A Companion To Astronomy And Astrophysics

Ê «>ÊÌ -/," "9ÊÊ Ê -/,"*9- #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES $IBQUFS5JUMF JJJ Ê «>ÊÌ...

Author: Lang

107 downloads 974 Views 5MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Ê «>ÊÌ

-/," "9ÊÊ Ê -/,"*9- #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES

$IBQUFS5JUMF

JJJ

Ê «>ÊÌ

-/," "9Ê Ê -/,"*9- -

+ENNETH2,ANG #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES

+ENNETH2,ANG $EPARTMENTOF0HYSICSAND!STRONOMY 2OBINSON(ALL 4UFTS5NIVERSITY -EDFORD -! 53! KENLANG TUFTSEDU

$PWFSJMMVTUSBUJPO4HE#RAB.EBULASUPERNOVAREMNANT-OR.'# ISANEXPANDINGCLOUDOFINTER STELLARGASTHATWASEJECTEDBYTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONOFAMASSIVESTAR ABOUTSOLARMASSES IN!$ 4HElLAMENTARYGASESAREEXPANDINGATAVELOCITYOFMILLIONMETERSPERSECOND4HERED YELLOWWISPSOF GASSHINEPRIMARILYINTHELIGHTOFHYDROGEN WHILETHEBLUE WHITELIGHTISTHENON THERMALRADIATIONOFHIGH SPEEDELECTRONSSPIRALINGINMAGNETIClELDS4HESOUTH WESTERNMOSTBOTTOM RIGHT OFTHETWOCENTRALSTARS ISTHEREMNANTNEUTRONSTAROFTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSION ANDARADIOPULSARWITHAPERIODOFSECONDS 4HISFAMOUSSUPERNOVAREMNANTISALSOASOURCEOFINTENSEEMISSIONATRADIOAND8 RAYWAVELENGTHS#OUR TESYOF2UDOLPH3CHILD (ARVARD 3MITHSONIAN#ENTERFOR!STROPHYSICS

,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ONTROL.UMBER )3". )3".

E )3".

0RINTEDONACID FREEPAPER Ú3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,# !LLRIGHTSRESERVED4HISWORKMAYNOTBETRANSLATEDORCOPIEDINWHOLEORINPARTWITHOUTTHEWRITTENPER MISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHER3PRINGER3CIENCE"USINESS-EDIA ,,# 3PRING3TREET .EW9ORK .9 53! EXCEPTFORBRIEFEXCERPTSINCONNECTIONWITHREVIEWSORSCHOLARLYANALYSIS5SEINCONNECTIONWITHANY FORMOFINFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ELECTRONICADAPTATION COMPUTERSOFTWARE ORBYSIMILARORDIS SIMILARMETHODOLOGYNOWKNOWNORHEREAFTERDEVELOPEDISFORBIDDEN4HEUSEINTHISPUBLICATIONOFTRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICEMARKS ANDSIMILARTERMS EVENIFTHEYARENOTIDENTIlEDASSUCH ISNOTTOBETAKEN ASANEXPRESSIONOFOPINIONASTOWHETHERORNOTTHEYARESUBJECTTOPROPRIETARYRIGHTS 0RINTEDIN3INGAPORE !PEX+9/ SPRINGERCOM

$%$)#!!02/66)$%.:!

13&'"$&

" $PNQBOJPO UP "TUSPOPNZ BOE "TUSPQIZTJDT JT B DPNQSFIFOTJWF GVOEBNFOUBM VQ UPEBUF SFGFSFODF CPPL *U JT êMMFE XJUI WJUBM JOGPSNBUJPO BOE CBTJD GBDUT GPS BNBUFVS BTUSPOPNFSTBOEQSPGFTTJPOBMBTUSPQIZTJDJTUT BOEGPSBOZPOFJOUFSFTUFEJOUIF6OJWFSTF GSPNUIF&BSUIBOEPUIFSQMBOFUTUPUIFTUBST HBMBYJFTBOECFZPOE"MUIPVHITFSJPVT BOEUIPSPVHI UIFMBOHVBHFBOEJEFBTXJMMBUUSBDUUIFHFOFSBMSFBEFS BTXFMMBTTUVEFOUT BOEQSPGFTTJPOBMT "$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTDPOTJTUTPGUXPNBJOQBSUT B$ISP OPMPHZBOEB(MPTTBSZѮF$ISPOPMPHZJTBDPODJTFIJTUPSZ BSSBOHFEDISPOPMPHJDBMMZ XIJDIQSPWJEFTUIFDPNQMFUFTUPSZPGDPTNJDEJTDPWFSZGSPNFBSMZ$IJOFTFBOE(SFFL BTUSPOPNZUPUIFMBUFTUêOEJOHTPGNPEFSOBTUSPQIZTJDTBOESPCPUJDTQBDFDSBѫ*UQSP WJEFTBTFOTFPGEFTUJOBUJPOBOEëPXJOPVSHSPXJOHBXBSFOFTTPGUIF6OJWFSTF&BDI FOUSZJOUIFVOGPMEJOHOBSSBUJWFJTXSJUUFOJOBDPODJTF MJHIUBOEGSJFOEMZTUZMFUIBUXJMM CF BQQSFDJBUFE CZ BMM XJUIPVU CFJOH XFJHIUFE EPXO XJUI JODPNQSFIFOTJCMF TQFDJBM J[FEUFSNT"OEUIFSFBEFSDBOFJUIFSUSBDFPVUPVSIJTUPSJDBMKPVSOFZPGSFBMJ[BUJPO PS TBNQMFUIFFOUSJFTBUSBOEPN EJQQJOHJOBOEPVUPGUIFGBTDJOBUJOHJEFBTBOEêOEJOHT ѮF TUPSZ MJOF PG TDJFODF JT POF PG JOEJWJEVBMT BT XFMM BT EJTDPWFSJFT BOE JEFBT 4PPVS$ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFQFPQMFXIPIBWFNBEFNBKPSTDJFOUJêDDPOUSJCVUJPOT UIBUBSFSFMBUFEUPBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT/PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTGPSBMMUIFSFMFWBOU EJTDPWFSJFTBSFBMTPJODMVEFE JOUIFZFBSPGUIFBXBSE ѮF$ISPOPMPHZBMTPDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHTTFMFDUFEUPEFNPOTUSBUFBLFZEJTDPW FSZ JODMVEJOHUIFBCVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO BOOVBMQBSBMMBY UIFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOTQFDUSVN UIF#PISBUPN EBSLNBUUFSBSPVOEBTQJSBMHBMBYZ UIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN HMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTBOEUIFFYUFOUPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ (SFBU 8BMMTPGHBMBYJFT UIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN UIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNmPSJHJOBMBOE SFDFOU UIFNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPGTUBST QSFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO UIF QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO SFUSPHSBEFQMBOFUBSZMPPQT UIF3PDIFMJNJU TQBDFDVSWBUVSF BOE ѮPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ ѮF (MPTTBSZ EFêOFT BMM UFSNT BOE BDSPOZNT UIBU EFBM XJUI PVS DFMFTUJBM TDJFODF GSPNJNQPSUBOUDPODFQUTUPJOEJWJEVBMPCKFDUTPSPCTFSWBUPSJFTBOETQBDFNJTTJPOT*U JTBSSBOHFEBMQIBCFUJDBMMZBOEDPNQMFNFOUFECZOVNFSPVTUBCMFTPGGVOEBNFOUBMEBUB -JOFESBXJOHTBSFBMTPVTFEUPGPSDFGVMMZDPNQBDUBTDJFOUJêDJOTJHIU XJUIDMFBSMBCFMT BOEDBQUJPOT *OEJWJEVBMOBNFTBSFOPUHJWFOJOUIF(MPTTBSZ CVUUIFSFBEFSDBOVTFUIF"VUIPS*OEFY UPêOEUIFJSTJHOJêDBOUDPOUSJCVUJPOJOUIF$ISPOPMPHZѮFFYDFQUJPOBMMZUIPSPVHI 4VC KFDU*OEFYDSPTTSFGFSFODFTDPODFQUT EJTDPWFSJFT JEFBT QFPQMF IJTUPSZBOEUJNFJOCPUIUIF

WJJJ

1SFGBDF

$ISPOPMPHZBOE(MPTTBSZѮFDPNCJOFESFTVMUJTBVOJRVF DPNQSFIFOTJWF TUBOEBMPOFSFG FSFODFWPMVNFJOXIJDIUIFSFBEFSDBORVJDLMZMPDBUFJOGPSNBUJPO XIJMFBMTPEJTDPWFSJOH OFXBOEVOFYQFDUFELOPXMFEHF"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTJTUIFSFGPSF BOJOEJTQFOTBCMFCPPLGPSBOZMJCSBSZBOEBMMQFSTPOTJOUFSFTUFEJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZT JDT BTXFMMBTUIFSFMBUFEêFMETPGDPTNPMPHZ HFPMPHZBOEQIZTJDT "TUSPOPNZJTUIFPMEFTUPGBMMTDJFODFT XJUIPSJHJOTEBUJOHCBDLBUMFBTUTFWFSBM UIPVTBOEZFBSTѮF$ISPOPMPHZUIFSFGPSFCFHJOTXJUIFBSMZBTUSPOPNZGSPN$IJOBUP *OEJB BOEDPOUJOVFTXJUIUIFBODJFOU(SFFLTѮFXPSEBTUSPOPNZDPNFTGSPNUXP (SFFL XPSET BTUSPO NFBOJOH iTUBSu BOE OPNPT GPS iMBXu 4P PVS DPODJTF IJTUPSJDBM $ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFEJTDPWFSJFTPGUIFMBXTPGQIZTJDTUIBUIFMQEFTDSJCFUIFFOFSHZ JOHSFEJFOUT NBHOFUJTN NPUJPO PSJHJOBOEEFTUJOZPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTѮFTFEFWFMPQ NFOUTJODMVEFUIFRVBOUVNUIFPSZPGUIFWFSZTNBMM XJUIJUTFYDMVTJPOBOEVODFSUBJOUZ QSJODJQMFT BUPNJDTUSVDUVSFBOETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBOE UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU BOEUIFTQFDJBMBOEHFOFSBMUIFPSJFTPGSFMBUJWJUZ .BKPSTDJFOUJêDCSFBLUISPVHITBSFIJHIMJHIUFEJOUIF$ISPOPMPHZ CFHJOOJOHXJUI UIFJOWFOUJPOPGUIFUFMFTDPQF XIJDIFOBCMFEBTUSPOPNFSTUPHMJNQTFEJTUBOUXPSMET UIBU DBOOPU PUIFSXJTF CF TFFO PS UP SFTPMWF EFUBJMT PO OFBSCZ POFT ,FZ EJTDPWFSJFT JODMVEF UIF DPODFQU PG VOJWFSTBM HSBWJUBUJPO OFX QMBOFUT JO PVS 4PMBS 4ZTUFN BOE BSPVOEPUIFSTUBST EFUFSNJOBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFTUBST BSFBMJ[BUJPO UIBUTUBSTTIJOFCZOVDMFBSQSPDFTTFTEFFQXJUIJOUIFJSDPSFT PCTFSWBUJPOTPGTUBSTUIBU BSFCFJOHCPSO FWPMWJOHBOEQFSJTIJOHCFGPSFPVSWFSZFZFT BOEUIFLOPXMFEHFUIBU UIF6OJWFSTFJTFYQBOEJOH /FXJEFBTDPODFSOJOHPVSIPNFQMBOFU&BSUIBSFXPWFOJOUPUIFGBCSJDPGPVSBDDPVOU JODMVEJOHJUTBHF TJ[FBOENBTT DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ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ѫ IBWF QMBZFE BO JNQPSUBOU SPMF JO BTUSPOPNJDBM EJTDPWFSZ JO SFDFOU EFDBEFT .FO XFSF TFOU UP UIF .PPO IFMQJOH VT VOEFSTUBOE JUT PSJHJO BOE FWPMV UJPO4QBDFDSBѫIBWFUSBWFMFEUISPVHIPVUUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN PCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQWJFXT UIBUIBWFDIBOHFEUIFQMBOFUTGSPNNPWJOHQPJOUTPGMJHIUUPGBTDJOBUJOHXPSMETBOE USBOTGPSNFEUIFJSTBUFMMJUFTJOUPVOJRVFPCKFDUTXJUIDPNQMFYBOEEJTQBSBUFTVSGBDFT 3PCPU TQBDFDSBѫ IBWF MBOEFE PO .BST BOE 7FOVT BOE QSPCFT IBWF CFFO ESPQQFE JOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPG+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5JUBO4QBDFDSBѫIBWF BMTPPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFJDZOVDMFVTPGUISFFDPNFUTBOETDSVUJOJ[FEUIFCBUUFSFE CSPLFOTVSGBDFTPGTFWFSBMBTUFSPJET ѮF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF IBT CFFO MPѫFE BCPWF UIF &BSUIT PCTDVSJOH BUNP TQIFSFUPWJFXDPTNJDPCKFDUTJOWJTJCMFMJHIUXJUIBDMBSJUZOFWFSBDIJFWFECFGPSF 9SBZUFMFTDPQFTIBWFTJNJMBSMZCFFOQSPQFMMFEJOUPTQBDF êSTUJOSPDLFUTBOEUIFO BCPBSEMPOHMJWFETBUFMMJUFTѮFZIBWFPQFOFEBOFXXJOEPXUPUIFQSFWJPVTMZVOLOPXO XPSMETPGNJMMJPOEFHSFFHBTFT CMBDLIPMFTBOEIPUNBUUFSIJEEFOJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFO HBMBYJFT$PTNJDHBNNBSBZTIBWFBMTPCFFOEFUFDUFEVTJOHTQBDFCPSOFJOTUSVNFOUT

1SFGBDF

JY

JODMVEJOHHBNNBSBZCVSTUTUIBUCSJFëZFNJUNPSFFOFSHZUIBOUIFSFTUPGUIF6OJWFSTF DPNCJOFE .PSFSFDFOUMZ TVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSIBWFCFFOJOGFSSFEGSPNSBQJE NPUJPOTPGTUBSTPSHBMBYJFT PVUXFJHIJOHBMMPGUIFTFTIJOJOHWJTJCMFPCKFDUT.ZTUFSJPVT EBSLFOFSHZIBTBMTPCFFOGPVOE êMMJOHBQQBSFOUMZFNQUZTQBDF4DJFOUJTUTIBWFFWFO TQFDVMBUFEUIBUFWFSZUIJOHJOUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFDPVMEIBWFPSJHJOBUFEGSPNUIF OPUIJOHOFTTPGTQBDF EVSJOHBSBQJEHSPXUITQVSU PSJOëBUJPO TPPOBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH PSCZBIPTUPGNJDSPTDPQJD PTDJMMBUJOHTUSJOHTBUFBSMJFSUJNFTDMPTFSUPUIF#JH#BOH ѮF(MPTTBSZQSPWJEFTBOBMQIBCFUJDBMMJTUJOHPGUIFUFSNT OBNFTBOEBDSPOZNTSFM FWBOUUP"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT BMPOHXJUIBEJTDVTTJPOPGUIFJS NFBOJOHT BOE BQQMJDBUJPOT )FSF UIF SFBEFS DBO êOE UIBU MPOHGPSHPUUFO EFêOJUJPO UPHFUIFSXJUIBOJOUSPEVDUPSZCBDLHSPVOEUPUIFDPODFQU*OGPSNBUJWFUBCMFTBDDPNQBOZ UIF(MPTTBSZ TPNFPGUIFNDSFBUFEGPSUIJTCPPLBOEPUIFSTFYUSBDUFEGSPNUIFBVUIPST XJEFMZVTFESFGFSFODFCPPLT "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF* **BOE"TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB QVC MJTIFECZ4QSJOHFS ѮFTFUBCMFTJODMVEFUIFBUNPTQIFSFT FTDBQFWFMPDJUJFT NBHOFUJDê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ëBSFT TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOEUIF4VO5BCMFTPGCSJHIUDFMFTUJBM PCKFDUTBSFBMTPJODMVEFEJOUIF(MPTTBSZ QSPWJEJOHQIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFSTBOEUIFDFMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFTSFRVJSFEUPPCTFSWFUIFNѮFZJODMVEFUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT UIFCSJHIUFTUHBM BYJFT FNJTTJPOOFCVMBF UIF-PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT UIF.FTTJFSPCKFDUT QMBOFUBSZOFCV MBF UIF CSJHIUFTU TUBST UIF OFBSFTU TUBST TVQFSOPWBF BOE TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOUT 0UIFS UBCMFTJODMVEFTQBDFNJTTJPOTCZ/"4" &4"BOE*4"4 /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTSFMBUFEUP BTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT BOEUIFNBKPSPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTDPQFT ѮF(MPTTBSZBEEJUJPOBMMZDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHT DBSFGVMMZTFMFDUFEUPDPOWFZBO JEFB JODMVEJOH UIF BTUFSPJE CFMU CSFNTTUSBIMVOH DPNFUT m BOBUPNZ BOE USBKFDUPSZ XJUIUBJMT DPSPOBHSBQI UIF&BSUITMBZFSFEBUNPTQIFSF BOFMMJQTF *PTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUI +VQJUFS BO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS +VQJUFST XJOET ,FQMFST MBXT UIF ,JSLXPPE HBQT B MVOBS FDMJQTF UIF NBHOFUPTQIFSF UIF .PPOT QIBTFT UIF 0PSU DMPVE QVMTBST m SBEJP BOE 9SBZ UIFTFBTPOT BTPMBSFDMJQTF TPMBSëBSF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 44 TVOTQPUDZDMF TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO UFMFTDPQFTBOEUIFUJEFT ѮBOLT UP (BZMF (SBOU BU 5VѫT 6OJWFSTJUZ GPS QSFQBSJOH TPNF DSVDJBM UBCMFT UP -JCSBSJBO3FHJOB'3BCPJOBU5VѫT6OJWFSTJUZGPSIFMQJOPCUBJOJOHTPNFPGUIFEBUFT UIBU XFSF TP IBSE UP MPDBUF BOE UP 4VF -FF GPS QSPEVDJOH UIF XPOEFSGVM MJOF ESBX JOHT ѮF QSFQBSBUJPO PG " $PNQBOJPO UP "TUSPOPNZ BOE "TUSPQIZTJDT $ISPOPMPHZ BOE (MPTTBSZ XJUI %BUB 5BCMFT XBT NBEF QPTTJCMF UISPVHI GVOEJOH CZ /"4" (SBOU //((#(XJUI/"4"T"QQMJFE*OGPSNBUJPO4ZTUFNT3FTFBSDI1SPHSBN ,FOOFUI3-BOH 5VѫT6OJWFSTJUZBOE"OHVJMMB #8* +BOVBSZTU

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv CHRONOLOGY: A CONCISE HISTORY OF COSMIC DISCOVERY . . . . . . . 1 2800 BC to 1600 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1600 to 1700 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1900 to 2010 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 GLOSSARY WITH DATA TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 AUTHOR INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

-*450' '*(63&4

$)30/0-0(: 'JH

3FUSPHSBEFMPPQTJO1UPMFNZT6OJWFSTF

'JH

3FUSPHSBEFMPPQTJOB$PQFSOJDBO6OJWFSTF

'JH

5IPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ

'JH

"OOVBMQBSBMMBY

'JH

%PQQMFSFGGFDU

'JH

3PDIFMJNJU

'JH

&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN

'JH

#MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO

'JH

#PISBUPN

'JH

0SJHJOBM)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN

'JH

1SFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO

'JH

4QBDFDVSWBUVSF

'JH

&EHFPOWJFXPGPVS(BMBYZ

'JH

4UFMMBSNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO

'JH

%JTDPWFSZEJBHSBNPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF

'JH

1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO

'JH

"CVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO

'JH

%BSLNBUUFSFOWFMPQTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ

'JH

(SFBUXBMMTPGHBMBYJFT

(-044"3: 'JH

"TUFSPJECFMU

'JH

#SFNTTUSBIMVOH

'JH

$FMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT

'JH

$PNFUoBOBUPNZ

'JH

$PNFUoUSBKFDUPSZBOEUBJMT

'JH

$POKVODUJPO FMPOHBUJPO BOEPQQPTJUJPO

YJW

-JTUPG'JHVSFT

'JH

$PSPOBHSBQI

'JH

&BSUITMBZFSFEBUNPTQIFSF

'JH

&MMJQTF

'JH

)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNoDPNQPTJUF

'JH

)VCCMFEJBHSBN

'JH

*OUFSGFSPNFUFS

'JH

*PTnVYUVCFBOEQMBTNBUPSVT

'JH

+VQJUFSTXJOECMPXODMPVET

'JH

,FQMFSTmSTUBOETFDPOEMBXT

'JH

,FQMFSTUIJSEMBX

'JH

,JSLXPPEHBQT

'JH

-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUT

'JH

-VOBSFDMJQTF

'JH

.BHOFUPTQIFSF

'JH

.PPOQIBTFT

'JH

0PSUDPNFUDMPVE

'JH

1SFDFTTJPO

'JH

1VMTBSoSBEJP

'JH

1VMTBSo9SBZ

'JH

4FBTPOT

'JH

4PMBSFDMJQTF

'JH

4PMBSnBSFNPEFM

'JH

4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI

'JH

44

'JH

4VOTQPUDZDMF

'JH

4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO

'JH

5FMFTDPQFT

'JH

5JEFT

-*450' 5"#-&4

5BCMF

"TUFSPJEToMBSHFTU

5BCMF

"UNPTQIFSFTo7FOVT .BSTBOE&BSUI

5BCMF

"UNPTQIFSFToHJBOUQMBOFUTBOE4VO

5BCMF

"VSPSBoFNJTTJPOMJOFT

5BCMF

$PNFUTo(SFBU

5BCMF

$PNFUToTIPSUQFSJPE

5BCMF

$PNFUToTUSVDUVSF

5BCMF

$POTUFMMBUJPOT

5BCMF

$PSPOBoFNJTTJPOMJOFT

5BCMF $PSPOBoIPMFTBOEMPPQT 5BCMF $PTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 5BCMF $PTNJDSBZTonVYBUUIFUPQPGUIFBUNPTQIFSF 5BCMF $SBC/FCVMB 5BCMF &BSUI 5BCMF &BSUIoBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUT 5BCMF &NJTTJPOOFCVMBF 5BCMF &TDBQFWFMPDJUZo4VOBOEQMBOFUT 5BCMF 'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOTVOMJHIU 5BCMF (BMBYJFToCSJHIU 5BCMF (BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT 5BCMF (SFFOIPVTFHBTFToQSPEVDFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ 5BCMF )BMMFZT$PNFU 5BCMF )ZESPHFOMJOFT 5BCMF *OUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT 5BCMF +VQJUFS 5BCMF -PDBM(SPVQ 5BCMF .BHOFUJDmFMEToQMBOFUT 5BCMF .BJOTFRVFODFTUBST 5BCMF .BST 5BCMF .BSToTBUFMMJUFT

YWJ

-JTUPG5BCMFT

5BCMF .BSToPQQPTJUJPOT 5BCMF .FSDVSZ 5BCMF .FTTJFSPCKFDUT 5BCMF .FUFPSTIPXFST 5BCMF .FUFPSTIPXFSToDPNFUT 5BCMF .JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ 5BCMF .PPO 5BCMF /"4"BOE&4"oTQBDFNJTTJPOT 5BCMF /FQUVOF 5BCMF /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFST 5BCMF 1MBOFUToPSCJUT 5BCMF 1MBOFUToQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT 5BCMF 1MBOFUBSZOFCVMBF 5BCMF 3BEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT 5BCMF 3JOHTo4BUVSO 5BCMF 4BUFMMJUFToMBSHF 5BCMF 4BUVSO 5BCMF 4PMBSFDMJQTFToUPUBM 5BCMF 4PMBSXJOE 5BCMF 4UBSToCSJHIUFTU 5BCMF 4UBSToOFBSFTU 5BCMF 4UFMMBSDMBTTJmDBUJPO 5BCMF 4VO 5BCMF 4VOoFMFNFOUT 5BCMF 4VQFSOPWBFoIJTUPSJDBM 5BCMF 4VQFSOPWB" 5BCMF 5FMFTDPQFToCJHHFTUPQUJDBM 5BCMF 6SBOVT 5BCMF 7FOVT

$)30/0-0(: "$0/$*4&)*4503:0'$04.*$ %*4$07&3:

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

#$UP"% D#$ 4UPOFIFOHFJTCVJMUJO&OHMBOE*UXBTQSPCBCMZBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCTFSWBUPSZXJUISFMJ HJPVT GVODUJPOT UIF NPUJPOT PG UIF 4VO BOE .PPO DBO CF GPMMPXFE XJUI UIF BJE PG DBSFGVMMZBMJHOFESPDLT D#$ "MVOBSDBMFOEBSJTEFWFMPQFEJO.FTPQPUBNJBJOXIJDIOFXNPOUITCFHJOBUFBDIOFX .PPOBOEUIFZFBSJTEBZTMPOH #$ ѮF$IJOFTFNBLFUIFFBSMJFTUSFDPSEFETJHIUJOHPGBDPNFU D#$ ѮF3JH7FEB UIFPMEFTUPGUIF)JOEVTBDSFEUFYUT JODMVEFTUIFJEFBUIBUUIF&BSUIJT BHMPCF*OUIFTBNFNJMMFOOJVN UIFTVCTFRVFOU:BKVS7FEBNFOUJPOTUIBUUIF&BSUI DJSDMFTUIF4VO #$ $IJOFTFBTUSPOPNFSTNBLFUIFêSTUSFDPSEJOHPGBOFDMJQTFPGUIF.PPO D#$ ѮF 4IBOH EZOBTUZ JO $IJOB FTUBCMJTIFT UIF TPMBS ZFBS BU EBZT JOUSPEVDJOH B DBMFOEBSXJUINPOUITPGEBZTFBDI #$ $IJOFTFBTUSPOPNFSTNBLFUIFêSTUSFDPSEJOHPGBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO #$ "TTZSJBOBSDIJWJTUTSFDPSEBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPO+VOF#$UIFTBNFFWFOUJT SFDPSEFEJOUIF#JCMF "NPT #$ "DPOUJOVPVTSFDPSEPGTPMBSBOEMVOBSFDMJQTFTJTCFHVOJO.FTPQPUBNJB #$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSѮBMFTPG.JMFUVT D¢D#$ DPSSFDUMZQSFEJDUTUIFFDMJQTF PGUIF4VOPO.BZ#$)FBMTPQSPQPTFTUIBUXBUFSJTUIFNBUFSJBMDPOTUJUVFOU PGBMMUIJOHT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

D#$ (SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEQIJMPTPQIFS1ZUIBHPSBT D¢D#$

CPSOPOUIF JTMBOE PG 4BNPT QSPQPTFT UIF OPUJPO PG B TQIFSJDBM &BSUI )F BMTP TVQQPTFE UIBU DPODFOUSJD USBOTQBSFOU DSZTUBMMJOFTQIFSFTDBSSZUIF4VO .PPO QMBOFUTBOETUBSTJO QFSGFDUDJSDMFT SPUBUJOHBUDPOTUBOUTQFFEBSPVOEUIFDFOUSBMMZQMBDFE VONPWJOH&BSUI "TRVPUFECZ"SJTUPUMFJOIJT.FUBQIZTJDT 1ZUIBHPSBTTBJE iUIFSFJTNVTJDJOUIFTQBD JOHPGUIFTQIFSFTu D#$ ѮF(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS)FSBDMJUVTPG&QIFTVT D¢D#$ NBJOUBJOTUIBUQFS NBOFODFJTBOJMMVTJPO BOEUIBUBMMUIJOHTBSFëPXJOH JOBTUBUFPGCFDPNJOH)FBMTP UIPVHIUUIBUNPTUQFPQMFTMFFQXBMLUISPVHIMJGF OPUVOEFSTUBOEJOHXIBUJTHPJOHPO BCPVUUIFN D#$ ѮF(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"OBYBHPSBT D¢D#$ CPSOJO$MB[PNFOBF -ZEJB OPX5VSLFZ

QSPQPTFTUIBUUIF.PPOTIJOFTCZSFëFDUFETVOMJHIU BOEJTUIVTBCMFUP FYQMBJOUPUBMFDMJQTFTPGUIF4VOBOE.PPO)FXBTJNQSJTPOFEGPSDMBJNJOHUIBUUIF 4VOXBTBiSFEIPUTUPOFu BOEOPUBHPE BOEUIBUUIF.PPOSFëFDUTUIF4VOTMJHIU (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS&NQFEPDMFT DmD#$

PG"DSBHBT "HSJHFOUVN JO4JDJMZ JTPOFPGUIFFBSMJFTUUPQSPQPTFUIBUUFSSFTUSJBMPCKFDUTBSFNBEFVQPGGPVSFMFNFOUT PSCBTJDQSJODJQMFTmêSF BJS XBUFS BOEFBSUI)FWJFXFEUIFTFBTVOJUFEPSEJWJEFECZ BUUSBDUJPOBOESFQVMTJPO PSNPSFQPFUJDBMMZ MPWFBOETUSJGF D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS-FVDJQQVTPG.JMFUVT DmD#$ JTUIFêSTUUPQSPQPTFUIF BUPNJDUIFPSZ JOXIJDINBUUFSJTDPNQPTFEPGWFSZTNBMM JOWJTJCMFQBSUJDMFTOPXDBMMFE BUPNT)JTQVQJM%FNPDSJUVT D¢D#$ TVCTFRVFOUMZEFWFMPQTUIFUIFPSZ D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS%FNPDSJUVT D¢D#$

CPSOJO"CEFSB ѮSBDF TUBUFTUIBU BMMNBUUFSDPOTJTUTPGBOJOêOJUFOVNCFSPGFUFSOBM JOWJTJCMFBOEJOEJWJTJCMFQBSUJDMFT XIJDIIFDBMMFEBUPNPO PSBUPNT BOEUIBUUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFBUPNTJTBWBDVVN PSWPJE XIJDIHJWFTUIFBUPNTBQMBDFUPNPWFJOUP D#$ ѮF(SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS&VEPYVTPG$OJEVT ¢#$ CVJMET BO PCTFSWBUPSZ BOE DPOTUSVDUT B NPEFM PG OFTUFE HFPDFOUSJD SPUBUJOH TQIFSFT UP FYQMBJOUIFNPUJPOTPGUIF4VO .PPO BOEQMBOFUTBTWJFXFEGSPN&BSUI XIJDIXBT BU UIF DFOUFS PG UIF TZTUFN #Z VTJOH B UPUBM PG UXFOUZTFWFO DPODFOUSJD TQIFSFT IF XBTBCMFUPDBMDVMBUFUIF4VOTBOOVBMNPUJPOUISPVHIUIF[PEJBD UIF.PPOTNPUJPO JODMVEJOHJUTXPCCMF BOEUIFQMBOFUTNPUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIFSFUSPHSBEFNPWFNFOUTPG TPNFPGUIFN

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

#$ $IJOFTF BTUSPOPNFST NBLF UIF FBSMJFTU LOPXO SFDPSE PG B HVFTU TUBS TVCTFRVFOUMZ LOPXOBTBOFYQMPEJOHTUBSPSTVQFSOPWB D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ SFKFDUTUIFOPUJPOPGBWBDVVN TJODFBO PCKFDUNPWJOHJOBWBDVVNXPVMEIBWFOPTFOTFPGEJSFDUJPOBOENJHIUNPWFJNQPT TJCMZGBTU (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ QSPWFTUIF&BSUIJTTQIFSJDBM TJODFJUBMXBZT DBTUTBDJSDVMBSTIBEPXPOUIF.PPOEVSJOHMVOBSFDMJQTFT1BSNFOJEFT DmD #$

PG&MFBJOTPVUIFSO*UBMZ JTTBJEUPIBWFCFFOUIFêSTU(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSLOPXO UPIBWFBTTFSUFEUIBUUIF&BSUIJTTQIFSJDBM CVUBOBMUFSOBUJWFUSBEJUJPOTUBUFTUIBUJU XBT1ZUIBHPSBT D¢D#$ 1BSNFOJEFTBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUNPWFNFOUJTJMMV TPSZ CFMPOHJOHUPUIFEPNBJOPGUIFTFOTFT BOEUIBUUIFVMUJNBUFSFBMJUZXBTJOWBSJBOU JNNPCJMFBOEVODIBOHJOHѮF*OEJBOTPG"TJBBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUUIF&BSUIJTBHMPCF BSPVOE#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUPUMF ¢#$ QSFTFOUTBHFPDFOUSJD PS&BSUIDFOUFSFE DPTNPMPHZ PG SPUBUJOH USBOTQBSFOU TQIFSFT JO %F DBFMP PS $PODFSOJOH UIF )FBWFOT ѮFPVUFSNPTUTQIFSFDPOUBJOTUIFêYFETUBST UIFOGPMMPXTUIFTQIFSFTPG4BUVSO +VQJ UFS .BST UIF4VO 7FOVT .FSDVSZ BOEDMPTFTUUPUIF&BSUI UIF.PPO&BDIPGUIFTF IBTTFWFSBMPUIFSTQIFSFTUPBDDPVOUGPSBMMUIFJSNPWFNFOUT5PFYQMBJOUIFDJSDVMBS NPUJPOPGUIFIFBWFOMZTQIFSFT "SJTUPUMFQSPQPTFTBêѫIFMFNFOU UIFBFUIFSPSRVJO UFTTFODF JOBEEJUJPOUPUIFGPVSOBUVSBMFMFNFOUT FBSUI BJS XBUFSBOEêSF XIJDIFJUIFS GBMMPSSJTF #BCZMPOJBOBTUSPOPNFSTIBWFMFBSOFEFOPVHIBCPVUUIF.PPOTNPUJPOUIBUUIFZDBO QSFEJDUUIFPDDVSSFODFPGMVOBSFDMJQTFT D#$ (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFSBOEBTUSPOPNFS)FSBLMJEFTPG1POUVT ¢#$ QSPQPTFTUIBU UIF&BSUIUVSOTPOJUTBYJT GSPNXFTUUPFBTU PODFFWFSZIPVST XIJMFUIFTUBSTBSF BUSFTU)FBMTPUIPVHIUUIBUUIFPCTFSWFENPUJPOTPG.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTTVHHFTUUIBU UIFZPSCJUUIF4VOSBUIFSUIBOUIF&BSUI BOEDPOTJEFSFEFBDIQMBOFUUPCFBXPSMEXJUI BO&BSUIMJLFCPEZBOEXJUIBOBUNPTQIFSF D#$ (SFFL QIJMPTPQIFS &QJDVSVT PG 4BNPT ¢ #$ BSHVFT UIBU UIF JOOVNFSBCMF BUPNTJOBOJOêOJUF6OJWFSTFXPVMEDPNFUPHFUIFSUPDSFBUFPUIFSXPSMET FJUIFSSFTFN CMJOHPVS&BSUIPSEJĒFSFOUGSPNJU ѮF(SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBO&VDMJEPG"MFYBOESJB MJWFED#$ XSJUFTѮF&MFNFOUT BCPPLPGQMBOFBOETPMJEHFPNFUSZ XIJDIGPSNFEUIFCBTJTGPSNBUIFNBUJDBMTUVEZ GPSUIFOFYU ZFBST*UXBTOPUVOUJMUIFUIDFOUVSZUIBUBEJĒFSFOUGPSNPGOPO &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZXBTDPOTJEFSFE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

D#$ (SFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS"SJTUBSDIPT<"SJTUBSDIVT>PG4BNPT D¢ D#$ NPWFTUIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTFGSPNUIF&BSUIUPUIF4VO BOETVQQPTFTUIBU UIF&BSUIBOEPUIFSQMBOFUTUSBWFMJODJSDVMBSPSCJUTBSPVOEUIFTUBUJPOBSZ4VO)FGVS UIFSTUBUFEUIBUUIFêYFETUBSTEPOPUNPWF BOEUIBUUIFJSBQQBSFOUEBJMZNPUJPOJTEVF UPUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOPOJUTBYJT"SJTUBSDIPTBMTPVTFEPCTFSWBUJPOTBOEUSJHPOPNFUSZ UPFTUJNBUFUIFTJ[FBOEEJTUBODFTPGUIF4VOBOE.PPO TIPXJOHUIBUUIF4VOJTNVDI GBSUIFSBXBZUIBOUIF.PPO D#$ (SFFLTDIPMBS&SBUPTUIFOFT D¢D#$

CPSOJO$ZSFOF OPXLOPXOBT4IBIIBU QBSUPG-JCZB DBMDVMBUFEUIFEJBNFUFSPGUIF&BSUICZNFBTVSJOHOPPOUJNFTIBEPXTPG UIF 4VO BU "MFYBOESJB BOE 4ZFOF VTJOH UIF LOPXO EJTUBODF CFUXFFO UIFTF QMBDFT UP JOGFSUIFDJSDVNGFSFODFPGUIF&BSUIBUKVTUPWFS TUBEFT BOEDMPTFUPUIFNPEFSO WBMVFPGSPVHIMZUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFSTѮFUXPTJUFTBSFTFQBSBUFECZLJMPNFUFST BOEUIFNFBTVSFEBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFNXBTTFWFOEFHSFFT"TTVNJOHUIBUUIF&BSUIJTB TQIFSF JUTDJSDVNGFSFODFJTUJNFT PSBCPVU LJMPNFUFST #$ $IJOFTFBTUSPOPNFSTNBLFUIFêSTUSFDPSEFETJHIUJOHPGUIFDPNFUUIBUXPVMEMBUFS CFDPNFLOPXOBT)BMMFZT$PNFU D#$ ѮF(SFFLTJOWFOUUIFBTUSPMBCF VTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHVMBSEJTUBODFCFUXFFOBOZUXP PCKFDUT JODMVEJOHUIFFMFWBUJPOJOUIFTLZPGQMBOFUTBOETUBST D#$ $IJOFTF BTUSPOPNFST êSTU PCTFSWF BOE SFDPSE TVOTQPUT *NQFSJBM BTUSPOPNFST LFFQ DPOUJOVPVTSFDPSETPGTVOTQPUTGSPN#$UP"% #$ ѮF(SFFLBTUSPOPNFS)JQQBSDIVT D¢D#$

CPSOJO/JDBFB JO#JUIZOJB OPXJO5VSLFZ DSFBUFTUIFêSTULOPXOTUBSDBUBMPH*UHBWFUIFDFMFTUJBMMBUJUVEFBOE MPOHJUVEFBOECSJHIUOFTTPGOFBSMZTUBSTBOEXBTMBUFSSFQSPEVDFECZUIF&HZQUJBO BTUSPOPNFS1UPMFNZ D¢D"% JOIJTXSJUJOHT BOEFWFOUVBMMZVTFECZ&ENPOE )BMMFZ m UPTIPXUIBUBUMFBTUUISFFTUBSTNPWF)JQQBSDIVTBMTPEJTDPWFSFE UIFQSFDFTTJPOPGUIFFRVJOPYFT JOXIJDIUIFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFTQSJOHBOEGBMMFRVJOPYFT NPWF TMPXMZ PS QSFDFTT BSPVOE UIF TUFMMBS CBDLHSPVOE UIF FRVJOPYFT BSF UIF UXP QPJOUTXIFSFUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSѮF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBYJTUSBDFTPVU BDJSDMFJOUIFTLZ BOEBDPOFJOTQBDF PODFFWFSZ ZFBST DBVTJOHBTMPX TUFBEZ QSFDFTTJPOBMTIJѫJOUIFQPTJUJPOTPGPCKFDUTPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFBUUIFSBUFPGBCPVU TFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

#$ 3PNBOQPFU-VDSFUJVT ¢#$

BVUIPSPGUIFQIJMPTPQIJDBMFQJD%F3FSVN/BUVSB PS 0O UIF /BUVSF PG ѮJOHT QSPQPTFT B QMVSBMJUZ PG &BSUIMJLF XPSMET JO BO JOêOJUF 6OJWFSTF D ѮF(SFFLXSJUFS1MVUBSDI D¢D DPNQBSFTUIF.PPOTGBDFUPUIF&BSUITTVS GBDF BOEBEWPDBUFTUIFQMVSBMJUZPGXPSMET &HZQUJBOBTUSPOPNFS1UPMFNZ D¢D

PS$MBVEJVT1UPMFNBFVT XSJUFTIJT.BUI FNBUJDBM4ZOUBYJTBXFE"SBCJDUSBOTMBUPSTPGUIFOJOUIDFOUVSZDBMMFEJUiѮF(SFBUFTU $PNQPTJUJPOum"MNBHFTUF PS BTJUCFDBNFLOPXO UIF"MNBHFTU1UPMFNZTVQQPTFEUIBU FBDIQMBOFUNPWFTXJUIDPOTUBOUTQFFEPOBTNBMMDJSDMF XIJMFUIFDFOUFSPGUIBUDJSDMF SPUBUFTVOJGPSNMZPOBMBSHFSPOF XJUIUIF&BSUIMPDBUFETMJHIUMZUPPOFTJEFPGJUTDFOUFS #ZTFMFDUJOHTVJUBCMFSBEJJBOETQFFETPGNPUJPO 1UPMFNZDPVMEVTFUIJTTZTUFNPGVOJ GPSNNPUJPOBSPVOEUXPDJSDMFTUPSFQSPEVDFUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTXJUI SFNBSLBCMFBDDVSBDZ)FTVDDFFEFETPXFMMUIBUIJTNPEFMXBTTUJMMCFJOHVTFEUPQSFEJDU UIFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTJOUIFTLZNPSFUIBOBUIPVTBOEZFBSTBѫFSIJTEFBUI

'*( 2ETROGRADELOOPSIN0TOLEMYS5NIVERSE!N%ARTH CENTEREDMODEL OFTHE5NIVERSEDESCRIBEDBYTHE%GYPTIANASTRONOMER#LAUDIUS0TOLEMAEUS LIVEDNDCENTURY OR0TOLEMYINTHEYEAR4OEXPLAINTHEOCCASIONAL RETROGRADELOOPSINTHEAPPARENTMOTIONSOF-ARS 0TOLEMYIMAGINEDTHATTHE PLANETTRAVELSWITHUNIFORMSPEEDAROUNDASMALLCIRCLE KNOWNASTHEEPI CYCLE4HEEPICYCLESCENTERMOVESUNIFORMLYONALARGERCIRCLE THEDEFERENT )NTHE0TOLEMAICSYSTEM THE%ARTHWASDISPLACEDFROMTHECENTEROFTHELARGE CIRCLE ANDEACHPLANETTRAVELEDWITHUNIFORMMOTIONWITHRESPECTTOANOTHER IMAGINARYPOINT THEEQUANT APPEARINGTOMOVEWITHVARIABLESPEEDWHEN VIEWEDFROMTHE%ARTH

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

D (SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS1SPDMVT<1SPLMVT>%JBEPDIVT ¢ TUBUFTUIBUBTUSPOPNFST EPOPUBSSJWFBUDPODMVTJPOTCZTUBSUJOHGSPNIZQPUIFTFT BTJTEPOFJOUIFPUIFSTDJ FODFT CVUJOTUFBEVTFPCTFSWBUJPOTUPDPOTUSVDUIZQPUIFTFT XIJDIBSFUFTUFEBHBJOTU PUIFSPCTFSWBUJPOTUPTBWFUIFBQQFBSBODFPGUIFQIFOPNFOB ѮF1FSVWJBODJUZPG.BDIV1JDDIVJTCVJMU DPOUBJOJOHBOBTUSPOPNJDBMBMUBSVTFEUP BDDVSBUFMZNFBTVSFTPMBSBOEMVOBSNPWFNFOUT D ѮF 1FSTJBO BTUSPOPNFS BM4Vê "CE BM3BINBO ¢ SFWJTFT 1UPMFNZT TUBS DBUBMPHVF QSPWJEJOHBQQSPYJNBUFQPTJUJPOT NBHOJUVEFTBOEDPMPSTGPSUIFTFTUBST BOE JODMVEFTUIFêSTUSFDPSEFESFGFSFODFUPUIF"OESPNFEBOFCVMB 5PMUFDDPORVFSPSTPGUIF$FOUSBM"NFSJDBO.BZBODJUZPG$IJDIÊO*U[ÃDPOTUSVDUNPO VNFOUTXJUISJUVBMBTUSPOPNJDBMBMJHONFOUTUPUIFSJTJOHBOETFUUJOHPGUIF4VOBOEUIF TBDSFEQMBOFU7FOVT D "SBC QIJMPTPQIFS QIZTJDJBO BOE TDJFOUJTU "WJDFOOB ¢

JO "SBCJD "CV A"MJ "M)VTBJO*CO"CEBMMBI*CO4JOB QSPQPTFTUIBUUFSSFTUSJBMNPVOUBJOTNJHIUCFDBVTFECZ VQIFBWBMTPGUIF&BSUITDSVTU TVDIBTUIPTFBDDPNQBOZJOHFBSUIRVBLFT BOEUIBUNPVO UBJOTDPVMECFOPUJDFBCMZDVUBOEXPSOBXBZCZXBUFSëPXJOHPWFSMPOHQFSJPETPGUJNF $IJOFTF BTUSPOPNFST SFDPSE B CSJHIU iHVFTUu TUBS UIBU BQQFBSFEJO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 5BVSVT PO +VMZ CFDPNJOH BT CSJHIU BT 7FOVT BOE SFNBJOJOH WJTJCMF UP UIF VOBJEFEFZFGPSNPOUIT*UTFYQBOEJOHSFNOBOU UIF$SBC/FCVMB JTTUJMMEFUFDUFE VTJOHUFMFTDPQFTUPEBZ ѮF1FSTJBOQPFU NBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS0NBS,IBZZBN ¢ DPO USJCVUFTUPDBMFOEBSSFGPSN NFBTVSJOHUIFMFOHUIPGUIFZFBSBTEBZT XIJDITVSQBTTFEUIFBDDVSBDZPGUIF+VMJBOWBMVFBOEBHSFFTXJUINPEFSOEFUFSNJOB UJPOTUPUIFTJYUIEFDJNBMQMBDF DVSSFOUMZBUEBZT &OHMJTIQIJMPTPQIFSBOETDJFOUJTU3PHFS#BDPO D¢D BTTFSUTUIBUUIFPOMZ CBTJTGPSTDJFOUJêDDFSUBJOUZJTUISPVHIUIFVTFPGPCTFSWBUJPOTBOEFYQFSJNFOUUPQSPWF BOBSHVNFOU

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

&OHMJTIUIFPMPHJBO8JMMJBNPG0DLIBN D¢D QSPQPTFTBSVMFJOTDJFODF BOEQIJMPTPQIZ OPXLOPXOBT0DLIBNTSB[PS XIJDITUBUFTUIBUUIFTJNQMFTUPGUXPPS NPSFDPNQFUJOHUIFPSJFTJTQSFGFSBCMF (FSNBO QIJMPTPQIFS BOE UIFPMPHJBO /JLPMBT PG $VTB ¢ BSHVFT UIBU UIF &BSUIDBOOPUCFBUUIFDFOUFSPGBOVOCPVOEFE6OJWFSTF TVHHFTUTUIBUUIF&BSUINPWFT BSPVOEUIF4VO BOEQSPQPTFTUIBUUIFTUBSTBSFPUIFS4VOTXJUIJOIBCJUFEQMBOFUT ѮF(FOPFTFOBWJHBUPS$ISJTUPQIFS$PMVNCVT ¢ MBOETJO&TQBÒPMB BOJTMBOE OPXDPOTJTUJOHPG)BJUJBOEUIF%PNJOJDBO3FQVCMJD GPSHJOHBQBUIUPUIF/FX8PSME 'FSEJOBOE.BHFMMBO m PCTFSWFTUIFCSJHIUOFCVMBFTVCTFRVFOUMZOBNFE UIFMBSHFBOETNBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVETUIFZBSFUXPJSSFHVMBSHBMBYJFTUIBUBSFTBUFMMJUFT PGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ WJTJCMFPOMZGSPNUIFFRVBUPSJBMSFHJPOTBOEUIFTPVUIFSO IFNJTQIFSF)JTTIJQ7JDUPSJBDPNQMFUFTUIFêSTUDJSDVNOBWJHBUJPOPGUIFXPSMEUIF GPMMPXJOHZFBS BѫFSUIFEFBUIPG.BHFMMBO ѮF1PMJTIBTUSPOPNFSBOEDMFSJD.JLPMBK,PQFSOJL CFUUFSLOPXOBT/JDPMBVT$PQFS OJDVT ¢

QVCMJTIFTIJTJOëVFOUJBMCPPL%FSFWPMVUJPOJCVTPSCJVNDPFMFTUJVN PS$PODFSOJOHUIF3FWPMVUJPOTPGUIF$FMFTUJBM#PEJFT SFWJWJOHUIF4VODFOUFSFENPEFM PGUIF6OJWFSTFJOUSPEVDFECZUIF(SFFLQIJMPTPQIFS"SJTUBSDIPT D¢D#$ FJHIUFFODFOUVSJFTFBSMJFS BOECZUIF*OEJBOTPG"TJBBCPVUBNJMMFOOJVNCFGPSFUIBU $PQFSOJDVTQSPQPTFEUIBUUIF&BSUIJTPOFPGTFWFSBMQMBOFUTNPWJOHBUDPOTUBOUWFMPDJ UJFTJOQFSGFDUDJSDMFTBSPVOEUIF4VO JOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPOCVUBUEJĒFSFOUEJTUBODFT BOEWBSJPVTTQFFET*OPSEFSPGJODSFBTJOHEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VO UIFZBSF.FSDVSZ 7FOVT &BSUI .BST +VQJUFSBOE4BUVSO"T$PQFSOJDVTOPUJDFE UIFGBSUIFSBQMBOFUJT GSPNUIF4VO UIFTMPXFSJUNPWFTBOEUIFMPOHFSJUUBLFTUPDPNQMFUFPOFDJSDVJU ѮF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ PCTFSWFTBCSJMMJBOUiOFXTUBSuPS iOPWBuJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BTTJPQFJB XIJDIXBTCSJHIUFSUIBO7FOVTBOEIBEOPUCFFO TFFOCFGPSFѮFEFCSJTGSPNUIJTTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPO PSTVQFSOPWBBTJUJTOPXLOPXO JT TUJMMPCTFSWFEUPEBZJUJTDBMMFE5ZDIPTTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU5ZDIPTVCTFRVFOUMZCVJMET BOPCTFSWBUPSZ OBNFE6SBOJCPSH PSiDFMFTUJBMDBTUMFu POUIFJTMBOEPG)WFOOFBS$PQFO IBHFO)FEFTJHOFEIJTPXOJOHFOJPVTNFBTVSJOHJOTUSVNFOUTUIBUSFTFNCMFEMBSHFHVO TJHIUTXJUIHSBEVBUFEDJSDMFT BOEVTFEUIFNBU6SBOJCPSHGPSUXPEFDBEFT DPNQJMJOH FYDFQUJPOBMMZBDDVSBUFPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFQPTJUJPOTBOENPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 2ETROGRADELOOPSINA#OPERNICAN5NIVERSE!3UN CENTERED MODELOFTHE5NIVERSEPROPOSEDIN"#BYTHE'REEKPHILOSOPHER!RIS TARCHOSC¥C"# ANDREVIVEDINBYTHE0OLISHASTRONOMER ANDCLERIC.ICOLAUS#OPERNICUS¥ )TEXPLAINSTHELOOPINGPATH OF-ARSINTERMSOFTHERELATIVESPEEDSOFTHE%ARTHAND-ARS4HE%ARTH TRAVELSAROUNDTHE3UNMORERAPIDLYTHAN-ARSDOES!S%ARTHOVERTAKES ANDPASSESTHESLOWERMOVINGPLANETPOINTSTO -ARSAPPEARSTOMOVE BACKWARDPOINTS"TO$ FORAFEWMONTHS

ѮF+VMJBODBMFOEBSJTTXJUDIFEPWFSUPUIF(SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSJO$BUIPMJDDPVOUSJFT CZ EFDSFFPG1PQF(SFHPSZ9*** ¢ 1SPUFTUBOU(FSNBODPVOUSJFTBEPQUFEUIF (SFHPSJBOSFGPSNJOBOE&OHMBOEJO *UBMJBOQIJMPTPQIFSBOEQSJFTU(JPSEBOP#SVOP ¢ QSPQPTFTBEFDFOUSBMJ[FE JOêOJUFBOEJOêOJUFMZQPQVMBUFE6OJWFSTFUIBUJTêMMFEXJUIDPVOUMFTTIBCJUBCMFQMBOFUT SFWPMWJOHBSPVOETUBSTPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO QVCMJTIJOHUIFTFJEFBTJO%FMJOêOJUPVOJ WFSTPFNPOEJ PSѮFJOêOJUFVOJWFSTFBOEXPSMET

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

UP"% 8JMMJBN(JMCFSU ¢

QIZTJDJBOUP2VFFO&MJ[BCFUI*PG&OHMBOE XSJUFT %F NBHOFUF NBHOFUJDJTRVF DPSQPSJCVT FU EF NBHOP NBHOFUF UFMMVSF PS $PODFSOJOH .BHOFUJTN .BHOFUJD#PEJFT BOEUIF(SFBU.BHOFU UIF&BSUI JOXIJDIIFTIPXTUIBU UIF&BSUIJTJUTFMGBHSFBUNBHOFU FYQMBJOJOHUIFPSJFOUBUJPOPGDPNQBTTOFFEMFT*UJTBT JGUIFSFJTBDPMPTTBMEJQPMBSNBHOFUBUUIFDFOUFSPGUIF&BSUI *UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ EJTDPWFSTIJTMBXPGGBMMJOHCPE JFT QSPWJOHUIBUHSBWJUZBDUTXJUIUIFTBNFTUSFOHUIPOBMMPCKFDUT JOEFQFOEFOUPG UIFJSNBTT (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ PCTFSWFTBCSJHIUiOFXTUBSuXIFSF OPTUBSIBECFFOTFFOQSFWJPVTMZ*OUIFTBNFZFBSIFXSPUF"E7JUFMMJPOFN1BSBMJQP NFOB 2VJCVT"TUSPOPNJBF1BST0QUJDB5SBEJUVSF PS4VQQMFNFOUUP8JUFMP IJTUSFBUJTF POPQUJDT

*O8IJDIJT&YQPVOEFEUIF0QUJDBMQBSUPG"TUSPOPNZ*OUIJTXPSL,FQMFS TUBUFTUIBUUIFJOUFOTJUZPGMJHIUWBSJFTJOWFSTFMZXJUIUIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFGSPNUIF TPVSDF)FBMTPTUBUFTUIBUWJTJPOJTDBVTFECZUIFGPSNBUJPOPGBOJNBHFPOUIFSFUJOB CZUIFFZFTMFOT *O 0DUPCFS UIF OBUJPOBM HPWFSONFOU PG UIF /FUIFSMBOET EJTDVTTFE UIF QBUFOU BQQMJDBUJPOTPGêSTUUIF%VUDITQFDUBDMFNBLFS )BOT-JQQFSTIFZ D¢ PG .JEEMFCVSH BOEUIFO+BDPC.FUJVT ¢ PG"MLNBBS POBEFWJDFGPSiTFFJOH GBSBXBZUIJOHTBTUIPVHIOFBSCZu*UDPOTJTUFEPGBDPODBWFBOEBDPOWFYMFOTJOBUVCF BOEUIFDPNCJOBUJPONBHOJêFEUISFFPSGPVSUJNFT4VDITQZHMBTTFTTPPOCFDBNFWFSZ DPNNPO BOEOPQBUFOUXBTBXBSEFE *UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ CVJMETIJTPXOUFMFTDPQFT XIJDIIBE CFFOJOWFOUFEJO)PMMBOEUIFZFBSCFGPSF BOEJTUIFêSTUUPVTFUFMFTDPQFTGPSBTUSP OPNJDBMPCTFSWBUJPOT (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ QVCMJTIFT"TUSPOPNJDBOPWB PS /FX"TUSPOPNZ XIJDIDPOUBJOTIJTêSTUUXPMBXTPGQMBOFUBSZNPUJPOBOEBDDVSBUFMZ EFTDSJCFTUIFPSCJUPG.BST)JTêSTUMBXTUBUFTUIBUQMBOFUTUSBWFMJOFMMJQUJDBMPSCJUT BSPVOEUIF4VO XJUIUIF4VOBUPOFPGUIFUXPGPDJPGUIFFMMJQTFTѮFTFDPOEMBX TUBUFTUIBUUIFMJOFKPJOJOHUIF4VOBOEBQMBOFUTXFFQTPVSFRVBMBSFBTPGTQBDFJO FRVBMQFSJPETPGUJNF TPUIBUQMBOFUTNPWFNPSFRVJDLMZXIFOUIFZBSFOFBSFSUIF 4VO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ QVCMJTIFT4JEFSFVTOVODJPT PSѮF4UBSSZ .FTTFOHFS SFQPSUJOHIJTQJPOFFSJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIFOFXMZJOWFOUFETQZHMBTT PS UFMFTDPQFѮFZJODMVEFEIJTEJTDPWFSJFTPGQSFWJPVTMZVOTFFONPVOUBJOT WBMMFZTBOEDSB UFST PO UIF .PPO GPVS QSFWJPVTMZ VOLOPXO NPPOT UIBU DJSDMF +VQJUFS BOE OVNFSPVT TUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZUIBUDBOOPUCFTFFOXJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZF*OUIFTBNFZFBSIF CFHBOTZTUFNBUJDTUVEJFTPGTVOTQPUTUISPVHIBUFMFTDPQF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS +PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ EJTDVTTFT UIF PQUJDT PG UIF UFMF TDPQFJOIJT%PQUSJDFPS%JPQUSJDT JODMVEJOHBEFTDSJQUJPOPGBOFXUZQFPGUFMFTDPQF VTJOHUXPDPOWFYMFOTFT (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS4JNPO.BSJVT ¢ JTUIFêSTUUPPCTFSWFUIF"OESPN FEB /FCVMB XJUI B UFMFTDPQF )F BMTP VTFT B UFMFTDPQF UP PCTFSWF UIF GPVS NPPOT PG +VQJUFSJOEFQFOEFOUMZPG(BMJMFP BOEOBNFTUIFN*P &VSPQB (BOZNFEF BOE$BMMJTUP XIJDIXFVTFUPEBZ (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ QVCMJTIFT%FIBSNPOJDFTNVOEFT PSѮF)BSNPOJFTPGUIF8PSMET XIJDIJODMVEFTIJTUIJSEMBXPGQMBOFUBSZNPUJPO JO XIJDIUIFTRVBSFPGBQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEBCPVUUIF4VOJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFDVCF PGJUTBWFSBHFEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VO (SFBU#SJUBJOFTUBCMJTIFTUIFêSTUQFSNBOFOU&VSPQFBOTFUUMFNFOUJO/FX&OHMBOEBU 1MZNPVUI *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ EJTDPWFST UIBU UIF BDDFMFSBUJPO PG B GBMMJOHCPEZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFUJNFBOEJOEFQFOEFOUPGXFJHIUBOEEFOTJUZ *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJT CPPL %JBMPHP TPQSB J EVFNBTTJNJTJTUFNJEFMNPOEP UPMFNBJDPFDPQFSOJDBOP PS%JBMPHVF$PODFSOJOHѮF 5XP$IJFG8PSME4ZTUFNT 1UPMFNBJDBOE$PQFSOJDBO QSFTFOUJOHQFSTVBTJWFBSHVNFOUT GPSUIFIFMJPDFOUSJDUIFPSZPGQMBOFUBSZNPUJPOѮFCPPLXBTCBOOFEBOE(BMJMFPXBT UBLFOUP3PNFUPGBDFUSJBMPOBDIBSHFPGIFSFTZJO ѮF'SFODIQIJMPTPQIFSBOEQIZTJDJTU1JFSSF(BTTFOEJ ¢ PCTFSWFTUIF USBOTJUPG7FOVTBDSPTTUIF4VO XIJDIIBECFFOQSFEJDUFECZ,FQMFS BOEFTUBCMJTIFT UIBUUIFPSCJUPG7FOVTMJFTDMPTFSUPUIF4VOUIBOEPFTUIF&BSUITPSCJU

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

&OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS BOE DMFSHZNBO +FSFNJBI )PSSPDLT ¢ PCTFSWFT UIF USBOTJUPG7FOVT XIJDIIFIBEQSFEJDUFEGSPNUIFUSBOTJUOPUJOHUIBUUIF USBOTJUTPDDVSJOQBJSTFJHIUZFBSTBQBSU BOEVTFT,FQMFSTMBXTUPQSPWFUIBUUIF.PPO PSCJUTUIF&BSUIJOBOFMMJQUJDBMPSCJUBTJGJUXBTiDPOUJOVBMMZGBMMJOHUPXBSE&BSUIu ѮF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS $ISJTUJBBO )VZHFOT ¢ EJTDPWFST 5JUBO 4BUVSOT MBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS $ISJTUJBBO )VZHFOT ¢ SFBMJ[FT UIBU 4BUVSO JT TVS SPVOEFECZBSJOH QVCMJTIJOHJOB-BUJOBOBHSBNUIBU XIFOJOUFSQSFUFE FYQMBJOT 4BUVSOTIBOEMFTIBQFEBQQFBSBODFCZi*U<4BUVSO>JTTVSSPVOEFECZBUIJO ëBUSJOH OPXIFSFUPVDIJOHJUBOEJODMJOFEUPUIFFDMJQUJDu ѮF*UBMJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIF(SFBU3FE4QPUPO+VQJUFS &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTUBOENBUIFNBUJDJBO*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ VTFTBQSJTNUPEJT QFSTFXIJUFTVOMJHIUJOUPJUTDPNQPOFOUDPMPST BOEUIFOVTFTBTFDPOEQSJTNUPDPN CJOFUIFDPMPSTJOUIFTQFDUSVNBOEGPSNXIJUFMJHIUBHBJO*OUIJTXBZ /FXUPOQSPWFE UIBUUIFDPMPSTBSFBQSPQFSUZPGMJHIUBOEOPUPGUIFQSJTN $POTUSVDUJPOPGUIF0CTFSWBUPJSFEF1BSJT 1BSJT0CTFSWBUPSZ CFHJOT*UXBTGPVOEFE CZ -PVJT 9*7 ¢

ѮF 4VO ,JOH BOE JT UIF PMEFTU PQFSBUJOH BTUSPOPNJ DBMPCTFSWBUPSZJOFYJTUFODF(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNJOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ XBTUIFêSTUPGGPVSHFOFSBUJPOTPGIJTGBNJMZUPIPMEUIFQPTUPGEJSFDUPS PGUIFPCTFSWBUPSZ8IJMFEJSFDUPS $BTTJOJEJTDPWFSFEUIFEBSLHBQJO4BUVSOTSJOHT JO OPX OBNFE $BTTJOJT HBQ BOE BMTP EJTDPWFSFE GPVS TBUFMMJUFT PG UIF SJOHFE QMBOFUm*BQFUVT 3IFB 5FUIZTBOE%JPOF JO BOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ ѮF0CTFSWBUPJSFEF1BSJTJTOPXMPDBUFEJOCPUI1BSJTBOEOFBSCZ.FVEPO &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTUBOENBUIFNBUJDJBO*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ DPOTUSVDUTUIFêSTU SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF)FVTFEBQSJNBSZDPODBWFTQIFSJDBMNJSSPSPGTQFDVMVNNFUBM BOBMMPZPGDPQQFSBOEUJO XIJDISFëFDUFEMJHIUVQUIFUVCFPGUIFUFMFTDPQFUPBëBU TFDPOEBSZNJSSPSPGTQFDVMVN BOHMFEBUEFHSFFTUPEJSFDUUIFMJHIUTJEFXBZT/PXB EBZTUIFQSJNBSZNJSSPSJTNBEFPGHMBTTBOEPGQBSBCPMJDTIBQF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS (JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO %PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ BOEUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS+FBO3JDIFS ¢ PCTFSWF UIFPQQPTJUJPOPG.BST GSPN1BSJTBOE$BZFOOF 4PVUI"NFSJDB SFTQFDUJWFMZ USJBO HVMBUJOHUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOE.BSTBOEIFODFEFUFSNJOJOHUIFNFBO EJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOUPCFNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST PSBCPVU LJMPNFUFSTTIPSUPGUIFNPEFSOWBMVF ѮF*UBMJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ EJTDPWFSTBEBSLTFQBSBUJPOJO4BUVSOTSJOHT OPXDBMMFEUIF$BT TJOJHBQ $IBSMFT ** ¢ GPVOET UIF 3PZBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ PG &OHMBOE BU (SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE BOE UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO'MBNTUFFE ¢ JT BQQPJOUFE BT UIFêSTU"TUSPOPNFS3PZBMѮF3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZXBTCVJMUBOEPQFSBUFE UPJNQSPWFOBWJHBUJPOBUTFBBOEUPêOEUIFFBTUXFTUQPTJUJPO PSMPOHJUVEF XIJMFBU TFBBOEPVUPGTJHIUPGMBOE CZBTUSPOPNJDBMNFBOT %BOJTI BTUSPOPNFS0MF3ÕNFS ¢ BOOPVODFT UIBU MJHIU USBWFMT BU B êOJUF TQFFE XIJDIIFQSPWFEGSPNPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFJODPOTUBOUJOUFSWBMCFUXFFO+VQJUFST FDMJQTFTPGJUTTBUFMMJUF*P8IFOUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFO&BSUIBOE+VQJUFSXBTMFBTU UIF JOUFSWBMCFUXFFOFDMJQTFTXBTTNBMMFTU BOEWJDFWFSTB3ÕNFSFTUJNBUFTUIBUUIFTQFFE PG MJHIU JT LJMPNFUFST QFS TFDPOE BOE UIBU UIF 4VOT SBZT SFBDI UIF &BSUI JO NJOVUFT XIFOUSBWFMJOHBUUIJTWFMPDJUZ DPNQBSFEXJUIUIFDVSSFOUMZBDDFQUFEWBM VFTPG LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEBOEPGNJOVUFTPSTFDPOET &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ DBMDVMBUFTUIBUBOJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBXPG HSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOCFUXFFOUIF4VOBOEQMBOFUTXPVMEFYQMBJOUIFFMMJQUJDBMQMBO FUBSZPSCJUTEJTDPWFSFECZ+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ 'SFODIQIJMPTPQIFSBOEXSJUFS#FSOBSEEF'POUFOFMMF m QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPL &OUSFUJFOT TVS MB 1MVSBMJUÊ EFT .POEFT XIJDI QPQVMBSJ[FT UIF JEFB UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF DPOUBJOTNBOZJOIBCJUFEXPSMET ѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ QVCMJTIFTUIFêSTUNFUFPSPMPHJ DBMDIBSUPGUIFXPSME TIPXJOHUIFEJSFDUJPOTPGQSFWBJMJOHXJOETJOEJĒFSFOUSFHJPOT &OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU *TBBD /FXUPO ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJT 1IJMPTPQIJBF OBUVSBMJT QSJODJQJBNBUIFNBUJDB PS.BUIFNBUJDBM1SJODJQMFTPG/BUVSBM1IJMPTPQIZ LOPXOBT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

UIF1SJODJQJBGPSTIPSU XJUIUIFêOBODJBMTVQQPSUPG&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE )BMMFZ ¢

JO XIJDI /FXUPO TIPXFE UIBU UIF TBNF VODIBOHJOH QIZTJ DBMMBXTBQQMZUPFWFSZUIJOHJOUIF$PTNPTGSPNUIFUFSSFTUSJBMUPUIFDFMFTUJBM UIF BQQMFUPUIF.PPOѮF1SJODJQJBJODMVEFTBNBUIFNBUJDBMQSFTFOUBUJPOPGIJTMBXTPG NPUJPOBOEIJTDPODFQUPGVOJWFSTBMHSBWJUBUJPO FYQMBJOJOHUIFNPUJPOTPGUIF.PPO BSPVOEUIF&BSUIBOEUIFQMBOFUTBSPVOEUIF4VO*OIJTXPSET XSJUUFOJOUIF1SJO DJQJB iѮF<4VODFOUFSFE>$PQFSOJDBOTZTUFNPGUIFQMBOFUTTUBOETSFWFBMFEBTBWBTU NBDIJOFXPSLJOHVOEFSNFDIBOJDBMMBXTIFSFVOEFSTUPPEBOEFYQMBJOFEGPSUIFêSTU UJNFu/FWFSUIFMFTT /FXUPOEJEOPUEFSJWF,FQMFSTUIJSEMBXJOUIF1SJODJQJB CVU JOTUFBEVTFEUIFMBXUPJOGFSUIBUUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFNVTUGBMMPĒXJUIUIFJOWFSTF TRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODF*OUIFFEJUJPOPGUIF1SJODJQJB /FXUPOJOUSPEVDFEUIF JEFBUIBUNBUFSJBMPCKFDUTBSFBUUSBDUFECZUIFGPSDFBOEBDUJPOPGUIFBFUIFS BiTVCUMF BMMQFSWBTJWFTQJSJUu &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFGPSNVMBGPSUIFGPDBM EJTUBODFPGBMFOTJUTSFDJQSPDBMJTUIFTVNPGUIFSFDJQSPDBMTPGUIFEJTUBODFTPGUIF PCKFDUBOEJNBHFGSPNUIFMFOT

UP"% &OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU *TBBD /FXUPO ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJT 0QUJDT XIJDI EFTDSJCFT SFGSBDUJPO SFëFDUJPO BOEPUIFSQSPQFSUJFTPGMFOTFTBOENJSSPST)FBMTPFMBCPSBUFTIJT UIFPSZUIBUMJHIUJTDPNQPTFEPGBTUSFBNPGQBSUJDMFT ѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ êOETUIBUUIFSFUSPHSBEFPSCJU PGUIFDPNFUPGJTTJNJMBSUPUIPTFPGUIFDPNFUTPCTFSWFEJOBOE BOE OPUJDFTUIBUUIF(SFBU$PNFUPGBMTPUSBWFMFEJOUIFSFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO)FDPO DMVEFTUIBUBMMGPVSDPNFUTXFSFSFUVSOTPGUIFTBNFDPNFUJOBDMPTFEFMMJQUJDBMPSCJU BSPVOEUIF4VOXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVUZFBST QSFEJDUJOHJUTSFUVSOJO%FDFNCFS BOEOPUJOHUIBUIFXPVMEOPUMJWFUPTFFJU'PMMPXJOHUIFQSFEJDUFESFBQQFBSBODF JU CFDBNFLOPXOBT$PNFU)BMMFZ &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ DPNQBSFTUIFPCTFSWFEQPTJUJPOTPG CSJHIUTUBSTPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFXJUIUIPTFGPVOEJO1UPMFNZT"MNBHFTU CPSSPXFE GSPNUIFMJTUDPNQJMFECZ)JQQBSDIVT D¢D#$

DPODMVEJOHUIBUBUMFBTU UISFFTUBSTIBEDIBOHFEQPTJUJPOBOEXFSFOPUiêYFEuJOUIFêSNBNFOUѮFFYDFQ UJPOBMMZCSJHIUTUBST "MEFCBSBO DBMMFE1BMJêDJVNPSUIF#VMMT&ZF

4JSJVTBOE"SD UVSVT IBEDIBOHFEQPTJUJPO CZCFUXFFOBOENJOVUFTPGBSDTJODF)JQQBSDIVT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UJNFBOEXFSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHѮFTUFMMBSNPUJPOUIBU)BMMFZEFUFDUFEJTBDSPTT UIF TLZ USBOTWFSTF PS QFSQFOEJDVMBS UP UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE JU JT LOPXO BT QSPQFS NPUJPO ѮF&OHMJTINBO(FPSHF(SBIBN m EJTDPWFSTMBSHF JSSFHVMBSëVDUVBUJPOT JODPNQBTTOFFEMFTUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS"OEFST$FMTJVT m TBXTPNF PGUIFNBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNFѮSFFZFBSTMBUFS JO UIFZCPUITIPXFEUIBUB EJTUVSCBODFPOUIF4VOQSPEVDFEBNBHOFUJDêFMEëVDUVBUJPOPO&BSUI"DFOUVSZMBUFS UIF(FSNBOHFPQIZTJDJTUBOEXSJUFS"MFYBOEFSWPO)VNCPMEU m OBNFE UIFNNBHOFUJDTUPSNT BOEJOTUJUVUFEBXPSMEXJEFQSPHSBNGPSDPNQJMJOHNBHOFUJD BOEXFBUIFSPCTFSWBUJPOT ѮF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT #SBEMFZ ¢ EJTDPWFST TUFMMBS BCFSSBUJPO XIJDIJTBUJMUJOHPGUIFBQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOPGBTUBSJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNPUJPOPG UIFPCTFSWFSѮFTJ[FPGUIFFĒFDUEFQFOETPOUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPG MJHIU BOEUIFBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGPCTFSWBUJPOBOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGNPUJPO XJUI B NBYJNVN WBMVF PG TFDPOET PG BSD #SBEMFZT EJTDPWFSZ QSPWFE UIBU UIF &BSUINPWFTUISPVHITQBDF BOEFOBCMFEIJNUPEFUFSNJOFBWBMVFPG LJMPNF UFSTQFSTFDPOEGPSUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU*O UIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS0MF3ÕNFS ¢ IBENFBTVSFEUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUVTJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTPG+VQJUFSTNPPOT PCUBJOJOHBWBMVFPG LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEѮFNPEFSOWBMVFJT LJMP NFUFSTQFSTFDPOE ѮF &OHMJTI IPSPMPHJTU BOE JOTUSVNFOU NBLFS+PIO )BSSJTPO ¢ TVCNJUT IJTNBSJOFDISPOPNFUFSUPUIF#SJUJTIHPWFSONFOUT#PBSEPG-POHJUVEF XIJDIIBE PĒFSFE BO BXBSE PG QPVOET UP BOZPOF XIP DPVME JOWFOU BO JOTUSVNFOU UIBU DPVMEEFUFSNJOFMPOHJUVEFBUTFBUPBOBDDVSBDZPGIBMGBEFHSFF)BSSJTPOTDISPOPN FUFSTXFSFTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFECZUIF#SJUJTI/BWZ PCUBJOJOHBOBDDVSBDZPGBCPVUPOF NJOVUFPGMPOHJUVEF CVUIFEJEOPUSFDFJWFUIFGVMMBXBSEVOUJM &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS BOE UFBDIFS ѮPNBT 8SJHIU ¢

PG %VSIBN QVC MJTIFT "O 0SJHJOBM ѮFPSZ PS /FX )ZQPUIFTJT PG UIF 6OJWFSTF JO XIJDI UIF 4VO JT BTTVNFEUPCFTJNJMBS UP UIF SFTUPGUIFTUBST UIBUUIFSFJTBNVMUJUVEFPGXPSMET BOEUIBUBMMUIFTUBSTBSFMPDBUFEJOBUIJOTQIFSJDBMTIFMMѮFFOUJSF.JMLZ8BZJT KVTU BO FEHFXJTF WJFX PG B TNBMM TFHNFOU PG UIF TIFMM 8SJHIU BMTP TVHHFTUFE UIBU UIFOFCVMBFNJHIUCFPUIFSDPMMFDUJPOTPGTUBST SFTFNCMJOHUIF.JMLZ8BZCVUMZJOH PVUTJEFJU BOEUIBUMJGFNJHIUCFQSFTFOUPOPUIFSXPSMET)JTBMUFSOBUJWF MFTTQSF GFSSFENPEFMQPSUSBZFEUIF.JMLZ8BZBTBëBUSJOH BOEJUXBTUBLFOVQJOCZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

'*( 4HOMAS7RIGHTSMODELOFTHE-ILKY7AY!CCORDINGTO4HOMAS 7RIGHTOF$URHAM¥ THE-ILKY7AYISCOMPOSEDOFALARGE NUMBEROFSTARSARRANGEDINASLAB LIKELAYER WITHTHE3UNPLACEDATTHECENTER OFTHESLAB!CROSSSECTIONOFTHISSTELLARLAYERISSHOWNHERE)TISASMALL SEGMENTOFAMUCHLARGERSPHERICALSHELLOFSTARS WITHTHE$IVINE0RESENCE SIGNIlEDBYANEYELOCATEDATTHECENTER

UIF(FSNBOQIJMPTPQIFS*NNBOVFM,BOU ¢

DPOWFSUJOHUIFSJOHJOUPB EJTLTIBQFETZTUFN ѮF(FSNBOQIJMPTPQIFS*NNBOVFM,BOU ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPL"MMHFNFJOF /BUVSHFTDIJDIUFVOEѮFPSJFEFT)JNNFMTPS6OJWFSTBM/BUVSBM)JTUPSZBOEѮFPSZPG UIF)FBWFOT JOXIJDIIFQSPQPTFTUIBUUIF.JMLZ8BZJTBëBUUFOFE TQJOOJOHEJTLPG TUBST BOEBSHVFTUIBUUIFOFCVMBFBSFEJTLTIBQFEJTMBOEVOJWFSTFT PSHBMBYJFT TJNJMBS UPUIF.JMLZ8BZBOEMPDBUFEGBSPVUTJEFJU CVUTFFOBUWBSJPVTBOHMFTXJUIEJĒFSFOU TIBQFT,BOUBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUUIF4VOBOEQMBOFUTGPSNFEUPHFUIFSPVUPGBTJOHMF DPMMBQTJOH SPUBUJOHDMPVEPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBT OPXDBMMFEUIFTPMBSOFCVMB UIBUOFXQMBO FUTXPVMECFEJTDPWFSFECFZPOE4BUVSO BOEUIBUPUIFSQMBOFUTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNBSF FJUIFSJOIBCJUFEOPXPSXJMMCFJOUIFGVUVSFѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFSBOEXSJUFS1JFSSF 4JNPO.BSRVJTEF-BQMBDF ¢ QPQVMBSJ[FEUIJTOFCVMBSIZQPUIFTJTGPSUIF PSJHJOPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJO FYUFOEJOHJUUPUIFGPSNBUJPOPGSJOHTBOENPPOT BSPVOEUIFQMBOFUT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"TUSPOPNFSTUSBWFMUPSFNPUFMPDBUJPOTUPPCTFSWFUIFUSBOTJUPG7FOVTBDSPTTUIF4VO SFQFBUJOHUIFPCTFSWBUJPOTEVSJOHUIFUSBOTJU#PUITFUTPGPCTFSWBUJPOTXFSFVTFE UPQMBDFMJNJUTUPUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO UIFBTUSPOPNJDBM VOJU BUCFUXFFOBOENJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST &OHMJTI OBUVSBM QIJMPTPQIFS )FOSZ $BWFOEJTI m EFNPOTUSBUFT UIF FYJT UFODFPGiJOëBNNBCMFBJSu BTVCTUBODFUIBUXBTOBNFEIZESPHFOCZUIF'SFODIDIFNJTU "OUPJOF-BVSFOU-BWPJTJFS ¢ JOCPUITDJFOUJTUTTIPXFEUIBUIZESP HFODPNCVTUJPOJOPYZHFOQSPEVDFTXBUFS ѮF(FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO+PIBOO%BOJFM5JUJVT ¢ êSTUOPUJDFTUIFGPS NVMBUIBUBQQSPYJNBUFMZEFTDSJCFTUIFEJTUBODFTPGBMMUIFUIFOLOPXOQMBOFUTGSPN UIF4VO*UXBTCSPVHIUUPQSPNJOFODFCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO&MFSU#PEF ¢ JOIJTQPQVMBSCPPLPOBTUSPOPNZFOUJUMFE"OMFJUVOH [VS,FOOUOJTEFT HFTUJNUFO)JNNFMT PS*OTUSVDUJPOGPSUIF,OPXMFEHFPGUIF4UBSSZ)FBWFOT BOEJTOPX LOPXOBTUIF5JUJVT#PEFMBXѮFMBXTUBUFTUIBUUIFSFMBUJWFEJTUBODFTPGUIFQMBOFUT GSPNUIF4VODBOCFBQQSPYJNBUFECZUBLJOHUIFTFRVFODF BEEJOH BOEEJWJEJOHCZѮF5JUJVT#PEFMBXQSFEJDUTUIFEJTUBODFTPG6SBOVTBOEUIFêSTU BTUFSPJET XIJDIXFSFEJTDPWFSFEBѫFSUIFMBXXBTTUBUFEJUBMTPQSFEJDUTUIFBQQSPYJ NBUFEJTUBODFPG/FQUVOF 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFSBOEDPNFUIVOUFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ DSFBUFTIJTêSTU $BUBMPHVFEFTOFCVMFVTFTFUEFTBNBTEFUPJMFTPS$BUBMPHPG/FCVMBFBOE4UBS$MVTUFST DPOTJTUJOHPGPCKFDUT#ZUIFDBUBMPHVFJODMVEFEKVTUPWFSPCKFDUT"TUSPOP NFST TUJMM EFTJHOBUF UIFTF PCKFDUT CZ UIF DBQJUBM MFUUFS . GPMMPXFE CZ UIF OVNCFS JO .FTTJFST MJTU ѮF $SBC /FCVMB JT GPS FYBNQMF LOPXO BT . BOE UIF "OESPNFEB /FCVMBBT. (FSNBOCPSO &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFST UIF QMBOFU6SBOVTVTJOHBIPNFNBEFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFPOUIFOJHIUPG.BSDI *OVOQVCMJTIFEXPSL UIFSFDMVTJWF&OHMJTITDJFOUJTU)FOSZ$BWFOEJTI ¢ DBMDVMBUFTUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMEFëFDUJPOPGMJHIUSBZTCZUIF4VOVTJOH/FXUPOJBOHSBWJUZ BOEUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBUBMJHIUSBZJTBNBUFSJBMDPSQVTDMF ѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO(PPESJDLF ¢ EJTDPWFSTBQFSJPEJDWBSJBUJPO JOUIFJOUFOTJUZPGMJHIUGSPNUIFTUBS%FMUB$FQIFJ*UJTUIFQSPUPUZQFPGUIF$FQIFJE WBSJBCMF TUBST UIBU BSF VTFE UP JOGFS DPTNJD EJTUBODFT UISPVHI UIF QFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

SFMBUJPOEJTDPWFSFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ JO &OHMJTIDMFSHZNBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS+PIO.JDIFMM ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUBOJOWJT JCMF CMBDLTUBSNJHIUCFTPMBSHFBOENBTTJWF BOEJUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMTPJOUFOTF UIBU MJHIUDPVMEOPUFTDBQFGSPNJU4VDIEBSLBOEJOWJTJCMFTUBSTBSFOPXLOPXOBTTUFMMBS CMBDL IPMFT .JDIFMM BMTP TQFDVMBUFE UIBU UIF VOTFFO TUBS NJHIU CFUSBZ JUT QSFTFODF CZ JUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMFĒFDUPOBOFBSCZMVNJOPVTTUBSJOPSCJUBSPVOEJU'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS 1JFSSF4JNPO.BSRVJTEF-BQMBDF ¢ TVCTFRVFOUMZEFWFMPQFEUIFJEFBUIBU UIFNPTUNBTTJWFTUBSTNJHIUCFVOBCMFUPTFOEMJHIUPVUTJEFCFDBVTFUIFJSHSBWJUZJTUPP TUSPOH (FSNBOCPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFUXP MBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFTPG6SBOVT BOE UXPZFBSTMBUFS UXPTBUFMMJUFTPG4BUVSO (FSNBOCPSO &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ DPNQMFUFT DPO TUSVDUJPOPGIJTGPPUSFëFDUPS XJUIBNFUFS JODI NJSSPS XIJDISFNBJOFE UIFMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFPGJUTUJNFGPSIBMGBDFOUVSZ*UTPPOHBJOFEBSFQVUBUJPOBTUIF iFJHIUIXPOEFSPGUIFXPSMEu BOEXBTWJTJUFECZNBOZQFPQMF JODMVEJOH'SBO[+PTFQI )BZEO ¢ XIPTFWJTJUXBTUIFEJSFDUJOTQJSBUJPOGPSiѮF)FBWFOT"SF5FMM JOHuQBTTBHFJOIJTHSFBUPSBUPSJPѮF$SFBUJPO"MUIPVHIUIFGPPUSFëFDUPSCSPVHIU NBOZGBJOUTUBSTJOUPWJFXBOEQVTIFEUIFFEHFPGUIFLOPXO6OJWFSTFGVSUIFSJOUP TQBDF )FSTDIFM FWFOUVBMMZ DPODMVEFE UIBU IJT OFX UFMFTDPQF DPVME OPU GBUIPN UIF EFQUIPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ 4DPUUJTIOBUVSBMQIJMPTPQIFS+BNFT)VUUPO m QVCMJTIFTUIFEFêOJUJWFWFS TJPOPGIJTѮFPSZPGUIF&BSUI JOXIJDIHFPMPHJDBMDIBOHFJTFYDFQUJPOBMMZHSBEVBM BOE IFODFUIF&BSUINVTUCFJODBMDVMBCMZPME 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFSBOEXSJUFS1JFSSF4JNPO.BSRVJTEF-BQMBDF ¢ QPQV MBSJ[FTUIFOFCVMBSIZQPUIFTJTGPSUIFPSJHJOPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJOIJT&YQPTJUJPOEV TZTUÍNFEVNPOEF BSHVJOHUIBUUIFQMBOFUTBOE4VOGPSNFEUPHFUIFSEVSJOHUIFHSBWJ UBUJPOBMDPMMBQTFPGBTQJOOJOHOFCVMB &OHMJTIOBUVSBMQIJMPTPQIFS)FOSZ$BWFOEJTI m VTFTBOBQQBSBUVTEFWJTFE CZUIF&OHMJTIDMFSHZNBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS+PIO.JDIFMM m UPNFBTVSFUIF GPSDFCFUXFFOUXPPCKFDUTJOUIFMBCPSBUPSZ BOEUPUIFSFCZEFUFSNJOF/FXUPOTHSBWJ UBUJPOBMDPOTUBOUBOEUIFNBTTPGUIF&BSUI)FPCUBJOTBNBTTEFOTJUZPGBCPVU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UJNFTUIBUPGXBUFSBOEBNBTTPGBCPVUCJMMJPOUSJMMJPOUPOT UPOTPS LJMPHSBNT

UP"% ¦ (FSNBOCPSO &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFST JOWJTJCMF DBMPSJDSBZTPSSBEJBOUIFBU MBUFSOBNFEJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO CZOPUJDJOHBSJTFJOUFNQFSBUVSF XIFOBUIFSNPNFUFSJTQMBDFECFZPOEUIFSFEFOEPGUIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGTVOMJHIU 4JDJMJBOBTUSPOPNFSBOENPOL(JVTFQQF1JB[[J ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFêSTUBTUFS PJEPOUIFOJHIUPG+BOVBSZ OBNJOHJU$FSFTBѫFSUIFQBUSPOHPEEFTTPG4JDJMZ )FGPMMPXFEJUGPSTJYXFFLT VOUJMJUNPWFEUPPDMPTFUPUIF4VOUPCFPCTFSWFEBOE XBTMPTUѮF(FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO QIZTJDJTUBOEBTUSPOPNFS,BSM'SJFESJDI(BVTT ¢ EFWFMPQFEBMFBTUTRVBSFTBQQSPYJNBUJPONFUIPEPGDBMDVMBUJOHBOPSCJU GSPNKVTUBGFXPCTFSWBUJPOT BOEVTJOH1JB[[JTEBUBQSFEJDUFEUIFMPDBUJPOPG$FSFT ѮF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI 8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢ SFEJTDPWFSFE UIF BTUFSPJEXIFSF(BVTTIBEQSFEJDUFEJUXPVMECFGPVOE8IJMFGPMMPXJOH$FSFT 0MCFST EJTDPWFSFEBTFDPOEBTUFSPJE 1BMMBT JOUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS,BSM-)BSEJOH ¢ EJTDPWFSFEBUIJSE +VOP JO ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU+PIBOO8JMIFMN3JUUFS ¢ EJTDPWFSTVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIU JOUIFTQFDUSVNPGTVOMJHIU BUXBWFMFOHUITKVTUBCJUTIPSUFSUIBOUIFXBWFMFOHUIPG WJPMFUMJHIU (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO(FPSHWPO4PMEOFS ¢ VTFT/FXUPOTUIFPSZPG HSBWJUZUPDBMDVMBUFUIFCFOEJOHPGMJHIUCZUIF4VOVOEFSUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBUMJHIUJTB TUSFBNPGNBUFSJBMQBSUJDMFT PCUBJOJOHBEFëFDUJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSDGPSBHSB[JOH MJHIUSBZѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ DPOêSNFEUIJTWBMVFJO CVUIFPCUBJOFEUXJDFUIJTBNPVOUJOVTJOHIJT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ JOXIJDIUIF4VODVSWFTOFBSCZTQBDFѮFHSFBUFSMJHIUCFOEJOHXBTDPOêSNFEEVSJOH TPMBSFDMJQTFPCTFSWBUJPOTJO &OHMJTI QIZTJDJBO BOE QIZTJDJTUѮPNBT:PVOH ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFJOUFSGFS FODFPGMJHIUXIFOIFPCTFSWFTUIBUMJHIUQBTTJOHUISPVHIUXPDMPTFMZTQBDFEQJOIPMFT QSPEVDFTBMUFSOBUJOHCBOETPGMJHIUBOEEBSLJOUIFBSFBPGPWFSMBQ)FUIFSFCZFTUBC MJTIFTUIFXBWFUIFPSZPGMJHIU QSPQPTJOHUIBUMJHIUXBWFTBSFUSBOTNJUUFEBTVOEVMBUPSZ NPUJPOTJOBOBMMQFSWBTJWFBFUIFS (FSNBOCPSO &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFST CJOBSZ TUBST DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPTUBSTUIBUSFWPMWFBSPVOEFBDIPUIFS BOEFWFOUVBMMZDBUBMPHVFT PGUIFN

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS DIFNJTUBOEQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN)ZEF8PMMBTUPO ¢ EJT DPWFSTEBSLHBQT PSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT JOUIFTQFDUSVNPGTVOMJHIU &OHMJTIDIFNJTU+PIO%BMUPO m QSPQPTFTUIBUHBTFTBSFNBEFPGBUPNT BOE UIBUBUPNTPGEJĒFSFOUFMFNFOUTIBWFEJĒFSFOUXFJHIUT ѮF 4JDJMJBO BTUSPOPNFS BOE NPOL (JVTFQQF 1JB[[J m OPUJDFT UIBU POFSFMBUJWFMZVOEJTUJOHVJTIFETUBS LOPXOBT$ZHOJ IBTBOFYDFQUJPOBMMZMBSHF QSPQFSNPUJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS"MTPDBMMFEUIFi'MZJOH4UBSuEVFUP JUTSBQJENPUJPO $ZHOJCFDBNFUIFêSTUTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VOXIPTFEJTUBODF XBT SFMJBCMZ EFUFSNJOFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SJFESJDI 8JMIFMN #FTTFM m JO (FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO QIZTJDJTUBOEBTUSPOPNFS,BSM'SJFESJDI(BVTT ¢ EJTDPWFSTBNFUIPEPGEFUFSNJOJOHBOPSCJUGSPNKVTUUISFFPCTFSWBUJPOT EFTDSJCJOHJU JOIJTѮFPSJBNPUVTDPSQPSVNDPFMFTUJVNJOTFDUJPOJCVTDPOJDJTTPMFNBNCJFOUVN PS ѮFPSZPGNPUJPOPGUIFDFMFTUJBMCPEJFTNPWJOHJODPOJDTFDUJPOTBSPVOEUIF4VO XIJDI BMTPJODMVEFTIJTQSFTFOUBUJPOPGUIFMFBTUTRVBSFTNFUIPE (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS ¢ BMMPXTMJHIUUPQBTTUISPVHI BOBSSPXTMJUBOEUIFOBQSJTN EFUFDUJOHBOEDBUBMPHVJOHNPSFUIBOBCTPSQUJPO MJOFTJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGWJTJCMFTVOMJHIU BTTJHOJOH3PNBOMFUUFSTUPUIFNPTUQSPNJ OFOUUIFTFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTBSFOPXTPNFUJNFTDBMMFE'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT ѮF)VOHBSJBONBUIFNBUJDJBO+ÃOPT#PMZBJ ¢ EFTDSJCFTBOPO&VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ JO B QBQFS FOUJUMFE ѮF "CTPMVUF 5SVF 4DJFODF PG 4QBDF #PMZBJ JOWFOUFE BHFPNFUSZ UIBU WJPMBUFT &VDMJET êѫI QPTUVMBUF UIBU UIFSF JT POMZ POF MJOF UISPVHI BQPJOU PVUTJEF BOPUIFS MJOF UIBU JT QBSBMMFM UP JU TIPXJOH UIBU UIFSF NJHIU CF NBOZ TVDIMJOFTESBXOUISPVHIUIFQPJOU (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI 8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢ EJTDVTTFT UIF QBSBEPY UIBUOPXCFBSTIJTOBNF JOBQBQFSFOUJUMFE6FCFSEJF%VSDITJDIUJHLFJUEFT8FMUSBVNFT PS0OUIF5SBOTQBSFODZPG4QBDF QSFTFOUFEJOBOEQVCMJTIFEJO&OHMJTIUSBOTMB UJPOJO"DDPSEJOHUPIJTQBSBEPY UIFTLZJOBOJOêOJUF VOJGPSN6OJWFSTFTIPVME CFDPWFSFECZTUBSTTIJOJOHBTCSJHIUMZBTPVS4VO TPUIFOJHIUTLZTIPVMECFBTCSJHIU BTUIFEBZ0MCFSTFYQMBJOFEUIFEBSLOFTTPGUIFOJHIUTLZCZBTTVNJOHUIBUTQBDFJT OPU BCTPMVUFMZ USBOTQBSFOU BOE UIBU BCTPSCJOH NBUUFS EJTUSJCVUFE UISPVHIPVU TQBDF PCTDVSFTPVSWJFXPGEJTUBOUTUBST0MCFSTQBSBEPYJTOPXSFTPMWFECZUIFFYQBOTJPOPG

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIF6OJWFSTFUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUPGUIFEJTUBOUNPWJOHHBMBYJFTSFETIJѫTUIFJSMJHIUPVU PGUIFWJTJCMFQBSUPGUIFTQFDUSVN 3VTTJBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO /JLPMBJ -PCBDIFWTLZ ¢ EJTDPWFST B IZQFSCPMJD OPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZJOXIJDINPSFUIBOPOFMJOFDBOCFESBXOUISPVHIBQPJOU PVUTJEFBOPUIFSMJOFQBSBMMFMUPJU BOEUIFTVNPGUIFBOHMFTJOBUSJBOHMFJTBMXBZTMFTT UIBOEFHSFFTѮJTXBTTJNJMBSUPUIFOPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZJOUSPEVDFECZUIF )VOHBSJBONBUIFNBUJDJBO+ÃOPT#PMZBJ ¢ JO CVUUIFXPSLPGCPUIPG UIFNXBTMBSHFMZJHOPSFEBUUIFUJNF *OBQBQFSFOUJUMFE.JDSPTDPQJDBM0CTFSWBUJPOTPG"DUJWF.PMFDVMFT UIF4DPUUJTICPUBOJTU 3PCFSU#SPXO ¢ TUBUFTUIBUWFSZêOFQPMMFOHSBJOTNPWFBCPVUJOBDPO UJOVPVTMZSBOEPNNBOOFSXIFOTVTQFOEFEJOXBUFSBOEPCTFSWFEVOEFSUIFNJDSP TDPQFѮJTQIFOPNFOPO OPXLOPXOBT#SPXOJBONPUJPO JTUSVFGPSBOZTNBMMTPMJE QBSUJDMFTTVTQFOEFEJOBMJRVJEPSBHBT*OUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFFĒFDUJOUFSNTPGUIFSBOEPNNPUJPOPGNPMFDVMFTPGXBUFS XIJDIXJMMLOPDLBTVēDJFOUMZTNBMMQBSUJDMFJOUP#SPXOJBONPUJPO*OUIF'SFODI QIZTJDJTU+FBO#BQUJTUF1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBUPNTCZ DBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG#SPXOJBONPUJPO ѮF 'SFODI NBUIFNBUJDBM QIZTJDJTU +PTFQI +FBO #BQUJTUF 'PVSJFS ¢ EFWFMPQTOFXNBUIFNBUJDBMUPPMTUPEFTDSJCFUIFUSBOTGFSPGIFBU LOPXOUPEBZBT'PV SJFSBOBMZTJTBOEUIF'PVSJFSTFSJFT BOEJOB.ÊNPJSFTVSMFT5FNQÊSBUVSFTEV(MPCF5FS SFTUSFFUEFT&TQBDFT1MBOÊUBJSFTEFTDSJCFTIPXUIF4VOTIFBUJTSFUBJOFECZUIF&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF7JTJCMFTVOMJHIUQBTTFTUISPVHIPVSUSBOTQBSFOUBUNPTQIFSFUPXBSNUIF &BSUITMBOEBOEPDFBOT BOETPNFPGUIJTIFBUJTSFSBEJBUFEJOJOGSBSFEGPSN0VSBUNP TQIFSFBCTPSCTTPNFPGUIFJOGSBSFEIFBUSBEJBUJPO FNJUUJOHQBSUPGJUEPXOXBSEUP XBSNUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFBOEUIFBJSJNNFEJBUFMZBCPWFJUѮJTBCJMJUZPGUIFBUNP TQIFSFUPIPMEIFBUOFBSBQMBOFUTTVSGBDF BOEXBSNJUUPIJHIFSUFNQFSBUVSFTUIBO QPTTJCMFXJUIPVUBOBUNPTQIFSF JTQPQVMBSMZLOPXOBTUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU 4DPUUJTIHFPMPHJTU$IBSMFT-ZFMM m QVCMJTIFTѮF1SJODJQMFTPG(FPMPHZ JO UISFFWPMVNFTGSPNUP XJUISFHVMBSSFWJTJPOTVOUJM)FQSPQPTFTUIBU UIF&BSUITHFPMPHJDBMTUSVDUVSFFWPMWFEHSBEVBMMZPWFSFPOTPGUJNFUISPVHIUIFTMPX DPOUJOVPVTBDUJPOPGGPSDFTTUJMMBUXPSLUPEBZ ѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS'SBODJT#BJMZ ¢ EFTDSJCFTUIFUPUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF 4VOPO.BZ OPUJOHUIBUJNNFEJBUFMZCFGPSFUIF4VOEJTBQQFBSFECFIJOEUIF .PPO UIF TVOMJHIU BQQFBSFE BT B EJTDPOUJOVPVT MJOF PG CSJMMJBOU TQPUT PG MJHIU OPX LOPXOBT#BJMZTCFBETѮFZBSFDBVTFECZTVOMJHIUTIJOJOHUISPVHIUIFWBMMFZTCFUXFFO

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

NPVOUBJOTPOUIF.PPOTFEHFPSMJNC XIJMFUIFNPVOUBJOTCMPDLUIFTVOMJHIUJOPUIFS QMBDFTBMPOHUIFMJNC (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SJFESJDI 8JMIFMN #FTTFM ¢ NFBTVSFT UIF BOOVBM QBSBMMBYPGUIFTUBS$ZHOJ BMTPLOPXOBTUIFi'MZJOH4UBSu UIFSFCZPCUBJOJOHUIF êSTUSFMJBCMFNFBTVSFNFOUPGUIFEJTUBODFUPBTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO)FVTFEBTQF DJBMUFMFTDPQF LOPXOBTBIFMJPNFUFSCFDBVTFPGJUTQSFWJPVTVTFUPFTUBCMJTIUIF4VOT BQQBSFOUEJBNFUFS#FTTFMTIFMJPNFUFSDPOTJTUFEPGBMFOT KVTUNFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS DVUFYBDUMZJOIBMG8IFOUIFUXP IBMWFTXFSFNPWFEBQBSU UIFJSTFQBSBUJPODPVME CFVTFEUPQSFDJTFMZNFBTVSFUIFBOHMFCFUXFFO

$ZHOJBOEBOFBSCZ GBJOUFSTUBS XIJDI#FTTFM EJE XJUI UIF VUNPTU DBSF FWFSZ DMFBS OJHIU GPS NPSFUIBOBZFBS VTVBMMZSFQFBUJOHIJTPCTFSWB UJPOTBUMFBTUTJYUFFOUJNFTBOJHIU)FGPVOEUIBU UIFTUBS$ZHOJIBTBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOET PGBSD WFSZDMPTFUPUIFNPEFSOWBMVFPG TFDPOETPGBSD DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBSTѮFGPMMPXJOHZFBSUIF4DPUUJTI BTUSPOPNFS ѮPNBT )FOEFSTPO ¢

BOOPVODFE IJT NFBTVSFNFOU PG UIF BOOVBM QBSBMMBY PG "MQIB $FOUBVSJ XIJDI JT KVTU MJHIUZFBSTBXBZ BOEJOUIF(FSNBOCPSO 3VTTJBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI(FPSH8JMIFMN 4USVWF ¢ SFQPSUFEIJTNFBTVSFNFOU PGUIFQBSBMMBYPGUIFCSJHIUTUBS7FHB

'*( !NNUALPARALLAX7HENA DISTANTANDNEARBYSTARAREOBSERVED ATSIX MONTHINTERVALS ONOPPOSITE SIDESOFTHE%ARTHSORBITAROUNDTHE 3UN ASTRONOMERSMEASURETHEANGULAR DISPLACEMENTBETWEENTHETWOSTARS)T ISTWICETHEANNUALPARALLAX DESIGNATED BYP! WHICHCANBEUSEDTODETERMINE THEDISTANCE $ OFTHENEARBYSTAR4HE 'ERMANASTRONOMER&RIEDRICH7IL HELM"ESSEL¥ ANNOUNCED THElRSTRELIABLEMEASUREMENTOFTHE ANNUALPARALLAXOFASTARIN

(FSNBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO BOE BTUSPOPNFS ,BSM 'SJFESJDI (BVTT m QVCMJTIFT B NBUIFNBUJDBM EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF &BSUIT EJQP MBS NBHOFUJD êFME VTJOH IJT DBMDVMBUJPOT XJUI PCTFSWBUJPOTUPTIPXUIBUUIFNBHOFUJTNNVTU PSJHJOBUFXJUIJOUIF&BSUITDPSF"VOJUPGNBH OFUJDTUSFOHUIJTTVCTFRVFOUMZOBNFE(BVTTJO IJTIPOPS (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢ BUUSJCVUFT QFSJPEJD WBSJBUJPOT JO UIFQSPQFSNPUJPOTPGUIFCSJHIUTUBST4JSJVTBOE 1SPDZPOUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGVOTFFO DPNQBOJPO TUBST UIBU SFWPMWF BCPVU UIF WJTJCMF POFTѮFJOWJTJCMFPCKFDUTBSFOPXLOPXOUPCF XIJUFEXBSGTUBST BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU$ISJTUJBO+PIBOO%PQQMFS ¢ QVCMJTIFT¾CFSEBTGBSCJHF -JDIUEFS%PQQFMTUFSOF PS0OUIF$PMPSFE-JHIUPG%PVCMF4UBST JOXIJDIIFEFTDSJCFT IPXUIFGSFRVFODZ PSXBWFMFOHUI PGTPVOEBOEMJHIUXBWFTDIBOHFXJUIUIFNPUJPOPG UIFJSTPVSDFSFMBUJWFUPUIFPCTFSWFS BQIFOPNFOPOOPXLOPXOBTUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDU ѮFPCTFSWFEXBWFMFOHUIEFQFOETPOUIFSFMBUJWFWFMPDJUZPGUIFTPVSDFBOEPCTFSWFS XJUITIPSUFSXBWFTEFUFDUFEXIFOUIFTPVSDFJTNPWJOHUPXBSEUIFPCTFSWFSBOEMPOHFS XBWFMFOHUITXIFONPWJOHBXBZѮFTJ[FPGUIFDIBOHFJOXBWFMFOHUIDBVTFECZUIF NPUJPODBOCFVTFEUPJOGFSUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU (FSNBOQIBSNBDJTUBOEBNBUFVSBTUSPOPNFS4BNVFM)FJOSJDI4DIXBCF ¢ BOOPVODFTUIBUUIFOVNCFSPGTVOTQPUTWBSJFTGSPNBNBYJNVNUPBNJOJNVNBOE CBDLUPBNBYJNVNBHBJOJOBQFSJPEPGBCPVUUFOZFBSTѮJTQFSJPEJDJUZJTOPXLOPXO BTUIFTVOTQPUDZDMF BOENPSFHFOFSBMMZDBMMFEUIFDZDMFPGTPMBSNBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ)JT EJTDPWFSZPOMZCFDBNFXJEFMZLOPXOJOXIFOUIF(FSNBOFYQMPSFSBOEOBUVSBM JTU"MFYBOEFSWPO)VNCPMEU m QVCMJTIFEJUJOIJTCPPL,PTNPT *SJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN1BSTPOT ¢

UIFUIJSE&BSMPG3PTTF DPNQMFUFT IJTSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF LOPXOBTUIF-FWJBUIBOPG1BSTPOTUPXO XJUIBNFUBMMJDNJSSPS UIBUJTNFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS BOEVTFTJUUPSFTPMWFUIFOFCVMB.JOUP BTQJSBMTIBQFUIBUIFBUUSJCVUFEUPJUTSPUBUJPO)FXFOUPOUPêOETQJSBMOFCVMBF BOESFTPMWFEPUIFSOFCVMBFJOUPDMVTUFSTPGTUBST XIJMFBMTPOBNJOHUIFGBNPVT$SBC /FCVMB)JTUFMFTDPQFSFNBJOFEUIFMBSHFTUJOUIFXPSMEVOUJMUIFNFUFS JODI )PPLFSUFMFTDPQFXBTDPNQMFUFEBUUIF.PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZJO 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS 6SCBJO +FBO +PTFQI -FWFSSJFS ¢ VTFT UIF EJĒFSFODFT CFUXFFOUIFPCTFSWFEBOEQSFEJDUFEMPDBUJPOPGUIFQMBOFU6SBOVTUPQSFEJDUUIFQPTJUJPO PGBMBSHFVOLOPXOQMBOFU MPDBUFEGBSCFZPOE6SBOVT XIPTFHSBWJUBUJPOBMUVHPO6SBOVT DBVTFTJUUPEFWJBUFGSPNJUTFYQFDUFEQPTJUJPO(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO(PUUGSJFE (BMMF ¢ BOEIJTTUVEFOU)FJOSJDI-PVJTE"SSFTU ¢ EJTDPWFSUIF QMBOFU/FQUVOFPOUIFOJHIUPG4FQUFNCFS OFBSUIFQPTJUJPOQSFEJDUFECZ-FWFS SJFSѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO$PVDI"EBNT ¢ QFSGPSNFETJNJMBSDBM DVMBUJPOT BMTPQSFEJDUJOHUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFVOLOPXOQMBOFUBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNFBT -FWFSSJFS ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU)FSNBOOWPO)FMNIPMU[ ¢ GPSNVMBUFTUIFMBXPG DPOTFSWBUJPOPGFOFSHZJOUIFHFOFSBMGPSNUIBUXFVTFUPEBZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

'*( $OPPLEREFFECT!STATIONARYSTARTOP EMITSREGULARLYSPACEDLIGHT WAVESTHATGETSTRETCHEDOUTORSCRUNCHEDUPIFTHESTARMOVESBOTTOM (EREWESHOWASTARMOVINGAWAYBOTTOMRIGHT FROMTHEOBSERVERBOTTOM LEFT 4HESTRETCHINGOFLIGHTWAVESTHATOCCURSWHENTHESTARMOVESAWAY FROMANOBSERVERALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTISCALLEDAREDSHIFT BECAUSERED LIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELYLONGVISIBLELIGHTWAVESTHECOMPRESSIONOFLIGHT WAVESTHATOCCURSWHENTHESTARMOVESALONGTHELINEOFSIGHTTOWARDAN OBSERVERISCALLEDABLUESHIFT BECAUSEBLUELIGHTWAVESARERELATIVELYSHORT 4HEWAVELENGTHCHANGE FROMTHESTATIONARYTOMOVINGCONDITION ISCALLED THE$OPPLERSHIFT ANDITSSIZEPROVIDESAMEASUREMENTOFRADIALVELOCITY OR THEVELOCITYOFTHECOMPONENTOFTHESTARSMOTIONALONGTHELINEOFSIGHT 4HE$OPPLEREFFECTISNAMEDAFTERTHE!USTRIANPHYSICIST#HRISTIAN$OP PLER¥ WHOlRSTCONSIDEREDITIN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF m EFSJWFTUIFEJTUBODFBUXIJDI BMBSHFTBUFMMJUFJTUPSOUPQJFDFTCZUIFEJĒFSFOUJBMHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTPGBQMBOFU/PX LOPXOBTUIF3PDIFMJNJU JUIBTBSBEJVTPGBCPVUUJNFTUIFSBEJVTPGUIFQMBOFU .PTUQMBOFUBSZSJOHTMJFXJUIJOUIF3PDIFMJNJUѮFQMBOFUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTBMTP QSFWFOUTNBMMQBSUJDMFTPSTBUFMMJUFTGSPNDPBMFTDJOHUPGPSNBMBSHFSNPPOXJUIJOUIF 3PDIFMJNJU3PDIFBEEJUJPOBMMZDPOTJEFSFEUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGCJOBSZTUBS TZTUFNTѮFHSBWJUBUJPOPGFBDITUBSIBTJUTPXO[POFPGJOëVFODFOPXDBMMFEB3PDIF MPCF"OEXIFOUIFTUBSTBSFDMPTFUPHFUIFS UIFUXP3PDIFMPCFTUPVDIBUBQPJOUXIFSF UIFJSHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTFYBDUMZDBODFM8IFOUIFMBSHFTUDPNQPOFOUTUBSFYQBOETBOE êMMTJUT3PDIFMPCF NBUUFSJTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIFPUIFSTUBS

'*( 2OCHELIMIT!LARGESATELLITETOP THATMOVESWELLWITHIN APLANETS2OCHELIMITDASHEDCURVE WILLBETORNAPARTBYTHETIDAL FORCEOFTHEPLANETSGRAVITY INANEFFECTlRSTINVESTIGATEDIN BYTHE&RENCHMATHEMATICIAN%DOUARD2OCHE¥ 4HE SIDEOFTHESATELLITECLOSERTOTHEPLANETFEELSASTRONGERGRAVITATIONAL PULLTHANTHESIDEFARTHERAWAY ANDTHISDIFFERENCEWORKSAGAINSTTHE SELF GRAVITATIONTHATHOLDSTHEBODYTOGETHER!SMALLSOLIDSATELLITE BOTTOM CANRESISTTIDALDISRUPTIONBECAUSEITHASSIGNIlCANTINTERNAL COHESIONINADDITIONTOSELF GRAVITATION

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

*SJTICPSO4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBNѮPNTPO ¢

MBUFS-PSE,FMWJO UIF êSTU#BSPO,FMWJOPG-BSHT EFWJTFTUIFBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFTDBMF OPXLOPXOBTUIF ,FMWJOTDBMF BOEEFêOFTBCTPMVUF[FSPBT¢EFHSFFT$FMTJVT XIFSFUIFFOFSHZPG NPMFDVMFTJT[FSPBOENPUJPOTUPQT ¦ ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU3VEPMG$MBVTJVT ¢ JOUSPEVDFTUIFDPODFQUPGFOUSPQZ EFSJWFEGSPNUIF(SFFLXPSEFOUSPQGPSiUSBOTGPSNBUJPO uTIPXJOHUIBUFOUSPQZBSJTFT GSPNUIFDPOWFSTJPOPGIFBUJOUPXPSLPSUIFUSBOTGFSPGIFBUGSPNMPXUPIJHIUFNQFSBUVSF )FDPODMVEFEUIBUFOUSPQZNVTUJOFWJUBCMZJODSFBTFJOUIF6OJWFSTF BGPSNVMBUJPOPGUIF TFDPOEMBXPGUIFSNPEZOBNJDT*UJNQMJFTUIBUIFBUDBOOFWFSQBTTPGJUTPXOBDDPSEGSPN BDPMEFSUPBIPUUFSCPEZ 'SFODIQIZTJDJTU+FBO#FSOBSE-ÊPO'PVDBVMU ¢ QSPWFTUIBUUIF&BSUISPUBUFT CZTIPXJOHUIBUBQFOEVMVN TPNFNFUFST GFFU MPOH BMXBZTTXJOHTJOUIFTBNF QMBOFBTUIF&BSUISPUBUFTCFOFBUIJU*OUIFQSFWJPVTZFBSIFVTFEBSPUBUJOHNJSSPSUP NFBTVSFUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOBJS PCUBJOJOHBWBMVFPG LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS BOE HFPEFTJTU &EXBSE 4BCJOF ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU HMPCBM NBHOFUJD EJTUVSCBODFT PG UIF &BSUI OPX DBMMFE HFPNBHOFUJD TUPSNT WBSZ JO UBOEFNXJUIUIFZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF#JEEFMM"JSZ ¢ NFBTVSFTUIF/FXUPOJBODPO TUBOUPGHSBWJUBUJPOBOEDBMDVMBUFTUIFNBTTPGUIF&BSUICZTXJOHJOHBQFOEVMVNBUUIF UPQBOECPUUPNPGBEFFQDPBMNJOFBOENFBTVSJOHUIFJODSFBTFJOHSBWJUZXJUIEFTDFOU CFMPXUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU)FSNBOOWPO)FMNIPMU[ ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUTMPXHSBWJ UBUJPOBMDPMMBQTFDPVMETVQQMZUIF4VOTMVNJOPVTPVUQVUBUUIFQSFTFOUMZPCTFSWFESBUFGPS BCPVUNJMMJPOZFBST*GUIF4VO PSBOZPUIFSTUBS XBTHSBEVBMMZTISJOLJOH UIFOJUTHSBWJ UBUJPOBMQPUFOUJBMFOFSHZDPVMECFTMPXMZDPOWFSUFEJOUPLJOFUJDFOFSHZ IFBUJOHUIFTUFMMBS HBTUPJODBOEFTDFODFXJUIBUPUBMMJGFUJNFOPXLOPXOBTUIF,FMWJO)FMNIPMU[UJNF BTUIF SFTVMUPGUIF)FMNIPMU[DBMDVMBUJPOJOBOETJNJMBSDPODMVTJPOTCZ8JMMJBNѮPNTPO ¢

TVCTFRVFOUMZ-PSE,FMWJO BCPVUBEFDBEFMBUFS*O)FMNIPMU[BMTP QSFEJDUFEUIFIFBUEFBUIPGUIF6OJWFSTFPOUIFCBTJTPGUIFSNPEZOBNJDUIFPSZ ѮF (FSNBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO #FSOIBSE 3JFNBOO ¢ TVNNBSJ[FT OPO &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ TIPXJOHUIBUQBSBMMFMMJOFTDBONFFUJOTQIFSJDBMTQBDFBOEEFWFM

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

PQJOH UIF NBUIFNBUJDBM EFTDSJQUJPO PG DVSWFE TQBDF UIBU MBUFS FOBCMFE UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ UPEFWFMPQIJT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFTNBUIFNBUJDBMMZUIBU 4BUVSOTSJOHTBSFNBEFVQPGBWBTUOVNCFSPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFTJOPSCJUBSPVOEUIFQMBOFU FBDIPOFNPWJOHMJLFBUJOZNPPOXJUIBTQFFEUIBUEFDSFBTFTXJUIUIFPSCJUTEJTUBODF GSPN 4BUVSO *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT &EXBSE ,FFMFS ¢ QSPWFEUIBUUIFJOOFSQBSUTPG4BUVSOTSJOHTNPWFGBTUFSUIBOUIFPVUFSQBSUT VTJOHPCTFS WBUJPOTPGUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUPGTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFTJOTVOMJHIUSFëFDUFEGSPNUIFSJOHT &OHMJTIBNBUFVSBTUSPOPNFS3JDIBSE$$BSSJOHUPO m TIPXTUIBUTVOTQPUT NPWFGSPNIJHITPMBSMBUJUVEFTUPUIF4VOTFRVBUPSEVSJOHUIFZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF )FBMTPEFNPOTUSBUFTUIBUTVOTQPUTBUIJHIMBUJUVEFTBSFDBSSJFEBSPVOEUIF4VONPSF TMPXMZUIBOTVOTQPUTBUMPXMBUJUVEFT TPUIFZSPUBUFEJĒFSFOUJBMMZXJUITMPXFSTQFFETBU IJHIFSMBUJUVEFT &OHMJTI BNBUFVS BTUSPOPNFST 3JDIBSE $ $BSSJOHUPO m BOE 3JDIBSE )PEHTPO m JOEFQFOEFOUMZ PCTFSWF B TPMBS ëBSF JO UIF XIJUF MJHIU PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSF 4FWFOUFFO IPVST BѫFS UIF ëBSF B MBSHF NBHOFUJD TUPSN CFHJOT PO UIF &BSUI &OHMJTIOBUVSBMJTU$IBSMFT%BSXJO m QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPLѮF0SJHJOPG4QF DJFTCZ.FBOTPG/BUVSBM4FMFDUJPOPSUIF1SFTFSWBUJPOPG'BWPSFE3BDFTJOUIF4USVHHMF GPS-JGF XIJDITVQQPTFTUIBUBMMMJGFIBEBDPNNPOBODFTUPSBOEUIBUUIFPSJHJOBOE FWPMVUJPOPGTQFDJFTXBTUIFSFTVMUPGOBUVSBMTFMFDUJPO BOESFQSPEVDUJPO PGUIFNPTU BEBQUFENFNCFSTPGBQPQVMBUJPO (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ BOE(FSNBODIFNJTU3PCFSU#VOTFO ¢ TIPXUIBUUIFEBSLMJOFTJOUIFTPMBSTQFDUSVNDBOCFQSPEVDFEJOUIF UFSSFTUSJBM MBCPSBUPSZ JO CPUI FNJTTJPO BOE BCTPSQUJPO BOE UIBU UIF XBWFMFOHUIT PG UIFMJOFTDBOCFVTFEUPJEFOUJGZUIFDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUUIBUQSPEVDFEUIFN JODMVEJOH TPEJVN DBMDJVNBOEJSPO 'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI-FWFSSJFS ¢ SFXPSLTUIFUIF PSZPGUIFPSCJUPG.FSDVSZ DPOTJEFSFECZIJNTJODF BOE VTFTSFDFOUBDDVSBUF PCTFSWBUJPOTUPTIPXUIBUUIFQPJOUJO.FSDVSZTPSCJUDMPTFTUUPUIF4VO UIFQMBOFUT QFSJIFMJPO JTNPWJOHBIFBEPGJUTQSFEJDUFEMPDBUJPOBUUIFSBUFPGTFDPOETPGBSD QFSDFOUVSZ-FWFSSJFSQSPQPTFTUIBUUIJTBOPNBMPVTNPUJPOJTEVFUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBM QVMMPGBIJUIFSUPVOSFDPHOJ[FEQMBOFU XIJDIIFOBNFE7VMDBO SFWPMWJOHBUTPNF XIBUMFTTUIBOIBMGPG.FSDVSZTNFBOEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOP NFS4JNPO/FXDPNC ¢ NBEFNPSFSFêOFEDBMDVMBUJPOTJO TIPXJOH UIBU.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPOJTQSPHSFTTJWFMZNPWJOHBIFBEPGUIFQMBDFQSFEJDUFEVTJOH

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

/FXUPOT UIFPSZ PG HSBWJUBUJPO CZ TFDPOET PG BSD QFS DFOUVSZ ѮF IZQPUIFUJDBM QMBOFU 7VMDBO XBT OFWFS GPVOE BOE JO UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFBEWBODFJO.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPOBTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIF 4VOTDVSWBUVSFPGOFBSCZTQBDF *SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO5ZOEBMM ¢ QVCMJTIFTBQBQFS0OUIF"CTPSQUJPOBOE3BEJB UJPOPG)FBUCZ(BTFTBOE7BQPVST DPODMVEJOHUIBUTJHOJêDBOUIFBUJTBCTPSCFECZXBUFS WBQPSBOEDBSCPOEJPYJEF XIJDIBSFNJOPSJOHSFEJFOUTPGPVSBUNPTQIFSFѮFNBJODPO TUJUVFOUTPGUIFBUNPTQIFSF OJUSPHFOBOEPYZHFOQMBZOPQBSUJOUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU 4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFSBOEQIZTJDJTU"OEFST+POBTªOHTUSÕN ¢ BOOPVODFT IJTEJTDPWFSZPGIZESPHFOJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGUIF4VO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MWBO$MBSL ¢ PCTFSWFTUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPOTUBSPG UIFCSJHIUTUBS4JSJVT (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ JOUSPEVDFTUIFDPODFQUPGBQFSGFDU CMBDLCPEZUIBUXPVMEBCTPSCBOEFNJUSBEJBUJPOBUBMMXBWFMFOHUIT SFBDIJOHBOFRVJ MJCSJVNUIBUEFQFOETPOUFNQFSBUVSFBOEOPUPOUIFOBUVSFPGUIFTVSGBDFPGUIFCPEZ ѮF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBNѮPNTPO ¢

MBUFS-PSE,FMWJO FTUJNBUFTUIBU UIF&BSUIDPPMFEGSPNJUTQSJNPSEJBMNPMUFOTUBUFJONJMMJPOUPNJMMJPOZFBST XJUINJMMJPOZFBSTUIFNPTUMJLFMZBHFPGUIF&BSUIѮJTXBTCFGPSFJUXBTMFBSOFE UIBUSBEJPBDUJWJUZXBSNTUIFJOTJEFPGUIF&BSUI XIJDIDBOUIFSFGPSFCFNVDIPMEFSUIBO ѮPNTPOTVQQPTFE8JMMJBNѮPNTPOUPPLUIFUJUMF#BSPO,FMWJOPG-BSHTJO &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)VHHJOT ¢ PCUBJOTUIFTQFDUSBPGOFCVMBF)F EJTDPWFSTUISFFFNJTTJPOMJOFTSBEJBUFEGSPNUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBOPXLOPXOBT/($ UIVTTIPXJOHUIBUUIJTOFCVMBJTNBEFPGBMPXEFOTJUZHBT0OFPGUIFMJOFTXBT BUUSJCVUFEUPIZESPHFO CVUUIFPUIFSUXPTVHHFTUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBOVOEJTDPWFSFE FMFNFOUUIBUCFDBNFLOPXOBTiOFCVMJVNuѮFZXFSFOPUFYQMBJOFEVOUJM CZUIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS*SB4#PXFO ¢ XIPTIPXFEUIBUUIFOFCVMJVNMJOFT BSJTFGSPNJPOJ[FEBUPNTPGPYZHFOBOEOJUSPHFOVOEFSHPJOHiGPSCJEEFOuUSBOTJUJPOTJO UIFMPXEFOTJUZHBT)VHHJOTBMTPTIPXFEUIBUUIF0SJPO/FCVMBDPOTJTUTPGHBTFTUIBU SBEJBUFFNJTTJPOMJOFT BOEUIBUUIFTQFDUSVNPGUIF"OESPNFEB/FCVMBDPOUBJOTTUFMMBS BCTPSQUJPOMJOFT JOEJDBUJOHUIBUJUJTDPNQPTFEPGTUBST)VHHJOTBEEJUJPOBMMZPCUBJOFE TUFMMBSTQFDUSBUIBUTIPXFEUIBUPUIFSTUBSTIBWFUIFTBNFJOHSFEJFOUTBTUIF4VO 4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM m QSFTFOUTUIFGVOEBNFOUBMFRVB UJPOT UIBU EFTDSJCF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO JO " %ZOBNJDBM ѮFPSZ PG UIF &MFDUSP NBHOFUJD 'JFME TIPXJOH UIBU SBEJBUJPO DPOTJTUT PG FMFDUSJD BOE NBHOFUJD XBWFT UIBU PTDJMMBUFBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFSBOEUPUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUSBWFM)FBMTPOPUJDFTUIBU BNBHOFUJDêFMEDBOCFHFOFSBUFECZBDIBOHJOHFMFDUSJDêFME

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%BOJFM,JSLXPPE ¢ BOOPVODFTIJTEJTDPWFSZ PGSFHJPOTJOUIFBTUFSPJECFMU CFUXFFOUIFPSCJUTPG.BSTBOE+VQJUFS XIJDIDPOUBJO WFSZGFXBTUFSPJETѮFTF,JSLXPPEHBQT BTUIFZBSFOPXDBMMFE BSFMPDBUFEBUQMBDFT XIFSFBOBTUFSPJEXPVMEIBWFBOPSCJUBMQFSJPEUIBUJTBSBUJPOBMGSBDUJPO TVDIBT BOE PG +VQJUFST PSCJUBM QFSJPE BOE SFQFBUFE HSBWJUBUJPOBM JOUFSBDUJPOT XJUI +VQJUFSTFFNTUPIBWFUPTTFEUIFBTUFSPJETPVUPGUIFTFQMBDFTѮF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU +BDL8JTEPN ¢ QSPWJEFEBDPNQMFUFFYQMBOBUJPOJOUIFT CZTIPXJOHUIBU +VQJUFSJOEVDFTBDIBPUJD[POFJOUIFWJDJOJUZPGUIF,JSLXPPEHBQT FWFOUVBMMZSFNPW JOHBTUFSPJETGSPNUIFN *UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JPWBOOJ4DIJBQBSFMMJ ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUBMMNFUFPSTIPX FST PSTIPPUJOHTUBST BSFUIFSFTVMUPGUIFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGDPNFUT VTJOHPCTFSWBUJPOBM FWJEFODFUPTVHHFTUUIBUUIFNFUFPSTUIBUHJWFSJTFUPUIFMVNJOPVTTIPXFSTUSBWFMJO PSCJUTBSPVOEUIF4VOUIBUBSFTJNJMBSUPUIPTFPGDPNFUT ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFST(FPSHF3BZFU ¢ BOE$IBSMFT8PMG ¢ EJTDPWFS B SFMBUJWFMZ SBSF BOE OFX DMBTT PG TUBST XIPTF WJTJCMFMJHIU TQFDUSB DPOUBJO CSPBEBOEJOUFOTFFNJTTJPOMJOFTPGIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVNѮFTFLJOETPGTUBSTBSFOPX LOPXOBT8PMG3BZFUTUBST 4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS"OEFST+POBTªOHTUSÕN ¢ QSPWJEFTNFBTVSFNFOUTPG UIFXBWFMFOHUITPGNPSFUIBOPOFIVOESFEEBSLMJOFTJOUIF4VOTWJTJCMFTQFDUSVN JO VOJUTUIBUCFDPNFLOPXOBTUIFªOHTUSÕN BCCSFWJBUFEª XIFSFª¢NFUFST 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS1JFSSF+VMFT+BOTTFO m BOE#SJUJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PTFQI /PSNBO-PDLZFS m EJTDPWFSBQSFWJPVTMZVOLOPXOMJOFJOUIFZFMMPXSFHJPO PGUIF4VOTTQFDUSVNEVSJOHUIFTPMBSFDMJQTFPO"VHVTU-PDLZFSOBNFEUIF FMFNFOUIFMJVNBѫFSUIF(SFFL4VOHPE)FMJPT)FMJVNXBTOPUGPVOEPO&BSUIVOUJM XIFOUIF4DPUUJTIDIFNJTU8JMMJBN3BNTBZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUBTBHBT FPVTFNJTTJPOGSPNBIFBUFEVSBOJVNNJOFSBMDBMMFEDMFWFJUF ѮF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS"OHFMP1JFUSP4FDDIJ ¢ DMBTTJêFT TUBSTCZUIFJS DPMPSBOETQFDUSB EJWJEJOHUIFNJOUPGPVSNBJOHSPVQTXJUIUIFDPMPSTXIJUF ZFMMPX PSBOHF BOESFE BOEXJUIUIFSFTQFDUJWFTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFTPGTUSPOHBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTPGIZESPHFO TUSPOHDBMDJVNMJOFT TUSPOHNFUBMMJDMJOFTBOECSPBEBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFWJPMFU ѮF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO5ZOEBMM ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIBUMJHIUJTTDBUUFSFECZWFSZ TNBMMQBSUJDMFTTVTQFOEFEJOBNFEJVN BOEFYQMBJOTUIFCMVFDPMPSPGUIFTLZCZUIF QSFGFSFOUJBMTDBUUFSJOHPGUIFCMVFDPNQPOFOUPGTVOMJHIUCZBJSNPMFDVMFT ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST$IBSMFT":PVOH m BOE8JMMJBN)BSLOFTT m JOEFQFOEFOUMZEJTDPWFSBCSJHIUHSFFOFNJTTJPOMJOFJOUIFTQFDUSVN

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

PGUIFTPMBSDPSPOBEVSJOHUIFTPMBSFDMJQTFPG"VHVTUѮFDPOTQJDVPVTTQFD USBMGFBUVSFSFNBJOFEVOJEFOUJêFEXJUIBOZLOPXOUFSSFTUSJBMFMFNFOUGPSNPSFUIBO IBMGBDFOUVSZ*OUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FOHU&EMÊO ¢ BOEUIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS (SPUSJBO ¢ JEFOUJêFE UIF HSFFO MJOF XJUI JSPO BUPNT UIBU IBE CFDPNF IJHIMZ JPOJ[FE EVF UP BO VOFYQFDUFEMZ IJHI NJMMJPO EFHSFFUFNQFSBUVSF "NFSJDBOBNBUFVSBTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ%SBQFS ¢ UBLFTUIFêSTUQIPUPHSBQI PGUIFTQFDUSVNPGBTUBS UIBUPG7FHB)JTXJEPXFTUBCMJTIFEBGVOEUPTVQQPSUGVSUIFS TQFDUSBMTUVEJFTPGTUBSTBUUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFSWBUPSZ SFTVMUJOHJOUIFDPNQSF IFOTJWF)FOSZ%SBQFS$BUBMPHVFPGUIFQPTJUJPOT CSJHIUOFTTBOETQFDUSBPGTUBST "NFSJDBOHFPQIZTJDJTU&MJBT-PPNJT m EFNPOTUSBUFTBDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFO JOUFOTFBVSPSBTBOEUIFOVNCFSPGTVOTQPUT CPUISFDVSSJOHXJUIBOZFBSQFSJPEJD JUZBOEXJUITJNJMBSUJNFTPGNBYJNVN ѮF-JDL0CTFSWBUPSZJTDPOTUSVDUFECFUXFFOBOE GSPNBCFRVFTUCZUIF $BMJGPSOJBCVTJOFTTNBO+BNFT-JDL ¢ "OVOFNQMPZFE4DPUUJTIBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE(JMM m USBWFMTUPUIFJTMBOEPG "TDFOTJPO OFBS UIF &BSUIT FRVBUPS UP NFBTVSF UIF QBSBMMBY PG .BST EVSJOH JUT DMPTF BQQSPBDIBUUIFPQQPTJUJPOPG EFSJWJOHBWBMVFPGNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTGPSUIF BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU UIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO XJUIBOVODFS UBJOUZPGPOMZUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFST %VSJOHBGBWPSBCMFPQQPTJUJPOPG.BST XIFOUIFQMBOFUXBTFWFODMPTFSUPUIF&BSUIUIBO EVSJOH NPTU PUIFS PQQPTJUJPOT UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS "TBQI)BMM ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFUXPTNBMMNPPOTPG.BST OBNFE1IPCPTBOE%FJNPT %VSJOH UIF GBWPSBCMF PQQPTJUJPO PG .BST JO UIF *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (JPWBOOJ 4DIJBQBSFMMJ ¢ SFQPSUTUIBUBNB[FPGEBSL OBSSPXTUSBJHIUMJOFTUSBWFSTFT UIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDF)FDBMMFEUIFNDBOBMJ UIF*UBMJBOXPSEGPSiDIBOOFMTuPSiDBOBMTu BTTVNJOHUIBUUIFZXFSFOBUVSBMGFBUVSFTBOEHJWJOHUIFCSPBEFTUPOFTUIFOBNFTPG MBSHFUFSSFTUSJBMSJWFST TVDIBTUIF(BOHFTBOE*OEVT ѮF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU+PTFG4UFGBO ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFSBEJBOUFOFSHZPGB UIFSNBMTPVSDF TVDIBTBTUBS JODSFBTFTXJUIUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGUIFUFNQFSBUVSFѮF BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGBTUBSJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFTRVBSFPGJUTSBEJVTBOEUIFGPVSUI QPXFSPGUIFUFNQFSBUVSF BSFMBUJPOLOPXOBTUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXѮF"VTUSJBO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

QIZTJDJTU-VEXJH#PMU[NBOO ¢ HBWFBUIFPSFUJDBMFYQMBOBUJPOPGUIFMBXJO CBTFEPOUIFUIFPSZPGBCMBDLCPEZ "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU )FOSZ 3PXMBOE ¢ JOWFOUT UIF DPODBWF EJĒSBDUJPO HSBUJOH JOXIJDIVQUP MJOFTUPUIFJODIBSFFOHSBWFEPOBTQIFSJDBMDPODBWF NJSSPSFETVSGBDFѮFHSBUJOHSFWPMVUJPOJ[FETQFDUSPNFUSZCZXJEFMZEJTQFSTJOHMJHIU BOEQFSNJUUJOHOVNFSPVTTQFDUSBMMJOFTUPCFJOWFTUJHBUFEXJUIHSFBUBDDVSBDZBOEFē DJFODZ3PXMBOEVTFEIJTHSBUJOHUPJOWFTUJHBUFUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSVNPGUIF4VO QVCMJTIJOHUIFXBWFMFOHUITGPS MJOFT ѮFNFSJEJBOBUUIF3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ &OHMBOE JTDIPTFOUPCFUIF1SJNF .FSJEJBOPGUIF8PSME XJUIFYBDUMZ[FSPEFHSFFTMPOHJUVEF EJWJEJOHUIFFBTUFSOBOE XFTUFSO IFNJTQIFSFT PG UIF &BSUI *U JT EFêOFE CZ UIF QPTJUJPO PG UIF 0CTFSWBUPSZT MBSHF5SBOTJU$JSDMFUFMFTDPQFCVJMUJOCZUIFTFWFOUI"TUSPOPNFS3PZBM(FPSHF #JEEFMM"JSZ ¢ 4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDT UFBDIFS +PIBOO #BMNFS m QVCMJTIFT BO FRVBUJPO UIBU EFTDSJCFTUIFSFHVMBSTQBDJOHPGUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGUIFGPVSMJOFTPGIZESPHFOEFUFDUFE JOUIFTQFDUSVNPGWJTJCMFTVOMJHIU BOEQSFEJDUTUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGPUIFSTPMBSMJOFT BU JOWJTJCMF VMUSBWJPMFU BOE JOGSBSFE XBWFMFOHUIT ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU ѮFPEPSF -ZNBO m PCTFSWFEUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJOFTPGIZESPHFOJO BOOPVODJOHJO UIBUIFIBEPCTFSWFEUISFFPGUIFMJOFTTQFDJêFECZUIF#BMNFSGPSNVMBѮF(FS NBOQIZTJDJTU'SJFESJDI1BTDIFO m DPOêSNFEUIFJOGSBSFEMJOFTJO ѮF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU)BSUXJH ¢ PCTFSWFTBOFXTUBS PSOPWB JO UIF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB . XIPTFQFBLJOUFOTJUZXBTBTHSFBUBTBMMUIFSFTUPGUIF OFCVMBѮFPVUCVSTUXBTBTVQFSOPWB BMTPOBNFE4"OESPNFEBF ѮF"VTUSJBOHFPMPHJTU&EVBSE4VFTT ¢ QVCMJTIFT%BT"OUMJU[EFS&SEFPS ѮF'BDFPGUIF&BSUI EFTDSJCJOHUIF&BSUITHFPHSBQIJDBMFWPMVUJPOBOETVHHFTUJOHUIBU UIF TPVUIFSO DPOUJOFOUT XFSF PODF KPJOFE UPHFUIFS JO B HSFBU TVQFSDPOUJOFOU UIBU IF OBNFE(POEXBOBMBOE)JTSFTVMUTBOETQFDVMBUJPOTXFSFBNQMJêFE BOEFYUFOEFECZ UIF(FSNBOHFPMPHJTU"MGSFE8FHFOFS ¢ JOIJTUIFPSZPGDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ QSPQPTFEJO (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU )FJOSJDI )FSU[ ¢ EJTDPWFST SBEJP XBWFT HFOFSBUJOH UIFN XJUI BO PTDJMMBUJOH FMFDUSJD DVSSFOU BOE EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU UIF JOWJTJCMF MPOH XBWFMFOHUISBZTDBOCFTFOUUISPVHIUIFBJS USBWFMJOHBUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU)FBMTP EFNPOTUSBUFTUIBUUIFSBEJPXBWFTDBOCFSFëFDUFE SFGSBDUFEBOEQPMBSJ[FEMJLFMJHIU (FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU .JDIFMTPO ¢ BOE "NFSJDBO DIFNJTU&EXBSE.PSMFZ ¢ VTFBOJOUFSGFSPNFUFSUPEFUFDUBOZEJĒFSFODFJO

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ #'$

#'$

$ %#&"%

!#'

!##

"

&!%

'*( %LECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM2ADIATIONFROMCOSMICOBJECTSCANBEEMITTEDATWAVE LENGTHSFROMLESSTHAN¥METERSTOGREATERTHANMETERS4HEVISIBLESPECTRUMTHATWE SEEWITHOUREYESISAVERYSMALLPORTIONOFTHEENTIRERANGEOFWAVELENGTHS,IGHTERSHADING INDICATESAGREATERTRANSPARENCYOFTHE%ARTHSATMOSPHERE#OSMICRADIATIONONLYPENETRATES TOTHE%ARTHSSURFACEATVISIBLEANDRADIOWAVELENGTHS RESPECTIVELYREPRESENTEDBYTHENARROW ANDBROADWHITEAREAS%LECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONATSHORTGAMMARAY 8 RAYANDULTRAVIOLET WAVELENGTHS REPRESENTEDBYTHEDARKAREAS ISABSORBEDINOURAIR SOTHE#OSMOSISNOW OBSERVEDINTHESESPECTRALREGIONSFROMABOVETHEATMOSPHEREIN%ARTH ORBITINGSATELLITES

UIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOUXPEJSFDUJPOTBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFS CVUêOEOPEJĒFSFODF JO UIF WBMVFT ѮF NFBTVSFE WFMPDJUZ XBT UIFSFGPSF VOBĒFDUFE CZ UIF NPUJPO PG UIF &BSUIUISPVHIUIFIZQPUIFUJDBMBFUIFS4PUIJTEJTDSFEJUFEUIFJEFBPGUIFBFUIFSBOEMFE UPUIFDPODMVTJPOUIBUUIFTQFFEPGMJHIUJTBVOJWFSTBMDPOTUBOUѮJTFYQFSJNFOUXBT SFTPMWFECZUIF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOUJDJQBUFECZUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO +VMFT)FOSJ1PJODBSÊ ¢ JOBOEEFWFMPQFECZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JO ѮF %BOJTICPSO *SJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO -PVJT &NJM i+-&u %SFZFS m QVCMJTIFT IJT /FX (FOFSBM $BUBMPHVF BCCSFWJBUFE /($ PG UIF BQQBSFOU CSJHIUOFTT BOEDFMFTUJBMQPTJUJPOTPGUIPVTBOETPGOFCVMBFBOETUBSDMVTUFSTѮFDBUBMPHVFXBTOFX XIFOêSTUDPNQJMFEJO%SFZFSFYUFOEFEUIFEBUBJOUXP*OEFY$BUBMPHVFT PS*$ GPSTIPSU QVCMJTIFEJOBOE.BOZHBMBYJFT BTXFMMBTFNJTTJPOOFCVMBFBOE TUBSDMVTUFST BSFTUJMMEFTJHOBUFECZUIFJS/($PS*$OVNCFST *SJTI QIZTJDJTU (FPSHF 'JU[(FSBME ¢ TIPXT UIBU UIF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOU PG DPVMECFFYQMBJOFEJGBGBTUNPWJOHPCKFDUEJNJOJTIFTJOMFOHUI ѮF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU)FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ JOEFQFOEFOUMZEFWFMPQFEUIFDPO DFQUJO BOEJUCFDBNFLOPXOBTUIF-PSFOU['JU[(FSBMEDPOUSBDUJPO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO ¢ EFTDSJCFTUIFVTFPGJOUFSGFSFODF NFUIPETJONFBTVSJOHUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FBOEUIFPOFEJNFOTJPOBMCSJHIUOFTTEJTUSJCV

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UJPOPGDPTNJDTPVSDFTUIBUBSFUPPTNBMMUPCFSFTPMWFECZBTJOHMFUFMFTDPQF"UFMFTDPQF UIBUFYBNJOFTUIFJOUFSGFSFODFPGSBEJBUJPOEFUFDUFECZUXPPSNPSFTNBMMFSUFMFTDPQFT JT DBMMFE BO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS PS JOUFSGFSFODF NFUFS .JDIFMTPO XBT BXBSEFE UIF /PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTPQUJDBMQSFDJTJPOJOTUSVNFOUTBOEUIFTQFDUSPTDPQJDBOE NFUSPMPHJDBMJOWFTUJHBUJPOTDBSSJFEPVUXJUIUIFJSBJE ѮFêSTUWFSTJPOPGUIF)FOSZ%SBQFS$BUBMPHVFJTQVCMJTIFE1SPEVDFECZBTUSPOPNFST BU)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFSWBUPSZ JUMJTUTUIFQPTJUJPO NBHOJUVEFBOETQFDUSBMUZQFPG PWFS TUBST BOECFHJOTUIFBMQIBCFUJDBMTZTUFNPGDMBTTJGZJOHTUBSTBDDPSEJOHUP UFNQFSBUVSF4VCTFRVFOUFEJUJPOTJODSFBTFEUIFMJTUJOHUP TUBST 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$BNJMMF'MBNNBSJPO ¢ SFMFBTFTUIFêSTUWPMVNFPGIJT CPPL-B1MBOÊUF.BSTFUTFT$POEJUJPOTE)BCJUBCJMJUÊ QVCMJTIFECZ(BVUIJFS7JMMBST FU'JMT BEWPDBUJOHUIFFYJTUFODFPGJOUFMMJHFOU.BSUJBOMJGFUIBUDPOTUSVDUFEDBOBMTUP SFEJTUSJCVUF JODSFBTJOHMZ TDBSDF XBUFS BDSPTT UIF QMBOFU ѮF XFBMUIZ #PTUPOJBO 1FS DJWBM-PXFMM ¢ BEWPDBUFETJNJMBSJEFBTJOIJTCPPLFOUJUMFE.BST QVCMJTIFE JOCZ)PVHIUPO.JĔJO #PTUPO8FOPXLOPXUIBUUIFDIBOOFMT êSTUPCTFSWFE CZUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JPWBOOJ4DIJBQBSFMMJ ¢ JO BSFBOJMMVTJPO DSFBUFEXIFOUIFFZFBSSBOHFTNJOVUF EJTDPOOFDUFEEFUBJMTJOUPMJOFT "NFSJDBOHFPMPHJTU(SPWF,BSM(JMCFSU m QSFTFOUTQFSTVBTJWFBSHVNFOUT GPSUIFPSJHJOPGMVOBSDSBUFST SFBTPOJOHUIBUUIFZBSFUIFSFTVMUPGJNQBDUTUIBUPDDVSSFE CFGPSFUIFQSPDFTTPGFSPTJPOCFHBOPOUIF&BSUI "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT &EXBSE ,FFMFS ¢ NBLFT TQFDUSBM PCTFSWB UJPOTPGTVOMJHIUSFëFDUFEGSPN4BUVSOTSJOHT TIPXJOHUIBUUIFJOOFSQBSUTPGUIFSJOHT NPWFBSPVOE4BUVSOGBTUFSUIBOUIFPVUFSQBSUT ѮF4XFEJTIJOEVTUSJBMDIFNJTUBOEQIJMBOUISPQJTU"MGSFE/PCFM ¢

XIP JOWFOUFEEZOBNJUF MFBWFTNPTUPGIJTGPSUVOFJOIJTMBTUXJMMUPUIF/PCFM'PVOEBUJPO UIBUXPVMECFTUPXBOOVBMBXBSET CFHJOOJOHJO POiUIPTFXIP EVSJOHUIFQSF DFEJOHZFBS TIBMMIBWFDPOGFSSFEUIFHSFBUFTUCFOFêUPONBOLJOEu 4DPUUJTI DIFNJTU 8JMMJBN 3BNTBZ ¢ EJTDPWFST UIBU B VSBOJVN NJOFSBM OBNFE DMFWFJUF QSPEVDFT UIF DIFNJDBMMZ JOFSU HBT IFMJVN XIFO IFBUFE )FMJVN XBT LOPXOGSPNTQFDUSPHSBQIJDFWJEFODFUPCFQSFTFOUPOUIF4VOCVUIBEOPUZFUCFFO GPVOEPO&BSUI3BNTBZXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS$IFNJTUSZGPSIJTEJT DPWFSZPGUIFJOFSUHBTFTBSHPO IFMJVN OFPOBOEYFOPOUIFZBSFBMTPLOPXOBTSBSF PSOPCMFHBTFT (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU 8JMIFMN ,POSBE 3ÕOUHFO ¢ EJTDPWFST 9SBZT PO /PWFNCFS XIJDIIFOBNFE9CFDBVTFPGUIFJSVOLOPXOPSJHJO VTJOHUIFN UPSFWFBMUIFCPOFTJOTJEFIJTXJGFTIBOEѮF9SBZTXFSFQSPEVDFECZBOFMFDUSJDBM EJTDIBSHFJOBHMBTTWBDVVNUVCF JOWFOUFECZUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN$SPPLFT ¢ JO ѮF FOFSHFUJD 9SBZT BSF BCMF UP QFOFUSBUF TLJO BOE NVTDMF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

EFUFDUJOHIVNBOCPOFTBOESFWPMVUJPOJ[JOHNFEJDJOF'PSUIJTBDIJFWFNFOU3ÕOUHFO XBTBXBSEFEUIFêSTU/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1IZTJDTJO 4XFEJTI DIFNJTU 4WBOUF "VHVTU "SSIFOJVT ¢ TIPXT UIBU B EPVCMJOH PG UIF &BSUIT BUNPTQIFSJD DBSCPO EJPYJEF XJMM QSPEVDF B HMPCBM XBSNJOH PG UP EFHSFFT$FOUJHSBEF UPEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU

DPNQBSBCMFUPNPEFSOFTUJNBUFT*O "SSIFOJVTFYQSFTTFEDPODFSOBCPVUHMPCBMXBSNJOHBTBSFTVMUPGCVSOJOHGPTTJM GVFMT 'SFODI TDJFOUJTU )FOSJ #FDRVFSFM m EJTDPWFST HBNNB SBZT XIFO MFBWJOH VSBOJVNBOEBQIPUPHSBQIJDQMBUFJOBESBXFSUIFSBEJPBDUJWFVSBOJVNFNJUUFEHBNNB SBZTUIBUGPHHFEUIFQMBUF#FDRVFSFMXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPS IJTEJTDPWFSZPGTQPOUBOFPVTSBEJPBDUJWJUZ TIBSJOHUIFQSJ[FXJUIUIF'SFODITDJFOUJTUT 1JFSSF$VSJF m BOE.BSJF$VSJF ¢ GPSUIFJSJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPG UIFSBEJBUJPOQIFOPNFOPOUIBUIFEJTDPWFSFE &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PTFQI+PIOi++uѮPNTPO m EFNPOTUSBUFTUIBUBOFMFD USJDBMDVSSFOUJOBHMBTTWBDVVNUVCF UIF$SPPLFTUVCF JTNBEFVQPGOFHBUJWFMZDIBSHFE QBSUJDMFTPGTVCBUPNJDTJ[FѮF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU)FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ HBWF UIFOBNFFMFDUSPOUPUIJTGVOEBNFOUBMQBSUJDMFUIBUDPOEVDUTFMFDUSJDJUZBUFSNQSF WJPVTMZ JOUSPEVDFE CZ UIF *SJTI QIZTJDJTU (FPSHF +PIOTUPOF 4UPOFZ m ѮPNTPOSFDFJWFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTUIFPSFUJDBMBOEFYQFSJNFOUBM JOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIFDPOEVDUJPOPGFMFDUSJDJUZCZHBTFT %VUDI QIZTJDJTU 1JFUFS;FFNBO ¢ PCTFSWFT UIF TQMJUUJOH PG TQFDUSBM MJOFT JOUPUISFFDPNQPOFOUTCZBOJOUFOTFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOUIFUFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSZѮJT ;FFNBOFĒFDU BTJUJTOPXDBMMFE QFSNJUTUIFNFBTVSFNFOUPGUIFTUSFOHUIBOEEJSFD UJPOPGDPTNJDNBHOFUJDêFMET;FFNBOBOE)FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢

BMTPGSPN UIF /FUIFSMBOET XFSF BXBSEFE UIF /PCFM 1SJ[F JO 1IZTJDT GPS UIFJS SFTFBSDIFT JOUPUIFJOëVFODFPGNBHOFUJTNVQPOSBEJBUJPOQIFOPNFOB "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT&EXBSE,FFMFS m CFHJOTTZTUFNBUJDQIPUPH SBQIZPGOFCVMBFVTJOHUIFNFUFS JODI SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFBU-JDL0CTFSWB UPSZ EFNPOTUSBUJOHUIFVCJRVJUPVTOBUVSFPGTQJSBMOFCVMBF)FFTUJNBUFEUIBUPWFS POF IVOESFE UIPVTBOE TQJSBM OFCVMBF DPVME CF EFUFDUFE QIPUPHSBQIJDBMMZ XJUI IJT UFMFTDPQF *SJTI TDJFOUJTU (FPSHF +PIOTUPOF 4UPOFZ m TIPXT UIBU UIF TUBCJMJUZ PG B QMBOFUBSZBUNPTQIFSFPGBHJWFODPNQPTJUJPOEFQFOETVQPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF BUNPTQIFSF UIFNBTTPGUIFBUNPTQIFSJDNPMFDVMFT BOEUIFNBTTPGUIFQMBOFU PSPO UIFUIFSNBMNPUJPOTPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMNPMFDVMFTBTXFMMBTUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPG UIFQMBOFU-JHIUFS GBTUFSNPMFDVMFTBSFNPSFMJLFMZUPFTDBQF CVUQMBOFUTXJUIMBSHFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

NBTTBOEHSBWJUZBSFBCMFUPIPMEPOUPTVCTUBOUJBMBUNPTQIFSFT*O UIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS%POBME.FO[FM ¢ VTFEUIFTFBSHVNFOUTUPQSPQPTFUIBUUIF DPMEBOENBTTJWFHJBOUQMBOFUTBSFNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFO /FX;FBMBOECPSO&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU3VUIFSGPSE ¢ EJTDPWFSTBMQIB BOECFUBSBZT QSPEVDFECZUIFSBEJPBDUJWJUZPGVSBOJVNѮJTMFEUPIJTFYQMBOBUJPOPG SBEJPBDUJWJUZ XJUI&OHMJTIDIFNJTU'SFEFSJDL4PEEZ ¢ JO JOUFSNT PG UIF USBOTGPSNBUJPO PG FMFNFOUT *O 3VUIFSGPSE XBT BCMF UP TIPX UIBU BMQIB QBSUJDMFTBSFIFMJVNOVDMFJ)FXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS$IFNJTUSZGPSIJT JOWFTUJHBUJPOTJOUPUIFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGUIFFMFNFOUTBOEUIFDIFNJTUSZPGSBEJPBDUJWF TVCTUBODFT XIJMF4PEEZSFDFJWFEUIF$IFNJTUSZBXBSEGPSIJTDPOUSJCVUJPOTUP PVSLOPXMFEHFPGUIFDIFNJTUSZPGSBEJPBDUJWFTVCTUBODFT BOEIJTJOWFTUJHBUJPOTJOUP UIFPSJHJOBOEOBUVSFPGJTPUPQFT ѮF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS)FSNBOO$BSM7PHFM ¢ EJTDPWFSTTQFDUSPTDPQJD CJOBSZ TUBST XIFO TUVEZJOH UIF QFSJPEJD EJTQMBDFNFOUT PG UIF TQFDUSBM MJOFT PG UIF FDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBST"MHPMBOE4QJDB XIPTFDPNQBOJPOTDPVMEOPUUIFOCFEJSFDUMZ PCTFSWFE'SPNIJTTQFDUSB 7PHFMEFSJWFEUIFEJTUBODFTCFUXFFOUIFWJTJCMFBOEJOWJT JCMFDPNQPOFOUT UIFJSEJBNFUFST PSCJUBMWFMPDJUZ BOEDPNCJOFENBTT

UP"% ¦ ѮF QIPUPHSBQIT BOE JOJUJBM QVCMJDBUJPOT PG UIF $BQF 1IPUPHSBQIJD %VSDINVTUFSVOH 4UBS $BUBMPHVF BSF DPNQMFUFE *U JT UIF êSTU NBKPS BTUSPOPNJDBM XPSL UP VTF QIPUP HSBQIJD PCTFSWBUJPOT UP DBUBMPHVF TUFMMBS QPTJUJPOT BOE CSJHIUOFTT *U XBT CBTFE PO 4DPUUJTIBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE(JMMT ¢ QIPUPHSBQITPG TUBSTPGUI NBHOJUVEFPSCSJHIUFSJOUIFTPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFGSPN4PVUI"GSJDBCFUXFFO BOE (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL ¢ EFSJWFTUIFGPSNVMBGPSUIFSBEJBUJPOTQFD USVNPGBQFSGFDUBCTPSCFS PSCMBDLCPEZ JOUSPEVDJOHUIFJEFBUIBUJUSBEJBUFTFOFSHZJO GVOEBNFOUBMJOEJWJTJCMFVOJUT XIJDIIFDBMMFERVBOUB XIPTFFOFSHZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUP UIFGSFRVFODZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOѮFDPOTUBOUPGQSPQPSUJPOBMJUZCFUXFFOUIFGSFRVFODZ BOEUIFFOFSHZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOJTOPXLOPXOBT1MBODLTDPOTUBOU EFTJHOBUFECZUIF MFUUFSI1MBODLTEJTDPWFSZNBSLFEUIFGPVOEBUJPOPGUIFRVBOUVNUIFPSZ BOEMFEUP UIFBXBSEPGUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1IZTJDTGPSIJTBDIJFWFNFOU ѮF *UBMJBO FMFDUSJDBM FOHJOFFS (VHMJFMNP .BSDPOJ ¢ TFOET B MPOHXBWF MFOHUISBEJPTJHOBMJO.PSTFDPEFBDSPTTUIF"UMBOUJD0DFBOPO%FDFNCFSѮF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

"!"$"

'*( "LACKBODYRADIATION4HESPECTRALPLOTOFBLACKBODYRADIATIONINTENSITYASAFUNCTIONOF WAVELENGTHDEPENDSONTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEGASEMITTINGTHERADIATION4HE'ERMANPHYSI CIST-AX0LANCK¥ DERIVEDTHEFORMULATHATDESCRIBESTHESHAPEOFTHISSPECTRUMIN PROPOSINGTHATTHERADIATIONENERGYWASQUANTIZEDANDPROVIDINGAFOUNDATIONFORQUANTUM THEORY!THIGHERTEM " #" ! PERATURESTHEWAVELENGTH OFPEAKEMISSIONSHIFTS $!

