haiitai siro haiitai sinasai haiitai site kudasai
haiitai suru na haiitai sinasaru na haiitai sinai de kudasai
haiitai haiitai 'haiitai haiitai
haiitai haiitai haiitai haiitai
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
haiitai sureba haiitai simaseba haiitai simasureba
haiitai sinakereba haiitai simaseii nara
haiitai site haiitai simasite
haiitai sinai de haiitai sinakute haiitai simaseii de
haiitai sita haiitai simasita
haiitai sinakatta haiitai simaseii desita
haiitai haiitai haiitai haiitai
haiitai haiitai haiitai haiitai
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
haiitai sitara haiitai simasitara
haiitai sinakattara haiitai simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
haiitai sitari haiitai simasitari
haiitai sinakattari haiitai simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
haiitai sareru
Potential
haiitai dekiru
Causative
haiitai saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
haiitai saserareru
I
n
I
n 82
haiitai nasaru
haiitai itasu
hari.u
harai TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
harau haraimasu
harawanai haraimaseii
harae harainasai haratte kudasai oharai nasaimase
harau na harainasaru na harawanai de kudasai oharai nasaimasu na
haraoo harau daroo haraimasyoo harau desyoo
haraumai harawanai daroo haraimasumai harawanai desyoo
haraeba haraimaseba haraimasureba
harawanakereba haraimaseii nara
haratte haraimasite
harawanai de harawanakute haraimaseii de
haratta haraimasita
harawanakatta haraimaseii desita
harattaroo haratta daroo haraimasitaroo haratta desyoo
harawanakattaroo harawanakatta daroo haraimaseii desitaroo harawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
harattara haraimasitara
harawanakattara haraimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
harattari haraimasitari
harawanakattari haraimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to pay
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
harawareru
Potential
haraeru
Causative
harawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
harawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oharai ni naru oharai nasaru oharai suru oharai itasu
83
hare.ru
hare
to clear up (of sky) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hareru haremasu
harenai haremaseii
harero harenasai
hareru na harenasaru na
hareyoo hareru daroo haremasyoo hareru desyoo
haremai harenai daroo haremasumai harenai desyoo
harereba haremaseba haremasureba
harenakereba haremaseii nara
harete haremasite
harenai de harenakute haremaseii de
hareta haremasita
harenakatta haremaseii desita
haretaroo hareta daroo haremasitaroo hareta desyoo
harenakattaroo harenakatta daroo haremaseii desitaroo harenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
haretara haremasitara
harenakattara haremaseii desi tara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
haretari haremasi tari
harenakattari haremaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
harerareru
Causative
haresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 64
hasam.u
hasami TRANSITIVE
10
catch or hold between two things
AFFIRM ATIVE
NEGATIVE
hasamu hasamimasu
hasamanai hasamimaseii
hasame hasaminasai hasaiide kudasai ohasami nasaimase
hasamu na hasaminasaru na hasamanai de kudasai ohasami nasaimasu na
hasamoo hasamu daroo hasamimasyoo hasamu desyoo
hasamumai hasamanai daroo hasamimasumai hasamanai desyoo
hasameba hasamimaseba hasamimasureba
hasamanakereba hasamimaseii nara
hasaiide hasamimasite
hasamanai de hasamanakute hasamimaseii de
hasaiida hasamimasita
hasamanakatta hasamimaseii desita
hasaiidaroo hasaiida daroo hasamimasitaroo hasaiida desyoo
hasamanakattaroo hasamanaka tta daroo hasamimaseii desitaroo hasamanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hasaiidara hasamimasi tara
hasamanakattara hasamimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hasaiidari hasamimasitari
hasamanakattari hasamimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hasamareru
Potential
hasameru
Causative
hasamaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hasamaserareru
n
ohasami ni naru ohasami nasaru
I II
ohasami suru ohasami itasu
I
65
basir.u to run
basiri TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hasiru hasirimasu
hasiranai hasirimaseii
hasire hasirinasai hasitte kudasai ohasiri nasaimase
hasiru na hasirinasaru na hasiranai de kudasai ohasiri nasaimasu na
hasiroo hasiru daroo • hasirimasyoo hasiru desyoo
hasirumai hasiranai daroo hasirimasumai hasiranai desyoo
hasireba hasirimaseba hasirimasureba
hasiranakereba hasirimaseii nara
hasitte hasirimasite
hasiranai de hasiranakute hasirimaseii de
hasitta hasirimasita
hasiranakatta hasirimaseii desita
hasittaroo hasitta daroo hasirimasitaroo hasitta desyoo
hasiranakattaroo hasiranakatta daroo hasirimaseii desitaroo hasiranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hasittara hasirimasitara
hasiranakattara hasirimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hasittari hasirimasitari
hasiranakattari hasirimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hasirareru
Potential
hasireru
Causative
hasiraseru
Causative Pass.
118
hasiraserareru
Honorific
I II
ohasiri ni naru ohasiri nasaru
Humble
I II
ohasiri suru ohasiri itasu
hataraki
hatarak.u to work (at a job)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hataraku hatarakimasu
hatarakanai hatarakimaseii
hatarake hatarakinasai hataraite kudasai ohataraki nasaimase
hataraku na hatarakinasaru na hatarakanai de kudasai ohataraki nasaimasu na
hatarakoo hataraku daroo hatarakimasyoo hataraku desyoo
hatarakumai hatarakanai daroo hatarakimasumai hatarakanai desyoo
hatarakeba hatarakimaseba hatarakimasureba
hatarakanakereba hatarakimaseii nara
hataraite hatarakimasite
hatarakanai de hatarakanakute hatarakimaseii de
hataraita hatarakimasita
hatarakanakatta hatarakimaseii desita
hataraitaroo hataraita daroo hatarakimasitaroo hataraita desyoo
hatarakanakattaroo hatarakanakatta daroo hatarakimaseii desitaroo hatarakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hataraitara hatarakimasitara
hatarakanakattara hatarakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hataraitari hatarakimasitari
hatarakanakattari hatarakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
hatarakeru
Causative
hatarakaseru
Causative Pass.
hatarakaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ohataraki ni naru ohataraki nasaru
87
hatumei su.ru to invent
batumei si
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL.
n m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hatumei suru hatumei simasu
hatumei sinai hatumei simaseii
hatumei siro hatumei sinasai hatumei site kudasai
hatumei suru na hatumei sinasaru na hatumei sinai de kudasai
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
hatumei hatumei ' hatumei hatumei
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
hatumei sureba hatumei simaseba hatumei simasureba
hatumei sinakereba hatumei simaseii nara
hatumei site hatumei simasite
hatumei sinai de hatumei sinakute hatumei simaseii de
hatumei sita hatumei simasita
hatumei sinakatta hatumei simaseii desita
hatumei hatumei hatumei hatumei
hatumei sinakattaroo hatumei sinakatta daroo hatumei simaseii desitaroo hatumei sinakatta desyoo
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hatumei surumai hatumei sinai daroo hatumei simasumai hatumei sinai desyoo
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
hatumei sitara hatumei simasitara
hatumei sinakattara hatumei simaseii desitara
hatumei sitari hatumei simasitari
hatumei sinakattari hatumei simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hatumei sareru
Potential
hatumei dekiru
Causative
hatumei saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 88
hatumei saserareru
I
n
hatumei nasaru
•n
hatumei itasu
bayari
bayar.u to become widespread
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hayaru hayarimasu
hayaranai hayarimaseii
hayare
hayaru na
hayaroo hayaru daroo hayarimasyoo hayaru desyoo
hayarumai hayaranai daroo hayarimasumai hayaranai desyoo
hayareba hayarimaseba hayarimasureba
hayaranakereba hayarimaseii nara
hayatte hayarimasite
hayaranai de hayaranakute hayarimaseii de
hayatta hayarimasita
hayaranakatta hayarimaseii desita
hayattaroo hayatta daroo hayarimasitaroo hayatta desyoo
hayaranakattaroo hayaranakatta daroo hayarimaseii desitaroo hayaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hayattara hayarimasitara
hayarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hayattari hayarimasitari
hayaranakattari hayarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL I IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
hayaranaka~tara
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
hayaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hayaraserareru
I
IT Humble
I
IT 89
bazimari
bazimar.u to begin AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hazimaru hazimarimasu
hazimaranai hazimarimaseii
hazimare
hazimaru na
hazimaroo hazimaru daroo hazimarimasyoo hazimaru desyoo
hazimarumai hazimaranai daroo hazimarimasumai hazimaranai desyoo
hazimareba hazimarimaseba hazimarimasureba
hazimaranakereba hazimarimaseii nara
hazimatte hazimarimasite
hazimaranai de hazimaranakute hazimarimaseii de
hazimatta hazimarimasita
hazimaranakatta hazimarimaseii desita
hazimattaroo hazimatta daroo hazimarimasitaroo hazimatta desyoo
hazimaranakattaroo hazimaranakatta daroo hazimarimaseii desitaroo hazimaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hazimattara hazimarimasitara
hazimaranakattara hazimarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hazimattari hazimarimasitari
hazimaranakattari hazimarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAJ,
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential hazimaraseru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
I II I
n 70
hazime.ru
hazime TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hazimeru hazimemasu
hazimenai hazimemaseii
hazimero hazimenasai hazimete kudasai ohazime nasaimase
hazimeru na hazimenasaru na hazimenai de kudasai ohazime nasaimasu na
hazimeyoo hazimeru daroo hazimemasyoo hazimeru desyoo
hazimemai hazimenai daroo hazimemasumai hazimenai desyoo
hazimereba hazimemaseba hazimemasureba
hazimenakereba hazimemaseii nara
hazimete hazimemasite
hazimenai de hazimenakute hazimemaseii de
hazimeta hazimemasita
hazimenakatta hazimemaseii desita
hazimetarov hazimeta daroo hazimemasitaroo hazimeta desyoo
hazimenakattaroo hazimenakatta daroo hazimemaseii desitaroo hazimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hazimetara hazimemasitara
hazimenakattara hazimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hazimetar. hazimemasitan
hazimenakattari hazimemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to begin
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hazimerareru
Potential
hazimerareru
Causative
hazimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hazimesaserareru
I
n Humble
ohazime ni naru ohazime nasaru
I
n 71
bazure.ru
bazure
to become disconnected, to go wide of the mark
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hazureru hazuremasu
hazurenai hazuremaseii
hazurero hazurenasai hazurete kudasai ohazure nasaimase
hazureru na hazurenasaru na hazurenai de kudasai ohazure nasaimasu na
hazureyoo hazureru daroo Iiazuremasyoo hazureru desyoo
hazuremai hazurenai daroo hazuremasumai hazurenai desyoo
hazurereba hazuremaseba hazuremasureba
hazurenakereba hazuremaseii nara
hazurete hazuremasite
hazurenai de hazurenakute hazuremaseii de
hazureta hazuremasita
hazurenakatta hazuremaseii desita
hazuretaroo hazureta daroo hazuremasitaroo hazureta desyoo
hazurenakattaroo hazurenakatta daroo hazuremaseii desitaroo hazurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hazuretara hazuremasitara
hazurenakattara hazuremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hazuretari hazuremasitari
hazurenakattari hazuremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hazurerareru
Potential
hazurerareru
Causative
hazuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hazuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 72
ohazure ni naru ohazure nasaru
bazus)
bazus.u TRANSITIVE
to remove, to unfasten
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hazusu hazusimasu
hazusanai hazusimaseii
hazuse hazusinasai hazusite kudasai ohazusi nasaimase
hazusu na hazusinasaru na hazusanai de kudasai ohazusi nasaimasu na
hazusoo hazusu dareD hazusimasyoo hazusu desyoo
hazusumai hazusanai dareD hazusimasumai hazusanai desyoo
hazuseba hazusimaseba hazusimasureba
hazusanakereba hazusimaseii nara
hazusite hazusimasite
hazusanai de hazusanakute hazusimaseii de
hazusita hazusimasita
hazusanakatta hazusimaseii desita
hazusitaroo hazusita dareD hazusimasitaroo hazusita desyoo
hazusanakattaroo hazusanakatta dareD hazusimaseii desitaroo hazusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hazusitara hazusimasitara
hazusanakattara hazusimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hazusitari hazusimasitari
hazusanakattari hazusimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hazusareru
Potential
hazuseru
Causative
hazusaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hazusaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohazusi ni naru ohazusi nasaru ohazusi suru ohazusi itasu 73
ber.u
beri
to decrease
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
heru herimasu
heranai herimaseii
here herinasai hette kudasai oheri nasaimase
heru na herinasaru na heranai de kudasai oheri nasaimasu na
heroD heru daroo berimasyoo heru desyoo
herumai heranai daroo hj:rimasumai heranai desyoo
hereba herimaseba herimasu,reba
heranakereba herimaseii nara
hette herimasite
heranai de heranakute herimaseii de
hetta herimasita
heranakatta herimaseii desita
hettaroo hetta daroo herimasitaroo hetta desyoo
heranakattaroo heranakatta daroo herimaseii desitaroo heranakatta desyoo
hettara herimasitara
heranakattara herimaseii desitara
hettari herimasi tari
heranakattari herimaseii desi tari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
herareru
Potential
hereru
Causative
heraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
heraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 74
oheri ni naru oheri nasaru
he
be.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
heru hemasu
henai hemaseii
hero henasai hete kudasai ohe nasaimase
heru na henasaru na henai de kudasai ohe nasaimasu na
heyoo heru daroo hemasyoo heru desyoo
hemai henai daroo hemasumai henai desyoo
hereba hemaseba hemasureba
henakereba hemaseii nara
hete hemasite
henaide henakute hemaseii de
heta hemasita
henakatta hemaseii desita
hetaroo heta daroo hemasitaroo heta desyoo
henakattaroo henakatta daroo hemaseii desitaroo henakatta desyoo
hetara hemasitara
henakattara hemaseii desitara
hetari hemasitari
henakattari hem ascii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to pass through
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
herareru
Potential
herareru
Causative
hesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hesaserareru
I
n Humble
ohe ni naru ohe nasaru
I
n 76
hetura.u
heturai
to flatter, to fawn upon AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
heturau heturaimasu
heturawanai heturaimaseii
heturae heturainasai heturatte kudasai oheturai nasaimase
heturau na heturainasaru na heturawanai de kudasai oheturai nasaimasu na
heturaoo heturau daroo heturaimasyoo heturau desyoo
heturaumai heturawanai daroo heturaimasumai heturawanai desyoo
heturaeba heturaimaseba heturaimasureba
heturawanakereba heturaimaseii nara
heturatte heturaimasite
heturawanai de heturawanakute heturaimaseii de
heturatta heturaimasita
heturawanakatta heturaimaseii desita
heturattaroo heturatta daroo heturaimasitaroo heturatta desyoo
heturawanakattaroo heturawanakatta daroo heturaimaseii desitaroo heturawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
heturattara heturaimasitara
heturawanakattara heturaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
heturattari heturaimasitari
heturawanakattari heturaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
heturawareru
Potential
heturaeru
Causative
heturawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
heturawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 78
oheturai ni naru oheturai nasaru oheturai suru oheturai itasu
hikari
hikar.u to shine, to glitter AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hikaru hikarimasu
hikaranai hikarimaseii
hikare hikarinasai hikatte kudasai ohikari nasaimase
hikaru na hikarinasaru na hikaranai de kudasai ohikari nasaimasu na
hikaroo hikaru daroo hikarimasyoo hikaru desyoo
hikarumai hikaranai daroo hikarimasumai hikaranai desyoo
hikareba hikarimaseba hikarimasureba
hikaranakereba hikarimaseii nara
hikatte hikarimasite
hikaranai de hikaranakute hikarimaseii de
hikatta hikarimasita
hikaranakatta hikarimaseii desita
hikattaroo hikatta daroo hikarimasitaroo hikatta desyoo
hikaranakattaroo hikaranakatta daroo hikarimaseii desitaroo hikaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hikattara hikarimasitara
hikaranakattara hikarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hikattari hikarimasitari
hikaranakattari hikarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hikarareru
Potential
hikareru
Causative
hikaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hikaraserareru
I
n Humble
ohikari ni naru ohikari nasaru
I
n 77
bikiukbu
bikiuke
to undertake, to take charge of TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hikiukeru hikiukemasu
hikiukenai hikiukemaseii
hikiukero hikiukenasai hikiukete kudasai ohikiuke nasaimase
hikiukeru na hikiukenasaru na hikiukenai de kudasai ohikiuke nasaimasu na
hikiukeyoo hikiukeru daroo bikiukemasyoo hikiukeru desyoo
hikiukemai hikiukenai daroo hikiukemasumai hikiukenai desyoo
hikiukereba hikiukemaseba hikiukemasureba
hikiukenakereba hikiukemaseii nara
hikiukete hikiukemasite
hikiukenai de hikiukenakute hikiukemaseii de
hikiuketa hikiukemasita
hikiukenakatta hikiukemaseii desita
hikiuketaroo hikiuketa daroo hikiukemasitaroo hikiuketa desyoo
hikiukenakattaroo hikiukenakatta daroo hikiukemaseii desitaroo hikiukenakatta desyoo
hikiuketara hikiukemasitara
hikiukenakattara hikiukemaseii desitara
hikiuketari hikiukemasitari
hikiukenakattari hikiukemaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hikiukerareru
Potential
hikiukerareru
Causative
hikiukesaseru
Causative Pass.
78
hikiukesaserareru
Honorific
I
ohikiuke ni naru ohikiuke nasaru
Humble
I
ohikiuke suru ohikiuke itasu
n n
hOO
hik.n TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiku hikimasu
hikanai hikimaseii
hike hikinasai hiite kudasai ohiki nasaimase
hiku na hikinasaru na hikanai de kudasai ohiki nasaimasu na
hikoo hiku daroo hikimasyoo hiku desyoo
hikumai hikanai daroo hikimasumai hikanai desyoo
hikeba hikimaseba hikimasureba
hikanakereba hikimaseii nara
hiite hikimasite
hikanai de hikanakute hikimaseii de
hiita hikimasita
hikanakatta hikimaseii desita
hiitaroo hiita daroo hikimasitaroo hiita desyoo
hikanakattaroo hikanakatta daroo hikimaseii desitaroo hikanakatta desyoo
hittara hikimasitara
hikanakattara hikimaseii desitara
hiitari hikimasitari
hikanakattari hikimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to pull
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hikareru
Potential
hikeru
Causative
hikaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hikaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohiki ni naru ohiki nasaru ohiki suru ohiki itasu 79
mner.o to bend, to twist
hineri TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hineru hinerimasu
hineranai hinerimaseii
hinere hinerinasai hinette kudasai ohineri nasaimase
hineru na hinerinasaru na hineranai de kudasai ohineri nasaimasu na
hineroo hineru daroo hinerimasyoo hineru desyoo
hinerumai hineranai daroo hinerimasumai hineranai desyoo
hinereba hinerimaseba hinerimasureba
hineranakereba hinerimaseii nara
hinette hinerimasi te
hineranai de hineranakute hinerimaseii de
hinetta hinerimasita
hineranakatta hinerimaseii desita
hinettaroo hinetta daroo hinerimasitaroo hinetta desyoo
hineranakattaroo hineranakatta daroo hinerimaseii desitaroo hineranakatta desyoo
hinettara hinerimasitara
hineranakattara hinerimaseii desitara
hinettari hinerimasitari
hineranakattari hinerimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hinerareru
Potential
hinereru
Causative
hineraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hineraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 80
ohineri ni naru ohineri nasaru ohineri suru ohineri itasu
hirik.a
birald TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiraku hirakimasu
hirakanai hirakimaseii
hirake hirakinasai hiraite kudasai ohiraki nasaimase
hiraku na hirakinasaru na hirakanai de kudasai ohiraki nasaimasu na
hirakoo hiraku daroo hirakimasyoo hiraku desyoo
hirakumai hirakanai daroo hirakimasumai hirakanai desyoo
hirakeba hirakimaseba hirakimasureba
hirakanakereba hirakimaseii nara
hiraite hirakimasite
hirakanai de hirakanakute hirakimaseii de
hiraita hirakimasita
hirakanakatta hirakimaseii desita
hiraitaroo hiraita daroo hirakimasitaroo hiraita desyoo
hirakanakattaroo hirakanakatta daroo hirakimaseii desitaroo hirakanakatta desyoo
hiraitara hirakimasitara
hirakanakattara hirakimaseii desitara
hiraitari hirakimasitari
hirakanakattari hirakimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to open, to hold (a party etc.)
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hirakareru
Potential
hirakeru
Causative
hirakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hirakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohiraki ni naru ohiraki nasaru ohiraki suru ohiraki itasu 81
biromir.u
hiromari
to spread, to become popular AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiromaru hiromarimasu
hiromaranai hiromarimaseii
hiromare hiromarinasai hiromatte kudasai ohiromari nasaimase
hiromaru na hiromarinasaru na hiromaranai de kudasai ohiromari nasaimasu na
hiromaroo hiromaru daroo ftiromarimasyoo hiromaru desyoo
hiromarumai hiromaranai daroo hiromarimasumai hiromaranai desyoo
hiromareba hiromarimaseba hiromarimasureba
hiromaranakereba hiromarimaseii nara
hiromatte hiromarimasite
hiromaranai de hiromaranakute hiromarimaseii de
hiromatta hiromarimasita
hiromaranakatta hiromarimaseii desita
hiromattaroo hiromatta daroo hiromarimasitaroo hiromatta desyoo
hiromaranakattaroo hiromaranakatta daroo hiromarimaseii desitaroo hiromaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hiromattara hiromarimasitara
hiromaranakattara hiromarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hiromattari hiromarimasitari
hiromaranakattari hiromarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hiromarareru
Potential
hiromareru
Causative
hiromaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hiromaraserareru
I
D Humble
I D
82
hirome.ru
hirome TRANSITIVE
to spread, to make popular
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiromeru hiromemasu
hiromenai hiromemaseii
hiromero hiromenasai hiromete kudasai ohirome nasaimase
hiromeru na hiromenasaru na hiromenai de kudasai ohirome nasaimasu na
hiromeyoo hiromeru daroo hiromemasyoo hiromeru desyoo
hiromemai hiromenai daroo hiromemasumai hiromenai desyoo
hiromereba hiromemaseba hiromemasureba
hiromenakereba hiromemaseii nara
hiromete hiromemasite
hiromenai de hiromenakute hiromemaseii de
hirometa hiromemasita
hiromenakatta hiromemaseii desita
hirometaroo hirometa daroo hiromemasitaroo hirometa desyoo
hiromenakattaroo hiromenakatta daroo hiromemaseii desitaroo hiromenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hirometara hiromemasitara
hiromenakattara hiromemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hirometari hiromemasitari
hiromenakattari hiromemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hiromerareru
Potential
hiromerareru
Causative
hiromesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hiromesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohirome ni naru ohirome nasaru ohirome suru ohirome itasu 83
biro·I .
hiro.u to pick up (from ground etc.) to find (by accident)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hirou hiroimasu
hirowanai hiroimaseii
hiroe hiroinasai hirotte kudasai ohiroi nasaimase
hirou na hiroinasaru na hirowanai de kudasai ohiroi nasaimasu na
hirooo hirou daroo hlroimasyoo hirou desyoo
hiroumai hirowanai daroo hiroimasumai hirowanai desyoo
hiroeba hiroimaseba hiroimasureba
hirowanakereba hiroimaseii nara
hirotte hiroimasite
hirowanai de hirowanakute hiroimaseii de
hirotta hiroimasita
hirowanakatta hiroimaseii desita
hirottaroo hirotta daroo hiroimasitaroo hirotta desyoo
hirowanakattaroo hirowanakatta daroo hiroimaseii desitaroo hirowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hirottara hiroimasitara
hirowanakattara hiroimaseii desi tara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hirottari hiroimasitari
hirowanakattari hiroimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hirowareru
Potential
hiroeru
Causative
hirowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 84
hirowaserareru
I
D
ohiroi ni naru ohiroi nasaru
I II
ohiroi suru ohiroi itasu
hisome.ru
hisome TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hisomeru hisomemasu
hisomenai hisomemaseii
hisomero hisomenasai hisomete kudasai ohisome nasaimase
hisomeru na hisomenasaru na hisomenai de kudasai ohisome nasaimasu na
hisomeyoo hisomeru daroo hisomemasyoo hisomeru desyoo
hisomemai hisomenai daroo hisomemasumai hisomenai desyoo
hisomereba hisomemaseba hisomemasureba
hisomenakereba hisomemaseii nara
hisomete hisomemasite
hisomenai de hisomenakute hisomemaseii de
hisometa hisomemasita
hisomenakatta hisomemaseii desita
hisometaroo hisometa daroo hisomemasitaroo hisometa desyoo
hisomenakattaroo hisomenakatta daroo hisomemaseii desitaroo hisomenakatta desyoo
hisometara hisomemasitara
hisomenakattara hisomemaseii desitara
hisometari hisomemasitari
hisomenakattari hisomemaseii desitari
II FORMAL
Pastlnd. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to conceal, to lower one's voice
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hisomerareru
Potential
hisomerareru
Causative
hisomesaseru
Causative Pass.
hisomesaserareru
Honorific
I II
ohisome ni naru ohisome nasaru
Humble
I II
ohisome suru ohisome itasu 85
bisOm.u
bisomi
to lurk, to be latent
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hisomu hisomimasu
hisomanai hisomimaseii
hisome hisominasai hisoiide kudasai ohisomi nasaimase
hisomu na hisominasaru na hisomanai de kudasai ohisomi nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I hisomoo D hisomu daroo FORMAL I ' hisomimasyoo D 'hisumu desyoo Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
hisomumai hisomanai daroo hisomimasumai hisomanai desyoo
hisomeba hisomimaseba hisomimasureba
hisomanakereba hisomimaseii nara
hisoiide hisomimasite
hisomanai de hisomanakute hisomimaseii de
hisoiida hisomimasita
hisomanakatta hisomimaseii desita
hisoiidaroo hisoiida daroo hisomimasitaroo hisoiida desyoo
hisomanakattaroo hisomanakatta daroo hisomimaseii desitaroo hisomanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hisoiidara hisomimasitara
hisomanakattara hisomimaseii desitara
A.lternatlve INFORMAL FORMAL
hisoiidari hisomimasitari
hisomanakattari hisomimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE hisomareru
Passive Potential
hisomeru
Causative
hisomaseru hisomaserareru
Causative Pass.
88
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
ohisomi ni naru ohisomi nasaru
hiyakasi
hiyakas.u TRANSITIVE
to make fun oj, to tease
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiyakasu hiyakasimasu
hiyakasanai hiyakasimasefi
hiyakase hiyakasinasai hiyakasite kudasai ohiyakasi nasaimase
hiyakasu na hiyakasinasaru na hiyakasanai de kudasai ohiyakasi nasaimasu na
hiyakasoo hiyakasu daroo hiyakasimasyoo hiyakasu desyoo
hiyakasumai hiyakasanai daroo hiyakasimasumai hiyakasanai desyoo
hiyakaseba hiyakasimaseba hiyakasimasureba
hiyakasanakereba hiyakasimasefi nara
hiyakasite hiyakasimasite
hiyakasanai de hiyakasanakute hiyakasimasefi de
hiyakasita hiyakasimasita
hiyakasanakatta hiyakasimasefi desita
hiyakasitaroo hiyakasita daroo hiyakasimasitaroo hiyakasita desyoo
hiyakasanakattaroo hiyakasanakatta daroo hiyakasimasefi desitaroo hiyakasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hiyakasitara hiyakasimasitara
hiyakasanakattara hiyakasimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hiyakasitari hiyakasimasitari
hiyakasanakattari hiyakasimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hiyakasareru
Potential
hiyakaseru
Causative
hiyakasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hiyakasaserareru
I
n
ohiyakasi ni naru ohiyakasi nasaru
I II
ohiyakasi suru ohiyakasi itasu 87
hiyis.u
hiyasi
to cool, to refrigerate
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hiyasu hiyasimasu
hiyasanai hiyasimaseii
hiyase hiyasinasai hiyasite kudasai ohiyasi nasaimase
hiyasu na hiyasinasaru na hiyasanai de kudasai ohiyasi nasaimasu na
hiyasoo hiyasu daroo hiyasimasyoo hiyasu desyoo
hiyasumai hiyasanai daroo hiyasimasumai hiyasanai desyoo
hiyaseba hiyasimaseba hiyasimasureba
hiyasanakereba hiyasimaseii nara
hiyasite hiyasimasite
hiyasanai de hiyasanakute hiyasimaseii de
hiyasita hiyasimasita
hiyasanakatta hiyasimaseii desita
hiyasitaroo hiyasita daroo hiyasimasitaroo hiyasita desyoo
hiyasanakattaroo hiyasanakatta daroo hiyasimaseii desitaroo hiyasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hiyasitara hiyasimasitara
hiyasanakattara hiyasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hiyasitari hiyasimasitari
hiyasanakattari hiyasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hiyasareru
Potential
hiyaseru
Causative
hiyasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hi yasaserareru
I II
ohiyasi ni naru ohiyasi nasaru
I
ohiyasi suru ohiyasi itasu
n 88
hizamazUk.u
hizamazuki
to kneel
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hizamazuku hizamazukimasu
hizamazukanai hizamazukimaseii
hizamazuke hizamazukinasai hizamazuite kudasai ohizamazuki nasaimase
hizamazuku na hizamazukinasaru na hizamazukanai de kudasai ohizamazuki nasaimasu na
hizamazukoo hizamazuku daroo hizamazukimasyoo hizamazuku desyoo
hizamazukumai hizamazukanai daroo hizamazukimasumai hizamazukanai desyoo
hizamazukeba hizamazukimaseba hizamazukimasureba
hizamazukanakereba hizamazukimaseii nara
hizamazuite hizamazukimasite
hizamazukanai de hizamazukanakute hizamazukimaseii de
hizamazuita hizamazukimasita
hizamazukanakatta hizamazukimaseii desita
hizamazuitaroo hizamazuita daroo hizamazukimasitaroo hizamazuita desyoo
hizamazukanakattaroo hizamazukanakatta daroo hizamazukimaseii desitaroo hizamazukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hizamazuitara hizamazukimasitara
hizamazukanakattara hizamazukimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hizamazuitari hizamazukimasitari
hizamazukanakattari hizamazukimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hizamazukareru
Potential
hizamazukeru
Causative
hizamazukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hizamazukaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohizamazuki ni naru ohizamazuki nasaru ohizamazuki suru ohizamazuki itasu 89
bodokbu
hodoke
come loose, come untied
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hodokeru hodokemasu
hodokenai hodokemaseii
hodokero
hodokeru na
hodokeyoo hodokeru daroo bodokemasyoo hodokeru desyoo
hodokemai hodokenai daroo hodokemasumai hodokenai desyoo
hodokereba hodokemaseba hodokemasureba
hodokenakereba hodokemaseii nara
hodokete hodokemasite
hodokenai de hodokenakute hodokemaseii de
hodoketa hodokemasita
hodokenakatta hodokemaseii desita
hodoketaroo hodoketa daroo hodokemasitaroo hodoketa desyoo
hodokenakattaroo hodokenakatta daroo hodokemaseii desitaroo hodokenakatta desyoo
hodoketara hodokemasitara
hodokenattara hodokemaseii desitara
hodoketari hodokemasitari
hodokenakattari hodokemaseii desitari
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hodokerareru
Potential
hodokerareru
Causative
hodokesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hodokesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 90
ohodoke ni naru ohodoke nasaru
bodoki
bodok.a TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hodoku hodokimasu
hodokanai hodokimaseii
hodoke hodokinasai hodoite kudasai ohodoki nasaimase
hodoku na hodokinasaru na hodokanai de kudasai ohodoki nasaimasu na
hodokoo hodoku daroo hodokimasyoo hodoku desyoo
hodokumai hodokanai daroo hodokimasumai hodokanai desyoo
hodokeba hodokimaseba hodokimasureba
hodokanakereba hodokimaseii nara
hodoite hodokimasite
hodokanaide hodokanakute hodokimaseii de
hodoita hodokimasita
hodokanakatta hodokimaseii desita
hodoitaroo hodoita daroo hodokimasitaroo hodoita desyoo
hodokanakattaroo hodokanakatta daroo hodokimaseii desitaroo hodokanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hodoitara hodokimasitara
hodokanakattara hodokimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hodoitari hodokimasitari
hodokanakattari hodokimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to untie
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hodokareru
Potential
hodokeru
Causative
hodokaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hodokaserareru
•n •n
ohodoki ni naru ohodoki nasaru ohodoki suru ohodoki itasu 91
home.ru to praise
bome TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
homeru homemasu
homenai homemaseii
homero homenasai homete kudasai ohome nasaimase
homeru na homenasaru na homenai de kudasai ohome nasaimasu na
homeyoo homeru daroo homemasyoo homeru desyoo
homemai homenai daroo homemasumai homenai desyoo
homereba homemaseba homemasureba
homenakereba homemaseii nara
homete homemasite
homenai de homenakute homemaseii de
hometa homemasita
homenakatta homemaseii desita
hometaroo hometa daroo homemasitaroo hometa desyoo
homenakattaroo homenakatta daroo homemaseii desitaroo homenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hometara homemasitara
homenakattara homemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hometari homemasitari
homenakattari homemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
homerareru
Potential
homerareru
Causative
homesaseru
Causative Pass.
92
homesaserareru
Honorific
I D
ohome ni naru ohome nasaru
Humble
I D
ohome suru ohome itasu
hODomekasi
hODomekas.u TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
honomekasu honomekasimasu
honomekasanai honomekasimasefi
honomekase honomekasinasai honomekasite kudasai ohonomekasi nasaimase
honomekasu na honomekasinasaru na honomekasanai de kudasai ohonomekasi nasaimasu na
honomekasoo honomekasu daroo honomekasimasyoo honomekasu desyoo
honomekasumai honomekasanai daroo honomekasimasumai honomekasanai desyoo
honomekaseba honomekasimaseba honomekasimasureba
honomekasanakereba honomekasimasefi nara
honomekasite honomekasimasite
honomekasanai de honomekasanakute honomekasimasefi de
honomekasita honomekasimasita
honomekasanakatta honomekasimasefi desita
honomekasitaroo honomekasita daroo honomekasimasitaroo honomekasita desyoo
honomekasanakattaroo honomekasanakatta daroo honomekasimaseii desitaroo honomekasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
honomekasitara honomekasimasitara
honomekasanakattara honomekasimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
honomekasitari honomekasimasitari
honomekasanakattari honomekasimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to hint
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
honomekasareru
Potential
honomekaseru
Causative
honomekasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
honomekasaserareru
I
n Hurmle
I
n
ohonomekasi ni naru ohonomekasi nasaru ohonomekasi suru ohonomekasi itasu 93
hoomur.u
hoomuri
to bury (a person)
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hoomuru hoomurimasu
hoomuranai hoomurimaseii
hoomure hoomurinasai hoomutte kudasai ohoomuri nasaimase
hoomuru na hoomurinasaru na hoomuranai de kudasai ohoomuri nasaimasu na
hoomuroo hoomuru daroo lIoomurimasyoo hoomuru desyoo
hoomurumai hoomuranai daroo hoomurimasumai hoomuranai desyoo
hoomureba hoomurimaseba hoomurimasureba
hoomuranakereba hoomurimaseii nara
hoomutte hoomurimasite
hoomuranai de hoomuranakute hoomurimaseii de
hoomutta hoomurimasita
hoomuranakatta hoomurimaseii desita
hoomuttaroo hoomutta daroo hoomurimasitaroo hoomutta desyoo
hoomuranakattaroo hoomuranakatta daroo hoomurimaseii desitaroo hoomuranakatta desyoo
hoomuttara hoomurimasitara
hoomuranakattara hoomurimaseii desitara
hoomuttari hoomurimasitari
hoomuranakattari hoomurimaseii desitari
D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hoomurareru
Potential
hoomureru
Causative
hoomuraseru
Causative Pass.
94
hoomuraserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
ohoomuri ni naru ohoomuri nasaru
bore
hore.ru to fall in love AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
horeru horemasu
horenai horemaseii
horero horenasai horete kudasai ohore nasaimase
horeru na horenasaru na horenai de kudasai ohore nasaimasu na
horeyoo horeru daroo horemasyoo horeru desyoo
horemai horenai daroo horemasumai horenai desyoo
horereba horemaseba horemasureba
horenakereba horemaseii nara
horete horemasite
horenai de horenakute horemaseii de
horeta horemasita
horenakatta horemaseii desita
horetaroo horeta daroo horemasitaroo horeta desyoo
horenakattaroo horenakatta daroo horemaseii desitaroo horenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
horetara horemasitara
horenakattara horemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
horetari horemasitari
horenakattari horemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
horerareru
Potential
horerareru
Causative
horesaseru
Causative Pass.
horesaserareru
Honorific
I D
ohore ni naru ohore nasaru
Humble
I D
ohore suru ohore itasu
horobi.ru
horobi
to fall into ruin, to be overthrown AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
horobiru horobimasu
horobinai horobimaseii
horobiro horobinasai horobite kudasai ohorobi nasaimase
horobiru na horobinasaru na horobinai de kudasai ohorobi nasaimasu na
horobiyoo horobiru daroo horobimasyoo horobiru desyoo
horobimai horobinai daroo horobimasumai horobinai desyoo
horobireba horobimaseba horobimasureba
horobinakereba horobimaseii nara
horobite horobimasite
hotobinai de horobinakute horobimaseii de
horobita horobimasita
horobinakatta horobimaseii desita
horobitaroo horobita daroo horobimasitaroo horobita desyoo
horobinakattaroo horobinakatta daroo horobimaseii desitaroo horobinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
horobitara horobimasitara
horobinakattara horobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
horobitari horobimasitari
horobinakattari horobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
horobirareru
Potential
horobirareru
Causative
horobisaseru
Causative Pass.
96
horobisaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ohorobi ni naru ohorobi nasaru
borobos.u
borobosi TRANSITIVE
to ruin, to overthrow
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
horobosu horobosimasu
horobosanai horobosimasen
horobose horobosinasai horobosite kudasai ohorobosi nasaimase
horobosu na horobosinasaru na horobosanai de kudasai ohorobosi nasaimasu na
horobosoo horobosu daroo horobosimasyoo horobosu desyoo
horobosumai horobosanai daroo horobosimasumai horobosanai desyoo
horoboseba horobosimaseba horobosimasureba
horobosanakereba horobosimasen nara
horobosite horobosimasite
horobosanai de horobosanakute horobosimasen de
horobosita horobosimasita
horobosanakatta horobosimasen desita
horobositaroo horobosita daroo horobosimasitaroo horobosita desyoo
horobosanakattaroo horobosanakatta daroo horobosimasen desitaroo horobosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
horobositara horobosimasitara
horobosanakattara horobosimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
horobositari horobosimasitari
horobosanakattari horobosimasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
horobosareru
Potential
horoboseru
Causative
horobosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
horobosaserareru
I II
ohorobosi ni naru ohorobosi nasaru
II
ohorobosi suru ohorobosi itasu
Humble
97
bOr.n to dig
hori TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
horu horimasu
horanai horimaseii
hore horinasai hotte kudasai ohori nasaimase
horu na horinasaru na horanai de kudasai ohori nasaimasu na
horoo horu daroo horimasyoo horu desyoo
horumai horanai daroo horimasumai horanai desyoo
horeba horimaseba horimasureba
horanakereba horimaseii nara
hotte horimasite
horanai de horanakute horimaseii de
hotta horimasita
horanakatta horimaseii desita
hottaroo hotta daroo horimasitaroo hotta desyoo
horanakattaroo horanakatta daroo horimaseii desitaroo horanakatta desyoo
hottara horimasitara
horanakattara horimaseii desitara
hottari horimasitari
horanakattari horimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
horareru
Potential
horeru
Causative
horaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
horaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 88
ohori ni naru ohori nasaru ohori suru ohoriitasu
hosigari
hosigar.D TRANSITIVE
to want, to desire
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hosigaru hosigarimasu
hosigaranai hosigarimaseii
hosigare hosigarinasai hosigatte kudasai ohosigari nasaimase
hosigaru na hosigarinasaru na hosigaranai de kudasai ohosigari nasaimasu na
hosigaroo hosigaru daroo hosigarimasyoo hosigaru desyoo
hosigarumai hosigaranai daroo hosigarimasumai hosigaranai desyoo
hosigareba hosigarimaseba hosigarimasureba
hosigaranakereba hosigarimaseii nara
hosigatte hosigarimasite
hosigaranai de hosigaranakute hosigarimaseii de
hosigatta hosigarimasita
hosigaranakatta hosigarimaseii desita
hosigattaroo hosigatta daroo hosigarimasitaroo hosigatta desyoo
hosigaranakattaroo hosigaranakatta daroo hosigarimaseii desitaroo hosigaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hosigattara hosigarimasitara
hosigaranakattara hosigarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hosigattari hosigarimasitari
hosigaranakattari hosigarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
IT I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hosigarareru
Potential
hosigareru
Causative
hosigaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hosigaraserareru
I IT
I
n
ohosigari ni naru ohosigari nasaru
hosi
bOs.u to dry, to air
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hosu hosimasu
hosanai hosimaseii
hose hosinasai hosite kudasai ohosi nasaimase
hosu na hosinasaru na hosanai de kudasai ohosi nasaimasu na
hosoo hosu daroo hosimasyoo liosu desyoo
hosumai hosanai daroo hosimasumai hosanai desyoo
hoseba hosimaseba hosimasureba
hosanakereba hosimaseii nara
hosite hosimasite
hosanai de hosanakute hosimaseii de
hosita hosimasita
hosanakatta hosimaseii desita
hositaroo hosita daroo hosimasitaroo hosita desyoo
hosanakattaroo hosanakatta daroo hosimaseii desitaroo hosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hositara hosimasitara
hosanakattara hosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hositari hosimasi tari
hosanakattari hosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hosareru
Potential
hoseru
Causative
hosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 100
ohosi ni naru ohosi nasaru ohosi suru ohosi itasu
hue.ro
hue
to increase
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hueru huemasu
huenai huemaseii
huero huenasai huete kudasai ohue nasaimase
hueru na huenasaru na huenai de kudasai ohue nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
hueyoo hueru daroo huemasyoo hueru desyoo
huemai huenai daroo huemasumai huenai desy~o
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
huereba huemaseba huemasureba
huenakereba huemaseii nara
huete huemasite
huenai de huenakute huemaseii de
hueta huemasita
huenakatta huemaseii desita
huetaroo hueta daroo huemasitaroo hueta desyoo
huenakattaroo huenakatta daroo huemaseii desitaroo huenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
huetara huemasitara
huenakattara huemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huetari huemasitari
huenakattari huemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
huerareru
Potential
huerareru
Causative
huesaseru
Causative Pass.
huesaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
ohue ni naru ohue nasaru
101
bukamir.u
bukamari
to become deep AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hukamaru hukamarimasu
hukamaranai hukamarimaseii
hukamare hukamarinasai hukamatte kudasai ohukamari nasaimase
hukamaru na hukamarinasaru na hukamaranai de kudasai ohukamari nasaimasu na
hukamaroo hukamaru daroo 'hukamarimasyoo hukamaru desyoo
hukamarumai hukamaranai daroo hukamarimasumai hukamaranai desyoo
hukamareba hukamarimaseba hukamarimasureba
hukamaranakereba hukamarimaseii nara
hukamatte hukamarimasite
bukamaranai de hukamaranakute hukamarimaseii de
hukamatta bukamarimasita
bukamaranakatta hukamarimaseii desita
hukamattaroo hukamatta daroo hukamarimasitaroo hukamatta desyoo
bukamaranakattaroo hukamaranakatta daroo hukamarimaseii desitaroo hukamaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
bukamattara bukamarimasitara
bukamaranakattara hukamarimaseii dcsitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hukamattari hukamarimasitari
hukamaranakattari hukamarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL) D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL) D
FORMAL
)
D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL) D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hukamarareru
Potential
hukamareru
Causative
bukamaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hukamaraserareru
) D )
D 102
ohukamari ni naru ohukamari nasaru
hukame
hukame.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hukameru hukamemasu
hukamenai hukamemaseii
hukamero hukamenasai hukamete kudasai ohukame nasaimase
hukameru na hukamenasaru na hukamenai de kudasai ohukame nasaimasu na
hukameyoo hukameru daroo hukamemasyoo hukameru desyoo
hukamemai hukamenai daroo hukamemasumai hukamenai desyoo
hukamereba hukamemaseba hukamemasureba
hukamenakereba hukamemaseii nara
hukamete hukamemasite
hukamenai de hukamenakute hukamemaseii de
hukameta hukamemasita
hukamenakatta hukamemaseii desita
hukametaroo hukameta daroo hukamemasitaroo hukameta desyoo
hukamenakattaroo hukamenakatta daroo hukamemaseii desitaroo hukamenakatta desyoo
hukametara hukamemasitara
hukamenakattara hukamemaseii desitara
hukametari hukamemasitari
hukamenakattari hukamemaseii desitari
to deepen
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hukamerareru
Potential
hukamerareru
Causative
hukamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hukamesaserareru
•
I
ohukame ni naru ohukame nasaru
I
ohukame suru ohukame itasu
n
n
103
hold
huk.u to blow
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huku hukimasu
hukanai hukimascn
huke hukinasai huite kudasai ohuki nasaimase
huku na hukinasaru na hukanai de kudasai ohuki nasaimasu na
hukoo huku daroo •hukimasyoo huku desyoo
hukumai hukanai daroo hukimasumai hukanai desyoo
hukeba hukimaseba hukimasureba
hukanakereba hukimaseiinara
huite hukimasite
hukanai de hukanakutc hukimascn de
huita hukimasita
hukanakatta hukimaseii desita
huitaroo huita daroo hukimasitaroo huita desyoo
hukanakattaroo hukanakatta daroo hukimascn desitaroo hukanakatta desyoo
huitara hukimasitara
hukanakattara hukimascii desitara
huitari hukimasitari
hukanakattari hukimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hukareru
Potential
hukeru
Causative
hukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hukaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 104
ohuki ni naru ohuki nasaru ohuki suru ohuki itasu
•
buki
buk.u TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huku hukimasu
hukanai hukimaseii
huke hukinasai huite kudasai ohuki nasaimase
huku na hukinasaru na hukanai de kudasai ohuki nasaimasu na
hukoo huku daroo hukimasyoo huku desyoo
hukumai hukanai daroo hukimasumai hukanai desyoo
hukeba hukimaseba hukimasureba
hukanakereba hukimaseii nara
huite hukimasite
hukanai de hukanakute hukimaseii de
huita hukimasita
hukanakatta hukimaseii desita
huitaroo huita daroo hukimasitaroo huita desyoo
hukanakattaroo hukanakatta daroo hukimaseii desitaroo hukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
huitara hukimasitara
hukanakattara hukimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huitari hukimasitari
hukanakattari hukimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to wipe
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hukareru
Potential
hukeru
Causative
hukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
hukaserareru
n
I
ohuki ni naru ohuki nasaru
I II
ohuki suru ohuki itasu
105
hukume.ru to include
hukume TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hukumeru hukumemasu
hukumenai hukumemaseii
hukumero hukumenasai hukumete kudasai ohukume nasaimase
hukumeru na hllkumenasaru na hukumenai de kudasai ohukume nasaimasu na
hukumeyoo hukumeru daroo l1ukumemasyoo hukumeru desyoo
hukumemai hukumenai daroo hukumemasumai hukumenai desyoo
hukumereba hukumemaseba hukumemasureba
hukumenakereba hukumemaseii nara
hukumete hukumemasite
hukumenai de hukumenakute hukumemaseii de
hukumeta hukumemasita
hukumenakatta hukumemaseii desita
hukumetaroo hukumeta daroo hukumemasitaroo hukumeta desyoo
hukumenakattaroo hukumenakatta daroo hukumemaseii desitaroo hukumenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hukumetara hukumemasitara
hukumenakattara hukumemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hukumetari hukumemasitari
hukumenakattari hukumemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hukumerareru
Potential
hukumerareru
Causative
hukumesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hukumesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 108
ohukume ni naru ohukume nasaru ohukume suru ohukume itasu
bumi
bum.o TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
humu humimasu
humanai humimaseii
hume huminasai huiide kudasai ohumi nasaimase
humu na huminasaru na humanai de kudasai ohumi nasaimasu na
humoo humu daroo humimasyoo humu desyoo
humumai humanai daroo humimasumai humanai desyoo
humeba humimaseba humimasureba
humanakereba humimaseii nara
huiide humimasite
humanai de humanakute humimaseii de
huiida humimasita
humanakatta humimaseii desita
huiidaroo huiida daroo humimasitaroo huiida desyoo
humanakattaroo humanakatta daroo humimaseii desitaroo humanakatta desyoo
huiidara humimasitara
humanakattara humimaseii desitara
huiidari humimasitari
humanakattari humimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to step on
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
humareru
Potential
humeru
Causative
humaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
humaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ohumi ni naru ohumi nasaru ohumi suru ohumi itasu
107
bure.ru
bore
to touch
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL I IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hureru huremasu
hurenai huremaseii
hurero hurenasai hurete kudasai ohure nasaimase
hureru na hurenasaru na hurenai de kudasai ohure nasaimasu na
hureyoo hureru daroo huremasyoo hureru desyoo
huremai hurenai daroo huremasumai hurenai desyoo
hurereba huremaseba huremasureba
hurenakereba huremaseii nara
hurete huremasite
hurenai de hurenakute huremaseii de
hureta huremasita
hurenakatta huremaseii desita
huretaroo hureta daroo huremasitaroo hureta desyoo
hurenakattaroo hurenakatta daroo huremaseii desitaroo hurenakatta desyoo
huretara huremasitara
hurenakattara huremaseii desitara
huretari huremasitari
hurenakattari huremaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hurerareru
Potential
hurerareru
Causative
huresaseru
Causative Pass.
108
huresaserareru
Honorific
I IT
ohure ni naru ohure nasaru
Humble
I IT
ohure suru ohure itasu
burikaeri
buriluier.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFF1RMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hurikaeru hurikaerimasu
hurikaeranai hurikaerimaseii
hurikaere hurikaerinasai hurikaette kudasai ohurikaeri nasaimase
hurikaeru na hurikaerinasaru na hurikaeranai de kudasai ohurikaeri nasaimasu na
hurikaeroo hurikaeru daroo hurikaerimasyoo hurikaeru desyoo
hurikaerumai hurikaeranai daroo hurikaerimasumai hurikaeranai desyoo
hurikaereba hurikaerimaseba hurikaerimasureba
hurikaeranakereba hurikaerimaseii nara
hurikaette hurikaerimasite
hurikaeranai de hurikaeranakute hurikaerimaseii de
hurikaetta hurikaerimasita
hurikaeranakatta hurikaerimaseii desita
hurikaettaroo hurikaetta daroo hurikaerimasitaroo hurikaetta desyoo
hurikaeranakattaroo hurikaeranakatta daroo hurikaerimaseii desitaroo hurikaeranakatta desyoo
hurikaettara hurikaerimasitara
hurikaeranakattara hurikaerimaseii desitara
hurikaettari hurikaerimasitari
hurikaeranakattari hurikaerimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to look back, to think back
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hurikaerareru
Potential
hurikaereru
Causative
hurikaeraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hurikaeraserareru
I
n Humble
ohurikaeri ni naru ohurikaeri nasaru
I
n 109
hurimawasi
hurimawas.u to brandish, to display
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hurimawasu hurimawasimasu
hurimawasanai hurimawasimaseii
hurimawase hurimawasinasai hurimawasite kudasai ohurimawasi nasaimase
hurimawasu na hurimawasinasaru na hurimawasanai de kudasai ohurimawasi nasaimasu na
hurimawasoo hurimawasu daroo 'hurimawasimasyoo hurimawasu desyoo
hurimawasumai hurimawasanai daroo hurimawasimasumai hurimawasanai desyoo
hurimawaseba hurimawasimaseba hurimawasimasureba
hurimawasanakereba hurimawasimaseii nara
hurimawasite hurimawasimasite
hurimawasanai de hurimawasanakute hurimawasimaseii de
hurimawasita hurimawasimasita
hurimawasanakatta hurimawasimaseii desita
hurimawasitaroo hurimawasita daroo hurimawasimasitaroo hurimawasita desyoo
hurimawasanakattaroo hurimawasanakatta daroo hurimawasimaseii desitaroo hurimawasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hurimawasitara hurimawasimasitara
hurimawasanakattara hurimawasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hurimawasitari hurimawasimasitari
hurimawasanakattari hurimawasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hurimawasareru
Potential
hurimawaseru
Causative
hurimawasaseru
Causative Pass.
110
hurimawasaserareru
Honorific
I D
ohurimawasi ni naru ohurimawasi nasaru
Humble
I D
ohurimawasi suru ohurimawasi itasu
burl
bur.u to rain down from sky
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huru hurimasu
huranai hurimaseii
hure hurinasai hutte kudasai
huru na hurinasaru na huranai de kudasai
huroo huru daroo hurimasyoo huru desyoo
hurumai huranai daroo hurimasumai huranai desyoo
hureba hurimaseba hurimasureba
huranakereba hurimaseii nara
hutte hurimasite
huranai de huranakute hurimaseii de
hutta hurimasita
huranakatta hurimaseii desita
huttaroo hutta daroo hurimasitaroo hutta desyoo
huranakattaroo huranakatta daroo hurimaseii desitaroo huranakatta desyoo
huttara hurimasitara
huranakattara hurimaseii desitara
huttari hurimasitari
huranakattari hurimaseii desitari
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
hurareru
Potential
hureru
Causative
huraseru
Causative Pass.
huraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 111
hurue
hurue.ru to tremble
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hurueru huruemasu
huruenai huruemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
huruero huruenasai In huruete kudasai ohurue nasaimase
n
FORMAL
hurueru na huruenasaru na huruenai de kudasai ohurue nasaimasu na
hurueyoo hurueru daroo huruemasyoo hurueru desyoo
huruemai huruenai daroo huruemasumai huruenai desyoo
huruereba huruemaseba huruemasureba
huruenakereba huruemaseii nara
huruete huruemasite
huruenai de huruenakute huruemaseii de
hurueta huruemasita
huruenakatta huruemaseii desita
huruetaroo hurueta daroo huruemasitaroo hurueta desyoo
huruenakattaroo huruenakatta daroo huruemaseii desitaroo huruenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
huruetara huruemasitara
huruenakattara huruemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huruetari huruemasitari
huruenakattari huruemaseii desitari
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INI<'ORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
huruerareru
Potential
huruerareru
Causative
huruesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
huruesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 112
ohurue ni naru ohurue nasaru
husagari
husagar.u to be blocked up AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
husagaru husagarimasu
husagaranai husagarimaseii
husagare h usagarinasai
husagaru na husagarinasaru na
husagaroo husagaru daroo husagarimasyoo husagaru desyoo
husagarumai husagaranai daroo husagarimasumai husagaranai desyoo
husagareba husagarimaseba husagarimasureba
husagaranakereba husagarimaseii nara
husagatte husagarimasite
husagaranai de husagaranakule husagarimaseii de
husagatta husagarimasita
husagaranakatta husagarimaseii desita
husagattaroo husagatta daroo husagarimasitaroo husagatta desyoo
husagaranakattaroo husagaranakatta daroo husagarirpaseii desitaroo husagaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
husagattara husagarimasitara
husagaranakattara husagarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
husagattari husagarimasitari
husagaranakattari husagarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
husagarareru
Potential
husagareru
Causative
husagaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
husagaraserareru
I
n Humble
ohusagari ni naru ohusagari nasaru
I
n 113
husag.u to block up
husagi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
husagu husagimasu
husaganai husagimaseii
husage husaginasai husaide kudasai ohusagi nasaimase
husagu na husaginasaru na husaganai de kudasai ohusagi nasaimasu na
husagoo husagu daroo busagimasyoo husagu desyoo
husagumai husaganai daroo husagimasumai husaganai desyoo
husageba husagimaseba husagimasureba
husaganakereba husagimaseii nara
husaide husagimasite
husaganai de husaganakute husagimaseii de
husaida husagimasita
husaganakatta husagimaseii desita
husaidaroo husaida daroo husagimasitaroo husaida desyoo
husaganakattaroo husaganakatta daroo husagimaseii desitaroo husaganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
husaidara husagimasitara
husaganakattara husagimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
husaidari husagimasitari
husaganakattari husagimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
husagareru
Potentiol
husageru
Causative
husagaseru
Causative Pass.
114
husagaserareru
Honorific
I D
ohusagi ni naru ohusagi nasaru
Humble
I D
ohusagi suru ohusagi itasu
husagi
husag.u to be depressed AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
husagu husagimasu
husaganai husagimaseii
husage husaginasai husaide kudasai ohusagi nasaimase
husagu na husaginasaru na husaganai de kudasai ohusagi nasaimasu na
husagoo husagu daroo husagimasyoo husagu desyoo
husagumai husaganai daroo husagimasumai husaganai desyoo
husageba husagimaseba husagimasureba
husaganakereba husagimaseii nara
husaide husagimasite
husaganai de husaganakute husagimaseii de
husaida husagimasita
husaganakatta husagimaseii desita
husaidaroo husaida daroo husagimasitaroo husaida desyoo
husaganakattaroo husaganakatta daroo husagimaseii desitaroo husaganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
husaidara husagimasitara
husaganakattara husagimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
husaidari husagimasitari
husaganakattari husagimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
husagareru
Potential
husageru
Causative
husagaseru
Causative Pass.
husagaserareru
Honorific
•n
Humble
I
n
ohusagi ni naru ohusagi nasaru ohusagi suru ohusagi itasu 115
huseg.u
busegi
to prevent, to ward off
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
husegu husegimasu
huseganai husegimaseii
husege huseginasai huseide kudasai ohusegi nasaimase
husegu na huseginasaru na huseganai de kudasai ohusegi nasaimasu na
husegoo husegu daroo husegimasyoo husegu desyoo
husegumai huseganai daroo husegimasumai huseganai desyoo
husegeba husegimaseba husegimasureba
huseganakereba husegimaseii nara
huseide husegimasite
huseganai de huseganakute husegimaseii de
huseida husegimasita
huseganakatta husegimaseii desita
huseidaroo huseida daroo husegimasitaroo huseida desyoo
huseganakattaroo huseganakatta daroo husegimaseii desitaroo huseganakatta desyoo
huseidara husegimasitara
huseganakattara husegimaseii desitara
huseidari husegimasitari
huseganakattari husegimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
husegareru
Potential
husegeru
Causative
husegaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
husegaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 118
ohusegi ni naru ohusegi nasaro ohusegi suru ohusegi itasu
haseri
huser.D to lie down AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huseru huserimasu
huseranai huserimaseii
huserinasai husette kudasai ohuseri nasaimase
huseru na huserinasaru na huseranai de kudasai ohuseri nasaimasu na
huseroo huseru daroo huserimasyoo huseru desyoo
huserumai huseranai daroo huserimasumai huseranai desyoo
husereba huserimaseba huserimasureba
huseranakereba huserimaseii nara
husette huserimasite
huseranai de huseranakute huserirnaseii de
husetta huserimasita
huseranakatta huserimaseii desita
husettaroo husetta daroo huserimasitaroo husetta desyoo
huseranakattaroo huseranakatta daroo huserimaseii desitaroo huseranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
husettara huserimasitara
huseranakattara huserimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
husettari huserimasitari
huseranakattari huserimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
huserareru
Potential
husereru
Causative
huseraseru
Causative Pass.
huseraserareru
Honorific
I
Humble
I
n
ohuseri ni naru ohuseri nasaru
n 117
huse.ru
huse
to lay (something) face down
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huseru husemasu
husenai husemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
husero II husenasai III husete kudasai ohuse nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
huseyoo huseru daroo husemasyoo huseru desyoo
husemai husenai daroo husemasumai husenai desyoo
husereba husemaseba husemasureba
husenakereba husemaseii nara
husete husemasite
husenai de husenakute husemaseii de
huseta husemasita
husenakatta husemaseii desita
husetaroo huseta daroo husemasitaroo huseta desyoo
husenakattaroo husenakatta daroo husemaseii desitaroo husenakatta desyoo
husetara husemasitara
husenakattara husemaseii desitara
husetari husemasitari
husenakattari h usemaseii desi tari
II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. 'INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huseru na husenasaru na husenai de kudasai ohuse nasaimasu na
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
huserareru
Potential
huserareru
Causative
husesaseru
Causative Pass.
118
husesaserareru
Honorific
I II
ohuse ni naru ohuse nasaru
Humble
I II
ohuse suru ohuse itasu
hutor.u
hutori
to grow stout
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
hutoru hutorimasu
hutoranai hutorimaseii
hutore hutorinasai hutotte kudasai ohutori nasaimase
hutoru na hutorinasaru na hutoranai de kudasai ohutori nasaimasu na
hutoroo hutoru daroo hutorimasyoo hutoru desyoo
hutorumai hutoranai daroo hutorimasumai hutoranai desyoo
hutoreba hutorimaseba hutorimasureba
hutoranakereba hutorimaseii nara
hutotte hutorimasite
hutoranai de hutoranakute hutorimaseii de
hutotta hutorimasita
hutoranakatta hutorimaseii desita
hutottaroo hutotta daroo hutorimasitaroo hutotta desyoo
hutoranakattaroo hutoranakatta daroo hutorimaseii desitaroo hutoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
hutottara hutorimasitara
hutoranakattara hutorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
hutottari hutorimasitari
hutoranakattari hutorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
hutorareru
Potential
hutoreru
Causative
hutoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
hutoraserareru
I
n Humble
ohutori ni naru ohutori nasaru
I
n 119
huyis.u
huyasi
to increase (something)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huyasu huyasimasu
huyasanai huyasimaseii
huyase huyasinasai huyasite kudasai ohuyasi nasaimase
huyasu na huyasinasaru na huyasanai de kudasai ohuyasi nasaimasu na
huyasoo h~yasu daroo huyasimasyoo huyasu desyoo
huyasumai huyasanai daroo huyasimasumai huyasanai desyoo
huyaseba huyasimaseba huyasimasureba
huyasanakereba huyasimaseii nara
huyasite huyasimasite
huyasanai de huyasanakute huyasimaseii de
huyasita huyasimasita
huyasanakatta huyasimaseii desita
huyasitaroo huyasita daroo huyasimasitaroo huyasita desyoo
huyasanakattaroo huyasanakatta daroo huyasimaseii desitaroo huyasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
huyasitara huyasimasitara
huyasanakattara huyasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huyasitari huyasimasitari
huyasanakattari huyasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
huyasareru
Potential
huyaseru
Causative
huyasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
huyasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 120
ohuyasi ni naru ohuyasi nasaru ohuyasi suru ohuyasi itasu
huzake.ru
huzake
to jest, to act playfully AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
huzakeru huzakemasu
huzakenai huzakemaseii
huzakero huzakenasai huzakete kudasai ohuzake nasaimase
huzakeru na huzakenasaru na huzakenai de kudasai ohuzake nasaimasu na
huzakeyoo huzakeru daroo huzakemasyoo huzakeru desyoo
huzakemai huzakenai daroo huzakemasumai huzakenai desyoo
huzakereba huzakemaseba huzakemasureba
huzakenakereba huzakemaseii nara
huzakete huzakcmasite
huzakenaide huzakenakutc huzakemascii de
huzaketa huzakemasita
huzakenakatta huzakemascii desita
huzaketaroo huzaketa daroo huzakemasitaroo huzaketa desyoo
huzakenakattaroo huzakenakatta daroo huzakemaseii desitaroo huzakenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
huzaketara huzakemasitara
huzakenakattara huzakemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
huzaketari huzakemasitari
huzakenakattari huzakemaseii dcsitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
huzakerareru
Potential
huzakerareru
Causative
huzakesaseru
Causative Pass.
h uzakesaserareru
Honorific
I II
ohuzake ni naru ohuzake nasaru
Humble
I II
ohuzake suru ohuzake itasu 121
ibar.u
ibarf
to boast, to put on airs
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ibaru ibarimasu
ibaranai ibarimaseii
ibare ibarinasai ibatte kudasai oibari nasaimase
ibaru na ibarinasaru na ibaranai de kudasai oibari nasaimasu na
ibaroo ibaru daroo 'ibarimasyoo ibaru desyoo
ibarumai ibaranai daroo ibarimasumai ibaranai desyoo
ibareba ibarimaseba ibarimasureba
ibaranakereba ibarimaseii nara
ibatte ibarimasite
ibaranai de ibaranakute ibarimaseii de
ibatta ibarimasita
ibaranakatta ibarimaseii desita
ibattaroo ibatta daroo ibarimasitaroo ibatta desyoo
ibaranakattaroo ibaranakatta daroo ibarimaseii desitaroo ibaranakatta desyoo
ibattara ibarimasitara
ibaranakattara ibarimaseii desitara
ibattari ibarimasitari
ibaranakattari ibarimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
ibarareru
Potential
ibareru
Causative
ibaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ibaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 122
oibari ni naru oibari nasaru
idomi
idOlb.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
idomu idomimasu
idomanai idomimaseii
idome idominasai idoiide kudasai oidomi nasaimase
idomu na idominasaru na idomanai de kudasai oidomi nasaimasu na
idomoo idomudaroo idomimasyoo idomu desyoo
idomumai idomanai daroo idomimasumai idomanai desyoo
idomeba idomimaseba idomimasureba
idomanakereba idomimaseii nara
idoiide idomimasite
idomanai de idomanakute idomimaseii de
idoiida idomimasita
idomanakatta idomimaseii desita
idoiidaroo idoiida daroo idomimasitaroo idoiida desyoo
idomanakattaroo idomanakatta daroo idomimaseii desitaroo idomanakatta desyoo
idoiidara idomimasitara
idomanakattara idomimaseii desitara
idoiidari idomimasitari
idomanakattari idomimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to challenge, to defy
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
idomareru
Potential
idomeru
Causative
idomaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
idomaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oidomi ni naru oidomi nasaru oidomi suru oidomi itasu
123
iiaraw3s.U
iiarawasi
to express in words
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iiarawasu iiarawasimasu
iiarawasanai iiarawasimaseii
iiarawase iiarawasinasai iiarawasite kudasai oiiarawasi nasaimase
iiarawasu na iiarawasinasaru na iiarawasanai de kudasai oiiarawasi nasaimasu na
iiarawasoo iiarawasu daroo iiarawasimasyoo iiarawasu desyoo
iiarawasumai iiarawasanai daroo iiarawasimasumai iiarawasanai desyoo
iiarawaseba iiarawasimaseba iiarawasimasureba
iiarawasanakereba iiarawasimaseii nara
iiarawasite iiarawasimasite
iiarawasanai de iiarawasanakute iiarawasimaseii de
iiarawasita iiarawasimasita
iiarawasanakatta iiarawasimaseii desita
iiarawasitaroo iiarawasita daroo iiarawasimasi taroo iiarawasita desyoo
iiarawasanakattaroo iiarawasanakatta daroo iiarawasimaseii desitaroo iiarawasanakatta desyoo
iiarawasitara iiarawasimasitara
iiarawasanakattara iiarawasimaseii desitara
iiara wasi tari iiarawasimasitari
iiarawasanakattari iiarawasimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iiarawasareru
Potential
iiarawaseru
Causative
iiarawasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iiarawasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 124
oiiarawasi ni naru oiiarawasi nasaru
iiawase.ru
iiawase TRANSITIVE
to arrange beforehand
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iiawaseru iiawasemasu
iiawasenai iiawasemaseii
liawasero iiawasenasai iiawasete kudasai oiiawase nasaimase
iiawaseru na iiawasenasaru na iiawasenai de kudasai oiiawase nasaimasu na
iiawaseyoo iiawaseru daroo iiawasemasyoo iiawaseru desyoo
iiawasemai iiawasenai daroo iiawasemasumai iiawasenai desyoo
iiawasereba iiawasemaseba iiawasemasureba
iiawasenakereba iiawasemaseii nara
iiawasete iiawasemasite
iiawasenai de iiawasenakute iiawasemaseii de
iiawaseta iiawasemasita
iiawasenakatta iiawasemaseii desita
iiawasetaroo iiawaseta daroo iiawasemasitaroo iiawaseta desyoo
iiawasenakattaroo iiawasenakatta daroo iiawasemaseii desitaroo iiawasenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iiawasetara iiawasemasitara
iiawasenakattara iiawasemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iiawasetari iiawasemasitari
iiawasenakattari iiawasemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iiawaserareru
Potential
iiawaserareru
Causative
iiawasesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iiawasesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oiiawase ni naru oiiawase nasaru oiiawase suru oiiawase itasu 125
iidasi
iidas.u to start talking, to suggest
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iidasu iidasimasu
iidasanai iidasimaseii
iidase iidasinasai iidasite kudasai oiidasi nasaimase
iidasu na iidasinasaru na iidasanai de kudasai oiidasi nasaimasu na
iidasoo iidasu daroo iidasimasyoo iidasu desyoo
iidasumai iidasanai daroo iidasimasumai iidasanai desyoo
iidaseba iidasimaseba iidasimasureba
iidasanakereba iidasimaseii nara
iidasite iidasimasite
iidasanai de iidasanakute iidasimaseii de
iidasita iidasimasita
iidasanakatta iidasimaseii desita
iidasitaroo iidasita daroo iidasimasitaroo iidasita desyoo
iidasanakattaroo iidasanakatta daroo iidasimaseii desitaroo iidasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iidasitara iidasimasitara
iidasanakattara iidasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iidasitari iidasimasitari
iidasanakattari iidasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
.
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iidasareru
Potential
iidaseru
Causative
iidasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iidasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 128
oiidasi ni naru oiidasi nasaru
iihur8s.D
iihurasi TRANSITIVE
to circulate (a rumor)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iihurasu iihurasimasu
iihurasanai iihurasimaseii
iihurase iihurasinasai iihurasite kudasai oiihurasi nasaimase
iihurasu na iihurasinasaru na iihurasanai de kudasai oiihurasi nasaimasu na
iihurasoo iihurasu daroo iihurasimasyoo iihurasu desyoo
iihurasumai iihurasanai daroo iihurasimasumai iihurasanai desyoo
iihuraseba iihurasimaseba
iihurasanakereba iihurasimaseii nara
iihurasite iihurasimasite
iihurasanai de iihurasanakute iihurasimaseii de
iihurasita iihurasimasita
iihurasanakatta iihurasimaseii desita
iihurasitaroo iihurasita daroo iihurasimasitaroo iihurasita desyoo
iihurasanakattaroo iihurasanakatta daroo iihurasimaseii desitaroo iihurasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iihurasitara iihurasimasitara
iihurasanakattara iihurasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iihurasitari iihurasimasitari
iihurasanakattari iihurasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iihurasareru
Potential
iihuraseru
Causative
iihurasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iihurasaserareru
I
n Humble
oiihurasi ni naru oiihurasi nasaru
I
n 127
iikaes.u 10
iikaesi
talk back
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iikaesu iikaesimasu
iikaesanai iikaesimasefi
iikaese iikaesinasai iikaesite kudasai oiikaesi nasaimase
iikaesu na iikaesinasaru na iikaesanai de kudasai oiikaesi nasaimasu na
iikaesoo iikaesu daroo . iikaesimasyoo iikaesu desyoo iikaeseba iikaesimaseba iikaesimasureba
iikaesanakereba iikaesimasefi nara
iikaesite iikaesimasite
iikaesanai de iikaesanakute iikaesimasefi de
iikaesita iikaesimasita
iikaesanakatta iikaesimasefi desita
iikaesitaroo iikaesita daroo iikaesimasitaroo iikaesita desyoo
iikaesanakattaroo iikaesakatta daroo iikaesimasefi desitaroo iikaesanakatta desyoo
iikaesitara iikaesimasitara
iikaesanakattara iikaesimasefi desitara
iikaesitari iikaesimasitari
iikaesanakattari iikaesimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iikaesumai iikaesanai daroo iikaesimasumai iikaesanai desyoo
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iikaesareru
Potential
iikaeseru
Causative
iikaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iikaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 128
oiikaesi ni naru oiikaesi nasaru oiikaesi suru oiikaesi itasu
iinaosi
iina6s.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to rephrase, to correct oneself
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iinaosu iinaosimasu
iinaosanai iinaosimaseii
iinaose iinaosinasai iinaosite kudasai oiinaosi nasaimase
iinaosu na iinaosinasaru na iinosanai de kudasai oiinaosi nasaimasu na
iinaosoo iinaosu daroo iinaosimasyoo iinaosu desyoo
iinaosumai iinaosanai daroo iinaosimasumai iinaosanai desyoo
iinaoseba iinaosimaseba iinaosimasureba
iinaosanakereba iinaosimaseii nara
iinaosite iinaosimasite
iinaosanai de iinaosanakute iinaosimaseii de
iinaosita iinaosimasita
iinaosanakatta iinaosimaseii desita
iinaositaroo iinaosita daroo iinaosimasitaroo iinaosita desyoo
iinaosanakattaroo iinaosanakatta daroo iinaosimaseii desitaroo iinaosanakatta desyoo
iinaositara iinaosimasi tara
iinaosanakattara iinasimaseii desitara
iinaositari iinaosimasitari
iinaosanakattari iinaosimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iinaosareru
Potential
iinaoseru
Causative
iinaosaseru
Causative Pass.
iinaosaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
oiinaosi ni naru oiinaosi nasaru
129
iinuke.ru
iinuke
to give an evasive answer, to talk oneself out of difficulty AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iinukeru iinukemasu
iinukenai iinukemaseii
iinukero iinukenasai iinukete kudasai oiinuke nasaimase
iinukeru na iinukenasaru na iinukenai de kudasai oiinuke nasaimasu na
iinukeyoo iinukeru daroo i'\nukemasyoo iinukeru desyoo
iinukemai iinukenai daroo iinukemasumai iinukenai desyoo
iinukereba iinukemaseba iinukemasureba
iinukenakereba iinukemaseii nara
iinukete iinukemasite
iinukenaide iinukenakute iinukemaseii de
iinuketa iinukemasita
iinukenakatta iinukemaseii desita
iinuketaroo iinuketa daroo iinukemasitaroo iinuketa desyoo
iinukenakattaroo iinukenakatta daroo iinukemaseii desitaroo iinukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iinuketara iinukemasitara
iinukenakattara iinukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iinuketari iinukemasitari
iinukenakattari iinukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
U I U
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iinukerareru
Potential
iinukerareru
Causative
iinukesaseru
Causative Pass.
130
iinukesaserareru
Honorific
I U
Humble
I U
oiinuke ni naru oiinuke nasaru
iisugi
iisugi.ro TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Pastlnd. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to exaggerate, to say too much
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iisugiru iisugimasu
iisuginai iisugimaseii
iisugiro iisuginasai iisugite kudasai oiisugi nasaimase
iisugiru na iisuginasaru na iisuginai de kudasai oiisugi nasaimasu na
iisugiyoo iisugiru daroo iisugimasyoo iisugiru desyoo
iisugimai iisuginai daroo iisugimasumai iisuginai desyoo
iisugireba iisugimaseba iisugimasureba
iisuginakereba iisugimaseii nara
iisugite iisugimasite
iisuginai de iisuginakute iisugimaseii de
iisugita iisugimasita
iisuginakatta iisugimaseii desita
iisugitaroo iisugita daroo iisugimasitaroo iisugita desyoo
iisuginakattaroo iisuginakatta daroo iisugimaseii desitaroo iisuginakatta desyoo
iisugitara iisugimasitara
iisuginakattara iisugimaseii desitara
iisugitari iisugimasitari
iisuginakattari iisugimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iisugirareru
Potential
iisugirareru
Causative
iisugisaseru
Causative Pass.
iisugisaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
oiisugi ni naru oiisugi nasaru
131
iituke.m
iituke
to tell (a person to do something)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iitukeru iitukemasu
iitukenai iitukemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
iitukero iitukenasai HI iitukete kudasai oiituke nasaimase
n FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
iitukeru na iitukenasaru na iitukenai de kudasai oiituke nasaimasu na
iitukeyoo iitukeru daroo iitukemasyoo iitukeru desyoo
iitukemai iitukenai daroo iitukemasumai iitukenai desyoo
iitukereba iitukemaseba iitukemasureba
iitukenakereba iitukemaseii nara
iitukete iitukemasite
iitukenai de iitukenakute iitukemaseii de
iituketa iitukemasita
iitukenakatta iitukemaseii desita
iituketaroo iituketa daroo iitukemasitaroo iituketa desyoo
iitukenakattaroo iitukenakatta daroo iitukemaseii desitaroo iitukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iituketara iitukemasitara
iitukenakattara iitukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iituketari iitukemasitari
iitukenakattari iitukemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iitukerareru
Potential
iitukerareru
Causative
iitukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iitukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 132
oiituke ni naru oiituke nasaru
iitukuro.u
iitukuroi TRANSITIVE
to make excuses (for one's error)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iitukurou iitukuroirnasu
iitukurowanai iitukuroirnaseii
iitukuroe iitukuroinasai iitukurotte kudasai oiitukuroi nasairnase
iitukurou na iitukuroinasaru na iitukurowanai de kudasai oiitukuroi nasairnasu na
iitukurooo iitukurou daroo iitukuroirnasyoo iitukurou desyoo
iitukurournai iitukurowanai daroo iitukuroirnasurnai iitukurowanai daroo
iitukuroeba iitukuroirnaseba iitukuroirnasureba
iitukurowanakereba iitukuroirnaseii nara
iitukurotte iitukuroirnasite
iitukurowanai de iitukurowanakute iitukuroirnaseii de
iitukurotta iitukuroirnasita
iitukurowanakatta iitukuroirnaseii desita
iitukurottaroo iitukurotta daroo iitukuroirnasitaroo iitukurotta desyoo
iitukurowanakattaroo iitukurowanakatta daroo iitukuroirnaseii desitaroo iitukurowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iitukurottara iitukuroirnasitara
iitukurowanakattara iitukuroirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iitukurottari iitukuroirnasitari
iitukurowanakattari iitukuroirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iitukurowareru
Potential
iitukuroeru
Causative
iitukurowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iitukurowaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oiitukuroi ni naru oiitukuroi nasaru oiitukuroi suru oiitukuroi itasu 133
iituk6s.u
iitukusi
to tell everything, to exhaust (a subject)
TRANSmVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iitukusu iitukusimasu
iitukusanai iitukusimaseii
iitukuse iitukusinasai iitukusite kudasai oiitukusi nasaimase
iitukusu na iitukusinasaru na iitukusanai de kudasai oiitukusi nasaimasu na
iitukusoo iitukusu daroo iitukusimasyoo iitukusu desyoo
iitukusumai iitukusanai daroo iitukusimasumai iitukusanai desyoo
iitukuseba iitukusimaseba iitukusimasureba
iitukusanakereba iitukusimaseii nara
iitukusite iitukusimasite
iitukusanai de iitukusanakute iitukusimaseii de
iitukusita iitukusimasita
iitukusanakatta iitukusimaseii desita
iitukusitaroo iitukusita daroo iitukusimasitaroo iitukusita desyoo
iitukusanakattaroo iitukusanakatta daroo iitukusimaseii desitaroo iitukusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iitukusitara iitukusimasitara
iitukusanakattara iitukusimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iitukusitari iitukusimasitari
iitukusanakattari iitukusimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL.
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iitukusareru
Potential
iitukuseru
Causative
iitukusaseru iitukusaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 134
oiitukusi ni naru oiitukusi nasaru
iiyori
iiyor.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to court, to make advances to
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iiyoru iiyorimasu
iiyoranai iiyorimaseii
iiyore iiyorinasai iiyotte kudasai oiiyori nasaimase
iiyoru na iiyorinasaru na iiyoranai de kudasai oiiyori nasaimasu na
iiyoroo iiyoru daroo iiyorimasyoo iiyoru desyoo
iiyorumai iiyoranai daroo iiyorimasumai iiyoranai desyoo
iiyoreba iiyorimaseba iiyorimasureba
iiyoranakereba iiyorimaseii nara
iiyotte iiyorimasite
iiyoranai de iiyoranakute iiyorimaseii de
iiyotta iiyorimasita
iiyoranakatta iiyorimaseii desita
iiyottaroo iiyotta daroo iiyorimasitaroo iiyotta desyoo
iiyoranakattaroo iiyoranakatta daroo iiyorimaseii desitaroo iiyoranakatta desyoo
iiyottara iiyorimasitara
iiyoranakattara iiyorimaseii desitara
iiyottari iiyorimasitari
iiyoranakattari iiyorimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iiyorareru
Potential
iiyoreru
Causative
iiyoraseru
Causative Pass.
iiyoraserareru
Honorific
I D
oiiyori ni naru oiiyori nasaru
Humble
I D
oiiyori suru oiiyori itasu
136
iki.ru
iki
to be alive AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ikiru ikimasu
ikinai ikimaseii
ikiro ikinasai ikite kudasai oiki nasaimase
ikiru na ikinasaru na ikinai de kudasai oiki nasaimasu na
ikiyoo ikiru daroo ikimasyoo ikiru desyoo
ikimai ikinai daroo ikimasumai ikinai desyoo
ikireba ikimaseba ikimasureba
ikinakereba ikimaseii nara
ikite ikimasite
ikinai de ikinakute ikimaseii de
ikita ikimasita
ikinakatta ikimaseii desita
ikitaroo ikita daroo ikimasitaroo ikita desyoo
ikinakattaroo ikinakatta daroo ikimaseii desitaroo ikinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ikitara ikimasitara
ikinakattara ikimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ikitari ikimasi tari
ikinakattari ikimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D
FORMAL D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ikirareru
Potential
ikirareru
Causative
ikisaseru
Causative Pass.
138
ikisaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I II
oiki ni naru oiki nasaru
ik.u
iki
to go AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iku ikimasu
ikanai ikimaseii
ike ikinasai itte kudasai oide nasaimase
iku na ikinasaru na ikanai de kudasai oide nasaimasu na
ikoo iku daroo ikimasyoo iku desyoo
ikumai ikanai daroo ikimasumai ikanai desyoo
ikeba ikimaseba ikimasureba
ikanakereba ikimaseii nara
itte ikimasite
ikanai de ikanakute ikimaseii de
itta ikimasita
ikanakatta ikimaseii desita
ittaroo itta daroo ikimasitaroo itta desyoo
ikanakattaroo ikanakatta daroo ikimaseii desitaroo ikanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ittara ikimasitara
ikanakattara ikimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ittari ikimasi tari
ikanakattari ikimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ikareru
Potential
ikareru
Causative
ikaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ikeru
ikaserareru
irassyaru
{ oide ni naru (I) oide nasaru (II)
Humble mairu 137
imasime.ro
imasime
to admonish, to caution
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
imasimeru imasimemasu
imasimenai imasimemaseii
imasill\ero imasimenasai imasimete kudasai oimasime nasaimase
imasimeru na imasimenasaru na imasimenai de kudasai oimasime nasaimasu na
imasimeyoo imasimeru daroo imasimemasyoo imasimeru desyoo
imasimenai imasimenai daroo imasimemasumai imasimenai desyoo
imasimereba imasimemaseba imasimemasureba
imasimenakereba imasimemaseii nara
imasimete imasimemasite
imasimenai de imasimenakute imasimemaseii de
imasimeta imasimemasita
imasimenakatta imasimemaseii desita
imasimetaroo imasimeta daroo imasimemasjtaroo imasimeta desyoo
imasimenakattaroo imasimenakatta daroo imasimemaseii desitaroo imasimenakatta desyoo
imasimetara imasimemasitara
imasimenakattara imasimemaseii desitara
imasimetari imasimemasitari
imasimenakattari imasimemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
imasimerareru
Potential
imasimerareru
Causative
imasimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
imasimesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 138
oimasime ni naru oimasime nasaru oimasime suru oimasime itasu
inor.u
Ioori
to pray, to wish for
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
inoru inorimasu
inoranai inorimaseii
inore inorinasai inotte kudasai oinori nasaimase
inoru na inorinasaru na inoranai de kudasai oinori nasairnasu na
inoroo inoru daroo inorimasyoo inoru desyoo
inorumai inoranai daroo inorimasumai inoranai desyoo
inoreba. inorimaseba inorimasureba
inoranakereba inorimaseii nara
inotte inorimasite
inoranai de inoranakute inorimaseii de
inotta inorimasita
inoranakatta inorirnaseii desita
inottaroo inotta daroo inorimasitaroo inotta desyoo
inoranakattaroo inoranakatta daroo inorimaseii desitaroo inoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
inottara inorimasitara
inoranakattara inorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
inottari inorimasitari
inoranakattari inorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
inorareru
Potential
inoreru
Causative
inoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
inoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 140
oinori ni naru oinori nasaru oinori suru oinori itasu
inaor.o
inaori
to assume a threatening attitude AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
inaoru inaorimasu
inaoranai inaorimaseii
inaore inaorinasai inaotte kudasai oinaori nasaimase
inaoru na inaorinasaru na inaoranai de kudasai oinaori nasaimasu na
inaoroo inaoru darpa inaorimasyoo inaoru desyoo
inaorumai inaoranai darpa inaorimasumai inaoranai desyoo
inaoreba inaorimaseba inaorimasureba
inaoranakereba inaorimaseii nara
inaotte inaorimasite
inaoranai de inaoranakute inaorimaseii de
inaotta inaorimasita
inaoranakatta inaorimaseii desita
inaottaroo inaotta daroo inaorimasitaroo inaotta desyoo
inaoranakattaroo inaoranakatta darpa inaorimaseii desitaroo inaoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
inaottara inaorimasitara
inaoranakattara inaorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
inaottari inaorimasitari
inaoranakattari inaorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFO\tMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
inaorareru
Potential
inaoreru
Causative
inaoraseru
Causative Pass.
inaoraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
oinaori ni naru oinaori nasaru
139
irassyai
irassyilr.u to come, to go, to exist (animate honorific) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
irassyaru irassyaimasu
irassyaranai irassyaimaseii
irassyai
irassyaru na
irassyatte kudasai irassyaimase
irassyaranai de kudasai irassyaimasu na
irassyaroo irassyaru daroo irassyaimasyoo irassyaru desyoo
irassyarumai irassyaranai daroo irassyaimasumai irassyaranai desyoo
irassyareba irassyaimaseba irassyaimasureba
irassyaranakereba irassyaimaseii nara
irassyatteirassyaimasite
irassyaranai de irassyaranakute irassyaimaseii de
irassyatta irassyaimasita
irassyaranakatta irassyaimaseii desita
irassyattarooirassyatta daroo irassyaimasitaroo irassyatta desyoo
irassyaranakattaroo irassyaranakatta daroo irassyaimaseii desitaroo irassyaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
irassyattara irassyaimasitara
irassyaranakattara irassyaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
irassyattari irassyaimasitari
irassyaranakattari irassyaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n ·Shorter fonns: Irasile, irasila, irasitaroo, irasitara, and irasitari also occur in the same environments as the longer fonns given above. 141
ire
ire.ru to insert
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL
I
IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ireru iremasu
irenai iremaseii
irero irenasai irete kudasai oire nasaimase
ireru na irenasaru na irenai de kudasai oire nasaimasu na
ireyoo ireru daroo iremasyoo iteru desyoo
iremai irenai daroo iremasumai irenai desyoo
irereba iremaseba iremasureba
irenakereba iremaseii nara
irete iremasite
irenai de irenakute iremaseii de
ireta iremasita
irenakatta iremaseii desita
iretaroo ireta daroo iremasitaroo ireta desyoo
irenakattaroo irenakatta daroo iremaseii desitaroo irenakatta desyoo
iretara iremasitara
irenakattara iremaseii desitara
iretari iremasitari
irenakattari iremaseii desi tari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
irerareru
Potential
irerareru
Causative
iresaseru
Causative Pass.
142
iresaserareru
Honorific
I IT
oire ni naru oire Dasaru
Humble
I IT
oire suru oire itasu
i.ru to exist (of animate subjects) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iru imasu
inai imaseii
iro inasai ite kudasai oide nasaimase
iru na inasaru na inai de kudasai oide nasaimasu na
iyoo iru daroo imasyoo iru desyoo
imai inai daroo imasumai inai desyoo
ireba imaseba imasureba
inakereba imaseii nara
ite imasite
inai de inakute imaseii de
ita imasita
inakatta imaseii desita
itaroo ita daroo imasitaroo ita desyoo
inakattaroo inakatta daroo imaseii desitaroo inakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
itara imasitara
inakattara imaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
itari imasitari
inakattari imaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
irareru
Potential
irareru
Causative
isaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
isaserareru
irassyaru
oide ni naru
oru 143
ir.u
iri
to be necessary AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iru irimasu
iranai irimaseii
iroo iru daroo irimasyoo iru desyoo
irumai iranai daroo irimasumai iranai desyoo
ireba irimaseba irimasureba
iranakereba irimaseii nara
itte irimasite
iranai de iranakute irimaseii de
itta irimasita
iranakatta irimaseii desita
ittaroo itta daroo irimasitaroo itta desyoo
iranakattaroo iranakatta daroo irimaseii desitaroo iranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ittara irimasitara
iranakattara irimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ittari irimasitari
iranakattari irimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 144
isOg.u
isogi TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
isogu isogimasu
isoganai isogimaseii
isoge isoginasai isoide kudasai oisogi nasaimase
isogu na isoginasaru na isoganai de kudasai oisogi nasaimasu na
isogoo isogu daroo isogimasyoo isogu desyoo
isogumai isoganai daroo isogimasumai isoganai desyoo
isogeba isogimaseba isogimasureba
isoganakereba isogimaseii nara
isoide isogimasite
isoganai de isoganakute isogimaseii de
isoida isogimasita
isoganakatta isogimaseii desita
isoidaroo isoida daroo isogimasitaroo isoida desyoo
isoganakattaroo isoganakatta daroo isogimaseii desitaroo isoganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
isoidara isogimasitara
isoganakattara isogimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
isoidari isogimasitari
isoganakattari isogimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to hurry
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
isogareru
Potential
isogeru
Causative
isogaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
isogaserareru
I
n Humble
oisogi ni naru oisogi nasaru
I
n 145
itadak.u 10
itadaki
receive, to take food or drink (humble)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
itadaku itadakimasu
itadakanai itadakimaseii
itadakoo itadaku daroo itadakimasyoo i'tadaku desyoo
itadakumai itadakanai daroo itadakimasumai itadakanai desyoo
itadakeba itadakimaseba itadakimasureba
itadakanakereba itadakimaseii nara
itadaite itadakimasite
itadakanai de itadakanakute itadakimaseii de
itadaita itadakimasita
itadakanakatta itadakimaseii desita
itadaitaroo itadaita daroo itadakimasi taroo itadaita desyoo
itadakanakattaroo itadakanakatta daroo itadakimaseii desitaroo itadakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
itadaitara itadakimasitara
itadakanakattara itadakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
itadaitari itadakimasitari
itadakanakattari itadakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II III
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
itadakeru
Causative
itadakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
itadakaserareru
I II
Humble II 148
itami
itam.u to become hurt, spoiled, or damaged
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
itamu itamimasu
itamanai itamimaseii
itamoo itamu daroo itamimasyoo itamu desyoo
itamumai itamanai daroo itamimasumai itamanai desyoo
itameba itamimaseba itamimasureba
itamanakereba itamimaseii nara
itaiide itamimasite
itamanai de itamanakute itamimaseii de
itaiida itamimasita
itamanakatta itamimaseii desita
itaiidaroo itaiida daroo itamimasitaroo itaiida desyoo
itamanakattaroo itamanakatta daroo itamimaseii desitaroo itamanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
itaiidara itamimasitara
itamanakattara itamimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
itaiidari itamimasitari
itamanakattari itamimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
itamareru
Potential
itameru
Causative
itamaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
itamaserareru
I
n Humble
oitami ni naru oitami nasaru
I
n 147
itas.u
itasi
to do (humble)
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
itasu itasimasu
itasanai itasimaseii
itase
itasu na
itasoo itasu daroo itasimasyoo itasu desyoo
itasumai itasanai daroo itasimasumai itasanai desyoo
itaseba itasimaseba itasimasureba
itasanakereba itasimaseii nara
itasite itasimasite
itasanai de itasanakute itasimaseii de
itasita itasimasita
itasanakatta itasimaseii desita
itasitaroo itasita daroo itasimasitaroo itasita desyoo
itasanakattaroo itasanakatta daroo itasimaseii desitaroo itasanakatta desyoo
itasitara itasimasitara
itasanakattara itasimaseii desitara
itasitari itasimasitari
itasanakattari itasimaseii desitari
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 148
ituwari
ituwar.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ituwaru ituwarimasu
ituwaranai ituwarimaseii
ituware ituwarinasai ituwatle kudasai oituwari nasaimase
iluwaru na iluwarinasaru na iluwaranai de kudasai oiluwari nasaimasu na
ituwaroo ituwaru daroo ituwarimasyoo ituwaru desyoo
iluwarumai ituwaranai daroo ituwarimasumai iluwaranai desyoo
ituwareba ituwarimaseba ituwarimasureba
ituwaranakereba ituwarimaseii nara
ituwatle ituwarimasi te
iluwaranai de iluwaranakute iluwarimaseii de
ituwatta ituwarimasita
iluwaranakatla iluwarimaseii desita
ituwattaroo ituwatta daroo ituwarimasitaroo ituwatta desyoo
ituwaranakatlaroo ituwaranakatla daroo iluwarimaseii desitaroo ituwaranakatla desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ituwattara ituwarimasitara
ituwaranakattara iluwarimaseii desilara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ituwatlari ituwarimasitari
ituwaranakatlari iluwarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to lie, to deceive
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ituwarareru
Potential
ituwareru
Causative
ituwaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ituwaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oituwari ni naru oituwari nasaru oituwari suru oituwari itasu 149
ii
i.u to say, to tell
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iu iimasu
iwanai iimaseii
ie iinasai itte kudasai ossyaimase
iu na iinasaru na iwanai de kudasai ossyaimasu na
ioo iu daroo i1masyoo iu desyoo
iumai iwanai daroo iimasumai iwanai desyoo
ieba iimaseba iimasureba
iwanakereba iimaseii nara
itte iimasite
iwanai de iwanakute iimaseii de
itta iimasita
iwanakatta iimaseii desita
ittaroo itta daroo iimasitaroo itta desyoo
iwanakattaroo iwanakatta daroo iimaseii desitaroo iwanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ittara iimasitara
iwanakattara iimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ittari iimasitari
iwanakattari iimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
ieru
Causative
iwaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 160
iwareru
iwaserareru
ossyaru
moosu
iwai
iWa.D TRANSITIVE
to celebrate, to congratulate
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iwau iwaimasu
iwawanai iwaimaseii
iwae iwainasai iwatte kudasai oiwai nasaimase
iwau na iwainasaru na iwawanai de kudasai oiwai nasaimasu na
iwaoo iwau daroo iwaimasyoo iwau desyoo
iwaumai iwawanai daroo iwaimasumai iwawanai desyoo
iwaeba iwaimaseba iwaimasureba
iwawanakereba iwaimaseii nara
iwatte iwaimasite
iwawanai de iwawanakute iwaimaseii de
iwatta iwaimasita
iwawanakatta iwaimaseii desita
iwattaroo iwatta daroo iwaimasitaroo iwatta desyoo
iwawanakattaroo iwawanakatta daroo iwaimaseii desitaroo iwawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
iwattara iwaimasitara
iwawanakattara iwaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iwattari iwaimasitari
iwawanakattari iwaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
iwawareru
Potential
iwaeru
Causative
iwawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iwawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oiwai ni naru oiwai nasaru oiwai suru oiwai itasu 151
iyagar.u
iyagari
to dislike, to hate
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iyagaru iyagarimasu
iyagaranai iyagarimaseii
iyagare iyagarinasai iyagatte kudasai oiyagari nasaimase
iyagaru na iyagarinasaru na iyagaranai de kudasai oiyagari nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
iyagaroo iyagaru daroo I ' iyagarimasyoo II iyagaru desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
iyagareba iyagarimaseba iyagarimasureba
iyagaranakereba iyagarimaseii nara
iyagatte iyagarimasite
iyagaranai de iyagaranakute iyagarimaseii de
iyagatta iyagarimasita
iyagaranakatta iyagarimaseii desita
iyagattaroo iyagatta daroo iyagarimasitaroo iyagatta desyoo
iyagaranakattaroo iyagaranakatta daroo iyagarimaseii desitaroo iyagaranakatta desyoo
iyagattara iyagarimasitara
iyagaranakattara iyagarimaseii desitara
iyagattari iyagarimasitari
iyagaranakattari iyagarimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
iyagarumai iyagaranai daroo iyagarimasumai iyagaranai desyoo
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
iyagarareru
Potential Causative
iyagaraseru
Causative Pass.
152
iyagaraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
oiyagari ni naru oiyagari nasaru
iyasimi
iyasim.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iyasimu iyasimimasu
iyasimanai iyasimimaseii
iyasime iyasiminasai iyasiiide kudasai oiyasimi nasaimase
iyasimu na iyasiminasaru na iyasimanai de kudasai oiyasimi nasaimasu na
iyasimoo iyasimu daroo iyasimimasyoo iyasimu desyoo
iyasimumai iyasimanai daroo iyasimimasumai iyasimanai desyoo
iyasimeba iyasimimaseba iyasimimasureba
iyasimanakereba iyasimimaseii nara
iyasiiide iyasimimasite
iyasimanai de iyasimanakute iyasimimaseii de
iyasiiida iyasimimasita
iyasimanakatta iyasimimaseii desita
iy~siiidaroo
iyasiiida daroo iyasimimasitaroo iyasiiida desyoo
iyasimanakattaroo iyasimanakatta daroo iyasimimaseii desitaroo iyasimanakatta desyoo
iyasiiidara iyasimimasitara
iyasimanakattara iyasimimaseii desitara
iyasiiidari iyasimimasitari
iyasimanakattari iyasimimaseii desitari
II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to despise, to hold in contempt
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
iyasimareru
Passive Potential
iyasimeru
Causative
iyasimaseru iyasimaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I II
oiyasimi ni naru oiyasimi nasaru
Humble
I II
oiyasimi suru oiyasimi itasu 163
izime
izime.ru to bully, to torment
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
izimeru izimemasu
izimenai izimemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
izimero izimenasai III izimete kudasai oizime nasaimase
n
FORMAL
izimeru na izimenasaru na izimenai de kudasai oizime nasaimasu na
izimeyoo izimeru daroo izimemasyoo izimeru desyoo
izimemai izimenai daroo izimemasumai izimenai desyoo
izimereba izimemaseba izimemasureba
izimenakereba izimemaseii nara
izimete izimemasite
izimenai de izimenakute izimemaseii de
izimeta izimemasita
izimenakatta izimemaseii desita
izimetaroo izimeta daroo izimemasitaroo izimeta desyoo
izimenakattaroo izimenakatta daroo izimemaseii desitaroo izimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
izimetara izimemasitara
izimenakattara izimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
izimetari izimemasitari
izimenakattari izimemaseii desitari
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
izimerareru
Potential
izimerareru
Causative
izimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
izimesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 154
oizime ni naru oizime nasaru oizime suru oizime itasu
iziri
izir.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
iziru izil;masu
iziranai izirimaseii
izire izirinasai izitte kudasai oiziri nasaimase
iziru na izirinasaru na iziranai de kudasai oiziri nasaimasu na
iziroo iziru daroo izirimasyoo iziru desyoo
izirumai iziranai daroo izirimasumai iziranai desyoo
izireba izirimaseba izirimasureba
iziranakereba izirimaseii nara
izitte izirimasite
iziranai de iziranakute izirimaseii de
izitta izirimasi ta
iziranakatta izirimaseii desita
izittaroo izitta daroo izirimasitaroo izitta desyoo
iziranakattaroo iziranakatta daroo izirimaseii desitaroo iziranakatta desyoo
izittara izirimasi tara
iziranakattara izirimaseii desitara
izittari izirimasitari
iziranakattari izirimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to touch, to fool with
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
izirareru
Potential
izireru
Causative
iziraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
iziraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oiziri ni naru oiziri nasaru oiziri suru oiziri itasu
166
kabai
kaba.u to protect, to take a person under one's wing
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kabau kabaimasu
kabawanai kabaimaseii
kabae kabainasai kabatte kudasai okabai nasaimase
kabau na kabainasaru na kabawanai de kudasai okabai nasaimasu na
kabaoo kabau daroo kabaimasyoo kabau desyoo
kabaumai kabawanai daroo kabaimasumai kabawanai desyoo
kabaeba kabaimaseba kabaimasureba
kabawanakereba kabaimaseii nara
kabatte kabaimasite
kabawanai de kabawanakute kabaimaseii de
kabatta kabaimasita
kabawanakatta kabaimaseii desita
kabattaroo kabatta daroo kabaimasitaroo kabatta desyoo
kabawanakattaroo kabawanakatta daroo kabaimaseii desitaroo kabawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kabattara kabaimasitara
kabawanakattara kabaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kabattari kabaimasitari
kabawanakattari kabaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kabawareru
Potential
kabaeru
Causative
kabawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kabawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 156
okabai ni naru okabai nasaru okabai suru okabai itasu
kabu...u
kaburi TRANSITIVE
to wear on one's head
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaburu kaburimasu
kaburanai kaburimaseii
kabure kaburinasai kabutte kudasai okaburi nasaimase
kaburu na kaburinasaru na kaburanai de kudasai okaburi nasaimasu na
kaburoo kaburu daroo kaburimasyoo kaburu desyoo
kaburumai kaburanai daroo kaburimasumai kaburanai desyoo
kabureba kaburimaseba kaburimasureba
kaburanakereba kaburimaseii nara
kabutte kaburimasite
kaburanai de kaburanakute kaburimaseii de
kabutta kaburimasita
kaburanakatta kaburimaseii desita
kabuttaroo kabutta daroo kaburimasitaroo kabutta desyoo
kaburanakattaroo kaburanakatta daroo kaburimaseii desitaroo kaburanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kabuttara kaburimasitara
kaburanalcattara kaburimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kabuttari kaburimasitari
kaburanakattari kaburimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kaburareru
Potential
kabureru
Causative
kaburaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kaburaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okaburi ni naru okaburi nasaru okaburi suru olcaburi itasu 157
kae.ru to change
kae TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaeru kaemasu
kaenai kaemaseii
kaero kaenasai kaete kudasai okae nasaimase
kaeru na kaenasaru na kaenai de kudasai okae nasaimasu na
kaeyoo kaeru daroo kaemasyoo kaeru desyoo
kaemai kaenai daroo kllemasumai kaenai desyoo
kaereba kaemaseba kaemasureba
kaenakereba kaemaseii nara
kaete kaemasite
kaenai de kaenakute kaemaseii de
kaeta kaemasita
kaenakatta kaemaseii desita
kaetaroo kaeta daroo kaemasitaroo kaeta desyoo
kaenakattaroo kaenakatta daroo kaemaseii desitaroo kaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaetara kaemasitara
kaenakattara kaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaetari kaemasitari
kaenakattari kaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n ProvisIonal INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kaerareru
Potential
kaerareru
Causative
kaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kaesaserareru
I U
okae ni naru okae nasaru
I
okae suru okaeitasu
n 158
kaeri
kier.u to return (to a place)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaeru kaerimasu
kaeranai kaerimaseii
kaere kaerinasai kaette kudasai okaeri nasaimase
kaeru na kaerinasaru na kaeranai de kudasai okaeri nasaimasu na
kaeroo kaeru daroo kaerimasyoo kaeru desyoo
kaerumai kaeranai daroo kaerimasumai kaeranai desyoo
kaereba kaerimaseba kaerimasureba
kaeranakereba kaerimaseii nara
kaette kaerimasite
kaeranai de kaeranakute kaerimaseii de
kaetta kaerimasita
kaeranakatta kaerimaseii desi ta
kaettaroo kaetta daroo kaerimasitaroo kaetta desyoo
kaeranakattaroo kaeranakatta daroo kaerimaseii desitaroo kaeranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaettara kaerimasitara
kaeranakattara kaerimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaettari kaerimasitari
kaeranakattari kaerimaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kaerareru
Potential
kaereru
Causative
kaeraseru
Causative Pass.
kaeraserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
okaeri ni naru okaeri nasaru
168
kaesi
kaes.u to return (something to someone)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
P.resumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaesu kaesimasu
kaesanai kaesimaseii
kaese kaesinasai kaesite kudasai okaesi nasaimase
kaesu na kaesinasaru na kaesanai de kudasai okaesi nasaimasu na
kaesoo kaesu daroo kaesimasyoo kaesu desyoo
kaesumai kaesanai daroo kaesimasumai kaesanai desyoo
kaeseba kaesimaseba kaesimasureba
kaesanakereba kaesimaseii nara
kaesite kaesimasite
kaesanai de kaesanakute kaesimaseii de
kaesita kaesimasita
kaesanakatta kaesimaseii desita
kaesitaroo kaesita daroo kaesimasitaroo kaesita desyoo
kaesanakattaroo kaesanakatta daroo kaesimaseii desitaroo kaesanakatta desyoo
kaesitara kaesimasitara
kaesanakattara kaesimaseii desitara
kaesitari kaesimasitari
kaesanakattari kaesimaseii desitari
II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kaesareru
Potential
kaeseru
Causative
kaesaseru
Causative Pass.
180
kaesaserareru
Honorific
I II
okaesi ni naru okaesi nasaru
Humble
I II
okaesi suru okaesi itasu
kagayald
kagayik.u to shine, to sparkle
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kagayaku kagayakimasu
kagayakanai kagayakimaseii
kagayake kagayakinasai kagayaite kudasai okagayaki nasaimase
kagayaku na kagayakinasaru na kagayakanai de kudasai okagayaki nasaimasu na
kagayakoo kagayaku daroo kagayakimasyoo kagayaku desyoo
kagayakumai kagayakanaidaroo kagayakimasumai kagayakanai desyoo
kagayakeba kagayakimaseba kagayakimasureba
kagayakanakereba kagayakimaseii nara
kagayaite kagayakimasite
kagayakanai de kagayakanakute kagayakimaseii de
kagayaita kagayakimasita
kagayakanakatta kagayakimaseii desita
kagayaitaroo kagayaita daroo kagayakimasitaroo kagayaita desyoo
kagayakanakattaroo kagayakanakatta daroo kagayakimaseii desitaroo kagayakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kagayaitara kagayakimasitara
kagayakanakattara kagayakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kagayaitari kagayakimasitari
kagayakanakattari kagayakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kagayakareru
Potential
kagayakeru
Causative
kagayakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kagayakaserareru
I
n Humble
okagayaki ni naru okagayaki nasaru
I
n 181
kagiri
kagir.u to limit, to restrict
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kagiru kagirimasu
kagiranai kagirimaseii
kagire kagirinasai kagitte kudasai okagiri nasaimase
kagiru na kagirinasaru na kagiranai de kudasai okagiri nasaimasu na
kagiroo kagiru daroo kagirimasyoo kagiru desyoo
kagirumai kagiranai daroo kagirimasumai kagiranai desyoo
kagireba kagirimaseba kagirimasureba
kagiranakereba kagirimaseii nara
kagitte kagirimasite
kagiranai de kagiranakute kagirimaseii de
kagitta kagirimasita
kagiranakatta kagirimaseii desita
kagittaroo kagitta daroo kagirimasitaroo kagitta desyoo
kagiranakattaroo kagiranakatta daroo kagirimaseii desitaroo kagiranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kagittara kagirimasitara
kagiranakattara kagirimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kagittari kagirimasitari
kagiranakattari kagirimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kagirareru
Potential
kagireru
Causative
kagiraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kagiraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 182
okagiri ni naru okagiri nasaru okagiri suru okagiri itasu
kakae
kakae.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFlRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakaeru kakaemasu
kakaenai kakaemaseii
kakaero kakaenasai kakaete kudasai okakae nasaimase
kakaeru na kakaenasaru na kakaenai de kudasai okakae nasaimasu na
kakaeyoo kakaeru daroo kakaemasyoo kakaeru desyoo
kakaemai kakaenai daroo kakaemasumai kakaenai desyoo
kakaereba kakaemaseba kakaemasureba
kakaenakereba kakaemaseii nara
kakaete kakaemasite
kakaenai de kakaenakute kakaemaseii de
kakaeta kakaemasita
kakaenakatta kakaemaseii desita
kakaetaroo kakaeta daroo kakaemasitaroo kakaeta desyoo
kakaenakattaroo kakaenakatta daroo kakaemaseii desitaroo kakaenakatta desyoo
kakaetara kakaemasitara
kakaenakattara kakaemaseii desitara
kakaetari kakaemasitari
kakaenakattari kakaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to hold in one's arms, to employ
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kakaerareru
Potential
kakaerareru
Causative
kakaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okakae ni naru okakae nasaru okakae suru okakae itasu
183
kakage.ru
kakage
to hoist (a flag), to publish
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakageru kakagemasu
kakagenai kakagemaseii
kakagero kakagenasai kakagete kudasai okakage nasaimase
kakageru na kakagenasaru na kakagenai de kudasai okakage nasaimasu na
kakageyoo kakageru daroo kakagemasyoo kakageru desyoo
kakagemai kakagenai daroo kakagemasumai kakagenai desyoo
kakagereba kakagemaseba kakagemasureba
kakagenakereba kakagemaseii nara
kakagete kakagemasite
kakagenai de kakagenakute kakagemaseii de
kakageta kakagemasita
kakagenakatta kakagemaseii desita
kakagetaroo kakageta daroo kakagemasitaroo kakageta desyoo
kakagenakattaroo kakagenakatta daroo kakagemaseii desitaroo kakagenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kakagetara kakagemasitara
kakagenakattara kakagemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kakagetari kakagemasitari
kakagenakattari kakagemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kakagerareru
Potential
kakagerareru
Causative
kakagesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakagesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 184
okakage ni naru okakage nasaru okakage suru okakage itasu
kakari
kakar.u to begin, to be hanging (from), to require (time, money etc.) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakaru kakarimasu
kakaranai kakarimaseii
kakare kakarinasai kakatte kudasai okakari nasaimase
kakaru na kakarinasaru na kakaranai de kudasai okakari nasaimasu na
kakaroo kakaru daroo kakarimasyoo kakaru desyoo
kakarumai kakaranai daroo kakarimasumai kakaranai desyoo
kakareba kakarimaseba kakarimasureba
kakaranakereba kakarimaseii nara
kakatte kakarimasite
kakaranai de kakaranakute kakarimaseii de
kakatta kakarimasita
kakaranakatta kakarimaseii desita
kakattaroo kakatta daroo kakarimasitaroo kakatta desyoo
kakaranakattaroo kakaranakatta daroo kakarimaseii desitaroo kakaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kakattara kakarimasitara
kakaranakattara kakarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kakattari kakarimasitari
kakaranakattari kakarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakarareru
Potential
kakareru
Causative
kakaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okakari ni naru okakari nasaro okakari suru okakariitasu 1116
kakawar.u
kakawari
to affect, to concern
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakawaru kakawarimasu
kakawaranai kakawarimaseii
kakaware kakawarinasai kakawatte kudasai okakawari nasaimase
kakawaru na kakawarinasaru na kakawaranai de kudasai okakawari nasaimasu na
kakawaroo kakawaru daroo kakawarimasyoo kakawaru desyoo
kakawarumai kakawaranai daroo kakawarimasumai kakawaranai desyoo
kakawareba kakawarimaseba kakawarimasureba
kakawaranakereba kakawarimaseii nara
kakawatte kakawarimasite
kakawaranai de kakawaranakute kakawarimaseii de
kakawatta kakawarimasita
kakawaranakatta kakawarimaseii desita
kakawattaroo kakawatta daroo kakawarimasitaroo kakawatta desyoo
kakawaranakattaroo kakawaranakatta daroo kakawarimaseii desitaroo kakawaranakatta desyoo
kakawattara kakawarimasitara
kakawaranakattara kakawarimaseii desitara
kakawattari kakawarimasitari
kakawaranakattari kakawarimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
PassIVe
kakawarareru
Potential
kakawareru
Causative
kakawaraseru
Causative Pass.
1M
kakawaraserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
okakawari ni naru okakawari nasaru
kake
kake.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakeru kakemasu
kakenai kakemaseii
kakero kakenasai kakete kudasai okake nasaimase
kakeru na kakenasaru na kakenai de kudasai okake nasaimasu na
kakeyoo kakeru daroo kakemasyoo kakeru desyoo
kakemai kakenai daroo kakemasumai kakenai desyoo
kakereba kakemaseba kakemasureba
kakenakereba kakemaseii nara
kakete kakemasite
kakenai de kakenakute kakemaseii de
kaketa kakemasita
kakenakatta kakemaseii desita
kaketaroo kaketa daroo kakemasitaroo kaketa desyoo
kakenakattaroo kakenakatta daroo kakemaseii desitaroo kakenakatta desyoo
kaketara kakemasitara
kakenakattara kakemaseii desitara
kaketari kakemasitari
kakenakattari kakemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to hang up
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kakerareru
Potential
kakerareru
Causative
kakesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okake ni naru okake nasaru okakesuru okake itasu 187
kake
kake.ru to wager, to risk
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakeru kakemasu
kakenai kakemaseii
kakero kakenasai kakete kudasai okake nasaimase
kakeru na kakenasaru na kakenai de kudasai okake nasaimasu na
kakeyoo kakeru daroo kakemasyoo kakeru desyoo
kakemai kakenai daroo kakemasumai kakenai desyoo
kakereba kakemaseba kakemasureba
kakenakereba kakemaseii nara
kakete kakemasite
kakenai de kakenakute kakemaseii de
kaketa kakemasita
kakenakatta kakemaseii desita
kaketaroo kaketa daroo kakemasitaroo kaketa desyoo
kakenakattaroo kakenakatta daroo kakemaseii desitaroo kakenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaketara kakemasitara
kakenakattara kakemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaketari kakemasitari
kakenakattari kakemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakerareru
Potential
kakerareru
Causative
kakesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 168
okake ni naru okake nasaru okake suru okake itasu
kakomi
kakom.D TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to ene/ose, to surround
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakomu kakomimasu
kakomanai kakomimaseii
kakome kakominasai kakoiide kudasai okakomi nasaimase
kakomu na kakominasaru na kakomanai de kudasai okakomi nasaimasu na
kakomoo kakomu daroo kakomimasyoo kakomu desyoo
kakomumai kakomanai daroo kakomimasumai kakomanai desyoo
kakomeba kakomimaseba kakomimasureba
kakomanakereba kakomimaseii nara
kakoiide kakomimasite
kakomanai de kakomanakute kakomimaseii de
kakoiida kakomimasita
kakomanakatta kakomimaseii desita
kakoiidaroo kakoMa daroo kakomimasitaroo kakoiida desyoo
kakomanakattaroo kakomanakatta daroo kakomimaseii desitaroo kakomanakatta desyoo
kakoiidara kakomimasitara
kakomanakattara kakomimaseii desitara
kakoiidari kakomimasitari
kakomanakattari kakomimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kakomareru
Potential
kakomeru
Causative
kakomaseru
Causative Pass.
kakomaserareru
Honorific
I D
okakomi ni naru okakomi nasaru
Humble
I D
okakomi suru okakomi itasu 189
kik.u
kaki
to write
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaku kakimasu
kakanai kakimaseii
kake kakinasai kaite kudasai okaki nasaimase
kaku na kakinasaru na kakanai de kudasai okaki nasaimasu na
kakoo kaku daroo kakimasyoo kaku desyoo
kakumai kakanai daroo kakimasumai kakanai desyoo
kakeba kakimaseba kakimasureba
kakanakereba kakimaseii nara
kaite kakimasite
kakanaide kakanakute kakimaseii de
kaita kakimasita
kakanakatta kakimaseii desita
kaitaroo kaita daroo kakimasitaroo kaita desyoo
kakanakattaroo kakanakatta daroo kakimaseii desitaroo kakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaitara kakimasitara
kakanakattara kakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaitari kakimasitari
kakanakattari kakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL l'resumptlve INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakareru
Potential
kakeru
Causative
kakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 170
okaki ni naru okaki nasaru okakisuru okaki itasu
kaki
kak.D TRANSITIVE
to lack, to be wanting, to chip
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaku kakimasu
kakanai kakimaseii
kake kakinasai kaite kudasai okaki nasaimase
kaku na kakinasaru na kakanai de kudasai okaki nasaimasu na
kakoo kaku daroo kakimasyoo kaku desyoo
kakumai kakanai daroo kakimasumai kakanai desyoo
kakeba kakimaseba kakimasureba
kakanakereba kakimaseii nara
kaite kakimasite
kakanaide kakanakute kakimaseii de
kaita kakimasita
kakanakatta kakimaseii desita
kaitaroo kaita daroo kakimasitaroo kaita desyoo
kakanakattaroo kakanakatta daroo kakimaseii desitaroo kakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaitara kakimasitara
kakanakattara kakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaitari kakimasitari
kakanakattari kakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakareru
Potential
kakeru
Causative
kakaseru
Causative Pass.
kakaserareru
Honorific
I II
okaki ni naru okaki nasaru
Humble
I II
okakisuru okaki itasu 171
kakure.ru
kakure
to hide (oneself)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakureru kakuremasu
kakurenai kakuremaseii
kakurero kakurenasai kakurete kudasai okakure nasaimase
kakureru na kakurenasaru na kakurenai de kudasai okakure nasaimasu na
kakureyoo kakureru daroo kakuremasyoo kakureru desyoo
kakuremai kakurenai daroo kakuremasumai kakurenai desyoo
kakurereba kakuremaseba kakuremasureba
kakurenakereba kakuremaseii nara
kakurete kakuremasite
kakurenai de kakurenakute kakuremaseii de
kakureta kakuremasita
kakurenakatta kakuremaseii desita
kakuretaroo kakureta daroo kakuremasitaroo kakureta desyoo
kakurenakattaroo kakurenakatta daroo kakuremaseii desitaroo kakurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kakuretara kakuremasitara
kakurenakattara kakuremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kakuretari kakuremasitari
kakurenakattari kakuremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakurerareru
Potential
kakurerareru
Causative
kakuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kakuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 172
okakure ni naru okakure nasaru
kakusi
kakus.u TRANSITIVE
to hide (something)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kakusu kakusimasu
kakusanai kakusimasen
kakuse kakusinasai kakusite kudasai okakusi nasaimase
kakusu na kakusinasaru na kakusanai de kudasai okakusi nasaimasu na
kakusoo kakusu dareD kakusimasyoo kakusu desyoo
kakusumai kakusanai dareD kakusimasumai kakusanai desyoo
kakuseba kakusimaseba kakusimasureba
kakusanakereba kakusimasen nara
kakusite kakusimasite
kakusanai de kakusanakute kakusimasen de
kakusita kakusimasita
kakusanakatta kakusimasen desita
kakusitaroo kakusita daroo kakusimasitaroo kakusita desyoo
kakusanakattaroo kakusanakatta daroo kakusimasen desitaroo kakusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kakusitara kakusimasitara
kakusanakattara kakusimasen desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kakusitari kakusimasitari
kakusanakattari kakusimasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kakusareru
Potential
kakuseru
Causative
kakusaseru
Causative Pass.
kakusaserareru
Honorific
I II
okakusi ni naru okakusi nasaru
Humble
I II
okakusi suru okakusi itasu 173
kamae.ru
kamae
to assume a defensive posture, to stand prepared
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kamaeru kamaemasu
kamaenai kamaemaseii
kamaero kamaenasai kamaete kudasai okamae nasaimase
kamaeru na kamaenasaru na kamaenai de kudasai okamae nasaimasu na
kamaeyoo kamaeru daroo kamaemasyoo kamaeru desyoo
kamaemai kamaenai daroo kamaemasumai kamaenai desyoo
kamaereba kamaemaseba kamaemasureba
kamaenakereba kamaemaseii nara
kamaete kamaemasite
kamaenai de kamaenakute kamaemaseii de
kamaeta kamaemasita
kamaenakatta kamaemaseii desita
kamaetaroo kamaeta daroo kamaemasitaroo kamaeta desyoo
kamaenakattaroo kamaenakatta daroo kamaemaseii desitaroo kamaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kamaetara kamaemasitara
kamaenakattara kamaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kamaetari kamaemasitari
kamaenakattari kamaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kamaerareru
Potential
kamaerareru
Causative
kamaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kamaesaserareru
I D
I
D 174
okamae ni naru okamae nasaru
kamai
kama.u TRANSITIVE
to mind, to care about
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kamau kamaimasu
kamawanai kamaimaseii
kamae kamainasai kamatte kudasai okamai nasaimase
kamau na kamainasaru na kamawanai de kudasai okamai nasaimasu na
kamaoo kamau daroo kamaimasyoo kamau desyoo
kamaumai kamawanai daroo kamaimasumai kamawanai desyoo
kamaeba kamaimaseba kamaimasureba
kamawanakereba kamaimaseii nara
kamatte kamaimasite
kamawanai de kamawanakute kamaimaseii de
kamatta kamaimasita
kamawanakatta kamaimaseii desita
kamattaroo kamatta daroo kamaimasitaroo kamatta desyoo
kamawanakattaroo kamawanakatta daroo kamaimaseii desitaroo kamawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kamattara kamaimasitara
kamawanakattara kamaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kamattari kamaimasitari
kamawanakattari kamaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
U I U
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
kamaeru
Causative
kamawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kamawaserareru
I U
okamai ni naru okamai nasaru
I U
okamai suru okamai itasu 175
kami
kam.u to bite
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kamu kamimasu
kamanai kamimaseii
kame kaminasai kafide kudasai okami nasaimase
kamu na kaminasaru na kamanai de kudasai okami nasaimasu na
kamoo kamu daroo kamimasyoo kamu desyoo
kamumai kamanai daroo kamimasumai kamanai desyoo
kameba kamimaseba kamimasureba
kamanakereba kamimasefi nara
kailde kamimasite
kamanai de kamanakute kamimaseii de
kailda kamimasita
kamanakatta kamimasefi desita
kafidaroo kafida daroo kamimasitaroo kafida desyoo
kamanakattaroo kamanakatta daroo kamimaseii desitaroo kamanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kafidara kamimasitara
kamanakattara kamimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaildari kamimasitari
kamanakattari kamimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kamareru
Potential
kameru
Causative
kamaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kamaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 176
okami ni naru okami nasaru okami suru okami itasu
taoae
kanae.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Preswnptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kanaeru kanaemasu
kanaenai kanaemaseii
kanaero kanaenasai kanaete kudasai okanae nasaimase
kanaeru na kanaenasaru na kanaenai de kudasai okanae nasimasu na
kanaeyoo kanaeru daroo kanaemasyoo kanaeru desyoo
kanaemai kanaenai daroo kanaemasumai kanaenai desyoo
kanaereba kanaemaseba kanaemasureba
kanaenakereba kanaemaseii nara
kanaete kanaemasite
kanaenai de kanaenakute kanaemaseii de
kanaeta kanaemasita
kanaenakatta kanaemaseii desita
kanaetaroo kanaeta daroo kanaemasitaroo kanaeta desyoo
kanaenakattaroo kanaenakatta daroo kanaemaseii desitaroo kanaenakatta desyoo
kanaetara kanaemasitara
kanaenakattara kanaemaseii desitara
kanaetari kanaemasitari
kanaenakattari kanaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Preswnp. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to grant a request, hear a prayer
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kanaerareru
Potential
kanaerareru
Causative
kanaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kanaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okanae ni naru okanae nasaru okanae suru okanaeitasu
177
kanasim.u
kanasimi
to be sad, to grieve
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kanasimu kanasimimasu
kanasimanai kanasimimaseii
kanasime kanasiminasai kanasiiide kudasai okanasimi nasaimase
kanasimu na kanasiminasaru na kanasimanai de kudasai okanasimi nasaimasu na
kanasimoo kanasimu daroo )(anasimimasyoo kimasimu desyoo
kanasimumai kanasimanai daroo kanasimimasumai kanasimanai desyoo
kanasimeba kanasimimaseba kanasimimasureba
kanasimanakereba kanasimimaseii nara
kanasiiide kanasimimasite
kanasimanai de kanasimanakute kanasimimaseii de
kanasiiida kanasimimasita
kanasimanakatta kanasimimaseii desita
kanasiiidaroo kanasiiida daroo kanasimimasitaroo kanasiiida desyoo
kanasimanakattaroo kanasimanakatta daroo kanasimimaseii desitaroo kanasimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kanasiiidara kanasimimasitara
kanasimanakattara kanasimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kanasiiidari kanasimimasitari
kanasimanakattari kanasimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kanasimareru
Potential
kanasimeru
Causative
kanasimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kanasimaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 178
okanasimi ni naru okanasimi nasaru
kanai
kani.u to suit, to conform to
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kanau kanaimasu
kanawanai kanaimaseii
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
kanaoo kanau daroo kanaimasyoo kanau desyoo
kanaumai kanawanai daroo kanaimasumai kanawanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
kanaeba kanaimaseba kanaimasureba
kanawanakereba kanaimaseii nara
kanatte kanaimasite
kanawanai de kanawanakute kanaimaseii de
kanatta kanaimasita
kanawanakatta kanaimaseii desita
kanattaroo kanatta daroo kanaimasitaroo kanatta desyoo
kanawanakattaroo kanawanakatta daroo kanaimaseii desitaroo kanawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kanattara kanaimsitara
kanawanakattara kanaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kanattari kanaimasitari
kanawanakattari kanaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kanawareru
Potential
kanaeru
Causative
kanawaseru
Causative Pass.
kanawaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D 179
kaiigae.ro
kaiigae
to consider, to ponder
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaiigaeru kaiigaemasu
kaiigaenai kaiigaemaseii
kaiigaero kaiigaenasai kaiigaete kudasai okaiigae nasaimase
kaiigaeru na kaiigaenasaru na kaiigaenai de kudasai okaiigae nasaimasu na
kaiigaeyoo kaiigaeru daroo kaiigaemasyoo kaiigaeru desyoo
kaiigaemai kaiigaenai daroo kaiigaemasumai kaiigaenai desyoo
kaiigaereba kaiigaemaseba kaiigaemasureba
kaiigaenakereba kaiigaemaseii nara
kaiigaete kaiigaemasite
kaiigaenai de kaiigaenakute kaiigaemaseii de
kaiigaeta kaiigaemasita
kaiigaenakatta kaiigaemaseii desita
kaiigaetaroo kaiigaeta daroo kaiigaemasitaroo kaiigaeta desyoo
kaiigaenakattaroo kaiigaenakatta daroo kaiigaemaseii desitaroo kaiigaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaiigaetara kaiigaemasitara
kaiigaenakattara kaiigaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaiigaetari kaiigaemasitari
kaiigaenakattari kaiigaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kaiigaerareru
Potential
kaiigaerareru
Causative
kaiigaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kaiigaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 180
okaiigae ni naru okaiigae nasaru
kaiizi
kaiizi.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaiiziru kaiizimasu
kaiizinai kaiizimaseii
kaiiziro kaiizinasai kaiizite kudasai okaiizi nasaimase
kaiiziru na kaiizinasaru na kaiizinai de kudasai okaiizi nasaimasu na
kaiiziyoo . kaiiziru daroo kaiizimasyoo kaiiziru desyoo
kaiizimai kaiizinai daroo kaiizimasumai kaiizinai desyoo
kaiizireba kaiizimaseba kaiizimasureba
kaiizinakereba kaiizimaseii nara
kaiizite kaiizimasite
kaiizinai de kaiizinakute kaiizimaseii de
kaiizita kaiizimasita
kaiizi nakatta kaiizimaseii desita
kaiizitaroo kaiizita daroo kaiizimasitaroo kaiizita desyoo
kaiizinakattaroo kaiizinakatta daroo kaiizimaseii desitaroo kaiizinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kaiizitara kaiizimasitara
kaiizinakattara kaiizimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kaiizitari kaiizimasitari
kaiizinakattari kaiizimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to feel, to sense
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kaiizirareru
Potential
kaiizirareru
Causative
kaiizisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kaiizisaserareru
I
n Humble
okaiizi ni naru okaiizi nasaru
I
n 181
karakai
karakl.u to tease, to play jokes on
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
karakau karakaimasu
karakawanai karakaimasefi
karakae karakainasai karakatte kudasai okarakai nasaimase
karakau na karakainasaru na karakawanai de kudasai okarakai nasaimasu na
karakaoo karakau daroo karakaimasyoo karakau desyoo
karakaumai karakawanai daroo karakaimasumai karakawanai desyoo
karakaeba karakaimaseba karakaimasureba
karakawanakereba karakaimasefi nara
karakatte karakaimasite
karakawanai de karakawanakute karakaimasefi de
karakatta karakaimasita
karakawanakatta karakaimaseii desita
karakattaroo karakatta daroo karakaimasitaroo karakatta desyoo
karakawanakattaroo karakawanakatta daroo karakaimaseii desitaroo karakawanakatta desyoo
karakattara karakaimasitara
karakawanakattara karakaimaseii desitara
karakattari karakaimasitari
karakawanakattari karakaimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
A.ltemative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
karakawareru
Potential
karakaeru
Causative
karakawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
karakawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 182
okarakai ni naru okarakai nasaru okarakai suru okarakai itasu
kare
kare.ru to wither, to die (of a plant)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kareru karemasu
karenai karemaseii
karero
kareru na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
kareyoo kareru daroo karemasyoo kareru desyoo
karemai karenai daroo karemasumai karenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
karereba karemaseba karemasureba
karenakereba karemaseii nara
karete karemasite
karenai de karenakute karemaseii de
kareta karemasita
karenakatta karemaseii desita
karetaroo kareta daroo karemasitaroo kareta desyoo
karenakattaroo karenakatta daroo karemaseii desitaroo karenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
karetara karemasitara
karenakattara karemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
karetari karemasitari
karenakattari karemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
karerareru
Potential
karerareru
Causative
karesaseru
Causative Pass.
karesaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
okare ni naru okare nasaru
183
kari.ru
karl
to borrow, to rent
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kariru karimasu
karinai karimaseii
kariro karinasai karite kudasai okari nasaimase
kariru na karinasaru na karinai de kudasai okari nasaimasu na
kariyoo kariru daroo ICarimasyoo kariru desyoo
karimai karinai daroo karimasumai karinai desyoo
karireba karimaseba karimasureba
karinakereba karimaseii nara
karite karimasite
karinai de karinakute karimaseii de
karita karimasita
karinakatta karimaseii desita
karitaroo karita daroo karimasi taroo karita desyoo
karinakattaroo karinakatta daroo karimaseii desitaroo karinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
karitara karimasitara
karinakattara karimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
karitari karimasi tari
karinakattari karimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
karirareru
Potential
karirareru
Causative
karisaseru
Causative Pass.