TOSHORTERWAVELENGTHS ANDTHETHERMALRADIATION INTENSITYBECOMESGREATER ATALLWAVELENGTHS!T ATEMPERATUREOF DEGREES+ELVIN OR + THETHERMALRADIATION

PEAKSINTHEVISIBLE OR 6 BANDOFWAVELENGTHS !HOTGASWITHATEMPERA TUREOF +EMITS MOSTOFITSTHERMALRADIA TIONATULTRAVIOLET OR56 WAVELENGTHS WHILETHE EMISSIONPEAKSIN8 RAYS WHENTHETEMPERATUREIS #" TOMILLION+

SBEJPXBWFTHFUBSPVOEUIFDVSWBUVSFPGUIF&BSUICZSFëFDUJPOGSPNUIFJPOPTQIFSF .BSDPOJXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT KPJOUMZXJUIUIF(FSNBOQIZTJ DJTU,BSM'FSEJOBOE#SBVO ¢

GPSUIFJSEFWFMPQNFOUPGXJSFMFTTUFMFHSBQIZ #SJUJTIQIZTJDJTUBOEFMFDUSJDBMFOHJOFFS0MJWFS)FBWJTJEF ¢ BOE"NFSJDBO FMFDUSJDBMFOHJOFFS"SUIVS,FOOFMMZ ¢ JOEFQFOEFOUMZQSFEJDUUIFFYJTUFODF PGBDPOEVDUJOHMBZFSJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFUIBUSFëFDUTSBEJPXBWFTѮJTMBZFS QSPEVDFE CZUIF4VOT9SBZSBEJBUJPO JTOPXDBMMFEUIFJPOPTQIFSF CVUJUXBTLOPXOGPSBUJNF BTUIF,FOOFMMZ)FBWJTJEFMBZFS ѮF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT+FBOT ¢ EFSJWFTUIFDPOEJUJPOTGPSHSBWJUBUJPOBM JOTUBCJMJUZ TIPXJOHUIBUDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGNBUUFSMBSHFSUIBOBMJNJUJOHTJ[F OPXDBMMFE UIF+FBOTXBWFMFOHUI BOENPSFNBTTJWFUIBOBMJNJUJOHNBTT LOPXOOPXBTUIF+FBOT NBTT XJMMVOEFSHPHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF "NFSJDBOBFSPOBVUJDBMFOHJOFFFST0SWJMMF8SJHIU ¢ BOE8JMCVS8SJHIU ¢ BDIJFWFUIFêSTUTVTUBJOFE DPOUSPMMFEëJHIUJOBQPXFSFEëZJOHWFIJDMF UIFIFBWJFSUIBOBJSNBDIJOFOBNFEBOBFSPQMBOF PO%FDFNCFSBU,JMM%FWJM )JMMTOFBS,JUUZ)BXL /PSUI$BSPMJOB

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT)BSUNBOO ¢ EJTDPWFSTJOUFSTUFMMBSDBM DJVN XIJDIDSFBUFTTUBUJPOBSZBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFMJHIUPGUIFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFN %FMUB0SJPOJT 'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO+VMFT)FOSJ1PJODBSÊ ¢ QSPQPTFTBUIFPSZPGSFMB UJWJUZJOXIJDIUIFMBXTPGQIZTJDTSFNBJOVODIBOHFEXJUIVOJGPSNNPUJPOBOEOPUI JOHNPWFTGBTUFSUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUѮJTXPVMEFYQMBJOXIZ"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT "MCFSU.JDIFMTPO ¢ BOE&EXBSE.PSMFZ ¢ GBJMFE JO UP NFBTVSFUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUIUIPVHIUIFiBFUIFSuCZNFBTVSJOHUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU JOUXPEJSFDUJPOTѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JOEFQFOEFOUMZ EFWFMPQFEUIF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZEVSJOHUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBS (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO m QSPQPTFTUIBUMJHIUDBOCFDPOTJEFSFE BTQBSUJDMFTPGFOFSHZXIFOJUJOUFSBDUTXJUINBUUFS)FDBMMFEUIFQBSUJDMFTMJHIURVBOUB BOEUIFZMBUFSCFDBNFLOPXOBTQIPUPOTѮFMJHIUFOFSHZJTHJWFOCZUIFFYQSFTTJPO êSTUVTFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL m UPFYQMBJOCMBDL CPEZSBEJBUJPO&JOTUFJOVTFEIJTJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGMJHIUBTRVBOUVNQBSUJDMFTUPFYQMBJO UIF QIPUPFMFDUSJD FĒFDU QSPQPTJOH UIBU MJHIU QBSUJDMFT TUSJLJOH UIF TVSGBDF PG DFSUBJO NFUBMTDBVTFFMFDUSPOTUPCFFNJUUFE&JOTUFJOXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS 1IZTJDTGPSUIJTEJTDPWFSZ (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ EFWFMPQTIJT4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJW JUZ QSPQPTJOHUIBUTQBDFBOEUJNFBSFPOF BOEUIBUJOBTZTUFNJONPUJPOSFMBUJWFUP BOPCTFSWFSMFOHUIXPVMEEFDSFBTF UJNFXPVMETMPXBOENBTTXPVMEJODSFBTF*OUIF TBNFZFBS &JOTUFJOVTFEUIFQPTUVMBUFTPGUIF4QFDJBMѮFPSZUPTIPXUIBUFOFSHZSBEJ BUFEJTFRVJWBMFOUUPNBTTMPTU DPODMVEJOHUIBUUIFNBTTPGBCPEZJTBNFBTVSFPGJUT FOFSHZDPOUFOU (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOT#SPXOJBONPUJPOJOUFSNT PGUIFSBOEPNNPUJPOPGNPMFDVMFTPGXBUFS"OZTVēDJFOUMZTNBMMQBSUJDMFTVTQFOEFE JOUIFXBUFSXJMMCFLOPDLFEJOUP#SPXOJBONPUJPOCZNPMFDVMBSJNQBDUTPGSBOEPN TUSFOHUIDPNJOHGSPNSBOEPNEJSFDUJPOT %BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS&KOBS)FSU[TQSVOH ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFBCTPMVUF PSJOUSJO TJD MVNJOPTJUZPGNBOZTUBSTEFDSFBTFTTZTUFNBUJDBMMZXJUITQFDUSBMDMBTTBOEMPXFSEJTL UFNQFSBUVSF BOEUIBUPUIFSTUBSTXJUIVOVTVBMMZOBSSPXBOETIBSQTQFDUSBMMJOFTIBWF NVDIIJHIFSMVNJOPTJUJFT*OUIJTXBZ)FSU[TQSVOHêSTUSFDPHOJ[FEXIBUIBWFDPNFUP CFDBMMFEEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF BOEHJBOUTUBST %VUDIBTUSPOPNFS+BDPCVT,BQUFZO ¢ BOOPVODFTBQBUUFSOJOUIFQSPQFS NPUJPOTPGOFBSCZTUBST JOEJDBUJOHUIBUUIFZBSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHJOUXPMBSHF JOUFS NJOHMFE BOE PQQPTJUFMZ EJSFDUFE TUSFBNT UIBU QBTT UISPVHI FBDI PUIFS BU B SFMBUJWF WFMPDJUZPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE0OFTUBSTUSFBNDBSSJFTSPVHIMZIBMGUIF OFBSCZTUBSTUPXBSEUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVTBUBTQFFEPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFS TFDPOE XIJMFUIFPUIFSTUSFBNDBSSJFTUIFSFNBJOJOHDMPTFTUTUBSTBXBZGSPNUIJTEJSFD UJPOBUBDPNQBSBCMFTQFFE"TFYQMBJOFECZUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FSUJM-JOECMBE

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

m JO UIFUXPTUBSTUSFBNTBSFFYQMBJOFEJGBMMUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ 8BZBSFXIJSMJOHJOEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPOBCPVUBSFNPUFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSJO4BHJUUBSJVT 'SFODI HFPMPHJTU #FSOBSE #SVOIFT m êOET BODJFOU MBWB ëPXT JO 'SBODF XIPTFNBHOFUJ[BUJPOBQQFBSTUPCFSFWFSTFEGSPNUIBUJONPSFSFDFOUëPXT *SJTIHFPMPHJTU3JDIBSE0MEIBN ¢ VTFTPCTFSWBUJPOTPGTFJTNJDXBWFTUP QSPWFUIBUUIF&BSUIIBTBNPMUFODPSF ѮF4XFEJTIQIZTJDBMDIFNJTU4WBOUF"VHVTU"SSIFOJVT ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBU UJOZ TQPSFT PG MJWJOH NBUUFS DBO CF USBOTQPSUFE UISPVHI TQBDF GSPN POF QMBOFU UP BOPUIFS BOEUIBUMJGFPO&BSUIDPVMEIBWFEFTDFOEFEGSPNJOUFSTUFMMBSNJDSPPSHBOJTNT QVMMFEJOCZUIFQMBOFUTHSBWJUZѮJTIZQPUIFTJTJTLOPXOBTQBOTQFSNJB NFBOJOHiMJGF FWFSZXIFSFu "NFSJDBODIFNJTU#FSUSBN#PMUXPPE ¢

XPSLJOHXJUI&SOFTU3VUIFSGPSE ¢ BU UIF $BWFOEJTI -BCPSBUPSZ JO &OHMBOE FTUJNBUFT UIF EFDBZ SBUFT PG SBEJPBDUJWFFMFNFOUTBOEVTFTUIFBCVOEBODFTPGUIFTFFMFNFOUTBOEUIFJSEFDBZQSPEVDUT UPTIPXUIBUTPNFUFSSFTUSJBMSPDLTBSFBCPVUUISFFCJMMJPOZFBSTPME (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO m EFSJWFTUIFFYBDUFYQSFTTJPOGPSUIF FRVJWBMFODFPGNBTTBOEFOFSHZ OBNFMZIJTDFMFCSBUFEFRVBUJPO&ND XIFSF&JTUIF FOFSHZ NJTUIFNBTT BOEDJTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF m SFDPSETUIF;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH PGUIFTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGTVOTQPUTBOEDPNQBSFTUIFNXJUIUIPTFMJOFTQSPEVDFEJOUIF MBCPSBUPSZCZJOUFOTFNBHOFUJDêFMET TIPXJOHUIBUUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETJOTVOTQPUTBSF BTTUSPOHBT (BVTTBOEUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTTUSPOHFSUIBOUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJTN ѮF(FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO)FSNBOO.JOLPXTLJ ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUTQBDF BOEUJNFCFDPNCJOFEUPEFêOFUIFTFQBSBUJPOPGUXPFWFOUT JOXIBUJTOPXLOPXOBT UIFGPVSEJNFOTJPOBM TQBDFUJNF.JOLPXTLJNFUSJD ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SBOL87FSZ ¢ TVHHFTUTUIBUUIFBUNPTQIFSFT PGUIFQMBOFUTXJMMBMMPXPQUJDBMMZWJTJCMFTVOMJHIUUPQBTTUISPVHIUPUIFHSPVOE XIJDI XJMMIFBUVQBOESFSBEJBUFBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT#FDBVTFUIFBUNPTQIFSFTBSFPQBRVF UPUIFJOGSBSFETQFDUSVN UIJTSBEJBUJPOXJMMCFUSBQQFECFOFBUIUIFBUNPTQIFSFXIFSF JUIFBUTVQUIFQMBOFUBSZTVSGBDF4VDIBHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUIBECFFOQSPQPTFECZUIF 'SFODINBUIFNBUJDBMQIZTJDJTU+PTFQI +FBO#BQUJTUF 'PVSJFS ¢ JO BOEUIFNBJONPMFDVMFTUIBUBCTPSCUIFJOGSBSFEJEFOUJêFECZUIF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO 5ZOEBMM ¢ BTXBUFSBOEDBSCPOEJPYJEFJOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST 8BMUFS"EBNT ¢ BOEѮFPEPSF%VOIBN+S ¢ JEFOUJêFEUIF BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT PG DBSCPO EJPYJEF JO UIF BUNPTQIFSF PG 7FOVT JO &JHIU ZFBST MBUFS UIF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3VQFSU8JMEU ¢ QSPQPTFE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIBUUIFDBSCPOEJPYJEFJOUIFUIJDLBUNPTQIFSFPG7FOVTXPVMENBLFJUTTVSGBDFNVDI IPUUFSUIBOJUTPVUFSBUNPTQIFSF BOEJOUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$PSOFMM) .BZFS ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTSFQPSUFEUIBUPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUISBEJPXBWFT XIJDI QFOFUSBUFUIFBUNPTQIFSF JOEJDBUFEBWFSZIPUTVSGBDFPO7FOVTPGBUMFBTUEFHSFFT LFMWJO*OUIF4PWJFUQSPCF7FOFSBEFTDFOEFEUPUIFTVSGBDFPG7FOVTBOENFB TVSFEBUFNQFSBUVSFPGEFHSFFTLFMWJO ѮF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ JOUSPEVDFT IJT JEFB UIBU MJHIU FYIJCJUTCPUIXBWFBOEQBSUJDMFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT ѮF'SFODIQIZTJDJTU+FBO#BQUJTUF1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFTUIFFYJTUFODFPG BUPNTCZDBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG#SPXOJBONPUJPO $SPBUJBOQIZTJDJTU"OESJKB.PIPSPWJDJD ¢ VTFTTFJTNJDEBUBUPEJTDPWFS UIF.PIPSPWJDJDEJTDPOUJOVJUZUIBUGPSNTUIFCPVOEBSZCFUXFFOUIF&BSUITDSVTUBOE NBOUMFBUBEFQUIPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTCFMPXUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP.4MJQIFS ¢ QIPUPHSBQITUIFTQFDUSBPG +VQJUFS 4BUVSO 6SBOVTBOE/FQUVOFJOUIFSFEBOEJOGSBSFE EJTDPWFSJOHBCTPSQUJPO CBOETUIBUXFSFFWFOUVBMMZJOUFSQSFUFE JO CZUIF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPO PNFS3VQFSU8JMEU ¢ BTBCTPSQUJPOTCZBNNPOJBBOENFUIBOF ¦ &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+BDPC)BMN ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFNBTTFTPGTUBSTBSFDPS SFMBUFEXJUITQFDUSBMUZQFBOEUIFSFGPSFXJUIUIFJSBCTPMVUF PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUJFT %BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS&KOBS)FSU[TQSVOH ¢ QVCMJTIFTBEJBHSBNPGUIFBCTP MVUF PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZPGTUBSTJOUIF1MFJBEFTBOE)ZBEFTTUBSDMVTUFST QMPUUFE BT B GVODUJPO PG UIFJS TQFDUSBM UZQF PS FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ/PSSJT3VTTFMM ¢ QVCMJTIFEBTJNJMBSEJBHSBNGPSêFME TUBSTOPUJODMVTUFST BOETVDIQMPUTBSFOPXLOPXOBT)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNT ѮF/FX;FBMBOECPSO#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU3VUIFSGPSE ¢ QSPQPTFTUIF DPODFQUPGUIFOVDMFBSBUPN JOXIJDIUIFNBTTPGUIFBUPNJTDPODFOUSBUFEJOBOVDMFVT XIJDIJT UJNFTTNBMMFSUIBOUIFBUPNBOEIBTBQPTJUJWFDIBSHFCBMBODFECZ TVSSPVOEJOHFMFDUSPOT "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU 7JDUPS')FTT ¢ EJTDPWFSTDPTNJDiSBZTuEVSJOHCBM MPPOëJHIUTUIBUTIPXBOJODSFBTFPGBUNPTQIFSJDJPOJ[BUJPOBUIJHIBMUJUVEFT BUUSJC VUJOHUIFJODSFBTFUPFOFSHFUJDiSBEJBUJPOuUIBUDPNFTGSPNPVUFSTQBDF)JTCBMMPPO ëJHIUEVSJOHUIFTPMBSFDMJQTFPG"QSJMBEEJUJPOBMMZQSPWFEUIBUUIFJPOJ[BUJPO XBTOPUDBVTFECZUIF4VO)FTTXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJT BDIJFWFNFOU "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSTBQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPOGPSUXFOUZêWF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTJOUIF4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE JOXIJDIUIF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

MPOHFSUIFQFSJPEPGMJHIUWBSJBUJPOUIFHSFBUFSUIFJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPGUIFTUBS-FBWJUU XBTXPSLJOHBUUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFSWBUPSZJOBSPVUJOF NFOJBMUBTLQBJEXJUIMPX XBHFT BOBMZ[JOHQIPUPHSBQITPGTUBSTPCUBJOFEXJUI)BSWBSETNFUFS JODI SFGSBD UPSBU"SFRVJQB 1FSVѮFQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOGPS$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTQFSNJUUFE BOFXNFUIPEPGEFUFSNJOJOHBWBSJBCMFTUBSTEJTUBODF GSPNUIFTUBSTPCTFSWFEBQQBS FOUMVNJOPTJUZBOEUIFBCTPMVUF JOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZJOGFSSFEGSPNUIFPCTFSWFEWBSJBUJPO QFSJPE*UXBTVTFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)BSMPX4IBQMFZ ¢ JOUP FTUBCMJTIUIFMBSHFTJ[FBOEEJTUBOUDFOUFSPGPVSTUFMMBSTZTUFN UIF.JMLZ8BZ BOEJO CZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO1)VCCMF ¢ UPEJTDPWFSUIBUUIFTQJSBM OFCVMBF.BOE.BSFHBMBYJFTUIBUMJFPVUTJEFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ (FSNBO NFUFPSPMPHJTU BOE HFPMPHJTU "MGSFE 8FHFOFS ¢ EFWFMPQT B UIF PSZPGDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫUPFYQMBJOUIFDMPTFKJHTBXêUCFUXFFOUIFDPBTUMJOFTPOFJUIFS TJEFPGUIF"UMBOUJD0DFBOBOEUIFHFPMPHJDBMBOEGPTTJMTJNJMBSJUJFTCFUXFFO#SB[JMBOE "GSJDB QSPQPTJOHUIBUBMMUIFDPOUJOFOUTXFSFPODFVOJUFEJOBTJOHMFMBOENBTT OBNFE 1BOHBFB UIBUGSBHNFOUFEJOUPUPEBZTDPOUJOFOUT XIJDITUBSUFEESJѫJOHBQBSUBCPVU NJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮFFWJEFODFGPSDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫXBTGVSUIFSEFWFMPQFEBOE QVCMJTIFEJOJO8FHFOFSTCPPL%JF&OTUFIVOHEFS,POUJOFOUFVOE0[FBOF êSTU USBOTMBUFEJOUP&OHMJTIJOBTѮF0SJHJOPG$POUJOFOUTBOE0DFBOT ѮF /PSXFHJBO QIZTJDJTU,SJTUJBO#JSLFMBOE ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU UIF &BSUIT EJQPMBSNBHOFUJDêFMEHVJEFTFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTJOUPUIFQPMBSSFHJPOTXIFSFUIFZQSP EVDFBVSPSBT

'*( "OHRATOM)NTHISMODEL PROPOSEDINBYTHE$ANISHPHYSICIST.IELS"OHR ¥ AHYDROGENATOMSONEELECTRONREVOLVESAROUNDTHEHYDROGENNUCLEUS A SINGLEPROTON INWELL DElNEDORBITSDESCRIBED BYTHEINTEGERN !NELECTRON ABSORBSOREMITSRADIATION WHENITMAKESATRANSITION BETWEENTHESEALLOWED ORBITS4HEELECTRONCAN JUMPUPWARD TOORBITS WITHLARGERN BYABSORP TIONOFAPHOTONOFEXACTLY THERIGHTENERGY EQUAL TOTHEENERGYDIFFERENCE BETWEENTHEORBITSTHE ELECTRONCANJUMPDOWN TOLOWERORBITS OFSMALLER N WITHTHEEMISSIONOF RADIATIONOFTHATSAMEENERGYANDWAVELENGTH4RANSITIONSTHATBEGINORENDONTHENORBIT DElNETHE"ALMERSERIESTHATISOBSERVEDATVISIBLEWAVELENGTHS4HEYAREDESIGNATEDBY(A (B (G 4HE,YMANSERIES WITHTRANSITIONSFROMTHElRSTORBITATN ISDETECTEDAT ULTRAVIOLETWAVELENGTHS4HEORBITSARENOTDRAWNTOSCALEFORTHESIZEOFTHERADIUSINCREASES WITHTHESQUAREOFTHEINTEGERN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

%BOJTI QIZTJDJTU /JFMT #PIS m BQQMJFT RVBOUVN UIFPSZ UP UIF SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFE CZ BUPNT EFWFMPQJOH BO BUPNJD NPEFM UIBU FYQMBJOT UIF XBWFMFOHUIT PG UIF TQFDUSBM MJOFT PG IZESPHFO EFTDSJCFE JO BO FRVBUJPO CZ UIF 4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDJBO +PIBOO #BMNFS m JO "DDPSEJOH UP UIJT NPEFM OPX LOPXO BT UIF #PISBUPN UIFMPOFFMFDUSPOJOBIZESPHFOBUPNSFWPMWFTBCPVUUIFBUPNJDOVDMFVT BQSPUPO JOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUF RVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPGFOFSHZ BOEBOFMFDUSPO POMZFNJUTPSBCTPSCTSBEJBUJPOXIFOKVNQJOHCFUXFFOUIFTFBMMPXFEPSCJUT#PISXBT BXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIFTUSVDUVSFPGBUPNT BOEUIFSBEJBUJPOFNBOBUJOHGSPNUIFN "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP4MJQIFS ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSB PGTPNFOFCVMBFFYIJCJUBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJEFOUJDBMUPUIPTFGPVOEJOUIFJSDFOUSBMTUBST JOEJDBUJOHUIBUUIFTFiSFëFDUJPOuOFCVMBFBSFSFëFDUJOHUIFTUBSMJHIU &OHMJTI DIFNJTU 'SFEFSJDL 4PEEZ ¢ EJTDPWFST UIBU EJĒFSFOU GPSNT PG UIF TBNF FMFNFOU IBWF UIF TBNF DIFNJDBM DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT EJĒFSJOH POMZ JO UIF BUPNJD XFJHIU PSUIFOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT CVUIBWJOHUIFTBNFBUPNJDOVNCFS PSUIFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOT)FOBNFEUIFNVMUJQMFGPSNTJTPUPQFT NFBOJOHiTBNFQMBDFu CFDBVTFUIFZPDDVQJFEUIFTBNFQMBDFJOUIFQFSJPEJDUBCMF4PEEZXBTBXBSEFEUIF /PCFM1SJ[FJO$IFNJTUSZGPSIJTDPOUSJCVUJPOTUPPVSLOPXMFEHFPGUIFDIFNJTUSZPG SBEJPBDUJWFTVCTUBODFT BOEIJTJOWFTUJHBUJPOTJOUPUIFPSJHJOBOEOBUVSFPGJTPUPQFT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4"EBNT ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPO UPUIFTUBS&SJEBOJJTBIPUXIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"ѮFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFBOE MPXJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZNFBOUUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPOTUBSIBEUPCFWFSZTNBMM POMZ BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI4VDITUBSTCFDBNFLOPXOBTXIJUFEXBSGTUBST "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4"EBNT m BOE(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS"SOPME ,PIMTDIÛUUFS m TIPX UIBU UIF SFMBUJWF JOUFOTJUJFT PG DFSUBJO OFJHICPSJOH TQFDUSBMMJOFTDBOCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFBCTPMVUF PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUJFTPGCPUI EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF BOEHJBOUTUBST NBLJOHJUQPTTJCMFUPFTUJNBUFUIFEJTUBODFT PGNJMMJPOTPGTUBSTGSPNUIFJSTQFDUSBBOEBQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTTBMPOF (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOHFPMPHJTU#FOP(VUFOCFSH ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFCPVOE BSZCFUXFFOUIF&BSUITNBOUMFBOEUPQPGUIF&BSUITMJRVJEPVUFSDPSF MPDBUFEBUBO BWFSBHFEFQUIPG LJMPNFUFSTCFMPXUIFTVSGBDF ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU ѮFPEPSF -ZNBO ¢ BOOPVODFT UIBU IF IBT PCTFSWFEUISFFVMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGIZESPHFOXIPTFXBWFMFOHUITBSFEFTDSJCFE CZUIFGPSNVMBEFSJWFEGPSUIFGPVSWJTJCMFMJHIUIZESPHFOMJOFTJOCZUIF4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDTUFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS ¢ "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS )FOSZ /PSSJT 3VTTFMM ¢ QVCMJTIFT B EJBHSBN PG UIF BCTPMVUF PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZPGêFMETUBST OPUJOTUBSDMVTUFST QMPUUFEBTBGVODUJPOPG UIFJSTQFDUSBMUZQF DPMPSJOEFY PSFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF TIPXJOHUXPXFMMEFêOFEDMBTTFT PGTUBSTUIBUIFDBMMFEEXBSGBOEHJBOUTUBST.PTUTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF4VO BSFEXBSGTUBST UIBUMJFPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF XIJDIJTBEJBHPOBMCBOEUIBUFYUFOETGSPNUIFCSJHIUCMVF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

TUBSTJOUIFVQQFSMFѫPGUIFEJBHSBNUPUIFGBJOUSFEPOFTJOUIFMPXFSSJHIUѮFNPSF MVNJOPVTHJBOUTUBSTBSFGPVOEJOUIFVQQFSQBSUPGUIFEJBHSBNBCPWFUIFNBJOTFRVFODF 4VDI B QMPU JT LOPXO BT B )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM PS )3 EJBHSBN BѫFS UIF QJPOFFSJOH JOWFTUJHBUJPOTPG3VTTFMMBOE&KOBS)FSU[TQSVOH ¢ XIPêSTUQMPUUFETVDIB EJBHSBNGPSUIF1MFJBEFTBOE)ZBEFTTUBSDMVTUFSTJOѮF)3EJBHSBNCFDBNFBO JNQPSUBOUUPPMGPSUIFVOEFSTUBOEJOHBOEJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPO !

"! "!"

'*( /RIGINAL(ERTZSPRUNG 2USSELLDIAGRAM7HENDATAONSTELLAR PARALLAXENABLEDTHEDISTANCEANDABSOLUTELUMINOSITYOFSTARSTOBEDETER MINED (ENRY.ORRIS2USSELL¥ PUBLISHED IN THISPLOT OFTHEABSOLUTEVISUALMAGNITUDESLEFTAXIS OFSTARSAGAINSTTHEIRSPECTRAL CLASSTOPAXIS 4HETWODIAGONALLINESMARKTHEBOUNDARIESOF%JNAR (ERTZSPRUNGS¥ SEQUENCE INFERREDINFORTHE0LEIADES AND(YADESOPENSTARCLUSTERSTHISISNOWKNOWNASTHEMAINSEQUENCE ALONGWHICHMOSTSTARS INCLUDINGTHE3UN ARELOCATED4HEGIANTSTARSARE LOCATEDATTHEUPPERRIGHT!SINGLEFAINTANOMALYISFOUNDINTHELOWER LEFT HANDCORNERITISNOWKNOWNTOBEAWHITEDWARFSTAR4HELARGERDOTS DENOTESTARSWHOSEABSOLUTEMAGNITUDESHADAPROBABLEERROROFMAG NITUDE ANDTHESMALLDOTSREPRESENTRESULTSWITHLARGERERRORS4HELARGER OPENCIRCLESDENOTEMEANRESULTSFORABOUTBRIGHTSTARSOFSMALLPROPER MOTIONTHESMALLEROPENANDlLLEDCIRCLESDENOTE RESPECTIVELY STARS WHOSEPARALLAXESHADBEENMEASUREDONCEORMORETHANONCE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)BSMPX4IBQMFZ ¢ TVHHFTUTUIBUUIFCSJHIUOFTTWBSJ BUJPOTPG$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTBSFEVFUPUIFQVMTBUJPOTPGJTPMBUFEJOEJWJEVBMTUBST SBUIFSUIBOFDMJQTFTPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP4MJQIFS ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIFMBSHFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFT PGBGFXOFBSCZTQJSBMOFCVMBFXIFOBUUFNQUJOHUPNFBTVSFUIFJSSPUBUJPOTVOEFSUIF BTTVNQUJPOUIBUUIFTQJSBMOFCVMBFXFSFOBTDFOUQMBOFUBSZTZTUFNT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4"EBNT ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPO PGUIFCSJHIUTUBS4JSJVTJTBIPUXIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"ѮFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFBOE MPXJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZNFBOUUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPOTUBSIBEUPCFWFSZTNBMM POMZ BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI4VDITUBSTCFDBNFLOPXOBTXIJUFEXBSGTUBST ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOTUIFBOPNBMPVTNPUJPO PG.FSDVSZCZNFBOTPGIJT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ JOXIJDITQBDFJTDVSWFECZB OFBSCZNBTT BOEQSFEJDUTUIBUUIFDVSWBUVSFXJMMCFOEBMJHIUSBZQBTTJOHUIF4VOTFEHF CZTFDPOETPGBSDѮFQSFEJDUFEMJHIUCFOEJOHXBTPCTFSWFE XJUIJOUIFVODFSUBJO UJFTPGNFBTVSFNFOU CZBDIBOHFJOUIFQPTJUJPOTPGTUBSTTFFOOFBSUIF4VOEVSJOHUIF UPUBM TPMBS FDMJQTF PG .BZ ѮF 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS 6SCBJO +FBO +PTFQI -FWFSSJFS ¢ QSFTFOUFEBDDVSBUFDPNQJMBUJPOTPGUIFVOFYQMBJOFEBOPNBMZ JOUIFNPUJPOPG.FSDVSZJO BOE&JOTUFJOSFBEBCPVUJUJOBBSUJDMFCZUIF (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS&SXJO'SFVOEMJDI ¢ &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS4&EEJOHUPO m TIPXTUIBUSBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF NVTUTUBOEXJUIHSBWJUBUJPOBOEHBTQSFTTVSFBTUIFUIJSENBKPSGBDUPSJONBJOUBJOJOH UIFFRVJMJCSJVNPGBTUBS*OUIFTBNFZFBS IFTIPXTUIBUBTUBSDMVTUFSXJMMPOMZSFNBJO JOFRVJMJCSJVNJGUIFLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGUIFNPWJOHTUBSTCBMBODFTUIFJSNVUVBMHSBWJUB UJPOBMQVMM ѮF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJT DPNQSFIFOTJWF (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ JOXIJDIIFQPTUVMBUFTUIBUTQBDFJTDVSWFECZNBTT (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS,BSM4DIXBS[TDIJME ¢ TPMWFTUIFFYBDUFYQSFTTJPOTUIBU EFTDSJCFUIFDVSWFETQBDFFYUFSOBMUPBOJTPMBUFE TQIFSJDBM OPOSPUBUJOHNBTT VTJOH UIFêFMEFRVBUJPOTPG&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOETIPXTUIBUUIFFRVB UJPOTIBWFBTJOHVMBSJUZBUUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJVT BMTPOPXDBMMFEUIF4DIXBS[TDIJME SBEJVT &OHMJTI DIFNJTU BOE QIZTJDJTU 'SBODJT 8 "TUPO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU UIF IFMJVNBUPNJTTMJHIUMZMFTTNBTTJWF CZBNFSFQFSDFOU UIBOUIFTVNPGUIFNBTTFTPG UIFGPVSIZESPHFOBUPNTXIJDIFOUFSJOUPJU XIJDIMFEUPUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ QSPQPTJOH JO UIBUIZESPHFOJTDPOWFSUFEJOUPIFMJVNJO TUFMMBSDPSFT XJUIUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZUPNBLFUIFTUBSTTIJOF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

'*( 0RECESSIONOF-ERCURYSPERIHELION)NSTEADOF ALWAYSTRACINGOUTTHESAMEELLIPSE THEORBITOF-ERCURYPIVOTS AROUNDTHEFOCUSOCCUPIEDBYTHE3UN4HEPOINTOFCLOSEST APPROACHTOTHE3UN THEPERIHELION ISSLOWLYROTATINGAHEADOF THEPOINTPREDICTEDBY.EWTONSTHEORYOFGRAVITATION4HISWAS ATlRSTEXPLAINEDBYTHEGRAVITATIONALTUGOFANUNKNOWNPLANET CALLED6ULCAN BUTWENOWKNOWTHAT6ULCANDOESNOTEXIST 4HE'ERMANPHYSICIST!LBERT%INSTEIN¥ EXPLAINED -ERCURYSANOMALOUSMOTIONINBYINVENTINGANEWTHEORY OFGRAVITYINWHICHTHE3UNSCURVATUREOFSPACEMAKESTHE PLANETMOVEINASLOWLYREVOLVINGELLIPSE

)FCFS%$VSUJT ¢

BUUIF-JDL0CTFSWBUPSZJO$BMJGPSOJB OPUJDFTBKFUPG WJTJCMFMJHIUFNFSHJOHGSPNUIFOVDMFBSDFOUFSPG. "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST)FCFS%$VSUJT m BOE(FPSHF83JUDIFZ m JOEFQFOEFOUMZEJTDPWFSOPWBFJOTQJSBMOFCVMBF JODMVEJOH"OESPNFEBPS. TVHHFTUJOHUIBUUIFCSJHIUFTUOPWBFBSFBUMFBTUUJNFTBTGBSBXBZBTUIFOPWBFQSFWJ PVTMZPCTFSWFEJOPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)BSMPX4IBQMFZ m FTUJNBUFTBEJTUBODFPGBNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTGPSUIFCSJHIUOPWBPCTFSWFE JOUIF"OESPNFEBOFCVMBJO %VUDIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMFNEF4JUUFS m DPOTJEFSTUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMDPOTF RVFODFTPG"MCFSU&JOTUFJOT m (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEQSPQPTFT BTPMVUJPOUPIJTêFMEFRVBUJPOTUIBUEFTDSJCFTBOPOTUBUJD FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFEFWPJE PGBMMNBUUFS*UTVCTFRVFOUMZCFDBNFLOPXOBTUIFiEF4JUUFS6OJWFSTFu XIJDIDPOUBJOT NPUJPO XJUIPVU NBUUFS BT EJTUJODU GSPN UIF TUBUJD OPONPWJOH i&JOTUFJO 6OJWFSTFu XIJDIDPOUBJOTJOFSUNBUUFSXJUIPVUNPUJPOѮF#FMHJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE$BUIPMJD QSJFTU(FPSHFT-FNBÏUSF ¢ GPVOEBTPMVUJPOUIBUQFSNJUTCPUINBUUFSBOE NPUJPO VTJOHJUUPFYQMBJOUIFSFDFEJOHWFMPDJUJFTPGFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBFJO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 3PACECURVATURE!MASSIVEOBJECTCREATESACURVEDINDENTATIONUPON THEhmATvSPACEDESCRIBEDBY%UCLIDEANGEOMETRY WHICHAPPLIESINAWORLDWITHOUT SIGNIlCANTAMOUNTSOFMATTER.OTICETHATTHEAMOUNTOFSPACECURVATUREISGREATESTIN THEREGIONSNEARTHEOBJECT WHILEFURTHERAWAYTHEEFFECTISLESSENED

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

ѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QVCMJTIFTBQBQFSFOUJUMFEi$PT NPMPHJDBM$POTJEFSBUJPOTPGUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ uFYQMBJOJOHBTUBUJD OPO NPWJOHTQIFSJDBM6OJWFSTF5PDPVOUFSBDUUIFDPNCJOFEJOXBSEHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPG NBUUFS BOELFFQUIF6OJWFSTFGSPNDPMMBQTJOHPOJUTFMG &JOTUFJONPEJêFEIJTFRVB UJPOTCZBEEJOHBOFYUSBBEKVTUBCMFQBSBNFUFS OPXLOPXOBTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPO TUBOU XIJDIPQQPTFTUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGNBUUFSBUMBSHFEJTUBODFT&JOTUFJO BCBOEPOFEUIFDPODFQUJO BѫFSUIFEJTDPWFSZUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTFYQBOEJOH "NFSJDBO DIFNJTU 8JMMJBN % )BSLJOT m OPUJDFT UIBU FMFNFOUT PG MPX BUPNJDXFJHIUBSFNPSFBCVOEBOUUIBOUIPTFPGIJHIBUPNJDXFJHIU QSPQPTFTUIBUUIF SFMBUJWFBCVOEBODFTPGUIFFMFNFOUTEFQFOEPOOVDMFBSSBUIFSUIBODIFNJDBMQSPQFSUJFT BOETVHHFTUTUIBUUIFIFBWZFMFNFOUTNVTUIBWFCFFOTZOUIFTJ[FEGSPNUIFMJHIUPOFT ѮF NFUFS JODI )PPLFS UFMFTDPQF JT DPNQMFUFE PO .PVOU 8JMTPO OFBS 1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJB QSJNBSJMZGVOEFECZ+PIO%)PPLFS ¢ *USFNBJOFE UIFXPSMETMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFGSPNUPѮFJODI)PPLFSUFMFTDPQFXBT VTFECZ&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ UPEJTDPWFSUIFMBSHFEJTUBODFTBOEFYUSBHBMBDUJD OBUVSF PG TQJSBM OFCVMBF JO BOE UP PCUBJO UIF êSTU FWJEFODF PG UIF FYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTFJO ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 7FTUP 4MJQIFS ¢ QVCMJTIFT UIF MBSHF PVUXBSE WFMPDJUJFT PG CSJHIU TQJSBM OFCVMBF CBTFE PO TQFDUSPTDPQJD PCTFSWBUJPOT XJUI -PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZTNFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPSBOBEEJUJPOBMGPVSTFFNFEUPCF BQQSPBDIJOHUIF4VOXJUIMPXFSWFMPDJUJFT'JWFZFBSTMBUFS JO 4MJQIFSTVQQMJFEUIF &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ XJUIUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFTPGPG UIFLOPXOTQJSBMOFCVMBF XIJDI&EEJOHUPOJODMVEFEJOIJTCPPLѮF.BUIFNBUJDBM ѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ QVCMJTIFEJO "NFSJDBO iDPNQVUFSu "OOJF +VNQ $BOOPO m DMBTTJêFT UIF TQFDUSB PG TUBSTBOEQVCMJTIFTUIFNJOUIFêSTUWPMVNFPGUIF)FOSZ%SBQFS$BUBMPHVFPG TUFMMBSTQFDUSB*OIFSMJGFUJNF$BOOPODMBTTJêFEPWFS TUBST DVMNJOBUJOHJOUIF OJOUIWPMVNFPGUIFTUFMMBSDBUBMPHVFQVCMJTIFEJOѮJTXPSLXBTJNQPSUBOUJO VOEFSTUBOEJOHUIFEJWFSTJUZPGTUBSTBOEUIFJSFWPMVUJPO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)BSMPX4IBQMFZ ¢ EFUFSNJOFTUIFEJTUBODFTPGHMPC VMBSTUBSDMVTUFSTVTJOH$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTJOUIFN BOETIPXTUIBUUIFZBSFEJTUSJC VUFEJOBSPVHIMZTQIFSJDBMTZTUFNUIBUJTDFOUFSFEGBSGSPNUIF4VOBOEFOWFMPQTUIF ëBUUFOFETUFMMBSEJTLPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ &OHMJTI DIFNJTU 'SBODJT 8 "TUPO ¢ EFWFMPQT UIF NBTT TQFDUSPHSBQI XIJDI IF VTFE UP TUVEZ BUPNJD NBTTFT BOE UP FTUBCMJTI UIF FYJTUFODF PG JTPUPQFT *O IFVTFEIJTJOTUSVNFOUUPEJTDPWFSUIFOFPOJTPUPQF BOEFWFOUVBMMZEJTDPWFSFE PGUIFN"TUPOBMTPTIPXFEUIBUUIFNBTTPGUIFIFMJVNBUPNJTMFTTUIBOUIBUPG GPVSIZESPHFOBUPNT MFBEJOHIJTDPMMFBHVF"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ UPEFDMBSF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( %DGE ONVIEWOFOUR'ALAXY!SSHOWNINBYTHE!MERICANASTRONO MER(ARLOW3HAPLEY¥ THEGLOBULARSTARCLUSTERSAREDISTRIBUTEDINA ROUGHLYSPHERICALSYSTEMWHOSECENTERCOINCIDESWITHTHECOREOFOUR'ALAXY4HE3UN ISLOCATEDINTHEGALACTICDISK ABOUT LIGHT YEARSAWAYFROMTHECENTEROFOUR 'ALAXY4HEGALACTICDISKANDCENTRALBULGEARESHOWNEDGE ONASANEGATIVEPRINTOFAN INFRAREDIMAGETAKENFROMTHE)NFRA2ED!STRONOMICAL3ATELLITE4HEINFRAREDOBSERVA TIONSCANPENETRATETHEOBSCURINGVEILOFINTERSTELLARDUSTTHATHIDESTHEDISTANT-ILKY 7AYFROMOBSERVATIONATVISIBLEWAVELENGTHS)TISTHISDUSTTHATLIMITEDASTRONOMERS VIEWOFTHESURROUNDINGSTARSTOAMUCHSMALLER+APTEYN5NIVERSE CENTEREDONTHE 3UN

JOUIBUUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFJOTZOUIFTJ[JOHIZESPHFOJOUPIFMJVNDPVMESFMFBTF UIFFOFSHZUIBUNBLFTTUBSTTIJOF"TUPOSFDFJWFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO$IFNJTUSZ GPSIJTEJTDPWFSZ CZNFBOTPGUIFNBTTTQFDUSPHSBQI PGJTPUPQFT JOBMBSHFOVNCFSPG OPOSBEJPBDUJWFFMFNFOUT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXBSE#BSOBSE ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTêSTUQIPUPHSBQIJD BUMBTPGEBSLNBSLJOHT XIJDIXFSFTVCTFRVFOUMZGPVOEUPDPOUBJOWBTURVBOUJUJFTPGJOUFS TUFMMBSEVTUBOENPMFDVMFTѮFTFDPOEBUMBTXBTQVCMJTIFEJOBѫFS#BSOBSETEFBUI ѮF(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZBOE&OHMBOET3PZBM4PDJFUZKPJOUMZTFOEFYQFEJUJPOTUP UFTU&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZCZPCTFSWJOHTUBSQPTJUJPOTEVSJOHUIFUPUBM TPMBSFDMJQTFPO.BZ GSPN4PCSBM #SB[JMBOE1SJODJQF BTNBMMJTMBOEPĒUIF DPBTUPG8FTU"GSJDBѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST'SBOL8%ZTPO ¢

"SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ BOE $IBSMFT %BWJETPO ¢ QVCMJTIFE UIJT EFUFS NJOBUJPOPGUIFEFëFDUJPOPGMJHIUCZUIF4VOTHSBWJUBUJPOBMêFMEJOJOUIF1IJMP TPQIJDBM5SBOTBDUJPOTPGUIF3PZBM4PDJFUZѮFPCTFSWFEDIBOHFJOUIFTUFMMBSQPTJUJPOT QSPEVDFECZUIF4VOTHSBWJUBUJPOBMCFOEJOHPGTUBSMJHIUQBTTJOHOFBSJU BHSFFEXJUI &JOTUFJOTQSFEJDUJPO NBLJOHIJNXPSMEGBNPVTOFBSMZPWFSOJHIU "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTTIPXUIBU TVOTQPUTPDDVSJOCJQPMBSQBJSTXJUIBOPSJFOUBUJPOUIBUWBSJFTXJUIBZFBSQFSJPE 1PMJTINBUIFNBUJDJBOѮFPEPS,BMV[B ¢ TVHHFTUTUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFNJHIU IBWFNPSFUIBOUISFFTQBUJBMEJNFOTJPOT BOEQSPQPTFTUIFFYJTUFODFPGBGPVSUITQBUJBM

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

EJNFOTJPOUIBUNJHIUDPOOFDUUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZXJUIUIFUIFPSZPGFMFD USPNBHOFUJTN"MUIPVHIIJTJEFBTEJEOPUTVDDFFEJOUIFJSPSJHJOBMQVSQPTF UIFZXFSF SFêOFECZPUIFSTBOEVTFEEFDBEFTMBUFSJOTUSJOHUIFPSZ *SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PTFQI-BSNPS m QSPQPTFTUIBUUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETPGUIF &BSUIBOEUIF4VODBOCFHFOFSBUFECZUIFJOUFSOBMNPUJPOTPGDPOEVDUJOHNBUFSJBM UISPVHIUIFBDUJPOPGBTFMGTVTUBJOJOHEZOBNP #SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU'SFEFSJDL"-JOEFNBO m

MBUFS-PSE$IFSXFMM QSPQPTFT UIBUFMFDUSJDBMMZOFVUSBMQMBTNBFKFDUJPOTGSPNUIF4VOBSFSFTQPOTJCMFGPSJOUFOTF OPO SFDVSSFOUHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT /FX;FBMBOECPSO#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU3VUIFSGPSE ¢ BOOPVODFTUIBU IFIBTCPNCBSEFEOJUSPHFOXJUIBMQIBQBSUJDMFT PSIFMJVNOVDMFJ DBVTJOHUIFOJUSPHFO OVDMFJUPEJTJOUFHSBUFBOEQSPEVDJOHIZESPHFOBOEPYZHFOOVDMFJѮJTXBTUIFêSTU BSUJêDJBMMZQSPEVDFETQMJUUJOHPGBUPNJDOVDMFJBOEUIFêSTUBSUJêDJBMUSBOTGPSNBUJPOPG POFFMFNFOUJOUPBOPUIFS3VUIFSGPSEGPVOEUIBUPUIFSFMFNFOUTBMTPFKFDUIZESPHFO OVDMFJXIFOTJNJMBSMZCPNCBSEFEXJUIBMQIBQBSUJDMFT BOETQFDVMBUFEUIBUUIFOVDMFVT PGBOZBUPNDPOUBJOTUIFN*O3VUIFSGPSEHBWFUIFOBNFQSPUPOUPUIFIZESPHFO OVDMFVT TQFDVMBUJOHJOUIFTBNFZFBSUIBUVODIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT XIJDIXFSFMBUFSDBMMFE OFVUSPOT NVTUBMTPFYJTUJOUIFOVDMFVTUPLFFQUIFQSPUPOTGSPNSFQFMMJOHFBDIPUIFS ѮF4DPUUJTIFOHJOFFS3PCFSU8BUTPO8BUU ¢ QBUFOUTIJTêSTUiSBEJPMPDB UPSu UIFQSFEFDFTTPSPGSBEBS XIJDIXBTGVMMZEFWFMPQFEJO#SJUBJOBOE"NFSJDBEVSJOH 8PSME8BS** ¢ ¦ *O BO BSUJDMF FOUJUMFE ѮF *OUFSOBM $POTUJUVUJPO PG UIF 4UBST UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS "SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ TVHHFTUT UIBU OVDMFBS QSPDFTTFT JO UIF IPU DPSFT PG TUBSTNJHIUQSPWJEFUIFFOFSHZUIBUNBLFTUIFNTIJOF BOETQFDJêDBMMZEFTDSJCFTUIF QPTTJCJMJUZUIBUIZESPHFODPVMECFUSBOTGPSNFEUPIFMJVN XJUIUIFSFTVMUBOUNBTTEJG GFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZUPQPXFSBTUBS*OUIFTBNFZFBS &EEJOHUPOQVCMJTIFEIJTCPPL 4QBDF 5JNFBOE(SBWJUBUJPO XIJDIPVUMJOFT"MCFSU&JOTUFJOT m (FOFSBM ѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ ѮF/FX;FBMBOECPSO #SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU3VUIFSGPSE ¢ BOOPVODFT UIBUUIFNBTTJWFOVDMFJPGBMMBUPNTBSFDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFOOVDMFJ XIJDIIFOBNFE QSPUPOT)FBMTPQPTUVMBUFTUIFFYJTUFODFPGBOVODIBSHFEOVDMFBSQBSUJDMF MBUFSDBMMFE UIFOFVUSPO XIJDIXBTSFRVJSFEUPLFFQUIFQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEQSPUPOTGSPNSFQFM MJOHFBDIPUIFSѮF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$IBEXJDL ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIF OFVUSPOJO *OEJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU.FHIOBE4BIB ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTJPOJ[BUJPOFRVBUJPO XIJDISFMBUFTUIFEFHSFFPGJPOJ[BUJPOPGBOBUPNUPUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSF8JUIJOB ZFBSIFIBEVTFEUIJTFRVBUJPOUPTQFDJGZUIFUFNQFSBUVSFTPGTUBSTPGEJĒFSFOUTQFDUSBM UZQFT BOEQBWFEUIFXBZGPSUIFJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGTUFMMBSTQFDUSBJOUFSNTPGCPUIFYDJUB UJPOBOEDIFNJDBMDPNQPTJUJPO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST )BSMPX 4IBQMFZ ¢ BOE )FCFS % $VSUJT ¢ QBSUJDJQBUF JO UIF OPXGBNPVT 4IBQMFZ$VSUJT EFCBUF PWFS iѮF 4DBMF PGUIF6OJWFSTFuBUBNFFUJOHPGUIF/BUJPOBM"DBEFNZPG4DJFODFTPO"QSJM 4IBQMFZ EFGFOEFE IJT JOUFSQSFUBUJPO PG B NVDI MBSHFS .JMLZ 8BZ TZTUFN XJUI B SFNPUF DFOUFS XIJDI QSPWFE FTTFOUJBMMZ DPSSFDU CVU IF XSPOHMZ TVQQPTFE UIBU UIF TQJSBMOFCVMBFBSFFNCFEEFEJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ$VSUJTJODPSSFDUMZEFGFOEFEBTNBMMFS 4VODFOUFSFETUFMMBSTZTUFN CVUQSPWJEFEDPHFOUBSHVNFOUTGPSUIFJTMBOE6OJWFSTF UIFPSZPGTQJSBMOFCVMBFBTSFNPUFTUFMMBSTZTUFNTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIF.JMLZ8BZ XIJDI XBT TVCTFRVFOUMZ QSPWFO DPSSFDU 4IBQMFZ XBT NJTMFE CZ "ESJBBO WBO .BBOFOT ¢ SFQPSUTPGTZTUFNBUJDBOHVMBSNPUJPOTPGTQJSBMOFCVMBF XIJDIXPVME NFBOUIFZXPVMEIBWFJNQMBVTJCMFWFMPDJUJFTJGUIFZXFSFOPUOFBSCZ4IBQMFZBDDFQUFE UIFTFPCTFSWBUJPOTBUGBDFWBMVF CVU$VSUJTEJTDPVOUFEUIFNBTQSPCBCMZFSSPOFPVTm XIJDIUIFZXFSF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU .JDIFMTPO ¢ BOE "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SBODJT(1FBTF ¢ QVCMJTIUIFêSTUTVDDFTTGVMNFBTVSFNFOUPGUIFBOHVMBS EJBNFUFSPGBTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VOѮFZVTFEUIFJOUFSGFSPNFUFSNFUIPEXJUIUXP NJSSPST JODMVEJOHUIFJODISFëFDUPSPGUIF)PPLFSUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU8JMTPO PCUBJOJOHBOBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDGPSUIFTVQFSHJBOUTUBSʂ 0SJPOJT BMTPLOPXOBT#FUFMHFVTF.PEFSONFBTVSFNFOUTHJWFBOBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPG TFDPOETPGBSD XIJDIBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTDPSSFTQPOETUPBQIZTJDBM SBEJVTPGBCPVUNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTBOEUJNFTUIFSBEJVTPGUIF4VO ѮF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS$BSM7JMIFMN-VEWJHi$7-u$IBSMJFS ¢ NBQTUIF EJTUSJCVUJPOPG OFCVMBFPVUTJEFUIFQMBOFPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ BOETIPXTUIBUUIFZ BSFHSPVQFEUPHFUIFSJODPODFOUSBUJPOTOPXLOPXOBTDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT ѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ TIPXTUIBU9SBZTTDBUUFSFE GSPNWBSJPVTFMFNFOUTFYIJCJUBOJODSFBTFJOXBWFMFOHUI$PNQUPOFYQMBJOFEUIJTEJT DPWFSZJOCZTVQQPTJOHUIBU9SBZTCFIBWFMJLFQBSUJDMFT XIJDIIFDBMMFEQIPUPOT BOEMPTFTPNFPGUIFJSFOFSHZJODPMMJTJPOTXJUIFMFDUSPOTѮJTQIFOPNFOPO XIJDIJT OPXLOPXOBTUIF$PNQUPOFĒFDU DPOêSNFEUIFXBWFQBSUJDMFEVBMJUZPGSBEJBUJPO XIJDIXBTJNQPSUBOUGPSRVBOUVNUIFPSZ ѮF3VTTJBONBUIFNBUJDJBO"MFLTBOES"'SJFENBO m EFSJWFTTPMVUJPOTUP UIFêFMEFRVBUJPOTPG&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZUIBUEFTDSJCFBOJTPUSPQJD IPNPHFOFPVTOPOTUBUJPOBSZ6OJWFSTFXIPTFNFBOEFOTJUZBOESBEJVTWBSZXJUIUJNF JOEJDBUJOHFJUIFSBOFYQBOEJOHPSDPOUSBDUJOH6OJWFSTF*OIFDPOTJEFSFEBOPO TUBUJPOBSZXPSMEXJUIQPTJUJWFTQBDFDVSWBUVSF BOEJOIFEJTDPWFSFEBOFYQBOE JOH TPMVUJPO XJUI OFHBUJWF TQBUJBM DVSWBUVSF 4VDI QPTTJCJMJUJFT IBWF CFDPNF LOPXO BTi'SJFENBO6OJWFSTFT uCVUBTUSPOPNFSTPGUIFUJNFXFSFHFOFSBMMZVOBXBSFPGIJT SFTVMUT BOE'SJFENBOEJEOPUSFBMJ[FUIFJSQPTTJCMFBTUSPOPNJDBMDPOTFRVFODFT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

ѮF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS +BDPCVT ,BQUFZO ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJT BOBMZTJT PG TUBS DPVOUT QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFTUBSTBSFDPODFOUSBUFEJOBEJTLXJUIUIF4VOOFBSUIFDFOUFS ѮFMFOHUIPGUIFTUFMMBSEJTLXBTFTUJNBUFEBUBCPVU MJHIUZFBST BOEUIFXJEUI BU MJHIUZFBST &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&8BMUFS.BVOEFS m QSPWJEFTBGVMMBDDPVOUPGUIF ZFBS EFBSUI PG TVOTQPUT GSPN UP QSFWJPVTMZ OPUJDFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'84QÕSFS m JOѮJTJOUFSSVQUJPOJOUIFOPSNBM TVOTQPU DZDMF JT OPX SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF .BVOEFS .JOJNVN " QSPMPOHFE QFSJPE PG VOVTVBMMZDPMEXFBUIFSJO&VSPQF LOPXOBTUIF-JUUMF*DF"HF PWFSMBQTUIF.BVOEFS .JOJNVNBOEBOPUIFSQFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZMPXTVOTQPUOVNCFST UIF4QÕSFS.JOJ NVN GSPNUP &TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU¸QJL m EFEVDFTUIFEJTUBODFUPUIFTQJSBMHBM BYZ"OESPNFEB PS. GSPNJUTSPUBUJPOWFMPDJUZVOEFSUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBUJUTNBTT UPMVNJOPTJUZSBUJPJTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIBUPGUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ TIPXJOHUIBU .MJFTPVUTJEFPVS(BMBYZBOEJTBHBMBYZJOJUTPXOSJHIU¸QJLPCUBJOFEBEJTUBODF PG QBSTFDTUP. PSBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS "SUIVS &EEJOHUPO m QVCMJTIFT IJT CPPL ѮF .BUI FNBUJDBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ XIJDIJODMVEFTUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFTPGTQJSBMOFCVMBF TVQQMJFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP4MJQIFS m (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS.BYJNJMJBO8PMG ¢ TIPXTUIBUEBSLOFCVMBFJOUIF .JMLZ8BZBSFPCTDVSJOHDMPVETDPNQPTFEPGTPMJEEVTUQBSUJDMFT XIJDIBCTPSCUIF MJHIUPGEJTUBOUTUBST 'SFODIQIZTJDJTU-PVJTEF#SPHMJF m EFWFMPQTUIFQSJODJQMFUIBUBOFMFDUSPO PSBOZPUIFSTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFDBOCFDPOTJEFSFEUPCFIBWFBTBXBWFBTXFMMBTBQBS UJDMF)FTIPXFEUIBUUIFFMFDUSPOTJOBOBUPNEPOPUPDDVQZPSCJUTCVUFYJTUBTTUBOEJOH XBWFTBSPVOEUIFOVDMFVT'PSUIJTEJTDPWFSZPGUIFXBWFQBSUJDMFEVBMJUZ EF#SPHMJF XBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1IZTJDT &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFMVNJOPTJUZPGB TUBSJTBGVODUJPOPGJUTNBTT BSFTVMUBDIJFWFECZUSFBUJOHTUBSTBTHBTFPVTTQIFSFTJO IZESPTUBUJDBOESBEJBUJWFFRVJMJCSJVN XJUIHJBOUTUBSTTVQQPSUFECZSBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF BOEEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSTTVQQPSUFECZHBTQSFTTVSFѮJTQBWFEUIFXBZUP UIFSFBMJ[BUJPOUIBUUIFFWPMVUJPOBSZIJTUPSZPGBTUBSJTEFUFSNJOFECZJUTNBTT BHFBOE JOJUJBMDPNQPTJUJPO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FPSHF &MMFSZ )BMF m EFWFMPQT UIF TQFDUSPIFMJP TDPQFUIBUFOBCMFTUIFFOUJSF4VOUPCFTDBOOFEWJTVBMMZBUTFMFDUFEXBWFMFOHUIT NPTU OPUBCMZ JO UIF MJHIU PG UIF IZESPHFOBMQIB TQFDUSBM MJOF BU OBOPNFUFST UIBU JT TFOTJUJWFUPTPMBSBDUJWJUZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 3TELLARMASS LUMINOSITYRELATION4HEEMPIRICALMASS LUMI NOSITYRELATIONFORMAIN SEQUENCESTARSOFABSOLUTELUMINOSITY , INUNITS OFTHESOLARLUMINOSITY ,~ ANDMASS - INUNITSOFTHE3UNSMASS -~ 4HESTRAIGHTLINECORRESPONDSTOALUMINOSITYTHATISPROPORTIONALTOTHE FOURTHPOWEROFTHEMASS4HE%NGLISHASTRONOMER!RTHUR%DDINGTON ¥ PROPOSEDATHEORETICALEXPLANATIONFORTHISRELATIONIN

ѮF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU&EXBSE7"QQMFUPO m BOEIJT/FX;FBMBOEHSBEV BUFTUVEFOU."'i.JMFTu#BSOFUU m VTFSFëFDUFESBEJPUSBOTNJTTJPOTUP WFSJGZUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFFMFDUSJDBMMZDPOEVDUJOHJPOPTQIFSFѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT (SFHPSZ#SFJU m BOE.FSMF"5VWF m DPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODF PGUIFJPOPTQIFSFUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSVTJOHQVMTFESBEJPXBWFT"IFJHIUPGBCPVU LJMPNFUFST XBT JOGFSSFE GPS UIF SBEJPSFëFDUJOH MBZFS CZ NFBTVSJOH UIF UJNF EFMBZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

CFUXFFOUIFUSBOTNJTTJPOPGUIFSBEJPTJHOBMBOEUIFSFDFQUJPOPGJUTFDIP"QQMFUPO XBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIFQIZTJDTPGUIF VQQFSBUNPTQIFSF FTQFDJBMMZGPSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFTPDBMMFE"QQMFUPOMBZFS ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ BOOPVODFT IJT EJTDPWFSZ PG $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTJOUXPOFBSCZTQJSBMOFCVMBF UIF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB PS. BOEUIFHSFBUTQJSBMJO5SJBOHVMVN PS. BOETIPXTUIBUUIFZBSFSFNPUFHBMBYJFT TFQBSBUFEGSPNPVS.JMLZ8BZCZXJEFHVMGTPGBQQBSFOUMZFNQUZTQBDF)VCCMFVTFE UIFQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOGPS$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTUPEFSJWFBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU QBSTFDT PSBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST GPSUIFUXPOFCVMBF EFNPOTUSBUJOH UIBUUIFZMJFGBSCFZPOEPVS.JMLZ8BZBOEBSFUIVTHBMBYJFTJOUIFJSPXOSJHIUѮJT JNQPSUBOUSFTVMUXBTQSFTFOUFEJOBQBQFSSFBEJOBCTFOUJBBUBNFFUJOHPGUIF"NFSJDBO "TUSPOPNJDBM4PDJFUZJO8BTIJOHUPO %$PO/FX:FBST%BZ)VCCMFXBTVTJOH UIFJODI NFUFS )PPLFSUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU8JMTPOUPNBLFUIJTEJTDPWFSZ PGUIFMBSHFEJTUBODFTBOEFYUSBHBMBDUJDOBUVSFPGTQJSBMOFCVMBF 4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FSUJM-JOECMBE m QSPQPTFTUIBUUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ 8BZ BSF SFWPMWJOH JO DJSDVMBS PSCJUT BCPVU B SFNPUF NBTTJWF HBMBDUJD DFOUFS JO UIF EJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT XJUIPSCJUBMTQFFETUIBUEFDSFBTFXJUIJODSFBT JOHEJTUBODFGSPNUIFDFOUFSѮFOFBSCZTUBSTUIBUBSFBMJUUMFDMPTFSUIBOUIF4VOUPUIF DFOUFSTFFNUPNPWFJOPOFEJSFDUJPO XIJMFUIPTFBCJUGBSUIFSBXBZBQQFBSUPNPWF JOUIFPQQPTJUFEJSFDUJPO UIFSFCZFYQMBJOJOHUIFUXPTUBSTUSFBNTBOOPVODFECZUIF %VUDIBTUSPOPNFS+BDPCVT,BQUFZO ¢ JO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU.JMMJLBO ¢ DPNQBSFTUIFJOUFOTJUZPGJPOJ[BUJPOJO UXPMBLFTBUEJĒFSFOUBMUJUVEFT QSPWJOHUIBUUIFJPOJ[JOHSBZT EJTDPWFSFECZ7JDUPS')FTT ¢ JO DPNFGSPNPVUFSTQBDFBOEHJWJOHUIFNUIFOBNFDPTNJDSBZT &OHMJTICPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS $FDJMJB ) 1BZOF ¢ QVCMJTIFT IFS NPOPHSBQIFOUJUMFE4UFMMBS"UNPTQIFSFT XIFSFTIFVTFTTUFMMBSTQFDUSBMMJOFTUPEFNPO TUSBUFUIBUUIFBCVOEBODFTPGUIFFMFNFOUTBSFTJNJMBSJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPGWJSUVBMMZBMM CSJHIUTUBST#FDBVTFIZESPHFOJTUFSSFTUSJBMMZSBSF TIFTVQQPTFEUIBUJUTJOUFOTFTQFD USBMMJOFJOUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBSTXBTEVFUPTPNFBCOPSNBMJUZ CVUXJUIJOUISFFZFBST UIF(FSNBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"MCSFDIU6OTÕME ¢ IBETIPXOUIBUIZESPHFOJT JOGBDUUIFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIFPVUFSBUNPTQIFSFPGUIF4VO "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUOPUXPFMFDUSPOTJOUIF TBNFBUPNDBOPDDVQZUIFTBNFFOFSHZTUBUF PSIBWFUIFTBNFWBMVFTGPSBMMGPVSPG UIFJS RVBOUVN OVNCFST 1BVMJ XBT BXBSEFE UIF /PCFM 1SJ[F JO 1IZTJDT GPS IJT EJTDPWFSZPGUIJT&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF BMTPLOPXOBTUIF1BVMJ1SJODJQMF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS "SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU FOFSHFUJD SBEJBUJPOGSPNWFSZMVNJOPVTTUBSTXJMMIFBUOFBSCZJOUFSTUFMMBSNBUFSJBMUPBUFNQFSB UVSFPGBCPVU EFHSFFTLFMWJO JPOJ[JOHUIFBUPNT*OUIFTBNFZFBSIFQVCMJTIFE IJTCPPL*OUFSOBM$POTUJUVUJPOPGUIF4UBST XIJDIDPMMFDUTBOEFYUFOETIJTNBKPSQBQFST POUIFQIZTJDBMOBUVSFPGTUBSTBOEQSPWJEFTBGPVOEBUJPOGPSNVDIPGPVSVOEFSTUBOE JOHPGUIFTUSVDUVSF DPOTUJUVUJPOBOEFWPMVUJPOPGUIFTUBST

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFSFJTBNBYJNVN MVNJOPTJUZ UIBU DBO CF QSPEVDFE CZ TUFMMBS BDDSFUJPO ѮF SBEJBUJPO PG UIF JOGBMMJOH NBUFSJBM DBO CFDPNF TP JOUFOTF BOE JUT QSFTTVSF TP QSPOPVODFE UIBU JU CMPXT UIF JODPNJOHNBUFSJBMBXBZBOETUPQTUIFBDDSFUJPO8FOPXSFBMJ[FUIBUUIJTSFTVMUTJOB NBYJNVN9SBZMVNJOPTJUZ DBMMFEUIF&EEJOHUPOMJNJU XIJDIJTFRVJWBMFOUUPUIFWJT JCMFMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVUUIPVTBOETUBSTMJLFUIF4VO &OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU 3BMQI ) 'PXMFS ¢ TIPXT UIBU B XIJUF EXBSG TUBS XJUI BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUIBOEUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO JTTVQQPSUFECZFMFDUSPOT XIJDI FYFSU BO PVUXBSE QVTI DBMMFE EFHFOFSBDZ QSFTTVSF PXJOH UP UIFJS JOBCJMJUZ UP PDDVQZ FYBDUMZUIFTBNFFOFSHZTUBUFѮJTJTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIF&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMFQSPQPTFE CZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ UIFQSFWJPVTZFBSѮFEFHFOFS BUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSFQFSTJTUTXIFOUIFHBTJTDPPMFE FWFOUP[FSPEFHSFFTLFMWJO BOE JUDBOTVQQPSUBXIJUFEXBSGJOEFêOJUFMZ XJUIPVUBOZOFFEPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT&MFD USPOEFHFOFSBDZQSFTTVSFJTOFWFSUIFMFTTVOBCMFUPIBMUUIFDPMMBQTFPGTUBSTXJUINBTTFT HSFBUFSUIBOTPMBSNBTTFT "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU)(PEEBSE ¢ MBVODIFTUIFêSTUMJRVJEQSPQFMMFE SPDLFUPO.BSDIBUIJT"VOU&ēFTGBSNJO"VCVSO .BTTBDIVTFUUT ѮF +BQBOFTF BTUSPOPNFS ,JZPUTVHV )JSBZBNB ¢ EJTDPWFST HSPVQT PG BTUFSPJETUIBUTIBSFWFSZTJNJMBSPSCJUT XJUIDPNNPOPSCJUBMJODMJOBUJPOTBOEEJTUBODFT GSPN UIF 4VO BOE TVHHFTUT UIBU FBDI HSPVQ JT UIF CSPLFO GSBHNFOUT PSGBNJMZ PGB MBSHFSQBSFOUPCKFDU)FOBNFEUIF)JSBZBNBGBNJMJFT BTUIFZBSFOPXDBMMFE BѫFSUIF MBSHFTUNFNCFSBTUFSPJE TVDIBTUIF&PT 'MPSB ,PSPOJTBOEѮFNJTGBNJMJFT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF m JOUSPEVDFTBNPSQIPMPHJDBMDMBT TJêDBUJPO PG HBMBYJFT JOUP UISFF CSPBE UZQFT FMMJQUJDBMT TQJSBMT BOE JSSFHVMBST XJUI TVCEJWJTJPOTUIBUIFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBOFWPMVUJPOBSZTFRVFODF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%POBME.FO[FM ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUUIFIZESPHFOFNJT TJPOGFBUVSFT LOPXOBTUIF#BMNFSMJOFT EFUFDUFEJOQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBSFUIFSFTVMUPG QIPUPJPOJ[BUJPOPGIZESPHFOBUPNTCZVMUSBWJPMFUTUBSMJHIU GPMMPXFECZSFDPNCJOBUJPO PGUIFGSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO ¢ NFBTVSFTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUPWFS BLJMPNFUFSQBUICFUXFFOUXPNPVOUBJOTJO$BMJGPSOJB BOEPCUBJOTBQSFDJTFWBMVF PG LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEXJUIBOVODFSUBJOUZPGJOUIFMBTUEJHJU "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU&SXJO4DISÕEJOHFS m QSPQPTFTBXBWFNFDIBOJDBMUIF PSZPGUIFBUPN VTJOHIJTGPSNVMBUJPOPGBXBWFFRVBUJPOUPEFTDSJCFUIFCFIBWJPSPG FMFDUSPOTJOBUPNT4DISÕEJOHFSXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT UPHFUIFS XJUIUIF&OHMJTIUIFPSFUJDBMQIZTJDJTU1BVM".%JSBD m GPSUIFJSEJTDPWFSZ PGOFXQSPEVDUJWFGPSNTPGBUPNJDUIFPSZ (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU 8FSOFS )FJTFOCFSH ¢ QSPQPTFT UIF VODFSUBJOUZ QSJO DJQMF XIJDITUBUFTUIBUJUJTJNQPTTJCMFUPTQFDJGZQSFDJTFMZCPUIUIFQPTJUJPOBOEUIF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

TJNVMUBOFPVTNPNFOUVN NBTTNVMUJQMJFECZWFMPDJUZ PGBQBSUJDMF*UFYQMBJOTXIZ /FXUPOJBO NFDIBOJDT JT JOBQQMJDBCMF BU UIF BUPNJD MFWFM XIFSF RVBOUVN QIZTJDT JT JOWPLFE BOENBJOUBJOTUIBUUIFSFTVMUPGBOBDUJPODBOCFFYQSFTTFEPOMZJOUFSNTPG UIFQSPCBCJMJUZUIBUBDFSUBJOFĒFDUXJMMPDDVS)FJTFOCFSHXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM 1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSUIFDSFBUJPOPGRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDT #FMHJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE$BUIPMJDQSJFTU(FPSHFT-FNBÏUSF ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU UIF SFDFEJOH WFMPDJUJFT PG FYUSBHBMBDUJD OFCVMBF PCTFSWFE CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS7FTUP4MJQIFS ¢

BSFUIFDPTNJDFĒFDUPGUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF 6OJWFSTF JOBDDPSEBODFXJUI&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEEFSJWFTBUIFP SFUJDBMFYQSFTTJPOGPSUIFMJOFBSJODSFBTFPGWFMPDJUZXJUIEJTUBODF)FVTFEPCTFSWBUJPOT UPEFSJWFB)VCCMFDPOTUBOUPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS +BO ) 0PSU m VTFT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG TUFMMBS SBEJBM WFMPDJUJFTUPTIPXUIBUUIFTUBSTJOPVS.JMLZ8BZNPWFBSPVOEBEJTUBOUNBTTJWFDFO UFSJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT XJUIUIFJOOFSTUBSTPSCJUJOHGBTUFS UIBOUIFPVUFSPOFT ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FSNBO;BOTUSB ¢ VTFTRVBOUVNUIFPSZUPFYQMBJO UIFIZESPHFOMJOFTPGEJĒVTFOFCVMBF JODMVEJOHUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF XIPTFIZESP HFOBUPNTBSFJPOJ[FECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIUTUBSTGPMMPXFECZUIFSFDPNCJOB UJPOPGUIFGSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTUPNBLFIZESPHFOBUPNT %BOJTIQIZTJDJTU/JFMT#PIS m JOUSPEVDFTUIF1SJODJQMFPG$PNQMFNFOUBS JUZ CBTFEPOUIFXBWFQBSUJDMFEVBMJUZPGMJHIUBOENBUUFS FMFDUSPOT "DDPSEJOHUPUIJT 1SJODJQMF UIFXBWFBOEQBSUJDMFJOUFSQSFUBUJPOTPOUIFRVBOUVNMFWFMBSFFRVBMMZWBMJE BOE JOEJTQFOTBCMF BOE B DPNQMFUF EFTDSJQUJPO SFRVJSFT UIFN CPUI XJUI BO BQQMJDB UJPOUIBUEFQFOETPOUIFFYQFSJNFOUBMDPOUFYU8IFODPNCJOFEXJUIUIF6ODFSUBJOUZ 1SJODJQMFPGUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU8FSOFS)FJTFOCFSH m

UIF1SJODJQMFPG $PNQMFNFOUBSJUZMFEUPUIF$PQFOIBHFO*OUFSQSFUBUJPOPG2VBOUVN.FDIBOJDT "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS *SB 4 #PXFO m TIPXT UIBU UIF TQFDUSBM MJOFT PG QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF QSFWJPVTMZBUUSJCVUFEUPBIZQPUIFUJDBMFMFNFOUOFCVMJVNBOEêSTU PCTFSWFE JO CZ UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )VHHJOT ¢

BSJTF GSPNJPOJ[FEBUPNTPGPYZHFOBOEOJUSPHFOVOEFSHPJOHiGPSCJEEFOuUSBOTJUJPOTJOUIF MPXEFOTJUZOFCVMBFTVDIUSBOTJUJPOTBSFWFSZJNQSPCBCMFJOUIFIJHIFSEFOTJUZMBCPSB UPSZTJUVBUJPOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%POBME.FO[FM m BOEUIF%VUDI BTUSPOPNFS)FSNBO;BOTUSB m IBETFUUIFTUBHFGPSUIJTXPSLCZTIPXJOH JOm UIBUUIFJOUFOTFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGIPUTUBSTFNCFEEFEJOQMBOFUBSZOFCV MBFJPOJ[FUIFTVSSPVOEJOHNBUFSJBMBOEBDDPVOUGPSUIFJSIZESPHFOMJOFFNJTTJPO &OHMJTIUIFPSFUJDBMQIZTJDJTU1BVM".%JSBD m GPSNVMBUFTUIFSFMBUJWJTUJD UIFPSZPGUIFFMFDUSPOGSPNXIJDIIFQSFEJDUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFQPTJUSPO PSQPTJUJWF FMFDUSPO UIFBOUJNBUUFSQBSUJDMFPGUIFFMFDUSPO 3VTTJBOQIZTJDJTU(FPSHF(BNPX ¢ VTFTRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDTUPTIPXIPX FOFSHFUJD DIBSHFE QBSUJDMFT DBO FTDBQF SBEJPBDUJWF BUPNJD OVDMFJ UVOOFMJOH UISPVHI

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIF OVDMFBS FMFDUSJDBM CBSSJFS UIBU DPOTUSBJOT UIFN ѮF UVOOFMJOH QSPDFTT JOWPMWFT B RVBOUVNXBWJOFTT VODFSUBJOUZ PSTQSFBEPVUDIBSBDUFS XIJDINBLFTJUQPTTJCMFGPSB TVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFUPPDDBTJPOBMMZQFOFUSBUFDMBTTJDBMCBSSJFST*UNBLFTOVDMFBSGVTJPO QPTTJCMFBUUFNQFSBUVSFTUIBUFYJTUJOTJEFUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST ѮF (FSNBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU "MCSFDIU 6OTÕME ¢ TIPXT UIBU TQFDUSBM MJOFT PCTFSWFEJOUIF4VOTWJTJCMFMJHIUEFNPOTUSBUFUIBUIZESPHFOJTBNJMMJPOUJNFTNPSF BCVOEBOUUIBOBOZPUIFSFMFNFOUJOUIF4VO ѮF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU 8JMIFMN "OEFSTPO m BOE UIF &OHMJTI TDJFOUJTU &ENVOE$4UPOFS m JOEFQFOEFOUMZTIPXUIBUFMFDUSPOEFHFOFSBDZQSFTTVSF DBOOPUTVQQPSUBTUBSXJUIBNBTTHSFBUFSUIBOBCVUTPMBSNBTTFT UIFVQQFSMJNJUGPS UIFNBTTPGBXIJUFEXBSGTUBS ѮF8FMTIBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSUE&TDPVSU"ULJOTPO ¢ BOEUIF(FSNBOQIZTJ DJTU'SJU[(FPSH)PVUFSNBOT ¢ QSPWJEFUIFêSTUBUUFNQUBUBUIFPSZPGOVDMFBS FOFSHZHFOFSBUJPOJOUIFIPUDFOUSBMQPSUJPOTPGTUBST TIPXJOHUIBUUIFNPTUMJLFMZOVDMFBS SFBDUJPOTXJMMJOWPMWFMJHIUOVDMFJXJUIMPXFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF BOEUIBUPOMZBGFX SBSF IJHI WFMPDJUZOVDMFJXJMMCFBCMFUPQFOFUSBUFUIFFMFDUSJDBMCBSSJFSCFUXFFOUIFN FYQMBJOJOH XIZOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTQSPDFFETMPXMZJOTJEFTUBST*OBOE"ULJOTPOEFWFMPQFE UIFJEFBJOHSFBUFSEFUBJM MBZJOHUIFGPVOEBUJPOGPS)BOT#FUIFT ¢ FYQMBOB UJPO JOBOE PGUIFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJOXIJDINBLFTUIF4VOTIJOF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF m QVCMJTIFTIJTTFNJOBMBSUJDMFFOUJUMFE "3FMBUJPOCFUXFFO%JTUBODFBOE3BEJBM7FMPDJUZBNPOH&YUSB(BMBDUJD/FCVMBF êOEJOH UIBUUIFNPSFEJTUBOUBOFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBJT UIFHSFBUFSJTJUTTQFFEPGSFDFTTJPOBT EFUFSNJOFEGSPNJUTTQFDUSPTDPQJDSFETIJѫ)VCCMFXBTVTJOHUIFJODI NFUFS )PPLFSUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU8JMTPOUPEFUFDUJOEJWJEVBMTUBSTBOEEFUFSNJOFUIFMBSHF EJTUBODFTPGUIFFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBF OPXLOPXOBTHBMBYJFTѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOP NFS7FTUP4MJQIFS m IBEEFUFSNJOFENBOZPGUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFTBTFBSMZ BTVTJOHUIFNFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPSBUUIF-PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ JO"SJ[POB XJUIBEEJUJPOBMDSVDJBMWFMPDJUJFTPGUIFNPTUEJTUBOUPCKFDUTPCUBJOFECZ)VCCMFTDPM MFBHVF.JMUPO)VNBTPO m VTJOHUIFJODIUFMFTDPQF"MJOFBSJODSFBTF PGUIFSFDFTTJPOTQFFEXJUIEJTUBODFJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBX BOEBUUSJCVUFE UPUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF"MTPJO )VCCMFQVCMJTIFEBOFYIBVTUJWFTUVEZ PGUIFTUFMMBSDPOUFOUPG.CBTFEPOBQQSPYJNBUFMZQIPUPHSBQITUBLFOXJUIUIF JODIBOEJODISFëFDUPSTPWFSBOJOUFSWBMPGFJHIUFFOZFBST êSNMZFTUBCMJTIJOH JUTSFNPUFEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTBOEFOEJOHBMMEPVCUTUIBUUIFTQJSBM OFCVMBFBSFSFNPUFPCKFDUTBCMB[FXJUITUBST HBMBYJFTJOUIFJSPXOSJHIUBOETFQBSBUFE GSPNUIF.JMLZ8BZCZXJEFHVMGTPGBQQBSFOUMZFNQUZTQBDF "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU0-BXSFODF ¢ JOWFOUTBDJSDVMBSQBSUJDMFBDDFM FSBUPS LOPXO BT UIF DZDMPUSPO DBQBCMF PG BDDFMFSBUJOH TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT UP IJHI FOFSHZ BOEMFBEJOHUPUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGIVOESFETPGSBEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT JODMVEJOH DBSCPO JPEJOFBOEVSBOJVN

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

'*( $ISCOVERYDIAGRAMOFTHEEXPANDING5NIVERSE!PLOTOFTHEDISTANCEOFEXTRA GALACTICNEBULAE ORGALAXIES VERSUSTHERADIALVELOCITYATWHICHEACHGALAXYISRECEDING FROM%ARTH PUBLISHEDIN BYTHE!MERICAN ASTRONOMER%DWIN(UBBLE ¥ 4HELINEAR RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHE DISTANCEANDRADIALVELOCITY OFEXTRAGALACTICNEBULAE ORGALAXIES INDICATESTHAT THE5NIVERSEISEXPANDING (ERETHEVELOCITYISINUNITS OFKILOMETERSPERSECOND ABBREVIATEDKMS¥ ANDTHE DISTANCEISINUNITSOFMIL LIONSOFPARSECS OR-PC WHERE-PCISEQUIVALENT TOMILLIONLIGHT YEARS (UBBLEUNDERESTIMATED THEDISTANCESOFTHESPIRALNEBULAE SOTHEDISTANCESCALEFORMODERNVERSIONSOFTHISDIAGRAM ISABOUTSEVENTIMESLARGER&IG 4HElLLEDCIRCLESANDSOLIDLINEREPRESENTTHESOLUTIONFOR INDIVIDUALNEBULAETHEOPENCIRCLESANDDASHEDLINEAREFORGROUPSOFTHEM THECROSSREPRE SENTSTHEMEANDISTANCEOFNEBULAEWHOSEDISTANCESCOULDNOTBEDETERMINEDINDIVIDUALLY

+BQBOFTF HFPQIZTJDJTU .PUPOPSJ .BUVZBNB m QSPWJEFT FWJEFODF UIBU SFWFSTFMZNBHOFUJ[FESPDLTNBZIBWFPSJHJOBUFEEVSJOHMPOHQFSJPETJOUIFQBTUXIFO UIFQPMBSJUZPGUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJDQPMFTXBTUIFPQQPTJUFPGXIBUJUJTOPX ¦ ѮF5VSLJTICPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS&VHÍOF."OUPOJBEJ ¢ QVCMJTIFT IJTNPOVNFOUBMCPPL-B1MBOÍUF.BST XIJDIDPOUBJOTBDPNQMFUFEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIF QMBOFUTDIBOHJOHTVSGBDFGFBUVSFTBTPCTFSWFEXJUIBUFMFTDPQF)FBMTPTVQQPSUFEUIF JEFBUIBUUIFDBOBMTPO.BSTBSFBOPQUJDBMJMMVTJPO QSPEVDFEXIFOUIFFZFDPNCJOFT BOEJOUFHSBUFTNBOZTNBMMEFUBJMT &OHMJTI HFPQIZTJDJTU 4ZEOFZ $IBQNBO m BOE IJT DPMMFBHVF 7JODFOU 'FSSBSP m QPTUVMBUF UIBU FMFDUSJDBMMZ OFVUSBM QMBTNB DMPVET FKFDUFE GSPN UIF4VOEVSJOHBTPMBSëBSFDBVTFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNTBOEBVSPSBT BOEUIBUUIF&BSUIT NBHOFUJDêFMEDBSWFTPVUBDBWJUZJOOFBSCZTQBDFUIBUEFëFDUTNVDIPGUIFDMPVE 8PSMEXJEFQIPUPHSBQIJDPCTFSWBUJPOTEVSJOHUIFDMPTFBQQSPBDIPGUIFBTUFSPJE&SPT JOm BSFVTFEUPFTUJNBUFBWBMVFGPSUIFNFBO&BSUI4VOEJTUBODF UIFBTUSP OPNJDBMVOJU PGCFUXFFONJMMJPOBOENJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%POBME.FO[FM ¢ BUUSJCVUFTUIFMPXNBTTEFOTJUZPG UIFHJBOUQMBOFUTUPBOBCVOEBODFPGIZESPHFO UIFMJHIUFTUFMFNFOU)FTVQQPTFEUIBU UIF4VOBOEQMBOFUTXFSFGPSNFEGSPNUIFTBNFQSJNFWBMHBT OPUFEUIBUUIF4VOXBT NBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFO BOEVTFEUIFEZOBNJDBSHVNFOUTPG(FPSHF+PIOTUPOF 4UPOFZ ¢

NBEFJO UPTIPXUIBUUIFDPME NBTTJWFHJBOUQMBOFUTXPVME SFUBJOIZESPHFO "VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU 8PMGHBOH 1BVMJ ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU BO JOWJTJCMF QBSUJDMF XJUIOPDIBSHFBOEMJUUMFPSOPNBTT JTSFNPWJOHFOFSHZEVSJOHBLJOEPGSBEJPBDUJWJUZ DBMMFECFUBEFDBZ*OUIJTQSPDFTT UIFOVDMFVTPGBSBEJPBDUJWFBUPNFNJUTBOFOFSHFUJD FMFDUSPO PSCFUBQBSUJDMF XIPTFFOFSHZJTMFTTUIBOUIBUMPTUCZUIFOVDMFVT BOEBO VOTFFOQBSUJDMFXBTQPTUVMBUFEUPDBSSZBXBZUIFSFNBJOJOHFOFSHZ'PVSZFBSTMBUFS UIF*UBMJBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ ¢ QSPWJEFEGVSUIFSFWJEFODFGPS1BVMJT DPOKFDUVSFBOEDBMMFEUIFQBSUJDMFUIFOFVUSJOP *UBMJBOGPSiMJUUMFOFVUSBMPOFu "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS $MZEF 8JMMJBN 5PNCBVHI m EJTDPWFST B OFX QMBOFU TVCTFRVFOUMZOBNFE1MVUP PO'FCSVBSZEVSJOHBTZTUFNBUJDQIP UPHSBQIJDTFBSDIVTJOHBNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFBUUIF-PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ JO"SJ[POB)JTNFUJDVMPVTTFBSDIVTFEBCMJOLDPNQBSBUPSUPMPPLBUUXPQIPUP HSBQITPGUIFTBNFQBSUPGUIFTLZUBLFOPOEJĒFSFOUEBZT FBDIQIPUPHSBQIDPO UBJOJOHCFUXFFO BOE TUBST+VTUPOFPGUIFQPJOUTPGMJHIUFYIJCJUFEB DIBOHFPGQPTJUJPO PSNPUJPO CFUXFFOUIFUXPUJNFT BOJOUIQMBOFU1MVUPNPWFT JOBIJHIMZFMPOHBUFEPSCJUUIBUDBSSJFTJUCFUXFFOBOE"6GSPNUIF4VO XJUIJOBOEPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOFѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FOSZ 1JDLFSJOH ¢ QSFEJDUFE BO VOLOPXO QMBOFU CFZPOE /FQUVOF JO BOEUIFXFBMUIZ"NFSJDBO1FSDJWBM-PXFMM ¢

UIFGPVOEFSPGUIF-PXFMM 0CTFSWBUPSZ BMTPQSFEJDUFEJUTFYJTUFODFJO#PUI1JDLFSJOHBOE-PXFMMBSHVFE UIBUTVDIBQMBOFUXBTQSPEVDJOHQFSUVSCBUJPOTJOUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPG6SBOVT CFZPOE UIPTF DBVTFE CZ /FQUVOF )PXFWFS BѫFS BDDPVOUJOH GPS UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM FĒFDUTPG/FQUVOF VTJOHBQSFDJTFNBTTPCUBJOFEXIFO7PZBHFSFODPVOUFSFEUIF QMBOFUJO UIFVOFYQMBJOFENPUJPOTJO6SBOVTEJTBQQFBSFEBOEBTUSPOPNFST DPODMVEFEUIBU/FQUVOFJTUIFPVUFSNPTUNBKPSQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN1MVUPJT OPXLOPXOUPCFPOFPGTFWFSBMTNBMMCPEJFTUIBUPSCJUUIF4VOCFZPOEUIFPSCJUPG /FQUVOF 4XJTTCPSO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU+5SVNQMFS ¢ VTFTPCTFSWBUJPOT PGUIFEJTUBODFT TJ[FTBOESFEEFOJOHPGPQFOTUBSDMVTUFSTUPDPOWJODJOHMZEFNPOTUSBUF UIFJOUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPOPGTUBSMJHIUUISPVHIPVUUIFQMBOFPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ FWFOJOSFHJPOTUIBUDPOUBJOOPEBSLOFCVMBF *OBOBSUJDMFFOUJUMFE"UPNJD4ZOUIFTJTBOE4UFMMBS&OFSHZ UIF8FMTIBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU E&TDPVSU"ULJOTPO ¢ BSHVFTUIBUUIFNPTUFĒFDUJWFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJO TUBSTJOWPMWFQSPUPOT UIFOVDMFJPGIZESPHFOBUPNT BOEQSPQPTFTUIBUUIFPCTFSWFE SFMBUJWFBCVOEBODFTPGUIFFMFNFOUTNJHIUCFFYQMBJOFECZUIFTZOUIFTJTPGIFBWZFMF NFOUTGSPNIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVNCZTVDDFTTJWFQSPUPODBQUVSFT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

ѮF *OEJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 4VCSBINBOZBO $IBOESBTFLIBS ¢ EFSJWFT UIF EFUBJMFEFRVJMJCSJVNDPOêHVSBUJPOTJOXIJDIEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOHBTFTTVQQPSUUIFJS PXOHSBWJUZ$IBOESBTFLIBSXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTUIFP SFUJDBMTUVEJFTPGUIFTUSVDUVSFBOEFWPMVUJPOPGTUBST "ѫFS UIF EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF FYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO m SFUSBDUTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU JOUSPEVDFECZIJNJOUPLFFQB TUBUJPOBSZ6OJWFSTFGSPNDPMMBQTJOH "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST&EXJO)VCCMF m BOE.JMUPO)VNBTPO m DPOêSNUIFMJOFBSDPSSFMBUJPOPGUIFEJTUBODFBOESBEJBMWFMPDJUZPGFYUSBHBMBD UJDOFCVMBF PSHBMBYJFT BOEEFSJWFB)VCCMFDPOTUBOUPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE QFS.FHBQBSTFDѮFBQQSPYJNBUFFYQBOTJPOBHFPGUIF6OJWFSTF JOGFSSFEGSPNUIF SFDJQSPDBMPGUIJTDPOTUBOU JTCJMMJPOZFBST MFTTUIBOUIFBHFPGTPNFUFSSFTUSJBM SPDLT #FMHJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE$BUIPMJDQSJFTU(FPSHFT-FNBÏUSF ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBU UIFPCTFSWFETZTUFNBUJDPVUXBSENPUJPOPGUIFHBMBYJFTNJHIUCFFYQMBJOFECZUIFFYQMP TJPOPGBOJODSFEJCMZTNBMMBOEEFOTFiQSJNFWBMBUPNuPSiDPTNJDFHHuXIJDITFOUJUTDPO UFOUTPVUJOBMMEJSFDUJPOT KVTUCFGPSFUIFCFHJOOJOHPGTQBDFBOEUJNF4VDIBOFYQMPTJWF JOJUJBUJPOPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFIBTTVCTFRVFOUMZCFDPNFLOPXOBTUIF#JH#BOH 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS#FSOBSE-ZPU m JOWFOUTUIFDPSPOBHSBQI BUFMFTDPQF XJUIBOPDDVMUJOHEJTLUIBUCMPDLTPVUUIFJOUFOTFMJHIUPGUIFTPMBSEJTL QFSNJUUJOHUIF PCTFSWBUJPOPGUIFTPMBSDPSPOB &TUPOJBO MFOT BOE NJSSPSNBLFS #FSOIBSE 4DINJEU ¢ VTFT B TQIFSJDBM NJSSPSBOEDPSSFDUJOHQMBUFUPDSFBUFBUFMFTDPQFXJUIBXJEFBOHVMBSêFMEPGWJFXBOE IJHITQFFEѮFTFBEWBOUBHFTNBEFJUQPTTJCMFUPTVSWFZMBSHFBSFBTPGUIFTLZJOBSFB TPOBCMFUJNF TPNFUIJOHJNQPTTJCMFXJUIUIFOBSSPXêFMETPGDPOWFOUJPOBMSFëFDUJOH UFMFTDPQFT "NFSJDBO DIFNJTU )BSPME $ 6SFZ m BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT EJTDPWFS IFBWZ XBUFS BOE EFVUFSJVN UIF IFBWZ JTPUPQF PG IZESPHFO PG NBTT BOE TIPX UIBU UIF PCTFSWFE SFMBUJWF BCVOEBODF PG JTPUPQFT DBOOPU IBWF SFTVMUFE GSPN OVDMFBS FRVJMJC SJVNBUBOZTJOHMFUFNQFSBUVSF6SFZSFDFJWFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO$IFNJTUSZGPS IJTEJTDPWFSZPGIFBWZIZESPHFO ѮF (FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3VQFSU 8JMEU ¢ JOUFSQSFUT JOGSBSFE TQFDUSB PG UIF HJBOU QMBOFUT UBLFO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 7FTUP 4MJQIFS ¢ JO BTEVFUPBCTPSQUJPOCZBNNPOJBBOENFUIBOFѮF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFSѮFPEPSF%VOIBN+S ¢ WFSJêFEUIFTFJEFOUJêDB UJPOTJO ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 8BMUFS "EBNT ¢ BOE ѮFPEPSF %VOIBN+S ¢ JEFOUJGZ UIF BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT PG DBSCPO EJPYJEF JO UIF BUNPTQIFSF PG 7FOVT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU $BSM "OEFSTPO ¢ SFQPSUT IJT EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF QPTJ USPO PSiQPTJUJWFFMFDUSPOu UIFêSTUBOUJNBUUFSQBSUJDMFUPCFGPVOE XIJDIXBTDSFBUFE XIFODPTNJDSBZTGSPNPVUFSTQBDFJOUFSBDUFEXJUIQBSUJDMFTJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF "UUIFUJNFPGIJTEJTDPWFSZ "OEFSTPOXBTVOBXBSFPG%JSBDTUIFPSFUJDBMQSFEJDUJPO PGUIFQPTJUSPOJO"OEFSTPOXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPS IJT EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF QPTJUSPO TIBSJOH JU XJUI UIF "VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU 7JDUPS ' )FTT ¢ GPSIJTEJTDPWFSZPGDPTNJDSBEJBUJPO OPXDBMMFEDPTNJDSBZT &OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU +BNFT $IBEXJDL ¢ EJTDPWFST UIF OFVUSPO XIFO CPN CBSEJOHBUPNTXJUIFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFT$IBEXJDLXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[F JO1IZTJDTGPSIJTEJTDPWFSZPGUIFOFVUSPO &OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU +PIO $PDLDSPѫ ¢ BOE *SJTI QIZTJDJTU &SOFTU 8BMUPO ¢ VTFBQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSUPDSFBUFIJHITQFFEQSPUPOTѮFZCPNCBSEFE MJUIJVNXJUIUIFQSPUPOT UIFSFCZQSPEVDJOHIFMJVNOVDMFJ GPSXIJDIUIFZTIBSFEUIF /PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ BOE %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMFN EF 4JUUFS ¢ BCBOEPOUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOUBOEVTFUIFFRVBUJPOTPGUIF (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZUPQSPQPTFBIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJDFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF XJUIOPTQBDFDVSWBUVSF JOXIJDIUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPGBMMUIFNBUUFSJOUIF6OJ WFSTF QSFDJTFMZ CBMBODFT JUT FYQBOTJPO ѮF TQBDF JO UIJT FWFSFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF JT EFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ 3VTTJBO"[FSCBJKBOJ QIZTJDJTU -FW -BOEBV m TIPXT UIBU UIF DPMMBQTF PG NBTTJWFTUBST XIJDIIBWFEFQMFUFEUIFJSOVDMFBSGVFM DBOOPUCFBSSFTUFEBUUIFXIJUF EXBSGTUBHF BOEUIBUUIPTFTUBSTXIPTFNBTTFYDFFETUIFDSJUJDBMNBTTPGBCPVUTPMBS NBTTFTNVTU CFDBVTFPGJODSFBTJOHHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFT DPMMBQTFXJUIPVUMJNJU GPSNJOH XIBUJTOPXLOPXOBTBCMBDLIPMF "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFTUIBUUIF&BSUIT NBHOFUJD êFME JT EFëFDUJOH DPTNJD SBZT JODJEFOU GSPN PVUFS TQBDF SFTVMUJOH JO BO JODSFBTFPGUIFJSJOUFOTJUZXJUIMBUJUVEFBOETIPXJOHUIBUDPTNJDSBZTBSFWFSZFOFSHFUJD DIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPLѮF&YQBOE JOH6OJWFSTF XIJDIJODMVEFTBEFTDSJQUJPOPGBOBDDFMFSBUJOHFYQBOTJPOESJWFOCZUIF DPTNJDSFQVMTJPOPGUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU "NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS,BSM+BOTLZ ¢ BOOPVODFTIJTEJTDPWFSZPGDPTNJD SBEJPFNJTTJPO XIJDIIFGPVOEXIJMFJOWFTUJHBUJOHJOUFSGFSFODFXJUISBEJPDPNNVOJ DBUJPOTFRVJQNFOUBUUIF#FMM5FMFQIPOF-BCPSBUPSJFT)JTQBQFSPOUIFTFSFTVMUTXBT EFMJWFSFEBUUIF"QSJM8BTIJOHUPO %$NFFUJOHPGUIF6OJPO3BEJP4DJFOUJ êRVF*OUFSOBUJPOBM PS634*GPSTIPSU0O+VOF+BOTLZQSFTFOUFEIJTDMBTTJDBM QBQFSFOUJUMFE&MFDUSJDBM%JTUVSCBODFT"QQBSFOUMZPG&YUSBUFSSFTUSJBM0SJHJOJO$IJDBHP *MMJOPJTBUUIFBOOVBMDPOWFOUJPOPGUIF*OTUJUVUFPG3BEJP&OHJOFFST BCCSFWJBUFE*3& XIPQVCMJTIFEJUJOUIFJS1SPDFFEJOHTJO0DUPCFS8JUIJOUXPZFBST+BOTLZTIPXFE UIBU UIF NPTU JOUFOTF SBEJP FNJTTJPO JT MPDBUFE JO UIF EJSFDUJPO PG UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

4BHJUUBSJVT XIJDI JT BMTP UIF EJSFDUJPO PG UIF DFOUFS PG PVS (BMBYZ BOE UIBU XFBLFS SBEJPXBWFTBSFDPNJOHGSPNBMMEJSFDUJPOTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ"MUIPVHIUIJTNBSLFEUIF CFHJOOJOHPGSBEJPBTUSPOPNZ UIFSFXBTOPGPMMPXVQUP+BOTLZTEJTDPWFSZVOUJMUIF "NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS(SPUF3FCFS ¢ DPOêSNFEJUJO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)PXBSE3PCFSUTPO m TVNNBSJ[FTSFMBUJWJTUJDDPTNPM PHZJOUIF3FWJFXTPG.PEFSO1IZTJDT JOUSPEVDJOHUIFHFOFSBMNFUSJDTGPSIPNPHFOFPVT BOEJTPUSPQJD6OJWFSTFTUIBU3PCFSUTPOIBEQSFWJPVTMZEFSJWFE ѮF (FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS #BBEF ¢ BOE UIF 4XJTT BTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢ QSPQPTFUIBUFYQMPEJOHTUBST LOPXOBTTVQFSOP WBF SFMFBTFBOFOFSHZDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFDPNQMFUFBOOJIJMBUJPOPGBTUBSTNBTT QSPEVDF BOEBDDFMFSBUFFOFSHFUJDDPTNJDSBZQBSUJDMFT BOESFQSFTFOUUIFUSBOTJUJPOPGBOPSEJOBSZ TUBSUPBOFVUSPOTUBS *UBMJBO QIZTJDJTU &OSJDP'FSNJ m CPNCBSET VSBOJVN XJUI OFVUSPOT BOE QSPEVDFT B SBEJPBDUJWF TVCTUBODF XIJDI IF DBOOPU JEFOUJGZ *O UIF (FSNBO SBEJPDIFNJTUT0UUP)BIO m BOE'SJU[4USBTTNBO m QSPQPTFE UIBUUIFVSBOJVNBUPNTXFSFCFJOHCSPLFOBQBSU QSPEVDJOHBNVDIMJHIUFSFMFNFOU SBEJPBDUJWFCBSJVN*OUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSJO$PQFOIBHFO -JTF.FJUOFS m BOE0UUP'SJTI m DPOêSNFEUIBUVSBOJVNOVDMFJXFSFCFJOHCSPLFOBQBSU CZOFVUSPOCPNCBSENFOU JOUSPEVDJOHUIFUFSNêTTJPOUPEFTDSJCFUIJTTQMJUUJOHPGB OVDMFVT ѮF*UBMJBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ ¢ QSPQPTFTUIFOBNFOFVUSJOP *UBMJBO GPSiMJUUMFOFVUSBMPOFu GPSUIFFOFSHZDBSSZJOH VODIBSHFEQBSUJDMFêSTUQSPQPTFECZUIF "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU 8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ JOUPFYQMBJOSBEJPBDUJWFCFUB EFDBZ BOEQSPWJEFTGVSUIFSFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFOFVUSJOP"SBEJPBDUJWF FMFNFOUFNJUTBOFMFDUSPO PSCFUBQBSUJDMF XIFOBOFVUSPOJTDPOWFSUFEJOUPBQSPUPO BOFMFDUSPO BCFUBQBSUJDMF

BOEBOBOUJOFVUSJOP "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ BOE .JMUPO )VNBTPO ¢ BOOPVODFUIBUUIFSFBSFBUMFBTUBTNBOZHBMBYJFTJOUIF6OJWFSTFBTUIFSF BSFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZѮFZBMTPSFGPSNVMBUFUIFWFMPDJUZEJTUBODFSFMBUJPOPGHBM BYJFT OPXLOPXOBT)VCCMFTMBX JOBGPSNUIBUSFMBUFTUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ PSSFETIJѫ PGBHBMBYZUPJUTBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ PSBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOENBLFBQMPUPGUIJT EBUBUIBUJTOPXLOPXOBTB)VCCMFEJBHSBN*UXBTMBUFSTIPXOUIBUUIFPCTFSWFETMPQF PGJOUIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNJTUIBUFYQFDUFEGPSBIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJDFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTFUIBUPCFZT"MCFSU&JOTUFJOT ¢ (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ ѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXBSE".JMOF ¢ JOUSPEVDFTUIFDPTNPMPHJ DBMQSJODJQMF XIJDIBTTVNFTUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCPUIIPNPHFOFPVTBOEJTPUSPQJD PS UIFTBNFJOBMMEJSFDUJPOT POBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMF (FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUUIFHSBWJUBUJPOPGBGPSF HSPVOETUBSDBOCFOEBOEGPDVTUIFMJHIUPGBCBDLHSPVOETUBS"MUIPVHIIFFYQMPSFE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIFTFBTQFDUTPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTJOHCZTUBSTBTFBSMZBT &JOTUFJOEJEOPUQVCMJTI UIFSFTVMUVOUJM BTUIFSFTVMUPGQSPEEJOHCZBOBNBUFVSTDJFOUJTU "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF m QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPLѮF3FBMNPG UIF /FCVMBF UIBU TVNNBSJ[FT IJT JOWFTUJHBUJPOT PG FYUSBHBMBDUJD OFCVMBF PS HBMBYJFT JODMVEJOHUIFJSBWFSBHFNBTTEFOTJUZ NPSQIPMPHJDBMDMBTTJêDBUJPOBOEUIFMJOFBSDPS SFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJSEJTUBODFBOESBEJBMWFMPDJUZ OPXLOPXOBT)VCCMFTMBX ѮF%BOJTITFJTNPMPHJTU*OHF-FINBOO ¢ EJTDPWFSTUIF&BSUITTPMJEJOOFS DPSF XJUIBSBEJVTPG LJMPNFUFST ѮF3VTTJBOCJPDIFNJTU"MFYBOES0QBSJO ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPLѮF0SJHJO PG-JGFPO&BSUI XIJDITVHHFTUTUIBUUIFêSTUMJWJOHPSHBOJTNTDPVMEIBWFCFFOHFOFSBUFE TQPOUBOFPVTMZJGTVēDJFOURVBOUJUJFTPGPSHBOJDDPNQPVOETXFSFQSFTFOUJOUIFTIBMMPX TFBTPGUIFQSJNJUJWF&BSUI 4XJTTBTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢ NFBTVSFTUIFWFMPDJUZEJTQFSTJPOPGHBM BYJFTJOUIF$PNBDMVTUFS DPODMVEJOHUIBUJUNVTUDPOUBJOUFOUJNFTNPSFJOWJTJCMFEBSL NBUUFSUIBOUIFNBTTJOWJTJCMFHBMBYJFTUPLFFQUIFDMVTUFSTHBMBYJFTGSPNëZJOHBQBSU ;XJDLZBMTPQSPQPTFTUIBUUIFEBSLNBUUFSJOHBMBYJFTPSDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFTXJMMBDUBTB HSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT EJWFSUJOHBOEGPDVTJOHUIFMJHIUPGNPSFEJTUBOUHBMBYJFT BOEUIBUUIF FĒFDUDPVMECFVTFEUPFTUJNBUFUIFBNPVOUPGEBSLNBUUFS"UBCPVUUIJTUJNFIFBMTP CFHBOVTJOHB4DINJEUUFMFTDPQFUPEJTDPWFSTVQFSOPWBFJOHBMBYJFT (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ BOE$IBSMFT-$SJUDI êFME ¢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ѮF (FSNBO SBEJP DIFNJTU 0UUP )BOO m

XIP IBE CFFO XPSLJOH XJUI -JTF.FJUOFS m

TIPXFEUIBUXIFOVSBOJVNJTCPNCBSEFEXJUIOFVUSPOTJU DPVMECFTQMJUJOUPUXPOFBSMZFRVBMGSBHNFOUT SFMFBTJOHMBSHFBNPVOUTPGFOFSHZѮF SFTVMUXBTDPOêSNFECZ.FJUOFS XIPXBTJOFYJMFJO$PQFOIBHFO BOEJUVMUJNBUFMZ SFTVMUFEJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT.BOIBUUBO1SPKFDUUPCVJMEUIFêSTUBUPNJDCPNCT ѮF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU¸QJL ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUBHJBOUTUBSJTGPSNFE XIFOBTUBSMJLFUIF4VOEFQMFUFTJUTDFOUSBMIZESPHFOѮFDPSFDPMMBQTFT UIFPVUFS FOWFMPQF FYQBOET BOE UIF DPNQSFTTFE IFBUFE NBUFSJBM JO UIF DPSF VOEFSHPFT OFX OVDMFBSGVTJPOQSPDFTTFTUIBUNBLFUIFHJBOUTUBSTIJOF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

'*( 0ROTON PROTONCHAIN(YDROGENNUCLEI ORPROTONS AREFUSEDTOGETHER TOFORMHELIUMNUCLEIWITHINTHESOLARCORE PROVIDINGTHE3UNSENERGY)N THE'ERMAN BORN!MERICANPHYSICIST(ANS"ETHE¥ DESCRIBEDTHE DETAILEDSEQUENCEOFNUCLEARFUSIONREACTIONS CALLEDTHEPROTON PROTONCHAIN)T BEGINSWHENTWOPROTONS HEREDESIGNATEDBYTHELETTER( COMBINETOFORMTHE NUCLEUSOFADEUTERIUMATOM THEDEUTERONTHATISDENOTEDBY$ TOGETHERWITHTHE EMISSIONOFAPOSITRON E ANDANELECTRONNEUTRINO NF!NOTHERPROTONCOLLIDES WITHTHEDEUTERONTOMAKEANUCLEARISOTOPEOFHELIUM (E ANDTHENANUCLEUSOF HELIUM (E ISFORMEDBYTHEFUSIONOFTWO(ENUCLEI RETURNINGTWOPROTONSTO THEGAS/VERALL THISCHAINSUCCESSIVELYFUSESFOURPROTONSTOGETHERTOMAKEONE HELIUMNUCLEUS%VENINTHEHOT DENSECOREOFTHE3UN ONLYRARE FAST MOVING PARTICLESAREABLETOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHETUNNELEFFECTANDFUSEINTHISWAY

(FSNBO QIZTJDJTU $BSM 'SJFESJDI WPO 8FJ[TÅDLFS ¢ EJTDPWFST UIF DBSCPO OJUSPHFOPYZHFO BCCSFWJBUFE$/0 DIBJOPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOXIJDIDBSCPOBDUTBT BDBUBMZTUJOUIFTZOUIFTJTPGIFMJVNGSPNIZESPHFO %BOJTI QIZTJDJTU /JFMT #PIS m QSPQPTFT IJT MJRVJEESPQMFU NPEFM GPS UIF OVDMFVTUIBUEFTDSJCFTIPXBIFBWZOVDMFVTDPVMEVOEFSHPêTTJPOGPMMPXJOHUIFDBQUVSF PGBOFVUSPOBOEFYQMBJOTXIZVSBOJVNDPVMEVOEFSHPêTTJPOXJUITMPXOFVUSPOT 'SFODI DIFNJTUT 'SÊEÊSJD +PMJPU ¢ BOE *SÍOF +PMJPU$VSJF ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFUIFQPTTJCJMJUZPGBDIBJOSFBDUJPOXIFOUIFZTQMJUVSBOJVNOVDMFJ *O B QBQFS FOUJUMFE 0O $POUJOVFE (SBWJUBUJPOBM $POUSBDUJPO "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTUT + 3PCFSU 0QQFOIFJNFS m BOE )BSUMBOE 4 4OZEFS m VTF &JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZUPTIPXIPXBCMBDLIPMFXJMMGPSNBTUIFSFTVMU PGUIFDPMMBQTFPGBTVēDJFOUMZNBTTJWFTUBS *O B QBQFS FOUJUMFE 0O .BTTJWF /FVUSPO $PSFT "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU + 3PCFSU 0QQFOIFJNFS m BOE$BOBEJBOQIZTJDJTU(FPSHF.7PMLPĒ m EFSJWFUIFêSTUSFMJBCMFFTUJNBUFTGPSUIFNBTTBOETJ[FPGOFVUSPOTUBST 4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FOHU4USÕNHSFO ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJB UJPOGSPNIPU NBTTJWFCMVFTUBSTDSFBUFTTQIFSFTPGJPOJ[FEHBTUIBUFOWFMPQUIFN XJUI BTJ[F OPXDBMMFEUIF4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT UIBUEFQFOETPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFTUBS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BOEUIFEFOTJUZPGUIFTVSSPVOEJOHNBUFSJBM'PSBUZQJDBMJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFOEFOTJUZ PGPOFBUPNQFSDVCJDDFOUJNFUFS UIF4USÕNHSFOSBEJVTSBOHFTCFUXFFOBOE MJHIUZFBSTGPSDFOUSBMTUBSTXJUIEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFTCFUXFFO BOE EFHSFFT LFMWJO ѮF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3VQFSU8JMEU ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIF OFHBUJWFJPOPGIZESPHFOJTBOJNQPSUBOUTPVSDFPGPQBDJUZJOTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF4VO ¦ "NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFSBOEBNBUFVSSBEJPPQFSBUPS(SPUF3FCFS ¢ VTFTB QBSBCPMJDSBEJPBOUFOOB CVJMUJOIJTCBDLZBSE UPDPOêSNUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS ,BSM +BOTLZT ¢ EJTDPWFSZ JO PG DPTNJD SBEJP TUBUJD TIPXJOH UIBU NVDIPGJUDPNFTGSPNUIF.JMLZ8BZ ѮF (FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3VQFSU 8JMEU ¢ OPUJDFT UIBU DBSCPO EJPYJEF JT TP PQBRVF UP TVSGBDF SBEJBUJPO UIBU JU XJMM QSPEVDF B TVCTUBOUJBM HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUPO7FOVT JODSFBTJOHJUTTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFUPBUMFBTUEFHSFFT LFMWJO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS 4 "EBNT ¢ BOE $BOBEJBO BTUSPOPNFS "OESFX .D,FMMBS ¢ JOEFQFOEFOUMZ JOGFS UIF QSFTFODF PG SBEJBUJPO XJUI BUFNQFSBUVSFPGBGFXEFHSFFTGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOBMFYDJUBUJPOPGJOUFSTUFMMBSEJBUPNJD NPMFDVMFT EFUFDUFE JO UIF WJTJCMFMJHIU TQFDUSB PG CSJHIU TUBST CVU UIF DPTNPMPHJDBM JNQMJDBUJPOT PG UIF SBEJBUJPO XBT OPU SFBMJ[FE VOUJM BѫFS UIF EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF UISFF EFHSFFDPTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOJO 4XFEJTI BTUSPOPNFS #FOHU &EMÊO m BOE (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS (SPUSJBO m TIPX UIBU FNJTTJPO MJOFT GSPN UIF TPMBS DPSPOB XIJDI XFSF QSFWJPVTMZ BUUSJCVUFE UP B IZQPUIFUJDBM FMFNFOU DPSPOJVN BSF EVF UP UIF GPSCJEEFO USBOTJUJPOT PG LOPXO FMFNFOUT XIJDI BSF IJHIMZ JPOJ[FE CZ BO VOFYQFDUFEMZ IJHI NJMMJPOEFHSFFUFNQFSBUVSFJOUIFDPSPOBѮFDPOTQJDVPVT CSJHIUHSFFOFNJTTJPOMJOF PGUIFDPSPOBJTJEFOUJêFEXJUIJSPONJTTJOHFMFDUSPOT EFOPUFE'F9*7 3VTTJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU (FPSHF (BNPX m BOE UIF #SB[JMJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU.BSJP4DIÕOCFSH m DBMMBUUFOUJPOUPFOFSHZMPTTFTCZOFV USJOPQSPDFTTFTEVSJOHUIFêOBMTUBHFTPGTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPOBOEUIFPOTFUPGDBUBTUSPQIJD TUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTLOPXOBTTVQFSOPWBF ѮF 4FSCJBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO .JMVUJO .JMBOLPWJUDI m QVCMJTIFT IJT NPTU EFUBJMFEBDDPVOUPGIPXUIFNBKPSJDFBHFTNJHIUCFQSPEVDFECZQFSJPEJDëVDUVBUJPOT JOUIFXPCCMFBOEUJMUPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJTBOEUIFTIBQFPGUIF&BSUITPSCJU XJUIQFSJPETPG BOE ZFBST)JTJEFBUIBUUIFJDFBHFTBSFDBVTFE CZBWBSJBUJPOJOUIFJOUFOTJUZBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTPMBSFOFSHZBSSJWJOHBU&BSUIXBT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

TVQQPSUFE JO CZ BO BOBMZTJT PG EFFQTFB TFEJNFOUT BOE CZ JDF DPSFT ESJMMFE JO (SFFOMBOEBOE"OUBSDUJDBGPSNPSFUIBOBEFDBEFBѫFS "UFBNMFECZ"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ BOE*UBMJBOCPSO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ ¢ CVJMEUIFêSTUTFMGTVTUBJOJOHOVDMFBS SFBDUPS VTJOH OFVUSPOT UP JOJUJBUF UIF êTTJPO PG VSBOJVN ѮF êSTU BUPNJD CPNCT FYQMPEFEJO VTFEUIFTBNFSFBDUJPOCVUXJUIPVUDPOUSPM SFTVMUJOHJOBOVDMFBS FYQMPTJPO &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT4UBOMFZ)FZ m TIPXTUIBUTFWFSFKBNNJOHPGUFS SFTUSJBMSBEBSSFDFJWFSTJTEVFUPJOUFOTFSBEJPSBEJBUJPOFNBOBUFEGSPNUIF4VOEVSJOH QFSJPETPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZ (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ VTFTUIFJODI NFUFS )PPLFS UFMFTDPQF PO .PVOU 8JMTPO EVSJOH XBSUJNF CMBDLPVUT PG OFBSCZ-PT"OHFMFTUPEJTDPWFSSFETUBSTJOUIFOVDMFBSSFHJPOPGUIFOFBSCZTQJSBM HBMBYZ"OESPNFEB PS.6OUJMUIBUUJNF POMZUIFCMVFHJBOUTUBSTJOUIFTQJSBM BSNTIBECFFOSFTPMWFE#BBEFQSPQPTFEUIBUUIFSFBSFUXPHSPVQTPGTUBSTXJUIEJG GFSJOHTUSVDUVSFTBOEPSJHJOTѮFZBSFOPXLOPXOBTUIFZPVOHCMVJTI1PQVMBUJPO* TUBSTGPVOEJOTQJSBMBSNT BOEUIFPME SFEEJTI1PQVMBUJPO** TUBST DSFBUFE JO UIF OVDMFVT ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$BSM,4FZGFSU ¢ EJTDPWFSTFWJEFODFGPSIJHI TQFFE NPUJPOT JO UIF DFOUFST PG TPNF TQJSBM HBMBYJFT TVCTFRVFOUMZ OBNFE 4FZGFSU HBMBYJFTJOIJTIPOPS ѮF&OHMJTIHFPMPHJTU"SUIVS)PMNFT ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTJNQPSUBOUUFYUCPPL 1SJODJQMFTPG1IZTJDBM(FPMPHZ BSHVJOHUIBUIFBUJOTJEFUIF&BSUIDPVMEESJWFJOUFSOBM DIVSOJOHNPUJPOTUIBUNJHIUQSPQFMUIFNPWJOHDPOUJOFOUTGSPNCFMPX ѮF %VUDICPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FSBSE ,VJQFS ¢ EJTDPWFST BO BUNPTQIFSFPO4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO 5JUBO*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSTQBDF DSBѫTIPXFEJOUIBUUIFEPNJOBOUHBTTVSSPVOEJOH5JUBOJTNPMFDVMBSOJUSPHFO XJUIBTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF ѮF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFSBOEBNBUFVSSBEJPPQFSBUPS(SPUF3FCFS ¢ QVCMJTIFTUIFêSTUDPOUPVSNBQTPGDPTNJDSBEJPFNJTTJPO BOEEFUFDUTEJTDSFUFTPVSDFT PGSBEJPFNJTTJPOUIBUMJFJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSBOEUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT $ZHOVTBOE$BTTJPQFJB ѮF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU&SXJO4DISÕEJOHFS ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJTCPPL8IBUJT -JGF XIJDIEJTDVTTFTUIFQIZTJDBMBTQFDUTPGUIFMJWJOHDFMMBOEBOUJDJQBUFTNPMFDVMBS CJPMPHZBOEUIFTVCTFRVFOUEJTDPWFSZPGEFPYZSJCPOVDMFJDBDJE BCCSFWJBUFE%/"

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FOESJL$i)FOLuWBOEF)VMTU ¢ QVCMJTIFTIJT QSFEJDUJPOPGUIFQPTTJCMFEFUFDUJPOPGBSBEJPGSFRVFODZTQFDUSBMMJOFGSPNOFVUSBM IZESPHFO PS)* SFHJPOTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF*OIJTQBQFS FOUJUMFE)FSNPNTUEFS SBEJPHPMWFOVJUIFUXFSFMESVJN PS3BEJP8BWFTGSPN4QBDF0SJHJOPG3BEJPXBWFT IFSFBMJ[FEUIBUUIFTFSFHJPOTXPVMECFDPMEBOEUIBUNPTUPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPNT XPVMECFJOUIFJSMPXFTUFOFSHZHSPVOETUBUFѮFFMFDUSPOPGFBDIIZESPHFOBUPN NJHIUUIFOVOEFSHPBUSBOTJUJPOCFUXFFOUIFUXPQPTTJCJMJUJFTPGJUTTQJO HJWJOHSJTF UPFNJTTJPOPSBCTPSQUJPOBUBXBWFMFOHUIPGDFOUJNFUFST*OIJTQSPQIFUJD QBQFS WBOEF)VMTUBMTPEJTDVTTFEUIFSBEJPGSFRVFODZSFDPNCJOBUJPOMJOFTFNJU UFEXIFOGSFFFMFDUSPOTSFDPNCJOFXJUIGSFFQSPUPOTJOJPOJ[FEIZESPHFO PS)** SFHJPOT BOEEJTDVTTFEUIFUSFNFOEPVTQPUFOUJBMJNQPSUBODFPGSBEJPBTUSPOPNZUP DPTNPMPHZ ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MGSFE+PZ ¢ QSPWJEFTBEFUBJMFEEFTDSJQUJPOPG UIF ZPVOH 5 5BVSJ TUBST XIJDI FYIJCJU JSSFHVMBS BOE VOQSFEJDUBCMF DIBOHFT PG MJHIU BOEBQQFBSUPCFTUJMMJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPOPSKVTUTFUUMJOHEPXOPOUIFNBJO TFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 0OBOE"VHVTUUIFDJUJFTPG)JSPTIJNBBOE/BHBTBLJ +BQBO XFSFEFTUSPZFE CZ UIF êSTU BUPNJD CPNCT VTFE JO XBSGBSF ѮF CPNCT XFSF QSPEVDFE BU UIF -PT "MBNPT 4DJFOUJêD -BCPSBUPSJFT JO /FX .FYJDP VOEFS UIF EJSFDUJPO PG "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU +3PCFSU0QQFOIFJNFS ¢ XJUI UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG UIF NPTU FNJOFOUQIZTJDJTUTPGUIFUJNF TVDIBT)BOT#FUIF ¢ BOE3JDIBSE'FZO NBO ¢ &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTUT&EXBSE7"QQMFUPO m BOE+BNFT4UBOMFZ)FZ m EFNPOTUSBUF UIBU NFUFSXBWFMFOHUI TPMBS SBEJP OPJTF PSJHJOBUFT JO TVOTQPU BTTPDJBUFEBDUJWFSFHJPOT BOEUIBUTVEEFOMBSHFJODSFBTFTJOUIF4VOTSBEJPPVUQVUBSF BTTPDJBUFEXJUITPMBSëBSFT 8PSLJOHBUUIF3BEJBUJPO-BCPSBUPSZ .BTTBDIVTFUUT*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ UIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU 3PCFSU %JDLF ¢ JOWFOUT B SBEJP SFDFJWFS UIBU TXJUDIFT CFUXFFO B TPVSDFBOESFGFSFODFOPJTF HSFBUMZJNQSPWJOHUIFTFOTJUJWJUZPGSBEJPUFMFTDPQFT "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU4DPUU&'PSCVTI m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTOPUFUIBUTPMBS ëBSFTQSPEVDFUSBOTJFOUJODSFBTFTJOUIFBNPVOUPGFOFSHFUJDDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTBSSJWJOH BUUIF&BSUI 3VTTJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU (FPSHF (BNPX ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU UIF PCTFSWFE SFMBUJWF BCVOEBODFT PG UIF FMFNFOUT XFSF EFUFSNJOFE CZ OPOFRVJMJCSJVN OVDMFPTZOUIFTJTEVSJOHUIFFBSMZIPU EFOTFTUBHFTPGUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU7JUBMJJ-(JO[CVSH m BOE"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST %BWJE'.BSUZO m BOE+PTFQI-1BXTFZ m JOEFQFOEFOUMZVTF PCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIF4VOTSBEJPSBEJBUJPOUPDPOêSNUIFFYJTUFODFPGBNJMMJPOEFHSFF TPMBSDPSPOB