184
karisaserareru
Honorific
I II
okari ni naru okari nasaru
Humble
I II
okari suru okari itasu
kasanari
kasanar.u to be piled up, to overlap
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kasanaru kasanarimasu
kasanaranai kasanarimaseii
kasanare kasanari nasai kasanatte kudasai okasanari nasaimase
kasanaru na kasanarinasaru na kasanaranai de kudasai okasanari nasaimasu na
kasanaroo kasanaru daroo kasanarimasyoo kasanaru desyoo
kasanarumai kasanaranai daroo kasanarimasumai kasanaranai desyoo
kasanareba kasanarimaseba kasanarimasureba
kasanaranakereba kasanarimaseii nara
kasanatte kasanarimasite
kasanaranai de kasanaranakute kasanarimaseii de
kasanatta kasanarimasita
kasanaranakatta kasanarimaseii desita
kasanattaroo kasanatta daroo kasanarimasitaroo kasanatta desyoo
kasanaranakattaroo kasanaranakatta daroo kasanarimaseii desitaroo kasanaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kasanattara kasanarimasitara
kasanaranakattara kasanarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kasanattari kasanarimasitari
kasanaranakattari kasanarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kasanarareru
Potential
kasanareru
Causative
kasanaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kasanaraserareru
I
n Humble
okasanari ni naru okasanari nasaru
I
n 185
kasane.ru
kasane
to pile up, to repeat
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kasaneru kasanemasu
kasanenai kasanemaseii
kasanero kasanenasai kasanete kudasai okasane nasaimase
kasaneru na kasanenasaru na kasanenai de kudasai okasane nasaimasu na
kasaneyoo kasaneru daroo kasanemasyoo kasaneru desyoo
kasanemai kasanenai daroo kasanemasumai kasanenai desyoo
kasanereba kasanemaseba kasanemasureba
kasanenakereba kasanemaseii nara
kasanete kasanemasite
kasanenai de kasanenakute kasanemaseii de
kasaneta kasanemasita
kasanenakatta kasanemaseii desita
kasanetaroo kasaneta daroo kasanemasitaroo kasaneta desyoo
kasanenakattaroo kasanenakatta daroo kasanemaseii desitaroo kasanenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kasanetara kasanemasitara
kasanenakattara kasanemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kasanetari kasanemasitari
kasanenakattari kasanemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kasanerareru
Potential
kasanerareru
Causative
kasanesaseru
Causative Pass.
kasanesaserareru
Honorific II
Humble
I
n 188
okasane ni naru okasane nasaru okasane suru okasane itasu
kasegi
kaseg.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I
D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to earn one's living
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kasegu kasegimasu
kaseganai kasegimaseii
kasege kaseginasai kaseide kudasai okasegi nasaimase
kasegu na kaseginasaru na kaseganai de kudasai okasegi nasaimasu na
kasegoo kasegu daroo kasegimasyoo kasegu desyoo
kasegumai kaseganai daroo kasegimasumai kaseganai desyoo
kasegeba kasegimaseba kasegimasureba
kaseganakereba kasegimaseii nara
kaseide kasegimasite
kaseganai de kaseganakute kasegimaseii de
kaseida kasegimasita
kaseganakatta kasegimaseii desita
kaseidaroo kaseida daroo kasegimasitaroo kaseida desyoo
kaseganakattaroo kaseganakatta daroo kasegimaseii desitaroo kaseganakatta desyoo
kaseidara kasegimasitara
kaseganakattara kasegimaseii desitara
kaseidari kasegimasitari
kaseganakattari kasegimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kasegareru
Potential
kasegeru
Causative
kasegaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kasegaserareru
I
D Humble
I
D
okasegi ni naru okasegi nasaru oKasegi suru okasegi itasu
187
kasi
kas.u to lend, to rent (to)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kasu kasimasu
kasanai kasimaseii
kase kasinasai kasite kudasai okasi nasaimase
kasu na kasinasaru na kasanai de kudasai okasi nasaimasu na
kasoo kasu daroo
kasumai kasanai daroo kasimasumai kasanai desyoo
kaseba kasimaseba kasimasureba
kasanakereba kasimaseii nara
kasite kasimasite
kasanai de kasanakute kasimaseii de
kasita kasimasita
kasanakatta kasimaseii desita
kasitaroo kasita daroo kasimasitaroo kasita desyoo
kasanakattaroo kasanakatta daroo kasimaseii desitaroo kasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kasitara kasimasitara
kasanakattara kasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kasitari kasimasitari
kasanakattari kasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kasareru
Potential
kaseru
Causative
kasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 188
kasaserareru
I
n
okasi ni naru okasi nasaru
I II
okasi suru okasi itasu
kasum.D
kasumi
to grow hazy. to become blurred
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kasumu kasumimasu
kasumanai kasumimaseii
kasume kasuminasai kasuiide kudasai okasumi nasaimase
kasumu na kasuminasaru na kasumanai de kudasai okasumi nasaimasu na
kasumoo kasumu daroo kasumimasyoo kasumu desyoo
kasumumai kasumanai daroo kasumimasumai kasumanai desyoo
kasumeba kasumimaseba kasumimasureba
kasumanakereba kasumimaseii nara
kasuiide kasumimasite
kasumanai de kasumanakute kasumimaseii de
kasuiida kasumimasita
kasumanakatta kasumimaseii desita
kasuiidaroo kasuiida daroo kasumimasitaroo kasuiida desyoo
kasumanakattaroo kasumanakatta daroo kasumimaseii desitaroo kasumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kasuiidara kasumimasitara
kasumanakattara kasumimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kasuiidari kasumimasitari
kasumanakattari kasumimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kasumareru
Potential
kasumeru
Causative
kasumaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kasumaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 189
katamari
katamar.u to become hard, to bunch up
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katamaru katamarimasu
katamaranai katamarimaseii
katamare katamarinasai katamatte kudasai okatamari nasaimase
katamaru na katamarinasaru na katamaranai de kudasai okatamari nasimasu na
katamaroo katamaru daroo lCatamarimasyoo katamaru desyoo
katamarumai katamaranai daroo katamarimasumai katamaranai desyoo
katamareba katamarimaseba katamarimasureba
katamaranakereba katamarimaseii nara
katamatte katamarimasite
katamaranai de katamaranakute katamarimaseii de
katamatta katamarimasita
katamaranakatta katamarimaseii desita
katamattaroo katamatta daroo katamarimasitaroo katamatta desyoo
katamaranakattaroo katamaranakatta daroo katamarimaseii desitaroo katamaranakatta desyoo
katamattara katamarimasitara
katamaranakattara katamarimaseii desitara
katamattari katamarimasitari
katamaranakattari katamarimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
katamarareru
Potential
katamareru
Causative
katamaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
katamaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 190
okatamari ni naru okatamari nasaru
katame
katame.ru TRANSITIVE
to harden, to strengthen
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katameru katamemasu
katamenai katamemaseii
katamero katamenasai katamete kudasai okatame nasaimase
katameru na katamenasaru na katamenai de kudasai okatame nasaimasu na
katameyoo katameru daroo katamemasyoo katameru desyoo
katamemai katamenai daroo katamemasumai katamenai desyoo
katamereba katamemaseba katamemasureba
katamenakereba katamemaseii nara
katamete katamemasite
katamenai de katamenakute katamemaseii de
katameta katamemasita
katamenakatta katamemaseii desita
katametaroo katameta daroo katamemasitaroo katameta desyoo
katamenakattaroo katamenakatta daroo katamemaseii desitaroo katamenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
katametara katamemasitara
katamenakattara katamemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
katametari katamemasitari
katamenakattari katamemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
katamerareru
Potential
katamerareru
Causative
katamesaseru
Causative Pass.
katamesaserareru
Honorific
I II
okatame ni naru okatame nasaru
Humble
I II
okatame suru okatame itasu 191
katamuk.u
katamuki
to lean (toward), to be slanted AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katamuku katamukimasu
katamukanai katamukimaseii
katamuke katamukinasai katamuite kudasai okatamuki nasaimase
katamuku na katamukinasaru na katamukanai de kudasai okatamuki nasaimasu na
katamukoo katamuku daroo katamukimasyoo katamuku desyoo
katamukumai katamukanai daroo katamukimasumai katamukanai desyoo
katamukeba katamukimaseba katamukimasureba
katamukanakereba katamukimasefi nara
katamuite katamukimasite
katamukanai de katamukanakute katamukimaseii de
katamuita katamukimasita
katamukanakatta katamukimaseii desita
katamuitaroo katamuita daroo katamukimasitaroo katamuita desyoo
katamukanakattaroo katamukanakatta daroo katamukimasefi desitaroo katamukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
katamuitara katamukimasitara
katamukanakattara katamukimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
katamuitari katamukimasitari
katamukanakattari katamukimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
IT I IT
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
katamukareru
Potential
katamukeru
Causative
katamukaseru
Causative Pass.
192
katamukaserareru
Honorific
I IT
Humble
I IT
okatamuki ni naru okatamuki nasaru
katazuke
katazuke.ru TRANSITIVE
to straighten up things
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katazukeru katazukemasu
katazukenai katazukemaseii
katazukero katazukenasai katazukete kudasai okatazuke Dasaimase
katazukeru na katazukenasaru na katazukenai de kudasai okatazuke nasaimasu na
katazukeyoo katazukeru daroo katazukemasyoo katazukeru desyoo
katazukemai katazukenai daroo katazukemasumai katazukenai desyoo
katazukereba katazukemaseba katazukemasureba
katazukenakereba katazukemaseii nara
katazukete katazukemasite
katazukenai de katazukenakute katazukemaseii de
katazuketa katazukemasita
katazukenakatta katazukemaseii desita
katazuketaroo katazuketa daroo katazukemasitaroo katazuketa desyoo
katazukenakattaroo katazukenakatta daroo katazukemaseii desitaroo katazukeDakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
katazuketara katazukemasitara
katazukenakattara katazukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
katazuketari katazukemasitari
katazukenakattari katazukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
katazukerareru
Potential
katazukerareru
Causative
katazukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
katazukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okatazuke ni naru okatazuke Dasaru okatazuke suru okatazuke itasu 193
kit.u
kati
to win
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katu katimasu
katanai katimaseii
kate katinasai katte kudasai okati nasaimase
katu na katinasaru na katanai de kudasai okati nasaimasu na
katoo katu daroo katimasyoo katu desyoo
katumai katanai daroo katimasumai katanai desyoo
kateba katimaseba katimasureba
katanakereba katimaseii nara
katte katimasite
katanai de katanakute katimaseii de
katta katimasita
katanakatta katimaseii desita
kattaroo katta daroo katimasitaroo katta desyoo
katanakattaroo katanakatta daroo katimaseii desitaroo katanakatta desyoo
kattara katimasitara
katanakattara katimaseii desitara
kattari katimasitari
katanakattari katimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Pastlnd. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
katareru
Potential
kateru
Causative
kataseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kataserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 194
okati ni naru okati nasaru
katugi
karug.u TRANSITIVE
to carryon one's shoulder
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
katugu katugimasu
katuganai katugimaseii
katuge katuginasai katuide kudasai okatugi nasaimase
katugu na katuginasaru na katuganai de kudasai okatugi nasaimasu na
katugoo katugu daroo katugimasyoo katugu desyoo
katugumai katuganai daroo katugimasumai katuganai desyoo
katugeba katugimaseba katugimasureba
katuganakereba katugimaseii nara
katuide katugimasite
katuganai de katuganakute katugimaseii de
katuida katugimasita
katuganakatta katugimasefi desita
katuidaroo katuida daroo katugimasitaroo katuida desyoo
katuganakattaroo katuganakatta daroo katugimasefi desitaroo katuganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
katuidara katugimasitara
katuganakattara katugimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
katuidari katugimasitari
katuganakattari katugimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
katugareru
Potential
katugeru
Causative
katugaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
katugaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
•
okatugi ni naru okatugi nasaru okatugi suru okatugi itasu 196
ka.u
kai
to buy
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kau kaimasu
kawanai kaimaseii
kae kainasai katte kudasai okai nasaimase
kau na kainasaru na kawanai de kudasai okai nasaimasu na
kaoo kau daroo lCaimasyoo k~u desyoo
kaumai kawanai daroo kaimasumai kawanai desyoo
kaeba kaimaseba kaimasureba
kawanakereba kaimaseii nara
katte kaimasite
kawanai de kawanakute kaimaseii de
katta kaimasita
kawanakatta kaimaseii desita
kattaroo katta daroo kaimasitaroo katta desyoo
kawanakattaroo kawanakatta daroo kaimaseii desitaroo kawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kattara kaimasitara
kawanakattara kaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kattari kaimasitari
kawanakattari kaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I
IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kawareru
Potential
kaeru
Causative
kawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kawliSerareru
I II
okai ni naru okai nasaru
I
okai suru okai itasu
IT 196
ka.U
kai TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kau kaimasu
kawanai kaimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
kae II kainasai III katte kudasai okai nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
to keep (an animal)
kau na kainasaru na kawanai de kudasai okai nasaimasu na
kaoo kau daroo kaimasyoo kau desyoo
kaumai kawanai daroo kaimasumai kawanai desyoo
kaeba kaimaseba kaimasureba
kawanakereba kaimaseii nara
katte kaimasite
kawanai de kawanakute kaimaseii de
katta kaimasita
kawanakatta kaimaseii desita
kattaroo katta daroo kaimasitaroo katta desyoo
kawanakattaroo kawanakatta daroo kaimaseii desitaroo kawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kattara kaimasitara
kawanakattara kaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kattari kaimasitari
kawanakattari kaimaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kawareru
Potential
kaeru
Causative
kawaseru
Causative Pass.
kawaserareru
Honorific
I II
okai ni naru okai nasaru
Humble
I II
okai suru okai itasu 197
kawaigar.u
kawaigari
to love or treat with affection (someone or something weaker than oneself)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kawaigaru kawaigarimasu
kawaigaranai kawaigarimasen
kawaigare kawaigarinasai kawaigatte kudasai okawaigari nasaimase
kawaigaru na kawaigarinasaru na kawaigaranai de kudasai okawaigari nasaimasu na
kawaigaroo kawaigaru daroo ~awaigarimasyoo kawaigaru desyoo
kawaigarumai kawaigaranai daroo kawaigarimasumai kawaigaranai desyoo
kawaigareba kawaigarimaseba kawaigarimasureba
kawaigaranakereba kawaigarimasen nara
kawaigatte kawaigarimasite
kawaigaranai de kawaigaranakute kawaigarimasen de
kawaigatta kawaigarimasita
kawaigaranakatta kawaigarimasen desita
kawaigattaroo kawaigatta daroo kawaigarimasitaroo kawaigatta desyoo
kawaigaranakattaroo kawaigaranakatta daroo kawaigarimasen desitaroo kawaigaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kawaigattara kawaigarimasitara
kawaigaranakattara kawaigarimasen desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kawaigattari kawaigarimasitari
kawaigaranakattari kawaigarimasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kawaigarareru
Potential
kawaigareru
Causative
kawaigaraseru
Causative Pass.
kawaigaraserareru
Honorific II
Humble II 198
okawaigari ni naru okawaigari nasaru
kawakasi
kawakas.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kawakasu kawakasimasu
kawakasanai kawakasimaseii
kawakase kawakasinasai kawakasite kudasai okawakasi nasaimase
kawakasu na kawakasinasaru na kawakasanai de kudasai okawakasi nasaimasu na
kawakasoo kawakasu daroo kawakasimasyoo kawakasu desyoo
kawakasumai kawakasanai daroo kawakasimasumai kawakasanai desyoo
kawakaseba kawakasimaseba kawakasimasureba
kawakasanakereba kawakasimaseii nara
kawakasite kawakasimasite
kawakasanai de kawakasanakute kawakasimaseii de
kawakasita kawakasimasita
kawakasanakatta kawakasimasefi desita
kawakasitaroo kawakasita daroo kawakasimasitaroo kawakasita desyoo
kawakasanakattaroo kawakasanakatta daroo kawakasimaseii desitaroo kawakasanakatta desyoo
kawakasitara kawakasimasitara
kawakasanakattara kawakasimaseii desitara
kawakasitari kawakasimasitari
kawakasanakattari kawakasimaseii desitari
to dry
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kawakasareru
Potential
kawakaseru
Causative
kawakasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kawakasaserareru
I II
okawakasi ni naru okawakasi nasaru
I
okawakasi suru okawakasi itasu
II
191
kawak.u
kawaki
to become dry
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kawaku kawakimasu
kawakanai kawakimaseii
kawake
kawaku na
kawakoo kawaku daroo kawakimasyoo kawaku desyoo
kawakumai kawakanai daroo kawakimasumai kawakanai desyoo
kawakeba kawakimaseba kawakimasureba
kawakanakereba kawakimaseii nara
kawaite kawakimasite
kawakanai de kawakanakute kawakimaseii de
kawaita kawakimasita
kawakanakatta kawakimaseii desita
kawaitaroo kawaita daroo kawakimasitaroo kawaita desyoo
kawakanakattaroo kawakanakatta daroo kawakimaseii desitaroo kawakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kawaitara kawakimasitara
kawakanakattara kawakimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kawaitari kawakimasitari
kawakanakattari kawakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 200
kawar.u
kawari
to change AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kawaru kawarimasu
kawaranai kawarimaseii
kaware kawarinasai kawatte kudasai okawari nasaimase
kawaru na kawarinasaru na kawaranai de kudasai okawari nasaimasu na
kawaroo kawaru daroo kawarimasyoo kawaru desyoo
kawarumai kawaranai daroo kawarimasumai kawaranai desyoo
kawareba kawarimaseba kawarimasureba
kawaranakereba kawarimaseii nara
kawatte kawarimasite
kawaranai de kawaranakute kawarimaseii de
kawatta kawarimasita
kawaranakatta kawarimaseii desita
kawattaroo kawatta daroo kawarimasitaroo kawatta desyoo
kawaranakattaroo kawaranakatta daroo kawarimaseii desitaroo kawaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kawattara kawarimasitara
kawaranakattara kawarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kawattari kawarimasitari
kawaranakattari kawarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kawarareru
Potential
kawareru
Causative
kawaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kawaraserareru
I
n Humble
okawari ni naru okawari nasaru
I
n 201
kayo.u
kayoi
to commute
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kayou kayoimasu
kayowanai kayoimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
kayoe II kayoinasai III kayotte kudasai okayoi nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
kayou na kayoinasaru na kayowanai de kudasai okayoi nasaimasu na
kayooo kayou daroo kayoimasyoo kayou desyoo
kayoumai kayowanai daroo kayoimasumai kayowanai desyoo
kayoeba kayoimaseba kayoimasureba
kayowanakereba kayoimaseii nara
kayotte kayoimasite
kayowanai de kayowanakute kayoimaseii de
kayotta kayoimasita
kayowanakatta kayoimaseii desita
kayottaroo kayotta daroo kayoimasitaroo kayotta desyoo
kayowanakattaroo kayowanakatta daroo kayoimaseii desitaroo kayowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kayottara kayoimasitara
kayowanakattara kayoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kayottari kayoimasitari
kayowanakattari kayoimaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kayowareru
Potential
kayoeru
Causative
kayowaseru
Causative Pass.
202
kayowaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
okayoi ni naru okayoi nasaru
kazari
kazar.a TRANSITIVE
to ornament, to decorate
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kazaru kazarimasu
kazaranai kazarimaseii
kazare kazarinasai kazatte kudasai okazari nasaimase
kazaru na kazarinasaru na kazaranai de kudasai okazari nasaimasu na
kazaroo kazaru daroo kazarimasyoo kazaru desyoo
kazarumai kazaranai daroo kazarimasumai kazaranai desyoo
kazareba kazarimaseba kazarimasureba
kazaranakereba kazarimaseii nara
kazatte kazarimasite
kazaranai de kazaranakute kazarimaseii de
kazatta kazarimasita
kazaranakatta kazarimaseii desita
kazattaroo kazatta daroo kazarimasitaroo kazatta desyoo
kazaranakattaroo kazaranakatta daroo kazarimaseii desitaroo kazaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kazattara kazarimasitara
kazaranakattara kazarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kazattari kazarimasitari
kazaranakattari kazarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kazarareru
Potential
kazareru
Causative
kazaraseru
Causative Pass.
kazaraserareru
Honorific
I D
okazari ni naru okazari nasaru
Humble
I D
okazari suru okazari itasu
203
kazir.u
kazi
to gnaw, to nibble
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kaziru kazirimasu
kaziranai kazirimaseii
kazire kazirinasai kazitte kudasai okaziri nasaimase
kaziru na kazirinasaru na kaziranai de kudasai okaziri nasaimasu na
kaziroo kaziru daroo kazirimasyoo kaziru desyoo
kazirumai kaziranai daroo kazirimasumai kaziranai desyoo
kazireba kazirimaseba kazirimasureba
kaziranakereba kazirimaseii nara
kazitte kazirimasite
kaziranai de kaziranakute kazirimaseii de
kazitta kazirimasita
kaziranakatta kazirimaseii desita
kazittaroo kazitta daroo kazirimasitaroo kazitta desyoo
kaziranakattaroo kaziranakatta daroo kazirimaseii desitaroo kaziranakatta desyoo
kazittara kazirimasitara
kaziranakattara kazirimaseii desitara
kazittari kazirimasitari
kaziranakattari kazirimaseii desi tari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential
kazireru
Causative
kaziraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 204
kazirareru
kaziraserareru
okaziri ni naru okaziri nasaru
kazoe
kazoe.ru TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kazoeru kazoemasu
kazoenai kazoemaseii
kazoero kazoenasai kazoete kudasai okazoe nasaimase
kazoeru na kazoenasaru na kazoenai de kudasai okazoe nasaimasu na
kazoeyoo kazoeru daroo kazoemasyoo kazoeru desyoo
kazoemai kazoenai daroo kazoemasumai kazoenai desyoo
kazoereba kazoemaseba kazoemasureba
kazoenakereba kazoemaseii nara
kazoete kazoemasite
kazoenai de kazoenakute kazoemaseii de
kazoeta kazoemasita
kazoenakatta kazoemaseii desita
kazoetaroo kazoeta daroo kazoemasitaroo kazoeta desyoo
kazoenakattaroo kazoenakatta daroo kazoemaseii desitaroo kazoenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kazoetara kazoemasitara
kazoenakattara kazoemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kazoetari kazoemasitari
kazoenakattari kazoemaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to count
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kazoerareru
Potential
kazoerareru
Causative
kazoesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kazoesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okazoe ni naru okazoe nasaru okazoe suru okazoe itasu 206
kegas.u
kegasi
to stain, to defile, to disgrace
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kegasu kegasimasu
kegasanai kegasimaseii
kegase kegasinasai kegasite kudasai okegasi nasaimase
kegasu na kegasinasaru na kegasanai de kudasai okegasi nasaimasu na
kegasoo kegasu daroo kegasimasyoo kegasu desyoo
kegasumai kegasanai daroo kegasimasumai kegasanai desyoo
kegaseba kegasimaseba kegasimasureba
kegasanakereba kegasimaseii nara
kegasite kegasimasite
kegasanai de kegasanakute kegasimaseii de
kegasita kegasimasita
kegasanakatta kegasimaseii desita
kegasitaroo kegasita daroo kegasimasitaroo kegasita desyoo
kegasanakattaroo kegasanakatta daroo kegasimaseii desitaroo kegasanakatta dcsyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kegasitara kegasimasitara
kcgasanakattara kegasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kegasitari kegasimasitari
kegasanakattari kcgasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kegasareru
Potential
kegaseru
Causative
kegasaseru
Causative Pass.
206
kegasaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I D
okegasi ni naru okegasi nasaru
kesi
kes.u TRANSITIVE
to erase, to extinguish
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kesu kesimasu
kesanai kesimaseii
kese kesinasai kesite kudasai okesi nasaimase
kesu na kesinasaru na kesanai de kudasai okesi nasaimasu na
kesoo kesu daroo kesimasyoo kesu desyoo
kesumai kesanai daroo kesimasumai kesanai desyoo
keseba kesimaseba kesimasureba
kesanakereba kesimaseii nara
kesite kesimasite
kesanai de kesanakute kesimaseii de
kesita kesimasita
kesanakatta kesimaseii desita
kesitaroo kesita daroo kesimasitaroo kesita desyoo
kesanakattaroo kesanakatta daroo kesimaseii desitaroo kesanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kesitara kesimasitara
kesanakattara kesimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kesitari kesimasitari
kesanakattari kesimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kesareru
Potential
keseru
Causative
kesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okesi ni naru okesi nasaru okesi suru okesi itasu
kidor.u
kidori
to give oneself airs, to be affected
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kidoru kidorimasu
kidoranai kidorimaseii
kidore kidorinasai kidotte kudasai okidori nasaimase
kidoru na kidorinasaru na kidoranai de kudasai okidori nasaimasu na
kidoroo kidoru dareD kidorimasyoo kidoru desyoo
kidorumai kidoranai dareD kidorimasumai kidoranai desyoo
kidoreba kidoriniaseba kidorimasureba
kidoranakereba kidorimaseii nara
kidotte kidorimasite
kidoranai de kidoranakute kidorimaseii de
kidotta kidorimasita
kidoranakatta kidorimaseii desita
kidottaroo kidotta dareD kidorimasitaroo kidotta desyoo
kidoranakattaroo kidoranakatta dareD kidorimaseii desitaroo kidoranakatta desyoo
kidottara kidorimasitara
kidoranakattara kidorimaseii desitara
kidottari kidorimasitari
kidoranakattari kidorimaseii desitari
II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kidorareru
Potential
kidoreru
Causative
kidoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kidoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 208
okidori ni naru okidori nasaru
kie.ru
kie
to vanish, to be extinguished AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kieru kiemasu
kienai kiemasen
kiero
kieru na
kieyoo kieru daroo kiemasyoo kieru desyoo
kiemai kienai dareD kiemasumai kienai desyoo
kiereba kiemaseba kiemasureba
kienakereba kiemasen nara
kiete kiemasite
kienai de kienakute kiemasen de
kieta kiemasita
kienakatta kiemasen desita
kietaroo kieta dareD kiemasitaroo kieta desyoo
kienakattaroo kienakatta dareD kiemasen desitaroo kienakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kietara kiemasitara
kienakattara kiemasen desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kietari kiemasitari
kienakattari kiemasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kierareru
Potential
kierareru
Causative
kiesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kiesaserareru
I
n Humble
I II 209
kikae.ru
kikae
to change clothes
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kikaeru kikaemasu
kikaenai kikaemaseii
kikaero kikaenasai kikaete kudasai okikae nasaimase
kikaeru na kikaenasaru na kikaenai de kudasai okikae nasaimasu na
kikaeyoo kikaeru daroo kikaemasyoo kikaeru desyoo
kikaemai kikaenai daroo kikaemasumai kikaenai desyoo
kikaereba kikaemaseba kikaemasureba
kikaenakereba kikaemaseii nara
kikaete kikaemasite
kikaenai de kikaenakute kikaemaseii de
kikaeta kikaemasita
kikaenakatta kikaemaseii desita
kikaetaroo kikaeta daroo kikaemasitaroo kikaeta desyoo
kikaenakattaroo kikaenakatta daroo kikaemaseii desitaroo kikaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kikaetara kikaemasitara
kikaenakattara kikaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kikaetari kikaemasitari
kikaenakattari kikaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kikaerareru
Potential
kikaerareru
Causative
kikaesaseru
Causative Pass.
210
kikaesaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
okikae ni naru okikae nasaru
kikoe
kikoe.ru to be audible, to be able to hear
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kikoeru kikoemasu
kikoenai kikoemaseii
kikoeyoo kikoeru daroo kikoemasyoo kikoeru desyoo
kikoemai kikoenai daroo kikoemasumai kikoenai desyoo
kikoereba kikoemaseba kikoemasureba
kikoenakereba kikoemaseii nara
kikoete kikoemasite
kikoenai de kikoenakute kikoemaseii de
kikoeta kikoemasita
kikoenakatta kikoemaseii desita
kikoetaroo kikoeta daroo kikoemasitaroo kikoeta desyoo
kikoenakattaroo kikoenakatta daroo kikoemaseii desitaroo kikoenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kikoetara kikoemasitara
kikoenakattara kikoemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kikoetari kikoemasitari
kikoenakattari kikoemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 211
kik.u
kiki
to ask, to listen, to hear
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiku kikimasu
kikanai kikimaseii
kike kikinasai kiile kudasai okiki nasaimase
kiku na kikinasaru na kikanai de kudasai okiki nasaimasu na
kikoo kiku daroo kikimasyoo kiku desyoo
kikumai kikanai daroo kikimasumai kikanai desyoo
kikeba kikimaseba kikimasureba
kikanakereba kikimaseii nara
kiite kikimasite
kikanai de kikanakute kikimaseii de
kiita kikimasita
kikanakatta kikimaseii desita
kiitaroo kiita daroo kikimasi taroo kiila desyoo
kikanakattaroo kikanakatta daroo kikimaseii desitaroo kikanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kiitara kikimasitara
kikanakattara kikimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kiitari kikimasitari
kikanakattari kikimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE kikareru
Passive Potential
kikeru·
Causative
kikaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kikaserareru
I
n Humble··
okiki ni naru okiki nasaru ukagau
uketamawaru
·Only in the sense of 'can ask or listen,' 'to be audible' is a separate verb kikoeru. •• Ukagau means 'to ask,' while uketamawaru means 'to hear or listen.' 212
kik.u
kiki
to be effective, to work
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiku kikimasu
kikanai kikimaseii
kike
kiku na
kikoo kiku daroo kikimasyoo kiku desyoo
kikumai kikanai daroo kikimasumai kikanai desyoo
kikeba kikimaseba kikimasureba
kikanakereba kikimaseii nara
kiite kikimasite
kikanai de kikanakute kikimaseii de
kiita kikimasita
kikanakatta kikimaseii desita
kiitaroo kiita daroo kikimasitaroo kiita desyoo
kikanakattaroo kikanakatta daroo kikimaseii desitaroo kikanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kiitara kikimasitara
kikanakattam kikimaseii desitam
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kiitari kikimasitari
kikanakattari kikimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kikareru
Potential Causative
kikaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kikaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 213
kimar.o
kimari
to be decided, to be agreed upon AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kimaru kimarimasu
kimaranai kimarimaseii
kimaroo kimaru daroo kimarimasyoo kimaru desyoo
kimarumai kimaranai daroo kimarimasumai kimaranai desyoo
kimareba kimarimaseba kimarimasureba
kimaranakereba kimarimaseii nara
kimatte kimarimasite
kimaranai de kimaranakute kimarimaseii de
kimatta kimarimasita
kimaranakatta kimarimaseii desita
kimattaroo kimatta daroo kimarimasitaroo kimatta desyoo
kimaranakattaroo kimaranakatta daroo kimarimaseii desitaroo kimaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kimattara kimarimasitara
kimaranakattara kimarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kimattari kimarimasitari
kimaranakattari kimarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kimarareru
Potential
kimareru
Causative
kimaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kimaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 214
kime
kime.ru TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kimeru kimemasu
kimenai kimemaseii
kimero kimenasai kimete kudasai okime nasaimase
kimeru na kimenasaru na kimenai de kudasai okime nasaimasu na
kimeyoo kimeru daroo kimemasyoo kimeru desyoo
kimemai kimenai daroo kimemasumai kimenai desyoo
kimereba kimemaseba kimemasureba
kimenakereba kimemaseii nara
kimete kimemasite
kimenai de kimenakute kimemaseii de
kimeta kimemasita
kimenakatta kimemaseii desita
kimetaroo kimeta daroo kimemasitaroo kimeta desyoo
kimenakattaroo kimenakatta daroo kimemaseii desitaroo kimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kimetara kimemasitara
kimenakattara kimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kimetari kimemasitari
kimenakattari kimemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to decide upon
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kimerareru
Potential
kimerareru
Causative
kimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kimesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okime ni naru okime nasaru okime suru okime itasu 215
kiiizi.ru to prohibit
kiiizi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiiiziru kiiizimasu
kiiizinai kiiizimaseii
kiiiziro kiiizinasai kiiizite kudasai okiiizi nasaimase
kiiiziru na kiiizinasaru na kiiizinai de kudasai okiiizi nasaimasu na
kiiiziyoo kiiiziru daroo kiiizimasyoo kiiiziru desyoo
kiiizimai kiiizinai daroo kiiizimasumai kiiizinai desyoo
kiiizireba kiiizimaseba kiiizimasureba
kiiizinakereba kiiizimaseii nara
kiiizite kiiizimasite
kiiizinai de kiiizinakute kiiizimaseii de
kiiizita kiiizimasita
kiiizinakatta kiiizimaseii desita
kiiizitaroo kiiizita daroo kiiizimasitaroo kiiizita desyoo
kiiizinakattaroo kiiizinakatta daroo kiiizimaseii desitaroo kiiizinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kiiizitara kiiizimasitara
kiiizinakattara kiiizimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kiiizitari kiiizimasitari
kiiizinakattari kiiizimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
.
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kiiizirareru
Potential
kiiizirareru
Causative
kiiizisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kiiizisaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 218
okiiizi ni naru okiiizi nasaru okiiizi suru okiiizi itasu
kiri
kir.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiru kirimasu
kiranai kirimaseii
kire kirinasai kitte kudasai okiri nasaimase
kiru na kirinasaru na kiranai de kudasai okiri nasaimasu na
kiroo kiru daroo kirimasyoo kiru desyoo
kirumai kiranai daroo kirimasumai kiranai desyoo
kireba kirimaseba kirimasureba
kiranakereba kirimaseii nara
kitte kirimasite
kiranai de kiranakute kirimaseii de
kitta kirimasita
kiranakatta kirimaseii desita
kittaroo kitta daroo kirimasitaroo kitta desyoo
kiranakattaroo kiranakatta daroo kirimaseii desitaroo kiranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kittara kirimasi tara
kiranakattara kirimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kittari kirimasitari
kiranakattari kirimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to cut
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kirareru
Potential
kireru
Causative
kiraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kiraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okiri ni naru okiri nasaru okiri suru okiri itasu 217
ki.lO
ki
to put on, to wear (on the body as with a coat, suit, or dress)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Altemativt INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiru kimasu
kinai kimaseii
kiro kinasai kite kudasai omesi nasaimase
kiru na kinasaru na kinai de kudasai omesi nasaimasu na
kiyoo kiru daroo 'kimasyoo kiru desyoo
kimai kinai daroo kimasumai kinai desyoo
kireba kimaseba kimasureba
kinakereba kimaseii nara
kite kimasite
kinai de kinakute kimaseii de
kita kimasita
kinakatta kimaseii desita
kitaroo kita daroo kimasitaroo kita desyoo
kinakattaroo kinakatta daroo kimaseii desitaroo kinakatta desyoo
kitara kimasitara
kinakattara kimaseii desitara
kitari kimasitari
kinakattari kimaseii desi tari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kirareru
Potential
kirareru
Causative
kisaseru
Causative Pass.
kisaserareru
Honorific
I
Humble
I
n n
218
omesi ni naru omesi nasaru
kisoi
kisO.a TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kisou kisoimasu
kisowanai kisoimaseii
kisoe kisoinasai kisotte kudasai okisoi nasaimase
kisou na kisoinasaru na kisowanai de kudasai okisoi nasaimasu na
kisooo kisou daroo kisoimasyoo kisou desyoo
kisoumai kisowanai daroo kisoimasumai kisowanai desyoo
kisoeba kisoimaseba kisoimasureba
kisowanakereba kisoimaseii nara
kisotte kisoimasite
kisowanai de kisowanakute kisoimaseii de
kisotta kisoimasita
kisowanakatta kisoimaseii desita
kisottaroo kisotta daroo kisoimasitaroo kisotta desyoo
kisowanakattaroo kisowanakatta daroo kisoimaseii desitaroo kisowanakatta desyoo
kisottara kisoimasitara
kisowanakattara kisoimaseii desitara
kisottari kisoimasitari
kisowanakattari kisoimaseii desitari
to compete
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kisowareru
Potential
kisoeru
Causative
kisowaseru
Causative Pass.
kisowaserareru
Honorific
I II
okisoi ni naru okisoi nasaru
Humble
I II
okisoi suru okisoi itasu 219
kiwamar.u
kiwamari
to come to an end, to be carried to an extreme AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kiwamaru kiwamarimasu
kiwamaranai kiwamarimaseii
kiwamaroo kiwamaru daroo ki,wamarimasyoo kiwamaru desyoo
kiwamarumai kiwamaranai daroo kiwamarimasumai kiwamaranai desyoo
kiwamareba kiwamarimaseba kiwamarimasureba
kiwamaranakereba kiwamarimaseii nara
kiwamatte kiwamarimasite
kiwamaranai de kiwamaranakute kiwamarimaseii de
kiwamatta kiwamarimasita
kiwamaranakatta kiwamarimaseii desita
kiwamattaroo kiwamatta dareD kiwamarimasitaroo kiwamatta desyoo
kiwamaranakattaroo kiwamaranakatta daroo kiwamarimaseii desitaroo kiwamaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kiwamaltara kiwamarimasitara
kiwamaranakattara kiwamarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kiwamattari kiwamarimasitari
kiwamaranakattari kiwamarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
kiwamaraseru
Causative Pass.
220
kiwamaraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
kizukai
kizuka.u TRANSITIVE
to worry about, to fear
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kizukau kizukaimasu
kizukawanai kizukaimasen
kizukae kizukainasai kizukatte kudasai okizukai nasaimase
kizukau na kizukainasaru na kizukawanai de kudasai okizukai nasaimasu na
kizukaoo kizukau daroo kizukaimasyoo kizukau desyoo
kizukaumai kizukawanai daroo kizukaimasumai kizukawanai desyoo
kizukaeba kizukaimaseba kizukaimasureba
kizukawa nakereba kizukaimasen nara
kizukatte kizukaimasite
kizukawanai de kizukawanakute kizukaimasen de
kizukatta kizukaimasita
kizukawanakatta kizukaimasen desita
kizuka ttaroo kizukatta daroo kizukaimasitaroo kizukatta desyoo
kizukawanakattaroo kizukawanakatta daroo kizukaimasen desitaroo kizukawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kizukattara kizukaimasitara
kizukawanakattara kizukaimasen desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kizukattari kizukaimasitari
kizukawanakattari kizukaimasen desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kizukawareru
Potential
kizukaeru
Causative
kizukawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kizukawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okizukai ni naru okizukai nasaru okizukai suru okizukai itasu 221
kizUk.U
kizuki
to notice, to sense AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kizuku kizukimasu
kizukanai kizukimaseii
kizuke kizukinasai kizuite kudasai okizuki nasaimase
kizuku na kizukinasaru na kizukanai de kudasai okizuki nasaimasu na
kizukoo kizuku daroo bzukimasyoo kizuku desyoo
kizukumai kizukanai daroo kizukimasumai kizukanai desyoo
kizukeba kizukimaseba kizukimasureba
kizukanakereba kizukimasefi nara
kizuite kizukimasite
kizukanaide kizukanakute kizukimasefi de
kizuita kizukimasita
kizukanakatta kizukimasefi desita
kizuitaroo kizuita daroo kizukimasitaroo kizuita desyoo
kizukanakattaroo kizukanakatta daroo kizukimasefi desitaroo kizukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kizuitara kizukimasitara
kizukanakattara kizukimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kizuitari kizukimasitari
kizukanakattari kizukimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kizukareru
Potential
kizukeru
Causative
kizukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kizukaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 222
okizuki ni naru okizuki nasaru
Idzutuke
Idzutuke.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kizutukeru kizutukemasu
kizutukenai kizutukemaseii
kizutukero kizutukenasai kizutukete kudasai okizutuke nasaimase
kizutukeru na kizutukenasaru na kizutukenai de kudasai okizutuke nasaimasu na
kizutukeyoo kizutukeru daroo kizutukemasyoo kizutukeru desyoo
kizutukemai kizutukenai daroo kizutukemasumai kizutukenai desyoo
kizutukereba kizutukemaseba kizutukemasureba
kizutukenakereba kizutukemaseii nara
kizutukete kizutukemasite
kizukenai de kizutukenakute kizutukemaseii de
kizutuketa kizutukemasita
kizutukenakatta kizutukemaseii desita
kizutuketaroo kizutuketa daroo kizutukemasitaroo kizutuketa desyoo
kizutukenakattaroo kizutukenakatta daroo kizutukemaseii desitaroo kizutukenakatta desyoo
kizutukettara kizutukemasitara
kizutukenakattara kizutukemaseii desitara
kizutuketari kizutukemasitari
kizutukenakattari kizutukemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to wound, to damage
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kizutukerareru
Potential
kizutukerareru
Causative
kizutukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kizutukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okizutuke ni naru okizutuke nasaru okizutuke suru okizutuke itasu Z23
kobami
kobam.u to reject, to oppose
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL. U
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL. U FORMAL
• U
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL. U FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kobamu kobamimasu
kobamanai kobamimaseii
kobame kobaminasai kobaiide kudasai okobami nasaimase
kobamu na kobaminasaru na kobamanai de kudasai okobami nasaimasu na
kobamoo kobamu daroo 'kobamimasyoo kobamu desyoo
kobamumai kobamanai daroo kobamimasumai kobamanai dcsyoo
kobameba kobamimaseba kobamimasureba
kobamanakereba kobamimaseii nara
kobaiide kobamimasite
kobamanai de kobamanakute kobamimaseii de
kobaiida kobamimasita
kobamanakatta kobamimaseii desita
kobaiidaroo kobaiida daroo kobamimasitaroo kobaiida desyoo
kobamanakattaroo kobamanakatta daroo kobamimaseii dcsitaroo kobamanakatta dcsyoo
kobaiidara kobamimasitara
kobamanakattara kobamimaseii dcsitara
kobaiidari kobamimasitari
kobamanakattari kobamimaseii dcsitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kobamareru
Polentlal
kobameru
Causative
kobamaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kobamaserareru
I U
okobami ni naru okobami nasaru
•
okobami suru okobami itasu
U
224
kobore.ru
kobore
to spill AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
koboreru koboremasu
koborenai koboremaseii
koborero
koboreru na
koboreyoo koboreru daroo koboremasyoo koboreru desyoo
koboremai koborenai daroo koboremasumai koborenai desyoo
koborereba koboremaseba koboremasureba
koborenakereba koboremaseii nara
koborete koboremasite
koborenai de koborenakute koboremaseii de
koboreta koboremasita
koborenakatta koboremaseii desita
koboretaroo koboreta daroo koboremasitaroo koboreta desyoo
koborenakattaroo koborenakatta daroo koboremaseii desitaroo koborenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koboretara koboremasitara
koborenakattara koboremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koboretari koboremasitari
koborenakattari koboremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL.
n FORMAL
•
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
koborerareru
Potential
koborerareru
Causative
koboresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
•n I
n 225
kobOs.u to spill
kobosi TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kobosu kobosimasu
kobosanai kobosimaseii
kobose kobosinasai kobosite kudasai okobosi nasaimase
kobosu na kobosinasaru na kobosanai de kudasai okobosi nasaimasu na
kobosoo kobosu daroo kobosimasyoo kobosu desyoo
kobosumai kobosanai daroo kobosimasumai kobosanai desyoo
koboseba kobosimaseba kobosimasureba
kobosanakereba kobosimaseii nara
kobosite kobosimasite
kobosanai de kobosanakute kobosimaseii de
kobosita kobosimasita
kobosanakatta kobosimaseii desita
kobositaroo kobosita daroo kobosimasitaroo kobosita desyoo
kobosanakattaroo kobosanakatta daroo kobosimaseii desitaroo kobosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kobositara kobosimasitara
kobosanakattara kobosimaseii desitara
Alternative' INFORMAL FORMAL
kobositari kobosimasitari
kobosanakattari kobosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kobosareru
Potential
koboseru
Causative
kobosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 226
kobosaserareru
I
n
okobosi ni naru okobosi nasaru
I II
okobosi suru okobosi itasu
kodawari
kodawir.u to be particular about trifles
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kodawaru kodawarimasu
kodawaranai kodawarimaseii
kodaware kodawarinasai kodawatte kudasai okodawari nasaimase
kodawaru na kodawarinasaru na kodawaranai de kudasai okodawari nasaimasu na
kodawaroo kodawaru daroo kodawarimasyoo kodawaru desyoo
kodawarumai kodawaranai daroo kodawarimasumai kodawaranai desyoo
kodawareba kodawarimaseba kodawarimasureba
kodawaranakereba kodawarimaseii nara
kodawatte kodawarimasite
kodawaranai de kodawaranakute kodawarimaseii de
kodawatta kodawarimasita
kodawaranakatta kodawarimaseii desita
kodawattaroo kodawatta daroo kodawarimasitaroo kodawatta desyoo
kodawaranakattaroo kodawaranakatta daroo kodawarimaseii desitaroo kodawaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kodawattara kodawarimasitara
kodawaranakattara kodawarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kodawattari kodawarimasitari
kodawaranakattari kodawarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kodawarareru
Potential
kodawareru
Causative
kodawaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kodawaraserareru
I
n Humble
okodawari ni naru okodawari nasaru
I II 227
koe.ru
koe
to grow stout, to grow fertile (of land)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
koeru koemasu
koenai koemaseii
koero koenasai koete kudasai okoe nasaimase
koeru na koenasaru na koenai de kudasai okoe nasaimasu na
koeyoo koeru daroo koemasyoo koeru desyoo
koemai koenai daroo koemasumai koenai desyoo
koereba koemaseba koemasureba
koenakereba koemaseii nara
koete koemasite
koenaide koenakute koemaseii de
koeta koemasita
koenakatta koemaseii desita
koetaroo koeta daroo koemasitaroo koeta desyoo
koenakattaroo koenakatta daroo koemaseii desitaroo koenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koetara koemasitara
koenakattara koemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koetari koemasitari
koenakattari koemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
koerareru
Potential
koerareru
Causative
koesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
koesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 228
okoe ni naru okoe nasaru
koe
koe.ru TRANSITIVE
to cross over, to exceed
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
koeru koemasu
koenai koemaseii
koero koenasai koete kudasai okoe nasaimase
koeru na koenasaru na koenai de kudasai okoe nasaimasu na
koeyoo koeru daroo koemasyoo koeru desyoo
koemai koenai daroo koemasumai koenai desyoo
koereba koemaseba koemasureba
koenakereba koemaseii nara
koete koemasite
koenaide koenakute koemaseii de
koeta koemasita
koenakatta koemaseii desita
koetaroo koeta daroo koemasitaroo koeta desyoo
koenakattaroo koenakatta daroo koemaseii desitaroo koenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koetara koemasitara
koenakattara koemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koetari koemasitari
koenakattari koemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
koerareru
Potential
koerareru
Causative
koesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
koesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okoe ni naru okoe nasaru okoe suru okoe itasu 229
koge.ru
koge
to be charred
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kogeru kogemasu
kogenai kogemaseii
kogero kogenasai kogete kudasai okoge nasaimase
kogeru na kogenasaru na kogenai de kudasai okoge nasaimasu na
kogeyoo kogeru daroo kogemasyoo kogeru desyoo
kogemai kogenai daroo kogemasumai kogenai desyoo
kogereba kogemaseba kogemasureba
kogenakereba kogemaseii nara
kogete kogemasite
kogenai de kogenakute kogemaseii de
kogeta kogemasita
kogenakatta kogemaseii desita
kogetaroo kogeta daroo kogemasitaroo kogeta desyoo
kogenakattaroo kogenakatta daroo kogemaseii desitaroo kogenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kogetara kogemasitara
kogenakattara kogemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kogetari kogemasitari
kogenakattari kogemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I U FORMAL I U Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kogerareru
Potential
kogerareru
Causative
kogesaseru
Causative Pass.
230
kogesaserareru
Honorific
I U
Humble
I U
okoge ni naru okoge nasaru
kogi
kog.a TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kogu kogimasu
koganai kogimaseii
koge koginasai koide kudasai okogi nasaimase
kogu na koginasaru na koganai de kudasai okogi nasaimasu na
kogoo kogu daroo kogimasyoo kogu desyoo
kogumai koganai daroo kogimasumai koganai desyoo
kogeba kogimaseba kogimasureba
koganakereba kogimaseii nara
koide kogimasite
koganai de koganakute kogimaseii de
koida kogimasita
koganakatta kogimaseii desita
koidaroo koida daroo kogimasitaroo koida desyoo
koganakattaroo koganakatta daroo kogimaseii desitaroo koganakatta desyoo
koidara kogimasitara
koganakattara kogimaseii desitara
koidari kogimasitari
koganakattari kogimaseii desitari
to row
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kogareru
Potential
kogeru
Causative
kogaseru
Causative Pass.
kogaserareru
Honorific
I D
okogi ni naru okogi nasaru
Humble
I D
okogi suru okogi itasu 231
kokituka.u
kokitukai
to work someone hard
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kokitukau kokitukaimasu
kokitukawanai kokitukaimaseii
kokitukae kokitukainasai kokitukatte kudasai
kokitukau na kokitukainasaru na kokitukawanai de kudasai
kokitukaoo kokitukau daroo kokitukaimasyoo kokitukau desyoo
kokitukaumai kokitukawanai daroo kokitukaimasumai kokitukawanai desyoo
kokitukaeba kokitukaimaseba kokitukaimasureba
kokitukawanakereba kokitukaimaseii nara
kokitukatte kokitukaimasite
kokitukawanai de kokitukawanakute kokitukaimaseii de
kokitukatta kokitukaimasita
kokitukawanakatta kokitukaimaseii desita
kokitukattaroo kokitukatta daroo kokitukaimasitaroo kokitukatta desyoo
kokitukawanakattaroo kokitukawanakatta daroo kokitukaimaseii desitaroo kokitukawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kokitukattara kokitukaimasitara
kokitukawanakattara kokitukaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kokitukattari kokitukaimasitari
kokitukawanakattari kokitukaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE kokitukawareru
Passive Potential
kokitukaeru
Causative
kokitukawaseru kokitukawaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
n Humble
I
n 232
kokoroe
kokoroe.ru TRANSITIVE
to know, to understand
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kokoroeru kokoroemasu
kokoroenai kokoroemaseii
kokoroero
kokoroeru na
kokoroeyoo kokoroeru daroo kokoroemasyoo kokoroeru desyoo
kokoroemai kokoroenai daroo kokoroemasumai kokoroenai desyoo
kokoroereba kokoroemaseba kokoroemasureba
kokoroenakereba kokoroemaseii nara
kokoroete kokoroemasite
kokoroenai de kokoroenakute kokoroemaseii de
kokoroeta kokoroemasita
kokoroenakatta kokoroemaseii desita
kokoroetaroo kokoroeta daroo kokoroemasitaroo kokoroeta desyoo
kokoroenakattaroo kokoroenakatta daroo kokoroemaseii desitaroo kokoroenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kokoroetara kokoroemasitara
kokoroenakattara kokoroemaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kokoroetari kokoroemasitari
kokoroenakattari kokoroemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kokoroerareru
Potential
kokoroerareru
Causative
kokoroesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kokoroesaserareru
I
n Humble
okokoroe ni naru okokoroe nasaru
I
n 233
kokoromi.ru to try, to test
kokoromi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kokoromiru kokoromimasu
kokorominai kokoromimaseii
kokoromiro kokorominasai kokoromite kudasai okokoromi nasaimase
kokoromiru na kokorominasaru na kokorominai de kudasai okokoromi nasaimasu na
kokoromiyoo kokoromiru daroo kokoromimasyoo kokoromiru desyoo
kokoromimai kokorominai daroo kokoromimasumai kokorominai desyoo
kokoromireba kokoromimaseba kokoromimasureba
kokorominakereba kokoromimaseii nara
kokoromite kokoromimasite
kokorominai de kokorominakute kokoromimaseii de
kokoromita kokoromimasita
kokorominakatta kokoromimaseii desita
kokoromitaroo kokoromita daroo kokoromimasitaroo kokoromita desyoo
kokorominakattaroo kokorominakatta daroo kokoromimaseii desitaroo kokorominakatta desyoo
kokoromitara kokoromimasitara
kokorominakattara kokoromimaseii desitara
kokoromitari kokoromimasitari
kokorominakattari kokoromimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kokoromirareru
Potential
kokoromirareru
Causative
kokoromisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kokoromisaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 234
okokoromi ni naru okokoromi nasaru okokoromi suru okokoromi itasu
kokorozasi
kokorozas.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kokorozasu kokorozasimasu
kokorozasanai kokorozasimaseii
kokorozase kokorozasinasai kokorozasite kudasai okokorozasi nasaimase
kokorozasu na kokorozasinasaru na kokorozasanai de kudasai okokorozasi nasaimasu na
kokorozasoo kokorozasu daroo kokorozasimasyoo kokorozasu desyoo
kokorozasumai kokorozasanaidaroo kokorozasimasumai kokorozasanai desyoo
kokorozaseba kokorozasimaseba kokorozasimasureba
kokorozasanakereba kokorozasimaseii nara
kokorozasite kokorozasimasite
kokorozasanai de kokorozasanakute kokorozasimaseii de
kokorozasita kokorozasimasita
kokorozasanakatta kokorozasimaseii desita
kokorozasitaroo kokorozasita daroo kokorozasimasitaroo kokorozasita desyoo
kokorozasanakattaroo kokorozasanakatta daroo kokorozasimaseii desitaroo kokorozasanakatta desyoo
kokorozasitara kokorozasimasitara
kokorozasanakattara kokorozasimaseii desitara
kokorozasitari kokorozasimasitari
kokorozasanakattari kokorozasimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to intend, to aspire to
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kokorozasareru
Potential
kokorozaseru
Causative
kokorozasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kokorozasaserareru
I
n Humble
okokorozasi ni naru okokorozasi nasaru
I
n 235
komari
koma.ru to be troubled
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
komaru komarimasu
komaranai komarimaseii
komare
komaru na
komaroo komaru daroo komarimasyoo komaru desyoo
komarumai komaranai daroo komarimasumai komaranai desyoo
komareba komarimaseba komarimasureba
komaranakereba komarimaseii nara
komatte komarimasite
komaranai de komaranakute komarimaseii de
komatta komarimasita
komaranakatta komarimaseii desita
komattaroo komatta daroo komarimasitaroo komatta desyoo
komaranakattaroo komaranakatta daroo komarimaseii desitaroo komaranakatta desyoo
komattara komarimasitara
komaranakattara komarimaseii desitara
komattari komarimasitari
komaranakattari komarimaseii desitari
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
komarareru
Potential Causative
komaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
komaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 238
okomari ni naru okomari nasaru
kom.u
komi
to become crowded AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
komu komimasu
komanai komimasefi
komoo komu daroo komimasyoo komu desyoo
komumai komanai daroo komimasumai komanai desyoo
komeba komimaseba komimasureba
komanakereba komimasefi nara
kofide komimasite
komanai de komanakute komimasefi de
kofida komimasita
komanakatta komimasefi desita
kofidaroo kofida daroo komimasitaroo kofida desyoo
komanakattaroo komanakatta daroo komimasefi desitaroo komanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kofidara komimasitara
komanakattara komimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kofidari komimasitari
komanakattari komimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n
konom.u to like
konomi TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
konomu konomimasu
konomanai konomimaseii
konome konominasai konoiide kudasai okonomi nasaimase
konomu na konominasaru na konomanai de kudasai okonomi nasaimasu na
konomoo konomu daroo konomimasyoo konomu desyoo
konomumai konomanai daroo konomimasumai konomanai desyoo
konomeba konomimaseba konomimasureba
konomanakereba konomimaseii nara
konoiide konomimasite
konomanai de konomanakute konomimaseii de
konoiida konomimasita
konomanakatta konomimaseii desita
konoiidaroo konoiida daroo konomimasitaroo konoiida desyoo
konomanakattaroo konomanakatta daroo konomimaseii desitaroo konomanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
konoiidara konomimasitara
konomanakattara konomimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
konoiidari konomimasitari
konomanakattari konomimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
konomareru
Potential
konomeru
Causative
konomaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
konomaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 238
okonomi ni naru okonomi nasaru
koor.u
koori
to freeze (solid)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kooru koorimasu
kooranai koorimaseii
koore
kooru na
kooroo kooru daroo koorimasyoo kooru desyoo
koorumai kooranai daroo koorimasumai kooranai desyoo
kooreba koorimaseba koorimasureba
kooranakereba koorimaseii nara
kootte koorimasite
kooranai de kooranakute koorimaseii de
kootta koorimasita
kooranakatta koorimaseii desita
koottaroo kootta daroo koorimasitaroo kootta desyoo
kooranakattaroo kooranakatta daroo koorimaseii desitaroo kooranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koottara koorimasitara
kooranakattara koorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koottari koorimasitari
kooranakattari koorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
koorareru
Potential
kooreru
Causative
kooraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kooraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 239
korae.ru 10
korae
endure, to preserve
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
koraeru koraemasu
koraenai koraemasefi
koraero koraenasai koraete kudasai okorae nasaimase
koraeru na koraenasaru na koraenai de kudasai okorae nasaimasu na
koraeyoo koraeru daroo koraemasyoo koraeru desyoo
koraemai koraenai daroo koraemasumai koraenai desyoo
koraereba koraemaseba koraemasureba
koraenakereba koraemasefi nara
koraete koraemasite
koraenai de koraenakute koraemasefi de
koraeta koraemasita
koraenakatta koraemasefi desita
koraetaroo koraeta daroo koraemasitaroo koraeta desyoo
koraenakattaroo koraenakatta daroo koraemasefi desitaroo koraenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koraetara koraemasitara
koraenakattara koraemasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koraetari koraemasitari
koraenakattari koraemasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
koraerareru
Potential
koraerareru
Causative
koraesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
koraesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 240
okorae ni naru okorae nasaru okorae suru okorae itasu
korasime
korasime.ru TRANSITIVE
to punish, to scold
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
korasimeru korasimemasu
korasimenai korasimemaseii
korasimero korasimenasai korasimete kudasai okorasime nasaimase
korasimeru na korasimenasaru na korasimenai de kudasai okorasime nasaimasu na
korasimeyoo korasimeru daroo korasimemasyoo korasimeru desyoo
korasimemai korasimenai daroo korasimemasumai korasimenai desyoo
korasimereba korasimemaseba korasimemasureba
korasimenakereba korasimemaseii nara
korasimete korasimemasite
korasimenai de korasimenakute korasimemaseii de
korasimeta korasimemasita
korasimenakatta korasimemaseii desita
korasimetaroo korasimeta daroo korasimemasitaroo korasimeta desyoo
korasimenakattaroo korasimenakatta daroo korasimemaseii desitaroo korasimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
korasimetara korasimemasitara
korasimenakattara korasimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
korasimetari korasimemasitari
korasimenakattari korasimemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
korasimerareru
Potential
korasimerareru
Causative
korasimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
korasimesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okorasime ni naru okorasime nasaru okorasime suru okorasime itasu 241
koras.D
korasi
to concentrate (one's attention). to devote oneself to
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
korasu korasimasu
korasanai korasimasefi
korase korasinasai korasite kudasai okorasi nasaimase
korasu na korasinasaru na korasanai de kudasai okorasi nasaimasu na
korasoo korasu daroo korasimasyoo korasu desyoo
korasumai korasanai daroo korasimasumai korasanai desyoo
koraseba korasimaseba korasimasureba
korasanakereba korasimaseii nara
korasite korasimasite
korasanaide korasanakute korasimaseii de
korasita korasimasita
korasanakatta korasimaseii desita
korasitaroo korasita daroo korasimasitaroo korasita desyoo
korasanakattaroo korasanakatta daroo korasimaseii desitaroo korasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
korasitara korasimasitara
korasanakattara korasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
korasitari korasimasitari
korasanakattari korasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
korasareru
Potential
koraseru
Causative
korasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
korasaserareru
I
D
Humble
I
D 242
okorasi ni naru okorasi nasaru okorasi suru okorasi itasu
korobi
korob.u to take a spill
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
korobu korobimasu
korobanai korobimaseii
korobe korobinasai koroiide kudasai okorobi nasaimase
korobu na korobinasaru na korobanai de kudasai okorobi nasaimasu na
koroboo korobu daroo korobimasyoo korobu desyoo
korobumai korobanai daroo korobimasumai korobanai desyoo
korobeba korobimaseba korobimasureba
korobanakereba korobimaseii nara
koroiide korobimasite
korobanai de korobanakute korobimaseii de
koroiida korobimasita
korobanakatta korobimaseii desita
koroiidaroo koroiida daroo korobimasitaroo koroiida desyoo
korobanakattaroo korobanakatta daroo korobimaseii desitaroo korobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
koroiidara korobimasitara
korobanakattara korobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
koroiidari korobimasitari
korobanakattari korobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
korobareru
Potential
koroberu
Causative
korobaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
korobaserareru
I
n Humble
okorobi ni naru okorobi nasaru
I
n 243
koros.u to kill
korosi TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
korosu korosimasu
korosanai korosimaseii
korose korosinasai korosite kudasai okorosi nasaimase
korosu na korosinasaru na korosanai de kudasai okorosi nasaimasu na
korosoo korosu daroo korosimasyoo korosu desyoo
korosumai korosanai daroo korosimasumai korosanai desyoo
koroseba korosimaseba korosimasureba
korosanakereba korosimaseii nara
korosite korosimasite
korosanai de korosanakute korosimaseii de
korosita korosimasita
korosanakatta korosimaseii desita
korositaroo korosita daroo korosimasitaroo korosita desyoo
korosanakattaroo korosanakatta daroo korosimaseii desitaroo korosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
korositara korosimasitara
korosanakattara korosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
korositari korosimasitari
korosanakattari korosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
korosareru
Potential
koroseru
Causative
korosaseru
Causative Pass.
244
korosaserareru
Honorific
I II
okorosi ni naru okorosi nasaru
Humble
I II
okorosi suru okorosi itasu
kosikake.ru
kosikake
to sit in Western fashion
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kosikakeru kosikakemasu
kosikakenai kosikakemasefi
kosikakero kosikakenasai kosikakete kudasai okosikake nasaimase
kosikakeru na kosikakenasaru na kosikakenai de kudasai okosikake nasaimasu na
kosikakeyoo kosikakeru daroo kosikakemasyoo kosikakeru desyoo
kosikakemai kosikakenai daroo kosikakemasumai kosikakenai desyoo
kosikakereba kosikakemaseba kosikakemasureba
kosikakenakereba kosikakemasefi nara
kosikakete kosikakemasite
kosikakenai de kosikakenakute kosikakemasefi de
kosikaketa kosikakemasita
kosikakenakatta kosikakemasefi desita
kosikaketaroo kosikaketa daroo kosikakemasitaroo kosikaketa desyoo
kosikakenakattaroo kosikakenakatta daroo kosikakemasefi desitaroo kosikakenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kosikaketara kosikakemasitara
kosikakenakattara kosikakemasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kosikaketari kosikakemasitari
kosikakenakattari kosikakemasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL.
n FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kosikakerareru
Potential
kosikakerareru
Causative
kosikakesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kosikakesaserareru
•n •n
okosikake ni naru okosikake nasaru
246
kosirae.ru
kosirae
to make, to manufacture
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kosiraeru kosiraemasu
kosiraenai kosiraemaseii
kosiraero kosiraenasai kosiraete kudasai okosirae nasaimase
kosiraeru na kosiraenasaru na kosiraenai de kudasai okosirae nasaimasu na
kosiraeyoo kosiraeru daroo kosiraemasyoo kosiraeru desyoo
kosiraemai kosiraenai daroo kosiraemasumai kosiraenai desyoo
kosiraereba kosiraemaseba kosiraemasureba
kosiraenakereba kosiraemaseii nara
kosiraete kosiraemasite
kosiraenai de kosiraenakute kosiraemaseii de
kosiraeta kosiraemasita
kosiraenakatta kosiraemaseii desita
kosiraetaroo kosiraeta daroo kosiraemasitaroo kosiraeta desyoo
kosiraenakattaroo kosiraenakatta daroo kosiraemaseii desitaroo kosiraenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kosiraetara kosiraemasitara
kosiraenakattara kosiraemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kosiraetari kosiraemasitari
kosiraenakattari kosiraemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kosiraerareru
Potential
kosiraerareru
Causative
kosiraesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kosiraesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 248.
okosirae ni naru okosirae nasaru okosirae suru okosirae itasu
kosi
kos.o TRANSITIVE
to cross, to pass, to surpass
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kosu kosimasu
kosanai kosimaseii
kose kosinasai kosite kudasai okosi nasaimase
kosu na kosinasaru na kosanai de kudasai okosi nasaimasu na
kosoo kosu daroo kosimasyoo kosu desyoo
kosumai kosanai daroo kosimasumai kosanai desyoo
koseba kosimaseba kosimasureba
kosanakereba kosimaseii nara
kosite kosimasite
kosanai de kosanakute kosimaseii de
kosita kosimasita
kosanakatta kosimaseii desita
kositaroo kosita daroo kosimasitaroo kosita desyoo
kosanakattaroo kosanakatta daroo kosimaseii desitaroo kosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kositara kosimasitara
kosanakattara kosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kositari kosimasitari
kosanakattari kosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kosareru
Potential
koseru
Causative
kosaseru
Causative Pass.
kosaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
okosi ni naru okosi nasaru
247
kotae.ru
kotae
to answer
Indicative lNFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kotaeru kotaemasu
kotaenai kotaemaseii
kotaero kotaenasai kotaete kudasai okotae nasaimase
kotaeru na kotaenasaru na kotaenai de kudasai okotae nasaimasu na
kotaeyoo kotaeru daroo kotaemasyoo kotaeru desyoo
kotaemai kotaenai daroo kotaemasumai kotaenai desyoo
kotaereba kotaemaseba kotaemasureba
kotaenakereba kotaemaseii nara
kotaete kotaemasite
kotaenai de kotaenakutc kotaemaseii de
kotaeta kotaemasita
kotaenakatta kotaemaseii desita
kotaetaroo kotaeta daroo kotaemasitaroo kotaeta desyoo
kotaenakattaroo kotaenakatta daroo kotaemaseii desitaroo kotaenakatta desyoo
kotaetara kotaemasitara
kotaenakattara kotaemaseii desitara
kotaetari kotaemasitari
kotaenakattari kotaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kotaerareru
Potential
kotaerarcru
Causative
kotaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kotaesascrareru
I
n Humble
I
n 248
okotae ni naru okotae nasaru okotae suru okotae itasu
kotonari
kotonar.u to be different (from) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kotonaru kotonarimasu
kotonaranai kotonarimaseii
kotonare
kotonaru na
kotonatte kudasai
kotonaranai de kudasai
kotonaroo kotonaru daroo kotonarimasyoo kotonaru desyoo
kotonarumai kotonaranai daroo kotonarimasumai kotonaranai desyoo
kotonareba kotonarimaseba kotonarimasureba
kotonaranakereba kotonarimaseii nara
kotonatte kotonarimasite
kotonaranai de kotonaranakute kotonarimaseii de
kotonatta kotonarimasita
kotonaranakatta kotonarimaseii desita
kotonattaroo kotonatta daroo kotonarimasitaroo kotonatta desyoo
kotonaranakattaroo kotonaranakatta daroo kotonarimaseii desitaroo kotonaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kotonattara kotonarimasitara
kotonaranakattara kotonarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kotonattari kotonarimasitari
kotonaranakattari kotonarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
kotonaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kotonaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 249
kotowar.u to refuse
kotowari TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kotowaru kotowarimasu
kotowaranai kotowarimaseii
kotoware kotowarinasai kotowatte kudasai okotowari nasaimase
kotowaru na kotowarinasaru na kotowaranai de kudasai okotowari nasaimasu na
kotowaroo kotowaru daroo kotowarimasyoo kotowaru desyoo
kotowarumai kotowaranai daroo kotowarimasumai kotowaranai desyoo
kotowareba kotowarimaseba kotowarimasureba
kotowaranakereba kotowarimaseii nara
kotowatte kotowarimasite
kotowaranai de kotowaranakute kotowarimaseii de
kotowatta kotowarimasita
kotowaranakatta kotowarimaseii desita
kotowattaroo kotowatta daroo kotowarimasitaroo kotowatta desyoo
kotowaranakattaroo kotowaranakatta daroo kotowarimaseii desitaroo kotowaranakatta desyoo
kotowattara kotowarimasitara
kotowaranakattara kotowarimaseii desitara
kotowattari kotowarimasitari
kotowaranakattari kotowarimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kotowarareru
Potential
kotowareru
Causative
kotowaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kotowaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 250
okotowari ni naru okotowari nasaru okotowari suru okotowari itasu
kowagari
kowagar.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kowagaru kowagarimasu
kowagaranai kowagarimaseii
kowagare kowagarinasai kowagatte kudasai okowagari nasaimase
kowagaru na kowagarinasaru na kowagaranai de kudasai okowagari nasaimasu na
kowagaroo kowagaru daroo kowagarimasyoo kowagaru desyoo
kowagarumai kowagaranai daroo kowagarimasumai kowagaranai desyoo
kowagareba kowagarimaseba kowagarimasureba
kowagaranakereba kowagarimaseii nara
kowagatte kowagarimasite
kowagaranai de kowagaranakute kowagarimaseii de
kowagatta kowagarimasita
kowagaranakatta kowagarimaseii desita
kowagattaroo kowagatta daroo kowagarimasitaroo kowagatta desyoo
kowagaranakattaroo kowagaranakatta daroo kowagarimaseii desitaroo kowagaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kowagattara kowagarimasitara
kowagaranakattara kowagarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kowagattari kowagarimasitari
kowagaranakattari kowagarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to fear
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kowagarareru
Potential Causative
kowagaraseru
Causative Pass.
kowagaraserareru
Honorific II
Humble
okowagari ni naru okowagari nasaru
I II 251
koware.ru
koware
to break AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kowareru kowaremasu
kowarenai kowaremaseii
kowarero
kowareru na
kowareyoo kowareru daroo kowaremasyoo kowareru desyoo
kowaremai kowarenai daroo kowaremasumai kowarenai desyoo
kowarereba kowaremaseba
kowarenakereba kowaremaseii nara
kowarete kowaremasite
kowarenai de kowarenakute kowaremaseii de
kowareta kowaremasita
kowarenakatta kowaremaseii desita
kowaretaroo kowareta daroo kowaremasitaroo kowareta desyoo
kowarenakattaroo kowarenakatta daroo kowaremaseii desitaroo kowarenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kowaretara kowaremasitara
kowarenakattara kowaremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kowaretari kowaremasitari
kowarenakattari kowaremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
kowarerareru
Causative
•
Causative Pass.
•
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
"See kowas.u. the transitive verb for 'to break.'
252
kowasi
kowas.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I IT
FORMAL
I IT
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kowasu kowasimasu
kowasanai kowasimasefi
kowase kowasinasai kowasite kudasai okowasi nasaimase
kowasu na kowasinasaru na kowasanai de kudasai okowasi nasaimasu na
kowasoo kowasu daroo kowasimasyoo kowasu desyoo
kowasumai kowasanai daroo kowasimasumai kowasanai desyoo
kowaseba kowasimaseba kowasimasureba
kowasanakereba kowasimasefi nara
kowasite kowasimasite
kowasanai de kowasanakute kowasimaseii de
kowasita kowasimasita
. kowasanakatta kowasimaseii desita
IT
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
kowasitaroo kowasita daroo kowasimasitaroo kowasita desyoo
kowasanakattaroo kowasanakatta daroo kowasimaseii desitaroo kowasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kowasitara kowasimasitara
kowasanakattara kowasimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kowasitari kowasimasitari
kowasanakattari kowasimaseii desitari
FORMAL
to smash
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kowasareru
Potential
kowaseru
Causative
kowasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kowasaserareru
I
n Humble
I IT
okowasi ni naru okowasi nasaru okowasi suru okowasi itasu 253
kozituke
kozituke.ru to strain (an interpretation)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kozitukeru kozitukemasu
kozitukenai kozitukemaseii
kozitukero kozitukenasai kozitukete kudasai okozituke nasaimase
kozitukeru na kozitukenasaru na kozitukenai de kudasai okozituke nasaimasu na
kozitukeyoo kozitukeru daroo kozitukemasyoo kozitukeru desyoo
kozitukemai kozitukenai daroo kozitukemasumai kozitukenai desyoo
kozitukereba kozitukemaseba kozitukemasureba
kozitukenakereba kozitukemaseii nara
kozitukete kozitukemasite
kozitukenai de kozitukenakute kozitukemaseii de
kozituketa kozitukemasita
kozitukenakatta kozitukemaseii desita
kozituketaroo kozituketa daroo kozitukemasitaroo kozituketa desyoo
kozitukenakattaroo kozitukenakatta daroo kozitukemaseii desitaroo kozitukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kozituketara kozitukemasitara
kozitukenakattara kozitukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kozituketari kozitukemasitari
kozitukenakattari kozitukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kozitukerareru
Potential
kozitukerareru
Causative
kozitukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kozitukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 264
okozituke ni naru okozituke nasaru
kudaki
kudlk.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kudaku kudakimasu
kudakanai kudakimasen
kudake kudakinasai kudaite kudasai okudaki nasaimase
kudaku na kudakinasaru na kudakanai de kudasai okudaki nasaimasu na
kudakoo kudaku daroo kudakimasyoo kudaku desyoo
kudakumai kudakanai daroo kudakimasumai kudakanai desyoo
kudakeba kudakimaseba kudakimasureba
kudakanakereba kudakimasen nara
kudaite kudakimasite
kudakanaide kudakanakute kudakimasen de
kudaita kudakimasita
kudakanakatta kudakimasen desita
kudaitaroo kudaita daroo kudakimasitaroo kudaita desyoo
kudakanakattaroo kudakanakatta daroo kudakimasen desitaroo kudakanakatta desyoo
kudaitara kudakimasitara
kudakanakattara kudakimasen desitara
kudaitari kudakimasitari
kudakanakattari kudakimasen desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kudakareru
Potential
kudakeru
Causative
kudakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kudakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okudaki ni naru okudaki nasaru okudaki suru okudaki itasu
to smash
kudasar.u to give (to me)·
kudasai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kudasaru kudasaimasu
kudasaranai kudasaimaseii
kudasai
kudasaru na
kudasaimase
kudasaimasu na
kudasaroo kudasaru daroo kudasaimasyoo kudasaru desyoo
kudasarumai kudasaranai daroo kudasaimasumai kudasaranai desyoo
kudasareba kudasaimaseba kudasaimasureba
kudasaranakereba kudasaimaseii nara
kudasatte kudasaimasite
kudasaranai de kudasaranakute kudasaimaseii de
kudasatta kudasaimasita
kudasaranakatta kudasaimaseii desita
kudasattaroo kudasatta daroo kudasaimasitaroo kudasatta desyoo
kudasaranakattaroo kudasaranakatta daroo kudasaimaseii desitaroo kudasaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kudasattara kudasaimasitara
kudasaranakattara kudasaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kudasattari kudasaimasitari
kudasaranakattari kudasaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n III
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n -or to a member of my " in group." 2&8
kud6k.u
kudoki TRANSITIVE
to urge, to persuade
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kudoku kudokimasu
kudokanai kudokimaseii
kudoke kudokinasai kudoite kudasai okudoki nasaimase
kudoku na kudokinasaru na kudokanai de kudasai okudoki nasaimasu na
kudokoo kudoku daroo kudokimasyoo kudoku desyoo
kudokumai kudokanai daroo kudokimasumai kudokanai desyoo
kudokeba kudokimaseba kudokimasureba
kudokanakereba kudokimaseii nara
kudoite kudokimasite
kudokanai de kudokanakute kudokimaseii de
kudoita kudokimasita
kudokanakatta kudokimaseii desita
kudoitaroo kudoita daroo kudokimasitaroo kudoita desyoo
kudokanakattaroo kudokanakatta daroo kudokimaseii desitaroo kudokanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kudoitara kudokimasitara
kudokanakattara kudokimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kudoitari kudokimasitari
kudokanakattari kudokimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INQICATIVE Passive
kudokareru
Potential
kudokeru
Causative
kudokaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kudokaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okudoki ni naru okudoki nasaru okudoki suru okudoki itasu 257
kuitiga.u
kuitigai
to be in discord. to clash
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuitigau kuitigaimasu
kuitigawanai kuitigaimaseii
kuitigae kuitigainasai kuitigatte kudasai okuitigai nasaimase
kuitigau na kuitigainasaru na kuitigawanai de kudasai okuitigai nasaimasu na
kuitigaoo kuitigau daroo kuitigaimasyoo kuitigau desyoo
kuitigaumai kuitigawanai daroo kuitigaimasumai kuitigawanai desyoo
kuitigaeba kuitigaimaseba kuitigaimasureba
kuitigawanakereba kuitigaimaseii nara
kuitigatte kuitigaimasite
kuitigawanai de kuitigawanakute kuitigaimaseii de
kuitigatta kuitigaimasita
kuitigawanakatta kuitigaimaseii desita
kuitigattaroo kuitigatta daroo kuitigaimasitaroo kuitigatta desyoo
kuitigawanakattaroo kuitigawanakatta daroo kuitigaimaseii desitaroo kuitigawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuitigattara kuiligaimasitara
kuitigawanakattara kuiligaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuiligattari kuiligaimasitari
kuiligawanakattari kuiligaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kuiligawareru
Potential
kuitigaeru
Causative
kuiligawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuitigawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
kumor.u
komori
to get cloudy AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kumoru kumorimasu
kumoranai kumorimaseii
kumore
kumoru na
kumoroo kumoru daroo kumorimasyoo kumoru desyoo
kumorumai kumoranai daroo kumorimasumai kumoranai desyoo
kumoreba kumorimaseba kumorimasureba
kumoranakereba kumorimaseii nara
kumotte kumorimasite
kumoranai de kumoranakute kumorimaseii de
kumotta kumorimasita
kumoranakatta kumorimaseii desita
kumottaroo kumotta daroo kumorimasitaroo kumotta desyoo
kumoranakattaroo kumoranakatta daroo kumorimaseii desitaroo kumoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kumottara kumorimasitara
kumoranakattara kumorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kumottari kumorimasitari
kumoranakattari kumorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kumorareru
Potential Causative
kumoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kumoraserareru
I II
Humble II 259
kum.u
komi
to put together, to unite
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kumu kumimasu
kumanai kumimaseii
kume kuminasai kuiide kudasai okumi nasaimase
kumu na kuminasaru na kumanai de kudasai okumi nasaimasu na
kumoo kumu daroo kumimasyoo kumu desyoo
kumumai kumanai daroo kumimasumai kumanai desyoo
kumeba kumimaseba kumimasureba
kumanakereba kumimaseii nara
kuiide kumimasite
kumanai de kumanakute kumimaseii de
kuiida kumimasita
kumanakatta kumimaseii desita
kuiidaroo kuiida daroo kumimasitaroo kuiida desyoo
kumanakattaroo kumanakatta daroo kumimaseii desitaroo kumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuiidara kumimasitara
kumanakattara kumimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuiidari kumimasitari
kumanakattari kumimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kumareru
Potential
kumeru
Causative
kumaseru
Causative Pass.
kumaserareru
Honorific
I D
okumi ni naru okumi nasaru
Humblt
I
okumi suru okumi itasu
n 260
kurabe.ru
kurabe TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuraberu kurabemasu
kurabenai kurabemaseii
kurabero kurabenasai kurabete kudasai okurabe nasaimase
kuraberu na kurabenasaru na kurabenai de kudasai okurabe nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
kurabeyoo kuraberu daroo kurabemasyoo kuraberu desyoo
kurabemai kurabenai daroo kurabemasumai kurabenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurabereba kurabemaseba kurabemasureba
kurabenakereba kurabemaseii nara
kurabete kurabemasite
kurabenai de kurabenakute kurabemaseii de
kurabeta kurabemasita
kurabenakatta kurabemaseii desita
kurabetaroo kurabeta daroo kurabemasitaroo kurabeta desyoo
kurabenakattaroo kurabenakatta daroo kurabemaseii desitaroo kurabenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurabetara kurabemasitara
kurabenakattara kurabemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kurabetari kurabemasitari
kurabenakattari kurabemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to compare
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kuraberareru
Potential
kuraberareru
Causative
kurabesaseru
Causative Pass.
kurabesaserareru
Honorific
I D
okurabe ni naru okurabe nasaru
Humble
I D
okurabe suru okurabe itasu 281
kuram.u
kurami
to get dizzy, to be blinded AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuramu kuramimasu
kuramanai kuramimaseii
kurame
kuramu na
kuramoo kuramu daroo lruramimasyoo kuramu desyoo
kuramumai kuramanai daroo kuramimasumai kuramanai desyoo
kurameba kuramimaseba kuramimasureba
kuramanakereba kuramimaseii nara
kuraiide kuramimasite
kuramanai de kuramanakute kuramimaseii de
kuraiida kuramimasita
kuramanakatta kuramimaseii desita
kuraiidaroo kuraiida daroo kuramimasitaroo kuraiida desyoo
kuramanakattaroo kuramanakatta daroo kuramimaseii desitaroo kuramanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuraiidara kuramimasitara
kuramanakattara kuramimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuraiidari kuramimasitari
kuramanakattari kuramimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kuramareru
Potential Causative
kuramaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuramaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
kuras.u
kurasi
to live AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kurasu kurasimasu
kurasanai kurasimaseii
kurase kurasinasai kurasite kudasai okurasi nasaimase
kurasu na kurasinasaru na kurasanai de kudasai okurasi nasaimasu na
kurasoo kurasu daroo kurasimasyoo kurasu desyoo
kurasumai kurasanai daroo kurasimasumai kurasanai desyoo
kuraseba kurasimaseba kurasimasureba
kurasanakereba kurasimaseii nara
kurasite kurasimasite
kurasanai de kurasanakute kurasimaseii de
kurasita kurasimasita
kurasanakatta kurasimaseii desita
kurasitaroo kurasita daroo kurasimasitaroo kurasita desyoo
kurasanakattaroo kurasanakatta daroo kurasimaseii desitaroo kurasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurasitara kurasimasitara
kurasanakattara kurasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kurasitari kurasimasitari
kurasanakattari kurasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL 1 FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAl,. Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kurasareru
Potential
kuraseru
Causative
kurasaseru
Causative Pass.
kurasaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
okurasi ni naru okurasi nasaru
283
kure.ru
kore
to give (the giver is someone other than the speaker)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kureru kuremasu
kurenai kuremaseii
kure kurenasai
kureru na kurenasaru na
kureyoo kureru daroo kuremasyoo kureru desyoo
kuremai kurenai daroo kuremasumai kurenai desyoo
kurereba kuremaseba kuremasureba
kurenakereba kuremaseii nara
kurete kuremasite
kurenai de kurenakute kuremaseii de
kureta kuremasita
kurenakatta kuremaseii desita
kuretaroo kureta daroo kuremasitaroo kureta desyoo
kurenakattaroo kurenakatta daroo kuremaseii desitaroo kurenakatta desyoo
kuretara kuremasitara
kurenakattara kuremaseii desitara
kuretari kuremasitari
kurenakattari kuremaseii desitari
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kurerareru
Potential
kurerareru
Causative
kuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 284
kure
kure.ru to grow dark (at end of day)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kureru kuremasu
kurenai kuremaseii
kurero kurenasai kurete kudasai okure nasaimase
kureru na kurenasaru na kurenai de kudasai okure nasaimasu na
kureyoo kureru daroo kuremasyoo kureru desyoo
kuremai kurenai daroo kuremasumai kurenai desyoo
kurereba kuremaseba kuremasureba
kurenakereba kuremaseii nara
kurete kuremasite
kurenai de kurenakute kuremaseii de
kureta kuremasita
kurenakatta kuremaseii desita
kuretaroo kureta daroo kuremasitaroo kureta desyoo
kurenakattaroo kurenakatta daroo kuremaseii desitaroo kurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuretara kuremasitara
kurenakattara kuremaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuretari kuremasitari
kurenakattari kuremaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kurerareru
Potential
kurerareru
Causative
kuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 285
kurikaesi
kurika~.u
to repeat (an action)
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kurikaesu kurikaesimasu
kurikaesanai kurikaesimaseii
kurikaese kurikaesinasai kurikaesite kudasai okurikaesi nasaimase
kurikaesu na kurikaesinasaru na kurikaesanai de kudasai okurikaesi nasaimasu na
kurikaesoo kurikaesu daroo kurikaesimasyoo kurikaesu desyoo
kurikaesumai kurikaesanai daroo kurikaesimasumai kurikaesanai desyoo
kurikaeseba kurikaesimaseba kurikaesimasureba
kurikaesanakereba kurikaesimaseii nara
kurikaesite kurikaesimasite
kurikaesanai de kurikaesanakute kurikaesimaseii de
kurikaesita kurikaesimasita
kurikaesanakatta kurikaesimaseii desita
kurikaesitaroo kurikaesita daroo kurikaesimasitaroo kurikaesita desyoo
kurikaesanakattaroo kurikaesanakatta daroo kurikaesimaseii desitaroo kurikaesanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurikaesitara kurikaesimasitara
kurikaesanakattara kurikaesimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kurikaesitari kurikaesimasitari
kurikaesanakattari kurikaesimaseii desitari
Inaicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
k urikaesareru
Potential
kurikaeseru
Causative
kurikaesaseru
Causative Pass.
268
kurikaesaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
okurikaesi ni naru okurikaesi nasaru
ku.ru
ki
to come
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuru kimasu
konai kimaseii
koi kinasai kite kudasai oide nasaimase
kuru na kinasaru na konai de kudasai oide nasaimasu na
koyoo kuru daroo kimasyoo kuru desyoo
kurumai konai daroo kimasumai konai desyoo
kureba kimaseba kimasureba
konakereba kimaseii nara
kite kimasite
konaide konakute kimaseii de
kita kimasita
konakatta kimaseii desita
kitaroo kita daroo kimasitaroo kita desyoo
konakattaroo konakatta daroo kimaseii desitaroo konakatta desyoo
kitara kimasitara
konakattara kimaseii desitara
kitari kimasitari
konakattari kimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
korareru
Potential
korareru
Causative
kosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
kosaserareru
irassyaru
mairu
{Oide ni naru (I) oide nasaru (II)
kurusime.ru
kurusime
to torment, to persecute
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kurusimeru kurusimemasu
kurusimenai kurusimemaseii
kurusimero kurusimenasai kurusimete kudasai okurusime nasaimase
kurusimeru na kurusimenasaru na kurusimenai de kudasai okurusime nasaimasu na
kurusimeyoo kurusimeru daroo J(urusimemasyoo kurusimeru desyoo
kurusimemai kurusimenai daroo kurusimemasumai kurusimenai desyoo
kurusimereba kurusimemaseba kurusimemasureba
kurusimenakereba kurusimemaseii nara
kurusimete kurusimemasite
kurusimenai de kurusimenakute kurusimemaseii de
kurusimeta kurusimemasita
kurusimenakatta kurusimemaseii desita
kurusimetaroo kurusimeta daroo kurusimemasitaroo kurusimeta desyoo
kurusimenakattaroo kurusirnenakatta daroo kurusimemaseii desitaroo kurusimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurusimetara kurusimemasitara
kurusimenakattara kurusimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kurusimetari kurusimemasitari
kurusimenakattari kurusimemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I B
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
B I B
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I B
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kurusimerareru
Potential
kurusimerareru
Causative
kurusimesaseru
Causative Pass.
268
kurusimesaserareru
Honorific
I B
okurusime ni naru okurusime nasaru
Humble
I B
okurusime suru okurusime itasu
kurusimi
kurusim.u to suffer
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kurusimu kurusimimasu
kurusimanai kurusimimaseii
kurusime kurusiminasai kilrusiiide kudasai okurusimi nasaimase
kurusimu na kurusiminasaru na kurusimanai de kudasai okurusimi nasaimasu na
kurusimoo kurusimu daroo kurusimimasyoo kurusimu desyoo
kurusimumai kurusimanai daroo kurusimimasumai kurusimanai desyoo
kurusimeba kurusimimaseba kurusimimasureba
kurusimanakereba kurusimimaseii nara
kurusiiide kurusimimasite
kurusimanai de kurusimanakute kurusimimaseii de
lrurusiiida kurusimimasita
kurusimanakatta kurusimimaseii desita
kurusiiidaroo kurusiiida daroo kurusimimasitaroo kurusiiida desyoo
kurusimanakattaroo kurusimanakatta daroo kurusimimaseii desitaroo kurusimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kurusiiidara kurusimimasitara
kurusimanakattara kurusimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kurusiiidari kurusimimasitari
kurusimanakattari kurusimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kurusimareru
Potential
kurusimeru
Causative
kurusimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kurusimaserareru
I
n Humble
okurusimi ni naru okurusimi nasaru
I
n 289
kurui
kuru.u to go mad, to get out of order (a machine) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuruu kuruimasu
kuruwanai kuruimaseii
kurue kuruinasai kurutte kudasai okurui nasaimase
kuruu na kuruinasaru na kuruwanai de kudasai okurui nasaimasu na
kuruoo kuruu daroo I(uruimasyoo kuruu desyoo
kuruumai kuruwanai daroo kuruimasumai kuruwanai desyoo
kurueba kuruimaseba kuruimasureba
kuruwanakereba kuruimaseii nara
kurutte kuruimasite
kuruwanai de kuruwanakute kuruimaseii de
kurutta kuruimasita
kuruwanakatta kuruimaseii desita
kuruttaroo kurutta daroo kuruimasitaroo kurutta desyoo
kuruwanakattaroo kuruwanakatta daroo kuruimaseii desitaroo kuruwanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuruttara kuruimasitara
kuruwanakattara kuruimaseii desitara v
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuruttari kuruimasitari
kuruwanakattari kuruimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE kuruwareru
Passive Potential
kurueru
Causative
kuruwaseru kuruwaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 270
okurui ni naru okurui nasaru
kusar.D
kusari
to go bad, to decay AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kusaru kusarimasu
kusaranai kusarimaseii
kusare kusarinasai kusatte kudasai okusari nasaimase
kusaru na kusarinasaru na kusaranai de kudasai okusari nasaimasu na
kusaroo kusaru daroo kusarimasyoo kusaru desyoo
kusarumai kusaranai daroo kusarimasumai kusaranai desyoo
kusareba kusarimaseba kusarimasureba
kusaranakereba kusarimaseii nara
kusatte kusarimasite
kusaranai de kusaranakute kusarimaseii de
kusatta kusarimasita
kusaranakatta kusarimaseii desita
kusattaroo kusatta daroo kusarimasitaroo kusatta desyoo
kusaranakattaroo kusaranakatta daroo kusarimaseii desitaroo kusaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kusattara kusarimasitara
kusaranakattara kusarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kusattari kusarimasitari
kusaranakattari kusarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kusarareru
Potential
kusareru
Causative
kusaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kusaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 271
kuwadate.ru
kuwadate
to plan, to attempt
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuwadateru kuwadatemasu
kuwadatenai kuwadatemaseii
kuwadatero kuwadatenasai kuwadatete kudasai okuwadate nasaimase
kuwadateru na kuwadatenasaru na kuwadatenai de kudasai okuwadate nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
kuwadateyoo II kuwadateru daroo I • kuwadatemasyoo II kuwadateru desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuwadatemai kuwadatenai daroo kuwadatemasumai kuwadatenai desyoo
kuwadatereba kuwadatemaseba kuwadatemasureba
kuwadatenakereba kuwadatemaseii nara
kuwadatete kuwadatemasite
kuwadatenai de kuwadatenakute kuwadatemaseii de
kuwadateta kuwadatemasita
kuwadatenakatta kuwadatemaseii desita
kuwadatetaroo kuwadateta daroo kuwadatemasitaroo kuwadateta desyoo
kuwadatenakattaroo kuwadatenakatta daroo kuwadatemaseii desitaroo kuwadatenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuwadatetara kuwadatemasitara
kuwadatenakattara kuwadatemasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuwadatetari kuwadatemasitari
kuwadatenakattari kuwadatemasefi desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kuwadaterareru
Potential
kuwadaterareru
Causative
kuwadatesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuwadatesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 272
okuwadate ni naru okuwadate nasaru okuwadate suru okuwadate itasu
kuwae.ru
kuwae TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuwaeru kuwaemasu
kuwaenai kuwaemaseii
kuwaero kuwaenasai kuwaete kudasai okuwae nasaimase
kuwaeru na kuwaenasaru na kuwaenai de kudasai okuwae nasaimasu na
kuwaeyoo kuwaeru daroo kuwaemasyoo kuwaeru desyoo
kuwaemai kuwaenai daroo kuwaemasumai kuwaenai desyoo
kuwaereba kuwaemaseba kuwaemasureba
kuwaenakereba kuwaemaseii nara
kuwaete kuwaemasite
kuwaenai de kuwaenakute kuwaemaseii de
kuwaeta kuwaemasita
kuwaenakatta kuwaemaseii desita
kuwaetaroo kuwaeta daroo kuwaemasitaroo kuwaeta desyoo
kuwaenakattaroo kuwaenakatta daroo kuwaemaseii desitaroo kuwaenakatta desyoo
kuwaetara kuwaemasitara
kuwaenakattara kuwaemaseii desitara
kuwaetari kuwaemasitari
kuwaenakattari kuwaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to add (to), to Include (in)
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
kuwaerareru
Potential
kuwaerareru
Causative
kuwaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuwaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
okuwae ni naru okuwae nasaru okuwae suru okuwae itasti
273
kuzure.ru
kuzure
to col/apse, to cave in AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuzureru kuzuremasu
kuzurenai kuzuremaseii
kuzurero
kuzureru na
kuzureyoo kuzureru daroo kuzuremasyoo kuzureru desyoo
kuzuremai kuzurenai daroo kuzuremasumai kuzurenai desyoo
kuzurereba kuzuremaseba kuzuremasureba
kuzurenakereba kuzuremaseii nara
kuzurete kuzuremasite
kuzurenai de kuzurenakute kuzuremaseii de
kuzureta kuzuremasita
kuzurenakatta kuzuremaseii desita
kuzuretaroo kuzureta daroo kuzuremasitaroo kuzureta desyoo
kuzurenakattaroo kuzurenakatta daroo kuzuremaseii desitaroo kuzurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuzuretara kuzuremasitara
kuzurenakattara kuzuremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuzuretari kuzuremasitari
kuzurenakattari kuzuremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
kuzurerareru
Potential Causative
kuzuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
kuzuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 274
okuzure ni naru okuzure nasaru
kuzusi
kuzUs.u TRANSmVE
to destroy, to break down
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
kuzusu kuzusimasu
kuzusanai kuzusimaseii
kuzuse kuzusinasai kuzusite kudasai okuzusi nasaimase
kuzusu na kuzusinasaru na kuzusanai de kudasai okuzusi nasaimasu na
kuzusoo lcuzusu daroo kuzusimasyoo kuzusu desyoo
kuzusumai kuzusanai daroo kuzusimasumai kuzusanai desyoo
kuzuseba kuzusimaseba kuzusimasureba
kuzusanakereba kuzusimaseii nara
kuzusite kuzusimasite
kuzusanai de kuzusanakute kuzusimaseii de
kuzusita kuzusimasita
kuzusanakatta kuzusimaseii desita
kuzusitaroo kuzusita daroo kuzusimasitaroo kuzusita desyoo
kuzusanakattaroo kuzusanakatta daroo kuzusimaseii desitaroo kuzusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
kuzusitara kuzusimasitara
kuzusanakattara kuzusimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
kuzusitari kuzusimasitari
kuzusanakattari kuzusimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE kuzusareru
Passive Potential
kuzuseru
Causative
kuzusaseru kuzusaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n
okuzusi ni naru okuzusi nasaru okuzusi suru okuzusi itasu 27&
magar.u
magari
to turn a corner (transitive) to bend (intransitive)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
magaru magarimasu
magaranai magarimaseii
magare magarinasai magatte kudasai omagari nasaimase
magaru na magarinasaru na magaranai de kudasai omagari nasaimasu na
magaroo magaru daroo magarimasyoo magaru desyoo
magarumai magaranai daroo magarimasumai magaranai desyoo
magareba magarimaseba magarimasureba
magaranakereba magarimaseii nara
magatte magarimasite
magaranai de magaranakute magarimaseii de
magatta magarimasita
magaranakatta magarimaseii desita
magattaroo magatta daroo magarimasitaroo magatta desyoo
magaranakattaroo magaranakatta daroo magarimaseii desitaroo magaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
magattara magarimasitara
magaranakattara magarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
magattari magarimasitari
magaranakattari magarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
magareru
Causative
magaraseru magaraserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 276
omagari ni naru omagari nasaru
mage.ru
mage TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mageru magemasu
magenai magemaseii
magero magenasai magete kudasai omage nasaimase
mageru na magenasaru na magenai de kudasai omage nasaimasu na
mageyoo mageru daroo magemasyoo mageru desyoo
magemai magenai daroo magemasumai magenai desyoo
magereba magemaseba magemasureba
magenakereba magemaseii nara
magete magemasite
magenai de magenakute magemaseii de
mageta magemasi ta
magenakatta magemaseii desita
magetaroo mageta daroo magemasitaroo mageta desyoo
magenakattaroo magenakatta daroo magemaseii desi taroo magenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
magetara magemasitara
magenakattara magemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
magetari magemasi tari
magenakattari magemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to bend
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
magerareru
Potential
magerareru
Causative
magesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
magesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
omage ni naru omage nasaru omage suru omage itasu 277
magirasou
magirasi
to divert (one's attention), to equivocate
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
magirasu magirasimasu
magirasanai magirasimaseii
magirase magirasinasai magirasite kudasai omagirasi nasaimase
magirasu na magirasinasaru na magirasanai de kudasai omagirasi nasaimasu na
magirasoo magirasu daroo magirasimasyoo magirasu desyoo
magirasumai magirasanai daroo magirasimasumai niagirasanai desyoo
magiraseba magirasimaseba magirasimasureba
magirasanakereba magirasimaseii nara
magirasite magirasimasite
magirasan~ de magirasanakute magirasimaseii de
magirasita magirasimasita
magirasanakatta magirasimaseii desita
magirasitaroo magirasita daroo magirasimasitaroo magirasita desyoo
magirasanakattaroo magirasanakatta daroo magirasimaseii desitaroo magirasanakatta desyoo
magirasitara magirasimasitara
magirasanakattara magirasimaseii desitara
magirasitari magirasimasitari
magirasanakattari magirasimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
magirasareru
Potential
magiraseru
Causative
magirasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
magirasaserareru
I
n HumOle
I
n 278
omagirasi ni naru omagirasi nasaru omagirasi suru omagirasi itasu
mair.D
mairi
to come or go (humble)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mairu mairimasu
mairanai mairimaseii
maire
mairu na
mairoo mairu daroo mairimasyoo mairu desyoo
mairumai mairanai daroo mairimasumai mairanai desyoo
maireba mairimaseba mairimasureba
mairanakereba mairimaseii nara
maitte mairimasite
mairanai de mairanakute mairimaseii de
maitta mairimasita
mairanakatta mairimaseii desita
maittaroo maitta daroo mairimasitaroo maitta desyoo
mairanakattaroo mairanakatta daroo mairimaseii desitaroo mairanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
maittara mairimasitara
mairanakattara mairimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
maittari mairimasitari
mairanakattari mairimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential Causative
mairaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mairaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 279
makase.ru
makase
to leave (a matter) to someone, to leave things to others
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
makaseru makasemasu
makasenai makasemaseii
makasero makasenasai makasete kudasai omakase nasaimase
makaseru na makasenasaru na makasenai de kudasai omakase nasaimasu na
makaseyoo makaseru daroo makasemasyoo makaseru desyoo
makasemai makasenai daroo makasemasumai makasenai desyoo
makasereba makasemaseba makasemasureba
makasenakereba makasemaseii nara
makasete makasemasite
makasenai de makasenakute makasemaseii de
makaseta makasemasita
makasenakatta makasemaseii desita
makasetaroo makaseta daroo makasemasitaroo makaseta desyoo
makasenakattaroo makasenakatta daroo makasemaseii desitaroo makasenakatta desyoo
makasetara makasemasitara
makasenakattara makasemaseii desitara
makasetari makasemasitari
makasenakattari makasemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
makaserareru
Potential
makaserareru
Causative
makasesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
makasesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 280
omakase ni naru omakase nasaru omakasc sUru omakasc itasu
makasi
makas.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
makasu makasimasu
makasanai makasimaseii
makase makasinasai makasite kudasai omakasi nasaimase
makasu na makasinasaru na makasanai de kudasai omakasi nasaimasu na
makasoo makasu daroo makasimasyoo makasu desyoo
makasumai makasanai daroo makasimasumai makasanai desyoo
makaseba makasimaseba makasimasureba
makasanakereba makasimaseii nara
makasite makasimasite
makasanai de makasanakute makasimaseii de
makasita makasimasita
makasanakatta makasimaseii desita
makasitaroo makasita daroo makasimasitaroo makasita desyoo
makasanakattaroo makasanakatta daroo makasimaseii desitaroo makasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
makasitara makasimasitara
makasanakattara makasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
makasitari makasimasitari
makasanakattari makasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to defeat
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
makasareru
Potential
makaseru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n
omakasi ni naru omakasi nasaru omakasi suru omakasi itasu 281
make.ru
make
to be defeated, to be bested AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
makeru makemasu
makenai makemaseii
makero makenasai makete kudasai omake nasaimase
makeru na makenasaru na makenai de kudasai omake nasaimasu na
makeyoo makeru daroo makemasyoo makeru desyoo
makemai makenai daroo makemasumai makenai desyoo
makereba makemaseba makemasureba
makenakereba makemaseii nara
makete makemasite
makenai de makenakute makemaseii de
maketa makemasita
makenakatta makemaseii desita
maketaroo maketa daroo makcmasitaroo maketa desyoo
makenakattaroo makenakatta daroo makcmaseii desitaroo makenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
maketara makemasitara
makenakattara makemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
maketari makemasitari
makenakattari makemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
U I U
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
makerareru
Potential
makerareru
Causative
makesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
makcsaserarcru
I U
omake ni naru omake nasaru
I
omake suru omake itasu
n 282
mamori
mamor.u TRANSITIVE
to protect, to defend
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mamoru mamorimasu
mamoranai mamorimaseil
mamore mamorinasai mamotte kudasai omamori nasaimase
mamoru na mamorinasaru na mamoranai de kudasai omamori nasaimasu na
mamoroo mamoru daroo mamorimasyoo mamoru desyoo
mamorumai mamoranai daroo mamorimasumai mamoranai desyoo
mamoreba mamorimaseba mamorimasureba
mamoranakereba mamorimaseil nara
mamotte mamorimasite
mamoranai de mamoranakute mamorimaseil de
mamotta mamorimasita
mamoranakatta mamorimaseil desita
mamottaroo mamotta daroo mamorimasitaroo mamotta desyoo
mamoranakattaroo mamoranakatta daroo mamorimaseil desitaroo mamoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mamottara mamorimasitara
mamoranakattara mamorimaseil desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mamottari mamorimasitari
mamoranakattari mamorimaseil desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mamorareru
Potential
mamoreru
Causative
mamoraseru
Causative Pass.
mamoraserareru
Honorific
n
omamori ni naru omamori nasaru
n
omamori suru omamori itasu
Humble
283
manab.o
manabi
to learn, to study
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
manabu manabimasu
manabanai manabimaseii
manabe manabinasai manaiide kudasai omanabi nasaimase
manabu na manabinasaru na manabanai de kudasai omanabi nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I
manaboo manabu daroo I • manabimasyoo n manabu desyoo
n
FORMAL
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
manabumai manabanai daroo manabimasumai manabanai desyoo
manabeba manabimaseba manabimasureba
manabanakereba manabimaseii nara
manaiide manabimasite
manabanai de manabanakute manabimaseii de
manaiida manabimasita
manabanakatta manabimaseii desita
manaiidaroo manaiida daroo manabimasitaroo manaiida desyoo
manabanakattaroo manabanakatta daroo manabimaseii desitaroo manabanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
manaiidara manabimasitara
manabanakattara manabimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
manaiidari manabimasitari
manabanakattari manabimasen desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mllnabareru
Potential
manaberu
Causative
manabaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mllnabaserareru
I
n
omanabi ni naru omanabi nasaru
II
omllnabi suru omanabi itasu
Humble 284
manek.u
maneki TRANSITIVE
to beckon to, to invite
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
maneku manekimasu
manekanai manekimaseii
maneke manekinasai maneite kudasai omaneki nasaimase
maneku na manekinasaru na manekanai de kudasai omaneki nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
manekoo maneku daroo manekimasyoo maneku desyoo
manekumai manekanai daroo manekimasumai manekanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
manekeba manekimaseba manekimasureba
manekanakereba manekimaseii nara
maneite manekimasite
manekanai de manekanakute manekimaseii de
maneita manekimasita
manekanakatta manekimaseii desita
maneitaroo maneita daroo manekimasitaroo maneita desyoo
manekanakattaroo manekanakatta daroo manekimaseii desitaroo manekanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
maneitara manekimasitara
manekanakattara manekimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
maneitari manekimasitari
manekanakattari manekimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
manekareru
Potential
manekeru
Causative
manekaseru
Causative Pass.
manekaserareru
Honorific
I D
omaneki ni naru omaneki nasaru
Humble
I D
omaneki suru omaneki itasu 285
matigae
matigae.ru 10
make a mistake,
10
mistake one thing for another
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
matigaeru matigaemasu
matigaenai matigaemaseii
matigaero matigaenasai matigaete kudasai omatigae nasaimase
matigaeru na matigaenasaru na matigaenai de kudasai omatigae nasaimasu na
matigaeyoo matigaeru daroo matigaemasyoo matigaeru desyoo
matigaemai matigaenai daroo matigaemasumai matigaenai desyoo
matigaereba matigaemaseba matigaemasureba
matigaenakereba matigaemaseii nara
matigaete matigaemasite
matigaenai de matigaenakute matigaemaseii de
matigaeta matigaemasita
matigaenakatta matigaemaseii desita
matigaetaroo matigaeta daroo matigaemasitaroo matigaeta desyoo
matigaenakattaroo matigaenakatta daroo matigaemaseii desitaroo matigaenakatta desyoo
matigaetara matigaemasitara
matigaenakattara matigaemaseii desitara
matigaetari matigaemasitari
matigaenakattari matigaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Pasl Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
matigaerareru
Potential
matigaerareru
Causative
matigaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
matigaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 288
omatigae ni naru omatigae nasaru
matigai
matiga.u to be mistaken
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
matigau matigaimasu
matigawanai matigaimaseii
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
matigaoo matigau daroo matigaimasyoo matigau desyoo
matigaumai matigawanai daroo matigaimasumai matigawanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
matigaeba matigaimaseba matigaimasureba
matigawanakereba matigaimaseii nara
matigatte matigaimasite
matigawanai de matigawanakute matigaimaseii de
matigatta matigaimasita
matigawanakatta matigaimaseii desita
matigattaroo matigatta daroo matigaimasitaroo matigatta desyoo
matigawanakattaroo matigawanakatta daroo matigaimaseii desitaroo matigawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
matigattara matigaimasitara
matigawanakattara matigaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
matigattari matigaimasitari
matigawanakattari matigaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
matigawareru
Potential
matigaeru
Causative
matigawaseru
Causative Pass.
matigawaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
matome.ru
matome
to sellie (a dispute), to arrange (a matter), to complete
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
matomeru matomemasu
matomenai matomemaseii
matomero matomenasai matomete kudasai omatome nasaimase
matomeru na matomenasaru na matomenai de kudasai omatome nasaimasu na
matomeyoo matomeru daroo matomemasyoo matomeru desyoo
matomemai matomenai daroo matomemasumai matomenai desyoo
matomereba matomemaseba matomemasureba
matomenakereba matomemaseii nara
matomete matomemasite
matomenai de matomenakute matomemaseii de
matometa matomemasita
matomenakatta matomemaseii desita
matometaroo matometa daroo matomemasitaroo matometa desyoo
matomenakattaroo matomenakatta daroo matomemaseii desitaroo matomenakatta desyoo
matometara matomemasitara
matomenakattara matomemaseii desitara
matometari matomemasitari
matomenakattari matomemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
matomerareru
Potential
matomerareru
Causative
matomesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
matomesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 288
omatome ni naru omatome nasaru omatome suru omatome itasu
mat.u
mati TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
matu matimasu
matanai matimaseii
mate matinasai matte kudasai omati nasaimase
matu na matinasaru na matanai de kudasai omati nasaimasu na
matoo matu daroo matimasyoo matu desyoo
matumai matanai daroo matimasumai matanai desyoo
mateba matimaseba matimasureba
matanakereba matimaseii nara
matte matimasite
matanai de matanakute matimaseii de
matta matimasita
matanakatta matimaseii desita
mattaroo matta daroo matimasitaroo matta desyoo
matanakattaroo matanakatta daroo matimaseii desitaroo matanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mattara matimasitara
matanakattara matimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mattari matimasitari
matanakattari matimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to wait
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
matareru
Potential
materu
Causative
mataseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mataserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
omati ni naru omati nasaru omati suru omati itasu 289
maturi
matiIr.u to deify, to worship
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL.
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
maturu maturimasu
maturanai maturimasefi
mature maturinasai matutte kudasai omaturi nasaimase
maturu na maturinasaru na maturanai de kudasai omaturi nasaimasu na
maturoo maturu daroo maturimasyoo maturu desyoo
maturumai maturanai daroo maturimasumai maturanai desyoo
matureba maturimaseba maturimasureba
maturanakereba maturimasefi nara
matutte maturimasite
maturanai de maturanakute maturimasefi de
matutta maturimasita
maturanakatta maturimasefi desita
matuttaroo matutta daroo maturimasitaroo matutta desyoo
maturanakattaroo maturanakatta daroo maturimasefi desitaroo maturanakatta desyoo
matuttara maturimasitara
maturanakattara maturimasefi desitara
matuttari maturimasitari
maturanakattari maturimasefi desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
maturareru
Potential
matureru
Causative
maturaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 290
maturaserareru
•n •n
omaturi ni Daru omaturi nasaru omaturi suru omaturi itasu
mayoi
mayo.u to be puzzled, to be at a loss
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
rnayou rnayoirnasu
rnayowanai rnayoimaseii
mayoe mayoinasai mayotte kudasai omayoi nasaimase
mayou na mayoinasaru na mayowanai de kudasai omayoi nasaimasu na
rnayooo mayou daroo mayoimasyoo mayou desyoo
rnayournai mayowanai daroo mayoimasumai mayowanai desyoo
mayoeba mayoimaseba mayoimasureba
rnayowanakereba rnayoimaseii nara
rnayotte rnayoimasite
rnayowanai de rnayowanakute rnayoimaseii de
mayotta rnayoimasita
rnayowanakatta rnayoimaseii desita
rnayottaroo mayotta daroo mayoimasitaroo mayotta desyoo
rnayowanakattaroo rnayowanakatta daroo rnayoimaseii desitaroo rnayowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mayottara mayoimasitara
mayowanakattara mayoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mayottari mayoimasitari
rnayowanakattari rnayoimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I U FORMAL I U Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
rnayowareru
Potential
rnayoeru
Causative
rnayowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
mayowaserareru
I
n
omayoi ni naru omayoi nasaru
I U
281
maie.ru to mix
maze TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mazeru mazemasu
mazenai mazemaseii
mazero mazenasai mazete kudasai omaze nasaimase
mazeru na mazenasaru na mazenai de kudasai omaze nasaimasu na
mazeyoo mazeru daroo mazemasyoo mazeru desyoo
mazemai mazenai daroo mazemasumai mazenai desyoo
mazereba mazemaseba mazemasureba
mazenakereba mazemaseii nara
mazete mazemasite
mazenai de mazenakute mazemaseii de
mazeta mazemasita
mazenakatta mazemaseii desita
mazetaroo mazeta daroo mazemasitaroo mazeta desyoo
mazenakattaroo mazenakatta daroo mazemaseii desitaroo mazenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mazetara mazemasitara
mazenakattara mazemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mazetari mazemasitari
mazenakattari mazemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mazerareru
Potential
mazerareru
Causative
mazesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mazesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 292
omaze ni naru omaze nasaru omaze suru omaze itasu
maziri
mazir.u to get mingled with, to join AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
maziru mazirimasu
maziranai mazirimaseii
mazire mazirinasai mazitte kudasai omaziri nasaimase
maziru na mazirinasaru na maziranai de kudasai omaziri nasaimasu na
maziroo maziru daroo mazirimasyoo maziru desyoo
mazirumai maziranai daroo mazirimasumai maziranai desyoo
mazireba mazirimaseba mazirimasureba
maziranakereba mazirimaseii nara
mazitte mazirimasite
maziranai de maziranakute mazirimaseii de
mazitta mazirimasita
maziranakatta mazirimaseii desita
mazittaroo mazitta daroo mazirimasitaroo mazitta desyoo
maziranakattaroo maziranakatta daroo mazirimaseii desitaroo maziranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mazittara mazirimasitara
maziranakattara mazirimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mazittari mazirimasitari
maziranakattari mazirimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mazirareru
Potential
mazireru
Causative
maziraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
maziraserareru
I
n Humble
omaziri ni naru omaziri nasaru
I
n 293
mesiagar.u
mesiagari
to eat (honorific)
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mesiagaru mesiagarimasu
mesiagaranai mesiagarimaseii
mesiagare
n mesiagatte kudasai omesiagari nasaimase
mesiagarinasaru na mesiagaranai de kudasai omesiagari nasaimasu na
mesiagaroo mesiagaru daroo mesiagarimasyoo mesiagaru desyoo
mesiagarumai mesiagaranai daroo mesiagarimasumai mesiagaranai desyoo
mesiagareba mesiagarimaseba mesiagarimasureba
mesiagaranakereba mesiagarimaseii nara
mesiagatte mesiagarimasite
mesiagaranai de mesiagaranakute mesiagarimaseii de
mesiagatta mesiagarimasita
mesiagaranakatta mesiagarimaseii desita
mesiagattaroo mesiagatta daroo mesiagarimasitaroo mesiagatta desyoo
mesiagaranakattaroo mesiagaranakatta daroo mesiagarimaseii desitaroo mesiagaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mesiagattara mesiagarimasitara
mesiagaranakattara mesiagarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mesiagattari mesiagarimasitari
mesiagaranakattari mesiagarimaseii desitari
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mesiagarareru
Potential
mesiagareru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
mesiagaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 294
omesiagari ni naru omesiagari nasaru
mie
mie.ru to be visible,
10
be able
10
see, honorific for to visit
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mieru miemasu
mienai miemaseii
mieyoo mieru daroo miemasyoo mieru desyoo
miemai mienai daroo miemasumai mienai desyoo
miereba miemaseba miemasureba
mienakereba miemaseii nara
miete miemasite
mienai de mienakute miemaseii de
mieta miemasita
mienakatta miemaseii desita
mietaroo mieta daroo miemasitaroo mieta desyoo
mienakattaroo mienakatta daroo miemaseii desitaroo mienakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mietara miemasitara
mienakattara miemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mietari miemasitari
mienakattari miemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
omie ni naru omie nasaru
296
migak.u to polish
migald TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
migaku migakimasu
migakanai migakimaseii
migake migakinasai migaite kudasai omigaki nasaimase
migaku na migakinasaru na migakanai de kudasai omigaki nasaimasu na
migakoo migaku daroo migakimasyoo migaku desyoo
migakumai migakanai daroo migakimasumai migakanai desyoo
migakeba migakimaseba migakimasureba
migakanakereba migakimaseii nara
migaite migakimasite
migakanai de migakanakute migakimaseii de
migaita migakimasita
migakanakatta migakimaseii desita
migaitaroo migaita daroo migakimasitaroo migaita desyoo .
migakanakattaroo migakanakatta daroo migakimaseii desitaroo migakanakatta desyoo
migaitara migakimasitara
migakanakattara migakimaseii desitara
migaitari migakimasitari
migakanakattari migakimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
migakareru
Potential
migakeru
Causative
migakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
migakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 296
omigaki ni naru omigaki nasaru omigaki suru omigaki itasu
mihar.u
mihari TRANSITIVE
to stand guard, to keep a lookout
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
miharu miharimasu
miharanai miharimaseii
mihare miharinasai mihatte kudasai omihari nasaimase
miharu na miharinasaru na miharanai de kudasal omihari nasaimasu na
miharoo miharu daroo miharimasyoo miharu desyoo
miharumai miharanai daroo miharimasumai miharanai desyoo
mihareba miharimaseba miharimasureba
miharanakereba miharimaseii nara
mihatte miharimasite
miharanai de miharanakute miharimaseii de
mihatta miharimasita
miharanakatta miharimaseii desita
mihattaroo mihatta daroo miharimasitaroo mihatta desyoo
miharanakattaroo miharanakatta daroo miharimaseii desitaroo miharanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mihattara miharimasitara
miharanakattara miharimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mihattari miharimasitari
miharanakattari miharimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
miharareru
Potential
mihareru
Causative
miharaseru
Causative Pass.
miharaserareru
Honorific
I II
omihari ni naru omihari nasaru
Humble
I II
omihari suru omihari itasu 297
minaos.u
minaosi
to look at again, to reconsider, to discover new merits
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
minaosu minaosimasu
minaosanai minaosimaseii
minaose minaosinasai minaosite kudasai ominaosi nasaimase
minaosu na minaosinasaru na minaosanai de kudasai ominaosi nasaimasu na
minaosoo minaosu daroo minaosimasyoo minaosu desyoo
minaosumai minaosanai daroo minaosimasumai minaosanai desyoo
minaoseba minaosimaseba minaosimasureba
minaosanakereba minaosimaseii nara
minaosite minaosimasite
minaosanai de minaosanakute minaosimaseii de
minaosita minaosimasita
minaosanakatta minaosimaseii desita
minaositaroo minaosita daroo minaosimasitaroo minaosita desyoo
minaosanakattaroo minaosanakatta daroo minaosimaseii desitaroo minaosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
minaositara minaosimasitara
minaosanakattara minaosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
minaositari minaosimasitari
minaosanakattari minaosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
minaosareru
Potential
minaoseru
Causative
minaosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
minaosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 298
ominaosi ni naru ominaosi nasaru ominaosi suru ominaosi itasu
minasi
minas.U TRANSITIVE
to regard as, to look upon as
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
minasu minasimasu
minasanai minasimaseii
minase minasinasai minasite kudasai ominasi nasaimase
minasu na minasinasaru na minasanai de kudasai ominasi nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
minasoo minasu daroo minasimasyoo minasu desyoo
minasumai minasanai daroo minasimasumai minasanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
minaseba minasimaseba minasimasureba
minasanakereba minasimaseii nara
minasite minasimasite
minasanai de minasanakute minasimaseii de
minasita minasimasita
minasanakatta minasimaseii desita
minasitaroo minasita daroo minasimasitaroo minasita desyoo
minasanakattaroo minasanakatta daroo minasimaseii desitaroo minasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
minasitara minasimasitara
minasanakattara minasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
minasitari minasimasitari
minasanakattari minasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
minasareru
Potential
minaseru
Causative
minasaseru
Causative Pass.
minasaserareru
Honorific
I D
ominasi ni naru ominasi nasaru
Humble
I II
ominasi suru ominasi itasu 299
minogas.u
minogasi
to overlook, to let pass
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
minogasu minogasimasu
minogasanai minogasimaseii
minogase minogasinasai minogasile kudasai ominogasi nasaimase
minogasu na minogasinasaru na minogasanai de kudasai ominogasi nasaimasu na
minogasoo minogasu daroo minogasimasyoo minogasu desyoo
minogasumai minogasanai daroo minogasimasumai minogasanai desyoo
minogaseba minogasimaseba minogasimasureba
minogasanakereba minogasimaseii nara
minogasile minogasimasite
minogasanai de minogasanakute minogasimaseii de
minogasita minogasimasita
minogasanakatta minogasimaseii desita
minogasitaroo minogasila daroo minogasi masilaroo minogasila desyoo
minogasanakattaroo minogasanakalta daroo minogasimaseii desitaroo minogasanakalta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
minogasilara minogasimasitara
minogasanakaltara minogasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
minogasilari minogasimasilari
minogasanakaltari minogasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
minogasareru
Potential
minogaseru
Causative
minogasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
minogasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 300
ominogasi ni naru ominogasi nasaru ominogasi suru ominogasi itasu
minOr.u
minori
to ripen, to bear fruit
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
minoru minorimasu
minoranai minorimaseii
minore minorinasai minotte kudasai ominori nasaimase
minoru na minorinasaru na minoranai de kudasai ominori nasaimasu na
minoroo minoru daroo minorimasyoo minoru desyoo
minorumai minoranai daroo minorimasumai minoranai desyoo
minoreba minorimaseba minorimasureba
minoranakereba minorimaseii nara
minotte minorimasite
minoranai de minoranakute minorimaseii de
minotta minorimasita
minoranakatta minorimaseii desita
minottaroo minotta daroo minorimasitaroo minotta desyoo
minoranakattaroo minoranakatta daroo minorimaseii desitaroo minoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
minottara minorimasitara
minoranakattara minorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
minottari minorimasitari
minoranakattari minorimaseii dcsitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
minorareru
Potential
minoreru
Causative
minoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
minoraserarcru
I
n Humble
I
n
ominori ni naru ominori nasaru
minuki
minuk.u to see through, to have an insight into
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
minuku minukimasu
minukanai minukimaseii
minuke minukinasai minuite kudasai ominuki nasaimase
minuku na minukinasaru na minukanai de kudasai ominuki nasaimasu na
minukoo minuku daroo minukimasyoo minuku desyoo
minukumai minukanai daroo minukimasumai minukanai desyoo
minukeba minukimaseba minukimasureba
minukanakereba minukimaseii nara
minuite minukimasite
minukanai de minukanakute minukimaseii de
minuita minukimasita
minukanakatta minukimaseii desita
minuitaroo minuita daroo minukimasitaroo minuita desyoo
minukanakattaroo minukanakatta daroo minukimaseii desitaroo minukanakatta desyoo
minuitara minukimasitara
minukanakattara minukimaseii desitara
minuitari minukimasitari
minukanakattari minukimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
minukareru
Potential
minukeru
Causative
minukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
minukaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 302
ominuki ni naru ominuki nasaro ominuki suru ominuki itasu
mi.m
mi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
miru mimasu
minai mimasen
miro minasai mite kudasai goran nasaimase
miru na minasaru na minai de kudasai goran nasaimasu na
miyoo miru daroo mimasyoo miru desyoo
mimai minai daroo mimasumai minai desyoo
mireba mimaseba mimasureba
minakereba mimasen nara
mite mimasite
minai de minakute mimasen de
mita mimasita
minakatta mimasen desita
mitaroo mita daroo mimasitaroo mita desyoo
minakattaroo minakatta daroo mimasen desitaroo minakatta desyoo
mitara mimasitara
minakattara mimasen desitara
mitari mimasitari
minakattari mimasen desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE mirareru
Passive Potential
mirareru·
Causative
misaseru
Causative Pass. •
Honorific
misaserareru
I
n Humble
to look (at) to see
I
n
goran ni naru goran nasaru haiken suru haiken itasu
·This ronn means 'can be seen' in the sense that it exists at the time verb mieTU.