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

#FMHJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE$BUIPMJDQSJFTU(FPSHFT-FNBÏUSF m QVCMJTIFT IJT CPPL -IZQPUIFTF EF M"UPNF 1SJNJUJG &TTBJ EF DPTNPHPOJF JO UIF &OHMJTI USBOTMBUJPOѮF1SJNFWBM"UPN"O&TTBZJO$PTNPHPOZXBTQVCMJTIFEJO ѮF3VTTJBOQIZTJDJTU&WHFOJK.-JGTIJU[ ¢ EFSJWFTNBUIFNBUJDBMGPSNV MBFUPTIPXUIBUUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFQVMMTNBTTEFOTJUZDPODFOUSBUJPOTBQBSU QSPIJCJUJOHUIFGPSNBUJPOPGHBMBYJFT 3JDIBSE5PVTFZ m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTBUUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BWBM3FTFBSDI -BCPSBUPSZVTFJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEBDBQUVSFE(FSNBO7SPDLFU UPNBLFUIFêSTU FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIF4VO ѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT3BMQI""MQIFS ¢ BOE3PCFSU$)FSNBO ¢ QSF EJDUUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFQFSWBTJWFSFMJDDPTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO XIJDIPSJHJOBUFE JOUIFFBSMZTUBHFTPGUIF#JH#BOH BOEFTUJNBUFUIBUJUXPVMEIBWFDPPMFEUPBQSFTFOU UFNQFSBUVSFPGBCPVUEFHSFFTLFMWJO *OBQBQFSFOUJUMFEѮF0SJHJOPG$IFNJDBM&MFNFOUT UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3BMQI" "MQIFS ¢ BOE3VTTJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU(FPSHF(BNPX ¢ DBSSZ PVU UIF êSTU RVBOUJUBUJWF XPSL PO UIF OVDMFPTZOUIFTJT PG FMFNFOUT JO UIF FBSMZ 6OJWFSTF GPMMPXJOH(BNPXTQSPQPTBMUIBUUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTXPVMEPDDVSJO UIFFBSMZ IPUEFOTFTUBHFTPGUIF6OJWFSTF"MQIFSBOE(BNPXJODMVEFEUIFOBNFPGUIF (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ BTBDPBVUIPSPGUIJTQBQFS JOPSEFSUPNBLFBQVOPOUIFêSTUUISFFMFUUFSTPGUIF(SFFLBMQIBCFUѮFJSʂʃʄUIFPSZ BTTVNFEUIBUUIFNBUFSJBM6OJWFSTFJOJUJBMMZDPOTJTUFEPGBDPTNJDiZMFNu OBNFEBѫFSBO BODJFOU(SFFLXPSEGPSUIFQSJNFWBMTVCTUBODFPVUPGXIJDIBMMNBUUFSXBTGPSNFEѮF ZMFNXBTTVQQPTFEUPDPOTJTUTPMFMZPGOFVUSPOTBUIJHIUFNQFSBUVSF BCPVUCJMMJPOPS EFHSFFTLFMWJOѮFEFDBZPGOFVUSPOTJOUPQSPUPOTBOETVDDFTTJWFOFVUSPODBQUVSF MFEUPUIFGPSNBUJPOPGUIFFMFNFOUTѮFCVJMEVQPGFMFNFOUTCZOFVUSPODBQUVSFEVSJOH UIFFBSMZTUBHFTPGUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZEFWFMPQFEJOHSFBUFS EFUBJMCZ"MQIFSBOEUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU$)FSNBO ¢ ѮPVHIOPUZFUDPNQMFUFMZPQFSBUJPOBM UIFJODI NFUFS )BMFUFMFTDPQFPO 1BMPNBS.PVOUBJOJOTPVUIFSO$BMJGPSOJBJTEFEJDBUFEBOEGPSNBMMZOBNFEUIF)BMF 5FMFTDPQF BѫFS UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FPSHF &MMFSZ )BMF ¢ ѮF OFBSCZJODI NFUFS 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQFJTBMTPDPNQMFUFE &OHMJTI DPTNPMPHJTU BOE BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 'SFE )PZMF m BOE UXP "VTUSJBO CPSO TDJFOUJTUT UIFO BU $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ )FSNBOO #POEJ m BOE ѮPNBT(PME m QSPQPTFUIF4UFBEZ4UBUFDPTNPMPHZJOXIJDIUIF6OJWFSTF FYQBOETCVUEPFTOPUFWPMWF SFNBJOJOHVODIBOHFEJOUJNF#POEJBOE(PMEQSPQPTFE UIFOBNFiQFSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMFuGPSUIFOPUJPOUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFIBTCPUI TQBUJBMBOEUFNQPSBMIPNPHFOFJUZXIFOWJFXFEPOTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMFT %VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FSBSE,VJQFS ¢ EFUFDUTDBSCPOEJPY JEFJOUIF.BSUJBOBUNPTQIFSF BOEQSFEJDUTUIBUJUNJHIUCFPOFPGUIFNBJODPOTUJUV FOUT*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫDPOêSNFEUIJTQSFEJDUJPOJO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS&WSZ4DIBU[NBO ¢ DPOTJEFSTUIFQPTTJCJMJUZPGUIFSNP OVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTPOXIJUFEXBSGTUBST "SNFOJBO BTUSPOPNFS 7JLUPS "NCBSUTVNJBO m OPUFT UIBU BTTPDJBUJPOT PGCSJHIU IPU0BOE#TUBSTDBOOPUCFCPVOECZUIFJSPXOHSBWJUBUJPO BOENVTUCF FYQBOEJOH BOE SFMBUJWFMZ ZPVOH ѮF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS "ESJBBO #MBBVX m PCTFSWFEUIFFYQBOTJPOPGTPNFPGUIFTFTUFMMBSBTTPDJBUJPOTJO "VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST+PIO(#PMUPO ¢

(PSEPO+4UBOMFZ ¢ BOE 0XFO #SVDF 4MFF ¢ VTF B TFB SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS UP PCUBJO BDDVSBUF FOPVHI QPTJUJPOT GPS UIF JEFOUJêDBUJPO PG UISFF EJTDSFUF SBEJP TPVSDFT XJUI PQUJDBM PCKFDUTTFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFZBSF5BVSVT" JEFOUJêFEXJUIUIF$SBC/FCVMB BO FYQBOEJOHTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUJOPVS(BMBYZ7JSHP"JEFOUJêFEXJUI. BOFMMJQUJ DBMHBMBYZBOE$FOUBVSVT"BTTPDJBUFEXJUIBOPUIFSHBMBYZ/($ ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FOESJL$i)FOLuWBOEF)VMTU m TIPXTUIBUUIF PCTFSWFEFYUJODUJPOPGWJTJCMFTUBSMJHIUJTEVFUPTPMJEEVTUQBSUJDMFTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF XJUI B TJ[F PG BCPVU UFO NJMMJPOUIT PS NFUFST "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 8JMMJBN ")JMUOFS m BOE+PIO4DPWJMMF)BMM m JOEFQFOEFOUMZPCTFSWF IJHIMZQPMBSJ[FEMJHIUGSPNSFEEFOFETUBST BUUSJCVUFEUPFMPOHBUFEJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUQBS UJDMFTBMJHOFECZBOJOUFSTUFMMBSNBHOFUJDêFME ¦ ѮF 4XFEJTI BTUSPQIZTJDJTU )BOOFT "MGWÊO ¢ BOE IJT DPMMFBHVF /JDPMBJ )FSMPGTPO ¢ TVHHFTU UIBU PQUJDBMMZ JOWJTJCMF SBEJP TUBST MPDBUFE JO JOUFSTUFM MBS TQBDF NJHIU FNJU OPOUIFSNBM TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO PG IJHITQFFE FMFDUSPOT BDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFSBEJPFNJTTJPOPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ *UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ m BOE"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU "OUIPOZ5VSLFWJDI m DPOTJEFSOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTEVSJOHUIFFBSMZTUBHFTPG UIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF BOETIPXUIBUUIFMBDLPGTUBCMFOVDMFJXJUIBUPNJDXFJHIUTPG BOEQSFWFOUTJHOJêDBOUQSPEVDUJPOPGIFBWJFSOVDMFJJOUIF#JH#BOH +BQBOFTFQIZTJDJTU$IVTIJSP)BZBTIJ ¢ OPUFTUIBUUIFUFNQFSBUVSFXJMMFYDFFE CJMMJPOEFHSFFTLFMWJOEVSJOHUIFêSTUGFXTFDPOETBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH XIJDIJOJUJBUFE UIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF BOEUIBUTVēDJFOUFOFSHZXBTUIFOBWBJMBCMFUPGPSN OFVUSJOPTBOEFMFDUSPOQPTJUSPOQBJST"TBSFTVMU UIFSFMBUJWFBCVOEBODFPGOFVUSPOT BOEQSPUPOTJTEFUFSNJOFECZDPOEJUJPOTPGUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVNCFUXFFOBMMGPSNTPG NBUUFSBOESBEJBUJPO JOTUFBEPGCZOFVUSPOEFDBZ (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS,BSM0,JFQFOIFVFS m TVHHFTUTUIBUUIFSBEJPFNJT TJPOPGUIF.JMLZ8BZJTEVFUPUIFOPOUIFSNBMTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGIJHIWFMPDJUZ DPTNJDSBZFMFDUSPOTTQJSBMJOHBCPVUBOJOUFSTUFMMBSNBHOFUJDêFMEѮF3VTTJBOBTUSP QIZTJDJTU 7JUBMJJ - (JO[CVSH m EFWFMPQFE UIJT JEFB JO BEEJUJPOBMMZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFDPTNJDSBZFMFDUSPOTBSFBDDFMFSBUFEJOTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTLOPXOBT TVQFSOPWBF BOEFYUFOEJOHUIFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOIZQPUIFTJTUPPUIFSHBMBYJFT %VUDIBTUSPOPNFS+BO0PSU ¢ VTFTUIFTJ[FBOEPSJFOUBUJPOPGUIFUSBKFDUP SJFTPGMPOHQFSJPEDPNFUT XJUIPSCJUBMQFSJPETHSFBUFSUIBO&BSUIZFBST UPTIPX UIBUUIFZDPNFGSPNBSFNPUF TQIFSJDBMTIFMMMPDBUFESPVHIMZBRVBSUFSUIFXBZUPUIF OFBSFTUTUBSBOEDPOUBJOJOHVQUPBNJMMJPONJMMJPO PS JOWJTJCMFDPNFUTPSCJUJOH UIF4VOBUEJTUBODFTPGBCPVUPOFMJHIUZFBSѮJTDPNFUSFTFSWPJSJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE *OBQBQFSFOUJUMFE"$PNFU.PEFM*ѮF"DDFMFSBUJPOPG$PNFU&ODLF UIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SFE - 8IJQQMF ¢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m BOEDPMMFBHVFTCFHJOOFBSMZB EFDBEFPGPCTFSWBUJPOTPGSBEJPCVSTUT PSëBSFT POUIF4VO PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODFGPS PVUXBSENPWJOHTIPDLXBWFTBOEPVUXBSETUSFBNTPGIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOT (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS-VEXJH#JFSNBOO ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU UIF TUSBJHIU JPO UBJMT PG DPNFUT XIJDI BMXBZT QPJOU BXBZ GSPN UIF 4VO BSF BDDFMFSBUFE CZ NPWJOH DIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTPGUIFTBNFUZQFBTUIPTFDBVTJOHHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT BOEQSPQPTFT UIBUUIF4VOFNJUTBDPOUJOVPVTFMFDUSJêFEëPXPGUIFTFTPMBSDPSQVTDMFT XIJDITUSFBN SBEJBMMZPVUJOBMMEJSFDUJPOTGSPNUIF4VO )BSWBSEHSBEVBUFTUVEFOU )BSPME*i%PDu&XFO ¢ BOEIJTBEWJTPS "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU &EXBSE . 1VSDFMM ¢ EFUFDU UIF DFOUJNFUFS USBOTJUJPO PG JOUFSTUFMMBSOFVUSBMIZESPHFO VTJOHBOPWFMiTXJUDIFEGSFRVFODZuNPEFTVHHFTUFECZ 1VSDFMMѮFFYJTUFODFPGUIJTTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFXBTQSFEJDUFECZUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS )FOESJL$i)FOLuWBOEF)VMTU ¢ JO BOEJOWFTUJHBUFEJOHSFBUFS EFUBJMCZUIF3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU*PTJG44ILMPWTLJJ m JO&XFOBOE 1VSDFMMEFMBZFEUIFBOOPVODFNFOUPGUIFJSEJTDPWFSZVOUJMJUXBTGVMMZDPOêSNFECZUIF %VUDIBTUSPOPNFST,BSM.ÛMMFS ¢ BOE+BO0PSU ¢ BOEJOBDBCMF GSPN"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST )FSCFSU 'SJFENBO ¢ BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT BU UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BWBM 3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE/3- VTFJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE"FSPCFFTPVOEJOH SPDLFUT UP TIPX UIBU UIF 4VO FNJUT FOPVHI 9SBZT UP JPOJ[F NPTU PG UIF &BSUIT VQQFS BUNPTQIFSF 4JNJMBS FYQFSJNFOUT CZ UIF HSPVQ TVCTFRVFOUMZ JOEJDBUFE UIBU UIFJOUFOTJUZPGTPMBS9SBZTSJTFTBOEGBMMTXJUIUIFZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF BOEUIBU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIF9SBZFNJTTJPOEVSJOHBTPMBSëBSFDBOPVUTIJOFUIFFOUJSF4VOBUUIFTFXBWF MFOHUITѮF/3-HSPVQVTFEBDBQUVSFE(FSNBO7SPDLFUUPêSTUEFUFDUUIF4VOT 9SBZTJO "VTUSJBOCPSOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUѮPNBT(PME m

UIFOBU$BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ QSPQPTFTUIBUJOUFOTF EJTDSFUFSBEJPTPVSDFTMJFPVUTJEFUIF.JMLZ8BZ UIBUPOMZDPM MBQTFETUBSTXJUIBNQMJêFENBHOFUJDêFMETXPVMEFNJUJOUFOTFSBEJPFNJTTJPO BOEUIBU WJPMFOUBDUJPOBUUIFDFOUFSTPGTPNFWJTJCMFHBMBYJFTNJHIUQSPEVDFIJHIFOFSHZQBS UJDMFTUIBUFNJUTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT %VUDICPSO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FSBSE1,VJQFS ¢ QSPQPTFTUIFFYJT UFODFPGBëBU EJTUBOUSJOHPGTNBMM JDZCPEJFTBUUIFPVUFSFEHFPGUIFQMBOFUBSZSFBMN PSCJUJOH UIF 4VO KVTU CFZPOE UIF PSCJU PG /FQUVOF BOE UIPVHIU UP CF UIF TPVSDF PG TIPSUQFSJPEDPNFUT*UJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF,VJQFSCFMU CVUUIFEJTDVTTJPOPGTVDIB CFMUCZUIFMFTTQSPNJOFOU*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS,FOOFUI&&EHFXPSUI ¢ JT TPNFUJNFTBDLOPXMFEHFECZVTJOHUIFOBNF&EHFXPSUI,VJQFSCFMU "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN8.PSHBO ¢ BOEUXPHSBEVBUFTUVEFOUT %POBME&0TUFSCSPDL ¢ BOE4UFXBSU4IBSQMFTT ¢ VTFUIFTQBDFEJTUSJ CVUJPOPGFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF PS)**SFHJPOT UPEFMJOFBUFTFHNFOUTPGTQJSBMBSNTJOUIF .JMLZ8BZ &TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU¸QJL ¢ êSTUSFBMJ[FTUIBUXIFOUIFUFNQFSBUVSF JOUIFDPOUSBDUJOHDPSFPGBHJBOUTUBSSJTFTBCPWFNJMMJPOEFHSFFTLFMWJO JUTIFMJVN XJMMCFDPOWFSUFEJOUPDBSCPOCZUSJQMFDPMMJTJPOTPGIFMJVNOVDMFJ*OUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBS UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXJO&4BMQFUFS ¢

VOBXBSFPG¸QJLTXPSL QSF TFOUFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMUIFBSHVNFOUTGPSUIFGPSNBUJPOPGDBSCPOCZIFMJVNCVSOJOH JOUIFDPSFTPGHJBOUTUBST &OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3ZMF m QSFTFOUTUIFJOJUJBMSFTVMUTPGIJT JOUFSGFSPNFUSJDSBEJPTVSWFZT BSHVJOHUIBUBOFXLJOEPGSBEJPTUBSIBTCFFOEJTDPW FSFEJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ ѮF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ TIPXTUIBUUIFSF BSFUXPLJOETPGWBSJBCMFTUBST SFTQFDUJWFMZGPVOEJOHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOPVS(BMBYZ BOEJOUIFBSNTPGPUIFSTQJSBMHBMBYJFT BOEVTFTUIFEJĒFSFODFUPPCUBJOBEPXOXBSE SFWJTJPOPG)VCCMFTDPOTUBOUBOEBOJODSFBTFJOUIFFTUJNBUFE BHFPGUIFFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS"ESJBOO#MBBVX ¢ NFBTVSFTUIFFYQBOTJPOWFMPDJUJFTPG TPNF0#BTTPDJBUJPOT JOGFSSJOHUIBUJUUPPLBCPVUBNJMMJPOZFBSTGPSUIFNUPEJTQFSTF UP UIFJS QSFTFOU TJ[F 4JODF UIJT JT DPNQBSBCMF UP UIF BHF PG UIF JOEJWJEVBM TUBST UIF BTTPDJBUJPOTBOEUIFJSDPNQPOFOUTUBSTNVTUIBWFGPSNFEUPHFUIFS *OBQBQFSFOUJUMFE/VDMFBS3FBDUJPOTJO4UBSTXJUIPVU)ZESPHFO UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSP QIZTJDJTU&EXJO&4BMQFUFS ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFTIPXDBSCPOOVDMFJDBOCFTZOUIF TJ[FE CZ USJQMF DPMMJTJPOT PG IFMJVN OVDMFJ JO UIF IPU EFOTF DPSFT PG HJBOU TUBST ѮF CFSZMMJVNOVDMFVTGPSNFENPNFOUBSJMZCZUIFDPMMJTJPOPGUXPIFMJVNOVDMFJDBO

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

DBQUVSFBUIJSEPOFCFGPSFCSFBLJOHVQJOUPUXPIFMJVNOVDMFJBHBJO BOEUIVTDBSCPO DBOCFTZOUIFTJ[FE "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST"MMBO34BOEBHF m BOE.BSUJO4DIXBS[TDIJME m QSFTFOUUIFPSFUJDBMDBMDVMBUJPOTPGUIFFWPMVUJPOPGBTUBSBѫFSJUIBTEFQMFUFEJUTDPSF IZESPHFO TIPXJOHUIBUUIFTUBSFWPMWFTGSPNBNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSUPBSFEHJBOUTUBSBOE EFTDSJCFTUSBDLTJOUIFPCTFSWFE)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT3BMQI""MQIFS m

+BNFT8'PMMJO m BOE3PCFSU $)FSNBO m EFMJOFBUFQIZTJDBMDPOEJUJPOTJOUIFJOJUJBMTUBHFTPGUIFFYQBOE JOH 6OJWFSTF EVSJOH UIF IPU #JH #BOH ѮFZ BMTP SFDPHOJ[F UIF IPSJ[PO QSPCMFN JO DPTNPMPHZ JOXIJDIXJEFMZTFQBSBUFESFHJPOTDPVMEOPUIBWFDPNNVOJDBUFEXJUIFBDI PUIFS TJODFUIFZBSFTFQBSBUFECZNPSFUIBOUIFNBYJNVNEJTUBODFUIBUBMJHIUTJHOBM DPVMEIBWFUSBWFMFETJODFUIFSFHJPOTPSJHJOBUFE &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU)BOCVSZ#SPXO ¢ TIPXTIPXBUPUBMJOUFOTJUZ SBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFSDPVMECFEFWFMPQFEVTJOHDPSSFMBUJPOBѫFSEFUFDUJPOBUJOEFQFO EFOU TFQBSBUFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFT &OHMJTIBOE"NFSJDBOCJPQIZTJDJTUT'SBODJT$SJDL ¢ BOE+BNFT8BUTPO ¢ QVCMJTI UIFJS EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF UISFFEJNFOTJPOBM EPVCMF IFMJY TUSVDUVSF PG EFPYZSJCPOVDMFJDBDJE PS%/"GPSTIPSU FYQMBJOJOHIPXHFOFUJDJOGPSNBUJPODPVME CFDPEFE/FX;FBMBOECPSO#SJUJTICJPQIZTJDJTU.BVSJDF8JMLJOT ¢ DPO USJCVUFEUPUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFTUSVDUVSFPG%/" BOEUIFUISFFTDJFOUJTUTTIBSFEUIF /PCFM1SJ[FJO.FEJDJOFGPSUIFJSEJTDPWFSJFTDPODFSOJOHUIFNPMFDVMBSTUSVDUVSF PGOVDMFJDBDJETBOEJUTTJHOJêDBODFGPSJOGPSNBUJPOUSBOTGFSJOMJWJOHNBUFSJBM*O 8JMTPOXSPUFUIFTUPSZPGUIJTEJTDPWFSZJOѮF%PVCMF)FMJY BOEJO$SJDLXSPUF -JGF*UTFMG*UT0SJHJOBOE/BUVSF XIJDITVHHFTUTUIBUUIFTFFEPGMJGFPO&BSUIDPVMEIBWF DPNFGSPNBOPUIFSQMBOFU "NFSJDBO HFPMPHJTUT 8JMMJBN .BVSJDF &XJOH ¢ BOE #SVDF $ )FF[FO ¢ EJTDPWFSEFFQDBOZPOTPSSJѫTUIBUSVOBMPOHBTVCNFSHFENJEPDFBO SJEHF XIJDIXBTMBUFSGPVOEUPCFQBSUPGBHMPCBMOFUXPSLPGVOEFSXBUFSSJEHFTTPNF LJMPNFUFSTMPOHѮFSJѫTNBSLUIFQMBDFXIFSFIFBUBOENPMUFOSPDL PSNBHNB DPNFPVUGSPNJOTJEFUIF&BSUIUPSFQMFOJTIUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPS &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFST 3PHFS $ +FOOJTPO ¢ BOE .SJOBM %BT (VQUB ¢ DPOTUSVDUBOFXUZQFPGJOUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFSBU+PESFMM#BOL &OHMBOE DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPDPNQMFUFMZJOEFQFOEFOUSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTBOESFDFJWFST BOEVTFJUUP TIPX UIBU UIF JOUFOTF SBEJP TPVSDF $ZHOVT " DPOTJTUT PG UXP DPNQPOFOUT PG SPVHIMZ FRVBMJOUFOTJUZ TFQBSBUFECZBCPVUNJOVUFTPGBSD"U$BNCSJEHF &OHMBOE '(SBIBN 4NJUI ¢ VTFEBDPOWFOUJPOBMSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS XJUIJOUFSDPOOFDUFESBEJPUFMF TDPQFT UPBMTPSFêOFUIFQPTJUJPOPGUIJTSFNBSLBCMFPCKFDUUPBCPVUBNJOVUFPSBSD ѮF"NFSJDBODIFNJTU4UBOMFZ.JMMFS ¢ QSPEVDFTBNJOPBDJET POFPGUIFCBTJD CVJMEJOH CMPDLT PG MJWJOH PSHBOJTNT VTJOH BO FMFDUSJDBM EJTDIBSHF JO B TJNVMBUJPO PG UIF&BSUITQSJNJUJWFBUNPTQIFSFDPOUBJOJOHNFUIBOF BNNPOJBBOETUFSJMJ[FEXBUFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

ѮJTTVHHFTUTUIBUUIFDBSCPOBOEIZESPHFOJONFUIBOF UIFOJUSPHFOBOEIZESPHFO JOBNNPOJB BOEUIFIZESPHFOBOEPYZHFOJOXBUFSNJHIUCFMJCFSBUFECZSBEJBUJPO PSPUIFSFYUFSOBMFOFSHZTPVSDFTUPQSPEVDFUIFDPNQMFYNPMFDVMFTUIBUDPVMEIBWF TVCTFRVFOUMZGPSNFEMJWJOHPSHBOJTNTѮFQPTTJCJMJUZUIBUMJGFNJHIUIBWFPSJHJOBUFE TQPOUBOFPVTMZGSPNPSHBOJDDPNQPVOETJOUIF&BSUITPDFBOTXBTTVHHFTUFEJO CZUIF3VTTJBOCJPDIFNJTU"MFYBOES0QBSJO ¢ 3VTTJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU *PTJG 4 4ILMPWTLJJ m BSHVFT UIBU CPUI UIF PQUJDBM BOESBEJPFNJTTJPOPGUIF$SBC/FCVMBDPNFGSPNUIFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGIJHI FOFSHZFMFDUSPOTTQJSBMJOHBCPVUNBHOFUJDêFMET BDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFGBDUUIBUUIFSBEJP FNJTTJPOJTBUIPVTBOEUJNFTNPSFJOUFOTFUIBOUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUFNJTTJPO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU $IBSMFT)5PXOFT ¢ DPOTUSVDUT UIF êSTU XPSLJOH NBTFS 5PXOFTSFDFJWFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSUIJTJOWFOUJPOIFTIBSFEUIFQSJ[F XJUI/JDPMBZ#BTPW ¢ BOE"MFLTBOES1SPLIPSPW ¢

UXP3VT TJBOTDJFOUJTUTXIPJOEFQFOEFOUMZDPOTUSVDUFEPTDJMMBUPSTBOEBNQMJêFSTCBTFEPOUIF NBTFSMBTFSQSJODJQMFJO (VJEFE CZ BDDVSBUF SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUSJD QPTJUJPOT PG UIF JOUFOTF TPVSDF $ZHOVT " PCUBJOFECZ&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFSTJO UXP(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOP NFST8BMUFS#BBEF m BOE3VEPMQI.JOLPXTLJ m VTFUIF JODI NFUFS )BMFUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBS $BMJGPSOJBUPJEFOUJGZUIFEJTDSFUF SBEJPTPVSDFXJUIBEJTUBOUHBMBYZBCPVUBCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ EJTDPWFSJOHUIFQSP UPUZQFPGSBEJPHBMBYJFT XIPTFSBEJPMVNJOPTJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFJSPQUJDBM PS WJTJCMFMJHIU POFT 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(ÊSBSE)%F7BVDPVMFVST m QSFTFOUTFWJEFODFGPSB -PDBM4VQFSHBMBYZ PS-PDBM4VQFSDMVTUFS PGCSJHIUHBMBYJFTXIJDIDPOUBJOTTFWFSBMPG UIFOFBSFTUDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT JODMVEJOHUIF7JSHPDMVTUFS BOEJTDPODFOUSBUFEJOB QMBOFUIBUSVOTBQQSPYJNBUFMZQFSQFOEJDVMBSUPUIF.JMLZ8BZ "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU4DPUU&'PSCVTI m EFNPOTUSBUFTUIFJOWFSTFDPSSFMB UJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUFOTJUZPGDPTNJDSBZTBSSJWJOHBU&BSUIBOEUIFOVNCFSPGTVOTQPUT PWFSUXPZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFT"TFYQMBJOFEJO UIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBH OFUJDêFME XIJDIJTBODIPSFEJOUIF4VO JTFOIBODFEBUUJNFTPGHSFBUFSTPMBSBDUJWJUZ CMPDLJOHNPSFDPTNJDSBZTGSPNSFBDIJOHUIF&SBUI ѮF &OHMJTI BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 'SFE )PZMF ¢ TIPXT UIBU DBSCPO DBO POMZ CF QSPEVDFEJOTVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTCZUSJQMFIFMJVNDPMMJTJPOTXJUIJOHJBOUTUBSTJGBSFTP OBOU SFBDUJPO JT JOWPMWFE ѮF QSFEJDUFE FYDJUFE TUBUF PG DBSCPO XBT PCTFSWFE B GFX ZFBSTMBUFSCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN"i8JMMZu'PXMFS ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTJOUIFUFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSZ %VUDI BTUSPOPNFST +BO 0PSU m BOE (BSU 8FTUFSIPVU m

BOE "VTUSBMJBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS 'SBOL ,FSS m VTF PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIF DFOUJNFUFSTQFDUSBMMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFO PS)*SFHJPOT UPTIPXUIBUUIFJOUFS TUFMMBSIZESPHFOJOPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZJTEJTUSJCVUFEJOFMPOHBUFETQJSBMBSNT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU*PTJG44ILMPWTLJJ ¢ QSFEJDUTUIBUUIFPQUJDBMKFUPG. JTEVFUPTZODISPUSPOFNJTTJPOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIWJPMFOUBDUJWJUZJOUIFHBMBYZTOVDMFVTѮF TZODISPUSPOIZQPUIFTJTXBTDPOêSNFEXJUIJOBZFBS XIFO8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ PCTFSWFE UIF QPMBSJ[BUJPO PG UIF KFUT WJTJCMF MJHIU 8JUIJO BOPUIFS GFX EFDBEFT SBEJP BTUSPOPNFSTUSBDFEPVUBTUSFBNPGIJHITQFFEFMFDUSPOTTIPPUJOHPVUPG.BMPOHJUT KFUBOEJOUPUIFMPCFTPGBSBEJPHBMBYZ NVDIBT4ILMPWTLJJIBETVHHFTUFE "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFST #FSOBSE ' #VSLF m BOE ,FOOFUI - 'SBOLMJO m VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPWFSJOUFOTFSBEJPCVSTUTGSPN+VQJUFSXIJMFPCTFSWJOHPUIFS DPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFTѮFQFSJPEJDSBEJPFNJTTJPOXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZBUUSJCVUFEUPFOFS HFUJDFMFDUSPOTUSBQQFEJOUIFTUSPOH SPUBUJOHNBHOFUJDêFMEPG+VQJUFS "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU -FWFSFUU %BWJT +S m QSPQPTFT UIBU TPMBS DPSQVTDVMBS FNJTTJPOXJMMDBSWFPVUBDBWJUZJOUIFJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN OPXLOPXOBTUIFIFMJP TQIFSF BDDPVOUJOHGPSTPNFPCTFSWFEQSPQFSUJFTPGMPXFOFSHZDPTNJDSBZT &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU)BOCVSZ#SPXO ¢ CVJMETBNJSSPSJOUFOTJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFSOFBS/BSSBCSJ "VTUSBMJB BOEVTFTJUUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPG UIFTUBS4JSJVTѮFJOUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFSXBTVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHVMBSEJBNFUFST PGTFWFSBMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTCFUXFFOBOE "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT$MZEF-$PXBO ¢ BOE'SFEFSJDL3FJOFT ¢ EFUFDUFMFDUSPOBOUJOFVUSJOPTFNJUUFEGSPNUIF4BWBOOBI3JWFSOVDMFBSSFBDUPSJO4PVUI $BSPMJOB3FJOFTXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSUIFEFUFDUJPOPGUIF OFVUSJOP "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST.JMUPO)VNBTPO m

/JDIPMBT6.BZBMM m BOE"MMBO34BOEBHF m QVCMJTIUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZBOEBQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTT PS SFETIJѫBOEBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF EBUBGPSFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBFPVUUPBWFMPDJUZPG POFUIJSEUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUѮFSFETIJѫNBHOJUVEFQMPU LOPXOBTB)VCCMFEJBHSBN JOEJDBUFTBMJOFBSSFMBUJPO XJUIJOUIFBDDVSBDZPGUIFEBUB XJUIBTMPQFUIBUJTFYQFDUFEJO BIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJDFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF "NFSJDBO TDJFOUJTU $MBJS $ 1BUUFSTPO ¢ VTFT SBEJPBDUJWF EBUJOH UP PCUBJO B EFêOJUJWF BHF GPS NFUFPSJUFT PG CJMMJPO ZFBST XJUI BO VODFSUBJOUZ PG KVTUNJMMJPOZFBST"TJNJMBSBHFIBTTVCTFRVFOUMZCFFOPCUBJOFEGPSUIFPMEFTU SPDLTSFUVSOFEGSPNUIF.PPO BOEUIFBHFPGUIF&BSUIBOEPUIFSTPMJECPEJFTJO UIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJTOPXBTTVNFEUPCFCJMMJPOZFBST XJUIBOVODFSUBJOUZPG NJMMJPOZFBST "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT1FUFS.FZFS m

&VHFOF/1BSLFS m BOE+PIO "4JNQTPO m QSPQPTFUIBUFOIBODFEJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJTNBUUIFQFBL PGUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFEFëFDUTDPTNJDSBZTGSPNUIFJS&BSUICPVOEQBUIT BDDPVOUJOH GPSUIFJOWFSTFDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUFOTJUZPGDPTNJDSBZTBSSJWJOHBU&BSUIBOEUIF OVNCFSPGTVOTQPUT XIJDIXBTOPUFECZ4DPUU&'PSCVTI m JO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"VTUSJBOCPSO "NFSJDBODPTNPMPHJTU8PMGHBOH3JOEMFS m DMBSJêFTUIFIPSJ [POQSPCMFNJOXIJDIEJTUBODFTCFUXFFOTJNJMBSMZVOJGPSNSFHJPOTBSFMBSHFDPNQBSFE XJUIUIFIPSJ[POEJTUBODF UIFNBYJNVNEJTUBODFUIBUBMJHIUTJHOBMDPVMEIBWFUSBWFMFE TJODFUIFSFHJPOTPSJHJOBUFE ѮF"NFSJDBODIFNJTUT)BOT&4VFTT ¢ BOE)BSPME$6SFZ ¢ QSPWJEFBEFUBJMFEEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFFMFNFOUBMJTPUPQJDBCVOEBODFTJOUIF4VO NFUF PSJUFTBOETUBST TFSWJOHBTBOJOTQJSBUJPOGPSFYQMBJOJOHUIFTFBCVOEBODFTCZOVDMFBS GVTJPOQSPDFTTFTJOTUBST ѮF&OHMJTIIVTCBOEBOEXJGFUFBN (FPĒSFZ3#VSCJEHF ¢ BOE&.BSHBSFU #VSCJEHF ¢ UFBNVQXJUI"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN"i8JMMZu'PXMFS ¢ BOEUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU'SFE)PZMF ¢ UPEFTDSJCFIPX NPTU FMFNFOUT XFSF GPSNFE XJUIJO UIF DFOUFST PG TUBST EVSJOH UIFJS MPOH FWPMVUJPO BOE BT UIF SFTVMU PG UIF FYQMPTJWF TVQFSOPWB EFBUI PG NBTTJWF TUBST ѮF $BOBEJBO CPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"MBTUBJS$BNFSPO ¢ EFTDSJCFENBOZPGUIFTBNF QSPDFTTFTJOUIFTBNFZFBS'PXMFSXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPS IJTUIFPSFUJDBMBOEFYQFSJNFOUBMTUVEJFTPGUIFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTPGJNQPSUBODFJOUIF GPSNBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUTJOUIF6OJWFSTF #SJUJTITDJFOUJTU(PSEPO.JMMFS#PVSOF (.# %PCTPO ¢ CFHJOTNFB TVSFNFOUT PG UIF P[POF DPOUFOU JO UIF BUNPTQIFSF BCPWF "OUBSDUJDB MFBEJOH UP UIF EJTDPWFSZPGUIFP[POFIPMF ѮF4PWJFU6OJPOMBVODIFTUIFêSTUBSUJêDJBM&BSUITBUFMMJUF 1SPTUFZTIJK4QVUOJL UIF TJNQMFTUTBUFMMJUF PO0DUPCFS NBSLJOHUIFTUBSUPGUIF"NFSJDBOm4PWJFU6OJPO 4QBDF3BDF 5XP"NFSJDBODIFNJTUT 3PHFS3FWFMMF ¢ BOE)BOT&4VFTT ¢

QSFEJDUUIBUBOJODSFBTFJOBUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFCZUIFCVSOJOHPGGPTTJMGVFMTm DPBM PJM BOE OBUVSBM HBT m XJMM IBWF GBSSFBDIJOH DPOTFRVFODFT GPS PVS XFBUIFS BOE DMJNBUF 4XJTT BTUSPOPNFS .BY 8BMENFJNFS m DBMMT BUUFOUJPO UP UIF BCTFODF PG JOUFOTFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOMJOFTJOWBDBOUQMBDFTUIBUIFDBMMFEDPSPOBMIPMFT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF"CFMM ¢ DPNQJMFTBDBUBMPHVFPGUIPVTBOET PGSJDIDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT "SNFOJBOBTUSPOPNFS7JLUPS"NCBSUTVNJBO m QSPWJEFTBXJEFSBOHFPG FWJEFODFGPSNBTTMPTTBOEPUIFSEFQBSUVSFTGSPNFRVJMJCSJVNCPUIJOJOEJWJEVBMHBMBY JFTBOEJOHSPVQTPGHBMBYJFT BSHVJOHUIBUWJPMFOUBDUJWJUZJTDPNNPOJOFYUSBHBMBDUJD PCKFDUT "NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU$IBSMFT,FFMJOH ¢ CFHJOTNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFDBSCPO EJPYJEF DPODFOUSBUJPO JO UIF BUNPTQIFSF BCPWF .BVOB -PB 0CTFSWBUPSZ JO )BXBJJ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

') (""

'*( !BUNDANCEANDORIGINOFTHEELEMENTSINTHE3UN4HERELATIVEABUNDANCEOFTHEELE MENTSINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE PLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEIRATOMICNUMBER :4HEABUNDANCEIS PLOTTEDONALOGARITHMIC SCALEANDNORMALIZED TOAVALUEAMILLION +%#" %'"' " MILLION OR (! FORHYDROGEN(YDROGEN %#" THELIGHTESTANDMOST '%#" ABUNDANTELEMENTINTHE *+" #%"&'%& 3UN WASFORMEDABOUT #%" *$ #"'%& %#" BILLIONYEARSAGOIN THEIMMEDIATEAFTERMATH %#( (%" OFTHE"IG"ANGTHAT ($%"#) *$ #&#"& LEDTOTHEEXPANDING 5NIVERSE-OSTOFTHE HELIUMNOWINTHE3UN WASALSOCREATEDTHEN!LL THEELEMENTSHEAVIERTHAN

#%#"

HELIUMWERESYNTHESIZED

%+ (! INTHEINTERIORSOFSTARS '(! THATNOLONGERSHINE AND THENSUBSEQUENTLYWAFTED ORBLASTEDINTOINTERSTEL LARSPACEWHERETHE3UN ORIGINATED#ARBON '#!(!% NITROGEN OXYGENAND IRON WERECREATEDOVER LONGTIMEINTERVALSDURINGSUCCESSIVENUCLEARBURNINGSTAGESINFORMERSTARS ANDALSODURINGTHE EXPLOSIVEDEATHOFMASSIVESTARS%LEMENTSHEAVIERTHANIRONWEREPRODUCEDBYNEUTRONCAPTURE REACTIONSDURINGTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONSOFMASSIVESTARSTHATLIVEDANDDIEDBEFORETHE3UNWAS BORN4HEATOMICNUMBER : ISTHENUMBEROFPROTONSINTHENUCLEUS ORROUGHLYHALFTHEATOMIC WEIGHT4HEELEMENTSSHOWN (E # . /AND&E HAVE: AND WITHATOMICWEIGHTS OF AND SINCEEACHNUCLEUSCONTAINSASMANYNEUTRONSASPROTONSWITHABOUTTHE SAMEWEIGHT(YDROGENHASONEPROTONANDNONEUTRONSINITSNUCLEUS4HEEXPONENTIALDECLINEOF ABUNDANCEWITHINCREASINGATOMICNUMBERANDWEIGHTCANBEEXPLAINEDBYTHERARITYOFSTARSTHAT HAVEEVOLVEDTOLATERSTAGESOFLIFE$ATACOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE

XIJDIDPOUJOVFPWFSTVCTFRVFOUEFDBEFTBOEEFNPOTUSBUFUIFFYQPOFOUJBMSJTFJOUIF BNPVOUPGUIJTIFBUUSBQQJOH HSFFOIPVTFHBT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$PSOFMM).BZFS ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTBOOPVODFUIBU NJDSPXBWFPCTFSWBUJPOTJOEJDBUFUIBU7FOVTNBZIBWFBWFSZIPUTVSGBDFPGBUMFBTU EFHSFFTLFMWJO*OUIF3VTTJBOQSPCF7FOFSBMBOEFEPOUIFTVSGBDFPG7FOVT NFBTVSJOHBUFNQFSBUVSFPGEFHSFFTLFMWJO %VUDI BTUSPOPNFST +BO 0PSU ¢ BOE (BSU 8FTUFSIPVU ¢

BOE "VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS'SBOL,FSS ¢ NBQUIFJOUFOTJUZBOEWFMPDJUJFTPG UIFDFOUJNFUFSMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFOJOEJĒFSFOUEJSFDUJPOTJOPVS(BMBYZ GSPN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIFOPSUIFSOBOETPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFTPGUIF&BSUIѮFSFTVMUTQFSNJUUIFEFUFDUJPO PG TQJSBM BSNT JO PVS (BMBYZ UIF EFUFSNJOBUJPO PG JUT SPUBUJPO WFMPDJUJFT BU EJĒFSFOU EJTUBODFTGSPNUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS BOEFWJEFODFGPSSFDFOUWJPMFOUBDUJWJUZXJUIJOUIF OVDMFVTPGPVS(BMBYZ "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&VHFOF/1BSLFS ¢ VTFTIZESPEZOBNJDFRVBUJPOTUPTIPX UIBUUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTJOUIFPVUFSTPMBSBUNPTQIFSF PSDPSPOB XJMMPWFSDPNFUIF4VOTHSBWJUZBOEBDDFMFSBUFUPTVQFSTPOJDTQFFET OBNJOHUIFSFTVM UBOUSBEJBMPVUëPXUIFTPMBSXJOE)FBMTPQSPQPTFTUIBUUIFTPMBSXJOEXJMMDBSSZUIF 4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMEXJUIJU GPSNJOHBTQJSBMNBHOFUJDQBUUFSOJOJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF BTUIF4VOSPUBUFT &OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3ZMF m BCBOEPOTIJTSBEJPTUBSIZQPUIF TJT BOEQSPQPTFTUIBUSBEJPHBMBYJFTDBOCFVTFEUPUFTUDPTNPMPHJDBMNPEFMT JOUFSQSFU JOHIJTPCTFSWBUJPOTBTBOFWPMVUJPOBSZFĒFDUJOXIJDIUIFNPSFEJTUBOU ZPVOHFSSBEJP HBMBYJFTBSFFJUIFSNPSFMVNJOPVTPSNPSFDPODFOUSBUFEUIBOUIFOFBSCZPMEFSPOFT 4VDIFWPMVUJPOBSZFĒFDUTBSFJODPOTJTUFOUXJUIUIF4UFBEZ4UBUFDPTNPMPHZ3ZMFXBT BXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTQJPOFFSJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTBOEJOWFO UJPOTJOSBEJPBTUSPQIZTJDT QBSUJDVMBSMZUIFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTUFDIOJRVF ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MMBO34BOEBHF ¢ PCUBJOTBWBMVFPG)VCCMFTDPO TUBOUPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD DMPTFUPUIFQSFTFOUMZBDDFQUFEWBMVF XJUIBOFTUJNBUFEBHFPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF HJWFOCZUIFSFDJQSPDBMPGUIF)VCCMF DPOTUBOU PGBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBST "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FPSHF 'JFME ¢

BOE JOEFQFOEFOUMZ "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS 'SBOL %SBLF ¢ BOE WJTJUJOH /PSXFHJBO TDJFOUJTU )FJO )WBUVN ¢

TVHHFTU UIBU +VQJUFST SBEJP FNJTTJPO EJTDPWFSFE JO JT DBVTFE CZ UIF TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGNBHOFUJDBMMZUSBQQFEFMFDUSPOTTVSSPVOEJOH+VQJUFS#FDBVTF PGJUTGBTUSPUBUJPOBOEMBSHFTJ[F +VQJUFSIBTBTUSPOHFSNBHOFUJDêFMEBOEMBSHFSSBEJB UJPOCFMUTUIBOUIF&BSUI "VTUSJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUѮPNBT(PME m QSPQPTFTUIBUHFP NBHOFUJDTUPSNTBSFDBVTFECZBTIPDLGSPOUBTTPDJBUFEXJUINBHOFUJDDMPVETFKFDUFE GSPNUIF4VO BOEDPJOTUIFUFSNNBHOFUPTQIFSFGPSUIFSFHJPOJOUIFWJDJOJUZPGUIF &BSUIJOXIJDIPVSQMBOFUTNBHOFUJDêFMEEPNJOBUFTBMMEZOBNJDBMQSPDFTTFTJOWPMWJOH DIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT ѮF 4PWJFU 6OJPOT -VOB TQBDFDSBѫ MBVODIFE UPXBSE UIF .PPO PO 4FQUFNCFS EJSFDUMZ TBNQMFT UIF TPMBS XJOE GPS UIF êSTU UJNF PCUBJOJOH B QBSUJDMF WPMVNF EFOTJUZPGBCPVUNJMMJPOQSPUPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFSKVTUPVUTJEFUIF&BSUI ѮF4PWJFU6OJPOMBVODIFTUIFTQBDFSPDLFU -VOBPO 0DUPCFS *U PCUBJOFE UIFêSTUQIPUPHSBQITPGUIFJOWJTJCMF CBDLTJEFPGUIF.PPO TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTGFXFS NBSJBUIBOUIFWJTJCMFGSPOUTJEF "JODI NFUFS PQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFJTDPNQMFUFEBU-JDL0CTFSWBUPSZPOUIFTVN NJUPG.PVOU)BNJMUPOOFBS4BO+PTF $BMJGPSOJBJUXBTOBNFEUIF4IBOFUFMFTDPQF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

JO JOIPOPSPGUIFBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT%POBME4IBOF ¢ XIPMFEUIF FĒPSUUPBDRVJSFUIFOFDFTTBSZGVOETGSPNUIF$BMJGPSOJB-FHJTMBUVSF *OBQBQFSFOUJUMFE3BEJBUJPO0CTFSWBUJPOTXJUI4BUFMMJUFd"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT+BNFT "7BO"MMFO ¢

$BSM&.D*MXBJO ¢ BOE(FPSHF)-VEXJH ¢ QVC MJTIUIFêSTUDPODMVTJWFFWJEFODFGPSHFPNBHOFUJDBMMZUSBQQFE IJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOTBOE QSPUPOT GPVOECZUIFêSTU"NFSJDBOTBUFMMJUF &YQMPSFSMBVODIFEPO'FCSVBSZ JOBCFMUGBSBCPWFUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF"MTPJO 7BO"MMFOBOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT BOOPVODFUIFSFTVMUTPGBTFDPOETBUFMMJUF &YQMPSFSMBVODIFEPO.BSDI XIJDI DPOêSNFE UIF SFTVMU BOE EJTDPWFSFE B TFDPOE CFMU PG FOFSHFUJD FMFDUSPOT BOE QSPUPOT IJHIFSBCPWFUIF&BSUIѮFTFCFMUT XIJDIFODJSDMFUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSCVUEPOPUUPVDIJU BSFTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIFJOOFSBOEPVUFS7BO"MMFOSBEJBUJPOCFMUT CVUUIFOPNFODMBUVSF EPFTOPUJNQMZFJUIFSFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOPSSBEJPBDUJWJUZ ¦ "VTUSJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU ѮPNBT(PME m BOE &OHMJTI BTUSP QIZTJDJTU'SFE)PZMF m TIPXUIBUNBHOFUJDFOFSHZNVTUQPXFSTPMBSëBSFT BOEBSHVFUIBUëBSFTBSFUSJHHFSFECZUIFJOUFSBDUJPOBOESFDPOOFDUJPOPGNBHOFUJDMPPQT "NFSJDBONBUIFNBUJDJBO.BSUJO%,SVTLBM m BOE)VOHBSJBOCPSO"VTUSBMJBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO (FPSHF 4[FLFSFT m JOEFQFOEFOUMZ EFêOF B TQBDFUJNF JO XIJDI UIF CMBDLIPMF TJOHVMBSJUZ BU UIF 4DIXBS[TDIJME PS HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJVT JT SFNPWFEUPUIFDFOUFSPGUIFCMBDLIPMF VTJOHXIBUJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF,SVTLBM4[FLFSFT DPPSEJOBUFUSBOTGPSNBUJPO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFSBOEHFPMPHJTU&VHFOF.4IPFNBLFS ¢ TUVEJFTUIF TUSVDUVSFBOENFDIBOJDTPGNFUFPSJUFJNQBDU)FEFNPOTUSBUFEUIFTJNJMBSJUZCFUXFFO UIF.FUFPS$SBUFS OFBS'MBHTUBĒ "SJ[POB BOEUIFDSBUFSTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHOVDMFBSUFTU FYQMPTJPOTJO/FWBEB EFNPOTUSBUJOHJUTPSJHJOCZFYUFSOBMJNQBDU BOEQSPQPTFEUIBU UIF.PPOTDSBUFSTIBEBTJNJMBSPSJHJO %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS "ESJBO #MBBVX m QSPQPTFT UIBU IJHIWFMPDJUZ iSVOBXBZu TUBST PGUIFIPU0BOE#TQFDUSBMDMBTT BSFFTDBQFENFNCFSTPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNTJO XIJDIPOFTUBSIBTCFDPNFBFYQMPEJOHTUBS PSTVQFSOPWB)FOPUJDFEUIBUUIFSVO BXBZTUBSTBSFNBTTJWFTUBSTXIPTFIJHIWFMPDJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFPSCJUBMWFMPDJ UJFTFYQFDUFEGSPNNBTTJWFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT BOEUIBUUIFNPSFNBTTJWFDPNQPOFOU XPVMERVJDLMZFWPMWFUPUIFTVQFSOPWBTUBHFBOEUIFSFCZSFMFBTFUIFPUIFSNFNCFSBT BIJHIWFMPDJUZTUBS ѮFDPTNPOBVU:VSJ"(BHBSJO ¢ CFDPNFTUIFêSTUIVNBOJOTQBDF PSCJU JOHUIF&BSUIPO"QSJMJOUIF4PWJFU6OJPOT7PTUPLDBQTVMF +BQBOFTF BTUSPQIZTJDJTU $IVTIJSP )BZBTIJ m EFTDSJCFT UIF UIFPSZ PG TUFM MBS FWPMVUJPO JO UIF FBSMZ QIBTFT PG HSBWJUBUJPOBM DPOUSBDUJPO BDDPVOUJOH GPS UIF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGFYUSFNFMZZPVOHTUBSDMVTUFSTPCTFSWFECZUIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS.FSMF'8BMLFS m JOUP 0O.BZ"NFSJDBO1SFTJEFOU+PIO',FOOFEZ m EFMJWFSTBOBEESFTT UPBKPJOUTFTTJPOPG$POHSFTT EFDMBSJOHUIBUi*CFMJFWFUIBUUIJTOBUJPOTIPVMEDPNNJU JUTFMGUPBDIJFWJOHUIFHPBM CFGPSFUIFEFDBEFJTPVU PGMBOEJOHBNBOPOUIF.PPOBOE SFUVSOJOHIJNTBGFMZUP&BSUIu ѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUBOEBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU#-FJHIUPO m QVCMJTIFT IJTEJTDPWFSZPGêWFNJOVUFWFSUJDBMWFMPDJUZPTDJMMBUJPOTJOUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSF *UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3JDDBSEP(JBDDPOJ m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTBU UIF"NFSJDBO4DJFODFBOE&OHJOFFSJOH$PNQBOZEJTDPWFSDPTNJD9SBZTPVSDFTXJUI BOJOTUSVNFOUPOBêWFNJOVUFSPDLFUëJHIUѮFHSPVQTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEUIFJS9SBZ UFMFTDPQFBCPBSE/"4"T6IVSVTBUFMMJUF MBVODIFEPO%FDFNCFS UPEJTDPWFS 9SBZQVMTBSTBOETUFMMBSCMBDLIPMFDPNQBOJPOTPGPSEJOBSZWJTJCMFTUBST(JBDDPOJXBT BXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTEJTDPWFSJFTPGDPTNJD9SBZTPVSDFT ѮF BTUSPOBVU +PIO ) (MFOO +S ¢ CFDPNFT UIF êSTU "NFSJDBO UP PSCJU UIF &BSUI PO'FCSVBSZJOUIF'SJFOETIJQDBQTVMF *O B QBQFS FOUJUMFE )JTUPSZ PG 0DFBO #BTJOT UIF "NFSJDBO HFPMPHJTU )BSSZ ) )FTT ¢ FMBCPSBUFTIJTDPODFQUPGTFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH êSTUTVHHFTUFECZIJNJO ѮFTFBëPPSJTGPSNFEJOBWPMDBOJDSJѫJOBNJEPDFBOSJEHF TQSFBEJOHTJEFXBZT BOEUVSOJOHDPMEBOEIFBWZBTJUNPWFTBXBZGSPNJUTTPVSDFJOUXPEJSFDUJPOTUIFTFB ëPPSFWFOUVBMMZTJOLTBOEEJTBQQFBSTJOBEFFQmPDFBOUSFODI XIFSFJUJTDPOTVNFE ѮFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPSJTUIPVHIUUPCFUIFDBVTFPGDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ ѮF XPSMET MBSHFTU SBEJP UFMFTDPQF JT JOBVHVSBUFE JO UIF IJMMT OFBS "SFDJCP 1VFSUP 3JDPѮFNFUBMSFëFDUJOHTVSGBDFPGUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZIBTBTQIFSJDBMTIBQF XJUI B EJBNFUFS PG NFUFST GFFU ѮF UFMFTDPQF XBT SFTVSGBDFE JO UP QFSNJUPCTFSWBUJPOTBUTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIT "NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS"MBO#BSSFUU ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEFUFDUJOUFS TUFMMBS0)NPMFDVMFTBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT /"4"MBVODIFT&YQMPSFS UIFêSTU*OUFSQMBOFUBSZ.POJUPSJOH1MBUGPSN BCCSFWJBUFE *.1 XIJDIêSTUNBQQFEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUPUBJM ѮF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU)FSCFSU'SJFENBO m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEJTDPWFS 9SBZTGSPNUIF$SBC/FCVMBEVSJOHBCSJFGSPDLFUëJHIUUIBUDBSSJFEUIF9SBZEFUFD UPSTBCPWFUIFBUNPTQIFSF ѮF êSTU RVBTJTUFMMBS PCKFDU BCCSFWJBUFE RVBTBS JT EJTDPWFSFE BѫFS &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS $ZSJM )B[BSE m BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT FTUBCMJTI B QSFDJTF QPTJUJPO PG UIFSBEJPTPVSDF$VTJOHJUTPDDVMUBUJPOCZUIF.PPOJO BOETIPXJOHUIBU UIFSBEJPTPVSDFDPJODJEFTXJUIBCMVFPCKFDUBUWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITѮF%VUDICPSO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS.BBSUFO4DINJEU ¢ VTFTUIFJODI NFUFS )BMF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

UFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBSUPDPOêSNUIFPQUJDBMJEFOUJêDBUJPOBOEPCUBJOJUTTQFDUSVN XIJDIIFJOUFSQSFUTJOUFSNTPGBSFETIJѫPGѮFMBSHFSFETIJѫJNQMJFTBSFNPUF EJTUBODF BOE B CSJHIUOFTT PG IVOESFET PG UJNFT UIBU PG OFBSCZ TQJSBM HBMBYJFT GPS BO PCKFDUXJUIBTUBSMJLFJNBHF1FSIBQTBTBSFTVMUPG4DINJEUTEJTDPWFSZ UIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST+FTTF-(SFFOTUFJO ¢ BOEѮPNBT.BUUIFXT ¢ SFFYBNJOFUIF PQUJDBMTQFDUSVNPGUIFTUBSMJLFPCKFDUDPJODJEJOHXJUIUIFSBEJPTPVSDF$ TIPX JOH UIBU UIJT RVBTBS IBT BO FWFO MBSHFS SFETIJѫ PG ѮF BSUJDMFT SFQPSUJOH UIFTF NBKPSEJTDPWFSJFTBQQFBSFEUPHFUIFSJOXJUIJOBOJTTVFPGUIFKPVSOBM/BUVSF ѮF/FX;FBMBOENBUIFNBUJDJBO3PZ,FSS m êOETBOBMZUJDTPMVUJPOTUPUIFêFME FRVBUJPOTPGUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZUIBUEFTDSJCFUIFDVSWFETQBDFPVUTJEFB SPUBUJOHCMBDLIPMF "NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT.BSDJB/FVHFCBVFS ¢ BOE$POXBZ84OZEFS ¢ BOOPVODFUIBU/"4"T.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ MBVODIFEPO"VHVTU IBTNFBTVSFE UIFEFOTJUZBOEWFMPDJUZPGUIFTPMBSXJOE XJUIBOFTUJNBUFEWPMVNFEFOTJUZPGNJM MJPOQSPUPOTBOENJMMJPOFMFDUSPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFSOFBSUIF&BSUIBOEBOBWFSBHF TQFFEPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE #SJUJTI HFPQIZTJDJTUT 'SFEFSJDL 7JOF ¢ BOE %SVNNPOE .BUUIFXT ¢ BOBMZ[FUIFNBHOFUJTNPGSPDLTBUUIFëPPSPGUIF"UMBOUJD0DFBO EJTDPW FSJOHBTZNNFUSJDQBUUFSOPGNBHOFUJDêFMESFWFSTBMTPOFJUIFSTJEFPGUIFNJEPDFBO SJEHF ѮJT EJTDPWFSZ QSPWJEFE DPODSFUF FWJEFODF PG TFBëPPS TQSFBEJOH BOE XIFO DPNQBSFEXJUISBEJPBDUJWFEBUJOHPGWPMDBOJDSPDLTPOMBOEXBTVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF SBUFPGTQSFBEJOH "NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU+PIO/#BIDBMM m QFSGPSNTEFUBJMFEDBMDVMBUJPOT PGUIFBNPVOUPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPTFNJUUFECZUIF4VO BOESFêOFTUIFTFUIFPSFUJDBMQSF EJDUJPOTPWFSTVCTFRVFOUEFDBEFT "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 8JMMJBN " i8JMMZu 'PXMFS ¢ BOE IJT &OHMJTI DPMMFBHVF'SFE)PZMF ¢ QSPQPTFBOFXLJOEPGTVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPO OPX LOPXOBTUZQF*B JOXIJDIBDMPTF PSCJUJOHOPSNBMTUBSTQJMMTPWFSPOUPJUTXIJUFEXBSG DPNQBOJPO USJHHFSJOHBOFYQMPTJPOUIBUPCMJUFSBUFTUIFXIJUFEXBSGTUBS ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU .VSSBZ (FMM.BOO ¢ QSPQPTFT UIBU UIF QSPUPO BOE OFVUSPOBSFOPUUIFNTFMWFTGVOEBNFOUBMQBSUJDMFT CVUBSFJOTUFBEDPNQPTFEPGRVBSLT XIJDIIBWFGSBDUJPOBMDIBSHFT PDDVSJOQBJSTBOEUSJPT BOEDBOOFWFSCFEFUFDUFETJO HMZѮFRVBSLTBSFCPVOEUPHFUIFSCZFYDIBOHJOHHMVPOTѮFOBNFRVBSLJTBXIJNTJ DBMEFTJHOBUJPOUBLFOGSPNBQBTTBHFJO+BNFT+PZDFT ¢ 'JOOFHBOT8BLF XIJDIJODMVEFTiѮSFFRVBSLTGPS.VTUFS.BSLu &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFSTBOEDPTNPMPHJTUT'SFE)PZMF m BOE3PHFS+5BZMFS m QSPQPTFUIBUIFMJVNXBTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHUIFWFSZIPU FBSMZTUBHFTPGUIF FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF JOUIFBNPVOUTOPXPCTFSWFEJOOFCVMBFBOETUBST ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3PCFSU 1 ,SBѫ m BOOPVODFT UIBU NBOZ FYOPWBFPDDVSJODMPTF TIPSUQFSJPECJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNTJOXIJDIPOFDPNQPOFOUJT BXIJUFEXBSGTUBS)JTDPODMVTJPOTXFSFFYUFOTJPOTPGPCTFSWBUJPOTCZUIF"NFSJDBO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BTUSPOPNFST.FSMF'8BMLFS ¢ BOE"MGSFE)+PZ ¢ XIPSFTQFD UJWFMZTIPXFE JOBOE UIBUUXPPMEOPWBFXFSFDPNQPOFOUTPGCJOBSZTUBSTJO UJHIUPSCJUBCPVUFBDIPUIFS XIFSFUIFBUNPTQIFSFPGPOFDPNQPOFOUNJHIUPWFSëPX UPUIFPUIFSPOF ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXJO&4BMQFUFS m BOEUIF3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJ DJTU:BLPW#;FMEPWJDI m JOEFQFOEFOUMZQSPQPTFUIBURVBTBSTBSFQPXFSFE CZTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFTBUUIFJSDFOUFST "NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ BOOPVODFTUIBUSBEBSPCTFSWBUJPOT PG7FOVTGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOEJDBUFUIBU7FOVTSPUBUFTXJUIBQFSJPEPG &BSUIEBZT JOUIFSFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO MPOHFSUIBOUIFQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG &BSUIEBZT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST+BNFT&(VOO ¢ BOE#SVDF1FUFSTPO ¢ TIPX IPXUIFBCTFODFPGBUPNJDIZESPHFOBCTPSQUJPOJOUIFMJHIUPGEJTUBOURVBTBSTQMBDFT TUSJOHFOUMJNJUTPOUIFBNPVOUPGJOUFSHBMBDUJDVOJPOJ[FEIZESPHFO *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF .BSJOFS TQBDFDSBѫ TIPX UIBU DBSCPO EJPYJEF JT UIF NBJO JOHSFEJFOUPGUIF.BSUJBOBUNPTQIFSF CVUUIBUJUIBTBSFMBUJWFMZMPXTVSGBDFQSFTTVSF &OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU3PHFS1FOSPTF m QVCMJTIFTIJTEJTDPWFSZUIBUCMBDLIPMFT NVTUIBWFBTJOHVMBSJUZ (FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBO SBEJP FOHJOFFS "SOP " 1FO[JBT ¢ BOE "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS 3PCFSU 8 8JMTPO ¢ SFQPSU UIFJS EJTDPWFSZ PG UIF DPTNJD NJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO XIJMFEFUFSNJOJOHUIFTPVSDFTPGFYDFTTOPJTFJOB IPSOBOUFOOBBUUIF#FMM5FMFQIPOF-BCPSBUPSJFTѮFSBEJBUJPOXBTDPNJOHGSPNBMM EJSFDUJPOTBUBXBWFMFOHUIPGDFOUJNFUFSTXJUIBUFNQFSBUVSFPGUISFFEFHSFFTLFMWJO *OBDPNQBOJPOBSUJDMFJOUIFTBNFJTTVFPGUIF"TUSPQIZTJDBM+PVSOBM UIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU3PCFSU)%JDLF ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTFYQMBJOUIFPCTFSWFEUISFF EFHSFFLFMWJOSBEJBUJPOBTUIFGBJOU DPPMFESFMJDHMPXPGUIFQSJNFWBM#JH#BOHUIBU JOJUJBUFE UIF FYQBOTJPO PG UIF 6OJWFSTF ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTUT 3BMQI " "MQIFS ¢ BOE3PCFSU$)FSNBO ¢ IBEBMSFBEZTIPXOJOUIBUBDVSSFOU CBDLHSPVOEUFNQFSBUVSFPGBCPVUEFHSFFTLFMWJOSFTVMUTGSPNUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF CJMMJPOEFHSFF#JH#BOH1FO[JBTBOE8JMTPOXFSFBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO 1IZTJDTGPSUIFJSEJTDPWFSZPGUIFDPTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO "NFSJDBOSBEBSBTUSPOPNFST(PSEPO)1FUUFOHJMM ¢ BOE3PMG#%ZDF ¢ BOOPVODFUIBUSBEBSPCTFSWBUJPOTPG.FSDVSZGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOEJDBUFE UIBU.FSDVSZSPUBUFTXJUIBQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZT KVTUPGJUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG &BSUIEBZT ѮF /PCFM 1SJ[F JO 1IZTJDT JT BXBSEFE UP +BQBOFTF QIZTJDJTU 4JO*UJSP 5PNPOBHB ¢ BOE"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUT3JDIBSE1'FZONBO ¢ BOE+VMJBO 4DIXJOHFS ¢ GPS UIFJS GVOEBNFOUBM XPSL JO RVBOUVN FMFDUSPEZOBNJDT XJUI JNQPSUBOU JNQMJDBUJPOT GPS UIF QIZTJDT PG FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMFT ѮFZ QSPQPTFE UIBUTVQQPTFEMZFNQUZ TVCBUPNJDTQBDFTFFUIFTXJUIWBDVVNFOFSHZJOUIFGPSNPG

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

WJSUVBMQBSUJDMFTUIBUTQPOUBOFPVTMZQPQJOBOEPVUPGFYJTUFODFJOTPTIPSUBUJNFUIBU POFDBOOPUNFBTVSFUIFNEJSFDUMZ#VUUIFVOTFFOiWJSUVBMuQBSUJDMFTEPQSPEVDFQSF EJDUBCMFFĒFDUTPOiSFBMuFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFT BOEUIFTFFĒFDUTIBWFCFFOEFUFDUFEJO UIFMBCPSBUPSZ $BOBEJBOHFPMPHJTU+PIO5V[P8JMTPO ¢ GPSNVMBUFTBOFXDPODFQUPGQMBUF UFDUPOJDTJOBQBQFSFOUJUMFE"/FX$MBTTPG'BVMUTBOEѮFJS#FBSJOHPO$POUJOFOUBM %SJѫ"DDPSEJOHUPUIJTUIFPSZ UIF&BSUITPVUFSTIFMMJTTVCEJWJEFEJOUPBNPTBJDPG MBSHF SJHJE QMBUFT UIBU BSF JO DPOUJOVBM NPUJPO QSPEVDJOH FBSUIRVBLFT BOE CVJMEJOH NPVOUBJOT BU UIFJS CPVOEBSJFT CZUFDUPOJDT GSPN UIF (SFFL XPSE GPS iDBSQFOUFSu PS iCVJMEJOHuѮFNPWJOHQMBUFTDBSSZDPOUJOFOUTPOUIFJSCBDLT BDDPVOUJOHGPSDPOUJOFO UBMESJѫ BOEBSFQVTIFEBMPOHCZUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPS "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST4UJSMJOH"$PMHBUF ¢ BOE3JDIBSE)8IJUF ¢ VTFDBMDVMBUJPOTEFWFMPQFEGPSOVDMFBSCPNCTUVEJFTEVSJOH8PSME8BS**UPEFTDSJCF UIFFYQMPTJWFTIPDLTEFWFMPQFECZFYQMPEJOHTUBSTDBMMFETVQFSOPWBF BOEQSPQPTFUIBU KVTUBTNBMMGSBDUJPOPGUIFOFVUSJOPTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHUIFJNQMPTJPOPGUIFTUFMMBSDPSF XPVMEMFBEUPJUTFYQMPTJPO 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUT*HPS%/PWJLPW ¢ BOE:BLPW#;FMEPWJDI ¢ QSPQPTFUIBUBCMBDLIPMFNJHIUCFEFUFDUFECZUIF9SBZSBEJBUJPOPGNBUFSJBMGBMMJOH JOUPJUGSPNBOFBSCZTUBSUIBUJTPSCJUJOHUIFCMBDLIPMFѮFCMBDLIPMFVTFTJUTQPXFS GVMHSBWJUZUPTVDLJOUIFPVUFSMBZFSTPGJUTDPNQBOJPO BOEBTUIFJOGBMMJOHNBUFSJBM JTDPNQSFTTFEUPêUJOUPUIFIPMF JUJTIFBUFEUPNJMMJPOTPGEFHSFFTLFMWJO FNJUUJOH BMNPTUBMMPGJUTSBEJBUJPOBU9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT "NFSJDBODPTNPMPHJTU1+BNFT&1FFCMFT m VTFTUIFPCTFSWFEDPTNJDNJDSPXBWF CBDLHSPVOE SBEJBUJPO UP FYUSBQPMBUF CBDLXBSE JOUP UJNF BOE DPNQVUF UIF BNPVOU PG IFMJVNQSPEVDFEJOUIF#JH#BOH TIPXJOHUIBUJTBCPVUQFSDFOUCZNBTT DPNQBSBCMF UPUIFBNPVOUOPXPCTFSWFEJOTUBSTBOEOFCVMBF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST1FUFS(3PMM m BOE%BWJE58JMLJOTPO m DPOêSNUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFUISFFEFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO BU BXBWFMFOHUIPGDFOUJNFUFST "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU 3BZNPOE %BWJT +S ¢ EFUFDUT OFVUSJOPT FNJUUFE GSPN UIF4VOVTJOHBNBTTJWFDPOUBJOFSPGDMFBOJOHëVJECVSJFEEFFQVOEFSHSPVOEJOUIF )PNFTUBLF(PME.JOFOFBS-FBE 4PVUI%BLPUBѮJTQJPOFFSJOHFYQFSJNFOUXBT DPOUJOVFEGPSNPSFUIBOBRVBSUFSDFOUVSZ BMXBZTEFUFDUJOHBCPVUPOFUIJSEPGUIF FYQFDUFE BNPVOU PG TPMBS OFVUSJOPT ѮJT EJTDSFQBODZ CFUXFFO UIF PCTFSWFE BOE QSFEJDUFEBNPVOUT LOPXOBTUIFTPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN XBTFWFOUVBMMZSFTPMWFE XIFO JU XBT SFBMJ[FE UIBU TPNF OFVUSJOPT XFSF DIBOHJOH GPSN PO UIFJS XBZ GSPN UIF 4VO UP UIF TVCUFSSBOFBO FYQFSJNFOU UIFSFCZ FMVEJOH EFUFDUJPO %BWJT BOE UIF +BQBOFTF QIZTJDJTU .BTBUPTIJ ,PTIJCB ¢ TIBSFE UIF /PCFM 1SJ[F

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

JO 1IZTJDT GPS UIFJS EJTDPWFSZ PG DPTNJD OFVUSJOPT ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3JDDBSEP(JBDDPOJ ¢ BMTPTIBSFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FGPSIJTEJTDPWFSZPG DPTNJD9SBZT 8IJMFJOWFTUJHBUJOHTDJOUJMMBUJPOTPGDPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFTQSPEVDFECZUIFTPMBSXJOE &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS "OUPOZ )FXJTI ¢

BOE IJT *SJTI HSBEVBUF TUVEFOU +PDFMZO#FMM ¢ EJTDPWFSUIFSBQJEQFSJPEJDCVSTUTPGUIFêSTULOPXOQVMTBS EFT JHOBUFE $1 XIPTF SBEJP CVSTUT SFQFBUFE BU QSFDJTFMZ TFDPOET XJUI FBDI CVSTU MBTUJOH POMZ NJMMJTFDPOET )FXJTI XBT BXBSEFE UIF /PCFM 1SJ[F JO 1IZTJDTGPSIJTEFDJTJWFSPMFJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGQVMTBST *UBMJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 'SBODP 1BDJOJ m OPUFT UIBU UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM FOFSHZ SFMFBTFEEVSJOHUIFDPMMBQTFPGBOPSNBMTUBSJOUPBOFVUSPOTUBSXJMMCFDPOWFSUFEJOUP SPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZ BOEUIBUUIFTUFMMBSNBHOFUJDêFMEXJMMCFBNQMJêFEEVSJOHUIFDPM MBQTF"TBSFTVMU BOFVUSPOTUBSIBTBTUSPOH SBQJEMZSPUBUJOHNBHOFUJDêFMEUIBUDBO HFOFSBUFSBEJBUJPO QSPWJEJOHUIFMVNJOPTJUZPGUIF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU PWFSJUTFOUJSFMJGFUJNF "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFST #SVDF 1BSUSJEHF m BOE %BWJE 5 8JMLJOTPO m TIPXUIBUUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOJTSFNBSLBCMZVOJ GPSN XJUIUIFTBNFUFNQFSBUVSFNFBTVSFEJOFWFSZEJSFDUJPOUPXJUIJOQFSDFOU ѮFPSFUJDBMBTUSPQIZTJDJTUT'SBOL)4IV m BOE$IJB$-JO m TIPXIPX EFOTJUZXBWFTUFNQPSBSJMZDPODFOUSBUFTUBSTJOTQJSBMBSNT "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT 3PCFSU 7 8BHPOFS m BOE 8JMMJBN " i8JMMZu 'PXMFS m UFBNVQXJUI&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU'SFE)PZMF m UPNBLFUIFêSTUEFUBJMFEDBMDVMBUJPOTPGBMMUIFMJHIUFMFNFOUTmEFVUFSJVN IFMJVN BOEMJUIJVNmQSPEVDFEEVSJOHUIFFBSMZTUBHFTPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF TIPXJOH UIBUUIFZBSFDSFBUFEJOBNPVOUTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIPTFPCTFSWFEOPXJGUIFQSFTFOU SBEJBUJPOUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOEJTBCPVUUISFFEFHSFFT LFMWJO ѮF"EWBODFE3FTFBSDI1SPKFDU"HFODZ BCCSFWJBUFE"31"BOEGVOEFECZUIF6OJUFE 4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG%FGFOTF CFHJOTDPOTUSVDUJPOPG"31"/&5 UIFQSPUPUZQFPGB DPNQVUFSOFUXPSLUIBUMFEUPUIF*OUFSOFU "VTUSJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU ѮPNBT (PME m QSPQPTFT UIBU SBEJPQVMTBSTBSFIJHIMZNBHOFUJ[FE SBQJEMZSPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBST TVDDFTTGVMMZQSF EJDUJOHUIBUUIFQVMTBSQFSJPETXJMMMFOHUIFOBTUIFTUBSMPTFTSPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZBOEUIBU QVMTBSTXJUINVDITIPSUFSQFSJPETXJMMCFGPVOE &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS "OUPOZ )FXJTI ¢

IJT *SJTI HSBEVBUF TUVEFOU +PDFMZO#FMM ¢ BOEUIFJSDPMMFBHVFTQVCMJTIUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFêSTUSBEJPQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE$1 BOEUISFFXFFLTMBUFSQVCMJTIUIFJSEJTDPWFSZPGUISFFBEEJUJPOBM QVMTBST)FXJTIXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSIJTEFDJTJWFSPMFJO UIFEJTDPWFSZPGQVMTBST

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU -ZNBO 4QJU[FS +S m QVCMJTIFT IJT CPPL %JĒVTF.BUUFSJO4QBDF XIJDITVNNBSJ[FTUIFWBSJPVTQSPDFTTFTUIBUEFUFSNJOFUIF UFNQFSBUVSF BOE QIZTJDBM TUBUF PG JOUFSTUFMMBS IZESPHFO EFMJOFBUFE JO UIF QSFDFEJOH EFDBEFTCZ4QJU[FSBOEPUIFST "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU$IBSMFT)5PXOFT ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEFUFDUUIFSBEJP TJHOBUVSFTPGJOUFSTUFMMBSXBUFSBOEBNNPOJBNPMFDVMFT ѮF*UBMJBOQBSUJDMFQIZTJDJTU(BCSJFMF7FOF[JBOP ¢ EFWFMPQTBUIFPSFUJDBMEFTDSJQ UJPOPGUIFTUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF XIJDIXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZJOUFSQSFUFECZPUIFSQBSUJDMF UIFPSJTUT JO UFSNT PG MJUUMF WJCSBUJOH BOE POFEJNFOTJPOBM TUSJOHT "MUIPVHI B NPSF DPOWJODJOHUIFPSZ LOPXOBTRVBOUVNDISPNPEZOBNJDT XBTEFSJWFEBSPVOEUP EFTDSJCFUIFTUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF UIFTUSJOHUIFPSZXBTFWFOUVBMMZEFWFMPQFEBTBDBOEJ EBUFUIFPSZGPSVOJUJOHRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDT QBSUJDMFQIZTJDTBOEHSBWJUZ BOEBQQMJFEUP UIFWFSZFBSMZTUBHFTPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFCFGPSFBIZQPUIFUJDBMJOëBUJPO 3BEBSNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFEJTUBODFUP7FOVTFTUBCMJTIBQSFDJTFWBMVFPGNJM MJPOLJMPNFUFSTGPSUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO UIF"TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJU BCCSFWJBUFE"6 ѮF$IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDF BCCSFWJBUFE$$% JTJOWFOUFEBUUIF#FMM5FMFQIPOF-BCP SBUPSJFT*UIBTCFFOXJEFMZVTFEUPJNQSPWFUIFMJHIUHBUIFSJOHQPXFSPGUFMFTDPQFT CPUIBTUSPOPNJDBMBOENJMJUBSZ "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST%POBME%$MBZUPO ¢

(FSBME+'JTINBO ¢ BOE 4UFSMJOH"$PMHBUF ¢ QSPQPTFUIBUOFXMZTZOUIFTJ[FESBEJPBDUJWFOJDLFMXJMM QPXFSUIFCSJMMJBOUMJHIUPVUQVUPGBTVQFSOPWB BOEUIBUUIFOJDLFMXJMMFWFOUVBMMZEFDBZ JOUPBCVOEBOUJSPO FNJUUJOHHBNNBSBZTJOUIFQSPDFTT4VQQPSUJOHFWJEFODFGPSUIFTF JEFBTDBNFGSPNPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFTVQFSOPWB4/" /"4"T-VOBS.PEVMF&BHMFDBSSJFTUXP"NFSJDBO"QPMMPBTUSPOBVUTUPUIFMVOBS TVSGBDFPO+VMZ BOE/FJM""SNTUSPOH ¢ CFDPNFTUIFêSTUIVNBOUP TFUGPPUPOUIF.PPOXJUI&EXJO&i#V[[u"MESJO+S ¢ BUIJTIFFMT &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS%POBME-ZOEFO#FMM ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUUIFOVDMFJPGOFBSCZ HBMBYJFTBSFUIFBHFE RVJFTDFOUDPVOUFSQBSUTPGZPVOHFS BDUJWFRVBTBST &OHMJTIUIFPSFUJDBMBTUSPOPNFS3PHFS1FOSPTF m TIPXTUIBUPOFDBOJOKFDUNBU UFSJOUPBSPUBUJOHCMBDLIPMFBOEFYUSBDUSPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZGSPNJU ¦ ѮF #SJUJTI QIZTJDJTU #SBOEPO $BSUFS ¢

XPSLJOH JO 'SBODF BOOPVODFT BO "OUISPQJD1SJODJQMF XIJDIBTTFSUTUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFXFPCTFSWFJTPOFUIBUJTDPNQBU JCMFXJUIPVSFYJTUFODFBTPCTFSWFST

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"VTUSBMJBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS ,FOOFUI $ 'SFFNBO ¢ OPUJDFT UIBU UIF PVUFS DMPVETPGIZESPHFOBUPNTJOTQJSBMHBMBYJFT EFUFDUFECZUIFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF NVTU CFNPWJOHVOEFSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGEBSLNBUUFSUIBUJTBUMFBTUBTNBTTJWFBT UIFNBTTPGUIFWJTJCMFTUBSTJOUIFHBMBYZ4FWFSBMSBEJPBTUSPOPNFSTTPPOTIPXFEUIBU UIFPVUFSQBSUTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFTNPWFVOFYQFDUFEMZGBTU TVHHFTUJOHUIBUFBDIHBMBYZ JTFOWFMPQFECZBIBMPPGEBSLNBUUFSBUMFBTUUJNFTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOJUTWJTJCMF DPNQPOFOUT &OHMJTIUIFPSFUJDBMBTUSPOPNFS4UFQIFO8)BXLJOH m TIPXTUIBUUIFBSFBPG UIFIPSJ[POPGBCMBDLIPMFDBOOFWFSEFDSFBTFBOENVTUBMXBZTJODSFBTF MJLFFOUSPQZ JOUIFSNPEZOBNJDT ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT$,FNQ m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTNFBTVSFUIF JOUFOTF NJMMJPO(BVTTNBHOFUJDêFMETPGXIJUFEXBSGTUBST DPOêSNJOHUIFJSDPNQBDU &BSUITJ[FESBEJJѮFNBHOFUJDëVYJTDPOTFSWFEJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF TPUIFNBH OFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIJTBNQMJêFECZUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFSBEJVT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST7FSB$3VCJO m BOE8,FOU'PSE m TIPXUIBU UIFPVUFS WJTJCMFQBSUTPGUIFOFBSFTUTQJSBMHBMBYZ "OESPNFEBPS. PSCJUJUTDFOUFS BT GBTU BT UIF JOOFS WJTJCMF QBSUT EP TVHHFTUJOH UIF QSFTFODF PG TVCTUBOUJBM BNPVOUT PGOPOMVNJOPVTNBUUFSUIBUIPMETUIFPVUFS GBTUNPWJOHSFHJPOTXJUIJOUIFHBMBYZ 3VCJOBOEIFSDPMMFBHVFTTVCTFRVFOUMZPCUBJOFETJNJMBSFWJEFODFGPSEBSLNBUUFSJO PUIFSOFBSCZTQJSBMHBMBYJFT ѮF6IVSVTBUFMMJUFXBTMBVODIFEGSPN,FOZBPO%FDFNCFS POUIFTFWFOUI BOOJWFSTBSZPG,FOZBOJOEFQFOEFODF XIFOJUXBTOBNFE6IVSV UIF4XBIJMJXPSEGPS iGSFFEPNu*UXBTFRVJQQFEXJUIBTFOTJUJWF9SBZUFMFTDPQFUIBUXBTVTFEUPEJTDPWFS CPUI QFSJPEJD BOE JSSFHVMBSMZ WBSJBCMF 9SBZ TPVSDFT TVCTFRVFOUMZ JEFOUJêFE XJUI SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBSTBOETUFMMBSCMBDLIPMFTJODMPTFPSCJUTBSPVOEPSEJOBSZWJTJCMF DPNQBOJPOTUBST*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE6IVSVBMTPEJTDPWFSFEUIFEJĒVTF9SBZFNJT TJPOGSPNDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT XIJDIBDDPVOUTGPSTPNFPGUIFTPDBMMFEEBSLNBUUFSJO UIF6OJWFSTFѮFNJTTJPOFOEFEJO.BSDI ѮF3VTTJBOQSPCF7FOFSBBDIJFWFTBTPѫMBOEJOHPO7FOVT PCUBJOJOHEJSFDUNFB TVSFNFOUTPGUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSFPGUIFQMBOFUTIPU EFOTFBUNPTQIFSFBMM UIFXBZUPUIFTVSGBDF XIFSFUIFUFNQFSBUVSFJTEFHSFFTLFMWJOBOEUIFQSFTTVSF UJNFTUIFBUNPTQIFSJDQSFTTVSFBUTFBMFWFMPO&BSUI /"4"MBVODIFEUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫUP.BSTPO.BZ*UPSCJUFEUIFSFE QMBOFUGPSOFBSMZBZFBS GSPN/PWFNCFSUP0DUPCFS PCUBJOJOHJNBHFT PGUPXFSJOHWPMDBOPFT WBTUDBOZPOT TVDIBTUIF7BMMFT.BSJOFSJTOBNFEGPSUIFTQBDF DSBѫ BOEEFFQ XJEFPVUëPXDIBOOFMTUIBUIBWFCFFOBUUSJCVUFEUPDBUBTUSPQIJDëPPET PGSVOOJOHXBUFSBUQSFWJPVTFQPDIT ѮFêSTUHPPE TQBDFCBTFEPCTFSWBUJPOPGBDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOJTPCUBJOFEPO %FDFNCFSVTJOHBDPSPOBHSBQIBCPBSE/"4"T4FWFOUI0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWB UPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE040

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

#" $%#$

"%%"! "%' $

"

$

&$%"&$!$"%'#$

'*( $ARKMATTERENVELOPSASPIRALGALAXY4HEROTATIONVELOCITYOFTHESPINNING SPIRALGALAXY.'#PLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFRADIUSFROMITSCENTERBOTTOM 4HE OBSERVEDNEUTRALHYDROGEN CENTIMETERDATAAREATTRIBUTEDTOANOPTICALLYLUMINOUSDISK CONTAININGALLTHEVISIBLESTARS ANDADARKHALOTHATCONTRIBUTESMOSTOFTHEMASSATDISTANT REGIONSFROMTHECENTER4HEYAREILLUSTRATEDINAHYPOTHETICALDRAWINGOFASPIRALGALAXY SEENFROMABOVEWITHITSVISIBLESTARSANDSURROUNDINGHALOOFDARKMATTERTOP 4HE FACTTHATTHEROTATIONALSPEEDOFTHECOOLHYDROGENGASREMAINSHIGHEVENATTHELARGEST DISTANCESINDICATESTHATTHEOUTERMOSTGASMUSTBECONSTRAINEDANDHELDINBYTHEGRAVITA TIONALPULLOFEXTRAMATTERFAROUTSIDETHEVISIBLEPARTOFTHEGALAXY

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOSBEBSBTUSPOPNFS*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTNFBTVSF UIFUSBWFMUJNFGPSBSBEBSTJHOBMGSPN&BSUIUP7FOVTBOESFUVSO XJUIFOPVHIQSFDJ TJPOUPEFUFSNJOFUIFFYUSBUJNFEFMBZDBVTFECZUIF4VOTDVSWBUVSFPGOFBSCZTQBDF DPOêSNJOH UIF (FOFSBM ѮFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ XJUI HSFBUFS BDDVSBDZ UIBO UIF WJTJCMF MJHIUTPMBSFDMJQTFSFTVMUTJO3BEJPBTUSPOPNFSTTVCTUBOUJBUFEUIFUIFPSZXJUI FWFOHSFBUFSBDDVSBDZJOUIFTCZPCTFSWJOHUIFDIBOHFJOUIFQPTJUJPOTPGSBEJP TPVSDFT BOEUIFEFMBZPGSBEJPTJHOBMTGSPNTQBDFDSBѫ XIFOUIFJSMJOFPGTJHIUQBTTFE OFBSUIF4VO 4XJTTTQBDFTDJFOUJTU+PIBOOFT(FJTT m BOE$BOBEJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS )VCFSU3FFWFT m QVCMJTINFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFTPMBSXJOEIFMJVNBCVOEBODF VTJOHGPJMDPMMFDUPSTVOGVSMFEPOUIF.PPOCZ"NFSJDBOBTUSPOBVUT &OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST#-PVJTF8FCTUFS m BOE1BVM.VSEJO m VTF PCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFWJTJCMFTUFMMBSDPNQBOJPOPGUIF9SBZTPVSDF$ZHOVT9UPTIPX UIBUUIFJOWJTJCMFDPNQBOJPOJTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOFJHIUTPMBSNBTTFT BOENPTUMJLFMZ BTUFMMBSCMBDLIPMFѮF$BOBEJBOBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT#PMUPO m JOEFQFOEFOUMZ DPOêSNFEUIFPCTFSWBUJPOTJOUIFTBNFZFBS "NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT3BZ8,MFCFTBEFM m

*BO#4USPOH m BOE3PZ" 0MTPO m BOOPVODFUIFEJTDPWFSZPGDPTNJDHBNNBSBZCVSTUTUIBUXFSFVOFY QFDUFEMZEFUFDUFETFWFSBMZFBSTCFGPSFVTJOHNJMJUBSZ7FMBTBUFMMJUFTEFTJHOFEUPNPOJUPS 4PWJFUDPNQMJBODFXJUIBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMUSFBUZCBOOJOHUIFUFTUTPGOVDMFBSXBSIFBETJO UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFPSJOPVUFSTQBDF "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT +FSFNJBI 1 0TUSJLFS m BOE 1 +BNFT & 1FFCMFT m TIPXUIBUUIFTUFMMBSEJTLTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFTDBOOPUSFNBJOTUBCMFVOMFTTUIFZ BSFTVSSPVOEFECZIVHF SPVHIMZTQIFSJDBMIBMPTPGEBSL JOWJTJCMFNBUUFSUIBUDPOTUSBJO BOENPMEUIFTQJSBMHBMBYJFTGSPNPVUTJEF $BOBEJBOCPSO 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS )VCFSU 3FFWFT m

'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS +FBO "VEPV[F m BOE "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 8JMMJBN " i8JMMZu 'PXMFS m BOE%BWJE/4DISBNN m TIPXUIBUEFVUFSJVNDBOOPUCF NBEFJOTUBST CVUNVTUCFNBEFJOUIF#JH#BOH VTJOHDPNQBSJTPOTPGUIFPCTFSWFE EFVUFSJVNBCVOEBODFXJUIQSJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJTDBMDVMBUJPOTUPPCUBJOBDDV SBUFNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFCBSZPOEFOTJUZPGUIF6OJWFSTF JOCPUIWJTJCMFBOEJOWJT JCMF GPSN *U JT XFMM CFMPX UIF DSJUJDBM EFOTJUZ OFFEFE UP TUPQ UIF FYQBOTJPO PG UIF 6OJWFSTFJOUIFGVUVSF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST +PIO # 3PHFSTPO m BOE %POBME ( :PSL m BOOPVODFUIFJSEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGUIFJOUFSTUFMMBSEFVUFSJVNBCVOEBODFVTJOHVMUSBWJP MFUTQFDUSPTDPQZUPXBSEUIFCSJHIUTUBS#FUB$FOUBVSJGSPN/"4"T$PQFSOJDVTTBUFMMJUF UIFѮJSE0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ XJUIBOBCVOEBODFDMPTFUPUIBUEFUFSNJOFEGPS UIFTPMBSXJOEGSPNUIF"QPMMPNJTTJPOCZUIF4XJTTTQBDFTDJFOUJTU+PIBOOFT(FJTT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

m BOEUIF$BOBEJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS)VCFSU3FFWFT m SFQPSUFE UIFGPMMPXJOHZFBS /"4"TNBOOFEPSCJUJOHTPMBSPCTFSWBUPSZ 4LZMBC JTMBVODIFEPO.BZ BOE NBOOFECZUISFFQFSTPODSFXTVOUJM'FCSVBSZѮF"QPMMP5FMFTDPQF.PVOUPO 4LZMBCXBTVTFEUPTQBUJBMMZSFTPMWFTPMBSëBSFTBUTPѫ9SBZBOEVMUSBWJPMFUXBWFMFOHUIT UP GVMMZ DPOêSN DPSPOBM IPMFT DPSPOBM MPPQT BOE 9SBZ CSJHIU QPJOUT GSPN 9SBZ QIPUPHSBQITPGUIF4VO BOEUPPCTFSWFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQI êOEJOHUIBUNBOZDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTBSFOPUBTTPDJBUFEXJUITPMBSëBSFTBOEUIBU TPNFNPWFGBTUFOPVHIUPQSPEVDFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTIPDLT *O B QBQFS FOUJUMFE *T UIF 6OJWFSTF B 7BDVVN 'MVDUVBUJPO UIF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU &EXBSE5SZPO m QSPQPTFTUIBUPVS6OJWFSTFPSJHJOBUFEBTBRVBOUVNëVDUVB UJPO JO UIF WBDVVN QSPWJEJOH UIF êSTU TDJFOUJêD NFDIBOJTN CZ XIJDI UIF 6OJWFSTF NJHIUTQPOUBOFPVTMZIBWFBSJTFOGSPNiOPUIJOHu ѮF*UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(JVTFQQF47BJBOB m BOEIJTDPM MFBHVFTBUUIF"NFSJDBO4DJFODFBOE&OHJOFFSJOH$PNQBOZVTFIJHISFTPMVUJPO TPMBS 9SBZPCTFSWBUJPOT UBLFOGSPNSPDLFUT UPEJTDPWFSMPPQT IPMFTBOECSJHIUQPJOUTJO UIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PHFS%#MBOEGPSE m BOE&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO 3FFT ¢ QSPQPTF UIBU B SPUBUJOH TVQFSNBTTJWF CMBDL IPMF HFOFSBUFT NBHOFUJD êFMETBOEQSPQFMTIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOTBMPOHJUTSPUBUJPOBYJT DSFBUJOHUIFSBEJPKFUT BOEMPCFTGPVOEJOSBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST "NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST3VTTFMM")VMTF m BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S m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¢ BOE'4IFSXPPE3PXMBOE ¢

TIPXUIBUUIFDIMPSJOFJONBONBEFDIFNJDBMTDBMMFEDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOTXJMMEFTUSPZ FOPSNPVT BNPVOUT PG P[POF JO UIF BUNPTQIFSF .PMJOB BOE 3PXMBOE XFSF BXBSEFE UIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO$IFNJTUSZ UPHFUIFSXJUIUIF(FSNBODIFNJTU 1BVM+$SVU[FO ¢

GPSUIFJSXPSLJOBUNPTQIFSJDDIFNJTUSZ QBSUJDVMBSMZDPODFSOJOHUIFGPSNB UJPOBOEEFDPNQPTJUJPOPGP[POF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST+FSFNJBI0TUSJLFS m

1+BNFT&1FFCMFT m BOE "NPT:BIJM m TIPXUIBUHBMBYZNBTTFTJODSFBTFMJOFBSMZXJUISBEJVTPVUUPB NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBOEBNBTTPGBUSJMMJPO PS UJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO JOEJDBUJOHUIBU BCPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFNBTTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFTJTEBSLBOEJOWJTJCMF FOWFMPQJOHUIFJS TNBMMFS WJTJCMFTUFMMBSDPNQPOFOUѮF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFST+BBO&JOBTUP m

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"OUT ,BBTJL m BOE &OO 4BBS m QSFTFOUFE EZOBNJDBM FWJEFODF GPS TVDI NBTTJWF VOTFFOIBMPFTPGHBMBYJFTBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNF ѮFêSTUPCTFSWBUJPOTBSFPCUBJOFEGSPNUIF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ BCCSFWJBUFE7-" BSBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFSMPDBUFEOFBS4PDPSSP /FX.FYJDP*UCFDBNFGVMMZPQFSBUJPOBMJO /"4"T7JLJOHBOE7JLJOHTQBDFDSBѫBSFMBVODIFE PO"VHVTUBOE4FQ UFNCFSSFTQFDUJWFMZ FBDIDPOTJTUJOHPGBOPSCJUFSBOEBMBOEFSѮFPSCJUFSTJNBHFE UIFFOUJSFTVSGBDFPG.BSTBUBSFTPMVUJPOPGUPNFUFST TIPXJOHWPMDBOPFT MBWB QMBJOT JNNFOTFDBOZPOT DSBUFSFEBSFBT XJOEGPSNFEGFBUVSFTBOEFWJEFODFGPSDBUB TUSPQIJDëPPETPGXBUFSBDSPTTUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDFJOUIFQBTUѮFMBOEFSTGPVOEOP EFUFDUBCMF PSHBOJD NPMFDVMFT JNQMZJOH UIBU UIJT QBSU PG UIF TVSGBDF OPX DPOUBJOT OP DFMMT MJWJOH EPSNBOU PS EFBE ѮF MBOEFST BMTP QSPWJEFE ZFBST PG JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU MPDBM.BSUJBOXFBUIFS "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST4BOESB.'BCFS m BOE3PCFSU&+BDLTPO m EJTDPWFS BOFXNFUIPEPGEFUFSNJOJOHUIFEJTUBODFPGBOFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZUISPVHIBDPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFOJUTJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZBOEJUTWFMPDJUZEJTQFSTJPO XIJDIJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF 'BCFS+BDLTPOSFMBUJPO "NFSJDBODMJNBUFTDJFOUJTUT+BNFT%)BZT m BOE+PIO*NCSJF m BOE &OHMJTIHFPQIZTJDJTU/JDIPMBT+i/JDLu4IBDLMFUPO m VTFBOBOBMZTJTPGPYZHFO JTPUPQFTJOEFFQTFBTFEJNFOUTUPTIPXUIBUUIFUJNJOHPGUIFNBKPSJDFBHFTJTDPO USPMMFECZWBSJBUJPOTJOUIF&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO BTTVHHFTUFECZUIF4FSCJBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO.JMVUJO.JMBOLPWJUDI m JOUP"OBMZTJTPGJDF DPSFTESJMMFEJO"OUBSDUJDBBOE(SFFOMBOEGPSUXPEFDBEFTBѫFSDPOêSNFEUIBU UIFNBKPSJDFBHFTBSFJOJUJBUFEFWFSZUIPVTBOEZFBSTCZPSCJUBMJOEVDFEDIBOHFTJO UIFJOUFOTJUZBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTVOMJHIUBSSJWJOHBU&BSUI .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPN B 6 TQZ QMBOF VOEFS UIF TVQFSWJTJPO PG 1SJODJQBM *OWFTUJHB UPS3JDIBSE".VMMFS ¢

DPODMVTJWFMZEFNPOTUSBUFBEJQPMBSBOJTPUSPQZJOUIF DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO BUUSJCVUFEUPUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUPGUIF&BSUIT NPUJPOUISPVHIUIF6OJWFSTF "NFSJDBO PDFBOPHSBQIFST EJWJOH VOEFSXBUFS JO UIF EFFQTFB TVCNFSTJCMF WFTTFM OBNFE"MWJO EJTDPWFSUIBUMJWJOHDSFBUVSFTTVDIBTUVCFXPSNTQSPMJGFSBUFVOEFSEBSL IJHIQSFTTVSFDPOEJUJPOTBUUIFCPUUPNPGUIFPDFBO GFFEJOHPONBUFSJBMTFNFSHJOH GSPNEFFQTFBWPMDBOJDWFOUT "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT-&MMJPU ¢ VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPWFSTUIFUIJO XJEFMZ TQBDFESJOHTPG6SBOVT KVTUCFGPSFBOEBѫFSPCTFSWJOHBTUBSQBTTCFIJOEUIFQMBOFU "NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU%BWJE/4DISBNN m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTVTFDPN QVUBUJPOTPGUIFTZOUIFTJTPGIFMJVNJOUIFFBSMZNPNFOUTPGUIF#JH#BOHUPMJNJUUIF OVNCFSPGGBNJMJFTPGFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFTJOUIF6OJWFSTF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST3#SFOU5VMMZ m BOE+3JDIBSE'JTIFS m EJT DPWFS B OFX NFUIPE PG EFUFSNJOJOH EJTUBODFT UP TQJSBM HBMBYJFT VTJOH B DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFOUIFJSJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZBOEUIFJSWFMPDJUZPGSPUBUJPO BTNFBTVSFEGSPNUIF XJEUIPGUIFDFOUJNFUFSIZESPHFOMJOFѮJTDPSSFMBUJPOJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF5VMMZ 'JTIFSSFMBUJPO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT 8 $ISJTUZ ¢ OPUJDFT B WBSZJOH FMPOHBUJPO PO JNBHFTUBLFOUPSFêOFUIFPSCJUPG1MVUP SFBMJ[JOHUIBUUIFDIBOHJOHPSJFOUBUJPOPGUIF FMPOHBUJPOJNQMJFEUIBU1MVUPIBTBTBUFMMJUFBOEBOOPVODJOHUIFEJTDPWFSZPO+VMZ )JTDPMMFBHVF 3PCFSU4)BSSJOHUPO ¢

DBMDVMBUFEUIBU1MVUPBOEJUT NPPOXPVMEVOEFSHPBTFSJFTPGNVUVBMFDMJQTFTBOEPDDVMUBUJPO CFHJOOJOHJOFBSMZ ѮFêSTUTVDDFTTGVMPCTFSWBUJPOPGPOFPGUIFTFFWFOUT PO'FCSVBSZ GVMMZ DPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFTBUFMMJUF XIJDIXBTPēDJBMMZOBNFE$IBSPO*UNPWFT BSPVOE1MVUPBUBEJTUBODFPG LJMPNFUFST PODFFWFSZ&BSUIEBZT JNQMZJOH UIBU1MVUPIBTBNBTTPGPOMZQFSDFOU PGUIF&BSUITNBTT /"4"MBVODIFEUIF&JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZ UIFêSTUGVMMZJNBHJOH9SBZUFMFTDPQF PO /PWFNCFS*UPSCJUFE&BSUIBOEPCUBJOFEEBUBVOUJM"QSJM XJUIBTFO TJUJWJUZTFWFSBMIVOESFEUJNFTHSFBUFSUIBOBOZ9SBZNJTTJPOCFGPSFJUѮF&JOTUFJO 0CTFSWBUPSZQSPWJEFEUIFêSTUIJHISFTPMVUJPO9SBZTUVEJFTPGTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT EJTDPWFSFEVOFYQFDUFEMZJOUFOTFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOGSPNNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST SFTPMWFE OVNFSPVT9SBZTPVSDFTJOOFBSCZHBMBYJFT BOEEFUFDUFE9SBZKFUTGSPN$FOUBVSVT "BOE. BMJHOFEXJUISBEJPKFUTѮFPCTFSWBUPSZJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ XIPSFWPMVUJPOJ[FEPVSVOEFSTUBOE JOHPGTQBDF NBUUFSBOEUJNF 4UFQIFO"(SFHPSZ m BOE-BJSE"ѮPNQTPO m êOEUIBUOFBSCZHBMBYZ DMVTUFSTBSFMJOLFEUPHFUIFSCZCSJEHFTPGHBMBYJFT BOETQFDVMBUFUIBUBMMSJDIDMVTUFSTBSF MPDBUFEJOTVDITVQFSDMVTUFST /"4"T *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE *6& TBUFMMJUF PCUBJOFE PWFS VMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTCFUXFFO+BOVBSZBOE4FQUFNCFS &OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU.BSUJO3FFT ¢ TIPXTIPXBSFMBUJWJTUJDKFU NPWJOHUPXBSE BOPCTFSWFSBUOFBSMZUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU DBOTFFNUPNPWFBUTVQFSMVNJOBMTQFFE BOE BMTPBDDPVOUGPSUIFPOFTJEFESBEJPKFUTPCTFSWFEGPSTPNFSBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST &OHMJTICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMMBDF4BSHFOU m BOEIJTDPMMBCPSBUPST PCUBJOEZOBNJDBMFWJEFODFGPSBWFSZNBTTJWFDPSFJOUIFHJBOUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZ. NPTU MJLFMZ B TVQFSNBTTJWF CMBDL IPMF DPOUBJOJOH CJMMJPOT PG TPMBS NBTTFT XJUIJO B SBEJVTPGMJHIUZFBST "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT 3PCFSU ) %JDLF ¢ BOE 1 +BNFT & 1FFCMFT ¢ SFWJFXWBSJPVTFOJHNBTBOEOPTUSVNTPG#JH#BOHDPTNPMPHZ JODMVEJOHUIF ëBUOFTTBOEIPSJ[POQSPCMFNT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS#SVDF.BSHPO m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTBOOPVODFUIFEJT DPWFSZ PG WBSZJOH XBWFMFOHUI DIBOHFT JO UIF PQUJDBM FNJTTJPO MJOFT PG 44 XJUI TJNVMUBOFPVTSFETIJѫTBOECMVFTIJѫT*UJTMJTUFEBTUIFSEPCKFDUJOUIFDBUBMPHVF PGFNJTTJPOMJOFTUBSTDSFBUFECZ$IBSMFT#SVDF4UFQIFOTPO ¢ BOE/JDIPMBT 4BOEVMFBL ¢ JO*GUIFXBWFMFOHUIDIBOHFTXFSFBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF%PQQMFS FĒFDUPGTPVSDFNPUJPO UIFOUIFTUBSTFFNFEUPCFCPUIDPNJOHBOEHPJOHXJUITQFFET PGVQUP LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE#VUUIFTUBSJUTFMGXBTOUNPWJOHNBUUFSXBT CFJOH FKFDUFE JO UXP OBSSPX DPMMJNBUFE KFUT PG NBUUFS GSPN B DFOUSBM OFVUSPO TUBS "CSJHIUNBTTJWFDPNQBOJPOTUBS XFJHIJOHJOBUUPTPMBSNBTTFTJTMPTJOHJUTPVUFS MBZFSTJOBTUFMMBSXJOEUIBUëPXTEPXOUPXBSEUIFOFVUSPOTUBS PWFSMPBEJOHBOBDDSF UJPOEJTLUIBUDBOOPUEJHFTUBMMPGUIFJOGBMMJOHNBUUFSBOEUIFSFGPSFIVSMTTPNFPGJUPVU JOPQQPTJUFEJSFDUJPOTBMPOHUIFUJHIUMZDPMMJNBUFEKFUT 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"MFYFJ"4UBSPCJOTLZ ¢ QSPQPTFTBOFXLJOEPGDPTNP MPHJDBMNPEFM CBTFEPORVBOUVNHSBWJUZ JOXIJDIUIFFBSMZ6OJWFSTFXFOUUISPVHIB TUBHFPGFYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO /"4"T7PZBHFSBOE7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫëZCZ+VQJUFS NFBTVSJOHUIFQMBOFUTXJOET BOEFYDFTTIFBU EJTDPWFSJOHBDUJWFWPMDBOPFTPOUIFHJBOUQMBOFUTTBUFMMJUF *P BOEêOE JOHBSJOHBSPVOE+VQJUFS ¦ "NFSJDBOHFPMPHJTU8BMUFS"MWBSF[ ¢

IJTQIZTJDJTUGBUIFS-VJT8BMUFS"MWBSF[ ¢

BOEUIFJSDPMMFBHVFTEJTDPWFSBUIJOMBZFSPGDMBZUIBUJTSJDIJOUIFSBSF FMFNFOUJSJEJVN EFQPTJUFEBDSPTTUIF&BSUINJMMJPOZFBSTBHPXIFOUIFEJOPTBVST EJTBQQFBSFEѮFZQSPQPTFUIBUUIFJSJEVNXBTEFMJWFSFEXIFOBIVHFBTUFSPJETUSVDL UIF&BSUINJMMJPOZFBSTBHP EFTUSPZJOHNPTUPGUIFQMBOFUTMJGFGPSNT JODMVEJOHUIF EJOPTBVST /"4"MBVODIFTUIF4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO BCCSFWJBUFE4.. TBUFMMJUFPO'FCSV BSZ XJUIBOJOPSCJUSFQBJSGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFSPO"QSJM BOEBNJTTJPOFOEPO/PWFNCFS*UFYDFMMFEJO9SBZBOEHBNNBSBZTQFDUSPT DPQZPGTPMBSëBSFT BOEJODPSPOBHSBQIPCTFSWBUJPOTPGDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOT EVSJOH BNBYJNVNJOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF3BEJPNFUSJDEBUBUBLFOGSPN4..EVS JOHUIFEFDBEFBѫFSMBVODIXFSFVTFEUPTIPXUIBUUIFUPUBMTPMBSJSSBEJBODFPG&BSUI LOPXOBTUIFTPMBSDPOTUBOU WBSJFTJOTUFQXJUIUIFZFBSDZDMFPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZѮF TPDBMMFETPMBSDPOTUBOUIBTBUPUBMEFDMJOFBOESJTFPGBCPVUQFSDFOU ѮFSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUSJD7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ PS7-"GPSTIPSU CFDBNFGVMMZPQFSB UJPOBM-PDBUFEOFBS4PDPSSP /FX.FYJDP UIF7-"DPOTJTUTPGUXFOUZTFWFOBOUFO OBT FBDI NFUFST JO EJBNFUFS XIJDI BSF NPWFBCMF BMPOH UIF BSNT PG B HJBOU : XJUI BOUFOOB TFQBSBUJPOT PG VQ UP LJMPNFUFST "MTP JO UIF .VMUJ&MFNFOU 3BEJP-JOLFE*OUFSGFSPNFUFS/FUXPSL BCCSFWJBUFE.&3-*/ DBNFJOUPPQFSBUJPO JO&OHMBOE DPOTJTUJOHPGTFWFOMJOLFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFTXJUIBNBYJNVNTFQBSBUJPO PGLJMPNFUFST

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

/"4"T7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫëJFTCZ4BUVSO QSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUTUPUIFQMBOFUTSJOHT PGXBUFSJDFBOETIPXJOHUIBU4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5JUBO IBTBEFOTFBUNPTQIFSF UIBUJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGNPMFDVMBSOJUSPHFO XJUIBTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFDPNQBSBCMFUP UIBUPGUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF XIPTFEPNJOBOUHBTJTBMTPOJUSPHFO 3VTTJBOQIZTJDJTU:BLPW#;FMEPWJDI ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTTVHHFTUUIBUIPU EBSLNBUUFSJOEVDFTUIFGPSNBUJPOPGHBMBYJFTCZUIFGSBHNFOUBUJPOPGMBSHFSTUSVDUVSFT GSPN UIF UPQ EPXO CVU DPNQVUFS TJNVMBUJPOT VTJOH IPU EBSL NBUUFS QSPEVDFE UPP NBOZMBSHFPCKFDUT /"4"MBVODIFTUIF%ZOBNJDT&YQMPSFSBOETBUFMMJUFTPO"VHVTU"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU-PVJT"'SBOL m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTVTFUIF%ZOBNJDT&YQMPSFSTBUFM MJUFUPPCUBJONPSFUIBOBEFDBEFPGJNBHFTPGUIFFOUJSFBVSPSBPWBMGSPNTQBDF "NFSJDBOFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFQIZTJDJTU"MBO)(VUI ¢ BOOPVODFTBOJOëBUJPO BSZ6OJWFSTFBTBQPTTJCMFTPMVUJPOUPWFYJOHBTQFDUTPGUIFPCTFSWFE6OJWFSTF LOPXO BTUIFëBUOFTTBOEIPSJ[POQSPCMFNT(VUITWFSTJPOPGUIFJOëBUJPOUIFPSZQSPQPTFTB WFSZSBQJEBOEFYUFOTJWFHSPXUIJOUIFTJ[FPGUIF6OJWFSTFJOUIFêSTUNPNFOUTBѫFSUIF #JH#BOH CFGPSFBOZNBUUFSXBTBSPVOE BOEUIBUBMMUIFNBTTBOEFOFSHZOPXJOUIF PCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFXFSFNBEFEVSJOHJOëBUJPOGSPNTFFNJOHMZFNQUZTQBDF4PNFPG UIFEJēDVMUJFTXJUIUIJTJOJUJBMUIFPSZXFSFPWFSDPNFJOXIFOUIF3VTTJBOBTUSP QIZTJDJTU"OESFJ%-JOEF ¢ QSPQPTFEBDIBPUJDJOëBUJPOUIFPSZ "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3PCFSU,JSTIOFS m BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT êOE FWJEFODF GPSBHJBOUWPJEPSFNQUZWPMVNFTQBOOJOHOFBSMZNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT DPO UBJOJOHQSBDUJDBMMZOPHBMBYJFTBOEMZJOHJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF#ÕPUFTDPOTUFMMBUJPO /"4"TMBVODIFTUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJB UIFXPSMETêSTUSFVTBCMFNBOOFETQBDF WFIJDMF PO"QSJM "NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS%POBME$#BDLFS m EJTDPWFSTUIFêSTUNJMMJTFDPOE SBEJPQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET PS TFDPOET /"4" MBVODIFT UIF *OGSB3FE "TUSPOPNJDBM 4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE *3"4 PO +BOV BSZ*UTDBOOFENPTUPGUIFTLZBOENBEFPCTFSWBUJPOTPG TFMFDUFEPCKFDUT BUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT JODMVEJOHQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLTUIBUTVSSPVOEZPVOHTUBST*O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST)BSUNVUi(FPSHFu"VNBOO ¢ BOE'SFEFSJDL (JMMFUU ¢ SFQPSUFEUIF*3"4EJTDPWFSZPGJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOGSPNBDJSDVN TUFMMBS QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLBSPVOE7FHB 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"OESFJ%-JOEF ¢ QSPQPTFTBDIBPUJDJOëBUJPOUIFPSZJO XIJDIJOëBUJPOJTBOBUVSBM BOEQFSIBQTJOFWJUBCMF DPOTFRVFODFPGDIBPUJDDPOEJUJPOT JOUIFFBSMZ6OJWFSTF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST#SBEGPSE"4NJUI ¢ BOE3JDIBSE+5FSSJMF ¢ EFUFDUBDJSDVNTUFMMBS QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLBSPVOEUIFTUBS#FUB1JDUPSJT TFFOFEHFPO JOSFëFDUFEWJTJCMFMJHIU 5XFOUZTFWFOZFBSTPGDPOUJOVPVTNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFP[POFDPOUFOUBCPWF)BMMFZ#BZ "OUBSDUJDB CFHVOCZUIF#SJUJTITDJFOUJTU(PSEPO.JMMFS#PVSOFi(.#u%PCTPO ¢ JO m DPODMVTJWFMZ TIPX FYDFQUJPOBMMZ MPX P[POF DPODFOUSBUJPOT DBMMFEUIFP[POFIPMF UIBUGPSNTBCPWFUIF4PVUI1PMFJOUIFMPDBMXJOUFS4JODFP[POF BCTPSCTFOFSHFUJDTPMBSVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO JUTEFQMFUJPONFBOUUIBUNPSFPGUIFEBO HFSPVTVMUSBWJPMFUXPVMESFBDIUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF QPUFOUJBMMZDBVTJOHXJEFTQSFBETLJO DBODFSBOEFZFDBUBSBDUTJOIVNBOT ѮF HBOH PG GPVS UXP &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFST $BSMPT 4 'SFOL ¢ BOE (FPSHF >UBUIJPV ¢ BOEUXP"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST.BSD%BWJT ¢ BOE4JNPO 8IJUF ¢ VTFDPNQVUFSTJNVMBUJPOTUPTVHHFTUUIBUDPMEEBSLNBUUFSDPVMEBTTJTU UIFGPSNBUJPOPGHBMBYJFTPVUPGTNBMMFSCVJMEJOHCMPDLT GSPNUIFCPUUPNVQ"MUIPVHI UIF DBMDVMBUJPOT TFFNFE UP SFQSPEVDF NPTU PG UIF BWBJMBCMF PCTFSWBUJPOT UPP NBOZ TNBMMHBMBYJFTXFSFQSPEVDFEBOEUIFTJNVMBUJPOTDPVMEOPUBDDPVOUGPSUIFTVCTFRVFOU EJTDPWFSZPGIVHFNBTTJWFTUSVDUVSFT TVDIBTUIF(SFBU8BMMTPGHBMBYJFT XIJDIDPVME OPUCFBTTFNCMFEJOUIFBWBJMBCMFUJNF &4"MBVODIFTJUT(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫPO+VMZPOJUTXBZUPFODPVOUFS$PNFU)BMMFZ PO.BSDI XIFOJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE(JPUUPPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFDPNFUTEBSL JSSFHVMBSKFUTQFXJOHOVDMFVTBOENFBTVSFEUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBOEEVTUFNJUUFEѮF NJTTJPO JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF 'MPSFOUJOF QBJOUFS (JPUUP EJ #POEPOF D ¢D

XIPTFGSFTDPFTJOUIF"SFOB$IBQFMJO1BEVB *UBMZJMMVTUSBUFUIFMJWFTPG+FTVT$ISJTUBOE PGUIF7JSHJO.BSZ JODMVEJOHUIFCJSUIPG+FTVTXJUIUIFTUBSPG#FUIMFIFNQPSUSBZFEBT BDPNFU *DFDPSFTESJMMFEJO(SFFOMBOEBOE"OUBSDUJDBGSPNUPBSFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOF UIF MPDBM UFNQFSBUVSF BOE BUNPTQIFSJD DBSCPO EJPYJEF BOE NFUIBOF DPOUFOU JO UIF 1PMBS3FHJPOTGPSVQUP ZFBSTBHP DPOêSNJOHUIBUUIFNBKPSJDFBHFTBSFUSJH HFSFEFWFSZ ZFBSTCZWBSJBUJPOTJOUIF&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO BOETIPX JOHUIBUUIFDMJNBUFSFQFBUFEMZXBSNTBOEDPPMTXIFOUIFBNPVOUTPGDBSCPOEJPYJEF BOENFUIBOFJODSFBTFPSEFDSFBTF SFTQFDUJWFMZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1BSJT HSBEVBUF TUVEFOU 7BMÊSJF EF -BQQBSFOU m BOE "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST .BSHBSFU (FMMFS m BOE +PIO )VDISB m QVCMJTI B UISFF EJNFOTJPOBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG HBMBYJFT JO EJĒFSFOU EJSFDUJPOT BOE EFQUIT PS SFETIJѫT XJUIJOBQJFTIBQFETMJDFPGUIFTLZ TIPXJOHHSFBUTIFFUMJLFXBMMTPGIVOESFETPGUIPV TBOETPGHBMBYJFTEJTUSJCVUFEBMPOHUIFQFSJQIFSJFTPGHJHBOUJD CVCCMFMJLFWPJET UZQJ DBMMZNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

/"4"T4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFSFYQMPEFTTFDPOETBѫFSJUUBLFTPĒ+BOVBSZ BQQBSFOUMZCFDBVTFBSPDLFUTFBMGBJMFEBѫFSCFJOHEFHSBEFECZGSFF[JOHUFNQFSBUVSFT ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MBO%SFTTMFS m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTTIPXUIBUBMMUIF HBMBYJFTXJUIJONJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBSFCFJOHQVMMFEUIPSPVHITQBDFCZiѮF(SFBU "UUSBDUPSu MPDBUFE BCPVU NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST BXBZ BOE XJUI BO FTUJNBUFE NBTT FRVJWBMFOUUPBCPVU HBMBYJFTMJLFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ 3FQSFTFOUBUJWFT PG OBUJPOT JODMVEJOH UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TJHO UIF .POUSFBM 1SPUP DPMPO4VCTUBODFTѮBU%FQMFUFUIF0[POF-BZFS BHSFFJOHUPBQFSDFOUSFEVDUJPOPG JNQPSUBOUEFTUSPZFSTPGUIFP[POFJOUIF&BSUITVQQFSBUNPTQIFSFCFMPXMFWFMT CZNJEѮFUSFBUZXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZTUSFOHUIFOFECZBNFOENFOUTUIBUSFTVMUFE JOBOPVUSJHIUCBOPGUIFP[POFEFTUSPZJOHTVCTUBODFT ѮF TVQFSOPWB FYQMPTJPO PG B CMVF TVQFSHJBOU TUBS JO UIF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE JT EFUFDUFE PO 'FCSVBSZ JU JT UIF êSTU TVQFSOPWB UP CF WJTJCMF UP UIF VOBJEFE PS OBLFE FZF TJODF %VCCFE 4/ " UIF TVQFSOPWB XBT EJTDPWFSFE CZ *BO 4IFMUFO m ѮF+BQBOFTF,BNJPLBOEF**BOEUIF"NFSJDBO*SWJOF.JDIJHBO #SPPLIBWFO BCCSFWJBUFE*.# VOEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSTSFDPSEFEOFVUSJOPT SFMFBTFEEVSJOHUIFDPMMBQTFPGUIFTUFMMBSDPSF XJUIBOFVUSJOPMVNJOPTJUZUIBUCSJFëZ FRVBMFE UIF WJTJCMF MVNJOPVT PVUQVU PG BMM UIF TUBST JO UIF 6OJWFSTF #PUI EFUFDUPST SFDPSEFEUIFOFVUSJOPTIPVSTCFGPSFUIFêSTUWJTJCMFTJHIUJOHPGUIFTVQFSOPWB ѮF&OHMJTIDPNQVUFSTDJFOUJTU5JNPUIZi5JNu#FSOFST-FF ¢ JNQMFNFOUTB IZQFSUFYUTZTUFNGPSJOGPSNBUJPOBDDFTTBUUIF$POTFJM&VSPQÊFOQPVSMB3FDIFSDIF /VDMÊBJSF PS$&3/GPSTIPSU SFMFBTJOHJUUPUIFQVCMJDBOEOBNJOHJUUIF8PSME8JEF 8FCJO*UJTBMBOHVBHFBOEQSPUPDPMGPSNBSLJOHVQEPDVNFOUTUPCFTFOUPWFS UIF*OUFSOFU /"4"MBVODIFTUIF$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE$0#& PO/PWFNCFS JOTUSVNFOU PQFSBUJPOT XFSF UFSNJOBUFE PO %FDFNCFS $0#& JOTUSV NFOUT NFBTVSFE UIF BOHVMBS EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE TQFDUSVN PG UIF UISFFEFHSFF DPNJD NJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBGBJOUBOJTPUSPQZBOEBCMBDL CPEZTQFDUSVNXJUIBUFNQFSBUVSFPGEFHSFFTLFMWJO /"4"MBVODIFTUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF"UMBOUJTPO0DUPCFS (BMJMFPBSSJWFEBU+VQJUFSPO%FDFNCFS PSCJUJOHUIFHJBOUQMBOFUBOEWBTUMZ JODSFBTJOHPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPG+VQJUFSBOEUIFGPVS(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT *P &VSPQB (BO ZNFEFBOE$BMMJTUPѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ XIP EJTDPWFSFE UIF GPVS MBSHF NPPOT PG +VQJUFS LOPXO BT UIF (BMJMFBO TBUFMMJUFTѮFNJTTJPOXBTUFSNJOBUFEPO4FQUFNCFS "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST .BSHBSFU (FMMFS m BOE +PIO )VDISB m EJT DPWFSUIF(SFBU8BMM BTIFFUPGHBMBYJFTNPSFUIBONJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTMPOHBOE NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTXJEF CVUPOMZNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTUIJDL

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

&4"MBVODIFTJUT)*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE)*11"3 $04 PO"VHVTUBOEPQFSBUFTJUVOUJM"VHVTU*UXBTUIFêSTUTQBDFNJTTJPO EFEJDBUFEUPBTUSPNFUSZ NFBTVSJOHUIFBDDVSBUFQPTJUJPOT EJTUBODFT NPUJPOT CSJHIU OFTTBOEDPMPSTPGTUBST)*11"3$04NFBTVSFEUIFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPOTPG TUBSTXJUIBQSFDJTJPOPGUPTFDPOETPGBSD VQUPUJNFTCFUUFS UIBO QPTTJCMF GSPN UIF HSPVOE ѮF BDSPOZN BMTP BMMVEFT UP UIF (SFFL BTUSPOPNFS )JQQBSDIVTPG/JDFB D¢D#$

XIPSFDPSEFEBDDVSBUFTUBSQPTJUJPOTNPSF UIBOUXPNJMMFOOJBQSFWJPVTMZ "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 3PHFS -ZOET ¢ BOE 7BIÊ 1FUSPTJBO ¢ PCUBJO PCTFSWBUJPOTUIBUJOEJDBUFUIBUBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTBDUTBTBHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT TQSFBEJOH UIFMJHIUPGSFNPUFCBDLHSPVOEHBMBYJFTJOUPBOBSSBZPGMVNJOPVTBSDTBOEQSPWJEJOH JOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUEBSLNBUUFSJOUIFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT /"4"MBVODIFTJUT.BHFMMBOTQBDFDSBѫUP7FOVTPO.BZ*UBSSJWFEBUUIFQMBOFU PO"VHVTUBOEPSCJUFEUIFQMBOFUGPSGPVSZFBST VTJOHSBEBSUPNBQQFSDFOU PGUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFXJUIBOVOQSFDFEFOUFEEFUBJMPGNFUFSWFSUJDBMSFTPMVUJPO BOELJMPNFUFSIPSJ[POUBMSFTPMVUJPOѮF.BHFMMBOSBEBSJNBHFTSFWFBMFESVHHFE IJHIMBOET QMBJOTTNPPUIFEPVUCZHMPCBMMBWBëPXT VCJRVJUPVTWPMDBOPFT BOETQBSTF QSJTUJOFJNQBDUDSBUFSTXJUIEFCSJTNPEJêFECZUIFUIJDLBUNPTQIFSFPO7FOVT /"4"T7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫëJFTCZ/FQUVOF NFBTVSJOHJUTFYDFTTIFBUBOEEZOBNJD XFBUIFS BOEEJTDPWFSJOHJUTUIJO EBSLSJOHTBOEJODMJOFENBHOFUJDêFME ¦ 4QFDUSBMNFBTVSFNFOUTGSPN/"4"T$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE$0#& SFQPSUFECZ"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU+PIO$.BUIFS m

EFNPOTUSBUFUIFCMBDLCPEZ TQFDUSVNPGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOXJUIIJHIBDDVSBDZ BOEFTUBC MJTIBUFNQFSBUVSFPGEFHSFFTLFMWJOGPSUIFSBEJBUJPO /"4"MBVODIFTUIFXPSMETêSTUTQBDFCBTFEPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQF UIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMF TDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE)45 PO"QSJMGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZ CVUXJUI BëBXFENJSSPSUIBUXBTêYFECZTIVUUMFBTUSPOBVUTJO%FDFNCFS0UIFS)45TFS WJDJOHNJTTJPOTCZTIVUUMFBTUSPOBVUTPDDVSSFEJO'FCSVBSZ %FDFNCFS BOE 'FCSVBSZѮF)45IBTBNFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS*UIBTPCTFSWFE OFXMZGPSNFEHBMBYJFTXIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTIBMGJUTQSFTFOUBHF DPOUSJCVUJOHUPPVS VOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFBHFBOEFWPMVUJPOPGUIF$PTNPT XBUDIFETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDL IPMFTDPOTVNJOHUIFNBUFSJBMBSPVOEUIFN BOEIFMQFEBTUSPOPNFSTEFUFSNJOFIPXB NZTUFSJPVTiEBSLFOFSHZuIBTUBLFOPWFSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFѮFUFMFTDPQF XBTOBNFEGPSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO1)VCCMF ¢ XIPEFNPO TUSBUFEUIBUTQJSBMOFCVMBFBSFHBMBYJFTMJLFPVSPXOBOEGPVOEUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIF FYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF /"4" MBVODIFT UIF 3¸OUHFO 4"5FMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE 304"5 BO 9SBZ PCTFSWBUPSZ EFWFMPQFEUISPVHIBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPHSBNCFUXFFO(FSNBOZ UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT BOE

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

UIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN PO+VOFѮFNJTTJPOFOEFEPO'FCSVBSZ*UDBS SJFEPVUBOBMMTLZTVSWFZPGDPTNJD9SBZT BOEPCUBJOFEEFUBJMFEJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVU UIF9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDPNFUT 55BVSJTUBST HMPCVMBSDMVTUFST OFVUSPOTUBST TVQFS OPWBSFNOBOUT QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF OFBSCZOPSNBMHBMBYJFT BDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ BOE DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPOXBTOBNFEBѫFS8JMIFMN3ÕOUHFO ¢

UIF (FSNBOQIZTJDJTUXIPEJTDPWFSFE9SBZTJO /"4"MBVODIFTUIF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫ BKPJOUVOEFSUBLJOHPG&4"BOE/"4" GSPN UIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZPO0DUPCFS%VSJOHBOFODPVOUFSXJUI+VQJUFSPO 'FCSVBSZ UIFHJBOUQMBOFUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMêFMEXBTVTFEUPBDDFMFSBUFUIFTQBDF DSBѫBOEIVSMJUBCPWFUIF4VOTQPMFT CVUOFWFSBUBEJTUBODFDMPTFSUPUIF4VOUIBOUIF &BSUIJT6MZTTFTQBTTFEPWFSUIFTPMBSTPVUIQPMFJO4FQUFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMF JO+VMZ BOEUIFOBHBJOPWFSUIFTPVUIQPMFJO/PWFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMF JO%FDFNCFS$PNQBSJTPOTPG6MZTTFTPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIPTFGSPNPUIFSTPMBS TQBDFDSBѫ TVDIBT:PILPIBOE40)0 TIPXFEUIBUNVDI JGOPUBMM PGUIFIJHITQFFE TPMBSXJOEDPNFTGSPNPQFONBHOFUJDêFMETJOQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFT BUMFBTUEVSJOHUIF NJOJNVNPGUIF4VOTZFBSDZDMFPGNBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ BOEUIBUUIFTMPXXJOEJTOBS SPXMZDPOêOFEUPMPXMBUJUVEFTOFBSBOFRVBUPSJBMTUSFBNFSCFMU /"4"MBVODIFTUIF$PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$(30 GSPNUIF 4QBDF4IVUUMF"UMBOUJTPO"QSJM$(30SFFOUFSFEUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFPO +VOF*UXBTUIFTFDPOEPG/"4"TGPVSHSFBUPCTFSWBUPSJFTJOTQBDF EFTJHOFE UPTUVEZUIF6OJWFSTFJOBOJOWJTJCMF IJHIFOFSHZGPSNPGSBEJBUJPOLOPXOBTHBNNB SBZT*UEFUFDUFENPSFUIBO HBNNBSBZCVSTUT BTXFMMBTHBNNBSBZTGSPNCMBDL IPMFT QVMTBST RVBTBSTBOETVQFSOPWBFѮFHBNNBSBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTOBNFEBѫFS UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ ѮF+BQBOFTF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBVUJDBM4DJFODF BCCSFWJBUFE*4"4 MBVODIFE JUT4PMBS"TQBDFDSBѫPO"VHVTU SFOBNJOHJU:PILPI XIJDINFBOTiTVOCFBNu JO&OHMJTI:PILPIDPMMFDUFEIJHIFOFSHZSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIF4VOBUTPѫ9SBZBOEIBSE 9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT XJUIIJHIBOHVMBSBOETQFDUSBMSFTPMVUJPO GPSNPSFUIBOBEFDBEF QSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUTUPUIFNFDIBOJTNTPGTPMBSëBSFFOFSHZSFMFBTFCZUIFNBHOFUJD SFDPOOFDUJPOPGDPSPOBMMPPQT BOEUIFIFBUJOHPGUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB*U XBTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFFĒPSUPG+BQBO UIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOEUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPN /"4"T $0TNJD #BDLHSPVOE &YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE $0#& SFQPSUFECZ(FPSHF4NPPU m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT SFWFBMWFSZTNBMMUFNQFSBUVSF ëVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFUISFFEFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO "VTUSJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFSѮPNBT(PME ¢ QSPQPTFTUIBUFBSMZ MJGF CFHBO JO UIF EFFQ IPU CJPTQIFSF LJMPNFUFST CFMPX UIF &BSUIT TVSGBDF BOE UIBU TVDIMJGFGFEPODIFNJDBMTPVSDFTBOEXBTOPUEFQFOEFOUPOTPMBSFOFSHZPSQIPUPTZO UIFTJTGPSJUTQSJNBSZFOFSHZTVQQMZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST+BOF9-VV ¢ BOE%BWJE$+FXJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSB TNBMMCPEZSFWPMWJOHBSPVOEUIF4VOCFZPOEUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF VTJOHBOFMFDUSPOJD EFUFDUPSXJUIUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG)BXBJJTNFUFS JODI SFëFDUPSPO.BVOB,FB*U XBTUIFêSTUPGTFWFSBMTVDIPCKFDUTUIBUIBWFOPXCFFOGPVOEXJUIJOBëBU EJTUBOUSJOH BUUIFPVUFSFEHFPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN OBNFEUIF,VJQFSCFMUJOSFDPHOJUJPOPGJUTQSFEJD UJPOCZUIF%VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FSBSE1,VJQFS ¢ JO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST$IBSMFT".FFHBO m BOE(FSBME+'JTINBO m BOOPVODF UIBU UIF OVNFSPVT HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT EFUFDUFE GSPN /"4"T $PNQUPO (BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$(30 BSFFRVBMMZEJTUSJCVUFEJOBMMEJSFDUJPOT PGUIFTLZѮFMBDLPGBOZDPODFOUSBUJPOPGUIFCVSTUTPVSDFTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZTVHHFTUT UIBUHBNNBSBZCVSTUTMJFBUSFNPUFEJTUBODFTPVUTJEFPVS(BMBYZ "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFST "MFLTBOEFS 8PMT[D[BO ¢ BOE %BMF " 'SBJM ¢ EJTDPWFSUXP&BSUITJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOHUIFQVMTBS143 ѮF êSTU ,FDL UFMFTDPQF XJUI B NJSSPS NFUFST JODIFT JO EJBNFUFS CFHJOT PQFSBUJPOJO.BZ PO.BVOB,FBJO)BXBJJѮFTFDPOE,FDLUFMFTDPQF BOFBSCZ UXJOPGUIFêSTUPOF XBTJOBVHVSBUFEJO0DUPCFS ѮFDSFXPGUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF&OEFBWPSPVUêUTUIFCJMMJPO)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF XJUIDPSSFDUJWFMFOTFTUPêYBOFNCBSSBTTJOHëBXJOJUTNJSSPS ѮF 7FSZ -POH #BTFMJOF "SSBZ BCCSFWJBUFE 7-#" JT DPNQMFUFE *U DPOTJTUT PG UFO SBEJP UFMFTDPQFT TQSFBE BDSPTT UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT XJUI B NBYJNVN CBTFMJOF PG LJMPNFUFST ѮF$MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫ BKPJOUQSPKFDUPGUIF4USBUFHJD%FGFOTF*OJUJBUJWFBOE/"4" XBTMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ FOUFSJOHMVOBSPSCJUPO'FCSVBSZ*OTUSV NFOUTBCPBSE$MFNFOUJOFNBQQFEUIFHMPCBMTVSGBDFDPNQPTJUJPOBOEUPQPHSBQIZPG UIF.PPOѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIFNJOFSTEBSMJOHEBVHIUFSJOUIFPME(PME 3VTICBMMBE *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF PCUBJO DPOêSNJOH FWJEFODF GPS B TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFBUUIFDFOUFSPGUIFHJBOUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZ. 'SBHNFOUTPG$PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZ EJTDPWFSFECZ"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST&VHFOF .4IPFNBLFS m

IJTXJGF$BSPMZO4IPFNBLFS m

BOE%BWJE) -FWZ m

DPMMJEFXJUIUIFQMBOFU+VQJUFSCFUXFFOBOE+VMZ "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS'%BWJETFO ¢ BOOPVODFTUIFEJTDPWFSZPG JOUFSHBMBDUJDBCTPSQUJPOPGVMUSBWJPMFURVBTBSSBEJBUJPOCZTJOHMZJPOJ[FEIFMJVN EFT JHOBUFE)F** BUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTѮJTDPOêSNFEUIBUIFMJVN XBTTZOUIFTJ[FEJOUIFêSTUNPNFOUTPGUIF#JH#BOH JOBNPVOUTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIPTF GPVOEJOPVS(BMBYZUPEBZ

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

*NBHFT PG RVBTBST UBLFO XJUI UIF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF DPOêSN UIBU RVBTBST BSF MPDBUFEJOUIFDPSFTPGMBSHFHBMBYJFT 4XJTTBTUSPOPNFST.JDIFM.BZPS ¢ BOE%JEJFS2VFMP[ ¢ EJTDPWFSUIF êSTUQMBOFUBSPVOEB4VOMJLFTUBSJUJTB+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUJODMPTFPSCJUBSPVOEUIF TUBS1FHBTJ "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS $ 3PCFSU 0%FMM m BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT QVCMJTI QBO PSBNJD IJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHFTPGUIF0SJPO/FCVMBVTJOHUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF EFUFDUJOHëBUUFOFEEJTLTPGEVTUTXJSMJOHBSPVOENBOZZPVOHTUBSTJOUIFOFCVMB /"4"MBVODIFTUIF3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE395& PO%FDFNCFS XJUIBCPVUBEFDBEFPGTVCTFRVFOUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGWBSJBCMFDPTNJD9SBZTPVSDFT BUIJHIUJNFSFTPMVUJPO QSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUTUPCMBDLIPMFT HBNNBSBZCVSTUT OFV USPOTUBSTBOEQVMTBSTѮFTQBDFDSBѫJTOBNFEGPS*UBMJBOCPSO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU #SVOP#3PTTJ m

B QJPOFFS JO TUVEJFT PG DPTNJD SBZT 9SBZ BTUSPOPNZ BOETQBDFQMBTNBQIZTJDT /"4" MBVODIFT UIF 40MBS BOE )FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE 40)0 PO %FDFNCFS XJUI PQFSBUJPOT DPOUJOVJOH JOUP *U JT B DPPQFSBUJWF QSPKFDU CFUXFFO&4"BOE/"4"UPTUVEZUIF4VO40)0IBTPCUBJOFEJNQPSUBOUOFXJOGPS NBUJPOBCPVUUIFTUSVDUVSFBOEEZOBNJDTPGUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPS UIFIFBUJOHNFDIBOJTN PG UIF 4VOT NJMMJPOEFHSFF PVUFS BUNPTQIFSF UIF TPMBS DPSPOB BOE UIF PSJHJO BOE BDDFMFSBUJPOPGUIFTPMBSXJOE "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST (FPĒSFZ 8 .BSDZ ¢ BOE 3 1BVM #VUMFS ¢ BOOPVODFUIFEJTDPWFSZPG+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUTJODMPTFPSCJUTBCPVUUIF4VOMJLFTUBST 7JSHJOJTBOE6STBF.BKPSJT /"4"MBVODIFTJUT.BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPSPO/PWFNCFS QMBDJOHJUJOUPPSCJU BSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO4FQUFNCFS)JHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHFT CFHJOOJOHPO "QSJM SFDPSEFEBCVOEBOUFWJEFODFGPSQBTUBOESFDFOUXBUFSëPX EVTUTUPSNTBOE WPMDBOJDBDUJWJUZPO.BST(MPCBMUPQPHSBQIZXBTEFUFSNJOFEXJUIBMBTFSBMUJNFUFS BOE B NBHOFUPNFUFS FTUBCMJTIFE UIF HMPCBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG SFNOBOU NBHOFUJD êFMET QSFTFSWFEJOUIFBODJFOUIJHIMBOEDSVTU /"4" MBVODIFT UIF .BST 1BUIêOEFS MBOEFS BOE JUT SPWJOH WFIJDMF 4PKPVSOFS PO %FDFNCFSѮFZMBOEFEPO$ISZTF1MBOJUJB OFBSUIFNPVUIPGBOPVUëPXDIBO OFM PO+VMZ êOEJOHFWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEUIFSFѮJTTVHHFTUFE UIBUUIFQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFXBTPODFUIJDLFS XBSNFSBOEXFUUFSUIBOBUQSFTFOU CVU QFSIBQTTFWFSBMCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP ѮF*UBMJBO%VUDI#FQQP4"9TBUFMMJUFJTVTFEUPQJOQPJOUUIFFYBDUMPDBUJPOPGBHBNNB SBZCVSTUFNJUUFEPO'FCSVBSZ BOEEFTJHOBUFE(3# FOBCMJOHBOJOUFS OBUJPOBMUFBNMFECZUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS+BOWBO1BSBEJKT ¢ UPEFUFDUUIF WJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQPOFOUVTJOHUIFNFUFS JODI 8JMMJBN)FSTDIFMUFMFTDPQF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BU-B1BMNBJOUIF$BOBSZJTMBOET"OVOEFSMZJOHIPTUHBMBYZDBNFJOUPWJFXBTUIF BѫFSHMPXGBEFE*OUIFTBNFZFBS UIFNFUFS JODI ,FDL**UFMFTDPQFXBTVTFE UPPCUBJOUIFPQUJDBMTQFDUSBBOESFETIJѫTPGUIFIPTUHBMBYJFTPGUXPPUIFSHBNNBSBZ CVSTUT"SFETIJѫPCUBJOFECZ"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST4ISJOJWBT3,VMLBSOJ m

4(FPSHF%KPSHPWTLJ m

BOEUIFJSDPMMFBHVFTJOEJDBUFEUIBUPOFHBNNBSBZ CVSTU EFTJHOBUFE(3# JTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST NPWJOH BUBMNPTUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUOFBSUIFBQQBSFOUFEHFPGUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTF'PS KVTUPOFTFDPOEJUFNJUUFEBCPVUBTNVDIHBNNBSBZFOFSHZBTUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUPVUQVU PGBMMUIFTUBSTPGBMMUIFHBMBYJFTPGUIFWJTJCMF6OJWFSTF /"4" MBVODIFT UIF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫ PO 0DUPCFS *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSEUIFTQBDFDSBѫ XIJDISFBDIFE4BUVSOJO+VMZ JNQSPWFEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOH PGUIFQMBOFU4BUVSO JUTSJOHT JUTNBHOFUPTQIFSF JUTNPPO5JUBOBOEJUTPUIFSNPPOT /"4"T$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSXJMMPSCJU4BUVSOBOEJUTNPPOTGPSGPVSZFBST&4"T)VZHFOT 1SPCFXBTQBSBDIVUFEJOUPUIFUIJDL IB[ZBUNPTQIFSFPG4BUVSOTTBUFMMJUF5JUBO MBOE JOH PO JUT TVSGBDF PO +BOVBSZ *U SFWFBMFE B IJMMZ UFSSBJO SJEEMFE XJUI DIBO OFMTPSSJWFSCFETDBSWFECZBMJRVJEFWFOUIPVHIUIFTVSGBDFJTNPSFUIBOEFHSFFT CFMPXUIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFSѮF$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSJTOBNFEBѫFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢

UIF*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODIBTUSPO PNFSXIPJOXBTUIFêSTUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUXP[POFTXJUIJOXIBUXBTUIPVHIUUP CFBTJOHMFSJOHBSPVOE4BUVSOJUJTEJWJEFECZBEBSLHBQOPXLOPXOBT$BTTJOJTEJWJ TJPOѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFJTOBNFEBѫFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢

B%VUDI BTUSPOPNFSXIPJOEJTDPWFSFE5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO &OHMJTI BTUSPQIZTJDJTU .BSUJO 3FFT m BOE "NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU 1FUFS .ÊT[ÃSPT m QSPQPTF B SFMBUJWJTUJD FYQBOEJOH êSFCBMM NPEFM GPS HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS4UBOGPSE&i4UBOu8PPTMFZ m QSPQPTFTUIBU UIFCVSTUTPDDVSEVSJOHUIFDPMMBQTFPGBNBTTJWF SPUBUJOHHJBOUTUBSJOUPBCMBDLIPMF BOE #PIEBO 1BD[ZOTLJ m

%BWJE &JDIMFS m BOE 5TWJ 1JSBO m JOEFQFOEFOUMZ TQFDVMBUF UIBU UIF HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT PDDVS XIFO UXP OFVUSPO TUBST NFSHF -BVODIFEPO0DUPCFSBOESFUJSFEPO%FDFNCFS UIF%FFQ4QBDF TQBDFDSBѫëJHIUUFTUFEBOJPOFOHJOFBOEPUIFSBEWBODFEUFDIOPMPHJFT BOEXBTSFEJ SFDUFEUPBOFODPVOUFSXJUI$PNFU#PSSFMMZPO4FQUFNCFS UBLJOHJNBHFTPG UIFDPNFUOVDMFVTBOETIPXJOHUIBUJUJTBOJSSFHVMBSDIVOLPGJDFBOESPDLDPWFSFECZ EBSLTMBHUIBUSFëFDUTPOMZBCPVUGPVSQFSDFOUPGUIFJODJEFOUTVOMJHIU /"4"MBVODIFTUIF-VOBS1SPTQFDUPSTQBDFDSBѫPO+BOVBSZ*UPSCJUFEUIF.PPO GSPN+BOVBSZUP+VMZ EFUFSNJOJOHUIFHMPCBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGFMFNFOUT BOENBHOFUJDêFMETPOUIFMVOBSTVSGBDF NFBTVSJOHUIFEFUBJMFEHSBWJUZPGUIF.PPO BOEEFUFDUJOHUIFMVOBSDPSF ѮF 4VQFSOPWB $PTNPMPHZ 1SPKFDU IFBEFE CZ "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU 4BVM 1FSMNVUUFS ¢

BOEUIF)JHI;4VQFSOPWB4FBSDI JOWPMWJOH"VTUSBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS#SJBO1 4DINJEU ¢

"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST"EBN(3JFTT ¢

3PCFSU1,JSTIOFS

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

¢ BOE PUIFST SFQPSU UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF JT BDDFMFSBUJOH #PUI HSPVQT PCTFSWFE UZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFMPDBUFEBUEJĒFSFOUEJTUBODFTBOENFBTVSFEUIFJSWFMPDJUJFTPGSFDFT TJPO BOOPVODJOHUIBUUIFPMEFSHBMBYJFTBSFSFDFEJOHGBTUFSUIBOQSFEJDUFECZBVOJGPSN FYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF4PNFTPSUPGNZTUFSJPVTEBSLFOFSHZJTDPVOUFSBDUJOHUIF QVMMPGHSBWJUZBOETQFFEJOHUIFFYQBOTJPOVQBTUJNFHPFTPO .FBTVSFNFOUTXJUIUIF+BQBOFTF4VQFS,BNJPLBOEFOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSJOEJDBUFUIBU BUNPTQIFSJDOFVUSJOPTDIBOHFGPSN PSPTDJMMBUF GSPNNVPOOFVUSJOPTJOUPUBVOFVUSJ OPT JOEJDBUJOHUIBUOFVUSJOPTIBWFBWFSZTNBMMNBTT ѮF 5SBOTJUJPO 3FHJPO "OE $PSPOBM &YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE 53"$& TQBDFDSBѫ XBT MBVODIFE JO "QSJM *U QSPWJEFE JNBHFT PG TPMBS QMBTNB BU UFNQFSBUVSFT GSPN UIPVTBOEUPNJMMJPOEFHSFFTLFMWJOXJUIIJHIUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPOBOETFDPOEPGBSD BOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOVTJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTBUVMUSBWJPMFUBOEFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUXBWFMFOHUIT 53"$&TIPXFEUIBUUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFDPSPOBJTDPNQSJTFEPGUIJONBHOFUJDMPPQTUIBU BSFOBUVSBMMZEZOBNJDBOEDPOUJOVPVTMZFWPMWJOH /"4"EFQMPZTUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$90 PO+VMZ GSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJBѮF$90TUVEJFTUIFIJHIFOFSHZ 9SBZSBEJBUJPO GSPNPCKFDUTTVDIBTBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ CMBDLIPMFT DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT EBSLNBUUFS HBMBYJFT OFVUSPOTUBST QVMTBST RVBTBST TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT TVQFSOPWBF BOEXIJUF EXBSGTѮF9SBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIF*OEJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJ DJTU4VCSBINBOZBO$IBOESBTFLIBS ¢ .PSF UIBO OBUJPOT TJHO UIF ,ZPUP 1SPUPDPM BHSFFJOH UP SFEVDF UIF FNJTTJPOT PG IFBUUSBQQJOHHBTFTUIBUDBOXBSNUIFQMBOFUѮFUSFBUZXBTSBUJêFECZ3VTTJBJO CVUIBTZFUUPCFBHSFFEUPCZUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOENBOZPUIFSJOEVTUSJBMOBUJPOT /"4"MBVODIFTUIF4UBSEVTUTQBDFDSBѫPO'FCSVBSZ"ѫFSOFBSMZGPVSZFBST PGTQBDFUSBWFM JUFODPVOUFSFE$PNFU8JME PO+BOVBSZ XIFSFJUPCUBJOFE DMPTFVQ JNBHFT PG UIF DPNFU OVDMFVT BOE DPMMFDUFE EVTU BOE DBSCPOCBTFE TBNQMFT VTJOHBTVCTUBODFDBMMFEBFSPHFMѮFDBSHPXBTQBSBDIVUFEJOBSFFOUSZDBQTVMFUPUIF &BSUITTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ &4"MBVODIFTJUT9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¢/FXUPO BCCSFWJBUFE9..¢/FXUPO TQBDFDSBѫ PO%FDFNCFS XJUIBEFTJHOFEZFBSMJGFUJNF*UQSPWJEFT9SBZJNBHFTBOE TQFDUSPTDPQZ PG TFMFDUFE 9SBZ PCKFDUT TVDI BT BDDSFUJOH CMBDL IPMFT BDUJWF HBMBDUJD OVDMFJ DMVTUFST PG HBMBYJFT BOE TVQFSOPWBF ѮF 9..m/FXUPO JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF &OHMJTI NBUIFNBUJDJBO BOE BTUSPOPNFS *TBBD /FXUPO ¢ XIP JOWFOUFE TQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJTCFTUSFNFNCFSFEGPSIJTMBXTPGNPUJPOBOEHSBWJUZ ¦ /"4"MBVODIFTJUT/FBS&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT BCCSFWJBUFE/&"3 NJTTJPOPO 'FCSVBSZJUBSSJWFEBUUIFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE&SPTPO7BMFOUJOFT%BZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'FCSVBSZ CFDPNJOHUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPPSCJUBOBTUFSPJE BOEUIFêSTUUP MBOEPOPOFѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTSFOBNFE/&"34IPFNBLFSBѫFSMBVODI JOIPOPSPG UIFBTUSPOPNFSHFPMPHJTU&VHFOF.4IPFNBLFS ¢

BQJPOFFSJOHFYQFSUPO BTUFSPJEBOEDPNFUJNQBDUT/&"34IPFNBLFSDJSDMFEUIFBTUFSPJE&SPTGPSBZFBS EFUFSNJOJOHJUTEFUBJMFETJ[F TIBQF NBTTBOENBTTEFOTJUZ BOETIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTB CBUUFSFE IPNPHFOFPVTTUSVDUVSF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 8FOEZ - 'SFFENBO m BOE IFS DPMMFBHVFT QVCMJTI PCTFSWBUJPOT PG $FQIFJE WBSJBCMF TUBST NBEF XJUI UIF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF UP EJSFDUMZ NFBTVSF HBMBYZ EJTUBODFT PVU UP NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST DPNCJOJOH UIFJS SFTVMUTXJUIPUIFSPCTFSWBUJPOT TVDIBTUIPTFPGUZQF*BTVQFSOPWBF UPFTUBCMJTIB SFêOFE)VCCMFEJBHSBNPVUUPBCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBOEJOGFSB)VCCMFDPOTUBOUPG LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFDBOEBOBHFPGBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTGPSUIF FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF $BOBEJBO QIZTJDJTU "SUIVS i"SUu .D%POBME m BOOPVODFT UIBU PCTFSWBUJPOT XJUIUIFVOEFSHSPVOE4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE4/0 EFNPOTUSBUF UIBUTPMBSFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPTDIBOHFUPNVPOPSUBVUZQFOFVUSJOPTCFGPSFSFBDIJOH &BSUI JOEJDBUJOHUIBUOFVUSJOPTIBWFNBTTѮFTFBOETVCTFRVFOU4/0PCTFSWBUJPOT TIPXUIBUUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPTQSPEVDFECZOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOUIF DPSFPGUIF4VOJTFRVBMUPUIBUQSFEJDUFECZEFUBJMFETPMBSNPEFMT CVUUIBUSPVHIMZUXP UIJSETPGUIFNDIBOHFUZQFJOUSBOTJUUP&BSUI /"4"MBVODIFTJUT.BST0EZTTFZTQBDFDSBѫPO"QSJM QMBDJOHJUJOUPPSCJU BSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO0DUPCFS*UNBQQFEUIFBNPVOUBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOPG DIFNJDBM FMFNFOUT BOE NJOFSBMT PO UIF .BSUJBO TVSGBDF BOE QSPWJEFE FWJEFODF GPS TVCTUBOUJBMTVCTVSGBDFXBUFSJDF /"4"MBVODIFTJUT8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE8."1 PO +VOF QVCMJTIJOHEFêOJUJWFGVMMTLZNBQTPGUIFGBJOUBOJTPUSPQZ PSUFNQFSBUVSF WBSJBUJPOT PGUIFUISFFEFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOJOFBSMZ 8IFODPNCJOFEXJUIUIFSFTVMUTPGPUIFSDPTNJDNFBTVSFNFOUT UIF8."1EBUBTVH HFTUUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCJMMJPOZFBSTPME UIBUUIFêSTUTUBSTCFHBOUPTIJOFBCPVU NJMMJPOZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIFSBEJBUJPOJOUIF8."1JNBHFTPSJHJOBUFE ZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOUIBTBWBMVFPGLJMPNFUFST QFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD BOEUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTDPNQPTFEPGQFSDFOUBUPNT QFSDFOUDPMEEBSLNBUUFSBOEQFSDFOUEBSLFOFSHZѮFQSPCFJTOBNFEJOIPOPS PG %BWJE 5 8JMLJOTPO ¢ PG 1SJODFUPO 6OJWFSTJUZ B QJPOFFS JO DPTNJD NJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESFTFBSDIBOEUIF."1JOTUSVNFOUTDJFOUJTU &4"MBVODIFTJUT*/5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE */5&(3"- PO0DUPCFS EFEJDBUFEUPUIFEFUBJMFETQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJNBHJOH PGDFMFTUJBMHBNNBSBZTPVSDFT

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

/"4"MBVODIFTUIF3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS BCCSFWJBUFE 3)&44* PO'FCSVBSZ*UPCUBJOFEIJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHJOHTQFDUSPTDPQZPG TPMBSëBSFTBUIBSE9SBZBOEHBNNBSBZXBWFMFOHUIT JOPSEFSUPTUVEZTPMBSëBSF QBSUJDMF BDDFMFSBUJPO BOE ëBSF FOFSHZ SFMFBTF *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE 3)&44* EFUFS NJOFE UIF GSFRVFODZ MPDBUJPO BOE FWPMVUJPO PG JNQVMTJWF ëBSF FOFSHZ SFMFBTF JO UIFDPSPOBBOEMPDBUFEUIFTJUFTPGQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUJPOBOEFOFSHZEFQPTJUJPOBUBMM QIBTFTPGTPMBSëBSFTѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTOBNFEBѫFS3FVWFO3BNBUZ ¢

BQJPOFFSJOUIFêFMETPGTPMBSQIZTJDT HBNNBSBZBTUSPOPNZ OVDMFBSQIZTJDTBOE DPTNJDSBZT ѮF5XP%FHSFF'JFME BCCSFWJBUFEE' (BMBYZ3FETIJѫ4VSWFZ JTVTFEUPEFNPO TUSBUFUIBUJOWJTJCMFEBSLNBUUFSJTMPDBUFEJOUIFTBNFQMBDFBTWJTJCMFNBUUFS BOEUIBU UIFSFJTOPCJBTJOUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGEBSLNBUUFS ѮFJNQPSUBODFPGUIFPCTFSWFETPMBSOFVUSJOPEFêDJUXBTSFDPHOJ[FECZUIFBXBSEPG UIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTUP3BZNPOE%BWJT+S m

XIPQJPOFFSFEUIFêFME PGOFVUSJOPBTUSPQIZTJDT BOEUPUIF+BQBOFTFQIZTJDJTU.BTBUPTIJ,PTIJCB m GPSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGDPTNJDOFVUSJOPT GSPNCPUIUIF4VOBOEUIFEJTUBOUFYQMPEJOH TUBS PSTVQFSOPWBF 4/""OPUIFSBTUSPQIZTJDJTU UIF*UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBO3JD DBSEP (JBDDPOJ m TIBSFE UIF QSJ[F GPS IJT QJPOFFSJOH JOWFTUJHBUJPOT PG DPTNJD9SBZT"OETJODFUIFQSJ[FDBOOPUCFHJWFOUPNPSFUIBOUISFFTDJFOUJTUT PUIFS TJHOJêDBOUDPOUSJCVUPSTUPOFVUSJOPBTUSPOPNZPSUIFUIFPSZPGOFVUSJOPTDPVMEOPUCF SFDPHOJ[FE /"4"MBVODIFTUIF("-BYZ&WPMVUJPOF9QMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE("-&9 PO"QSJM *UJTEFTJHOFEUPPCTFSWFHBMBYJFTJOVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUBDSPTTCJMMJPOZFBSTPGDPTNJDIJT UPSZ QSPWJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOPOTUBSGPSNBUJPOBOEUIFFWPMVUJPOPGHBMBYJFT /"4"MBVODIFTJUTUXJO.BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFST OBNFE4QJSJUBOE0QQPSUVOJUZ PO +VOFBOE+VMZ SFTQFDUJWFMZ4QJSJUMBOEFEJO(VTFW$SBUFSPO+BOVBSZ BOE0QQPSUVOJUZMBOEFEJO.FSJEJBOJ1MBOVNPO+BOVBSZ PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODF UIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEBDSPTT.BST /"4"T4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJBCSFBLTBQBSUVQPOSFFOUSZPO'FCSVBSZ /"4" MBVODIFT UIF 4QJU[FS 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE 445 PO "VHVTU *UJTBOJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFXJUIBONFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS PCUBJOJOH JNBHFTBOETQFDUSBPGUIFJOGSBSFEFOFSHZ PSIFBU SBEJBUFECZDPTNJDPCKFDUTBUXBWF MFOHUITCFUXFFOBOENJDSPOT XIFSFNJDSPOJTPOFNJMMJPOUIPGBNFUFS QSP WJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFGPSNBUJPO DPNQPTJUJPOBOEFWPMVUJPOPGQMBOFUT TUBSTBOE HBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPOXBTJOJUJBMMZEFTJHOBUFEUIF4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF'BDJMJUZ PS4*35'GPSTIPSU BOESFOBNFEGPSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU-ZNBO4QJU[FS +S ¢ .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPN /"4"T 8JMLJOTPO .JDSPXBWF "OJTPUSPQZ 1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE 8."1 SFQPSUFE CZ $IBSMFT - i$IVDLu #FOOFUU m

DPODMVTJWFMZ EFUFSNJOF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIFEJTUSJCVUJPOBOEDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTJ[FTPGUFNQFSBUVSFëVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFUISFFEFHSFF DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOѮFBOHVMBSQPXFSTQFDUSVNPGUIJTEBUBJOEJ DBUFTUIBUPSEJOBSZCBSZPOJDNBUUFSDPOTUJUVUFTBCPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFDSJUJDBMNBTT EFOTJUZOFFEFEUPTUPQUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF BOEXIFODPNCJOFEXJUIPUIFS BTUSPOPNJDBMNFBTVSFNFOUTJOEJDBUFTB)VCCMFDPOTUBOUPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE QFS.FHBQBSTFD BOBHFPGCJMMJPOZFBSTGPSUIFFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF BOEBiëBUu TQBDF EFTDSJCFE CZ &VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ XJUI QFSDFOU EBSL OPOCBSZPOJD NBUUFS EFOTJUZBOEQFSDFOUEBSLFOFSHZEFOTJUZѮFDPNCJOFEEBUBBMTPJOEJDBUFUIBUUIF êSTUTUBSTJOUIF6OJWFSTFCFHBOUPTIJOFXIFOUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXBTPOMZBCPVU NJMMJPOZFBSTPME ѮF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫ MBVODIFE CZ /"4" PO 0DUPCFS SFBDIFT 4BUVSOJO+VMZ BOESFMFBTFT&4"T)VZHFOTQSPCFPO%FDFNCFS CFHJOOJOH BUISFFXFFLKPVSOFZUPUIFTVSGBDFPG4BUVSOTNPPO5JUBO /"4"MBVODIFT(SBWJUZ1SPCF#PO"QSJM BHZSPTDPQFFYQFSJNFOUEFTJHOFE GPSQSFDJTFUFTUTPGUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ &OHMJTIUIFPSFUJDBMBTUSPOPNFS4UFQIFO8)BXLJOH m DPODMVEFTUIBUBMMUIF NBUUFSBOEFOFSHZDPOTVNFECZBCMBDLIPMFJTFWFOUVBMMZTFOUCBDLJOUPUIFQMBDFUIFZ DBNFGSPN CVUJOBUSBOTGPSNFEVOSFDPHOJ[BCMFTUBUF ѮFêSTUSFTVMUTGSPNUIF4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZPGHBMBYJFTJOEJĒFSFOUEJSFDUJPOT BOEEFQUIT PSSFETIJѫT SFWFBMBXBMMPGHBMBYJFTCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT UPHFUIFS XJUIIVHFWPJET PSTFFNJOHMZFNQUZQMBDFTXJUIGFXHBMBYJFT 0O+BOVBSZ &4"T)VZHFOTQSPCF SFMFBTFEGSPN/"4"T$BTTJOJPSCJUFS MBOET POUIFTVSGBDFPG4BUVSOTTBUFMMJUF5JUBO"MUIPVHIUIFTVSGBDFJTNPSFUIBOEFHSFFT CFMPXUIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFS JUTIPXTTJHOTPGSJWFSDIBOOFMTBOEëPXJOHMJRVJE QSPCBCMZNFUIBOF 0O+BOVBSZ /"4"T4UBSEVTUTQBDFDSBѫTVDFTTGVMMZSFUVSOFEUP&BSUITBNQMFT PG$PNFU8JME WJBBTBNQMFSFUVSODBQTVMF

$ISPOPMPHZ"$PODJTF)JTUPSZPG$PTNJD%JTDPWFSZ

$# #!