OIIC
wants to look at it. 'To be visible' is a separate
303
mise.ru to show
mise TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
miseru misemasu
misenai misemaseii
misero misenasai misete kudasai omise nasaimase
miseru na misenasaru na misenai de kudasai omise nasaimasu na
miseyoo miseru daroo 'misemasyoo miseru desyoo
misemai misenai daroo misemasumai misenai desyoo
misereba misemaseba misemasureba
misenakereba misemaseii nara
misete misemasite
misenai de misenakute misemaseii de
miseta misemasita
misenakatta misemaseii desita
misetaroo miseta daroo misemasitaroo miseta desyoo
misenakattaroo misenakatta daroo misemaseii desitaroo misenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
misetara misemasitara
misenakattara misemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
misetari misemasitari
misenakattari misemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
miserareru
Potential
miserareru
Causative
misesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
misesaserareru
I
n Humble 304
omise ni naru omise nasaru goraii ni ireru
mitome
mitome.ru TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mitomeru mitomemasu
mitomenai mitomemasefi
mitomero mitomenasai mitomete kudasai omitome nasaimase
mitomeru na mitomenasaru na mitomenai de kudasai omitome nasaimasu na
mitomeyoo mitomeru daroo mitomemasyoo mitomeru desyoo
mitomemai mitomenai daroo mitomemasumai mitomenai desyoo
mitomereba mitomemaseba mitomemasureba
mitomenakereba mitomemasefi nara
mitomete mitomemasite
mitomenai de mitomenakute mitomemasefi de
mitometa mitomemasita
mitomenakatta mitomemasefi desi ta
mitometaroo mitometa daroo mitomemasitaroo mitometa desyoo
mitomenakattaroo mitomenakatta daroo mitomemasefi desitaroo mitomenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mitometara mitomemasitara
mitomenakattara mitomemasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mitometari mitomemasitari
mitomenakattari mitomemasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to admit
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mitomerareru
Potential
mitomerareru
Causative
mitomesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mitomesaserareru
I
n Humble
omitome ni naru omitome nasaru
I
n 305
mitukar.u
mitukari
to befound
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mitukaru mitukarimasu
mitukaranai mitukarimaseii
mitukaroo mitukaru daroo mitukarimasyoo mitukaru desyoo
mitukarumai mitukaranai daroo mitukarimasumai mitukaranai desyoo
mitukareba mitukarimaseba mitukarimasureba
mitukaranakereba mitukarimaseii nara
mitukatte mitukarimasite
mitukaranai de mitukaranakute mitukarimaseii de
mitukatta mitukarimasita
mitukaranakatta mitukarimaseii desita
mitukattaroo mitukatta daroo mitukarimasitaroo mitukatta desyoo
mitukaranakattaroo mitukaranakatta daroo mitukarimaseii desitaroo mitukaranakatta desyoo
mitukattara mitukarim.asitara
mitukaranakattara mitukarimaseii desitara
mitukattari mitukarimasitari
mitukaranakattari mitukarimaseii desitari
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potentia! Causative Causative Pass.
306
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
mituke.ru
mituke
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mitukeru mitukemasu
mitukenai mitukemaseii
mitukero mitukenasai mitukete kudasai omituke nasaimase
mitukeru na mitukenasaru na mitukenai de kudasai omituke nasaimasu na
mitukeyoo mitukeru daroo mitukemasyoo mitukeru desyoo
mitukemai mitukenai daroo mitukemasumai mitukenai desyoo
mitukereba mitukemaseba mitukemasureba
mitukenakereba mitukemaseii nara
mitukete mitukemasite
mitukenai de mitukenakute mitukemaseii de
mituketa mitukemasita
mitukenakatta mitukemaseii desita
mituketaroo mituketa daroo mitukemasitaroo mituketa desyoo
mitukenakattaroo mitukenakatta daroo mitukemaseii desitaroo mitukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mituketara mitukemasitara
mitukenakattara mitukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mituketari mitukemasitari
mi tukenakattari mitukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to find
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mitukerareru
Potential
mitukerareru
Causative
mitukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mitukesaserareru
I
n
omituke ni naru omituke nasaru
Humble
n 307
modor.u
modori
to return, to retrace one's steps
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
modoru modorimasu
modoranai modorimaseii
modore modorinasai modotte kudasai omodori nasaimase
modoru na modorinasaru na modoranai de kudasai omodori nasaimasu na
modoroo modoru daroo modorimasyoo modoru desyoo
modorumai modoranai daroo modorimasumai modoranai desyoo
modoreba modorimaseba modorimasureba
modoranakereba modorimaseii nara
modotte modorimasite
modoranai de modoranakute modorimaseii de
modotta modorimasita
modoranakatta modorimaseii desita
modottaroo modotta daroo modorimasitaroo modotta desyoo
modoranakattaroo modoranakatta daroo modorimaseii desitaroo modoranakatta desyoo
modottara modorimasitara
modoranakattara modorimaseii desitara
modottari modorimasitari
modoranakattari modorimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
modorareru
Potential
modoreru
Causative
modoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
modoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 308
omodori ni naru omodori nasaru omodori suru omodori itasu
mookir.u
mookari
to be profitable, to make money AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mookaru mookarimasu
mookaranai mookarimaseii
mookare
mookaru na
mookaroo mookaru daroo mookarimasyoo mookaru desyoo
mookarumai mookaranai daroo mookarimasumai mookaranai desyoo
mookareba mookarimaseba mookarimasureba
mookaranakereba mookarimaseii nara
mookatte mookarimasite
mookaranai de mookaranakute mookarimaseii de
mookatta mookarimasita
mookaranakatta mookarimaseii desita
mookattaroo mookatta daroo mookarimasitaroo mookatta desyoo
mookaranakattaroo mookaranakatta daroo mookarimaseii desitaroo mookaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mookattara mookarimasitara
mookaranakattara mookarimaseii desitara
.Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mookattari mookarimasitari
mookaranakattari mookarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
mookaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mookaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 309
mooke.ru
mooke
to profit, to make money
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mookeru mookemasu
moo kenai mookemaseii
mookero mookenasai mookete kudasai omooke nasaimase
mookeru na mookenasaru na moo kenai de kudasai omooke nasaimasu na
mookeyoo mookeru daroo mookemasyoo mookeru desyoo
mookemai mookenai daroo mookemasumai moo kenai desyoo
mookereba mookemaseba mookemasureba
mookenakereba mookemaseii nara
mookete mookemasite
mookenai de mookenakute mookemaseii de
mooketa mookemasita
mookenakatta mookemaseii desita
mooketaroo mooketa daroo mookemasitaroo mooketa desyoo
mookenakattaroo mookenakatta daroo mookemaseii desitaroo mookenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mooketara mookemasitara
mookenakattara mookemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mooketari mookemasitari
mookenakattari mookemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mookerareru
Potential
mookerareru
Causative
mookesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mookesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 310
omooke ni naru omooke nasaru
morasi
moraD TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to let leak, to disclose
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
morasu morasimasu
morasanai morasimaseii
morase morasinasai morasite kudasai omorasi nasaimase
morasu na morasinasaru na morasanai de kudasai omorasi nasaimasu na
morasoo morasu daroo morasimasyoo morasu desyoo
morasumai morasanai daroo morasimasumai morasanai desyoo
moraseba morasimaseba morasimasureba
morasanakereba morasimaseii nara
morasite morasimasite
morasanai de morasanakute morasimaseii de
morasita morasimasita
morasanakatta morasimaseii desita
morasitaroo morasita daroo morasimasitaroo morasita desyoo
morasanakattaroo morasanakatta daroo morasimaseii desitaroo morasanakatta desyoo
morasitara morasimasitara
morasanakattara morasimaseii desitara
morasitari morasimasitari
morasanakattari morasimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
morasareru
Passive Potential
moraseru
Causative
morasaseru morasaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I D
omorasi ni naru omorasi nasaru
Humble
I D
omorasi suru omorasi itasu 311
mora.u to receive
morai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
morau moraimasu
morawanai moraimaseii
morae morainasai moratte kudasai omorai nasaimase
morau na morainasaru na morawanai de kudasai omorai nasaimasu na
MoraDo morau daroo moraimasyoo morau desyoo
moraumai morawanai daroo moraimasumai morawanai desyoo
moraeba moraimaseba moraimasureba
morawanakereba moraimaseii nara
moratte moraimasite
morawanai de morawanakute moraimaseii de
moratta moraimasita
morawanakatta moraimaseii desita
morattaroo moratta daroo moraimasitaroo moratta desyoo
morawanakattaroo morawanakatta daroo moraimaseii desitaroo morawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
morattara moraimasitara
morawanakattara moraimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
morattari moraimasitari
morawanakattari moraimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
morawareru
Potential
moraeru
Causative
morawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
morawaserareru
I
n Humble 312
omorai ni naru omorai nasaru itadaku
motarasi
motaras.u TRANSITIVE
to bring about, to cause
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
motarasu motarasimasu
motarasanai motarasimaseii
motarase motarasinasai motarasite kudasai
motarasu na motarasinasaru na motarasanai de kudasai
motarasoo motarasu daroo motarasimasyoo motarasu desyoo
motarasumai motarasanai daroo motarasimasumai motarasanai desyoo
motaraseba motarasimaseba motarasimasureba
motarasanakereba motarasimaseii nara
motarasite motarasimasite
motarasanai de motarasanakute motarasimaseii de
motarasita motarasimasita
motarasanakatta motarasimaseii desita
motarasitaroo motarasita daroo motarasimasitaroo motarasita desyoo
motarasanakattaroo motarasanakatta daroo motarasimaseii desitaroo motarasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
motarasitara motarasimasitara
motarasanakattara motarasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
motarasitari motarasimasitari
motarasanakattari motarasimaseii desitari
Indicative · INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL I IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
motarasareru
Potential
motaraseru
Causative
motarasaseru
Causative Pass.
motarasaserareru
Honorific
I IT
Humble
I IT 313
moteasob.u
moteasobi
to toy with, to amuse oneself with
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
moteasobu moteasobimasu
moteasobanai moteasobimaseii
moteasobe moteasobinasai moteasoiide kudasai omoteasobi nasaimase
moteasobu na moteasobinasaru na moteasobanai de kudasai omoteasobi nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II
moteasoboo moteasobu daroo moteasobimasyoo moteasobu desyoo
moteasobumai moteasobanai daroo moteasobimasumai moteasobanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
moteasobeba moteasobimaseba moteasobimasureba
moteasobanakereba moteasobimaseii nara
moteasoiide moteasobimasite
moteasobanai de moteasobanakute moteasobimaseii de
moteasoiida moteasobimasita
moteasobanakatta moteasobimaseii desita
moteasoiidaroo moteasoiida daroo moteasobimasitaroo moteasoiida desyoo
moteasobanakattaroo moteasobanakatta daroo moteasobimaseii desitaroo moteasobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
moteasoiidara moteasobimasitara
moteasobanakattara moteasobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
moteasoiidari moteasobimasitari
moteasobanakattari moteasobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE moteasobareru
Passive Potential
moteasoberu
Causative
moteasobaseru moteasobaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
I II I
II 314
omoteasobi ni naru omoteasobi nasaru
mote.ru
mote
to be popular, to be made much of
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
moteru motemasu
motenai motemaseii
moteyoo moteru daroo motemasyoo moteru desyoo
motemai motenai daroo motemasumai motenai desyoo
motereba motemaseba motemasureba
motenakereba motemaseiinara
motete motemasite
motenai de motenakute motemaseii de
moteta motemasita
motenakatta motemaseii desita
motetaroo moteta daroo motemasitaroo moteta desyoo
motenakattaroo motenakatta daroo motemaseii desitaroo motenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
motetara motemasitara
motenakattara motemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
motetari motemasitari
motenakattari motemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
moterareru
Potential
moterareru
Causative
motesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
motesaserareru
I
n Humble
omote ni naru omote nasaru
I
n 316
motome.ru
motome
to request, to seek
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
motomeru motomemasu
motomenai motomemaseii
motomero motomenasai motomete kudasai omotome nasaimase
motomeru na motomenasaru na motomenai de kudasai omotome nasaimasu na
motomeyoo motomeru daroo motomemasyoo motomeru desyoo
motomemai motomenai daroo motomemasumai motomenai desyoo
motomereba motomemaseba motomemasureba
motomenakereba motomemaselfi nara
motomete motomemasite
motomenai de motomenakute motomemaseii de
motometa motomemasita
motomenakatta motomemaseii desita
motometaroo motometa daroo motomemasitaroo motometa desyoo
motomenakattaroo motomenakatta daroo motomemaseii desitaroo motomenakatta desyoo
motometara motomemasitara
motomenakattara motomemaseii desitara
motometari motomemasitari
motomenakattari motomemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
motomerareru
Potential
motomerareru
Causative
motomesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
motomesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 318
omotome ni naru omotome nasaru omotome suru omotome itasu
motozuk.u
motozuki
to be based on
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
motozuku motozukimasu
motozukanai motozukimaseii
motozuke motozukinasai motozuite kudasai
motozuku na motozukinasaru na motozukanai de kudasai
motozukoo motozuku daroo motozukimasyoo motozuku desyoo
motozukumai motozukanai daroo motozukimasumai motozukanai desyoo
motozukeba motozukimaseba motozukimasureba
motozukanakereba motozukimaseii nara
motozuite motozukimasite
motozukanai de motozukanakute motozukimaseii de
motozuita motozukimasita
motozukanakatta motozukimaseii desita
motozuitaroo motozuita daroo motozukimasitaroo motozuita desyoo
motozukanakattaroo motozukanakatta daroo motozukimaseii desitaroo motozukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
motozuitara motozukimasitara
motozukanakattara motozukimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
motozuitari motozukimasitari
motozukanakattari motozukimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
motozukareru
Potential
motozukeru
Causative
motozukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
motozukaserareru
I
n Humble
omotozuki ni naru omotozuki nasaru
I
n 317
moti
mOt.u to hold
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
motu motimasu
motanai motimaseii
mote motinasai motte kudasai omoti nasaimase
motu na motinasaru na motanai de kudasai omoti nasaimasu na
motoo motu daroo motimasyoo motu desyoo
motumai motanai daroo motimasumai motanai desyoo
moteba motimaseba motimasureba
motanakereba motimaseii nara
motte motimasite
motanai de motanakute motimaseii de
motta motimasita
motanakatta motimaseii desita
mottaroo motta daroo motimasitaroo motta desyoo
motanakattaroo motanakatta daroo motimaseii desitaroo motanakatta desyoo
mottara motimasitara
motanakattara motimaseii desitara
mottari motimasitari
motanakattari motimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
motareru
Potential
moteru
Causative
motaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
motaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 318
omoti ni naru omoti nasaru omoti suru omoti itasu
mukae
mukae.ru TRANSITIVE
to greet, to welcome
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mukaeru mukaemasu
mukaenai mukaemaseii
mukaero mukaenasai mukaete kudasai omukae nasaimase
mukaeru na mukaenasaru na mukaenai de kudasai omukae nasaimasu na
mukaeyoo mukaeru daroo mukaemasyoo mukaeru desyoo
mukaemai mukaenai daroo mukaemasumai mukaenai desyoo
mukaereba mukaemaseba mukaemasureba
mukaenakereba mukaemaseii nara
mukaete mukaemasite
mukaenai de mukaenakute mukaemaseii de
mukaeta mukaemasita
mukaenakatta mukaemaseii desita
mukaetaroo mukaeta daroo mukaemasitaroo mukaeta desyoo
mukaenakattaroo mukaenakatta daroo mukaemaseii desitaroo mukaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mukaetara mukaemasitara
mukaenakattara mukaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mukaetari mukaemasitari
mukaenakattari mukaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
mukaerareru
Potential
mukaerareru
Causative
mukaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
mukaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
omukae ni naru omukae nasaru omukae suru omukae itasu 318
muka.u
mukai
to face, to head toward, to turn toward
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
mukau mukaimasu
mukawanai mukaimaseii
mukae mukainasai mukatte kudasai omukai nasaimase
mukau na mukainasaru na mukawanai de kudasai omukai nasaimasu pa
mukaoo mukau daroo mukaimasyoo mukau desyoo
mukaumai mukawanai daroo mukaimasumai mukawanai desyoo
mukaeba mukaimaseba mukaimasureba
mukawanakereba mukaimaseii nara
mukatte mukaimasite
mukawanai de mukawanakute mukaimaseii de
mukatta mukaimasita
mukawanakatta mukaimaseii desita
mukattaroo mukatta daroo mukaimasitaroo mukatta desyoo
mukawanakattaroo mukawanakatta daroo mukaimaseii desitaroo mukawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
mukattara mukaimasitara
mukawanakattara mukaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
mukattari mukaimasitari
mukawanakattari mukaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL . Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
mukawareru
Potential
mukaeru
Causative
mukawaseru
Causative Pass.
320
mukawaserareru
Honorific
I D
omukai ni naru omukai nasaru
Humble
I D
omukai suru omukai itasu
musubi
musub.u TRANSITIVE
to knot, to make (a contract)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
musubu musubimasu
musubanai musubimaseii
musube musubinasai musuiide kudasai omusubi nasaimase
musubu na musubinasaru na musubanai de kudasai omusubi nasaimasu na
musuboo musubu daroo musubimasyoo musubu desyoo
musubumai musubanai daroo musubimasumai musubanai desyoo
musubeba musubimaseba musubimasureba
musubanakereba musubimaseii nara
musiinde musubimasite
musubanai de musubanakute musubimaseii de
musuiida musubimasita
musubanakatta musubimaseii desita
musuiidaroo musuiida daroo musubimasitaroo musuiida desyoo
musubanakattaroo musubanakatta daroo musubimaseii desitaroO musubanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
musuiidara musubimasitara
musubanakattara musubimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
musuiidari musubimasitari
musubanakattari musubimaseii desitara
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL'
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
musubareru
Potential
musuberu
Causative
musubaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
musubaserareru
I
n Humble
,
n
omusubi ni naru omusubi nasaru omusubi suru omusubi itasu 321
nagame
nagame.ru to watch, to gaze at
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nagameru nagamemasu
nagamenai nagamemaseii
nagamero nagamenasai nagamete kudasa\ onagame nasaimase
nagameru na nagamenasaru na nagamenai de kudasai onagame nasaimasu na
nagameyoo nagameru daroo nagamemasyoo nagameru desyoo
nagamemai nagamenai daroo nagamemasumai nagamenai desyoo
nagamereba nagamemaseba nagamemasureba
nagamenakereba nagamemaseii nara
nagamete nagamemasite
nagamenai de nagamenakute nagamemaseii de
nagameta nagamemasita
nagamenakatta nagamemaseii desita
nagametaroo nagameta daroo nagamemasitaroo nagameta desyoo
nagamenakattaroo nagamenakatta daroo nagamemaseii desitaroo nagamenakatta desyoo
nagametara nagamemasitara
nagamenakattara nagamemaseii desitara
nagametari nagamemasitari
nagamenakattari nagamemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nagamerareru
Potential
nagamerareru
Causative
nagamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nagamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 322
onagame ni naru onagame nasaru
nagare.ru
nagare
toftow AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
'lagareru nagaremasu
nagarenai nagaremaseii
'lagarero
nagareru na
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II
nagarcyoo nagareru daroo nagaremasyoo nagareru desyoo
nagaremai nagarenai daroo nagaremasumai nagarenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
nagarereba nagaremaseba nagaremasureba
nagarenakereba nagaremaseii nara
nagarete nagaremasite
nagarenai de nagarenakute nagaremaseii de
nagareta nagaremasita
nagarenakatta nagaremaseii desita
nagaretaroo nagareta daroo nagaremasitaroo nagareta desyoo
nagarenakattaroo nagarenakatta daroo nagaremaseii desitaroo nagarenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nagaretam nagaremasitara
nagarenakattam nagaremaseii desitam
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nagaretari nagaremasitari
nagarenakattari nagaremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nagarerareru
Potential
nagarerareru
Causative
nagaresaseru
Causative Pass.
nagaresaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 323
Dagas.u
Dagasl
to pour, to let flow
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nagasu nagasimasu
nagasanai nagasimaseii
nagase nagasinasai nagasite kudasai onagasi nasaimase
nagasu na nagasinasaru na nagasanai de kudasai onagasi nasairnasu na
nagasoo nagasu daroo nagasimasyoo nagasu desyoo
nagasumai nagasanaidaroo nagasimasumai nagasanai desyoo
nagaseba nagasimaseba nagasimasureba
nagasanakereba nagasimaseii nara
nagasite nagasimasite
nagasanai de nagasanakute nagasimaseii de
nagasita nagasimasita
nagasanakatta nagasimaseii desita
nagasitaroo nagasita daroo nagasimasitaroo nagasita desyoo
nagasanakattaroo nagasanakatta daroo nagasimaseii desitaroo nagasanakatta desyoo
nagasitara nagasimasitara
nagasanakattara nagasimaseii desitara
nagasitari nagasimasitari
nagasanakattari nagasimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nagasareru
Potential
nagaseru
Causative
nagasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nagasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 324
onagasi ni naru onagasi nasaru onagasi suru onagasi itasu
nage.ru
nage TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nageru nagemasu
nagenai nagemaseii
nagero nagenasai nagete kudasai onage nasaimase
nageru na nagenasaru na nagenai de kudasai onage nasaimasu na
nageyoo nageru daroo nagemasyoo nageru desyoo
nagemai nagenai daroo nagemasumai nagenai desyoo
nagereba nagemaseba nagemasureba
nagenakcreba nagcmaseii nara
nagetc nagemasitc
nagenai de nagcnakutc nagemaseii de
nageta nagemasita
nagcnakatta nagemaseii desita
nagetaroo nageta daroo nagemasitaroo nageta desyoo
nagenakattaroo nagenakatta daroo nagemaseii desitaroo nagenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nagetara nagemasitara
nagcnakattara nagemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nagetari nagemasitari
nagcnakattari nagemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to throw, to pitch
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nagerareru
Potential
nagerareru
Causative
nagesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nagesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
onage ni naru onage nasaru onage suru onage itasu 325
nag6r.u to punch, to hit
nagori TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naguru nagurimasu
naguranai nagurimasefi
nagure nagurinasai nagutte kudasai onaguri nasaimase
naguru na nagurinasaru na naguranai de kudasai onaguri nasaimasu na
naguroo naguru daroo nagurimasyoo naguru desyoo
nagurumai naguranai daroo nagurimasumai naguranai desyoo
nagureba nagurimaseba nagurimasureba
naguranakereba nagurimasefi nara
nagutte nagurimasite
naguranai de naguranakute nagurimasefi de
nagutta nagurimasita
naguranakatta nagurimasefi desita
naguttaroo nagutta daroo nagurimasitaroo nagutta desyoo
naguranakattaroo naguranakatta daroo nagurimasefi desitaroo naguranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
naguttara nagurimasitara
naguranakattara nagurimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
naguttari nagurimasitari
naguranakattari nagurimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nagurareru
Potential
nagureru
Causative
naguraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
naguraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 328
onaguri ni naru onaguri nasaru onaguri suru onaguri itasu
nagusame
nagosame.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nagusameru nagusamemasu
nagusamenai nagusamemaseii
nagusamero nagusamenasai nagusamete kudasai onagusame nasaimase
nagusameru na nagusamenasaru na nagusamenai de kudasai onagusame nasaimasu na
nagusameyoo nagusameru daroo nagusamemasyoo nagusameru desyoo
nagusamemai nagusamenaidaroo nagusamemasumai nagusamenai desyoo
nagusamereba nagusamemaseba nagusamemasureba
nagusamenakereba nagusamemaseii nara
nagusamete nagusamemasite
nagusamenai de nagusamenakute nagusamemaseii de
nagusameta nagusamemasita
nagusamenakatta nagusamemaseii desita
nagusametaroo nagusameta daroo nagusamemasitaroo nagusameta desyoo
nagusamenakattaroo nagusamenakatta daroo nagusamemaseii desitaroo nagusamenakatta desyoo
nagusametara nagusamemasitara
nagusamenakattara nagusamemaseii dcsitara
nagusametari nagusamemasitari
nagusamenakattari nagusamemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to comfort, to console
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nagusamerareru
Potential
nagusamerareru
Causative
nagusamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nagusamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
onagusame ni naru onagusame nasaru onagusame suru onagusame itasu 3D
naki
nak.u to cry
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naku nakimasu
nakanai nakimaseii
nake nakinasai naite kudasai onaki nasaimase
naku na nakinasaru na nakanai de kudasai onaki nasaimasu na
nakoo naku daroo nakimasyoo naku desyoo
nakumai nakanaidaroo nakimasumai nakanai desyoo
nakeba nakimaseba nakimasureba
nakanakereba nakimaseii nara
naite nakimasite
nakanai de nakanakute nakimaseii de
naita nakimasita
nakanakatta nakimaseii desita
naitaroo naita daroo nakimasitaroo naita desyoo
nakanakattaroo nakanakatta daroo nakimaseii desitaroo nakanakatta desyoo
naitara nakimasitara
nakanakattara nakimaseii desitara
naitari nakimasitari
nakanakattari nakimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nakareru
Potential
nakeru
Causative
nakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 328
onaki ni naru onaki nasaru
nakunari
nakunar.u to be missing, to die (polite), to vanish
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nakunaru nakunarimasu
nakunaranai nakunarimaseii
nakunare
nakunaru na
nakunaroo nakunaru daroo nakunarimasyoo nakunaru desyoo
nakunarumai nakunaranai daroo nakunarimasumai nakunaranai desyoo
nakunareba nakunarimaseba nakunarimasureba
nakunaranakereba nakunarimaseii nara
nakunatte nakunarimasite
nakunaranai de nakunaranakute nakunarimaseii de
nakunatta nakunarimasita
nakunaranakatta nakunarimaseii desita
nakunattaroo nakunatta daroo nakunarimasitaroo nakunatta desyoo
nakunaranakattaroo nakunaranakatta daroo nakunarimaseii desitaroo nakunaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nakunattara nakunarimasitara
nakunaranakattara nakunarimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nakunattari nakunarimasitari
nakunaranakattari nakunarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nakunarareru
Potential
nakunareru
Causative
nakunaraseru
Causative Pass.
nakunaraserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
onakunari ru naru onakunari nasaru
329
nakus.u
nakusi
to lose, to remove, to do away with
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nakusu nakusimasu
nakusanai nakusimaseii
nakuse nakusinasai nakusite kudasai onakusi nasaimase
nakusu na nakusinasaru na nakusanai de kudasai onakusi nasaimasu na
nakusoo nakusu dareD nakusimasyoo nakusu desyoo
nakusumai nakusanai dareD nakusimasumai nakusanai desyoo
nakuseba nakusimaseba nakusimasureba
nakusanakereba nakusimaseii nara
nakusite nakusimasite
nakusanai de nakusanakute nakusimaseii de
nakusita nakusimasita
nakusanakatta nakusimaseii desita
nakusitaroo nakusita dareD nakusimasitaroo nakusita desyoo
nakusanakattaroo nakusanakatta daroo nakusimaseii desitaroo nakusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nakusitara nakusimasitara
nakusanakattara nakusimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nakusitari nakusimasitari
nakusanakattari nakusimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
U I U
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nakusareru
Potential
nakuseru
Causative
nakusaseru
Causative Pass.
330
nakusaserareru
Honorific
I U
onakusi ni naru onakusi nasaru
Humble
I U
onakusi suru onakusi itasu
namake
namake.ru TRANSITIVE
to be lazy, to neglect one's work
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
namakeru namakemasu
namakenai namakemaseii
namakero
namakeru na namakenasaru na namakenai de kudasai onamake nasaimasu na
namakeyoo namakeru daroo namakemasyoo namakeru desyoo
namakemai namakenai daroo namakemasumai namakenai desyoo
namakereba namakemaseba namakemasureba
namakenakereba namakemaseii nara
namakete namakemasite
namakenai de namakenakute namakemaseii de
namaketa namakemasita
namakenakatta namakemaseii desita
namaketaroo namaketa daroo namakemasitaroo namaketa desyoo
namakenakattaroo namakenakatta daroo namakemaseii desitaroo namakenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
namaketara namakemasitara
namakenakattara namakemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
namaketari namakemasitari
namakenakattari namakemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
namakerareru
Potential
namakerareru
Causative
namakesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
namakesaserareru
I
n
Humble
onamake ni naru onamake nasaru
I
n 331
name.ru
name
to lick, to despise, to take advantage of (a person)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nameru namemasu
namenai namemaseii
namero namenasai namete kudasai oname nasaimase
nameru na namenasaru na namenai de kudasai oname nasaimasu na
nameyoo nameru daroo namemasyoo nameru desyoo
namemai namenai daroo namemasumai namenai desyoo
namereba namemaseba namemasureba
namenakereba namemaseii nara
namete namemasite
namenai de namenakute namemaseii de
nameta namemasita
namenakatta namemaseii desita
nametaroo nameta daroo namemasitaroo nameta desyoo
namenakattaroo namenakatta daroo namemaseii desitaroo namenakatta desyoo
nametara namemasitara
namenakattara namemaseii desitara
nametari namemasitari
namenakattari namemaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
namerareru
Potential
namerareru
Causative
namesaseru
Causative Pass.
332
namesaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
oname ni naru oname nasaru
na6r.n
naori
to recover from illness, to be fixed
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naoru naorimasu
naoranai naorimaseii
naore naorinasai naotte kudasai onaori nasaimase
naoru na naorinasaru na naoranai de kudasai onaori nasaimasu na
naoroo naoru daroo naorimasyoo naoru desyoo
naorumai naoranai daroo naorimasumai naoranai desyoo
naoreba naorimaseba naorimasureba
naoranakereba naorimaseii nara
naotte naorimasite
naoranai de naoranakute naorimaseii de
naotta naorimasita
naoranakatta naorimaseii desita
naottaroo naotta daroo naorimasitaroo naotta desyoo
naoranakattaroo naoranakatta daroo naorimaseii desitaroo naoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
naottara naorimasitara
naoranakattara naorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
naottari naorimasitari
naoranakattari naorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
naorareru
Potential
naoreru
Causative
naoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
onaori ni naru onaori nasaru
I
n 333
naos.u to repair, cure
naosi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naosu naosimasu
naosanai naosimaseii
naose naosinasai naosite kudasai onaosi nasaimase
naosu na naosinasaru na naosanai de kudasai onaosi nasaimasu na
naosoo naosu daroo naosimasyoo naosu desyoo
naosumai naosanai daroo naosimasumai naosanai desyoo
naoseba naosimaseba naosimasureba
naosanakereba naosimaseii nara
naosite naosimasite
naosanai de naosanakute naosimaseii de
naosita naosimasita
naosanakatta naosimaseii desita
naositaroo naosita daroo naosimasitaroo naosita desyoo
naosanakattaroo naosanakatta daroo naosimaseii desitaroo naosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
naositara naosimasitara
naosanakattara naosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
naositari naosimasitari
naosanakattari naosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
naosareru
Potential
naoseru
Causative
naosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
naosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 334
onaosi ni naru onaosi nasaru onaosi suru onaosi itasu
narabe.ro
narabe TRANSITIVE
to arrange in order
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naraberu narabemasu
narabenai narabemaseii
narabero narabenasai narabete kudasai onarabe nasaimase
naraberu na narabenasaru na narabenai de kudasai onarabe nasaimasu na
narabeyoo naraberu daroo narabemasyoo naraberu desyoo
narabemai narabenai daroo narabemasumai narabenai desyoo
narabereba narabemaseba narabemasureba
narabenakereba narabemaseii nara
narabete narabemasite
narabenai de narabenakute narabemaseii de
narabeta narabemasita
narabenakatta narabemaseii desita
narabetaroo narabeta daroo narabemasitaroo narabeta desyoo
narabenakattaroo narabenakatta daroo narabemaseii desitaroo narabenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
narabetara narabemasitara
narabenakattara narabemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
narabetari narabemasitari
narabena1
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
naraberareru
Potential
naraberareru
Causative
narabesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
narabesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
onarabe ni naru onarabe nasaru onarabe suru onarabe itasu 335
narab.u
narabi
to form a line, to equal
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
narabu narabimasu
narabanai narabimaseii
narabe narabinasai naraiide kudasai onarabi nasaimase
narabu na narabinasaru na narabanai de kudasai onarabi nasaimasu na
naraboo narabu daroo
narabumai narabanai daroo narabimasumai narabanai desyoo
I
~arabimasyoo
n
narabu desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
narabeba narabimaseba narabimasureba
narabanakereba narabimaseii nara
naraiide narabimasite
narabanai de narabanakute narabimaseii de
naraiida narabimasita
narabanakatta narabimaseii desita
naraiidaroo naraiida daroo narabimasitaroo naraiida desyoo
narabanakattaroo narabanakatta daroo narabimaseii desitaroo narabanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
naraiidara narabimasitara
narabanakattara narabimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
naraiidari narabimasitari
narabanakattari narabimaseii desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
narabareru
Potential
naraberu
Causative
narabaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
narabaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 336
onarabi ni naru onarabi nasaru onarabi suru onarabi itasu
nara.u
narai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
narau naraimasu
narawanai naraimasefi
narae narainasai naratte kudasai onarai nasaimase
narau na narainasaru na narawanai de kudasai onarai nasaimasu na
naraoo narau daroo naraimasyoo narau desyoo
naraumai narawanai daroo naraimasumai narawanai desyoo
naraeba naraimaseba naraimasureba
narawanakereba naraimasefi nara
naratte naraimasite
narawanai de narawanakute naraimasefi de
naratta naraimasita
narawanakatta naraimasefi desita
narattaroo naratta daroo naraimasitaroo naratta desyoo
narawanakattaroo narawanakatta daroo naraimasefi desitaroo narawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
narattara naraimasitara
narawanakattara naraimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
narattari naraimasitari
narawanakattari naraimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to learn
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
narawareru
Potential
naraeru
Causative
narawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
narawaserareru
I
n
onarai ni naru onarai nasaru
Humble
n 337
Dar.u
Dari
to become
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
naru narimasu
naranai narimaseii
nare narinasai natte kudasai onari nasaimase
naru na narinasaru na naranai de kudasai onari nasaimasu na
naroo naru daroo narimasyoo naru desyoo
narumai naranai daroo narimasumai naranai desyoo
nareba narimaseba narimasureba
naranakereba narimaseii nara
natte narimasite
naranai de naranakute narimaseii de
natta narimasita
naranakatta narimaseii desita
nattaroo natta daroo narimasitaroo natta desyoo
naranakattaroo naranakatta daroo narimaseii desitaroo naranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nattara narimasitara
naranakattara narimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nattari narimasi tari
naranakattari narimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
narareru
Potential
nareru
Causative
naraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
naraserareru
I
n Humble 338
I
n
onari ni naru onari nasaru
nasai
nasar.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nasaru nasaimasu
nasaranai nasaimaseii
nasai
nasaru na
nasatte kudasai nasaimase
nasaranai de kudasai nasaimasu na
nasaroo nasaru daroo nasaimasyoo nasaru desyoo
nasarumai nasaranai daroo nasaimasumai nasaranai desyoo
nasareba " nasaimaseba nasaimasureba
nasaranakereba nasaimaseii nara
nasatte nasaimasite
nasaranai de nasaranakute nasaimaseii de
nasatta nasaimasita
nasaranakatta nasaimaseii desita
nasattaroo nasatta daroo nasaimasitaroo nasatta desyoo
nasaranakattaroo nasaranakatta daroo nasaimaseii desitaroo nasaranakatta desyoo
nasattara nasaimasitara
nasaranakattara nasaimaseii desitara
nasattari nasaimasitari
nasaranakattari nasaimaseii desitari
to do (honorific)
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nasarareru
Potential
nasareru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I D
Humble
I II 339
nazim.u
nazimi
to become acquainted with, to adapt oneself to
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nazimu nazimimasu
nazimanai nazimimaseii
nazime naziminasai naziiide kudasai onazimi nasaimase
nazimu na naziminasaru na nazimanai de kudasai onazimi nasaimasu na
nazimoo nazimu daroo nazimimasyoo nazimu desyoo
nazimumai nazimanai daroo nazimimasumai nazimanai desyoo
nazimeba nazimimaseba nazimimasureba
nazimanakereba nazimimaseii nara
naziiide nazimimasite
nazimanai de nazimanakute nazimimaseii de
naziiida nazimimasita
nazimanakatta nazimimaseii desita
naziiidaroo naziiida daroo nazimimasitaroo naziiida desyoo
nazimanakattaroo nazimanakatta daroo nazimimaseii desitaroo nazimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
naziiidara nazimimasitara
nazimanakattara nazimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
naziiidari nazimimasitari
nazimanakattari nazimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nazimareru
Potential
nazimeru
Causative
nazimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 340
nazimaserareru
I
n
onazimi ni naru onazimi nasaru
•n
onazimi suru onazimi itasu
ne
ne.ru to sleep, to recline AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
neru nemasu
nenai nemaseii
nero nenasai nete kudasai oyasumi nasaimase
neru na nenasaru na nenai de kudasai oyasumi nasaimasu na
neyoo neru daroo nemasyoo neru desyoo
nemai nenai daroo nemasumai nenai desyoo
nereba nemaseba nemasureba
nenakereba nemaseii nara
nete nemasite
nenai de nenakute nemaseii de
neta nemasita
nenakatta nemaseii desita
netaroo neta daroo nemasitaroo neta desyoo
nenakattaroo nenakatta daroo nemaseii desitaroo nenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
netara nemasitara
nenakattara nemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
netari nemasitari
nenakattari nemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL*
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nerareru
Potential
nerareru
Causative
nesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific·
nesaserareru
I
n Humble
oyasumi ni naru oyasumi nasaru
I
n -The formal imperative forms and honorific equivalents for neru are the same as those of its synonym yasumu.
341
nige.ru
nige
to flee
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nigeru nigemasu
nigenai nigemaseii
nigero nigenasai nigete kudasai onige nasaimase
nigeru na nigenasaru na nigenai de kudasai onige nasaimasu na
nigeyoo nigeru daroo nigemasyoo nigeru desyoo
nigemai nigenai daroo nigemasumai nigenai desyoo
nigereba nigemaseba nigemasureba
nigenakereba nigemaseii nara
nigete nigemasite
nigenai de nigenakute nigemaseii de
nigeta nigemasita
nigenakatta nigemaseii desita
nigetaroo nigeta daroo nigemasitaroo nigeta desyoo
nigenakattaroo nigenakatta daroo nigemaseii desitaroo nigenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nigetara nigemasitara
nigenakattara nigemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nigetari nigemasitari
nigenakattari nigemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nigerareru
Potential
nigerareru
Causative
nigesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nigesaserareru
I
n Humble
n 342
onige ni naru onige nasaru
Digiri
nigir.U TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nigiru nigirimasu
nigiranai nigirimaseii
nigire nigirinasai nigitte kudasai onigiri nasaimase
nigiru na nigirinasaru na nigiranai de kudasai onigiri nasaimasu na
nigiroo nigiru daroo nigirimasyoo nigiru desyoo
nigirumai nigiranai daroo nigirimasumai nigiranai desyoo
nigireba nigirimaseba nigirimasureba
nigiranakereba nigirimaseii nara
nigitte nigirimasite
nigiranai de nigiranakute nigirimaseii de
nigitta nigirimasita
nigiranakatta nigirimaseii desita
nigittaroo nigitta daroo nigirimasitaroo nigitta desyoo
nigiranakattaroo nigiranakatta daroo nigirimaseii desitaroo nigiranakatta desyoo
nigittara nigirimasitara
nigiranakattara nigirimaseii desitara
nigittari nigirimasitari
nigiranakattari nigirimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to grasp
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nigirareru
Potential
nigireru
Causative
nigiraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nigiraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
onigiri ni naru onigiri nasaru onigiri suru onigiri itasu 343
niram.u
nirami
to glare at, to keep an eye on
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
niramu niramimasu
niramanai niramimaseii
nirame niraminasai niraiide kudasai onirami nasaimase
niramu na niraminasaru na niramanai de kudasai onirami nasaimasu na
niramoo niramu daroo niramimasyoo niramu desyoo
niramumai niramanai daroo niramimasumai niramanai desyoo
nirameba niramimaseba niramimasureba
niramanakereba niramimaseii nara
niraiide niramimasite
niramanai de niramanakute niramimaseii de
niraiida niramimasita
niramanakatta niramimaseii desita
niraiidaroo niraiida daroo niramimasitaroo niraiida desyoo
niramanakattaroo niramanakatta daroo niramimaseii desitaroo niramanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
niraiidara niramimasitara
niramanakattara niramimaseii dcsitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
niraiidari niramimasitari
niramanakattari niramimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
niramareru
Potential
nirameru
Causative
niramaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
niramaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 344
onirami ni naru onirami nasaru onirami suru onirami itasu
ni.ra
Di
to resemble, to be similar to
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
niru nimasu
ninai nimaseii
niro ninasai nite kudasai oni nasaimase
niru na ninasaru na ninai de kudasai oni nasaimasu na
niyoo niru daroo nimasyoo niru desyoo
nimai ninai daroo nimasumai ninai desyoo
nireba nimaseba nimasureba
ninakereba nimaseii nara
nite nimasite
ninai de ninakute nimaseii de
nita nimasita
ninakatta nimaseii desita
nitaroo nita daroo nimasitaroo nita desyoo
ninakattaroo ninakatta daroo nimaseii desitaroo ninakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nitara nimasitara
ninakattara nimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nitari nimasitari
ninakattari nimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nirareru
Potential
nirareru
Causative
niraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
niraserareru
I
n Humble
oni ni naru oni nasaru
I
n 346
nobas.u
nobasi
to postpone, to extend, to lengthen
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nobasu nobasimasu
nobasanai nobasimaseii
nobase nobasinasai nobasite kudasai onobasi nasaimase
nobasu na nobasinasaru na nobasanai de kudasai onobasi nasaimasu na
nobasoo nobasu daroo nobasimasyoo nobasu desyoo
nobasumai nobasanai daroo nobasimasumai nobasanai desyoo
nobaseba nobasimaseba nobasimasureba
nobasanakereba nobasimaseii nara
nobasite nobasimasite
nobasanai de nobasanakute nobasimaseii de
nobasita nobasimasita
nobasanakatta nobasimaseii desita
nobasitaroo nobasita daroo nobasimasitaroo nobasita desyoo
nobasanakattaroo nobasanakatta daroo nobasimaseii desitaroo nobasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nobasitara nobasimasitara
nobasanakattara nobasirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nobasitari nobasimasitari
nobasanakattari nobasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nobasareru
Potential
nobaseru
Causative
nobasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nobasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 348
onobasi ni naru onobasi nasaru onobasi suru onobasi itasu
nobori
nobor.u to climb
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL. D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
noboru noborimasu
noboranai noborimaseii
nobore noborinasai nobotte kudasai onobori nasaimase
noboru na noborinasaru na noboranai de kudasai onobori nasaimasu na
noboroo noboru daroo noborimasyoo noboru desyoo
noborumai noboranai daroo noborimasumai noboranai desyoo
noboreba noborimaseba noborimasureba
noboranakereba noborimaseii nara
nobotte noborimasite
noboranai de noboranakute noborimaseii de
nobotta noborimasita
noboranakatta noborimaseii desita
nobottaroo nobotta daroo noborimasitaroo nobotta desyoo
noboranakattaroo noboranakatta daroo noborimaseii desitaroo noboranakatta desyoo
nobottara noborimasitara
noboranakattara noborimaseii desitara
nobottari noborimasitari
noboranakattari noborimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
noborareru
Potential
noboreru
Causative
noboraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
noboraserareru
• • D
Humble
onobori ni naru onobori nasaru
D
347
Bok6r.u
Bokori
to be left over, to be left behind
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nokoru nokorimasu
nokoranai nokorimasefi
Imperative INFORMAL I
nokore nokorinasai III nokotte kudasai onokori nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
nokoru na nokorinasaru na nokoranaide kudasai onokori nasaimasu na
nokoroo nokoru daroo nokorimasyoo nokoru desyoo
nokorumai nokoranai daroo nokorimasumai nokoranai desyoo
nokoreba nokorimaseba nokorimasureba
nokoranakereba nokorimasefi nara
nokotte nokorimasite
nokoranai de nokoranakute nokotimasefi de
nokotta nokorimasita
nokoranakatta nokorimasefi desita
nokottaroo nokotta daroo nokorimasitaroo nokotta desyoo
nokoranakattaroo nokoranakatta daroo nokorimasefi desitaroo nokoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nokottara nokorimasitara
nokoranakattara nokorimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nokottari nokorimasitari
nokoranakattari nokorimasefi desitari
II
FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nokorareru
Potential
nokoreru
Causative
nokoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nokoraserareru
I
n Humble 348
I II
onokori ni naru onokori nasaru
ook6s.u
uokosi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL.
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nokosu nokosimasu
nokosanai nokosimaseii
nokose nokosinasai nokosite kudasai onokosi nasaimase
nokosu na nokosinasaru na nokosanai de kudasai onokosi nasaimasu na
nokosoo nokosu daroo nokosirnasyoo nokosu desyoo
nokosumai nokosanai daroo nokosirnasurnai nokosanai desyoo
nokoseba nokosirnaseba nokosirnasureba
nokosanakereba nokosirnaseii nara
nokosite nokosirnasite
nokosanai de nokosanakute nokosimaseii de
nokosita nokosirnasita
nokosanakatta nokosirnaseii desita
nokositaroo nokosita daroo nokosirnasitaroo nokosita desyoo
nokosanakattaroo nokosanakatta daroo nokosirnaseii desitaroo nokosanakatta desyoo
nokositara nokosirnasitara
nokosanakattara nokosirnaseii desitara
nokositari nokosirnasitari
nokosanakattari nokosirnaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to leave behind, to leave Ullfinished
INFORMAL AFFIltMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nokosareru
Potential
nokoseru
Causative
nokosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
nokosaserareru
•n •n
onokosi ni naru onokosi nasaru onokosi suru onokosi itasu
nomi
n6m.u to drink, to smoke (cigarettes etc.)
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nomu nomimasu
nomanai nomimaseii
nome nominasai noiide kudasai mesiagarimase onomi nasaimase nomoo nomu daroo nomimasyoo nomu desyoo
nomu na nominasaru na nomanai de kudasai mesiagarimasu na onomi nasaimasu na nomumai nomanai daroo nomimasumai nomanai desyoo
nomeba nomimaseba nomimasureba
nomanakereba nomimaseii nara
noiide nomimasite
nomanai de nomanakute nomimaseii de
noiida nomimasita
nomanakatta nomimaseii desita
noiidaroo noiida daroo nomimasitaroo noiida desyoo
nomanakattaroo nomanakatta daroo nomimaseii desitaroo nomanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
noiidara nomimasitara
nomanakattara nomimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
noiidari nomimasitari
nomanakattari nomimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nomareru
Potential
nomeru
Causative
nomaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nomaserareru
mesiagaru
I D
Humble 360
itadaku
onomi ni naru onomi nasaru
nor.u
nori
to board, to ride on
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
noru norimasu
noranai norimaseii
nore norinasai notte kudasai onori nasaimase
noru na norinasaru na noranai de kudasai onori nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I U FORMAL I U
noroo noru daroo norimasyoo noru desyoo
norumai noranai daroo norimasumai noranai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
noreba norimaseba norimasureba
noranakereba norimaseii nara
notte norimasite
noranai de noranakute norimaseii de
notta norimasita
noranakatta norimaseii desita
nottaroo notta daroo norimasitaroo notta desyoo
noranakattaroo noranakatta daroo norimaseii desitaroo noranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nottara norimasitara
noranakattara norimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nottari norimasitari
noranakattari norimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
norareru
Potential
noreru
Causative
noraseru
Causative Pass.
noraserareru
Honorific
I U
Humble
I U
onori ni naru onori nasaru
361
nose.ru
nose
to put (on top 01). to put on board
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
noseru nosemasu
nosenai nosemaseii
nosero nosenasai nosete kudasai onose nasaimase
noseru na nosenasaru na nosenai de kudasai onose nasaimasu na
noseyoo noseru daroo nosemasyoo noseru desyoo
nosemai nosenai daroo nosemasumai nosenai desyoo
nosereba nosemaseba nosemasureba
nosenakereba nosemaseii nara
nosete nosemasite
nosenai de nosenakute nosemaseii de
noseta nosemasita
nosenakatta nosemaseii desita
nosetaroo noseta daroo nosemasitaroo noseta desyoo
nosenakattaroo nosenakatta daroo nosemaseii desitaroo nosenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nosetara nosemasitara
nosenakattara nosemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nosetari nosemasitari
nosenakattari nosemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
noserareru
Potential
noserareru
Causative
nosesaseru
Causative Pass.
362
nosesaserareru
Honorific
I II
onose ni naru onose nasaru
Humble
I II
onose suru onose itasu
Dure.ru
Dure
to get wet AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nureru nuremasu
nurenai nuremaseii
nurero
nureru na
nureyoo nureru daroo nuremasyoo nureru desyoo
nuremai nurenai daroo nuremasumai nurenai desyoo
nurereba nuremaseba nuremasureba
nurenakereba nuremaseii nara
nurete nuremasite
nurenai de nurenakute nuremaseii de
nureta nuremasita
nurenakatta nuremaseii desita
nuretaroo nureta daroo nuremasitaroo nureta desyoo
nurenakattaroo nurenakatta daroo nuremaseii desitaroo nurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nuretara nuremasitara
nurenakattara nuremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nuretari nuremasitari
nurenakattari nuremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nurerareru
Potential
nurerareru
Causative
nuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
nuresaserareru
I
n Humble
onure ni naru onure nasaru
I
n 353
our.n
ourl
to smear on
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nuru nurimasu
nuranai nurimaseii
nure nurinasai nutte kudasai onuri nasaimase
nuru na nurinasaru na nuranai de kudasai onuri nasaimasu na
nuroo nuru daroo nurimasyoo nuru desyoo
nurumai nuranai daroo nurimasumai nuranai desyoo
nureba nurimaseba nurimasureba
nuranakereba nurimaseii nara
nutte nurimasite
nuranai de nuranakute nurimaseii de
nutta nurimasita
nuranakatta nurimaseii desita
nuttaroo nutta daroo nurimasitaroo nutta desyoo
nuranakattaroo nuranakatta daroo nurimaseii desitaroo nuranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nuttara nurimasitara
nuranakattara nurimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nuttari nurimasitari
nuranakattari nurimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
nurareru
Potential
nureru
Causative
nuraseru
Causative Pass.
354
nuraserareru
Honorific
I II
onuri ni naru onuri nasaru
Humble
I II
onuri suru onuri itasu
nusum.u
nusumi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
nusurnu nusurnirnasu
nusurnanai nusurnirnaseii
nusurne nusurninasai nusuiide kudasai onusurni nasairnase
nusurnu na nusurninasaru na nusumanai de kudasai onusurni nasairnasu na
nusurnoo nusurnu daroo nusurnirnasyoo nusurnu desyoo
nusurnurnai nusumanai daroo nusurnirnasurnai nusurnanai desyoo
nusurneba nusumirnaseba nusurnirnasureba
nusurnanakereba nusurnirnaseii nara
nusuiide nusurnirnasite
nusumanai de nusumanakute nusurnirnaseii de
nusuiida nusurnimasita
nusurnanakatta nusurnirnaseii desita
misuiidaroo nusuiida daroo nusurnimasitaroo nusuiida desyoo
nusurnanakattaroo nusurnanakatta daroo nusurnirnaseii desitaroo nusurnanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
nusuiidara nusurnirnasitara
nusurnanakattara nusurnirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
nusuiidari nusurnirnasitari
nusurnanakattari nusumirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to steal
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
nusurnareru
Potential
nusumeru
Causative
nusurnaseru
Causative Pass.
nusurnaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
onusurni ni naru onusurni nasaru
355
oboe.ru
oboe
to learn, to remember
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
oboeru oboemasu
oboenai oboemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
oboero II oboenasai DI oboete kudasai oboe nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
oboeru na oboenasaru na oboenai de kudasai oboe nasaimasu na
oboeyoo oboeru dareD ,oboemasyoo .oboeru desyoo
oboemai oboenai dareD oboemasumai oboenai desyoo
oboereba oboemaseba oboemasureba
oboenakereba oboemaseii nara
oboete oboemasite
oboenai de oboenakute oboemaseii de
oboeta oboemasita
oboenakatta oboemaseii desita
oboetaroo oboeta daroo oboemasitaroo oboeta desyoo
oboenakattaroo oboenakatta daroo oboemaseii desitaroo oboenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oboetara oboemasitara
oboenakattara oboemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
oboetari oboemasitari
oboenakattari oboemaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
oboerareru
Potential
oboerareru
Causative
oboesaseru
Causative Pass.
358
oboesaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ooboe ni naru ooboe nasaru
odorok.u
odoroki
to be surprised
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
odoroku odorokimasu
odorokanai odorokimaseii
odoroke odorokinasai odoroite kudasai oodoroki nasaimase
odoroku na odorokinasaru na odorokanai de kudasai oodoroki nasaimasu na
odorokoo odoroku daroo odorokimasyoo odoroku desyoo
odorokumai odorokanai daroo odorokimasumai odorokanai desyoo
odorokeba odorokimaseba odorokimasureba
odorokanakereba odorokimaseii nara
odoroite odorokimasite
odorokanai de odorokanakute odorokimaseii de
odoroita odorokimasita
odorokanakatta odorokimaseii desita
odoroitaroo odoroita daroo odorokimasitaroo odoroita desyoo
odorokanakattaroo odorokanakatta daroo odorokimaseii desitaroo odorokanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
odoroitara odorokimasitara
odorokanakattara odorokimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
odoroitari odorokimasitari
odorokanakattari odorokimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
odorokareru
Potential
odorokeru
Causative
odorokaseru
Causative Pass.
odorokaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
oodoroki ni naru oodoroki nasaru
357
odor.u to dance
odori TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
odoru odorimasu
OOoranai odorimaseii
odore odorinasai odotte kudasai oodori nasaimase
OOoru na OOorinasaru na odoranai de kudasai oodori nasaimasu na
OOoroo OOoru daroo odorimasyoo odoru desyoo
OOorumai OOoranai daroo OOorimasumai odoranai desyoo
odoreba odorimaseba odorimasureba
OOoranakereba OOorimaseii nara
odotte odorimasite
OOoranai de odoranakute OOorimaseii de
odotta OOorimasita
OOoranakatta odorimaseii desita
odottaroo odotta daroo OOorimasitaroo odotta desyoo
OOoranakattaroo odoranakatta daroo odorimaseii desitaroo OOoranakatta desyoo
odottara OOorimasitara
OOoranakattara OOorimaseii desitara
OOottari odorimasitari
odoranakattari odorimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
odorareru
Potential
odoreru
Causative
odoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 358
odoraserareru
I II I
n
oodori ni naru oodori nasaru
oki.ru
oki
to get up
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
okiru okimasu
okinai okimaseii
okiro okinasai okite kudasai ooki nasaimase
okiru na okinasaru na okinai de kudasai ooki nasaimasu na
okiyoo okiru daroo okimasyoo okiru desyoo
okimai okinai daroo okimasumai okinai desyoo
okireba okimaseba okimasureba
okinakereba okimaseii nara
okite okimasite
okinai de okinakute okimaseii de
okita okimasita
okinakatta okimaseii desita
okitaroo okita daroo okimasitaroo okita desyoo
okinakattaroo okinakatta daroo okimaseii desitaroo okinakatta desyoo
okitara okimasitara
okinakattara okimaseii desitara
okitari okimasitari
okinakattari okimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
okirareru
Potential
okirareru
Causative
okisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
okisaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ooki ni naru ooki nasaru ooki suru ooki itasu
okos.u
okosi
to raise up, to cause to get up
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
okosu okosimasu
okosanai okosimaseii
okose okosinasai okosite kudasai ookosi nasaimase
okosu na okosinasaru na okosanai de kudasai ookosi nasaimasu na
okosoo okosu daroo okosimasyoo okosu daroo
okosumai okosanai daroo okosimasumai okosanai daroo
okoseba okosimaseba okosimasureba
okosanakereba okosimaseii nara
okosite okosimasite
okosanai de okosanakute okosimaseii de
okosita okosimasita
okosanakatta okosimaseii desita
okositaroo okosita daroo okosimasitaroo okosita desyoo
okosanakattaroo okosanakatta daroo okosimaseii desitaroo okosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
okositara okosimasitara
okosanakattara okosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
okositari okosimasitari
okosanakattari okosimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
okosareru
Potential
okoseru
Causative
okosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
okosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 360
ookosi ni naru ookosi nasaru ookosi suru ookosi itasu
oki
ok.u TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
oku okimasu
okanai okimaseii
oke okinasai oite kudasai ooki nasaimase
oku na okinasaru na okanai de kudasai ooki nasaimasu na
okoo oku daroo okimasyoo oku desyoo
okumai okanai daroo okimasumai okanai desyoo
okeba okimaseba okimasureba
okanakereba okimaseii nara
oite okimasite
okanaide okanakute okimaseii de
oita okimasita
okanakatta okimaseii desita
oitaroo oita daroo okimasitaroo oita desyoo
okanakattaroo okanakatta daroo okimaseii desitaroo okanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oitara okimasitara
okanakattara okimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
oitari okimasitari
okanakattari okimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to put, place
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
okareru
Potential
okeru
Causative
okaseru
Causative Pass.
okaserareru
Honorific
I II
ooki ni naru ooki nasaru
Humble
I II
ooki suru ooki itasu 381
okure
okure.ru to be late, to lag behind
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
okureru okuremasu
okurenai okuremaseii
okurero okurenasai okurete kudasai ookure nasaimase
okureru na okurenasaru na okurenai de kudasai ookure nasaimasu na
okureyoo okureru daroo okuremasyoo okureru desyoo
okuremai okurenai daroo okuremasumai okurenai desyoo
okurereba okuremaseba okuremasureba
okurenakereba okuremaseii nara
okurete okuremasite
okurenai de okurenakute okuremaseii de
okureta okuremasita
okurenakatta okuremaseii desita
okuretaroo okureta daroo okuremasitaroo okureta desyoo
okurenakattaroo okurenakatta daroo okuremaseii desitaroo okurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
okuretara okuremasitara
okurenakattara okuremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
okuretari okuremasitari
okurenakattari okuremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
okurerareru
Potential
okurerareru
Causative
okuresaseru
Causative Pass.
382
okuresaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ookure ni naru ookure nasaru
okuri
okur.u TRANSITIVE
to send (a package), to escort (a person)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
okuru okurirnasu
okuranai okurirnaseii
okure okurinasai okutte kudasai ookuri nasairnase
okuru na okurinasaru na okuranai de kudasai ookuri nasairnasu na
okuroo okuru daroo okurirnasyoo okuru desyoo
okururnai okuranai daroo okurirnasurnai okuranai desyoo
okureba okurirnaseba okurirnasureba
okuranakereba okurirnaseii nara
okutte okurirnasite
okuranai de okuranakute okurirnaseii de
okutta okurirnasita
okuranakatta okurirnaseii desita
okuttaroo okutta daroo okurirnasitaroo okutta desyoo
okuranakattaroo okuranakatta daroo okurirnaseii desitaroo okuranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
okuttara okurirnasitara
okuranakattara okurirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
okuttari okurirnasitari
okuranakattari okurirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
okurareru
Potential
okureru
Causative
okuraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
okuraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ookuri ni naru ookuri nasaru ookuri suru ookuri itasu 383
omO.D
omoi
to think, to feel
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
omou omoimasu
omowanai omoimaseii
omoe omoinasai omotte kudasai oomoi nasaimase
omou na omoi nasaru na omowanai de kudasai oomoi nasaimasu na
omooo omou daroo omoimasyoo omou desyoo
omoumai omowanai daroo omoimasumai omowanai desyoo
omoeba omoimaseba omoimasureba
omowanakereba omoimaseii nara
omotte omoimasite
omowanai de omowanakute omoimaseii de
omotta omoimasita
omowanakatta omoimaseii desita
omottaroo omotta daroo omoimasitaroo omotta desyoo
omowanakattaroo omowanakatta daroo omoimaseii desitaroo omowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
omottara omoimasitara
omowanakattara omoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
omottari omoimasitari
omowanakattari omoimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
omowareru
Potential
omoeru
Causative
omowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
omowaserareru
I
obosimesu
n Humble
I
n 384
I
n oomoi suru oomoi itasu
oomoi ni naru oomoi nasaru
ori
ori.ru to debark from, to descend from
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
oriru orirnasu
orinai orirnaseii
oriro orinasai orite kudasai oori nasairnase
oriru na orinasaru na orinai de kudasai oori nasairnasu na
oriyoo oriru daroo orirnasyoo oriru desyoo
orimai orinai daroo orirnasurnai orinai desyoo
orireba orirnaseba orirnasureba
orinakereba orirnaseii nara
orite orirnasite
orinai de orinakute orirnaseii de
orita orirnasita
orinakatta orirnaseii desita
oritaroo orita daroo orimasitaroo orita desyoo
orinakattaroo orinakatta daroo orirnaseii desitaroo orinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oritara orirnasitara
orinakattara orirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
oritari orirnasitari
orinakattari orirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
orirareru
Potential
orirareru
Causative
orisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
orisaserareru
I
n Humble
oori ni naru oori nasaru
I
n 385
osae.ru
osae
to restrain, to control, to catch
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osaeru osaemasu
osaenai osaemaseii
osaero osaenasai osaete kudasai oosae nasaimase
osaeru na osaenasaru na osaenai de kudasai oosae nasaimasu na
osaeyoo osaeru daroo osaemasyoo osaeru desyoo
osaemai osaenai daroo osaemasumai osaenai desyoo
osaereba osaemaseba osaemasureba
osaenakereba osaemaseii nara
osaete osaemasite
osaenai de osaenakute osaemaseii de
osaeta osaemasita
osaenakatta osaemaseii desita
osaetaroo osaeta daroo osaemasitaroo osaeta desyoo
osaenakattaroo osaenakatta daroo osaemaseii desitaroo osaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
osaetara osaemasitara
osaenakattara osaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
osaetari osaemasitari
osaenaka ttari osaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL' D
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL' D FORMAL D
,.
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL' D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
osaerareru
Potential
osaerareru
Causative
osaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 388
osaesaserareru
, ,
D
oosae ni naru oosae nasaru
D
oosae suru oosae itasu
osie.ru
osie TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osieru osiemasu
osienai osiemaseii
osiero osienasai osiete kudasai oosie nasaimase
osieru na osienasaru na osienai de kudasai oosie nasaimasu na
osieyoo osieru daroo osiemasyoo osieru desyoo
osiemai osienai daroo osiemasumai osienai desyoo
osiereba osiemaseba osiemasureba
osienakereba osiemaseii nara
osiete osiemasite
osienai de osienakute osiemaseii de
osieta osiemasita
osienakatta osiemaseii desita
osietaroo osieta daroo osiemasitaroo osieta desyoo
osienakattaroo osienakatta daroo osiemaseii desitaroo osienakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
osietara osiemasitara
osienakattara osiemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
osietari osiemasitari
osienakattari osiemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to teach, to inform
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
osierareru
Potential
osierareru
Causative
osiesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
osiesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oosie ni naru oosie nasaru oosie suru oosie itasu 387
osim.u
osimi
to regret, to begrudge, to be reluctant
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osimu osimimasu
osimanai osimimaseii
osime osiminasai osiiide kudasai oosimi nasaimase
osimu na osiminasaru na osimanai de kudasai oosimi nasaimasu na
osimoo osimu daroo osimimasyoo osimu desyoo
osimumai osimanai daroo osimimasumai osimanai desyoo
osimeba osimimaseba osimimasureba
osimanakereba osirnimaseii nara
osiiide osimimasite
osimanai de osimanakute osimimaseii de
osiiida osimimasita
osimanakatta osimimaseii desita
osiiidaroo osiiida daroo osimimasitaroo osiiida desyoo
osimanakattaroo osimanakatta daroo osimimaseii desitaroo osimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
osiiidara osimimasitara
osimanakattara osimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
osiiidari osirnimasitari
osimanakattari osimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
osimareru
Potential
osimeru
Causative
osimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
osimaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 388
oosimi ni naru oosimi nasaru oosimi suru oosimi itasu
osore
osore.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osoreru osorernasu
osorenai osorernaseii
osorero osorenasai osorete kudasai oosore nasairnase
osoreru na osorenasaru na osorenai de kudasai oosore nasairnasu na
osoreyoo osoreru daroo osorernasyoo osoreru desyoo
osorernai osorenai daroo osorernasurnai osorenai desyoo
osorereba osorernaseba osorernasureba
osorenakereba osorernaseii nara
osorete osorernasite
osorenai de osorenakute osorernaseii de
osoreta osorernasita
osorenakatta osorernaseii desita
osoretaroo osoreta daroo osorernasitaroo osoreta desyoo
osorenakattaroo osorenakatta daroo osorernaseii desitaroo osorenakatta desyoo
osoretara osorernasitara
osorenakattara osorernaseii desitara
osoretari osorernasitari
osorenakattari osorernaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
osorerareru
Potential
osorerareru
Causative
osoresaseru
Causative Pass.
to fear, to be In awe of
osoresaserareru
Honorific
I II
oosore ni naru oosore nasaru
Humble
I II
oosore suru oosore itasu
osoi
oso.U to attack, to raid
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osou osoimasu
osowanai osoimaseii
osoe osoinasai osotte kudasai oosoi nasaimase
osou na osoinasaru na osowanai de kudasai oosoi nasaimasu na
osooo osou daroo osoimasyoo osou desyoo
osoumai osowanai daroo osoimasumai osowanai desyoo
osoeba osoimaseba osoimasureba
osowanakereba osoimaseii nara
osotte osoimasite
osowanai de osowanakute osoimaseii de
osotta osoimasita
osowanakatta osoimaseii desita
osottaroo osotta daroo osoimasitaroo osotta desyoo
osowanakattaroo osowanakatta daroo osoimaseii desitaroo osowanakatta desyoo
osottara osoimasitara
osowanakattara osoimaseii desitara
osottari osoimasitari
osowanakattari osoimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
osowareru
Potential
osoeru
Causative
osowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
osowaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 370
oosoi ni naru oosoi nasaru oosoi suru oosoi itasu
ossyar.u
ossyai TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ossyaru ossyaimasu
ossyaranai ossyaimaseii
ossyai ossyainasai ossyatte kudasai ossyaimase
ossyaru na ossyainasaru na ossyaranai de kudasai ossyaimasu na
ossyaroo ossyaru daroo ossyaimasyoo ossyaru desyoo
ossyarumai ossyaranai daroo ossyaimasumai ossyaranai desyoo
ossyareba ossyaimaseba ossyaimasureba
ossyaranakereba ossyaimaseii nara
ossyatte ossyaimasite
ossyaranai de ossyaranakute ossyaimaseii de
ossyatta ossyaimasita
ossyaranakatta ossyaimaseii desita
ossyattaroo ossyatta daroo ossyaimasitaroo ossyatta desyoo
ossyaranakattaroo ossyaranakatta daroo ossyaimaseii desitaroo ossyaranakatta desyoo
ossyattara ossyaimasitara
ossyaranakattara ossyaimaseii desitara
ossyattari ossyaimasitari
ossyaranakattari ossyaimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to say (honorific)
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential
ossyareru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 371
os.U
osi
to push, to press
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
osu osimasu
osanai osimaseii
ose osinasai osile kudasai oosi nasaimase
osu na osinasaru na osanai de kudasai oosi nasaimasu na
osoo osu daroo osimasyoo osu desyoo
osumai osanai daroo osimasumai osanai desyoo
oseba osimaseba osimasureba
osanakereba osimaseii nara
osile osimasile
osanai de osanakule osimaseii de
osila osimasita
osanakalta osimaseii desita
osilaroo osila daroo osimasitaroo osita desyoo
osanakattaroo osanakatta daroo osimaseii desitaroo osanakalta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
osilara osimasitara
osanakaltara osimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ositari osimasilari
osanakattari osimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
osareru
Potential
oseru
Causative
osaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
osaserareru
I U
oosi ni naru oosi nasaru
I
oosi suru oosi itasu
n 372
oti.ru
oti
to fall (from a height) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
otiru otimasu
otinai otimasefi
otiro
otiru na otinasaru na otinai de kudasai ooti nasaimasu na
otiyoo otiru daroo otimasyoo otiru desyoo
otimai otinai daroo otimasumai otinai desyoo
otireba otimaseba otimasureba
otinakereba otimasefi nara
otite otimasite
otinai de otinakute otimasefi de
otita otimasita
otinakatta otimasefi desita
otitaroo otita daroo otimasitaroo otita desyoo
otinakattaroo otinakatta daroo otimasefi desitaroo otinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
otitara otimasitara
otinakattara otimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
otitari otimasitari
otinakattari otimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL I IT Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past PresiJmp. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
otirareru
Potential Causative
otisaseru
Causative Pass.
otisaserareru
Honorific
I IT
Humble
I IT
ooti ni naru ooti nasaru
373
ot6r.u
otori
to be inferior to, to be worse than AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
otoru otorimasu
otoranai otorimaseii
otore otorinasai ototte kudasai ootori nasaimase
otoru na otorinasaru na otoranai de kudasai ootori nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
otoroo otoru daroo otorimasyoo otoru desyoo
otorumai otoranai daroo otorimasumai otoranai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
otoreba otorimaseba otorimasureba
otoranakereba otorimaseii nara
ototte otorimasite
otoranai de otoranakute otorimaseii de
ototta otorimasita
otoranakatta otorimaseii desita
otottaroo ototta daroo otorimasitaroo ototta desyoo
otoranakattaroo otoranakatta daroo otorimaseii desitaroo otoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
otottara otorimasitara
otoranakattara otorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
otottari otorimasitari
otoranakattari otorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative .INFORMALI D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
otorareru
Potential
otoreru
Causative
otoraseru
Causative Pass.
374
otoraserareru
Honorific
I D
ootori ni naru ootori nasaru
Humble
I D
ootori suru ootori itasu
otosi
otOS.U TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
otosu otosimasu
otosanai otosimaseii
otose otosinasai otosite kudasai ootosi nasaimase
otosu na otosinasaru na otosanai de kudasai ootosi nasaimasu na
otosoo otosu daroo otosimasyoo otosu desyoo
otosumai otosanai daroo otosimasumai otosanai desyoo
otoseba otosimaseba otosimasureba
otosanakereba otosimaseii nara
otosite otosimasite
otosanai de otosanakute otosimaseii de
otosita otosimasita
otosanakatta otosimaseii desita
otositaroo otosita daroo otosimasitaroo otosita desyoo
otosanakattaroo otosanakatta daroo otosimaseii desitaroo otosanakatta desyoo
otositara otosimasitara
otosanakattara otosimaseii desitara
otositari otosimasitari
otosanakattari otosimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to drop, to lose
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
otosareru
Potential
otoseru
Causative
otosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
otosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ootosi ni naru ootosi nasaru ootosi suru ootosi itasu 376
o.u
oi
to drive away, to chase, to pursue
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ou oimasu
owanai oimaseii
oe oinasai oUe kudasai ooi nasaimase
ou na oinasaru na owanai de kudasai ooi nasaimasu na
000
oumai owanai daroo oimasumai owanai desyoo
ou daroo oimasyoo ou desyoo oeba oimaseba oimasureba
owanakereba oimaseii nara
oUe oimasite
owanai de owanakute oimaseii de
oUa oimasita
owanakaUa oimaseii desita
ottaroo oUa daroo oimasitaroo oUa desyoo
owanakattaroo owanakatta daroo oimaseii desitaroo owanakatta desyoo
oUara oimasitara
owanakauara oimaseii desitara
ottari oimasitari
owanakattari oimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
owareru
Potential
oeru
Causative
owaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
owaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 378
ooi ni naru ooi nasaru ooi suru ooi itasu
oi
0.0
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
to be indebted, to assume responsibility
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ou oimasu
owanai oimaseii
oe oinasai oUe kudasai ooi nasaimase
ou na oinasaru na owanai de kudasai ooi nasaimasu na
000
oumai owanai daroo oimasumai owanai desyoo
ou daroo oimasyoo ou desyoo oeba oimaseba oimasureba
owanakereba oimaseii nara
oUe oimasite
owanai de owanakute oimaseii de
oUa oimasita
owanakatta oimaseii desita
ottaroo oUa daroo oimasitaroo oUa desyoo
owanakattaroo owanakatta daroo oimaseii desitaroo owanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oUara oimasitara
owanakaUara oimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ottari oimasitari
owanakauari oimaseii desi tari
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
owareru
Potential
oeru
Causative
owaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
owaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ooi ni naru ooi nasaru ooi suru ooi itasu 377
owar.u
owari
to come to an end
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
owaru owarimasu
owaranai owarimaseii
oware
owaru na
owaroo owaru daroo 'owarimasyoo owaru desyoo
owarumai owaranai daroo owarimasumai owaranai desyoo
owareba owarimaseba owarimasureba
owaranakereba owarimaseii nara
owatte owarimasite
owaranai de owaranakute owarimaseii de
owatta owarimasita
owaranakatta owarimaseii desita
owattaroo owatta daroo owarimasitaroo owatta desyoo
owaranakattaroo owaranakatta daroo owarimaseii desitaroo owaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
owattara owarimasitara
owaranakattara owarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
owattari owarimasitari
owaranakattari owarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n EORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
owaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
owaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 378
oyobi
oyob.u to reach, to extend to, to amount to AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
oyobu oyobimasu
oyobanai oyobimaseii
oyobe
oyobu na
oyoboo oyobu daroo oyobimasyoo oyobu desyoo
oyobumai oyobanai daroo oyobimasumai oyobanai desyoo
oyobeba oyobimaseba oyobimasureba
oyobanakereba oyobimaseii nara
oyoiide oyobimasite
oyobanai de oyobanakute oyobimaseii de
oyoiida oyobimasita
oyobanakatta oyobimaseii desita
oyoiidaroo oyoiida daroo oyobimasitaroo oyoiida desyoo
oyobanakattaroo oyobanakatta daroo oyobimaseii desitaroo oyobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oyoiidara oyobimasitara
oyobanakattara oyobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
oyoiidari oyobimasitari
oyobanakattari oyobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
oyobareru
Potential
oyoberu
Causative
oyobaseru
Causative Pass.
oyobaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
ooyobi ni naru ooyobi nasaru
379
oyog.u
oyogi
to swim AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
oyogu oyogimasu
oyoganai oyogimaseii
oyoge oyoginasai oyoide kudasai ooyogi nasaimase
oyogu na oyoginasaru na oyoganai de kudasai ooyogi nasaimasu na
oyogoo oyogu daroo oyogimasyoo oyogu desyoo
oyogumai oyoganaidaroo oyogimasumai oyoganai desyoo
oyogeba oyogimaseba oyogimasureba
oyoganakereba oyogimaseii nara
oyoide oyogimasite
oyoganai de oyoganakute oyogimaseii de
oyoida oyogimasita
oyoganakatta oyogimaseii desita
oyoidaroo oyoida daroo oyogimasitaroo oyoida desyoo
oyoganakattaroo oyoganakatta daroo oyogimaseii desitaroo oyoganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
oyoidara oyogimasitara
oyoganakattara oyogimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
oyoidari oyogimasitari
oyoganakattari oyogimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I U
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I U FORMAL I U Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I U FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
oyogareru
Potential
oyogeru
Causative
oyogaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 380
oyogaserareru
ooyogi ni naru I U o ooyogi nasaru I U
sadame.ru
sadame TRANSITIVE
to decide, to establish
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sadameru sadamemasu
sadamenai sadamemaseii
sadamero sadamenasai sadamete kudasai osadame nasaimase
sadameru na sadamenasaru na sadamenai de kudasai osadame nasaimasu na
sadameyoo sadameru daroo sadamemasyoo sadameru desyoo
sadamemai sadamenai daroo sadamemasumai sadamenai desyoo
sadamereba sadamemaseba sadamemasureba
sadamenakereba sadamemaseii nara
sadamete sadamemasite
sadamenai de sadamenakute sadamemaseii de
sadameta sadamamasita
sadamenakatta sadamemaseii desita
sadametaroo sadameta daroo sadamemasitaroo sadameta desyoo
sadamenakattaroo sadamenakatta daroo sadamemaseii desitaroo sadamenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sadametara sadamemasitara
sadamenakattara sadamemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sadametari sadamemasitari
sadamenakattari sadamemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sadamerareru
Potential
sadamerareru
Causative
sadamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sadamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
osadame ni naru osadame nasaru osadame suru osadame itasu 381
sagasi
sagas.u to search for
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sagasu sagasimasu
sagasanai sagasimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
sagase D sagasinasai DI sagasite kudasal osagasi nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D , FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sagasu na sagasinasaru na sagasanai de kudasai osagasi nasaimasu na
sagasoo sagasu dareD sagasimasyoo sagasu desyoo
sagasumai sagasanai dareD sagasimasumai sagasanai desyoo
sagaseba sagasimaseba sagasimasureba
sagasanakereba sagasimaseii nara
sagasite sagasimasite
sagasanai de sagasanakute sagasimaseii de
sagasita sagasimasita
sagasanakatta sagasimaseii desita
sagasitaroo sagasita daroo sagasimasitaroo sagasita desyoo
sagasanakattaroo sagasanakatta dareD sagasimaseii desitaroo sagasanakatta desyoo
sagasitara sagasimasitara
sagasanakattara sagasimaseii desitara
sagasitari sagasimasitari
sagasanakattari sagasimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sagasareru
Potential
sagaseru
Causative
sagasaseru
Causative Pass.
382
sagasaserareru
Honorific
I D
osagasi ni naru osagasi nasaru
Humble
I D
osagasi suru osagasi itasu
sakebi
sakeb.u TRANSITIVE
to shout, to cry out, to advocate
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sakebu sakebimasu
sakebanai sakebimaseii
sakebe sakebinasai sakeiide kudasai osakebi nasaimase
sakebu na sakebinasaru na sakebanai de kudasai osakebi nasaimasu na
sakeboo sakebu daroo sakebimasyoo sakebu desyoo
sakebumai sakebanai daroo sakebimasumai sakebanai desyoo
sakebeba sakebimaseba sakebimasureba
sakebanakereba sakebimaseii nara
sakeiide sakebimasite
sakebanai de sakebanakute sakebimaseii de
sakeiida sakebimasita
sakebanakatta sakebimaseii desita
sakeiidaroo sakeiida daroo sakebimasitaroo sakeiida desyoo
sakebanakattaroo sakebanakatta daroo sakebimaseii desitaroo sakebanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sakeiidara sakebimasitara
sakebanakattara sakebimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sakeiidari sakebimasitari
sakebanakattari sakebimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sakebareru
Potential
sakeberu
Causative
sakebaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sakebaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
osakebi ni naru osakebi nasaru osakebi suru osakebi itasu 383
sak.u
saki
to bloom
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
saku sakimasu
sakanai sakimaseii
sake
saku na
sakoo saku daroo sakimasyoo saku desyoo
sakumai sakanai daroo sakimasumai sakanai desyoo
sakeba sakimaseba sakimasureba
sakanakereba sakimaseii nara
saite sakimasite
sakanai de sakanakute sakimaseii de
saita sakimasita
sakanakatta sakimaseii desita
saitaroo saita daroo sakimasitaroo saita desyoo
sakanakattaroo sakanakatta daroo sakimaseii desitaroo sakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
saitara sakimasitara
sakanakattara sakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
saitari sakimasi tari
sakanaka ttari sakimaseii dcsitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE PassIVe Potential
sakeru
Causative
sakaseru
Causative Pass.
384
sakaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
samatage.ru
samatage TRANSITIVE
to hinder, to obstruct
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
samatageru samatagemasu
samatagenai samatagemaseii
samatagero samatagenasai samatagete kudasai osamatage nasaimase
samatageru na samatagenasaru na samatagenai de kudasai osamatage nasaimasu na
samatageyoo samatageru daroo samatagemasyoo samatageru desyoo
samatagemai samatagenai daroo samatagemasumai samatagenai desyoo
samatagereba samatagemaseba samatagemasureba
samatagenakereba samatagemaseii nara
samatagete samatagemasite
samatagenai de samatagenakute samatagemaseii de
samatageta samatagemasita
samatagenakatta samatagemaseii desita
samatagetaroo samatageta daroo samatagemasitaroo samatageta desyoo
samatagenakattaroo samatagenakatta daroo samatagemaseii desitaroo samatagenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
samatagetara samatagemasitara
samatagenakattara samatagemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
samatagetari samatagemasitari
samatagenakattari samatagemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
samatagerareru
Potential
samatagerareru
Causativ.
samatagesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
samatagesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
osamatage ni naru osamatage nasaro osamatage suru osamatage itasu 385
saso.U
sasoi
to invite, to entice
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sasou sasoimasu
sasowanai sasoimaseii
sasoe sasoinasai sasotte kudasai osasoi nasaimase
sasou na sasoinasaru na sasowanai de kudasai osasoi nasaimasu na
sasooo sasou daroo sasoimasyoo sasou desyoo
sasoumai sasowanai daroo sasoimasumai sasowanai desyoo
sasoeba sasoimaseba sasoimasureba
sasowanakereba sasoimaseii nara
sasotte sasoimasite
sasowanai de sasowanakute sasoimaseii de
sasotta sasoimasita
sasowanakatta sasoimaseii desita
sasottaroo sasotta daroo sasoimasitaroo sasotta desyoo
sasowanakattaroo sasowanakatta daroo sasoimaseii desitaroo sasowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sasottara sasoimasitara
sasowanakattara sasoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sasottari sasoimasitari
sasowanakattari sasoimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sasowareru
Potential
sasoeru
Causative
sasowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sasowaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 381
osasoi ni naru osasoi nasaru osasoi suru osasoi itasu
sawagi
sawag.D to behave boisterously
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sawagu sawagimasu
sawaganai sawagimaseii
sawage sawaginasai sawaide kudasai osawagi nasaimase
sawagu na sawaginasaru na sawaganai de kudasai osawagi nasaimasu na
sawagoo sawagu daroo sawagimasyoo sawagu desyoo
sawagumai sawaganai daroo sawagimasumai sawaganai desyoo
sawageba sawagimaseba sawagimasureba
sawaganakereba sawagimaseii nara
sawaide sawagimasite
sawaganai de sawaganakute sawagimaseii de
sawaida sawagimasita
sawaganakatta sawagimaseii desita
sawaidaroo sawaida daroo sawagimasitaroo sawaida desyoo
sawaganakattaroo sawaganakatta daroo sawagimaseii desitaroo sawaganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sawaidara sawagimasitara
sawaganakattara sawagimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sawaidari sawagimasitari
sawaganakattari sawagimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sawagareru
Potential
sawageru
Causative
sawagaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sawagaserareru
I
n Humble
osawagi ni naru osawagi nasaru
I
n 387
sawar.u
sawari
to touch or feel (with the fingers) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sawaru sawarimasu
sawaranai sawarimaseii
saware sawarinasai sawatte kudasai osawari nasaimase
sawaru na sawarinasaru na sawaranai de kudasai osawari nasaimasu na
sawaroo sawaru daroo sawarimasyoo sawaru desyoo
sawarumai sawaranai daroo sawarimasumai sawaranai desyoo
sawareba sawarimaseba sawarimasureba
sawaranakereba sawarimaseii nara
sawatte sawarimasite
sawaranai de sawaranakute sawarimaseii de
sawatta sawarimasita
sawaranakatta sawarimaseii desita
sawattaroo sawatta daroo sawarimasitaroo sawatta desyoo
sawaranakattaroo sawaranakatta daroo sawarimaseii desitaroo sawaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sawattara sawarimasitara
sawaranakattara sawarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sawattari sawarimasitari
sawaranakattari sawarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sawarareru
Potential
sawareru
Causative
sawaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sawaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 388
osawari ni naru osawari nasaru osawari suru osawari itasu
seme.m
seme TRANSITIVE
to blame, to torment, to urge
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
semeru sememasu
semenai sememaseii
semero semenasai semete kudasai oseme nasaimase
semeru na semenasaru na semenai de kudasai oseme nasaimasu na
semeyoo semeru daroo sememasyoo semeru desyoo
sememai semenai daroo sememasumai semenai desyoo
semereba sememaseba sememasureba
semenakereba sememaseii nara
semete sememasite
semenai de semenakute sememaseii de
semeta sememasita
semenakatta sememaseii desita
semetaroo semeta daroo sememasitaroo semeta desyoo
semenakattaroo semenakatta daroo sememaseii desitaroo semenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
semetara sememasitara
semenakattara sememaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
semetari sememasitari
semenakattari sememaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
semerareru
Potential
semerareru
Causative
semesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
semesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oseme ni naru oseme nasaru oseme suru oseme itasu 389
sibir.u to tie up
sibari TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sibaru sibarimasu
sibaranai sibarimaseii
sibare sibarinasai sibatte kudasai osibari nasaimase
sibaru na sibarinasaru na sibaranai de kudasai osibari nasaimasu na
sibaroo sibaru daroo sibarimasyoo sibaru desyoo
sibarumai sibaranai daroo sibarimasumai sibaranai desyoo
sibareba sibarimaseba sibarimasureba
sibaranakereba sibarimaseii nara
sibatte sibarimasite
sibaranai de sibaranakute sibarimaseii de
sibatta sibarimasita
sibaranakatta sibarimaseii desita
sibattaroo sibatta daroo sibarimasitaroo sibatta desyoo
sibaranakattaroo sibaranakatta daroo sibarimaseii desitaroo sibaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sibattara sibarimasitara
sibaranakattara sibarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sibattari sibarimasitari
sibaranakattari sibarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sibarareru
Potential
sibareru
Causative
sibaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sibaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 390
osibari ni naru osi bari nasaru osibari suru osibari itasu
sikari
sikar.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sikaru sikarimasu
sikaranai sikarimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
sikare II sikarinasai III sikatte kudasai osikari nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
sikaru na sikarinasaru na sikaranai de kudasai osikari nasaimasu na
sikaroo sikaru daroo sikarimasyoo sikaru desyoo
sikarumai sikaranai daroo sikarimasumai sikaranai desyoo
sikareba sikarimaseba sikarimasureba
sikaranakereba sikarimaseii nara
sikatte sikarimasite
sikaranai de sikaranakute sikarimaseii de
sikatta sikarimasita
sikaranakatta sikarimaseii desita
sikattaroo sikatta daroo sikarimasitaroo sikatta desyoo
sikaranakattaroo sikaranakatta daroo sikarimaseii desitaroo sikaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sikattara sikarimasitara
sikaranakattara sikarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sikattari sikarimasi tari
sikaranakattari sikarimaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to scold
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sikarareru
Potential
sikareru
Causative
sikaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
sikaraserareru
I II
osikari ni naru osikari nasaru
I
osikari suru osikari itasu
n
391
sik.u
siki
to spread out flat (as a quilt)
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
siku sikirnasu
sikanai sikirnaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
sike sikinasai ill siite kudasai osiki nasairnase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
sikoo siku daroo sikirnasyoo siku desyoo
sikurnai sikanai daroo sikirnasurnai sikanai desyoo
sikeba sikirnaseba sikirnasureba
sikanakereba sikimaseii nara
siite sikirnasite
sikanai de sikanakute sikimaseii de
siita sikirnasita
sikanakatta sikirnaseii desita
siitaroo siita daroo sikirnasitaroo siita desyoo
sikanakattaroo sikanakatta daroo sikirnaseii desitaroo sikanakatta desyoo
siitara sikirnasitara
sikanakattara sikirnaseii desitara
siitari sikirnasitari
sikanakattari sikirnaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
siku na sikinasaru na sikanai de kudasai osiki nasairnasu na
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sikareru
Potential
sikeru
Causative
sikaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sikaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 392
osiki ni naru osiki nasaru osiki suru osiki itasu
simarl
simar.u to close (by itself)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
simaru simarimasu
simaranai simarimaseii
simare
simaru na
simaroo simaru daroo simarimasyoo simaru desyoo
simarumai simaranai daroo simarimasumai simaranai desyoo
simareba simarimaseba simarimasureba
simaranakereba simarimaseii nara
simatte simarimasite
simaranai de simaranakute simarimaseii de
simatta simarimasita
simaranakatta simarimaseii desita
simattaroo simatta daroo simarimasitaroo simatta desyoo
simaranakattaroo simaranakatta daroo simarimaseii desitaroo simaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
simattara simarimasitara
simaranakattara simarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
simattari simarimasitari
simaranakattari simarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 393
sima.u
simai
to put away, to pack away
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
simau simaimasu
simawanai simaimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
simae II simainasai III simatte kudasai osimai nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
simau na simainasaru na simawanai de kudasai osimai nasaimasu na
simaoo simau daroo simaimasyoo simau desyoo
simaumai simawanai daroo simaimasumai simawanai desyoo
simaeba simaimaseba simaimasureba
simawanakereba simaimaseii nara
simatte simaimasite
simawanai de simawanakute simaimaseii de
simatta simaimasita
simawanakatta simaimaseii desita
simattaroo simatta daroo simaimasitaroo simatta desyoo
simawanakattaroo simawanakatta daroo simaimaseii desitaroo simawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
simattara simaimasitara
simawanakattara simaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
simattari simaimasitari
simawanakattari simaimaseii desitari
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
simawareru
Potential
simaeru
Causative
simawaseru
Causative Pass.
simawaserareru
Honorific
Humble 394
II
osimai ni naru osimai nasaru
I II
osimai suru osimai itasu
sime.ro
sime TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
simeru simemasu
simenai simemaseii
simero simenasai simete kudasai osime nasaimase
simeru na simenasaru na simenai de kudasai osime nasaimasu na
simeyoo simeru daroo simemasyoo simeru desyoo
simemai simenai daroo simemasumai simenai desyoo
simereba simemaseba simemasureba
simenakereba simemaseii nara
simete simemasite
simenai de simenakute simemaseii de
simeta simemasita
simenakatta simemaseii desita
simetaroo simeta daroo simemasitaroo simeta desyoo
simenakattaroo simenakatta daroo simemaseii desitaroo simenakatta desyoo
simetara simemasitara
simenakattara simemaseii desitara
simetari simemasitari
simenakattari simemaseii desitari
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to shut
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
simerareru
Potential
simerareru
Causative
simesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
simesaserareru
I
n I
n
osime ni naru osime nasaru osime suru osime itasu 395
simes.u
simesi
to indicate, to point out
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
simesu simesimasu
simesanai simesimaseii
simese simesinasai simesite kudasai osimesi nasaimase
simesu na simesinasaru na simesanai de kudasai osimesi nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
simesoo simesu daroo simesimasyoo simesu desyoo
simesumai simesanai daroo simesimasumai simesanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
simeseba simesimaseba simesimasureba
simesanakereba simesimaseii nara
simesite simesimasite
simesanai de simesanakute simesimaseii de
simesita simesimasita
simesanakatta simesimaseii desita
simesitaroo simesita daroo simesimasitaroo simesita desyoo
simesanakattaroo simesanakatta daroo simesimaseii desitaroo simesanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
simesitara simesimasitara
simesanakattara simesimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
simesitari simesimasitari
simesanakattari simesimaseii desitari
lndicative INFORMAL FORMAL lmperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past lnd. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
simesareru
Potential
simeseru
Causative
simesaseru
Causative Pass.
398
simesaserareru
Honorific
I D
osimesi ni naru osimesi nasaru
Humble
I D
osimesi suru osimesi itasu
sini
sin.n to die
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sinu sinimasu
sinanai sinimaseii
~ine
sinu na sininasaru na sinanai de kudasai osini nasaimasu na
' sininasai siiide kudasai
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
sinoo sinu daroo sinimasyoo sinu desyoo
sinumai sinanai daroo sinimasumai sinanai desyoo
sineba sinimaseba sinimasureba
sinanakereba sinimaseii nara
siiide sinimasite
sinanai de sinanakute sinimaseii de
siiida sinimasita
sinanakatta sinimaseii desita
siiidaroo siiida daroo sinimasitaroo siiida desyoo
sinanakattaroo sinanakatta daroo sinimaseii desitaroo sinanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
siiidara sinimasitara
sinanakattara sinimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
siiidari sinimasitari
sinanakattari sinimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sinareru
Potential
sineru
Causative
sinaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sinaserareru
I
n Humble
onakunari ni naru onakunari nasaru
I
n 397
siiizi.ru
siiizi
to ~/ieve, to trust
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
siiiziru siiizimasu
siiizinai siiizimaseii
siiiziro siiizinasai siiizite kudasai osiiizi nasaimase
siiiziru na siiizinasaru na siiizinai de kudasai osiiizi nasaimasu na
siiiziyoo siiiziru daroo siiizimasyoo siiiziru desyoo
siiizimai siiizinai daroo siiizimasumai siiizinai desyoo
siiizireba siiizimaseba siiizimasureba
siiizinakereba siiizimaseii nara
siiizite siiizimasite
siiizinai de siiizinakute siiizimaseii de
siiizita siiizimasita
siiizinakatta siiizimaseii desita
siiizitaroo siiizita daroo siiizimasitaroo siiizita desyoo
siiizinakattaroo siiizinakatta daroo siiizimaseii desitaroo siiizinak.atta desyoo
siiizitara siiizimasitara
siiizinakattara siiizimaseii desitara
siiizitari siiizimasitari
siiizinakattari siiizimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
siiizirareru
Potential
sifizirareru
Causative
siiizisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
siiizisaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 398
osiiizi ni naru osiiizi nasaru osiiizi suru osiiizi itasu
sirabe
sirabe.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
siraberu sirabemasu
sirabenai sirabemaseii
sirabero sirabenasai sirabete kudasai osirabe nasaimase
siraberu na sirabenasaru na sirabenai de kudasai osirabe nasaimasu na
sirabeyoo siraberu daroo sirabemasyoo siraberu desyoo
sirabemai sirabenai daroo sirabemasumai sirabenai desyoo
sirabereba sirabemaseba sirabemasureba
sirabenakereba sirabemaseii nara
sirabete sirabemasite
sirabenai de sirabenakute sirabemaseii de
sirabeta sirabemasita
sirabenakatta sirabemaseii desita
sirabetaroo sirabeta daroo sirabemasitaroo sirabeta desyoo
sirabenakattaroo sirabenakatta daroo sirabemaseii desitaroo sirabenakatta desyoo
sirabetara sirabemasitara
sirabenakattara sirabemaseii desitara
sirabetari sirabemasitari
sirabenakattari sirabemaseii desitari
II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
siraberareru
Potential
siraberareru
Causative
sirabesaseru
Causative Pass.
to check, to investigate
sirabesaserareru
Honorific
I II
osirabe ni naru osirabe nasaru
Humble
I II
osirabe suru osirabe itasu
sir.u
siri
to learn about, to know
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
siru sirimasu
siranai sirimaseii
sire
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
siroo siru daroo sirimasyoo siru desyoo
sirumai siranai daroo sirimasumai siranai desyoo
sireba sirimaseba sirimasureba
~irimaseii
sirimasite
slranai de siranakute sirimaseii de
sitta sirimasita
siranakatta sirimaseii desita
sittaroo sitta daroo sirimasitaroo sitta desyoo
siranakattaroo siranakatta daroo sirimaseii desitaroo siranakatta desyoo
sittara sirimasitara
siranakattara sirimaseii desitara
sittari sirimasitari
siranakattari sirimaseii desitari
sitte
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
siranakereba nara
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential
sireru
Causative
siraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 400
sirareru
siraserareru
gozoiizi de irassyaru
zoiiziru
sitagai
sitaga.u to obey, to follow, to comply with
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sitagau sitagaimasu
sitagawanai sitagaimaseii
sitagae sitagainasai sitagatte kudasai ositagai nasairnase
sitagau na sitagainasaru na sitagawanai de kudasai ositagai nasaimasu na
sitagaoo sitagau daroo sitagaimasyoo sitagau desyoo
sitagaumai sitagawanai daroo sitagaimasumai sitagawanai desyoo
sitagaeba sitagaimaseba sitagaimasureba
sitagawanakereba sitagaimaseii nara
sitagatte sitagaimasite
sitagawanai de sitagawanakute sitagaimaseii de
sitagatta sitagaimasita
sitagawanakatta sitagaimaseii desita
sitagattaroo sitagatta daroo sitagaimasitaroo sitagatta desyoo
sitagawanakattaroo sitagawanakatta daroo sitagaimaseii desitaroo sitagawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sitagattara sitagaimasitara
sitagawanakattara sitagaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sitagattari sitagaimasitari
sitagawanakattari sitagaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sitagawareru
Potential
sitagaeru
Causative
sitagawaseru
Causative Pass.
sitagawaserareru
Honorific
I D
ositagai ni naru ositagai nasaru
Humble
I D
ositagai suru ositagai itasu 401
sitasim.u
sitasimi
to become intimate with, to get to know
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sitasimu sitasimimasu
sitasimanai sitasimimaseii
sitasime sitasiminasai sitasiiide kudasai ositasimi nasaimase
sitasimu na sitasiminasaru na sitasimanai de kudasai ositasimi nasaimasu na
sitasimoo sitasimu daroo sitasimimasyoo sitasimu desyoo
sitasimumai sitasimanai daroo sitasimimasumai sitasimanai desyoo
sitasimeba sitasimimaseba sitasimimasureba
sitasimanakereba sitasimimaseii nara
sitasiiide sitasimimasite
sitasimanai de sitasimanakute sitasimimaseii de
sitasiiida sitasimimasita
sitasimanakatta sitasimimaseii desita
sitasiiidaroo sitasiiida daroo sitasimimasitaroo sitasiiida desyoo
sitasimanakattaroo sitasimanakatta daroo sitasimimaseii desitaroo sitasimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sitasiiidara sitasimimasitara
sitasimanakattara sitasimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sitasiiidari sitasimimasitari
sitasimanakattari sitasimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I 0 FORMAL I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sitasimareru
Potential
sitasimeru
Causative
sitasimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sitasimaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 402
ositasimi ni naru ositasimi nasaru ositasimi suru ositasimi itasu
sizamar.u
sizumari
to become quiet, to calm down
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sizumaru sizumarimasu
sizumaranai sizumarimasefi
sizumare sizumarinasai sizumatte kudasai osizumari nasaimase
sizumaru na sizumarinasaru na sizumaranai de kudasai osizumari nasaimasu na
sizumaroo sizumaru daroo sizumarimasyoo sizumaru desyoo
sizumarumai sizumaranai daroo sizumarimasumai sizumaranai desyoo
sizumareba sizumarimaseba sizumarimasureba
sizumaranakereba sizumarimasefi nara
sizumatte sizumarimasite
sizumaranai de sizumaranakute sizumarimasefi de
sizumatta sizumarimasita
sizumaranakatta sizumarimasefi desita
sizumattaroo sizumatta daroo sizumarimasitaroo sizumatta desyoo
sizumaranakattaroo sizumaranakatta daroo sizumarimasefi desitaroo sizumaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sizumattara sizumarimasitara
sizumaranakattara sizumarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sizumattari sizumarimasitari
sizumaranakattari sizumarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sizumarareru
Potential
sizumareru
Causative
sizumaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sizumaraserareru
I
n Humble
osizumari ni naru osizumari nasaru
I
n 403
sizum.u
sizumi
to sink
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sizumu sizumimasu
sizumanai sizumimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
sizume sizuminasai HI sizuiide kudasai osizumi nasaimase
n FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
sizumu na sizuminasaru na sizumanai de kudasai osizumi nasaimasu na
sizumoo sizumu daroo sizumimasyoo sizumu daroo
sizumumai sizumanai daroo sizumimasumai sizumanai daroo
sizumeba sizumimaseba sizumimasureba
sizumanakereba sizumimaseii nara
sizuiide sizumimasite
sizumanai de sizumanakute sizumimaseii de
sizuiida sizumimasita
sizumanakatta sizumimaseii desita
sizuiidaroo sizuiida daroo sizumimasitaroo sizuiida desyoo
sizumanakattaroo sizumanakatta daroo sizumimaseii desitaroo sizumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sizuiidara sizumimasitara
sizumanakattara sizumimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sizuiidari sizumimasitari
sizumanakattari sizumimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIItMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sizumareru
Potential
sizumeru
Causative
sizumaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sizumaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 404
osizumi ni naru osizumi nasaru
sodate.ru
sodate TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sodateru sodatemasu
sodatenai sodatemaseii
sodatero sodatenasai soda tete kudasat osodate nasaimase
sodateru na sodatenasaru na sodatenai de kudasai osodate nasaimasu na
sodateyoo sodateru daroo sodatemasyoo sodateru desyoo
sodatemai sodatenai daroo sodatemasumai sodatenai desyoo
sodatereba sodatemaseba sodatemasureba
sodatenakereba sodatemaseii nara
sodatete sodatemasite
sodatenai de sodatenakute sodatemaseii de
sodateta sodatemasita
sodatenakatta sodatemaseii desita
sodatetaroo sodateta daroo sodatemasitaroo sodateta desyoo
sodatenakattaroo sodatenakatta daroo sodatemaseii desitaroo sodatenakatta desyoo
sodatetara sodatemasitara
sodatenakattara sodatemaseii desitara
sodatetari sodatemasitari
sodatenakattari sodatemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to raise a child
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sodaterareru
Potential
sodaterareru
Causative
sodatesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sodatesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
osodate ni naru osodate nasaru osodate suru osodate itasu 405
suber.u
suberi
to slide, to slip AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
suberu suberimasu
suberanai suberimaseii
subere suberinasai subette kudasai osuberi nasaimase
suberu na suberinasaru na suberanai de kudasai osuberi nasaimasu na
suberoo suberu daroo suberimasyoo suberu desyoo
suberumai suberanai daroo suberimasumai suberanai desyoo
subereba suberimaseba suberimasureba
suberanakereba suberimaseii nara
subette suberimasite
suberanai de suberanakute suberimaseii de
subetta suberimasita
suberanakatta suberimaseii desita
subettaroo subetta daroo suberimasitaroo subetta desyoo
suberanakattaroo suberanakatta daroo suberimaseii desitaroo suberanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
subettara suberimasitara
suberanakattara suberimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
subettari suberimasitari
suberanakattari suberimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
suberareru
Potential
subereru
Causative
suberaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
suberaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 408
osuberi ni nara osuberi nasaru
sugi.ru
sugi
to surpass
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sugiru sugimasu
suginai sugimaseii
sugiro suginasai sugite kudasai osugi nasaimase
sugiru na suginasaru na suginai de kudasai osugi nasaimasu na
sugiyoo sugiru daroo sugimasyoo sugiru desyoo
sugimai suginai daroo sugimasumai suginai desyoo
sugireba sugimaseba sugimasureba
suginakereba sugimaseii nara
sugite sugimasite
suginai de suginakute sugimaseii de
sugita sugimasita
suginakatta sugimaseii desita
sugitaroo sugita daroo sugimasitaroo sugita desyoo
suginakattaroo suginakatta daroo sugimaseii desitaroo suginakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sugitara sugimasitara
suginakattara sugimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sugitari sugimasitari
suginakattari sugimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
Humble
I
n
osugi ni naru osugi nasaru
n 407
sugure.ru
sugure
to be superior, to surpass, to excel
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sugureru suguremasu
sugurenai suguremaseii
sugurero sugurenasai sugurete kudasai osugure nasaimase
sugureru na sugurenasaru na sugurenai de kudasai osugure nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL D
sugureyoo sugureru daroo suguremasyoo sugureru desyoo
suguremai sugurenai daroo suguremasumai sugurenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
sugurereba suguremaseba suguremasureba
sugurenakereba suguremaseii nara
sugurete suguremasite
sugurenai de sugurenakute suguremaseii de
sugureta suguremasita
sugurenakatta suguremaseii. desita
suguretaroo sugureta daroo suguremasitaroo sugureta desyoo
sugurenakattaroo sugurenakatta daroo suguremaseii desitaroo sugurenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
suguretara suguremasitara
sugurenakattara suguremaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
suguretari suguremasitari
sugurenakattari suguremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sugurerareru
Potential
sugurerareru
Causative
suguresaseru
Causative Pass.
408
suguresaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
osugure ni naru osugure nasaru
suk.u
suki
to become empty, to become uncrowded
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
suku sukimasu
sukanai sukimaseii
sukoo suku daroo sukimasyoo suku desyoo
sukumai sukanai daroo sukimasumai sukanai desyoo
sukeba sukimaseba sukimasureba
sukanakereba sukimaseii nara
suite sukimasite
sukanai de sukanakute sukimaseii de
suita sukimasita
sukanakatta sukimaseii desita
suitaroo suita daroo sukimasitaroo suita desyoo
sukanakattaroo sukanakatta daroo sukimaseii desitaroo sukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sui tara sukimasitara
sukanakattara sukimaseii desi tara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
suitari sukimasitari
sukanakattari sukimaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
sukaseru
Causative Pass.
sukaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 409
suku.u
sukui
to rescue. to save
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sukuu sukuimasu
sukuwanai sukuimaseii
sukue sukuinasai sukutte kudasai osukui nasaimase
sukuu na sukuinasaru na sukuwanai de kudasai osukui nasaimasu na
sukuoo sukuu daroo sukuimasyoo sukuu desyoo
sukuumai sukuwanai daroo sukuimasumai sukuwanai desyoo
sukueba sukuimaseba sukuimasureba
sukuwanakereba sukuimaseii nara
sukutte sukuimasite
sukuwanai de sukuwanakute sukuimaseii de
sukutta sukuimasita
sukuwanakatta sukuimaseii desita
sukuttaroo sukutta daroo sukuimasitaroo sukutta desyoo
sukuwanakattaroo sukuwanakatta daroo sukuimaseii desitaroo sukuwanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sukuttara sukuimasitara
sukuwanakattara sukuimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sukuttari sukuimasitari
sukuwanakattari sukuimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sukuwareru
Potential
sukueru
Causative
sukuwaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sukuwaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 410
osukui ni naru osukui nasaru osukui suru osukui itasu
sumase.ru*
sumase
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I
II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sumaseru sumasemasu
sumasenai sumasemaseii
sumasero sumasenasai sumasete kudasai osumase nasaimase
sumaseru na sumasenasaru na sumasenai de kudasai osumase nasaimasu na
sumaseyoo sumaseru daroo sumasemasyoo sumaseru desyoo
sumasemai sumasenai daroo sumasemasumai sumasenai desyoo
sumasereba sumasemaseba sumasemasureba
sumasenakereba sumasemaseii nara
sumasete sumasemasite
sumasenai de sumasenakute sumasemaseii de
sumaseta sumasemasita
sumasenakatta sumasemaseii desita
sumasetaroo sumaseta daroo sumasemasitaroo sumaseta desyoo
sumasenakattaroo sumasenakatta daroo sumasemaseii desitaroo sumasenakatta desyoo
sumasetara sumasemasitara
sumasenakattara sumasemaseii desitara
sumasetari sumasemasitari
sumasenakattari sumasemaseii desitari
tojinish
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sumaserareru
Potential
sumaserareru
Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I II
osumase ni naru osumase nasaru
Humble ·This is the causative form of sum.u 'to end' and is given to illustrate the full range or inflection found in this type of derived verb. 411
sumi
sfun.u to reside AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sumu sumimasu
sumanai sumimaseii
sume suminasai suiide kudasai osumi nasaimase
sumu na suminasaru na sumanai de kudasai osumi nasaimasu na
sumoo sumu daroo sumimasyoo sumu desyoo
sumumai sumanai daroo sumimasumai sumanai desyoo
sumeba sumimaseba sumimasureba
sumanakereba sumimaseii nara
suiide sumimasite
sumanai de sumanakute sumimaseii de
suiida sumimasita
sumanakatta sumimaseii desita
suiidaroo suiida daroo sumimasitaroo suiida desyoo
sumanakattaroo sumanakatta daroo sumimaseii desitaroo sumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
suiidara sumimasitara
sumanakattara sumimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
suiidari sumimasitari
sumanakattari sumimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sumareru
Potential
sumeru
Causative
sumaseru
Causative Pass.
4n
sumaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
osumi ni naru osumi nasaru
sum.u
sumi
to end, to be finished AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
sumu sumimasu
sumanai sumimasefi
sume
sumu na
sumoo sumu daroo sumimasyoo sumu desyoo
sumumai sumanai daroo sumimasumai sumanai desyoo
sumeba sumimaseba sumimasureba
sumanakereba sumimasefi nara
sUfide sumimasite
sumanai de sumanakute sumimasefi de
sufida sumimasita
sumanakatta sumimasefi desita
sufidaroo sufida daroo sumimasitaroo sufida desyoo
sumanakattaroo sumanakatta daroo sumimasefi desitaroo sumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sufidara sumimasitara
sumanakattara sumimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sufidari sumimasitari
sumanakattari sumimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
sumareru
Potential
sumeru
Causative
sumaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
sumaserareru
I
n
osumi ni naru osumi nasaru
I II
osumi itasu 413
su.ru* to do
si TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
suru simasu
sinai simaseii
siro sinasai site kudasai nasaimase
suru na sinasaru na sinai de kudasai nasaimasu na
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
sureba simaseba simasureba
sinakereba simaseii nara
site simasite
sinai de sinakute simaseii de
sita simasita
sinakatta simaseii desita
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sitara simasitara
sinakattara simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sitari simasitari
sinakattari simaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
sareru
Potential
dekiru
Causative
saseru
Causative Pass. Honorific
Humble
saserareru nasaru
itasu
·This is used to derive verbs from Sino-Japanese nouns. For example. kekkon ('marriage') plus SU.ru becomes kekkon-suru 'to get married.' 414
susume.ru
susume TRANSITIVE
to recommend, to advise
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
susumeru susumemasu
susumenai susumemaseii
susumero susumenasai susumete kudasai osusume nasaimase
susumeru na susumenasaru na susumenai de kudasai osusume nasaimasu na
susumeyoo susumeru daroo susumemasyoo susumeru desyoo
susumemai susumenai daroo susumemasumai susumenai desyoo
susumereba susumemaseba susumemasureba
susumenakereba susumemaseii nara
susumete susumemasite
susumenai de susumenakute susumemaseii de
susumeta susumemasita
susumenakatta susumemaseii desita
susumetaroo susumeta daroo susumemasitaroo susumeta desyoo
susumenakattaroo susumenakatta daroo susumemaseii desitaroo susumenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
susumetara susumemasitara
susumenakattara susumemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
susumetari susumemasitari
susumenakattari susumemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
susumerareru
Potential
susumerareru
Causative
susumesaseru susumesaserareru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n
osusume ni naru osusume nasaru osusume suru osusume itasu 415
susum.u
susumi
to advance, to progress
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
susumu susumimasu
susumanai susumimascii
susume susuminasai susuiide kudasai osusumi nasaimase
susumu na susuminasaru na susumanai de kudasai osusumi nasaimasu na
susumoo susumu daroo susumimasyoo susumu desyoo
susumumai susumanai daroo susumimasumai susumanai desyoo
susumeba susumimaseba susumimasureba
susumanakereba susumimaseii nara
susuiide susumimasite
susumanai de susumanakute susumimaseii de
susuiida susumimasita
susumanakatta susumimaseii desita
susuiidaroo susuiida daroo susumimasitaroo susuiida desyoo
susumanakattaroo susumanakatta daroo susumimaseii desitaroo susumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
susuiidara susumimasitara
susumanakattara susumimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
susuiidari susumimasitari
susumanakattari susumimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
susumareru
Potential
susumeru
Causative
susumaseru
Causative Pass.