"$

! "$

! $ % #

# $% !

'*( 'REATWALLSOFGALAXIES4HEEXTENSIONOFTHESECOND#ENTERFOR!STROPHYSICS SURVEY DESIGNATEDTHE#F!SURVEY REVEALEDA'REAT7ALLOFGALAXIESBOTTOM THATSTRETCHES ABOUTMILLIONLIGHT YEARSACROSSTHENORTHERNSKY BETWEENHOURSANDHOURSRIGHT ASCENSIONATRADIALVELOCITIESBETWEEN AND KILOMETERSPERSECOND ABBREVIATED KMS¥)N THE3LOAN$IGITAL3KY3URVEYEXTENDEDTHENORTHERNHEMISPHERESURVEYTO RADIALVELOCITIESOFUPTO KMS¥ANDANESTIMATEDDISTANCEOFBILLIONLIGHT YEARS DISCOVERINGAMOREREMOTEANDLARGER3LOAN'REAT7ALLOFGALAXIESTHATISBILLIONLIGHT YEARSLONGTOP )TISTHELARGESTSTRUCTUREYETOBSERVEDINTHE5NIVERSE4HE%ARTHISATTHE APEXOFBOTHPLOTS ANDTHERADIALCOORDINATE ORDEPTH ISTHERADIALVELOCITY DETERMINEDFROM THEREDSHIFTOFSPECTRALLINES%ACHPOINTONTHE#F!MAPCORRESPONDSTOONEOF GALAX IES WHILEEACHDOTINTHE3LOANMAPCORRESPONDSTOONEOF GALAXIES

(-044"3: ÜÌÊ >Ì>Ê/>LiÃ

(MPTTBSZ"

"

"CFSSBUJPO "UJMUJOHPGUIFBQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOPGBTUBSJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNPUJPOPG

UIFPCTFSWFSѮFTJ[FPGUIFFĒFDUEFQFOETPOUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPG MJHIU BOEUIFBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGPCTFSWBUJPOBOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGNPUJPO XJUIBNBYJNVNWBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSDѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT#SBEMFZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFETUFMMBSBCFSSBUJPOJO QSPWJOHUIBUUIF&BSUIJTOPUêYFEJO TQBDF CVUNPWFTUISPVHIJU XIJMFBMTPTIPXJOHUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTBUBêOJUFWFMPDJUZ XIJDI IFFTUJNBUFEBT LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEVTJOHIJTPCTFSWFEWBMVFPGBCFSSBUJPO "CTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ ѮFUPUBMSBEJBOUFOFSHZPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUFNJUUFEQFSVOJU

UJNF BOEBNFBTVSFPGJUTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTT%FOPUFECZ- UIFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZ SBEJBUFEQFSVOJUUJNF NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGXBUUT0OF+PVMFQFSTFDPOEJTFRVBMUP POFXBUUPGQPXFS BOEUPUFONJMMJPOFSHQFSTFDPOEѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGUIF UIFSNBMSBEJBUJPOGSPNBCMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI- PS35FĒ XIFSFP UIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU S +PVMFN,T UIFSBEJVTJT3BOEUIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJT5FĒ 4FFBQQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT MVNJOPTJUZBOE4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX "CTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF ѮF BCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF PG B DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU JT UIF BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFUIFPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFBUBTUBOEBSEEJTUBODFPGQBSTFDTGSPNUIF&BSUI ѮFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM. BOEUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFCZ NѮFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFNBZCFEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFBOEUIFQBS BMMBYCZUIFGPSNVMB.NMPHP XIFSFPJTUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYJOTFDPOETPG BSDѮFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYJTUIFSFDJQSPDBMPGUIFEJTUBODF % JOVOJUTPGQBSTFDT TP. NMPH% XJUI%JOQBSTFDTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT NBHOJUVEFT BOE JUT BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF JT NBHOJUVEFT ѮF BCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEFTPGNPTUTUBSTMJFCFUXFFOBOE4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBY NBHOJUVEF QBSBMMBY TUBST BOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF "CTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFBTNFBTVSFEPOBTDBMFXIPTF[FSPQPJOU JTBCTPMVUF[FSP UIFQPJOUBUXIJDIBMMNPUJPOBUUIFNPMFDVMBSMFWFMDFBTFTѮFVOJU PGBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFJTUIFEFHSFFLFMWJO EFOPUFECZ,PSKVTU,BOEXSJUUFELFMWJO XJUIPVUBDBQJUBM,ѮFGSFF[JOHUFNQFSBUVSFPGXBUFSJT,BOEUIFCPJMJOHUFN QFSBUVSFPGXBUFSJT,"CTPMVUF[FSPJT,ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT $FMTJVTJT$, BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT' , 4FF$FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJUBOE,FMWJO "CTPMVUF[FSP ѮFMPXFTUQPTTJCMFUFNQFSBUVSF EFHSFFT$FMTJVTBOEEFHSFFT POUIF,FMWJOTDBMF4FFBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF "CTPSQUJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUIFJOUFOTJUZPGSBEJBUJPOEFDSFBTFTBTJUQBTTFTUISPVHI

BNBUFSJBMNFEJVNѮFFOFSHZMPTUCZUIFSBEJBUJPOJTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIFNFEJVN "CTPSQUJPOMJOF "iEBSLuMJOFPGEFDSFBTFESBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWF

MFOHUI PG UIF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN QSPEVDFE XIFO SBEJBUJPO GSPN B EJTUBOU TPVSDFQBTTFTUISPVHIBHBTDMPVEDMPTFSUPUIFPCTFSWFS"OBCTPSQUJPOMJOFDBOCF GPSNFEXIFOBDPPM UFOVPVTHBT CFUXFFOBIPU SBEJBUJOHTPVSDFBOEBOPCTFSWFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BCTPSCTFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOPGUIBUXBWFMFOHUI BTJOUIFTQFDUSBPGTUBSTXIPTF IPU JOUFSOBM SBEJBUJPO JT BCTPSCFE CZ UIF DPPMFS PVUFS TUFMMBS MBZFST ѮJT TQFDUSBM GFBUVSF MPPLT MJLF B MJOF XIFO UIF SBEJBUJPO JOUFOTJUZ JT EJTQMBZFE BT B GVODUJPO PG XBWFMFOHUITVDIBEJTQMBZJTDBMMFEBTQFDUSVN%JĒFSFOUBUPNT JPOTBOENPMFDVMFT QSPEVDF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD QBUUFSOT PG BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BOE PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIFTF MJOFT FOBCMFJEFOUJêDBUJPOPGUIFDIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFHBTCFUXFFOUIFMJHIUTPVSDF BOEUIFPCTFSWFS"CTPSQUJPOMJOFTDBOBMTPCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFWFMPDJUZPGUIF TPVSDF VTJOHUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUѮFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIF4VOTTQFDUSVNBSFPѫFO DBMMFE 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT 4FF %PQQMFS FĒFDU 'SBVOIPGFS MJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOE TQFDUSVN "DDFMFSBUJPO "OJODSFBTFJOBOPCKFDUTTQFFEBOEWFMPDJUZPWFSUJNF "DDSFUJPO ѮFGPSNBUJPOPGBMBSHFCPEZBTUIFSFTVMUPGDPMMJTJPOTPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFT

PSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGTNBMMFSCPEJFTѮFDBQUVSFPGHBTPSEVTUCZBTJOHMF CPEZUPGPSNBMBSHFSPOF MJLFBNPPO QMBOFUPSTUBS"MTPUIFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIBTUBS BDDVNVMBUFTNBUUFSBTJUNPWFTUISPVHIBDMPVEPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBT "DDSFUJPOEJTL "ëBUUFOFE SPUBUJOHEJTLPGHBTJOPSCJUBSPVOEBCMBDLIPMFPSBZPVOH TUBSѮFNBUFSJBMJOBOBDDSFUJPOEJTLTVSSPVOEJOHBCMBDLIPMFTQJSBMTJOUPUIFCMBDL IPMF FNJUUJOH9SBZTPOUIFXBZJOUIFHBTDBOCFSFQMFOJTIFECZNBUFSJBMQVMMFEGSPN BWJTJCMFTUFMMBSDPNQBOJPO1MBOFUTNBZCFGPSNFEJOUIFBDDSFUJPOEJTLPGBZPVOHTUBS ѮFTFEJTLTDPOUBJOEVTUUIBUJTEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT "DIFSOBS ѮFOJOUICSJHIUFTUTUBS MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO&SJEBOVT BOEUIFSF

GPSFBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB&SJEBOJ"DIFSOBSJTBCMVFNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBSPG TQFDUSBMUZQF#XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBST BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVU UJNFTUIBU PGUIF4VO4FF#TUBS TUBSTBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "DSVY ѮF CSJHIUFTU PG UIF TUBST JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $SVY QPQVMBSMZ LOPXO BT UIF 4PVUIFSO$SPTT"DSVY BMUFSOBUFMZOBNFE"MQIB$SVDJT JTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST *U JT B WJTVBM EPVCMF TUBS XJUI B DPNCJOFE BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF PG BOEBDPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm0OFNFNCFSPGUIFEPVCMF TUBSTZTUFNJTBCMVF#TVCHJBOUXJUIBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG UJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO BOEUIFPUIFSNFNCFSJTBCMVF#EXBSGTUBSXJUIBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG UJNFTUIFTPMBSWBMVF4FF$SVY "DUJWF HBMBDUJD OVDMFVT " WFSZ CSJHIU DPNQBDU SFHJPO GPVOE BU UIF DFOUFS PG BO

BDUJWFHBMBYZѮFCSJHIUOFTTPGBOBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTJTBUUSJCVUFEUPBOBDDSFUJPO EJTLBSPVOEBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF2VBTBSTBSFUIFNPTUMVNJOPVTUZQFPGBDUJWF HBMBDUJDOVDMFVT4FFBDDSFUJPOEJTL CMBDLIPMF RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ 4FZGFSUHBMBYZ BOE TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF "DUJWFSFHJPO "SFHJPOJOUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSF GSPNUIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIFDPSPOB UIBUEFWFMPQTXIFOTUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFMETFNFSHFGSPNJOTJEFUIF4VOѮFNBHOFUJ[FE SFBMNJO BSPVOEBOEBCPWFTVOTQPUTJTDBMMFEBOBDUJWFSFHJPO3BEJBUJPOGSPNBDUJWF SFHJPOT JT FOIBODFE XIFO DPNQBSFE UP OFJHICPSJOH BSFBT JO UIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOE

(MPTTBSZ"

DPSPOB PWFSUIFXIPMFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN GSPN9SBZTUPSBEJPXBWFT"DUJWF SFHJPOTNBZMBTUGSPNTFWFSBMIPVSTUPBGFXNPOUITѮFZBSFUIFTJUFTPGJOUFOTFFYQMP TJPOT DBMMFETPMBSëBSFT XIJDIMBTUBGFXNJOVUFTUPIPVSTѮFOVNCFSPGBDUJWFSFHJPOT WBSJFTJOTUFQXJUIUIFZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF4FFëBSF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOETVOTQPU DZDMF "EBQUJWFPQUJDT "NFUIPEGPSPCUBJOJOHTIBSQWJTVBMJNBHFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTCZDPS SFDUJOHGPSUIFEJTUPSUJPOPGMJHIUBTJUUSBWFMTUISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFѮJTDBOCF BDDPNQMJTIFECZSBQJEMZBEKVTUJOHUIFTIBQFBOEBMJHONFOUPGBUFMFTDPQFNJSSPS "EWBODFE9SBZBTUSPQIZTJDTGBDJMJUZ 4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ "FUIFS "OJOWJTJCMFNFEJVNUIBUXBTUIPVHIUUPEJĒVTFBMMTQBDF QSPWJEJOHTPNF UIJOHGPSMJHIUUPQSPQBHBUFJO"MTP UIFêѫI VODIBOHJOHIFBWFOMZFMFNFOUJO"SJTUPU MFTDPTNPMPHZUIFPUIFSGPVSBSFFBSUI BJS êSFBOEXBUFS XIJDIBMMDIBOHFXJUIUJNF 4FFFUIFSBOEMVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS "GUFSHMPX ѮFGBEJOHêSFCBMMPGBHBNNBSBZCVSTUUIBUJTPCTFSWBCMFBUMFTTFOFS

HFUJD MPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT TVDIBT9SBZT PQUJDBMSBEJBUJPOBOESBEJPSBEJBUJPO"ѫFS BOJOJUJBM CSJFGFYQMPTJPO BHBNNBSBZCVSTUHFOFSBUFTUIFBѫFSHMPX XIJDIJTWJTJCMF GPSTFWFSBMXFFLTPSNPOUIT "MCFEP "NFBTVSFPGUIFGSBDUJPOPGTVOMJHIUSFëFDUFECZBCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN

3PDLZPCKFDUTIBWFBMPXBMCFEP XIJMFDMPVETPSXBUFSJDFIBWFBIJHIBMCFEP "MEFCBSBO "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB5BVSJ UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT

"MEFCBSBOJTBOPSBOHF,HJBOUTUBSUIBUJTMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI XJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBCPVU BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBO BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO4FFTUBST BOE,TUBS "MHPM ѮFêSTUWBSJBCMFTUBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE BOEUIFCSJHIUFTUFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBS

*UJTMPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FSTFVT BOEBMTPLOPXOBTFJUIFSUIFi%FNPO4UBSuPS #FUB1FSTFJѮFêSTUSFDPSEFEPCTFSWBUJPOTPG"MHPMTWBSJBCJMJUZXFSFNBEFJOCZ UIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(FNJOJBOP.POUBOBSJ ¢

BOEJOUIF&OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS+PIO(PPESJDLF ¢ êSTUTVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFWBSJBCJMJUZSFTVMUFE GSPNBCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDIPOFPGJUTTUBSTQBTTFTJOGSPOUPGUIFPUIFS CSJHIUFS DPNQPOFOUѮFQBJSPGTUBSTJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTXJUIBDPNCJOFE BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm&WFSZ EBZTPOFTUBSQBTTFTJOGSPOUPGUIFPUIFS BOEFDMJQTFTJU BOEMJHIUUIBUXFPCTFSWFGSPN UIFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNEJNTUPQFSDFOUPGJUTPSJHJOBMCSJHIUOFTT"MHPMJTBQSPUPUZQF GPSBDMBTTPGFDMJQTJOHCJOBSJFTLOPXOBT"MHPMUZQFWBSJBCMFT4FFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ "MNBHFTU " DPNQSFIFOTJWF DPMMFDUJPO PG BTUSPOPNJDBM XPSLT CZ UIF &HZQUJBO

BTUSPOPNFS1UPMFNZ D¢D

PS$MBVEJVT1UPMFNBFVT XIJDIIFDBMMFE.BUI FNBUJDBM4ZOUBYJTBXFE"SBCJDUSBOTMBUPSTPGUIFOJOUIDFOUVSZDBMMFEJUѮF(SFBUFTU $PNQPTJUJPOm"MNBHFTUF PS BTJUCFDBNFLOPXO UIF"MNBHFTU1UPMFNZQSFTFOUFE BO&BSUIDFOUFSFE PSHFPDFOUSJD EFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTUIBUTVD DFFEFETPXFMMUIBUJUXBTTUJMMCFJOHVTFEUPQSFEJDUUIFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTJO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIFTLZNPSFUIBOBUIPVTBOEZFBSTBѫFS1UPMFNZTEFBUIѮF"MNBHFTUBMTPJODMVEFE UIFDFMFTUJBMMBUJUVEFBOEMPOHJUVEFBOECSJHIUOFTTPGOFBSMZTUBSTPCUBJOFENVDI FBSMJFS CZ UIF (SFFL BTUSPOPNFS )JQQBSDIVT D ¢ #$ *O UIF &OH MJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE)BMMFZ ¢ DPNQBSFEIJTPCTFSWFEQPTJUJPOTPG CSJHIU TUBST XJUI UIPTF GPVOE JO UIF "MNBHFTU DPODMVEJOH UIBU UISFF PG UIFN IBE DIBOHFEQPTJUJPOTCZCFUXFFOBOENJOVUFTPGBSDTJODF)JQQBSDIVTUJNF BOE XFSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOH4FFQSPQFSNPUJPO "MQIB $FOUBVSJ ѮF "MQIB $FOUBVSJ TZTUFN DPOTJTUT PG UISFF DPPSCJUJOH EXBSG PS

NBJOTFRVFODF TUBSTmUXPCSJHIUBOEPOFGBJOUѮFUXPCSJHIUFTUTUBST EFTJHOBUFE "MQIB$FOUBVSJ"BOE"MQIB$FOUBVSJ# BSFMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JO UIFTPVUIFSOTLZ XJUIBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPGmBOEBOEBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFTPGBOEѮFCSJHIUFTUNFNCFSPGUIFQBJSJT3JHJM,FOUBVSVT UIF i$FOUBVST'PPUuUIJTTUBSJTBMTPTPNFUJNFTDBMMFE"MQIB$FOUBVSJ"*UJTUIFCSJHIU FTU TUBS JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $FOUBVSVT BOE UIF UIJSE CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF OJHIU TLZ -JLFUIF4VO "MQIB$FOUBVSJJTB(EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBS*UBQQFBSTCSJHIU JODPNQBSJTPOXJUIPUIFSTUBSTCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZOFBSNBOZPUIFSFYDFQUJPOBMMZ CSJHIUTUBSTBSFGBSUIFSBXBZCVUTIJOFXJUIHSFBUFSMVNJOPTJUZѮFDMPTFTUTUBSUPPVS 4PMBS4ZTUFNJTUIFGBJOUSFEEXBSGDPNQPOFOUPGUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJTZTUFN LOPXOBT 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ XJUIBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSDBOEBEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI PSBCPVU UJNFTNPSFEJTUBOUUIBOUIF4VO4FFBOOVBM QBSBMMBY QBSBMMBY 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ BOETUBST "MQIBEFDBZ ѮFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGBOBUPNJDOVDMFVT JOXIJDIBOBMQIBQBSUJDMFJTFNJU

UFE DBSSZJOHBXBZUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOTGSPNUIFOVDMFVT4FFBMQIBQBSUJDMF "MQIBQBSUJDMF ѮFOVDMFVTPGBIFMJVNBUPN DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFV

USPOTѮFIFMJVNOVDMFVTIBTBDIBSHFUXJDFUIBUPGBQSPUPOBOEBNBTTKVTU PS QFSDFOU MFTTUIBOUIFNBTTPGGPVSQSPUPOTѮFBMQIBQBSUJDMFJTBIFMJVNJPO4FF IFMJVNBOEJPO "MUBJS "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB"RVJMBF UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO"RVJMB XJUI BOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO"MUBJSJTB EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"4FF"TUBSBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "MUJUVEF ѮFBOHVMBSEJTUBODFPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUBCPWFUIFPCTFSWFSTIPSJ[PONFB TVSFEBMPOHUIFHSFBUDJSDMFQBTTJOHUISPVHIUIFPCKFDUBOEUIF[FOJUI "NNPOJB "OJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFBOEPOFPGUIFUISFFNBJOiJDFTuUIBUFYJTUFEJOUIF

PVUFS4PMBS4ZTUFNEVSJOHJUTGPSNBUJPO0OFNPMFDVMFPGBNNPOJB EFTJHOBUFE/) DPOTJTUTPGPOFBUPNPGOJUSPHFO / BOEUISFFBUPNTPGIZESPHFO ) "NPSBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "OESPNFEB "MBSHFDPOTUFMMBUJPOPGUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSF BEKPJOJOHUIF4RVBSF

PG1FHBTVT

(MPTTBSZ"

"OESPNFEBHBMBYZ ѮFOFBSFTUTQJSBMHBMBYZ BUBEJTUBODFPGNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST GSPN&BSUI BMTPLOPXOBT.PS/($BOEUIF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB*UJTTJNJ MBS JO TIBQF BOE TJ[F UP PVS PXO .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ ѮF "OESPNFEB HBMBYZ JT UIF NPTUEJTUBOUPCKFDUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZF TFFOGSPNUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFBTB GV[[Z MVNJOPVTQBUDIJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOPG"OESPNFEB BOEJTBCPVUCZEFHSFFTJO BOHVMBSFYUFOU5XPFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFT .BOE/($ BDDPNQBOZUIF"OESPNFEB HBMBYZ BOEUIFZBMMTIBSFNFNCFSTIJQXJUIPVSPXO(BMBYZJOUIF-PDBM(SPVQѮF "OESPNFEB HBMBYZ JT DVSSFOUMZ BQQSPBDIJOH PVS (BMBYZ UIF .JMLZ 8BZ 4FF HBMBYZ MPDBMHSPVQBOETQJSBMHBMBYZ "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE BU 4JEJOH 4QSJOH .PVOUBJO JO /FX 4PVUI

8BMFT BO PCTFSWBUPSZ KPJOUMZ PQFSBUFE CZ UIF 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN BOE UIF "VTUSBMJBO HPWFSONFOUT*UDPOUBJOTBNFUFS JODI "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO5FMFTDPQFBOEUIF NFUFS JODI 6,4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF ¯OHTUSÚN " VOJU PG XBWFMFOHUI EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ª BOE FRVBM UP

NFUFST PS PG B DFOUJNFUFS BOE OBOPNFUFST "O ªOHTUSÕN JT PO UIF PSEFSPGUIFTJ[FPGBOBUPN#MVFMJHIUIBTBXBWFMFOHUIPGBCPVUª ZFMMPXMJHIU ª BOESFEMJHIUªѮFVOJUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS"OEFST +POBTªOHTUSÕN ¢ XIPJOQVCMJTIFE3FTFBSDIFTPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN JOXIJDIIFQSFTFOUFENFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGNPSFUIBOBIVOESFEEBSL BCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIF4VOTTQFDUSVNVTJOHUIJTVOJUPGNFBTVSFNFOU "OHVMBSNPNFOUVN ѮFQSPEVDUPGBOHVMBSWFMPDJUZBOENBTTGPSBOPCKFDUJOSPUBUJPO "OHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO 4FFSFTPMVUJPO "OJTPUSPQZ ѮF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD PS RVBMJUZ PG CFJOH EFQFOEFOU VQPO EJSFDUJPO 4FF

JTPUSPQJD "OOVBM QBSBMMBY )BMGUIFBQQBSFOUBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGBOFBSCZTUBSPCTFSWFE BHBJOTU UIF NPSF EJTUBOU TUBST BU JOUFSWBMT PG TJY NPOUIT GSPN PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG UIF &BSUIT PSCJU ѮF BOOVBM QBSBMMBY JT BMTP LOPXO BT UIF USJHPOPNFUSJD QBSBMMBY ѮF EJTUBODF PG B OFBSCZ TUBS JO QBSTFDT JT HJWFO CZ UIF SFDJQSPDBM PG JUT BOOVBM QBSBMMBY JOTFDPOETPGBSD PSBSDTFDPOETѮFêSTUTUBSUPIBWFJUTEJTUBODFNFBTVSFECZUIJT NFUIPEXBT$ZHOJ JOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢ "DDVSBUFQBSBMMBYNFBTVSFNFOUTPG TUBSTIBWFCFFOEFUFSNJOFE XJUIBQSFDJTJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSDVTJOHJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF)*11"3$04 TBUFMMJUF4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ #BSOBSET4UBS )*11"3$04 ,BQUFZOT4UBS QBSBMMBY QBS TFD 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ BOE$ZHOJ "OUBSFT "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB4DPSQJJ UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4DPSQJVT

"OUBSFTJTBCSJHIU SFE.TVQFSHJBOUTUBS MPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm XIJDIJTJOUSJOTJDBMMZ UJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VOBUWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITѮF TUBSJTBCPVUUIFTBNFDPMPSBOEBQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTTBT.BST SFTVMUJOHJOUIFOBNF"OU "SFT (SFFLGPSiMJLF.BSTu'SPNUIFNFBTVSFEBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSBOEEJTUBODF BSBEJVT PGPWFSUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VOJTPCUBJOFE XIJDIJTBMNPTU"6 PSBMNPTUUJNFT UIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"OUFOOBF "QBJSPGJOUFSBDUJOHHBMBYJFT BMTPLOPXOBT/($BOE/($ JO UIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$PSWVT "OUISPQJDQSJODJQMF 'JSTUQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU#SBOEPO$BSUFS

¢

XPSLJOH JO 'SBODF UIF "OUISPQJD 1SJODJQMF TUBUFT UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF XF PCTFSWFJTOFDFTTBSJMZDPNQBUJCMFXJUIPVSFYJTUFODFBTPCTFSWFST*OPUIFSXPSET UIF 6OJWFSTFXFJOIBCJUIBTQSPQFSUJFTUIBUIBWFNBEFJUQPTTJCMFGPSMJGFUPEFWFMPQ "OUJFMFDUSPO ѮF BOUJQBSUJDMF PG BO FMFDUSPO BMTP DBMMFE B QPTJUSPO 4FF BOUJNBUUFS

BOUJQBSUJDMF BOEQPTJUSPO "OUJNBUUFS .BUUFSNBEFPGQBSUJDMFTXJUIJEFOUJDBMNBTTBOETQJOBTUIPTFPGPSEJOBSZ

NBUUFS CVUXJUIPQQPTJUFDIBSHFѮFBOUJNBUUFSQBSUJDMFPGUIFFMFDUSPOJTUIFQPTJUSPO PS iQPTJUJWF FMFDUSPOu "OUJNBUUFS IBT CFFO QSPEVDFE CZ DPTNJD SBZT TUSJLJOH BUPNT JOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF JOUFSSFTUSJBMQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPST BOEEVSJOHëBSFTPOUIF 4VO8IFOBQBSUJDMFPGBOUJNBUUFSDPMMJEFTXJUIUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOHQBSUJDMFPGPSEJOBSZ NBUUFSUIFZBOOJIJMBUFFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPODBMMFEHBNNBSBZT 4FFBOUJQBSUJDMF BOEQPTJUSPO "OUJOFVUSJOP ѮFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGBOFVUSJOP4FFBOUJNBUUFS BOUJQBSUJDMF BOEOFVUSJOP "OUJQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFFRVBMJONBTTBOENPTUPUIFSQSPQFSUJFTUPBOFMFNFOUBSZQBS UJDMF CVUPQQPTJUFJODIBSHFѮFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGBOFMFDUSPOJTUIFQPTJUSPOPSiQPTJUJWF FMFDUSPOu BOEUIFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGUIFOFVUSJOPJTBOBOUJOFVUSJOP8IFOBQBSUJDMFNFFUT XJUIJUTBOUJQBSUJDMF UIFZBOOJIJMBUFFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPODBMMFE HBNNBSBZT4FFBOUJNBUUFSBOEQPTJUSPO "QFSUVSF ѮFEJBNFUFSPGUIFMJHIUHBUIFSJOHMFOTPSNJSSPSPGBUFMFTDPQF BNFBTVSF

PGJUTMJHIUHBUIFSJOHBCJMJUZ "QFSUVSFTZOUIFTJT "UFDIOJRVF QJPOFFSFECZUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO 3ZMF ¢

JOXIJDIBOBSSBZPGSBEJPEJTIFTJTDPOOFDUFEFMFDUSPOJDBMMZBOE VTFEXJUIUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOUPTZOUIFTJ[FUIFSFTPMVUJPOPGBNVDIMBSHFSUFMFTDPQF 4FF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF .&3-*/ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM 3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE8FTU FSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "QPMMPBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "QPMMP.JTTJPOT 4JY"QPMMPTQBDFDSBѫUSBOTQPSUFEUXFMWFIVNBOTUPUIF.PPOBOE

CBDLCFUXFFOBOEѮFZMFѫTFJTNPNFUFSTUPNFBTVSFUIFMVOBSJOUFSJPSBOE MBTFSDPSOFSSFëFDUPSTVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF.PPOTJODSFBTJOHEJTUBODFGSPN&BSUI BOESFUVSOFEBUPUBMPGLJMPHSBNTPGSPDLTUIBUDPOUBJOFEOPXBUFSBOEIBEOFWFS CFFOFYQPTFEUPJU CVUXFSFVTFEUPEFDJQIFSUIF.PPOTIJTUPSZBOEQSPWJEFDMVFTUP JUTPSJHJOѮF"QPMMPBTUSPOBVU /FJM""SNTUSPOH ¢ XBTUIFêSTUIVNBO UPTUFQPOUIF.PPO GSPNUIF-VOBS.PEVMF&BHMFPO+VMZ4FF.PPO "QQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ ѮF UPUBM BNPVOU PG FOFSHZ QFS TFDPOE QFS VOJU SFDFJWJOH BSFBEFUFDUFEGSPNBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUѮFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZJTFRVBMUPUIFBCTPMVUF

(MPTTBSZ"

MVNJOPTJUZEJWJEFECZUIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODF4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOEMVNJOPTJUZ "QQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF "NFBTVSFPGUIFSFMBUJWFCSJHIUOFTTPGBTUBS PSPUIFSDFMFTUJBM PCKFDU BTQFSDFJWFECZBOPCTFSWFSPO&BSUI*UJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMN"QQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFBCTPMVUFBNPVOUPGMJHIUFOFSHZFNJUUFE PSSFëFDUFE BOE UIF EJTUBODF UP UIF PCKFDU ѮF TNBMMFTU BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFT DPSSFTQPOE UP UIF HSFBUFTUCSJHIUOFTTѮFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJTm UIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJ UVEFPGUIFGVMM.PPOJTm BOEUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPGUIFQMBOFU7FOVTXIFOJU JTCSJHIUFTUJTm4FFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF NBHOJUVEF QBSBMMBYBOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF "SBDIOJE " WPMDBOJD GFBUVSF PO 7FOVT DBVTFE CZ SJTJOH IPU NBUFSJBM UIBU QSPEVDFT DJSDVMBSBOESBEJBMGSBDUVSFTJOUIFTVSGBDF OJDLOBNFEBSBDIOJET GSPNUIF(SFFLBOE NPEFSO-BUJOXPSETGPSiTQJEFSu "SDEFHSFF "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFPGXIJDIUIFSFBSFJOBGVMMDJSDMF"OBSD

EFHSFFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM "SD NJOVUF "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUPPOFTJYUJFUIPGBEFHSFFPGBOHVMBS

NFBTVSF PSUPPGBOBSDEFHSFFѮFSFBSFBSDNJOVUFTJOBSDEFHSFF"OBSD NJOVUFJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM BOEJUJTBMTPDBMMFEBNJOVUFPGBSDѮF.PPOJT BSDNJOVUFTBDSPTT "SDTFDPOE "VOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUP PGBOBSDEFHSFFBOEPGBO

BSDNJOVUF"OBSDTFDPOEJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM BOEJUJTBMTPDBMMFEBTFDPOEPG BSDѮFSFBSFTFDPOETPGBSDJOPOFSBEJBO BOEPSBEJBOTJOBGVMMDJSDMF PGEFHSFFT XIFSFUIFDPOTUBOUP+VQJUFSJTTFDPOETPGBSDBDSPTT "SDUVSVT ѮFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBOEUIFGPVSUICSJHIUFTUTUBS POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF"SDUVSVTIBTCFFODBMMFEUIFi#FBS8BUDIFSu TJODFJUGPMMPXT 6STB.BKPS UIF(SFBU#FBS BSPVOEUIFOPSUIFSOQPMF BOEUIFOBNF"SDUVSVTEFSJWFT GSPNBSLUPT UIF(SFFLXPSEGPSiCFBSu"SDUVSVTJTBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB#PÕUJT UIF CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO#PÕUFT*UJTBOPSBOHF,HJBOUTUBSBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGm4FF,TUBS TUBSTBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮFXPSMETMBSHFTUSBEJPUFMFTDPQFMPDBUFEOFBS"SFDJCP 1VFSUP 3JDP EFEJDBUFEJOBOESFTVSGBDFEJO*UTNFUBMSFëFDUJOHTVSGBDFIBTBTQIFS JDBMTIBQFXJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST GFFU

BOEGPDVTFTJODPNJOHSBEJPXBWFT UPBNPWFBCMFTUSVDUVSFQPTJUJPOFEBCPVUNFUFST GFFU BCPWFѮFUSBOTNJTTJPO BOESFDFQUJPOPGSBEBSTJHOBMTGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOUIFTSFTVMUFEJO BOBDDVSBUFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUBOEUIFêSTUDPSSFDUNFBTVSFNFOUT PGUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPETPG.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTѮF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJTVTFEUP TUVEZSBEJPFNJTTJPOGSPNBMMLJOETPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT TVDIBTQVMTBST JODMVEJOHUIF EJTDPWFSZJOPGUIF#JOBSZ1VMTBS 143 VTFEUPQSPWJEFFWJEFODFGPS HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO BOEUIFEJTDPWFSZJOPGUIFQVMTBS143 XIJDI IBT BU MFBTU UXP &BSUITJ[FE QMBOFUT PSCJUJOH JU 4FF CJOBSZ QVMTBS FYUSBTPMBS QMBOFU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO .FSDVSZ NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS 143 143 143 SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOVT "TUBS "IPU XIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF" XJUIBEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFNVDIIPUUFSUIBO

UIF4VO TVDIBT4JSJVT "MUBJS 'PNBMIBVU 7FHB BOE%FOFC4FF"MUBJS %FOFC 'PNBM IBVU )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 4JSJVT TQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOE7FHB "TUFSPJE "SFMBUJWFMZTNBMM MPXNBTT TPMJEPCKFDUPGJSSFHVMBSTIBQFUIBUPSCJUTUIF4VO BOETIJOFTCZSFëFDUFETVOMJHIUѮF4JDJMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JVTFQQF1JB[[J ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFêSTUBTUFSPJEBDDJEFOUBMMZ PO+BOVBSZ UIFê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Ѯ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

UPUIFUIDFOUVSZ*UXBTVTFEUPTIPXUIFBQQFBSBODFPGUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFBUBHJWFO NPNFOUBOEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFBMUJUVEFBCPWFUIFIPSJ[POPGUIF4VO TUBST PSPUIFS DFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT&WFOUVBMMZSFQMBDFECZUIFTFYUBOU4FFTFYUBOU "TUSPNFUSZ ѮFCSBODIPGBTUSPOPNZDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFNFBTVSFNFOUPGQPTJUJPOT

BOENPUJPOTPGDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT4FFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO

4!",% !STEROIDSnLARGEST A !STEROID

4YPE

2ADIUS KM

-ASSB KG

#ERES 0ALLAS

# " 6

D

6ESTA

-ASS $ENSITY KGMn

2OTATION 3EMI MAJOR 0ERIOD !XIS HOURS !5

A4HESIZEISINUNITSOFKILOMETERS ABBREVIATEDKM THEMASSISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHE

MASSDENSITYISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM¥

B4HEMASSDETERMINATIONSAREFROMTHEWORKOF%-3TANDISHATTHE*ET0ROPULSION,ABORATORYWHEREHE

USESOBSERVATIONSOF-ARSTOSOLVEFORTHEMASSESOFTHELARGERASTEROIDS C0ALLASISNOTQUITESPHERICAL!TRI AXIALELLIPSOIDlTTOOCCULTATIONOBSERVATIONSHASDIAMETERSOFKM KM ANDKMWITHAMEANDIAMETEROFKM

(MPTTBSZ"

"TUSPOPNJDBMVOJU "CCSFWJBUFE"6 BVOJUPGBTUSPOPNJDBMEJTUBODFTFTQFDJBMMZXJUIJO

UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN FRVBMUPUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO BCPVU NJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTPSNJMMJPONJMFTѮFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUIBTBNPSFFYBDU WBMVFPGNFUFST XIJDIJTFRVBMUPMJHIUTFDPOETѮF BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJU JT BMTP EFêOFE BT UIF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF 4VO BU XIJDI B NBTTMFTT QBSUJDMFJOBOVOQFSUVSCFEPSCJUXPVMEIBWFBOPSCJUBMQFSJPEPGEBZT .FSDVSZ UIFOFBSFTUQMBOFUUPUIF4VO MJFTBUBOBWFSBHFEJTUBODFPG"6GSPNUIF 4VO+VQJUFSTNFBOEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOJT"6"MJHIUZFBSJTBNVDIMBSHFSVOJU PGEJTUBODF FRVBMUP"6

'*( !STEROIDBELT4HEEXACTLOCATIONSOFlVETHOUSANDASTEROIDS ORMINORPLANETS WHOSEORBITSAREACCURATELYKNOWN4HEVASTMAJORITYOFTHEASTEROIDSORBITTHE3UNINTHE MAINBELTLOCATEDBETWEENTHEORBITSOF-ARSAND*UPITER!FEWOFTHEMPASSINSIDETHEORBIT OF%ARTH WHILEOTHERSMOVEABOUTDEGREESAHEADOFANDBEHIND*UPITERINSIMILARORBITS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

"TUSPOPNZ ѮFTDJFOUJêDTUVEZPGQMBOFUT TUBST HBMBYJFTBOEUIF6OJWFSTF JODMVEJOH UIFJSNPUJPOT QPTJUJPOT TJ[FT DPNQPTJUJPO BOEUIFQSPDFTTFTCZXIJDIUIFZGPSNFE BOEFWPMWF "TUSPQIZTJDT ѮFTUVEZPGUIFQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFTPGDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUT "UFOBTUFSPJE 4FFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "UNPTQIFSF ѮFNJYUVSFPGHBTFTUIBUTVSSPVOETBQMBOFU OBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF BOEUIF PVUFSNPTUHBTFPVTMBZFSTPGBTUBS IFMEOFBSUIFNCZUIFJSHSBWJUZ4JODFHBTIBTBOBU VSBMUFOEFODZUPFYQBOEJOUPTQBDF POMZCPEJFTUIBUIBWFBTVēDJFOUMZTUSPOHHSBWJ UBUJPOBMQVMMDBOSFUBJOBUNPTQIFSFTѮFBCJMJUZPGBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFUPSFUBJOBO BUNPTQIFSFEFQFOETPOJUTNBTT BOEPOUIFHBTUFNQFSBUVSF EFUFSNJOFECZCPUIJUT EJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOBOEUIFBUNPTQIFSFTHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU)PUUFS MJHIUFSHBTNPM FDVMFTNPWFGBTUFS BOEBSFNPSFMJLFMZUPFTDBQFGSPNBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFMFTTNBTTJWF PCKFDUTTVDIBTPVS.PPOBSFMFTTMJLFMZUPSFUBJOBOBUNPTQIFSFѮFUFSNBUNPTQIFSF JTVTFEGPSUIFUFOVPVTPVUFSNBUFSJBMPGUIF4VOCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZUSBOTQBSFOUBU WJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUITѮFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFJODMVEFT GSPNUIFEFFQFTUMBZFSTPVUXBSE UIFQIPUPTQIFSF UIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOEUIFDPSPOBѮF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTUSBOT QBSFOUBOEDPOTJTUTNBJOMZPGNPMFDVMBSOJUSPHFO QFSDFOU BOENPMFDVMBSPYZHFO QFSDFOU XJUIUSBDFBNPVOUTPGDBSCPOEJPYJEF QFSDFOU BOEXBUFSWBQPS WBSJBCMF BGFXUJNFTQFSDFOU 4FF&BSUI FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ .BST BOE7FOVT "UNPTQIFSJDXJOEPX "XBWFMFOHUICBOEJOUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVNGPSXIJDI SBEJBUJPOJTBCMFUPQBTTUISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFXJUISFMBUJWFMZMJUUMFBUUFOVB UJPOCZBCTPSQUJPO TDBUUFSJOHPSSFëFDUJPOѮFSFBSFUXPNBJOXJOEPXT¢UIFPQUJDBM XJOEPXPGWJTJCMFMJHIUBOEUIFSBEJPXJOEPX "UPN ѮFTNBMMFTUQBSUJDMFPGBDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUUIBUTUJMMIBTUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBOE QSPQFSUJFTPGUIBUFMFNFOU"OBUPNJTDPNQPTFEPGBEFOTFBOENBTTJWFOVDMFVT DPO UBJOJOHQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOT TVSSPVOEFECZFMFDUSPOTѮFIZESPHFOBUPNIBTPOF QSPUPOBOEOPOFVUSPOTJOJUTOVDMFVT"OFVUSBMBUPNIBTBTNBOZFMFDUSPOTBTUIFSF BSFQSPUPOT BOETPJTXJUIPVUOFUDIBSHF"OJPOJ[FEBUPNIBTGFXFSFMFDUSPOTUIBO QSPUPOT BOEUIFSFGPSFBQPTJUJWFDIBSHFѮFBUPNJDOVNCFSJTFRVBMUPUIFOVNCFS 4!",% !TMOSPHERESn6ENUS -ARSAND%ARTH 6ENUS

-ARS

%ARTH

VARIABLE TO TO

VARIABLE ATSEALEVEL TO

#ONSTITUENTA

#ARBONDIOXIDE #/ .ITROGEN . !RGON !R 7ATERVAPOR (/ /XYGEN / 3URFACEPRESSUREBAR 3URFACETEMPERATURE+

A0ERCENTAGECOMPOSITIONOFATMOSPHERICCONSTITUENT

(MPTTBSZ"

PGQSPUPOTJOUIFBUPNTOVDMFVT XIJMFUIFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSJTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBM OVNCFSPGQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTѮF'SFODIQIZTJDJTU+FBO#BQUJTUF 1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBUPNTCZDBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG #SPXOJBONPUJPOJO4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS #SPXOJBONPUJPO FMFNFOU BOEJPO "UPNJDNBTTOVNCFS ѮFUPUBMOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPG

BOBUPNѮFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSJTEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS" BOEJUJTBMTP LOPXOBTUIFNBTTOVNCFSPGUIFBUPN)ZESPHFOIBTBNBTTOVNCFSPGPOF IFMJVN GPVS DBSCPOUXFMWF BOEPYZHFOTJYUFFO "UPNJDNBTTVOJU "VOJUPGNBTTUIBUJTFRVBMUPPOFUXFMѫIUIFNBTTPGBDBSCPO

BUPN XJUIBWBMVFPGLJMPHSBNT"OFVUSPOBOEQSPUPOIBWFNBTTFT PGBCPVUBUPNJDNBTTVOJUT "UPNJDOVNCFS ѮFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPNѮFBUPNJDOVNCFS JTEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS;*UJTBMTPFRVBMUPUIFFMFNFOUTQPTJUJPOJOUIFQFSJPEJD UBCMF)ZESPHFOIBTBOBUPNJDOVNCFSPGPOF IFMJVNUXP DBSCPOTJY BOEPYZHFOFJHIU "6 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU "VSPSB "EJTQMBZPGSBQJEMZWBSZJOH DPMPSFEMJHIUVTVBMMZTFFOGSPNNBHOFUJDQPMBS SFHJPOTPGBQMBOFUѮFMJHIUJTHJWFOPĒCZDPMMJTJPOTCFUXFFODIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTBOE UIFBUPNT JPOTBOENPMFDVMFTJOBQMBOFUTVQQFSBUNPTQIFSFPSJPOPTQIFSF"VSPSBT BSFWJTJCMFPO&BSUIBTUIFBVSPSBCPSFBMJT PSOPSUIFSOMJHIUT OFBSUIF/PSUI1PMF BOE UIFBVSPSBBVTUSBMJT PSTPVUIFSOMJHIUT OFBSUIF4PVUI1PMFѮFZJODMVEFUIFHSFFOBOE SFEFNJTTJPOMJOFTGSPNPYZHFOBUPNTBOEOJUSPHFONPMFDVMFTUIBUIBWFCFFOFYDJUFE CZIJHITQFFEFMFDUSPOT5FSSFTUSJBMBVSPSBTPDDVSBUIFJHIUTPGBSPVOEUPUIPV TBOELJMPNFUFST XIJDIJTXJUIJOUIF&BSUITJPOPTQIFSF "VSPSBMPWBM 0OFPGUIFUXPPWBMTIBQFE[POFTBSPVOEUIF&BSUITHFPNBHOFUJDQPMFT JOXIJDIUIFBVSPSBTBSFPCTFSWFENPTUPѫFOѮFZBSFMPDBUFEBUMBUJUVEFTPGBCPVU EFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUI BOEBSFBCPVUEFHSFFTXJEFѮFJSQPTJUJPOBOEXJEUICPUIWBSZ XJUIHFPNBHOFUJDBOETPMBSBDUJWJUZѮFBVSPSBMPWBMTBSFEFUFDUFEGSPN&BSUIPSCJUJOH TBUFMMJUFT(SPVOECBTFEPCTFSWFSTEFUFDUPOMZBTFDUJPOPGBOPWBM BTTIJNNFSJOHSJCCPOT BOEDVSUBJOTPGMJHIU

4!",% !TMOSPHERESnGIANTPLANETSAND3UNA #ONSTITUENT

3UN

*UPITER

3ATURN

5RANUS

.EPTUNE

(YDROGEN ( (ELIUM (EATOM 7ATER (/ -ETHANE #( !MMONIA .(

A4HE

PERCENTAGE ABUNDANCE BY NUMBER OF MOLECULES FOR THE 3UN COOLED TO PLANETARY TEMPERA TURES SO THAT THE ELEMENTS COMBINE TO FORM THE COMPOUNDS LISTED AND FOR THE OUTER ATMOSPHERES OF THE GIANT PLANETS BELOW THE CLOUDS $ASHES INDICATE UNOBSERVED COMPOUNDS #OURTESY OF !NDREW 0)NGERSOLL

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% !URORAnEMISSIONLINES 7AVELENGTHNM

%MITTINGATOM IONORMOLECULE

!LTITUDEKM

6ISUAL#OLOR

.NITROGENION

n n n n n

VIOLET PURPLE VIOLET PURPLE GREEN RED RED RED RED RED RED

.NITROGENION /OXYGENATOM /OXYGENATOM /OXYGENATOM .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE .NITROGENMOLECULE

"VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF "O BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT SBEJP UFMFTDPQF JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT DPOTJTUJOHPGTJYNFUFS GPPU EJTIFTTQSFBEPWFSBLJMPNFUFSCBTFMJOF BOPUIFS NFUFS GPPU EJTIBU.PQSB BCPVULJMPNFUFSTUPUIFTPVUI BOEUIFNFUFS GFFU SBEJP UFMFTDPQF BU UIF 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE LJMPNFUFST GBSUIFS TPVUI 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF /BUJPOBM 'BDJMJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ SBEJP UFMFTDPQF SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS BOE 7FSZ -POH #BTFMJOF *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJMJUZ "CCSFWJBUFE"5/' UIFNBJOSBEJPBTUSPOPNZ JOTUJUVUFPG"VTUSBMJB BOEBEJWJTJPOPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI4DJFOUJêDBOE*OEVTUSJBM 3FTFBSDI0SHBOJ[BUJPO PS$4*30GPSTIPSUѮF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJMJUZ PQFSBUFTUIF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGJUT$PNQBDU"SSBZBU/BSSBCSJBOE UIF1BSLFTBOE.PQSBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTѮFTFUFMFTDPQFTDBOCFVTFEUPHFUIFSGPSBQFS UVSFTZOUIFTJTBOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJT 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZBOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "VUVNOBM FRVJOPY ѮF QPJOU XIFSF UIF 4VO DSPTTFT UIF DFMFTUJBM FRVBUPS JO UIF

BVUVNO POPSOFBS4FQUFNCFS4FFFRVJOPY 8 "DSPOZN GPS "EWBODFE 9SBZ "TUSPQIZTJDT 'BDJMJUZ 4FF $IBOESB 9SBZ

0CTFSWBUPSZ

(MPTTBSZ#

# #BDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4FFDPTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO #BJMZTCFBET "TUSJOHPGCSJHIUMJHIUTPCTFSWFEBUUIFFYUSFNFFEHFPGUIF4VOTEJTL TFFO EVSJOH B UPUBM FDMJQTF PG UIF 4VO KVTU CFGPSF PS BѫFS UPUBMJUZ ѮFZ BSF DBVTFE CZ TVOMJHIU TIJOJOH UISPVHI UIF WBMMFZT PO UIF .PPOT FEHF PS MJNC XIJMF NPVO UBJOTPOUIFMJNCCMPDLPUIFSSBZTPGTVOMJHIUѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS'SBODJT#BJMZ ¢ êSTUEFTDSJCFEUIFNJOIJTBDDPVOUPGUIFUPUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPO .BZ BOEIFODFUIFOBNF#BJMZTCFBET4FFTPMBSFDMJQTF #BMNFS TFSJFT " NBUIFNBUJDBM GPSNVMB EFWJTFE JO CZ UIF 4XJTT NBUIFNBUJDT

UFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS ¢ UPHJWFUIFXBWFMFOHUIT PSGSFRVFODJFT PGUIF WJTJCMFTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTFFOJOUIFMJHIUPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST ѮFêSTU#BMNFSMJOFJTDBMMFEUIFSFEIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF EFTJHOBUFE)ʂ BUBXBWF MFOHUIPGOBOPNFUFST XIJDIJTVTFEUPEFUFDUUIFDISPNPTQIFSFBDSPTTUIFGBDF PGUIF4VOѮFTFSJFTPGXBWFMFOHUITXBTFYQMBJOFEJOXIFOUIF%BOJTIQIZTJ DJTU/JFMT#PIS ¢ TVQQPTFEUIBUUIFMPOFFMFDUSPOJOUIFIZESPHFOBUPN SFWPMWFTBCPVUUIFOVDMFBSQSPUPOJOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUFRVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPG FOFSHZѮF#BMNFSTFSJFTJTSBEJBUFE PSBCTPSCFE XIFOBOFMFDUSPOKVNQTCFUXFFO UIFTFBMMPXFEPSCJUT4FF#PISBUPN DISPNPTQIFSF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT IZESPHFOBMQIB MJOF -ZNBOTFSJFT TQFDUSBMMJOFBOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI #BSOBSET4UBS "GBTUNPWJOHSFE.EXBSGTUBSXJUIUIFMBSHFTUQSPQFSNPUJPO USBW

FMJOHBDSPTTUIFTLZBUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS BOEUIFDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF4VOBѫFS UIF "MQIB $FOUBVSJ TZTUFN "T JUT OBNF JNQMJFT UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXBSE #BSOBSE ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTUBSJO#BSOBSET4UBSIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ POMZUIBUPGUIF4VO*UJTUIFTFDPOEDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUI XJUIBQBSBMMBYPG TFDPOETPGBSDBOEBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTPOMZUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJUSJQMF TUBSTZTUFN DPOUBJOJOH1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ JTDMPTFS"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST UIFQSPQFSNPUJPOPG#BSOBSET4UBSUSBOTMBUFTJOUPBTQFFEPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BDSPTTUIFMJOFPGTJHIU$PNCJOFEXJUIJUTSBEJBMWFMPDJUZPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE PCUBJOFE GSPN UIF %PQQMFS FĒFDU PG JUT TQFDUSBM MJOFT #BSOBSET 4UBS NPWFT UISPVHI TQBDFBULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BSBUFXIJDIJTTFWFOUJNFTUIBUPGUIFBWFSBHFTUBS 4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU QBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO #BSSJOHFS.FUFPSJUF$SBUFS 4FF.FUFPS$SBUFS #BSZDFOUFS ѮFDFOUFSPGNBTTPGUXPPSNPSFDFMFTUJBMCPEJFTmUIFQPJOUBCPVUXIJDI

UIFZSFWPMWF4FFDFOUFSPGNBTT #BSZPO " NBTTJWF FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF XJUI IBMGJOUFHSBM TQJO UIBU SFTQPOET UP UIF

TUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF1SPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOT XIJDIDPNQSJTFNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGPSEJ OBSZNBUUFS BSFCBSZPOT&BDICBSZPOJTDPNQPTFEPGUISFFRVBSLT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

#BSZPOJDNBUUFS .BUUFSNBEFPVUPGCBSZPOT JODMVEJOHBOZUIJOHDPNQPTFEPGFMF NFOUTJOUIFQFSJPEJDUBCMF CVUQFSIBQTBDDPVOUJOHGPSPOMZQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFS FOFSHZ DPOUFOU PG UIF 6OJWFSTF ѮF iPSEJOBSZu NBUUFS UIBU XF TFF BSPVOE VT GSPN QFPQMFBOEUSFFTUPQMBOFUTBOETUBST XIJDIBSFDPNQPTFEPGCBSZPOT/POCBSZPOJD NBUUFS DPOTJTUT PG TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT UIBU BSF OPU CBSZPOT QFSIBQT BDDPVOUJOH GPS EBSLNBUUFSUIBUNBZBNPVOUUPQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFѮFPUIFS QFSDFOUJTBUUSJCVUFEUPTPNFTPSUPGNZTUFSJPVTEBSLFOFSHZ4FFDPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSL FOFSHZ EBSLNBUUFS IPUEBSLNBUUFS BOEOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS #FUBEFDBZ ѮFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGBSBEJPBDUJWFOVDMFVT JOXIJDIBOFVUSPOUVSOTJOUP

BQSPUPOCZFKFDUJOHBOFMFDUSPO IJTUPSJDBMMZDBMMFEBCFUBQBSUJDMF BOEBOBOUJOFVUSJOP ѮFSFTVMUJOHOVDMFVTIBTBDIBSHFPOFHSFBUFSUIBOUIFJOJUJBMPOF #FUB QBSUJDMF "O FMFDUSPO FNJUUFE GSPN BO BUPNJD OVDMFVT BT B SFTVMU PG B OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOPSJOUIFDPVSTFPGSBEJPBDUJWFEFDBZ4VDIQBSUJDMFTXFSFPSJHJOBMMZDBMMFECFUB SBZT4FFOFVUSJOP #FUB1JDUPSJT "O"UZQFTUBSMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI XJUIBEJTLPGEVTUTVS

SPVOEJOHJU #FUFMHFVTF ѮFBQQBSFOUMZCSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF BSFE.4VQFSHJBOU

TUBS MPDBUFEMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO BOEBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB 0SJPOJT*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF PGm*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO ¢ BOEUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS'SBODJT(1FBTF ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBUUIFZIBEVTFEBOPQUJDBM JOUFSGFSPNFUFS UP PCUBJO BO BOHVMBS EJBNFUFS PG BCPVU TFDPOET PG BSD GPS #FUFM HFVTF XIJDIBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTDPSSFTQPOETUPBQIZTJDBMSBEJVTPGBCPVU NJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTBOEUJNFTUIFSBEJVTPGUIF4VO*OPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN UIFTUBS XPVMEFYUFOEUPBSBEJVTPGBCPVU"6PSUISFFUJNFTUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF4VOBOE UIF&BSUI8IFOVTJOHVQBMMJUTUIFSNPOVDMFBSGVFM UIJTNBTTJWFTUBSXJMMFYQMPEFBTB TVQFSOPWB #JFMBT$PNFU "GPSNFSDPNFUEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOBSNZPēDFSBOE BTUSPOPNFS8JMIFMNWPO#JFMB ¢ ѮFDPNFUIBEBQFSJPEPGZFBST CSPLFJOUPUXPQJFDFTXIFOJUDBNFDMPTFUPUIF4VOJO BOEIBTOPUCFFOTFFOTJODF ѮF"OESPNFEJENFUFPSTIPXFSPGXBTQSPEVDFEXIFOUIF&BSUIDSPTTFE UIFPSCJUBMQBUIPGUIFEJTJOUFHSBUFEDPNFU TIPXJOHUIBUNFUFPSTIPXFST PSTIPPUJOH TUBST BSFQSPEVDFEXIFOTNBMMQJFDFTPGDPNFUTFOUFSUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF #JH#BOH ѮFCFHJOOJOHPGUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTF BOEBOFWFOUUIBUQSPQFMMFEUIF

6OJWFSTFJOUPFYQBOTJPOBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP XIFOBMMUIFNBTTPGUIF6OJWFSTF XBTDPNQSFTTFEUPBWFSZIJHIEFOTJUZBOEBOFYUSFNFMZIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFFYDFFEJOH CJMMJPOLFMWJOѮFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOJTDPOTJEFSFEUPCFUIF SFTJEVBMSBEJBUJPOPGUIF#JH#BOH4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOE #JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDSFBUJPOPGMJHIUFMFNFOUT TVDIBTIZESPHFO EFVUF

SJVNBOEIFMJVN JOUIFêSTUGFXNJOVUFTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH4FFOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT #JMMJPO 0OFUIPVTBOENJMMJPO XSJUUFO PS

(MPTTBSZ#

#JOBSZQVMTBS ѮFSBEJPQVMTBSEFTJHOBUFE143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJM MJTFDPOET BOEBDPNQBOJPOTUBSUIBUJTBMTPBOFVUSPOTUBSѮFCJOBSZQVMTBSXBTEJT DPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE +PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢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ѮFNJOJNVNFOFSHZOFFEFEUPTQMJUBOBUPNJDOVDMFVTJOUPJUTDPO

TUJUVFOUT #JQPMBS PVUnPX ѮF IJHITQFFE KFUUJOH PG HBT JO PQQPTJUF EJSFDUJPOT GSPN EJTL TIBQFETZTUFNT VTVBMMZFNJUUFEGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOBMQPMFTJOEJSFDUJPOTQFSQFOEJDVMBS UPUIFQMBOFPGUIFEJTL #MBDLCPEZ "IFBUFECPEZUIBUBCTPSCTUIFFOUJSFSBEJBUJPOJODJEFOUPOJU BQFSGFDU BCTPSCFSPGSBEJBUJPOѮFJOUFOTJUZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZBOEUIF XBZJUWBSJFTXJUIXBWFMFOHUIEFQFOETPOMZPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFCPEZBOEDBOCF QSFEJDUFECZRVBOUVNUIFPSZѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ JOUSPEVDFE UIF JEFB PG B QFSGFDU BCTPSCFS PG SBEJBUJPO UIF CMBDLCPEZ JO 4FF CMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO BOECMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN #MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO ѮFSBEJBUJPOUIBUXPVMECFFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZ BIFBUFE PCKFDUUIBUBCTPSCTBMMUIFFOFSHZUIBUTUSJLFTJU XJUIBOJOUFOTJUZBOETQFDUSVNEFUFS NJOFECZUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBMPOF#MBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOJTBMTPDBMMFEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO BOEUIFJOUFOTJUZBOETQFDUSBBSFEFUFSNJOFECZUIFDSJUFSJPOPGUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN ѮFTQFDUSVNPGUIFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZJTBDPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN BOEUIF XBWFMFOHUI PG HSFBUFTU FNJTTJPO JT JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF CPEZT UFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUPUBMBNPVOUPGFOFSHZFNJUUFECZBCMBDLCPEZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFQSPEVDUPG JUTBSFBBOEUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGJUTUFNQFSBUVSF4FFCMBDLCPEZ CMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN DPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN FĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX BOEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO #MBDLCPEZ TQFDUSVN ѮFSBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBUEJĒFSFOUXBWFMFOHUITGPSBCMBDL CPEZ ѮF XBWFMFOHUI PG HSFBUFTU FNJTTJPO JT JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF CPEZT UFNQFSBUVSF ѮF GPSNVMBGPSUIFFOFSHZPGUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNB CMBDLCPEZBUBOZ HJWFO XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ BOE UFNQFSBUVSF XBT EFSJWFE JO CZ UIF (FS NBOQIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL ¢

XIPBTTVNFEUIBUUIFFOFSHZDPOTJTUTPG UIFTVNPGJOEJWJEVBMRVBOUBQBSUJDMFT XIPTFRVBOUVNFOFSHZJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIF GSFRVFODZ XJUI B DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ OPX LOPXO BT 1MBODLT DPOTUBOU4FF 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

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ѮFSFJTBTJOHVMBSJUZBUUIF DFOUFSPGBCMBDLIPMF XIFSFUIFNBUUFSJTDPNQSFTTFEJOUPBOJOêOJUFMZTNBMMWPMVNF BOEBOJOêOJUFMZMBSHFNBTTEFOTJUZ4FFBDDSFUJPOEJTL $ZHOVT9 FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ FWFOU IPSJ[PO 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT TJOHVMBSJUZ TUFMMBSCMBDLIPMFBOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF #MB[BS (BMBYJFTXJUIFYDFQUJPOBMMZBDUJWFOVDMFJѮFOBNFJTEFSJWFEGSPN#--BDFSUBF

PCKFDUBOERVBTBS4FF#--BDFSUBFPCKFDUBOERVBTBS #--BDFSUBFPCKFDU "HBMBYZXJUIBIJHIMZMVNJOPVT BDUJWFOVDMFVT TVDIBTUIFQSP

UPUZQF#--BDFSUBFѮFJSSBEJBUJPO GSPNSBEJPXBWFTUP9SBZT JTWBSJBCMFPWFSUJNF TDBMFTBTTIPSUBTBGFXIPVST #MVFHJBOU "HJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF0PS# #MVFTIJGU ѮF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGBTQFDUSBMMJOFUPXBSEBTIPSUFS CMVFS

XBWFMFOHUI DBVTFEXIFOUIFTPVSDFPGSBEJBUJPOBOEJUTPCTFSWFSBSFNPWJOHUPXBSE FBDIPUIFSѮFHSFBUFSUIFCMVFTIJѫJT UIFGBTUFSBOPCKFDUJTNPWJOHUPXBSEVT4FF %PQQMFSTIJѫ #MVFTVQFSHJBOU "IPU ZPVOHTVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF0PS# TVDIBTUIF TUBS3JHFMJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO4FF3JHFM #PEFTMBX 4FF5JUJVT#PEFMBX #PISBUPN *OUIF%BOJTIQIZTJDJTU/JFMT#PIS ¢ QSPQPTFEBNPEFM

OPXLOPXOBTUIF#PISBUPN JOXIJDIUIFMPOFFMFDUSPOJOBIZESPHFOBUPNSFWPMWFT BCPVUUIFBUPNJDOVDMFVT BQSPUPO JOTQFDJêDPSCJUTXJUIEFêOJUF RVBOUJ[FEWBMVFTPG FOFSHZ BOEBOFMFDUSPOPOMZFNJUTPSBCTPSCTSBEJBUJPOXIFOKVNQJOHCFUXFFOUIFTF BMMPXFEPSCJUTѮFNPEFMFYQMBJOTUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGUIFWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZ UIFIZESPHFOBUPNTJOUIF4VO EFTDSJCFEJOUIFNBUIFNBUJDBMGPSNVMBEFSJWFEJO CZUIF4XJTTNBUIFNBUJDTUFBDIFS+PIBOO#BMNFS ¢ 4FF#BMNFSTFSJFT #PMTIPJ 5FMFTLPQ "[JNVUBMOZJ "NFUFS JODI WJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFMPDBUFE PO.PVOU1BTUVLIPWJOUIF$BVDBTVTSBOHF JOPQFSBUJPOTJODF*UJTQBSUPGUIF ;FMFODIVLTLBZB0CTFSWBUPSZ BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF4QFDJBM"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ PGUIF3VTTJBO"DBEFNZPG4DJFODFT #PMU[NBOOT DPOTUBOU ѮF DPOTUBOU PG QSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ CFUXFFO FOFSHZ QFS EFHSFF PGGSFFEPNBOEUFNQFSBUVSF EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPML#PMU[NBOOTDPOTUBOUIBTUIF WBMVFL+PVMFTQFSEFHSFF,FMWJOѮFDPOTUBOUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU-VEXJH#PMU[NBOO ¢ XIPVTFEJUJOUPSFMBUFUIF NFBOUPUBMFOFSHZBOEUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGNPMFDVMFTJOUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN

(MPTTBSZ#

'*( "REMSSTAHLUNG7HENAHOTELECTRONMOVESRAPIDLYANDFREELY OUTSIDEANATOM ITINEVITABLYMOVESNEARAPROTONINTHEAMBIENTGAS 4HEREISANELECTRICALATTRACTIONBETWEENTHEELECTRONANDPROTONBECAUSE THEYHAVEEQUALANDOPPOSITECHARGE ANDTHISPULLSTHEELECTRONTOWARDTHE PROTON BENDINGTHEELECTRONSTRAJECTORYANDALTERINGITSSPEED4HEELECTRON EMITSELECTROMAGNETICRADIATIONKNOWNASCSFNTTUSBIMVOHFROMTHE'ERMAN WORDFORhBRAKINGRADIATIONv

#SFNTTUSBIMVOH 3BEJBUJPOUIBUJTFNJUUFEXIFOBOFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOJTEFëFDUFEBOE BDDFMFSBUFECZBOJPO*UJTBMTPDBMMFEBGSFFGSFFUSBOTJUJPOCFDBVTFUIFFMFDUSPOJTGSFF CPUICFGPSFBOEBѫFSUIFFODPVOUFS SFNBJOJOHJOBOVOCPVOEIZQFSCPMJDPSCJUXJUI PVUCFJOHDBQUVSFECZUIFJPO#SFNTTUSBIMVOHJT(FSNBOGPSiCSBLJOHSBEJBUJPOu #SJHIUOFTT ѮFBNPVOUPGMJHIUDPNJOHGSPNBOPCKFDU VTVBMMZNFBOJOHUIFMVNJ OPVTJOUFOTJUZPSBNPVOUPGFOFSHZQFSTFDPOEѮFJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTT PSJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZ JT UIF BNPVOU PG MJHIU BO PCKFDU HJWFT PĒ XIJMF UIF BQQBSFOU CSJHIUOFTT PSBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZJTUIFBNPVOUPGMJHIUXFTFF XIJDIIBTCFFOEJNNFECZUIF JOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFUPUIFPCKFDUѮFJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTJTBMTPLOPXOBT UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSF MBX BOEMVNJOPTJUZ #SPXOEXBSG "TUBSUIBUGPSNTMJLFUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST CZUIFDPMMBQTFBOEGSBH

NFOUBUJPOPGBOJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTDMPVE CVUJTOPUNBTTJWFFOPVHIUPFOBCMFUIFIZESP HFOGVTJPOSFRVJSFEGPSBTUBSUPTIJOFGSPNJOTJEF PSUPJHOJUFJUTIZESPHFOCVSOJOH "CSPXOEXBSGIBTBNBTTPGCFUXFFOBOETPMBSNBTTFTMFTTNBTTJWFPCKFDUT BSFHJBOUQMBOFUTBOENPSFNBTTJWFPOFTBSFOPSNBMTUBST"CSPXOEXBSGNJHIUCF BCMFUPCVSOEFVUFSJVNJOJUTWFSZFBSMZZPVUI NBLJOHJUTIJOFCZJUTFMG4FFIZESPHFO CVSOJOHBOETPMBSNBTT #SPXOJBO NPUJPO ѮF DPOUJOVBM SBOEPN NPUJPO PG TNBMM TPMJE QBSUJDMFT TVT QFOEFEJOBMJRVJEPSBHBT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF4DPUUJTICPUBOJTU3PCFSU#SPXO ¢ XIFOVTJOHBNJDSPTDPQFUPPCTFSWFWFSZêOFQPMMFOHSBJOTTVTQFOEFE JOXBUFSѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIJT#SPXO JBONPUJPO BTJUJTOPXDBMMFE JO QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFNPMFDVMFTPGXBUFSXPVME NPWFBCPVUBUSBOEPNBOEUIFSFGPSFSBOEPNMZLOPDLBTVēDJFOUMZTNBMMQBSUJDMFJOUP #SPXOJBO NPUJPO *O UIF 'SFODI QIZTJDJTU +FBO #BQUJTUF 1FSSJO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGBUPNTCZDBSFGVMNFBTVSFNFOUTPG#SPXOJBONPUJPO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

# TUBS " IPU CMVF TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF # XJUI B EJTL UFNQFSBUVSF IPUUFS UIBO UIF

4VO TVDIBT"DIFSOBSBOE3FHVMVT #UZQFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBST BOE3JHFM B #UZQFTVQFSHJBOUTUBS&WFOIPUUFSCMVFTUBSTBSFEFTJHOBUFETQFDUSBMUZQF04FF"DIFS OBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 3FHVMVT 3JHFM BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO #VCCMF /FCVMB " GBJOU FNJTTJPO OFCVMB JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $BTTJPQFJB BQQFBSJOH BTBCVCCMFTVSSPVOEJOHBTFWFOUINBHOJUVEFTUBS CVUXJUIPVUUIFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGB QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBѮF#VCCMF/FCVMBIBTBOBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGNJOVUFTPGBSD4FF FNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB #VMHF ѮFTQIFSJDBMTUSVDUVSFBUUIFDFOUFSPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZUIBUJTNBEFVQQSJNBSJMZ

PGPMETUBST HBT BOEEVTUѮF.JMLZ8BZTCVMHFJTSPVHIMZ MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT JUJTPMEBOEEFOTF

(MPTTBSZ$

$ $BMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT 4QFDUSBMMJOFTPGJPOJ[FEDBMDJVN EFOPUFECZ$B** JOUIFWJP

MFUQBSUPGUIFTQFDUSVNBUOBOPNFUFST ) BOEOBOPNFUFST , ѮFZBSF DPOTQJDVPVTGFBUVSFTJOUIFTQFDUSBPGNBOZTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF4VOѮFEFTJHOBUJPOT )BOE,XFSFHJWFOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS ¢ JO BOEBSFTUJMMDPNNPOMZVTFEѮF4VOTDISPNPTQIFSFBOEJUTNBHOFUJDDISPNP TQIFSJDOFUXPSLBSFEFUFDUFEBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VOVTJOHUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT XJUI B TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4FF DISPNPTQIFSF DISPNPTQIFSJD OFUXPSL 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT QMBHFBOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI $BMJGPSOJB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FSTFVT XIJDIJTEFTJH OBUFE/($BOEJMMVNJOBUFECZUIFTUBSʏ1FSTFJѮF$BMJGPSOJB/FCVMBSFDFJWFTJUT OBNFGSPNJUTTIBQF XIJDISFTFNCMFTUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTTUBUFPG$BMJGPSOJBѮFOFCVMB JTBCPVUEFHSFFTBDSPTT4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB $BMMJTUP ѮF TFDPOE MBSHFTU BOE PVUFSNPTU PG +VQJUFST GPVS MBSHFTU NPPOT EJTDPW FSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ VTJOHUIFOFXMZ JOWFOUFEUFMFTDPQF$BMMJTUPIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPG LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS*UJTBQSJNJUJWFXPSMEXIPTFTVSGBDFPGJDFBOESPDLJTUIF NPTUIFBWJMZDSBUFSFEJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN$BMMJTUPIBTBWBSJBCMFNBHOFUJDêFME BQQBS FOUMZHFOFSBUFEJOBOJOUFSOBMTIFMMPGMJRVJEXBUFSBT+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME TXFFQTCZ4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT $BMUFDI "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIF$BMJGPSOJB*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ MPDBUFEJO1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJB $BOPQVT ѮFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF WJTJCMFGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO

)FNJTQIFSF MPDBUFE JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $BSJOB BOE BMTP LOPXO BT "MQIB $BSJOBF ѮFZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOUTUBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm DPSSF TQPOEJOHUP UJNFTUIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGUIF4VO $BQFMMB ѮFUIJSECSJHIUFTUTUBSTFFOGSPNUIF/PSUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFBOEUIFTJYUI

CSJHIUFTUTUBSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF$BQFMMBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO "VSJHB XJUIUIFEFTJHOBUJPO"MQIB"VSJHBF MZJOHMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI BOE DPOTJTUJOH PG UXP ZFMMPX ( BOE ( HJBOU TUBST JO UJHIU PSCJU TFQBSBUFE CZ "6BOEXJUIBEBZQFSJPE BDPNCJOFEBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEB DPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmѮFCSJHIUFS(HJBOUJTUJNFTNPSF MVNJOPVTUIBOUIF4VO BOEUIFEJNNFS(HJBOUIBTUJNFTUIF4VOTMVNJOPTJUZѮF OBNF$BQFMMBNFBOTiUIF4IF(PBUuJOPME-BUJO BOEUIFHPBUJTDBSSJFEJOUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO"VSJHB UIF$IBSJPUFFS $BSCPO ѮFFMFNFOUXJUIBUPNJDOVNCFSTJYBOEBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSUXFMWF$BS

CPOJTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHIFMJVNCVSOJOHJOSFEHJBOUTUBSTBOEJTFKFDUFEJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

TQBDFXIFOUIFTFTUBSTGPSNQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF$BSCPOBMTPDPNFTGSPNIJHINBTT TUBSTUIBUFYQMPEFBTTVQFSOPWBF4FFIFMJVNCVSOJOH QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFEHJBOUBOE TVQFSOPWB $BSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUF "SBSFDMBTTPGNFUFPSJUFTUIBUDPOUBJOBQQSFDJB CMFBNPVOUTPGDBSCPOBOEXBUFS XJUIVOVTVBMMZMPXNBTTEFOTJUJFTJOUIFSBOHF UPLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮFZBSFUIPVHIUUPCFBNPOHUIFNPTUQSJNJUJWF BOEMFBTUBMUFSFETBNQMFTPGTPMJETJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN4FFNFUFPSJUF $BSCPOEJPYJEF "NPMFDVMF TZNCPMJ[FECZ$0 DPNQPTFEPGPOFBUPNPGDBSCPO EFOPUFECZ$ BOEUXPBUPNTPGPYZHFO FBDIBCCSFWJBUFECZ0$BSCPOEJPYJEFHBT JTUIFNBJODPOTUJUVFOUPGUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPG7FOVTBOE.BST CVUPOMZBGSBDUJPOPG UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF$BSCPOEJPYJEFJTBHSFFOIPVTFHBTUIBUUSBQTTPMBSFOFSHZBOE XBSNTUIFTVSGBDFTPGUIF&BSUIBOE7FOVT4FFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU .BST BOE7FOVT $BSCPO NPOPYJEF " NPMFDVMF TZNCPMJ[FE CZ $0 DPNQPTFE PG POF BUPN PG DBS

CPO EFOPUFECZ$ BOEPOFBUPNPGPYZHFO EFOPUFECZ0$BSCPONPOPYJEFJTUIF NPTUBCVOEBOUJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFBѫFSNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFOBOEJTFTQFDJBMMZVTFGVM CFDBVTF JU SBEJBUFT BU SBEJP XBWFMFOHUIT BOE DBO CF VTFE UP NBQ UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG NPMFDVMBSIZESPHFO XIJDIEPFTOPUFNJUSBEJPXBWFT4FFNPMFDVMBSDMPVE $BSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF "TFRVFODFPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT BCCSFWJBUFEBTUIF $/0DZDMF JOXIJDIIZESPHFOOVDMFJBSFDPOWFSUFEJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJJOTJEFNBJO TFRVFODFTUBSTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOTPMBSNBTTFTBOEJOHJBOUBOETVQFSHJBOUTUBST PGBMMNBTTFT$BSCPO OJUSPHFOBOEPYZHFODBUBMZ[FUIFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT UIFJSUPUBM OVNCFSSFNBJOJOHVODIBOHFEBUUIFFOEPGUIFDZDMF*UPDDVSTBUUFNQFSBUVSFTBCPWF NJMMJPOLFMWJOѮF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU$BSM'SJFESJDIWPO8FJ[TÅDLFS ¢ QVC MJTIFEBEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIF$/0DZDMFJO BOEJOUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSUIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF$/0DIBJOPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT QSPWJEFTUIFUFNQFSBUVSFEFQFOEFOUFOFSHZHFOFSBUJPOUIBUBDDPVOUTGPSUIFMVNJOPT JUZPGNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOUIF4VO4FFIZESPHFOCVSOJOH $BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF "OBSSBOHFNFOUGPSEJWFSUJOHUIFMJHIUSFDFJWFECZUIFQBSB CPMJDQSJNBSZNJSSPSPGBSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFCZVTJOHBDPOWFYTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUP SFëFDUUIFMJHIUUISPVHIBDFOUSBMIPMFJOUIFQSJNBSZUPBGPDVT DBMMFEUIF$BTTFHSBJO GPDVT POUIFBYJTPGUIFUFMFTDPQFѮF'SFODIQSJFTU-BVSFOU$BTTFHSBJO ¢ JOWFOUFEUIJTBSSBOHFNFOUJO4FFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFBOEUFMFTDPQF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT .JTTJPO /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫ PO 0DUPCFS*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIFTQBDFDSBѫ XIJDISFBDIFE4BUVSOJO+VMZ IBWFJNQSPWFEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFQMBOFU4BUVSO JUTSJOHT JUTNBHOFUPTQIFSF JUTQSJODJQBMNPPO5JUBOBOEJUTPUIFSNPPOT/"4"T$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSXJMMPSCJU4BU VSOBOEJUTNPPOTGPSGPVSZFBST BOE&4"T)VZHFOT1SPCFEPWFUISPVHIUIFUIJDL IB[ZBUNPTQIFSFPG4BUVSOTNPPO5JUBOBOEMBOEFEPOJUTTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ EFUFDUJOHTJHOTPGëPXJOH MJRVJENFUIBOFѮF$BTTJOJ0SCJUFSXBTOBNFEBѫFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO %PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢

UIF *UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFSXIPJOXBTUIFêSTUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUXP[POFTXJUIJOXIBUXBT UIPVHIUUPCFBTJOHMFSJOHBSPVOE4BUVSO EJWJEFECZBEBSLHBQOPXLOPXOBT$BTTJ

(MPTTBSZ$

OJTEJWJTJPOѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFJTOBNFEBѫFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢

B %VUDIBTUSPOPNFSXIPJOEJTDPWFSFE5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO $BUBDMZTNJDCJOBSZ "CJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNDPOTJTUJOHPGBEFHFOFSBUFXIJUFEXBSGTUBS BOEBDPNQBOJPOUIBUJTVTVBMMZBDPPMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( , PS.ѮFZIBWFPSCJUBMQFSJPETPGUPIPVSTѮFNBTTPGUIFDPNQBOJPOTUBSêMMT JUT3PDIFMPCF DBVTJOHHBTUPëPXGSPNJUPOUPUIFXIJUFEXBSG QSPEVDJOHBOPWBPVU CVSTUCZUIFTVEEFOOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFO4FFOPWBBOEXIJUFEXBSG $BUT&ZF/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMB

UJPO%SBDP*UJTBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDJOEJBNFUFSBOEPGOJOUINBHOJUVEFѮF$BUT &ZF/FCVMBJTOBNFEGPSJUTPWBMTIBQFBOEHSFFODPMPS*OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)VHHJOT ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUISFFCSJHIUFNJTTJPOMJOFTJOUIFPCKFDU JOEJDBUJOHBHBTFPVTDPNQPTJUJPOBOEQSPWJOHUIBUOPUBMMOFCVMBFDPOTJTUPGTUBST4FF QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB $$% "DSPOZNGPSB$IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDF BOFMFDUSPOJDJNBHJOHTZTUFNJOWFOUFE BUUIF#FMM5FMFQIPOF-BCPSBUPSJFTJO"$$%DPOTJTUTPGBTRVBSFBSSBZPGDMPTFMZ TQBDFEFMFDUSPEFT XIJDIDPOWFSUJODJEFOUMJHIUJOUPBOFMFDUSPOJDDIBSHFѮFDIBSHFT GSPNBMMUIFFMFDUSPEFTBSFiDPVQMFEuUPHFUIFSBOESFBECZDPNQVUFSTUPDSFBUFEJHJUBM JNBHFTGSPNUIFN4JODFB$$%QSPEVDFTFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFETJHOBMTGSPNNPTUPG UIFMJHIUGBMMJOHPOJU JUIBTCFFOVTFEUPHSFBUMZJNQSPWFUIFMJHIUHBUIFSJOHQPXFSPG UFMFTDPQFT CPUIBTUSPOPNJDBMBOENJMJUBSZѮFNJMJUBSZOPXVTFT$$%TJOIJHIëZJOH BJSDSBѫBOETQZTBUFMMJUFT TFOEJOHCBDLJNBHFTPGFOFNZCBUUMFêFMETBOEJOTUBMMBUJPOT "OETJODF$$%TDBOIPMEBDIBSHFDPSSFTQPOEJOHUPWBSJBCMFTIBEFTPGMJHIU UIFZBSF BMTPVTFEBTJNBHJOHEFWJDFTGPSEJHJUBMTDBOOFST GBYNBDIJOFT QIPUPDPQJFST CBSDPEF SFBEFST BOECPUIEJHJUBMBOEWJEFPDBNFSBT $FMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFT ѮFQPTJUJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFѮFSJHIU BTDFOTJPO TZNCPMJ[FE CZ ʂ PS 3" JT UIF DFMFTUJBM MPOHJUVEF NFBTVSFE FBTUXBSE BMPOHUIF DFMFTUJBM FRVBUPS GSPN UIF 7FSOBM &RVJOPY BMTP DBMMFE UIF 'JSTU 1PJOU PG "SJFTѮFEFDMJOBUJPO TZNCPMJ[FECZʅPS%FD JTUIFDFMFTUJBMMBUJUVEF NFBTVSFE GSPNUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBMPOHBHSFBUDJSDMFFJUIFSUPUIFOPSUI QPTJUJWF PSUPUIF TPVUI OFHBUJWF 0XJOH UP QSFDFTTJPO UIF QPTJUJPO PG UIF 7FSOBM &RVJOPY NPWFT XFTUXBSEBMPOHUIFFDMJQUJDBUBSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSD PSTFDPOETPG UJNFFBDIZFBS BOEBTBSFTVMUUIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBSFDPOUJOVPVTMZDIBOHJOHBUB TMPXSBUF"QFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT LOPXOBTOVUBUJPO BMTP DBVTFTBDIBOHFJODFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTѮFZBSFUIFSFGPSFTQFDJêFECZUIFZFBSPS FQPDIUIFZXFSFEFUFSNJOFE BOEDPSSFDUFEUPUIFEBUFPGPCTFSWBUJPOGPSQSFDFTTJPO BOE OVUBUJPO 4FF EFDMJOBUJPO FRVJOPY OVUBUJPO QSFDFTTJPO SJHIU BTDFOTJPO BOE 7FSOBM&RVJOPY $FMFTUJBMFRVBUPS ѮFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF $FMFTUJBM TQIFSF "O JNBHJOBSZ TQIFSF XJUI UIF &BSUI BU UIF DFOUFS DPOUBJOJOH BMM DFMFTUJBMPCKFDUTTVDIBTTUBST HBMBYJFT BOERVBTBSTѮFFDMJQUJDJTUIFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF &BSUITPSCJUBMQMBOFPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF JODMJOFEBUBOBOHMFPGEFHSFFTUPUIF DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBOEJOUFSTFDUJOHJUBUUIFUXPFRVJOPYFTѮFQPTJUJPOTPGBOPCKFDU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( #ELESTIALCOORDINATES3TARS GALAXIESANDOTHERCOSMICOBJECTSAREPLACEDUPONAN IMAGINARYCELESTIALSPHERE4HECELESTIALEQUATORDIVIDESTHESPHEREINTONORTHERNANDSOUTHERN HALVES ANDTHEECLIPTICIS THEANNUALPATHOFTHE3UN

! ! ONTHECELESTIALSPHERE 4HECELESTIALEQUATOR ! INTERSECTSTHEECLIPTICAT " ! THE6ERNAL%QUINOXAND THE!UTUMNAL%QUINOX "!" "# %VERYCOSMICOBJECTHAS ! TWOCELESTIALCOORDI NATES4HEYARETHERIGHT ASCENSION DESIGNATEDBY ! THEANGLEALPHA A ORBY "!

"! 2! ANDTHEDECLINA TION DENOTEDBYTHEANGLE DELTA D OR$EC2IGHT ! "# ! ASCENSIONISMEASURED ! !! EASTWARDALONGTHE ! CELESTIALEQUATORFROMTHE 6ERNAL%QUINOXTOTHE FOOTOFTHEGREATCIRCLE "! ! THATPASSESTHROUGHTHE OBJECT$ECLINATIONISTHE ANGULARDISTANCEFROMTHE CELESTIALEQUATORTOTHEOBJECTALONGTHEGREATCIRCLETHATPASSESTHROUGHTHEOBJECT POSITIVETO THENORTHANDNEGATIVETOTHESOUTH0RECESSIONRESULTSINASLOWMOTIONOFTHE6ERNAL%QUINOX PRODUCINGASTEADYCHANGEINTHECELESTIALCOORDINATES

POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFBSFDBMMFEUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOBOEUIFEFDMJOBUJPO4FFFRVJOPY EFDMJOBUJPO SJHIUBTDFOTJPO BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY $FMTJVT "VOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSFEFOPUFECZ$PSCZ$GPSEFHSFFT$FMTJVT"CTPMVUF [FSPPOUIF$FMTJVTUFNQFSBUVSFTDBMFJTBU$ UIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFSJTBU$ BOE UIF CPJMJOH QPJOU PG XBUFS JT BU $ ѮF FRVJWBMFOU UFNQFSBUVSF JO EFHSFFT LFMWJOJTHJWFOCZ,$ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT HJWFOCZ'$ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFVOJUJTOBNFEGPSUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS "OEFST$FMTJVT ¢

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

(MPTTBSZ$

$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT ѮF)BSWBSE4NJUITPOJBO$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT BCCSFWJ

BUFE$G" DPNCJOFTUIFSFTPVSDFTBOESFTFBSDIGBDJMJUJFTPGUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFS WBUPSZBOEUIF4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ)FBERVBSUFSFEBU$BNCSJEHF .BTTBDIVTFUUT UIF $FOUFS GPS "TUSPQIZTJDT IBT IVOESFET PG TDJFOUJTUT FOHBHFE JO SFTFBSDIJOBTUSPOPNZ BTUSPQIZTJDT UIF&BSUI TQBDFTDJFODFT BOETDJFODFFEVDBUJPO $FOUFSPGNBTT ѮFQPJOUBSPVOEXIJDIUXPHSBWJUBUJPOBMMZMJOLFEPCKFDUTSFWPMWF*G UIFUXPPCKFDUTBSFPGFRVBMNBTT UIFOUIFDFOUFSPGNBTTMJFTFYBDUMZIBMGXBZCFUXFFO UIFNѮFNPSFVOFRVBMUIFNBTTFT UIFDMPTFSUIFDFOUFSPGNBTTJTUPUIFNPSFNBT TJWFPCKFDUѮFDFOUFSPGNBTTJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFCBSZDFOUFS $FOUJHSBEF "OPMEFSOBNFGPSUIF$FMTJVTVOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSF EFSJWFEGSPNUIFGBDUUIBU

UIFSFBSFEFHSFFTCFUXFFOUIFGSFF[JOHBOECPJMJOHUFNQFSBUVSFTPGXBUFS4FF$FMTJVT $FQIFJE 4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF $FQIFJEWBSJBCMF "WFSZCSJHIU QVMTBUJOHTUBSXJUIBXFMMEFêOFESFMBUJPOCFUXFFOJUT

BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBOEQFSJPEPGQVMTBUJPO VTFGVMGPSPCUBJOJOHEJTUBODFTPVUUPBCPVU NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST *U JT B ZFMMPX QVMTBUJOH WBSJBCMF TVQFSHJBOU TUBS UIBU QFSJPEJ DBMMZFYQBOETBOEDPOUSBDUT QSPEVDJOHBSFHVMBSWBSJBUJPOJOJUTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPS BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZѮFMPOHFSUIFTUBSTQFSJPEPGWBSJBUJPOUIFHSFBUFSUIFTUBSTNFBO JOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPSBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ5PEFUFSNJOFB$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTEJTUBODF POFNFBTVSFTUIFWBSJBUJPOQFSJPE JOGFSTUIFTUBSTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BOEDPNQBSFT JUUPUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTBSFTPCSJHIUUIBUUIFZDBOCFTFFOJO PUIFSHBMBYJFT FTUBCMJTIJOHEJTUBODFTUPOFBSCZHBMBYJFTPVUTJEFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTUBLFUIFJSOBNFGSPNUIFêSTUPGUIFUZQFUPCFEJTDPWFSFE %FMUB $FQIFJ UIF WBSJBCJMJUZ PG XIJDI XBT OPUFE CZ &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO (PPESJDLF ¢ JOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPG$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTJO4FFBCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOEQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO $FSFT ѮFêSTUBTUFSPJEUPCFEJTDPWFSFE POUIFOJHIUPG+BOVBSZCZUIF4JDJM

JBOBTUSPOPNFSBOENPOL(JVTFQQF1JB[[J ¢ )FOBNFEJU$FSFTBѫFSUIF QBUSPOHPEEFTTPG4JDJMZ$FSFTIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPG LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS4FFBTUFSPJE $&3/ "DSPOZN GPS $FOUSF &VSPQÊFO QPVS MB 3FDIFSDIF /VDMÊBJSF UIF &VSPQFBO

0SHBOJ[BUJPOGPS/VDMFBS3FTFBSDI CBTFEJO(FOFWB 4XJU[FSMBOE $FSSP 5PMPMP *OUFS"NFSJDBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE $5*0 BO PCTFSWBUPSZ PO

$FSSP5PMPMPQFBLBCPVULJMPNFUFSTFBTUPG-B4FSFOB $IJMF*UTMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFT BSFUIFNFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS OBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7JDUPS. #MBODP ¢

BOE TJODF UIF NFUFS JODI 40VUIFSO "TUSPQIZTJDBM 3FTFBSDI BCCSFWJBUFE40"3 UFMFTDPQF $G" "DSPOZNGPS$FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT4FF$FOUFSGPSBTUSPQIZTJDT $(30\ "DSPOZNGPSUIF$PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF$PNQUPO(BNNB

3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

>`À>ÊÃÃ\ 4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $IBOESBTFLIBS MJNJU ѮF NBYJNVN NBTT PG B XIJUF EXBSG TUBS BCPVU TPMBS NBTTFT " DPMMBQTJOH TUBS PG NBTT HSFBUFS UIBO UIJT WBMVF XJMM CFDPNF B OFVUSPO TUBSPSBCMBDLIPMF*GBXIJUFEXBSGSFDFJWFTNBUFSJBMGSPNBDPNQBOJPOTUBSBOE FYDFFETUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU UIFXIJUFEXBSGDBOFYQMPEFBTBUZQF*BTVQFS OPWBѮJTVQQFSNBTTMJNJUGPSXIJUFEXBSGTXBTêSTUEFSJWFECZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJ DJTU8JMIFMN"OEFSTPO ¢ BOEUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU&ENVOE$4UPOFS ¢

JOBOESFTQFDUJWFMZ CVUJUJTPѫFOOBNFEGPSUIF*OEJBO CPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU4VCSBINBOZBO$IBOESBTFLIBS ¢

XIP TVCTFRVFOUMZEFSJWFEEFUBJMFEFRVJMJCSJVNDPOêHVSBUJPOTJOXIJDIEFHFOFSBUFFMFD USPO HBTFT TVQQPSU UIFJS PXO HSBWJUZ 4FF CMBDL IPMF OFVUSPO TUBS TVQFSOPWB BOE XIJUFEXBSG $IBOESB 9SBZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $IBOESB 9SBZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$90 PO+VMZ GSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$PMVNCJB*UJOWFTUJHBUFTUIF IJHIFOFSHZ 9SBZSFHJPOTPGUIF6OJWFSTFGSPNPCKFDUTTVDIBTBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ CMBDLIPMFT DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT EBSLNBUUFS HBMBYJFT OFVUSPOTUBST QVMTBST RVBTBST TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT TVQFSOPWBF BOEXIJUFEXBSGTѮF9SBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTQSFWJ PVTMZLOPXOBTUIF"EWBODFE9SBZ"TUSPQIZTJDT'BDJMJUZ PS"9"'GPSTIPSU BOEXBT SFOBNFEBѫFSUIF*OEJBO"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUBOE/PCFMMBVSFBUF 4VCSBINBOZBO $IBOESBTFLIBS ¢ $IBSHFDPVQMFEEFWJDF 4FF$$% $IBSHFEQBSUJDMFT 'VOEBNFOUBMDPNQPOFOUTPGTVCBUPNJDNBUUFS TVDIBTQSPUPOT PUIFSJPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT XIJDIIBWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHFѮFDIBSHFETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT BSFTVSSPVOEFECZFMFDUSJDBMGPSDFêFMETUIBUBUUSBDUQBSUJDMFTPGPQQPTJUFDIBSHFBOE SFQFMUIPTFPGMJLFDIBSHF$IBSHFEQBSUJDMFTBSFFJUIFSOFHBUJWF FMFDUSPO PSQPTJUJWF QSPUPO BOEBSFSFTQPOTJCMFGPSBMMFMFDUSJDBMQIFOPNFOB $IFSFOLPW SBEJBUJPO -JHIU PS PUIFS GPSNT PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFE XIFOBDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFIBTBWFMPDJUZUIBUFYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOBNFEJVN" OFVUSJOPDBOCFEFUFDUFECZUIFDPOFPGCMVF$IFSFOLPWMJHIUFNJUUFEXIFOBOFVUSJOP FOUFSTBMBSHFVOEFSHSPVOEUBOLPGXBUFSBOEBDDFMFSBUFTBOFMFDUSPOCZDPMMJTJPOUPB WFMPDJUZMBSHFSUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOXBUFSѮF$IFSFOLPWFĒFDUJTOBNFEGPSUIF 3VTTJBOQIZTJDJTU1BWFM"$IFSFOLPW ¢

XIPêSTUPCTFSWFEJUJO4FF ,BNJPLBOEF 4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF $IMPSJOFFYQFSJNFOU ѮFTVCUFSSBOFBOOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSMPDBUFEJOUIF)PNFTUBLF (PME.JOFOFBS-FBE 4PVUI%BLPUB JOXIJDIBOFVUSJOPTUSJLFTBDIMPSJOFOVDMFVTJO BIVHFUBOLPGDMFBOJOHëVJEUPQSPEVDFBOVDMFVTPGSBEJPBDUJWFBSHPOѮF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU3BZNPOE%BWJT+S ¢ VTFEUIFFYQFSJNFOUUPEFUFDUOFVUSJOPTGSPN UIF4VOGPSNPSFUIBOBRVBSUFSPGBDFOUVSZ CFHJOOJOHJO BMXBZTEFUFDUJOHBCPVU POFUIJSEPGUIFFYQFDUFEBNPVOUPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPT4FF)PNFTUBLF BOETPMBSOFV USJOPQSPCMFN $ISPNBUJDBCFSSBUJPO *OUSPEVDUJPOPGTQVSJPVTDPMPSTCZBMFOT

(MPTTBSZ$

$ISPNPTQIFSF ѮF MBZFS PS SFHJPO PG UIF TPMBS BUNPTQIFSF MZJOH BCPWF UIF QIPUP TQIFSFBOECFOFBUIUIFUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEUIFDPSPOBѮF4VOTUFNQFSBUVSFSJTFTUP BCPVULFMWJOJOUIFDISPNPTQIFSFѮFOBNFMJUFSBMMZNFBOTBiTQIFSFPGDPMPSu ѮFDISPNPTQIFSFJTOPSNBMMZJOWJTJCMFCFDBVTFPGUIFHMBSFPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFTIJOJOH UISPVHIJU CVUJUJTCSJFëZWJTJCMFOFBSUIFCFHJOOJOHPSFOEPGBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTFBTB TQJLZSFESJNBSPVOEUIF.PPOTEJTL"UPUIFSUJNFT UIFDISPNPTQIFSFDBOCFTUVE JFECZTQFDUSPTDPQZ PCTFSWJOHJUBDSPTTUIFTPMBSEJTLJOUIFSFEMJHIUPGUIFIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOFPSUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT4PMBSêMBNFOUT QMBHF QSPNJOFODFTBOETQJDVMFT BSFBMMTFFOJOUIFDISPNPTQIFSF"UIJOUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPOTFQBSBUFTUIFDISPNPTQIFSF BOEUIFDPSPOB4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT DISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSL DPSPOB êMBNFOU IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF QIPUPTQIFSF QMBHF QSPNJOFODF TQJDVMF BOEUSBOTJUJPOSFHJPO $ISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSL "MBSHFTDBMFDFMMVMBSQBUUFSOWJTJCMFJOTQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT

UBLFO JO UIF DBMDJVN ) BOE , MJOFT ѮF OFUXPSL BQQFBST BU UIF CPVOEBSJFT PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPODFMMT BOEDPOUBJOTNBHOFUJDêFMETUIBUIBWFCFFOTXFQU UPUIFFEHFTPGUIFDFMMTCZUIFëPXPGNBUFSJBMJOUIFDFMMT4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO $ISPOPNFUFS "WFSZBDDVSBUFDMPDLEFTJHOFEGPSEFUFSNJOJOHMPOHJUVEFBUTFBѮJT

JTEPOFCZDPNQBSJOHUIFMPDBMUJNFPCTFSWFEBTUSPOPNJDBMMZXJUIUIFDPSSFTQPOEJOH UJNFBUUIFQPSUPGFNCBSLBUJPOBTHJWFOCZUIFDISPOPNFUFS4VDIBNBSJOFDISPOPN FUFS XBT êSTU CVJMU CZ UIF &OHMJTI IPSPMPHJTU BOE JOTUSVNFOU NBLFS +PIO )BSSJTPO ¢ JO BOETVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEBUTFBUPPCUBJOMPOHJUVEFXJUIBOBDDV SBDZPGBCPVUPOFNJOVUFPGBSD4FFMPOHJUVEF BOE3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ $JSDMF "DMPTFEQMBOFDVSWFFWFSZXIFSFFRVJEJTUBOUGSPNJUTDFOUFS"OFMMJQTFQPT

TFTTJOHCVUPOFGPDVT $JSDVNTUFMMBSEJTL 4FFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL $MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBGU "KPJOUQSPKFDUPGUIF4USBUFHJD%FGFOTF*OJUJBUJWFBOE/"4" UIF$MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫXBTMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ FOUFSJOHMVOBSPSCJUPO 'FCSVBSZ *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE $MFNFOUJOF NBQQFE UIF HMPCBM TVSGBDF DPN QPTJUJPOBOEUPQPHSBQIZPGUIF.PPO BOEPCUBJOFEQPTTJCMFFWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFBU UIFMVOBSQPMFTѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIFNJOFSTEBSMJOHEBVHIUFSJOUIFPME (PME3VTICBMMBE4FF.PPO $MJNBUF Ѯ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ѮF OFBSFTU SJDI DMVTUFST PG HBMBYJFT DPOUBJOJOH BCPVU B UIPVTBOE HBMBYJFT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

FBDI BSFUIF7JSHP$MVTUFS NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ BOEUIF$PNB$MVTUFS NJM MJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ4FFEBSLNBUUFS TVQFSDMVTUFS BOE7JSHP$MVTUFS $.# "DSPOZNGPS$PTNJD.JDSPXBWF#BDLHSPVOE $.#3 "DSPOZNGPS$PTNJD.JDSPXBWF#BDLHSPVOE3BEJBUJPO $.& "DSPOZNGPS$PSPOBM.BTT&KFDUJPO4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO $/0DZDMF "DSPOZNGPS$BSCPO/JUSPHFO0YZHFODZDMF4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO

DZDMF $0 4FFDBSCPONPOPYJEF $0 4FFDBSCPOEJPYJEF $PBMTUBDL " MBSHF QSPNJOFOU EBSL OFCVMB JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO $SVY UIF 4PVUIFSO $SPTT*UTBOHVMBSEJNFOTJPOTBSFCZEFHSFFT4FFEBSLOFCVMB

" \ "DSPOZNGPS$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS4FF$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS $PMEEBSLNBUUFS )ZQPUIFUJDBMTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBUNPWFTMPXMZDPNQBSFEXJUI

UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU4FFEBSLNBUUFSBOEIPUEBSLNBUUFS $PMMJEJOHHBMBYJFT 5XPHBMBYJFTUIBUQBTTDMPTFFOPVHIUPHSBWJUBUJPOBMMZEJTSVQUFBDI

PUIFSTTIBQFѮFDPMMJTJPOSJQTTUSFBNFSTPGTUBSTGSPNUIFHBMBYJFT USJHHFSTTUBSCJSUI BOEDBOVMUJNBUFMZSFTVMUJOCPUIHBMBYJFTNFSHJOHJOUPPOF4FFBOUFOOBF $PNFU "OPCKFDUNBEFPGJDF EVTUBOESPDL PSEJSUZTOPXCBMM JOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN

XIJDIJTNVDITNBMMFSUIBOBQMBOFUBOEBCPVUUFOLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT PSCJUJOHUIF4VO VTVBMMZGBSCFZPOEUIFQMBOFUTBOEPѫFOJOBIJHIMZFDDFOUSJDPSCJU*OUIF%VUDI BTUSPOPNFS+BO0PSU ¢ VTFEUIFPCTFSWFEUSBKFDUPSJFTPGMPOHQFSJPEDPN FUT XJUI PSCJUBM QFSJPET HSFBUFS UIBO ZFBST UP TIPX UIFZ DPNF GSPN B SFNPUF TQIFSJDBMTIFMM OPXLOPXOBTUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVE MPDBUFEBCPVUBRVBSUFSPGUIF XBZUPUIFOFBSFTUTUBS*OUIFTBNFZFBS UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF ¢ QSPQPTFEUIFJDZDPOHMPNFSBUF PSEJSUZTOPXCBMM DPNFUNPEFM JOXIJDI UIFTPMJEOVDMFVTPGBDPNFUJTKVTUBHJHBOUJDCBMMPGJDF EVTUBOESPDL BOEDMPTFVQ PCTFSWBUJPOTPG)BMMFZT$PNFU CZUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫJO DPOêSNFEUIJTNPEFM *O +VMZ $PNFU 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ DPMMJEFE XJUI +VQJUFS 8IFO B DPNFU DPNFT XJUIJO BCPVU UISFF UJNFT UIF &BSUIT EJTUBODF GSPN UIF 4VO TPNF PG JUT JDZ TVSGBDF WBQPSJ[FTUIFDPNFUUIFOEFWFMPQTBEJĒVTF MVNJOPVTDPNBPGEVTUBOEHBT BOE OPS NBMMZ POFPSNPSFUBJMTѮFTFUBJMTDBOCFDPNFMPOHFSUIBOUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF &BSUIBOEUIF4VOѮFDVSWFEEVTUUBJMTBSFQVTIFEBXBZGSPNUIF4VOCZUIFQSFTTVSF PG TPMBS SBEJBUJPO BOE UIF TUSBJHIU JPO UBJMT BSF TXFQU BXBZ CZ UIF TPMBS XJOE .PTU DPNFUTBSFJOWJTJCMF TUPSFEGBSGSPNUIFQMBOFUBSZTZTUFNJOUXPMBSHFSFTFSWPJSTUIF ,VJQFSCFMUCFZPOEUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF BOEUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEBUOFBSJOUFSTUFMMBS EJTUBODFT 4FF #JFMBT $PNFU %FFQ 4QBDF &ODLFT $PNFU (JPUUP .JTTJPO )BMMFZT $PNFU ,VJQFSCFMU MPOHQFSJPEDPNFU 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU TIPSUQFSJPEDPNFU TPMBSXJOE BOE4UBSEVTU $PNFU#FJMB 4FF#JFMBT$PNFU

(MPTTBSZ$

$PNFU&ODLF 4FF&ODLFT$PNFU $PNFU)BMMFZ 4FF)BMMFZT$PNFU $PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZ 4FF4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU $PNFU4XJGU5VUUMF 4FF4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU $PNQUPO (BNNB 3BZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ\ /"4" MBVODIFE UIF $PNQUPO (BNNB 3BZ

0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE$(30 PO"QSJM BOEJUSFFOUFSFEUIF&BSUITBUNP TQIFSFPO+VOF*UXBTUIFTFDPOEPG/"4"TGPVSHSFBUPCTFSWBUPSJFTJTTQBDF EFTJHOFEUPTUVEZUIF6OJWFSTFJOBOJOWJTJCMF IJHIFOFSHZGPSNPGSBEJBUJPOLOPXO BT HBNNB SBZT *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE $(30 EFUFDUFE NPSF UIBO HBNNBSBZ 4!",% #OMETS 'REATA .AME

0ERIHELION$ATE

$AYS 6ISIBLEB

0ERIHELION "RIGHTEST $ISTANCEC !PPARENT !5 -AGNITUDED

'REAT#OMET2 'REAT#OMET& 'REAT-ARCH#OMET$ #OMET$ONATI,

3EPT 3EPT &EB 3EPT

TO TO

'REAT#OMET* 'REAT3OUTHERN#OMET" #OMET#OGGIA( 'REAT3EPTEMBER#OMET2

*UNE *AN *ULY 3EPT

TO

#OMET#OMET' 'REAT*ANUARY#OMET! 0#OMET(ALLEY #OMET3KJELLERUP -ARISTANY 8 #OMET)KEYA 3EKI3 #OMET"ENNETT9 #OMET7EST6 #OMET(YAKUTAKE" #OMET(ALE "OPP/

!PR *AN !PR $EC

TO TO

/CT -AR &EB -AY !PR

TO TO

A!DAPTEDFROM$ONALD+9EOMANS'REAT#OMETSIN(ISTORY ATTHE7EBSITEHTTPSSDJPLNASAGOVGREAT? COMETSHTML B$AYSVISIBLETOTHENAKEDEYEUNAIDEDBYBINOCULARSORATELESCOPE C4HEPERIHELIONDISTANCEISTHEDISTANCEFROMTHE3UNATTHECLOSESTAPPROACHTOTHESTAR GIVENINASTRONOMI CALUNITS OR!5 ROUGHLYTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNANDABOUTBILLION OR METERS D4HEAPPARENTMAGNITUDEISAMEASUREOFTHEAPPARENTBRIGHTNESSOFACELESTIALOBJECT INWHICHBRIGHTER OBJECTSHAVESMALLERMAGNITUDES3IRIUS! THEBRIGHTESTSTAROTHERTHANTHE3UN HASANAPPARENTVISUALMAG NITUDEOF4HENEARESTSTAROTHERTHANTHE3UNISABOUTONTHEMAGNITUDESCALE WHILE6ENUSHASAN APPARENTMAGNITUDEOFWHENBRIGHTESTANDATITSBRIGHTEST*UPITERAPPEARSATMAGNITUDE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% #OMETSnSHORTPERIODA .AME

/RBIT 0ERIOD YEARS

0ERIHELION $ATEB YEAR

0(ALLEY 0%NCKE 0D!RREST 04EMPEL

THCENTURY

0"ORRELLY 0'IACOBINI :INNER 0'RIGG 3JKELLERUP 0#ROMMELIN

07IRTANEN 04EMPEL 4UTTLE 03CHWASSMANN 7ACHMANN 07ILD 07ILSON (ARRINGTOND

0ERIHELION /RBITAL $ISTANCE )NCLINATION !BSOLUTE !5 DEGREES -AGNITUDEC

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST.EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG

AND'ARY-+RONKSCOMET7EBSITEHTTPCOMETOGRAPHYCOM3HORT PERIODCOMETSTHATHAVEEITHERBEEN VISITEDBYSPACECRAFTINTHEPASTORHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDFORENCOUNTERSINTHEFUTURE LISTEDINTHEORDEROF THEIRRECOGNITION ORPERIODICCOMETNUMBER B4HEGIVENPERIHELIONDATEISTHElRSTTOOCCURINTHESTCENTURY ANDTHEPERIHELIONDISTANCEISIN!5 ROUGHLYTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNANDABOUTBILLION OR METERS C4HEABSOLUTEMAGNITUDEISAMEASUREOFTHEINTRINSICBRIGHTNESSOFACOMET ANDASMALLERMAGNITUDEINDI CATESABRIGHTERCOMET D!LSOASTEROID

'*( #OMETnANATOMY4HE NUCLEUSOFACOMETISUSUALLYINVISIBLE UNLESSASPACECRAFTISSENTINTOTAKEA GLIMPSE!COMETlRSTBECOMESVISIBLE WHENITDEVELOPSACOMAOFGASAND DUST7HENTHECOMETPASSESCLOSERTO THE3UN LONGIONANDDUSTTAILSSOME TIMESBECOMEVISIBLE STREAMINGOUTOF THECOMAINTHEDIRECTIONOPPOSITETO THE3UN7HENLOOKINGATACOMETIN ULTRAVIOLETLIGHT THEHYDROGENATOMSIN ITSHUGEHYDROGENCLOUDAREDETECTED

(MPTTBSZ$

'*( #OMETnTRAJECTORYANDTAILS4HEPATHANDCHANG INGSHAPEOFATYPICALCOMETASITENTERSTHEINNER3OLAR3YSTEM .OTETHATTHETAILOFTHECOMETISORIENTEDAWAYFROMTHE3UN INDEPENDENTOFTHEDIRECTIONOFTRAVELOFTHECOMET

4!",% #OMETS STRUCTURE &EATURE

3IZEA

#OMPOSITION

!PPEARANCE

.UCLEUS #OMA

TO METERS 5PTO!5

6ERYDARK 3LIGHTLYYELLOW

(YDROGENCLOUD $USTTAIL )ONTAIL

5PTO!5 5PTO!5 5PTO!5

$UST ICEANDROCK .EUTRALUN IONIZED MOLECULESANDDUST (YDROGENATOMS $USTPARTICLES )ONIZEDMOLECULES

5LTRAVIOLETRADIATION 9ELLOW CURVED "LUE STRAIGHT

A/NE!5 ROUGHLYTHEAVERAGEDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN ISABOUTBILLION OR METERS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

CVSTUT BTXFMMBTHBNNBSBZTGSPNCMBDLIPMFT QVMTBST RVBTBSTBOETVQFSOPWBFѮF HBNNBSBZPCTFSWBUPSZXBTOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQ UPO ¢

XIPJTSFNFNCFSFEGPSEJTDPWFSJOHUIF$PNQUPOFĒFDUJO B QIFOPNFOPOJOXIJDIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDXBWFTTVDIBT9SBZTVOEFSHPBOJODSFBTFJO XBWFMFOHUIBѫFSIBWJOHCFFOTDBUUFSFECZFMFDUSPOT4FFHBNNBSBZCVSTU $POF /FCVMB "EBSL UBQFSJOHOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.POPDFSPTTVSSPVOEJOH

UIFPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS/($ $POKVODUJPO ѮFBMJHONFOUPGUIF&BSUIXJUIUXPPUIFSCPEJFTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN

5XPPUIFSQMBOFUTBSFTBJEUPCFJODPOKVODUJPOXIFOUIFZBSFDMPTFUPHFUIFSJOUIF

'*( #ONJUNCTION ELONGATION ANDOPPOSITION7HENTHE 3UN THE%ARTHANDANOTHERPLANETAREALIGNED THATPLANETISIN CONJUNCTION6ENUSAND-ERCURYAREINFERIORPLANETS WITHORBITS BETWEENTHATOFTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN ANDTHEYAREININFERIORCON JUNCTIONWHENTHEYLIEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UN!LLOFTHE OTHERMAJORPLANETSARESUPERIORPLANETS WITHORBITSOUTSIDETHAT OFTHE%ARTH ANDTHEYAREINCONJUNCTIONWHENONTHEOTHERSIDE OFTHE3UNFROMTHE%ARTH4HESUPERIORPLANETSARECLOSESTTOTHE %ARTHWHENINOPPOSITION ALIGNEDEXACTLYOPPOSITETHE3UNFROM THE%ARTH4HEELONGATIONISTHEANGULARDISTANCEBETWEENTHE3UN ANDTHEPLANET ASVIEWEDFROMTHE%ARTH ANDTHEGREATESTELONGA TIONSOF-ERCURYAND6ENUSAREABOUTDEGREESANDDEGREES RESPECTIVELY

(MPTTBSZ$

TBNFQBSUPGUIFTLZ"OPUIFSQMBOFUJTJODPOKVODUJPOXJUIUIF4VOXIFOUIFQMBOFU JTPOBMJOFUIBUQBTTFTUISPVHIUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO FJUIFSPOUIFPQQPTJUFTJEFPG UIF4VOGSPNUIF&BSUI JOTVQFSJPSDPOKVODUJPO PSPOUIFTBNFTJEFPGUIF4VOBTUIF &BSUI JOJOGFSJPSDPOKVODUJPO4FFTZ[ZHZ $POTUFMMBUJPO "HSPVQPGTUBSTUIBUGPSNTBEJTUJODUJWFQBUUFSOPSJNBHJOBSZêHVSF USBDFE PO UIF TLZ XJUI B OBNF MJOLFE UP JUT TIBQF UIBU JT PѫFO EFSJWFE GSPN (SFFL NZUIPMPHZ5XFMWFPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOTBSFVTFEUPEFTDSJCFUIF[PEJBDѮFMJTUPG DPOTUFMMBUJPOTHJWFOJO1UPMFNZT"MNBHFTUIBTHSPXOUPBNPEFSOMJTUPGDPOTUFMMB UJPOT XIJDIWBSZJOTJ[FѮFTUBSTJOBDPOTUFMMBUJPODBOCFBUWFSZEJĒFSFOUEJTUBODFT TPUIFHSPVQJOHMBDLTQIZTJDBMTJHOJêDBODF4FF[PEJBD $POUJOFOUBM ESJGU ѮF JEFB UIBU UIF DPOUJOFOUT BSF NPWJOH PS ESJѫJOH BDSPTT UIF HMPCFѮF(FSNBONFUFPSPMPHJTUBOEHFPMPHJTU"MGSFE8FHFOFS ¢ EFWFM PQFEUIFUIFPSZPGDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ QSPQPTJOHUIBUUIFDPOUJOFOUTXFSFQBSUPGBTJOHMF MBOENBTT DBMMFE1BOHFB B(SFFLXPSENFBOJOHiBMMMBOETuUIBUGSBHNFOUFEJOUPUPEBZT DPOUJOFOUT XIJDITUBSUFEESJѫJOHBQBSUNJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮJTXPVMEFYQMBJOUIF DMPTF KJHTBXêU CFUXFFO UIF DPBTUMJOFT PO FJUIFS TJEF PG UIF "UMBOUJD 0DFBO BOE UIF HFPMPHJDBMBOEGPTTJMTJNJMBSJUJFTCFUXFFO#SB[JMBOE"GSJDB"NFDIBOJTNGPSESJWJOH UIFDPOUJOFOUTBDSPTTUIFHMPCFXBTMBUFSSFBMJ[FEXJUIUIFEJTDPWFSZUIBUDPOUJOFOUTBSF SJEJOHPOUIFCBDLTPGMBSHFQMBUFT XIJDIBSFQVTIFETJEFXBZTCZDIVSOJOHNPUJPOT EFFQJOTJEFUIF&BSUITIPUJOUFSJPSBOEUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPS4FFQMBUFUFDUPOJDTBOE TFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH $POUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN "OVOCSPLFOEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBUJPOPWFSBCSPBESBOHFPG XBWFMFOHUIT4FFDPOUJOVVNBOETQFDUSVN $POUJOVVN ѮBUQBSUPGBTQFDUSVNUIBUIBTOFJUIFSBCTPSQUJPOOPSFNJTTJPOMJOFT CVUPOMZBTNPPUIXBWFMFOHUIEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBOUJOUFOTJUZ4FFDPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVNBOETQFDUSVN $POWFDUJPO ѮFUSBOTQPSUPGFOFSHZGSPNBMPXFS IPUUFSSFHJPOUPBIJHIFS DPPMFS

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ѮFPQBDJUZ JOUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POFJTTPMBSHFUIBUFOFSHZDBOOPUCFUSBOTQPSUFECZSBEJBUJPO $PQFSOJDBOJTN ѮFIZQPUIFTJTUIBUUIF&BSUIBOEUIFPUIFSQMBOFUTPSCJUUIF4VO $PSF ѮFDFOUSBMSFHJPOPGBQMBOFU TUBSPSPUIFSDFMFTUJBMPCKFDU*OTPMBSBOETUFMMBS

BTUSPOPNZ UIFDPSFJTUIFDFOUSBMMPDBUJPOXIFSFFOFSHZJTHFOFSBUFECZOVDMFBSSFBD UJPOT4FFGVTJPOBOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSA ,ATIN.AME

2! H

$EC

!REA

!NDROMEDA

!NDROMEDAE

!ND

!NTLIA !PUS

!NTLIAE !PODIS

!NTS !PS

!QUARIUS !QUILA

!QUARII !QUILAE

!QR !QL

#HAINED MAIDEN !IR0UMP "IRDOF 0ARADISE 7ATER"EARER %AGLE

!RA !RIES !URIGA "OÚTES #AELUM

!RAE !RIETIS !URIGAE "OÚTIS #AELI

!RA !RI !UR "OO #AE

!LTAR 2AM #HARIOTEER (ERDSMAN #HISEL

#AMELOPARDALIS #ANCER #ANES6ENATICI

#AM #NC #6N

#ANIS-AJOR #ANIS-INOR

#AMELOPARDIS #ANCRI #ANUM 6ENATICORUM #ANIS-AJORIS #ANIS-INORIS

#-A #-I

'IRAFFE #RAB (UNTING $OGS "IG$OG ,ITTLE$OG

#APRICORNUS #ARINA #ASSIOPEIA #ENTAURUS #EPHEUS

#APRICORNI #ARINAE #ASSIOPEIAE #ENTAURI #EPHEI

#AP #AR #AS #EN #EP

3EA'OAT 3HIPS+EELB ,ADYIN#HAIR #ENTAURC +INGOF %THIOPIA

#ETI

#ET

#HAMAELEON #IRCINUS #OLUMBA #OMA"ERENICES

#HAMAELEONTIS #IRCINI #OLUMBAE #OMAE "ERENICES

#HA #IR #OL #OM

7HALE 3EA -ONSTER #HAMAELEON #OMPASSES $OVE "ERENICES (AIRC

#ORONA!USTRALIS

#R!

#ORONA"OREALIS

#ORVUS #RATER #RUX

#ORONAE !USTRALIS #ORONAE "OREALIS #ORVI #RATERIS #RUCIS

#RV #RT #RU

#YGNUS

#YGNI

#YG

#ETUS

'ENITIVE

!BBREV

#R"

4RANSLATION

3OUTHERN #ROWN .ORTHERN #ROWN #ROW #UP 3OUTHERN #ROSS 3WAN

(MPTTBSZ$

4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSACONTINUED 2! H

$EC

!REA

'ENITIVE

!BBREV

4RANSLATION

$ELPHINI

$EL

$ORADUS

$OR

$RACO %QUULEUS

$RACONIS %QUULEI

$RA %QU

$OLPHIN 0ORPOISE 3WORDlSH $ORADOlSH $RAGON ,ITTLE(ORSE

%RIDANUS

%RIDANI

%RI

&ORNAX 'EMINI

&ORNACIS 'EMINORUM

&OR 'EM

'RUS (ERCULES

'RUIS (ERCULIS

'RU (ER

(OROLOGIUM (YDRA

(OROLOGII (YDRAE

(OR (YA

(YDRUS )NDUS ,ACERTA

(YDRI )NDI ,ACERTAE

(YI )ND ,AC

,EO ,EO-INOR ,EPUS ,IBRA

,EONIS ,EONIS-INORIS ,EPORIS ,IBRAE

,EO ,-I ,EP ,IB

,UPUS

,UPI

,UP

,YNX ,YRA -ENSA

,YNCIS ,YRAE -ENSAE

,YN ,YR -EN

-ICROSCOPIUM -ONOCEROS

-ICROSCOPII -ONOCEROTIS

-IC -ON

-USCA .ORMA

-USCAE .ORMAE

-US .OR

/CTANS /PHIUCHUS

/CTANTIS /PHIUCHI

/CT /PH

/RION

/RIONIS

/RI

&LY 3QUARE ,EVEL /CTANT 3ERPENT BEARER (UNTER

0AVO

0AVONIS

0AV

0EACOCK

,ATIN.AME

$ELPHINUS $ORADO

2IVER %RIDANUSC &URNACE (EAVENLY 4WINS #RANE +NEELING 'IANT #LOCK 7ATER -ONSTER 3EA3ERPENT )NDIAN ,IZARD ,ION ,ITTLE,ION (ARE "ALANCE 3CALES 7OLF ,YNX ,YRE (ARP 4ABLE -OUNTAIN -ICROSCOPE 5NICORN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% #ONSTELLATIONSACONTINUED 2! H

$EC

!REA

'ENITIVE

0EGASUS

0EGASI

0EG

0ERSEUS 0HOENIX 0ICTOR

0ERSEI 0HOENICIS 0ICTORIS

0ER 0HE 0IC

0ISCIUM 0ISCIS!USTRINI

0SC 0S!