418
susumaserareru
Honorific
I II
osusumi ni naru osusumi nasaru
Humble
I II
osusumi suru osusumi itasu
sute
sute.ru TRANSITIVE
to abandon, to throwaway
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
suteru sutemasu
sutenai sutemaseii
sutero sutenasai sutete kudasai osute nasaimase
suteru na sutenasaru na sutenai de kudasai osute nasaimasu na
suteyoo suteru daroo sutemasyoo suteru desyoo
sutemai sutenai daroo sutemasumai sutenai desyoo
sutereba sutemaseba sutemasureba
sutenakereba sutemaseii nara
sutete sutemasite
sutenai de sutenakute sutemaseii de
suteta sutemasita
sutenakatta sutemaseii desita
sutetaroo suteta daroo sutemasitaroo suteta desyoo
sutenakattaroo sutenakatta daroo sutemaseii desitaroo sutenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
sutetara sutemasitara
sutenakattara sutemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
sutetari sutemasitari
sutenakattari sutemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
suterareru
Potential
suterareru
Causative
sutesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
sutesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
osute ni naru osute nasaru osute suru osute itasu 417
suwar.u
sawari
to sit AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
suwaru suwarimasu
suwaranai suwarimaseii
suware suwarinasai suwatte kudasai osuwari nasaimase
suwaru na suwarinasaru na suwaranai de kudasai osuwari nasaimasu na
suwaroo suwaru daroo suwarimasyoo suwaru desyoo
suwarumai suwaranai daroo suwarimasumai suwaranai desyoo
suwareba suwarimaseba suwarimasureba
suwaranakereba suwarimaseii nara
suwatte suwarimasite
suwaranai de suwaranakute suwarimaseii de
suwatta suwarimasita
suwaranakatta suwarimaseii desita
suwattaroo suwatta daroo suwarimasitaroo suwatta desyoo
suwaranakattaroo suwaranakatta daroo suwarimaseii desitaroo suwaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
suwattara suwarimasitara
suwaranakattara suwarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
suwattari suwarimasitari
suwaranakattari suwarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
suwarareru
Potential
suwareru
Causative
suwaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
suwaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 418
osuwari ni naru osuwari nasaru
tabe.ru
tabe TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
taberu tabemasu
tabenai tabemaseii
tabero tabenasai tabete kudasai mesiagarimase
taberu na tabenasaru na tabenai de kudasai mesiagarimasu na
tabeyoo taberu daroo tabemasyoo taberu desyoo
tabemai tabenai daroo tabemasumai tabenai desyoo
tabereba tabemaseba tabemasureba
tabenakereba tabemaseii nara
tabete tabemasite
tabenai de tabenakute tabemaseii de
tabeta tabemasita
tabenakatta tabemaseii desita
tabetaroo tabeta daroo tabemasitaroo tabeta desyoo
tabenakattaroo tabenakatta daroo tabemaseii desitaroo tabenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tabetara tabemasitara
tabenakattara tabemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tabetari tabemasitari
tabenakattari tabemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to eat
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
taberareru
Potential
taberareru
Causative
tabesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
tabesaserareru
mesiagaru
itadaku 419
tador.u
tadori
to pursue (a course), to follow (a path)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional LNFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tadoru tadorimasu
tadoranai tadorimaseii
tadore tadorinasai tadotte kudasai otadori nasaimase
tadoru na tadorinasaru na tadoranai de kudasai otadori nasaimasu na
tadoroo tadoru daroo tadorimasyoo tadoru desyoo
tadorumai tadoranai daroo tadorimasumai tadoranai desyoo
tadoreba tadorimaseba tadorimasureba
tadoranakereba tadorimaseii nara
tadotte tadorimasite
tadoranai de tadoranakute tadorimaseii de
tadotta tadorimasita
tadoranakatta tadorimaseii desita
tadottaroo tadotta daroo tadorimasitaroo tadotta desyoo
tadoranakattaroo tadoranakatta daroo tadorimaseii desitaroo tadoranakatta desyoo
tadottara tadorimasitara
tadoranakattara tadorimaseii desitara
tadottari tadorimasitari
tadoranakattari tadorimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tadorareru
Potential
tadoreru
Causative
tadoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tadoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 420
otadori ni naru otadori nasaru otadori suru otadori itasu
-tagari
-tagar.u non -first person desiderative suffix· AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
-tagaru -tagarimasu
-tagaranai -tagarimaseii
-tagaroo -tagaru daroo -tagarimasyoo -tagaru desyoo
-tagarumai -tagaranai daroo -tagarimasumai -tagaranai desyoo
-tagareba -tagarimaseba -tagarimasureba
-tagaranakereba -tagarimaseii nara
-tagatte -tagarimasite
-tagaranai de -tagaranakute -tagarimaseii de
-tagatta -tagarimasita
-tagaranakatta -tagarimaseii desita
-tagattaroo -tagatta daroo -tagarimasitaroo -tagatta desyoo
-tagaranakattaroo -tagaranakalta daroo -tagarimaseii desitaroo -tagaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
-tagattara -tagarimasitara
-tagaranakattara -tagarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
-tagattari -tagarimasitari
-tagaranakattari -tagarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
-tagaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
-tagaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n ·-tagaru is added to the infinitive of verbs, and like -masu does not have any transitive/intransitive bias of its own. 421
tagayasi
tagayasou to cultivate the soil
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tagayasu tagayasimasu
tagayasanai tagayasimaseii
tagayase tagayasinasai tagayasite kudasai otagayasi nasaimase
tagayasu na tagayasinasaru na tagayasanai de kudasai otagayasi nasaimasu na
tagayasoo tagayasu daroo tagayasimasyoo tagayasu desyoo
tagayasumai tagayasanai daroo tagayasimasumai tagayasanai desyoo
tagayaseba tagayasimaseba tagayasimasureba
tagayasanakereba tagayasimaseii nara
tagayasite tagayasimasite
tagayasanai de tagayasanakute tagayasimaseii de
tagayasita tagayasimasita
tagayasanakatta tagayasimaseii desita
tagayasitaroo tagayasita daroo tagayasimasitaroo tagayasita desyoo
tagayasanakattaroo tagayasanakatta daroo tagayasimaseii desitaroo tagayasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tagayasitara tagayasimasitara
tagayasanakattara tagayasimaseii desitara
A.lternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tagayasitari tagayasimasitari
tagayasanakattari tagayasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tagayasareru
Potential
tagayaseru
Causative
tagayasaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tagayasaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 422
otagayasi ni naru otagayasi nasaru otagayasi suru otagayasi itasu
takurami
takuram.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Tnd. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to plan, to scheme, to conspire
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
takuramu takuramimasu
takuramanai takuramimaseii
takurame takuraminasai takuraiide kudasai otakurami nasaimase
takuramu na takuraminasaru na takuramanai de kudasai otakurami nasaimasu Da
takuramoo takuramu daroo takuramimasyoo takuramu desyoo
takuramumai takuramaDai daroo takuramimasumai takuramanai desyoo
takurameba takuramimaseba takuramimasureba
takuramanakereba takuramimaseii Dara
takuraiide takuramimasite
takuramanai de takuramanakute takuramimaseii de
takuraiida takuramimasita
takuramanakatta takuramimaseii desita
takuraiidaroo takuraiida daroo takuramimasitaroo takuraiida desyoo
takuramanakattaroo takuramanakatta daroo takuramimaseii desitaroo takuramanakatta desyoo
takuraiidara takuramimasitara
takuramanakattara takuramimaseii desitara
takuraiidari takuramimasitari
takuramanakattari takuramimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
takuramareru
Potential
takurameru
Causative
takuramaseru
Causative Pass.
takuramaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
otakurami ni Daru otakurami nasaru
takuwae.ru
takuwae
to save (money etc.), to store, to lay aside
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
takuwaeru takuwaemasu
takuwaenai takuwaemaseii
takuwaero takuwaenasai takuwaete kudasai otakuwae nasaimase
takuwaeru na takuwaenasaru na takuwaenai de kudasai otakuwae nasaimasu na
takuwaeyoo takuwaeru daroo takuwaemasyoo takuwaeru desyoo
takuwaemai takuwaenai daroo takuwaemasumai takuwaenai desyoo
takuwaereba takuwaemaseba takuwaemasureba
takuwaenakereba takuwaemaseii nara
takuwaete takuwaemasite
takuwaenai de takuwaenakute takuwaemaseii de
takuwaeta takuwaemasita
takuwaenakatta takuwaemaseii desita
takuwaetaroo takuwaeta daroo takuwaemasitaroo takuwaeta desyoo
takuwaenakattaroo takuwaenakatta daroo takuwaemaseii desitaroo takuwaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
takuwaetara takuwaemasitara
takuwaenakattara takuwaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
takuwaetari takuwaemasitari
takuwaenakattari takuwaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
takuwaerareru
Potential
takuwaerareru
Causative
takuwaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
takuwaesaserareru
I
n Humhle
I
n 424
otakuwae ni naru otakuwae nasaru otakuwae suru otakuwae itasu
tamerai
tamera.u TRANSITIVE
to hesitate, to flinch, to waver
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tamerau tameraimasu
tamerawanai tameraimaseii
tamerae tamerainasai tameratte kudasai otamerai nasaimase
tamerau na tamerainasaru na tamerawanai de kudasai otamerai nasaimasu na
tameraoo tamerau daroo tameraimasyoo tamerau desyoo
tameraumai tamerawanai daroo tameraimasumai tamerawanai desyoo
tameraeba tameraimaseba tameraimasureba
tamerawanakereba tameraimaseii nara
tameratte tameraimasite
tamerawanai de tamerawanakute tameraimaseii de
tameratta tameraimasita
tamerawanakatta tameraimaseii desita
tamerattaroo tameratta daroo tameraimasitaroo tameratta desyoo
tamerawanakattaroo tamerawanakatta daroo tameraimaseii desitaroo tamerawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tamerattara tameraimasitara
tamerawanakattara tameraimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tamerattari tameraimasitari
tamerawanakattari tameraimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tamerawareru
Potential
tameraeru
Causative
tamerawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tamerawaserareru
I
n Humble
otamerai ni naru otamerai nasaru
I
n 425
tames.u
tamesi
to try, to test, to taste
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tamesu tamesimasu
tamesanai tamesimaseii
tamese tamesinasai tamesite kudasai otamesi nasaimase
tamesu na tamesinasaru na tamesanai de kudasai otamesi nasaimasu na
tamesoo tamesu daroo tamesimasyoo tamesu desyoo
tamesumai tamesanai daroo tamesimasumai tamesanai desyoo
tameseba tamesimaseba tamesimasureba
tamesanakereba tamesimaseii nara
tamesite tamesimasite
tamesanai de tamesanakute tamesimaseii de
tamesita tamesimasita
tamesanakatta tamesimaseii desita
tamesitaroo tamesita daroo tamesimasitaroo tamesita desyoo
tamesanakattaroo tamesanakatta daroo tamesimaseii desitaroo tamesanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tamesitara tamesimasitara
tamesanakattara tamesimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tamesitari tamesimasitari
tamesanakattari tamesimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tamesareru
Potential
tameseru
Causative
tamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tamesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 4Z6
otamesi ni naru otamesi nasaru otamesi suru otamesi itasu
tanomi
tan6m.u TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tanomu tanomimasu
tanomanai tanomimaseii
tanome tanominasai tanoiide kudasai otanomi nasaimase
tanomu na tanominasaru na tanomanai de kudasai otanomi nasaimasu na
tanomoo tanomu daroo tanomimasyoo tanomu desyoo
tanomumai tanomanai daroo tanomimasumai tanomanai desyoo
tanomeba tanomimaseba tanomimasureba
tanomanakereba tanomimaseii nara
tanoiide tanomimasite
tanomanai de tanomanakute tanomimaseii de
tanoiida tanomimasita
tanomanakatta tanomimaseii desita
tanoiidaroo tanoiida daroo tanomimasitaroo tanoiida desyoo
tanomanakattaroo tanomanakatta daroo tanomimaseii desitaroo tamomanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tanoiidara tanomimasi tara
tanomanakattara tanomimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tanoiidari tanomimasi tari
tanomanakattari tanomimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to request
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tanomareru
Potential
tanomeru
Causative
tanomaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tanomaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otanomi ni naru otanomi nasaru otanomi suru otanomi itasu 427
tanosim.u
tanosimi
to enjoy, to take pleasure in
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tanosimu tanosimimasu
tanosimanai tanosimimasefi
tanosime tanosiminasai tanosifide kudasai otanosimi nasaimase
tanosimu na tanosiminasaru na tanosimanai de kudasai otanosimi nasairnasu na
tanosimoo tanosimu daroo tanosimimasyoo tanosimu desyoo
tanosimumai tanosimanai daroo tanosimimasumai tanosimanai desyoo
tanosimeba tanosimimaseba tanosimimasureba
tanosimanakereba tanosimimasefi de
tanosiiide tanosimimasite
tanosimanai de tanosimanakute tanosimimasefi de
tanosifida tanosimimasita
tanosimanakatta tanosimimasefi desita
tanosifidaroo tanosifida daroo tanosimimasitaroo tanosifida desyoo
tanosimanakattaroo tanosimanakatta daroo tanosimimasefi desitaroo tanosimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tanosifidara tanosimimasitara
tanosimanakattara tanosimimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tanosifidari tanosimimasitari
tanosimanakattari tanosimimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tanosimareru
Potential
tanosimeru
Causative
tanosimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tanosimaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 428
otanosimi ni naru otanosimi nasaru
taore.ru
taore
to Jail over (from a standing position) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
taoreru taoremasu
taorenai taoremaseii
taorero taorenasai taorete kudasai otaore nasaimase
taoreru na taorenasaru na taorenai de kudasai otaore nasaimasu na
taoreyoo taoreru daroo taoremasyoo taoreru desyoo
taoremai taorenai daroo taoremasumai taorenai desyoo
taorereba taoremaseba taoremasureba
taorenakereba taoremaseii nara
taorete taoremasite
taorenai de taorenakute taoremaseii de
taoreta taoremasita
taorenakatta taoremaseii desita
taoretaroo taoreta daroo taoremasitaroo taoreta desyoo
taorenakattaroo taorenakatta daroo taoremaseii desitaroo taorenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
taoretara taoremasitara
taorenakattara taoremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
taoretari taoremasitari
taorenakattari taoremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
taoresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
taoresaserareru
I
n Humble
otaore ni naru otaore nasaru
I
n 429
taosi
taos.u to overthrow, to knock down
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
taosu taosimasu
taosanai taosimaseii
taose taosinasai taosi te k udasai otaosi nasaimase
taosu na taosinasaru na taosanai de kudasai otaosi nasaimasu na
taosoo taosu daroo taosimasyoo taosu desyoo
taosumai taosanai daroo taosimasumai taosanai desyoo
taoseba taosimaseba taosimasureba
taosanakereba taosimaseii nara
taosite taosimasite
taosanai de taosanakute taosimaseii de
taosita taosimasita
taosanakatta taosimaseii desita
taositaroo taosita daroo taosimasitaroo taosita desyoo
taosanakattaroo taosanakatta daroo taosimaseii desitaroo taosanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
taositara taosimasitara
taosanakattara taosimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
taositari taosimasitari
taosanakattari taosimaseii desi tari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
taosareru
Potential
taoseru
Causative
taosaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
taosaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 430
otaosi ni naru otaosi nasaru
tari.m
tari
to be sufficient
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tariru tarimasu
tarinai tarimaseii
tariyoo tariru daroo tarimasyoo tariru desyoo
tarimai tarinai daroo tarimasumai tarinai desyoo
tarireba tarimaseba tarimasureba
tarinakereba tarimaseii nara
tarite tarimasite
tarinai de tarinakute tarimaseii de
tarita tarimasita
tarinakatta tarimaseii desita
taritaroo tarita daroo tarimasitaroo tarita desyoo
tarinakattaroo tarinakatta daroo tarimaseii desitaroo tarinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
taritara tarimasitara
tarinakattara tarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
taritari tarimasitari
tarinakattari tarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I II Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 431
tasikame.ru
tasikame
to ascertain, to confirm
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tasikameru tasikamemasu
tasikamenai tasikamemaseii
tasikamero tasikamenasai tasikamete kudasai otasikame nasaimase
tasikameru na tasikamenasaru na tasikamenai de kudasai otasikame nasaimasu na
tasikameyoo tasikameru daroo tasikamemasyoo tasikameru desyoo
tasikamemai tasikamenai daroo tasikamemasumai tasikamenai desyoo
tasikamereba tasikamemaseba tasikamemasureba
tasik.amenakereba tasikamemaseii nara
tasikamete tasikamemasite
tasikamenai de tasikamenakute tasikamemaseii de
tasikameta tasikamemasita
tasikamenakatta tasikamemaseii desita
tasikametaroo tasikameta daroo tasikamemasitaroo tasikameta desyoo
tasikamenakattaroo tasikamenakatta daroo tasikamemaseii desitaroo tasikamenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tasikametara tasikamemasitara
tasikamenakattara tasikamemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tasikametari tasikamemasitari
tasikamenakattari tasikamemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL.
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL.
n
FORMAL
•n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL.
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tasikamerareru
Potential
tasikamerareru
Causative
tasikamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble 432
tasikamesaserareru
•n •n
otasikame ni naru otasikame nasaru otasikame suru otasikame itasu
tasuke.ru
tasuke TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tasukeru tasukemasu
tasukenai tasukemaseii
tasukero tasukenasai tasukete kudasai otasuke nasaimase
tasukeru na tasukenasaru na tasukenai de kudasai otasuke nasaimasu na
tasukeyoo tasukeru daroo tasukemasyoo tasukeru desyoo
tasukemai tasukenai daroo tasukemasumai tasukenai desyoo
tasukereba tasukemaseba tasukemasureba
tasukenakereba tasukemaseii nara
tasukete tasukemasite
tasukenai de tasukenakute tasukemaseii de
tasuketa tasukemasita
tasukenakatta tasukemaseii desita
tasuketaroo tasuketa daroo tasukemasitaroo tasuketa desyoo
tasukenakattaroo tasukenakatta daroo tasukemaseii desitaroo tasukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tasuketara tasukemasitara
tasukenakattara tasukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tasuketari tasukemasitari
tasukenakattari tasukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to rescue, to help
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tasukerareru
Potential
tasukerareru
Causative
tasukesaseru
Causative Pass.
tasukesaserareru
Honorific
I II
otasuke ni naru otasuke nasaru
Humble
I II
otasuke suru otasuke itasu 433
tataka.u
tatakai
to fight against, to wage war on, to struggle against
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I IT FORMAL
I IT
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I IT FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tatakau tatakaimasu
tatakawanai tatakaimasefi
tatakae tatakainasai tatakatte kudasai otatakai nasaimase
tatakau na tatakainasaru na tatakawanai de kudasai otatakai nasaimasu na
tatakaoo tatakau daroo tatakaimasyoo tatakau desyoo
tatakaumai tatakawanai daroo tatakaimasumai tatakawanai desyoo
tatakaeba tatakaimaseba tatakaimasureba
tatakawanakereba tatakaimasefi nara
tatakatte tatakaimasite
tatakawanai de tatakawanakute tatakaimasefi de
tatakatta tatakaimasita
tatakawanakatta tatakaimasefi desita
tatakattaroo tatakatta daroo tatakaimasitaroo tatakatta desyoo
tatakawanakattaroo tatakawanakatta daroo tatakaimasefi desitaroo tatakawanakatta desyoo
tatakattara tatakaimasitara
tatakawanakattara tatakaimasefi desitara
tatakattari tatakaimasitari
tatakawanakattari tatakaimasefi desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tatakawareru
Potential
tatakaeru
Causative
tatakawaseru
Causative Pass.
434
tatakawaserareru
Honorific
I IT
Humble
I IT
otatakai ni naru otatakai nasaru
tataki
tatak.D TRANSITIVE
to hit, to slap, to beat
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tataku tatakimasu
tatakanai tatakimaseii
tatake tatakinasai tataite kudasai otataki nasaimase
tataku na tatakinasaru na tatakanai de kudasai otataki nasaimasu na
tatakoo tataku daroo tatakimasyoo tataku desyoo
tatakumai tatakanai daroo tatakimasumai tatakanai desyoo
tatakeba tatakimaseba tatakimasureba
tatakanakereba tatakimaseii nara
tataite tatakimasite
tatakanai de tatakanakute tatakimaseii de
tataita tatakimasita
tatakanakatta tatakimaseii desita
tataitaroo tataita daroo tatakimasitaroo tataita desyoo
tatakanakattaroo tatakanakatta daroo tatakimaseii desitaroo tatakanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tataitara tatakimasitara
tatakanakattara tatakimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tataitari tatakimasitari
tatakanakattari tatakimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tatakareru
Potential
tatakeru
Causative
tatakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tatakaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otataki ni naru otataki nasaru otataki suru otataki itasu 436
tatam.u
tatami
to fold, to close up (one's shop)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tatamu tatamimasu
tatamanai tatamimaseii
tatame tataminasai tataiide kudasai otatami nasaimase
tatamu na tataminasaru na tatamanai de kudasai otatami nasaimasu na
tatamoo tatamu daroo tatamimasyoo tatamu desyoo
tatamumai tatamanai daroo tatamimasumai tatamanai desyoo
tatameba tatamimaseba tatamimasureba
tatamanakereba tatamimaseii nara
tataiide tatamimasite
tatamanai de tatamanakute tatamimaseii de
tataiida tatamimasita
tatamanakatta tatamimaseii desita
tataiidaroo tataiida daroo tatamimasitaroo tataiida desyoo
tatamanakattaroo tatamanakatta daroo tatamimaseii desitaroo tatamanakatta desyoo
tataiidara tatamimasitara
tatamanakattara tatamimaseii desitara
tataiidari tatamimasitari
tatamanakattari tatamimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tatamareru
Potential
tatameru
Causative
tatamaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tatamaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 438
otatami ni naru otatami nasaru otatami suru otatami itasu
tate.ru
tate TRANSITIVE AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tateru tatemasu
tatenai tatemaseii
tatero tatenasai tatete kudasai otate nasaimase
tateru na tatenasaru na tatenai de kudasai otate nasaimasu na
tateyoo tateru daroo tatemasyoo tateru desyoo
tatemai tatenai daroo tatemasumai tatenai desyoo
tatereba tatemaseba tatemasureba
tatenakereba tatemaseii nara
tatete tatemasite
tatenai de tatenakute tatemaseii de
tateta tatemasita
tatenakatta tatemaseii desita
tatetaroo tateta daroo tatemasitaroo tateta desyoo
tatenakattaroo tatenakatta daroo tatemaseii desitaroo tatenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tatetara tatemasitara
tatenakattara tatemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tatetari tatemasitari
tatenakattari tatemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to erect
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
taterareru
Potential
taterareru
Causative
tatesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tatesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otate ni naru otate nasaru otate suru otate itasu 437
tat.u
tati
to stand AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tatu tatimasu
tatanai tatimaseii
tate tatinasai tatte kudasai otati nasaimase
tatu na tatinasaru na tatanai de kudasai otati nasaimasu na
tatoo tatu daroo tatimasyoo tatu desyoo
tatumai tatanai daroo tatimasumai tatanai desyoo
tateba tatimaseba tatimasureba
tatanakereba tatimaseii nara
tatte tatimasite
tatanai de tatanakute tatimaseii de
tatta tatimasita
tatanakatta tatimaseii desita
tattaroo tatta daroo tatimasitaroo tatta desyoo
tatanakattaroo tatanakatta daroo tatimaseii desitaroo tatanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tattara tatimasitara
tatanakattara tatimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tattari tatimasitari
tatanakattari tatimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tatareru
Potential
tateru
Causative
tataseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tataserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 438
otati ni naru otati nasaru otati suru otati itasu
tayori
tayor.u to rely upon, to depend upon AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tayoru tayorimasu
tayoranai tayorimaseii
tayore tayorinasai tayotte kudasai otayori nasaimase
tayoru na tayorinasaru na tayoranai de kudasai otayori nasaimasu na
tayoroo tayoru daroo tayorimasyoo tayoru desyoo
tayorumai tayoranai daroo tayorimasumai tayoranai desyoo
tayoreba tayorimaseba tayorimasureba
tayoranakereba tayorimaseii nara
tayotte tayorimasite
tayoranai de tayoranakute tayorimaseii de
tayotta tayorimasita
tayoranakatta tayorimaseii desita
tayottaroo tayotta daroo tayorimasitaroo tayotta desyoo
tayoranakattaroo tayoranakatta daroo tayorimaseii desitaroo tayoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tayottara tayorimasitara
tayoranakattara tayorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tayottari tayorimasitari
tayoranakattari tayorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tayorareru
Potential
tayoreru
Causative
tayoraseru
Causative Pass.
tayoraserareru
Honorific
I II
otayori ni naru otayori nasaru
Humble
I II
otayori suru otayori itasu
tazune
tazune.ru 10
ask (a question), to search for
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tazuneru tazunemasu
tazunenai tazunemaseii
tazunero tazunenasai tazunete kudasai otazune nasaimase
tazuneru na tazunenasaru na tazunenai de kudasai otazune nasaimasu na
tazuneyoo tazuneru daroo tazunemasyoo tazuneru desyoo
tazunemai tazunenai daroo tazunemasumai tazunenai desyoo
tazunereba tazunemaseba tazunemasureba
tazunenakereba tazunemaseii nara
tazunete tazunemasite
tazunenai de tazunenakute tazunemaseii de
tazuneta tazunemasita
tazunenakatta tazunemaseii desita
tazunetaroo tazuneta daroo tazunemasitaroo tazuneta desyoo
tazunenakattaroo tazunenakatta daroo tazunemaseii desitaroo tazunenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tazunetara tazunemasitara
tazunenakattara tazunemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tazunetari tazunemasitari
tazunenakattari tazunemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tazunerareru
Potential
tazunerareru
Causative
tazunesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tazunesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 440
otazune ni naru otazune nasaru otazune suru otazune itasu
tetuda.u
tetudai TRANSITIVE
to help (to do work)
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tetudau tetudaimasu
tetudawanai tetudaimaseii
tetudae tetudainasai tetudatte kudasai otetudai nasaimase
tetudau na tetudainasaru na tetudawanai de kudasai otetudai nasaimasu na
tetudaoo tetudau daroo tetudaimasyoo tetudau desyoo
tetudaumai tetudawanai daroo tetudaimasumai tetudawanai desyoo
tetudaeba tetudaimaseba tetudaimasureba
tetudawanakereba tetudaimaseii nara
tetudatte tetudaimasite
tetudawanai de tetudawanakute tetudaimaseii de
tetudatta tetudaimasita
tetudawanakatta tetudaimaseii desita
tetudattaroo tetudatta daroo tetudaimasitaroo tetudatta desyoo
tetudawanakattaroo tetudawanakatta daroo tetudaimaseii desitaroo tetudawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tetudattara tetudaimasitara
tetudawanakattara tetudaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tetudattari tetudaimasitari
tetudawanakattari tetudaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tetudawareru
Potential
tetudaeru
Causative
tetudawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tetudawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otetudai ni naru otetudai nasaru otetudai suru otetudai itasu 441
tiga.u
tigai
to be different AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tigau tigaimasu
tigawanai tigaimaseii
tigaoo tigau daroo tigaimasyoo tigau desyoo
tigaumai tigawanai daroo tigaimasumai tigawanai desyoo
tigaeba tigaimaseba tigaimasureba
tigawanakereba tigaimaseii nara
tigatte tigaimasite
tigawanai de tigawanakute tigaimaseii de
tigatta tigaimasita
tigawanakatta tigaimaseii desita
tigattaroo tigatta daroo tigaimasi taroo tigatta desyoo
tigawanakattaroo tigawanakatta daroo tigaimaseii desitaroo tigawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tigattara tigaimasi tara
tigawanakattara tigaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tigattari tigaimasitari
tigawanakattari tigaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
tigaeru
Causative
tigawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tigawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 442
tika.u
tikai TRANSITIVE
to take an oath, to pledge one's word
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tikau tikaimasu
tikawanai tikaimaseii
tikae tikainasai tikatte kudasai otikai nasaimase
tikau na tikainasaru na tikawanai de kudasai otikai nasaimasu na
tikaoo tikau daroo tikaimasyoo tikau desyoo
tikaumai tikawanai daroo tikaimasumai tikawanai desyoo
tikaeba tikaimaseba tikaimasureba
tikawanakereba tikaimaseii nara
tikatte tikaimasite
tikawanai de tikawanakute tikaimaseii de
tikatta tikaimasita
tikawanakatta tikaimaseii desita
tikattaroo tikatta daroo tikaimasitaroo tikatta desyoo
tikawanakattaroo tikawanakatta daroo tikaimaseii desitaroo tikawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tikattara tikaimasitara
tikawanakattara tikaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tikattari tikaimasitari
tikawanakattari tikaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tikawareru
Potential
tikaeru
Causative
tikawaseru
Causative Pass.
tikawaserareru
Honorific
I II
otikai ni naru otikai nasaru
Humble
I II
otikai suru otikai itasu 443
tikaz6k.u
tikazuki
to approach AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tikazuku tikazukimasu
tikazukanai tikazukimaseii
tikazuke tikazukinasai tikazuite kudasai otikazuki nasaimase
tikazuku na tikazukinasaru na tikazukanai de kudasai otikazuki nasaimasu na
tikazukoo tikazuku daroo tikazukimasyoo tikazuku desyoo
tikazukumai tikazukanai daroo tikazukimasumai tikazukanai desyoo
tikazukeba tikazukimaseba tikazukimasureba
tikazukanakereba tikazukimaseii nara
tikazuite tikazukimasite
tikazukanai de tikazukanakute tikazukimaseii de
tikazuita tikazukimasita
tikazukanakatta tikazukimaseii desita
tikazuitaroo tikazuita daroo tikazukimasitaroo tikazuita desyoo
tikazukanakattaroo tikazukanakatta daroo tikazukimaseii desitaroo tikazukanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tikazuitara tikazukimasitara
tikazukanakattara tikazukimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tikazuitari tikazukimasitari
tikazukanakattari tikazukimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tikazukareru
Potential
tikazukeru
Causative
tikazukaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tikazukaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 444
otikazuki ni naru otikazuki nasaru otikazuki suru otikazuki itasu
tirakari
tirakar.u to be in disorder, to be scattered about
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tirakaru tirakarimasu
tirakaranai tirakarimaseii
tirakare tirakarinasai tirakatte kudasai otirakari nasaimase
tirakaru na tirakarinasaru na tirakaranai de kudasai otirakari nasaimasu na
tirakaroo tirakaru daroo tirakarimasyoo tirakaru desyoo
tirakarumai tirakaranai daroo tirakarimasumai tirakaranai desyoo
tirakareba tirakarimaseba tirakarimasureba
tirakaranakereba tirakarimaseii nara
tirakatte tirakarimasi te
tirakaranai de tirakaranakute tirakarimaseii de
tirakatta tirakarimasi ta
tirakaranakatta tirakarimaseii desita
tirakattaroo tirakatta daroo tirakarimasitaroo tirakatta desyoo
tirakaranakattaroo tirakaranakatta daroo tirakarimaseii desitaroo tirakaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tirakattara tirakarimasi tara
tirakaranakatta tirakarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tirakattari tirakarimasitari
tirakaranakattari tirakarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tirakarareru
Potential
tirakareru
Causative
tirakaraseru
Causative Pass.
tirakaraserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II 445
tirakas.u
tirakasi
to scatter, to make a mess
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tirakasu tirakasimasu
tirakasanai tirakasimascfi
tirakase tirakasinasai tirakasite kudasai otirakasi nasaimase
tirakasu na tirakasinasaru na tirakasanai de kudasai otirakasi nasaimasu na
tirakasoo tirakasu daroo 'tirakasimasyoo tirakasu desyoo
tirakasumai tirakasanai daroo tirakasimasumai tirakasanai desyoo
tirakaseba tirakasimaseba tirakasimasureba
tirakasanakereba tirakasimaseii nara
tirakasite tirakasimasite
tirakasanai de tirakasanakute tirakasimaseii de
tirakasita tirakasimasita
tirakasanakatta tirakasimaseii desita
tirakasitaroo tirakasita daroo tirakarimasitaroo tirakasita desyoo
tirakasanakattaroo tirakasanakatta daroo tirakarimaseii desitaroo tirakasanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tirakasitara tirakasimasitara
tirakasanakattara tirakasimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tirakasitari tirakasimasitari
tirakasanakattari tirakasimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tirakasareru
Potential
tirakaseru
Causative
tirakasaseru
Causative Pass.
tirakasaserareru
Honorific
I II
otirakasi ni naru otirakasi nasaru
Humble
I II
otirakasi suru otirakasi itasu
dr.a
tiri
to scatter, to disperse
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tiru tirimasu
tiranai tirimaseii
tire tirinasai titte kudasai otiri nasaimase
tiru na tirinasaru na tiranai de kudasai otiri nasaimasu na
tiroo tiru daroo tirimasyoo tiru desyoo
tirumai tiranai daroo tirimasumai tiranai desyoo
tireba tirimaseba tirimasureba
tiranakereba tirimaseii nara
titte tirimasite
tiranai de tiranakute tirimaseii de
titta tirimasita
tiranakatta tirimaseii desita
tittaroo titta daroo tirimasitaroo titta desyoo
tiranakattaroo tiranakatta daroo tirimaseii desitaroo tiranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tittara tirimasitara
tiranakattara tirimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tittari tirimasitari
tiranakattari tirimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tirareru
Potential
tireru
Causative
tiraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tiraserareru
I
n Humble
otiri ni naru otiri nasaru
I
n 447
tizime.ru
tizime
to shorten, to reduce
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tizimeru tizimemasu
tizimenai tizimemaseii
tizimero tizimenasai tizimete kudasai otizime nasaimase
tizimeru na tizimenasaru na tizimenai de kudasai otizime nasaimasu na
tizimeyoo tizimeru daroo tizimemasyoo tizimeru desyoo
tizimemai tizimenai daroo tizimemasumai tizimenai desyoo
tizimereba tizimemaseba tizimemasureba
tizimenakereba tizimemaseii nara
tizimete tizimemasite
tizimenai de tizimenakute tizimemaseii de
tizimeta tizimemasita
tizimenakatta tizimemaseii desita
tizimetaroo tizimeta daroo tizimemasitaroo tizimeta desyoo
tizimenakattaroo tizimenakatta daroo tizimemaseii desitaroo tizimenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tizimetara tizimemasitara
tizimenakattara tizimemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tizimetari tizimemasitari
tizimenakattari tizimemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tizimerareru
Potential
tizimerareru
Causative
tizimesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tizimesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 448
otizime ni naru otizime nasaru otizime suru otizime itasu
tizim.u
tizimi
to shrink, to dwindle AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tizimu tizimimasu
tizimanai tizimimaseii
tizime tiziminasai tiziiide kudasai otizimi nasaimase
tizimu na tiziminasaru na tizimanai de kudasai otizimi nasaimasu na
tizimoo tizimu daroo tizimimasyoo tizimu desyoo
tizimumai tizimanai daroo tizimimasumai tizimanai desyoo
tizimeba tizimimaseba tizimimasureba
tizimanakereba tizimimaseii nara
tiziiide tizimimasite
tizimanai de tizimanakute tizimimaseii de
tiziiida tizimimasita
tizimanakatta tizimimaseii desita
tiziiidaroo tiziiida daroo tizimimasitaroo tiziiida desyoo
tizimanakattaroo tizimanakatta daroo tizimimaseii desitaroo tizimanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tiziiidara tizimimasitara
tizimanakattara tizimimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tiziiidari tizimimasitari
tizimanakattari tizimimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tizimareru
Potential
tizimeru
Causative
tizimaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tizimaserareru
I
n Humble
otizimi ni naru otizimi nasaru
I
n 449
tob.u
tobi
to leap, to fly
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tobu tobimasu
tobanai tobimasefi
tobe tobinasai tofide kudasai otobi nasaimase
tobu na tobinasaru na tobanai de kudasai otobi nasaimasu na
toboo tobu daroo 'tobimasyoo tobu desyoo
tobumai tobanai daroo tobimasumai tobanai desyoo
tobeba tobimaseba tobirnasureba
tobanakereba tobimasefi nara
tofide tobirnasite
tobanai de tobanakute tobirnasefi de
tofida tobirnasita
tobanakatta tobirnasefi desita
tofidaroo tofida daroo tobimasitaroo tofida desyoo
tobanakattaroo tobanakatta daroo tobirnasefi desitaroo tobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tofidara tobirnasitara
tobanakattara tobimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tofidari tobimasitari
tobanakattari tobirnasefi desitari
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tobareru
Potential
toberu
Causative
tobaseru
Causative Pass.
450
tobaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
otobi ni naru otobi nasaru
todoke
todoke.ro TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
todokeru todokemasu
todokenai todokemaseii
todokero todokenasai todokete kudasai otodoke nasaimase
todokeru na todokenasaru na todokenai de kudasai otodoke nasaimasu na
todokeyoo todokeru daroo todokemasyoo todokeru desyoo
todokemai todokenai daroo todokemasumai todokenai desyoo
todokereba todokemaseba todokemasureba
todokenakereba todokemaseii nara
todokete todokemasite
todokenai de todokenakute todokemaseii de
todoketa todokemasita
todokenakatta todokemaseii desita
todoketaroo todoketa daroo todokemasitaroo todoketa desyoo
todokenakattaroo todokenakatta daroo todokemaseii desitaroo todokenakatta desyoo
todoketara todokemasitara
todokenakattara todokemaseii desitara
todoketari todokemasitari
todokenakattari todokemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to deliver
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
todokerareru
Potential
todokerareru
Causative
todokesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
todokesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otodoke ni naru otodoke nasaru otodoke suru otodoke itasu 461
tod6k.u
toclold
to reach
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
todoku todokimasu
todokanai todokimaseii
,-mperative INFORMAL I
todoke todokinasai ill todoite kudasai otodoki nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
todokoo todoku daroo todokimasyoo todoku desyoo
todokumai todokanai daroo todokimasumai todokanai desyoo
todokeba todokimaseba todokimasureba
todokanakereba todokimaseii nara
todoite todokimasite
todokanai de todokanakute todokimaseii de
todoita todokimasita
todokanakatta todokimaseii desita
todoitaroo todoita daroo todokimasitaroo todoita desyoo
todokanakattaroo todokanakatta daroo todokimaseii desitaroo todokanakatta desyoo
todoitara todokimasitara
todokanakattara todokimaseii desitara
todoitari todokimasitari
todokanakattari todokimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
todoku na todokinasaru na todokanai de kudasai otodoki nasaimasu na
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential
todokei1l
Causative
todokaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
todokaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 452
toke.ru
toke
to melt AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tokeru tokemasu
tokenai tokemaseii
tokero
tokeru na
tokeyoo tokeru daroo tokemasyoo tokeru desyoo
tokemai tokenai daroo tokemasumai tokenai desyoo
tokereba tokemaseba tokemasureba
tokenakereba tokemaseii nara
tokete tokemasite
tokenai de tokenakute tokemaseii de
toketa tokemasita
tokenakatta tokemaseii desita
toketaroo toketa daroo tokemasitaroo toketa desyoo
tokenakattaroo tokenakatta daroo tokemaseii desitaroo tokenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
toketara tokemasitara
tokenakattara tokemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
toketari tokemasitari
tokenakattari tokemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 453
tomar.u
tomari
to come to a stop, to stay overnight AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tomaru tomarimasu
tomaranai tomarimaseii
tomare tomarinasai tomatte kudasai otomari nasaimase
tomaru na tomarinasaru na tomaranai de kudasai otomari nasaimasu na
tomaroo tomaru daroo tomarimasyoo tomaru desyoo
tomarumai tomaranai daroo tQmarimasumai tomaranai desyoo
tomareba tomarimaseba tomarimasureba
tomaranakereba tomarimaseii nara
tomatte tomarimasite
tomaranai de tomaranakute tomarimaseii de
tomatta tomarimasita
tomaranakatta tomarimaseii desita
tomattaroo tomatta daroo tomarimasitaroo tomatta desyoo
tomaranakattaroo tomaranakatta daroo tomarimaseii desitaroo tomaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tomattara tomarimasitara
tomaranakattara tomarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tomattari tomarimasitari
tomaranakattari tomarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tomarareru
Potential
tomareru
Causative
tomaraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tomaraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 454
otomari ni naru otomari nasaru otomari suru otomari itasu
tome
tome.ru TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tomeru tomemasu
tomenai tomemaseii
tomero tomenasai tomete kudasai otome nasaimase
tomeru na tomenasaru na tomenai de kudasai otome nasaimasu na
tomeyoo tomeru daroo tomemasyoo tomeru desyoo
tomemai tomenai daroo tomemasumai tomenai desyoo
tomereba tomemaseba tomemasureba
tomenakereba tomemaseii nara
tomete tomemasite
tomenai de tomenakute tomemaseii de
tometa tomemasita
tomenakatta tomemaseii desita
tometaroo tometa daroo tomemasitaroo tometa desyoo
tomenakattaroo tomenakatta daroo tomemaseii desitaroo tomenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tometara tomemasitara
tomenakattara tomemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tometari tomemasitari
tomenakattari tomemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to stop
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tomerareru
Potential
tomerareru
Causative
tomesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tomesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otome ni naru otome nasaru otome suru otome itasu 45&
toor.u
toori
to pass by
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tooru toorimasu
tooranai toorimaseii
toore toorinasai tooUe kudasai otoori nasaimase
tooru na toorinasaru na tooranai de kudasai otoori nasaimasu na
tooroo tooru daroo toorimasyoo tooru desyoo
toorumai tooranai daroo toorimasumai tooranai desyoo
tooreba toorimaseba toorimasureba
tooranakereba toorimaseii nara
tooUe toorimasite
tooranai de tooranakute toorimaseii de
tooUa toorimasita
tooranakaUa toorimaseii desita
tooUaroo tootta daroo toorimasitaroo tooUa desyoo
tooranakattaroo tooranakatta daroo toorimaseii desitaroo tooranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tooUara toorimasitara
tooranakattara toorimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
toottari toorimasitari
tooranakattari toorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
toorareru
Potential
tooreru
Causative
tooraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tooraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 456
otoori ni naru otoori nasaru
torikaesi
torikaes.u TRANSITIVE
Indicatille INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
torikaesu torikaesimasu
torikaesanai torikaesimaseii
torikaese torikaesinasai torikaesite kudasai otorikaesi nasaimase
torikaesu na torikaesi nasaru na torikaesanai de kudasai otorikaesi nasaimasu na
torikaesoo torikaesu daroo torikaesimasyoo torikaesu desyoo
torikaesumai torikaesanai dareD torikaesimasumai torikaesanai desyoo
torikaeseba torikaesimaseba torikaesimasureba
torikaesanakereba torikaesimaseii nara
torikaesite torikaesimasite
torikaesanai de torikaesanakute torikaesimaseii de
torikaesita torikaesimasita
torikaesanakatta torikaesimaseii desita
torikaesi tareD torikaesi ta daroo torikaesimasitaroo torikaesita desyoo
torikaesanakattaroo torikaesanakatta dareD torikaesimaseii desitaroo torikaesanakatta desyoo
torikaesitara torikaesimasitara
torikaesanakattara torikaesimaseii desitara
torikaesi tari torikaesimasi tari
torikaesanakattari torikaesimaseii desi tari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to get back, to recover
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
torikaesareru
Potential
torikaeseru
Causative
torikaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
torikaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otorikaesi ni naru otorikaesi nasaru otorikaesi suru otorikaesi itasu 467
tor.u to take
tori TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
toru torimasu
toranai torimaseii
tore torinasai totte kudasai otori nasaimase
toru na torinasaru na toranai de kudasai otori nasaimasu na
toroo toru daroo torimasyoo toru desyoo
torumai toranai daroo torimasumai toranai desyoo
toreba torimaseba torimasureba
toranakereba torimaseii nara
totte torimasite
toranai de toranakute torimaseii de
totta torimasita
toranakatta torimaseii desita
tottaroo totta daroo torimasitaroo totta desyoo
toranakattaroo toranakatta daroo torimaseii desitaroo toranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tottara torimasitara
toranakattara torimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tottari torimasitari
toranakattari torimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Frc-vlSional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerun~
"NFORMALI
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
torareru
Potential
toreru
Causative
toraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
toraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 468
otori ni naru otori nasaru otori suru otori itasu
tOtODoe
totonoe.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
to prepare, to arrange, to adjust
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
totonoeru totonoemasu
totonoenai totonoemaseii
totonoero totonoenasai totonoete kudasai ototonoe nasaimase
totonoeru na totonoenasaru na totonoenai de kudasai ototonoe nasaimasu na
totonoeyoo totonoeru daroo totonoemasyoo totonoeru desyoo
totonoemai totonoenai daroo totonoemasumai totonoenai desyoo
totonoereba totonoemaseba
totonoenakereba totonoemaseii nara
tpt')1Joe'l"~ -b~
Gerund INFORMAL I FORMAt.
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Pas. Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
Lotoroet. toton'lemasitf'!
.otonoenai de totonoenakute totonoemaseii de
totonoeta totonoemasita
totonoenakatta totonoemaseii desita
totonoetaroo totonoeta daroo totonoemasitaroo totonoeta desyoo
totonoenakattaroo totonoenakatta daroo totonoemaseii desitaroo totonoenakatta desyoo
totonoetara totonoemasitara
totonoenakattara totonoemaseii desitara
totonoetari totonoemasitari
totonoenakattari totonoemaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
totonoerareru
Potential
totonoerareru
Causative
totonoesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
totonoesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
ototonoe ni naru ototonoe nasaru ototonoe suru ototonoe itasu 4&9
tukamae.ru to catch, to seize
tukamae TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukamaeru tukamaemasu
tukamaenai tukamaemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
tukamaero tukamaenasai III tukamaete kudasai otukamae nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
tukamaeru na tukamaenasaru na tukamaenai de kudasai otukamae nasaimasu na
tukamaeyoo tukamaeru daroo tukamaemasyoo tukamaeru desyoo
tukamaemai tukamaenai daroo tukamaemasumai tukamaenai desyoo
tukamaereba tukamaemaseba tukamaemasureba
tukamaenakereba tukamaemaseii nara
tukamaete tukamaemasite
tukamaenai de tukamaenakute tukamaemaseii de
tukamaeta tukamaemasita
tukamaenakatta tukamaemaseii desita
tukamaetaroo tukamaeta daroo tukamaemasitaroo tukamaeta desyoo
tukamaenakattaroo tukamaenakatta daroo tukamaemaseii desitaroo tukamaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tukamaetara tukamaemasitara
tukamaenakattara tukamaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tukamaetari tukamaemasitari
tukamaenakattari tukamaemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tukamaerareru
Potential
tukamaerareru
Causative
tukamaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tukamaesaserareru
I
n Humble
n 460
otukamae ni naru otukamae nasaru
tukare.ru
tukare
to become tired AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukareru tukaremasu
tukarenai tukaremaseii
tukareyoo tukareru daroo tukaremasyoo tukareru desyoo
tukaremai tukarenai daroo tukaremasumai tukarenai desyoo
tukarereba tukaremaseba tukaremasureba
tukarenakereba tukaremaseii nara
tukarete tukaremasite
tukarenai de tukarenakute tukaremaseii de
tukareta tukaremasita
tukarenakatta tukaremaseii desita
tukaretaroo tukareta daroo tukaremasitaroo tukareta desyoo
tukarenakattaroo tukarenakatta daroo tukaremaseii desitaroo tukarenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tukaretara tukaremasitara
tukarenakattara tukaremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tukaretari tukaremasitari
tukarenakattari tukaremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n ill
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative
tukaresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tukaresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otukare ni naru otukare nasaru otukare suru otukare itasu 481
tuka.u to use
tukai TRANSITIVE
IndiCative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukau tukaimasu
tukawanai tukaimaseii
tllkae tukainasai tukatte kudasai otukai nasaimase
tukau na tukainasaru na tukawanai de kudasai otukai nasaimasu na
tukaoo tukau daroo tukaimasyoo tukau desyoo
tukaumai tukawanai daroo tukaimasumai tukawanai desyoo
tukaeba tukaimaseba tukaimasureba
tukawanakereba tukaimaseii nara
tukatte tukaimasite
tukawanai de tukawanakute tukaimaseii de
tukatta tukaimasita
tukawanakatta tukaimaseii desita
tukattaroo tukatta daroo tukaimasitaroo tukatta desyoo
tukawanakattaroo tukawanakatta daroo tukaimaseii desitaroo tllhwanakatta desyoo
tukattara tukaimasitara
tukawanakattara tukaimaseii desitara
tukattari tukaimasitari
tukawanakattari tukaimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tukawareru
Potential
tukaeru
Causative
tukawaseru
Causative Pass.
482
tukawaserareru
Honorific
I
otukai ni naru otukai nasaru
Humble
I
otukai suru otukai itasu
n n
toke.ru
toke TRANSITIVE
to attach, to add to, to stick on
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukeru tukemasu
tukenai tukemaseii
tukero tukenasai tukete kudasai otuke nasaimase
tukeru na tukenasaru na tukenai de kudasai otuke nasaimasu na
tukeyoo tukeru daroo tukemasyoo tukeru desyoo
tukemai tukenai daroo tukemasumai tukenai desyoo
tukereba tukemaseba tukemasureba
tukenakereba tukemaseii nara
tukete tukemasite
tukenai de tukenakute tuJcp.maseii d"
tuketa tukemasita
tukenakatta tukemaseii desita
tuketaroo tuketa daroo tukemasitaroo tuketa desyoo
tukenakattaroo tukenakatta daroo tukemaseii desitaroo tukenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tuketara tukemasitara
tukenakattara tukemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tuketari tukemasi tari
tukenakattari tukemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAl.
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tukerareru
Potential
tukerareru
Causative
tukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tukesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otuke ni naru otuke nasaru otuke suru otuke itasu 483
tukia.u
tukiai
to associate with AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukiau tukiairnasu
tukiawanai tukiairnaseii
tukiae tukiainasai tukiatte kudasai otukiai nasairnase
tukiau na tukiainasaru na tukiawanai de kudasai otukiai nasairnasu na
tukiaoo tukiau daroo tukiairnasyoo tukiau desyoo
tukiaurnai tukiawanai daroo tukiairnasurnai tukiawanai desyoo
tukiaeba tukiairnaseba tukiairnasureba
tukiawanakereba tukiaimaseii nara
tukiatte tukiairnasite
tukiawanai de tukiawanakute tukiairnaseii de
tukiatta tukiairnasita
tukiawanakatta tukiairnaseii desita
tukiattaroo tukiatta daroo tukiairnasitaroo tukiatta desyoo
tukiawanakattaroo tukiawanakatta daroo tukiairnaseii desitaroo tukiawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tukiattara tukiairnasitara
tukiawanakattara tukiairnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tukiattari tukiairnasitari
tukiawanakattari tukiairnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL)
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
tukiaeru
Causative
tukiawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tukiawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 484
otukiai ni naru otukiai nasaru otukiai suru otukiai itasu
tUk.u
tuki
to arrive at
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tuku tukimasu
tukanai tukimaseii
tuke
tuku na
tukoo tuku daroo tukimasyoo tuku desyoo
tukumai tukanai daroo tukimasumai tukanai desyoo
tukeba tukimaseba tukimasureba
tukanakereba tukimaseii nara
tuite tukimasite
tukanai de tukanakute tukimaseii de
tuita tukimasita
tukanakatta tukimaseii desita
tuitaroo tuita daroo tukimasitaroo tuita desyoo
tukanakattaroo tukanakatta daroo tukimaseii desitaroo tukanakatta desyoo
tuitara tukimasitara
tukanakattara tukimaseii desitara
tuitari tukimasitari
tukanakattari tukimaseii desitari
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL
I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential
tukeru
Causative
tsukaseru
Causative Pass.
tsukaserareru
Honorific
I II
Humble
I II
otukini naru otuki nasaru
465
tukur.u
tukuri
to build, to make
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRM ATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukuru tukurimasu
tukuranai tukurimaseii
tukure tukurinasai tukutte kudasai otukuri nasaimase
tukuru na tukurinasaru na tukuranai de kudasai otukuri nasaimasu na
tukuroo tukuru daroo tukurimasyoo tukuru desyoo
tukurumai tukuranai daroo tukurimasumai tukuranai desyoo
tukureba tukurimaseba t.ukurimasureba
tukuranakereba tukurimaseii nar"
tukutte tukurimasite
tukuranai de tukuranakute tukurimaseii de
tulcutta tukurimasita
tukuranakatta tukurimaseii desita
tukuttaroo tukutta daroo tukurimasitaroo tukutta desyoo
tukuranakattaroo tukuranakatta daroo tukurimaseii desitaroo tukuranakatta desyoo
tukuttara tukurimasitara
tukuranakattara tukurimaseii desitara
tukuttari tukurimasitari
tukuranakattari tukurimaseii desitari
D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tukurareru
Potential
tukureru
Causative
tukuraseru
Causative Pass.
4811
tukuraserareru
Honorific
I D
otukuri ni naru otuk uri nasaru
Humble
I D
otukuri suru otukuri itasu
tukUs.u
tukusi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tukusu tukusimasu
tukusanai tukusimaseii
tukuse tukusinasai tukusite kudasai otukusi nasaimase
tukusu na tukusinasaru na tukusanai de kudasai otukusi nasaimasu na
tukusoo tukusu daroo tukusimasyoo tukusu desyoo
tukusumai tukusanai daroo tukusimasumai tukusanai desyoo
tukuseba tukusimaseba tukusimasureba
tukusanakereba tukusimaseii nara
tukusite tukusimasite
tukusanai de tukusanakute tukusimaseii de
tukusita tukusimasita
tukusanakatta tukusimaseii desita
tukusitaroo tukusita daroo tukusimasitaroo tukusita desyoo
tukusanakattaroo tukusanakatta daroo tukusimaseii desitaroo tukusanakatta desyoo
tukusitara tukusimasitara
tukasanakattara tukusimaseii desitara
tukusitari tukusimasitari
tukusanakattari tukusimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to use up, to exhaust, to do one's best
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tukusareru
Potential
tukuseru
Causative
tukusaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tukusaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
otukusi ni naru otukusi nasaru otukusi suru otukusi itasu 487
tumor.u
tumori
to pile up AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tumoru tumorimasu
tumoranai tumorimaseii
tumore
tumoru na
tumoroo tumoru daroo tumorimasyoo tumoru desyoo
tumorumai tumoranai daroo tumorimasumai tumoranai desyoo
tumoreba tumorimaseba tumorimasureba
tumoranakereba tumorimaseii nara
tumotte tumorimasite
tumoranai de tumoranakute tumorimaseii de
tumotta tumorimasita
tumoranakatta tumorimaseii desita
tumottaroo tumotta daroo tumorimasitaroo tumotta desyoo
tumoranakattaroo tumoranakatta daroo tumorimaseii desitaroo tumoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tumottara tumorimasitara
tumoranakattara tumorimaseii desitara
Alternative .INFORMAL FORMAL
tumottari tumorimasitari
tumoranakattari tumorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential Causative Causative Pass.
Honorific
I
n Humble
I
n 468
tunagi
tunag.u TRANSITIVE
to connect, to fasten
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tunagu tunagirnasu
tunaganai tunagimaseii
tunage tunaginasai tunaide kudasai otunagi nasairnase
tunagu na tunaginasaru na tunaganai de kudasal otunagi nasaimasu na
tunagoo tunagu daroo tunagimasyoo tunagu desyoo
tunagumai tunaganai daroo tunagimasumai tunaganai desyoo
tunageba tunagirnaseba tunagimasureba
tunaganakereba tunagimaseii nara
tunaide tunagimasite
tunaganai de tunaganakute tunagirnaseii de
tunaida tunagimasita
tunaganakatta tunagimaseii desita
tunaidaroo tunaida daroo tunagirnasitaroo tunaida desyoo
tunaganakattaroo tunaganakatta daroo tunagimaseii desitaroo tunaganakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tunaidara tunagirnasi tara
tunaganakattara tunagirnaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tunaidari tunagirnasi tari
tunaganakattari tunagirnaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tunagareru
Potential
tunageru
Causative
tunagaseru
Causative Pass.
tunagaserareru
Honorific
I II
otunagi ni naru otunagi nasaru
Humble
I II
otunagi suru otunagi itasu 489
tutae.ru to trarumit
tutae TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tutaeru tutaemasu
tutaenai tutaemaseii
tutaero tutaenasai tutaete kudasai otutae nasaimase
tutaeru na tutaenasaru na tutaenai de kudasai otutae nasaimasu na
tutaeyoo tutaeru daroo tutaemasyoo tutaeru desyoo
tutaemai tutaenai daroo tutaemasumai tutaenai desyoo
tutaereba tutaemaseba tutaemasureba
tutaenakereba tutaemaseii nara
tutaete tutaemasite
tutaenai de tutaenakute tutaemaseii de
tutaeta tutaemasita
tutaenakatta tutaemaseii desita
tutaetaroo tutaeta daroo tutaemasitaroo tutaeta desyoo
tutaenakattaroo tutaenakatta daroo tutaemaseii desitaroo tutaenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tutaetara tutaemasitara
tutaenakattara tutaemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tutaetari tutaemasitari
tutaenakattari tutaemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tutaerareru
Potential
tutaerareru
Causative
tutaesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tutaesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 470
otutae ni nam otutae nasaru otutae suru otutae itasu
tutome.ra
tutome
to be employed, to exert oneself
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tutomeru tutomemasu
tutomenai tutomemaseii
tutomero tutomenasai tutomete kudasai otutome nasaimase
tutomeru na tutomenasaru na tutomenai de kudasai otutome nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I II FORMAL I
tutomeyoo tutomeru dareD tutomemasyoo tutomeru desyoo
tutomemai tutomenai dareD tutomemasumai tutomenai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
tutomereba tutomemaseba tutomemasureba
tutomenakereba tutomemaseii nara
tutomete tutomemasite
tutomenai de tutomenakute tutomemaseii de
tutometa tutomemasita
tutomenakatta tutomemaseii desita
tutometaroo tutometa dareD tutomemasitaroo tutometa desyoo
tutomenakattaroo tutomenakatta dareD tutomemaseii desitaroo tutomenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tutometara tutomemasitara
tutomenakattara tutomemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tutometari tutomemasitari
tutomenakattari tutomemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
n
Gerund INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tutomerareru
Potential
tutomerareru
Causative
tutomesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
tutomesaserareru
n
otutome ni naru otutome nasaru
I II
otutome suru otutome itasu
I
471
turum.u to wrap up
tutumi TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tutumu tutumimasu
tutumanai tutumimaseii
tutume tutuminasai tutuiide kudasai otutumi nasaimase
tutumu na tutuminasaru na tutumanai de kudasai otutumi nasaimasu na
tutumoo tutumu daroo tutumimasyoo tutumu desyoo
tutumumai tutumanai daroo tutumimasumai tutumanai desyoo
tutumeba tutumimaseba tutumimasureba
tutumanakereba tutumimaseii nara
tutuiide tutumimasite
tutumanai de tutumanakute tutumimaseii de
tutuiida tutumimasita
tutumanakatta tutumimaseii desita
tutuiidaroo tutuiida daroo tutumimasi taroo tutuiida desyoo
tutumanakattaroo tutumanakatta daroo tutumimaseii desitaroo tutumanakatta desyoo
tutuiidara tutumimasitara
tutumanakattara tutumimaseii desitara
tutuiidari tutumimasitari
tutumanakattari tutumimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tutumareru
Potential
tutumeru
Causative
tutumaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tutumaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 472
otutumi ni naru otutumi nasaru otutumi suru otutumi itasu
tuuzi
tuuzi.ru TRANSITIVE
to make oneself understood, to transmit
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tuuziru tuuzimasu
tuuzinai tuuzimasefi
tuuziro tuuzinasai tuuzite kudasai otuuzi nasaimase
tuuziru na tuuzinasaru na tuuzinai de kudasai otuuzi nasaimasu na
tuuziyoo tuuziru daroo tuuzimasyoo tuuziru desyoo
tuuzimai tuuzinai daroo tuuzimasumai tuuzinai desyoo
tuuzireba tuuzimaseba tuuzimasureba
tuuzinakereba tuuzimasefi nara
tuuzite tuuzimasite
tuuzinai de tuuzinakute tuuzimasefi de
tuuzita tuuzimasita
tuuzinakatta tuuzimasefi dcsita
tuuzitaroo tuuzita daroo tuuzimasitaroo tuuzita desyoo
tuuzinakattaroo tuuzinakatta daroo tuuzimasefi dcsitaroo tuuzinakatta dcsyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tuuzitara tuuzimasitara
tuuzinakattara tuuzimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tuuzitari tuuzimasitari
tuuzinakattari tuuzimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tuuzirareru
Potential
tuuzirareru
Causative
tuuzisaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tuuzisaserareru
I D
Humble
otuuzi ni naru otuuzi nasaru
I D 473
tuzuke.ru to continue
tuzuke TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tuzukeru tuzukemasu
tuzukenai tuzukemaseii
tuzukero tuzukenasai tuzukete kudasai otuzuke nasaimase
tuzukeru na tuzukenasaru na tuzukenai de kudasai otuzuke nasaimasu na
tuzukeyoo tuzukeru daroo tuzukemasyoo tuzukeru desyoo
tuzukemai tuzukenai daroo tuzukemasumai tuzukenai desyoo
tuzukereba tuzukemaseba tuzukemasureba
tuzukenakereba tuzukemaseii nara
tuzukete tuzukemasite
tuzukenai de tuzukenakute tuzukemaseii de
tuzuketa tuzukemasita
tuzukenakatta tuzukemaseii desita
tuzuketaroo tuzuketa daroo tuzukemasitaroo tuzuketa desyoo
tuzukenakattaroo tuzukenakatta daroo tuzukemaseii desitaroo tuzukenakatta desyoo
tuzuketara tuzukemasitara
tuzukenakattara tuzukemaseii desitara
tuzuketari tuzukemasitari
tuzukenakattari tuzukemaseii desitari
II FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tuzukerareru
Potential
tuzukerareru
Causative
tuzukesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tuzukesaserareru
I II
otuzuke ni naru otuzuke nasaru
II
otuzuke suru otuzuke itasu
Humble 474
tyuui si TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tyuui suru tyuui simasu
tyuui sinai tyuui simaseii
tyuui siro tyuui sinasai tyuui site kudasai gotyuui nasaimase
tyuui suru na tyuui sinasaru na tyuui sinai de kudasai gotyuui nasaimasu na
tyuui tyuui tyuui tyuui
tyuui tyuui tyuui tyuui
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
surumai sinai daroo simasumai sinai desyoo
tyuui sureba tyuui simaseba tyuui simasureba
tyuui sinakereba tyuui simaseii nara
tyuui site tyuui simasite
tyuui sinai de tyuui sinakute tyuui simaseii de
tyuui sita tyuui simasita
tyuui sinakatta tyuui simaseii desita
tyuui tyuui tyuui tyuui
tyuui tyuui tyuui tyuui
n
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
tyUui SO.rD to pay attention
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
tyuui sitara tyuui simasitara
tyuui sinakattara tyuui simaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tyuui sitari tyuui simasitari
tyuui sinakattari tyuui simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
tyuui sareru
Potential
tyuui dekiru
Causative
tyuui saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tyuui saserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
gotyuui ni naru gotyuui nasaru gotyuui suru gotyuui itasu 475
tyuumon su.ru
tyuumoii 51
to order (something from a firm etc.)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
tyuumoii suru tyuumoii simasu
tyuumoii sinai tyuumoii simaseii
tyuumoii siro tyuumoii sinasai tyuumoii site kudasai gotyuumoii nasaimase
tyuumoii suru na tyuumoii sinasaru na tyuumoii sinai de kudasai gotyuumoii nasaimasu na
tyuumoii tyuumoii • tyuumoii tyuumoii
siyoo suru daroo simasyoo suru desyoo
tyuumoii sureba tyuumoii simaseba tyuumoii simasureba
tyuumoii sinakereba tyuumoii simaseii nara
tyuumoii site tyuumoii simasite
tyuumoii sinai de tyuumoii sinakute tyummoii simaseii de
tyuumoii sita tyuumoii simasita
tyuumoii sinakatta tyummoii simaseii desita
tyuumoii tyuumoii tyuumoii tyuumoii
tyuumoii tyuumoii tyuumoii tyuumoii
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
tyuumoii surumai tyummoii sinai daroo tyuumoii simasumai tyuumoii sinai desyoo
sitaroo sita daroo simasitaroo sita desyoo
sinakattaroo sinakatta daroo simaseii desitaroo sinakatta desyoo
tyuumoii sitara tyuumoii simasitara
tyuumoii sinakattara tyuumoii simaseii desitara
tyuumoii sitari tyuumoii simasitari
tyuumoii sinakattari tyuumoii simaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
tyuumoii sareru
PotentiQl
tyuumoii dekiru
Causative
tyuumoii saseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
tyuumoii saserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 476
gotyuumoii ni naru gotyuumoii nasaru gotyuumoii suru gotyuumoii itasu
ue.n1
ue TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ueru uemasu
uenai uemaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
uero uenasai ill uete kudasai oue nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
ueru m uenasaru na uenai de kudasai oue nasaimasu na
ueyoo ueru daroo uemasyoo ueru desyoo
uemai uenai daroo uemasumai uenai desyoo
uereba uemaseba uemasureba
uenakereba uemaseii nara
uete uemasite
uenai de uenakute uemaseii de
ueta uemasita
uenakatta uemaseii desita
uetaroo ueta daroo uemasitaroo ueta desyoo
uenakattaroo uenakatta daroo uemaseii desitaroo uenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
uetara uemasitara
uenakattara uemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
uetari uemasitari
uenakattari uemaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
to plant
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
uerareru
Potential
uerareru
Causative
uesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
uesaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oue ni naru oue nasaru oue suru oue itasu 477
ug6k.u
ugoki
to move (to make a motion) AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ugoku ugokimasu
ugokanai ugokimaseii
ugoke ugokinasai ugoite kudasai ougoki nasaimase
ugoku na ugokinasaru na ugokanai de kudasai ougoki nasaimasu na
ugokoo ugoku daroo ugokimasyoo ugoku desyoo
ugokumai ugokanai daroo ugokimasumai ugokanai desyoo
ugokeba ugokimaseba ugokimasureba
ugokanakereba ugokimaseii nara
ugoite ugokimasite
ugokanaide ugokanakute ugokimaseii de
ugoita ugokimasita
ugokanakatta ugokimaseii desita
ugoitaroo ugoita daroo ugokimasitaroo ugoita desyoo
ugokanakattaroo ugokanakatta daroo ugokimaseii desitaroo ugokanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ugoitara ugokimasitara
ugokanakattara ugokimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ugoitari ugokimasitari
ugokanakattari ugokimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ugokareru
Potential
ugokeru
Causative
ugokaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ugokaserareru
I
n Humble 478
I
n
ougoki ni naru ougoki nasaru
ukabi
ukab.o to float AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ukabu ukabimasu
ukabanai ukabimaseii
ukabe
ukabu na
ukaboo ukabu daroo ukabimasyoo ukabu desyoo
ukabumai ukabanai daroo ukabimasumai ukabanai desyoo
ukabeba ukabimaseba ukabimasureba
ukabanakereba ukabimasefi nara
ukafide ukabimasite
ukabanaide ukabanakute ukabimaseii de
ukaiida ukabimasita
ukabanakatta ukabimaseii desita
ukaiidaroo ukafida daroo ukabimasitaroo ukafida desyoo
ukabanakattaroo ukabanakatta daroo ukabimasefi desitaroo ukabanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ukafidara ukabimasitara
ukabanakattara ukabimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ukafidari ukabimasitari
ukabanakattari ukabimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
ukabareru
Potential
ukaberu
Causative
ukabaseru
Causative Pass.
ukabaserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
oukabi ni naru oukabi nasaru
479
ukaga.u
ukagai
to visit, to inquire, to hear (news etc.)