0UPPIS 0YXIS

0UPPIS 0YXIDIS

0UP 0YX

2ETICULUM

2ETICULI

2ET

&ISH 3OUTHERN &ISH 3HIPS3TERNB 3HIPS #OMPASSB .ET

3AGITTA 3AGITTARIUS 3CORPIUS 3CULPTOR 3CUTUM

3AGITTAE 3AGITTARII 3CORPII 3CULPTORIS 3CUTI

3GE 3GR 3CO 3CI 3CT

!RROW !RCHER 3CORPION 3CULPTOR 3HIELD

3ERPENS 3EXTANS 4AURUS 4ELESCOPIUM 4RIANGULUM

3ERPENTIS 3EXTANTIS 4AURI 4ELESCOPII 4RIANGULI

3ER 3EX 4AU 4EL 4RI

3ERPENT 3EXTANT "ULL 4ELESCOPE 4RIANGLE

4RIANGULUM !USTRALE 4UCANA 5RSA-AJOR 5RSA-INOR 6ELA

4R!

4RIANGULI !USTRALIS 4UCANAE 5RSAE-AJORIS 5RSAE-INORIS 6ELORUM

4UC 5-A 5-I 6EL

3OUTHERN 4RIANGLE 4OUCAN "IG"EAR ,ITTLE"EAR 3HIPS3AILB

6IRGO

6IRGINIS

6IR

6OLANS 6ULPECULA

6OLANTIS 6ULPECULAE

6OL 6UL

,ATIN.AME

0ISCES 0ISCES!USTRINUS

!BBREV

4RANSLATION

7INGED (ORSE #HAMPION 0HOENIX 0AINTER%ASEL

-AIDEN 6IRGIN &LYING&ISH ,ITTLE&OX

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP B0REVIOUSLYFORMEDCONSTELLATION!RGO.AVIS THE!RGONAUTSSHIP C0ROPERNAMES

(MPTTBSZ$

4!",% #ORONAEMISSIONLINESA 7AVELENGTHNANOMETERS

%MITTING)ON

#A8)) &E8))) .I86) &E8) #A8))) .I8)) .I8)))

7AVELENGTHNANOMETERS

GREENLINE YELLOWLINE REDLINE

%MITTING)ON

&E8)6 #A86 &E8 .I86 &E86 &E8) .I86

A#ACALCIUM &EIRON AND.INICKEL3UBTRACTONEFROMTHE2OMANNUMERALTOGETTHENUMBEROF MISSINGELECTRONS

4!",% #ORONAnHOLESANDLOOPS &EATURE

#ORONAL(OLES !CTIVE2EGION,OOPS 8 RAYBRIGHTPOINT

,ARGEST%XTENT KM

4EMPERATURE +

%LECTRON$ENSITY Mm

TO TO

TO TO

TO

$PSPOB "TIJNNFSJOHIBMPPGQFBSMXIJUFMJHIUTFFONPNFOUBSJMZBUUIFMJNC PS BQQBSFOUFEHF PGUIF4VOEVSJOHBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTF DBMMFE UIFDPSPOB GSPNUIF -BUJOXPSEGPSiDSPXOuѮFPVUFSNPTU IJHIUFNQFSBUVSFSFHJPOPGUIFTPMBSBUNP TQIFSF BCPWF UIF DISPNPTQIFSF BOE USBOTJUJPO SFHJPO DPOTJTUJOH PG BMNPTU GVMMZ JPOJ[FEHBTDPOUBJOFEJODMPTFENBHOFUJDMPPQT DBMMFEDPSPOBMMPPQT PSFYQBOEJOH PVU BMPOH PQFO NBHOFUJD êFME MJOFT UP GPSN UIF TPMBS XJOE *O UIF 4XFEJTI BTUSPOPNFS #FOHU &EMÊO ¢ BOE UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS (SP USJBO ¢ TIPXFEUIBUFNJTTJPOMJOFTGSPNUIFTPMBSDPSPOBXFSFGPSCJEEFO USBOTJUJPOTPGBUPNTUIBUBSFIJHIMZJPOJ[FEBUBOVOFYQFDUFEMZIJHI NJMMJPOEFHSFF UFNQFSBUVSF*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&VHFOF/1BSLFS ¢ TIPXFE UIBUUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTJOUIFDPSPOBXJMMPWFSDPNFUIF4VOT HSBWJUZBOEBDDFMFSBUFUPTVQFSTPOJDTQFFET OBNJOHUIFSFTVMUBOUSBEJBMPVUëPXUIF TPMBSXJOE&WFOOFBSUIF4VO UIFDPSPOBJTBIJHIMZSBSFêFE MPXEFOTJUZHBT XJUI FMFDUSPOEFOTJUJFTPGMFTTUIBOFMFDUSPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFS IFBUFEUPUFNQFSBUVSFT PGNJMMJPOTPGEFHSFFTѮFDPSPOBJTCSJFëZWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFEVSJOHBUPUBM FDMJQTFPGUIF4VO GPSBUNPTUNJOVUFTBUPUIFSUJNFTJUDBOCFPCTFSWFEJOWJT JCMFXIJUFMJHIUCZVTJOHBTQFDJBMJOTUSVNFOUDBMMFEBDPSPOBHSBQIѮFWJTJCMFMJHIU DPSPOBNBZCFEJWJEFEJOUPUIFJOOFS,PSFMFDUSPODPSPOB XJUIBDPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVN BOEUIFPVUFS'PSEVTUDPSPOBUIBUEJTQMBZT'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTѮF &DPSPOBJTUIFFNJTTJPOMJOFDPSPOBѮFDPSPOBDBOBMXBZTCFPCTFSWFEBDSPTTUIF TPMBSEJTLBU9SBZBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFTIBQFPGUIFDPSPOBJTEFUFSNJOFECZ UIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTPMBSNBHOFUJDêFMET XIJDIWBSJFTXJUIUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( #ORONAGRAPH3UNLIGHTENTERSFROMTHELEFT ANDISFOCUSEDBYANOBJECTIVE LENS , ONANOCCULTINGDISK BLOCKINGTHEINTENSEGLAREOFTHEPHOTOSPHERE,IGHT FROMTHECORONA WHICHISOUTSIDETHEPHOTOSPHERE BYPASSESTHISOCCULTINGDISKANDIS FOCUSEDBYASECONDLENS , FORMINGANIMAGEOFTHECORONA/THEROPTICALDEVICESARE PLACEDALONGTHELIGHTPATHTODIVERTANDREMOVEEXCESSLIGHT

4FF DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBM IPMF DPSPOBM MPPQ DPSPOBM NBTT FKFDUJPO TPMBS BDUJWJUZ DZDMF BOETPMBSXJOE $PSPOBF -BSHF FMFWBUFEDJSDVMBSTUSVDUVSFTPO7FOVTUIBUBSFQVTIFEVQGSPNCFMPX

CZSJTJOHNPMUFOSPDLUSZJOHUPHFUPVU GSPNDPSPOB UIF-BUJOXPSEGPSiDSPXOu $PSPOBHSBQI "OJOTUSVNFOU VTFEJODPOKVODUJPOXJUIBUFMFTDPQF UIBUNBLFTJUQPT

TJCMFUPNBTLUIFMJHIUGSPNUIF4VOPSPUIFSTUBS JOPSEFSUPPCTFSWFHBT EVTUPSMBSHFS PCKFDUTWFSZDMPTFUPUIFTUBS"DPSPOBHSBQIJTVTFEUPPCTFSWFUIFGBJOUTPMBSDPSPOB JOXIJUFMJHIU PSJOBMMUIFDPMPSTDPNCJOFE BUUJNFTPUIFSUIBOEVSJOHBTPMBSFDMJQTF ѮFCSJHIUMJHIUPGUIF4VOTQIPUPTQIFSFJTCMPDLFEPVUCZBOPDDVMUJOHEJTL QSPWJEJOH BOBSUJêDJBMFDMJQTF XJUIBEEJUJPOBMQSFDBVUJPOTGPSSFNPWJOHBMMUSBDFTPGTUSBZMJHIU ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS#FSOBSE-ZPU ¢ JOWFOUFEUIFDPSPOBHSBQIJO &WFOXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQIMPDBUFEBUBIJHITJUFXIFSFUIFTLZJTWFSZDMFBS TDBUUFSJOHPG MJHIUCZUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTBQSPCMFN$PSPOBHSBQITUIFSFGPSFXPSLCFTUXIFO QMBDFEPOTBUFMMJUFTBCPWFUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF $PSPOBMIPMF "OFYUFOEFESFHJPOJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOBXIFSFUIFEFOTJUZBOEUFNQFSB

UVSFBSFMPXFSUIBOPUIFSQMBDFTJOUIFDPSPOB BOEUIFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOMJOFTBOEUIF FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOETPѫ9SBZDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOBSFBCOPSNBMMZGBJOUPSBCTFOUѮF XFBL EJWFSHJOHBOEPQFONBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTJODPSPOBMIPMFTFYUFOESBEJBMMZPVUXBSE BOEEPOPUJNNFEJBUFMZSFUVSOCBDLUPUIF4VOѮFIJHITQFFEQBSUPGUIFTPMBSXJOE TUSFBNTPVUGSPNDPSPOBMIPMFTѮFMPXEFOTJUZPGUIFHBTNBLFTUIFTFQBSUTPGUIF DPSPOBBQQFBSEBSLJOFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOETPѫ9SBZJNBHFTPGUIF4VO BTJGUIFSF XFSFBIPMFJOUIFDPSPOB$PSPOBMIPMFTBSFOFBSMZBMXBZTQSFTFOUOFBSUIFTPMBSQPMFT BOEDBOBMTPPDDVSBUMPXFSTPMBSMBUJUVEFT $PSPOBM MPPQ " NBHOFUJD MPPQ UIBU QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF DPSPOB BOE KPJOT SFHJPOT DBMMFEGPPUQPJOUT PGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZJOUIFVOEFSMZJOHQIPUPTQIFSF$PSP OBM MPPQT DBO IBWF FYDFQUJPOBMMZ TUSPOH NBHOFUJD êFMET BOE UIFZ PѫFO DPOUBJO UIF EFOTF NJMMJPOEFHSFFDPSPOBMHBTUIBUFNJUTJOUFOTF9SBZSBEJBUJPO4FFGPPUQPJOU

(MPTTBSZ$

$PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE$.& UIFUSBOTJFOUFKFDUJPOPGQMBTNBBOENBH

OFUJD êFMET GSPN UIF 4VOT DPSPOB JOUP JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDF EFUFDUFE CZ XIJUFMJHIU DPSPOBHSBQIT"MBSHFCPEZPGNBHOFUJDBMMZDPOêOFE DPSPOBMNBUFSJBMCFJOHSFMFBTFE GSPN UIF DPSPOB " DPSPOBM NBTT FKFDUJPO DPOUBJOT CJMMJPO UP CJMMJPO UPOT PS NJMMJPONJMMJPOUPNJMMJPONJMMJPOLJMPHSBNT PGHBT BOEDBOUSBWFMUISPVHIJOUFS QMBOFUBSZ TQBDF BU B IJHI TVQFSTPOJD TQFFE PG VQ UP LJMPNFUFST QFS TFDPOE *U JTPѫFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBOFSVQUJWFQSPNJOFODF BOETPNFUJNFTXJUIBTUSPOHTPMBS ëBSF$PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTQSPEVDFJOUFOTFTIPDLXBWFT BDDFMFSBUFWBTURVBOUJUJFT PGFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFT HSPXMBSHFSUIBOUIF4VOJOBGFXIPVST BOEXIFOEJSFDUFEBU &BSUIDBODBVTFJOUFOTFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT EJTSVQUDPNNVOJDBUJPOT EBNBHFTBUFM MJUFTBOEQSPEVDFQPXFSTVSHFTPOFMFDUSJDBMUSBOTNJTTJPOMJOFT4FFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSN BOEQSPNJOFODF $PSPOBM TUSFBNFS " NBHOFUJDBMMZ DPOêOFE MPPQMJLF DPSPOBM TUSVDUVSF JO UIF MPX DPSPOBTUSBEEMJOHBNBHOFUJDOFVUSBMMJOFPOUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTFIJHIEFOTJUZ CSJHIUDPSPOBMTUSVDUVSFTIBWFSBZMJLFTUBMLTUIBUFYUFOESBEJBMMZPVUXBSEUPMBSHFEJT UBODFTJOUIFPVUFSDPSPOB/FBSUIFNJOJNVNJOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF DPSP OBMTUSFBNFSTBSFMPDBUFENPTUMZOFBSUIFTPMBSFRVBUPSBOEBQQFBSUPCFUIFTPVSDFPG UIFTMPXTQFFETPMBSXJOE4FFIFMNFUTUSFBNFS TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFBOETPMBSXJOE $PSPOBMUSBOTJFOU 4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO $PSPOJVN "TVQQPTFEMZVOLOPXODIFNJDBMFMFNFOUFNJUUJOHVOJEFOUJêFEFNJTTJPO MJOFTJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGUIFTPMBSDPSPOB*O UIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FOHU&EMÊO ¢ BOEUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS(SPUSJBO ¢ TIPXFEUIBU UIFNZTUFSJPVTMJOFTBSFQSPEVDFECZIJHIMZJPOJ[FEGPSNTPGLOPXOFMFNFOUT TVDIBT JSPO JOUIFVOFYQFDUFEMZIJHI NJMMJPOEFHSFFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIFTPMBSDPSPOB $PSQVTDVMBSSBEJBUJPO $IBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT FNJUUFECZ UIF4VOѮFTUSFBNPGFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTXBTIZQPUIFTJ[FEJOUIFTBOE MBUFSSFOBNFEUIFTPMBSXJOE4FFTPMBSXJOE $0TNJD #BDLHSPVOE &YQMPSFS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF$0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE$0#& PO/PWFNCFSJOTUSVNFOUPQFSBUJPOTXFSFUFSNJOBUFEPO %FDFNCFS ѮFTF JOTUSVNFOUT NFBTVSFE UIF BOHVMBS EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE TQFD USVNPGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBMPXMFWFM BOJTPUSPQZBOEBCMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN XJUIBUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJO $PTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO $PTNJD NJDSPXBWF CBDLHSPVOE SBEJBUJPO *TPUSPQJD NJDSPXBWF FNJTTJPO DPNJOH

XJUI BMNPTU FRVBM JOUFOTJUZ GSPN BMM EJSFDUJPOT JO TQBDF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS"SOP"1FO[JBT ¢ BOEUIF"NFSJDBO SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU88JMTPO ¢ XIJMFEFUFSNJOJOHUIFTPVSDFTPGFYDFTT OPJTF JO B IPSO BOUFOOB BU UIF #FMM 5FMFQIPOF -BCPSBUPSJFT .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPN UIF $0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFSTQBDFDSBѫ SFQPSUFEJO EFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUUIFDPT NJD NJDSPXBWF CBDLHSPVOE SBEJBUJPO IBT B CMBDLCPEZ TQFDUSVN DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP B UFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJO*UJTSFNOBOUSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIFIPU FBSMZ6OJWFSTF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% #OSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION 2ADIATIONPARAMETERS A B 0ARAMETER

.AME

6ALUE

44CMB NG R 4

4EMPERATURE 0HOTONDENSITY -ASS ENERGYDENSITY $IPOLEANISOTROPY

4 4 6 2! $EC M C

$IPOLEANISOTROPY4EMPERATURE 6ELOCITYOFSOLARMOTIONTOWARDBACKGROUND $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION RIGHTASCENSION $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION DECLINATION $IRECTIONOFSOLARMOTION GALACTIC

$4 4 41RMS

!NISOTROPY DIPOLEREMOVED 1UADRUPOLEMOMENT

+ CM GCM + + KMS HM33 +

#OSMOLOGICALPARAMETERS B .AME

-EANING

( T

(UBBLE#ONSTANT !GEOF5NIVERSE

TDEC

$ECOUPLING4IME

6ALUE

#URRENT%XPANSION2ATE 4IMESINCE"IG"ANG

YEARSBILLIONYEARS 4IME2ADIATION/RIGINATED YEARS

!FTER"IG"ANG ALSO2ECOMBINATION4IMEANDREDSHIFT

TR

2EIONIZATION4IME

6TOT 6, 6M 6B 6D

/MEGA $ARK%NERGY 4OTAL-ATTER "ARYONIC-ATTER $ARK-ATTER

&IRST3TARS/RIGINATED !FTER"IG"ANG -ATTERAND%NERGY$ENSITY !MOUNTOF$ARK%NERGY !MOUNTOF4OTAL-ATTER !MOUNTOF"ARYONS !MOUNTOF$ARK-ATTER

MILLIONYEARS

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF** 4QBDF 5JNF.BUUFSBOE$PTNPMPHZ ѮJSE&EJUJPO .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP B&ROMTHE7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE!NISOTROPY0ROBETOGETHERWITHOTHERASTRONOMICALOBSERVATIONS ADAPTED FROM#HARLES,"ENNETTETAL "TUSPQIZTJDBM+PVSOBM4VQQMFNFOU 4HEPARAMETER7ISTHERATIO OFTHESPECIlEDQUANTITYTOTHECRITICALAMOUNTREQUIREDTOKEEPTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSEONTHEBRINK OFCLOSURE!N6ISCONSISTENTWITHINmATIONANDA5NIVERSETHATISDESCRIBEDBY%UCLIDEANGEOMETRY WITHOUTSPACECURVATURE

(MPTTBSZ$

SFMFBTFE ZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH BUUIFUJNFPGEFDPVQMJOHPGSBEJBUJPOGSPN DPTNJDNBUUFS BOETVCTFRVFOUMZUIJOOFEBOEDPPMFEBTUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOEFE*O TDJFOUJTUT SFQPSUFE NFBTVSFNFOUT PG B GBJOU BOJTPUSPQZ PS UFNQFSBUVSF WBSJBUJPOT JO UIFSBEJBUJPOEFUFDUFEXJUIUIF8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE 8."1 TQBDFDSBѫ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¢ *OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU.JMMJLBO ¢ DPODMV TJWFMZTIPXFEUIBUUIFZDPNFGSPNPVUFSTQBDF HJWJOHUIFNUIFOBNFDPTNJDSBZT*O UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"SUIVS)$PNQUPO ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUUIF iSBZTu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ѮFMBUUFS IBWFIJTUPSJDBMMZCFFODBMMFETPMBSDPTNJDSBZT4FFFMFDUSPOWPMUGPSF7 $PTNPHPOZ ѮFTUVEZPGUIFPSJHJOPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEPCKFDUTJOJU $PTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU "DPOUSPWFSTJBMQBSBNFUFSJOUSPEVDFEJOUPUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZ

PG3FMBUJWJUZCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JOUPQSPWJEF BOBOUJHSBWJUZGPSDFPGDPTNJDSFQVMTJPOUIBUPQQPTFTUIFBUUSBDUJWFGPSDFPGHSBWJUB 4!",% #OSMICRAYSnmUXATTHETOPOFTHE ATMOSPHEREA 4YPE

(YDROGENPROTONS (ELIUMALPHAPARTICLES %LECTRONS #ARBON .ITROGEN /XYGEN

&LUX PARTICLESM S

A4HEmUXISINUNITSOFNUCLEIMSFORPARTICLESWITHEN

ERGIESGREATERTHANBILLION E6PERNUCLEON ARRIVINGATTHETOPOFTHEATMOSPHEREFROMDIRECTIONSWITHIN DEGREESOFTHEVERTICAL

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UJPO CVUBCBOEPOFECZ&JOTUFJOJOBѫFSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF ѮFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOUJTEFTJHOBUFECZFJUIFSʌPSȋ UIFMPXFSPSVQQFSDBTF(SFFL MFUUFSTMBNCEB*UXBTSFTVSSFDUFEBTBQPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOGPSBEJĒFSFODFCFUXFFOUIF FYQBOTJPOBHFPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEUIFBHFPGUIFPMEFTUBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUT BOEBMTP BTBQPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOGPSEBSLFOFSHZ4FFDSJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZ EBSLFOFSHZ )VCCMF DPOTUBOU )VCCMFUJNF BOEPNFHB $PTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF ѮFBTTVNQUJPOUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCPUIIPNPHFOFPVTBOE

JTPUSPQJD PSUIFTBNFJOBMMEJSFDUJPOT POBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMF JOUSPEVDFEJO CZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXBSE".JMOF ¢ ѮFIJHIMFWFMPGJTPU SPQZJOUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOTVQQPSUTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJO DJQMFCVUUIFSFBSFBOJTPUSPQJDDMVTUFSTBOEWPJETJOUIFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGHBMBYJFTBTGBSBT UFMFTDPQFTDBOTFF TUSFUDIJOHBDSPTTCJMMJPOTPGMJHIUZFBST*OUIF"VTUSJBOCPSO BTUSPQIZTJDJTUT UIFO BU $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ )FSNBOO #POEJ ¢ BOE ѮPNBT (PME ¢ QSPQPTFE UIF QFSGFDU DPTNPMPHJDBM QSJODJQMF FYUFOEJOH UIFQSJODJQMFUPUFNQPSBMBTXFMMBTTQBUJBMIPNPHFOFJUZBOEVTJOHJUBTBCBTJTGPSUIF 4UFBEZ4UBUFDPTNPMPHZ4FFIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJD QFSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF BOE4UFBEZ4UBUF $PTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJGU 4FFSFETIJѫ $PTNPMPHZ $POKFDUVSFTBCPVUUIFCFHJOOJOH DPNQPTJUJPO FWPMVUJPO GBUF BOETUSVD UVSFPGUIF6OJWFSTFBTBXIPMF TPNFUJNFTHSPVOEFEJOPCTFSWBUJPOBMGBDUTCVUPѫFO IJHIMZTQFDVMBUJWF4FF#JH#BOH JOëBUJPO BOE4UFBEZ4UBUF $PVEÏ GPDVT " êYFE GPDVT BMPOH UIF QPMBS BYJT PG B UFMFTDPQF XJUI BO FRVBUPSJBM NPVOU"TZTUFNPGTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSTJTVTFEUPEJSFDUMJHIUSFëFDUFEGSPNUIFQSJNBSZ NJSSPS BSPVOE UP UIF êYFE DPVEÊ GPDVT CFIJOE JU XIFSF MBSHF NBTTJWF JNNPWBCMF JOTUSVNFOUT TVDIBTBTQFDUSPHSBQI BSFMPDBUFE'SPNUIF'SFODIXPSEDPVEÊ NFBO JOHiCFOUMJLFBOFMCPXu $PVMPNC CBSSJFS ѮF FMFDUSJD êFME SFQVMTJPO FYQFSJFODFE EVSJOH UIF BQQSPBDI

PGUXPDIBSHFETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT FBDIPGQPTJUJWFDIBSHFPSCPUIXJUIOFHBUJWF DIBSHF8IFOUIF$PVMPNCCBSSJFSPGUXPQSPUPOTJTPWFSDPNFCZUIFUVOOFMFĒFDU OVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTUIBUQSPEVDFUIF4VOTFOFSHZBOESBEJBUJPODBOPDDVS4FFUVOOFM FĒFDU $SBC/FCVMB ѮFOFCVMB. PS/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT BSFNOBOUPG BUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOUIBUPDDVSSFEPO+VMZ*UJTBCPVU MJHIUZFBST BXBZ BOEDPOUBJOTBSBEJPQVMTBS PSSPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBS BUJUTDFOUFS TQJOOJOH UJNFTBTFDPOEѮF&OHMJTIBNBUFVSBTUSPOPNFS+PIO#FWJT ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFOFCVMBJOѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ JOEFQFO EFOUMZGPVOEJUJO MJTUJOHJUBTUIFêSTUFOUSZJOIJTGBNPVTDBUBMPHVFѮF*SJTI BTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN1BSTPOT ¢

UIFUIJSE&BSMPG3PTTF HBWFJUJUTQSFTFOU OBNF UIF$SBCOFCVMBBѫFSTLFUDIJOHJUUPSFTFNCMFBDSBCJO*OUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIO$%VODBO ¢ DPNQBSFEQIPUPHSBQIJDQMBUFTUBLFO ZFBSTBQBSU BOEGPVOEUIBUUIF$SBC/FCVMBXBTFYQBOEJOHBUBOBWFSBHFPGBCPVU TFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS CFHJOOJOHSPVHIMZZFBSTCFGPSF*OUIF"NFSJDBO

(MPTTBSZ$

4!",% #RAB.EBULAA %XPANSION#ENTER %XPLOSION 0ROGENITOR3TAR-ASS %JECTED-ASS .EUTRON3TAR-ASS 0ULSAR0OSITION 0ULSAR0ERIOD 0ULSAR0ERIOD$ERIVATIVE !NGULAR%XTENT $ISTANCE ,INEAR2ADIUS -AXIMUM2ADIAL6ELOCITY -AXIMUM0ROPER-OTION -AXIMUM%XPANSION6ELOCITY 2ADIO&LUX$ENSITY 3PECTRAL)NDEX 8 RAY,UMINOSITY 4OTAL,UMINOSITY

2! $EC $ATE -EJC -. 2! $EC 0 D0DU V $ 2 6RMAX MAX 6EXP 3 A ,X ,

HMSS v !$ -~MAINSEQUENCE TO-~ -~ H M S S SS KPC PCPC KMS YR KMS *YAT'(Z INTEGRATEDRADIO ERGS ERGS

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG

P4HEMASSVALUESAREINUNITSOFTHE3UNSMASS-~GRAMS

BTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ JEFOUJêFEUIF$SBC/FCVMBXJUIBiHVFTUTUBSu SFDPSEFECZUIF$IJOFTFJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTJO"%*OUIF$SBC/FC VMBXBTJEFOUJêFEBTBTUSPOHTPVSDFPGSBEJPSBEJBUJPO OBNFEBOEMJTUFEBT5BVSVT" BOEMBUFSBT$9SBZTXFSFEFUFDUFEGSPNUIF$SBC/FCVMBJO BOEUIF$SBC 3BEJP1VMTBS143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJO ѮFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGUIF$SBC/FCVMBFYUFOETGSPNUIFSBEJPEPNBJOJOUPUIF WJTJCMFѮF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZIBTQSPWJEFEEFUBJMFE9SBZPCTFSWBUJPOTPG UIF$SBC/FCVMB1VMTBS4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 143 TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU BOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO $SBC/FCVMB1VMTBS %FTJHOBUFE143 BSBEJPQVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJM MJTFDPOETUIBUIBTBMTPCFFOPCTFSWFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJP BOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT $SBUFS 3PVOEGFBUVSFTFYDBWBUFEGSPNUIFTVSGBDFPGBOBTUFSPJE TBUFMMJUFPSQMBOFU CZUIFFYQMPTJWFJNQBDUPGBDPMMJEJOHNFUFPSJUFBSSJWJOHGSPNJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF $SBUFSTIBWFSBJTFE DJSDVMBSSJNTBOEBëPPSEFQSFTTFECFMPXUIFTVSSPVOEJOHUFS SBJOѮFGPSDFPGBMBSHFNFUFPSJUFDSFBUFTBDFOUSBMQFBLJOUIFëPPSPGUIFCJHHFTU DSBUFST&WFSZTPMJEQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFDPOUBJOTJNQBDUDSBUFST CVUJOEJĒFSFOUBNPVOUT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIBUEFQFOEPOUIFBHFTPGUIFJSTVSGBDFTPMEFSTVSGBDFTIBWFNPSFDSBUFST*NQBDU DSBUFST PO UIF .PPO .FSDVSZ BOE UIF JDZ TBUFMMJUFT PG UIF HJBOU QMBOFUT SFDPSE BO BODJFOU JOUFOTFSBJOPGNFUFPSJUFTBCPVUGPVSCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP BOEBDPOUJOVFE MFTT JOUFOTFDPTNJDCPNCBSENFOUTJODFUIFOѮFMBSHFTUMVOBSDSBUFSTBSFDBMMFEJNQBDU CBTJOTUIFZXFSFêMMFEXJUIEBSLNPMUFOMBWBSJTJOHGSPNUIFMVOBSJOUFSJPSBѫFSUIF JNQBDU4FF.PPO $SJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZ ѮFBWFSBHFNBTTEFOTJUZPGNBUUFSJOBIPNPHFOFPVT JTPUSPQJD 6OJWFSTFSFRVJSFEUPKVTUCBSFMZDPOUJOVFJUTFYQBOTJPOGPSFWFS QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSFJTOP EBSLFOFSHZBOEUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOUJT[FSP*UBNPVOUTUPBCPVUUFOIZESPHFO BUPNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSPGTQBDF*GUIF6OJWFSTFIBEBNBTTEFOTJUZHSFBUFSUIBOJUTDSJUJ DBMWBMVF UIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXPVMETUPQFYQBOEJOHJOUIFGVUVSF BOEUIFODPMMBQTFCBDL POJUTFMGѮFSFJTOPPCTFSWBUJPOBMFWJEFODFGPSTVDIBEFOTF6OJWFSTF BOEJGJUFYJTUTJU XPVMEIBWFUPDPOTJTUNBJOMZPGEBSL JOWJTJCMFOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFSѮFPNFHBQBSBN FUFSJTFRVBMUPUIFSBUJPPGUIFBDUVBMNBTTEFOTJUZPGUIF6OJWFSTFUPUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ TPPNFHBFRVBMTPOFXIFOUIFBDUVBMNBTTEFOTJUZJTKVTUFRVBMUPUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ4FF DMPTFE6OJWFSTF EBSLNBUUFS OPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS PNFHB BOEPQFO6OJWFSTF $SVY " DPOTUFMMBUJPO JO UIF TPVUIFSO IFNJTQIFSF QPQVMBSMZ LOPXO BT UIF 4PVUIFSO

$SPTT XJUIGPVSCSJHIUTUBST "MQIB PS"DSVY #FUB (BNNBBOE%FMUB BSSBOHFEJOBQBU UFSOUIBUSFTFNCMFTUIFFOETPGBDSPTTPSUIFFOETPGUIFTUJDLTJOBLJUF*UTCSJHIUFTUTUBS "DSVY JTMPDBUFEBUEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTJUJTBWJTJCMFEPVCMFTUBSXJUIBDPNCJOFE BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBDPNCJOFEBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG $SVYJTUIFTNBMMFTUDPOTUFMMBUJPOJOUIFTLZ BOEJUDPOUBJOTUIFEBSLOFCVMB$PBMTUBDL BOEUIFPQFODMVTUFS/($ LOPXOBTUIF+FXFM#PYGSPNUIFWBSJFEDPMPSTPGJUT TUBST4FF"DSVY $PBMTUBDL BOE+FXFM#PY $VSWBUVSFPGTQBDF ѮFEJTUPSUJPOPGTQBDF EFTDSJCFECZOPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ

JOUIFOFJHICPSIPPEPGNBUUFS POFPGUIFDPOTFRVFODFTPG&JOTUFJOT(FOFSBMѮFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ ѮJT DVSWBUVSF NBLFT SBZT PG MJHIU GPMMPX DVSWFE QBUIT XIFO QBTTJOH OFBSBNBTTJWFPCKFDU JODMVEJOHUIF4VOBOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZ PG3FMBUJWJUZ $90 "DSPOZNGPSUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $ZDMPUSPO 4FFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS $ZHOVT" ѮFSBEJPHBMBYZ$ZHOVT" BMTPEFTJHOBUFE$ JTUIFTFDPOECSJHIU

FTUSBEJPTPVSDFJOUIFTLZ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVTѮF"NFSJDBOSBEJP FOHJOFFS (SPUF 3FCFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF SBEJP TPVSDF JO *O UXP(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ BOE3VEPMQI .JOLPXTLJ ¢ VTFEBDDVSBUFQPTJUJPOTTVQQMJFECZ&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOP NFSTBOEUIFJODI NFUFS )BMFUFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBSUPJEFOUJGZUIF EJTDSFUF SBEJP TPVSDF XJUI B EJTUBOU HBMBYZ BCPVU NJMMJPO MJHIUZFBST BXBZ EJT DPWFSJOHUIFQSPUPUZQFPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTXIPTFSBEJPMVNJOPTJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMFUP UIFJSPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIUPOFT-JLFNBOZPUIFSSBEJPHBMBYJFT $ZHOVT"DPOTJTUT PGUXPSBEJPMPCFTUIBUFYUFOEBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTUPFJUIFSTJEFPGUIFPQUJDBM

(MPTTBSZ$

HBMBYZ +FUT FNBOBUJOH GSPN UIF DPSF PG UIF WJTJCMFMJHIU DPVOUFSQBSU QFSIBQT GSPN BTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF DBSSZFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTNPWJOHBUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU XIJDIGFFEUIFUXPMPCFTUIBUTIJOFCZTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO4FFSBEJPHBMBYZBOE TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO $ZHOVT -PPQ " WBTU OFCVMPVT SFHJPO BCPVU EFHSFFT BDSPTT *UT CSJHIUFTU QBSU JT LOPXOBTUIF7FJM/FCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ BOEPUIFSQBSUTPGUIF$ZHOVT-PPQ UIBUBSFBMTPTFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUBSFLOPXOBT/($ BOE $ZHOVT9 "OJOUFOTF9SBZTPVSDFJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT XJUIBCMVFTUFMMBS DPNQBOJPOTFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFNJMMJTFDPOEUJNFWBSJBUJPOTPGUIF9SBZSBEJB UJPOGSPN$ZHOVT9XFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOGSPNPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIF6IVSV TBUFMMJUF$ZHOVT9JTUIPVHIUUPCFBTUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF êSTUJEFOUJêFEJOCZ UIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST#-PVJTF8FCTUFS ¢ BOE1BVM.VSEJO ¢ BOEDPOêSNFEJOCZUIF$BOBEJBOBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT#PMUPO ¢ ѮF VOTFFOCMBDLIPMFJTBDDSFUJOHNBUFSJBMGSPNJUTWJTJCMFDPNQBOJPO QSPEVDJOH9SBZT BTUIFNBUFSJBMTQJSBMTJOUPUIFCMBDLIPMFѮFDPNQBOJPOWJTJCMFTUBSJTBCMVF0 TVQFSHJBOUMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBSTXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm*UIBTBOFTUJNBUFENBTTPG TPMBS NBTTFT BOE B MVNJOPTJUZ PG BCPVU UJNFT UIBU PG UIF 4VO ѮF PSCJUBM QBSBNFUFSTBOENBTTPGUIFCMVFTVQFSHJBOUJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFVOTFFOCMBDLIPMFDPN QBOJPOIBTBNBTTMBSHFSUIBOTPMBSNBTTFT PSNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOFJUIFSBOFVUSPO TUBSPSXIJUFEXBSG4FFCMBDLIPMF OFVUSPOTUBS TUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF 6IVSV.JTTJPO BOEXIJUFEXBSG

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

% %BSLFOFSHZ *ONFNCFSTPGUIF4VQFSOPWB$PTNPMPHZ1SPKFDUBOEUIF)JHI;

4VQFSOPWB 4FBSDI JOEFQFOEFOUMZ SFQPSUFE UIBU PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UZQF *B TVQFSOPWBF JOEJDBUFUIBUEBSLFOFSHZJTDPVOUFSBDUJOHUIFQVMMPGHSBWJUZBOEBQQBSFOUMZDBVTJOH UIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFUPBDDFMFSBUFBOEJODSFBTFJOTQFFE%BSLFOFSHZDPVME BDDPVOUGPSBTNVDIBTQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSFOFSHZDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTFPOMZ QFSDFOUJTOPXTVQQPTFEUPSFTJEFJOVOTFFOEBSLNBUUFSBOEKVTUQFSDFOUJOBUPNJD NBUUFS4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO DPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU EBSLNBU UFS RVJOUFTTFODFBOETVQFSOPWBF %BSL IBMP ѮF JOWJTJCMF NBTTJWF PVUFS SFHJPO PG UIF .JMLZ 8BZ UIBU TVSSPVOET UIFMVNJOPVTEJTLѮFEBSLIBMPDPOTJTUTNPTUMZPGEBSLNBUUFSBOEPVUXFJHITUIF SFTUPGPVS(BMBYZCZBGBDUPSPGBMNPTUUFO4FFEBSLNBUUFS HBMBDUJDIBMP (BMBYZ BOE.JMLZ8BZ %BSLNBUUFS *OWJTJCMF OPOMVNJOPVTNBUUFSUIBUJTJOGFSSFECZNFBTVSJOHJUTHSBWJ

UBUJPOBMJOëVFODFPOUIFNPUJPOTPGWJTJCMFHBT TUBSTPSHBMBYJFT6OTFFOEBSLNBU UFSTVSSPVOETCSJHIUTQJSBMHBMBYJFTJOIBMPFTBOEFYJUTJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOHBMBYJFT XJUIJODMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT*OUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF$PNBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTNVTUDPOUBJOUFOUJNFTNPSFJOWJTJCMFEBSL NBUUFSUIBOUIFNBTTJOWJTJCMFHBMBYJFTUPLFFQUIFDMVTUFSTHBMBYJFTGSPNëZJOHBQBSU *OUIF"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS,FOOFUI$'SFFNBO ¢ OPUJDFEUIBU UIFIZESPHFOHBTJOUIFPVUFSQBSUTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT PCTFSWFECZUIFJSUXFOUZPOFDFO UJNFUFSMJOFSBEJBUJPO JTNPWJOHVOFYQFDUFEMZGBTU TVHHFTUJOHUIBUFBDITQJSBMHBMBYZ JTFOWFMPQFECZBIBMPPGEBSLNBUUFSBUMFBTUUFOUJNFTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOUIFWJTJCMF DPNQPOFOUTѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FSB$3VCJO ¢ BOEIFSDPMMFBHVFT NBEF TJNJMBS DPODMVTJPOT JO UIF FBSMZ T GSPN PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIF GBTUNPWJOH WJTJCMFMJHIUNBUFSJBMJOUIFPVUFSQBSUTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT/POCBSZPOJDEBSLNBUUFS DPVMEBDDPVOUGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFNBUUFSDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTF SFNBJOJOH VOTFFOBUBOZXBWFMFOHUIPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO CVUJUTDPNQPTJUJPOSFNBJOT VOLOPXO4FFCBSZPOJDNBUUFS DPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSLFOFSHZ IPUEBSLNBUUFS OPO CBSZPOJDNBUUFS BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF %BSLOFCVMB %FOTFDMPVETPGHBTBOEEVTUJOUIF.JMLZ8BZUIBUBSFOPUJMMVNJOBUFE

ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXBSE #BSOBSE ¢ QSPWJEFE B QIPUPHSBQIJD BUMBTPGUIFEBSLNBSLJOHT BTIFDBMMFEUIFN JO XJUIBTFDPOEBUMBTQVCMJTIFEJO BѫFSIJTEFBUI*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS.BYJNJMJBO8PMG ¢ TIPXFE UIBU UIF EBSL OFCVMBF BSF PCTDVSJOH DMPVET DPOUBJOJOH TPMJE EVTU QBSUJDMFT XIJDIBCTPSCUIFMJHIUPGEJTUBOUTUBST*OUIFTBOET "NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPO PNFSTEJTDPWFSFEOVNFSPVTNPMFDVMFTJOUIFDPME EBSLOFCVMBF TVDIBTBNNPOJB DBSCPONPOPYJEF GPSNBMEFIZEFBOEXBUFS1SFTFOUEBZTUBSGPSNBUJPOUBLFTQMBDFJO NBTTJWFNPMFDVMBSDMPVETBTTPDJBUFEXJUIEBSLOFCVMBF4FF$PBMTUBDL HJBOUNPMFDVMBS DMPVE )PSTFIFBE/FCVMB BOE,FZIPMF/FCVMB

(MPTTBSZ%

%BZ ѮFMFOHUIPGUJNFUIBUBQMBOFUUBLFTUPTQJOPODFPOJUTBYJT PѫFONFBTVSFEJO VOJUTPG&BSUIEBZT0OF&BSUIEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTBOEUP NJOVUFT#ZEFêOJ UJPO POF+VMJBODFOUVSZIBT EBZTBOEPOFEBZJTEFêOFEBT TFDPOETPG *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNFѮFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUPUIF4VOJTDBMMFE 6OJWFSTBM5JNFPS4PMBS5JNF BOEUIFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFTUBSTJT DBMMFE4JEFSFBM5JNF PS4UBS5JNF"NFBOTPMBSEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTNJOVUFT TFDPOETPGNFBOTJEFSFBMUJNF BOEBNFBOTJEFSFBMEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVST NJOVUFTTFDPOETPGNFBOTPMBSUJNFѮVT NFBOTJEFSFBMUJNFHBJOT NJOVUFTTFDPOETQFSEBZPONFBOTPMBSUJNF XIJDINFBOTUIBUSFMBUJWF UPUIF4VOUIFTUBSTSJTFBOETFUGPVSNJOVUFTFBSMJFSFBDIEBZѮFMFOHUIPGUIFEBZ JODSFBTFTBUUIFSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZBTUIFSFTVMUPGUJEBMGSJDUJPO4FF *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNF TJEFSFBMUJNF UJEFT BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF %FDFMFSBUJPOQBSBNFUFS "NFBTVSFPGUIFSBUFBUXIJDIUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF

NBZ CF TMPXJOH EPXO PXJOH UP UIF CSBLJOH FĒFDU PG UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM QVMM CFUXFFO HBMBYJFT %FDMJOBUJPO ѮF DFMFTUJBM MBUJUVEF PG B DPTNJD PCKFDU EFOPUFE CZ ʅ UIF MPXFS DBTF (SFFLMFUUFSEFMUB PSCZ%FDѮFEFDMJOBUJPOJTUIFBOHVMBSEJTUBODFBMPOHBHSFBUDJSDMF GSPNUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSJOBOPSUI QPTJUJWF PSTPVUI OFHBUJWF EJSFDUJPO4FFDFMFT UJBMDPPSEJOBUFT %FDPVQMJOHUJNF ѮFUJNF BCPVU ZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH XIFOUIFFYQBOE JOH6OJWFSTFIBEDPPMFEFOPVHI BOECFDPNFTVēDJFOUMZSBSFêFE GPSUIFêSTUBUPNTUP GPSN SFTVMUJOHGSPNUIFEFDSFBTFJODPTNJDNBTTEFOTJUZBTUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOEFEJOUP BMBSHFWPMVNFѮFPCTFSWFEDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOXBTSFMFBTFEBU UIJTUJNF XIFOUIFSBEJBUJPOQIPUPOTEFDPVQMFEGSPNSFHVMBSJOUFSBDUJPO PSDPOTUBOU DPMMJTJPOT XJUIQBSUJDMFTPGNBUUFS4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO %FFQ*NQBDU "/"4"NJTTJPOMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ NBLJOHBEFFQDSBUFS

JO$PNFU5FNQFMPO+VMZ UPMFBSONPSFBCPVUDPNFUTBOEUIFGPSNBUJPOPG UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN %FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL /"4"TJOUFSOBUJPOBMOFUXPSLPGBOUFOOBT BCCSFWJBUFE%4/ XIJDITVQQPSUTJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFDSBѫNJTTJPOT TFMFDUFE&BSUIPSCJUJOHNJTTJPOT BOESBEJPBOESBEBSBTUSPOPNZPCTFSWBUJPOTGPSUIFFYQMPSBUJPOPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEUIF6OJWFSTF %FFQ4QBDF -BVODIFEPO0DUPCFSUIF%FFQ4QBDFTQBDFDSBѫëJHIUUFTUFE BO JPO FOHJOF BOE PUIFS BEWBODFE UFDIOPMPHJFT BOE XBT SFEJSFDUFE UP BO FODPVO UFSXJUI$PNFU#PSSFMMZPO4FQUFNCFS UBLJOHJNBHFTPGUIFDPNFUOVDMFVT BOE TIPXJOH UIBU JU JT BO JSSFHVMBS DIVOL PG JDF BOE SPDL DPWFSFE CZ EBSL TMBH UIBU SFëFDUTPOMZBCPVUGPVSQFSDFOUPGUIFJODJEFOUTVOMJHIUѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBTSFUJSFEPO %FDFNCFS %FHFOFSBUF NBUUFS ѮF TUBUF PG NBUUFS FYJTUJOH JO UIF JOUFSJPST PG TUBST JO UIF êOBM TUBHF PG UIFJS FWPMVUJPO XIFO UIFZ OP MPOHFS QSPEVDF FOFSHZ CZ OVDMFBS SFBD UJPOTJOUIFJSDPSFT"XIJUFEXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFECZEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

XIJMFOFVUSPOEFHFOFSBDZTVQQPSUTBOFVUSPOTUBSѮJTQSFTTVSFEPFTOPUEFQFOEPO UFNQFSBUVSFBOEJTPOMZBGVODUJPOPGNBTTEFOTJUZ*UJTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIF&YDMVTJPO 1SJODJQMF QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ *OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU3BMQI)'PXMFS ¢ êSTUTIPXFEUIBUBXIJUF EXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFECZFMFDUSPOEFHFOFSBDZQSFTTVSF4FFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF OFV USPOTUBS BOEXIJUFEXBSG %FHSFF ѮFVOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFNFOU FRVBMUPPGBGVMMDJSDMFѮFSFBSF EFHSFFTGSPNUIF[FOJUIUPUIFIPSJ[PO BOEUIFBOHMFTVCUFOEFECZUIF4VOBOEUIF .PPOJTBCPVUPOFIBMGPGBEFHSFF"EFHSFFJTBMTPBVOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSF BTJOEFHSFFT $FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJUPS,FMWJO4FFBSDEFHSFF $FMTJVT 'BISFOIFJU BOE,FMWJO %FJNPT ѮFTNBMMFSBOEPVUFSNPTUPGUIFUXPUJOZTBUFMMJUFTPG.BST EJTDPWFSFECZ UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"TBQI)BMM ¢ JO*UJTOBNFE%FJNPT (SFFL GPSiëJHIU QBOJDPSUFSSPSu BѫFSPOFPGUIFBUUFOEBOUTPGUIF(SFFLHPEPGXBS "SFT JO )PNFST*MMJBEѮFEJNFOTJPOTPG%FJNPTBSFLJMPNFUFST XJUIBNFBO NBTTEFOTJUZPGBCPVULJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS %FMUB$FQIFJ "QVMTBUJOHTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FQIFVT XIJDIJTUIFQSPUPUZQF GPS B DMBTT PG WBSJBCMF TUBST LOPXO BT UIF $FQIFJET ѮF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO (PPESJDLF ¢ OPUFEUIFWBSJBCJMJUZPG%FMUB$FQIFJJO-PDBUFEBUB EJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST %FMUB$FQIFJWBSJFTCFUXFFOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFBOE BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmUPm XJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZTIPVST NJOVUFTBOETFDPOET4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FOFC ѮFCSJHIUFTULOPXO"TUBSJOPVS(BMBYZ TIJOJOHJOUIFUBJMPGUIFDPOTUFMMB

UJPO$ZHOVT UIF4XBOm%FOFCNFBOTiUBJMuJO"SBCJD"MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$ZHOJ JU JTBXIJUF"TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm%FOFCJTUIFNPTUMVNJOPVT XIJUFDMBTT"TUBSLOPXOJOPVS(BMBYZ TIJOJOHOFBSMZBRVBSUFSNJMMJPOUJNFTCSJHIUFS UIBOUIF4VO %FOTJUZ "OPCKFDUTNBTTEJWJEFECZJUTWPMVNF BMTPLOPXOBTUIFNBTTEFOTJUZ4FF

NBTTEFOTJUZ %FVUFSJVN ѮFSBSF IFBWZJTPUPQFPGIZESPHFODPOUBJOJOHCPUIBQSPUPOBOEBOFV USPOJOJUTOVDMFVT BMTPLOPXOBTIFBWZIZESPHFO"OBUPNPGMJHIUIZESPHFO XIJDI JTNVDINPSFBCVOEBOUUIBOEFVUFSJVN DPOUBJOTPOFQSPUPOBOEOPOFVUSPOJOJUT OVDMFVT%FVUFSJVNXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBODIFNJTU)BSPME$MBZUPO 6SFZ ¢ 4FFIZESPHFO BOEJTPUPQF %JBNFUFS ѮF MFOHUI PG BO JNBHJOBSZ TUSBJHIU MJOF QBTTJOH UISPVHI UIF DFOUFS PG B

TQIFSJDBMPCKFDU FRVBMUPUXJDFUIFSBEJVTPGUIFTQIFSF %JGGFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 3PUBUJPOPGUIFEJĒFSFOUQBSUTPGBOPOTPMJECPEZPSDPMMFDUJPO PGCPEJFTBUEJĒFSFOUSBUFTѮFPVUFSMBZFSTPGUIFHJBOUQMBOFUTBOEUIF4VOFYIJCJU EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO XJUIUIFJSNJEEMFFRVBUPSJBMSFHJPOTNPWJOHGBTUFSUIBOUIFQPMBS POFT4UBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBMTPSPUBUFEJĒFSFOUJBMMZ SFWPMWJOHBCPVUUIFHBMBDUJD DFOUFS JO JOEFQFOEFOU PSCJUT BU TQFFET UIBU DBO EJĒFS ѮF QBSUJDMFT JO UIF SJOHT PG

(MPTTBSZ%

4BUVSOSFWPMWFBSPVOEUIFQMBOFUBUTQFFETUIBUEFDSFBTFXJUIJODSFBTJOHEJTUBODF KVTU BTNPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTNPWFBCPVUUIFNBTTJWF4VOXJUITMPXFSTQFFETBOEMPOHFS PSCJUBMQFSJPET4UBSTUIBUBSFOFBSFSUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSBMTPSFWPMWFBCPVUJUBUGBTUFS TQFFETUIBONPSFEJTUBOUTUBST %JGGFSFOUJBUJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUIFEFOTFSNBUFSJBMTPGBQMBOFUBSZCPEZTJOL

UPXBSEUIFDFOUFSXIJMFUIFMFTTEFOTFNBUFSJBMTSJTFUPXBSEUIFTVSGBDF%JĒFSFOUJBUJPO PGUIF&BSUISFTVMUFEJOBEFOTFJSPOSJDIDPSFBOEBNBOUMFBOEDSVTUDPNQPTFEPGMFTT EFOTF TJMJDBUFSPDLT %JGGVTFOFCVMB "MVNJOPVTDMPVEPGHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFUIBUDBOOPUCFSFTPMWFE

JOUP JOEJWJEVBM TUBST &NJTTJPO OFCVMBF PS ) ** SFHJPOT QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF BOE SFëFDUJPOOFCVMBFBSFFYBNQMFTPGEJĒVTFOFCVMBF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB BOESFëFDUJPOOFCVMB %JNFOTJPO "HFPNFUSJDBMBYJTPSEJSFDUJPOJOTQBDFPSUJNF %JQPMF .BHOFUJDêFMETUIBUJODMVEFCPUIBOPSUIBOEBTPVUINBHOFUJDQPMF %JTL ѮFWJTJCMFQBSUPGUIF4VOPSPUIFSDPTNJDPCKFDU %JTUBODFNPEVMVT ѮFEJTUBODFNPEVMVT Nm. PGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUJTUIFEJĒFSFODF CFUXFFOUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF N BOEUIFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF .*UJTSFMBUFEUPJUT EJTUBODF % JOQBSTFDTCZUIFFRVBUJPONm. MPH% m E.TUBS "SFEEXBSGTUBSBUUIFMPXFSFOEPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH

3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"E.FTUBSJTBSFEEXBSGXJUIIZESPHFOMJOFTJOFNJTTJPO4FFEXBSG TUBS ëBSFTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .TUBS BOESFEEXBSGTUBS %PQQMFS FGGFDU ѮF DIBOHF JO UIF PCTFSWFE XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ PG TPVOE PS FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO EVF UP UIF SFMBUJWF NPUJPO CFUXFFO UIF PCTFSWFS BOE UIF FNJUUFSBMPOHUIFPCTFSWFSTMJOFPGTJHIUѮFDIBOHFJTUPMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUITXIFO UIFTPVSDFPGXBWFTBOEUIFPCTFSWFSBSFNPWJOHBXBZGSPNFBDIPUIFS BOEUPTIPSUFS XBWFMFOHUIT XIFO UIFZ BSF NPWJOH UPXBSE FBDI PUIFS ѮF %PQQMFS FĒFDU QSPEVDFT UIFDIBOHFJOQJUDIPGBTJSFOBTBOBNCVMBODFTQFFETQBTU*OBTUSPOPNZ UIF%PQQMFS FĒFDUJTVTFEUPEFUFDUBOENFBTVSFSFMBUJWFNPUJPOBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU EFUFSNJOJOH UIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZGSPNUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOXBWFMFOHUIѮFFĒFDUJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF "VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU$ISJTUJBO%PQQMFS ¢

XIPêSTUEFTDSJCFEJUJO4FF CMVFTIJѫ %PQQMFSTIJѫ SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BOESFETIJѫ %PQQMFS TIJGU " DIBOHF JO UIF BQQBSFOU XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ PG UIF SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFEGSPNBNPWJOHTPVSDF DBVTFECZJUTSFMBUJWFNPUJPOBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU FJUIFSUPXBSEPSBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFS"OPCKFDUNPWJOHBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFS XJMMBQQFBSUPCFFNJUUJOHSBEJBUJPOBUBMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUI PSMPXFSGSFRVFODZ UIBO JGBUSFTUPSOPONPWJOH"%PQQMFSTIJѫJOUIFTQFDUSVNPGBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUJT DPNNPOMZEFTDSJCFEBTBSFETIJѫXIFOJUJTUPXBSETMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT PCKFDUSFDFE JOH BOEBTBCMVFTIJѫXIFOJUJTUPXBSETTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIT PCKFDUBQQSPBDIJOH "NFBTVSFNFOUPGUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫNBLFTJUQPTTJCMFUPEFUFSNJOFUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ PSWFMPDJUZBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUѮFSFETIJѫTDBVTFECZUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFDBO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

CFBUUSJCVUFEUPBTUSFUDIJOHPGTQBDF LOPXOBTUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫ XIJDIJTOPU B%PQQMFSTIJѫEVFUPSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ4FFCMVFTIJѫ DPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫ SBEJBMWFMPD JUZ BOESFETIJѫ %PVCMFTUBS 5XPTUBSTUIBUBQQFBSDMPTFUPFBDIPUIFSJOUIFTLZ8IFOUIFZBSFDMPTF

UPFBDIPUIFSJOTQBDF UIFUXPTUBSTSFWPMWFBSPVOEFBDIPUIFS BOEUIFEPVCMFTUBSJT LOPXOBTBCJOBSZTUBS4FFCJOBSZTUBS %4/ "DSPOZNGPS%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL4FF%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL %VNCCFMM /FCVMB " MBSHF QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE . BOE /($ JO

UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 7VMQFDVMB ѮF 'SFODI BTUSPOPNFS $IBSMFT .FTTJFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUJOѮF%VNCCFMM/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOHVMBSEJNFOTJPOTPGCZNJOVUFTPGBSD BOEBOFTUJNBUFEEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST*UPCUBJOTJUTOBNFGSPNUIFCJQPMBSFYQVMTJPOPGNBUFSJBMGSPNUIFUI NBHOJUVEFDFOUSBMTUBS4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB %VTU 4NBMM TPMJE QBSUJDMFT GPVOE JO JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ BOE JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF XJUI TJ[FT

PGCFUXFFOBOENFUFSTUIBUBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGWJT JCMFMJHIU*OUFSTUFMMBSEVTUSFëFDUTBOESFEEFOTWJTJCMFTUBSMJHIU BOEJOMBSHFRVBOUJUJFT BCTPSCTFOFSHFUJDVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUUIBUNJHIUPUIFSXJTFEFTUSPZJOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ EVTU SFëFDUT TVOMJHIU BDDPVOUJOH GPS UIF ' DPSPOB 4FF ' DPSPOB BOE [PEJBDBMMJHIU %XBSGHBMBYZ "SFMBUJWFMZTNBMMHBMBYZPGMPXMVNJOPTJUZXIFODPNQBSFEUPPUIFS

HBMBYJFT%XBSGHBMBYJFTBSFVTVBMMZFMMJQUJDBMPSJSSFHVMBS BOEUIFSFBSFTFWFSBMEXBSG FMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFTJOUIF-PDBM(SPVQTPGHBMBYJFT4FF-PDBM(SPVQ %XBSGTUBS ѮFNPTUDPNNPOUZQFPGTUBSJOUIF(BMBYZ DPOTUJUVUJOHQFSDFOUPG

JUTTUBSTBOEQFSDFOUPGJUTNBTT"MMEXBSGTUBSTBSFMPDBUFEPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PG UIF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN BOE BSF UIFSFGPSF GVTJOH IZESPHFO OVDMFJ JOUP IFMJVNOVDMFJJOUIFJSDPSF"NBJOTFRVFODFEXBSGTUBSTIPVMEOPUCFDPOGVTFEXJUI UIFNVDITNBMMFSXIJUFEXBSGTUBS XIJDIJTOPUPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFBOEEPFTOPU TIJOFCZOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTѮF4VOJTBUZQJDBMEXBSGTUBS4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN IZESPHFOCVSOJOH NBJOTFRVFODF QSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO SFEEXBSG BOEXIJUFEXBSG %ZOBNJDT 4UVEZPGUIFNPUJPOBOEFRVJMJCSJVNPGTZTUFNTVOEFSUIFJOëVFODFPGGPSDF %ZOBNP "O FMFDUSJD HFOFSBUPS UIBU FNQMPZT B TQJOOJOH NBHOFUJD êFME UP QSPEVDF

FMFDUSJDJUZѮFEZOBNPNFDIBOJTNHFOFSBUFTNBHOFUJDêFMETUISPVHIUIFJOUFSBDUJPO PGUIFDPOWFDUJPOPGDPOEVDUJOHNBUUFSXJUISPUBUJPOBOESPUBUJPOBMTIFBS"EZOBNP DPOWFSUTUIFLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGBNPWJOHFMFDUSJDBMDPOEVDUPSUPUIFFOFSHZPGFMFDUSJD DVSSFOUTBOEBNBHOFUJDêFME*UVTFTUIFNPUJPOPGBDPOEVDUJOH DPOWFDUJOHëVJEUP HFOFSBUFPSTVTUBJOBNBHOFUJDêFMEѮFUFSSFTUSJBMNBHOFUJDêFMEJTTVQQPTFEUPCF HFOFSBUFECZTVDIBEZOBNP MPDBUFEJOUIF&BSUITNPMUFODPSFѮF4VOTNBHOFUJD êFMEJTBMTPTVTUBJOFECZBOJOUFSOBMEZOBNP QFSIBQTMPDBUFEBUBSFHJPOPGSPUBUJPOBM TIFBSKVTUCFMPXUIFDPOWFDUJPO[POF

(MPTTBSZ&

& &BHMF/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMBMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST

JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4FSQFOT*UNFBTVSFTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOETVSSPVOETUIFPQFO TUBSDMVTUFSEFTJHOBUFEBT.PS/($ѮF&BHMF/FCVMBJTJUTFMGEFTJHOBUFE*$ ѮF&BHMF/FCVMBJTUIFTJUFPGTUBSGPSNBUJPO FTQFDJBMMZJOEBSL UXJTUJOHDPMVNOTPGHBT BOEEVTUOJDLOBNFE&MFQIBOU5SVOLTPS1JMMBSTPG$SFBUJPO4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &BSUI ѮFUIJSEQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO XIJDIXFMJWFPOѮF&BSUIIBTBNFBOSBEJVTPG LJMPNFUFST BNFBONBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS BOEBOBHFPG CJMMJPOZFBSTѮFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOJTPOF"TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJU EFOPUFECZ"6ѮF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGNPMFDVMBSOJUSP HFO BUQFSDFOU BOENPMFDVMBSPYZHFO BUQFSDFOUѮFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU DBVTFE CZSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMBNPVOUTPGBUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSWBQPS XBSNTUIF TVSGBDFPGUIF&BSUIUPBOBWFSBHFUFNQFSBUVSFPGBCPVULFMWJO EFHSFFT$FMTJVT BOEEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU

BOEXJUIPVUUIJTFĒFDUUIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFXPVMECF LFMWJO CFMPXUIFGSFF[JOHQPJOUPGXBUFSBULFMWJO(MPCBMXBSNJOHQSPEVDFE CZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ TVDIBTUIFCVSOJOHPGDPBM HBTBOEPJMUPQSPEVDFDBSCPOEJPY JEF XJMMDPOUJOVFUPJODSFBTFUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFCZUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU -JRVJEPDFBOTDPWFSQFSDFOUPGUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF CVUOFX PDFBOTGPSNBOEPME POFTDMPTFBTUIFDPOUJOFOUTEJTQFSTFBOEUIFOSFBTTFNCMFѮFCPUUPNPGUIFPDFBOT JTDPOUJOVBMMZSFOFXFEBTOFXTFBëPPSTQJMMTPVUPGNJEPDFBOWPMDBOPFT QSPEVDJOH BTQSFBEJOHPDFBOëPPSUIBUESJWFTUIFESJѫJOHDPOUJOFOUTѮFDPOUJOFOUTNPWFTJEF XBZTPOUIFCBDLPGQMBUFTUIBUHSJOEBHBJOTUFBDIPUIFSUPQSPEVDFFBSUIRVBLFT DPMMJEF UPCVJMENPVOUBJOT BOEEJWFJOUPUIF&BSUIUPQSPEVDFWPMDBOPFTUIBUNBLFDPOUJOFOUT HSPXBUUIFJSFEHFT4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ HMPCBMXBSNJOH HSFFO IPVTFFĒFDU QMBUFUFDUPOJDT BOETFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH &DDFOUSJDJUZ .FBTVSFPGUIFEFQBSUVSFPGBOPSCJUGSPNBQFSGFDUDJSDMF PSIPXFMMJQUJ DBMBOPSCJUJT"DJSDVMBSPCJUIBTBOFDDFOUSJDJUZPGBOFMMJQUJDBMPSCJUIBTBOFDDFO USJDJUZCFUXFFOBOE BOEUIFDMPTFSUIJTWBMVFJTUP UIFMPOHFSBOEUIJOOFS UIFFMMJQTFJT"QBSBCPMJDPSCJUIBTBOFDDFOUSJDJUZPG BOEBIZQFSCPMJDPSCJUIBTBO FDDFOUSJDJUZHSFBUFSUIBO &DMJQTF ѮFQBSUJBMPSUPUBMPCTDVSBUJPOPGUIFMJHIUGSPNBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUCZ

BOPUIFSTVDIPCKFDU*OBTPMBSFDMJQTF UIF.PPOQBTTFTCFUXFFOUIF4VOBOEUIF&BSUI CMPDLJOHUIF4VOTMJHIU*OBMVOBSFDMJQTF UIF&BSUIQBTTFTCFUXFFOUIF.PPOBOEUIF 4VO CMPDLJOHUIFTPMBSMJHIUUIBUUIF.PPOSFëFDUTѮFFDMJQTFPGBTUBSCZUIF.PPO PSCZBQMBOFUPSPUIFSCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJTDBMMFEBOPDDVMUBUJPO"UPUBMTPMBS FDMJQTFDBOPDDVSPOMZBUUIFOFX.PPO BOEJUIBTBNBYJNVNEVSBUJPOPGNJOVUFT %VSJOHUIFCSJFGNPNFOUTPGBUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTF EBSLOFTTGBMMT BOEUIFPVUFSQBSUTPG UIF4VO UIFDISPNPTQIFSFBOEUIFDPSPOB BSFTFFO"UBOZHJWFOQPJOUPOUIF&BSUIT TVSGBDF B UPUBM TPMBS FDMJQTF PDDVST PO UIF BWFSBHF PODF FWFSZ ZFBST 4FF MVOBS FDMJQTFBOETPMBSFDMJQTF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% %ARTH -ASS -EAN2ADIUS %QUATORIAL2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD

KILOGRAMS KILOMETERS KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSMINUTESSECONDS SECONDS YEARDAYSSEC ONDS METERS!5 DEGREES YEARS PERCENTNITROGEN PERCENTOXYGEN BARATSEALEVEL TOKELVIN TESLAATTHEEQUATOR TESLAMETERSCUBED

/RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN /RBITAL%CCENTRICITY 4ILTOF2OTATIONAL!XIS OR/BLIQUITY !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT

4!",% %ARTHnABUNDANTELEMENTS %LEMENT

)RON /XYGEN 3ILICON -AGNESIUM .ICKEL

3YMBOL

&E / 3I -G .I

!VERAGEABUNDANCE PERCENTBYMASS

&DMJQTJOHCJOBSZ "EPVCMFPSCJOBSZTUBSJOXIJDIBUMFBTUPOFPGUIFUXPTUBSTQBTTFT JOGSPOUPGBOEPSCFIJOEUIFPUIFS DSPTTJOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUGSPN&BSUI TPUIBUUIF TZTUFNTUPUBMPCTFSWFEMJHIUQFSJPEJDBMMZGBEFT"MHPMJTBOFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ4FF"MHPM CJOBSZTUBS EPVCMFTUBS BOE&QTJMPO"VSJHBF &DMJQUJD ѮF QSPKFDUJPO PG UIF &BSUIT PSCJU BSPVOE UIF 4VO PO UIF DFMFTUJBM TQIFSF

NBSLJOHUIF4VOTBQQBSFOUZFBSMZQBUIBHBJOTUUIFCBDLHSPVOETUBSTѮFFDMJQUJDQMBOF JTUIFQMBOFPGUIF&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO*UJTJODMJOFEUPUIFQMBOFPGUIFDFMFTUJBM FRVBUPSCZBCPVUEFHSFFT BOEJOUFSTFDUTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBUUIFUXPFRVJOPYFT ѮF QMBOFUT NPTU BTUFSPJET BOE NPTU PG UIF TIPSUQFSJPE DPNFUT BSF JO PSCJUT XJUI TNBMM PS NPEFSBUF JODMJOBUJPOT SFMBUJWF UP UIF FDMJQUJD QMBOF 4FF BVUVNOBM FRVJOPY DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPS FRVJOPY 7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOE[PEJBD &GGFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF ѮFUFNQFSBUVSFBOPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFJGJUFNJUTCMBDLCPEZ SBEJBUJPOBUUIFTBNFFOFSHZBOEBUUIFTBNFXBWFMFOHUITBTUIFPCKFDUѮFFĒFDUJWF

(MPTTBSZ&

#" !

" !

#

"" ! &%!

#!#" !

!""$!!

! " !

!#$!

'*( %ARTHSLAYEREDATMOSPHERE4HEPRESSUREOFOURATMOSPHERESJHIU TDBMF DECREASESWITHALTITUDEMFѫTDBMF 4HISISBECAUSEFEWERPARTICLESARE ABLETOOVERCOMETHE%ARTHSGRAVITATIONALPULLANDREACHHIGHERALTITUDES4HE TEMPERATURECPUUPNTDBMF ALSODECREASESSTEADILYWITHHEIGHTINTHEGROUND HUGGINGTROPOSPHERE BUTTHETEMPERATUREINCREASESINTWOHIGHERREGIONSTHAT AREHEATEDBYTHE3UN4HEYARETHESTRATOSPHERE WITHITSCRITICALOZONELAYER ANDTHEIONOSPHERE4HESTRATOSPHEREISMAINLYHEATEDBYULTRAVIOLETRADIATION FROMTHE3UN ANDTHEIONOSPHEREISCREATEDANDMODULATEDBYTHE3UNS8 RAY ANDEXTREMEULTRAVIOLETRADIATION

UFNQFSBUVSF JT EFOPUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM 5FĒ BOE UIF FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF PG UIF 4VO JTFRVBMUPLFMWJO"TUBSTFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJTBHPPEBQQSPYJNBUJPOUPUIF BDUVBMUFNQFSBUVSFPGJUTWJTJCMFEJTL4FFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO &GGFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "SBEJPUFMFTDPQFXJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST GFFU

DPNQMFUFEJO MPDBUFEOFBS#POO (FSNBOZ BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF.BY1MBODL*OTUJ UVUGÛS3BEJPBTUPOPNJFѮF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQFSFNBJOFEUIFXPSMETMBSHFTU GVMMZTUFFSBCMFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFVOUJM"VHVTUXIFOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZDPNQMFUFEUIFDPOTUSVDUJPOPGJUT NFUFS JODI 3PCFSU$#ZSE(SFFO#BOL3BEJP5FMFTDPQF JO(SFFO#BOL 8FTU7JS HJOJB ѮF &ĒFMTCFSH 3BEJP 5FMFTDPQF JT VTFE FJUIFS BMPOF PS BT B DPNQPOFOU PG B HMPCBM SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 4FF /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ SBEJP UFMF TDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ &JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4"MBVODIFEUIF&JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZ UIFêSTUGVMMZJNBH

JOH9SBZUFMFTDPQFQVUJOTQBDF PO/PWFNCFS XIFSFJUPSCJUFE&BSUIBOE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

PCUBJOFEEBUBVOUJM"QSJMѮFUFMFTDPQFIBEBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBGFXTFD POETPGBSD BêFMEPGWJFXPGUFOTPGNJOVUFTPGBSD BOEBTFOTJUJWJUZTFWFSBMIVOESFE UJNFTHSFBUFSUIBOBOZ9SBZNJTTJPOCFGPSFJUѮF&JOTUFJO0CTFSWBUPSZQSPWJEFE UIFêSTUIJHISFTPMVUJPO9SBZTUVEJFTPGTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT EJTDPWFSFEVOFYQFDU FEMZJOUFOTFDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOGSPNOPSNBMTUBST SFTPMWFEOVNFSPVT9SBZTPVSDFT JOOFBSCZHBMBYJFT BOEEFUFDUFE9SBZKFUTGSPN$FOUBVSVT"BOE.BMJHOFEXJUI SBEJPKFUTѮFPCTFSWBUPSZJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOCPSO6OJUFE4UBUFTQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ XIPSFWPMVUJPOJ[FEPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGTQBDF NBUUFS BOEUJNF &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO 3BEJBUJPOUIBUDBSSJFTFOFSHZBOENPWFTUISPVHIWBDV PVTTQBDFJOQFSJPEJDXBWFTBUUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU QSPQBHBUJOHCZUIFJOUFSQMBZPGPTDJM MBUJOHFMFDUSJDBMBOENBHOFUJDêFMETѮFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJTVTVBMMZEFTJHOBUFECZUIF MFUUFSDBOEIBTBWBMVFPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJB UJPOJODMVEFTWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPXBWFT JOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO 9SBZT BOEHBNNBSBZT&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO JODPNNPOXJUIBOZXBWF IBTBXBWF MFOHUI EFOPUFECZʌ BOEBGSFRVFODZ EFOPUFECZʎUIFJSQSPEVDUJTFRVBMUPUIFWFMPD JUZPGMJHIU PSʌʎD TPUIFXBWFMFOHUIEFDSFBTFTXIFOUIFGSFRVFODZJODSFBTFTBOE WJDFWFSTBѮFFOFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFSBEJBUJPOJODSFBTFTJOEJSFDUQSPQPSUJPOUP GSFRVFODZ BOEUIJTFOFSHZ LOPXOBTUIFQIPUPOFOFSHZBOEEFOPUFECZ& JTHJWFO CZ&IʎIDʌ XIFSF1MBODLTDPOTUBOUI+PVMFTFDPOEѮFSF JTBDPOUJOVVNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO¢GSPNMPOHXBWFMFOHUISBEJPXBWFTPG MPXGSFRVFODZBOEMPXFOFSHZ UISPVHIWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFT UPTIPSUXBWFMFOHUI9SBZT BOE HBNNB SBZT PG IJHI GSFRVFODZ BOE IJHI FOFSHZ4FF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN HBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU SBEJPSBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMF SBEJBUJPO BOE9SBZSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN "MMUZQFTBOEXBWFMFOHUITPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO GSPNUIFNPTUFOFSHFUJDBOETIPSUFTUXBWFT UIFHBNNBSBZT UPUIFMFBTUFOFSHFUJDBOE MPOHFTUPOFT UIFSBEJPXBWFT'SPNTIPSUXBWFMFOHUITUPMPOHPOFT UIFFMFDUSPNBH OFUJDTQFDUSVNJODMVEFTHBNNBSBZT 9SBZT VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMFMJHIU JOGSB SFESBEJBUJPOBOESBEJPXBWFTWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQSJTFTKVTUPOFTNBMMTFHNFOUPGUIJT NVDICSPBEFSTQFDUSVN4FFHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO PQUJDBMTQFDUSVN SBEJPSBEJBUJPO VMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO WJTJCMFSBEJBUJPO BOE9SBZSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPO "O FMFNFOUBSZ OFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMF UIBU TVSSPVOET UIF

QPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN CVUDBOFYJTUJOJTPMBUJPOPVUTJEFBOBUPNѮF &OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PTFQI+PIOi++uѮPNTPO ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFOFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE iDPSQVTDMFTu JO XIJMF JOWFTUJHBUJOH DBUIPEF SBZT ѮF %VUDI QIZTJDJTU )FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ OBNFEUIFNiFMFDUSPOTu BUFSNQSFWJPVTMZJOUSPEVDFE CZUIF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU(FPSHF+PIOTUPOF4UPOFZ ¢ ѮFJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFO FMFDUSPOTPGOFJHICPSJOHBUPNTDSFBUFUIFDIFNJDBMCPOETUIBUMJOLBUPNTUPHFUIFSBT NPMFDVMFT"OFVUSBM PSVODIBSHFE BUPNIBTBTNBOZFMFDUSPOTBTQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFE QSPUPOT XIJDISFTJEFJOUIFOVDMFVT"OJPOJ[FEBUPNJTVTVBMMZQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEBOE IBTGFXFSFMFDUSPOTUIBOQSPUPOT'SFFFMFDUSPOTIBWFCSPLFOBXBZGSPNUIFJSBUPNJD CPOETBOEBSFOPUCPVOEUPBUPNT"UUIFIPUUFNQFSBUVSFTJOTJEFUIF4VOBOEPUIFS TUBST BOEJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOBBOETPMBSXJOE UIFFMFDUSPOTIBWFCFFOTFUGSFFPGUIFJS

(MPTTBSZ&

BUPNJDCPOETѮFNBTTPGBOFMFDUSPOJTLJMPHSBNT PSPGUIF NBTTPGBQSPUPO4FFJPOBOEQSPUPO &MFDUSPOOFVUSJOP ѮFUZQFPGOFVUSJOPUIBUJOUFSBDUTXJUIUIFFMFDUSPO*UJTUIFPOMZ

LJOEPGOFVUSJOPQSPEVDFECZUIFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTUIBUNBLFUIF4VOTIJOF4FFOFV USJOPBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN &MFDUSPOWPMU "VOJUPGFOFSHZ EFOPUFECZF7 PѫFOVTFEGPSNFBTVSJOHUIFFOFSHJFTPG QBSUJDMFTBOEFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO"OFMFDUSPOWPMUJTEFêOFEBTUIFFOFSHZBDRVJSFE CZBOFMFDUSPOXIFOJUJTBDDFMFSBUFEUISPVHIBQPUFOUJBMEJĒFSFODFPGWPMUJOBWBDVVN F7+PVMF XIFSFPOF+PVMFJTFRVBMUPNJMMJPOFSH3BEJBUJPOXJUI BOFOFSHZPGPOFFMFDUSPOWPMUIBTBXBWFMFOHUIPGOBOPNFUFSTBOEBGSFRVFODZPG )FSU[ѮFFOFSHJFTPG9SBZTBSFFYQSFTTFEJOUIPVTBOETPGFMFDUSPOWPMUT BCCSFWJBUFELF7.JMMJPOTBOECJMMJPOTPGFMFDUSPOWPMUT SFTQFDUJWFMZEFOPUFECZ.F7BOE (F7 BSFVTFEBTVOJUTGPSWFSZFOFSHFUJDDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT TVDIBTDPTNJDSBZT"OFMFD USPOXJUIBLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGBGFX.F7JTUSBWFMJOHBUBMNPTUUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU &MFNFOU "DIFNJDBMMZIPNPHFOFPVTTVCTUBODFUIBUDBOOPUCFEFDPNQPTFECZDIFN

JDBMNFBOTѮFBUPNTPGBQBSUJDVMBSFMFNFOUBMMIBWFUIFTBNFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJO UIFJSOVDMFVT CVUUIFOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOTDBOWBSZ HJWJOHSJTFUPEJĒFSFOUJTPUPQFT PGUIFTBNFFMFNFOUѮFSFBSFOBUVSBMMZPDDVSSJOHFMFNFOUT XJUIUIFOVNCFSPG QSPUPOT PSBUPNJDOVNCFS SBOHJOHGSPNGPSIZESPHFOUPGPSVSBOJVN4FFBUPNJD OVNCFSBOEJTPUPQF &MMJQTF "DMPTFE QMBOFDVSWFJOXIJDIUIFTVNPGUIFEJTUBODFTPGFBDIQPJOUBMPOHJUT QFSJQIFSZGSPNUXPPUIFSQPJOUT JUTGPDJ JTBDPOTUBOUѮFPSCJUTPGQMBOFUT TBUFMMJUFT BOEDPNFUTDBOCFEFTDSJCFECZFMMJQTFT

'*( %LLIPSE%ACHPLANETMOVESINANELLIPSEWITHTHE3UNATONE FOCUS4HELENGTHOFALINEDRAWNFROMTHE3UN TOAPLANETANDTHENTOTHE EMPTYFOCUS DENOTEDBYTHEDASHEDLINE ISALWAYSB ORTWICETHESEMI MAJORAXIS B4HEECCENTRICITY ORELONGATION OFTHEPLANETARYELLIPSEHAS BEENGREATLYOVERDONEINTHISlGUREPLANETARYORBITSLOOKMUCHMORELIKE ACIRCLE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

&MMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ " HBMBYZ PG FMMJQUJDBM PS SPVOE TIBQF &MMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFT BSF DPN QSJTFENPTUMZPGPMETUBSTBOEDPOUBJOWFSZMJUUMFEVTUBOEMPXUFNQFSBUVSFHBTUIBUDBO OPXGPSNTUBST"OFYBNQMFPGBOFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZJT. JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHP 4FF7JSHPDMVTUFS &NJTTJPOMJOF "CSJHIUTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIPSOBSSPXCBOETPG XBWFMFOHUIT FNJUUFEEJSFDUMZCZBIPU MVNJOPVTHBTFPVTTPVSDF TVDIBTBOFNJTTJPO OFCVMBPSQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFWFBMJOHCZJUTXBWFMFOHUIBDIFNJDBMDPOTUJUVFOUPGJUT HBT4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF FNJTTJPOOFCVMB BOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB &NJTTJPOOFCVMB "EJĒVTF MVNJOPVTDMPVEPGHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFUIBUEJTQMBZT

FNJTTJPOMJOFTJOJUTWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSVNѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)VHHJOT

4!",% %MISSIONNEBULAEA .AME

- .'#

2! H M

$EC

VB

$ISTANCE LIGHT YEARS

"UBBLE.EBULA .'# #ALIFORNIA.EBULA .'# #ONE.EBULA .'# %AGLE.EBULA )# 3URROUNDSOPENCLUSTER- .'# %TA#ARINAE.EBULA .'# 3URROUNDS(OMUNCULUS.EBULA .'# AND+EYHOLE.EBULA ,AGOON.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# CENTRALREGION(OURGLASS.EBULAANDSTARCLUSTER.'# .ORTH!MERICA .'# .EBULA /MEGA.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# (ORSESHOE.EBULA AND3WAN.EBULA /RION.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# NORTHWESTERNPARTIS- .'# 0ELICAN.EBULA )# 2OSETTE.EBULA .'# !LSOINCLUDES.'# SURROUNDSSTARCLUSTER.'# .'# 4ARANTULA.EBULAC !LSOKNOWNAS$ORADUSAND'REAT,OOPED.EBULA 4RIlD.EBULA - !LSOKNOWNAS.'# A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG

PP B!NGULARDIAMETERUINMINUTESOFARC DESIGNATED C4HE4ARANTULA.EBULAISALSOKNOWNAS$ORADUS ANDITISLOCATEDINTHE,ARGE-AGELLANIC#LOUD

(MPTTBSZ&

¢ EJTDPWFSFE TVDI FNJTTJPO MJOFT JO GSPN UIF 0SJPO /FCVMB ѮF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS )FSNBO;BOTUSB ¢ FYQMBJOFE UIF IZESPHFO FNJTTJPO MJOFTCZTVQQPTJOHUIBUUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJPOJ[FECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIU TUBSTFNCFEEFEJOBOFNJTTJPOOFCVMB BOEUIBUWJTJCMFMJHIUJTFNJUUFEXIFOUIFGSFF FMFDUSPOT SFDPNCJOF XJUI UIF QSPUPOT UP NBLF IZESPHFO BUPNT &NJTTJPO OFCVMBF BSFUIFSFGPSFPѫFODBMMFEJPOJ[FEIZESPHFOSFHJPOT EFOPUFEBT)**SFHJPOTBOEQSP OPVODFE)UXPSFHJPOT"TTIPXOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS*SB4#PXFO ¢

PUIFSFNJTTJPOMJOFTDBOBSJTFGSPNJPOJ[FEBUPNTPGPYZHFOBOEOJUSP HFO VOEFSHPJOH iGPSCJEEFOu USBOTJUJPOT JO UIF MPXEFOTJUZ OFCVMBF TVDI USBOTJUJPOT BSF WFSZ JNQSPCBCMF JO UIF IJHIFSEFOTJUZ MBCPSBUPSZ TJUVBUJPO ѮF NBTT EFOTJUZ PG UIFUFOVPVTFNJTTJPOOFCVMBFJTUZQJDBMMZPOMZBCPVUPOFHSBNJOBNJMMJPODVCJDLJMP NFUFST BOEUIFHSFFODPMPSPGTPNFPGUIFNJTEVFUPUIFPYZHFOFNJTTJPOMJOFT4FF #VCCMF /FCVMB $BMJGPSOJB /FCVMB $POF /FCVMB &BHMF /FCVMB &UB $BSJOBF /FCVMB (VN/FCVMB )**SFHJPO -BHPPO/FCVMB /PSUI"NFSJDBO/FCVMB 0SJPO/FCVMB 1FMJ DBO/FCVMB 3PTFUUF/FCVMB 5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB 5SJêE/FCVMB BOEVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO &NJTTJPOTQFDUSVN "TFSJFTPGCSJHIUFNJTTJPOMJOFT4FFFNJTTJPOMJOFBOEGPSCJE

EFOMJOF &ODLFT$PNFU "QFSJPEJDDPNFUXJUIUIFTIPSUFTULOPXOQFSJPE PGZFBST*UJT

OBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO&ODLF ¢ XIPêSTUDPNQVUFE JUTPSCJUѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS1JFSSF.FDIBJO ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFDPNFU JO BOE'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS+FBO-PVJT1POT ¢ GPVOEJUBHBJOJO *O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFBDDFM FSBUJPO PG $PNFU &ODLF JO UFSNT PG IJT JDZ DPOHMPNFSBUF PS EJSUZ TOPXCBMM DPNFU NPEFM8IFOUIFDPNFUTPSCJUCSJOHTJUDMPTFUPUIF4VO JUTVCMJNBUFTJUTTVSGBDFJDF BOEQSPEVDFTKFUTPGHBTBOEEVTUXIFOUIFDPNFUJTSPUBUJOHUIFTFKFUTXJMMFJUIFSQVTI UIFDPNFUBIFBEPSEFMBZJUTKPVSOFZ &OFSHZ ѮFBCJMJUZPSDBQBDJUZUPEPXPSL &QJDZDMF "DJSDVMBSPSCJUBSPVOEBQPJOUUIBUJUTFMGPSCJUTBOPUIFSQPJOU VTFEJO1UPM FNBJDDPTNPMPHZ4FF1UPMFNBJDDPTNPMPHZ &QTJMPO "VSJHBF "OFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBSXJUIUIFMPOHFTULOPXOQFSJPE ZFBST

XJUIBOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPG CVUEVSJOHFDMJQTFѮFQSJNBSZDPNQPOFOUJT BZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOU BOEOPMJHIUJTEFUFDUFEGSPNUIFTFDPOEBSZDPNQPOFOU 4FFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ &QTJMPO&SJEBOJ "OPSBOHF,EXBSGTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO&SJEBOVTXJUIBOBQQBS

FOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIBUNBLFTJUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZF"UMJHIUZFBST BXBZ &QTJMPO&SJEBOJJTUIFOJOUIDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUI XJUIBOBQQBSFOUBCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEFPG"UMFBTUPOF+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUPSCJUTUIF4VOMJLFTUBS XIJDIBMTP DPOUBJOTMBSHFTUBSTQPUTBOEFYIJCJUTBZFBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF &RVBUPS "O JNBHJOBSZ MJOF BSPVOE UIF DFOUFS PG B CPEZ XIFSF FWFSZ QPJOU PO UIF MJOFJTBOFRVBMEJTUBODFGSPNUIFQPMFTѮFFRVBUPSEFêOFTUIFCPVOEBSZCFUXFFOUIF OPSUIFSOBOETPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFT4FFIFNJTQIFSF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

&RVJMJCSJVN ѮF VODIBOHJOH TUBUF PG B TZTUFN SFTVMUJOH GSPN UIF CBMBODF CFUXFFO DPNQFUJOHGPSDFTPSQSPDFTTFT &RVJOPY &JUIFSPGUIFUXPQPJOUTXIFSFUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSBOEMJFT JOUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMQMBOF XIFOUIF4VOSJTFTEVFFBTUBOETFUTEVFXFTUBOEUIF EBZBOEOJHIUBSFFRVBMMZMPOHѮF7FSOBM PSTQSJOH &RVJOPYPDDVSTXIFOUIF4VO DSPTTFTUIFFRVBUPSGSPNTPVUIUPOPSUIPOPSOFBS.BSDIFBDIZFBSѮF7FSOBM &RVJOPYJTBMTPDBMMFEUIF'JSTUQPJOUPG"SJFTѮFPUIFSFRVJOPYJTUIFBVUVNOBMFRVJ OPY XIJDIPDDVSTPOPSOFBS4FQUFNCFSXIFOUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFFRVBUPSGSPN OPSUIUPTPVUIѮFMPDBUJPOTPGUIFTQSJOH PS7FSOBM BOEGBMM PSBVUVNOBM FRVJOPYFT BSFTMPXMZNPWJOH PSQSFDFTTJOH XFTUXBSEBSPVOEUIFTUFMMBSCBDLHSPVOEBUUIFSBUF PGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS4FFBVUVNOBMFRVJOPY QSFDFTTJPO TFBTPO BOE 7FSOBM&RVJOPY &SH "VOJUPGFOFSHZFRVBMUPUIFXPSLEPOFCZBGPSDFPGEZOFBDUJOHPWFSBEJTUBODF PGDFOUJNFUFS"OFOFSHZPGPOF+PVMFJTFRVBMUP PSNJMMJPO FSH &SPT "OBTUFSPJEEJTDPWFSFEPO"VHVTUCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW 8JUU ¢ BOEJOEFQFOEFOUMZQIPUPHSBQIFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS"VHVTUF $IBSMPJT ¢ UIFTBNFOJHIU/VNCFSFEJOPSEFSPGBTUFSPJETXJUIFTUBC MJTIFEPSCJUT &SPTJTUIFêSTUBTUFSPJEGPVOEUPUSBWFMNBJOMZJOTJEFUIFPSCJUPG.BST BQQSPBDIJOHXJUIJONJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTPGUIF&BSUI BOEBOFYBNQMFPGBOFBS&BSUI BTUFSPJEѮF/&"34IPFNBLFSTQBDFDSBѫPSCJUFE&SPTGPSBZFBS CFHJOOJOHPO 'FCSVBSZ UBLJOHJNBHFTPGJUTCBUUFSFETIBQF FTUBCMJTIJOHJUTEJNFOTJPOTBT LJMPNFUFST BOETIPXJOHUIBUJUJTBIPNPHFOFPVT TPMJESPDLXJUIBNBTTEFO TJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS4FF/&"34IPFNBLFS &4" "DSPOZNGPS&VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ4FF&VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ &TDBQF WFMPDJUZ ѮF NJOJNVN PVUXBSE WFMPDJUZ UIBU B TNBMM PCKFDU NVTU BUUBJO UP

PWFSDPNFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGBMBSHFSCPEZBOEMFBWFPOBUSBKFDUPSZUIBU EPFTOPUCSJOHJUCBDLBHBJOѮFFTDBQFWFMPDJUZ EFOPUFECZ7FTD EFQFOETPOUIFNBTT EFOPUFECZ. BOEUIFSBEJVT TQFDJêFEBT3 PGUIFMBSHFSCPEZ BOEJTHJWFOCZ7FTD <(.3> XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOTUBOU(/NLH*GB SPDLFUMFBWFTUIF&BSUIJUNVTUNPWFGBTUFSUIBOUIF&BSUITFTDBQFWFMPDJUZ XIJDIJT LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE PSNJMFTQFSIPVS &40 "DSPOZN GPS &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ &UB$BSJOBF 0OFPGUIFNPTUNBTTJWFTUBSTJOUIF(BMBYZ MPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBST XJUIBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ NPSFUIBONJMMJPOUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VO&UB$BSJOBFJTTJUVBUFEJOUXPEVTU MPCFT OFBSMZBMJHIUZFBSBDSPTT XIJDIBSFUPHFUIFSLOPXOBTUIFi)PNVODVMVTuGSPN UIFJSWBHVFSFTFNCMBODFUPBIVNBOêHVSFѮFZXFSFNPTUMJLFMZGPSNFEJOXIFO UIFTUBSQSPEVDFEUIF(SFBU&SVQUJPO SFBDIJOHBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOE SJWBMJOH 4JSJVT JO JOUFOTJUZ &UB $BSJOBF IBT OPX GBEFE UP B SFMBUJWFMZ GBJOU BQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG4FF)PNVODVMVT/FCVMB

(MPTTBSZ&

4!",% %SCAPEVELOCITYn3UNANDPLANETS 4EMPERATUREA +

3UN 4ERRESTRIALPLANETS -ERCURY 6ENUS %ARTH -ARS 'IANTPLANETS *UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE

%SCAPE6ELOCITY KMSm

n n

A4EMPERATUREOFTHEVISIBLESOLARDISK THEPHOTOSPHERE SURFACETEMPERATURE FORTHETERRESTRIALPLANETS ANDATMOSPHERICTEMPERATURESFORTHEGIANTPLANETS ATTHELEVELWHERETHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREISONEBAR

&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ TVSSPVOEJOH UIFTUBS&UB$BSJOBFѮFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJTBCPVUEFHSFFTBDSPTTBOEEJWJEFECZB EBSL 7TIBQFE PCTDVSJOHEVTUMBOF*UDPOUBJOTUIFCSJHIU)PNVODVMVT/FCVMBBOE UIFEBSL,FZIPMF/FCVMBF4FFEBSLOFCVMB FNJTTJPOOFCVMB &UB$BSJOBF )PNVODVMVT /FCVMB BOE,FZIPMF/FCVMB &UIFS ѮF NFEJVN UIBU MJHIU BOE HSBWJUBUJPO XFSF PODF TVQQPTFE UP QSPQBHBUF UISPVHI4FFBFUIFSBOEMVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ ѮFHFPNFUSZPGOPODVSWFETQBDFJOXIJDIQBSBMMFMMJOFTBMXBZT SFNBJOFRVJEJTUBOUGSPNFBDIPUIFS OBNFEGPSUIF(SFFFLNBUIFNBUJDJBO&VDMJEPG "MFYBOESJB MJWFED#$

XIPEFTDSJCFEUIFHFPNFUFSZJOIJTCPPLѮF&MFNFOUT &VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ JT UIF UISFFEJNFOTJPOBM BOBMPH PG B ëBU TVSGBDF PS B QMBOF *O OPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ TQBDFJTDVSWFE BOEQBSBMMFMMJOFTDBONFFUPSEJWFSHFJOUIF UISFFEJNFOTJPOBMBOBMPHPGBTQIFSFPSBIZQFSCPMB4FFHFPNFUSZBOEOPO&VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ &VDMJEFBO 6OJWFSTF " VOJWFSTF XJUIPVU OPUJDFBCMF TQBUJBM DVSWBUVSF PO UIF MBSHFTU TDBMFT BOEIFODFXJUIBOPODVSWFETIBQFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ &VSPQB ѮFTNBMMFTUPG+VQJUFST(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIFTFDPOEDMPTFUUPUIFQMBOFU EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ *U IBT B SBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮF CSJHIU TNPPUITVSGBDFPG&VSPQBJTDPWFSFEXJUIXBUFSJDF BOEIBTGFXJNQBDUDSBUFST JOEJDBUJOHBSFMBUJWFMZZPVOHBHF%JSUZMJRVJEXBUFSPSTPѫXBUFSJDFSJTFVQGSPNB HMPCBMJOUFSOBMTFBXJUIJO&VSPQB êMMJOHMPOH EFFQGSBDUVSFTJOUIFTBUFMMJUFTJDZDPW

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

FSJOH BOE MVCSJDBUJOH MBSHF SBѫMJLF CMPDLT PG XBUFS JDF UIBU ëPBU BDSPTT UIF TVSGBDF &VSPQB BMTP IBT B WBSJBCMF NBHOFUJD êFME QSPCBCMZ JOEVDFE JO JUT JOUFSOBM PDFBO PG MJRVJEXBUFSXIFO+VQJUFSTNBHOFUJDêFMETXFFQTCZ4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZ "OJOUFSHPWFSONFOUBM &VSPQFBOPSHBOJ[BUJPOGPS

BTUSPOPNJDBM SFTFBSDI JO UIF TPVUIFSO IFNJTQIFSF XJUI IFBERVBSUFST JO (BSDIJOH OFBS.VOJDI (FSNBOZ*UIBTFMFWFONFNCFSDPVOUSJFT#FMHJVN %FONBSL 'JOMBOE 'SBODF (FSNBOZ *UBMZ 1PSUVHBM UIF/FUIFSMBOET 4XFEFO 4XJU[FSMBOEBOEUIF6OJUFE ,JOHEPNѮF&VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZPQFSBUFTBTUSPOPNJDBMPCTFSWBUPSJFTBU -B4JMMBBOE$FSSP1BSBOBM $IJMFѮFNBKPSUFMFTDPQFTBUUIF-B4JMMB0CTFSWBUPSZBSF UIFNFUFS JODI BOENFUFS JODI SFëFDUPST BOEUIF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ 5FMFTDPQF XIJDIQJPOFFSFEUIFVTFPGBDUJWFPQUJDTUPDPOUJOVPVTMZTIBQFJUTNFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS ѮF 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE 7-5 BU $FSSP 1BSBOBM JODMVEFTGPVSVOJUUFMFTDPQFT FBDINFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS PQFSBUJOHBU WJTJCMFBOEJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUITѮFZDBOCFPQFSBUFEJOEJWJEVBMMZ PSUPHFUIFSBTBO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS 'PVS BVYJMJBSZ UFMFTDPQFT FBDI PG NFUFS JODIFT JO EJBNFUFS XJMMBMTPCFDPOOFDUFEUPUIJT7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFS5XPUFMFTDPQFT JOUFOEFEGPSJNBHJOHTVSWFZTGSPN1BSBOBMBSFUIFNFUFS JODI 7-54VSWFZ 5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE745 BOEUIFNFUFS JODI 7JTJCMFBOE*OGSBSFE5FMF TDPQFGPS"TUSPOPNZ PS7*45"GPSTIPSU4FF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQFBOE7FSZ -BSHF5FMFTDPQF &VSPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZ "OPSHBOJ[BUJPOPG&VSPQFBOOBUJPOT GPVOEFEJO UPQSPNPUFTQBDFSFTFBSDIBOEUFDIOPMPHZGPSQFBDFGVMQVSQPTFT*UJTIFBERVBSUFSFE JO1BSJT BOEUIFNFNCFSDPVOUSJFTBSF"VTUSJB #FMHJVN %FONBSL 'JOMBOE 'SBODF (FSNBOZ *SFMBOE *UBMZ UIF/FUIFSMBOET /PSXBZ 4QBJO 4XFEFO 4XJU[FSMBOE BOEUIF 6OJUFE,JOHEPN &67 "DSPOZNGPS&YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU BQPSUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN

GSPNBQQSPYJNBUFMZUPNFUFST PSUP ªOHTUSÕNT JOXBWFMFOHUI 4FFFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO F7 "CCSFWJBUJPOPGFMFDUSPOWPMU4FFFMFDUSPOWPMU &WFOUIPSJ[PO ѮFIPSJ[POJOUIFHFPNFUSZPVUTJEFBCMBDLIPMF XJUIJOXIJDIZPV DBOTFFOPFWFOUT KVTUBTUIF&BSUITIPSJ[POJTUIFCPVOEBSZGPSPVSWJTJPO"OPCTFSWFS PVUTJEFBCMBDLIPMFDBOOPUDPNNVOJDBUFXJUIBOZUIJOHJOTJEFUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POѮF SBEJVTPGUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POJTLOPXOBTUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT4FFCMBDLIPMFBOE 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT &WFSTIFEFGGFDU ѮFSBEJBMëPXPGHBTFTXJUIJOUIFQFOVNCSBPGBTVOTQPU EJTDPWFSFE

JOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO&WFSTIFE ¢ GSPNUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJO UIFTQFDUSVNPGBTVOTQPUѮFëPXJTPVUXBSEBUUIFMFWFMPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSF CVUJOXBSE BOEEPXOXBSEBUIJHIFSMFWFMTJOUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSF4FFQIPUPTQIFSFBOETVOTQPU &YDJUBUJPO "OBUPNJDQSPDFTTJOXIJDIBOBUPNPSJPOJTSBJTFEUPBIJHIFSFOFSHZ

TUBUF XIFOPOFPGJUTFMFDUSPOTHPFTGSPNPOFPSCJUUPBOPUIFSGBSUIFSPVUGSPNUIF OVDMFVTPGUIFBUPN

(MPTTBSZ&

&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF /PUXPFMFDUSPOTDBOPDDVQZUIFTBNFRVBOUVNTUBUF BOEOPUXP

OFVUSPOTDBOPDDVQZUIFTBNFRVBOUVNTUBUFѮJTQSJODJQMFXBTêSTUBOOPVODFEJO CZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢

BOEJTIFODFBMTPLOPXO BTUIF1BVMJFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF*UHJWFTSJTFUPUIFEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSFUIBU DBOTVQQPSUBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSBOEUIFEFHFOFSBUFOFVUSPOQSFTTVSFUIBUDBOTVQQPSUB OFVUSPOTUBS4FFEFHFOFSBUFNBUUFS &YPCJPMPHZ *OWFTUJHBUJPOTJOUPUIFQPTTJCJMJUZPGMJGFPVUTJEFUIF&BSUI &YPQMBOFU 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU &YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF ѮFDPOUJOVBMJODSFBTF XJUIUJNF JOUIFBNPVOUPGTQBDFTFQB SBUJOHHBMBYJFTGSPNVTBOEGSPNFBDIPUIFS BUBSBUFQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFJSEJTUBODFT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮF HBMBYJFT BSF SFDFEJOH GSPN VT BU WFMPDJUJFT UIBU BSF QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIFJS EJTUBODF B SFMBUJPOEJTQMBZFEJOUIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNBOELOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBXѮFFYQBOE JOH6OJWFSTFJTBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF#JH#BOH PDDVSSJOHBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP4FF#JH #BOH )VCCMFDPOTUBOU )VCCMFEJBHSBN BOE)VCCMFMBX &YUSBTPMBS QMBOFU "OZ QMBOFU MPDBUFE PVUTJEF UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN BOE PSCJUJOH B TUBS

PUIFSUIBOUIF4VOBMTPDBMMFEBOFYPQMBOFU0OFQVMTBS 143 IBTUXP&BSUI TJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOHJU BOENPSFUIBO4VOMJLFTUBSTIBWFBUMFBTUPOF+VQJUFSTJ[FE QMBOFUJOUJHIUPSCJUBSPVOEUIFN4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 1FHBTJ 6STBF.BKPSJT NJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBSBOE143 &YUSFNF 6MUSB7JPMFU &YQMPSFS "CCSFWJBUFE&67& B/"4"NJTTJPOMBVODIFEPO +VOF XIJDIPCTFSWFEDPTNJDTPVSDFTBUFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU PS&67 XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFOBOEªOHTUSÕNTPSBOEOBOPNFUFST GPSZFBST VOUJM+BOVBSZ *UDPNQMFUFEBOBMMTLZTVSWFZ SFTVMUJOHJODBUBMPHVFTPGNPSFUIBOBUIPVTBOE DPTNJD&67TPVSDFTBOEUIFEJTDPWFSZPGNPSFUIBOOFX&67TPVSDFT BOEDBS SJFEPVUEFUBJMFE&67TQFDUSPTDPQZPGTQFDJêDTPVSDFT &YUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE &67 UIF TIPSUXBWFMFOHUI QBSU PG UIF

VMUSBWJPMFUQPSUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVNXIJDIFYUFOETGSPNBQQSPYJNBUFMZ UPNFUFST PSUPOBOPNFUFSTBOEUP ªOHTUSÕNT JOXBWF MFOHUI

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

' 'BCFS+BDLTPOSFMBUJPO "DPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBOFMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZBOEJUTWFMPDJUZEJTQFSTJPO EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST 4BOESB.'BCFS ¢ BOE3PCFSU&+BDLTPO ¢ ѮF'BCFS+BDLTPOSFMBUJPOJT VTFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIF EJTUBODFT PG FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFT UISPVHI UIF JOGFSSFE JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZBOEUIFPCTFSWFEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ4FFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX 'BDVMBF #SJHIUSFHJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BTTPDJBUFEXJUITVOTQPUT TFFOJOXIJUF MJHIUBOEWJTJCMFPOMZOFBSUIFMJNCPGUIF4VOѮFZBSFCSJHIUFSUIBOUIFTVSSPVOEJOH NFEJVNEVFUPUIFJSIJHIFSUFNQFSBUVSFTBOEHSFBUFSEFOTJUJFT'BDVMBFBQQFBSTPNF IPVSTCFGPSFUIFBTTPDJBUFETVOTQPUT JOUIFTBNFQMBDF CVUDBOSFNBJOGPSNPOUIT BѫFSUIFTVOTQPUTIBWFHPOFѮFXPSEGBDVMBJT-BUJOGPSiMJUUMFUPSDIu"QMBHFBQQFBST JOUIFDISPNPTQIFSFKVTUBCPWFBGBDVMB4FFQMBHF 'BISFOIFJU "VOJUPGUFNQFSBUVSFEFOPUFECZ'PSCZ'GPSEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU*UJT

OBNFEBѫFSUIF1PMJTICPSO%VUDIQIZTJDJTU(BCSJFM%BOJFM'BISFOIFJU ¢

XIPJOWFOUFEUIFêSTUBDDVSBUFUIFSNPNFUFSBOEEFWJTFEUIF'BISFOIFJUTDBMFPGUFN QFSBUVSF ѮF GSFF[JOH UFNQFSBUVSF PG XBUFS JT ' BOE UIF CPJMJOH UFNQFSBUVSF PG XBUFSJT'ѮFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFTLFMWJOJT, ' BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT$FMTJVTJT$ ' 4FF$FMTJVT BOE,FMWJO 'FZONBO EJBHSBN "TDIFNBUJDSFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGBOJOUFSBDUJPOCFUXFFOQBSUJDMFT JOWFOUFECZUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU3JDIBSE'FZONBO ¢ 'JCSJMT %BSL FMPOHBUFE GFBUVSFT TFFO JO IZESPHFOBMQIB TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBNT PG UIF

DISPNPTQIFSF GPSNJOH B MJOFBS QBUUFSO UIPVHIU UP EFMJOFBUF UIF NBHOFUJD êFME 4FFDISPNPTQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 'JFME .BUIFNBUJDBMEFTDSJQUJPOPGBGPSDFJOFBDIQPJOUPGTQBDFBSPVOEJUTTPVSDF 'JFMEPGWJFX ѮFBOHVMBSBSFBPGUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFUIBUJTEFUFDUFECZBUFMFTDPQF

ѮFUFMFTDPQFDBOPOMZEFUFDUPCKFDUTJOJUTêFMEPGWJFX 1FHBTJ "ZFMMPX(EXBSGTUBSMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPN&BSUI

JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1FHBTVT*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTP MVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGѮFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBS1FHBTJJTUIFêSTU4VOMJLFTUBS LOPXOUPIBWFBQMBOFUB+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUJOBWFSZDMPTFPSCJUBOEEJTDPWFSFEJO CZUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFST.JDIFM.BZPS ¢ BOE%JEJFS2VFMP[ ¢ 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU 'JMBNFOU "NBTTPGSFMBUJWFMZDPPMBOEEFOTFNBUFSJBMTVTQFOEFEBCPWFUIFQIPUP

TQIFSFJOUIFMPXDPSPOBCZNBHOFUJDêFMET HFOFSBMMZBMPOHBNBHOFUJDJOWFSTJPO PS OFVUSBM MJOFTFQBSBUJOHSFHJPOTPGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZJOUIFVOEFSMZJOHQIP UPTQIFSF'JMBNFOUTBQQFBSBTEBSL FMPOHBUFEGFBUVSFTXIFOPCTFSWFEPOUIFEJTLJO UIFMJHIUPGIZESPHFOBMQIBPSJPOJ[FEDBMDJVN"EBSLêMBNFOUJTTFFOJOQSPKFDUJPO

(MPTTBSZ'

BHBJOTUUIFCSJHIUTPMBSEJTL8IFOEFUFDUFEBCPWFUIFMJNCPGUIF4VO BêMBNFOUJT TFFOJOFNJTTJPOBHBJOTUUIFEBSLTLZ BOEJUJTUIFODBMMFEBQSPNJOFODF4FFDISPNP TQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOEQSPNJOFODF 'JSFCBMM "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZCSJHIUNFUFPS4FFNFUFPS NFUFPSJUF BOENFUFPSPJE 'JSTUQPJOUPG"SJFT 4FF7FSOBM&RVJOPY 'JTTJPO ѮFTQMJUUJOH PSCSFBLJOHBQBSU PGBIFBWZBUPNJDOVDMFVTJOUPUXPPSNPSF MJHIUFSBUPNJDOVDMFJ SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZ'JTTJPOJTTQPOUBOFPVTEVSJOHUIFEFDBZPGB SBEJPBDUJWFFMFNFOU BOEJUDBOCFJOEVDFECZQBSUJDMFCPNCBSENFOU'JTTJPOQPXFST BUPNJDCPNCT BOEPDDVSTJONBONBEFOVDMFBSQPXFSSFBDUPSTPO&BSUI 'JWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT 7FSUJDBMPTDJMMBUJPOTPGUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFXJUIBQFSJPE PGêWFNJOVUFT JOUFSQSFUFEJOUFSNTPGUSBQQFETPVOEXBWFTѮFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMB UJPOTBSFEFUFDUFEJOUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUPGTPMBSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTGPSNFEJOUIFQIP UPTQIFSF BOE JO MJHIU WBSJBUJPOT PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSF ѮF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU3PCFSU -FJHIUPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEJTDPWFSFEMPDBMJ[FEêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT XIJMFJOWFTUJHBUJOHNPUJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJOm0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFPTDJM MBUJPOTIBWFCFFOVTFEUPJOGFSUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPG UIFTPMBSJOUFSJPSUISPVHIUIFUFDIOJRVFPGIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ4FFBDPVTUJDXBWFT %PQ QMFS FĒFDU (MPCBM 0TDJMMBUJPO /FUXPSL (SPVQ IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ QIPUPTQIFSF 40MBS BOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 'MBSF " TVEEFO BOE WJPMFOU SFMFBTF PG NBUUFS BOE FOFSHZ GSPN UIF 4VO PS BOPUIFS TUBSJOUIFGPSNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO FOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFT XBWFNPUJPOTBOE TIPDLXBWFT MBTUJOHNJOVUFTUPIPVSTѮFGSFRVFODZBOEJOUFOTJUZPGëBSFTPOUIF4VO JODSFBTFOFBSUIFNBYJNVNPGUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOEUIFZPDDVSJOTPMBSBDUJWF SFHJPOT.BOZSFEEXBSGTUBSTBMTPFNJUëBSFT BOEUIFZBSFDBMMFEëBSFTUBST4PMBSëBSFT BDDFMFSBUFDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFѮFJNQVMTJWFPSëBTIQIBTFPG ëBSFTVTVBMMZMBTUTGPSBGFXNJOVUFT EVSJOHXIJDINBUUFSDBOSFBDIUFNQFSBUVSFTPG IVOESFET PG NJMMJPOT PG EFHSFFT ѮF ëBSF TVCTFRVFOUMZ GBEFT EVSJOH UIF HSBEVBM PS EFDBZQIBTFMBTUJOHBCPVUBOIPVS.PTUPGUIFSBEJBUJPOJTFNJUUFEBT9SBZT CVUëBSFT BSFBMTPPCTFSWFEBUWJTJCMFIZESPHFOBMQIBXBWFMFOHUITBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFZ BSFQSPCBCMZDBVTFECZUIFTVEEFOSFMFBTFPGMBSHFBNPVOUTPGNBHOFUJDFOFSHZ VQUP +PVMF JOBSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMWPMVNFJOUIFTPMBSDPSPOB4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO CVSTU ëBSF TUBS HSBEVBMëBSF JNQVMTJWFëBSF TPMBSëBSF UZQF* UZQF** UZQF*** BOEUZQF*7SBEJP CVSTUT BOE9SBZëBSFDMBTT 'MBSFTUBS "WBSJBCMFTUBS VTVBMMZBSFEEXBSGTUBS XIJDITVEEFOMZBOEVOQSFEJDUBCMZ FNJUT ëBSFT MBTUJOH B GFX NJOVUFT PS IPVST TPNFUJNFT PVUTIJOJOH UIF FOUJSF TUBS BU WJTJCMFMJHIUPSSBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT4FFE.TUBS EXBSGTUBS ëBSF .TUBS SFEEXBSGTUBS BOE67$FUJ 'MBTITQFDUSVN ѮFFNJTTJPOMJOFTQFDUSVNPGUIFTPMBSDISPNPTQIFSFUIBUJTTFFOGPS BGFXTFDPOETKVTUCFGPSFBOEBѫFSUPUBMJUZEVSJOHBOFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO4FFDISPNP TQIFSF FNJTTJPOMJOF BOEFNJTTJPOTQFDUSVN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'MBU6OJWFSTF 4FF&VDMJEFBO6OJWFSTF 'MBUOFTTQSPCMFN ѮFGBDUUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFNBZCFOFJUIFSESBNBUJDBMMZPQFOOPS

OPUJDFBCMZDMPTFE CVUBQQFBSTUPCFBMNPTUQFSGFDUMZCBMBODFECFUXFFOUIFTFUXPHFP NFUSJDBMTIBQFTBOEEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ4FFDMPTFE6OJWFSTF &VDMJEFBO 6OJWFSTF BOEPQFO6OJWFSTF 'MVY ѮFSBUFPGëPXUISPVHIBSFGFSFODFTVSGBDFUIFëVYEFOTJUZJTUIFëVYNFBTVSFE QFSVOJUBSFB 'PDBMMFOHUI ѮFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOBMFOTPSDVSWFENJSSPSBOEJUTGPDVT 'PDBM SBUJP ѮFSBUJPPGUIFGPDBMMFOHUIPGBMFOTPSDVSWFENJSSPSUPJUTEJBNFUFS "GPDBMSBUJPPG JTXSJUUFOBTG 'PNBMIBVU "CSJHIU XIJUF"EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSUIBUIBTBDJSDVNTUFMMBS SJOHPGEVTUêSTUEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUITѮFTUBS'PNBMIBVUIBTBOBQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI BOBCTP MVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO*UJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO1JTDJT"VTUSJOVT BOEIFODFIBTUIF BMUFSOBUJWFOBNFPG"MQIB1JTDJT"VTUSJOVT 'PSCJEEFO MJOFT &NJTTJPOMJOFTOPUOPSNBMMZPCTFSWFEVOEFSMBCPSBUPSZDPOEJUJPOT

CFDBVTF UIFZ IBWF B MPX QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PDDVSSFODF PѫFO SFTVMUJOH GSPN B USBOTJUJPO CFUXFFOBNFUBTUBCMFFYDJUFETUBUFBOEUIFHSPVOETUBUF6OEFSUZQJDBMDPOEJUJPOTPO &BSUI BOBUPNJOBNFUBTUBCMFTUBUFXJMMMPTFFOFSHZUISPVHIBDPMMJTJPOCFGPSFJUJTBCMF UPEFDBZUPUIFHSPVOETUBUFBOEFNJUMJOFSBEJBUJPO6OEFSBTUSPQIZTJDBMDPOEJUJPOT JODMVEJOHUIFTPMBSDPSPOBBOEIJHIMZSBSFêFEOFCVMBF UIFNFUBTUBCMFTUBUFDBOMBTUMPOH FOPVHIGPSUIFiGPSCJEEFOuMJOFTUPCFFNJUUFE4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOEFNJTTJPOMJOF 'PSDF "HFODZSFTQPOTJCMFGPSBDIBOHFJOBTZTUFN &SJEBOJ "EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST XIPTFGBJOU DPNQPOFOU LOPXOBT&SJEBOJ#JTPOFPGUIFêSTUXIJUFEXBSGTUBSTUPCFEJTDPWFSFE ѮFCSJHIUFSDPNQPOFOU &SJEBOJ" JTB,EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSBCPVUIBMG BTMVNJOPVTBTUIF4VO XJUIBBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPGѮFXIJUFEXBSG&SJEBOJ#IBTBIJHIEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFPG LFMWJOBOEBMPXBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGKVTUQFSDFOUPGUIF4VOT JNQMZJOHBSBEJVT PGUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFSBEJVTPGUIF&BSUIѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS "EBNT ¢ SFQPSUFE UIF " TQFDUSBM DMBTTJêDBUJPO BOE IJHIUFNQFSBUVSFPG&SJEBOJ#JOѮFXIJUFEXBSGIBTJUTPXODPNQBOJPO &SJEBOJ$ BEJNNFSUINBHOJUVEFDMBTT.PSEJOBSZEXBSG4FF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO MBXBOEXIJUFEXBSG 6STBF.BKPSJT "ZFMMPX(UZQFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSXJUIB+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUPSCJU JOHJUFWFSZUISFFZFBSTUIFTUBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI 4FFFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU 'PTTJM (FPMPHJDBMSFNBJOTPGBQSFWJPVTMZMJWJOHUIJOH

(MPTTBSZ'

4!",% &RAUNHOFERLINES 7AVELENGTHANANOMETERS

&RAUNHOFERLETTER#OLOR B

+ (EXTREMEVIOLET H G 'VIOLET

D

D &BLUE B B B %GREEN $YELLOW D $YELLOW #RED "RED !EXTREMERED

%LEMENTNAME SYMBOLC

)ONIZEDCALCIUM #A)) )ONIZEDCALCIUM #A)) (YDROGEN (D DELTATRANSITION .EUTRALCALCIUM #A) #(MOLECULE (YDROGEN (G GAMMA TRANSITION .EUTRALIRON &E) (YDROGEN (B BETATRANSITION .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALMAGNESIUM -G) .EUTRALIRON &E) .EUTRALSODIUM .A) .EUTRALSODIUM .A) (YDROGEN (A ALPHATRANSITION -OLECULAROXYGEN / INOURAIR -OLECULAROXYGEN / INOURAIR

A4HEWAVELENGTHSAREINNANOMETERUNITS WHERENANOMETERMETERS!STRONOMERSHAVEOFTENUSED THE¯NGSTRÚMUNITOFWAVELENGTH WHERE¯NGSTRÚM¯NANOMETERS B4HELETTERSWEREUSEDBY*OSEPHVON&RAUNHOFER AROUNDTODESIGNATETHESPECTRALLINES BEFORETHEYWERECHEMICALLYIDENTIlED&RAUNHOFERDIDNOTRESOLVETHENUMBEREDCOMPONENTSOFTHE$AND BLINES4HELINES!AND"AREPRODUCEDBYMOLECULAROXYGENINTHETERRESTRIALATMOSPHERE C!2OMANNUMERAL)AFTERANELEMENTSYMBOLDENOTESANEUTRAL ORUN IONIZEDATOM WITHNOELECTRONSMISS ING WHEREASTHE2OMANNUMERAL))DENOTESASINGLYIONIZEDATOMWITHONEELECTRONMISSING D5N IONIZEDHELIUM (E) WASDISCOVEREDINEMISSIONDURINGASOLARECLIPSEINATAWAVELENGTHOF NANOMETERS NEARTHETWOSODIUMLINES4HEHELIUMLINEISSOMETIMESDESIGNATEDAS$

'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT ѮF EBSL BCTPSQUJPO GFBUVSFT JO UIF TPMBS TQFDUSVN DBVTFE CZ BCTPSQUJPOBUTQFDJêDXBWFMFOHUITJOUIFDPPMFSMBZFSTPGUIF4VOTBUNPTQIFSF JODMVE JOHUIFQIPUPTQIFSFBOEDISPNPTQIFSF"MUIPVHIUIFZXFSFêSTUPCTFSWFEJOCZ UIF&OHMJTIDIFNJTUBOEQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN)ZEF8PMMBTUPO ¢

UIFZXFSF êSTU DBSFGVMMZ TUVEJFE GSPN CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU BOE PQUJDJBO +PTFQI WPO 'SBVOIPGFS ¢

XIPDBUBMPHVFEUIFXBWFMFOHUITPGNPSFUIBOPGUIFN BTTJHOJOH3PNBOMFUUFSTUPUIFNPTUQSPNJOFOU TVDIBTUIF)BOE,MJOFTPGJPOJ[FE DBMDJVN UIF%MJOFPGOFVUSBMTPEJVN UIF&MJOFPGJSPO BOEUIF$BOE'MJOFTPGIZESP HFO4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF )BOE,MJOFT IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETQFDUSVN 'SFE - 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ "O PCTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE OFBS "NBEP "SJ[POB PO

.PVOU)PQLJOT OBNFEGPSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS'SFE-8IJQQMF m *UPQFSBUFTUIFNFUFS JODI .VMUJQMF.JSSPS5FMFTDPQF OPXBTJOHMFNJSSPS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

KPJOUMZXJUIUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG"SJ[POB BOEIBTTNBMMFSUFMFTDPQFTPGBCPVUNFUFSJO EJBNFUFS PQFSBUJOHBUWJTJCMFMJHIUPSJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT 'SFFFMFDUSPO "OFMFDUSPOUIBUIBTCSPLFOGSFFPGJUTBUPNJDCPOEBOEJTUIFSFGPSFOPU CPVOEUPBOBUPN 'SFRVFODZ ѮFOVNCFSPGDSFTUTPGBXBWFQBTTJOHBêYFEQPJOUFBDITFDPOEVTVBMMZ

NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPG)FSU[ XIFSFPOF)FSU[JTFRVBMUPPOFPTDJMMBUJPOQFSTFDPOE4FF )FSU[ )[ BOE.)[ ' TUBS "ZFMMPXXIJUFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' XIJDIJTTMJHIUMZIPUUFSUIBOUIF4VO

ѮF CSJHIUFTU 'UZQF TUBST JO UIF OJHIU TLZ BSF $BOPQVT BOE 1SPDZPO 4FF $BOPQVT 1SPDZPO BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 'VTJPO ѮFKPJOJOHUPHFUIFSPGUXPPSNPSFMJHIUBUPNJDOVDMFJUPQSPEVDFBIFBWJFS

BUPNJD OVDMFVT SFMFBTJOH FOFSHZ 'VTJPO QPXFST IZESPHFO CPNCT BOE NBLFT TUBST TIJOF JODMVEJOHUIF4VO4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO BOE UIFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPO

(MPTTBSZ(

( (BMBDUJDBTUSPOPNZ ѮFTUVEZPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ (BMBDUJDDFOUFS ѮFDFOUSBMIVCPSOVDMFVTPGPVS(BMBYZ MPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIU

ZFBSTPSQBSTFDTGSPN&BSUI (BMBDUJDDMVTUFS 4FFPQFODMVTUFS (BMBDUJD DPTNJD SBZT $PTNJD SBZ QBSUJDMFT UIBU FOUFS UIF &BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF GSPN JOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF(BMBDUJDDPTNJDSBZTPSJHJOBUFGSPNPVUTJEFPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN CVU GSPNXJUIJOPVS(BMBYZ4FFDPTNJDSBZTBOETPMBSDPTNJDSBZT (BMBDUJDEJTL "ëBUUFOFE QMBUFTIBQFE SPUBUJOHEJTLPGHBTBOEZPVOHTUBSTJOBTQJSBM HBMBYZ JOXIJDIUIFTQJSBMBSNTBSFGPVOE.PTUPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZTTUBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBS NBUUFSSFTJEFJOUIJTEJTL4FFHBMBDUJDQMBOFBOE.JMLZ8BZ (BMBDUJDIBMP "TQIFSJDBMBHHSFHBUJPOPGNFUBMQPPSTUBSTBOEHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST DFOUFSFEPOUIFOVDMFVTPGUIFHBMBYZBOEFYUFOEJOHCFZPOEUIFHBMBDUJDEJTLѮFSFJT BMTPBNPSFFYUFOTJWFEBSLIBMPUIBUDPOTJTUTPGJOWJTJCMFEBSLNBUUFSѮFTUFMMBSIBMP PGPVS(BMBYZ DPOUBJOJOHUIFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST JTNBJOMZDMPTFSUPUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS UIBOUIF4VO XIJMFUIFSBEJVTPGUIFEBSLIBMPTVSSPVOEJOHPVS(BMBYZ UIF.JMLZ8BZ FYUFOETTPNFMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS4FFEBSLIBMP EBSLNBUUFS HBMBDUJDEJTL BOEHMPCVMBSDMVTUFS (BMBDUJDQMBOF ѮFQMBOFUIBUDPOUBJOTUIFEJTLPGUIF.JMLZ8BZPSUIFEJTLPGBOZ

PUIFSTQJSBMHBMBYZ4FFHBMBDUJDEJTLBOE.JMLZ8BZ (BMBDUJDOVDMFVT ѮFDFOUSBMDPODFOUSBUJPOPGNBUUFSJOBHBMBYZ UZQJDBMMZOPNPSF

UIBOBGFXMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF (BMBYZ "DPMMFDUJPOPGNJMMJPOT CJMMJPOT PSUIPVTBOETPGCJMMJPOTPGTUBSTBOEWBSZJOH BNPVOUTPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU XIJDIBSFIFMEUPHFUIFSJOTQBDFCZUIFGPSDFPG HSBWJUZ *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ TIPXFE UIBU DFSUBJOOFCVMBFMJFCFZPOEUIFDPOêOFTPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ XIJDIIFDBMMFEFYUSBHBMBDUJD OFCVMBFBOEUIBUBSFOPXLOPXOBTHBMBYJFTѮFSFBSFUISFFNBKPSDMBTTJêDBUJPOTPG HBMBYJFTmTQJSBM FMMJQUJDBMBOEJSSFHVMBS êSTUEFTDSJCFEJOCZ)VCCMF&MMJQUJDBM HBMBYJFTBSFSPVOEPSFMMJQUJDBMTZTUFNT XIJMFTQJSBMHBMBYJFTBSFëBUUFOFEEJTLTIBQFE TZTUFNTJOXIJDIZPVOHTUBSTBOEJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTUBSFDPODFOUSBUFEJOTQJSBM BSNTDPJMJOHPVUGSPNBDFOUSBMCVMHFPSOVDMFVTѮFHBMBYZUIBUXFSFTJEFJO LOPXO BTUIF.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ PSKVTU(BMBYZGPSTIPSU JTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ*UJTEFTJHOBUFEXJUI BDBQJUBM(UPEJTUJOHVJTIJUGSPNBMMPGUIFPUIFSHBMBYJFT0VS(BMBYZJTBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTJOEJBNFUFSѮF4VOJTMPDBUFEBUUIFFEHFPGPOFPGUIFTQJSBMBSNT BCPVU MJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGPVS(BMBYZ"MMPGUIFHBMBYJFTBSFQBSUJDJQBUJOH JOUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF EJTDPWFSFECZ)VCCMFJO JOXIJDIUIFSFJTB DPOUJOVPVTJODSFBTFJOUIFEJTUBODFTTFQBSBUJOHHBMBYJFTGSPNVTBOEGSPNPOFBOPUIFS

$EC

2!

HM HM HM HM HM

HM HM HM HM HM

HM HM HM HM

HM

HM HM

'ALAXY

.'# .'#- .'#- .'#- .'#

.'# 3-# .'# .'#- .'#-

.'#- .'# .'# .'# &ORNAX! ,-#

.'# .'#

4!",% 'ALAXIESnBRIGHTA

$IAM

!XIAL 2ATIO

"4

"6

3CD))) 3!"BC) ))

3"M )R))) )6

3!B)) 3"A 3"CD))) )6 3!"APEC

3!"C)) )M)6 6 3CD)) )6 3C CD)) ))) 3!C))

3"CM))) 3PH %P 3B) )) % 3!"CD ))) )6

4YPE

6RB

$IST -PC

-"

FACEON FACEON

FACEON

6ROT

,OG -TOT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

HM H HM

HM HM HM HM HM

HM HM

HM HM HM

HM HM HLM HM

.'#- .'#- .'#

.'# .'#- .'#- .'# .'#-

.'#- .'#- 3OMBRERO .'# .'#- .'#-

.'#- .'# .'#- .'# #EN!

$EC

2!

'ALAXY

$IAM

!XIAL 2ATIO

"4

"6

3AB)) 3"CD)6 3!BC)) ))) 3P

3"CD))) 3% 3!AB))

C$ %P 3AAB

3!"BC)) 3!"B)) 3!"BC)) ))) )"3M)6 % 3

3!AB) )) )AMORPHOUS 3

4YPE

6RB

$IST -PC

-"

,OG -TOT

6ROT

(MPTTBSZ(

HM HM HM HM HM

HM

.'#- .'#- .'#- .'# .'#

.'#

$IAM

!XIAL 2ATIO

" 4

"

3!D)6

3!BC) ))P 3"C)) 3!"CD) 3BC)) 3CD))

4YPE

6RB

$IST -PC

-"

FACEON FACEON

6ROT

,OG -TOT

CENTEROFOUR'ALAXYANDITISINUNITSOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND4HEDISTANCES $IST AREINUNITSOF-EGAPARSEC ABBREVIATED-PC WHERE-PCMILLIONLIGHT YEARS THEABSOLUTEBLUEMAGNITUDEISDENOTEDBY-" THEROTATIONVELOCITY 6ROT ISINKILOMETERSPERSECONDANDTHELOGARITHMOFTHETOTALMASS ,OG-TOT ISINUNITSOF THESUNSMASS-GRAMS

A!DAPTEDFROM#OX !RTHUR.ED !LLENS!STROPHYSICS1UANTITIES&OURTH%DITION .EW9ORK 3PRINGER PG4HERADIALVELOCITY 6 ISWITHRESPECTTOTHE R

$EC

2!

'ALAXY

4!",% 'ALAXIESnBRIGHTACONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

(MPTTBSZ(

ѮFEJTUBODFTCFUXFFOHBMBYJFTBSFVTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPG.FHBQBSTFDT BCCSFWJ BUFE.QDBOEFRVBMUPNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTѮ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ѮF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ EJTDPWFSFE

+VQJUFSTGPVSMBSHFTUNPPOTJO+BOVBSZ VTJOHUIFOFXMZJOWFOUFEUFMFTDPQFѮFTF PCKFDUTBSFOPXDPMMFDUJWFMZDBMMFEUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIFZSFUBJOUIFJOEJWJEVBM OBNFT HJWFO UP UIFN CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS4JNPO .BSJVT ¢

BMTP JO *O PSEFS PG JODSFBTJOH EJTUBODF GSPN UIF HJBOU QMBOFU UIFZ BSF *P &VSPQB (BOZNFEF BOE $BMMJTUP BMM UIF OBNFT PG NZUIPMPHJDBM DPOTPSUT PG ;FVT UIF (SFFL FRVJWBMFOUPGUIF3PNBOHPE+VQJUFS"MMGPVSNPPOTXFSFTVCKFDUUPEFUBJMFETDSVUJOZ XJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫ CFUXFFOBOE JODMVEJOHUIF WPMDBOPFTPO*P UIFJOUFSOBMPDFBOPGMJRVJEXBUFSPO&VSPQB BOEUIFNBHOFUJDêFME HFOFSBUFEXJUIJO(BOZNFEF4FF$BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BOZNFEF BOE*P (BMJMFP.JTTJPO ѮF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫXBTMBVODIFECZ/"4"GSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF

"UMBOUJTPO0DUPCFS BOEBSSJWFEBU+VQJUFSPO%FDFNCFS PSCJUJOHUIF 4!",% 'ALILEANSATELLITESA 3ATELLITE

)O %UROPA 'ANYMEDE #ALLISTO

$ISTANCEFROM *UPITERCENTER *OVIANRADII

2* 2* 2* 2*

/RBITAL 0ERIODB DAYS

-EAN 2ADIUS KM

-ASS KG

-EAN -ASS$ENSITY KGM¥

A4HE MEAN DISTANCES FROM THE CENTER OF *UPITER ARE IN UNITS OF *UPITERS EQUATORIAL RADIUS 2 *

KILOMETERS 4HE RADII ARE GIVEN IN UNITS OF KILOMETERS ABBREVIATED KM THE MASS IS GIVEN IN KILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHEMASSDENSITYISINUNITSOFKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER DENOTEDKGM¥"YWAYOF COMPARISON THERADIUSOFOUR-OONISKILOMETERSANDTHE-OONSMEANMASSDENSITYISKGM¥ 4HEPLANET-ERCURYHASARADIUSOFKILOMETERSANDAMEANDENSITYOFKGM¥ B4HEORBITALPERIODOF%UROPAISABOUTTWICETHATOF)O ANDTHEORBITALPERIODOF'ANYMEDEISNEARLYTWICE THATOF%UROPA

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

HJBOUQMBOFUBOEWBTUMZJODSFBTJOHPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPG+VQJUFSBOEUIFGPVS(BMJMFBOTBU FMMJUFT *P &VSPQB (BOZNFEFBOE$BMMJTUPѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPO PNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ XIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFGPVSMBSHFNPPOTPG+VQJUFS OPX LOPXOBTUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT JOѮFNJTTJPOXBTUFSNJOBUFEPO4FQUFNCFS (BNNB "VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIFRVBMUP(BVTT 5FTMB BOEPOF

OBOP5FTMB (BNNBSBZ 4FFHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO (BNNBSBZCVSTU *OUFOTFSBEJBUJPOPGDPTNJDHBNNBSBZTMBTUJOHGPSBGFXTFDPOET

PSNJOVUFT OFWFSDPNJOHGSPNUIFTBNFQMBDFUXJDF XIPTFEJTDPWFSZVTJOHUIF7FMB TBUFMMJUFTPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT%FQBSUNFOUPG%FGFOTFXBTBOOPVODFEJOCZ3BZ 8 ,MFCFTBEFM ¢

*BO # 4USPOH ¢

BOE 3PZ " 0MTPO ¢ ѮF HBNNBSBZ CVSTUT BSF FNJUUFE GSPN EJTUBOU HBMBYJFT TPNFUJNFT QSPEVDJOH BCPVU BT NVDIFOFSHZJOBGFXTFDPOETBTUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUFOFSHZFNJUUFECZBMMUIFTUBSTJOBMM UIFHBMBYJFTUIBUXFDBOPCTFSWF (BNNBSBZ SBEJBUJPO ѮF NPTU FOFSHFUJD GPSN PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI QIPUPOFOFSHJFTJOFYDFTTPGLF7PS.F7ѮFXBWFMFOHUIPGHBNNBSBZSBEJB UJPO JT MFTT UIBO OBOPNFUFS PS NFUFST UIF TIPSUFTU QPTTJCMF #FDBVTF UIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFBCTPSCTUIFSBEJBUJPOBUUIBUFOEPGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN HBNNBSBZTUVEJFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTBSFDPOEVDUFEGSPNTBUFMMJUFTTVDIBTUIF$PNQ UPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF$PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOEFMFDUSP NBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN (BOZNFEF ѮFMBSHFTUPG+VQJUFST(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBO

BTUSPOPNFS(BMJMFP(BMJMFJ ¢ (BOZNFEFIBTBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST BOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS*UJTUIFMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJOUIF 4PMBS4ZTUFNBOECJHHFSUIBOUIFQMBOFU.FSDVSZ(BOZNFEFIBTBOJOUSJOTJDNBHOFUJD êFME EJTDPWFSFEXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫJOUIFMBUFTBOE JUJTUIFPOMZTBUFMMJUFUIBUOPXHFOFSBUFTJUTPXONBHOFUJTN4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT (BT QSFTTVSF ѮF PVUXBSE QSFTTVSF DBVTFE CZ UIF NPUJPOT PG HBT QBSUJDMFT BOE

JODSFBTJOHXJUIUIFJSUFNQFSBUVSF(BTQSFTTVSFTVQQPSUTNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTMJLFUIF 4VOBHBJOTUUIFJOXBSEGPSDFPGUIFJSJNNFOTFHSBWJUZ (BVTT ѮFDHT PSDFOUJNFUFSHSBNTFDPOE VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI OBNFE

BѫFSUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUBOEBTUSPOPNFS,BSM'SJFESJDI(BVTT ¢

XIP TIPXFEJOUIBUUIF&BSUITEJQPMBSNBHOFUJDêFMENVTUPSJHJOBUFJOTJEFUIFQMBOFU ѮF 4* PS 4ZTUFNF *OUFSOBUJPOBM VOJU PG NBHOFUJD êFME TUSFOHUI JT UIF 5FTMB XIFSF 5FTMB (BVTT (BVTT ѮF 5FTMB JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF $SPBUJBOCPSO "NFSJDBOFMFDUSJDBMFOHJOFFS/JLPMB5FTMB ¢

XIPXBTBQJPOFFSJOUIFVTF PGBMUFSOBUJOHDVSSFOUFMFDUSJDJUZ4FFHBNNBBOE5FTMB (BVTTJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO 4FF.BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO (FNJOHB "CSJHIUHBNNBSBZTPVSDFEJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO(FN JOJXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE/"4"TTFDPOE4NBMM"TUSPOPNZ4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE

(MPTTBSZ(

4"4ѮFOBNF(FNJOHBXBTDIPTFOCFDBVTFJUJTBOBCCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIFi(FNJOJ HBNNBSBZTPVSDFuBOECFDBVTF(FNJOHBNFBOTiOPUUIFSFuJOUIF.JMBOFTFEJBMFDU PG *UBMZ 'PS OFBSMZ ZFBST UIF OBUVSF PG (FNJOHB XBT VOLOPXO ѮFO JO JOTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF 304"5 TBUFMMJUF EFUFDUFE WBSJBCMF 9SBZ FNJTTJPO XJUI B QFSJPEPGTFDPOET TVHHFTUJOHUIBU(FNJOHBJTBO9SBZQVMTBSѮFQVMTF PS SPUBUJPOBMQFSJPE BOEUIFSBUFBUXIJDI(FNJOHBJTTMPXJOHEPXO JOEJDBUFUIBUUIF SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBSGPSNFEBCPVU ZFBSTBHP QSFTVNBCMZEVSJOHBTVQFS OPWBFYQMPTJPOѮFPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUJTWFSZGBJOU PGBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF XJUIBQSPQFSNPUJPOUIBUJTDPOTJTUFOUXJUIBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST /PSBEJPQVMTBSIBTCFFOEFUFDUFE (FNJOJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ 5XJONFUFS JODI PQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFT POFJO UIFOPSUIBOEUIFPUIFSJOUIFTPVUI XIJDIUPHFUIFSBDDFTTUIFFOUJSFTLZѮF(FNJOJ 4PVUI5FMFTDPQFJTMPDBUFEBU$FSSP1BDIÓO $IJMF BOEUIF(FNJOJ/PSUI5FMFTDPQF JTMPDBUFEPO)BXBJJT.BVOB,FBѮFZXFSFCVJMUBOEBSFPQFSBUFECZBQBSUOFSTIJQ PG DPVOUSJFT UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN $BOBEB $IJMF "VTUSBMJB #SB[JM BOE"SHFOUJOBѮFJOUFSOBUJPOBMIFBERVBSUFSTPGUIF(FNJOJ0CTFSWBUPSZJTMPDBUFEJO )JMP )BXBJJBUUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG)BXBJJJO)JMPT6OJWFSTJUZ1BSL BOEJUJTNBOBHFECZ UIF"TTPDJBUJPOGPS6OJWFSTJUJFTGPS3FTFBSDIGPS"TUSPOPNZ (FNJOJUFMFTDPQFT 4FF(FNJOJ0CTFSWBUPSZ (FOFSBM 5IFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ "UIFPSZJOXIJDIHSBWJUZJTJOUFSQSFUFEJOUFSNTPG UIFDVSWBUVSFJOUIFHFPNFUSZPGTQBDFUJNFCZNBTTFOFSHZ QPTUVMBUFEJOmCZ UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ *UJODMVEFTUIFBTTVNQUJPOUIBU HSBWJUBUJPOBMNBTTJTFRVBMUPJOFSUJBMNBTTѮF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZFYQMBJOFE UIFBOPNBMPVTQSFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO BOEQSFEJDUFEUIFCFOEJOHPGTUBS MJHIUCZUIF4VO UIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFT BOEUIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO4FFCJOBSZQVMTBS HSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO NBTT BOEOPO &VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ (FOFTJTNJTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEUIF(FOFTJTTQBDFDSBѫPO0DUPCFS EFTJHOFE

UPDPMMFDUTBNQMFTPGUIFTPMBSXJOEBOESFUVSOUIFNUPUIF&BSUIJOBDBQTVMFXJUIB NJEBJSDBQUVSFJO XIJDIGBJMFE (FPDFOUSJD $FOUFSFEPOUIF&BSUI*OHFPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZUIF&BSUIJTTJUVBUFEBU UIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTF (FPNBHOFUJDmFME ѮFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOBOEBSPVOEUIF&BSUIѮFTUSFOHUIPGUIF

NBHOFUJDêFMEBUUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFJTBQQSPYJNBUFMZ5FTMB PS(BVTT BU UIFFRVBUPSBOE5FTMB PS(BVTT BUUIF/PSUI1PMF5PBêSTUBQQSPYJ NBUJPO UIF&BSUITNBHOFUJDêFMEJTMJLFUIBUPGBCBSNBHOFU PSBEJQPMF DVSSFOUMZ EJTQMBDFEBCPVULJMPNFUFSTGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGUIF&BSUIUPXBSETUIF1BDJêD0DFBO BOEUJMUFEBUEFHSFFTUPUIFSPUBUJPOBYJT (FPNBHOFUJD TUPSN " SBQJE XPSMEXJEF EJTUVSCBODF JO UIF &BSUIT NBHOFUJD êFME

UZQJDBMMZMBTUJOHBGFXIPVST DBVTFECZUIFBSSJWBMJOUIFWJDJOJUZPGUIF&BSUIPGBDPSP OBM NBTT FKFDUJPO " TVCTUPSN JTB NBHOFUJD EJTUVSCBODF PCTFSWFE JO 1PMBS 3FHJPOT POMZ BOEJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDIBOHFTJOEJSFDUJPOPGUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFMEBT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

JUFODPVOUFSTUIF&BSUI"VSPSBMBDUJWJUZBOEEJTSVQUJPOPGSBEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPOTBSF DPNNPOEVSJOHJOUFOTFHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOBOENBHOFUJD TUPSN (FPNFUSZ ѮFNBUIFNBUJDTPGMJOFTESBXOUISPVHITQBDF4FF&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ

BOEOPO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ (FPTZODISPOPVTPSCJU ѮFPSCJUPGBTBUFMMJUFUIBUUSBWFMTBCPWFUIF&BSUITFRVBUPS

GSPNXFTUUPFBTUBUBOBMUJUVEFXIFSFUIFTBUFMMJUFTPSCJUBMWFMPDJUZJTFRVBMUPUIFSPUB UJPOBMWFMPDJUZPGUIF&BSUI*OUIJTPSCJU BTBUFMMJUFSFNBJOTOFBSMZTUBUJPOBSZBCPWFB QBSUJDVMBSQPJOUPOUIFQMBOFU4VDIBOPSCJUIBTBOBMUJUVEFPGBCPVULJMPNFUFST 4FFTZODISPOPVTPSCJU (JBOU NPMFDVMBS DMPVE "O JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE PG HBT BOE EVTU DPOTJTUJOH NPTUMZ PG

NPMFDVMBS IZESPHFO CVU DPOUBJOJOH PUIFS NPMFDVMFT MJLF BNNPOJB DBSCPO NPOPY JEF GPSNBMEFIZEFBOEXBUFS XIJDIBSFVQUPMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTBOEBTNBTTJWFBT UJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO4UBSTBSFOPXCFJOHCPSOJOHJBOUNPMFDVMBSDMPVET 4FFEBSLOFCVMBF JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT NPMFDVMBSDMPVE BOEQSPUPTUBS (JBOUQMBOFU "MBSHFQMBOFUXJUIBTJ[FBOENBTTOPUJDFBCMZCJHHFSUIBOUIPTFPGUIF &BSUIѮFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUTJOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFNBSF+VQJUFS 4BUVSO 6SBOVTBOE/FQ UVOF .PSF UIBO +VQJUFSTJ[FE QMBOFUT IBWF CFFO EJTDPWFSFE JO UJHIU PSCJU BCPVU SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ 4VOMJLF TUBST 4FF FYPQMBOFU 1FHBTJ 6STBF .BKPSJT +VQJUFS /FQUVOF 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT (JBOUTUBS "MBSHF NBTTJWF IJHIMVNJOPTJUZTUBSUIBUTIJOFTSPVHIMZBIVOESFEUJNFT

NPSF CSJHIUMZ UIBO UIF 4VO BOE EFTJHOBUFE CZ MVNJOPTJUZ DMBTTFT ** *** BOE *7 GPS CSJHIU OPSNBMBOETVCHJBOUT"HJBOUTUBSIBTFWPMWFEPĒBOEBCPWFUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"HJBOUTUBSJTMBSHFSUIBOBNBJOTFRVFODF PS EXBSG TUBSPGUIFTBNFUFNQFSBUVSF CVUHJBOUTPGJOUFSNFEJBUFUFNQFSBUVSFBSFTNBMMFS UIBOUIFIPUUFTUNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST"NBJOTFRVFODFTUBSXJMMFWPMWFJOUPBHJBOUTUBS XIFOJUIBTEFQMFUFEUIFIZESPHFOGVFMJOJUTDPSF(JBOUTUBSTCFMPOHUPBMBUFBOESFMB UJWFMZTIPSUQFSJPEPGTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPO BOEBSFUIFSFGPSFSFMBUJWFMZSBSFTUBST#FDBVTF PGUIFJSIJHIMVNJOPTJUZ HJBOUTUBSTBSFOFWFSUIFMFTTRVJUFDPNNPOBNPOHUIFCSJHIU FTUTUBST TVDIBT"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVTBOE$BQFMMB4FF"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVT $BQFMMB )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO (JPUUP .JTTJPO &4"MBVODIFEUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫPO+VMZ*UFODPVOUFSFE

$PNFU)BMMFZPO.BSDI PCUBJOJOHJNBHFTPGJUTEBSL JSSFHVMBSKFUTQFXJOH OVDMFVTBOENFBTVSJOHUIFBNPVOUPGXBUFSBOEEVTUFNJUUFEѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFE BѫFSUIF'MPSFOUJOFQBJOUFS(JPUUPEJ#POEPOF D¢D

XIPTFGSFTDPFTJO UIF"SFOB$IBQFMJO1BEVB *UBMZJMMVTUSBUFUIFMJWFTPG+FTVT$ISJTUBOEPGUIF7JSHJO .BSZ JODMVEJOHUIFCJSUIPG+FTVTXJUIBDPNFUJOUIFTLZ (MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ "CCSFWJBUFE(0/( BOFUXPSLPGTJYJEFOUJDBM TPMBSUFMFTDPQFTMPDBUFEBSPVOEUIFXPSMEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZѮFUFMFTDPQFTGPMMPXUIF4VOBTUIF&BSUISPUBUFT QSPWJEJOHBMNPTU DPOUJOVPVT NPOJUPSJOH PG UIF 4VOT êWFNJOVUF PTDJMMBUJPOT PS QVMTBUJPOT BOE UIF BTTPDJBUFETPVOEXBWFTUIBUQFOFUSBUFUIF4VOTJOUFSJPS#FHJOOJOHPQFSBUJPOTJO

(MPTTBSZ(

UIF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQIBTQSPWJEFEWBMVBCMFJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF DPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF4VOTJOUFSJPSVTJOHUIFUFDI OJRVFPGIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ4FFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMBUJPOT IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ BOE/BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ (MPCBMXBSNJOH "QPUFOUJBMMZEBOHFSPVTJODSFBTFJOUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF&BSUIEVF

UPBOJODSFBTFPGIFBUUSBQQJOHHBTFT MJLFDBSCPOEJPYJEF JOUIFBUNPTQIFSF SFTVMUJOH GSPNIVNBOBDUJWJUZTVDIBTUIFCVSOJOHPGUIFGPTTJMGVFMTDPBM HBTBOEPJM*OUIF 4XFEJTIDIFNJTU4WBOUF"SSIFOJVT ¢ TIPXFEUIBUBEPVCMJOHPGUIF&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFQSPEVDFTBHMPCBMXBSNJOHPGUPEFHSFFT$FOUJHSBEF UPEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJU

DPNQBSBCMFUPNPEFSOFTUJNBUFT.FBTVSFNFOUTCFHVO JOCZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU$IBSMFT,FFMJOH ¢ IBWFEFNPOTUSBUFE BOFYQPOFOUJBMSJTFJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSJDDBSCPOEJPYJEFPWFSUIFTVCTFRVFOUUXP EFDBEFT BOEUIBUCZCVSOJOHDPBM HBTBOEPJMIVNBOTIBWFJODSFBTFEUIFBNPVOUPG DBSCPOEJPYJEFJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFCZQFSDFOUTJODFUIFJOEVTUSJBMSFWPMVUJPO 4FFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU (MPCVMBSDMVTUFS "EFOTFMZQBDLFE HSBWJUBUJPOBMMZCPVOEBHHSFHBUJPOPGUIPVTBOE

UP B UFO NJMMJPO TUBST XJUIJO B SFHJPO UIBU JT BCPVU MJHIUZFBST BDSPTT (MPCVMBS DMVTUFSTDPOUBJO1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTUIBUBSFBUMFBTUCJMMJPOZFBSTPMEBOEIBWFBMPX BCVOEBODFPGIFBWZFMFNFOUT(MPCVMBSDMVTUFSTBSFVTVBMMZTQIFSJDBMMZTIBQFE BOEDBO CFGPVOEJOUIFIBMPTPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFT"TTIPXOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS )BSMPX4IBQMFZ ¢

UIFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZBSFEJT USJCVUFEJOBSPVHIMZTQIFSJDBMTZTUFNUIBUJTDFOUFSFEGBSGSPNUIF4VOBOEFOWFMPQT UIFëBUUFOFETUFMMBSEJTLPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ0VS(BMBYZIBTBCPVULOPXOHMPCVMBS DMVTUFST EJTUSJCVUFEJOBTQIFSJDBMIBMPBUEJTUBODFTBTGBSBTMJHIUZFBSTGSPN UIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS CVUNPTUPGUIFNMJFOPGVSUIFSGSPNUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSUIBOUIF 4VOѮFJSFYUSFNFBHFBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMPJOEJDBUFUIBUHMPCVMBSDMVT UFSTPSJHJOBUFEXIFOPVS(BMBYZXBTGPSNJOHCZUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPOPGBWFSZ MBSHFDPODFOUSBUJPOPGHBTFPVTNBUFSJBM#SJHIUHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOPVS(BMBYZJODMVEF 0NFHB$FOUBVSJ 5VDBOBF BOE.ѮFMBSHFTUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFTNBZIBWFUIPV TBOETPGHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST4FFHBMBDUJDIBMP 1PQVMBUJPO**TUBS BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT (.5 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF TPMBSUJNF

BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF (PEEBSE 4QBDF 'MJHIU $FOUFS /"4"T (PEEBSE 4QBDF 'MJHIU $FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE (4'$ JTMPDBUFEJO(SFFOCFMU .BSZMBOE KVTUBGFXNJMFTOPSUIFBTUPG8BTIJOHUPO %$ ѮF DFOUFS NBOBHFT NBOZ PG /"4"T &BSUI PCTFSWBUJPO BTUSPOPNZ BOE TQBDF QIZTJDTNJTTJPOT4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO (0/( "DSPOZNGPS(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ4FF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FU

XPSL(SPVQ (SBOVMBUJPO "NPUUMFE DFMMVMBSQBUUFSOWJTJCMFBUIJHITQBUJBMSFTPMVUJPOJOUIFXIJUF MJHIUPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTPMBSHSBOVMBUJPOFYIJCJUTBOPOTUBUJPOBSZ PWFSUVSOJOH NPUJPO BWJTJCMFNBOJGFTUBUJPOPGIPUHBTFTSJTJOHGSPNUIF4VOTJOUFSJPSCZDPOWFD UJPO4FFHSBOVMFBOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

(SBOVMF 0OFPGBCPVUBNJMMJPOCSJHIUSFHJPOT PSDFMMT UIBUDPWFSUIFWJTJCMFTPMBS EJTL BU BOZ JOTUBOU BOE UIBU DPNQSJTF UIF HSBOVMBUJPO EFUFDUFE JO IJHISFTPMVUJPO XIJUFMJHIUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFCSJHIUDFOUFSPGFBDIHSBOVMF PSDPO WFDUJPODFMM JTUIFIJHIFTUQPJOUPGBSJTJOHDPMVNOPGIPUHBTѮFEBSLFEHFTPGFBDI HSBOVMFBSFUIFDPPMFEHBT XIJDIJTEFTDFOEJOHCFDBVTFJUJTEFOTFSUIBOUIFIPUUFSHBT ѮFNFBOBOHVMBSEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIFCSJHIUDFOUFSTPGBEKBDFOUHSBOVMFTJTBCPVU TFDPOETPGBSD DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBUUIFQIPUPTQIFSF*OEJWJEVBM HSBOVMFTBSFPѫFOQPMZHPOBMTIBQFESFHJPOT BOEUIFZBQQFBSBOEEJTBQQFBSPOUJNF TDBMFTPGBCPVUUFONJOVUFT4FFHSBOVMBUJPO (SBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF ѮFDPMMBQTFPGBDPTNJDPCKFDU TVDIBTBOJOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVE PSBTUBS PSFWFOUIFFOUJSF6OJWFSTF XIFOUIFSFJTOPUIJOHUPTVēDJFOUMZTVQQPSUJU BHBJOTUUIFDPNCJOFEHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGJUTDPNQPOFOUQBSUT (SBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT *OUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QSF EJDUFEUIBUUIF4VODVSWFTTQBDFJOJUTWJDJOJUZ CFOEJOHBMJHIUSBZQBTTJOHUIF4VOT FEHFCZTFDPOETPGBSDѮFQSFEJDUFEHSBWJUBUJPOBMCFOEJOHPGTUBSMJHIUQBTTJOH OFBSUIF4VOXBTêSTUNFBTVSFEEVSJOHUIFUPUBMTPMBSFDMJQTFPG.BZ SFQPSUFE UIBUZFBSCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFST'SBOL8%ZTPO ¢

"SUIVS&EEJOH UPO ¢ BOE$IBSMFT%BWJETPO ¢ *UXBTOUVOUJMUIBU&JO TUFJOQVCMJTIFEFBSMJFSDBMDVMBUJPOTPGUIFDPNQMFUF DPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFĒFDU JO SFTQPOTFUPQSPEEJOHCZBOBNBUFVSTDJFOUJTU TIPXJOHUIBUUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ PG B EJTUBOU TUBS DPVME CF NBHOJêFE CZ UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM MFOT FĒFDU PG B OFBSCZ TUBS ѮF EJTDPWFSZ PG EPVCMF USJQMF BOE RVBESVQMF JNBHFT PG EJTUBOU RVBTBST JO UP QVUUIFDPODFQUPGDPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTFTPOBêSNPCTFSWBUJPOBMGPPUJOH "TTVHHFTUFEJOCZUIF4XJTTBTUSPOPNFS'SJU[;XJDLZ ¢

EBSLNBUUFS JOBNBTTJWFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTDBOBDUBTBHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT EJWFSUJOHBOEGPDVTJOH UIFMJHIUPGNPSFEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTѮFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTDBOQSPEVDFNVMUJQMFJNBHFT PSBSDTBOETPNFUJNFTDBVTFUIFCBDLHSPVOEHBMBYZPSRVBTBSUPMPPLCSJHIUFSUIBOJU XPVME PUIFSXJTF BQQFBS *O UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 3PHFS -ZOET ¢ BOE7BIÊ1FUSPTJBO ¢ SFQPSUFEPCTFSWBUJPOTJOEJDBUJOHUIBUBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT BDUTBTBHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT TQSFBEJOHUIFMJHIUPGSFNPUFCBDLHSPVOEHBMBYJFTJOUPBO BSSBZPGMVNJOPVTBSDTBOEQSPWJEJOHJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUEBSLNBUUFSJOUIFDMVTUFSPG HBMBYJFT4FFNJDSPMFOTJOH (SBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO ѮF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ JOUSPEVDFECZUIF(FSNBO

QIZTJDJTU"MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ QSFEJDUTUIBUBOZOPOTQIFSJDBM EZOBNJDBMMZ DIBOHJOH NBTTJWF TZTUFN NVTU QSPEVDF HSBWJUBUJPOBM XBWFT XIJDI DBSSZ FOFSHZ BU UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU"TXJUIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDXBWFT UIFBNQMJUVEFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT GBMMTPĒBTUIFJOWFSTFPGUIFEJTUBODFGSPNUIFJSTPVSDFѮFFYQFDUFEFĒFDUTPGHSBWJ UBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPOXFSFEFUFDUFEJOUIFEFDSFBTJOHPSCJUBMQFSJPEPGUIFCJOBSZQVMTBS EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE +PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ ѮFCJOBSZQVMTBSDPOTJTUTPGBQBJSPGDPNQBDUOFVUSPO TUBSTUIBUBSFTMPXMZNPWJOHUPXBSEFBDIPUIFS QSPEVDJOHBEFDSFBTFJOUIFPSCJUBMQFSJPE XJUI B SBUF PG FOFSHZ MPTT UIBU JT DPOTJTUFOU XJUI HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO )PXFWFS OP JOTUSVNFOUIBTEJSFDUMZPCTFSWFEHSBWJUZXBWFTBTUIFZSJQQMFUISPVHIUIFGBCSJDPGTQBDF

(MPTTBSZ(

UJNF4IPSUMJWFECVSTUTPGEFUFDUBCMFHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT MBTUJOHKVTUBGFXNJOVUFTPS MFTT NJHIUCFQSPEVDFECZWJPMFOUFWFOUTJOUIFEJTUBOU6OJWFSTF TVDIBTUIFDPMMJTJPO PGUXPCMBDLIPMFT UIFDPBMFTDFODFBOENFSHJOHPGUXPOFVUSPOTUBST UIFHSBWJUBUJPOBM DPMMBQTF BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF GPSNBUJPO PG B CMBDL IPMF PS OFVUSPO TUBS PS UIF TIPDL XBWFTHFOFSBUFEEVSJOHQPXFSGVMTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTDBMMFETVQFSOPWBFѮFZNJHIUCF EFUFDUFE JO UIF GVUVSF XJUI JOTUSVNFOUT MJLF UIF -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM XBWF0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE-*(0 XIJDICFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO4FFCJOBSZQVM TBSBOE-BTFS*OUFSGFSPNFUFS(SBWJUBUJPOBMXBWF0CTFSWBUPSZ (SBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT 4FFHSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO (SBWJUZ ѮFVOJWFSTBMGPSDFPGBUUSBDUJPOCFUXFFOBMMQBSUJDMFTPGNBUUFS"DDPSEJOHUP

UIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPO ¢

UIFGPSDFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPO CFUXFFOUXPPCKFDUTJTEJSFDUMZQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFNBTTPGFBDIPCKFDUBOEEFDSFBTFT CZUIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFTFQBSBUJOHUIFNѮFGPSDF EFOPUFECZ' CFUXFFOUXP NBTTFT EFOPUFE.BOE. BOETFQBSBUFECZEJTUBODF % JTHJWFOCZ'(..% XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOTUBOU(/FXUPONLH*OIJT(FOFSBM ѮFPSZ PG 3FMBUJWJUZ UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ JOUFSQSFUFE HSBWJUZBTBDPOTFRVFODFPGUIFDVSWBUVSFPGTQBDFJOEVDFECZUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBTTJWF PCKFDU4FFDVSWBUVSFPGTQBDF BOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ (SBWJUZ 1SPCF # " HZSPTDPQF FYQFSJNFOU MBVODIFE CZ /"4" PO "QSJM

EFTJHOFEGPSQSFDJTFUFTUTPGUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ (SFBU BUUSBDUPS " EJTUBOU DPODFOUSBUJPO PG FOPSNPVT NBTT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ

UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MBO%SFTTMFS ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT UIBUJTBQQBSFOUMZ QVMMJOHBMMUIFHBMBYJFTXJUIJONJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMB UJPOT)ZESBBOE$FOUBVSVTѮF(SFBU"UUSBDUPSMJFTBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ XJUIBOFTUJNBUFENBTTFRVJWBMFOUUPBCPVUHBMBYJFTMJLFPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ (SFBUDJSDMF ѮFMJOFUSBDFEPVUPOUIF&BSUICZBQMBOFQBTTJOHUISPVHIUIFDFOUFSPG

UIFHMPCF EJWJEJOHJUJOUPUXPFRVBMIFNJTQIFSFTѮFOBNFDPNFTGSPNUIFGBDUUIBU OPHSFBUFSDJSDMFTDBOCFESBXOPOBTQIFSF"HSFBUDJSDMFIBMGXBZCFUXFFOUIF/PSUI BOE4PVUI1PMFTJTDBMMFEUIFFRVBUPS CFDBVTFJUJTFRVBMMZEJTUBOUCFUXFFOCPUIQPMFT (SFBU0CTFSWBUPSJFT /"4"TGPVSPSCJUJOHTBUFMMJUFTDBSSZJOHUFMFTDPQFTEFTJHOFEUP TUVEZUIF6OJWFSTFJOCPUIWJTJCMFMJHIUBOEOPOWJTJCMFGPSNT PGSBEJBUJPOѮFêSTU JOUIFTFSJFTXBTUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF MBVODIFEPO"QSJMBOEPQFSBU JOH NBJOMZ JO WJTJCMF MJHIU UIF TFDPOE XBT UIF $PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ MBVODIFEJOUP&BSUIPSCJUPO"QSJM UIFUIJSEXBTUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFS WBUPSZ MBVODIFE+VMZ BOEUIFGPVSUIJTUIFJOGSBSFE4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF MBVODIFEPO"VHVTU4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BOE4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF (SFBU3FE4QPU "MBSHFPWBMBSFBJOUIFTPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFPG+VQJUFS XIJDIJTMBSHFS

UIBO UXP &BSUI EJBNFUFST BOE IBT CFFO PCTFSWFE XJUI TNBMM UFMFTDPQFT GPS DFOUVSJFT ѮF(SFBU3FE4QPUJTBTXJSMJOH IJHIQSFTTVSFTUPSNDMPVE LOPXOBTBOBOUJDZDMPOF USBQQFECFUXFFODPVOUFSëPXJOHFBTUXFTUBOEXFTUFBTUKFUXJOETUIBUGVOOFMTNBMMFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

FEEJFTUPXBSEUIFTQPU IFMQJOHUPSPMMJUBSPVOEѮF(SFBU3FE4QPUDBODPOTVNFTNBMMFS FEEJFTUIBUQBTTJOJUTWJDJOJUZ FYUSBDUJOHUIFJSFOFSHZBOEWBSZJOHGSPNBCPVUUP LJMPNFUFSTXJEFCZUPLJMPNFUFSTMPOHѮFFBSMJFTUTJHIUJOHTPGB MBSHFTQPUJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG+VQJUFSIBWFCFFODSFEJUFEUPUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU )PPLF ¢ JOBOEUP*UBMJBOCPSO'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ UIFGPMMPXJOHZFBSѮFNPTUQSPN JOFOUTUPSNDMPVEmUIF(SFBU3FE4QPUmBQQFBSTJOSFDPSETBOEESBXJOHTEBUJOHCBDLUP CZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS4BNVFM)FJOSJDI4DIXBCF ¢ (SFFOnBTI "NPNFOUBSZHSFFOBQQFBSBODFPGUIFVQQFSNPTUQBSUPGUIF4VOTEJTL MBTUJOHBGFXTFDPOETKVTUCFGPSFTVOTFUPSKVTUBѫFSTVOSJTF XIJDISFTVMUTGSPNBUNP TQIFSJDSFGSBDUJPOBOEDBOCFPCTFSWFEJOUIFUSPQJDTBUUIFPDFBOTIPSJ[PO (SFFOIPVTFFGGFDU ѮFXBSNJOHPGBQMBOFUTTVSGBDFCZIFBUUSBQQFECZHBTFTJOJUT

BUNPTQIFSF PXJOHUPUIFJSJOGSBSFEPQBDJUZѮF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO+PTFQI +FBO #BQUJTUF 'PVSJFS ¢ êSTUQSPQPTFEUIFNFDIBOJTNJO XIJMFXPOEFSJOH IPXUIF4VOTIFBUDPVMECFSFUBJOFEUPLFFQUIF&BSUIIPU*ODPNJOHTVOMJHIUJTBCTPSCFE BUUIFTVSGBDFBOESFSBEJBUFEBUMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUIT BTJOGSBSFEIFBUSBEJBUJPO"TUIF *SJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO5ZOEBMM ¢ TIPXFEJO TJHOJêDBOUIFBUJTBCTPSCFE JOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFCZDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSWBQPSѮFTFHSFFOIPVTFHBTFT BSFOPUUSBOTQBSFOUUPUIFJOGSBSFE BOEUIFIFBUJTSFëFDUFECBDLUPUIFHSPVOEѮF OBUVSBMHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUXBSNTUIFTVSGBDFPGUIF&BSUICZBCPVUEFHSFFT$FMTJVT BOELFFQTUIFPDFBOTGSPNGSFF[JOH)PXNVDIIFBUJOHUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUDBVTFT EFQFOETPOIPXPQBRVFUIFBUNPTQIFSFJTUPJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO0O7FOVT UIFEFOTF DBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSFIBTSBJTFEUIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFUPBSPVOELFMWJO IPUFOPVHIUPNFMUMFBE$PODFSOIBTNPVOUFEUIBUHMPCBMXBSNJOHPGUIF&BSUIXJMM SFTVMUGSPNJODSFBTFEDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEPUIFSTPDBMMFEiVOOBUVSBMu HSFFOIPVTFHBTFTSFMFBTFECZIVNBOBDUJWJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZUIFCVSOJOHPGGPTTJMGVFMTTVDI BTDPBMBOEPJM.FBTVSFNFOUTCFHVOJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU$IBSMFT,FFMJOH ¢ IBWFEFNPOTUSBUFEBOFYQPOFOUJBMSJTFJOUIFBNPVOUPGDBSCPOEJPYJEFJO UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFPWFSUIFTVCTFRVFOUUXPEFDBEFT4FFHMPCBMXBSNJOH (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF "CCSFWJBUFE(.5 UIFNFBOTPMBSUJNFGPSUIFNFSJEJBOPG (SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE EFTJHOBUFEJOBTUIFQSJNFNFSJEJBOPG[FSPMPOHJUVEFGPS UJNFLFFQJOH BOE OBWJHBUJPO QVSQPTFT 'PS TDJFOUJêD QVSQPTFT UIF (SFFOXJDI .FBO 5JNFJTXJEFMZLOPXOBT6OJWFSTBM5JNF PS65GPSTIPSU4FF3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFS WBUPSZ 4PMBS5JNF BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF (SFHPSJBOUFMFTDPQF "SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFVTJOHBQBSBCPMJDQSJNBSZNJSSPSBOEB DPODBWF FMMJQUJDBMTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUIBUSFëFDUTMJHIUCBDLUISPVHIBIPMFJOUIFQSJ NBSZNJSSPS OPUJODPNNPOVTFUPEBZCVUPGIJTUPSJDBMJOUFSFTUTJODFJUXBTEFTDSJCFE CZUIF4DPUUJTINBUIFNBUJDJBO+BNFT(SFHPSZ ¢ JO êWFZFBSTCFGPSF UIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ DPOTUSVDUFEIJTêSTUSFëFDUJOHUFMF TDPQFDPOTJTUJOHPGBTQIFSJDBMQSJNBSZNJSSPSBOEBëBUTFDPOEBSZNJSSPSUPSFëFDU UIF MJHIU UP UIF TJEF OPX JO DPNNPO VTF XJUI B QBSBCPMJD QSJNBSZ 4FF /FXUPOJBO UFMFTDPQF SFëFDUPS SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFBOEUFMFTDPQF

(MPTTBSZ(

4!",% 'REENHOUSEGASESnPRODUCEDBYHUMANACTIVITYA

'REENHOUSEGAS

0RE INDUSTRIAL 2ECENT #ONCENTRATIONB #ONCENTRATIONB '70#

,IFETIME YEARS

#ARBON$IOXIDE ABBREVIATED#/

PPMV

PPMV

n VARIABLE

-ETHANE ABBREVIATED#(

PPBV

PPBV

.ITROUS/XIDE ABBREVIATED./

PPBV

PPBV

#HLOROmUOROCARBONS #&# #&#

ZERO ZERO

PPTV PPTV

3ULFUR(EXAmUORIDE ABBREVIATED3&

ZERO

PPTV

3OURCES "URNINGCOAL OIL ANDNATURALGAS DE FORESTATION CEMENT MANUFACTURE ,IVESTOCK RICE GROWING NATURALGAS ANDOILPRODUCTION COALMINING .ITROGENFERTILIZERS CHEMICALMANU FACTURING WASTE TREATMENT 2EFRIGERATION AEROSOLCANS FOAM INSULATION INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS %LECTRICALEQUIPMENT INSULATION MAGNE SIUMPRODUCTION MEDICALTREATMENTS

A&ROM HTTPCDIACESDORNLGOVPNSCURRENT?GHGHTML7ATER VAPOR PRODUCES SIXTY TO SEVENTY PERCENT OF THE

%ARTHSGLOBALWARMING BUTITISNOTINCLUDEDHEREBECAUSEWATERVAPORISNOTDIRECTLYPRODUCEDBYHUMAN ACTIVITY B!VERAGESOFTHEMEASUREDAMOUNTS ALLBYVOLUME VWHEREPPMPARTSPERMILLION PPBPARTS PERBILLION PPTPARTSPERTRILLION C4HE'70 ORTHE'LOBAL7ARMING0OTENTIAL ISUSEDTOCONTRASTTHERADIATIVEEFFECTSOFDIFFERENTGREENHOUSE GASESRELATIVETOCARBONDIOXIDE6ALUESARETHERATIOOFGLOBALWARMINGFROMONEUNITMASSOFAGASTOTHATOF ONEUNITMASSOFCARBONDIOXIDEOVERYEARS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

(4'$ "DSPOZNGPS(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS4FF(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS (TUBS "ZFMMPXTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF( TVDIBT"MQIB$FOUBVSJ $BQFMMB 6STBF.BKPSJT 1FHBTJ BOEUIF4VO.PTU(TUBSTBSFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSTTJNJMBSUPUIF4VO XJUIEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFTPGCFUXFFOBOELFMWJO4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ $BQFMMB 6STBF.BKPSJT )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 1FHBTJ 4VO BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO (VN/FCVMB "OFOPSNPVT OFBSDJSDVMBSFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT1VQ QJT BOE 7FMB BCPVU EFHSFFT JO BOHVMBS EJBNFUFS *U JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF "VTUSBMJBO SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS$PMJO4(VN ¢ XIPNBQQFEUIFTPVUIFSOTLZGPSSBEJP TPVSDFTBOEFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EJTDPWFSJOHUIF(VN/FCVMBJOUIFQSPDFTTѮF(VN /FCVMBNBZCFBOBODJFOUTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU XJUIBOBHFFYDFFEJOHBNJMMJPOZFBST BEJTUBODFFTUJNBUFEBUMJHIUZFBST BOEBEJBNFUFSPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF NVDINPSFSFDFOU7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU QFSIBQTZFBSTPMEBOEDPOUBJOJOH UIF7FMBQVMTBS MJFTXJUIJOUIF(VN/FCVMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 7FMBQVMTBS BOE7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU (VOO1FUFSTPOFGGFDU ѮFBCTPSQUJPOPGUIFMJHIUPGEJTUBOURVBTBSTCZJOUFSHBMBDUJD

NBUUFS*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST+BNFT&(VOO ¢ BOE#SVDF1FUFS TPO ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFBCTFODFPGBUPNJDIZESPHFOBCTPSQUJPOJORVBTBSSBEJB UJPOQMBDFTTUSJOHFOUMJNJUTUPUIFBNPVOUPGJOUFSHBMBDUJDVOJPOJ[FEIZESPHFO*O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS'%BWJETFO ¢ NFBTVSFEUIFBCTPSQUJPO PGVMUSBWJPMFURVBTBSSBEJBUJPOCZTJOHMZJPOJ[FEIFMJVNJOJOUFSHBMBDUJDTQBDF (ZS "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSHJHBZFBS FRVBMUPBCJMMJPOZFBSTPSUPZFBST

(MPTTBSZ)

) )BEBS "MTPLOPXOBT#FUB$FOUBVSJѮFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO

$FOUBVSVT UIFTUBS)BEBSIBTBOBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFPG BEJTUBODFPGMJHIU ZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG¢ )BMFT MBX ѮF MFBEJOH PS XFTUFSONPTU TQPUT PG BOZ TVOTQPU HSPVQ JO POF IFNJ TQIFSFPGUIF4VOIBWFUIFTBNFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZ XIJMFUIFGPMMPXJOH PSFBTUFSONPTU TQPUTIBWFUIFPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZѮFEJSFDUJPOPGBOZCJQPMBSHSPVQJOUIF TPVUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFJTUIFSFWFSTFPGUIBUJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSF"MMPGUIFTQPUT NBHOFUJDQPMBSJUJFTSFWFSTFFBDIZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF )BMGMJGF ѮFUJNFJUUBLFTGPSIBMGPGBHJWFORVBOUJUZPGSBEJPBDUJWFNBUFSJBMUPEFDBZ

ѮFIBMGMJGFGPSVSBOJVN XIJDIEFDBZTJOUPMFBE JTNJMMJPOZFBST )BMMFZT$PNFU ѮFCSJHIU QFSJPEJDDPNFUOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS&ENPOE )BMMFZ ¢ )BMMFZGPVOEUIBUUIFPSCJUPGUIFDPNFUIFPCTFSWFEJOXBT TJNJMBSUPUIPTFPGDPNFUTPCTFSWFEJO CZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ BOEJOCZBOPUIFS(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS1FUSVT"QJBOVT ¢ "MMUISFFDPNFUTNPWFEBSPVOEUIF4VOJOSFUSPHSBEFPSCJUTXJUIBTJNJMBSPSJFOUBUJPO )BMMFZBMTPLOFXUIBUUIF(SFBU$PNFUPGIBEUSBWFMFEJOUIFSFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO BOEJOIFDPODMVEFEUIBUBMMGPVSDPNFUTXFSFSFUVSOTPGUIFTBNFDPNFUJOBDMPTFE FMMJQUJDBMPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VOXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU&BSUIZFBST)BMMFZDPOêEFOUMZ QSFEJDUFEJUTSFUVSOJO OPUJOHUIBUIFXPVMEOPUMJWFUPTFFJU8FOPXLOPXUIBUUIJT DPNFUIBTSFUVSOFEUPGBTDJOBUFUIFXPSMEPOBUMFBTUUIJSUZUXPDMPTFBQQSPBDIFTUPUIF 4VO FWFSTJODF#$*O.BSDIUIF(JPUUPTQBDFDSBѫëFXDMPTFFOPVHIUPJNBHF UIFOVDMFVTPG)BMMFZT$PNFU TIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBOJSSFHVMBSTIBQF XJUIEJNFOTJPOTPG LJMPNFUFST BEBSLTVSGBDFDSVTU BOEKFUTPGEVTUBOEJDFPOJUTTVOMJUTJEF"U UIFUJNF UIFDPNFUXBTFNJUUJOHBCPVUUPOT PSLJMPHSBNT PGHBTBOEUPOT PGEVTUFWFSZTFDPOE4FFDPNFUBOE(JPUUP.JTTJPO )BMP 4FFHBMBDUJDIBMP )BMQIB 4FFIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF )BSE9SBZT &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIQIPUPOFOFSHJFTPGCFUXFFOLF7BOE

LF7BOEXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFOBCPVUBOENFUFST )BZBTIJUSBDL ѮFFWPMVUJPOBSZQBUIJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNPGBTUBSUIBU JTGPSNJOHBTUIFSFTVMUPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPO MZJOHBCPWFBOEUPUIFSJHIUPGUIF TUBSTFWFOUVBMMPDBUJPOPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF*UXBTêSTUEFTDSJCFEJOCZUIF+BQ BOFTFBTUSPQIZTJDJTU$IVTIJSP)BZBTIJ ¢

XIPSFBMJ[FEUIBUTUSPOHDPOWFDUJPO XPVMEFOBCMFBDPOUSBDUJOHTUBSUPSFMFBTFJUTFOFSHZNVDIGBTUFSUIBOCZSBEJBUJPO BOE UIBU DPOTFRVFOUMZ QSFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTXPVMECFDPOTJEFSBCMZNPSFMVNJOPVTUIBO UIFJSDPVOUFSQBSUTBMSFBEZPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF"T)BZBTIJTIPXFE UIFFWPMVUJPOBSZ USBDLPGBDPOUSBDUJOHTUBSNPWFTWFSUJDBMMZEPXOXBSEVOUJMUIFDPOWFDUJPO[POFSFUSFBUT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT 4!",% (ALLEYS#OMETA "# "# !$ A A

-AY .OVEMBER !UGUST /CTOBER *ANUARY -ARCH -AY !PRIL &EBRUARY *UNE 3EPTEMBER -ARCH /CTOBER -AY &EBRUARY *ULY 3EPTEMBER -ARCH !PRIL 3EPTEMBER /CTOBER .OVEMBER *UNE !UGUST /CTOBER 3EPTEMBER -ARCH .OVEMBER !PRIL &EBRUARY *ULY -ARCH

A$ATE OF PERIHELION PASSAGE WHERE THE PERIHELION OF A COMET IS THE POINT IN ITS ORBIT THAT IS CLOSEST TO THE 3UN 4HE FUTURE TWO PERIHELION PASSAGES OF (ALLEYS COMETAREPREDICTEDDATESALLOFTHEOTHERSHAVEBEEN RECORDED

(MPTTBSZ)

UPXBSEUIFTUFMMBSTVSGBDF BOECFDPNFTTVēDJFOUMZUIJOUIBUUIFTUBSTFWPMVUJPOBSZUSBDL UVSOTMFѫXBSEVOUJMJUSFBDIFTUIFNBJOTFRVFODF)JTUIFPSFUJDBMEFTDSJQUJPOBDDPVOUFE GPSUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGFYUSFNFMZZPVOHDMVTUFSTPCUBJOFECZUIF"NFS JDBO BTUSPOPNFS .FSMF ' 8BMLFS ¢ JO UP 4FF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN )FBWZXBUFS "GPSNPGXBUFSJOXIJDIUIFBCVOEBOU MJHIU IZESPHFOBUPNT ) BSF

SFQMBDFECZMFTTBCVOEBOU EFVUFSJVNBUPNT BIFBWZGPSNPGIZESPHFOEFOPUFECZ% UPGPSN%0IFSF0EFOPUFTBOBUPNPGPYZHFO )FMJPDFOUSJD $FOUFSFEPOUIF4VO*OIFMJPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZ UIF4VOJTTJUVBUFEBU

UIFDFOUFSPGUIF6OJWFSTF )FMJPNFUFS "SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFXJUIUIFMFOTDVUFYBDUMZJOIBMGUPHJWFUXPJNBHFT 8IFOUIFUXPIBMWFTBSFNPWFEBQBSU UIFJSTFQBSBUJPODBOCFVTFEUPQSFDJTFMZNFB TVSFBOHMFT"IFMJPNFUFSXBTêSTUVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGUIF4VO IFODFUIFOBNFIFMJPNFUFS BOEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHMFTCFUXFFODFMFTUJBMCPEJFTѮF #SJUJTIPQUJDJBO+PIO%PMMPOE ¢ NBEFUIFêSTUIFMJPNFUFSJOBOEPOF XBTVTFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢ UPNFBTVSFUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYPGUIFTUBS$ZHOJ NBLJOHUIFêSTUEFUFSNJOBUJPOPG UIFEJTUBODFPGBOZTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYBOE$ZHOJ )FMJPQBVTF ѮFQMBDFXIFSFUIFTPMBSXJOEQSFTTVSFCBMBODFTPUIFSQSFTTVSFTGPVOE JOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFѮFIFMJPQBVTFJTMPDBUFEBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTGSPNUIF 4VOPSBUBCPVUUJNFTUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VO )FMJPTFJTNPMPHZ ѮFTUVEZPGUIFJOUFSJPSPGUIF4VOCZUIFBOBMZTJTPGTPVOEXBWFT UIBUQSPQBHBUFUISPVHIUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPSBOENBOJGFTUUIFNTFMWFTCZPTDJMMBUJPOTBUUIF QIPUPTQIFSFѮFTFPTDJMMBUJPOTIBWFQFSJPETPGBSPVOEêWFNJOVUFTBOEBSFPCTFSWFE TQFDUSPTDPQJDBMMZBT%PQQMFSTIJѫTJOUIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTQFDUSVNѮFUFDIOJRVFPG IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZIBTCFFOVTFEUPJOGFSUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOT TUSVDUVSFBOEUFN QFSBUVSFPGUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPS)FMJPTFJTNPMPHZJTBIZCSJEOBNFDPNCJOJOHUIF(SFFL XPSET)FMJPTGPSUIFi4VOuBOETFJTNPTGPSiUSFNPSPSRVBLFu4FFêWFNJOVUFPTDJMMB UJPOT (MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ BOE40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ )FMJPTQIFSF "WBTUSFHJPO DBWJUZ PSCVCCMFDBSWFEPVUPGJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFCZUIF TPMBSXJOE BOEFYUFOEJOHUPBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTGSPNUIF4VOPSUPBCPVU UJNFTUIFNFBOEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOѮFIFMJPTQIFSFJTUIF SFHJPO PG JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF TVSSPVOEJOH UIF 4VO XIFSF UIF 4VOT NBHOFUJD êFME BOE UIF DIBSHFE QBSUJDMFT PG UIF TPMBS XJOE DPOUSPM QMBTNB QSPDFTTFT ѮF IFMJPTQIFSF JT JNNFSTFEJOUIFMPDBMJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN BOEEFêOFTUIFFYUFOUPGUIF4VOTJOëVFODF ѮFIFMJPTQIFSFDPOUBJOTPVS4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEFYUFOETXFMMCFZPOEUIFQMBOFUTUPUIF IFMJPQBVTF BOPVUFSCPVOEBSZUIBUNBSLTUIFQMBDFXIFSFUIFTPMBSXJOEQSFTTVSFCBM BODFTPUIFSQSFTTVSFTGPVOEJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF4FFIFMJPQBVTF )FMJPTUBU "NPWFBCMFëBUNJSSPSVTFEUPSFëFDUTVOMJHIUJOUPBêYFETPMBSUFMFTDPQF )FMJVN "ѫFSIZESPHFO UIFTFDPOENPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIF4VOBOEUIF6OJ

WFSTFѮFOVDMFVTPGBIFMJVNBUPNJTDBMMFEBOBMQIBQBSUJDMFJUDPOUBJOTUXPQSP UPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOT)FMJVNXBTêSTUPCTFSWFEBTBTQFDUSBMMJOFEVSJOHUIFTPMBS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

FDMJQTFPO"VHVTU CZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS+VMFT+BOTTFO ¢ BOE UIF#SJUJTIBTUSPOPNFS/PSNBO-PDLZFS ¢

BOEOBNFEIFMJVNCZ-PDLZFS BѫFSUIF(SFFL4VOHPE)FMJPT)FMJVNXBTOPUGPVOEPO&BSUIVOUJM XIFOUIF 4DPUUJTIDIFNJTU8JMMJBN3BNTBZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUBTHBTFPVTFNJTTJPOGSPN BIFBUFEVSBOJVNNJOFSBM.PTUPGUIFIFMJVNJOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTNBEFJOUIFJNNF EJBUFBѫFSNBUIPGUIF#JH#BOHUIBUHBWFSJTFUPUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF CVUIFMJVN JTBMTPTZOUIFTJ[FEGSPNIZESPHFOJOUIFDPSFTPGNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST)FMJVNJTPOF PGUIFSBSF JOFSUOPCMFHBTFT)FMJVNIBTUXPJTPUPQFT UIFNPSFDPNNPOIFMJVN DPOUBJOJOHUXPQSPUPOTBOEUXPOFVUSPOTJOJUTOVDMFVT BOEUIFSBSFIFMJVNXJUI UXP QSPUPOT BOE POF OFVUSPO 4FF #JH #BOH DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF JTPUPQF OPCMFHBTFT OVDMFPTZOUIFTJT BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO )FMJVNCVSOJOH ѮFSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZCZGVTJOHIFMJVNJOUPDBSCPOXJUIJOBTUBS )FMJY /FCVMB "MBSHFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO "DRVBSJVTѮF)FMJY/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEJTBMNPTUIBMG BEFHSFFBDSPTT PSBCPVUUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF.PPOBOEUIF4VO*UJTJMMVNJOBUFECZ BIPUUINBHOJUVEFDFOUSBMTUBS BOEMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST UIF OFBSFTUQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBUP&BSUI4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF )FMNFU TUSFBNFS /BNFE BѫFS TQJLFE IFMNFUT PODF DPNNPO JO &VSPQF IFMNFU

TUSFBNFSTGPSNJOUIFMPXDPSPOBPWFSUIFNBHOFUJDJOWFSTJPO PSOFVUSBM MJOFTJO MBSHFBDUJWFSFHJPOT XJUIBMPOHMJWFEQSPNJOFODFDPNNPOMZFNCFEEFEJOUIFCBTF PGUIFTUSFBNFSѮFGPPUQPJOUTPGUIFTUSFBNFSBSFJOSFHJPOTPGPQQPTJUFQPMBSJUZTP UIFTUSFBNFSJUTFMGTUSBEEMFTUIFQSPNJOFODF)JHIFSVQ UIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJTESBXO PVUJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFXJUIJOMPOH OBSSPXTUBMLT(BTëPXJOHPVUBMPOHUIFTF PQFO NBHOFUJD êFMET NJHIU IFMQ UP DSFBUF UIF TMPXTQFFE TPMBS XJOE 4FF DPSPOBM TUSFBNFS )FSCJH)BSP PCKFDU /FCVMPVT NBUFSJBM FKFDUFE BU IJHI WFMPDJUZ GSPN ZPVOH

TUBST JOEFQFOEFOUMZEJTDPWFSFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF)FSCJH ¢ BOE UIF .FYJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (VJMMFSNP )BSP ¢ JO BOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ )FSDVMFT9 "OJOUFOTF9SBZTPVSDFJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO)FSDVMFT XIPTFTFDPOE9SBZQVMTBUJPOTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF 6IVSVTBUFMMJUFѮF9SBZQVMTBUJPOQFSJPEJTEFDSFBTJOHBTUJNFHPFTPO*UJTBSPUBUJOH OFVUSPOTUBSUIBUJTTQFFEJOHVQ HBJOJOHSPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZCZBDDSFUJOHNBUFSJBMGSPN BOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBS4FFQVMTBS BOE6IVSV.JTTJPO )FSTDIFM 4QBDF 0CTFSWBUPSZ\ "O &4" NJTTJPO UIBU JT JO EFWFMPQNFOU XJUI BO

FYQFDUFEMBVODIJO'FCSVBSZ*UTNFUFSNJSSPSXJMMDPMMFDUGBSJOGSBSFEBOE TVCNJMMJNFUFSSBEJBUJPOGSPNEJTUBOU ZPVOHHBMBYJFTѮFPCTFSWBUPSZJTOBNFEBѫFS UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM ¢ XIP EJTDPWFSFE UIF QMBOFU 6SBOVTBOENBEFNBOZQJPOFFSJOHTUVEJFTPGTUBSTBOEOFCVMBF )FSU[ "VOJUPGGSFRVFODZFRVBMUPPOFDZDMFQFSTFDPOE BCCSFWJBUFE)[0OFLJMP IFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFEL)[ JTPOFUIPVTBOE)[ POFNFHBIFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFE.)[ JTBNJM MJPO)[ BOEPOFHJHBIFSU[ BCCSFWJBUFE()[ JTPOFUIPVTBOENJMMJPO)[

(MPTTBSZ)

)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN "CPTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGTUBSTQMPUUFEBHBJOTUUIFJSTQFD USBM UZQF DPMPS JOEFY PS FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF BCCSFWJBUFE )3 EJBHSBN #SJHIUOFTT JODSFBTFTGSPNCPUUPNUPUPQ BOEUFNQFSBUVSFEFDSFBTFTGSPNMFѫUPSJHIU UISPVHIUIF TQFDUSBMTFRVFODF0 # " ' ( , ..PTUTUBST JODMVEJOHUIF 4VO MJF PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF XIJDIJTBEJBHPOBMCBOEUIBUFYUFOETGSPNUIFCSJHIUCMVFTUBSTJOUIFVQQFS MFѫUPUIFGBJOUSFEPOFTJOUIFMPXFSSJHIUPGUIF)3EJBHSBN4VDITUBSTBSFBMTPDBMMFE EXBSGTUBSTѮFHJBOUTUBSTMJFJOBMVNJOPVTCBOEBCPWFUIFNBJOTFRVFODFѮFXIJUF EXBSGTUBSTPDDVQZUIFCPUUPNMFѫPGUIF)3EJBHSBNUIFTFUJOZTUBSTBSFDPNQBSBCMF UPUIF&BSUIJOTJ[FѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ/PSSJT3VTTFMM ¢ QVC MJTIFE BO FBSMZ WFSTJPO PG UIJT EJBHSBN JO UIF %BOJTI BTUSPOPNFS &KOBS )FSU[ TQSVOH ¢ QSFWJPVTMZQMPUUFETVDIEJBHSBNTGPSUIF1MFJBEFTBOE)ZBEFTTUBS DMVTUFSTJO4FFEXBSGTUBS HJBOUTUBS )BZBTIJUSBDL JOTUBCJMJUZTUSJQ NBJOTFRVFODF BOEXIJUFEXBSGTUBS )&44* "DSPOZNGPSUIF)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS4FF3)&44* )JHIFOFSHZQIZTJDT 4FFQBSUJDMFQIZTJDT )*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUi &4"MBVODIFEJUT)*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3

BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE)*11"3$04 PO"VHVTUBOEPQFSBUFE JUVOUJM"VHVTU*UXBTUIFêSTUTQBDFNJTTJPOEFEJDBUFEUPBTUSPNFUSZ NFBTVSJOH UIFBDDVSBUFQPTJUJPOT EJTUBODFT NPUJPOT CSJHIUOFTTBOEDPMPSTPGTUBST*OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE)*11"3$04NFBTVSFEUIFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPOTPGTUBSTXJUI BQSFDJTJPOPGUPTFDPOETPGBSD VQUPUJNFTCFUUFSUIBOQPTTJCMFGSPN UIFHSPVOEѮFBDSPOZNBMTPBMMVEFTUPUIF(SFFLBTUSPOPNFS)JQQBSDIVTPG/JDFB MJWFED#$

XIPSFDPSEFEBDDVSBUFTUBSQPTJUJPOTNPSFUIBOUXPNJMMFOOJBQSFWJ PVTMZ4FFQBSBMMBYBOEQSPQFSNPUJPO )*11"3$04 "DSPOZNGPSUIF)*HI1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF4FF)*HI

1SFDJTJPO1"3BMMBY$0MMFDUJOH4BUFMMJUF )*SFHJPO "DMPVEPGOFVUSBM PSVOJPOJ[FE BUPNJDIZESPHFOHBTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF

QSPOPVODFE)POFSFHJPO4VDIDMPVETEPOPUFNJUWJTJCMFMJHIU BOEIFODFBSFJOWJTJCMF BUPQUJDBMXBWFMFOHUIT CVUUIFZEPFNJUSBEJPXBWFTUIBUBSFDFOUJNFUFSTMPOH4FF OFVUSBMIZESPHFOBOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF ) ** SFHJPO "O JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE PG JPOJ[FE BUPNJD IZESPHFO PS QSPUPOT BOE FMFD

USPOT QSPOPVODFE)UXPSFHJPO"O)**SFHJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJB UJPO PG OFBSCZ IPU TUBST 4FF FNJTTJPO OFCVMB JPOJ[FE IZESPHFO 0SJPO OFCVMB BOE 4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT )JHIWFMPDJUZTUBS 3BSFTUBSTXJUIFYUSFNFMZIJHISBEJBMWFMPDJUJFT PWFSLJMPNF UFST QFS TFDPOE "T êSTU FYQMBJOFE JO CZ UIF 4XFEJTI BTUSPOPNFS #FSUJM -JOE CMBE ¢

UIFIJHIWFMPDJUZTUBSTBSFJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMPBOESFWPMWJOHTMPXMZ BSPVOEUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS JODPNQBSJTPOXJUIUIF4VOBOEOFBSCZTUBSTUIBUBSFJO UIFQMBOFPGPVS(BMBYZBOESFWPMWJOHSBQJEMZBCPVUUIFHBMBDUJDDFOUFS$POTFRVFOUMZ IJHIWFMPDJUZTUBSTBSFNPWJOHSFMBUJWFMZTMPXMZ BOEPOMZBQQFBSUPIBWFBIJHIWFMPDJUZ CFDBVTFUIF4VOBOE&BSUIBSFNPWJOHGBTU"OPUIFSUZQFPGSVOBXBZTUBSIBTBOFYDFQ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( (ERTZSPRUNG 2USSELLDIAGRAMnCOMPOSITE3TARSOFDIFFERENTABSOLUTE LUMINOSITY ,SJHIUBYJTJOVOJUTPGUIF4VOTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ-b ANDABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE - MFѫBYJT AREPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEEFFECTIVETEMPERATURE 4EFF OF THEIRVISIBLEDISKCPUUPNBYJT 4HEVASTMAJORITY ROUGHLYPERCENT OFSTARSOCCUPY THEMAINSEQUENCEOFTHE(ERTZSPRUNG 2USSELLDIAGRAM RUNNINGDIAGONALLYFROMTHE HOT LUMINOUSUPPERLEFTTOTHECOOLER LESS LUMINOUSLOWERRIGHT4HEHOT MASSIVE SUPERGIANTSUPQMFѫ ARETHEMOSTLUMINOUSSTARS4HEWHITEDWARFSTARSMPXFSNJEEMF ARELOW LUMINOSITYSTARSABOUTTHESIZEOFTHE%ARTH

(MPTTBSZ)

UJPOBMMZIJHIWFMPDJUZEVFUPJUTPXONPUJPOUISPVHITQBDF SBUIFSUIBOUIFNPUJPOPG UIFPCTFSWFSPO&BSUI4FFSVOBXBZTUBS )JSBZBNBGBNJMJFT (SPVQTPGBTUFSPJETUIBUTIBSFWFSZTJNJMBSPSCJUT XJUIDPNNPO

PSCJUBMJODMJOBUJPOTBOEEJTUBODFTGSPNUIF4VO TVHHFTUJOHUIBU UIFZBSFUIFCSPLFO GSBHNFOUT PG MBSHFS PCKFDUT ѮFZ XFSF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF +BQBOFTF BTUSPOP NFS,JZPUTVHV)JSBZBNB ¢

XIPDBMMFEFBDIHSPVQBGBNJMZCFDBVTFIF CFMJFWFEUIFNFNCFSTTIBSFEBDPNNPOPSJHJOBTUIFDIJMESFOPGBCJHHFSQBSFOUCPEZ )FBMTPOBNFEBOVNCFSPGGBNJMJFTBѫFSUIFJSMBSHFTUNFNCFSBTUFSPJET TVDIBTUIF &PT 'MPSB ,PSPOJTBOEѮFNJTGBNJMJFT4FFBTUFSPJET )PCCZ&CFSMZ UFMFTDPQF "OPQUJDBMPSWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFDPOTJTUJOHPGIFY

BHPOBM NJSSPS TFHNFOUT KPJOFE UPHFUIFS UP DSFBUF BO FĒFDUJWF BQFSBUVSF XJUI B NFUFS JODI EJBNFUFS ѮF )PCCZ&CFSMZ UFMFTDPQF JT MPDBUFE PO .U 'PXMLFT 5FYBT BOEJUCFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO0DUPCFSѮFUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEBѫFS8JMMJBN1 )PCCZ m BOE3PCFSU&&CFSMZ m

"NFSJDBOTVQQPSUFSTPGQVCMJDFEVDB UJPO BOEJUJTBKPJOUQSPKFDUPGêWFVOJWFSTJUJFT )PNFTUBLF ѮF 4PVUI %BLPUB HPME NJOF XIFSF UIF DIMPSJOF OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPS JT MPDBUFE4FFDIMPSJOFFYQFSJNFOU )PNPHFOFJUZ )BWJOHUIFTBNFQIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFTBUBMMQPJOUTPGTQBDF JOBTZTUFN PSJOUIF6OJWFSTF )PNVODVMVT /FCVMB " DMPVE PG EVTU TVSSPVOEJOH UIF TUBS &UB $BSJOBF BOE TIFE CZUIFTUBSJOPVUCVSTUTEBUJOHCBDLUPѮF)PNVODVMVT/FCVMBIBTBOBOHVMBS FYUFOUPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDѮFOBNFIPNVODVMVTDPNFTGSPNJUTTIBQF XIJDISFTFNCMFTBIVNBOêHVSF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &UB$BSJOBF BOE&UB$BSJOBF /FCVMB )PSJ[PO ѮFNBYJNVNEJTUBODFUIBUBOPCTFSWFSDBOTFF )PSJ[POQSPCMFN 'FXPGUIFQBSUJDMFTPGUIFFBSMZ6OJWFSTFXPVMEIBWFIBEUJNFUPCF

JODBVTBMDPOUBDUXJUIPOFBOPUIFSBUUIFPVUTFUPGDPTNJDFYQBOTJPO4FFJOëBUJPO )PSTFIFBE/FCVMB "EBSLOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO XJUIUIFTIBQFPGUIF

IFBEBOENBOFPGBIPSTF QSPKFDUFEJOTJMIPVFUUFBHBJOTUUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB*$ ѮF BOHVMBS EJNFOTJPOT PG UIF )PSTFIFBE /FCVMB BSF NJOVUFT PG BSD DPSSF TQPOEJOHUPBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT4FFEBSLOFCVMB )PU EBSL NBUUFS 4VCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBUNPWFBMNPTUBTGBTUBTMJHIU TVDIBTUIF OFVUSJOP4FFDPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSLNBUUFS BOEOFVUSJOP )PVSHMBTT/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.VTDB EFTJHOBUFE.Z$O *UJTPOMZTFDPOETPGBSDBDSPTTBOEIBTBOIPVSHMBTTTIBQFXIFOJNBHFEGSPNUIF )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB )3 EJBHSBN "DSPOZN GPS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN 4FF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM

EJBHSBN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

)45 "DSPOZNGPSUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF )VCCMFDPOTUBOU ѮFSBUFBUXIJDIUIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOETBOEUIFSFDFTTJPOWFMPDJUJFT

PGHBMBYJFTJODSFBTFXJUIEJTUBODF EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM)XIFSFUIF[FSPTVCTDSJQU EFOPUFTUIFWBMVFBUUIFQSFTFOUUJNFѮF)VCCMFDPOTUBOUJTBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFS TFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD4FF)VCCMFEJBHSBN )VCCMFMBX BOE)VCCMFUJNF )VCCMF EJBHSBN 1MPU PG UIF SBEJBM WFMPDJUJFT PS SFETIJѫT PG HBMBYJFT BHBJOTU UIFJS EJTUBODFT êSTU NBEF JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮJT XBT UIF êSTU FWJEFODF PG UIF FYQBOTJPO PG UIF 6OJWFSTF ѮF )VCCMFDPOTUBOUJTFRVBMUPUIFTMPQFPGUIF)VCCMFEJBHSBN4FFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF BOE)VCCMFDPOTUBOU )VCCMFMBX "SFMBUJPOTIJQUIBUTUBUFTUIBUUIFGBSUIFSBXBZGSPNVTBHBMBYZJT UIFGBTUFS

JUJTSFDFEJOHGSPNVTѮFMJOFBSJODSFBTFPGHBMBYZSFDFTTJPOWFMPDJUZ EFOPUFECZ7S XJUIHBMBYZEJTUBODF TQFDJêFECZ% BDDPSEJOHUPUIFSFMBUJPO7S)% XIFSF)JT UIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOU"MUIPVHIUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ EJEOPUTQFDJêDBMMZTUBUFJU UIJTSFMBUJPOJTOPXLOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBX4FF)VCCMF DPOTUBOUBOE)VCCMFEJBHSBN

'*( (UBBLEDIAGRAM4HISPLOTOFGALAXYDISTANCEVERSUSRECESSIONVELOCITYISANALO GOUSTOTHATOBTAINEDBY%DWIN(UBBLE¥ INHISDISCOVERYOFTHEEXPANSION OFTHE5NIVERSE&IG 4HESLOPEOFTHE LINEARlTTPMJEMJOF TO THEDATAEPUT MEASURES THEEXPANSIONRATEOF THE5NIVERSE AQUAN TITYCALLEDTHE(UBBLE CONSTANT DESIGNATED( 4HEDATASHOWNHERE OBTAINEDBY7ENDY &REEDMAN¥ AND HERCOLLEAGUES SUM MARIZEELEVENYEARSOF EFFORTSTOSPECIFYTHIS CONSTANTBYUSINGTHE )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF TOMEASURETHEDIS TANCESANDVELOCITIESOF #EPHEIDVARIABLESTARSIN GALAXIES4HEDISTANCE $ ISINUNITSOFAMILLION PARSECS OR-PC WHERE-PCISEQUIVALENTTOMILLIONLIGHT YEARS ANDTHERADIALVELOCITY 6R ISGIVENINUNITSOFKILOMETERSPERSECOND DENOTEDASKMS 4HEVELOCITYANDDISTANCEARE RELATEDBY(UBBLESLAW6R($ WHERE(IS(UBBLESCONSTANT4HElTTOTHESEDATA INDICATETHAT(KMS -PC ANDTHATTHISCONSTANTLIESWELLWITHINTHELIMITSOF ANDINTHESAMEUNITSEBTIFEMJOFT

(MPTTBSZ)

)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF /"4"MBVODIFEUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE

)45 PO"QSJMGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZ XJUITFSWJDJOHNJTTJPOTCZ TIVUUMFBTUSPOBVUTJO%FDFNCFS 'FCSVBSZ %FDFNCFS BOE'FCSVBSZ *UJTUIFMBSHFTUWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFFWFSQVUJOUPTQBDFUPMPPLBUUIF$PTNPT XJUI B NFUFS JODI QSJNBSZ NJSSPS ѮF )45 IBT PCTFSWFE OFXMZ GPSNFE HBMBYJFTXIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTIBMGJUTQSFTFOUBHF DPOUSJCVUJOHUPPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOH PGUIFBHFBOEFWPMVUJPOPGUIF$PTNPT XBUDIFETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFTDPOTVNJOH UIFNBUFSJBMBSPVOEUIFN BOEIFMQFEBTUSPOPNFSTEFUFSNJOFIPXBNZTUFSJPVTiEBSL FOFSHZuIBTUBLFOPWFSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFѮFUFMFTDPQFXBTOBNFEGPS UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ XIPEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUTQJSBM OFCVMBFBSFHBMBYJFTMJLFPVSPXOBOEGPVOEUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF 6OJWFSTFѮF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF BCCSFWJBUFE454D* JTUIFBTUSPOPNJDBM SFTFBSDIDFOUFSSFTQPOTJCMFGPSPQFSBUJOHUIF )VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQFBTBOJOUFSOB UJPOBMPCTFSWBUPSZ )VCCMFUJNF ѮFSFDJQSPDBMPGUIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOU EFOPUFECZ) XIJDIHJWFTBO

FTUJNBUFPGUIFBHFPGUIFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF PSUIFUJNFTJODFUIF#JH#BOH POUIF BTTVNQUJPOUIBUUIFSFIBTCFFOOPTMPXJOHPGUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFBOEUIBU UIFSFJTOPDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU*GUIFSFJTOPDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU UIFFYQBOEJOH 6OJWFSTF JT TMJHIUMZ ZPVOHFS UIFO UIF )VCCMF UJNF CVU UIF PCTFSWBCMF 6OJWFSTF DBO CFNVDIPMEFSJGUIFSFJTBOPO[FSPWBMVFPGUIFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU4FF#JH#BOH DPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU BOE)VCCMFDPOTUBOU

)VCCMFT WBSJBCMF OFCVMB " GBOTIBQFE SFëFDUJPO OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE /($ XIPTFFYUSFNFWBSJBCJMJUZXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO )VCCMF ¢ ѮFOFCVMBFYUFOETOPSUIXBSEGSPNUIF"F#FTUBS3.POPD FSPUJT XIJDIJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBOEFYIJCJUTFNJTTJPO GFBUVSFTJOJUTTQFDUSBѮFZPVUIGVM IJHINBTTTUBS FTUJNBUFEUPCFBCPVUUFOUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF4VO JTBDDSFUJOHNBTTGSPNBEJTLPGNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFO SFWFBMFEUISPVHI SBEJPSBEJBUJPOGSPNDBSCPONPOPYJEF UIBUFYUFOETQFSQFOEJDVMBSUPUIFGBOTIBQFE OFCVMBPWFSMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIFDFOUSBMTUBS )VZHFOT1SPCF &4"TFMFNFOUPGUIF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPOMBVODIFECZ/"4"

PO0DUPCFS XJUIBOJOJUJBMFODPVOUFSXJUI4BUVSOJO+VMZѮF)VZHFOT 1SPCFEFTDFOEFEJOUPUIFIB[ZBUNPTQIFSFPG5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO BOEMBOEFE POUIFTBUFMMJUFTTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ êOEJOHFWJEFODFGPSëPXJOHMJRVJENFUI BOFUIFSFѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFXBTOBNFEBѫFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢

B %VUDIBTUSPOPNFSXIPEJTDPWFSFE5JUBOJO4FF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPO )ZBEFT ѮFOFBSFTUPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTѮF)ZBEFT

JTNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEJTBCPVUNJMMJPOZFBSTPME4FF PQFODMVTUFS )ZESPHFO ѮF MJHIUFTU TJNQMFTU BOE NPTU BCVOEBOU FMFNFOU JO UIF 4VO BOE JO UIF

6OJWFSTF BOEUIFêSTUFMFNFOUJOUIFQFSJPEJDUBCMF DPOTJTUJOHPGPOFQSPUPOBOEPOF FMFDUSPO"MMPGUIFIZESPHFOJOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTQSPEVDFEEVSJOHUIFFBSMJFTUNPNFOUT PGUIF#JH#BOH)ZESPHFOJTEFUFDUFEJOUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

TUBSTBUXBWFMFOHUITTQFDJê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ѮFTQFDUSBMMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFOJOUIFSFEQBSUPGUIFWJT

JCMF TQFDUSVN EFOPUFE CZ )ʂ -JHIU FNJUUFE PS BCTPSCFE BU B XBWFMFOHUI PG OBOPNFUFST EVSJOH BO BUPNJD USBOTJUJPO JO IZESPHFO UIF MPXFTU FOFSHZ USBOTJUJPO JO JUT #BMNFS TFSJFT *U JT UIF EPNJOBOU FNJTTJPO GSPN UIF TPMBS DISPNPTQIFSF ѮF XBWFMFOHUIBMTPDPSSFTQPOETXJUIBEBSLMJOFQSPEVDFECZIZESPHFOBCTPSQUJPOJOUIF QIPUPTQIFSF EFTJHOBUFEXJUIUIFMFUUFS$JOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUBOEPQUJ DJBO+PTFQIWPO'SBVOIPGFS ¢ 4FF#BMNFSTFSJFT DISPNPTQIFSF êMBNFOU 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT QMBHF QSPNJOFODF TQFDUSBMMJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOETQJDVMF )ZESPHFOCVSOJOH ѮFUIFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOOVDMFJJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJ

BOE UIF QSPDFTT CZ XIJDI BMM NBJOTFRVFODF TUBST HFOFSBUF FOFSHZ 4UBST TQFOE NPTU PGUIFJSMJGFUJNFCVSOJOHIZESPHFO BOETVDITUBSTBSFUIFNPTUDPNNPOLJOEPGTUBS "TUBSXJUIUIFNBTTPGUIF4VOTQFOETBSPVOEUFOCJMMJPOZFBSTJOUIJTTUBHFNPSFNBT TJWFTUBSTTQFOEMFTTUJNF4UBSTNPSFNBTTJWFUIBOTPMBSNBTTFTCVSOIZESPHFOCZ UIF$/0DZDMFIZESPHFOCVSOJOHCZMFTTNBTTJWFTUBSTQSPDFFETCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO

4!",% (YDROGENnLINESA 3ERIES M

,YMAN N

"ALMER N

0ASCHEN N

"RACKETT N

0FUND N

A7AVELENGTHSOFTHEMTONTRANSITIONSOFHYDROGENFORLOWQUANTUMNUMBERSMANDN4HEWAVELENGTHSARE

GIVENINNANOMETERSWHERENANOMETER¥METERS

(MPTTBSZ)

DIBJO4FFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF EXBSGTUBS NBJOTFRVFODF BOEQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO )ZESPHFO NPMFDVMF " NPMFDVMF EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ) DPNQPTFE PG UXP

IZESPHFOBUPNT FBDIEFTJHOBUFECZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS))ZESPHFONPMFDVMFTBSFUIF NPTUBCVOEBOUNPMFDVMFTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF"MUIPVHIUIFZEPOPUFNJUSBEJPXBWFT UIFJS EJTUSJCVUJPO DBO CF EFUFSNJOFE CZ PCTFSWJOH UIF SBEJP FNJTTJPO GSPN DBSCPO NPOPYJEF4FFDBSCPONPOPYJEFBOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE

)ZESPTUBUJDFRVJMJCSJVN ѮFDPOEJUJPOPGTUBCJMJUZJOBOBUNPTQIFSFPSTUFMMBSJOUF SJPSUIBUFYJTUTXIFOUIFJOXBSEHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFPGUIFPWFSMZJOHNBUFSJBMJTFYBDUMZ CBMBODFECZUIFPVUXBSEGPSDFPGUIFHBTBOESBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSFѮFQSFTTVSFBUFBDI MFWFMJOUIFHBTTVQQPSUTUIFXFJHIUPGBMMUIFPWFSMZJOHNBUFSJBM )ZQPUIFTJT "QPTTJCMFFYQMBOBUJPOPGTPNFUIJOH XIJDIJTMFTTDPNQSFIFOTJWFBOE MFTTXFMMFTUBCMJTIFEUIBOBUIFPSZ )[ "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS)FSU[ BVOJUPGGSFRVFODZFRVJWBMFOUUPDZDMFTQFSTFDPOE4FF )FSU[

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

* *"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OTUJUVUPEJ"TUSPêTJDB4QB[JBMF *UBMZ *"6 "DSPOZN GPS UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJPO 4FF *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSP OPNJDBM6OJPO *$ "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS UIF UXP *OEFY $BUBMPHVFT QSPEVDFE JO BOE CZ UIF

%BOJTICPSO *SJTI BTUSPOPNFS +PIO -PVJT &NJM i+-&u %SFZFS ¢ BT TVQQMFNFOUT UP IJT /FX (FOFSBM $BUBMPHVF BCCSFWJBUFE /($ PG OFCVMBF BOE TUBS DMVTUFST QVCMJTIFE JO .PEFSO BTUSPOPNFST TUJMM EFTJHOBUF HBMBYJFT BOE PUIFS DPTNJDPCKFDUTCZUIFJSOVNCFSTJOUIF/($BOE*$DBUBMPHVFT4FF/($ *DF"HF "QFSJPEPGDPPM ESZDMJNBUFPO&BSUIDBVTJOHBMPOHUFSNCVJMEVQPGFYUFOTJWF JDFTIFFUTGBSGSPNUIFQPMFTѮFNBKPSJDFBHFTMBTUGPSBCPVUZFBSTUIFZBSFTFQ BSBUFECZXBSNFSJOUFSHMBDJBMQFSJPETUIBUMBTUSPVHIMZZFBSTѮFNBKPSJDFBHFT TFFNUPCFUSJHHFSFECZSIZUINJDWBSJBUJPOTJOUIFHMPCBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGTVOMJHIUXJUI QFSJPETPG BOEUIPVTBOEZFBST4FFMJUUMFJDFBHFBOE.JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT *NQBDUDSBUFS 4FFDSBUFS *OEFUFSNJOBDZQSJODJQMF4FFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF *OEFY$BUBMPHVF 4FF*$ *OFSUJB ѮFUFOEFODZPGBOZNBTTUPSFNBJOFJUIFSBUSFTUPSJODPOTUBOUNPUJPOVOMFTT

BDUFEVQPOCZBGPSDF *OnBUJPO "IZQPUIFUJDBM FYUSFNFMZSBQJEFYQBOTJPOPGUIFWFSZFBSMZ6OJWFSTFJNNF EJBUFMZBѫFSUIF#JH#BOHBOECFGPSFBOZNBUUFSXBTGPSNFE JOXIJDIUIFFYQBOTJPO PDDVSSFENVDINPSFSBQJEMZUIBOJUEPFTUPEBZ BUBOFYQPOFOUJBMSBUIFSUIBOBMJOFBS SBUF"OFYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO CBTFEPORVBOUVNHSBWJUZ XBTQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF 3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"MFYFJ"4UBSPCJOTLZ ¢ *OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU "MBO)(VUI ¢ OPUJDFEUIBUTVDIBOFYQBOTJPO XIJDIIFOBNFEJOëBUJPO NBZ CFJNQMJFEGSPNFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFUIFPSZ BOEUIBUUIFSBQJE FYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO XPVMETPMWFUIFëBUOFTTBOEIPSJ[POQSPCMFNT4PNFEJēDVMUJFTXJUIUIF(VUINPEFM XFSFPWFSDPNFJOCZUIF3VTTJBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU"OESFJ%-JOEF ¢

XIP QSPQPTFEBDIBPUJDJOëBUJPOUIFPSZ"OZTVDIUIFPSZSFRVJSFTUIBUUIFNBTTEFOTJUZ PG UIF 6OJWFSTF JT FRVBM UP UIF DSJUJDBM EFOTJUZ JG UIFSF JT OP DPTNPMPHJDBM DPOTUBOU TPUIF6OJWFSTFNVTUCFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ*UBMTPSFRVJSFTTVCTUBOUJBM RVBOUJUJFTPGOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS4FFDPTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU DSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ ëBUOFTT QSPCMFN IPSJ[POQSPCMFN BOEOPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS *OGSBSFE 4FFJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO *OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF /"4"T*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJ BUFE*3"4 XBTMBVODIFEPO+BOVBSZ TDBOOJOHNPTUPGUIFTLZBOENBLJOH PCTFSWBUJPOTPGTFMFDUFEPCKFDUTBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT*UPQFSBUFEGPSOJOF

(MPTTBSZ*

NPOUIT DBUBMPHVJOHPCKFDUTBOEEJTDPWFSJOHTUBSCVSTUHBMBYJFTBOEQSPUP QMBOFUBSZEJTLTUIBUTVSSPVOEZPVOHTUBST4FFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL TUBSCVSTUHBMBYZ BOE7FHB *OGSBSFESBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIXBWFMFOHUITTMJHIUMZMPOHFSUIBO

SFEMJHIU JOUIFSBOHFCFUXFFOUIFWJTJCMFSFETQFDUSVNBOESBEJPXBWFTBOESPVHIMZ CFUXFFOBOENFUFSTJOXBWFMFOHUIѮF(FSNBOCPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢ EJTDPWFSFESBEJBOUIFBU PSJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPO JO XIFO IF FYBNJOFE UIF TPMBS TQFDUSVN VTJOH B QSJTN BOE UIFSNPNFUFS OPUJOH UIBU UIF IPUUFTU SBEJBUJPO XBT GPVOE XIFO UIF UIFSNPNFUFS XBT QMBDFE CFZPOE UIF SFE FOEPGUIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGTVOMJHIU*OGSBSFESBEJBUJPOJTJOWJTJCMFUPUIFIVNBO FZFBOEDPTNJDJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOJTBCTPSCFEBMNPTUDPNQMFUFMZJOUIFMPXFSMBZFSTPG UIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF QSJNBSJMZCZXBUFSWBQPS'PSUIJTSFBTPO JOGSBSFEBTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUJPOTIBWFUPCFDPOEVDUFEGSPNUIFIJHIFTUNPVOUBJOTJUFT PSGSPNBJSDSBѫPS TBUFMMJUFT3FMBUJWFMZDPPMPCKFDUT TVDIBTEVTUBOEQMBOFUT SBEJBUFBHSFBUFSQFSDFOUBHF PGUIFJSFOFSHZJOJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOUIBOSFMBUJWFMZIPUPCKFDUTTVDIBTTUBST*OGSBSFE SBEJBUJPOQFOFUSBUFTJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUNVDINPSFSFBEJMZUIBOWJTJCMFMJHIUEPFT *OTUBCJMJUZTUSJQ ѮFOBSSPXSFHJPOJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNXIFSFQVM

TBUJOHTUBSTBSFMPDBUFE4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN */5&(3"- "DSPOZNGPS*/5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ4FF

*/5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ *OUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFS "NFUIPEPGJOUFSGFSPNFUSZJOXIJDIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJ

BUJPOGSPNBDPTNJDPCKFDUJTSFDPSEFEBUUIFTBNFUJNFBUUXPPSNPSFJOEFQFOEFOU UFMFTDPQFT BOE DPSSFMBUFE BѫFS EFUFDUJPO UP DSFBUF BO JOUFSGFSPNFUFS ѮF UFDIOJRVF XBTQJPOFFSFEBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUITCZUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU)BOCVSZ #SPXO ¢ JOUIFFBSMZT#SPXOCVJMUBWJTJCMFMJHIU NJSSPSJOUFOTJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS OFBS /BSSBCSJ "VTUSBMJB BOE VTFE JU JO UP NFBTVSF UIF BOHVMBS EJBNFUFSPGUIFTUBS4JSJVTѮFJOUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFSXBTVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFBOHV MBSEJBNFUFSTPGTFWFSBMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTCFUXFFOBOE *OUFSGFSPNFUFS "UFMFTDPQFUIBUDPNCJOFTUIFTJHOBMTGSPNUXPPSNPSFTNBMMFSUFMF TDPQFT TPUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNPOFJOUFSGFSFTXJUIUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIFPUIFST IFODF UIFOBNFJOUFSGFSPNFUFSGPSBOiJOUFSGFSFODFNFUFSu"OJOUFSGFSPNFUFSZJFMETNVDI TIBSQFSWJFXTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTUIBOFJUIFSPOFPGJUTDPNQPOFOUTNBMMFSUFMFTDPQFT XJUIBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPODPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPUIFTFQBSBUJPOCFUXFFOJUTDPNQPOFOUT *O UIF "NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU .JDIFMTPO ¢ BOE UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 'SBODJT ( 1FBTF ¢ QVCMJTIFE UIFJS PQUJDBM PS WJTJCMFMJHIU JOUFSGFSPNFUFS NFBTVSFNFOU PG UIF BOHVMBS TJ[F PG #FUFMHFVTF UIF êSTU EFUFSNJOB UJPOPGUIFTJ[FPGBOZTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO.PEFSOPQUJDBMJOUFSGFSPNFUFSTJODMVEF UIF,FDL5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFSBOEUIF7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF*OUFSGFSPNFUFSѮJT UFDIOJRVFJTBMTPVTFEUPPCUBJOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOTBTêOFBTTFDPOETPGBSDBU SBEJPXBWFMFOHUITVTJOH7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF#FUFMHFVTF JOUFOTJUZ JOUFSGFSPNFUFS ,FDL5FMFTDPQFT 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF 7FSZ-POH #BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( )NTERFEROMETER7HENINCOMINGRADIATIONAPPROACHESTHE %ARTHATANANGLE THECRESTSOFTHERADIATIONWILLARRIVEATTWOSEPARATED TELESCOPESATSLIGHTLYDIFFERENTTIMES4HISDELAYINARRIVALTIMEISTHE DISTANCE8DIVIDEDBYTHEVELOCITYOFLIGHT)F8ISANEXACTMULTIPLEOFTHE WAVELENGTH THENTHEWAVESDETECTEDATTHETWOTELESCOPESWILLBEINPHASE ANDADDUPWHENCOMBINED)FNOT THEYWILLBEOUTOFPHASEANDINTERFERE 4HEANGULARRESOLUTIONOFSUCHANINTERFEROMETER ORINTERFERENCEMETER IS EQUALTOTHEWAVELENGTHDIVIDEDBYTHEEFFECTIVEBASELINE7HENTHEOBJECT BEINGOBSERVEDISDIRECTLYOVERHEAD THEEFFECTIVEBASELINEISEQUALTOTHE DISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOTELESCOPES *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ ѮFVTFPGBOJOUFSGFSPNFUFSUPDPNCJOFUIFSBEJBUJPOSFDFJWFEGSPN

BDPTNJDPCKFDUCZUXPPSNPSFUFMFTDPQFT4FFJOUFSGFSPNFUFS *OUFSHBMBDUJDNBUUFS .BUUFSJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOHBMBYJFT DSFBUJOHBCTPSQUJPOPGUIF MJHIUGSPNEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTPSRVBTBSTBOEQSPEVDJOH9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDMVTUFSTPG HBMBYJFT4FF(VOO1FUFSTPOFĒFDUBOE6IVSV.JTTJPO *OUFSOBUJPOBM "TUSPOPNJDBM 6OJPO "CCSFWJBUFE*"6 UIF*OUFSOBUJPOBM"TUSPOPNJ

DBM6OJPOXBTGPVOEFEJO*UTNJTTJPOJTUPQSPNPUFBOETBGFHVBSEUIFTDJFODFPG BTUSPOPNZJOBMMJUTBTQFDUTUISPVHIJOUFSOBUJPOBMDPPQFSBUJPO*UTJOEJWJEVBMNFNCFST BSFQSPGFTTJPOBMBTUSPOPNFSTBMMPWFSUIFXPSME BUUIF1I%MFWFMPSCFZPOEBOEBDUJWF JO QSPGFTTJPOBM SFTFBSDI BOE FEVDBUJPO JO BTUSPOPNZ ѮF TDJFOUJêD BOE FEVDBUJPOBM BDUJWJUJFT PG UIF *"6 BSF PSHBOJ[FE JOUP 4DJFOUJêD %JWJTJPOT NPSF TQFDJBMJ[FE $PNNJTTJPOTBOE8PSLJOHBOE1SPHSBN(SPVQT *OUFSOBUJPOBMBUPNJDUJNF ѮFGVOEBNFOUBMVOJUPGUJNFJTUIFBUPNJDTFDPOE XIJDI JT EFêOFE GSPN XPSMEXJEF PCTFSWBUJPOT PG BUPNJD DMPDLT DPNCJOFE CZ UIF #VSFBV *OUFSOBUJPOBMEFM)FVSF 1BSJT#ZEFêOJUJPO BEBZIBTTFDPOETPG*OUFSOBUJPOBM "UPNJD5JNF PSJO'SFODI 5FNQT"UPNJRVF*OUFSOBUJPOBMBOEBCCSFWJBUFE5"*4FF 6OJWFSTBM5JNF

(MPTTBSZ*

*/5&SOBUJPOBM (BNNB 3BZ "TUSPQIZTJDT -BCPSBUPSZ &4" MBVODIFE JUT */5&SOB

UJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE*/5&(3"- PO0DUPCFS EFEJDBUFEUPUIFTQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJNBHJOHPGDFMFTUJBMHBNNBSBZTPVSDFT *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS /"4"T *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS

BCCSFWJBUFE*6& TBUFMMJUFPCUBJOFEPWFSVMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT CFUXFFO+BOVBSZBOE4FQUFNCFS *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ NBHOFUJD mFME ѮF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMEDBSSJFEJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDFCZUIFFYQBOEJOHTPMBSXJOE*UIBTBNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIPGBCPVU 5FTMB PSOBOP5FTMBBOE(BVTT BUUIF&BSUITPSCJUBMEJTUBODFPGBCPVU BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUGSPNUIF4VOѮFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFMEJTDBSSJFESBEJBMMZ PVUXBSECZUIFTPMBSXJOE CVUTJODFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEPSJHJOBUFTBUUIF4VO XIFSFUIF NBHOFUJDGPPUQPJOUTBSFMPDBUFE TPMBSSPUBUJPOUXJTUTUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFME JOUPBTQJSBMTUSVDUVSFXJUIUIFTIBQFPGBO"SDIJNFEFBOTQJSBM *OUFSQMBOFUBSZNBUUFS 4FFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZNFEJVN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ NFEJVN ѮFNFEJVNPSNBUFSJBMJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFQMBOFUT

JOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN*UJTDPNQPTFEPGFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZFMFDUSPOT BOEQSPUPOT FKFDUFEGSPNUIF4VOWJBUIFTPMBSXJOE EVTUQBSUJDMFTGSPNDPNFUT BOE OFVUSBMHBTGSPNUIFJOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZTDJOUJMMBUJPO 'MVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFTJHOBMSFDFJWFEGSPNBEJTUBOUSBEJP TPVSDFPCTFSWFEBMPOHBMJOFPGTJHIUDMPTFUPUIF4VOѮFTDJOUJMMBUJPOJTDBVTFECZ JSSFHVMBSJUJFTJOUIFTPMBSXJOE *OUFSTUFMMBS DMPVE " NBTT PG HBT BOE EVTU UIBU MJFT JO UIF TQBDF CFUXFFO UIF TUBST DPOUBJOJOHHSFBURVBOUJUJFTPGFJUIFSBUPNJDPSNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFO BTXFMMBTPUIFS NPMFDVMFT BOETPNFUJNFTUIFTJUFPGSFDFOUMZGPSNFETUBSTBOEQMBOFUT *OUFSTUFMMBSEVTU 4NBMM TPMJEQBSUJDMFTJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFTUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZ XJUI B TJ[F DPNQBSBCMF UP UIF XBWFMFOHUI PG MJHIU BOE TJNJMBS UP TNPLF *OUFSTUFMMBS EVTUBCTPSCT SFEEFOTBOESFëFDUTUIFMJHIUGSPNEJTUBOUTUBST4FFEVTU SFEEFOJOH BOE SFëFDUJPOOFCVMB *OUFSTUFMMBS NBUUFS .BUFSJBM JO UIF TQBDF CFUXFFO UIF TUBST 4FF ) * SFHJPO ) ** SFHJPO JOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVE JOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU JOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE *OUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN ѮFHBTBOEEVTUJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFOUIFTUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZ

*UJTNBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGIZESPHFOBUPNT NPMFDVMFT BOETPMJEEVTUQBSUJDMFT.PTUPG UIFIZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJOBDPPM VOJPOJ[FEGPSNBUBUFNQFSBUVSFPGUPLFMWJO CVUVMUSBWJPMFUTUBSMJHIUJPOJ[FTUIFIZESPHFOBUPNTOFBSIPU CSJHIUTUBST$PME EFOTF NPMFDVMBSDMPVETDPOTJTUNBJOMZPGIZESPHFONPMFDVMFT FBDIXJUIBNBTTPGVQUPB NJMMJPOTPMBSNBTTFT CVUUIFTFDMPVETBMTPDPOUBJOIVOESFETPGPUIFSNPMFDVMFTJODMVE JOHBNNPOJB DBSCPONPOPYJEF GPSNBMEFIZEF BOEXBUFS4FF)*SFHJPO )**SFHJPO JOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU JOUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% )NTERSTELLARMOLECULESA #HEMICAL 3YMBOL

/( #/ (/ (#. .( (#/

.AMEOF -OLECULE

9EAROF $ISCOVERY

&REQUENCYA

7AVELENGTHA

(YDROXYL #ARBON-ONOXIDE 7ATER (YDROGEN#YANIDE !MMONIA &ORMALDEHYDE

-(Z '(Z '(Z '(Z '(Z -(Z

CM MM CM MM CM CM

A4HETRANSITIONFREQUENCIESAREGIVENIN-EGA(ERTZ ABBREVIATED-(Z OR'IGA(ERTZ ABBREVIATED'(Z/NE -(Z(ZORAMILLION(ERTZAND'(Z(ZORABILLION(ERTZ4HETRANSITIONWAVELENGTHSARE GIVENINUNITSOFCENTIMETERS CM ORMILLIMETERS MMCM

*OUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT ѮFNPTUBCVOEBOUBUPNTJOUIF$PTNTPT TVDIBTIZESPHFO )

DBSCPO $ OJUSPHFO / BOE PYZHFO 0 DPNCJOF UP GPSN NPMFDVMFT XJUIJO DPME EBSL JOUFSTUFMMBS DMPVET ѮF NPTU BCVOEBOU DPTNJD NPMFDVMF JT NPMFDVMBS IZESP HFO ) CVUBNNPOJB /) DBSCPONPOPYJEF $0 IZESPHFODZBOJEF )$/ XBUFS )0 GPSNBMEFIZEF )$0 BOEIZESPYZM 0) BSFBMTPGPVOE4FFEBSLOFCVMB HJBOU NPMFDVMBSDMPVE BOENPMFDVMBSDMPVE *OUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF ѮFTQBDFMPDBUFECFUXFFOUIFTUBST *OUSJOTJD CSJHIUOFTT ѮF BNPVOU PG SBEJBUJPO BO PCKFDU FNJUT BT PQQPTFE UP IPX

CSJHIUUIFPCKFDUMPPLTGSPN&BSUI4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ *OWFSTFTRVBSFMBX ѮFBQQBSFOU PSPCTFSWFE JOUFOTJUZPGSBEJBUJPOEJNJOJTIFTCZ UIFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFGSPNJUTTPVSDFBMTPBSFEVDUJPOJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPO CZUIFTBNFGBDUPS4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZBOEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ *OWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPO ѮPTFLJOETPGSBEJBUJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTOPUTFOTJUJWF GPSFYBNQMF SBEJPXBWFT 9SBZTBOEHBNNBSBZTѮFIVNBOFZFJTTFOTJUJWFUPWJT JCMFMJHIU BMTPLOPXOBTPQUJDBMSBEJBUJPOTJODFPQUJDTBSFVTFEUPEFUFDUJU4FFPQUJDBM SBEJBUJPOBOEWJTJCMFMJHIU *P ѮFJOOFSNPTUPG+VQJUFSTGPVS(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBO

BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ *P IBT B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST BOE B NBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS5JEBMGPSDFTGSPN+VQJUFSTRVFF[F*PT SPDLZJOUFSJPSJOBOEPVU NBLJOHJUNPMUFOJOTJEFBOEQSPEVDJOHWPMDBOPFTUIBUXFSF EJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫëFXCZ+VQJUFS*PJTUIFNPTUWPMDB OJDBMMZBDUJWFCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN*UTWPMDBOPFTQSPEVDFSFEBOEZFMMPXëPXTPG TVMGVSPVTMBWBBOEFYQFMQMVNFTPGTVMGVSEJPYJEFHBT+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME TXFFQTQBTU*P QJDLJOHVQBUPO PSLJMPHSBNT PGTVMGVSBOEPYZHFOJPOTFWFSZ TFDPOE BOEEJSFDUJOHUIFNJOUPBEPVHIOVUTIBQFESJOHLOPXOBTBQMBTNBUPSVT*PJT BMTPDPOOFDUFEUP+VQJUFSCZBëVYUVCFUIBUDBSSJFTBWBTUDVSSFOUPGNJMMJPOBNQFSFT CFUXFFOUIFTBUFMMJUFBOEUIFQMBOFUTQPMFT QSPEVDJOHBVSPSBMJHIUTPOCPUIUIFTBUFMMJUF BOEUIFHJBOUQMBOFU4FF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFTBOEUJEFT

(MPTTBSZ*

'*( )OSmUXTUBEANDPLASMATORUS!NELECTRICCURRENTOFlVEMILLIONAMPERES mOWSALONG)OSmUXTUBE CONNECTING)OTOTHEUPPERATMOSPHEREOF*UPITER4HEPLASMA TORUS CENTEREDNEAR)OSORBIT ISlLLEDWITHENERGETICSULFURANDOXYGENIONS"ECAUSETHE PLANETSROTATIONALAXISISTILTEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEMAGNETICAXIS THEORBITOFTHESATELLITE )OEBTIFEMJOF ISINCLINEDTOTHEPLASMATORUS *PO "OBUPNUIBUIBTMPTUPOFPSNPSFFMFDUSPOT PSJOMFTTDPNNPOJOTUBODFTHBJOFE BOFMFDUSPO"OJPOIBTBOFUFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF#ZDPOUSBTU BOFVUSBMBUPNIBTBOFRVBM OVNCFS PG OFHBUJWFMZ DIBSHFE FMFDUSPOT BOE QPTJUJWFMZ DIBSHFE QSPUPOT HJWJOH UIF BUPNB[FSPOFUFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF *POJ[BUJPO ѮF QSPDFTT JO XIJDI B OFVUSBM BUPN PS NPMFDVMF JT HJWFO B OFU FMFDUSJDBM DIBSHFѮFBUPNJDQSPDFTTJOXIJDIJPOTBSFQSPEVDFECZSFNPWJOHBOFMFDUSPOGSPNBO BUPN JPOPSNPMFDVMF UZQJDBMMZCZDPMMJTJPOTXJUIBUPNTPSFMFDUSPOT LOPXOBTDPMMJTJPOBM JPOJ[BUJPO PSCZJOUFSBDUJPOXJUIFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO DBMMFEQIPUPJPOJ[BUJPO *POJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM ѮFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZSFRVJSFEUPSFNPWFUIFMFBTUUJHIUMZCPVOE FMFDUSPOGSPNBOFVUSBMBUPNPSNPMFDVMFJTDBMMFEUIFêSTUJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM EFOPUFE CZ* BOEJUJTVTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOFMFDUSPOWPMUT PSF7ѮFBEEJUJPOBMFOFSHZOFFEFEUP SFNPWFUIFOFYUMFBTUUJHIUMZCPVOEFMFDUSPOJTUIFTFDPOEJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM BOETPPO *POJ[FE 4UBUFPGBOBUPNIBWJOHGFXFS PSNPSF FMFDUSPOTUIBOUIFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOT MFBWJOHJUXJUIBOFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF *POJ[FEIZESPHFO "IZESPHFOBUPNUIBUIBTMPTUJUTFMFDUSPO)ZESPHFOJOJOUFSTUFM MBSTQBDFJTJPOJ[FECZOFBSCZIPU0BOE#TUBST GPSNJOH)**SFHJPOTTVDIBTUIF0SJPO /FCVMB4FF)**SFHJPO 0SJPO/FCVMB BOE4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT *POPTQIFSF ѮFVQQFSSFHJPOPGBQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFJOXIJDIUIFSFBSFGSFFFMFD USPOTBOEJPOTQSPEVDFEXIFOTPMBSVMUSBWJPMFUBOE9SBZSBEJBUJPOJPOJ[FTUIFDPOTUJU VFOUTPGUIFBUNPTQIFSF.PTUPGUIF&BSUITJPOPTQIFSFMJFTCFUXFFOIFJHIUTPGBCPVU BOELJMPNFUFSTBCPWFUIFHSPVOE UIPVHIUIFFYUFOUWBSJFTDPOTJEFSBCMZXJUI

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UJNF TFBTPOBOETPMBSBDUJWJUZѮF%SFHJPO CFUXFFOBOELJMPNFUFST IBTMPX FMFDUSPOEFOTJUZѮF&BOE'SFHJPOT BUBCPVUBOEUPLJMPNFUFST GPSN UIFNBJOQBSUPGUIFJPOPTQIFSFѮFSFëFDUJOHQPXFSPGUIFJPOPTQIFSFNBLFTMPOH SBOHFCSPBEDBTUJOHBOEUFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPOQPTTJCMFBUSBEJPGSFRVFODJFTVQUPBCPVU .)[ PSXBWFMFOHUITMPOHFSUIBONFUFST *3"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF4FF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJ

DBM4BUFMMJUF *SPO &MFNFOU XJUI BUPNJD OVNCFS DSFBUFE NPTUMZ CZ UZQF *B TVQFSOPWBF ѮF &BSUITDPSFDPOTJTUTNPTUMZPGJSPO BOEJSPOBMTPNBLFTZPVSCMPPESFE *SPONFUFPSJUF "CPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFNFUFPSJUFTUIBUIBWFCFFOTFFOUPGBMMBOEUIFO

SFDPWFSFEBSFDIVOLTPGNFUBMDBMMFEJSPONFUFPSJUFT DPNQPTFEPGQFSDFOUOJDLFM BOEJSPOBOEXJUIBIJHINBTTEFOTJUZPGCFUXFFO BOE LJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJD NFUFS8IFOQPMJTIFEBOEFUDIFEXJUIBDJE BOJSPONFUFPSJUFEJTQMBZTBEJTUJODUJWF 8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSOQSPEVDFECZSFHJPOTPGDSZTUBMMJOFTUSVDUVSF.PTUPGUIFPUIFS GBMMFONFUFPSJUFT QFSDFOU BSFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFT4FFNFUFPSJUF TUPOZNFUFPSJUF BOE 8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSO *SSBEJBODF ѮFTPMBSJSSBEJBODFJTUIFBNPVOUPGTPMBSFOFSHZSFDFJWFEBUUIF&BSUI

PVUTJEFJUTBUNPTQIFSFQFSVOJUBSFBQFSVOJUUJNF XJUIVOJUTPGXBUUTQFSTRVBSFNFUFS 4FFTPMBSDPOTUBOU *SSFHVMBS HBMBYZ " HBMBYZ UIBU BQQFBST EJTPSHBOJ[FE BOE EJTPSEFSFE "O JSSFHVMBS HBMBYZMBDLTTZNNFUSZBOEJTXJUIPVUBEJTUJODUTQJSBMPSFMMJQUJDBMTIBQF *4"4 "DSPOZNGPSUIF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBVUJDBM4DJFODF +BQBO *TMBOE6OJWFSTFIZQPUIFTJT ѮFBTTFSUJPOUIBUTQJSBMOFCVMBFBSFIVHFTUFMMBSBHHSF HBUFTTFQBSBUFEGSPNCPUIUIF.JMLZ8BZBOEFBDIPUIFSCZWBTUEJTUBODFT *TPUPQF "UPNIBWJOHUIFTBNFOVNCFSPGQSPUPOTJOJUTOVDMFVTBTPUIFSBUPNTPGBO

FMFNFOU CVUBEJĒFSFOUOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOT XJUIUIFSFTVMUUIBUJUTNBTTEJĒFSTUIPVHI JU NBZ IBWF UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG FMFDUSPOT 0OF PG UXP PS NPSF GPSNT PG UIF TBNF DIFNJDBMFMFNFOU XIPTFBUPNTBMMIBWFUIFTBNFBUPNJDOVNCFS PSOVNCFSPGQSP UPOTJOUIFJSOVDMFVT CVUBEJĒFSFOUOVNCFSPGOFVUSPOTBOEUIFSFGPSFBEJĒFSFOUNBTT PSBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSѮFUFSN QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIDIFNJTU'SFEFSJDL 4PEEZ ¢

EFSJWFTGSPNUIF(SFFLJTPTGPSiFRVBMuBOEUPQPTGPSiQMBDF uBOE SFë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

(MPTTBSZ+

+ +BNFT $MFSL .BYXFMM 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE +$.5 B TVCNJMMJNFUFSXBWF UFMF TDPQF XJUIBEJBNFUFSPGNFUFST JODIFT

MPDBUFEOFBSUIFTVNNJUPG.BVOB ,FB )BXBJJBOEDBQBCMFBUXPSLJOHBUXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFOBOENFUFST PSCFUXFFOBOENJMMJNFUFST*UJTOBNFEGPSUIF4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL .BYXFMM ¢ XIPJOMBJEUIFGPVOEBUJPOGPSBMMTVCTFRVFOUTUVEJFTPG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO TIPXJOH UIBU JU DPOTJTUT PG FMFDUSJD BOE NBHOFUJD XBWFT UIBUPTDJMMBUFBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFSBOEUPUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUSBWFMѮF+$.5 JTBGBDJMJUZPGUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN $BOBEB BOEUIF/FUIFSMBOET PQFSBUFEPOUIFJS CFIBMG CZ UIF +PJOU "TUSPOPNZ $FOUFS JO )JMP )BXBJJ 4FF .BVOB ,FB 0CTFSWBUP SJFT +BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF "OPSCJUJOHJOGSBSFEPCTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE+845

XJUIBNFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS VOEFSTUVEZCZ/"4"XJUIBQSPQPTFE MBVODIEBUFPG"VHVTU*UJTCFJOHQMBOOFEBTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUXJUI&4" BOE JTGPSFTFFOBTBTVDDFTTPSUPUIF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF*OJUJBMMZOBNFEUIF/FYU(FO FSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF PS/(45GPSTIPSU JUIBTCFFOSFOBNFEGPS+BNFT&8FCC ¢

UIF /"4" BENJOJTUSBUPS XIP HVJEFE UIF BHFODZ EVSJOH UIF "QPMMP NPPOMBOEJOHT +FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ ѮF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE+1- NBOBHFT

NPTU/"4"4PMBS4ZTUFNNJTTJPOT TVDIBTUIF$BTTJOJ)VZHFOT (BMJMFP .BST&YQMP SBUJPO3PWFST0QQPSUVOJUZBOE4QJSJU .BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPS BOE.BST0EZTTFZ .JTTJPOT BTXFMMBT/"4"T%FFQ4QBDF/FUXPSL BOE/"4"T4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BOE ("-BYZ&WPMVUJPO&9QMPSFS ѮF +FU 1SPQVMTJPO -BCPSBUPSZ JT MPDBUFE JO 1BTB EFOB $BMJGPSOJB BOEJUJTNBOBHFEGPS/"4"CZUIF$BMJGPSOJB*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ 4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO +FXFM#PY ѮFPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS/($MPDBUFEMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFD UJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$SVY XJUITUBSTPGWBSJFEDPMPSTMJLFKFXFMT4FF$SVY +PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZJTQBSUPGUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG .BODIFTUFS &OHMBOE BOEXBTGPVOEFECZ&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS#FSOBSE-PWFMM ¢ JO*UJODMVEFTBNFUFS GFFU SBEJPUFMFTDPQF XIJDICFHBOPQFSB UJPOJO XBTVQHSBEFEJOBOE BOEOBNFEUIF-PWFMM5FMFTDPQFJO *UIBTQMBZFEBOJNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIFFBSMZZFBSTPGSBEJPBTUSPOPNZBOEIFMQFEQJP OFFSMPOHCBTFMJOFJOUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF.&3-*/ SBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ +1- "DSPOZNGPSUIF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ4FF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ +VMJBODFOUVSZ ѮF+VMJBODFOUVSZIBTEBZTJOZFBST +VMJBO EBZ OVNCFS ѮF OVNCFS PG EBZT UIBU IBWF FMBQTFE TJODF OPPO (SFFOXJDI

.FBO5JNFPO+BOVBSZ#$ XIJDIJTEFêOFEBTEBZ[FSPѮFTUBOEBSEFQPDI

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( *UPITERSWIND BLOWNCLOUDS4HETRADITIONALNOMENCLATUREOF*UPITERSLIGHTAND DARKBANDSOFCLOUDSMFѫ ISGIVENINABBREVIATEDFORMDFOUFS 4HEDARKBANDSARECALLED BELTS DENOTEDBYh"v THELIGHTBANDSAREKNOWNASZONES ORh:v ANDTHERESTOFEACHNAME ISBASEDONCLIMATICREGIONSATTHECORRESPONDINGLATITUDESON%ARTH.ORTH LETTERh.vISAT THETOP ANDSOUTH DENOTEDBYh3v ISATTHEBOTTOM4HEEQUATORIAL ORh%v BANDSAREINTHE MIDDLE THETROPICAL h42v BANDSONEACHSIDEOFTHEEQUATOR ANDTHETEMPERATE h4v ONES ATMID LATITUDES&ARNORTHERNLATITUDESAREDENOTEDBYh..v FARSOUTHERNLATITUDESBYh33v ANDTHEPOLARREGIONSBYh0v4HEIMAGEOF*UPITERSJHIU WASTAKENFROMTHE$BTTJOJSPACE CRAFTON$ECEMBER WHEN*UPITERSMOON%UROPACASTASHADOWONTHEPLANET4HE ARROWSPOINTINTHEDIRECTIONOFWINDmOW ANDTHEIRLENGTHCORRESPONDSTOTHEWINDVELOCITY WHICHCANREACHMETERSPERSECONDNEARTHEEQUATOR

UIBUJTOPXVTFEJOOFXTUBSDBUBMPHVFTJTXJUIB+VMJBO%BUFPG4FF (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOEQSFDFTTJPO +VQJUFS ѮFêѫINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFMBSHFTUQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZT UFN XJUI B NBTT FRVBM UP UJNFT UIF NBTT PG UIF &BSUI BOE TPMBS NBTTFT ѮFQMBOFU+VQJUFSPSCJUTUIF4VOBUBNFBOEJTUBODFPGBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTXJUIBO PSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIZFBSTBOEBOPSCJUBMTQFFEPGNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE"MM XFTFFPO+VQJUFSBSFDMPVET TXFQUJOUPQBSBMMFMCBOETPGCSJHIU[POFTBOEEBSLCFMUT CZ UIF QMBOFUT SBQJE SPUBUJPO BOE DPVOUFSëPXJOH FBTUXFTU XJOET BT XFMM BT BOUJ DZDMPOJD TUPSNT TVDI BT UIF (SFBU 3FE 4QPU XIJUF PWBMT BOE TNBMMFS FEEJFT +VQJUFS JTBOJODBOEFTDFOUHMPCFUIBUSBEJBUFTUJNFTUIFFOFSHZJUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO QSPCBCMZBTIFBUMFѫPWFSGSPNXIFOUIFHJBOUQMBOFUGPSNFEѮFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMF NFOUJO+VQJUFSJTIZESPHFO XIJDIFYJTUTJOMJRVJENPMFDVMBSBOEMJRVJENFUBMMJDGPSN XJUIJOUIFQMBOFU3PUBUJPOBMMZESJWFO FMFDUSJDBMDVSSFOUTXJUIJOBTIFMMPGMJRVJENFUBM MJDIZESPHFOHFOFSBUF+VQJUFSTQPXFSGVMNBHOFUJDêFME UIFMBSHFTUQFSNBOFOUTUSVDUVSF JO UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN FWFO TVSQBTTJOH UIF 4VO JO TJ[F ѮF QMBOFU BOE JUT GPVS MBSHFTU NPPOTXFSFFYBNJOFEJODMPTFVQEFUBJMJO XIFOUIF7PZBHFSBOETQBDFDSBѫ ëFXCZUIFQMBOFU BOEGSPNUPXIFOUIF(BMJMFPTQBDFDSBѫPSCJUFE+VQJUFS *OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSE7PZBHFSDPODMVTJWFMZEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBU+VQJUFSIBTBUIJOSJOH

(MPTTBSZ+

4!",% *UPITER A -ASS %QUATORIAL2ADIUSATBAR 0OLAR2ADIUSATBAR -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSHOURSMINUTESSECONDS %ARTHYEARS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTMOLECULARHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLAOR"%

A4HESYMBOLS-

% 2% $%AND"%DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUS MAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENT ANDMAG NETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH/NEBARISEQUALTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH4HEEN ERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROMSUNLIGHT ANDTHEEFFECTIVE TEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOFENERGYPERUNITAREA

DPNQPTFEPGWFSZTNBMMQBSUJDMFT*O+VMZ$PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZDPMMJEFEXJUI +VQJUFS 4FF $BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BMJMFBO TBUFMMJUFT (BOZNFEF (SFBU 3FE 4QPU *P BOE 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU +845 "DSPOZNGPS+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

, ,PS, "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSEFHSFFTPOUIF,FMWJOTDBMFPGUFNQFSBUVSF4FF,FMWJO ,BNJPLBOEF " NBTTJWF VOEFSHSPVOE OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPS JO +BQBO êMMFE XJUI XBUFS SFQMBDFECZUIF4VQFS,BNJPLBOEFEFUFDUPS4FF4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF ,BQUFZOT4UBS "GBJOUSFE.EXBSGTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MPDBUFEJOUIFTPVUIFSODPOTUFMMBUJPOPG1JDUPS"TUIFOBNFJNQMJFT UIF%VUDI"TUSPO PNFS+BDPCVT,BQUFZO ¢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ѮF,FDL*UFMFTDPQF CFHBOTDJFODFPCTFSWBUJPOTJO.BZ ,FDL**CFHBOJO0DUPCFSѮF,FDL JOUFSGFSPNFUFS XJMM DPNCJOF UIF MJHIU PG UIF UXP UFMFTDPQFT UP PCUBJO UIF SFTPMWJOH QPXFSPGBTJOHMFPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFXJUIBNFUFS JODI NJSSPSBOEBOBOHVMBS SFTPMVUJPOBTêOFBTTFDPOETPGBSDѮFUFMFTDPQFTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBO QIJMBOUISPQJTU8JMMJBN.ZSPO,FDL ¢

GPVOEFSPGUIF4VQFSJPS0JM$PN QBOZ XIPJOFTUBCMJTIFEUIF8.,FDL'PVOEBUJPOUIBUGVOEFEUIFDPOTUSVDUJPO BOETVQQPSUTUIFPQFSBUJPOPGUIFUFMFTDPQFTѮF$BMJGPSOJB"TTPDJBUJPOGPS3FTFBSDI JO"TUSPOPNZPQFSBUFTUIF8.,FDL0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF.BVOB,FB0CTFSWBUPSJFT ,FMWJO "VOJUGPSNFBTVSJOHBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFBCCSFWJBUFE,PS,GPSEFHSFFTPO UIF,FMWJOTDBMF BOEOBNFEGPSUIF*SJTIQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBNѮPNTPO ¢

-PSE,FMWJOPG-BSHT0OUIF,FMWJOTDBMF UIFDPMEFTUQPTTJCMFUFNQFSBUVSFJTEFHSFFT LFMWJO XIFSF BUPNJD PS NPMFDVMBS NPUJPO TUPQT 8BUFS GSFF[FT BU LFMWJO SPPN UFNQFSBUVSFJTBCPVULFMWJO BOEUIFCPJMJOHQPJOUPGXBUFSJTLFMWJO5PDPO WFSUBUFNQFSBUVSFJOLFMWJOUPUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT$FMTJVT TVCUSBDU PS$, BOEUIFFRVJWBMFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT'BISFOIFJUJT ' , 4FFBCTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF $FMTJVT BOE'BISFOIFJU ,FQMFS.JTTJPO "NJTTJPO DVSSFOUMZVOEFSTUVEZCZ/"4" EFTJHOFEUPEFUFDUSPDLZ &BSUITJ[FEQMBOFUTBSPVOEPUIFSTUBST*UXBTOBNFEGPS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢

UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFSXIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFUISFFMBXTPGQMBOFUBSZNPUJPOUIBUOPX IBWFIJTOBNF ,FQMFSTMBXT ѮFUISFFGVOEBNFOUBMMBXTHPWFSOJOHUIFNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUTBSPVOE

UIF4VO êSTUXPSLFEPVUCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ CFUXFFOBOE BOECBTFEPOPCTFSWBUJPOTNBEFCZUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS

(MPTTBSZ,

'*( +EPLERSlRSTANDSECONDLAWS4HE'ERMANASTRONOMER *OHANNES+EPLER¥ PUBLISHEDHISlRSTTWOLAWSOFPLANETARY ORBITALMOTIONIN(ISlRSTLAWSTATESTHATTHEORBITOFAPLANETABOUT THE3UNISANELLIPSEWITHTHE3UNATONEFOCUS4HEOTHERFOCUSOFTHE ELLIPSEISEMPTY!CCORDINGTO+EPLERSSECONDLAW THELINEJOININGAPLANET TOTHE3UNSWEEPSOUTEQUALAREASINEQUALTIMES4HISISALSOKNOWNAS THELAWOFEQUALAREAS)TISREPRESENTEDBYTHEEQUALITYOFTHETHREESHADED AREAS!"3 #$3AND%&3)TTAKESASLONGTOTRAVELFROM!TO"ASFROM# TO$ANDFROM%TO&!PLANETMOVESMOSTRAPIDLYWHENITISNEARESTTHE 3UNBUQFSJIFMJPO APLANETSSLOWESTMOTIONOCCURSWHENITISFARTHEST FROMTHE3UNBUBQIFMJPO

5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ ѮFZBSF ѮFPSCJUPGFBDIQMBOFUJTBOFMMJQTFXJUIUIF 4VOBUPOFGPDVT "MJOFGSPNUIF4VOUPBQMBOFUTXFFQTPVUFRVBMBSFBTJOFRVBM UJNF ѮFTRVBSFPGBQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFDVCFPGJUTBWFSBHF EJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOѮFTFDPOEMBXNFBOTUIBUBQMBOFUNPWFTBUBTMJHIUMZGBTUFS TQFFEXIFOJUTPSCJUJTDMPTFTUUPUIF4VOѮJTMBXJTLOPXOBTUIFMBXPGBSFBTѮF UIJSEMBXJOEJDBUFTUIBUNPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTNPWFBSPVOEUIF4VOBUTMPXFSTQFFETBOE UBLFMPOHFSUJNFTUPDPNQMFUFFBDIPSCJU ,FQMFSTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU "CSJMMJBOUTUBSXIFOEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF (FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢

XJUIBNBYJNVNWJTVBMBQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEFPGm BCPVUUIFCSJHIUOFTTPG+VQJUFS"UBOFTUJNBUFEEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST ,FQMFSTTUBSIBEBNBYJNVNBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm CVUOPX JUJTBMNPTUJOWJTJCMFPQUJDBMMZ*UXBTUIFMBTUTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPO PSTVQFSOPWB TFFOJO PVS (BMBYZ BOE UIF FYQBOEJOH SFNOBOU PG UIF FYQMPTJPO DBMMFE,FQMFST TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU JTBTUSPOHTPVSDFPGSBEJPBOE9SBZSBEJBUJPOUPEBZ LF7 "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS LJMP FMFDUSPO WPMUT PS POF UIPVTBOE FMFDUSPO WPMUT " VOJU PG

FOFSHZXJUILF7+PVMFTѮFXBWFMFOHUIPGSBEJBUJPOXJUIB QIPUPOFOFSHZJOLF7JTNFUFSTFOFSHZJOLF74FFFMFDUSPOWPMU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( +EPLERSTHIRDLAW4HEORBITALPERIODSOFTHEPLANETSARE PLOTTEDAGAINSTTHEIRSEMI MAJORAXES USINGALOGARITHMICSCALE 4HESTRAIGHTLINETHATCONNECTSTHEPOINTSHASASLOPEOF THEREBY VERIFYING+EPLERSTHIRDLAWTHATSTATESTHATTHESQUAREOFTHEORBITAL PERIODSINCREASESWITHTHECUBESOFTHEPLANETARYDISTANCES4HE 'ERMANASTRONOMER*OHANNES+EPLER¥ PUBLISHEDTHIS THIRDLAWIN4HISTYPEOFRELATIONAPPLIESTOANYSETOFBODIES INELLIPTICALORBITS INCLUDING*UPITERSFOURLARGESTSATELLITESSHOWN INTHEINSET ,FZIPMF/FCVMB "EBSLOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ XIJDIJTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO

$BSJOBBOEJTTFFOJOTJMIPVFUUFBHBJOTUUIFCSJHIU&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB4FFEBSLOFCVMB BOE&UB$BSJOBF/FCVMB ,JMPNFUFS "VOJUPGEJTUBODF BCCSFWJBUFELN*UJTFRVBMUPPOFUIPVTBOENFUFSTBOE UPNJMFT ,JMPNFUFSQFSTFDPOE "VOJUPGTQFFEFRVBMUPNJMFTQFSIPVS ,JOFUJDFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZUIBUBOPCKFDUQPTTFTTFTBTBSFTVMUPGJUTNPUJPO ,JSDIIPGGTMBX ѮFSBUJPPGUIFFNJTTJPOBOEBCTPSQUJPODPFēDJFOUTPGBCMBDLCPEZ

JTFRVBMUPJUTCSJHIUOFTTBSFMBUJPOOBNFEGPSUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU(VTUBW,JSDIIPĒ ¢ XIPBOOPVODFEJUJO ,JSLXPPE HBQT 3FHJPOT JO UIF BTUFSPJE CFMU CFUXFFO UIF PSCJUT PG .BST BOE +VQJ

UFS XIJDI DPOUBJO WFSZ GFX BTUFSPJET ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS %BOJFM ,JSLXPPE ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTFHBQTJOѮF,JSLXPPEHBQTBSFMPDBUFEBUQMBDFT XIFSFBOBTUFSPJEXPVMEIBWFBOPSCJUBMQFSJPEUIBUJTBSBUJPOBMGSBDUJPO TVDIBT BOE PG +VQJUFST PSCJUBM QFSJPE BOE SFQFBUFE HSBWJUBUJPOBM JOUFSBDUJPOT XJUI +VQJUFSTFFNTUPIBWFUPTTFEUIFBTUFSPJETPVUPGUIFTFQMBDFT"DPNQMFUFFYQMBOBUJPO

(MPTTBSZ,

%#"&($'%

&

%&

("%&

%'

(!%# &'%#&

&'"%#!("

'*( +IRKWOODGAPS4HENUMBEROFASTEROIDSATDIFFERENTDIS TANCESFROMTHE3UN-OSTOFTHEASTEROIDSAREFOUNDINTHEASTEROID BELTTHATLIESBETWEENAND!5FROMTHE3UN4HEGAPSOF MISSINGASTEROIDSARENAMEDFORTHE!MERICANASTRONOMER$ANIEL +IRKWOOD¥ WHODISCOVEREDTHEMIN2EPEATED GRAVITATIONALINTERACTIONSWITH*UPITERSEEMTOHAVETOSSEDASTEROIDS OUTOFTHE+IRKWOODGAPSWITHORBITALPERIODSOF ANDOF*UPITERSORBITALPERIOD4HESEFRACTIONSAREPLACED ABOVETHERELEVANTGAPINTHElGURE

PG UIF ,JSLXPPE HBQT XBT PCUBJOFE JO UIF T XIFO UIF "NFSJDBO TDJFOUJTU +BDL 8JTEPN ¢ TIPXFE UIBU +VQJUFS JOEVDFT B DIBPUJD [POF JO UIF WJDJOJUZ PG UIF ,JSLXPPEHBQT FWFOUVBMMZSFNPWJOHBOBTUFSPJEGSPNUIFN ,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFSWBUPSZ 'PVOEFEJO UIF,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFS

WBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE ,1/0 TVQQPSUT UFMFTDPQFT GPS OJHIUUJNF PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE BTUSPOPNZBOEEBZUJNFTUVEZPGUIF4VO*UJTMPDBUFEOFBS5VDTPO "SJ[POB BOEJT QBSUPGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZѮFMBSHFTUUFMF TDPQFBU,1/0JTUIFNFUFS JODI .BZBMMUFMFTDPQF PQFOFEJO,1/0 JT BMTP UIF TJUF PG UIF .D.BUI 4PMBS 5FMFTDPQF UIF XPSMET MBSHFTU TPMBS UFMFTDPQF PQFOFE JO JU IBT B NFUFS JODI NJSSPS BOE JT QBSU PG UIF /BUJPOBM 4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOE/BUJPOBM4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ LQD "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSLJMPQBSTFDT PSPOFUIPVTBOEQBSTFD BVOJUPGEJTUBODFXJUILQD NFUFST ,1/0 "CCSFWJBUJPO PG ,JUU 1FBL /BUJPOBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF ,JUU 1FBL /BUJPOBM

0CTFSWBUPSZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

,TUBS "OPSBOHFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF, XIPTFWJTJCMFEJTLJTTMJHIUMZDPPMFSUIBOUIF 4VO&YBNQMFTPG,TUBSTBSFUIFEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBS&QTJMPO&SJEBOJBOEUIF HJBOUTUBST"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVTBOE1PMMVY4FF"MEFCBSBO "SDUVSVT &QTJMPO&SJEBOJ )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO ,VJQFSBJSCPSOFPCTFSWBUPSZ "KFUBJSDSBѫ PQFSBUFECZ/"4" VTFEUPNBLFDPTNJD JOGSBSFEPCTFSWBUJPOTGPSNPSFUIBOZFBST FOEJOHJUTTFSWJDFJO0DUPCFS*UXBT OBNFEGPSUIF%VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FSBSE1,VJQFS ¢ ,VJQFS CFMU " DPMMFDUJPO PG CJMMJPO UP CJMMJPO UP PS NPSF JDZ CPE

JFT PSCJUJOH UIF 4VO JO MPXFDDFOUSJDJUZ MPXJODMJOBUJPO PSCJUT CFZPOE /FQUVOF FYUFOEJOHPVUQPTTJCMZUPBCPVUBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUTѮF,VJQFSCFMUQSPWJEFT UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN XJUI TPNF TIPSUQFSJPE DPNFUT XIJDI SFWPMWF BSPVOE UIF 4VO XJUI QFSJPET MFTT UIBO &BSUI ZFBST ѮF ,VJQFS CFMU JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF %VUDI CPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FSBSE 1 ,VJQFS ¢

XIP XBT POF PG UIF êSTU UP QSPQPTF JUT FYJTUFODF ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST +BOF 9 -VV ¢ BOE %BWJE $ +FXJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF êSTU USBOT/FQUVOJBO ,VJQFSCFMU PCKFDUJOIVOESFETPGTVDIPCKFDUTIBWFOPXCFFOGPVOEBOETDJFOUJTUTFTUJNBUF UIBUUIF,VJQFSCFMUNBZDPOUBJOBTNBOZBTPCKFDUTXJUIBSBEJVTPGBCPVU LJMPNFUFST/FQUVOFTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPO NBZIBWFCFFODBQUVSFEGSPNUIF ,VJQFSCFMUѮFPSCJUPGUIFTNBMMQMBOFU1MVUPDSPTTFTJOTJEFBOEPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG /FQUVOF BOENJHIUCFSFHBSEFEBTBOPUIFSNFNCFSPGUIF,VJQFSCFMU4FFDPNFU 1MVUP BOE5SJUPO

(MPTTBSZ-

-BHPPO/FCVMB "CSJHIUFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ JOUIFDPO TUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT TVSSPVOEJOHUIFTUBSDMVTUFS/($#PUIUIFOFCVMBBOETUBS DMVTUFSBSFMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF-BHPPO/FCVMBNFBTVSFT CZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT*USFDFJWFTJUTOBNFGSPNBEBSLMBOFUIBUDVUTBDSPTTUIF CSJHIUOFCVMBXJUIUIFTIBQFPGBMBHPPOѮFCSJHIU)PVSHMBTT/FCVMBJTGPVOEJOUIF DFOUSBMSFHJPOTPGUIF-BHPPO/FCVMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE)PVSHMBTT/FCVMB -BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 0OFPGUIFêWFQPJOUTBUXIJDIBOBSUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFPSBTNBMMDPTNJD PCKFDU TVDIBTBOBTUFSPJEPSOBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF DBOSFNBJOJOBQPTJUJPOPGFRVJMJCSJVN XJUISFTQFDUUPUXPNVDINPSFNBTTJWFCPEJFTPSCJUJOHFBDIPUIFSѮF*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO+PTFQI-BHSBOHF ¢ êSTUEFSJWFEUIFêWF-BHSBOHJBO QPJOUTJOXIFOJOWFTUJHBUJOHUIFNVUVBMHSBWJUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUI 4VOBOE.PPO ѮF5SPKBOBTUFSPJETBSFMPDBUFEBMPOH+VQJUFSTPSCJUBUUIFGPVSUIBOEêѫI-BHSBOHJBO QPJOUT EFOPUFE-BOE- XIFSFUIFHSBWJUZPG+VQJUFSBOEUIF4VOBSFFRVBMѮF40MBS BOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZJTMPDBUFEBUUIFJOOFS-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU EFTJHOBUFE- PGUIF&BSUI4VOTZTUFN*UJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFGSPNUIF&BSUIPGBCPVU PS CJMMJPO NFUFSTUPXBSETUIF4VO PSBCPVUPOFPOFIVOESFEUIPGUIFXBZGSPNUIF &BSUIUPUIF4VO XIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPGUIF&BSUIBOE4VOCBMBODF"TQBDF DSBѫBUUIFJOOFS-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUXJMMPSCJUUIF4VOXJUIUIF&BSUIXJUIPVUSFWPMWJOH BCPVUUIF&BSUI BOEUIFSFGPSFOFWFSFYQFSJFODFTOJHIU4FF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZBOE5SPKBOBTUFSPJE -"/- "DSPOZNGPSUIF-PT"MBNPT/BUJPOBM-BCPSBUPSZ -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE "CCSFWJBUFE -.$ UIF OFBSFTU JSSFHVMBS HBMBYZ UIBU PSCJUT UIF .JMLZ 8BZ MPDBUFE MJHIUZFBST BXBZ /BNFE GPS UIF 1PSUVHVFTF FYQMPSFS 'FSEJOBOE .BHFMMBO ¢ XIPTF DSFX SFQPSUFE TFFJOH UIF UXP .BHFMMBOJD $MPVETGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO)FNJTQIFSFEVSJOHUIFêSTUDJSDVNOBWJHBUJPOPGUIF&BSUI DPNQMFUFE JO ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE DPOUBJOT UIF MBSHFTU LOPXO FNJTTJPO OFCVMB UIF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB BOEUIF-.$JTBMTPUIFTJHIUPG4VQFSOPWB" UIFêSTU OBLFEFZFTVQFSOPWBTJODF4FF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVET 4VQFSOPWB" BOE5BSBO UVMB/FCVMB -BT$BNQBOBT0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU PCTFSWBUPSZOFBS-B4FSFOB

$IJMF SVOCZUIF$BSOFHJF*OTUJUVUJPOPG8BTIJOHUPOѮFMBSHFTUUFMFTDPQFTOPXJO PQFSBUJPO BSF UIF UXP NFUFS JODI .BHFMMBO 5FMFTDPQFT CVJMU VOEFS DPM MBCPSBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF $BSOFHJF 0CTFSWBUPSJFT UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB )BSWBSE 6OJWFSTJUZ UIF6OJWFSTJUZPG.JDIJHBOBOEUIF.BTTBDIVTFUUT*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ ѮFêSTU.BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQFCFHBOPQFSBUJPOJO4FQUFNCFSBOEUIFTFDPOEJO 4FQUFNCFS"(JBOU.BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQF DPOTJTUJOHPGNJSSPST FBDINFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFS JTQMBOOFE -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE -*(0 B

GBDJMJUZEFEJDBUFEUPUIFEFUFDUJPOPGDPTNJDHSBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT DPOTJTUJOHPGUXP

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( ,AGRANGIANPOINTS4HEREARElVE,AGRANGIANPOINTSWHERE ACELESTIALBODYCANREMAININPOSITIONOFEQUILIBRIUMWITHRESPECTTOTWO MUCHMOREMASSIVEBODIES DESIGNATED- AND- ORBITINGEACHOTHER 4HESEPOINTSARENAMEDFORTHE)TALIAN BORN&RENCHMATHEMATICIAN*OSEPH ,OUISDE,AGRANGE¥ WHOINVESTIGATEDTHEMIN!T THESEPOINTSTHEFORCESACTINGONTHESMALLERBODYCANCELOUT"ODIESAT POINTS, , AND, ONTHELINEJOINING-AND- ARELESSSTABLETHAN BODIESAT,AND, WHICHFORMEQUILATERALTRIANGLESWITH-AND-

XJEFMZTFQBSBUFEJOTUBMMBUJPOTXJUIJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT PQFSBUFEJOVOJTPOBTBTJOHMF PCTFSWBUPSZ&BDIGBDJMJUZIBTMBTFSCFBNTUIBUNFBTVSFUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFONBTTFT XJUI TVē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

.PVOU )BNJMUPO OFBS 4BO +PTF $BMJGPSOJB CFUXFFO BOE GSPN B CFRVFTU CZUIF$BMJGPSOJBCVTJOFTTNBO+BNFT-JDL ¢ -JDL0CTFSWBUPSZJTPXOFE BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG$BMJGPSOJBBOEDVSSFOUMZNBOBHFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZ PG$BMJGPSOJB 4BOUB$SV[*UTNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFXBTDPNQMFUFEJO BOEOBNFEUIF4IBOFUFMFTDPQFJOJOIPOPSPGUIFBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT%POBME 4IBOF ¢ XIPIFMQFEBDRVJSFGVOEJOHGPSUIFUFMFTDPQFGSPNUIF$BMJGPS

(MPTTBSZ-

OJB -FHJTMBUVSF ѮF NFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPS IBT CFFO JO PQFSBUJPO TJODF UIF PCTFSWBUPSZPQFOFEJO*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT&EXBSE,FFMFS ¢ CFHBOTZTUFNBUJDQIPUPHSBQIZPGOFCVMBFVTJOHUIFNFUFSSFGSBD UPS FTUJNBUJOHUIBUPWFSPOFIVOESFEUIPVTBOETQJSBMOFCVMBFDPVMECFEFUFDUFEUIJT XBZѮFUFMFTDPQFXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEJOBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPKFDUXJUIUIFJODI .PVOU 8JMTPO UFMFTDPQF UP EFUFSNJOF UIF SFETIJѫT BOE NBHOJUVEFT PG IVOESFET PG FYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBF QVCMJTIFEJO0CTFSWBUJPOTBU-JDL0CTFSWBUPSZIBWFNPTU SFDFOUMZQMBZFEBSPMFJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGFYUSBTPMBSQMBOFUT -JHIU ѮFLJOEPGSBEJBUJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTTFOTJUJWF4FFPQUJDBMSBEJBUJPO

WFMPDJUZPGMJHIU BOEWJTJCMFTQFDUSVN -JHIUFMFNFOU "OFMFNFOUPGWFSZMPXBUPNJDOVNCFS TVDIBTIZESPHFO IFMJVNBOE MJUIJVN XIJDIIBWFBUPNJDOVNCFSTPGPOF UXPBOEUISFF4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS -JHIUTFDPOE ѮFEJTUBODFUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTUISPVHIBWBDVVNJOPOFTFDPOE FRVBM

UPLJMPNFUFSTBOESPVHIMZNJMFT -JHIUUJNF ѮFUJNFJUUBLFTMJHIUUPUSBWFMGSPNBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUUPUIF&BSUI*UUBLFT NJOVUFTGPSMJHIUUPSFBDIUIF&BSUIGSPNUIF4VO BOEZFBSTGPSMJHIUUPUSBWFM UPUIF&BSUIGSPN1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ UIFOFBSFTUTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO -JHIUZFBS ѮFEJTUBODFUIBUMJHIUUSBWFMTUISPVHIBWBDVVNJOPOFZFBS0OFMJHIU

ZFBSJTFRVJWBMFOUUPNFUFSTPSUSJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST UP NJMFT UP BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJUT BOE UP QBSTFDT 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ JT UIF OFBSFTUTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO XJUIBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST -*(0 "CCSFWJBUJPO GPS -BTFS *OUFSGFSPNFUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF

-BTFS*OUFSGFSPNFUFS(SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF0CTFSWBUPSZ -JOFFMFNFOU ѮFTRVBSFEEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUXPOFBSCZQPJOUTPGTQBDFUJNF -JUUMF*DF"HF "QSPMPOHFEQFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZDPMEXFBUIFSJO&VSPQF GSPNBCPVU UP PWFSMBQQJOHUXPQFSJPETPGVOVTVBMMZMPXTVOTQPUOVNCFSTDBMMFEUIF.BVOEFS .JOJNVN UP BOEUIF4QÕSFS.JOJNVN UP %VSJOHUIF-JUUMF*DF "HF BMQJOFHMBDJFSTFYQBOEFE UIF3JWFSѮ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

/THER.AME

5'# $$/ $$/

.'# .'# .'# )# )#

$$/

5'#! 5+3 #ASSIOPEIA

%'" 3AG$)' !ND6))

$$/ $$/

3EXTANS! 3EXTANS" 3AGITTARIUS &ORNAX 0EGASUS

$$/

$$/ .'# - $$/ 5'#

7,- .'# .'# )#

- .'# -ILKY7AY -7 - .'# ,-# 3-# .'#

'ALAXY

4!",% ,OCAL'ROUP A

9EAROF $ISCOVERY

$ECLINATION

2!

HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM

D)RR D)RR D3PH

D)RR D)RR D3PH . D3PH D)RRD3PH

D3PHD%P D3PHD% RR)6 6 D)RR )RR6

)RR)6 6 % %PD3PH . )RR)6 6 D)RR

3B) )) 3BC 3C)) ))) )RR))) )6 )RR)6 6

4YPE

- ,'# -

. . -7 -7 ,'#

- - ,'# ,'# -

,'# - - . -

- -7 - -7 -7

3UBGROUP

$ISTANCE -LY

6R

,UMINOSITY ,b

-ASS -b

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

$$/ $$/

$$/

!QUARIUS

0EGD3PH 0ISCES

9EAROF $ISCOVERY

$ECLINATION

2!

HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HLM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM HM

D3PH D3PH D3PH

D)RRD3PH D)RRD3PH D3PH D3PH D3PH

D)RRD3PH D3PH D)RRD3PH D3PH D3PH

D3PH D)RR D)RR D3PH D3PH

D)RR D3PH

4YPE

-7 -7 -7

-7 ,'# ,'# -7 -7

. - - - -

- '2 -7 - -7

,'# -7

3UBGROUP

$ISTANCE -LY

6R

,UMINOSITY ,b

-ASS -b

(MPTTBSZ-

A!DAPTEDFROM0AUL-URDINED %NCYCLOPEDIAOF!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS .EW9ORK .ATURE0UBLISHING'ROUP P4HEMEMBERSOFTHE,OCAL'ROUP ARELISTEDINORDEROFDECREASINGINTRINSICBRIGHTNESS/THERTHAN!NDROMEDAOR- 4RIANGULUMOR- ANDTHE,ARGEAND3MALL-AGELLANIC#LOUDS ,-#AND 3-# MOSTOFTHEMEMBERSOFTHE,OCAL'ROUPAREDWARFGALAXIES DESIGNATEDBYAhDvINTHE4YPECOLUMN ANDTHEABSOLUTE ORINTRINSIC LUMINOSITYANDMASSAREIN UNITSOFAMILLIONTIMESTHESOLARVALUESOF,bERGSAND-bGRAMS

#ARINA 5RSA-INOR $RACO

0HOENIX $$/ 4UCANA ,EO)) 3EXTANS

!NTLIA !ND6) ,'3 !ND))) !ND6

$$/ $$/

5'#!