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
ukagau ukagaimasu
ukagawanai ukagaimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
ukagae ukagainasai ill ukagatte kudasai oukagai nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
ukagau na ukagainasaru na ukagawanai de kudasai oukagai nasaimasu na
ukagaoo ukagau daroo I1kagaimasyoo ukagau desyoo
ukagaumai ukagawanai daroo ukagaimasumai ukagawanai desyoo
ukagaeba ukagaimaseba ukagaimasureba
ukagawanakereba ukagaimaseii nara
ukagatte ukagaimasite
ukagawanai de ukagawanakute ukagaimaseii de
ukagatta ukagaimasita
ukagawanakatta ukagaimaseii desita
ukagattaroo ukagatta daroo ukagaimasitaroo ukagatta desyoo
ukagawanakattaroo ukagawanakatta daroo ukagaimaseii desitaroo ukagawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
ukagattara ukagaimasitara
ukagawanakattara ukagaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
ukagattari ukagaimasitari
ukagawanakattari ukagaimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive Potential
ukagaeru
Causative
ukagawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
ukagawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 480
oukagai ni naru oukagai nasaru oukagai suru oukagai itasu
uketor.u
uketori TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I IT
m· FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
IT I IT
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
uketoru uketorimasu
uketoranai uketorimaseii
uketore uketorinasai uketotte kudasai ouketori nasaimase
uketoru na uketorinasaru na uketoranai de kudasai ouketori nasaimasu na
uketoroo uketoru daroo uketorimasyoo uketoru desyoo
uketorumai uketoranai daroo uketorimasumai uketoranai desyoo
uketoreba uketorimaseba uketorimasureba
uketoranakereba uketorimaseii nara
uketotte uketorimasite
uketoranai de uketoranakute uketorimaseii de
uketotta uketorimasita
uketoranakatta uketorimaseii desita
uketottaroo uketotta daroo uketorimasitaroo uketotta desyoo
uketoranakattaroo uketoranakatta daroo uketorimaseii desitaroo uketoranakatta desyoo
uketottara uketorimasitara
uketoranakattara uketorimaseii desitara
uketottari uketorimasitari
uketoranakattari uketorimaseii desitari
IT FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to receive, to accept
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
uketorareru
Potential
uketoreru
Causative
uketoraseru
Causative Pass.
uketoraserareru
Honorific
I IT
ouketori ni naru ouketori nasaru
Humble
I IT
ouketori IUru ouketori ilaMl 481
umare.ru*
umare
to be born AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
umareru umaremasu
umarenai umaremaseii
umarero
umareru na
umareyoo umareru (jaroo umaremasyoo umareru desyoo
umaremai umarenai daroo umaremasumai umarenai desyoo
umarereba umaremaseba umaremasureba
umarenakereba umaremaseii nara
umarete umaremasite
umarenai de umarenakute umaremaseii de
umareta umaremasita
umarenakatta umaremaseii desita
umaretaroo umareta daroo umaremasitaroo umareta desyoo
umarenakattaroo umarenakatta daroo umaremaseii desitaroo umarenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
umaretara umaremasitara
umarenakattara umaremaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
umaretari umaremasitari
umarenakattari umaremaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential Causative
umaresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
umaresaserareru
I
n Humble
oumare ni naru oumare nasaru
I
n "This corresponds to the passive derived form of um.u 'to give birth.'
482
urami
orim.U TRANSITIVE
to blame, to bear a grudge
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
uramu uramimasu
uramanai uramimaseii
urame uraminasai uraiide kudasai ourami nasaimase
uramu na uraminasaru na uramanai de kudasai ourami nasaimasu na
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL I D
uramoo uramu daroo uramimasyoo uramu desyoo
uramumai uramanai daroo uramimasumai uramanai desyoo
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
urameba uramimaseba uramimasureba
uramanakereba uramimaseii nara
uraiide uramimasite
uramanai de uramanakute uramimaseii de
uraiida uramimasita
uramanakatta uramimaseii desita
uraiidaroo uraiida daroo uramimasitaroo uraiida desyoo
uramanakattaroo uramanakatta daroo uramimaseii desitaroo uramanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
uraiidara uramimasitara
uramanakattara uramimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
uraiidari uramimasitari
uramanakattari uramimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I D
m
FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
uramareru
Potential
urameru
Causative
uramaseru
Causative Pass.
uramaserareru
Honorific
I D
ourami ni naru ourami nasaru
Humble
I D
ourami suru ourami itasu 483
ur.u
uri
to sell
TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
uru urimasu
uranai urimaseii
ure urinasai utte kudasai ouri nasaimase
uru na urinasaru na uranai de kudasai ouri nasaimasu na
uroo uru daroo urimasyoo uru desyoo
urumai uranai daroo urimasumai uranai desyoo
ureba urimaseba urimasureba
uranakereba urimaseii nara
utte urimasite
uranai de uranakute urimaseii de
utta urimasita
uranakatta urimaseii desita
uttaroo utta daroo urimasitaroo utta desyoo
uranakattaroo uranakatta daroo urimaseii desitaroo uranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
uttara urimasitara
uranakattara urimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
uttari urimasitari
uranakattari urimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n
m
FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAl FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
urareru
Potential
ureru
Causative
uraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
uraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 484
ouri ni naru ouri nasaru ouri suru ouri itasu
uta.u
utai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
utau utaimasu
utawanai utaimaseii
utae utainasai utatte kudasai outai nasaimase
utau na utainasaru na utawanai de kudasai outai nasaimasu na
utaoo utau daroo utaimasyoo utau desyoo
utaumai utawanai daroo utaimasumai utawanai desyoo
utaeba utaimaseba utaimasureba
utawanakereba utaimaseii nara
utatte utaimasite
utawanai de utawanakute utaimaseii de
utatta utaimasita
utawanakatta utaimaseii desita
utattaroo utatta daroo utaimasitaroo utatta desyoo
utawanakattaroo utawanakatta daroo utaimaseii desitaroo utawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
utattara utaimasitara
utawanakattara utaimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
utattari utaimasitari
utawanakattari utaimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I II
m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
II I II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
to sing
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
utawareru
Potential
utaeru
Causative
utawaseru
Causative Pass.
utawaserareru
Honorific
I II
outai ni naru outai nasaru
Humble
I II
outai suru outai itasu 485
ut.u
uti
to hit, to shoot
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
utu utimasu
utanai utimaseii
ute utinasai utte kudasai outi nasaimase
utu na utinasaru na utanai de kudasai outi nasaimasu na
utoo utu daroo utimasyoo utu desyoo
utumai utanai daroo utimasumai utanai desyoo
uteba utimaseba utimasureba
utanakereba utimaseii nara
utte utimasite
utanai de utanakute utimaseii de
utta utimasita
utanakatta utimaseii desita
uttaroo utta daroo utimasitaroo utta desyoo
utanakattaroo utanakatta daroo utimaseii desitaroo utanakatta desyoo
uttara utimasitara
utanakattara utimaseii desitara
uttari utimasitari
utanakattari utimaseii desi tari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
utareru
Potential
uteru
Causative
utaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
utaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 488
outi ni naru outi nasaru outi suru outi itasu
wakar.o
wakari
to understand
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
wakaru wakarimasu
wakaranai wakarimaseii
wakare
D
m
wakatte kudasai
FORMAL wakaroo wakaru daroo wakarimasyoo wakaru desyoo
wakarumai wakaranai daroo wakarimasumai wakaranai desyoo
wakareba wakarimaseba wakarimasureba
wakaranakereba wakarimaseii nara
wakatte wakarimasite
wakaranai de wakaranakute wakarimaseii de
wakatta wakarimasita
wakaranakatta wakarimaseii desita
wakattaroo wakatta daroo wakarimasitaroo wakatta desyoo
wakaranakattaroo wakaranakatta daroo wakarimaseii desitaroo wakaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
wakattara wakarimasitara
wakaranakattara wakarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
wakattari wakarimasitari
wakaranakattari wakarimasen desitari
Presumptive INFORMAL I FORMAL
D I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive Potential Causative
wakaraseru
Causative Pass.
wakaraserareru
Honorific
I D
Humble
I D
owakari ni naru owakari nasaru
487
wara.u to laugh
warai TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
warau waraimasu
warawanai waraimascii
warae warainasai waratte kudasai owarai nasaimase
warau na warainasaru na warawanai de kudasai owarai nasaimasu na
waraoo warau daroo waraimasyoo warau desyoo
waraumai warawanai daroo waraimasumai warawanai desyoo
waraeba waraimaseba waraimasureba
warawanakereba waraimaseii nara
waratte waraimasite
warawanai de warawanakute waraimaseii de
waratta waraimasita
warawanakatta waraimaseii desita
warattaroo waratta daroo waraimasitaroo waratta desyoo
warawanakattaroo warawanakatta daroo waraimaseii desitaroo warawanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
warattara waraimasitara
warawanakattara waraimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
warattari waraimasitari
warawanakattari waraimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
warawareru
Potential
waraeru
Causative
warawaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
warawaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 488
owarai ni naru owarai nasaru
wasure
wasure.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
wasureru wasuremasu
wasurenai wasuremaseii
wasurero wasurenasai wasurete kudasai owasure nasaimase
wasureru na wasurenasaru na wasurenai de kudasai owasure nasaimasu na
wasureyoo wasureru daroo wasuremasyoo wasureru desyoo
wasuremai wasurenai daroo wasuremasumai wasurenai desyoo
wasurereba wasuremaseba wasuremasureba
wasurenakereba wasuremaseii nara
wasurete wasuremasite
wasurenai de wasurenakute wasuremaseii de
wasureta wasuremasita
wasurenakatta wasuremaseii desita
wasuretaroo wasureta daroo wasuremasitaroo wasureta desyoo
wasurenakattaroo wasurenakatta daroo wasuremaseii desitaroo wasurenakatta desyoo
wasuretara wasuremasi tara
wasurenakattara wasuremaseii desitara
wasuretari wasuremasitari
wasurenakattari wasuremaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to forget
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
wasurerareru
Potential
wasurerareru
Causative
wasuresaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
wasuresaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
owasure ni naru owasure nasaru owasure suru owasure itasu 489
yak.u to burn
yaki TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yaku yakimasu
yakanai yakimaseii
yake yakinasai yaite kudasai oyaki nasaimase
yaku na yakinasaru na {akanai de kudasai oyaki nasaimasu na
yakoo yaku daroo yakimasyoo yaku desyoo
yakumai yakanai daroo yakimasumai yakanai desyoo
yakeba yakimaseba yakimasureba
yakanakereba yakimaseii nara
yaite yakimasite
yakanaide yakanakute yakimaseii de
yaita yakimasita
yakanakatta yakimaseii desita
yaitaroo yaita daroo yakimasitaroo yaita desyoo
yakanakattaroo yakanakatta daroo yakimaseii desitaroo yakanakatta desyoo
yaitara yakimasitara
yakanakattara yakimaseii desitara
yaitari yakimasitari
yakanakattari yakimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yakareru
Potential
yakeru
Causative
yakaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yakaserarcru
I
n Humble
I
n 490
oyaki ni naru oyaki nasaru oyaki suru oyaki itasu
yame
yame.ru TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n
FORMAL
I
n
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yameru yamemasu
yamenai yamemaseii
yamero yamenasai yamete kudasai oyame nasaimase
yameru na yamenasaru na yamenai de kudasai oyame nasaimasu na
yameyoo yameru daroo yamemasyoo yameru desyoo
yamemai yamenai daroo yamemasumai yamenai desyoo
yamereba yamemaseba yamemasureba
yamenakereba yamemaseii nara
yamete yamemasite
yamenai de yamenakute yamemaseii de
yameta yamemasita
yamenakatta yamemaseii desita
yametaroo yameta daroo yamemasitaroo yameta desyoo
yamenakattaroo yamenakatta daroo yamemaseii desitaroo yamenakatta desyoo
yametara yamemasitara
yamenakattara yamemaseii desitara
yametari yamemasitari
yamenakattari yamemaseii desitari
n
FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to stop, to give up (doing something)
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yamerareru
Potential
yamerareru
Causative
yamesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yamesaserareru
I
0 Humble
I
0
oyame ni naru oyame nasaru oyame suru oyame itasu 481
yar.u to do
yari TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yaru yarimasu
yaranai yarimaseii
yare yarinasai yalte kudasai oyari nasaimase
yaru na yarinasaru na yaranai de kudasai oyari nasaimasu na
yaroo yaru daroo yarimasyoo yaru desyoo
yarumai yaranai daroo yarimasumai yaranai desyoo
yareba yarimaseba yarimasureba
yaranakereba yarimaseii nara
yatte yarimasite
yaranai de yaranakute yarimaseii de
yalta yarimasita
yaranakatta yarimaseii desita
yattaroo yatta daroo yarimasi taroo yalta desyoo
yaranakattaroo yaranakatta daroo yarimaseii desitaroo yaranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yattara yarimasitara
yaranakattara yarimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yattari yarimasitari
yaranaka ttari yarimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yarareru
Potential
yareru
Causative
yaraseru
Causative Pass.
yaraserareru
Honorific
n Humble 492
I D
oyari ni naru oyari nasaru
yase.ru
yase
to grow thin
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yaseru yasemasu
yasenai yasemaseii
yasero yasenasai yasete kudasai oyase nasaimase
yaseru na yasenasaru na yasenai de kudasai oyase nasaimasu na
yaseyoo yaseru daroo yasemasyoo yaseru desyoo
yasemai yasenai daroo yasemasumai yasenai desyoo
yasereba yasemaseba yasemasureba
yasenakereba yasemaseii nara
yasete yasemasite
yasenai de yasenakute yasemaseii de
yaseta yasemasita
yasenakatta yasemaseii desita
yasetaroo yaseta daroo yasemasitaroo yaseta desyoo
yasenakattaroo yasenakatta daroo yasemaseii desi taroo yasenakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yasetara yasemasitara
yasenakattara yasemaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yasetari yasemasitari
yasenakattari yasemaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yaserareru
Potential
yaserareru
Causative
yasesaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yasesaserareru
I
n Humble
oyase ni naru oyase nasaru
I
n 493
yasumi
yasUm.u to rest, to sleep
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yasumu yasumimasu
yasumanai yasumimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
yasume yasuminasai III yasuiide kudasai oyasumi nasaimase
n
FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
yasumu na yasuminasaru na yasumanai de kudasai oyasumi nasaimasu na
yasumoo yasumu daroo yasumimasyoo yasumu desyoo
yasumumai yasumanai daroo yasumimasumai yasumanai desyoo
yasumeba yasumimaseba yasumimasureba
yasumanakereba yasumimaseii nara
yasuiide yasumimasite
yasumanai de yasumanakute yasumimaseii de
yasuiida yasumimasita
yasumanakatta yasumimaseii desita
yasuiidaroo yasuiida daroo yasumimasitaroo yasuiida desyoo
yasumanakattaroo yasumanakatta daroo yasumimaseii desitaroo yasumanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yasuiidara yasumimasitara
yasumanakattara yasumimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yasuiidari yasumimasitari
yasumimasitari yasumimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL
FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yasumareru
Potential
yasumeru
Causative
yasumaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yasumaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 494
oyasumi ni naru oyasumi nasaru
yatoi
yato.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFlRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yatou yatoimasu
yatowanai yatoimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I D FORMAL
yatoe yatoinasai ID yatotte kudasai oyatoi nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I
D Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yatou na yatoinasaru na yatowanai de kudasai oyatoi nasaimasu 08
yatooo yatou daroo yatoimasyoo yatou desyoo
yatoumai yatowanai daroo yatoimasumai yatowanai desyoo
yatoeba yatoimaseba yatoimasureba
yatowanakereb8 yatoimaseii oara
yatotte yatoimasite
yatowanai de yatowaoakute yatoimaseii de
yatotta yatomasita
yatowaoakatta yatoimaseii desita
yatottaroo yatotta daroo yatoimasitaroo yatotta desyoo
yatowanakattaroo yatowanakatta daroo yatoimaseii desitaroo yatowaoakatta desyoo
yatot~ra
yatoimasitara
yatowaoakattara yatoimaseii desitara
yatottari yatoimasitari
yatow8oakattari yatoimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yatowareru
Potential
yatoeru
Causative
yatowaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
yatowaserareru
D
oyatoi ni naru oyatoi Dasaro
I D
oyatoi suru oyatoi itasu
I
to hire, to employ
yob.u to call
yobi TRANSITIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yobu yobimasu
yobanai yobimaseii
yobe yobinasai yoiide kudasai oyobi nasaimase
yobu na yobinasaru na yobanai de kudasai oyobi nasaimasu na
yoboo yobu daroo yobimasyoo yobu desyoo
yobumai yobanai daroo yobimasumai yobanai desyoo
yobeba yobimaseba yobimasureba
yobanakereba yobimaseii nara
yoiide yobimasite
yobanaide yobanakute yobimaseii de
yoiida yobimasita
yobanakatta yobimaseii desita
yoiidaroo YOiida daroo yobimasitaroo YOiida desyoo
yobanakattaroo yobanakatta daroo yobimaseii desitaroo yobanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yoiidara yobimasitara
yobanakattara yobimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yoiidari yobimasitari
yobanakattari yobimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yobareru
Potential
yoberu
Causative
yobaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yobaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n 488
oyobi ni naru oyobi nasaru oyobi suru oyobi itasu
yomi
yom.u TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yomu yomimasu
yomanai yomimaseii
yome yominasai yoiide kudasai oyomi nasaimase
yomu na yominasaru na yomanai de kudasai oyomi nasaimasu na
yomoo yomu daroo yomimasyoo yomu desyoo
yomumai yomanai daroo yomimasumai yomanai desyoo
yomeba yomimaseba yomimasureba
yomanakereba yomimaseii nara
yoiide yomimasite
yomanai de yomanakute yomimaseii de
yoiida yomimasita
yomanakatta yomimaseii desita
yoiidaroo yoiida daroo yomimasitaroo yoiida desyoo
yomanakattaroo yomanakatta daroo yomimaseii desitaroo yomanakatta desyoo
YOiidara yomimasitara
yomanakattara yomimaseii desitara
yoiidari yomimasitari
yomanakattari yomimaseii desitari
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
to read
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yomareru
Potential
yomeru
Causative
yomaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yomaserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oyomi ni naru oyomi nasaru oyomi suru oyomi itasu 487
yorokobi
yorokob.u to be happy, to rejoice
TRANSITIVE
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
Imperative INFORMAL I D
m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I D FORMAL
I D
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I D FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL
Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yorokobu yorokobimasu
yorokobanai yorokobimaseii
yorokobe yorokobinasai yorokoiide kudasai oyorokobi nasaimase
yorokobu na yorokobinasaru na yorokobanai de kudasai oyorokobi nasaimasu na
yorokoboo yorokobu daroo . yorokobimasyoo ,yorokobu desyoo
yorokobumai yorokobanaidaroo yorokobimasumai yorokobanai desyoo
yorokobeba yorokobimaseba yorokobimasureba
yorokobanakereba yorokobimaseii nara
yorokoiide yorokobimasite
yorokobanai de yorokobanakute yorokobimaseii de
yorokoiida yorokobimasita
yorokobanakatta vorokobimaseii desita
yorokoiidaroo yorokoiida daroo yorokobimasitaroo yorokoiida desyoo
yorokobanakattaroo yorokobanakatta daroo yorokobimaseii desitaroo yorokobanakatta desyoo
yorokoiidara yorokobimasitara
yorokobanakattara yorokobimaseii desitara
yorokoiidari yorokobimasitari
yorokobanakattari yorokobimaseii desitari
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yorokobareru
Potential
yorokoberu
Causative
yorokobaseru
Causative Pass.
488
yorokobaserareru
Honorific
I D
oyorokobi ni naru oyorokobi nasaru
Humble
I D
oyorokobi suru oyorokobi itasu
yori
yor.u to depend on, to be based on AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yoru yorimasu
yoranai yorimaseii
yore yorinasai yotte kudasai oyori nasaimase
yoru na yorinasaru na yoranai de kudasai oyori nasaimasu na
yoroo yoru daroo yorimasyoo yoru desyoo
yorumai yoranai daroo yorimasumai yoranai desyoo
yoreba yorimaseba yorimasureba
yoranakereba yorimaseii nara
yotte yorimasita
yoranai de yoranakute yorimaseii de
yotta yorimasita
yoranakatta yorimaseii desita
yottaroo yotta daroo yorimasitaroo yotta desyoo
yoranakattaroo yoranakatta daroo yorimaseii desitaroo yoranakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yottara yorimasitara
yoranakattara yorimaseii desitara
Aitemative INFORMAL FORMAL
yottari yorimasitari
yoranakattari yorimaseii desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yorareru
Potential
yoreru
Causative
yoraseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
yoraserareru
I
n Humble
I
n
oyori ni naru oyori nasaru oyori suru oyori itasu
yo.u
yoi
to get drunk, to get seasick etc.
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
you yoimasu
yowanai yoimaseii
Imperative INFORMAL I
FORMAL
yoe II yoinasai III yolle kudasai oyoi nasaimase
Presumptive INFORMAL I
you na yoinasaru na yowanai de kudasai oyoi nasaimasu na
yooo you daroo yoimasyoo you desyoo
youmai yowanai daroo yoimasumai yowanai desyoo
yoeba yoimaseba yoimasureba
yowanakereba yoimaseii nara
yolle yoimasite
yowanai de yowanakute yoimaseii de
yotta yoimasita
yowanakatta yoimaseii desita
yottaroo yotta daroo yoimasitaroo yotta desyoo
yowanakattaroo yowanakatta daroo yoimaseii desitaroo yowanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yottara yoimasitara
yowanakattara yoimaseii desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yottari yoimasitari
yowanakattari yoimaseii desitari
II
FORMAL II
Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I II
FORMAL Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE Passive
yowareru
Potential
yoeru
Causative
yowaseru
Causative Pass.
yowaserareru
Honorific
n Humble II 600
oyoi ni naru oyoi nasaru
yuruS.U
yorusi TRANSITIVE
to forgive, to permit
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
yurusu yurusimasu
yurusanai yurusimaseii
yuruse yurusinasai yurusite kudasai oyurusi nasaimase
yurusu na yurusinasaru na yurusanai de kudasai oyurusi nasaimasu na
yurusoo yurusu daroo yurusimasyoo yurusu desyoo
yurusumai yurusanai daroo yurusimasumai yurusanai desyoo
yuruseba yurusimaseba yurusimasureba
yurusanakereba yurusimasefi nara
yurusite yurusimasite
yurusanai de yurusanakute yurusimasefi de
yurusita yurusimasita
yurusanakatta yurusimaseii desita
yurusitaroo yurusita daroo yurusimasitaroo yurusita desyoo
yurusanakattaroo yurusanakatta daroo yurusimasefi desitaroo yurusanakatta desyoo
Conditional INFORMAL FORMAL
yurusitara yurusimasitara
yurusanakattara yurusimasefi desitara
Alternative INFORMAL FORMAL
yurusitari yurusimasitari
yurusariakattari yurusimasefi desitari
Indicative INFORMAL FORMAL Imperative INFORMAL I
n m FORMAL
Presumptive INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
I
n Provisional INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I
n FORMAL
Past Ind. INFORMAL FORMAL Past Presump. INFORMAL FORMAL
INFORMAL AFFIRMATIVE INDICATIVE
Passive
yurusareru
Potential
yuruseru
Causative
yurusaseru
Causative Pass.
Honorific
Humble
yurusaserareru
I
n
oyurusi ni naru oyurusi nasaru
I II
oyurusi suru oyurusi itasu 601
VERBS OF GIVING AND RECEIVING
In Japanese many verbs of giving and receiving have an intrinsic'directionality' which helps to identify the person performing the act of giving. This is a big help to English-speaking students, because Japanese often omits explicit reference to the subject of a sentence. The four verbs for giving which occur most often in spoken Japanese are ageru, yaru, kudasaru, and kureru. Ageru means 'I (you, he, she, or they) give TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE SPEAKER.' Thus Okane 0 agemasita. could mean 'I gave you money,' 'You gave him money,' or 'She gave them money,' but it could not mean 'You (he, she, or they) gave me money.' Ageru also has an intrinsic element of politeness to the receiver of the gift, so it is used to describe giving to equals or superiors, or to anyone to whom the speaker wishes to express politeness or respect. Examples: Sensei ni agete mo ii desu. 'You may give it to the teacher.' Moo sukosi agemasyoo ka. 'Shall I give you a little more?' Okaasan ni agete kudasai. 'Please give it to your mother.'
Yaru too means 'give TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE SPEAKER,' but it differs greatly in that it lacks the politeness of ageru. Thus it is used to describe giving to an inferior. It is sometimes used for giving to an equal when speaking very plainly and informally, but since such judgments are extremely difficult for students, and since using yaru at the wrong time could offend the person one is speaking to or about, they are advised to use yaru only when talking about giving things to plants and animals. This is a safe usage, and one which is common in Japan. Examples: Imooto ni okasi 0 takusan yarimasita. 'I gave a lot of candy to my little sister.' Sanzi ni inu ni esa 0 yatta. 'She fed the dog at three o'clock.' Taroo wa mada hana ni mizu 0 yarimasen. 'Taroo has not watered the flowers yet.' Kudasaru means 'giving BY SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE SPEAKER,' and is usually used to describe giving to the speaker or to a member of the speaker's in-group such as a family member. Kudasaru forms a pair with ageru, but whereas ageru shows politeness to the recip502
ient of the gift kudasaru shows politeness to tne giver. It implies that the giver's position is superior to that of the speaker, or that the speaker is showing respect to the giver in order to be polite, as would commonly be done when the giver is present. Examples: Akai no 0 kudasai. 'Please give me the red one.' Sensei ga kudasatta hon desu. 'It's the book the teacher gave me.' Hiroko ni mo kudasatta no?'You mean you gave some to (my child) Hiroko too?' Kureru also means 'giving BY SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE SPEAKER' but it implies that the giver is equal or inferior to the receiver, so it is not used when one desires to show politeness or respect to the giver. It is often used when the giver is an institution rather than a person. It is also often used when describing a gift to the speaker by a person of roughly equivalent status who is not present. Though it is sometimes used to mean 'someone (other than the speaker) gives to you,' this usage is best avoided by students because it could give offense if used to the wrong person. Examples: Tomodati ga kudamono 0 kuremasita. 'My friend gave me some fruit.' Untensyu wa oturi mo kurenai de itte simatta. 'The driver went off without giving me my change.' 'Kodomotati ga hankati 0 kureta. 'The kids gave me some handkerchiefs.' The two common verbs for receiving are itadaku and morau. ltadaku means 'something is received by me or by a member of my in-group such as a close relative.' It is a humble verb which shows deference to the giver by placing the receiver in an inferior position. Therefore, it would not be used for 'you receive' unless the receiver is an inferior member of the speaker's in-group. A mother might say to her small child Maa sensei ni itadaita no? 'Did you receive it from your teacher?' when the teacher is present in order to show respect to the teacher. Examples:
Okusan ni kippu 0 itadaita no de, sibai 0 mite kimasita. 'We received tickets from your wife, so we went to the play.' Tomita sensei kara itadaita syasifi wa doko desu ka. 'Where is the photo that you received from Professor Tomita?' Ohenzi 0 itadaite ansifi itasimasita. 'I was relieved to receive your reply.'
503
Morau lacks the directionality of the verbs discussed above. It can mean 'I, you, he, she, or they receive.' Since it has the standard honorific forms of omorai ni naru and omorai nasaru, it can be used to express deferrence or politeness to the receiver. Its humble form is itadaku. Examples: Tomodati kara iroiro na mono 0 moraimasita. 'I (you, he, she, they) received all sorts of things from friends.' Zuibun ii tokei 0 omorai m narimasita nee. 'My, you certainly got a nice watch.' Tanakasan ni moratta no wa dore desyoo ka. 'Which is the one that we got from Mr. Tanaka?' Mada moraimasen ka? 'Haven't you received it yet?' Minna nani ka ii mono 0 morau desyoo. ~ Probably everyone will get something good.' A thorough grasp of these verbs is required because, in addition to describing the giving and receiving of objects, they are also widely employed in describing actions done for another person's benefit. In this construction the informal gerund of the verb which describes the action is used immediately before the appropriate form of the verb of giving or receiving. We have already encountered this construction in the imperative III in which the gerund is used before the informal imperative form of kudasaru to make a polite request. The same directionality applies as did in the giving and receiving of objects. That is, just as Ringo 0 ageta. means 'Someone gave an apple to someone other than the speaker,' Ringo o katte ageta. means 'Someone bought an apple for someone other than the speaker.' and so on. Examples: Kodomodati ni kurisumasu torii 0 katte yatta. 'We bought a Christmas tree for the children.' Kanai ga itumo boku no suki na mono 0 tukutte kureru. 'My wife always cooks things that I like for me.' Moo sukosi matte kudasaimasen ka. 'Would you please wait a bit longer for me.' Okaasama ni oisii okasi 0 motte kite itadakimasita. 'Your mother brought delicious cake for us.' (Literally 'We received the bringing of delicious cake by your mother.') Dare mo osiete kuremasen desita. 'Nobody told me.' Sono hana
504
wa dare ni okutte moraimasita ka. 'Who sent you the flowers?' (Literally 'As for those flowers, by whom did you receive the sending?'). Misete agemasyoo ka. * 'Shall 1 show it to you. '* Sensei ga nankai mo setumei site kudasaimasita. 'The teacher explained it to me any number of times.'
A gerund plus morau or itadaku is also used when one person has another do something for them. Examples: Otetudaisan ni sentakumono 0 tatande moraimasita. 'She had the maid fold the laundry.' Nikuyasan ni tori no ii tokoro 0 totte oite moratta. 'I had the butcher save the good part of the chicken for me.' Sensei ni setumei site itadakimasita. 'I had the teacher explain it for me.' Biiru 0 todokete moraeru desyoo. 'You can probably have the beer delivered.' We should also mention that a gerund plus moraitai or itadakitai constitutes an indirect request meaning 'I want to have something done by someone.' With itadakitai it usually means 'I want to have something done by you. ' Examples: Dare ka ni tana 0 tukutte moraitai desu. 'I would like to have someone build me a shelf.' Isya ni mite moraitai. 'I want to have the doctor take a look at it.' Sanzi ni irasite itadakitai desu. 'I want to have you come at three o'clock.' Ookiku site moraitai n desu. 'I want to have them enlarge it.'
* Since this use of ageru implies the doing of a favor, it would not be used to a superior or to someone to whom special politeness or deference was intended. Instead, one would use the humble form of the verb describing the action. Thus, a clerk in a department store would not use this ageru construction when addressing a customer, but would say Omise simasyoo ka. or Omise itasimasyoo ka. for 'I shall show it to you?'
505
JENGLISH-JAPANESE INDEX
This index includes all of the verbs found in the foregoing tables. Transitive verbs are followed by T.
A
abandon (an idea) akirameru T 5 417 abandon suteru T 211 able to hear, be kikoeru 295 able to see, be mieru 481 accept uketoru T 121 act playfully huzakeru 340 adapt oneself to nazimu 273 add (to) kuwaeru T 463 add to tukeru T 459 adjust totonoeru T 305 admit mitomeru T 138 admonish imasimeru T 416 advance susumu 415 advise susumeru T 383 advocate sakebu T 166 affect kakawaru 100 air (to) hosu T 379 amount to oyobu amuse oneself with 314 moteasobu T 248 answer kotaeru 28 apologize ayamaru T 16 appear arawareru 21 apply to ataru 444 approach tikazuku 459 arrange totonoeru T arrange (a matter) 288 matomeru T arrange beforehand 125 iiawaseru T 335 arrange in order naraberu T 465 arrive tuku 1 ascend agaru 432 ascertain tasikameru T 212 ask kiku T 440 ask (a question) tazuneru T 235 aspire kokorozasu T 24 assemble atumaru 464 associate with tukiau 508
assume a defensive posture kamaeru T assume a threatening attitude inaoru attack osou T attach tukeru T attempt kuwadateru T audible, be kikoeru B be able to hear kikoeru be able to see mieru be affected kidoru be agreed upon kimaru be alive ikiru be at a loss mayou be audible kikoeru be based on motozuku be based on yoru be bested makeru be blinded kuramu be boisterous sawagu be born umareru be carried to an extreme kiwamaru be changed aratamaru be charred kogeru be decided kimaru be defeated makeru be different tigau be different (from) kotonaru be disheartened gakkari suru be effective kiku be employed tutomeru be finished sumu be formed dekiru be found mitukaru be hanging (from) kakaru be happy yorokobu T be in awe of osoreru T be in discord kuitigau
174
139 370 463 272 211 211 295 208 214 136 291 211 317 499 282 262 387
482 220
13 230 214 282 442
249 48 213 471 413 43 306 165 498 369 258
be in disorder tirakaru 445 be inferior to otoru 374 be lazy namakeru T 331 be late okureru 362 be latent hisomu 86 be left behind nokoru 348 be left over nokoru 348 be located (animate) iru 143 be located (animate honorific) irassyaru 141 be located (inanimate) aru 18 be located (inanimate polite) gozaru 50 be made much of moteru 315 be missing nakunaru 329 be mistaken matigau 287 be necessary lru 144 be overthrown horobiru 96 be particular about trifles kodawaru 227 be piled up kasanaru 185 be popular moteru 315 be possible dekiru 43 be profitable mookaru 309 be puzzled mayou 291 be relieved aiisiii suru 10 be reluctant osimu T 368 be renewed aratamaru 13 be sad kanasimu T 178 be scattered about tirakaru 445 be similar to Diru 345 be slanted katamuku 192 be startled bikkuri suru T 34 be sufficient tariru 431 be superior sugureru 408 be surprised bikkuri suru T 34 be surprised odoroku 357 be suspicious of ayasimu T 29 be troubled komaru 236 be visible mieru 295 be wanting kaku T 171 be worse than otoru 374 bear a debt ou T 377 bear a grudge uramu T 483 bear fruit minoru 301 bear responsibility ou T 377 beat tataku T 435 beckon to maneku T 285
become naru become acquainted with nazimu become blurred kasumu become clear (sky) hareru become cloudy kumoru become crowded komu become damaged itamu become deep hukamaru become disconnected hazureru T become dry kawaku become empty suku become fixed naoru become hard katamaru become hurt itamu become intimate with sitasimu become popular hiromaru become quiet sizumaru become spoiled itamu become stout hutoru become thin yaseru become tired tukareru become uncrowded suku become vacant aku become wet nureru become widespread hayaru begin hazimaru begin hazimeru T begrudge osimu T believe siiiziru T bend hineru T bend magaru bend mageru T bested, be makeru bite kamu T blame semeru T blame uramu T block up husagu T blocked up husagaru bloom saku blow huku T board noru boast ibaru T boisterous, be sawagu born, be umareru borrow kariru T brandish hurimawasu T break kowareru
338 340 189 64 259 237 147 102 72 200 409 333 190 147 402 82 403 147 119 493 461 409 7 353 69 70 71 368 398 80 276 277 282 176 389 483 114 113 384 104 351 122 387 482 184 110 352
break down kuzusu T bring about motarasu T build tukuru T build (a building) tateru T bully izimeru T bunch up katamaru burn yaku T bury (a person) hoomuru T buy kau T
275 313 466 437 154 190 490 94 196
C call yobu T calm down sizumaru care about kamau T carryon one's shoulder katugu T catch osaeru T catch tukamaeru T catch between two things hasamu T cause motarasu T caution imasimeru T cave in kuzureru celebrate iwau T challenge idomu T change aratameru T change kaeru T change kawaru change clothes kikaeru T chase ou T check siraberu T circulate (a rumor) iihurasu T clash kuitigau clear up (sky) hareru climb noboru close simaru close up ( one's shop) tatamu T cloudy, become kumoru collapse kuzureru collect atumeru T collide with butukaru come kuru come (honorific) irassyaru come (humble) mairu come loose hodokeru come to an end kiwamaru 508
496 403 175 195 366 460 65 313 138 274 151 123 14 158 201 210 376 399 127 258 64 347 393 436 259 274 25 35 267 141 279 90 220
come untied hodokeru comfort nagusameru T commute kayou compare kuraberu T compete kisou T complete matomeru T comply with sitagau conceal hisomeru T concentrate (one's attention) korasu T concern kakawaru confirm tasikameru T conform to kanau congratulate iwau T connect tunagu T consider kangaeru T console nagusameru T conspire takuramu T continue tuzukeru T control osaeru T cool hiyasu T correct oneself iinaosu T count kazoeru T court iiyoru T cross kosu T cross over koeru T crowded, become komu cry naku T cry out sakebu T cultivate the soil tagayasu T cure naosu T cut kiru T D damage kizutukeru T damaged, become itamu dance odoru T decay kusaru deceive ituwaru T decide kimeru T decide sadameru T decorate kazaru T decrease heru deepen hukameru T defeat makasu T defeated, be makeru
90 327 202 261 219 288 401 85 242 166 432 J79 151 469 180 327 423 474 366 88 129 205 135 247 229 237 328 383 422 334 217
223 147 358 271 149 215 381 203 74 103 281 282
defend mamoru T defile kegasu T defy idomu T deify maturu T deliver todokeru T depend on yoru T depend upon tayoru depressed, become husagu descend oriru desire hosigaru T despise iyasimu T despise anadoru T despise nameru T destroy kuzusu T devastate arasu T devote oneself to korasu T die sinu die (of a plant) kareru die (polite) nakunaru die out kieru different, be tigau dig horu T disclose akasu T disclose morasu T discover hakkeii suru T discover new merits minaosu disembark oriru disgrace kegasu T dislike iyagaru T disperse tiru display hurimawasu T dispute arasou T divert (one's attention) magirasu T do suru T do yaru T do (honorific) nasaru T do (humble) itasu T do away with nakusu T do one's best tukusu T draw (pictures) kaku T drink nomu T drink (humble) itadaku T drive away ou T drop otosu T dry hosu T
283 206 123 290 451 499 439 115
365 99 153 8 332 275 12 242 397 183 329 209 442 98 3 311 56 298 365 206 152 447 110 11
278 414 492
339 148 330 467 170 350 146 376 375 100
dry kawakasu T dry, become kawaku dwindle tizimu E earn one's living kasegu T eat taberu T eat (honorific) mesiagaru T eat (humble) itadaku T embrace daku T employ yatou T employ kakaeru T employed, be tutomeru empty, become suku enclose kakomu T encounter deau encourage hagemasu T end owaru end sumu endure koraeru T enjoy tanosimu T enter hairu entice sasou T equal narabu equivocate magirasu T erase kesu T erect tateru T escort okuru T establish sadameru T exaggerate iisugiru T exceed koeru T excel sugureru exert oneself gaiibaru T exert oneself tutomeru exhaust t\lkusu T exhaust (a subject) iitukusu T exist (animate) iru exist ( animate honorific) irassyaru exist (inanimate) aru exist (inanimate polite) gozaru exit deru T express arawasu T express in words iiarawasu T
199 200 449
187 419 294 146 38 495 163 471 409 169 42 51 378 413 240 428 53 386 336 278 207 437 363 381 131 229 408 49 471 467 134 143 141 18 50 44 17 124 509
extend nobasu T extend to oyobu extinguish kesu T extract dasu T
346 379 207 41
F face mukau fall from a height otiru fall in love horeru fall into ruin horobiru fall over taoreru fasten tunagu T fawn upon heturau fear osoreru T fear kizukau T fear kowagaru T feel kanziru T feel (mental) omou T feel (with the fingers) sawaru T fight against tatakau T find mitukeru T find on ground hirou T finish sumaseru T fixed, become naoru flatter heturau flee nigeru flinch tamerau T float ukabu flow nagareru fly tobu T fold tatamu T follow (a path) tadoru T follow sitagau fool with iziru T forget wasureru T forgive yurusu T form a line narabu formed, be dekiru found, be mitukaru freeze (solid) kooru
388 434 304 84 411 333 76 342 425 479 323 450 436 420 401 155 489 501 336 43 306 239
G gather atumaru gather atumeru T gaze at nagameru T
24 25 322
510
320 373 95 96 429 469 76 369 221 251 181 364
get back torikaesu T get dizzy kuramu get drunk you get mingled with maziru get out of order (a machine) kuruu get seasick, etc. you get to know sitasimu get up okiru get ( someone) up okosu T get warm atatamaru give (not by me) kureru T give (not to me) ageru T give (to me) kudasaru T give an evasive answer iinukeru give oneself airs kidoru give up yameru T glare at niramu T glitter hikaru gnaw kaziru T go iku go (honorific) irassyaru go (humble) mairu go bad kusaru go mad kuruu go wide of the mark hazureru T grant a request kanaeru T grasp nigiru T greet mukaeru T grieve kanasimu T grow dark (at end of day) kureru grow hazy kasumu grow tired of akiru guide annai suru T
457 262 500 293
265 189 6 9
H hang up kakeru T happy, be yorokobu T harden katameru T hate iyagaru T have aru have (polite) gozaru have an insight into minuku T
167 498 191 152 18 50 302
270 500 402 359 360 22 264 2 256 130 208 491 344 77 204 137 141 279 271 270 72 177 343 319 178
head toward mukau hear kiku T hear (news, etc.) ukagau T hear a prayer kanaeru T hear, be able to kikoeru help (rescue) tasukeru T help do work tetudau T hesitate tamerau T hide (oneself) kakureru hide (something) kakusu T hinder samatageru T hint honomekasu T hire yatou T hit tataku T hit naguru T hit utu T hoist (a flag) kakageru T hold (in the hand) motu T hold (party, etc.) hiraku T hold between two things hasamu T hold in contempt iyasimu T hold in one's arms kakaeru T hold in trust azukaru T hop haneru hurl against butukeru T hurry isogu T hurt, become itamu
320 212 480 177 211
433 441 425 172
173 385 93 495 435 326 486 164 318 81 65 153 163 31 61 36 145 147
I include (in) kuwaeru T 273 include hukumeru T 106 increase hueru 101 increase (something) huyasu T 120 indicate simesu T 396 inform osieru T 367 inquire ukagau T 480 insert ireru T 142 intend kokorozasu T 235 invent hatumei suru T 68 investigate siraberu T 399 invite sasou T 386 invite maneku T 285 J
jest huzakeru
121
join maziru jump haneru jump tobu T
- 293 61 450 K
keep (an animal) kau T keep a lookout miharu T keep an eye on niramu T kill korosu T kneel hizamazuku knock down taosu T knot musubu T know kokoroeru T know siru T L lack kaku T lag behind okureru laugh warau T lay aside takuwaeru T lay (something) face down huseru T lay waste arasu T leap tobu T learn manabu T learn narau T learn oboeru T learn about siru T lean (toward) katamuku leave hanareru T leave (a matter) to someone makaseru T leave behind nokosu T leave unfinished nokosu T leave things to others makase'ru T left behind, be nokoru left over, be nokoru lend kasu T lengthen nobasu T let flow nagasu T let leak morasu T let pass minogasu T lick nameru T lie ituwaru T lie down huseru
197 297 344 244 89 430 321 233 400 171
362 488 424 118
12 450 284 337 356 400 192 58 280 349 349 280 348 348 188 346 324 311 300 332 149 117 511
like konomu T limit kagiru T listen kiku T live kurasu look at miru T look at again minaosu T look back hurikaeru T look upon as minasu T lose nakusu T lose a contest makeru lose an object otosu T lose interest in akiru lose one's composure awateru love (someone or something weaker than oneself) kawaigaru T lower one's voice hisomeru T lurk hisomu M make kosiraeru T make tukuru T make advances to nyoru T make a mistake matigaeru T make (a contract) musubu T make excuses (for one's error) iitukurou T make a mess tirakasu T make fun of hiyakasu T make money mookaru make money mookeru T make oneself understood tuuziru T make popular hiromeru T manipulate ayaturu T manufacture kosiraeru T measure hakaru T meet au melt tokeru mind kamau T mistake one thing for another matigaeru T mistaken, be matigau mix mazeru T move ugoku
238 162 212 263 303 298 109 299 330 282 375 6 27 198 85 86
246 466 135 286 321 133 446 87 309 310 473 83 30 246 54 26 453 175 286 287 292 478
N
necessary, be 512
iru
144
need iru 144 neglect one's work namakeru T 331 nibble kaziru T 204 39 not speak damaru notice kizuku 222
o obey sitagau obstruct samatageru T obtain eru T open akeru T open aku open hiraku T oppose hantai suru T oppose kobamu T order (something from a firm, etc.) tyuumon suru T ornament kazaru T overlap kasanaru overlook minogasu T overthrow horobosu T overthrow taosu T p pack away simau T pass kosu T pass tooru T pass through heru T pay harau T pay attention tyuui suru T permit yurusu T persecute kurusimeru T persevere koraeru T persuade kudoku T pick up hirou T pile up kasaneru T pile up tumoru pitch nageru T place oku T plan hakaru T plan kuwadateru T plan takuramu T plant ueru T play asobu play jokes on karakau T pledge one's word tikau T plot hakaru T
401 385 47 4 7 81 62 224 476 203 185 300 97 436
394 247 456 75 63 475 501 268 240 257 84 186 468 325 361 55 272 423 477 20 182 443 55
point out simesu T polish migaku T ponder kafigaeru T possible, be dekiru postpone nobasu T pour nagasu T praise homeru T pray inoru T prepare totonoeru T press osu T prevent husegu T profit mookeru T progress susumu T prohibit kifiziru T protect kabau T protect mamoru T publish kakageru T pull hiku T punch naguru T punish korasimeru T pursue ou T pursue (a course) tadoru push osu T put away simau T put down oku T put in someone's charge azukeru T put on airs ibaru T put on board noseru T put on top of noseru T put on feet or legs haku T put on torso kiru T put one's mind at ease afisiii suru put together kumu T
396 296 180 43 346 324 92 140 459 273 116 310 416 216 156 283 164 79 326 241 376 420 372 394 361 32 122 352 352 57 218 10 260
R
raid osou T rain down from sky huru raise a child sodateru T raise up okosu T reach oyobu reach todoku read yomu T receive morau T receive uketoru T
370 III 405 360 379 452 497 312 481
receive (humble) itadaku T recline neru recommend susumeru T reconsider minaosu T recover naoru recover torikaesu T reduce tizimeru T refrigerate hiyasu T refuse kotowaru T regard as minasu T regret osimu T reject kobamu T rejoice yorokobu T release hanasu T relieved, be aiisiii suru rely upon tayoru remember oboeru T remove hazusu T remove nakusu T rent from kariru T rent to kasu T repair naosu T repeat kasaneru T repeat (an action) kurikaesu T rephrase iinaosu T represent (a group, etc.) daihyoo suru T request motomeru T request tanomu T require (time, money, etc.) kakaru rescue sukuu T rescue tasukeru T resemble niru reside sumu resign ones~lf ( to) akirameru T rest yasumu restrain osaeru T restrain oneself in deference to others eiiryo suru T restrict kagiru T retrace one's steps modoru T return modoru T return something kaesu T return home kaeru
146 341 415 298 333 457 448 88 250 299 368 224 498 59 10 439 356 73 330 184 188 334 186 266 129 37 316 427 165 410 433 345 412 5 494 366 45 162 308 308 160 159 513
reveal akasu T revise aratameru T ride noru ripen minoru T rise agaru risk kakeru T row kogu T ruin horobosu T run hasiru T
3
14 351 301 1
168 231
97 66
s save (money, etc.) 424 takuwaeru T 410 save sukuu T 150 say iu T say (honorific) ossyaru T 371 131 say too much iisugiru T 241 scold korasimeru T 446 scatter tirakasu T 447 scatter tiru 423 scheme takuramu T 391 scold sikaru T 382 search for sagasu T 440 search for tazuneru T 303 see miru T 295 see, be able to mieru 302 see through minuku T 316 seek motomeru T 460 seize tukamaeru T 46 select erabu T 484 sell uru T 363 send okuru T 181 sense kafiziru T 222 sense kizuku T 58 separate from hanareru T 59 set free hanasu T settle (a dispute) 288 matomeru T 77 shine hikaru 161 shine kagayaku 486 shoot utu T 448 shorten tizimeru T 383 shout sakebu T 304 show miseru T 449 shrink tizimu 395 shut simeru T 514
sing utau T sink sizumu sit suwaru sit in Western style kosikakeru slap tataku T sleep neru sleep yasumu slide sUberu slip sUberu smash kowasu T smash kudaku T smear on nuru T smoke tobacco nomu T sparkle kagayaku speak hanasu T spill koboreru spill kobosu T spoiled, become itamu spread hiromeru T spread hiromaru spread out (as a blanket) siku T stain kegasu T stand tatu stand firm gafibaru T stand guard miharu T stand prepared kamaeru T start talking iidasu T stand up (something) tateru T stay overnight tomaru steal nusumu T step on humu T stick on tukeru T stop tomaru stop tomeru T stop doing something yameru T store takuwaeru T stout, become hutoru straighten things up katazukeru T strain (an interpretation) kozitukeru T strengthen katameru T
485 404 418 245 435 341 494 406 406 253 255 354 350 161 60 225 226 147 83 82 392 206 438 49 297 174 126 437 454 355 107 463 454 455 491 424 119
193 254 191
strike (against) ataru strive hagemu T struggle against tatakau T study benkyoo suru T study manabu T suffer kurusimu T sufficient, be tariru suggest iidasu T suit kanau surpass sugiru surpass sugureru surpass kosu T surprised, be odoroku surround kakomu T swim oyogu T take toru T take a person under one's wing kabau T take a spill korobu take an oath tikau T take charge of hikiukeru T take pleasure in tanosimu T talk back iikaesu talk oneself out of difficulty iinukeru taste tamesu T teach osieru T tease karakau T tease hiyakasu T tell iu T tell (a person to do something) iitukeru T tell everything iitukusu T test tamesu T test kokoromiru T thin, become yaseru think omou T think back hurikaeru T throw nageru T throw at butukeru T throwaway suteru T tie up sibaru T tired, become tukareru torment izimeru T
21 52 434 33 284 269 431 126 179 407 408 247 357 169 380
458 156 243 443 78 428 128 130 426 367 182 87 150 132 134 426 234 493 364 109 325 36 417 390 461 154
torment semeru T torment kurusimeru T touch hureru touch iziru T touch sawaru toy with moteasobu T transmit tutaeru T transmit tuuziru T treat with affection (someone or something weaker than oneself) kawaigaru T tremble hurueru trick damasu T troubled, be komaru trust sinziru T try kokoromiru T try tamesu T turn a corner magaru T turn toward mukau twist hineru T
389 269 108 155 388 314 470 473
198 112 40 236 398 234 426 276 320 80
U unctowded, become suku understand wakaru undertake hikiukeru T understand kokoroeru T unfasten hazusu T unite kumu T untie hodoku T urge semeru T urge kudoku T use tukau T use up tukusu T
409 487 78 233 73 260 91 389 257 462 467
V
vanish kieru vanish nakunaru visible, be mieru visit ukagau T visit (honorific) mieru
209 329 295 480 295
W
wage war on tatakau T wager kakeru T wait matu T walk aruku T
434 168 289 19 51S
want hosigaru T want (to do something) -tagaru ward off husegu T warm atatameru T warm oneself atatamaru wash arau T watch nagameru T waver tamerau T wear on feet or legs haku wear on head kaburu T wear on torso kiru T welcome mukaeru T wet, become nureru
516
99
T
421 116 23 22 15 322 425 57 157 218 319 353
widespread, become hayaru T win katu wipe huku T wish for inoru T wither kareru work hataraku work kiku work someone hard kokitukau worry about kizukau T worship maturu T wound kizutukeru T wrap tutumu T write kaku T
69 194 105 140 183 67 213 232 221 290 223 472 170
INDEX OF VE RBS BY GERUND In the early stages of learning Japanese , students often have trouble in identifying a verb on the basis of its infornlal affirmative gerund. The following index should be of some help in this respect. It li sts alphabetically all the informal affirmative gerunds found in the text and gives the citation form of the verb or verbs which correspond to each gerund. The sound changes which occur when forming the gerund also take place when any suffix beginning with -t is added to the verb stem. Therefore, this index will also help in identifying a verb by its (informal affirmative) past indicative, conditional , or alternative forms. For example: the gerund of a verb whose past indicative is todoketa will be todokete; that of a verb whose past indicative is totta will be totte. Consulting our list of gerunds we find that these belong to todokeru (p. 451) and toru (p . 458), and if we consult the tables for these verbs we will find that, indeed , their past indicative forms are todeketa and totta respectively.
A
B
agatte agaru agete ageru aite aku akasite akasu akete akeru akiramete akirameru akite akiru anadotte anadoru aiinai site aiinai suru aiisiii site ansin suru arasite arasu arasotte arasou aratamatte aratamaru aratamete aratameru aratte arau arawarete arawareru arawasite arawasu aruite aruku asoiide asobu atatamatte atatamaru atatamete atatameru atatte ataru atte aru, au atumatte atumaru atumete atumeru awatete awateru ayamatte ayamaru ayasiiide ayasimu ayatutte ayaturu azukatte azukaru azukete azukeru
beiikyoo site benkyoo suru bikkuri site bikkuri suru butukatte butukaru butukete butukeru
D daihyoo site daihyoo suru daite daku damasite damasu damatte damaru dasite dasu deatte deau dekite dekiru dete deru
E eiiryo site eiiryo suru eraiide erabu ete eru
G gakkari site gakkari suru gaiibatte ganbaru 517
H hagemasite hagemasu hageiide hagemu haite haku haitte hairu hakatte hakaru hakkeii site hakken suru hanarete hanareru hanasite hanasu hanete haneru haiitai site hantai suru haratte harau harete hareru hasaiide hasamu hasitte hasiru hataraite hataraku hatumei site hatumei suru hayatte hayaru hazimatte hazimaru hazimete hazimeru hazurete hazureru hazusite hazusu hete heru (to decrease) hette heru (to pass through) heturatte heturau hiite hiku hikatte hikaru hikiukete hikiukeru hinete hineru hiraite hiraku hiromatte hiromaru hiromete hiromeru hirotte hirou hisomete hisomeru hisoiide hisomu hiyakasite hiyakasu hiyasite hiyasu hizamazuite hizamazuku hodoite hodoku hodokete hodekeru homete homeru honomekasite honomekasu hoomutte hoomuru horete horeru horobite horobiru 618
horobosite horobosu hosigatte hosigaru hosite hosu hotte horu huete hueru huite huku hukamatte hukamaru hukamete hukameru hukumete hukumeru huiide humu hurete hureru hurikaette hurikaeru hurimawasite hurimawasu huruete hurueru husagatte husagaru husaide husagu huseide husegu husete huseru (to lay something down) husette huseru (to lie down) hutotte hutoru hutte huru huyasite huyasu huzakete huzakeru
ibatte ibaru idoiide idomu iiarawasite iiarawasu iiawasete iiaswaseru iidasite iidasu iihurasite iihurasu iikaesite iikaesu iinaosite iinaosu iinukete iinukeru iisugite iisugiru iitukete iitukeru iitukurotte iitukurou iitukusite iitukusu iiyotte iiyoru ikite ikiru imasimete imasimeru inaotte inaoru inotte inoru irasite irassyaru
irassyatte irassyaru ireru irete isogu isoide itadaite itadaku itaiide itamu itasite itasu ite iru (to exist) itte iku. iru (to be necessary). iu ituwatte ituwaru iwatte iwau iyagatte iyagaru iyasimu iyasiiide izimete izimeru izitte iziru
K kabatte kabu kabutte kaburu kaesite kaesu kaete kaeru (to change) kaette kaeru (to return) kagayaite kagayaku kagitte kagiru kaite kaku kakaete kakaeru kakagete kakageru kakatte kakaru kakawatte kakawaru kakete kakeru kakonde kakomu kakurete kakureru kakusite kakusu kamaete kamaeru kamatte kamau kanaete kanaeru kande kamu kanasinde kanasimu kanatte kanau kangaete , kangaeru kanzite kanziru karakatte karakau karete kareru karite kariru kasanatte kasanaru
kasaneru kasegu Kasite kasu kasunde kasumu katamatte katamaru katamete katameru
kasanete kaseide
katamuite katamuku katazukete katazukeru katte katu, kau katuide katugu kawaigatte kawaigaru kawaite kawaku kawakasite kawakasu kawatte kawaru kayotte kayou kazatte kazaru kazitte kaziru kazoete kazoeru kegasite kegasu kesite kesu kidotte kidoru kiete kieru kiite kiku kikaete kikaeru kikoete kikoeru kimatte kimaru kimete kimeru kiiizite kiiiziru kisotte kisou kite kiru (to wear). kuru kitte kiru (to cut) kiwamatte kiwamaru kizuite kizuku kizukatte kizukau kizutukete kuzutukeru kobande kobamu koborete koboreru kobosite kobosu kodawatte kodawaru koete koeru kogete kogeru koide kogu kOkltukatte kokitukau kokoroete kokoroeru kokoromite kokoromiru 519
kokorozasite ko korozasu komatte komaru konde komu kononde konomu kootte kooru koraete koraeru korasimete korasimeru korasite korasu koronde korobu korosite korosu kosikakete kosikakeru kosiraete kosiraeru kosite kosu kotaete kotaeru kotonatte kotonaru kotowatte kotowaru kowagatte kowagaru kowarete kowareru kowasite kowasu kozitukete kozitukeru kudaite kudaku kudasatte kudasaru kudoite kudoku kuitigatte kuitigau kumotte kumoru kuiide kumu kurabete kuraberu kurande kuramu kurasite kurasu kurete kureru kurikaesite kurikaesu kurusimete kurusimeru kurusiiide kurusimu kurutte kuruu kusatte kusaru kuwadatete kuwadateru kuwaete kuwaeru kuzurete kuzureru kuzusite kuzusu
M magatte magete
520
magaru mageru
magirasite magirasu maitte mairu makasete makaseru makasite makasu makete makeru mamotte mamoru manaiide manabu maneite maneku matigaete matigaeru matigatte matigau matomete matomeru matte matu matutte maturu mayotte mayou mazete mazeru mazitte maziru mesiagatte mesiagaru miete mieru migaite migaku mihatte miharu minaosite minaosu minasite minasu minogasite minogasu minotte minoru minuite minuku misete miseru mite miru mitomete mitomeru mitukatte mitukaru mitukete mitukeru modotte modoru mookatte mookaru mookete mookeru morasite morasu moratte morau motarasite motarasu moteasoiide moteasobu motete moteru motomete motomeru motozuite motozuku motte motu mukaete mukaeru mukatte mukau musuiide musubu
N nagamete nagameru nagarete nagareru nagasite nagasu nagete nageru nagusamete nagusameru nagutte naguru naite naku nakunatte nakunaru nakusite nakusu namakete namakeru namete nameru naosite naosu naotte naoru narabete naraberu narande narabu naratte narau nasatte nasaru natte naru naziiide nazimu nete neru nigete nigeru nigiUe nigiru nirafide niramu nite niru nobasite nobasu nobotte noboru nokosite nokosu nokotte nokoru noiide nomu nosete noseru notte noru nurete nureru nusuiide nusumu nutte nuru
o oboete oboeru odoroite odoroku odotte odoru oite oku
oki te okiru okosite okosu okurete okureru oku tte okuru omotte omou ori te oriru osaete osaeru osiete osieru osifide osimu osite osu osorete osoreru osotte osou ossya tte ossyaru otite otiru otosite otosu otoUe otoru oUe ou owatte owaru oyoide oyogu oyofide oyobu
5 sadamete sadameru sagasite sagasu saite saku sakefide sakebu samatagete samatageru sasotte sasou sawaide sawagu sawatte sawaru semete semeru sibatte sibaru siite siku sikatte sikaru simatte simaru, simau simesite simesu simete simeru sifide sinu sifizite siiiziru sirabete siraberu sitagatte sitagau sitasiiide sitasimu
521
site suru sitte siru sizumatte sizumaru sizuiide sizumu sodatete sodateru subette suberu sugite sugiru sugurete sugureru suite suku sukutte sukuu sumasete sumaseru suiide sumu susumete susumeru susunde susumu sutete suteru suwatte suwaru
tirakasite tirakasu tirakatte tirakaru titte tiru tizimete tizimeru tiziiide tizimu todoite todoku todokete todokeru tokete tokeru tomatte tomaru tomete tomeru toiide tobu tootte tooru torikaesite torikaesu totonoete totonoeru totte toru tuite tuku tukamaete tukamaeru tukarete tukareru
T
tukatte tukau tukete tukeru tukiatte tukiau tukusite tukusu tukutte tukuru tumotte tumoru tunaide tunagu tutaete tutaeru tutomete tutomeru tutuiide tutumu tuuzite tuuziru tuzukete tuzukeru tyuui site tyuui suru tyuumoii site tyuumoii suru
tabete taberu tadotte tadoru -tagatte -tagaru tagayasite tagayasu takurande takuramu takuwaete takuwaerv tameratte tamerau tamesite tamesu tanoiide tanomu tanosiiide tanosimu taorete taoreru taosite taosu tarite tariru tasikamete tasikameru tasukete tasukeru tataite tataku tatakatte tatakau tataiide tatamu tatete tateru tatte tatu tayotte tayoru tazunete tazuneru tetudatte tetudau tigatte tigau tikatte tikau tikazuite tikazuku 522
u uete ueru ugoite ugoku ukagatte ukagau ukaiide ukabu uketotte uketoru umarete umareru uraiide uramu utatte utau utte uru, utu
w wakatte wakaru waratte warau wasurete wasureru
v yaite yaku yamete yameru yasete yaseru yasuiide yasumu yatotte yatou yatte yaru yoiide yobu, yomu yorokoiide yorokobu yotte yoru, you yurusite yurusu
523
-JAPANESE VERBS fully conjugated
iki
iki.ru to be alive
Indicative
Imperative
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INFORMAL FORMAL
ikiru ikimasu
ikinai
INFORMAL I
ikiro ikinasai
ikiru na ikinasaru na
FORMAL
ikile kudasai o iki nasaimase
oik i nasaimas u na
INFORMAL I
iki yoo
"
III
Presumptive
FORMAL
Provisional
" "
INFORMAL FORMAL
Gerund INFORMAL I FORMAL
"
ikiru daroD ikimasyoo ikiru desyoo
ikimasen
ikina i de kudasai
ikimai iki nai daroD ikimasumai ikinai desyoo
ikireba ikimaseba ikimasureba
ikina kereba ikimase n naTa
ikile
ikinai de
ikimasite
ikinak ule ikimasen de
Past Ind.
INFORMAL FORMAL
ikila ikimasi ta
ikina kalla ikirnase n desi la
Pas t Presump .
INFORMAL
ikita roo ikila da roo ikimasitaroo ikila desyoo
ikinakallaroo ikinaka lla daroo ikimasen desila roo ikina kalla desyoo
INFORMAL FORMAL
ikita ra ikimasitara
ikina kattara
INFORMAL FORMAL
ikitari ikimasitari
ikinakattari
FORMAL
Conditional
Allernative
ikimasen desi tara
ikimaseii desita ri
INFORMAL AF FIRMATIVE INDICA T1VE Passive
ikirareru
Potential
ikirareru
Causative
ikisaseru
Causative Pass.
ikisasera reru
ISBN 0-8120-3991-2
51095> Honorific II Humble
oiki ni naru oiki nasa ru
I
"
9 780812 039917