5+3 ,EO)

!ND) '2 ,EO! !ND)) 3CULPTOR

/THER.AME

'ALAXY

4!",% ,OCAL'ROUPACONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

-POHJUVEF %JTUBODFBMPOHUIF&BSUITFRVBUPS NFBTVSFEFBTUPSXFTUGSPNUIFDJS

DMF PG MPOHJUVEF JOUFSTFDUJOH (SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE UP UIF FRVBUPSJBM JOUFSTFDUJPO PG UIF DJSDMF PG MPOHJUVEF UIBU QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF QPJOU " DJSDMF PG MPOHJUVEF QBTTFT BSPVOEUIF&BSUIGSPNQPMFUPQPMFQFSQFOEJDVMBSUPUIFFRVBUPS4FF3PZBM(SFFO XJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ -POHQFSJPE DPNFU " DPNFU XIPTF PSCJUBM QFSJPE BSPVOE UIF 4VO JT HSFBUFS UIBO ZFBST-POHQFSJPEDPNFUTPSJHJOBUFJOUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVE4FFDPNFUBOE0PSU DPNFUDMPVE -PPLCBDL UJNF ѮFUJNFBUXIJDIUIFSBEJBUJPOXFTFFGSPNBOPCKFDUXBTFNJU UFECZUIBUPCKFDU FRVBMUPUIFPCKFDUTEJTUBODFEJWJEFECZUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOB 6OJWFSTFEFTDSJCFECZ&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZѮFSBEJBUJPOXFTFFGSPNNPSFEJTUBOU PCKFDUTXBTFNJUUFEBMPOHFSUJNFBHP BOEIFODFBUBOFBSMJFSFQPDIJOUIFFWPMVUJPO PGUIF6OJWFSTF -PSFOU[DPOUSBDUJPO %FDSFBTFJOUIFMFOHUIPGBOPCTFSWFEPCKFDUBMPOHUIFEJSFDUJPO PGJUTNPUJPO BTQFSDFJWFECZBOFYUFSOBMPCTFSWFSXIPEPFTOPUTIBSFJUTNPUJPOѮF FĒFDU JT POMZ OPUJDFBCMF BU TQFFET BQQSPBDIJOH UIF WFMPDJUZ PG MJHIU ѮF UIFPSZ XBT QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU)FOESJL-PSFOU[ ¢ UPBDDPVOU GPS UIF OFHBUJWF SFTVMU PG UIF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOU 4FF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOUBOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ -PSFOU[GBDUPS "QBSBNFUFS PѫFOEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMʄ FRVBMUPUIFBNPVOUPG

MFOHUIDPOUSBDUJPO NBTTJODSFBTFBOEUJNFEJMBUJPOBUIJHITQFFET*GWJTUIFPCKFDUT WFMPDJUZBOEDEFOPUFTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU UIFOUIF-PSFOU[GBDUPSJTFRVBMUPΨ WD TPJUJTFRVBMUPBU[FSPWFMPDJUZBOECFDPNFTWFSZMBSHFXIFOUIFWFMPDJUZ BQQSPBDIFTUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU -PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU PCTFSWBUPSZOFBS'MBHTUBĒ "SJ[POB

GPVOEFEJOCZUIFXFBMUIZ#PTUPOJBO1FSDJWBM-PXFMM ¢

QSJNBSJMZUP PCTFSWF.BSTBOEUPTFBSDIGPSTJHOTPGMJGFPOUIFSFEQMBOFUѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPO PNFS 7FTUP 4MJQIFS ¢ VTFE UIF NFUFS JODI SFGSBDUPS BU -PXFMM 0CTFSWBUPSZ JOTUBMMFEJO UPEJTDPWFSUIFMBSHFPVUXBSEWFMPDJUJFTPGTQJSBMOFCV MBF QVCMJTIFECZIJNJOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$MZEF8JMMJBN5PNCBVHI ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFTNBMMQMBOFU1MVUPPO'FCSVBSZBTUIFSFTVMUPGB TZTUFNBUJDTFBSDIVTJOHBNFUFS JODI QIPUPHSBQIJDUFMFTDPQFBUUIF-PXFMM 0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF1MVUP -VNJOPTJUZ ѮFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZSBEJBUFEQFSVOJUUJNFCZBHMPXJOHPCKFDU PѫFO

NFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGXBUUTѮJTJOUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTTPGBOPCKFDUJTBMTPDBMMFEUIFBCTP MVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BOEJUEJĒFSTGSPNIPXCSJHIUUIFPCKFDUMPPLT XIJDIJTLOPXOBTUIF BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ0OF+PVMFQFSTFDPOEJTFRVBMUPPOFXBUUPGQPXFS BOEUPUFO NJMMJPOFSHTQFSTFDPOEѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ - PGUIFUIFSNBMFNJTTJPOGSPNB XIFSFP CMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI-PS35FGG UIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU S +PVMFN ,T UIF SBEJVT JT 3 BOE UIF FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF JT 5FGG ѮF CSJHIUOFTT PG SBEJBUJPO GBMMT PĒ XJUIUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODF % TPUIFBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZM-% BOEBO

(MPTTBSZ-

'*( ,UNARECLIPSE$URINGALUNARECLIPSETHEINITIALLYFULL-OONPASSES THROUGHTHE%ARTHSSHADOW!TOTALLUNARECLIPSEOCCURSWHENTHEENTIRE-OON MOVESINTOTHEUMBRA!PARTIALLUNARECLIPSEOCCURSWHENTHE-OONSORBIT TAKESITONLYPARTIALLYTHROUGHTHEUMBRAORONLYTHROUGHTHEPENUMBRA

PCKFDUPGBHJWFOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZMPPLTGBJOUFSXIFOJUJTMPDBUFEGBSUIFSBXBZ4FF BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ CSJHIUOFTT JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX BOE4UFGBO #PMU[NBOOMBX -VOB .JTTJPOT " TFSJFT PG MVOBS QSPCFT MBVODIFE CZ UIF 4PWJFU 6OJPO -VOB MBVODIFEPO4FQUFNCFS XBTUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPEJSFDUMZTBNQMFUIFTPMBS XJOE BOE-VOB MBVODIFEPO0DUPCFS PCUBJOFEUIFêSTUQIPUPHSBQITPGUIF JOWJTJCMF CBDLTJEFPGUIF.PPO*O -VOBBOE-VOBSFTQFDUJWFMZCFDBNFUIF êSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPBDIJFWFBTPѫMBOEJOHPOUIF.PPOBOEUPFOUFSJOUPMVOBSPSCJU*O -VOBNBEFUIFêSTUBVUPNBUJDSFUVSOPGBMVOBSTPJMTBNQMFUP&BSUI -VOBSFDMJQTF %VSJOHBMVOBSFDMJQTF UIF.PPOTPSCJUBMNPUJPODBSSJFTUIFJOJUJBMMZ

GVMM.PPOUISPVHIUIF&BSUITTIBEPXѮJTPDDVSTPODFPSUXJDFJOBUZQJDBMZFBS BOE DBOCFTFFOGSPNBOZXIFSFPO&BSUIXIFSFUIF.PPOJTBCPWFUIFIPSJ[PO PSGSPN BCPVU IBMG UIF &BSUI ѮF .PPO EPFT OPU CFDPNF UPUBMMZ EBSL EVSJOH B UPUBM MVOBS FDMJQTF CVU JOTUFBE UVSOT SFE TJODF JU JT QBSUJBMMZ JMMVNJOBUFE CZ TVOMJHIU SFGSBDUFE UISPVHIUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF -VOBS 1SPTQFDUPS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF -VOBS 1SPTQFDUPS TQBDFDSBѫ PO +BOVBSZ

XIJDIPSCJUFEUIF.PPOGSPN+BOVBSZUP+VMZ EFUFSNJOJOHUIF HMPCBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGJUTFMFNFOUT NBHOFUJDêFMEBOEHSBWJUZ EFUFDUJOHUIFMVOBSDPSF BOEPCUBJOJOHTPNFFWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFBUUIF.PPOTQPMFT4FF.PPO -ZNBOTFSJFT "TFSJFTPGVMUSBWJPMFUTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFIZESPHFOBUPN OBNFEBѫFS UIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTUѮFPEPSF-ZNBO ¢ XIPêSTUPCTFSWFEUIFVMUSB WJPMFUTQFDUSVNPGIZESPHFOJOBOEBOOPVODFEJOUIBUUIFXBWFMFOHUITPG UISFF PG UIFN BSF EFTDSJCFE CZ UIF TBNF GPSNVMB UIBU TQFDJêFT UIF #BMNFS TFSJFT PG IZESPHFOUSBOTJUJPOT TFFOJOWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFRVBOUJ[FEFMFDUSPOPSCJUTPGUIF#PIS BUPNFYQMBJOUIF#BMNFSBOE-ZNBOTFSJFT*OUIFTQFDUSBPGRVBTBST UIF-ZNBOTFSJFT JTSFETIJѫFEJOUPWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT4FF#BMNFSTFSJFTBOE#PISBUPN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

. . "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSUIF.FTTJFSDBUBMPHVFPGKVTUPWFSCSJHIUOFCVMPVTPCKFDUTBOE

TUBSDMVTUFST QVCMJTIFEJOBOECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ ."$)0 "DSPOZNGPS."TTJWF$PNQBDU)BMP0CKFDU EBSLTUBSTPSQMBOFUTUIBUNBZ

NBLFVQUIF.JMLZ8BZTEBSLIBMP4FFEBSLIBMPBOEEBSLNBUUFS .BHFMMBOJD $MPVET 5XP OFBSCZ JSSFHVMBS HBMBYJFT UIBU PSCJU PVS (BMBYZ UIF .JMLZ

8BZѮFZBSFLOPXOBTUIF-BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE BCCSFWJBUFE-.$ BOEUIF4NBMM .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE PS 4.$ GPS TIPSU ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE JT MJHIU ZFBSTGSPN&BSUI#PUIHBMBYJFTDBOCFPCTFSWFEXJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZFGSPNUIF&BSUIT 4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF CVU DBOOPU CF TFFO GSPN UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT ѮFZ BSF OBNFE GPSUIF1PSUVHVFTFFYQMPSFS'FSEJOBOE.BHFMMBO ¢ XIPTFDSFXSFQPSUFE TFFJOH UIFN EVSJOH UIF êSTU DJSDVNOBWJHBUJPO PG UIF HMPCF DPNQMFUFE JO ѮF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVE DPOUBJOT UIF 5BSBOUVMB /FCVMB POF PG UIF MBSHFTU FNJTTJPO OFCVMBFLOPXO BOEUIF-.$JTBMTPUIFTJHIUPG4VQFSOPWB" UIFêSTUOBLFEFZF TVQFSOPWBTJODF4FFJSSFHVMBSHBMBYZ -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE 4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD $MPVE 4VQFSOPWB" BOE5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEJUT.BHFMMBOTQBDFDSBѫUP7FOVTPO.BZ

*UBSSJWFEBUUIFQMBOFUPO"VHVTUBOEPSCJUFEUIFQMBOFUGPVSZFBST VTJOHSBEBS UPNBQQFSDFOUPGUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFXJUIBOVOQSFDFEFOUFEEFUBJMPGNFUFS WFSUJDBMSFTPMVUJPOBOELJMPNFUFSIPSJ[POUBMSFTPMVUJPOѮF.BHFMMBOSBEBSJNBHFT SFWFBMFESVHHFEIJHIMBOET QMBJOTTNPPUIFEPVUCZHMPCBMMBWBëPXT VCJRVJUPVTWPMDB OPFT BOETQBSTF QSJTUJOFJNQBDUDSBUFST .BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQFT 4FF-BT$BNQBOBT0CTFSWBUPSZ .BHOFUJDEZOBNP 4FFEZOBNP .BHOFUJDmFME "NBHOFUJDGPSDFêFMEBSPVOEUIF4VO BQMBOFU BOEBOZPUIFSNBH

OFUJ[FECPEZ HFOFSBUFECZFMFDUSJDBMDVSSFOUTѮF4VOTMBSHFTDBMFNBHOFUJDêFME MJLF UIBUPG&BSUI FYIJCJUTBOPSUIBOETPVUIQPMFMJOLFECZMJOFTPGNBHOFUJDGPSDF CVUUIF 4VOBMTPDPOUBJOTOVNFSPVTEJQPMBSTVOTQPUTMJOLFECZNBHOFUJDMPPQT .BHOFUJD mFME MJOFT *NBHJOBSZ MJOFT UIBU JOEJDBUF UIF TUSFOHUI BOE EJSFDUJPO PG B

NBHOFUJDêFMEѮFMJOFTBSFESBXODMPTFSUPHFUIFSXIFSFUIFêFMEJTTUSPOHFS$IBSHFE QBSUJDMFTNPWFGSFFMZBMPOHNBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFT CVUDBOOPUNPWFBDSPTTUIFN .BHOFUJDQPMBSJUZ 4FFQPMBSJUZ .BHOFUJDQSFTTVSF "UZQFPGQSFTTVSFJOIFSFOUJONBHOFUJDêFMET BDUJOHPOBQMBTNB BOEHJWFOCZ#ʍXIFSF#JTUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUIBOEUIFQFSNFBCJMJUZPGGSFF TQBDFJTʍ/"

0LANET

-ERCURY %ARTH *UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE

-AGNETIC&IELD ATTHE%QUATOR "n4

4ILT COF-AGNETIC !XISDEGREES

22% 2* 23 25 2.

/FFSETFROM 0LANET#ENTER 20

22% 2* 23 25 2.

"OW 3HOCK $ISTANCE 2-020

2- 2% 2* 23 25 2.

0LANET %QUATORIAL 2ADIUS 20KM

DIPOLARMAGNETIClELD WITHRESPECTIVEUPPERLIMITSOFANDTESLA BMAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT " 2 IS GIVEN IN UNITS OF THE %ARTHgS MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF 4 M (ERE WE USE THE 3) UNIT FOR MAG O 0 NETIC lELD STRENGTH THE TESLA ABBREVIATED 4 4HE CGS UNIT OF MAGNETIC lELD STRENGTH THE GAUSS OR ' FOR SHORT CAN BE COMPUTED FROM ONE TESLA 4GAUSS'4HENANOTESLAORN4 ISALSOUSED WITHN44 ANDTHENANOTESLAHASHISTORICALLYALSOBEENCALLEDTHEGAMMA!DIPOLEMOMENT OF4M'CM WHEREMANDCMRESPECTIVELYDENOTEMETERANDCENTIMETER4HEEQUIVALENTUNITOF'CM!MISALSOUSED WHERETHECURRENT ISINUNITSOFAMPERES ABBREVIATED! C4HETILTISTHEANGLEBETWEENTHEMAGNETICAXISANDTHEROTATIONAXIS

A4HEMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHSAREGIVENATTHESURFACEOF-ERCURYANDTHE%ARTHANDATTHECLOUDTOPSFORTHEGIANTPLANETS6ENUSAND-ARSHAVENODETECTEDGLOBAL

-AGNETIC$IPOLE -OMENTB %ARTH

4!",% -AGNETIClELDSnPLANETSA

(MPTTBSZ.

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

.BHOFUJD SFDPOOFDUJPO " DIBOHF JO UIF UPQPMPHZ PG UIF NBHOFUJD êFME XIFSF UIF NBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTSFPSJFOUUIFNTFMWFTWJBOFXDPOOFDUJPOT%VSJOHNBHOFUJDSFDPO OFDUJPO TPNFNBHOFUJDêFMEMJOFTBSFCSPLFOBOEUIFOSFKPJOFEJOBOFXDPOêHVSB UJPOѮJTDBOPDDVSXIFOUXPPQQPTJUFMZEJSFDUFENBHOFUJDêFMETNPWFUPXBSEFBDI PUIFSBOESFDPOOFDUBUUIFQMBDFUIBUUIFZUPVDI.BHOFUJDSFDPOOFDUJPOJTBOJNQPS UBOUNFDIBOJTNGPSSFMFBTJOHNBHOFUJDFOFSHZUPIFBUUIF4VOTDPSPOBBOEUPQPXFS FYQMPTJWFQIFOPNFOBPOUIF4VO TVDIBTDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTBOETPMBSëBSFT .BHOFUJD TUPSN " EJTUVSCBODF JO UIF &BSUIT NBHOFUJD êFME PCTFSWFE BMM PWFS UIF &BSUIEVFUPDPMMJTJPOCZBDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO"TVCTUPSNJTBNBHOFUJDEJTUVSCBODF PCTFSWFEJO1PMBS3FHJPOTPOMZ4FFHFPNBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZBOEHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSN .BHOFUJTN 0OFBTQFDUPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJTN BGVOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSF XIFSFCZ

BNBHOFUJ[FEPCKFDUDBOGPSDFBDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFJOUPBOFXEJSFDUJPOPGNPUJPOBOE BUUSBDUPSSFQFMPUIFSNBHOFUJ[FEPCKFDUT .BHOFUPHSBN "DPNQVUFSJNBHF QJDUVSFPSNBQPGUIFTUSFOHUI EJSFDUJPOBOEEJT USJCVUJPOPGNBHOFUJDêFMETBDSPTTUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSF CBTFEPO;FFNBOFĒFDUNFB TVSFNFOUT4FFNBHOFUPHSBQIBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU .BHOFUPHSBQI "OJOTUSVNFOUVTFEUPNBQUIFTUSFOHUI EJSFDUJPOBOEEJTUSJCVUJPO

PGNBHOFUJDêFMETBDSPTTUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFVTJOHUIF;FFNBOFĒFDU/PSNBMMZ UIF MPOHJUVEJOBM PSMJOFPGTJHIU NBHOFUJDêFMEJTNFBTVSFE CVUUIFUSBOTWFSTFDPNQP OFOUJTBMTPNFBTVSFEXJUIBWFDUPSNBHOFUPHSBQI"NBHOFUPHSBNJTBNBQPGUIF NFBTVSFENBHOFUJDêFME4FFNBHOFUPHSBNBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU .BHOFUPTQIFSF ѮFSFHJPOPGTQBDFTVSSPVOEJOHBQMBOFUJOXIJDIUIFQMBOFUTNBH

OFUJDêFMEQSFEPNJOBUFTPWFSUIFTPMBSXJOE BOEDPOUSPMTUIFNPUJPOTPGDIBSHFEQBS UJDMFTJOJUѮFNBHOFUPTQIFSFJTTIBQFECZJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFOBQMBOFUTNBHOFUJD êFMEBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEѮFNBHOFUPTQIFSFTIJFMETUIFQMBOFUGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE QSFWFOUJOHPSJNQFEJOHUIFEJSFDUFOUSZPGUIFTPMBSXJOEQBSUJDMFTJOUPUIFNBHOFUJD DBWJUZ 4FF CPX TIPDL NBHOFUPQBVTF NBHOFUPTIFBUI NBHOFUPUBJM BOE 7BO "MMFO CFMUT .BHOFUPUBJM ѮF QPSUJPO PG B QMBOFUT NBHOFUPTQIFSF GPSNFE PO UIF QMBOFUT EBSL OJHIU TJEF CZ UIF QVMMJOH BDUJPO PG UIF TPMBS XJOE ѮF NBHOFUPUBJM JT BO FMPOHBUFE FYUFOTJPOPGUIFQMBOFUTNBHOFUJDêFMETPOUIFTJEFPGUIFQMBOFUPQQPTJUFUPUIF4VO .BHOFUPUBJMTDBOFYUFOEIVOESFETPGQMBOFUBSZSBEJJ .BHOJmDBUJPO ѮFJODSFBTFJOBOHVMBSTJ[FPGBOPCKFDUXIFOWJFXFEXJUIBUFMFTDPQF

ѮFNBHOJêDBUJPOPGBUFMFTDPQFJTVTVBMMZQSFDFEFECZBNVMUJQMJDBUJPOTJHO .BHOJUVEF " NFBTVSF PG UIF CSJHIUOFTT PG B TUBS PS PUIFS DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU 0O UIF

NBHOJUVEFTDBMF UIFMPXFTUNBHOJUVEFTSFGFSUPPCKFDUTPGHSFBUFTUCSJHIUOFTT*OUIF OE DFOUVSZ #$ UIF (SFFL BTUSPOPNFS )JQQBSDIVT D ¢D #$ DMBTTJêFE UIFTUBSTJOUPTJYNBHOJUVEFTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSTBSFPGUIFêSTUNBHOJUVEFXIJMFUIPTF PGTJYUINBHOJUVEFBSFKVTUWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEIVNBOFZF*OUIFUIDFOUVSZBTDBMF PGNBHOJUVEFTXBTBEPQUFEJOXIJDIBTUBSPGêSTUNBHOJUVEFJTFYBDUMZUJNFTBT CSJHIUBTPOFPGTJYUINBHOJUVEFѮFSBUJPPGCSJHIUOFTTCFUXFFOPOFNBHOJUVEFBOE

(MPTTBSZ.

'*( -AGNETOSPHERE4HE%ARTHSMAGNETIClELDCARVESOUTAHOLLOWINTHESOLARWIND CREATINGAPROTECTIVECAVITYCALLEDTHEMAGNETOSPHERE4HE%ARTH ITSATMOSPHEREANDIONO SPHERE ANDTHETWO6AN!LLENRADIATIONBELTSALLLIEWITHINTHISMAGNETICCOCOON3IMILARMAG NETOSPHERESAREFOUNDAROUNDOTHERMAGNETIZEDPLANETS!BOWSHOCKFORMSATABOUTTEN%ARTH RADIIONTHESUNLITSIDEOFOURPLANET)TSLOCATIONISHIGHLYVARIABLESINCEITISPUSHEDINANDOUT BYTHEGUSTYSOLARWIND4HEMAGNETOPAUSEMARKSTHEOUTERBOUNDARYOFTHEMAGNETOSPHERE ATTHEPLACEWHERETHESOLARWINDTAKESCONTROLOFTHEMOTIONSOFCHARGEDPARTICLES4HESOLAR WINDISDEmECTEDAROUNDTHE%ARTH PULLINGTHETERRESTRIALMAGNETIClELDINTOALONGMAGNETO TAILONTHENIGHTSIDE%LECTRONSANDPROTONSINTHESOLARWINDAREDEmECTEDATTHEBOWSHOCK MFѫ ANDmOWALONGTHEMAGNETOPAUSEINTOTHEMAGNETICTAILSJHIU %LECTRIlEDPARTICLESCAN BEINJECTEDBACKTOWARDTHE%ARTHAND3UNWITHINTHEPLASMASHEETDFOUFS

UIFOFYUJTUIVTUIFêѫISPPUPG PSѮFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFJTUIFCSJHIUOFTT PGBOPCKFDUBTTFFOGSPN&BSUI"CTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFJTUIFUSVFCSJHIUOFTTPGBOPCKFDU UBLJOHJOUPBDDPVOUJUTEJTUBODFGSPN&BSUIJUJTEFêOFEBTUIFBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOPCKFDUXPVMEIBWFBUUIFBSCJUSBSZEJTUBODFPGUFOQBSTFDTѮFCSJHIUOFTTPGBTUBS BTPCTFSWFEGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEIFODFJUTBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF EFQFOETPOCPUIJUT BCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFBOEJUTEJTUBODFѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT NBHOJUVEFTBOEJUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTNBHOJUVEFT4FFBCTPMVUF NBHOJUVEF BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOEWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF .BJOTFRVFODF ѮFSFHJPOJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNUIBUFYUFOETEJBHP OBMMZGSPNUIFVQQFSMFѫUPUIFMPXFSSJHIU PSGSPNUIFIJHIMVNJOPTJUZ IJHIUFN QFSBUVSF TUBST UP UIF MPXMVNJOPTJUZ MPXUFNQFSBUVSF TUBST ѮF TUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODFBSFLOPXOBTEXBSGTUBST CVUUIFZBSFBMTPDBMMFENBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTѮFZ BSFUIFNPTUDPNNPOUZQFTPGTUBSJOUIF(BMBYZ DPOTUJUVUJOHQFSDFOUPGJUTTUBST BOEQFSDFOUPGJUTNBTTѮF4VOJTBNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBS4UBSTTQFOEUIF NBKPSJUZPGUIFJSMJGFUJNFTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF EVSJOHXIJDIUIFZQSPEVDFFOFSHZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% -AIN SEQUENCESTARSA 3PECTRAL4YPE

/ " " ! & ' + - -

%FFECTIVE 4EMPERATURE +

-ASS --b

,UMINOSITY ,,b

2ADIUS 22b

,IFETIME YEARS

A4HEMASS - ISINUNITSOFTHE3UNSMASS-

b GRAMS THEABSOLUTELUMINOSITYISINUNITS OFTHE3UNSABSOLUTELUMINOSITY ,bERGS7 ANDTHERADIUS 2 INUNITSOF THE3UNSRADIUS 2bM4HELIFETIMESARETHEAMOUNTOFTIMEREQUIREDTOEXHAUSTTHENUCLEAR HYDROGENFUELTHATSUPPLIESTHEENERGYOFSTARSONTHEMAIN SEQUENCE

GSPNUIFGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOJOUPIFMJVNJOUIFJSDPSFTѮF[FSPBHFNBJOTFRVFODF JTXIFSFTUBSTMJFXIFOUIFZêSTUTUBSUUPCVSOIZESPHFOѮFQPTJUJPOPGBTUBSPOUIF NBJOTFRVFODFEFQFOETPOJUTNBTT UIFNPTUNBTTJWFTUBSTCFJOHUIFCSJHIUFTUѮF NPSFNBTTJWFBTUBS UIFTPPOFSJUFWPMWFTPĒUIFNBJOTFRVFODF4FFEXBSGTUBSBOE )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .BJOTFRVFODF TUBS " TUBS MJLF UIF 4VO UIBU GVTFT IZESPHFO OVDMFJ JOUP IFMJVN OVDMFJJOJUTDPSF BOEMJFTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN ѮFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTDBOIBWFBOZTQFDUSBMUZQF BOEBSFEFTJHOBUFECZMVNJOPTJUZ DMBTT7ѮFZBSFBMTPLOPXOBTEXBSGT PSEXBSGTUBST TJODFUIFZBSFTNBMMFSUIBOUIF HJBOUPSTVQFSHJBOUTUBST/JOFUZQFSDFOUPGBMMTUBSTBSFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST4FF"MQIB $FOUBVSJ "MUBJS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF 4JSJVT TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDB UJPO BOE7FHB .BKPS QMBOFU "OZ POF PG UIF FJHIU MBSHFTU QMBOFUT PG UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN JOPSEFS PG

JODSFBTJOHEJTUBODFGSPNUIF4VOUIFZBSF.FSDVSZ 7FOVT &BSUI .BST +VQJUFS 4BUVSO 6SBOVTBOE/FQUVOFѮFBTUFSPJETBSFLOPXOBTNJOPSQMBOFUT"MUIPVHI1MVUPXBT PODFSFHBSEFEBTBNBKPSQMBOFU XFOPXLOPXUIBUJUJTKVTUPOFPGNBOZTNBMMFSCPEJFT PSCJUJOHUIF4VOJOUIF,VJQFSCFMUPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF4FF,VJQFSCFMU .BSJB -BSHFEBSL TNPPUIGFBUVSFTPOUIF.PPO DSFBUFECFUXFFOBOECJMMJPO ZFBST BHP XIFO NBHNB GSPN UIF .PPOT JOUFSJPS êMMFE MBSHF JNQBDU CBTJOT GPSNFE CFUXFFOBOECJMMJPOZFBSTBHP BOETPMJEJêFEJOUPMBWBѮFXPSENBSJBJT-BUJO GPSiTFBTu BOEUIFTJOHVMBSGPSNPGUIFXPSEJTNBSF4FF.PPOBOEWPMDBOJTN .BSJOFS .JTTJPOT " TFSJFT PG 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /"4" TQBDF QSPCFT UP UIF QMBOUT ѮF

.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ MBVODIFEPO"VHVTU NFBTVSFEUIFEFOTJUZBOEWFMPDJUZ PGUIFTPMBSXJOEPOJUTXBZUP7FOVT BOEJO%FDFNCFSDPOêSNFEUIFFNJTTJPOPG

(MPTTBSZ.

JOUFOTFNJDSPXBWFTGSPNUIFQMBOFUTFYDFQUJPOBMMZIPUTVSGBDFѮF.BSJOFSTQBDF DSBѫëFXCZ.BSTJO+VMZ QIPUPHSBQIJOHDSBUFSTPOUIFSFEQMBOFUTTVSGBDF.BSJ OFSëFXCZ7FOVTJO0DUPCFS DPOêSNJOHUIFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSF BUUIFTVSGBDFPGUIFQMBOFU/"4"MBVODIFEUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫUP.BSTPO .BZ*UCFDBNFUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPPSCJUBQMBOFU DJSDMJOHBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFU GPSOFBSMZBZFBS GSPN/PWFNCFSUP0DUPCFS BOEPCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQ JNBHFTPGUPXFSJOHWPMDBOPFT WBTUDBOZPOT TVDIBTUIF7BMMFT.BSJOFSJTOBNFEGPSUIF TQBDFDSBѫ BOEUIFQMBOFUTUXPTNBMMTBUFMMJUFT 1IPCPTBOE%FJNPT.BSJOFSëFXCZ 7FOVTJO'FCSVBSZ BOEDPOUJOVFEUP.FSDVSZ XIJDIJUFODPVOUFSFEUISFFUJNFT JO.BSDIBOE4FQUFNCFSBOE.BSDI SFWFBMJOHJUTIFBWJMZDSBUFSFE .PPO MJLFTVSGBDF4FF%FJNPT .BST 1IPCPT TPMBSXJOE 7BMMFT.BSJOFSJT BOE7FOVT .BSJOFS7BMMFZ 4FF7BMMFT.BSJOFSJT .BST ѮFGPVSUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VOѮFSFEQMBOFU.BSTJTBCPVUIBMGUIFTJ[F PGUIF&BSUIBOEMPDBUFEUJNFTBTGBSGSPNUIF4VOBTUIF&BSUIJT.BSTOPXIBT BUIJO DPMEDBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSF BOEBGSP[FOTVSGBDF CVUUIFSFJTBCVOEBOU FWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEBDSPTTUIFQMBOFU*UIBTQPXFSGVMBOEQFSWB TJWF XJOET QPMBS DBQT SFNOBOU NBHOFUJTN BOE UPXFSJOH WPMDBOPFT .BST IBT UXP TNBMMNPPOT OBNFE1IPCPTBOE%FJNPT1IPCPTJTIFBEJOHUPXBSEFWFOUVBMDPMMJTJPO XJUI.BST4FF%FJNPT .BSJOFS .BSJOFS7BMMFZ .BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFS.JTTJPOT .BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPS .BST0EZTTFZ .BST1BUIêOEFS 0MZNQVT.POT 1IPCPT SFE QMBOFU 4ZSUJT.BKPS BOE7JLJOH.JTTJPOT .BST &YQMPSBUJPO 3PWFS .JTTJPOT /"4"T UXJO SPWFST 4QJSJU BOE 0QQPSUVOJUZ

MBVODIFEPO+VOFBOE+VMZ SFTQFDUJWFMZ4QJSJUMBOEFEJO(VTFW$SBUFSPO +BOVBSZ BOE 0QQPSUVOJUZ MBOEFE JO .FSJEJBOJ 1MBOVN PO +BOVBSZ PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFEBDSPTT.BST .BST&YQSFTT &4"MBVODIFEJUT.BST&YQSFTTTQBDFDSBѫUP.BSTPO+VOF XJUI

BOPSCJUFSUIBUIBTPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFQMBOFUTTVSGBDFBOEBOVOTVDDFTTGVM#FBHMF MBOEFS .BST (MPCBM 4VSWFZPS /"4" MBVODIFE JUT .BST (MPCBM 4VSWFZPS PO /PWFNCFS

QMBDJOHJUJOUPPSCJUBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO4FQUFNCFS)JHISFTPMVUJPO JNBHFT CFHJOOJOHPO"QSJM QSPWJEFEBCVOEBOUFWJEFODFGPSQBTUBOESFDFOU XBUFSëPX EVTUTUPSNTBOEWPMDBOJDBDUJWJUZѮFHMPCBMUPQPHSBQIZXBTEFUFSNJOFE XJUI B MBTFS BMUJNFUFS BOE B NBHOFUPNFUFS EFUFSNJOFE UIF HMPCBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG SFNOBOUNBHOFUJDêFMETQSFTFSWFEJOUIFBODJFOUIJHIMBOEDSVTU .BST0EZTTFZ /"4"MBVODIFEJUT.BST0EZTTFZTQBDFDSBѫPO"QSJM QMBDJOH JUJOUPPSCJUBSPVOEUIFSFEQMBOFUPO0DUPCFS*UIBTNBQQFEUIFBNPVOUBOE EJTUSJCVUJPOPGDIFNJDBMFMFNFOUTBOENJOFSBMTPOUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDF BOEQSPWJEFE FWJEFODFGPSTVCTUBOUJBMTVCTVSGBDFXBUFSJDF .BST1BUImOEFS ѮF.BST1BUIêOEFSMBOEFSBOEJUTSPWJOHWFIJDMF 4PKPVSOFS XFSF

MBVODIFECZ/"4"PO%FDFNCFS BOEMBOEFEPO$ISZTF1MBOJUJBOFBSUIFNPVUI PGBOPVUëPXDIBOOFMPO+VMZ êOEJOHFWJEFODFUIBUMJRVJEXBUFSPODFëPXFE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% -ARSA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 3URFACE!REA 2OTATION0ERIODOR,ENGTHOF 3IDEREAL$AY /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN /RBITAL%CCENTRICITY 4ILTOF2OTATIONAL!XIS THE/BLIQUITY $ISTANCEFROM%ARTH !NGULAR$IAMETERAT#LOSEST!PPROACH !GE !TMOSPHERE !VERAGE'LOBAL3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE0RESSUREAT6IKINGAND 3ITES 3URFACE4EMPERATURE2ANGE !VERAGE3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH2EMNANT -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER SQUAREMETERS!% HOURSMINUTESSECONDS SECONDS %ARTHDAYS-ARSSOLARDAYS METERS!5 DEGREES METERSTOMETERS TOSECONDSOFARC YEARS PERCENTCARBONDIOXIDE PERCENTNITRO GEN PERCENTARGON BARS0ASCALS TOBARSANDTO BARS TOKELVIN KELVIN ¥TESLA"% LESSTHAN¥THATOF%ARTH

A!DAPTEDFROM((+IEFFER "-*AKOSKY #73NYDERAND-3-ATTHEWSEDS -ARS 5NIVERSITYOF !RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON4HESYMBOLS- % 2 % ! % AND" %RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASS RADIUS SURFACE AREA ANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH

BDSPTT.BSTBOETVHHFTUJOHUIBUUIFQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFXBTPODFUIJDLFS XBSNFSBOE XFUUFSUIBOBUQSFTFOU CVUQFSIBQTTFWFSBMCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP .BTDPO "O BCCSFWJBUJPO GPS NBTT DPODFOUSBUJPOT PO UIF .PPO EJTDPWFSFE GSPN QSFDJTFSBEJPUSBDLJOHPGTQBDFDSBѫXIPTFPSCJUTXFSFEFëFDUFEXIFOQBTTJOHPWFSUIF NBTDPOT.BTDPOTBSFCVSJFEVOEFSWJSUVBMMZBMMPGUIFNBSJBPOUIFOFBSTJEFPGUIF .PPO BOEUIFZBSFBMTPGPVOECFOFBUIJNQBDUCBTJOTPOCPUIUIFOFBSBOEGBSTJEF PGUIF.PPOѮFNBTDPOTBSFNPTUMJLFMZUIFVQXBSECVMHJOHPGIJHIEFOTJUZNBOUMF SPDLTUIBUSPTFBѫFSJNQBDUTGSPNMBSHFNFUFPSJUFTCMBTUFEBXBZUIFMJHIUFSDSVTU .BTFS "DSPOZN GPS NJDSPXBWF BNQMJêDBUJPO CZ TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO PG SBEJBUJPO

)ZESPYZM 0) BOEXBUFS )0 NPMFDVMFTJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFDBOBDUBTNBTFST .BTT "NFBTVSFPGUIFUPUBMBNPVOUPGNBUUFSDPOUBJOFEXJUIJOBOPCKFDU1IZTJDJTUT

EJTUJOHVJTICFUXFFOXFJHIU XIJDIEFQFOETPOUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMQVMMPGBMBSHFSNBTT BOENBTT XIJDIEPFTOPUWBSZѮFNPSFNBTTBOPCKFDUIBT UIFTUSPOHFSJTJUTHSBWJUB UJPOBMQVMMPOPUIFSPCKFDUT*OFSUJBMNBTTJOEJDBUFTBOPCKFDUTSFTJTUBODFUPDIBOHFTJO JUTTUBUFPGNPUJPO XIJMFHSBWJUBUJPOBMNBTTJOEJDBUFTJUTSFTQPOTFUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBM

(MPTTBSZ.

4!",% -ARSnSATELLITESA -ASSKG 2ADIIOFTRIAXIALELLIPSOIDKM -EANMASSDENSITYKGM -EANDISTANCEFROM-ARS KM B 3IDEREALPERIOD-ARTIANDAYS C

0HOBOS

$EIMOS

2-

2-

A!DAPTEDFROM((+IEFFER "-*AKOSKY #73NYDERAND-3-ATTHEWSEDS -ARS 5NIVERSITYOF

!RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON4HEMASSISINKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG THERADIUSANDDISTANCEAREINKILO METERS ABBREVIATEDKM ANDTHEMASSDENSITYISINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM B4HERADIUSOF-ARSIS2 KILOMETERS C/NE-ARSDAYHOURSMINUTESSECONDS SOTHEORBITALPERIODSOF0HOBOSAND$EIMOSARE HOURSMINUTESSECONDSANDHOURSMINUTESSECONDS RESPECTIVELY"OTHSATELLITESARE LOCKEDINTOSYNCHRONOUSROTATIONWITHAROTATIONPERIODEQUALTOTHEIRORBITALPERIODS

4!",% -ARSnOPPOSITIONSA /PPOSITION $ATE

2IGHT!SCENSION $ECLINATION HOURSMINUTES DEGREESMINUTES

$IAMETER SECONDSOFARC

$ISTANCE B METERS

*UNE !UGUST .OVEMBER $ECEMBER *ANUARY

-ARCH !PRIL -AY *ULY /CTOBER

$ECEMBER *ANUARY &EBRUARY -ARCH

-AY *UNE 3EPTEMBER

A!NOPPOSITIONOCCURSWHENTHE%ARTHMOVESBETWEEN-ARSANDTHE3UN ANDTHETWOPLANETSARECLOSEST

!DAPTEDFROM7ILLIAM3HEEHAN4HE0LANET-ARS 5NIVERSITYOF!RIZONA0RESS 4UCSON !PPENDIX PP B4HEDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHAND-ARSATOPPOSITIONINUNITSOFTENBILLION METERS"ECAUSETHE -ARTIANORBITISMOREELLIPTICALTHAN%ARTHS THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETWOPLANETSATDIFFERENTOPPOSITIONS VARIESASMUCHASBILLIONMETERS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

GPSDF*OUIF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZHSBWJUBUJPOBMBOEJOFSUJBMNBTTBSFFRVBMUP FBDIPUIFS4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOETPMBSNBTT .BTTEFOTJUZ ѮFBNPVOUPGNBUUFSQFSVOJUWPMVNF PSBOPCKFDUTNBTTEJWJEFECZ JUTWPMVNF TPNFUJNFTKVTUDBMMFEUIFEFOTJUZѮFNBTTEFOTJUZPGXBUFSJTLJMP HSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS"JSIBTBMPXEFOTJUZ XIJMFSPDLTIBWFBIJHIPOF(JBOUTUBST IBWFBMPXNBTTEFOTJUZ XIJMFDPNQBDUXIJUFEXBSGTPSOFVUSPOTUBSTIBWFBWFSZMBSHF NBTTEFOTJUZ .BTTFOFSHZFRVJWBMFODF .BTT EFOPUFECZN DBOCFUSBOTGPSNFEJOUPFOFSHZ &

BOEFWFSZFOFSHZIBTBNBTT BDDPSEJOHUPUIFGPSNVMB&ND XIFSFDJTUIFWFMPD JUZ PG MJHIU êSTU EFSJWFE JO JUT FYBDU GPSN CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU "MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ JO .BTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO ѮFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ EFOPUFECZ - BOEUIFNBTT TQFDJêFECZ. GPSTUBSTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH 3VTTFMMEJBHSBN êSTUEFSJWFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS"SUIVS&EEJOHUPO ¢ *UJTFYQSFTTFEBT-DPOTUBOU.Y XIFSFUIFFYQPOFOUYMJFTCFUXFFO BOE .BTTOVNCFS 4FFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFS .BTTUPMJHIUSBUJP ѮFBNPVOUPGNBTTPGBOPCKFDUEJWJEFECZJUTBCTPMVUFMVNJOPT

JUZ VTVBMMZNFBTVSFEJOTPMBSVOJUT .BVOB,FB0CTFSWBUPSJFT "UMFBTUUIJSUFFOXPSLJOHUFMFTDPQFTBSFMPDBUFEOFBSUIF

TVNNJUPGUIFFYUJODU.BVOB,FBWPMDBOPBUBIFJHIUPGBCPVU NFUFSTBCPWFTFB MFWFM PO UIF JTMBOE PG )BXBJJ /JOF PG UIF UFMFTDPQFT PQFSBUF BU PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE XBWFMFOHUIT UISFFPGUIFNBSFGPSTVCNJMMJNFUFSBTUSPOPNZ BOEPOFJTGPSSBEJPBTUSPO PNZ ѮF VOJRVF FYUSFNFMZ ESZ BOE DMPVEGSFF TJUF JT PO MBOE MFBTFE GSPN UIF 4UBUF PG )BXBJJ CZ UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG )BXBJJ BOE EFWFMPQFE GPS BTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUJPOT CZ JUT*OTUJUVUFPG"TUSPOPNZѮFUFMFTDPQFTJODMVEFUIFUXJO,FDLNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFT UIFMBSHFTUWJTJCMFMJHIUUFMFTDPQFTJOUIFXPSME BOEUIFNFUFS JODI +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM5FMFTDPQFXIJDIPQFSBUFTJOUIFTVCNJMMJNFUFSXBWFMFOHUISFHJPO PGUIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN0UIFSMBSHFPQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFTPO.BVOB,FB JODMVEFUIFNFUFS JODI +BQBOFTF4VCBSV5FMFTDPQFBOEPOFPGUIFNFUFS JODI (FNJOJ UFMFTDPQFT m UIF PUIFS POF JT JO $FSSP 1BDIÓO $IJMF 4FF (FNJOJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM5FMFTDPQF ,FDLUFMFTDPQFT BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF "SSBZ .BVOEFS .JOJNVN ѮF ZFBS QFSJPE CFUXFFO BOE XIFO GFX TVO TQPUT XFSF PCTFSWFE *U JT OBNFE BѫFS UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS & 8BMUFS .BVOEFS ¢

XIPJOQSPWJEFEBGVMMBDDPVOUPGUIFNJTTJOHTVOTQPUT QSFWJPVTMZ OPUJDFECZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'84QÕSFS ¢ "QSPMPOHFE QFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZDPMEXFBUIFSJO&VSPQF LOPXOBTUIF-JUUMF*DF"HF PWFSMBQTUIF .BVOEFS.JOJNVNBOEBOPUIFSQFSJPEPGVOVTVBMMZMPXTVOTQPUOVNCFST UIF4QÕSFS .JOJNVNGSPNUP TVHHFTUJOHUIBUBEFDSFBTFJOTVOTQPUTBOEBTTPDJBUFE TPMBSBDUJWJUZNBZCFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDPMEFSUFNQFSBUVSFTPO&BSUI4FF-JUUMF*DF"HF

(MPTTBSZ.

.BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO %JTUSJCVUJPOPGQBSUJDMFWFMPDJUJFTGPSBHBTJOUIFSNBMFRVJ MJCSJVN DIBSBDUFSJ[FECZBXFMMEFêOFEUFNQFSBUVSF 5 BOESPPUNFBOTRVBSFWFMPDJUZ 7SNT L5. GPSBQBSUJDMFPGNBTT. XIFSF#PMU[NBOOTDPOTUBOUL +PVMF QFS EFHSFF LFMWJO ѮF EJTUSJCVUJPO JT OBNFE GPS UIF 4DPUUJTI QIZTJDJTU +BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM ¢

XIPEFSJWFEJUJO .D%POBME 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF BTUSPOPNJDBM PCTFSWBUPSZ PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5FYBT MPDBUFE JO UIF %BWJT .PVOUBJOT OFBS "VTUJO 5FYBT ѮF PCTFSWBUPSZ JODMVEFT UIF )PCCZ&CFSMZUFMFTDPQF4FF)PCCZ&CFSMZUFMFTDPQF .EXBSG "NBJOTFRVFODFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF.4FF.TUBS .FHBIFSU[ "VOJUPGGSFRVFODZ BCCSFWJBUFE.)[*UJTFRVBMUPPOFNJMMJPO)FSU[

4FF)FSU[ .FHBQBSTFD "VOJUPGJOUFSHBMBDUJDEJTUBODFT0OF.FHBQBSTFD PS.QD JTFRVJWB

MFOUUPBNJMMJPOQBSTFDT NFUFSTBOENJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST .FHBUPO ѮFFOFSHZSFMFBTFEJOUIFFYQMPTJPOPGPOFNJMMJPOUPOTPG5/5 FRVBMUP

+PVMFT PSFSHT .FSDVSZ ѮF JOOFSNPTU QMBOFU PG UIF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN BOE UIF TNBMMFTU PG UIF GPVS JOOFS UFSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT%VFUPJUTTNBMMTJ[FBOEQSPYJNJUZUPUIF4VO .FSDVSZJT WFSZEJēDVMUUPPCTFSWFGSPNUIF&BSUI*UTUSVFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEXBTOUFTUBCMJTIFE VOUJM XIFO "NFSJDBO TDJFOUJTUT (PSEPO ) 1FUUFOHJMM ¢ BOE 3PMG # %ZDF ¢ TFOUSBEBSQVMTFTUP.FSDVSZGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJO1VFSUP 3JDP VTJOH UIF SFUVSO TJHOBM UP TIPX UIBU .FSDVSZT SPUBUJPO QFSJPE JT &BSUI EBZT PSPGJUTPSCJUBMZFBSPG&BSUIEBZT*OmUIF.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ ëFX CZ UIF QMBOFU UISFF UJNFT SFWFBMJOH JUT DSBUFSFE .PPOMJLF TVSGBDF4FF SBEBS BTUSPOPNZ 4!",% -ERCURYA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER %ARTHDAYS %ARTHDAYS METERS!5 YEARS 6ERYTENUOUSHELIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM BARS TOKELVIN TESLAATTHEEQUATOR"% TESLAMETERSCUBED

A4HESYMBOLS- 2 AND" RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASS RADIUSANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH % % %

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

.&3-*/ "DSPOZN GPS .VMUJ&MFNFOU 3BEJP-JOLFE *OUFSGFSPNFUFS /FUXPSL XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGTJYSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTMJOLFEUPUIF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ XJUIB NBYJNVN CBTFMJOF PG LJMPNFUFST 4FF JOUFSGFSPNFUFS +PESFMM #BOL 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ .FTTJFSPCKFDU "OZPGUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF TUBSDMVTUFSTBOEHBMBYJFTUIBUBQQFBSJO

UIFêOBMDBUBMPHVFQVCMJTIFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ JO"TUSPOPNFSTTUJMMEFTJHOBUFUIFTFPCKFDUTCZUIFDBQJUBMMFUUFS.GPMMPXFECZ UIFOVNCFSJO.FTTJFSTMJTU4PNFPGUIFCFTULOPXO.FTTJFSPCKFDUTJODMVEF . ѮF$SBC/FCVMB BTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU4FF$SBC/FCVMB . ѮF"OESPNFEB/FCVMB BTQJSBMHBMBYZUIBUMJFTNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ

GSPNUIF&BSUI4FF"OESPNFEBHBMBYZBOE-PDBM(SPVQ . "O FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ UIBU JT JO PSCJU BSPVOE "OESPNFEB . 4FF -PDBM

(SPVQ . ѮF5SJBOHVMVNPS1JOXIFFMHBMBYZ BTQJSBMHBMBYZMPDBUFENJMMJPOMJHIU ZFBSTBXBZGSPNUIF&BSUI*UJTUIFUIJSEMBSHFTUNFNCFSPGUIF-PDBM(SPVQ BѫFS "OESPNFEBBOEUIF.JMLZ8BZ4FF-PDBM(SPVQ . ѮF 0SJPO /FCVMB B SFHJPO PG TUBS GPSNBUJPO JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 0SJPO

4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE0SJPO/FCVMB . ѮF8IJSMQPPM(BMBYZ BTQJSBMHBMBYZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOFT7FOBUJDJ . "HJBOUFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZJOUIF7JSHPDMVTUFS4FFSBEJPHBMBYZBOETVQFSNBT TJWFCMBDLIPMF .FUBM *OBTUSPOPNZ BNFUBMJTBOZFMFNFOUIFBWJFSUIBOIFMJVN*OUIJTEFêOJUJPO FMFNFOUTMJLFPYZHFOBOEOFPOBSFNFUBMT BTJTJSPO .FUBMMJDJUZ "OPCKFDUTBCVOEBODFPGNFUBMT PѫFOUIFBCVOEBODFPGJSPOTJODFJUJT

FBTZUPNFBTVSF4FFNFUBM .FUFPS ѮFCSJMMJBOUUSBJMPGMJHIUBDSPTTUIFOJHIUTLZQSPEVDFEXIFOBTNBMM TPMJE

PCKFDU GSPN TQBDF B NFUFPSPJE FOUFST UIF &BSUIT VQQFS BUNPTQIFSF BU IJHI TQFFE .PTUNFUFPSTBSFGSBHJMFGSBHNFOUTPGDPNFUTBOEOFWFSSFBDIUIFHSPVOEѮPTFUIBU EPSFBDIUIFHSPVOEBSFDBMMFENFUFPSJUFT BOEUIFZBSFSPDLZGSBHNFOUTPGBTUFSPJET "UDFSUBJOUJNFTPGUIFZFBS NFUFPSTBSFNPSFOVNFSPVTUIBOVTVBM BOEUIFTFNFUFPS TIPXFSTPDDVSXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIUIFPSCJUPGBDPNFU4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS BOENFUFPSJUF .FUFPS$SBUFS "DSBUFSOFBS'MBHTUBĒ "SJ[POB BMTPLOPXOBTUIF"SJ[POB.FUFPS

$SBUFSBOEUIF#BSSJOHFS.FUFPSJUF$SBUFS BѫFSUIFNJOJOHFOHJOFFS%BOJFM.PSFBV #BSSJOHFS ¢ XIP VOTVDDFTTGVMMZ USJFE UP NJOF UIF TJUF GPS MBSHF RVBOUJ UJFT PG JSPO *O UIF FBSMZ T UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS &VHFOF . 4IPFNBLFS ¢ EFNPOTUSBUFEUIFTJNJMBSJUZCFUXFFOUIFDSBUFSBOEUIPTFQSPEVDFEEVS JOHOVDMFBSUFTUFYQMPTJPOTJO/FWBEB EFNPOTUSBUJOHJUTPSJHJOCZFYUFSOBMJNQBDUѮF DJSDVMBSDSBUFSJTBCPVUNFUFSTJOEJBNFUFSBOENFUFSTEFFQ*UJTBUUSJCVUFEUP

(MPTTBSZ.

4!",%-ESSIER/BJECTSA -ESSIER .'# )#

4YPEB

#ON

2! HM

$EC

M6

.AME

#RAB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB

4AU !QR #6N 3CO 3ER

n n

#RAB.EBULA

/P#L /P#L .EB 'LOB 'LOB

3CO 3CO 3GR /PH /PH

n n n n n

"UTTERmY ,AGOON.EBULA

/P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB

3CT /PH (ER /PH 0EG

n n n

7ILD$UCK#LUSTER (ERCULES

/P#L .EB /P#L 'LOB .EB

3ER 3GR 3GR /PH 3GR

n n n n n

%AGLE.EBULA /MEGAOR3WAN.EBULA 4RIlD.EBULA

)

/P#L 'LOB /P#L /P#L /P#L

3GR 3GR 3GR 3GR 3GR

n n n n n

/P#L 0LAN 'LOB /P#L 'LOB

3CT 6UL 3GR #YG #AP

n n n

$UMBBELL.EBULA

'AL3B 'AL% 'AL3C /P#L /P#L

!ND !ND 4RI 0ER 'EM

!NDROMEDA.EBULA

/P#L /P#L /P#L /P#L STARS

!UR !UR !UR #YG 5-A

7INNECKE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% CONTINUED -

)#

#ON

2! HM

/P#L .EB .EB /P#L /P#L

#-A /RI /RI #NC 4AU

n n n

/P#L /P#L /P#L 'AL% /P#L

0UP 0UP (YA 6IR -ON

'AL3C /P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB

#6N #AS #OM 3GR 3GR

7HIRLPOOL

'LOB 0LAN 'AL3"B 'AL% 'AL%

,YR ,YR ,YR 6IR 6IR

2ING.EBULA

'AL3C 'LOB 'AL3B 'AL3B 'AL3A

6IR /PH #6N #OM ,EO

3UNmOWER "LACK%YE

'AL3B /P#L 'LOB 'LOB 'LOB

,EO #NC (YA 3GR 3GR

'LOB 'LOB /P#L 'AL3C 'LOB

3GE !QR !QR 0SC 3GR

0LAN 'AL3B .EB 'LOB 'LOB

0ER #ET /RI ,EP 3CO

-ESSIER .'#

4YPEB

$EC

M6

.AME

/RION.EBULA /RION.EBULA 0RAESEPE"EEHIVE 0LEIADES

STARS ,ITTLE$UMBBELL

(MPTTBSZ.

4!",% CONTINUED -

)#

4YPEB

#ON

2! HM

'AL3B 'AL)RR 'AL3C 'AL% 'AL3O

5-A 5-A (YA 6IR #OM

'AL% 'AL%P 'AL%P 'AL% 'AL3B

6IR 6IR #OM 6IR 6IR

'AL3 'LOB /P# 'AL3B 'AL3"B

#OM (ER 0UP #6N ,EO

'AL3A 0LAN 'AL3B 'AL3C 'AL3C

,EO 5-A #OM #OM #OM

'AL3C 'AL3A /P#L 'AL3A 'AL%

5-A $RA #AS 6IR ,EO

'AL3B 'LOB 'AL3B 'AL3"C

#6N /PH 5-A 5-A

-ESSIER .'#

$EC

M6

.AME

2ADIOGALAXY

/WL.EBULA

0INWHEEL

3OMBRERO

A!DAPTEDFROM4HE/BSERVERS(ANDBOOK 2OYAL!STRONOMICAL3OCIETYOF#ANADA

B/P#LOPENCLUSTER'LOBGLOBULARCLUSTER0LANPLANETARYNEBULA.EBEMISSIONNEBULA 'ALGALAXYWITHCLASSIlCATION

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

UIFJNQBDUPGBOJDLFMJSPONFUFPSJUFBCPVUNFUFSTBDSPTT XIJDIDPMMJEFEXJUIUIF &BSUIBCPVUZFBSTBHP .FUFPSJUF "OFYUSBUFSSFTUSJBMDIVOLPGSPDLBOENFUBM XIJDITVSWJWFTJUTêFSZEFTDFOU

UISPVHIUIFBUNPTQIFSFUPSFBDIUIFHSPVOE.PSFUIBOUIPVTBOENFUFPSJUFTIBWF CFFOSFDPWFSFEGSPNUIFJDFBU"OUBSDUJDB NBOZPGUIFNTQFOEJOHBCPVUIBMGBNJMMJPO ZFBSTFNCFEEFEJOUIFJDFNBOZGFXFSNFUFPSJUFTIBWFCFFOGPVOEBUPUIFSMPDBUJPOT PO&BSUI3BEJPBDUJWFEBUJOHJOEJDBUFTUIBUNFUFPSJUFTGPSNFEBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBST BHP.PTUNFUFPSJUFTBSFGSBHNFOUTPGBTUFSPJET CVUBTNBMMOVNCFSBSFGSPN.BST DBMMFE4/$NFUFPSJUFT PSGSPNUIF.PPOѮFSFBSFUISFFNBJODMBTTFTPGNFUFPSJUFT UIFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFT NBJOMZDPNQPTFEPGTJMJDBUFT UIFJSPONFUFPSJUFT DPOTJTUJOHPG JSPOBOEOJDLFM BOETUPOZJSPOT DPNQPTFEPGBCPVUIBMGTJMJDBUFTBOEIBMGJSPOBOE OJDLFM"MNPTUBMMPGUIFTFLJOETPGNFUFPSJUFTIBWFBHSFBUFSNBTTEFOTJUZUIBOBUZQJDBM SPDLPOUIF&BSUITTVSGBDF.PTUPGUIFNFUFPSJUFTBSFTUPOFT BOEBCPVUQFSDFOUPG UIFTFBSFDMBTTJêFEBTDIPOESJUFT BOBNFEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBODJFOU(SFFLXPSE DIPO ESPT NFBOJOHiHSBJOuPSiTFFEuѮFDIPOESJUFTDPOUBJOTNBMMTQIFSJDBMNBTTFTPGNBUF SJBMLOPXOBTDIPOESVMFTѮFPUIFSQFSDFOUPGUIFTUPOZNFUFPSJUFTBSFBDIPOESJUFT XIJDITIPXTJHOTPGQBTUJHOFPVTBDUJWJUZѮFSBSFDBSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUFT BSFDPNQPTFEPGGSBHJMF MPXEFOTJUZNBUFSJBMBOEDPOUBJOBQQSFDJBCMFBNPVOUTPGDBS CPOBOEXBUFS4FFDBSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUF JSPONFUFPSJUF 4/$NFUFPSJUF TUPOZNFUFPSJUF BOE8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSO .FUFPSPJE "TPMJEPCKFDUJOTQBDF TNBMMFSUIBOBOBTUFSPJE"NFUFPSPJECFDPNFT

BNFUFPSXIFOJUMJHIUTVQJOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSFBOEBNFUFPSJUFJGJUSFBDIFTUIF HSPVOE .FUFPSTIPXFS $PNFUTTUSFXQBSUJDMFTBMPOHUIFJSPSCJUBMQBUIBTUIFZMPPQBSPVOE

UIF4VO BOEXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIPOFPGUIFTFNFUFPSTUSFBNTBNFUFPS TIPXFSPDDVST SFDVSSJOHBUBCPVUUIFTBNFUJNFFWFSZZFBSѮF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS (JPWBOOJ4DIJBQBSFMMJ ¢ êSTUQSPQPTFEJOUIBUNFUFPSTIPXFSTBSF UIFSFTVMUPGUIFEJTJOUFHSBUJPOPGDPNFUT FTUBCMJTIJOHBDPOOFDUJPOCFUXFFOUIF1FS TFJE NFUFPS TIPXFS BOE $PNFU 4XJѫ5VUUMF EJTDPWFSFE JO ѮF NFUFPST JO B TIPXFSBQQFBSUPDPNFGSPNUIFTBNFQPJOUJOUIFTLZ UIFSBEJBOU BOEUIFNFUFPS TIPXFSJTOBNFEBѫFSUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOJOXIJDIJUTSBEJBOUMJFT.FUFPSTIPXFSTBSF TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE TIPPUJOH TUBST PS GBMMJOH TUBST CVU UIFZ IBWF OPUIJOH UP EP XJUI TUBSTBOEBSFDPNQPTFEPGGSBHJMFDPNFUNBUFSJBMUIBUCVSOTVQ JOUIFBUNPTQIFSF BOE OFWFS SFBDIFT UIF HSPVOE 4FF -FPOJET NFUFPS 1FSTFJET 2VBESBOUJET BOE 4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU .FUFPSTUSFBN .FUFPSPJETDJSDMJOHUIF4VOJOBDPNNPOPSCJU VTVBMMZUIFEFCSJTPG

BDPNFUXJUIUIFTBNFPSCJU"NFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUIQBTTFTUISPVHIB NFUFPSTUSFBN4FFNFUFPSPJE .FUIBOF "NPMFDVMFEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM$) XIFSF$JTBOBUPNPGDBSCPOBOE )JTBIZESPHFOBUPN8FDPPLBOEIFBUTPNFIPNFTXJUIHBTFPVTNFUIBOF BOEJUJT GPVOEJOBCVOEBODFXJUIJO6SBOVT /FQUVOF BOEJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF

(MPTTBSZ.

4!",% -ETEORSHOWERSA 2ADIANT0OSITIONB -ETEORS 0ER(OURC

-AXIMUM$ATE

2!

$EC

1UADRANTIDS !LPHA!URIGIDS 6IRGINIDS ,YRIDS %TA!QUARIDS

*ANUARY &EBRUARY !PRIL !PRIL -AY

HM HM HM HM HM

*ANUARY *AN&EB -ARCH!PRIL !PRIL !PRIL-AY

!LPHA3CORPIIDS /PHIUCHIDS !LPHA#YGNIDS #APRICORNIDS !LPHA#APRICORNIDS

!PRIL *UNE *ULY *ULY !UGUST

HM HM HM HM HM

!PRIL-AY -AY*UNE *UNE!UGUST *ULY!UG *ULY!UG

$ELTA!QUARIDS )OTA!QUARIDS 0ISCIS!USTRALIDS 0ERSEIDS !LPHA!URIGIDS

*ULY !UGUST *ULY !UGUST !UGUST

HM HM HM HM HM

*ULY!UG *ULY!UGUST *ULY!UGUST *ULY!UG !UGUST/CTOBER

0ISCIDS /RIONIDS 4AURIDS ,EONIDS 'EMINIDS 5RSIDS

3EPTEMBER /CTOBER .OVEMBER .OVEMBER $ECEMBER $ECEMBER

HM HM HM HM HM HM

3EPT/CT /CT.OV /CT.OV .OVEMBER $ECEMBER $ECEMBER

3HOWER

6ISIBILITY$ATES

A!DAPTEDFROM"ONE .-ETEORS #AMBRIDGE -ASS 3KY0UBLISHING#O P AND,ANG +ENNETH

2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA0LANETSAND3TARS.EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG P B4HECELESTIALCOORDINATESOFTHERADIANTARERIGHTASCENSION ABBREVIATEDAS2! INHOURS HR ANDMINUTES

M ANDDECLINATION OR$ECFORSHORT INDEGREES C4HEMAXIMUMHOURLYFREQUENCYOFMETEORSISUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHERADIANTISATTHEZENITH BUTTHIS RATECANVARYFROMYEARTOYEARBECAUSEOFTHENON UNIFORMDISTRIBUTIONOFTHERELEVANTMETEOROIDSTREAM

.F7 "VOJUPGFOFSHZFRVBMUPPOFNJMMJPOFMFDUSPOWPMUTBOE+PVMF

ѮJT VOJU JT VTFE UP EFTDSJCF UIF UPUBM FOFSHZ PG IJHIWFMPDJUZ QBSUJDMFT PS FOFSHFUJD SBEJBUJPOQIPUPOT4FFDPTNJDSBZT FMFDUSPOWPMU BOEHBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO .)[ "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS.FHB)FSU[ PSBNJMMJPO)FSU[4FF)FSU[BOE.FHBIFSU[ .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZFYQFSJNFOU (FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU.JDIFMTPO

¢ BOE"NFSJDBODIFNJTU&EXBSE.PSMFZ ¢ VTFBOJOUFSGFSPN FUFSJOUPUSZUPEFUFDUBOZEJĒFSFODFJOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUJOUXPEJSFDUJPOTBU SJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFS GBJMJOHUPNFBTVSFBOZEJĒFSFODFBOETIPXJOHUIBUUIFWFMPD

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% -ETEORSHOWERSnCOMETSA -ETEOR3HOWERB

#OMET

,YRIDS %TA!QUARIDS 3CORPIIDS 3AGITTARIIDS "OOTIDS 0ERSEIDS

4HATCHER#' 0 (ALLEY 0 %NCKE 00ONS 7INNECKE 0 3WIFT 4UTTLE

!URIGIDS $RACONIDS /RIONIDS %PSILON'EMINIDS 4AURIDS

+IESS#. 0'IACOBINI :INNER 0 (ALLEY )KEYA#. 0 %NCKE

!DROMEDIDS ,EONIDS 'EMINIDS -ONOCEROTIDS 5RSIDS

0 "IELA 0 4EMPLE 4UTTLE 0HAETHONC -ELLISH#& 04UTTLE

A-ETEORSHOWERSTHATOCCURWHENTHE%ARTHINTERSECTSTHEORBITOFTHECOMETGIVENHERE!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB1MBOFUTBOE4UBST.EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG P B4HEVISIBILITYDATESOFTHESESHOWERSWEREGIVENIN4ABLE C0HAETHONISCATALOGEDASANASTEROID BUTITMAYBEANINACTIVECOMETNUCLEUS

JUZPGMJHIUJTOPUBĒFDUFECZUIFNPUJPOPGUIF&BSUIUISPVHIBIZQPUIFUJDBMBFUIFS4FF BFUIFS FUIFS MVNJOJGFSPVTFUIFS BOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ .JDSPMFOTJOH ѮFHSBWJUBUJPOBMEJTUPSUJPOBOEBNQMJêDBUJPOPGBTUBSTMJHIUDBVTFECZBO

PCKFDU TVDIBTBQMBOFU QBTTJOHCFUXFFOUIFTUBSBOEBOPCTFSWFSѮFPCKFDUDVSWFTMJHIU SBZTGSPNUIFTUBSBOEDPODFOUSBUFTUIFNUPXBSETUIFPCTFSWFS4FFHSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT .JDSPO " VOJU PG MFOHUI FRVBM UP B NJMMJPOUI PS PG B NFUFS 7JTJCMF MJHIU IBT

XBWFMFOHUITPGCFUXFFOBOENJDSPOT .JDSPXBWF &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BOE DFOUJ NFUFST PSGSFRVFODJFTGSPNUP()[ BUUIFTIPSUXBWFMFOHUIFOEPGUIFSBEJP TQFDUSVN .JDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOE 4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO .JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT ѮSFFSIZUINJDëVDUVBUJPOTJOUIFXPCCMFBOEUJMUPGUIF&BSUIT SPUBUJPOBMBYJTBOEUIFTIBQFPGUIF&BSUITPSCJUUIBUTFUUIFNBKPSJDFBHFTJONPUJPO CZBMUFSJOHUIFTFBTPOBMEJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIF4VOTMJHIUBOEIFBUPO&BSUIѮFZBSFUIF ZFBSQSFDFTTJPOBMXPCCMFPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT UIFZFBSWBSJB UJPOJOUIF&BSUITBYJBMUJMU BOEUIFZFBSDIBOHFJOUIFFDDFOUSJDJUZPSTIBQF PGUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮFTFDZDMFTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIF:VHPTMBWJBOBTUSPOPNFS.JMVUJO

(MPTTBSZ.

.JMBOLPWJUDI ¢ XIPEFWFMPQFEUIFSFMFWBOUNBUIFNBUJDBMUIFPSZCFUXFFO BOE4FFJDFBHF .JMF "VOJUPGEJTUBODFFRVBMUPLJMPNFUFSTBOEGFFU .JMLZ 8BZ ѮF CBOE PG MJHIU UIBU TUSFUDIFT BDSPTT PVS OJHIU TLZ QSPEVDFE CZ UIF

MJHIUPGOVNFSPVTTUBSTBTXFMPPLPVUUISPVHIUIFEJTLPGPVS(BMBYZѮFTUBSMJHIUJT PCTDVSFEJOQMBDFTCZDMPVETPGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ ѮF (BMBYZ UIBU DPOUBJOT UIF .JMLZ 8BZ BOE UIF 4VO EJTUJO HVJTIFEGSPNPUIFSHBMBYJFTCZBDBQJUBM(ѮF.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZJTBTQJSBMHBMBYZ XJUIBNBTTJWFDFOUFSMPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF4VO XIJDIJTMPDBUFEJO POFPGUIFTQJSBMBSNTѮF(BMBYZDPOUBJOTIVOESFETPGCJMMJPOTPGTUBST NPTUMZMPDBUFE JOBEJTLUIBUJTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT"EBSLIBMPUIBUTVSSPVOETUIFEJTL PGPVS(BMBYZBDDPVOUTGPSBCPVUUFOUJNFTBTNVDINBTTBTUIFEJTLJUTFMGѮF.JMLZ 8BZ(BMBYZ PS(BMBYZGPSTIPSU CFMPOHTUPUIF-PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT4FFEBSLIBMP HBMBDUJDEJTL (BMBYZ BOE-PDBM(SPVQ .JMMJPO 0OFUIPVTBOEUIPVTBOE XSJUUFOBTPS .JMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS " QVMTBS XJUI B SBQJE QFSJPE PG BCPVU POF NJMMJTFDPOE PS TFDPOE *O UIF "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS %POBME $ #BDLFS ¢ EJTDPW FSFE UIF êSTU NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE 143 XJUI B QFSJPE PG NJMMJTFDPOET"OPUIFSNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS 143XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFD POET XBT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS "MFLTBOEFS 8PMT[D[BO ¢ BDDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIJTQVMTBSSFTVMUFEJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUXP &BSUITJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOH143ѮFQVMTBS143 XJUIBTPNFXIBU MPOHFSQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZ"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST 3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ QSFDJTFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOT PGJUTSBEJPQVMTFTJOEJDBUFEUIBUUIFCJOBSZQVMTBSJTMPTJOHFOFSHZBUUIFSBUFFYQFDUFECZ HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO"MMUISFFQVMTBSTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEBUUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ FYUSBTPMBSQMBOFU HSBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO 143 143 BOE143 .JNPTB "MTP LOPXO BT #FUB $SVDJT B CMVFXIJUF HJBOU TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF # BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOEBOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF PG4FFTUBST .JOLPXTLJNFUSJD ѮFMJOFFMFNFOU ET JOTQBDFUJNFXJUIPVUHSBWJUZ EFSJWFEJO CZUIF-JUIVBOJBOCPSO(FSNBONBUIFNBUJDJBO)FSNBOO.JOLPXTLJ ¢

BOEHJWFOCZETDEUEYEZE[ XIFSFDJTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU EUJTUIF UJNF BOEEY EZ BOEE[BSFUIFUISFFTQBDFDPPSEJOBUFT4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU .JOPSQMBOFU 4FFBTUFSPJE .JOVUFPGBSD 4FFBSDNJOVUF .JSB "SFE.HJBOUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FUVT XIPTFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF

SBOHFTGSPNUPBOECBDLUPBHBJOFWFSZEBZT.JSB UIFi.JSBDMF4UBSu JTBMTP

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% -ILKY7AY'ALAXY 2ADIUSOFGALACTICDISKKPCLIGHT YEARS DIAMETERLIGHT YEARS 4HICKNESSOFGALACTICDISKKPCLIGHT YEARS 3UNSDISTANCEFROMGALACTICCENTER2 KPC WHEREKPCLIGHT YEARS 3UNSROTATIONVELOCITYABOUTGALACTICCENTER6ROTKMS 3UNSROTATIONPERIODABOUTGALACTICCENTER0YEARS /ORTSCONSTANTS! KMSKPCAND" KMSKPC 'ALACTIC#ENTER2! HMS$EC ng .ORTH'ALACTIC0OLE2! HMS$EC ng !BSOLUTE-AGNITUDE- !BSOLUTE,UMINOSITY," ,bOR,"y,b WHERETHE3UNSABSOLUTELUMINOSITY,b*SERGS -ASS --bWITHIN2KPCLIGHT YEARS ORAMASSEQUIVALENTTOBILLIONSTARSLIKETHE3UN WHERETHE3UNSMASS-bGRAMS WITHAMASS LUMINOSITYRATIOOF-,"-b,bTO2KPC

--bWITHIN2KPCLIGHT YEARS WITHAMASS LUMINOSITYRATIOOF-,"TO2KPC

4OTALMASS--bWITHIN2KPCORLIGHT YEARS WITHATOTALMASSABOUTTENTIMESTHEMASSOFTHEVISIBLESTELLARCOMPONENT ANDADARK INVISIBLEHALOOFABOUTPERCENTOFTHETOTALMASS

4OTALMASS LUMINOSITYRATIO-,"y-b,bTO2KPC

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF**4QBDF 5JNF .BUUFSBOE$PTNPMPHZ

ѮJSE&EJUJPO .EW9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG PP

OBNFE0NJDSPO$FUJ BOEIBTCFFOBEEJUJPOBMMZQSPDMBJNFEiUIF"NB[JOH0OFuBOE iUIF8POEFSGVMuѮF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE'BCSJDJVT ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFTUBSTWBSJBUJPOJOXIFOCSJHIUFTU .JSBJTWJTJCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFBOEXIFO EJNNFTUJUDBOOPUCFTFFOXJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZF"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUT BOHVMBSEJBNFUFSPGTFDPOETPGBSDDPSSFTQPOETUPBQIZTJDBMSBEJVTPG"6PS UJNFTUIFBWFSBHFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIF&BSUIBOEUIF4VOBOEBCPVUEPVCMFUIFTJ[FPG UIFPSCJUPG.BSTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG.JSBWBSJFTGSPNmUPm XJUIBO BCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZSBOHJOHGSPNUPOFBSMZUJNFTUIF4VOTMVNJOPTJUZ.JSB JTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSUIPVTBOETPGMPOHQFSJPE.JSBWBSJBCMFT XIJDIWBSZJOCSJHIUOFTT BTUIFTUBSTQVMTBUFTMPXMZ .JTTJOHNBTT "MUFSOBUJWFUFSNGPSEBSLNBUUFS4FFEBSLNBUUFS .*5 "DSPOZNGPSUIF.BTTBDIVTFUUT*OTUJUVUFPG5FDIOPMPHZ MPDBUFEJO$BNCSJEHF

.BTTBDIVTFUUT .J[BS "EPVCMFTUBSJO6STB.BKPS BMTPLOPXOBT;FUB6STBF.BKPSJT PGBQQBSFOU

WJTVBMNBHOJUVEF*UTEJTUBOUDPNQBOJPO "MDPS XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEF

(MPTTBSZ.

PG DBOCFTFFOXJUIUIFVOBJEFE PSOBLFE FZF.J[BS "MDPSBOEUIFDPNQBOJPOUP .J[BSBSFBMMTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSJFT4FFTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZ ..5 "DSPOZN GPS .VMUJQMF .JSSPS 5FMFTDPQF 4FF 'SFE - 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE.VMUJQMF.JSSPS5FMFTDPQF .PMFDVMBS DMPVE "O VOVTVBMMZ EFOTF BOE MBSHF JOUFSTUFMMBS OFCVMB PG HBT BOE EVTU

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ѮFTNBMMFTUVOJUPGBDIFNJDBMDPNQPVOE"NPMFDVMFJTDPNQPTFEPGUXP

PSNPSFBUPNT CPVOEUPHFUIFSCZJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIFJSFMFDUSPOT .POUI ѮFQFSJPEPGSFWPMVUJPOPGUIF.PPOBSPVOEUIF&BSUIѮFTJEFSFBMNPOUI

SFDLPOFEGSPNêYFETUBSUPêYFETUBS JTNFBOTPMBSEBZT BOEUIJTJTFRVBMUP UIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEPGUIF.PPOBCPVUJUTBYJTѮFTZOPEJDNPOUIJTUIFNFBOJOUFSWBM CFUXFFODPOKVODUJPOTPGUIF.PPOBOEUIF4VO BOEDPSSFTQPOETUPUIFDZDMFPGMVOBS QIBTFTѮFTZOPEJDNPOUI GSPNPOFOFX.PPOUPUIFOFYUOFX.PPO JTFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZTѮF(SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSJTEJWJEFEJOUPNPOUIT XJUIB (SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSZFBSFRVBMUPEBZT4FFTJEFSFBMUJNF .PPO "OBUVSBMPCKFDUUIBUSFWPMWFTBSPVOEBQMBOFU"NPPOJTBOBUVSBMTBUFMMJUF

ѮF&BSUIIBTPOFNPPO XIJDIJTVTVBMMZDBMMFEUIF.PPOXJUIBDBQJUBM.ѮF.PPO JTLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT PSSPVHIMZPOFRVBSUFSUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI BOEJUSFWPMWFT BSPVOEUIF&BSUIPODFFWFSZEBZT3PDLTSFUVSOFEGSPNUIF.PPOCZUIF"QPMMP NJTTJPOT GSPNUP JOEJDBUFUIBUNPTUPGUIFIJHIMBOEDSBUFSTXFSFDSFBUFE CZBOJOUFOTFCPNCBSENFOUBCPVUCJMMJPOZFBSTBHPBOEUIBUUIFMVOBSNBSJBXFSF êMMFEXJUIMBWBGSPNUIF.PPOTJOUFSJPSCFUXFFOBOECJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮF$MF NFOUJOFBOEPS-VOBS1SPTQFDUPSTQBDFDSBѫIBWFQSPWJEFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFMJRVJE DPSF TVSGBDFDPNQPTJUJPO UPQPHSBQIZ BOENBHOFUJTNPGUIF.PPO BTXFMMBTQPTTJCMF FWJEFODFGPSXBUFSJDFJOQFSNBOFOUMZTIBEFESFHJPOTBUUIFMVOBSQPMFTѮF.PPOT HSBWJUZ ESBXT UIF &BSUIT PDFBOT JOUP UXP UJEBM CVMHFT QSPEVDJOH UIF UJEFT BOE UIF .PPOBDUTBTBCSBLFPOUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPO DBVTJOHUIFMFOHUIPGUIFEBZUPTUFBEJMZ JODSFBTFBUUIFSBUFPGTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZBOEUIF.PPOUPNPWFBXBZGSPNUIF &BSUIBUUIFSBUFPGNFUFSTQFSZFBSѮF.PPOXBTNPTUMJLFMZGPSNFECZUIFHJBOU JNQBDUPGB.BSTTJ[FECPEZXJUIUIF&BSUIFBSMZJOJUTIJTUPSZ4FF"QPMMP.JTTJPOT $MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫ DSBUFS -VOBS1SPTQFDUPS NBSJB BOEUJEFT .PSHBO,FFOBODMBTTJmDBUJPO 4FFTUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO .PVOU1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% -OONA -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD THE3IDEREAL-ONTH 3YNODIC-ONTH -EAN$ISTANCEFROM%ARTH )NCREASEIN-EAN$ISTANCE -EAN/RBITAL3PEED !NGULAR2ADIUSAT-EAN$ISTANCE'EOCENTRIC !NGULAR2ADIUSAT-EAN$ISTANCE4OPOCENTRIC !GE

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER DAYSSIDEREALMONTH DAYSlXEDSTARTOlXEDSTAR DAYSNEW-OONTONEW-OON METERS METERSPERYEAR METERSPERSECOND MINUTESSECONDSOFARC MINUTESSECONDSOFARC YEARS

A(ERE-

%AND2%RESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEMASSANDRADIUSOFTHE%ARTH

.PVOU 4USPNMP 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE PO .PVOU 4USPNMP OFBS $BOCFSSB "VTUSB

MJB UIFPCTFSWBUPSZXBTFTUBCMJTIFEJOBTѮF$PNNPOXFBMUI4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ BOEPQFSBUFETJODFCZUIF"VTUSBMJBO/BUJPOBM6OJWFSTJUZBTUIF.PVOU4USPNMP 0CTFSWBUPSZ"EFWBTUBUJOHXJMEêSFPO+BOVBSZEFTUSPZFEBMMPGJUTNBKPSUFMF TDPQFT CVUSFEFWFMPQNFOUJTOPXVOEFSXBZ .PVOU 8JMTPO 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFEPO.PVOU8JMTPO BQFBLJOUIF4BO(BCSJFM NPVOUBJOTOFBS1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJB UIF.PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZJTUIFTJUFPGUIF .PVOU 8JMTPO 4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ GPVOEFE JO UIF JODI NFUFS SFëFDU JOH UFMFTDPQF DPNQMFUFE JO BOE UIF JODI NFUFS SFëFDUJOH UFMFTDPQF XIJDIXBTGVOEFECZUIF"NFSJDBOCVTJOFTTNBO+PIO%)PPLFS ¢ BOE DPNQMFUFEJOѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS&EXJO)VCCMF ¢ VTFEUIF JODI)PPLFSUFMFTDPQFUPTIPXUIBUTQJSBMBOEFMMJQUJDBMOFCVMBFBSFHBMBYJFT BOE UPPCUBJOUIFêSTUFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF .4'$ "DSPOZNGPSUIF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS4FF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS . TUBS " SFE TUBS PG TQFDUSBM UZQF . XIPTF WJTJCMF EJTL JT DPMEFS BOE SFEEFS UIBO UIF4VO.UZQFTUBSTPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFBSFDBMMFESFEEXBSGT BOEUIFZBSFUIF NPTUDPNNPODMBTTPGTUBSJOUIF.JMLZ8BZ BDDPVOUJOHGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGBMM TUBSTJOPVS(BMBYZѮFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGBO.TUBSJTDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZBCTPSQUJPO CBOET PG UJUBOJVN PYJEF NPMFDVMFT . TUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF BSF TNBMMFS MFTT NBTTJWFBOEDPPMFSUIBOUIF4VOѮFZIBWFNBTTFTMFTTUIBOTPMBSNBTTFT CVSO IZESPHFOJOUIFJSDPSFCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO BOEIBWFDPOWFDUJWF[POFTUIBUDBO FYUFOEUISPVHIPVUUIFFOUJSFTUBSGPSUIFMPXFTUNBTTѮFZBMTPFNJUMFTTMJHIUUIBO UIF4VO BOEBSFTPEJNUIBUOPUBTJOHMFPOFJTWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFE OBLFEFZF3FE .UZQFHJBOUPSTVQFSHJBOUTUBSTBSFIVOESFETPSUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF 4VO1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTBSFEEXBSGTUBS .JSBJTBSFEHJBOUTUBS BOE"OUBSFTBOE #FUFMHFVTFBSFSFETVQFSHJBOUTUBST4FF"OUBSFT #FUFMHFVTF E.TUBS ëBSFTUBS HJBOU

(MPTTBSZ.

% $

&!! ' "# $

"#$ %"$"

"# $

" %"$"

"$

' !%#

!%#

%!!

## "! "$

'*( -OONPHASES,IGHTFROMTHE3UNILLUMINATESONEHALFOFTHE-OON WHILETHEOTHERHALFISDARK!STHE-OONORBITSTHE%ARTH WESEEVARYINGAMOUNTS OFITSILLUMINATEDSURFACE4HEPHASESSEENBYANOBSERVERON%ARTHCPUUPN COR RESPONDTOTHENUMBEREDPOINTSALONGTHELUNARORBIT4HEPERIODFROMNEW-OONTO NEW-OONISDAYS THELENGTHOFTHEMONTH!STHE%ARTHCOMPLETESITSDAILY ROTATION ALLNIGHTTIMEOBSERVERSSEETHESAMEPHASEOFTHE-OON

TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF .JSB .TUBS QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ SFEEXBSGTUBS TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOETVQFSHJBOUTUBS .48FGGFDU ѮFUSBOTGPSNBUJPOPGBOFVUSJOPPGPOFUZQFPSëBWPSJOUPBOFVUSJOPPG

BOPUIFSLJOEXIJMFUSBWFMJOHUISPVHINBUUFS OBNFEBѫFS-JODPMO8PMGFOTUFJO ¢ XIP PSJHJOBUFE UIF UIFPSZ JO BOE 4UBOJTMBW .JLIFZFW m BOE "MFYFJ : 4NJSOPW ¢ XIPGVSUIFSEFWFMPQFEJUBCPVUBEFDBEFMBUFSѮF.48FĒFDUDPVME FYQMBJOUIFTPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFNJGTPNFPGUIFFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPTQSPEVDFEJOUIF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

DPSFPGUIF4VOPTDJMMBUFJOUPNVPOPSUBVOFVUSJOPTPOUIFJSXBZPVUPGUIF4VO UIFSFCZ CFDPNJOHJOWJTJCMFUPNPTUOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPST4FFOFVUSJOPPTDJMMBUJPO BOETPMBSOFV USJOPQSPCMFN .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ "SBEJPBTUSPOPNZPCTFSWBUPSZPGUIF6OJ

WFSTJUZPG$BNCSJEHFBU-PSET#SJEHFOFBS$BNCSJEHF &OHMBOE SFOPXOFEGPSJUTEJTDPW FSZPGQVMTBSTBOEJUTQJPOFFSJOHXPSLJOBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTѮF3ZMF5FMFTDPQF OBNFE GPSUIF&OHMJTISBEJPBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3ZMF ¢

JTBOBSSBZPGFJHIUQBSB CPMJDEJTIFTFBDINFUFST GFFU JOEJBNFUFS POBLJMPNFUFS FBTUXFTUCBTFMJOF PSJHJOBMMZCVJMUJOGPSIJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHJOHPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBSTBOE VQHSBEFEGPSNBQQJOHUIFNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOEѮFOBNFBDLOPXMFEHFTGVOEJOH CZ.VMMBSE-JNJUFE4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTBOEQVMTBS .VMUJQMF .JSSPS 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE ..5 B WJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTPDQF XJUI B QSJ

NBSZ NJSSPS PG NFUFS JODI EJBNFUFS MPDBUFE PO .U )PQLJOT "SJ[POB *U PSJHJOBMMZDPOTJTUFEPGTFWFSBMTNBMMFSNJSSPST CVUJTOPXBTJOHFNJSSPSѮF'SFE- 8IJQQMF 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB PQFSBUF UIF ..5 4FF 'SFE - 8IJQQMF0CTFSWBUPSZ .VPO "O FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF EFOPUFE CZ UIF TZNCPM ʍ " NVPO JT TJNJMBS UP BO

FMFDUSPOFYDFQUUIBUUIFNVPOIBTBNBTTUIBUJTUJNFTUIBUPGBOFMFDUSPO BOEB CSJFGMJGF"NVPOEFDBZTJOUPOFVUSJOPTBOEBOFMFDUSPOJOKVTUTFDPOET .VPOTNBZIBWFBQPTJUJWFPSBOFHBUJWFDIBSHF.VPOOFVUSJOPTJOUFSBDUXJUINVPOT BOEUIFBOUJNVPOJTUIFBOUJQBSUJDMFPGUIFNVPO

(MPTTBSZ/

/ /BLFEFZFPCTFSWBUJPO 7JTVBMPCTFSWBUJPOPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTXJUIPVUBUFMFTDPQFPS

PUIFSPQUJDBMJOTUSVNFOU BMTPDBMMFEVOBJEFEPCTFSWBUJPOT /BOP5FTMB "VOJUPGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI BCCSFWJBUFEO5*UJTFRVBMUP5FTMB

UP(BVTT BOEUPHBNNB4FF(BVTTBOE5FTMB /"4" "DSPOZN GPS UIF /BUJPOBM "FSPOBVUJDT BOE 4QBDF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO 6OJUFE 4UBUFT4FF/BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSBUJPO /BUJPOBM "FSPOBVUJDT BOE 4QBDF "ENJOJTUSBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE /"4" UIF 6OJUFE

4UBUFTHPWFSONFOUTQBDFBHFODZGPSNFEJO*UJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSDJWJMJBONBOOFE BOESPCPUJDBDUJWJUJFTJOTQBDF JODMVEJOHMBVODIWFIJDMFT TDJFOUJêDTBUFMMJUFT BOETQBDF QSPCFT/"4")FBERVBSUFSTBSFJO8BTIJOHUPO %$/"4"PQFSBUFTUIF"NFT3FTFBSDI $FOUFSOFBS4BO'SBODJTDP $BMJGPSOJBUIF(PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE (4'$ JO(SFFOCFMU.BSZMBOEUIF+FU1SPQVMTJPO-BCPSBUPSZ PS +1-GPSTIPSU OFBS 1BTBEFOB $BMJGPSOJBUIF+PIO',FOOFEZ4QBDF$FOUFSBU$BQF$BOBWFSBM 'MPSJEB UIF-ZOEPO#+PIOTPO4QBDF$FOUFS JO)PVTUPO 5FYBTBOEUIF.BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU $FOUFS BCCSFWJBUFE.4'$ JO)VOUTWJMMF "MBCBNBѮ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ê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

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS A !POLLO-ISSIONS3IX!POLLOSPACECRAFTTRANSPORTEDTWELVEASTRONAUTSTOTHE-OONANDBACK BETWEENAND4HEYRETURNEDATOTALOFKILOGRAMSOFROCKSTHATWEREUSEDTO DECIPHERTHE-OONSHISTORYANDPROVIDECLUESTOITSORIGIN4HE!POLLOASTRONAUT .EIL! !RMSTRONGn WASTHElRSTHUMANTOSTEPONTHE-OON FROMTHE,UNAR-ODULE%AGLE ON*ULY #ASSINI (UYGENS-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#ASSINI (UYGENSSPACECRAFTON/CTOBER )NSTRUMENTSABOARDTHESPACECRAFT WHICHREACHED3ATURNIN*ULY WILLIMPROVE OURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPLANET3ATURN ITSRINGS ITSMAGNETOSPHERE ANDITSSATELLITES.!3!S #ASSINI/RBITERWILLORBIT3ATURNANDITSMOONSFORFOURYEARS/N*ANUARY %3!S (UYGENS0ROBEDOVEINTOTHETHICK HAZYATMOSPHEREOF3ATURNSMOON4ITANANDLANDEDON ITSSURFACE DISCOVERINGSIGNSOFmOWINGLIQUID PROBABLYMETHANE4HESPACECRAFTISNAMEDFOR THE)TALIAN BORN&RENCHASTRONOMER'IAN'IOVANNI $OMENICO*EAN$OMENIQUE #AS SINIn WHODISCOVERED#ASSINISGAPIN3ATURNSRINGS ANDTHE$UTCHASTRONOMER #HRISTIAAN(UYGENSn WHODISCOVERED4ITAN 3ATURNSLARGESTMOON #HANDRA8 RAY/BSERVATORY.!3!DEPLOYEDTHE#HANDRA8 RAY/BSERVATORY ABBREVIATED #8/ ON*ULY FROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE#OLUMBIA)TINVESTIGATESTHEHIGH ENERGY 8 RAYREGIONSOFTHE5NIVERSEFROMCOSMICOBJECTSSUCHASACTIVEGALACTICNUCLEI BLACKHOLES CLUSTERSOFGALAXIES DARKMATTER GALAXIES NEUTRONSTARS PULSARS QUASARS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS SUPERNOVAE ANDWHITEDWARFS4HE8 RAYOBSERVATORYWASNAMEDAFTERTHE)NDIAN BORN!MERI CANASTROPHYSICISTAND.OBELLAUREATE 3UBRAHMANYAN#HANDRASEKHAR¥ #OMPTON'AMMA2AY/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#OMPTON'AMMA2AY/BSERVA TORY ABBREVIATED#'2/ ON!PRIL FROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE!TLANTIS ANDITRE ENTERED THE%ARTHSATMOSPHEREON*UNE)TWASTHESECONDOF.!3!SFOURGREATOBSERVATORIES INSPACE DESIGNEDTOSTUDYTHE5NIVERSEINANINVISIBLE HIGH ENERGYFORMOFRADIATIONKNOWN ASGAMMARAYS)TDETECTEDMORETHANGAMMA RAYBURSTS ASWELLASGAMMARAYSFROM BLACKHOLES PULSARS QUASARSANDSUPERNOVAE4HEGAMMARAYOBSERVATORYWASNAMEDAFTERTHE !MERICANPHYSICIST!RTHUR#OMPTONn WHOISREMEMBEREDFORDISCOVERINGTHE #OMPTONEFFECT APHENOMENONINWHICHELECTROMAGNETICWAVESSUCHAS8 RAYSUNDERGOAN INCREASEINWAVELENGTHAFTERHAVINGBEENSCATTEREDBYELECTRONS #/SMIC"ACKGROUND%XPLORER.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE#/SMIC"ACKGROUND%XPLORER ABBREVI ATED#/"% ON.OVEMBERINSTRUMENTOPERATIONSWERETERMINATEDON$ECEMBER 4HESEINSTRUMENTSMEASUREDTHEANGULARDISTRIBUTIONANDSPECTRUMOFTHECOSMICMICRO WAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION SHOWINGTHATITHASAFAINTANISOTROPYANDABLACKBODYSPECTRUM WITHATEMPERATUREOFKELVIN %INSTEIN/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE%INSTEIN/BSERVATORY THElRSTFULLYIMAGING8 RAY TELESCOPEPUTINSPACE ON.OVEMBER WHEREITORBITED%ARTHANDOBTAINEDDATAUNTIL !PRIL)TPROVIDEDTHElRSTHIGH RESOLUTION8 RAYSTUDIESOFSUPERNOVAREMNANTS DISCOV EREDUNEXPECTEDLYINTENSECORONALEMISSIONFROMMAIN SEQUENCESTARS RESOLVEDNUMEROUS 8 RAYSOURCESINNEARBYGALAXIES ANDDETECTED8 RAYJETSFROM#ENTAURUS!AND- ALIGNED WITHRADIOJETS4HEOBSERVATORYISNAMEDAFTERTHE'ERMAN BORN!MERICANPHYSICIST!LBERT %INSTEINn WHOREVOLUTIONIZEDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFSPACE MATTERANDTIME 'ALILEO-ISSION4HE'ALILEOSPACECRAFTWASLAUNCHEDBY.!3!ONBOARDTHE3PACE3HUTTLE !TLANTISON/CTOBER ANDARRIVEDAT*UPITERON$ECEMBER ORBITINGTHEGIANT PLANETANDVASTLYINCREASINGOURUNDERSTANDINGOF*UPITERANDTHEFOUR'ALILEANSATELLITES )O %UROPA 'ANYMEDEAND#ALLISTO4HEMISSIONISNAMEDAFTERTHE)TALIANASTRONOMER'ALILEO 'ALILEIn WHODISCOVERED*UPITERSFOURLARGESTMOONS NOWKNOWNASTHE'ALILEAN SATELLITES4HEMISSIONWASTERMINATEDON3EPTEMBER CONTINUED

(MPTTBSZ/

4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 'IOTTO-ISSION%3!LAUNCHEDTHE(JPUUPSPACECRAFTON*ULY)TENCOUNTERED#OMET (ALLEYON-ARCH OBTAININGIMAGESOFITSDARK IRREGULARJET SPEWINGNUCLEUSAND MEASURINGTHEAMOUNTOFWATERANDDUSTEMITTED4HEMISSIONISNAMEDAFTERTHE&LORENTINE PAINTER'IOTTODI"ONDONECnC ()GH0RECISION0!2ALLAX#/LLECTING3ATELLITE%3!LAUNCHEDITS()GH0RECISION0!2ALLAX #/LLECTING3ATELLITE ABBREVIATED()00!2#/3 ON!UGUSTANDOPERATEDITUNTIL!UGUST )TWASTHElRSTSPACEMISSIONDEDICATEDTOASTROMETRY MEASURINGTHEACCURATEPOSITIONS DISTANCES MOTIONS BRIGHTNESSANDCOLORSOFSTARS()00!2#/3MEASUREDTHEPARALLAXANDPROPER MOTIONSOFSTARSWITHAPRECISIONOFTOSECONDSOFARC UPTOTIMESBETTER THANPOSSIBLEFROMTHEGROUND4HEACRONYMALSOALLUDESTO(IPPARCHUSOF.ICAEAC"#n C"# WHORECORDEDACCURATESTARPOSITIONSMORETHANTWOMILLENNIAPREVIOUSLY (UBBLE3PACE4ELESCOPE4HEWORLDSlRSTSPACE BASEDOPTICAL ORVISIBLE LIGHT ASTRONOMI CALTELESCOPE THE(UBBLE3PACE4ELESCOPE WITHA METER INCH PRIMARYMIRROR WAS LAUNCHEDON!PRILFROMTHE3PACE3HUTTLE$ISCOVERY WITHSERVICINGMISSIONSBY SHUTTLEASTRONAUTSIN$ECEMBER &EBRUARY $ECEMBER AND&EBRUARY)T HASOBSERVEDNEWLYFORMEDGALAXIESWHENTHE5NIVERSEWASHALFITSPRESENTAGE CONTRIBUTINGTO OURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEAGEANDEVOLUTIONOFTHE#OSMOS WATCHEDSUPER MASSIVEBLACKHOLES CONSUMINGTHEMATERIALAROUNDTHEM ANDHELPEDASTRONOMERSDETERMINEHOWAMYSTERIOUS hDARKENERGYvHASTAKENOVERTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSE4HETELESCOPEWASNAMEDFORTHE !MERICANASTRONOMER%DWIN(UBBLEn WHODEMONSTRATEDTHATSPIRALNEBULAEARE GALAXIESLIKEOUROWN-ILKY7AYANDFOUNDTHElRSTEVIDENCEFORTHEEXPANSIONOFTHE5NIVERSE (UYGENS0ROBE4FF#ASSINI (UYGENS-ISSION -AGELLAN-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-AGELLANSPACECRAFTTO6ENUSON-AY)TAR RIVEDATTHEPLANETON!UGUSTANDORBITEDTHEPLANETFORFOURYEARS USINGRADARTOMAP PERCENTOFTHEPLANETSSURFACEWITH METERVERTICALRESOLUTIONAND KILOMETERSPATIAL RESOLUTION4HE-AGELLANRADARIMAGESREVEALEDRUGGEDHIGHLANDS PLAINSSMOOTHEDOUTBY GLOBALLAVAmOWS UBIQUITOUSVOLCANOES ANDSPARSE PRISTINEIMPACTCRATERS)TISNAMEDFORTHE 0ORTUGUESEEXPLORER&ERDINAND-AGELLANn WHOSESHIP6ICTORIACOMPLETEDTHE lRSTCIRCUMNAVIGATIONOFTHE%ARTHIN -ARS%XPLORATION2OVER-ISSIONS.!3!STWINROVERS 3PIRITAND/PPORTUNITY LAUNCHEDON *UNEAND*ULY RESPECTIVELY3PIRITLANDEDIN'USEV#RATERON*ANUARYAND /PPORTUNITYLANDEDIN-ERIDIANI0LANUMON*ANUARY OBTAININGEVIDENCETHATLIQUID WATERONCEmOWEDACROSS-ARS -ARS'LOBAL3URVEYOR.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-ARS'LOBAL3URVEYORON.OVEMBER PLACING ITINTOORBITAROUNDTHEREDPLANETON3EPTEMBER(IGHRESOLUTIONIMAGES BEGINNINGON !PRIL OBTAINEDABUNDANTEVIDENCEFORPASTANDRECENTWATERmOW DUSTSTORMSANDVOLCANIC ACTIVITY4HEGLOBALTOPOGRAPHYWASDETERMINEDWITHALASERALTIMETER ANDAMAGNETOMETERDETER MINEDTHEGLOBALDISTRIBUTIONOFREMNANTMAGNETIClELDSPRESERVEDINTHEANCIENTHIGHLANDCRUST -ARS/DYSSEY.!3!LAUNCHEDITS-ARS/DYSSEYSPACECRAFTON!PRIL PLACINGITINTOORBITAROUNDTHEREDPLANETON/CTOBER)THASMAPPEDTHEAMOUNTAND DISTRIBUTIONOFCHEMICALELEMENTSANDMINERALSONTHE-ARTIANSURFACE ANDPROVIDEDEVIDENCE FORSUBSTANTIALSUBSURFACEWATERICE .EAR%ARTH!STEROID2ENDEZVOUS3HOEMAKER-ISSION.!3!LAUNCHEDITS.EAR%ARTH !STEROID2ENDEZVOUT ABBREVIATED.%!2 MISSIONON&EBRUARY ANDITARRIVEDATTHE NEAR %ARTHASTEROID%ROSON6ALENTINESDAY&EBRUARY)TWASRENAMED.%!2 3HOEMAKERAFTERLAUNCH INHONOROFTHEASTRONOMER GEOLOGIST%UGENE-3HOEMAKER n APIONEERINGEXPERTONASTEROIDANDCOMETIMPACT.%!23HOEMAKERCIRCLEDTHE ASTEROID%ROSFORAYEAR DETERMININGITSDETAILEDSIZE SHAPE MASSANDMASSDENSITY AND SHOWINGTHATITHASABATTERED HOMOGENEOUSSTRUCTURE CONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 2ÚNTGENMISSION!N8 RAYOBSERVATORYDEVELOPEDTHROUGHACOOPERATIVEPROGRAMAMONG 'ERMANY THE5NITED3TATES ANDTHE5NITED+INGDOM LAUNCHEDBY.!3!ON*UNE ANDENDINGALMOSTNINEYEARSLATER ON&EBRUARY4HESPACECRAFT ABBREVIATED2/3!4 FOR2/NTGEN3!4ELLITE CARRIEDOUTANALL SKYSURVEYOFCOSMIC8 RAYS ANDOBTAINEDDETAILED INFORMATIONABOUTTHE8 RAYEMISSIONFROMCOMETS 44AURISTARS GLOBULARCLUSTERS NEU TRONSTARS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS PLANETARYNEBULAE NEARBYNORMALGALAXIES ACTIVEGALACTIC NUCLEI ANDCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES4HEMISSIONWASNAMEDAFTER7ILHELM+ONRAD2ÚNTGEN THE'ERMANPHYSICISTWHODISCOVERED8 RAYSIN 3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVATORY.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE3/LARAND(ELIOSPHERIC/BSERVA TORY ABBREVIATED3/(/ ON$ECEMBERWITHOPERATIONSCONTINUINGINTO)TISA COOPERATIVEPROJECTBETWEEN%3!AND.!3!TOSTUDYTHE3UNFROMITSDEEPCORE THROUGHITS OUTERATMOSPHEREANDTHESOLARWINDOUTTOADISTANCETENTIMESBEYONDTHE%ARTHSORBIT)THAS OBTAINEDIMPORTANTNEWINFORMATIONABOUTTHESTRUCTUREANDDYNAMICSOFTHESOLARINTERIOR THE HEATINGMECHANISMOFTHE3UNSMILLION DEGREEOUTERATMOSPHERE THESOLARCORONA ANDTHE ORIGINANDACCELERATIONOFTHESOLARWIND 3PITZER3PACE4ELESCOPE.!3!LAUNCHEDTHE3PITZER3PACE4ELESCOPE ABBREVIATED334 ON !UGUST WITHANEXPECTEDMINIMUM YEARMISSIONLIFETIME)TISANINFRAREDTELE SCOPEWITHAN METER INCH PRIMARYMIRROR OBTAININGIMAGESANDSPECTRAOFTHEIN FRAREDENERGY ORHEAT RADIATEDBYCOSMICOBJECTSATWAVELENGTHSBETWEENANDMICRONS WHEREMICRONISONE MILLIONTHOFAMETER ANDPROVIDINGINFORMATIONONTHEFORMATION COMPOSITIONANDEVOLUTIONOFPLANETS STARSANDGALAXIES4HEMISSIONWASINITIALLYDESIGNATED THE3PACE)NFRA 2ED4ELESCOPE&ACILITY OR3)24&FORSHORT ANDRENAMEDFORTHE!MERICAN ASTROPHYSICIST,YMAN3PITZER *R 5HURU-ISSION4HE5HURUSATELLITEWASLAUNCHEDFROM+ENYAON$ECEMBER ONTHE SEVENTHANNIVERSARYOF+ENYANINDEPENDENCE WHENITWASNAMED5HURU THE3WAHILIWORD FORhFREEDOMv)TPROVIDEDACOMPREHENSIVE ALL SKYSURVEYOFCOSMIC8 RAYSOURCES INCLUD INGBLACKHOLESANDNEUTRONSTARSINBINARYSTELLARSYSTEMS SUPERNOVAREMNANTS 3EYFERTGALAX IES ANDCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES)TDISCOVERED8 RAYEMISSIONFROMBLACKHOLESANDPULSARS AND THEDIFFUSE8 RAYEMISSIONFROMCLUSTERSOFGALAXIES WHICHACCOUNTSFORSOMEOFTHESO CALLED DARKMATTERINTHE5NIVERSE4HEMISSIONENDEDIN-ARCH 5LYSSES-ISSION4HE5LYSSESSPACECRAFTWASAJOINTUNDERTAKINGOF%3!AND.!3! LAUNCHED BYTHE3PACE3HUTTLE$ISCOVERYON/CTOBER$URINGANENCOUNTERWITH*UPITERON &EBRUARY THEGIANTPLANETSGRAVITATIONALlELDWASUSEDTOACCELERATETHESPACECRAFT ANDHURLITABOVETHE3UNSPOLES BUTNEVERATADISTANCECLOSERTOTHE3UNTHANTHE%ARTHIS 5LYSSESPASSEDOVERTHESOLARSOUTHPOLEIN3EPTEMBERANDTHENORTHPOLEIN*ULY ANDTHENAGAINOVERTHESOUTHPOLEIN.OVEMBERANDTHENORTHPOLEIN$ECEMBER #OMPARISONSOF6MZTTFTOBSERVATIONSWITHTHOSEFROMOTHERSPACECRAFT SUCHAS9OHKOHAND 3/(/ SHOWEDTHATMUCH IFNOTALL OFTHEHIGH SPEEDSOLARWINDCOMESFROMOPENMAG NETIClELDSINPOLARCORONALHOLES ATLEASTDURINGTHEMINIMUMOFTHE3UNS YEARCYCLEOF MAGNETICACTIVITY 6IKING-ISSION.!3!S6IKING-ISSIONTO-ARSWASCOMPOSEDOFTWOSPACECRAFT 6IKING AND6IKING EACHCONSISTINGOFANORBITERANDALANDER4HEORBITERSIMAGEDTHEENTIRE SURFACEOF-ARSATARESOLUTIONOFTOMETERS SHOWINGVOLCANOES LAVAPLAINS IMMENSE CANYONS CRATEREDAREAS WIND FORMEDFEATURESANDEVIDENCEFORCATASTROPHICmOODSOFWATER ACROSSTHE-ARTIANSURFACEINTHEPAST4HELANDERSFOUNDNODETECTABLEORGANICMOLECULESON THE-ARTIANSURFACE WHICHMEANSTHATTHISPARTOFTHESURFACENOWCONTAINSNOCELLS LIVING DORMANTORDEAD CONTINUED

(MPTTBSZ/

4!",% .!3!AND%3!SPACEMISSIONS 7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE!NISOTROPY0ROBE.!3!LAUNCHEDITS7ILKINSON-ICROWAVE !NISOTROPY0ROBE ABBREVIATED7-!0 ON*UNE PUBLISHINGDElNITIVEFULLSKYMAPS OFTHEFAINTANISOTROPY ORTEMPERATUREVARIATIONS OFTHECOSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIA TIONINEARLY7HENCOMBINEDWITHTHERESULTSOFOTHERDIVERSECOSMICMEASUREMENTS THE8."1DATASUGGESTTHATTHE5NIVERSEISBILLIONYEARSOLD THATTHElRSTSTARSBEGAN TOSHINEABOUTMILLIONYEARSAFTERTHE"IG"ANG THATTHERADIATIONINTHE8."1IMAGES ORIGINATEDATTHEDECOUPLINGTIME YEARSAFTERTHE"IG"ANG THATTHE(UBBLECONSTANT HASAVALUEOFKILOMETERSPERSECONDPER-EGAPARSEC ANDTHATTHE5NIVERSEISCOMPOSEDOF PERCENTATOMS PERCENTCOLDDARKMATTERANDPERCENTDARKENERGY4HEPROBEISNAMED INHONOROF$AVID47ILKINSONn OF0RINCETON5NIVERSITY APIONEERINCOSMIC MICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRESEARCHANDTHE."1INSTRUMENTSCIENTIST 9OHKOH-ISSION4HE*APANESE)NSTITUTEOF3PACEAND!STRONAUTICAL3CIENCE ABBREVIATED )3!3 LAUNCHEDITS3OLAR !SPACECRAFTON!UGUST RENAMINGIT9OHKOH WHICHMEANS hSUNBEAMvIN%NGLISH9OHKOHCOLLECTEDHIGH ENERGYRADIATIONFROMTHE3UNATSOFT8 RAYAND HARD8 RAYWAVELENGTHS WITHHIGHANGULARANDSPECTRALRESOLUTION FORMORETHANADECADE PROVIDINGNEWINSIGHTSTOTHEMECHANISMSOFSOLARmAREENERGYRELEASEANDTHEHEATINGOFTHE MILLION DEGREESOLARCORONA)TWASACOLLABORATIVEEFFORTOF*APAN THE5NITED3TATESANDTHE 5NITED+INGDOM A4HIS ABBREVIATED LIST DOES NOT INCLUDE ALL .!3! OR %3! -ISSIONS BUT THESE PAST CURRENT AND FUTURE

SPACECRAFTARELISTEDALPHABETICALLYINOUR(MPTTBSZ

NFUFST GFFU

BOE CFHBO PQFSBUJPO JO "VHVTU *U JT UIF XPSMETMBSHFTUGVMMZTUFFSBCMFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBOEJTOBNFEGPSB6OJUFE4UBUFT4FOBUPS GSPN8FTU7JSHJOJB 3PCFSU$#ZSE ¢ 4FF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ /BUJPOBM 4PMBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE /40 UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BUJPOBM 4PMBS

0CTFSWBUPSZJODMVEFTUISFFGBDJMJUJFTEFEJDBUFEUPPCTFSWJOHUIF4VOXJUIIJHISFTPMV UJPOBUPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU XBWFMFOHUITmUIF4BDSBNFOUP1FBL0CTFSWBUPSZJO/FX .FYJDP XJUIJUTNFUFS JODI 3JDIBSE#%VOO7BDVVN5PXFS5FMFTDPQF UIF ,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFSWBUPSZTNFUFS JODI .D.BUI1JFSDF4PMBS5FMFTDPQF BMTPJO"SJ[POB BOEUIF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQPGTJYTPMBSUFMFTDPQFTUIBU QSPWJEFOFBSMZDPOUJOVPVTXPSMEXJEFPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIF4VO4FF(MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO /FUXPSL (SPVQ ,JUU 1FBL /BUJPOBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE /BUJPOBM 0QUJDBM "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ /FBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE "MUIPVHIUIFWBTUNBKPSJUZPGBTUFSPJETUSBWFMJOUIFNBJOCFMU MZJOHCFUXFFOUIFPSCJUTPG.BSTBOE+VQJUFS UIFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJETNPWFDMPTFSUP QMBOFU&BSUIѮFSFBSFUISFFQPQVMBUJPOTPGOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJET UIF"UFOT "QPM MPTBOE"NPST OBNFEGPSBSFQSFTFOUBUJWFBTUFSPJEJOFBDIDMBTT "NPS "QPMMPBOE"UFO#PUIUIF"UFOBOE"QPMMPBTUFSPJETNPWFPOFDDFOUSJDPSCJUT UIBUDBODSPTTUIF&BSUITQBUIJOTQBDFѮF"UFOTBSFBMXBZTDMPTFUPUIF4VO OFWFS NPWJOHPVUBTGBSBTUIFPSCJUPG.BSTѮFFMPOHBUFEPSCJUTPGUIF"QPMMPPCKFDUTMPPQ GSPNUIFNBJOCFMUUPXJUIJOUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮF"NPSTDPNFDMPTFTUUPUIF4VO BU UIFJSPSCJUQFSJIFMJPO CFUXFFOUIFPSCJUTPG.BSTBOEUIF&BSUI4FFBTUFSPJE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

/FBS &BSUI "TUFSPJE 3FOEF[WPVT 4IPFNBLFS .JTTJPO /"4" MBVODIFE JUT /FBS

&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT BCCSFWJBUFE/&"3 TQBDFDSBѫPO'FCSVBSZ BOEJU BSSJWFEBUUIFOFBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE&SPTPO7BMFOUJOFT%BZ'FCSVBSZ*UXBT UIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPPSCJUBOBTUFSPJE BOEUIFêSTUUPMBOEPOPOFѮFTQBDFDSBѫXBT SFOBNFE/&"34IPFNBLFSBѫFSMBVODI JOIPOPSPGUIFBTUSPOPNFSHFPMPHJTU&VHFOF . 4IPFNBLFS ¢

B QJPOFFSJOH FYQFSU PO BTUFSPJE BOE DPNFU JNQBDU /&"3 4IPFNBLFS DJSDMFE UIF BTUFSPJE &SPT GPS B ZFBS EFUFSNJOJOH JUT EFUBJMFE TJ[F TIBQF NBTTBOENBTTEFOTJUZ BOETIPXJOHUIBUJUIBTBCBUUFSFE IPNPHFOFPVT TUSVDUVSF4FF&SPT /&"3 4IPFNBLFS "DSPOZN GPS /FBS &BSUI "TUFSPJE 3FOEF[WPVT 4IPFNBLFS

4FF/FBS&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT4IPFNBLFS.JTTJPO /FCVMB "SFHJPOPGHBTBOEEVTUJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF JODMVEJOHUIFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF UIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBOEUIFSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBFѮFXPSEOFCVMBJT-BUJOGPSiDMPVEu "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBFNJUTCSJHIUTQFDUSBMMJOFTBUWJTJCMFXBWFMFOHUIT QMBOFUBSZOFCV MBFBSFTIFMMTPGHBTFKFDUFECZTUBST BOEBSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBTIJOFTCZSFëFDUJOHUIFMJHIU PGOFBSCZTUBST&NJTTJPOOFCVMBF TVDIBTUIF0SJPO/FCVMB BSFUIFTJUFTPGDVSSFOU TUBSBOEQMBOFUGPSNBUJPO%BSLOFCVMBFBSFOPUJMMVNJOBUFEFJUIFSFYUFSOBMMZPSJOUFS OBMMZѮFSFNOBOUTPGFYQMPEJOHTUBST DBMMFETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT BSFBMTPLOPXOBT OFCVMBFѮF$SBC/FCVMBJTBGBNPVTFYBNQMFPGBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU(BMBYJFTXFSF BMTPPODFDBMMFETQJSBMOFCVMBFPSFMMJQUJDBMOFCVMBF CFGPSFUIFJSFOPSNPVTTJ[FTBOE EJTUBODFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFE BOEUIFOGPSBCSJFGUJNFLOPXOBTFYUSBHBMBDUJDOFCVMBF 4FF$SBC/FCVMB FNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO 0SJPO/FCVMB QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB SFëFD UJPOOFCVMB BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU /FQUVOF ѮFFJHIUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFTNBMMFTUBOENPTUEJTUBOUPG

UIFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUTJUNBSLTUIFJOOFSFEHFPGUIF,VJQFS#FMU/FQUVOFJTJOWJTJCMF UPUIFOBLFEFZF BOEDBOPOMZCFTFFOUISPVHIBUFMFTDPQF*O UIF7PZBHFS TQBDFDSBѫëFXCZ/FQUVOF EJTDPWFSJOHUIFQMBOFUTFYDFTTIFBU SBHJOHXJOET HSFBU EBSLTQPU BOEUIJO EBSL XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHT/FQUVOFSBEJBUFTUJNFTUIFFOFSHZ JUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIJTJOUFSOBMIFBUESJWFTBOBDUJWFBUNPTQIFSFXJUIIJHI TQFFEXJOETBOEBTIPSUMJWFE(SFBU%BSL4QPU.PTUPGUIFJOUFSJPSPG/FQUVOFQSPCBCMZ DPOTJTUTPGBWBTUJOUFSOBMPDFBOPGXBUFS NFUIBOFBOEBNNPOJBѮFQMBOFUTNBHOFUJD BYJTJTUJMUFECZEFHSFFTGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOBMBYJT QFSIBQTCFDBVTFJUJTHFOFSBUFE JOBOJOUFSOBMTIFMMPGJPOJ[FEXBUFS/FQUVOFTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPO SFWPMWFTBCPVU UIFQMBOFUJOBEJSFDUJPOPQQPTJUFUPUIBUJOXIJDI/FQUVOFTQJOT BOENJHIUIBWFCFFO GPSNFEFMTFXIFSFCFGPSFCFJOHDBQUVSFECZ/FQUVOF5SJUPOIBTCSJHIUQPMBSDBQTPG OJUSPHFOBOENFUIBOFJDF BOEHFZTFSTPSWPMDBOPFTPGJDFUIBUNBZOPXCFFSVQUJOH POJUTTVSGBDF/FQUVOFXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO (PUUGSJFE(BMMF ¢ BOEIJTTUVEFOU)FJOSJDI-PVJTE"SSFTU ¢ MPDBUFEJUOFBSUIFQPTJUJPOQSFEJDUFECZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI -FWFSSJFS ¢ POUIFCBTJTPGJUTHSBWJUBUJPOBMQFSUVSCBUJPOPGUIFPSCJUPGUIF QMBOFU6SBOVTѮF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PIO$PVDI"EBNT ¢ QFSGPSNFE TJNJMBSDBMDVMBUJPOT BMTPQSFEJDUJOHUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFVOLOPXOQMBOFUBUBCPVUUIF TBNFUJNFBT-FWFSSJFS4FF,VJQFSCFMUBOE5SJUPO

4!",% .EPTUNE A -ASS 2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH

(MPTTBSZ/

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURS %ARTHYEARS !5 PERCENTHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLA

A4HE%ARTHSMASS -% ISKILOGRAMS THE%ARTHSEQUATORIALRADIUS 2% ISKILOMETERS THEASTRONOMICALUNIT DENOTED!5 ISTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNWITHAVALUEOF METERS4HEENERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROM SUNLIGHT THEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOF ENERGYPERUNITAREA APRESSUREOFONEBARISEQUALTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH AND$% ISTHEMAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTOFTHE%ARTH

/FVUSBMIZESPHFO "OFMFDUSJDBMMZOFVUSBMIZESPHFOBUPN XIJDIIBTBQSPUPOGPSB OVDMFVTBOEPOFTVSSPVOEJOHFMFDUSPO)*SFHJPOTBSFDPNQPTFEPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFO HBT BOEUIFZFNJUSBEJPXBWFTUIBUBSFDFOUJNFUFSTMPOH4FF)*SFHJPOBOEUXFOUZ POFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF /FVUSJOP " TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMF XJUI OP FMFDUSJD DIBSHF BOE WFSZ MJUUMF NBTT UIBU

SFTQPOET UP UIF XFBL OVDMFBS GPSDF CVU OPU UP UIF TUSPOH OVDMFBS BOE FMFDUSPNBH OFUJDGPSDFT*OUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ QSPQPTFEBO VODIBSHFEBOEVOTFFOQBSUJDMFUPSFNPWFFOFSHZEVSJOHSBEJPBDUJWFCFUBEFDBZ BOE UIF*UBMJBOQIZTJDJTU&OSJDP'FSNJ ¢ EFWFMPQFEUIFJEFBJO HJWJOH UIFQVUBUJWFQBSUJDMFJUTOBNFOFVUSJOP *UBMJBOGPSiMJUUMFOFVUSBMPOFu/FVUSJOPTUSBWFM BUWFSZOFBSUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUBOEJOUFSBDUWFSZXFBLMZXJUIPUIFSNBUUFSѮFZBSF FNJUUFE EVSJOH SBEJPBDUJWJUZ BOE HFOFSBUFE EVSJOH UIFSNPOVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JO UIF 4VOBOEPUIFSTUBSTѮFSFBSFUISFFUZQFT PSëBWPSTPGOFVUSJOPT OBNFEUIFFMFDUSPO NVPOBOEUBVOFVUSJOPTBѫFSUIFQBSUJDMFTUIFZJOUFSBDUXJUI7BTURVBOUJUJFTPGFMFD USPOOFVUSJOPTBSFDSFBUFEBTUIFSFTVMUPGOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOUIF4VOTDPSF0UIFS UZQFTPGOFVUSJOPTBSFQSPEVDFEJONBONBEFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPST OVDMFBSSFBDUPST BOECZDPTNJDSBZTFOUFSJOHUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF4FFCFUBEFDBZ IPUEBSLNBUUFS OFVUSJOPBTUSPOPNZ QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO SBEJPBDUJWJUZ TPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN BOE XFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

/FVUSJOPPTDJMMBUJPO ѮFDIBOHFPGPOFUZQFPSëBWPSPGOFVUSJOPUPBOPUIFSXIJMF USBWFMJOHUISPVHINBUUFSPSBWBDVVN/FVUSJOPTDPNFJOUISFFëBWPST UIFFMFDUSPO NVPOBOEUBVOFVUSJOPT4FF.48FĒFDUBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN /FVUSPO "TVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFXJUIOPFMFDUSJDDIBSHFGPVOEJOBMMBUPNJDOVDMFJFYDFQU UIBUPGIZESPHFOѮF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$IBEXJDL ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIF OFVUSPO JO XIFO CPNCBSEJOH BUPNT XJUI FOFSHFUJD QBSUJDMFT ѮF OFVUSPO IBT TMJHIUMZNPSFNBTTUIBOBQSPUPOѮFNBTTPGUIFOFVUSPOJTBUPNJDNBTT VOJUTBOELJMPHSBNTѮFOFVUSPOJTUJNFTIFBWJFSUIBOBOFMFD USPO8IFOTFUGSFFGSPNBOBUPNJDOVDMFVT PSDSFBUFEPVUTJEFPOF BOFVUSPOEFDBZT JOUPBQSPUPO BOFMFDUSPOBOEBOBOUJFMFDUSPOOFVUSJOPXJUIBOFVUSPOIBMGMJGFPGPOMZ TFDPOETPSNJOVUFT BOEBNFBOMJGFPGKVTUTFDPOET4FFNBTTOVNCFS BOEOVDMFPO /FVUSPO TUBS " WFSZ EFOTF TUBS XJUI B SBEJVT PG BCPVU LJMPNFUFST BOE B UZQJDBM NBTTPGUJNFTUIFNBTTPGUIF4VO DPOTJTUJOHPGOFVUSPOTBOETVQQPSUFECZEFHFO FSBUF OFVUSPO QSFTTVSF /FVUSPO TUBST BSF UIF DPMMBQTFE DPSFT PG TUBST NPSF NBTTJWF UIBOUIF4VO QSPEVDFEJOUIFêOBMFWPMVUJPOBSZTUBHFTPGUIFTFTUBSTBOEBTTPDJBUFE XJUITVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOT3PUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBSTBSFPCTFSWFEBTSBEJPQVMTBST BOE BSFBMTPUIPVHIUUPCFDPNQPOFOUTPGTPNF9SBZCJOBSZTUBST4FF$SBC/FCVMB QVMTBS BOETVQFSOPWB /FX(FOFSBM$BUBMPHVF 4FF/($ /FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE/55 UIF/FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQFJTBO PQUJDBMJOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFSVOCZUIF&VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZBU-B4JMMB $IJMF *UIBTBNFUFS JODI NJSSPSXIPTFTIBQFJTDPOUSPMMFECZBDUJWFPQUJDT4FF &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZ /FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF "SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFJOXIJDIUIFJODPNJOHMJHIUJTSFëFDUFE BOEGPDVTFECZBNJSSPSѮJTUZQFPGUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU *TBBD/FXUPO ¢ XIPêSTUCVJMUPOFJO/FXUPOTUFMFTDPQFIBEBQSJ NBSZDPODBWFTQIFSJDBMNJSSPSBOEBëBUTFDPOEBSZNJSSPS BOHMFEBUEFHSFFT UP SFEJSFDU MJHIU UP POF TJEF BU B QMBDF OPX DBMMFE UIF /FXUPOJBO GPDVT .PTU NPEFSO UFMFTDPQFTVTFBQBSBCPMJDNJSSPSUPHBUIFSBOEGPDVTMJHIU4FFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF /FYU(FOFSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF 4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMFTDPQF /($ "DSPOZNGPSUIF/FX(FOFSBM$BUBMPHVFPG/FCVMBFBOE$MVTUFSTPG4UBST BDBUB

MPHVFPGPCKFDUTUIBUXBTQVCMJTIFEJOCZUIF%BOJTICPSO*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS +PIO-PVJT&NJMi+-&u%SFZFS ¢

XJUIUXPTVQQMFNFOUBSZ*OEFY$BUB MPHVFT BCCSFWJBUFE*$ DPOUBJOJOHBOPUIFSPCKFDUTQVCMJTIFEJOBOE /($PS*$OVNCFSTBSFOPXVTFEUPEFTJHOBUFDPTNJDPCKFDUT JODMVEJOHHBMBYJFTUIBU XFSFPODFUIPVHIUUPCFOFCVMBF4FF*$ /(45 "DSPOZNGPS/FYU(FOFSBUJPO4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF+BNFT8FCC4QBDF5FMF

TDPQF /JUSPHFO ѮF FMFNFOU XJUI BUPNJD OVNCFS TFWFO BOE UIF EPNJOBOU JOHSFEJFOU PG

UIFBUNPTQIFSFPGUIF&BSUIBOE4BUVSOTTBUFMMJUF5JUBO/JUSPHFOJTQSPEVDFEJOHJBOU

(MPTTBSZ/

TUBST BOEDBTUJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFXIFOSFEHJBOUTUBSTFYQBOEBOEGPSNQMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF4FFHJBOUTUBSBOEQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB /0"" "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM0DFBOJDBOE"UNPTQIFSJD"ENJOJTUSBUJPO 6OJUFE

4UBUFT /0"0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF /BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /PCFM1SJ[F "OJOUFSOBUJPOBMBXBSEHJWFOZFBSMZTJODFGPSBDIJFWFNFOUTJOQIZT

JDT DIFNJTUSZ QIZTJPMPHZPSNFEJDJOF MJUFSBUVSFBOEQFBDF4JHOJêDBOUBDDPNQMJTI NFOUTJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDTIBWFCFFOBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT ѮFBXBSETBSFCFTUPXFECZUIF/PCFM'PVOEBUJPO XIJDIXBTFOEPXFEPO/PWFN CFSJOUIFMBTUXJMMPGUIF4XFEJTIJOEVTUSJBMDIFNJTUBOEQIJMBOUISPQJTU"MGSFE /PCFM ¢

XIPJOWFOUFEEZOBNJUF /PCMF HBTFT ѮF SBSF BOE JOFSU HBTFT PS FMFNFOUT IFMJVN OFPO BSHPO LSZQUPO

YFOPO BOESBEPO XIJDIBSFBMNPTUBMXBZTNPOPBUPNJDBOESBSFMZVOEFSHPDIFNJDBM SFBDUJPOT /POCBSZPOJD NBUUFS )ZQPUIFUJDBM NBUFSJBM UIBU DPOTJTUT PG FYPUJD TVCBUPNJD QBS

UJDMFTUIBUBSFOPUCBSZPOT%BSLNBUUFSNJHIUCFDPNQPTFEPGOPOCBSZPOJDQBSUJDMFT UIBUDPVMECFDPMEBOETMPXPSIPUBOEGBTU*OëBUJPOSFRVJSFTTVCTUBOUJBMRVBOUJUJFTPG OPOCBSZPOJDNBUUFS"CPVUQFSDFOUPGUIFFOFSHZNBUUFSDPOUFOUPGUIF6OJWFSTF DPVMEDPOTJTUPGDPME OPOCBSZPOJDEBSLNBUUFS4FFCBSZPO DPMEEBSLNBUUFS EBSL NBUUFS JOëBUJPO BOEIPUEBSLNBUUFS /PO&VDMJEFBO HFPNFUSZ (FPNFUSZ UIBU EFTDSJCFT DVSWFE TQBDF UIF UISFF

EJNFOTJPOBMBOBMPHPGBTQIFSFPSBIZQFSCPMB4FF&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ /POUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFUIBUJTOPUQBSUPGBUIFSNBMHBT"TJOHMFUFNQFSB

UVSFDBOOPUEFTDSJCFUIFTFQBSUJDMFT4FFUIFSNBMHBT /POUIFSNBM SBEJBUJPO ѮF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO QSPEVDFE CZ B OPOUIFSNBM

FMFDUSPOUSBWFMJOHBUBTQFFEDMPTFUPUIBUPGMJHIUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBHOFUJDêFME 4VDISBEJBUJPOJTDBMMFETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOBѫFSUIFNBONBEFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS XIFSFJUXBTêSTUTFFO.PSFHFOFSBMMZ UIFUFSNOPOUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPOEFOPUFTBOZ FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOGSPNBOBTUSPOPNJDBMCPEZUIBUJTOPUUIFSNBMJOPSJHJO4FF CMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOBOEUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO /PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO$ZHOVT BOEOBNFEGPSUIFSFTFNCMBODFPGJUTTIBQFUPUIFDPOUJOFOUPG/PSUI "NFSJDBѮF/PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMBNFBTVSFTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOE JTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTEJTUBOU"OBTTPDJBUFEFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJTUIF1FMJDBO/FCVMB 4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE1FMJDBO/FCVMB /PSUIFSOMJHIUT "QPQVMBSOBNFGPSBOBVSPSBXIFOPCTFSWFEGSPNOPSUIFSOMBUJUVEFT /PSUI4UBS ѮFCSJHIUTUBSUPXBSEXIJDIUIF&BSUITOPSUIFSOSPUBUJPOBMBYJTQPJOUT ѮF/PSUI4UBSJTOPX1PMBSJT CVUUIF&BSUITBYJTQPJOUTJOPUIFSEJSFDUJPOTEVSJOHJUT TMPXZFBSQSFDFTTJPO4FF1PMBSJTBOEQSFDFTTJPO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR

0ERSON

A

7ILHELM2ÚNTGENn 'ERMANPHYSICIST

A

(ENDRIK,ORENTZn 0IETER:EEMANn $UTCHPHYSICISTS !NTOINE"ECQUERELn 0IERRE#URIEn -ARIE#URIEn &RENCHPHYSICISTS 7ILLIAM2AMSAYn %NGLISHCHEMIST

A

B

A

!LBERT-ICHELSONn !MERICANPHYSICIST

B

%RNEST2UTHERFORDn %NGLISHPHYSICIST

A

'UGLIELMO-ARCONIn )TALIANELECTRICALENGINEER +ARL&ERDINAND"RAUNn 'ERMANPHYSICIST 7ILHELM7IENn 'ERMANPHYSICIST -ARIE#URIEn &RENCHPHYSICISTANDCHEMIST

A B

A A

-AX0LANCKn 'ERMANPHYSICIST !LBERT%INSTEINn 'ERMANPHYSICIST

B

&REDRICK3ODDYn %NGLISHCHEMIST

B

&RANCIS!STONn %NGLISHCHEMIST

!CCOMPLISHMENT

&ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHEREMARKABLERAYS SUBSEQUENTLYNAMEDAFTERHIMANDNOW CALLED8 RAYS &ORTHEIRRESEARCHINTOTHEINmUENCEOFMAG NETISMUPONRADIATIONPHENOMENA &ORHISDISCOVERYOFSPONTANEOUSRADIOACTIVITY &ORTHEIRINVESTIGATIONSOFRADIOACTIVITY

)NRECOGNITIONOFHISSERVICESINTHEDISCOVERY OFTHEINERTGASEOUSELEMENTSINAIR ANDHIS DETERMINATIONOFTHEIRPLACEINTHEPERIODIC SYSTEM &ORHISOPTICALPRECISIONINSTRUMENTSANDTHE SPECTROSCOPICANDMETROLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS CARRIEDOUTWITHTHEIRAID &ORHISINVESTIGATIONSINTOTHEDISINTEGRATION OFTHEELEMENTS ANDTHECHEMISTRYOFRADIO ACTIVESUBSTANCES &ORTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOF WIRELESSTELEGRAPHY

&ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHELAWSGOVERNINGHEAT RADIATION )NRECOGNITIONOFHERSERVICESBYTHEDISCOV ERYOFTHEELEMENTSRADIUMANDPOLONIUM BYTHEISOLATIONOFRADIUMANDTHESTUDYOF THENATUREANDCOMPOUNDSOFTHISREMARKABLE ELEMENT &ORHISDISCOVERYOFENERGYQUANTA &ORHISSERVICESTOTHEORETICALPHYSICS AND ESPECIALLYFORHISDISCOVERYOFTHELAWOFTHE PHOTOELECTRICEFFECT &ORHISCONTRIBUTIONSTOOURKNOWLEDGEOF RADIOACTIVESUBSTANCESANDHISINVESTIGATIONS INTOTHEORIGINANDNATUREOFISOTOPES &ORHISDISCOVERY BYMEANSOFHISMASS SPECTROGRAPH OFISOTOPES INALARGE NUMBEROFNON RADIOACTIVEELEMENTS ANDHISENUNCIATIONOFTHE WHOLE NUMBERRULE CONTINUED

(MPTTBSZ/

4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR

A A A A

A

0ERSON

.IELS"OHRn $UTCHPHYSICIST !RTHUR(#OMPTONn !MERICANPHYSICIST *AMES#HADWICKn %NGLISHPHYSICIST 6ICTOR&RANZ(ESSn !USTRIANPHYSICIST #ARL!NDERSONn !MERICANPHYSICIST %NRICO&ERMIn )TALIANPHYSICIST

A

%RNEST,AWRENCEn !MERICANPHYSICIST

A

7OLFGANG0AULIn !USTRIAN BORN3WISSPHYSICIST %DWARD!PPLETONn %NGLISHPHYSICIST

A

A

A

A

A

A

%MILIO3EGRÒn )TALIAN BORN!MERICANPHYSICIST /WEN#HAMBERLAINn !MERICANPHYSICIST 2UDOLF-ÚSSBAUERn 'ERMANPHYSICIST

#HARLES(4OWNESn !MERICANPHYSICIST .ICOLAY"ASOVn !LEKSANDR0ROKHOROV 2USSIANSCIENTISTS (ANS"ETHEn !MERICANPHYSICIST (ANNES!LFVÏNn 3WEDISHASTROPHYSICIST

!CCOMPLISHMENT

&ORHISINVESTIGATIONOFTHESTRUCTUREOFATOMS ANDOFTHERADIATIONEMANATINGFROMTHEM &ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHEEFFECTNAMEDAFTER HIM &ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHENEUTRON &ORHISDISCOVERYOFCOSMICRADIATIONNOW CALLEDCOSMICRAYS &ORHISDISCOVERYOFTHEPOSITRON &ORHISDEMONSTRATIONSOFTHEEXISTENCEOF NEWRADIOACTIVEELEMENTSPRODUCEDBYNEU TRONIRRADIATION ANDFORHISRELATEDDISCOVERY OFNUCLEARREACTIONSBROUGHTABOUTBYSLOW NEUTRONS &ORTHEINVENTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHE CYCLOTRONANDFORRESULTSOBTAINEDWITHIT ESPECIALLYWITHREGARDTOARTIlCIALRADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS &ORTHEDISCOVERYOFTHE%XCLUSION0RINCIPLE ALSOCALLEDTHE0AULI0RINCIPLE &ORHISINVESTIGATIONSOFTHEPHYSICSOFTHE UPPERATMOSPHERE ESPECIALLYFORTHEDIS COVERYOFTHESO CALLED!PPLETONLAYERNOW CALLEDTHEIONOSPHERE &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFTHEANTIPROTON

&ORHISRESEARCHESCONCERNINGTHERESONANCE ABSORPTIONOFGAMMARADIATIONANDHISDIS COVERYINTHISCONNECTIONOFTHEEFFECTWHICH BEARSHISNAME &ORFUNDAMENTALWORKINTHElELDOFQUAN TUMELECTRONICS WHICHHASLEDTOTHECON STRUCTIONOFOSCILLATORSANDAMPLIlERSBASED ONTHEMASER LASERPRINCIPLE &ORHISCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETHEORYOFNUCLEAR REACTIONS ESPECIALLYHISDISCOVERIESCONCERN INGTHEENERGYPRODUCTIONINSTARS &ORFUNDAMENTALWORKANDDISCOVERIESIN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICSWITHFRUITFUL APPLICATIONSINDIFFERENTPARTSOFPLASMA PHYSICS CONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% .OBEL0RIZE7INNERS 9EAR

0ERSON

A

-ARTIN2YLEn %NGLISHRADIOASTRONOMER

A

!NTONY(EWISHn %NGLISHRADIOASTRONOMER

A

!RNO!0ENZIAS !MERICANRADIOENGINEER 2OBERT77ILSONn !MERICANRADIOASTRONOMER 3UBRAMANYAN #HANDRASEKHARn )NDIAN BORN!MERICAN ASTROPHYSICIST 7ILLIAM!&OWLERn !MERICANASTROPHYSICIST

A

A

A

.ORMAN&2AMSEYn !MERICANPHYSICIST

A

2USSELL!(ULSEn *OSEPH(4AYLOR*Rn !MERICANRADIOASTRONOMERS

A

&REDERICK2EINESn !MERICANPHYSICIST -ARIO*-OLINAn &3HERWOOD2OWLAND !MERICANCHEMISTS 0AUL*#RUTZENn $UTCHCHEMIST 2AYMOND$AVIS*Rn !MERICANASTROPHYSICIST -ASATOSHI+OSHIBAn *APANESEASTROPHYSICIST 2ICCARDO'IACCONIn )TALIAN BORN!MERICANASTRONOMER

B

A

A

!CCOMPLISHMENT

&ORHISPIONEERINGOBSERVATIONSANDINVEN TIONSINRADIOASTROPHYSICS PARTICULARLYTHE APERTURESYNTHESISTECHNIQUE &ORHISPIONEERINGRESEARCHINRADIOASTRO PHYSICS PARTICULARLYFORHISDECISIVEROLEIN THEDISCOVERYOFPULSARS &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFTHECOSMICMICROWAVE BACKGROUNDRADIATION

&ORHISTHEORETICALSTUDIESOFTHEPHYSICAL PROCESSESOFIMPORTANCETOTHESTRUCTUREAND EVOLUTIONOFSTARS &ORHISTHEORETICALANDEXPERIMENTALSTUDIES OFTHENUCLEARREACTIONSOFIMPORTANCEINTHE FORMATIONOFTHECHEMICALELEMENTSINTHE 5NIVERSE &ORTHEINVENTIONOFTHESEPARATEDOSCILLATORY lELDSMETHODANDITSUSEINTHEHYDROGEN MASERANDOTHERATOMICCLOCKS &ORTHEIRDISCOVERYOFANEWTYPEOFPULSAR A DISCOVERYTHATHASOPENEDUPNEWPOSSIBILI TIESFORTHESTUDYOFGRAVITATION &ORTHEDETECTIONOFTHENEUTRINO &ORTHEIRWORKINATMOSPHERICCHEMISTRY PARTICULARLYCONCERNINGTHEFORMATIONAND DECOMPOSITIONOFOZONE

&ORTHEIRPIONEERINGCONTRIBUTIONSTO ASTROPHYSICS INPARTICULARFORTHEDETECTIONOF COSMICNEUTRINOS &ORPIONEERINGCONTRIBUTIONSTOASTROPHYSICS WHICHHAVELEDTOTHEDISCOVERYOFCOSMIC 8 RAYSOURCES

A.OBEL0RIZEIN0HYSICSWITHSPECIALSIGNIlCANCEFOR!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS B.OBEL0RIZEIN#HEMISTRYWITHSPECIALSIGNIlCANCEFOR!STRONOMYAND!STROPHYSICS

(MPTTBSZ/

/PWB "OFYJTUJOHTUBS PѫFOWFSZGBJOU UIBUTVEEFOMZBOEVOQSFEJDUBCMZCSJHIUFOTCZ

BCPVUNBHOJUVEFTBOEUIFOHSBEVBMMZGBEFTUPJUTQSFWJPVTEJNDPOEJUJPO"OPWB JTBNFNCFSPGBDMPTF EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDINBTTëPXTGSPNPOFTUBS BNBJO TFRVFODFTUBSPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( ,PS. UPBOPUIFSPOF VTVBMMZBXIJUFEXBSG QSPEVDJOHBOFYQMPTJPOPOUIBUTUBSUIBUNBLFTJUTIJOFCSJHIUMZGPSNPOUITѮFFYQMP TJPOEPFTOPUEFTUSPZFJUIFSTUBS BOEUIFOPWBJTOFWFSBTJOUSJOTJDBMMZMVNJOPVTBTB TVQFSOPWB4JODFUIFXIJUFEXBSGDBOUIFOTVEEFOMZCFDPNFCSJHIUFOPVHIUPCFTFFO XJUIUIFVOBJEFEFZF TVDIFWFOUTHBWFUIFJNQSFTTJPOUIBUBOFXTUBSIBEBQQFBSFE XIFSFOPOFXBTCFGPSFѮJTFYQMBJOTUIFOBNFOPWB UIF-BUJOXPSEGPSiOFXu CVUUIFZ BSFSFBMMZPMETUBST4FFDBUBDMZTNJDCJOBSZ /3"0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /3- "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BWBM3FTFBSDI-BCPSBUPSZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT /4' "DSPOZNGPSUIF/BUJPOBM4DJFODF'PVOEBUJPO 6OJUFE4UBUFT /VDMFBS FOFSHZ ѮF FOFSHZ PCUBJOFE CZ OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT UIF TPVSDF PG UIF 4VOT

MVNJOPTJUZ /VDMFBSmTTJPO "SFBDUJPOJOXIJDIBIFBWZBUPNJDOVDMFVTJTCSPLFOBQBSUJOUPUXP PSNPSFMJHIUFSOVDMFJ SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZѮJTQSPDFTTQPXFSTNBONBEFOVDMFBSSFBD UPSTPO&BSUI4FFêTTJPO /VDMFBSGPSDF ѮFGPSDFUIBUCJOETQSPUPOTBOEOFVUSPOTXJUIJOBUPNJDOVDMFJ BOE XIJDIJTFĒFDUJWFPOMZBUEJTUBODFTMFTTUIBONFUFST /VDMFBSGVTJPO ѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIUXPPSNPSFMJHIUBUPNJDOVDMFJGVTFUPHFUIFSUP

NBLFBIFBWJFSBUPNJDOVDMFVT SFMFBTJOHFOFSHZѮJTQSPDFTTPDDVSTBUUIFIJHIUFN QFSBUVSFTBOEQSFTTVSFTGPVOEOFBSUIFDFOUFSTPGTUBST BOEJUNBLFTNPTUTUBSTTIJOF JODMVEJOHUIF4VO"MMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTTIJOFCZUIFOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGMJHIUIZESP HFOOVDMFJJOUPIFBWJFSIFMJVNOVDMFJ XJUIUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZ4FF DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF GVTJPO BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO /VDMFPO "QBSUJDMFJOPSGSPNUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN FJUIFSBQSPUPOPSBOFVUSPO 4FFBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFS /VDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮF USBOTGPSNBUJPO PG POF DIFNJDBM FMFNFOU PS JTPUPQF JOUP BOPUIFSCZOBUVSBMMZPDDVSSJOHOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT)FBWJFSFMFNFOUTBSFCVJMUVQGSPN MJHIUFSPOFTCZGVTJPOSFBDUJPOT XIJMFêTTJPOSFBDUJPOTCSFBLVQIFBWZFMFNFOUTJOUP MJHIUFSPOFT'VTJPOSFBDUJPOTJOTJEFTUBSTIBWFDSFBUFEFMFNFOUTIFBWJFSUIBOIFMJVN "MUIPVHIIFMJVNJTBMTPTZOUIFTJ[FEGSPNIZESPHFOJOTJEFTUBST NPTUPGUIFIFMJVNJO UIF6OJWFSTFXBTDSFBUFECZOVDMFPTZOUIFTJTEVSJOHUIFêSTUGFXNJOVUFTGPMMPXJOHUIF #JH#BOH4FF#JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJTBOEQSJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT /VDMFVT ѮFDFOUSBM NBTTJWFQBSUPGBOBUPNѮFBUPNJDOVDMFVTJTDPNQPTFEPGQSP

UPOTBOE FYDFQUGPSIZESPHFO OFVUSPOTCPVOEUPHFUIFSCZUIFTUSPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF BOEDPOUBJOJOHOFBSMZBMMPGBOBUPNTNBTT"OBUPNTOFHBUJWFMZDIBSHFEFMFDUSPOTTVS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

SPVOEUIFOVDMFVT XIJDIIBTBQPTJUJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHFѮFDFOUSBMSFHJPOPGBHBMBYZ JTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFOVDMFVTPGUIFHBMBYZ /VMMJOH ѮFVTFPGJOUFSGFSPNFUSZUPSFNPWFUIFCSJHIUMJHIUPGBTUFMMBSEJTLJOPSEFS

UPMPPLGPSQPTTJCMFQMBOFUTDMPTFUPJU4FFJOUFSGFSPNFUFSBOEJOUFSGFSPNFUSZ /VUBUJPO *OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT#SBEMFZ ¢ BOOPVODFE

IJTEJTDPWFSZPGBQFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT XIJDIJTTVQFSJN QPTFEPOUIFQSFDFTTJPOPGUIFBYJT#SBEMFZDBMMFEUIFPTDJMMBUJPOBOVUBUJPOBOEBUUSJC VUFEJUUPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIF.PPOXJUIUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMCVMHF /VUBUJPOIBTBWBSJFUZPGQFSJPETVQUPZFBST BOEUIFZFBSUFSNIBTBWBMVFPG BCPVUTFDPOETPGBSD4IPSUFSQFSJPEJDJUJFTPGTNBMMFSBNQMJUVEFBSFBUUSJCVUFEUP UIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGUIF4VOXJUIUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMCVMHFѮFDFMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFTPGBOPCKFDUIBWFUPCFDPSSFDUFEGPSOVUBUJPOBTXFMMBTQSFDFTTJPO4FF DFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBOEQSFDFTTJPO

(MPTTBSZ0

0 0#BTTPDJBUJPO "HSPVQPGNBTTJWF MVNJOPVT0BOE#TUBST*OUIF"SNFOJBO

BTUSPOPNFS7JLUPS"NCBSUTVNJBO ¢ OPUJDFEUIBUUIFTFBTTPDJBUJPOTDBO OPUCFCPVOEUPHFUIFSCZUIFJSPXOHSBWJUBUJPO BOEUIBUUIFZNVTUCFTMPXMZEJTQFST JOHBOEIBWFBSFMBUJWFMZZPVOHBHFѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS"ESJBOO#MBBVX ¢ TVCTFRVFOUMZ NFBTVSFE UIF FYQBOTJPO WFMPDJUJFT PG TPNF 0# BTTPDJBUJPOT JOGFSSJOH UIBUJUUPPLBCPVUBNJMMJPOZFBSTGPSUIFNUPEJTQFSTFUPUIFJSQSFTFOUTJ[F4JODFUIJT JTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFBHFPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMTUBST UIFBTTPDJBUJPOTBOEUIFJSDPNQPOFOU TUBSTNVTUIBWFGPSNFEUPHFUIFS 0CMJRVJUZPGUIFFDMJQUJD ѮFBOHMFCFUXFFOUIFQMBOFPGUIFFDMJQUJDBOEUIFDFMFTUJBM

FRVBUPS BCPVUEFHSFFT4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTBOEFDMJQUJD 0DDVMUBUJPO ѮF UFNQPSBSZ EJTBQQFBSBODF FJUIFS DPNQMFUF PS QBSUJBM PG B DFMFTUJBM CPEZXIFOBOPUIFSOFBSFSPOFNPWFTCFUXFFOJUBOEBOPCTFSWFSBOEDVUTPĒJUTMJHIU "QMBOFUNBZPDDVMUBTUBSPSJUTPXOTBUFMMJUFT BOEUIF.PPOPDDVMUTOFCVMBF TUBSTBOE DPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFT*OUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS0MF3ÕNFS ¢ VTFEUIF JODPOTUBOUJOUFSWBMCFUXFFO+VQJUFSTPDDVMUBUJPOPGJUTTBUFMMJUF*PUPFTUJNBUFUIFWFMPDJUZ PGMJHIU*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT-&MMJPU ¢ VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPW FSFEUIFSJOHTPG6SBOVTKVTUCFGPSFBOEBѫFSPCTFSWJOHUIFQMBOFUTPDDVMUBUJPOPGBTUBS 0MCFSTQBSBEPY "DDPSEJOHUP0MCFSTQBSBEPY UIFTLZJOBOJOêOJUF VOJGPSN6OJ WFSTFTIPVMECFDPWFSFECZTUBSTTIJOJOHBTCSJHIUMZBTPVS4VO TPUIFEBSLOJHIUTLZ TIPVME CF BT CSJHIU BT UIF EBZ ѮF QBSBEPY JT OBNFE GPS UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI8JMIFMN0MCFST ¢ XIPEJTDVTTFEJUJO*UJTSFTPMWFECZUIF FYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTF XIJDISFETIJѫTUIFNPTUJOUFOTFMJHIUPGEJTUBOUHBMBYJFTPVU PGUIFWJTJCMFQBSUPGUIFTQFDUSVN4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU 0MZNQVT.POT ѮFMBSHFTUWPMDBOPPO.BST SJTJOHNPSFUIBOLJMPNFUFSTBCPWFJUT

TVSSPVOEJOHT BMNPTUUISFFUJNFTUIFFMFWBUJPOPG.PVOU&WFSFTUBOEêWFUJNFTIJHIFS UIBO)BXBJJT.BVOB-PBWPMDBOPѮFXPSE.POTJT-BUJOGPSiNPVOUBJOu BOE0MZN QVTXBTUIFBCPEFPGUIF(PETJO(SFFLNZUIPMPHZ 0NFHB " QBSBNFUFS EFTJHOBUFE CZ UIF DBQJUBM (SFFL MFUUFS PNFHB PS ձ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

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

0NFHB$FOUBVSJ "HMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFD

UJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FOUBVSVT8JUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG JUJTUIF CSJHIUFTUHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSJOUIFTLZ DPOUBJOJOHQFSIBQTBNJMMJPOTUBSTJOBWPMVNF MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT 0NFHB /FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($PS. MPDBUFEJOUIF

DPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT0UIFSOBNFTGPSUIF0NFHB/FCVMBBSFUIF)PSTFIFBE/FC VMBBOEUIF4XBO/FCVMB BMMJOUFSQSFUBUJPOTPGJUTTIBQFѮF0NFHB/FCVMBNFBTVSFT CZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTTBOEMJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF4XJTT BTUSPOPNFS1IJMJQQF-PZTEF$IÊTFBVY ¢ EJTDPWFSFEJUJO BOEUIF 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS$IBSMFT.FTTJFS ¢ SFEJTDPWFSFEJUJO4FFFNJT TJPOOFCVMBBOE)PSTFIFBE/FCVMB 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE "WBTUTQIFSJDBMDMPVEPGDPNFUTCFMPOHJOHUPUIFPVUFSQBSUTPG

UIF4PMBS4ZTUFNѮF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEDPOUBJOTBNJMMJPONJMMJPO PS UPUFONJM MJPONJMMJPO PS DPNFUTBOEFYUFOETPVUUPSPVHIMZBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUT PSQBSTFDT GSPNUIF4VO GBSCFZPOEUIF,VJQFSCFMUѮF0PSUDPNFUDMPVETVQ QMJFTUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNXJUIMPOHQFSJPEDPNFUT XIJDISFWPMWFBSPVOEUIF4VOXJUI QFSJPETHSFBUFSUIBO&BSUIZFBST*UJTOBNFEGPSUIF%VUDIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU+BO0PSU ¢

XIPVTFEUIFPSCJUTPGMPOHQFSJPEDPNFUTUPEFNPOTUSBUF JO UIBU UIFZPSJHJOBUFEJOTVDIBDMPVEѮF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS &SOTU¸QJL ¢ IBEQSFWJPVTMZTIPXO JO UIBUTVDIBSFNPUFDPNFUDMPVEJTTUBUJTUJDBMMZTUBCMF BHBJOTUTUFMMBSQFSUVSCBUJPOT4FFDPNFU ,VJQFSCFMU BOEMPOHQFSJPEDPNFU

'*( /ORTCOMETCLOUD-ORETHANBILLIONCOMETSHIBERNATEIN THEREMOTE/ORTCOMETCLOUD SHOWNHEREINCROSSSECTION)TISLOCATED INTHEOUTERFRINGESOFTHESOLARSYSTEM ATDISTANCESOFABOUT !5FROMTHE3UN"YCOMPARISON THEDISTANCETOTHENEARESTSTAR 0ROXIMA#ENTAURI ISMILLION!5 WHILE.EPTUNEORBITSTHE3UNAT AMERE!54HEPLANETARYREALMTHEREFOREAPPEARSASANINSIGNIlCANT DOTWHENCOMPAREDTOTHECOMETCLOUD ANDHASTOBEMAGNIlEDBYA FACTOROF INORDERTOBESEEN4HISCOMETRESERVOIRISNAMEDAFTER THE$UTCHASTRONOMER*AN(/ORTn WHO IN lRST POSTULATEDITSEXISTENCE

(MPTTBSZ0

0QBDJUZ " NFBTVSF PG UIF BCJMJUZ PG B HBTFPVT BUNPTQIFSF UP BCTPSC SBEJBUJPO BOE CFDPNFPQBRVFUPJU"USBOTQBSFOUHBTIBTMJUUMFPSOPPQBDJUZ0QBDJUZBMTPEFOPUFT UIFNFBOBCTPSQUJPOPGSBEJBUJPO XIJDIJTVTFEXJUIBEJĒVTJPOFRVBUJPOUPDBMDVMBUF UIFQIPUPOMVNJOPTJUZëPXJOUIF4VOPSPUIFSTUBST 0QFO DMVTUFS " HSPVQ PG ZPVOH TUBST JO UIF TQJSBM BSNT PG PVS .JMLZ 8BZ (BMBYZ XIJDIUZQJDBMMZDPOUBJOTTFWFSBMIVOESFE1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTJOBWPMVNFUIBUJTTFWFSBM MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT"OPQFODMVTUFSJTBMTPLOPXOBTBHBMBDUJDDMVTUFS TJODFJUJTMPDBUFE JOUIFHBMBDUJDQMBOFѮF)ZBEFT 1MFJBEFTBOE1SBFTFQFBSFPQFODMVTUFST*OUIF 4XJTTCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PCFSU+5SVNQMFS ¢ VTFEPCTFSWBUJPOT PGUIFEJTUBODFT TJ[FTBOESFEEFOJOHPGPQFOTUBSDMVTUFSTUPDPOWJODJOHMZEFNPOTUSBUF UIFJOUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPOPGTUBSMJHIUUISPVHIPVUUIFHBMBDUJDQMBOF4FF)ZBEFT 1MFJB EFT 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS 1SBFTFQF BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 0QFO6OJWFSTF "OFWFSFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFJOXIJDIUIFNBTTEFOTJUZPGUIF6OJ

WFSTFJTMFTTUIBOUIFDSJUJDBMEFOTJUZ PSPNFHBJTMFTTUIBOPOF4QBDFIBTIZQFSCPMJD DVSWBUVSFJOBOPQFO6OJWFSTF4FFDSJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZBOEPNFHB 0QQPSUVOJUZ3PWFS 4FF.BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFSNJTTJPO 0QQPTJUJPO " NBKPS QMBOFU JT JO PQQPTJUJPO XIFO JU JT BMJHOFE XJUI UIF &BSUI BOE UIF4VO BOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFQMBOFUJTFYBDUMZPQQPTJUFUPUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF4VO 7FOVTBOE.FSDVSZDBOOPUCFJOPQQPTJUJPO CFDBVTFUIFJSPSCJUTBSFDMPTFSUPUIF4VO UIBOUIF&BSUITPSCJUѮFPUIFSQMBOFUT TVDIBT.BST BSFDMPTFTUUPUIF&BSUIBUPQQP TJUJPO NBLJOHJUBGBWPSBCMFUJNFGPSPCTFSWBUJPOT4FFTZ[ZHZ 0QUJDBMBTUSPOPNZ ѮFTUVEZPGWJTJCMFMJHIUGSPNPCKFDUTJOTQBDF4FFWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDBMEFQUI "NFBTVSFPGUIFSBEJBUJPOBCTPSCFEBTJUQBTTFTUISPVHIBNFEJVN "USBOTQBSFOUNFEJVNIBTBOPQUJDBMEFQUIPG[FSPѮFNFEJVNJTPQUJDBMMZUIJOXIFO UIFPQUJDBMEFQUIJTMFTTUIBOPOF BOEPQUJDBMMZUIJDLXIFOHSFBUFSUIBOPOF 0QUJDBM SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO UIBU JT WJTJCMF UP UIF IVNBO FZF XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ UP OBOPNFUFST 4FF PQUJDBM TQFDUSVN PQUJDT QIPUPTQIFSF BOEWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDBM TQFDUSVN 4QFDUSVN PG B TPVSDF UIBU TQBOT UIF WJTJCMF XBWFMFOHUI SBOHF

BQQSPYJNBUFMZGSPNUPOBOPNFUFST4FFWJTJCMFMJHIU 0QUJDT ѮFTDJFODFUIBUEFTDSJCFTUIFMFOTFTBOENJSSPSTUIBUBSFVTFEUPGPDVTBOE DPMMFDUWJTJCMFMJHIU 0SCJU ѮFQBUIPGBDFMFTUJBMCPEZNPWJOHVOEFSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOëVFODFPGBMBSHFS

DFMFTUJBMCPEZ4BUFMMJUFTPSCJUUIFJSQMBOFU UIFQMBOFUTPSCJUUIF4VO BOEUIFUXPDPN QPOFOUTPGBCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNPSCJUUIFJSDPNNPODFOUFSPGNBTT 0SCJUBM QFSJPE ѮF UJNF B CPEZ UBLFT UP SFWPMWF BSPVOE BOPUIFS POF ѮF &BSUIT PSCJUBMQFSJPEBSPVOEUIF4VOJTPOFZFBS BOENPSFEJTUBOUQMBOFUTSFWPMWFXJUIMPOHFS PSCJUBMQFSJPETJOBDDPSEBODFXJUI,FQMFSTUIJSEMBX4FF,FQMFSTMBXT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE040 BTFSJFTPGFJHIUPSCJUJOHPCTFSWBUP

SJFTMBVODIFECFUXFFOBOECZ/"4"UPTUVEZUIF4VOJOUIFVMUSBWJPMFUBOE 9SBZXBWFMFOHUITGSPNBCPWFUIFBUNPTQIFSF 0SJPO/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMBWJTJCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFBTBEJĒVTFHMPXNBSLJOH UIFTXPSEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO BOEEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($*UJTBDMPVE PGJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTUJMMVNJOBUFECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIUZPVOHTUBSTJO UIF5SBQF[JVNѮF0SJPO/FCVMBJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST ѮFOPSUIXFTUFSOQBSUPGUIF0SJPO/FCVMBJTEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ BOEJT TFQBSBUFEGSPN.CZBEBSLMBOFPGEVTUOBNFEUIF'JTI.PVUIGSPNJUTTIBQF4UBS GPSNBUJPOJTTUJMMVOEFSXBZJOUIF0SJPOOFCVMBBOEJOUIFEFOTFNPMFDVMBSDMPVEJO XIJDIJUJTFNCFEEFE4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB )**SFHJPO OFCVMB QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL BOE5SBQF[JVN 0TDJMMBUJOH 6OJWFSTF " DMPTFE 6OJWFSTF XIPTF FYQBOTJPO XJMM FWFOUVBMMZ TUPQ

GPMMPXFE CZ DPMMBQTF BOE QFSIBQT B #JH#BOH SFCPVOE JOUP BOPUIFS FYQBOTJPO 4FF DMPTFE6OJWFSTF 0TUBS "MVNJOPVT CMVFTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF0 XJUIBEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFUIBUJTNVDI

IPUUFSUIBOUIF4VO PSFWFOB#TUBS"CTPSQUJPOMJOFTPGJPOJ[FEIFMJVNDIBSBDUFSJ[F UIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVNPGBO0TUBSѮFZBSFUIFIPUUFTU CSJHIUFTUBOENPTUNBTTJWFTUBST PO UIF NBJO TFRVFODF XJUI BO FĒFDUJWF UFNQFSBUVSF PG CFUXFFO BOE EFHSFFT LFMWJO BO BCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ PG UP B NJMMJPO UJNFT UIBU PG UIF 4VO BOEBNBTTCFUXFFOBOETPMBSNBTTFTѮFZBSFSFMBUJWFMZSBSFBOETIPSUMJWFE SFNBJOJOHPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFGPSMFTTUIBOBNJMMJPOZFBST4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBNBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 0XM/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ MPDBUFEJOUIFDPO TUFMMBUJPO6STB.BKPSѮF0XM/FCVMBJTNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTTBOEHFUTJUTOBNFGSPN UXPBEKBDFOUEBSLQBUDIFT MJLFFZFT UIBUIBWFUIFBQQFBSBODFPGBOPXMTGBDF*UIBTBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBOEBMJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF DFOUSBMTUBSIBTBNBHOJUVEFPG4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 0YZHFO &MFNFOUPGBUPNJDOVNCFSFJHIUBOEBUPNJDNBTTOVNCFSTJYUFFO EFOPUFE

CZUIFTZNCPM0BOEUIFUIJSENPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUJOUIF6OJWFSTFBѫ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

OPSNBMUXP BOEIFODFEFOPUFE0 XIFSF0JTBOPYZHFOBUPN*UJTDSFBUFECZUIF BDUJPOPGVMUSBWJPMFUTVOMJHIUPOUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF BOEUIJTP[POFMBZFSTIJFMET UIF &BSUIT TVSGBDF GSPN EFBEMZ VMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO GSPN UIF 4VO ѮF EFUFDUJPO PG

(MPTTBSZ0

TVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGP[POFJOBQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSFXPVMETVHHFTUUIFQSFTFODFPG MJGF XIJDINJHIUCFOFFEFEUPQSPEVDFUIFPYZHFO4FFP[POFIPMFBOEP[POFMBZFS 0[POFEFQMFUJPO 4FFP[POFIPMF 0[POFIPMF "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZMPXDPODFOUSBUJPOPGP[POFUIBUGPSNTBCPWFUIF4PVUI

1PMFJOUIFMPDBMXJOUFSѮFP[POFIPMFXBTDPODMVTJWFMZEFNPOTUSBUFEJO BTUIF SFTVMUPGZFBSTPGDPOUJOVPVTNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFP[POFDPOUFOUBCPWF)BMMFZ#BZ "OUBSDUJDB CFHVOCZUIF#SJUJTITDJFOUJTU(PSEPO.JMMFS#PVSOFi(.#u%PCTPO ¢ JO5XP"NFSJDBODIFNJTUT .BSJP+.PMJOB ¢ BOE'4IFS XPPE 3PXMBOE ¢ TIPXFE JO UIBU UIF DIPSJOF JO NBONBEF DIFNJDBMT DBMMFEDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT PS$'$TGPSTIPSU XPVMEEFTUSPZFOPSNPVTBNPVOUTPG P[POFJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFѮF$'$TXFSFMJNJUFEBOEFWFOUVBMMZCBOOFECZBOJOUFSOB UJPOBMUSFBUZLOPXOBTUIF.POUSFBM1SPUPDPM êSTUTJHOFEJOBOETUSFOHUIFOFEJO MBUFSZFBST4FFP[POFMBZFS 0[POFMBZFS "SFHJPOJOUIFMPXFSQBSUPG&BSUITTUSBUPTQIFSF MPDBUFEBUBCPVU

UPLJMPNFUFSTBCPWFTFBMFWFM XIFSFUIFHSFBUFTUDPODFOUSBUJPOPGP[POFBQQFBST ѮFP[POFMBZFSTIJFMETUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFGSPNUIF4VOTFOFSHFUJDVMUSBWJPMFUSBZT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

1 1BJSBOOJIJMBUJPO .VUVBMEFTUSVDUJPOPGBOFMFDUSPOBOEQPTJUSPOXJUIUIFGPSNBUJPO PGFOFSHFUJDHBNNBSBZTUIBUIBWFBQIPUPOFOFSHZPGLF7 1BMMBT ѮF TFDPOE BTUFSPJE UP CF EJTDPWFSFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI

8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢

XJUI EJNFOTJPOT PG LJMPNFUFST B NFBOSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST BOEBNBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS 4FFBTUFSPJE 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPCTFSWBUPSZMPDBUFEPO.PVOU1BMPNBS NJMFTTPVUI

FBTUPGUIF.PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZ XIJDIJTPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF$BMJGPS OJB *OTUJUVUF PG 5FDIOPMPHZ ѮF MBSHFTU UFMFTDPQF BU UIF 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ JT UIF NFUFS JODI )BMFUFMFTDPQF DPNQMFUFE JO BOE OBNFE BѫFS UIF "NFSJ DBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF ¢ ѮFJODIUFMFTDPQFQMBZFEBO JNQPSUBOUSPMFJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGRVBTBST"XJEFêFMENFUFS JODI 4DINJEU UFMFTDPQFPO.PVOU1BMPNBSXBTVTFEGPSUIFBMMTLZ1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ4LZ4VSWFZ TQPOTPSFE CZ UIF /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD *OTUJUVUF BOE DPNQMFUFE JO JUT SFE BOE CMVFQMBUFTXFSFJNQPSUBOUJOJEFOUJGZJOHUIFWJTJCMFMJHIUDPVOUFSQBSUTPGUIFêSTUSBEJP HBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST4FFRVBTBSTBOE4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF 1BSBMMBY ѮFTNBMMBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGUIFBQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOPGBQMBOFUPSTUBS XIFOWJFXFEGSPNEJĒFSFOUMPDBUJPOT PѫFOEFTJHOBUFECZUIFTZNCPMPѮFEJTUBODF PGBQMBOFUDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNQBSBMMBYPCTFSWBUJPOTBUXJEFMZTFQBSBUFEMPDBUJPOTPO UIF&BSUIѮFHFPDFOUSJDQBSBMMBYJTEFêOFEBTUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUP SJBMSBEJVTBUUIFEJTUBODFPGUIFPCKFDUVOEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPOѮFTPMBSQBSBMMBYJTUIF 4VOTHFPDFOUSJDQBSBMMBY EFêOFEBTUIFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSJBMSBEJVT GSPNBEJTUBODFPGBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU XJUIBWBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSD4UFMMBS QBSBMMBYJTEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFBOHVMBSEJTQMBDFNFOUPGBOFBSCZTUBSXJUISFTQFDUUP EJTUBOUPOFTXIFOPCTFSWFEBUJOUFSWBMTPGTJYNPOUITPOPQQPTJUFTJEFTPGUIF&BSUIT PSCJU4VDIBQBSBMMBYJTLOPXOBTUIFBOOVBMQBSBMMBYѮFEJTUBODFPGUIFTUBSDBOCF JOGFSSFEGSPNUIFNFBTVSFEBOOVBMQBSBMMBYBOEUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUѮFMBSHFSUIF QBSBMMBY UIFDMPTFSUIFTUBSMJFTUP&BSUIѮFQBSBMMBY PSEJTUBODF PGBTUBSDBOBMTPCF JOGFSSFEGSPNJUTTQFDUSBMUZQF XIJDIJOEJDBUFTJUTBCTPMVUFPSJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZ BOE BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZVTJOHUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBXѮFQBSBMMBYPGBCPVUTUBST IBTCFFONFBTVSFEXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF)*11"3$04TBUFMMJUF XJUIBQSFDJ TJPOPGTFDPOETPGBSD4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ "MQIB$FOUBVSJ BOOVBMQBSBMMBY BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU #BSOBSET4UBS )*11"3$04 JOWFSTFTRVBSF MBX ,BQUFZOT 4UBS 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ $ZHOJ TPMBS QBSBMMBY BOE TQFDUSPTDPQJD QBSBMMBY 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ " SBEJP BTUSPOPNZ PCTFSWBUPSZ JO /FX 4PVUI 8BMFT XIPTF

NBJOUFMFTDPQF BNFUFS GFFU EJTI XBTDPNQMFUFEJOBOEVTFEUPSFDFJWF SBEJPDPNNVOJDBUJPOTEVSJOHUIFIJTUPSJD"QPMMPMBOEJOHPOUIF.PPO PO+VMZ

(MPTTBSZ1

BOEUIF)VZHFOT1SPCFMBOEJOHPO5JUBOPO+BOVBSZѮFSBEJPUFMFTDPQF IBTBMTPCFFOBDUJWFJOQVMTBSSFTFBSDI EJTDPWFSJOHBCPVUPGUIFN BOEBTBDPN QPOFOUJO7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZѮF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF/BUJPOBM'BDJM JUZ BEJWJTJPOPGUIF$PNNPOXFBMUI4DJFOUJêDBOE*OEVTUSJBM3FTFBSDI0SHBOJ[BUJPO PQFSBUFT UIF 1BSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF "QPMMP .JTTJPOT "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF /BUJPOBM 'BDJMJUZ )VZHFOT1SPCF QVMTBS SBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS SBEJPUFMFTDPQF BOE7FSZ-POH #BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 1BSTFD "VOJUPGEJTUBODFVTFEJOTUFMMBSBTUSPOPNZ EFêOFEBTUIFEJTUBODFBUXIJDI POFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU PSUIFNFBO&BSUI4VOTFQBSBUJPO TVCUFOETBOBOHMFPGPOFTFD POEPGBSDѮFEJTUBODFPGBOFBSCZTUBSJOQBSTFDTJTHJWFOCZUIFSFDJQSPDBMPGJUTBOOVBM QBSBMMBYJOTFDPOETPGBSD0OFQBSTFDJTFRVJWBMFOUUPNFUFST MJHIU ZFBST BOE BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJUT ѮF OFBSFTU TUBS PUIFS UIBO UIF 4VO JT 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJXJUIBEJTUBODFPGQBSTFDT%JTUBODFTDPNQBSBCMFUPUIFFYUFOU PGPVS(BMBYZBSFNFBTVSFEJOVOJUTPGLJMPQBSTFDT BCCSFWJBUFELQD XIFSFLQD POFUIPVTBOEQBSTFDTQBSTFDT BOEJOUFSHBMBDUJDEJTUBODFTBSFTQFDJêFEJOVOJUT PG.FHBQBSTFDT BCCSFWJBUFE.QD XJUI.QDQBSTFDTNJMMJPOQBSTFDT 4FFBOOVBMQBSBMMBY 1BSUJDMF 'VOEBNFOUBMVOJUPGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZ JODMVEJOHTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFTUIBU

BSFTNBMMFSUIBOUIFBUPN 1BSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS "EFWJDFUIBUVTFTFMFDUSJDêFMETUPQSPQFMDIBSHFE TVCBUPNJD

QBSUJDMFTUPHSFBUFOFSHJFT*OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO$PDLDSPѫ ¢ BOE UIF *SJTI QIZTJDJTU &SOFTU 8BMUPO ¢ VTFE B QBSUJDMF BDDFMFSBUPS UP QSPEVDFUIFêSTUUSBOTNVUBUJPOPGBOBUPNJDOVDMFVTXJUIBSUJêDJBMMZBDDFMFSBUFEBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT GPSXIJDIUIFZTIBSFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDT*OUIF"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU&SOFTU0-BXSFODF ¢ JOWFOUFEUIFêSTUDJSDVMBSQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSB UPS LOPXOBTUIFDZDMPUSPO DBQBCMFPGBDDFMFSBUJOHQBSUJDMFTUPWFSZIJHIFOFSHZ BOE MFBEJOHUPUIFEJTDPWFSZPGOVNFSPVTSBEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT"UWFMPDJUJFTOFBSUIFWFMPD JUZPGMJHIU UIFQBSUJDMFTJODSFBTFUIFJSNBTTBOEMPTFTZODISPOJ[BUJPOXJUIUIFBDDFM FSBUJPOQSPDFTT XIJDIJTDPSSFDUFEJOTZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSTJOEFQFOEFOUMZ JOWFOUFECZ7MBEJNFS7FLTMFS ¢ BOE&EXJO.D.JMMBO ¢ 4FF TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 1BSUJDMFQIZTJDT ѮFCSBODIPGQIZTJDTUIBUEFBMTXJUIUIFTNBMMFTULOPXOTUSVDUVSFT PGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZ 1BUImOEFS 4FF.BST1BUIêOEFS 1BVMJFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF 4FFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMF 1FMJDBO/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE*$ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT

BEKBDFOUUPUIF/PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMBBOE /PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB 1FOVNCSB ѮF MJHIUFS QFSJQIFSZ PG B TVOTQPU TFFO JO XIJUF MJHIU TVSSPVOEJOH UIF

EBSLFSVNCSB"MTPUIFPVUFSQBSUPGBTIBEPXDBTUEVSJOHBOFDMJQTF XIFSFPOMZB QBSUJBMFDMJQTFJTTFFO4FFMVOBSFDMJQTF TPMBSFDMJQTF TVOTQPUBOEVNCSB

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

1FSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF 0OBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFTDBMFUIF6OJWFSTFJTUIFTBNF

JOBMMEJSFDUJPOTBOEGPSBMMUJNFTѮJTQFSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMFXBTJOUSPEVDFE JOCZ)FSNBOO#POEJ ¢ BOEѮPNBT(PME ¢

UXP"VT USJBOCPSOBTUSPQIZTJDJTUTUIFOBU$BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ XIFOQSPQPTJOHUIF4UFBEZ 4UBUF DPTNPMPHZ XIJDI IBT TJODF CFFO EJTDPVOUFE 4FF DPTNPMPHJDBM QSJODJQMF BOE 4UFBEZ4UBUF 1FSJBTUSPO 4FFQFSJIFMJPO 1FSJIFMJPO 'PSBQMBOFU DPNFUPSPUIFSPCKFDUPSCJUJOHUIF4VO UIFQPJOUJOUIFPSCJU UIBUJTDMPTFTUUPUIF4VOѮFQFSJBTUSPOJTUIFDMPTFTUQPJOUGPSBCPEZPSCJUJOHBTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO4FFBQIFMJPO 1FSJPE ѮFUJNFUPDPNQMFUFPOFDZDMFPGBOZQFSJPEJDQIFOPNFOPO TVDIBTPOFPSCJU PGBQMBOFUPSPOFQVMTBUJPOPGBWBSJBCMFTUBS 1FSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO "SFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOUIFQFSJPEPGMJHIUWBSJBUJPOBOE

UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPGBWBSJBCMFTUBS$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTIBWFBQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO JO XIJDI UIF MPOHFS UIF QVMTBUJPO QFSJPE UIF NPSF JOUSJOTJDBMMZ MVNJOPVT UIFTUBSѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSJFUUB4XBO-FBWJUU ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIJTQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOJO"$FQIFJETUBSTEJTUBODFDBOCFEFUFSNJOFE VTJOHUIJTSFMBUJPOXJUIJUTPCTFSWFEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZBOEJUTWBSJBUJPOQFSJPE4FF $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBS 1FSTFJET 0OFPGUIFCFTUNFUFPSTIPXFST PDDVSSJOHCFUXFFO+VMZBOE"VHVTU XJUIBNBYJNVNPO"VHVTU QPQVMBSMZLOPXOBTUIFOJHIUPGUIFTIPPUJOHTUBST*O UIF.JEEMF"HFT UIFTIPXFSXBTLOPXOBTUIFUFBSTPG4U-BXSFODF XIPXBTNBSUZSFE PO"VHVTUѮFSBEJBOUPGUIF1FSTFJETNFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMB UJPO1FSTFVT BOEJUJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFPSCJUBMEFCSJTPG$PNFU14XJѫ5VUUMF 4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS 1IBTF ѮFJMMVNJOBUFEQPSUJPOPGUIF.PPOPSUIFQMBOFUT BTTFFOGSPNUIF&BSUIѮF QIBTFTPGUIF.PPOPDDVSJOBSFQFBUJOHQBUUFSOUIBUEFQFOETPOJUTPSCJUBMQPTJUJPO BOEUIFZBSFLOPXOBTUIFOFX DSFTDFOU IBMG HJCCPVTBOEGVMMQIBTFT4FF.PPO 1IPCPT ѮFMBSHFTUBOEJOOFSNPTUPGUIFUXPUJOZTBUFMMJUFTPG.BST EJTDPWFSFECZUIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"TBQI)BMM ¢ JO1IPCPTJTUIF(SFFLXPSEGPS iGFBSu BOEUIFOBNFPGPOFPGUIFBUUFOEBOUTPGUIF(SFFLHPEPGXBS "SFT JO)PNFST *MMJBEѮFTBUFMMJUF1IPCPTIBTEJNFOTJPOTPGLJMPNFUFSTBOEBNFBO NBTT EFOTJUZ PG LJMPHSBNT QFS DVCJD NFUFS 1IPCPT NPWFT BSPVOE .BST UISFF UJNFTGBTUFSUIBOUIFQMBOFUSPUBUFT BOEJUJTOPXNPWJOHUPXBSE.BST*OBCPVU NJMMJPOZFBST 1IPCPTXJMMFJUIFSDSBTIJOUPUIFTVSGBDFPG.BSTPSCFUPSOBQBSUCZUIF QMBOFUTHSBWJUZUPNBLFBSJOHBSPVOE.BST1IPCPTDPVMECFBDBQUVSFEBTUFSPJE 1IPUPEJTTPDJBUJPO ѮFCSFBLEPXOPGNPMFDVMFTJOUPUIFJSDPNQPOFOUBUPNTEVFUP UIFBCTPSQUJPOPGMJHIU FTQFDJBMMZVMUSBWJPMFUTVOMJHIU 1IPUPJPOJ[BUJPO ѮF JPOJ[BUJPO PG BO BUPN CZ UIF BCTPSQUJPO PG B QIPUPO PG FMFD USPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO*POJ[BUJPODBOUBLFQMBDFPOMZJGUIFQIPUPODBSSJFTBUMFBTUUIF

(MPTTBSZ1

FOFSHZDPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBMPGUIFBUPNѮFJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM JTUIFNJOJNVNFOFSHZSFRVJSFEUPPWFSDPNFUIFGPSDFCJOEJOHUIFFMFDUSPOXJUIJOUIF BUPN4FFJPOJ[BUJPOBOEJPOJ[BUJPOQPUFOUJBM 1IPUPO "DPSQVTDMF QBSUJDMF PSRVBOUVN PGMJHIUPSPUIFSFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO

"QIPUPOJTBEJTDSFUFVOJUPSRVBOUJUZPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDFOFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIXBWFT PGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO1IPUPOTIBWFOPFMFDUSJDDIBSHFBOEUSBWFMBUUIFTQFFEPG MJHIU4IPSUXBWFMFOHUI PSIJHIGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOTDBSSZNPSFFOFSHZUIBOMPOHXBWF MFOHUI PSMPXGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOT4FFQIPUPOFOFSHZBOE1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 1IPUPOEFDPVQMJOH 4FFEFDPVQMJOH 1IPUPOFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZPGSBEJBUJPOPGBQBSUJDVMBSGSFRVFODZPSXBWFMFOHUIѮF

QIPUPOFOFSHZJTFRVBMUPUIFQSPEVDUPG1MBODLTDPOTUBOU +T BOEUIF GSFRVFODZPGUIFSBEJBUJPO4IPSUXBWFMFOHUI PSIJHIGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOTIBWFNPSF FOFSHZUIBOMPOHXBWFMFOHUI PSMPXGSFRVFODZ QIPUPOT4FF1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 1IPUPTQIFSF ѮBU QBSU PG UIF 4VO GSPN XIJDI WJTJCMF MJHIU PSJHJOBUFT ѮF QIPUP

TQIFSFFNJUTXIJUFMJHIU PSBMMUIFDPMPSTDPNCJOFE*UJTUIFJOUFOTFMZCSJHIU WJTJCMF QPSUJPOPGUIF4VO BOEUIFQMBDFXIFSFNPTUPGUIF4VOTFOFSHZFTDBQFTJOUPTQBDF UIF MPXFTUMBZFSPGUIF4VOTBUNPTQIFSFWJFXFEJOXIJUFMJHIUѮFQIPUPTQIFSFPGBOZTUBS JTUIFSFHJPOUIBUHJWFTSJTFUPJUTWJTJCMFDPOUJOVVNSBEJBUJPO"CPVULJMPNFUFST UIJDL UIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSFJTB[POFXIFSFUIFHBTFPVTMBZFSTDIBOHFGSPNCFJOHDPN QMFUFMZPQBRVFUPSBEJBUJPOUPCFJOHUSBOTQBSFOUѮFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFPGUIF4VOT QIPUPTQIFSFJTLFMWJOѮFDPOUJOVVNSBEJBUJPOPGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJTBCTPSCFE BUDFSUBJOXBWFMFOHUITCZTMJHIUMZDPPMFSHBTKVTUBCPWFJU QSPEVDJOHUIFEBSL'SBVO IPGFSMJOFT4VOTQPUT GBDVMBF HSBOVMFTBOEUIFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOBSFPCTFSWFEJOUIF QIPUPTQIFSF BOENBHOFUPHSBNTEFTDSJCFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮF JOBOEPVUIFBWJOHNPUJPOT PSPTDJMMBUJPOT PGUIFQIPUPTQIFSFBSFVTFEUPEFDJQIFS UIFJOUFSOBMEZOBNJDTBOETUSVDUVSFPGUIF4VOѮFUSBOTQBSFOUDISPNPTQIFSFMJFTKVTU BCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BOEUIFUSBOTQBSFOUDPSPOBJTGPVOEBCPWFUIFDISPNPTQIFSF 4FFDISPNPTQIFSF DPSPOB 'SBVOIPGFSMJOF HSBOVMF IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ NBHOFUPHSBN TVOTQPU TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO BOEXIJUFMJHIU 1IPUPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDIFNJDBMQSPDFTTXIFSFCZHSFFOQMBOUTVTFTVOMJHIUUPNBOVGBD UVSFDBSCPIZESBUFTGSPNDBSCPOEJPYJEFBOEXBUFSBOESFMFBTFPYZHFOBTBCZQSPEVDU 1JD EV .JEJ 0CTFSWBUPSZ "O PCTFSWBUPSZ MPDBUFE JO UIF 'SFODI 1ZSÊOÊFT BU BO BMUJUVEFPGNFUFST GFFU

BOEPQFSBUFECZUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG5PMPVTF*UIBTB NFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS XIJDIXBTVTFEGPSJNQPSUBOUFBSMZJOWFTUJHBUJPOTPGUIF .PPOBOEQMBOFUT 1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ "GBDFPOTQJSBMHBMBYZEFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ MPDBUFE BUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTѮF5SJBOHVMVNTQJSBMHBMBYZ EFTJHOBUFE . JTBMTPTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIF1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ4FF.FTTJFS0CKFDUTBOE5SJBOHV MVN(BMBYZ 1MBHF 'SPNUIF'SFODIXPSEGPSiCFBDIu BQMBHFJTBCSJHIU EFOTFSFHJPOJOUIFDISP

NPTQIFSFGPVOEBCPWFTVOTQPUTPSPUIFSBDUJWFBSFBTPGUIFTPMBSQIPUPTQIFSF*UBMXBZT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BDDPNQBOJFTBOEPVUMJWFTTVOTQPUHSPVQT1MBHFTBQQFBSNVDICSJHIUFSJOUIFNPOP DISPNBUJDMJHIUPGUIFIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOFPSUIFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFTUIBOUIFTVS SPVOEJOHQBSUTPGUIFDISPNPTQIFSF1MBHFTBSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIGBDVMBF XIJDIPDDVS KVTUCFMPXUIFNJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF BOEBSFGPVOEJOSFHJPOTPGFOIBODFENBHOFUJD êFME4FFDBMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT DISPNPTQIFSF GBDVMBF )BOE,MJOFT BOEIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOF 1MBODL FQPDI "MTP DBMMFE UIF 1MBODL UJNF UIF êSTU JOTUBOU GPMMPXJOH UIF #JH #BOH XIFO UIF DPTNJD NBUUFS EFOTJUZ XBT TP IJHI UIBU UIF HSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDF BDUFE BT TUSPOHMZBTUIFPUIFSGVOEBNFOUBMGPSDFT 1MBODL.JTTJPO "DPMMBCPSBUJWF&4"BOE/"4"NJTTJPOUIBUJTJOEFWFMPQNFOU XJUI B QSPKFDUFE MBVODI JO UIF ZFBS 1MBODL XJMM TVSWFZ UIF FOUJSF TLZ BOE QSPEVDF NBQTPGJUBUOJOFEJĒFSFOUGSFRVFODJFT QSPWJEJOHEFUBJMFEJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFUISFF EFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOBTXFMMBTUIFPSJHJOBOEFWPMVUJPOPG UIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFѮFNJTTJPOJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOUIFPSFUJDBMQIZTJDJTU .BY1MBODL ¢

XIPEFSJWFEUIFTQFDUSVNPGCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPO JOUSP EVDJOHUIFRVBOUBPGFOFSHZIFXBTBXBSEFEUIF/PCFM1SJ[FJO1IZTJDTGPSUIJT BDIJFWFNFOU 1MBODLUJNF 4FF1MBODLFQPDI 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU "GVOEBNFOUBMDPOTUBOUHJWJOHUIFSBUJPCFUXFFOUIFFOFSHZBOE

GSFRVFODZPGBOFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDQIPUPO PSRVBOUVNPGMJHIU êSTUVTFECZUIF(FSNBO QIZTJDJTU.BY1MBODL ¢ JOEFSJWJOHUIFGPSNVMBGPSUIFSBEJBUJPOTQFDUSVN PGBQFSGFDUBCTPSCFS PSCMBDLCPEZ1MBODLTDPOTUBOUJTEFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPMI BOE IBTBWBMVFPGI+PVMFTFDPOEPSIFSHTFDPOE 1MBOFU "OPCKFDUPSCJUJOHUIF4VOPSBOPUIFSTUBS XIJDISFëFDUTUIFMJHIUUIBUTUSJLFT

JU"QMBOFUJTOPUMBSHFFOPVHIUPHFOFSBUFFOFSHZUISPVHIOVDMFBSGVTJPOBUJUTDPSF XIJDINFBOTUIBUJUIBTUPCFMFTTNBTTJWFUIBOBCPVUUFOUJNFT+VQJUFSTNBTT5PCF 4!",% 0LANETSnORBITS 3EMI MAJOR !XIS A0!5

/RBITAL0ERIOD 00 YEARS A

-EAN/RBITAL 6ELOCITYKMSn B

-ERCURY 6ENUS %ARTH -ARS

*UPITER 3ATURN 5RANUS .EPTUNE 0LUTO

0LANET

A/NETROPICALYEARSECONDSDAYS BKMS METERSPERSECOND

(MPTTBSZ1

4!",% 0LANETSnPHYSICALPROPERTIESA 4ERRESTRIAL0LANETS

-ERCURY

6ENUS

%ARTH

-ARS

!NGULAR$IAMETERSECONDSOFARC B

%QUATORIAL2ADIUS 20KM

%QUATORIAL2ADIUS 202%

-ASS -0KG -ASS -0-% -EAN-ASS$ENSITYKGM

'IANT0LANETS

*UPITER

3ATURN

5RANUS

.EPTUNE

!NGULAR$IAMETERSECONDSOFARC B %QUATORIAL2ADIUS 20KM %QUATORIAL2ADIUS 202% -ASS -0KG -ASS -0-% -EAN-ASS$ENSITYKGM

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 4HE#AMBRIDGE'UIDETOTHE3OLAR3YSTEM .EW9ORK #AMBRIDGE5NI

VERSITY0RESS P B4HELARGESTANGULARDIAMETERSEENFROMTHE%ARTHWHENTHEPLANETISATITSCLOSESTAPPROACHTO%ARTH

DBMMFEBQMBOFU UIFPCKFDUNVTUIBWFBMBSHFFOPVHINBTTUPCFGPSDFECZJUTHSBWJUZJOUP CFDPNJOHNPSFPSMFTTTQIFSJDBMJOTIBQF XIJDINFBOTUIFPCKFDUNVTUCFNPSFNBT TJWFUIBOUIFMBSHFTUBTUFSPJECVUBTUFSPJETBSFTPNFUJNFTDBMMFENJOPSQMBOFUT4PNF EFêOJUJPOTEFNBOEUIBUBQMBOFUTIPVMEIBWFBOBUNPTQIFSF"QMBOFUJTGPSNFECZUIF BDDSFUJPOPGQMBOFUFTJNBMTXJUIJOBQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTD UIFSPUBUJOHEFCSJTMFѫBѫFSB TUBSIBTGPSNFE4FFBTUFSPJE QMBOFUFTJNBM BOEQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL 1MBOFUBSZOFCVMB "TIFMMPGJMMVNJOBUFEHBTUIBUTVSSPVOETPMEBOEEZJOHTUBSTѮF êSTUQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($ XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBO CPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢

EFTDSJCJOHJUBTiQMBOFUBSZu CFDBVTFJUTSPVOE EJTLMJLFTIBQFSFTFNCMFEBQMBOFUBTTFFOJOBTNBMMUFMFTDPQF CVU UIFSF JT OP QIZTJDBM DPOOFDUJPO XJUI QMBOFUT *O UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 8JM MJBN)VHHJOT ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUISFFFNJTTJPOMJOFTSBEJBUFEGSPNUIFQMBO FUBSZOFCVMBOPXLOPXOBT/($ TIPXJOHUIBUJUJTNBEFPGMPXEFOTJUZHBT 0OF PG MJOFT XBT BUUSJCVUFE UP IZESPHFO CVU UIF PUIFS UXP TVHHFTUFEUIFFYJTUFODF PGBOVOEJTDPWFSFEFMFNFOUUIBUCFDBNFLOPXOBTiOFCVMJVNu*U XBTOUVOUJM UIBUUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FSNBO;BOTUSB ¢ VTFERVBOUVNUIFPSZUP FYQMBJOUIFIZESPHFOMJOFTPGEJĒVTFOFCVMBF JODMVEJOHUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF XIPTF IZESPHFOBUPNTBSFJPOJ[FECZUIFVMUSBWJPMFUMJHIUPGCSJHIU DFOUSBMTUBSTGPMMPXFE CZ UIF SFDPNCJOBUJPO PG GSFF FMFDUSPOT BOE QSPUPOT UP SBEJBUF IZESPHFO MJOFT BOE NBLFIZESPHFOBUPNT*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS*SB4#PXFO ¢ TIPXFE UIBU UIF OFCVMJVN MJOFT BSJTF GSPN JPOJ[FE BUPNT PG PYZHFO BOE OJUSPHFO VOEFSHPJOHiGPSCJEEFOuUSBOTJUJPOTJOUIFMPXEFOTJUZHBT"QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBJTVTV

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BMMZFKFDUFEGSPNBEZJOHSFEHJBOUTUBS3BEJBUJPOGSPNUIFOFXMZFYQPTFE IPUCMVF DPSFFYDJUFTUIFHBTJOUIFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB DBVTJOHJUUPHMPXѮFDFOUSBMTUBSTPG QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBSFIPUBOECMVF JOUSBOTJUJPOCFUXFFOBSFEHJBOUTUBSBOEBXIJUF EXBSG $PNNPOMZ LOPXO QMBOFUBSZ OFCVMBF BSF UIF %VNCCFMM /FCVMB m . BOE /($ UIF)FMJY/FCVMBm/($ UIF0XM/FCVMBm.BOE/($ UIF 3JOH/FCVMBJO-ZSBm.BOE/($BOEUIF4BUVSO/FCVMBm/($4FF $BUT&ZF/FCVMB %VNCCFMM/FCVMB )FMJY/FCVMB )PVSHMBTT/FCVMB 0XM/FCVMB 3JOH/FCVMBBOE4BUVSO/FCVMB 1MBOFUFTJNBM "TNBMMCPEZGSPNBGFXNFUFSTUPTFWFSBMLJMPNFUFSTJOTJ[F GPSNFE

GSPNEVTUBOEJDF JGQSFTFOU DPOUBJOFEJOBQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL UIFSPUBUJOHEFCSJT MFѫBѫFSBTUBSIBTGPSNFE1MBOFUTGPSNGSPNUIFBDDSFUJPOPSHBUIFSJOHUPHFUIFSPG QMBOFUFTJNBMTBOECZDPMMJTJPOBOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGQSPUPQMBOFUTGPSNFECZ UIFQMBOFUFTJNBMT4FFQSPUPQMBOFU QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL BOETPMBSOFCVMB 1MBTNB "DPNQMFUFMZJPOJ[FEHBT DPOTJTUJOHPGFMFDUSPOTUIBUIBWFCFFOQVMMFEGSFF

PG BUPNT BOE JPOT JO XIJDI UIF UFNQFSBUVSF JT UPP IJHI GPS OFVUSBM VOJPOJ[FE BUPNTUPFYJTUѮFIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFTSFTVMUJOBUPNTMPTJOHUIFJSOPSNBMDPNQMF NFOUPGFMFDUSPOTUPMFBWFQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEJPOTCFIJOE BOEJUJTUPPIPUGPSUIFGSFF FMFDUSPOTBOEJPOTUPKPJOUPHFUIFSBOEGPSNQFSNBOFOUBUPNTѮFJOUFSJPSPGUIF 4VOBOEPUIFSNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTJTBQMBTNBDPOTJTUJOHNBJOMZPGFMFDUSPOTBOE QSPUPOT UIF OVDMFJ PG IZESPHFO BUPNT 1MBTNB IBT CFFO DBMMFE UIF GPVSUI TUBUF PG NBUUFS JOBEEJUJPOUPTPMJE MJRVJE BOEHBT4JODFUIFUPUBMOFHBUJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF PGUIFGSFFFMFDUSPOTJTFRVBMUPUIFUPUBMQPTJUJWFDIBSHFPGUIFJPOT QMBTNBJTFMFDUSJ DBMMZOFVUSBMPWFSBTVēDJFOUMZMBSHFWPMVNF.PTUPGUIFNBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFJTJO UIFQMBTNBTUBUF 1MBTNB CFUB ѮF SBUJP PG HBT QSFTTVSF UP UIF QSFTTVSF PG UIF NBHOFUJD êFME XJUIJO BQMBTNBѮFHBTQSFTTVSFJODSFBTFTXJUIUFNQFSBUVSF BOEUIFNBHOFUJDQSFTTVSFJT QSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFTRVBSFPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI 1MBTNBTQIFSF "SFHJPOPGIJHIEFOTJUZ DPMEQMBTNB DPOTJTUJOHPGQSPUPOTBOEFMFD

USPOT XIJDITVSSPVOETUIF&BSUIBCPWFUIFJPOPTQIFSFBUBMUJUVEFTHSFBUFSUIBO LJMPNFUFSTѮFQMBTNBTQIFSFFYUFOETPVUUPCFUXFFOUISFFBOETFWFO&BSUISBEJJ 1MBUFUFDUPOJDT "DDPSEJOHUPUIJTUIFPSZ UIF&BSUITPVUFSTIFMMJTTVCEJWJEFEJOUPB

NPTBJDPGMBSHFSJHJEQMBUFTUIBUBSFJODPOUJOVBMNPUJPO QSPEVDJOHFBSUIRVBLFTBOE CVJMEJOHNPVOUBJOTBUUIFJSCPVOEBSJFTCZUFDUPOJDT GSPNUIF(SFFLXPSEGPSiDBSQFO UFSuPSiCVJMEJOHuѮFNPWJOHQMBUFTDBSSZDPOUJOFOUTPOUIFJSCBDLT BDDPVOUJOHGPS DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ BOEBSFQVTIFEBMPOHCZUIFTQSFBEJOHTFBëPPSѮF$BOBEJBOHFPMP HJTU+PIO5V[P8JMTPO ¢ JOUSPEVDFEUIFDPODFQUPGQMBUFUFDUPOJDTJO 4FFDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫBOETFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH 1MFJBEFT "OFBSCZPQFODMVTUFSPGTUBSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVTUIBUMJFTBCPVU

MJHIUZFBSTBXBZѮF1MFJBEFTJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIF4FWFO4JTUFSTXIPTFTFWFOCSJHIU CMVFXIJUF#TUBSTBSFOBNFEBѫFSUIFTFWFOEBVHIUFSTPGUIFHPE"UMBTBOEUIFNPSUBM 1MFJPOFJO(SFFLNZUIPMPHZ*OPSEFSPGCSJHIUOFTT UIFZBSF"MDZPOF &MFDUSB .BJB .FSPQF 5BZHFUB $FMBFOP BOE4FSPQFѮFCSJHIUTUBSTBSFSFMBUJWFMZZPVOH XJUIBO

(MPTTBSZ1

4!",% 0LANETARYNEBULAEA

.'#)#

.AME

(B (E )# )# )#

$OUBLE"UBBLE 3TINGRAY

-Y#N -Z .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'# .'#

3PIROGRAPH 2ETINA (OURGLASS !NT %SKIMO %YEOF*UPITER /WL "LUE0LANETARY

,ITTLE'HOST #ATgS%YE 2ING "LINKING%YE $UMBBELL 3ATURN (ELIX

2! HMS

$EC

MV

$IAM $IST 6EXP KPC KMS

A#OURTESYOF!RSEN2(AJIAN 53.AVAL/BSERVATORY4HECENTRALSTARHASMAGNITUDE M 4HEEXPANSION V

VELOCITY 6EXP ISGIVENFORTHELIGHTOF;/)))=;.))=INKILOMETERSPERSECOND ABBREVIATEDKMS THEANGULAR DIAMETERISINSECONDSOFARC DENOTED ANDTHEDISTANCEISINUNITSOFKILOPARSEC ORKPC WHEREKPC LIGHT YEARS

FTUJNBUFE BHF PG BCPVU NJMMJPO ZFBST TUJMM FONFTIFE JO B DMPVE PG EVTUZ HBT UIBU SFëFDUT UIF TUBSMJHIU BOE DSFBUFT UIF 1MFJBEFT PS .FSPQF SFëFDUJPO OFCVMB 4FF PQFO DMVTUFSBOESFëFDUJPOOFCVMB 1MVSBMJUZ PG XPSMET )ZQPUIFTJT UIBU UIF 6OJWFSTF DPOUBJOT JOIBCJUFE QMBOFUT PUIFS

UIBOUIF&BSUI 1MVUP " TNBMM QMBOFU EJTDPWFSFE BU UIF PVUFS FEHF PG UIF QMBOFUBSZ TZTUFN PO 'FCSVBSZCZ$MZEF8JMMJBN5PNCBVHI ¢ VTJOHUIFNFUFS JODI QIPUPHSBQIJDUFMFTDPQFBUUIF-PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ1MVUPNPWFTJOBIJHIMZFMPO HBUFEPSCJUUIBUDBSSJFTJUCFUXFFOBOE"6GSPNUIF4VO XJUIJOBOEPVUTJEFUIF PSCJUPG/FQUVOFѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FOSZ1JDLFSJOH ¢

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

QSFEJDUFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGTVDIBQMBOFUJO DBMMJOHJU1MBOFU0 BOEJUXBTBMTP QSFEJDUFECZUIFXFBMUIZ"NFSJDBO1FSDJWBM-PXFMM n JO EVCCJOHJU 1MBOFU9#PUI1JDLFSJOHBOE-PXFMMTVHHFTUFEUIBUTVDIBQMBOFUNJHIUCFQSPEVD JOHOPUJDFBCMFQFSUVSCBUJPOTJOUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPG6SBOVTCFZPOEUIPTFDBVTFE CZ/FQUVOF)PXFWFS BѫFSBDDPVOUJOHGPSUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMFĒFDUTPG/FQUVOF VTJOH B QSFDJTF NBTT PCUBJOFE XIFO 7PZBHFS FODPVOUFSFE UIF QMBOFU JO UIF TNBMM VOFYQMBJOFEEJĒFSFODFTCFUXFFOUIFQSFEJDUFEBOEPCTFSWFEMPDBUJPOTPG6SBOVTEJT BQQFBSFEѮJTNFBOTUIBU/FQUVOFJTUIFPVUFSNPTUNBKPSQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN *O+BNFT8$ISJTUZ ¢ PGUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ OPUJDFEB WBSZJOHFMPOHBUJPOPOJNBHFTUBLFOUPSFêOFUIFPSCJUPG1MVUP SFBMJ[JOHUIBUUIFDIBOH JOHPSJFOUBUJPOPGUIFFMPOHBUJPOJNQMJFEUIBU1MVUPIBTBTBUFMMJUFBOEBOOPVODJOHUIF EJTDPWFSZPO+VMZ3PCFSU4)BSSJOHUPO ¢

BOPUIFSBTUSPOPNFSBU UIF/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ DBMDVMBUFEUIBU1MVUPBOEJUTNPPOXPVMEVOEFSHPBTFSJFTPG NVUVBMFDMJQTFTBOEPDDVMUBUJPOT CFHJOOJOHJOFBSMZѮFêSTUTVDDFTTGVMPCTFSWB UJPOPGPOFPGUIFTFFWFOUT PO'FCSVBSZ GVMMZDPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIF TBUFMMJUF XIJDIXBTPēDJBMMZOBNFE$IBSPO*UNPWFTBSPVOE1MVUPBUBEJTUBODFPG LJMPNFUFST PODFFWFSZ&BSUIEBZT$IBSPOTTMPXSFWPMVUJPOBCPVU1MVUPJTB SFTVMUPG1MVUPTTNBMMNBTTmPOMZQFSDFOU PGUIF&BSUITNBTT1MVUPJTBMTP SFMBUJWFMZTNBMM XJUIBSBEJVTPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTPSBCPVUPOFêѫIUIFTJ[FPG UIF&BSUI4P1MVUPJTNPTUMJLFMZKVTUPOFPGNBOZTJNJMBSTNBMMPCKFDUTMPDBUFEJOUIF ,VJQFSCFMUKVTUPVUTJEFUIFPSCJUPG/FQUVOF4FF,VJQFSCFMU 1PMBSJT ѮF CSJHIU TUBS UPXBSE XIJDI UIF OPSUIFSO FOE PG UIF &BSUIT SPUBUJPO BYJT OPXQPJOUT BMTPDBMMFEUIF/PSUI4UBS*UJTMPDBUFEBUUIFFOEPGUIFIBOEMFPGUIF-JUUMF %JQQFSJO6STB.JOPS BOEJTIFODFBMTPEFTJHOBUFEBT"MQIB6STBF.JOPSJT1PMBSJTJT BZFMMPXXIJUF'TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG"UBEJT UBODFPGMJHIUZFBST 1PMBSJTIBTBOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPGm TIJOJOHUJNFT NPSFCSJHIUMZUIFOUIF4VO1PMBSJTJTUIFTLZTCSJHIUFTU$FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBS CVUJU DIBOHFTCZBNFSFNBHOJUVEFT XJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZT BOFĒFDUUIBUJTJOWJTJCMF UPUIFVOBJEFEFZF1PMBSJTJTBCPVUIBMGBEFHSFFBXBZGSPNUIFOPSUIDFMFTUJBMQPMF UP XIJDIUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTQPJOUT CVUQSFDFTTJPOJTCSJOHJOH1PMBSJTDMPTFSUPUIFQPMF BOE JUXJMMCFDMPTFTUBSPVOEUIFZFBS"MTPBTUIFSFTVMUPGUIFZFBSQSFDFTTJPO UIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBYJTJTTMPXMZNPWJOHBDSPTTUIFTLZ BOEJOZFBSTUIFDFMFTUJBM OPSUIQPMFXJMMCFMPDBUFEOFBSUIFCSJHIUTUBS7FHBBOEEFHSFFTBXBZGSPN1PMBSJT 4FF/PSUI4UBS QPMFTUBS BOEQSFDFTTJPO 1PMBSJUZ ѮFEJSFDUJPOBMJUZPGBNBHOFUPSNBHOFUJDêFME CFJOHOPSUIPSTPVUITFFLJOH "DDPSEJOHUPPOFDPOWFOUJPO NBHOFUJDMJOFTPGGPSDFFNFSHFGSPNSFHJPOTPGQPTJUJWF OPSUIQPMBSJUZBOESFFOUFSSFHJPOTPGOFHBUJWFTPVUIQPMBSJUZ)PXFWFS BNBHOFUJOB DPNQBTTJTNBSLFETPUIBUJUQPJOUTUPXBSEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJD/PSUI1PMF 1PMBSJ[BUJPO 8IFOSBEJBUJPOJTQPMBSJ[FEJUTFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDWJCSBUJPOTBSFOPUSBO EPNMZPSJFOUFE CVUJOTUFBEIBWFBQSFGFSSFEEJSFDUJPO PTDJMMBUJOHJOBQMBOF4ZODISP USPOSBEJBUJPOJTQPMBSJ[FE 1PMF TUBS ѮFOFBSFTUOBLFEFZFTUBSUPUIFQSPKFDUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT

POUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSF PSUIFDMPTFTUCSJHIUTUBSUPUIFOPSUIPSTPVUIDFMFTUJBMQPMF

(MPTTBSZ1

1PMBSJTJTOPXUIF/PSUI1PMFTUBS CVUJOBCPVUZFBSTJUXJMMCF7FHB4FF1PMBSJT BOEQSFDFTTJPO 1PMMVY "HJBOU,TUBSMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO(FN

JOJ1PMMVY BMTPOBNFE#FUB(FNJOPSVN IBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEIBTBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZUJNFTUIBUPG UIF4VO 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS "SFMBUJWFMZZPVOHTUBSDPOUBJOJOHBIJHIBCVOEBODFPGNFUBMTUIBU

UFOETUPCFMPDBUFEJOUIFBSNTBOEEJTLPGTQJSBMHBMBYJFTѮF4VOJTB1PQVMBUJPO*TUBS 4FFTUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 1PQVMBUJPO**TUBS "SFMBUJWFMZPMETUBSXIPTFBCVOEBODFPGIFBWZFMFNFOUTJTNVDI

MFTTUIBOUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEPUIFS1PQVMBUJPO*TUBST DPOTJTUJOHBMNPTUTPMFMZPGIZESP HFOBOEIFMJVNѮFZUFOEUPCFMPDBUFEJOFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYJFT UIFDFOUSBMSFHJPOTPG TQJSBMHBMBYJFTBOEHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST4FFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFS BOETUFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 1PTJUSPO " QPTJUJWFMZ DIBSHFE BOUJQBSUJDMF PG UIF FMFDUSPO OBNFE B QPTJUSPO GPS B iQPTJUJWFFMFDUSPOuѮFQPTJUSPOJTBTVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFXJUIUIFNBTTPGUIFFMFDUSPO CVUBOFRVBMQPTJUJWFFMFDUSJDDIBSHF4FFBOUJNBUUFSBOECFUBEFDBZ 1PUFOUJBMFOFSHZ ѮFFOFSHZUIBUBOPCKFDUQPTTFTTFTBTBSFTVMUPGJUTQPTJUJPO 1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFGGFDU *OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU+PIO1PZOUJOH ¢

TVHHFTUFEUIBUUIF4VOTSBEJBUJPODBVTFTTNBMMQBSUJDMFTPSCJUJOHUIF4VOUPHSBEVBMMZ BQQSPBDIJUBOEFWFOUVBMMZQMVOHFJOUPUIF4VO8IFOEVTUQBSUJDMFTCFUXFFOBNJDSPO BOEBDFOUJNFUFS PSCFUXFFOBOENFUFST JOTJ[FBCTPSCFOFSHZGSPNUIF 4VOBOESFSBEJBUFJU UIFZMPTFLJOFUJDFOFSHZBOEUIFJSPSCJUBMSBEJVTCFDPNFTTMJHIUMZ TNBMMFSѮF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)PXBSE3PCFSUTPO ¢ EFWFMPQFEUIJTJEFB JO EFSJWJOHUIJTTPDBMMFE1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFĒFDUGSPNUIFUIFPSZPGSFMBUJWJUZ 1SBFTFQF "OPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS EFTJHOBUFE. XIJDIJTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BODFS*UJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIF#FFIJWFPSNBOHFS4FFPQFODMVTUFS 1SFDFTTJPO ѮFHZSBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJTJOTQBDFXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU ZFBST EJTDPWFSFEJOUIFTFDPOEDFOUVSZ#$CZUIF(SFFLBTUSPOPNFS)JQQBS DIVT D¢D#$ ѮFQSFDFTTJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIFUJEBMBDUJPOPGUIF.PPO BOE4VOPOUIFFRVBUPSJBMCVMHFPGUIFTQJOOJOH&BSUI DBVTJOHJUUPXPCCMFMJLFBUPQ "TBSFTVMU UIF&BSUITBYJTPGSPUBUJPOTXFFQTPVUBDPOFJOTQBDF XJUIBOPQFOJOHBOHMF FRVBMUPUIFPCMJRVJUZPGUIFFDMJQUJD PSBCPVUEFHSFFT DPNQMFUJOHPOFDJSDVJUJO BCPVUZFBSTѮJTQSFDFTTJPODBVTFTBOFBTUUPXFTUNPWFNFOUPGUIFFRVJOPYFT BMPOHUIFFDMJQUJD BUUIFSBUFPGBCPVUTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBS PSTFDPOETPG UJNFQFSZFBS BOEJUJTUIFSFGPSFTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIFQSFDFTTJPOPGUIFFRVJOPYFT"T UIFSFTVMUPGQSFDFTTJPO UIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTBSFTMPXMZDIBOH JOH TPUIFTUBSTUIBUXFOPXTFFJONJEXJOUFSBSFOPUUIFPOFTTFFOCZUIFBODJFOUTJO NJEXJOUFS BMUIPVHIUIFTIJѫJTUPPTMPXUPCFOPUJDFECZUIFOBLFEFZFJOBOJOEJWJE VBMTMJGFUJNF"QFSJPEJDPTDJMMBUJPOPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBMBYJT LOPXOBTOVUBUJPO JT TVQFSJNQPTFEVQPOJUTQSFDFTTJPO4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUF FRVJOPY OVUBUJPO 1PMBSJT SJHIUBTDFOTJPO BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 0RECESSION4HEPOLEOFTHE%ARTHSROTATIONTRACESOUTACIRCLEONTHESKYONCEEVERY YEARS SWEEPINGOUTACONEWITHANANGULARRADIUSOFABOUTDEGREES4HE'REEK ASTRONOMER(IPPARCHUSLIVEDC "# DISCOVEREDTHISPRECESSIONINTHE NDCENTURY"#4HENORTHCELESTIAL POLENOWLIESNEARTHEBRIGHTSTAR 0OLARIS BUTASTHERESULTOFPRECESSION THEROTATIONALAXISWILLPOINTTOWARDS ANOTHERBRIGHTNORTHSTAR 6EGA IN ROUGHLYYEARS4HISMOTION OFTHE%ARTHSROTATIONALAXISALSO

CAUSESAPRECESSIONOFTHEEQUINOXES ANDTHEREFOREASLOWCHANGEINTHE CELESTIALCOORDINATESOFANYCOSMIC OBJECT4HE6ERNAL%QUINOXWILLMOVE THROUGHALLTHESIGNSOFTHEZODIACIN ABOUTYEARS

1SJNF GPDVT ѮFGPDBMQPJOUPGUIFPCKFDUJWFMFOTPSQSJNBSZNJSSPSPGBUFMFTDPQF

XJUIPVUBOZPUIFSPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUTVDIBTBTFDPOEBSZNJSSPS 1SJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT ѮFDSFBUJPOPGMJHIUFMFNFOUTKVTUNJOVUFTBѫFSUIF#JH #BOH JODMVEJOHBMMPGUIFIZESPHFOBOEEFVUFSJVNOPXQSFTFOUJOUIF6OJWFSTFBOE NPTUPGUIFIFMJVN4FFOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT 1SPDZPO ѮFFJHIUICSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFTLZ XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MZJOHBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOJT.JOPSѮF OBNF1SPDZPOJTEFSJWFEGSPNUIFBODJFOU(SFFLGPSiCFGPSFUIFEPHuPXJOHUPUIFGBDU UIBU1SPDZPOSJTFTCFGPSFUIFEPHTUBS4JSJVT1SPDZPOJTBMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$BOJT .JOPSJTBOEUIFi-JUUMF%PH4UBSuPSi-FTTFS%PH4UBSuGSPNUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOOBNF $BOJT.JOPS NFBOJOHi-JUUMF%PHu1SPDZPOJTBTVCHJBOUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' BO BCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZTFWFOUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO 1SPDZPOJTBTQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGZFBSTBOEBXIJUFEXBSG DPNQBOJPO 1SPNJOFODF "SFHJPOPGIJHIEFOTJUZ DPPM LFMWJOHBTFNCFEEFEJOUIFMPXFS QBSUPGUIFMPXEFOTJUZ IPU NJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB"QSPNJOFODFJTBQQBSFOUMZ TVTQFOEFEBCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSFCZNBHOFUJDêFMET*UDBOCFTFFOBUUIFMJNCPGUIF 4VOEVSJOHBTPMBSFDMJQTFPSXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQI"QSPNJOFODFJTBêMBNFOUWJFXFE PO UIF MJNC PG UIF 4VO JO UIF MJHIU PG UIF IZESPHFOBMQIB MJOF " RVJFTDFOU QSPNJ OFODFPDDVSTBXBZGSPNBDUJWFSFHJPOTBOEDBOMBTUGPSXFFLTPSNBOZNPOUIT"O BDUJWFQSPNJOFODFJTBTIPSUMJWFE IJHITQFFEFSVQUJPOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBDUJWFSFHJPOT TVOTQPUTBOEëBSFT"OFSVQUJWFQSPNJOFODFJTPѫFOBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPO4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO êMBNFOU BOEIZESPHFO BMQIBMJOF 1SPQFS NPUJPO ѮF BQQBSFOU NPUJPO PG B TUBS BDSPTT UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE PO UIF

DFMFTUJBMTQIFSF PѫFOEFTJHOBUFEXJUIUIFTZNCPMʍ1SPQFSNPUJPOJTQFSQFOEJDVMBS

(MPTTBSZ1

UPUIFMJOFPGTJHIUUPUIFTUBS8IFOBTUBSTEJTUBODFJTLOPXO UIFQSPQFSNPUJPODBO CFDPOWFSUFEJOUPBUSBOTWFSTFWFMPDJUZѮ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

FWFSZBUPNPSTFUGSFFGSPNJU*OUIF/FX;FBMBOECPSO#SJUJTIQIZTJDJTU&SOFTU 3VUIFSGPSE ¢ BOOPVODFE UIBU UIF NBTTJWF OVDMFJ PG BMM BUPNT BSF DPN QPTFEPGUIFQPTJUJWFMZDIBSHFEIZESPHFOOVDMFJ XIJDIIFOBNFEQSPUPOTѮFOVDMFVT PGBIZESPHFOBUPNJTBQSPUPOѮFBUPNJDOVNCFS EFOPUFECZ; TQFDJêFTUIFOVN CFSPGQSPUPOTJOUIFOVDMFVTPGBOZBUPNѮFQSPUPOIBTBNBTTPG LJMPHSBNT BOEBNBTTFOFSHZFRVJWBMFOUUP.F7"QSPUPOJTUJNFTNPSF NBTTJWFUIBOBOFMFDUSPO4FFBUPNJDOVNCFSBOEOVDMFPO 1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO "CCSFWJBUFEQQDIBJO BTFRVFODFPGUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJO

XIJDIIZESPHFOOVDMFJ PSQSPUPOT BSFUSBOTGPSNFEJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJѮF(FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU)BOT#FUIF ¢ QSPQPTFEUIFEFUBJMTPGUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJOPGUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTJOm*UJTUIFNBJOTPVSDFPGFOFSHZJOUIF4VOBOE PGBMMNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTXJUIBNBTTMFTTUIBOUJNFTUIF4VOTNBTT*OUIFêSTUTUBHF PGUIFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO UXPQSPUPOTDPNCJOFUPGPSNBEFVUFSJVNOVDMFVT SFMFBTJOH BQPTJUSPO BOFVUSJOPBOESBEJBUJPO*OUIFTFDPOETUBHFUIFEFVUFSJVNOVDMFVTDPNCJOFT XJUIBQSPUPOUPGPSNBOJTPUPQFPGIFMJVN EFOPUFE )F BHBJOSFMFBTJOHSBEJBUJPO*O UIFMBTUTUBHF UXP)FOVDMFJDPNCJOFUPGPSNUIFOPSNBMIFMJVNOVDMFVT EFOPUFE)F SFMFBTJOHUXPQSPUPOTBOESBEJBUJPO0WFSBMM GPVSQSPUPOTBSFDPOWFSUFEJOUPPOFIFMJVN OVDMFVT XJUIUIFNBTTEJĒFSFODFSFMFBTFEBTFOFSHZ4FFIZESPHFOCVSOJOH 1SPUPOQSPUPOSFBDUJPO 4FFQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO 1SPUPQMBOFU " CPEZ GPSNFE CZ UIF BDDSFUJPO PG QMBOFUFTJNBMT XJUIJO B QSPUPQMBO

FUBSZEJTLѮFDPMMJTJPOBOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPBMFTDFODFPGQSPUPQMBOFUTSFTVMUFEJOUIF GPSNBUJPOPGQMBOFUT XJUIJOPVS4PMBS4ZTUFNBOEBSPVOEPUIFSTUBST4FFQMBOFUFTJNBM BOEQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL 1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL "EJTLPGEVTUBOEHBTSPUBUJOHBCPVUBZPVOHTUBS SFQSFTFOU

JOHUIFFBSMZTUBHFTPGQMBOFUGPSNBUJPOUISPVHIUIFHBUIFSJOHUPHFUIFSPGQMBOFUFTJ NBMTBOEQSPUPQMBOFUTѮFQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNJTLOPXOBTUIF TPMBSOFCVMB1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLTIBWFCFFOEFUFDUFEBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT êSTU JOXJUIUIF*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BOETJODFXJUIUIF4QJU[FS 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF *OTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF )VCCMF 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF IBWF EJTDPWFSFE OVNFSPVTQSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLTBUWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT QBSUJDVMBSMZTVSSPVOE JOHZPVOHTUBSTJOUIF0SJPO/FCVMB4FF0SJPO/FCVMB QMBOFUFTJNBM QSPUPQMBOFU TPMBSOFCVMBBOE7FHB

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

1SPUPTUBS "OFNCSZPOJDTUBSJOUIFQSPDFTTPGGPSNBUJPO XIJDIJTMVNJOPVTPXJOH UPUIF SFMFBTF PG HSBWJUBUJPOBM QPUFOUJBM FOFSHZ GSPN UIF JOGBMM PG OFCVMB NBUFSJBM "QSPUPTUBS IBT OPU ZFU CFHVO UP TIJOF CZ OVDMFBS GVTJPO JO JUT DPSF 1SPUPTUBST BSF GPSNFEXIFOEFOTFDMVNQTPGHBTBOEEVTUDPMMBQTFXJUIJONBTTJWFNPMFDVMBSDMPVET ѮFZBSFFYDFQUJPOBMMZCSJHIUBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT0CTFSWBUJPOTBUJOGSBSFEXBWF MFOHUITDBOEFUFDUQSPUPTUBSTXJUIJOEBSLDMPVET4FFNPMFDVMBSDMPVE 1SPYJNB $FOUBVSJ ѮFDMPTFTUTUBSUPUIF&BSUIPUIFSUIBOUIF4VO XJUIBQBSBMMBY

PGTFDPOETPGBSDBOEMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTBSFE.EXBSGTUBS XJUIBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG "MTPLOPXOBT"MQIB$FOUBVSJ$ UIFTUBS1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJJTUIFOFBSFTUBOEGBJOUFTU PGUIFUISFFTUBSTJOUIF"MQIB$FOUBVSJTZTUFN MPDBUFEKVTUMJHIUZFBSTDMPTFSUIBO UIFDFOUSBM CSJHIUFSQBJS4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJBOEQBSBMMBY 143 "DSPOZNGPSQVMTBS 143 "QVMTBSJOUIF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU TQJOOJOHUJNFTB

TFDPOE EJTDPWFSFEJO 143 ¦ "QVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET EJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIF

7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 143 " QVMTBS JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 7JSHP UIBU IBT B MFBTU UXP &BSUITJ[FE

QMBOFUTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST"MFLTBOEFS8PMT[D[BO ¢ BOE%BMF"'SBJM ¢ ѮFQVMTBSJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVU MJHIUZFBSTGSPNUIF&BSUI BOEXBTUIFêSTUTUBS PUIFSUIBOUIF4VO UPCFLOPXOUP IBWFBQMBOFUPSCJUJOHJU4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ 143 " CJOBSZ QVMTBS EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO SBEJP BTUSPOP NFST3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢

DPOTJTUJOHPGPOF QVMTBSBOEBOPUIFSOFVUSPOTUBSSFWPMWJOHBCPVUFBDIPUIFS*UIBTCFFOVTFEUPUFTUUIF (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ BOEUPQSPWJEFFWJEFODFGPSUIFFYJTUFODFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZBOECJOBSZQVMTBS 143 ѮFêSTUNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE JOCZUIF"NFSJ

DBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS%POBME$#BDLFS ¢ VTJOHUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZѮF SBEJPQVMTFTSFQFBUXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE NJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS 143 ѮFêSTUQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFE CZUIF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS+PDFMZO#FMM ¢ JOXIJMFBHSBEVBUFTUVEFOUXPSLJOHVOEFSUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF&OHMJTI SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS"OUPOZ)FXJTI ¢ 1UPMFNBJD DPTNPMPHZ "EFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFBQQBSFOUNPUJPOTPGUIFQMBOFUT .PPO BOE4VOBSPVOEUIF&BSUI4FFFQJDZDMF 1VMTBS "OPCKFDUFNJUUJOHQFSJPEJDQVMTFTPGSBEJPSBEJBUJPO CFMJFWFEUPCFBSPUBU JOH OFVUSPO TUBS GPSNFE BT UIF BѫFSNBUI PG B TVQFSOPWB FYQMPTJPO " QVMTBS JT OPU QVMTBUJOH CVUJUJOTUFBEBDUTMJLFBMJHIUIPVTFUIBUTFOETBCFBNPGSBEJBUJPOTXFFQJOH QBTU&BSUIFWFSZUJNFJUTQJOTѮFSFQFUJUJPOQFSJPEPGQVMTBSTJTFYUSFNFMZSFHVMBS

(MPTTBSZ1

'*( 0ULSARnRADIO!SPINNINGNEUTRONSTARHASAPOWERFULMAGNETIC lELDWHOSEAXISINTERSECTSTHENORTHANDSOUTHMAGNETICPOLES4HEROTAT INGlELDSGENERATESTRONGELECTRICCURRENTSANDACCELERATEELECTRONS WHICH EMITANINTENSE NARROWBEAMOFRADIORADIATIONFROMEACHMAGNETICPOLE "ECAUSETHEMAGNETIClELDAXISISINCLINEDTOTHENEUTRONSTARSROTATION AXIS THESEBEAMSWHEELAROUNDTHESKYASTHENEUTRONSTARROTATES ONCE PERREVOLUTION)FONEOFTHEBEAMSSWEEPSACROSSTHE%ARTH ABRIGHTPULSE OFRADIOEMISSION CALLEDAPULSAR ISOBSERVEDONCEPERROTATIONOFTHE NEUTRONSTAR!WINDOFCHARGEDPARTICLESALSOSTREAMSFROMTHEPOLESBUT GETSSWEPTAROUNDTOSPRAYINALLDIRECTIONSASTHElELDROTATES

SFRVJSJOHBUPNJDDMPDLTUPEFUFDUBOZDIBOHFTѮF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFSBOEHSBEVBUFTUV EFOU +PDFMZO #FMM ¢ BOE IFS SFTFBSDI BEWJTPS UIF &OHMJTI SBEJP BTUSPOPNFS "OUPOZ )FXJTI ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIF êSTU QVMTBS JO BU UIF .VMMBSE 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ JO $BNCSJEHF &OHMBOE ѮFZ XFSF TUVEZJOH SBQJE ëVDUVB UJPOTPGFYUSBHBMBDUJDSBEJPTPVSDFTUIJTUXJOLMJOHPSTDJOUJMMBUJPOJTQSPEVDFECZUIF TPMBSXJOEѮFêSTUSBEJPQVMTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFEJTEFTJHOBUFE143GPSJUT DFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT BOEJUIBEBQFSJPEPGTFDPOET*O"NFSJDBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU ѮPNBT (PME ¢ QSPQPTFE UIBU QVMTBST BSF IJHIMZ NBHOF UJ[FE SBQJEMZSPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBST QSFEJDUJOHUIBUQVMTBSTXJUINVDITIPSUFSQFSJPET XPVMECFGPVOEBOEUIBUUIFJSQVMTBSQFSJPETXJMMMFOHUIFOBTUIFOFVUSPOTUBSMPTFT SPUBUJPOBMFOFSHZ)JTQSFEJDUJPOTXFSFDPOêSNFEJOXIFOBQVMTBSXBTEJTDPW FSFETQJOOJOHUJNFTBTFDPOEJOUIF$SBC/FCVMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU BOETVCTF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 0ULSARn8 RAY-ATERIALFROMANORMALVISIBLE LIGHTSTARSPILLSOVERONTOITS COMPANION ANINVISIBLENEUTRONSTAR4HEmOWOFGASISDIVERTEDBYTHEPOWERFULMAGNETIC lELDSOFTHENEUTRONSTAR WHICHCHANNELSTHEIN FALLINGMATERIALONTOTHEMAGNETICPOLARCAPS 4HEIMPACTOFTHEGASONTHESTARSSURFACECREATESAPAIROF8 RAYHOTSPOTSALIGNEDALONG THEMAGNETICAXISATEACHMAGNETICCAP"ECAUSETHEMAGNETIClELDAXISISINCLINEDTOTHE NEUTRONSTARSROTATIONAXIS THE8 RAYRADIATIONFROMTHEHOTSPOTSSWEEPSACROSSTHESKYONCE PERREVOLUTION PRODUCINGTHEAPPEARANCEOFPERIODIC8 RAYPULSATIONSIFONEOFTHEHOTSPOTS INTERSECTSTHEOBSERVERSLINEOFSIGHT

RVFOUMZGPVOEUPIBWFBOJODSFBTJOHQFSJPE*OUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST 3VTTFMM")VMTF ¢ BOE+PTFQI)5BZMPS+S ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFCJOBSZ SBEJPQVMTBS143 XIJDIDPOTJTUTPGUXPOFVUSPOTUBST POFSBEJPMPVEBOEUIF PUIFSSBEJPRVJFU JOPSCJUBCPVUBDPNNPODFOUFSPGNBTT"DDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWB UJPOTPGUIFSBEJPQVMTBSJOEJDUFEUIBUUIFUXPOFVUSPOTUBSTBSFTMPXMZBQQSPBDIJOH FBDIPUIFS MPTJOHPSCJUBMFOFSHZBUUIFSBUFFYQFDUFEJGUIFZBSFFNJUUJOHHSBWJUBUJPOBM XBWFT*OUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFS%POBME$#BDLFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE UIFêSTUNJMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE143 XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFD POET "OPUIFS NJMMJTFDPOE QVMTBS 143 XJUI B QFSJPE PG NJMMJTFDPOET XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MFLTBOEFS8PMT[D[BO ¢ BDDVSBUFUJNJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIJTQVMTBSSFTVMUFEJOUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUXP&BSUI TJ[FEQMBOFUTPSCJUJOH143*OTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF6IVSVTBUFMMJUF MBVODIFE JO EJTDPWFSFESFQFBUJOHQVMTFTPG9SBZSBEJBUJPO XJUIQFSJPETPGBCPVUBTFDPOE ѮFTF9SBZQVMTBST TVDIBT$FOUBVSVT9BOE)FSDVMFT9 BSFCJOBSZTUBSTXJUI UIFOFVUSPOTUBSDPNQPOFOUQVMMJOHJONBUUFSGSPNBOFBSCZWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQBOJPO 9SBZTBSFFNJUUFECZUIFHBTGBMMJOHJOUPUIFOFVUSPOTUBS"TUIFSFTVMUPGUIJTBDDSFUJPO PG NBUUFS UIF SPUBUJOH OFVUSPO TUBST BSF HBJOJOH SPUBUJPOBM FOFSHZ BOE TQFFEJOH VQ XJUITIPSUFSQVMTBUJPOQFSJPEBTUJNFHPFTPO*OEJWJEVBMSBEJPQVMTBSTTVDIBTUIF$SBC /FCVMB BOE 7FJM /FCVMB QVMTBST IBWF BMTP CFFO EFUFDUFE BU 9SBZ XBWFMFOHUIT XJUI UIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ CJOBSZQVMTBS $FOUBVSVT 9 $SBC /FCVMB FYUSBTPMBS QMBOFU HSBWJUBUJPOBM SBEJBUJPO )FSDVMFT 9 NJMMJTFD POEQVMTBS .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ OFVUSPOTUBS 143 143 143 BOE6IVSV.JTTJPO

(MPTTBSZ1

1VMTBUJOHTUBS "WBSJBCMFTUBSUIBUQVMTBUFT CSJHIUFOJOHBOEEJNNJOHBTJUNPWFTJO

BOEPVUѮF$FQIFJEBOE33-ZSBFTUBSTBSFFYBNQMFTPGQVMTBUJOHTUBSTѮFCSJHIU $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBSTIBWFBQFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOUIBUJTVTFGVMGPSEFUFSNJOJOH UIFEJTUBODFTPGUIFTUBST BOEUIFHBMBYJFTPSHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFSTUIFZBSFMPDBUFEJO 4FF$FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FMUB$FQIFJ QFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO BOE33-ZSBF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

2 2VBOESBOUJET "TUSPOHNFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSSJOHEVSJOHUIFêSTUXFFLPG+BOVBSZ XJUI B NBYJNVN PO UP +BOVBSZ BOE B SBEJBOU JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO #PÕUFT ѮF NFUFPSTIPXFSTOBNFJTEFSJWFEGSPNBOPMEDPOTUFMMBUJPO2VBESBOT.VSBMJT XIJDIJT OPMPOHFSPēDJBMMZSFDPHOJ[FE4FFNFUFPSTIPXFS 2VBOUVN NFDIBOJDT ѮF UIFPSZ PG BUPNJD BOE TVCBUPNJD TZTUFNT CBTFE PO UIF OPUJPOPGRVBOUJ[FEFOFSHZJOSBEJBUJPO UIFQIPUPOT BOEJOUIFBOHVMBSNPNFOUVN BOEFOFSHZMFWFMTPGFMFDUSPOTJOBUPNT BSJTJOHGSPNUIFGBJMVSFPGDMBTTJDBMDPODFQUTPG XBWFTPSQBSUJDMFTJOEJWJEVBMMZUPEFTDSJCFTVDITZTUFNT4FFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF 2VBOUVNUVOOFMJOH 4FFUVOOFMFĒFDU 2VBTBS "SFMBUJWFMZDPNQBDU WFSZEJTUBOU BOEFYUSFNFMZMVNJOPVTPCKFDUUIBUFNJUT SBEJBUJPOPWFSBXJEFSBOHFPGXBWFMFOHUITGSPN9SBZUPPQUJDBMBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUIT "RVBTBSDBOHFOFSBUFPWFSBUSJMMJPOUJNFTBTNVDISBEJBUJPOBTUIF4VO GSPNBSFHJPO DPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNѮFXPSEiRVBTBSuJTEFSJWFEGSPNRVBTJTUFMMBS SBEJPTPVSDFT CFDBVTFUIJTUZQFPGPCKFDUXBTEJTDPWFSFECZEFUFSNJOJOHUIFEJTUBODFT PSSFETIJѫT UPUXPQPXFSGVMSBEJPTPVSDFT EFOPUFE$BOE$ BOEUIFTNBMM BOHVMBSFYUFOUPGUIFJSTUBSMJLFJNBHFTBUêSTUTVHHFTUFEUIBUUIFZXFSFTUBST2VBTBST BSFBDUVBMMZWFSZDPNQBDUFYUSBHBMBDUJDPCKFDUTXJUIFYDFQUJPOBMMZMBSHFSFETIJѫTBOE EJTUBODFTPGCJMMJPOTPGMJHIUZFBST TPNFUJNFTFNJUUJOHOPEFUFDUBCMFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO BOEUIPVHIUUPCFUIFOVDMFJPGZPVOHHBMBYJFTѮFêSTURVBTBSUPCFEJTDPWFSFEXBT $ XIPTFMBSHFSFETIJѫXBTEJTDPWFSFECZUIF%VUDICPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS .BBSUFO4DINJEU ¢

VTJOHBOBDDVSBUFSBEJPQPTJUJPOPCUBJOFECZUIF&OHMJTI SBEJPBTUSPOPNFS$ZSJM)B[BSE ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTEVSJOHBMVOBSPDDVMUBUJPO PG$2VBTBSTBSFUIFCSJHIUFTUUZQFPGBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOEBSFNPTUMJLFMZ QPXFSFECZBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFѮFSBEJBUJPOXFOPXEFUFDUGSPNUIFEJTUBOU RVBTBSTXBTFNJUUFEMPOHBHPXIFOUIF6OJWFSTFXBTZPVOH4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVT HBNNBSBZCVSTU BOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF 2VJOUFTTFODF ѮFêѫI IFBWFOMZFMFNFOUJOBODJFOU(SFFLDPTNPMPHZ XIJDITVQQMF

NFOUTUIFGPVSUFSSFTUSJBMFMFNFOUTFBSUI BJS êSFBOEXBUFS2VJOUFTTFODFJTBMTPUIF OBNFHJWFOUPBIZQPUIFUJDBMBOUJHSBWJUZGPSDFUIBUNBZBDDFMFSBUFUIF6OJWFSTF4FF EBSLFOFSHZ

(MPTTBSZ3

3 3BEBS "GPSNPGSBEJPPCTFSWBUJPOJOXIJDIBTJHOBMJTFNJUUFEBOEUIFSFëFDUFETJH OBMJTSFDFJWFEBOETUVEJFE"DSPOZNGPS3"EJP%FUFDUJPO"OE3BOHJOHѮF4DPUUJTI FOHJOFFS3PCFSU8BUTPO8BUU ¢ QBUFOUFEIJTêSTUiSBEJPMPDBUPSuJO BOEQBSUJDJQBUFEJOUIFTVCTFRVFOUEFWFMPQNFOUPGSBEBS XIJDICFDBNFGVMMZSFBMJ[FE CZ"NFSJDBOBOE#SJUJTITDJFOUJTUTEVSJOH8PSME8BS** m "ѫFSUIFXBS SBEBS XBT VTFE UP NFBTVSF UIF EJTUBODF SPUBUJPO BOE UPQPHSBQIZ PG UIF .PPO BOE OFBSCZQMBOFUT4FF.FSDVSZ SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOVT 3BEBSBTUSPOPNZ ѮFVTFPGSBEBSUPEFUFSNJOFUIFEJTUBODF SPUBUJPO BOESBEJPSFëFD UJPODIBSBDUFSJTUJDTPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT%JTUBODFDBOCFEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFUJNFEFMBZ CFUXFFOUIFUSBOTNJTTJPOPGBSBEBSQVMTFBOEUIFSFDFQUJPOPGUIFiFDIPuKVTUNVMUJQMZ UIFUJNFEFMBZCZUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUBOEEJWJEFCZUXP3PUBUJPODBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPN UIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUCSPBEFOJOHPGUIFXBWFMFOHUIPGUIFSFUVSOFESBEBSTJHOBM3BEJPFOHJ OFFSTXJUIUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT"SNZ4JHOBM$PSQT-BCPSBUPSZêSTUSFDPSEFESBEBSFDIP TJHOBMTGSPNUIF.PPOPO+BOVBSZ BQQSPYJNBUFMZTFDPOETBѫFSUSBOTNJTTJPO UIF )VOHBSJBO FMFDUSJDBM FOHJOFFS ;PMUBO #BZ ¢ SFQFBUFE UIF BDDPNQMJTI NFOUBNPOUIMBUFS3BEBSNFBTVSFNFOUTPGUIFQMBOFUT7FOVTBOE.FSDVSZGSPNUIF "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ êSTUSFQPSUFECZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ JOGPS7FOVTBOECZUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTUT(PSEPO)1FUUFOHJMM ¢ BOE 3PMG#%ZDF ¢ JOGPS.FSDVSZ JOEJDBUFUIBU.FSDVSZSPUBUFTXJUIBQFSJPE PG&BSUIEBZT KVTUPGJUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTBOEUIBU7FOVT SPUBUFT XJUI B QFSJPE PG &BSUI EBZT JO UIF SFUSPHSBEF EJSFDUJPO MPOHFS UIBO 7FOVTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTѮFEJTUBODFPG7FOVT BOEIFODFUIFBTUSP OPNJDBM VOJU PS NFBO EJTUBODF GSPN UIF &BSUI UP UIF 4VO XBT BMTP BDDVSBUFMZ EFUFS NJOFE CZ SBEBS NFBTVSFNFOUT JO UIF T GSPN UIF "SFDJCP 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE GSPN /"4"T(PMETUPOFUSBDLJOHTUBUJPOBOEUIF+PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ#FHJOOJOHJO UIFSBEBSJOTUSVNFOUBCPBSEUIF.BHFMMBOTQBDFDSBѫTQFOUNPSFUIBOGPVSZFBSTNBQ QJOHPVUUIFTVSGBDFPG7FOVTJOHSFBUEFUBJM4FF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO .FSDVSZ SBEBS BOE7FOVT 3BEJBMWFMPDJUZ ѮFTQFFEBUXIJDIBOPCKFDUJTBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHFJUIFSUPXBSE

PSBXBZGSPNBOPCTFSWFSBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIUѮF%PQQMFSFĒFDUNFBTVSFTUIF SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BOEUIFMBSHFSUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫJOXBWFMFOHUIUIFHSFBUFSUIFSBEJBM WFMPDJUZѮFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZJTBSFMBUJWFWFMPDJUZ DPOTJTUJOHPGCPUIUIFPCTFSWFST NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE UIF PCKFDUT NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU 5P EFUFSNJOFBOPCKFDUTUSVFWFMPDJUZJOTQBDF JUJTOFDFTTBSZUPLOPXUIFPCTFSWFST NPUJPO BMPOH UIF MJOF PG TJHIU BOE BMTP UP LOPX UIF PCKFDUT USBOTWFSTF WFMPDJUZ XIJDIJTBDSPTTUIFMJOFPGTJHIU4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFSTIJѫ QSPQFSNPUJPO BOESFETIJѫ 3BEJBO "EJNFOTJPOMFTTVOJUPGBOHVMBSNFBTVSFFRVBMUPTFDPOETPG

BSDѮFSFBSFPSBEJBOTJOBGVMMDJSDMFPGEFHSFFT XIFSFP

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% 2ADIOACTIVE)SOTOPES 2ADIOACTIVE0ARENT ;.AME3YMBOL -ASS.O=

2UBIDIUM2B 2HENIUM2E ,UTETIUM,U 4HORIUM4H 5RANIUM5 0OTASSIUM+ 5RANIUM5 3AMARIUM3M 0LUTONIUM0U )ODINE) 0ALLADIUM0D -ANGANESE-N !LUMINUM!L

3TABLE$AUGHTER ;.AME3YMBOL -ASS.O=

3TRONTIUM3R /SMIUM/S (AFNIUM(F ,EAD0B ,EAD0B !RGON!R ,EAD0B .EODYMIUM.D 4HORIUM4H 8ENON8E 3ILVER!G #HROMIUM#R -AGNESIUM-G

(ALF LIFE YEARS

3BEJBOU ѮFQPJOUPOUIFDFMFTUJBMTQIFSFGSPNXIJDIBNFUFPSTIPXFSTFFNTUPDPNF EFTJHOBUFECZUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOUIBUQPJOUJTJO 3BEJBUJPO " QSPDFTT UIBU DBSSJFT FOFSHZ UISPVHI TQBDF 4FF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD

SBEJBUJPO 3BEJBUJPO CFMU "SJOHTIBQFESFHJPOBSPVOEBQMBOFUJOXIJDIFMFDUSJDBMMZDIBSHFE QBSUJDMFTmFMFDUSPOT QSPUPOT BOEPUIFSJPOTmBSFUSBQQFE GPMMPXJOHTQJSBMUSBKFDUPSJFT BSPVOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFQMBOFUѮFNBJOSBEJBUJPOCFMUTTVS SPVOEJOHUIF&BSUIBSFLOPXOBTUIF7BO"MMFOCFMUT DPOUBJOJOHFMFDUSPOTPSQSPUPOT UIBUBSFNBJOMZGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE4JNJMBSSFHJPOTFYJTUBSPVOEPUIFSQMBOFUTXJUI NBHOFUJD êFMET TVDI BT +VQJUFS ѮF &BSUI BMTP IBT BO JOOFS SBEJBUJPO CFMU DPOUBJO JOH JPOT PG NBUFSJBM GSPN JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF 4FF 7BO "MMFO CFMUT BOE 4PVUI "UMBOUJD "OPNBMZ 3BEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF ѮFQSFTTVSFFYFSUFECZFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOPSQIPUPOT

3BEJBUJPO QSFTTVSF DBO DPNQFUF XJUI HBT QSFTTVSF JO TVQQPSUJOH HJBOU TUBST BOE JU CMPXT UIF EVTU UBJMT PG DPNFUT BXBZ GSPN UIF 4VO *O UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS "SUIVS &EEJOHUPO ¢ TIPXFE UIBU SBEJBUJPO QSFTTVSF NVTU TUBOE XJUI HSBWJUBUJPOBOEHBTQSFTTVSFBTUIFUIJSENBKPSGBDUPSJONBJOUBJOJOHUIFFRVJMJCSJVN PGBTUBS*OIFEFSJWFEUIFNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPGTUBSTBTTVNJOHUIBUUIFZ XFSFTVQQPSUFECZHBTBOESBEJBUJPOQSFTTVSF4FFHBTQSFTTVSFBOENBTTMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO 3BEJBUJWF [POF "O JOUFSJPS MBZFS PG UIF 4VO MZJOH CFUXFFO UIF FOFSHZHFOFSBUJOH DPSFBOEUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF XIFSFFOFSHZUSBWFMTPVUXBSECZSBEJBUJPO

(MPTTBSZ3

3BEJP 4FFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO 3BEJPBDUJWFEFDBZ 4FFSBEJPBDUJWJUZ 3BEJPBDUJWJUZ ѮFTQPOUBOFPVTEFDBZPGDFSUBJOSBSF VOTUBCMF IFBWZOVDMFJJOUPNPSF TUBCMFMJHIUOVDMFJ XJUIUIFSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZBOEUIFFNJTTJPOPGQBSUJDMFT JODMVEJOH FMFDUSPOT IFMJVNOVDMFJBOEOFVUSJOPTѮFQSPDFTTCZXIJDIDFSUBJOLJOETPGBUPNJD OVDMFJOBUVSBMMZEFDPNQPTFPSEFDBZ XJUIUIFTQPOUBOFPVTFNJTTJPOPGTVCBUPNJDQBS UJDMFTBOEHBNNBSBZT BOEHPWFSOFECZUIFXFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF4FFBMQIBEFDBZ CFUB EFDBZ HBNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO JTPUPQF OFVUSJOP BOEXFBLOVDMFBSGPSDF 3BEJPBTUSPOPNZ ѮFJOWFTUJHBUJPOPGUIFSBEJPSBEJBUJPOPGDPTNJDPCKFDUT4FFDPT NJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ SBEJPSBEJBUJPO TZODISP USPOSBEJBUJPO BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF 3BEJPHBMBYZ "HBMBYZUIBUFNJUTJOUFOTFSBEJPSBEJBUJPO PѫFOGSPNUXPMPCFTBQQBS FOUMZIVSMFEPVUGSPNBDFOUSBMFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZѮFCJHHFTUSBEJPHBMBYJFTIBWFMPCFT TFQBSBUFECZBCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBST DPNQBSBCMFJOTJ[FUPBUZQJDBMDMVTUFSPGHBM BYJFT"SBEJPHBMBYZTIJOFTCZUIFTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPOPGFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTTQJSBM JOHBCPVUBNBHOFUJDêFMEBOEUSBWFMJOHOFBSUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU*OUIF"NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS3PHFS%#MBOEGPSE ¢ BOE&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3FFT ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFSBEJPMPCFTPGSBEJPHBMBYJFTBSFGFECZKFUTPGIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOT TFOUPVUBMPOHUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTPGBSPUBUJOH TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJOUIFFMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ4FFCMBDLIPMF $ZHOVT" TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF BOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 3BEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS ѮFFMFDUSPOJDDPNCJOBUJPOPGSBEJPTJHOBMTEFUFDUFECZUXPPS NPSFSBEJPUFMFTDPQFTGSPNUIFTBNFDPTNJDPCKFDUBUUIFTBNFUJNF VTJOHUIFJOUFSGFS FODFPGUIFTJHOBMTUPDSFBUFUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBTMBSHFBTUIF TFQBSBUJPO PG UIF UXP PS NPSF DPNQPOFOU SBEJP UFMFTDPQFT4FF "VTUSBMJB 5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUSZ +PESFMM#BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ .&3-*/ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFS WBUPSZ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 3BEJP SBEJBUJPO ѮF QBSU PG UIF FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD TQFDUSVN XIPTF SBEJBUJPO IBT UIF MPOHFTU XBWFMFOHUIT BOE TNBMMFTU GSFRVFODJFT PG BMM UZQFT XJUI XBWFMFOHUIT SBOHJOH GSPN BCPVU NFUFS UP NFUFST BOE GSFRVFODJFT SBOHJOH CFUXFFO .)[ BOE ()[ ѮF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU )FJOSJDI 3VEPMG )FSU[ ¢ EJTDPWFSFE MPOHXBWFMFOHUISBEJPXBWFTJO HFOFSBUJOHUIFNXJUIBOPTDJMMBUJOHFMFDUSJDDVS SFOU BOE EFNPOTUSBUJOH UIBU UIFZ DBO CF TFOU UISPVHI UIF BJS USBWFMJOH BU UIF WFMPD JUZPGMJHIUѮF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS,BSM+BOTLZ ¢ EJTDPWFSFEDPTNJD SBEJPFNJTTJPOJO BOEUIF"NFSJDBOSBEJPFOHJOFFS(SPUF3FCFS ¢ SFQPSUFEIJTEJTDPWFSZPGEJTDSFUF DPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFTJOѮFSBEJPXBWFMFOHUI TQFDUSVN JODMVEFT NJMMJNFUFS XBWFT GSPN UP NFUFST JO XBWFMFOHUI BOE NJDSPXBWFTXJUIXBWFMFOHUITGSPNUPNFUFST6OMJLFWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPXBWFT QFOFUSBUFJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUBOEDBOCFEFUFDUFEGSPNUISPVHIPVUPVS(BMBYZ FTQFDJBMMZ BUUIFDFOUJNFUFSMJOFPGOFVUSBMIZESPHFO%JTUBOUHBMBYJFTBMTPFNJUJOUFOTFSBEJP SBEJBUJPO4FFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO RVBTBS SBEJPHBMBYZ SBEJPSBEJ BUJPO TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO BOEUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

3BEJPUFMFTDPQF "MBSHFSBEJPBOUFOOBEFTJHOFEUPDPODFOUSBUFSBEJPXBWFTBOEQFS NJUEFUFDUJPOPGGBJOUSBEJPTJHOBMTSFBDIJOHVTGSPNFNJTTJPOOFCVMBF HBMBYJFT JOUFS TUFMMBSIZESPHFO QMBOFUT QVMTBST RVBTBST SBEJPHBMBYJFTBOEUIF4VOBOEPUIFSTUBST "MBSHFTJOHMFEJTIPSQBSBCPMJDSFëFDUPSTFOETUIFJODPNJOHSBEJPXBWFTUPBGPDVT XIFSFUIFZBSFDPOWFSUFEJOUPFMFDUSPOJDTJHOBMT"MBSHFSSBEJPUFMFTDPQFDPMMFDUTNPSF FOFSHZ EFUFDUJOH GBJOUFS TPVSDFT BOE IBT HSFBUFS BOHVMBS SFTPMVUJPO QFSNJUUJOH UIF EFUFDUJPO PG êOFS EFUBJM #FUUFS SFTPMVUJPO DBO CF PCUBJOFE CZMJOLJOH UIF FMFDUSPOJD TJHOBMTPGUXPPSNPSFEJTIFTUPGPSNBSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFSXJUIBOBOHVMBSSFTPMV UJPODPNQBSBCMFUPBTJOHMFBOUFOOBBTCJHBTUIFMBSHFTUTFQBSBUJPOPGUIFEJTIFT"O FYBNQMFJTUIF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ4FF&ĒFMTCFSH3BEJP5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUSZ +PESFMM #BOL0CTFSWBUPSZ .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS /"4"MBVODIFEUIF3BNBUZ)JHI &OFSHZ 4PMBS 4QFDUSPTDPQJD *NBHFS BCCSFWJBUFE 3)&44* PO 'FCSVBSZ XJUI BOBOUJDJQBUFEUXPZFBSMJGFUJNF*UPCUBJOFEIJHISFTPMVUJPOJNBHJOHTQFDUSPTDPQZPG TPMBSëBSFTBUIBSE9SBZTBOEHBNNBSBZXBWFMFOHUIT JOPSEFSUPTUVEZTPMBSëBSF QBSUJDMF BDDFMFSBUJPO BOE ëBSF FOFSHZ SFMFBTF *U EFUFSNJOFE UIF GSFRVFODZ MPDBUJPO BOEFWPMVUJPOPGJNQVMTJWFëBSFFOFSHZSFMFBTFJOUIFDPSPOBBOEMPDBUFEUIFTJUFTPG QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUJPOBOEFOFSHZEFQPTJUJPOBUBMMQIBTFTPGTPMBSëBSFTѮFTQBDFDSBѫ XBTOBNFEBѫFS3FVWFO3BNBUZ ¢

BQJPOFFSJOUIFêFMETPGTPMBSQIZTJDT HBNNBSBZBTUSPOPNZ OVDMFBSQIZTJDTBOEDPTNJDSBZT 3FDPNCJOBUJPO ѮFDBQUVSFPGBOFMFDUSPOCZBQSPUPOPSBOZPUIFSJPOXJUIBQPTJ

UJWFFMFDUSJDBMDIBSHF*UJTUIFJOWFSTFQSPDFTTUPJPOJ[BUJPO 3FEEFOJOH ѮFTDBUUFSJOHBXBZPGCMVFMJHIUUIBUPDDVSTXIFOMJHIUQBTTFTUISPVHI

EVTU DBVTJOH UIF PCTFSWFE MJHIU UP CF SFEEFS UIBO UIBU FNJUUFE 3FEEFOJOH CZ UIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSUIFSFEDPMPSPGBTVOTFU BTXFMMBTUIFGVMMSFE .PPOTFFOEVSJOHBUPUBMMVOBSFDMJQTF BOESFEEFOJOHCZJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTUNBLFTNPSF EJTUBOUTUBSTBQQFBSSFEEFS8IFOSBEJBUJPOQBTTFTUISPVHIBMPOHFSQBUI DPOUBJOJOHB HSFBUFSBNPVOUPGEVTU UIFBNPVOUPGSFEEFOJOHJTJODSFBTFE 3FEEXBSG 4FFSFEEXBSGTUBS 3FEEXBSGTUBS "DPPM MPXNBTTTUBSUIBUMJFTOFBSUIFMPXFSFOEPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODF

JOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN UZQJDBMMZPGTQFDUSBMDMBTT.ѮFZIBWFUIFMPXFTU NBTTBOEUFNQFSBUVSFPGBMMTUBSTUIBUTIJOFCZUIFSNPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT XJUIBNBTT MFTTUIBOBCPVUTPMBSNBTTFT BSBEJVTMFTTUIBOBCPVUIBMGUIFSBEJVTPGUIF4VO BOE BOFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFMFTTUIBOLFMWJOѮFSFEEXBSG PSEXBSG. TUBSTBSFUIF NPTUDPNNPODMBTTPGTUBSJOPVS(BMBYZ BDDPVOUJOHGPSBCPVUQFSDFOUPGBMMTUBST 4FFE.TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN .TUBS BOETQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO 3FE HJBOU " TUBS XJUI B WBTU FYQBOEFE MPXEFOTJUZ BUNPTQIFSF PѫFO B IVOESFE

UJNFTBTMBSHFBTUIF4VO XJUIBSFMBUJWFMZDPPMEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFXIFODPNQBSFEXJUI PUIFSHJBOUTUBST3FEHJBOUTMJFJOUIFVQQFSSJHIUIBOEQBSUPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN3FEHJBOUTUBSTIBWFBTQFDUSBMUZQFPG. BOEIFODFBSFEDPMPS.JSBJTBSFE

(MPTTBSZ3

HJBOUTUBS BOEUIF4VOXJMMFWFOUVBMMZCFDPNFPOF4FFHJBOUTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN .JSB BOE.UZQFTUBS 3FEQMBOFU 1PQVMBSOBNFGPSUIFQMBOFU.BSTѮFBODJFOUTBTTPDJBUFEUIFCMPPESFE

DPMPSXJUIXBSGBSF BOEUIF(SFFLTBOE3PNBOTOBNFEUIFQMBOFUBѫFSUIFJSHPETPG XBSm"SFTBOE.BST SFTQFDUJWFMZ4FF.BST 3FETIJGU "O JODSFBTF JO XBWFMFOHUI PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO BU WJTJCMFMJHIU PS

PQUJDBM XBWFMFOHUITUIFTIJѫJTUPXBSEMPOHFS SFEEFSXBWFMFOHUITѮFSFETIJѫPGBTUBS HBMBYZ PSPUIFSDPTNJDPCKFDUJTBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF%PQQMFSTIJѫPGUIFSBEJBUJPOGSPNB TPVSDFUIBUJTNPWJOHBXBZGSPNUIFPCTFSWFSBMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU BOEUIFMBSHFSUIF SFETIJѫ UIFGBTUFSUIFTUBSJTNPWJOHBXBZGSPNVTѮFSFETIJѫJTHJWFOUIFTZNCPM[ BOE JTFRVBMUPUIFDIBOHFJOXBWFMFOHUIPGBQBSUJDVMBSTQFDUSBMMJOFEJWJEFECZJUTXBWFMFOHUI XIFOOPUNPWJOHPSBUSFTUѮFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZ BMPOHUIFMJOFPGTJHIU JTHJWFOCZUIF QSPEVDUPGUIFSFETIJѫ[BOEUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUDLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE QSPWJEFEUIBUUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZJTNVDIMFTTUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU3FETIJѫTHSFBUFS UIBOBSFQPTTJCMF CVUUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUJFTBSFBMXBZTMFTTUIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU ѮFFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXBTEJTDPWFSFECZOPUJDJOHUIFJODSFBTFPGHBMBYZSFETIJѫTXJUI EJTUBODF OPXLOPXOBTUIF)VCCMFMBXѮFFYQBOTJPOPGTQBDFDBOQSPEVDFBSFETIJѫ CZTUSFUDIJOHMJHIUXBWFTGSPNBEJTUBOUHBMBYZXIJMFUIFZUSBWFMUP&BSUIѮJTUZQFPG SFETIJѫJTTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEBDPTNPMPHJDBMSFETIJѫUPEJTUJOHVJTIJUGSPNPOFDBVTFECZ NPWFNFOUѮFGBSUIFSBHBMBYZ UIFMPOHFSJUTMJHIUXBWFTIBWFUSBWFMFEUISPVHITQBDF BOEUIFNPSFTUSFUDIFEBOESFETIJѫFEUIFZIBWFCFDPNF4FF%PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFS TIJѫ FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF )VCCMFEJBHSBN )VCCMFMBX BOESBEJBMWFMPDJUZ 3FE TVQFSHJBOU "TVQFSHJBOUTUBSXJUITQFDUSBMUZQF. BOEUIFMBSHFTUTUBSJOUIF

6OJWFSTF"OUBSFTBOE#FUFMHFVTFBSFSFETVQFSHJBOUT 3FnFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF "MTPLOPXOBTBSFëFDUPS BUFMFTDPQFUIBUHBUIFSTWJTJCMFMJHIU

PS JOGSBSFE SBEJBUJPO BOE GPSNT BO JNBHF CZ UIF SFëFDUJPO PG MJHIU GSPN B QSJNBSZ DPODBWFNJSSPS VTVBMMZQBSBCPMJDJOTIBQF3FëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQFTEJĒFSJOUIFBSSBOHF NFOUPGUIFJSTFDPOEBSZNJSSPST4FF$BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF $PVEÊGPDVT BOE/FXUP OJBOUFMFTDPQF 3FnFDUJPOOFCVMB "OFCVMBJOXIJDIUIFTUBSMJHIUJTSFëFDUFEPĒUIFEVTUQBSUJDMFT"T EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS7FTUP.4MJQIFS ¢

UIF WJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBPGXIBUXFOPXDBMMiSFëFDUJPOuOFCVMBFFYIJCJUBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT JEFOUJDBM UP UIPTF GPVOE JO UIFJS DFOUSBM TUBST JOEJDBUJOH UIBU UIFZ BSF SFëFDUJOH UIF TUBSMJHIU"OFYBNQMFPGBCSJHIUSFëFDUJPOOFCVMBJTGPVOEBSPVOEUIFTUBS.FSPQFJO UIF1MFJBEFTPQFOTUBSDMVTUFS4FF1MFJBEFT 3FGSBDUJOH UFMFTDPQF "MTP LOPXO BT B SFGSBDUPS B UFMFTDPQF UIBU HBUIFST SBEJBUJPO

BOEGPSNTBOJNBHFCZUIFSFGSBDUJPOPGMJHIUUISPVHIBMFOT DBMMFEUIFPCKFDUJWFѮF êSTUUFMFTDPQFTXFSFSFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFT4FFUFMFTDPQF 3FHPMJUI "MBZFSPGEVTU êOFHSBJOFENBUFSJBM QFCCMFTBOESPDLGSBHNFOUTGPSNFE POUIF.PPO BTUFSPJET BOEPUIFSCPEJFTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNCZFPOTPGCPNCBSENFOU CZ TNBMM NFUFPSJUFT UIBU CSFBL BQBSU UIF TVSGBDF SPDL ѮF UFSN SFHPMJUI JT GSPN UIF (SFFLXPSEGPSiSPDLMBZFSu

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

3FHVMVT " CMVFXIJUF NBJO TFRVFODF PS EXBSG TUBS PG BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF BOETQFDUSBMUZQF#*UJTBMTPOBNFE"MQIB-FPOJT CFJOHUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIF EJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO-FPѮFOBNF3FHVMVTNFBOTi-JUUMF,JOHu BEFTJHOBUJPO BQQBSFOUMZHJWFOCZUIF1PMJTIBTUSPOPNFS/JDPMBVT$PQFSOJDVT ¢ "UB EJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUIBTBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD BOBCTPMVUFNBHOJ UVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO 3FMBUJWJTUJD "QQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU1BSUJDMFTNPWJOHBUSFMBUJWJTUJDTQFFET

EFNPOTUSBUFFĒFDUTQSFEJDUFECZUIF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ TVDIBTMFOHUIDPO USBDUJPO NBTTJODSFBTFBOEUJNFEJMBUJPO4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 3FMBUJWJUZ 4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 3FTPMVUJPO ѮFEFHSFFUPXIJDIUIFêOFEFUBJMTJOBOJNBHFBSFTFQBSBUFEBOEEFUFDUFE PSTFFO"MTPLOPXOBTBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOBOESFTPMWJOHQPXFS UIFTNBMMFTUBOHVMBS TJ[FEJTUJOHVJTIBCMFCZBUFMFTDPQF XIJDIEFUFSNJOFTUIFBCJMJUZPGBUFMFTDPQFUPEJT DFSOêOFEFUBJMPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUѮFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO EFOPUFECZʉ JOSBEJBOT JTHJWFOCZUIFSBUJPPGUIFXBWFMFOHUI ʌ UPUIFEJBNFUFS % PGUIFQSJNBSZNJSSPSPS SFëFDUPS XJUIʉʌ%SBEJBOT5PDPOWFSUUPTFDPOETPGBSD PSBSDTFDPOET SBEJBO TFDPOETPGBSDѮFIVNBOFZFIBTBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPO PSSFTPMWJOH QPXFS PGBCPVUNJOVUFPGBSDѮFSFTPMWJOHQPXFSPGBOPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQF PQFSBUJOH BUWJTJCMFMJHIUXBWFMFOHUIT JTGPVOECZEJWJEJOHCZUIFBQFSUVSFJONJMMJNFUFST PS CZEJWJEJOHCZUIFBQFSUVSFJOJODIFTUIFBQFSUVSFJTUIFEJBNFUFSPGUIFPCKFD UJWFMFOTPSUIFQSJNBSZNJSSPS)PXFWFS UIFSFTPMVUJPOPGTVDIBOPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFJT MJNJUFEUPBCPVUTFDPOEPGBSDEVFUPBUNPTQIFSJDUVSCVMFODF BOEUIJTNFBOTUIBUB UFMFTDPQFXJUIBNJSSPSPSMFOTMBSHFSUIBOBCPVUNFUFSTJOEJBNFUFSIBTBOFĒFD UJWFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGTFDPOEPGBSDXIFOPCTFSWJOHGSPNUIFHSPVOE CVUUIFGVMM BOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOJTQPTTJCMFJGUIFUFMFTDPQFJTJOTQBDFѮFBUNPTQIFSFEPFTOPUMJNJU UIFSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQF4FFTDJOUJMMBUJPOBOETFFJOH 3FTPMWJOHQPXFS 4FFSFTPMVUJPO 3FUSPHSBEFMPPQ ѮFUFNQPSBSZBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPGBQMBOFUJOBEJSFDUJPOPQQPTJUF UP JUT OPSNBM QSPHSFTT BDSPTT UIF TLZ Ѯ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

&BSUITPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VO PSDMPDLXJTFBTPQQPTFEUPBOUJDMPDLXJTFXIFOWJFXFE GSPNBCPWFUIF4VOTOPSUIQPMF7FOVTBOE6SBOVTIBWFSFUSPHSBEFSPUBUJPO CVUBMM UIFPUIFSQMBOFUTSPUBUFJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPOUIBUUIFZPSCJUUIF4VOBOEBMMUIFNBKPS QMBOFUTPSCJUJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPOBTUIF&BSUI 3FWPMWF ѮFPSCJUBMNPUJPOPGPOFPCKFDUBSPVOEBOPUIFSѮF.PPOSFWPMWFTBSPVOE UIF&BSUI BOEUIF&BSUISFWPMWFTBSPVOEUIF4VO

(MPTTBSZ3

3)&44* "DSPOZNGPS3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS4FF3BNBUZ)JHI

&OFSHZ4QFDUSPTDPQJD*NBHFS 3JHFM " CMVFXIJUF # TVQFSHJBOU TUBS UIF TFWFOUI CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF TLZ BOE UIF CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO0SJPO3JHFMJTBMTPLOPXOBT#FUB0SJPOJT BMUIPVHI JUJTCSJHIUFSUIBO#FUFMHFVTF EFTJHOBUFE"MQIB0SJPOJT UIFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUTUBSJO 0SJPO3JHFMJTMJHIUZFBSTEJTUBOU XJUIBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD*UIBTBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG BOEBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGm XJUIBO JOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VOBOEUIFNPTUJOUSJOTJDBMMZ MVNJOPVTTUBSLOPXO4FF#TUBSBOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 3JHIUBTDFOTJPO ѮFDFMFTUJBMMPOHJUVEFPGBDPTNJDPCKFDUNFBTVSFEFBTUXBSEBMPOHUIF DFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSGSPNUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPY BMTPLOPXOBTUIF'JSTU1PJOUPG"SJFT UPUIF GPPUPGUIFHSFBUDJSDMFUIBUJOUFSTFDUTUIFPCKFDUѮFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJTPѫFOEFOPUFECZ ʂ UIFMPXFSDBTF(SFFLMFUUFSBMQIB PSCZ3"ѮFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJTFYQSFTTFEJOIPVST NJOVUFTBOETFDPOETPGUJNF XJUIUXFOUZGPVSIPVSTJOUIFDPNQMFUFDJSDMFPGEFHSFFT ѮFMPDBMTJEFSFBMUJNFJTFRVBMUPUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFPCTFSWFSTNFSJE JBO"TUIFSFTVMUPGQSFDFTTJPO UIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOJODSFBTFTXJUIUJNFBUUIFSBUFPGBCPVU TFDPOETPGUJNFQFSZFBS4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT EBZ QSFDFTTJPO BOETJEFSFBMUJNF 3JHJM,FOUBVSVT 4FF"MQIB$FOUBVSJ 3JOH "DPMMFDUJPOPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFTJOPSCJUBMNPUJPOBCPVUBQMBOFU GPSNJOHFJUIFSB UIJOSJOHPSBXJEFSEJTLUIBUOPXIFSFUPVDIFTUIFQMBOFU*OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOP NFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢ JEFOUJêFEUIFêSTUQMBOFUBSZSJOH DJSDMJOH4BU VSO .PTU QMBOFUBSZ SJOHT BSF JOTJEF UIF 3PDIF MJNJU MPDBUFE BU BCPVU UJNFT JUT SBEJVT*OUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ TIPXFEUIBU BQMBOFUTUJEBMGPSDFTXJMMUFBSBOZMBSHFTBUFMMJUFJOUPQJFDFTJGJUJTXJUIJOUIF3PDIF MJNJU XIJMFBMTPQSFWFOUJOHTNBMMCPEJFTGSPNDPBMFTDJOHUPGPSNBMBSHFSNPPO*O UIF4DPUUJTIQIZTJDJTU+BNFT$MFSL.BYXFMM ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFSJOHT PG4BUVSOSFNBJOTVTQFOEFEJOTQBDFCFDBVTFUIFZBSFOPUTPMJE CVUJOTUFBEDPNQPTFE 4!",% 2INGSn3ATURN 2ING

7IDTH KM

#LOSEST $ISTANCE KM

$ISTANCE 2ANGEA 23

0ARTICLE 3IZE M

$ #

TO TO

TO

"

TO

TO

!

TO

TO

&

' %

TO

TO

TO

A4HEDISTANCERANGEISGIVENINUNITSOF3ATURNSAPPARENTEQUATORIALRADIUS 2

BARPRESSURELEVEL THERADIUSISKILOMETERS

/PTICAL $EPTH

TO TO TO

-ASS KG

3KILOMETERS!TTHE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

PGBWBTUOVNCFSPGTNBMMQBSUJDMFT FBDIQVSTVJOHJUTJOEJWJEVBMPSCJUBSPVOE4BUVSO JOUIFQMBOFPGUIFQMBOFUTFRVBUPS*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT,FFMFS ¢ VTFEUIF%PQQMFSFĒFDUUPTIPXUIBUUIFJOOVNFSBCMFQBSUJDMFTUIBUNBLF VQ 4BUVSOT SJOHT BDU BT UJOZ TBUFMMJUFT XJUI UIF JOOFS QBSUT NPWJOH BU B GBTUFS TQFFE UIBOUIFPVUFSPOFTѮFUIJOSJOHPG+VQJUFSXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOXIFOBDBNFSB BCPBSEUIFSFUSFBUJOH7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫMPPLFECBDLBUUIFTIBEPXFETJEFPG+VQJUFS ѮF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS+BNFT-&MMJPU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFE SJOHTPG6SBOVTJO XIFOBTUBSQBTTFECFIJOEUIFQMBOFU4JNJMBSTUFMMBSPDDVMUB UJPOTQSPWJEFEDPOUSPWFSTJBMFWJEFODFGPSUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG/FQUVOF XIJDI XFSFDPODMVTJWFMZEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIFDBNFSBTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫ 4FF+VQJUFS /FQUVOF 3PDIFMJNJU 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT 3JOH/FCVMB "QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBEFTJHOBUFE.BOE/($ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO

-ZSB*UIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG NFBTVSFTCZTFDPOETPGBSD BOE IBTBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTѮF3JOH/FCVMBEFSJWFTJUTOBNFGSPNJUT IPMMPXBQQFBSBODFMJLFBTNPLFSJOH*UTCMVFDFOUSBMTUBSJTPOMZêѫFFOUINBHOJUVEF 4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 3.POPDFSPUJT 4FF)VCCMFTWBSJBCMFOFCVMB 3PDIFMJNJU "TTIPXOCZUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ JO

BMBSHFTBUFMMJUFXJMMCFUPSOUPQJFDFTCZUIFEJĒFSFOUJBMHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTPGB QMBOFUJGUIFTBUFMMJUFJTXJUIJOBEJTUBODFPGUJNFTUIFQMBOFUTSBEJVTGSPNUIFQMBOFU DFOUFS OPXLOPXOBTUIF3PDIFMJNJUѮFTFGPSDFTBMTPQSFWFOUTNBMMQBSUJDMFTGSPN DPBMFTDJOHUPGPSNBMBSHFNPPOXJUIJOUIJTEJTUBODF 3PDIFMPCF *OUIF'SFODINBUIFNBUJDJBO&EPVBSE3PDIF ¢ JOWFT

UJHBUFEUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOUFSBDUJPOPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT TIPXJOHUIBUFBDITUBSIBT JUTPXO[POFPGHSBWJUBUJPOBMJOëVFODF XIJDIJTOPXDBMMFEB3PDIFMPCF8IFOUIF UXPTUBSTBSFDMPTFUPHFUIFS UIFJS3PDIFMPCFTUPVDIBUBQPJOUXIFSFUIFJSHSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDFT FYBDUMZ DBODFM *G UIF MBSHFTU DPNQBOJPO TUBS FYQBOET BOE êMMT JUT 3PDIF MPCF NBUUFSJTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIFPUIFSTUBSXIFOUIFPUIFSDPNQBOJPOJTBOFVUSPOTUBSPSB CMBDLIPMF UIFJOGBMMJOHNBUUFSDBOHFOFSBUF9SBZT4FFCMBDLIPMF BOEQVMTBS 3ÚOUHFO .JTTJPO "O 9SBZ PCTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE 304"5 GPS 30OUHFO 4"5FM MJUF EFWFMPQFEUISPVHIBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPHSBNBNPOH(FSNBOZ UIF6OJUFE4UBUFT BOEUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN MBVODIFECZ/"4"PO+VOFBOEFOEJOHBѫFSBMNPTU OJOFZFBST PO'FCSVBSZ*UDBSSJFEPVUBOBMMTLZTVSWFZPGDPTNJD9SBZT BOEPCUBJOFEEFUBJMFEJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDPNFUT ZPVOH5 5BVSJTUBST HMPCVMBSDMVTUFST OFVUSPOTUBST TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBF OFBSCZOPSNBMHBMBYJFT BDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ BOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPO XBTOBNFEBѫFS8JMIFMN,POSBE3ÕOUHFO ¢

UIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTUXIP EJTDPWFSFE9SBZTJO SFDFJWJOHUIFêSTU/PCFM1SJ[FGPS1IZTJDTJOGPSUIJT BDIJFWFNFOU 304"5 "DSPOZNGPSUIF3¸OUFO4"5FMMJUF4FF3ÕOUHFONJTTJPO 3PTFUUF /FCVMB "O FNJTTJPO OFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE /($ m BOE /($ MPDBUFEBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO.POPDFSPTѮF3PTFUUF/FC

(MPTTBSZ3

VMBTVSSPVOETUIFTUBSDMVTUFSLOPXOBT/($ XIPTFTUBSTJMMVNJOBUFUIFOFCVMB BOEIBWFCMBTUFEPVUBDBWJUZBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTJOUIFDFOUSBMQBSUPGUIFOFC VMB4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 3PTTJ 9SBZ 5JNJOH &YQMPSFS /"4" MBVODIFE UIF 3PTTJ 9SBZ 5JNJOH &YQMPSFS

BCCSFWJBUFE 395& PO %FDFNCFS PCUBJOJOH BCPVU B EFDBEF PG TVCTFRVFOU PCTFSWBUJPOTPGWBSJBCMFDPTNJD9SBZTPVSDFTXJUIIJHIUJNFSFTPMVUJPOBOEQSPWJEJOH OFXJOTJHIUTUPCMBDLIPMFT HBNNBSBZCVSTUT OFVUSPOTUBSTBOEQVMTBSTѮFTQBDFDSBѫ JTOBNFEGPSUIF*UBMJBOCPSO 6OJUFE4UBUFTQIZTJDJTU#SVOP#3PTTJ m

B QJPOFFSJOTUVEJFTPGDPTNJDSBZT 9SBZBTUSPOPNZBOETQBDFQMBTNBQIZTJDT 3PUBUJPO ѮFTQJOPGBOPCKFDUBCPVUJUTPXOBYJTѮF&BSUISPUBUFTPODFBEBZ 3PZBM (SFFOXJDI 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF 3PZBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ PG &OHMBOE GPVOEFE CZ

$IBSMFT** ¢ JOBU(SFFOXJDI &OHMBOE BQQPJOUJOH+PIO'MBNTUFFE ¢ BTIJTêSTU"TUSPOPNFS3PZBMJO.BSDIPGUIBUZFBSѮF0CTFSWBUPSZXBT CVJMUUPJNQSPWFOBWJHBUJPOBUTFBBOEUPêOEUIFFBTUXFTUQPTJUJPO PSMPOHJUVEF XIJMF BUTFBBOEPVUPGTJHIUPGMBOE CZBTUSPOPNJDBMNFBOT*O UIF(SFFOXJDI.FSJE JBOXBTDIPTFOUPCFUIF1SJNF.FSJEJBOPGUIF8PSME XJUIFYBDUMZ[FSPEFHSFFTMPO HJUVEF EJWJEJOHUIFFBTUFSOBOEXFTUFSOIFNJTQIFSFTPGUIF&BSUI*UJTEFêOFECZUIF QPTJUJPOPGUIF0CTFSWBUPSZTMBSHF5SBOTJU$JSDMFUFMFTDPQFCVJMUJOCZUIFTFWFOUI "TUSPOPNFS3PZBM(FPSHF#JEEFMM"JSZ ¢ 4JODFUIFMBUFUIDFOUVSZ UIF 1SJNF.FSJEJBOBU(SFFOXJDIIBTTFSWFEBTUIFDPPSEJOBUFCBTFGPSUIFDBMDVMBUJPOPG (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF BMTPDBMMFE6OJWFSTBM5JNF"ѫFS8PSME8BS** m

UIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZNPWFEUP)FSTUNPODFVYJO4VTTFYJOJUNPWFEUP$BN CSJEHF BOEXBTDMPTFEJOXJUIJUTGVODUJPOTUSBOTGFSSFEUPUIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI4FFDISPOPNFUFS (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF MPOHJUVEF BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI "OPCTFSWBUPSZJO&EJOCVSHI 4DPUMBOE XIJDIJTBO BENJOJTUSBUJWFDFOUFSGPSBTUSPOPNZJOUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN 33-ZSBF "QVMTBUJOH IFMJVNCVSOJOHHJBOUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF' XIPTFBQQBS

FOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF DIBOHFT CFUXFFO BOE XJUI B QFSJPE PG IPVST NJOVUFT BOE TFDPOET "U JUT EJTUBODF PG MJHIUZFBST 33 -ZSBF TIJOFT XJUI BOBWFSBHFMVNJOPTJUZUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO*UJTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSUIF33-ZSBF WBSJBCMFTUBST 3VOBXBZ4UBS "TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF0PS#XJUIBOFYDFQUJPOBMMZIJHIWFMPDJUZ*O

UIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS"ESJBBO#MBBVX ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTFTUBSTBSF FTDBQFENFNCFSTPGCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNTJOXIJDIPOFTUBSIBTCFDPNFBTVQFSOPWB )FOPUFEUIBUUIFSVOBXBZTUBSTBSFNBTTJWFTUBSTXIPTFIJHIWFMPDJUJFTBSFDPNQBSBCMF UPUIFPSCJUBMWFMPDJUJFTFYQFDUFEGSPNNBTTJWFCJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNT BOEUIBUUIFNPSF NBTTJWFDPNQPOFOUXPVMERVJDLMZFWPMWFUPUIFTVQFSOPWBTUBHFBOEUIFSFCZSFMFBTF UIFPUIFSNFNCFSBTBIJHIWFMPDJUZTUBS 395& "DSPOZNGPS3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS4FF3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4 4BHJUUBSJVT" "TUSPOHSBEJPTPVSDFBUUIFDFOUFSPGPVS(BMBYZ BOEQSPCBCMZBNBT TJWFCMBDLIPMF"TUIFOBNFTVHHFTUT JUJTMPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVT 4BUFMMJUF " OBUVSBM PS BSUJêDJBM PCKFDU PSCJUJOH BOPUIFS PCKFDU PG MBSHFS TJ[F BOE NBTT"OBUVSBMTBUFMMJUFUIBUPSCJUTBQMBOFUJTBMTPLOPXOBTBNPPO BOENBONBEF 4!",% 3ATELLITESnLARGEA .AME

%!24( -OON *50)4%2 )O %UROPA 'ANYMEDE #ALLISTO 3!452. -IMAS %NCELADUS 4ETHYS $IONE 2HEA 4ITAN (YPERION )APETUS 0HOEBE 52!.53 -IRANDA !RIEL 5MBRIEL 4ITANIA /BERON .%045.% 4RITON .EREID

-EAN 2ADIUSB KM

-ASS KG

-EAN-ASS $ENSITY KGM

$ISTANCE FROM0LANET #ENTER M

2

2

0ERIODOF 2EVOLUTIONC 9EAROF DAYS $ISCOVERY

A4HEPHYSICALPARAMETERSOFTHENATURALSATELLITESAREGIVENONTHE7EBATHTTPSSDJPLNASAGOVSATPROPSHTML

B4HERADIIAREGIVENINUNITSOFKILOMETERS ABBREVIATEDKM THEMASSISINKILOGRAMS ABBREVIATEDKG ANDTHE MASSDENSITYINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ABBREVIATEDKGM"YWAYOFCOMPARISON THEEQUATORIALRADIUS OFTHEPLANET-ERCURYISKILOMETERS SO'ANYMEDEAND4ITANAREBOTHBIGGERTHAN-ERCURY C4HELETTER2FOLLOWINGTHEPERIODDENOTESASATELLITEREVOLVINGABOUTITSPLANETINTHERETROGRADEDIRECTION OPPOSITETOTHATOFTHEPLANETSROTATIONANDORBITALMOTIONABOUTTHE3UN

(MPTTBSZ4

&BSUIPSCJUJOH TBUFMMJUFT BSF DBMMFE BSUJêDJBM TBUFMMJUFT " TBUFMMJUF HBMBYZ PSCJUT B MBSHFSHBMBYZ.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTIBWFOPTBUFMMJUFT UIF&BSUIIBTPOF UIF.PPO XJUIBDBQJUBM. BOE.BSTIBTUXPTNBMMTBUFMMJUFT OBNFE1IPCPTBOE%FJNPTѮF GPVSMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFTPG+VQJUFSBSFLOPXOBTUIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT OBNFE$BMMJTUP &VSPQB (BOZNFEFBOE*P4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJTOBNFE5JUBO BOE/FQUVOFT MBSHFTU TBUFMMJUF JT DBMMFE 5SJUPO ѮF HJBOU QMBOFUT IBWF NBOZ TNBMM TBUFMMJUFT 4FF $BMMJTUP %FJNPT &VSPQB (BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT (BOZNFEF *P .PPO 1IPCPT 5JUBO BOE5SJUPO 4BUVSO ѮFTJYUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFSFNPUFTUQMBOFULOPXOCFGPSF UIFJOWFOUJPOPGUIFUFMFTDPQF4BUVSOJTUIFTFDPOEMBSHFTUPGUIFGPVSHJBOUQMBOFUT BOEUIFPOMZQMBOFUXJUITVDINBHOJêDFOUSJOHT4BUVSOIBTUIFMPXFTUNBTTEFOTJUZ PGBOZQMBOFUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOEJUJTQSJNBSJMZDPNQPTFEPGUIFMJHIUFTUFMFNFOU IZESPHFO JOMJRVJENPMFDVMBSBOEMJRVJENFUBMMJDGPSN4BUVSOSBEJBUFTBMNPTUUXJDF UIFFOFSHZJUSFDFJWFTGSPNUIF4VO BOENPTUPGUIFQMBOFUTFYDFTTIFBUJTHFOFSBUFECZ IFMJVNSBJOJOHEPXOJOUPJUTJOOFSNFUBMMJDIZESPHFOTIFMM*OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOP NFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢

EJTDPWFSFE5JUBO 4BUVSOTMBSHFTUNPPO BOE JO IF SFBMJ[FE UIBU 4BUVSO JT TVSSPVOEFE CZ B SJOH QVCMJTIJOH JO B -BUJO BOBHSBNUIBU XIFOJOUFSQSFUFE FYQMBJOFE4BUVSOTWBSZJOH IBOEMFTIBQFEBQQFBSBODF CZi*UJTTVSSPVOEFECZBUIJO ëBUSJOH OPXIFSFUPVDIJOHJUBOEJODMJOFEUPUIFFDMJQ UJDu*OUIF*UBMJBOCPSO 'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS(JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO %PNJOJRVF $BTTJOJ ¢ XBTUIFêSTUUPEJTUJOHVJTIUXP[POFTXJUIJOXIBU XBTUIPVHIUUPCFBTJOHMFSJOHBSPVOE4BUVSO EJWJEFECZBEBSLHBQOPXLOPXOBT 4!",% 3ATURNA -ASS %QUATORIAL2ADIUSATBAR 0OLAR2ADIUSATBAR -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOMETERS KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURSMINUTESSECONDSHOURS %ARTHYEARS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTMOLECULARHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% ¥TESLAOR"%

A4HESYMBOLS- 2 $ " DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUS MAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTANDMAGNETIClELD % % 0 % STRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH/NEBARISEQUIVALENTTOTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREATSEALEVELON%ARTH4HEENERGYBALANCE ISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROMSUNLIGHT ANDTHEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREIS THETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOFENERGYPERUNITAREA

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

$BTTJOJTEJWJTJPO$BTTJOJBMTPDPSSFDUMZTVHHFTUFEUIBU4BUVSOTSJOHTBSFDPNQPTFEPG NZSJBEUJOZTBUFMMJUFT BMUIPVHIJUXBTOPUVOUJMUIFNBUIFNBUJDBMXPSLPG+BNFT$MFSL .BYXFMM ¢ JOUIBUIFXBTQSPWFEUPCFDPSSFDU4BUVSOBOEJUTSJOHT XFSFFYQMPSFEJODMPTFVQEFUBJMVTJOHJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSBOETQBDF DSBѫ XIJDI SFTQFDUJWFMZ ëFX CZ UIF QMBOFU JO BOE ѮF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT TQBDFDSBѫBSSJWFEBU4BUVSOJO+VMZ UPCFHJOBGPVSZFBSTUVEZXJUIUIF$BTTJOJ 0SCJUFSѮF)VZHFOT1SPCFMBOEFEPOUIFTVSGBDFPG5JUBOPO+BOVBSZ4FF $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPO )VZHFOT1SPCF SJOHT BOE5JUBO 4BUVSO /FCVMB ѮFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMBEFTJHOBUFE/($MPDBUFEJOUIFDPOTUFM

MBUJPO"RVBSJVT XJUIIBOEMFMJLFQSPUVCFSBODFTUIBUHJWFJUUIFBQQFBSBODFPG4BUVSO ѮF4BUVSO/FCVMBIBTBOBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG4FFQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB 4"9 "DSPOZNGPSUIF4BUFMMJUFQFS"TUSPOPNJB9 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF "UFMFTDPQFXJUIBXJEFêFMEPGWJFX VTFGVMGPSFBSMZTVQFSOPWB

TFBSDIFT BOE GPS XIPMFTLZ QIPUPHSBQIJD TVSWFZT TVDI BT UIF 1BMPNBS 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4LZ 4VSWFZ XJUI B NFUFS JODI 4DINJEU UFMFTDPQF ѮF &TUPOJBO BTUSPOPNFS #FSOIBSE4DINJEU ¢ JOWFOUFEJUJO4FF"OHMP"VTUSBMJBO0CTFSWB UPSZBOE1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 4DIXBS[TDIJME NFUSJD ѮF MJOF FMFNFOU PVUTJEF B NBTTJWF OPOSPUBUJOH TQIFSJ

DBMMZTZNNFUSJDCPEZJOBWBDVVN EFTDSJCJOHUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMTQBDFDVSWBUVSFCZ UIBU NBTT *U XBT EFSJWFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS,BSM 4DIXBS[TDIJME ¢ 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT ѮFDSJUJDBMSBEJVTUIBUNBSLTUIFFWFOUIPSJ[POPGBCMBDLIPMF

GSPNXIJDIOPUIJOHDBOFTDBQF OPUFWFOMJHIU8IFOBWFSZNBTTJWFCPEZVOEFSHPFT HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTFUPBTJ[FTNBMMFSUIBOUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT JUCFDPNFTBCMBDL IPMFѮF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT 34(.D XIFSF(JTUIFHSBWJUBUJPODPOTUBOU .JT UIFNBTTBOEDJTUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIUѮFSBEJVTJTOBNFEGPSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS ,BSM4DIXBS[TDIJME ¢

XIPJOêSTUEFSJWFEUIFFYBDUFRVBUJPOTGPS UIFDVSWFETQBDFPVUTJEFBOJTPMBUFE TQIFSJDBM OPOSPUBUJOHNBTT4FFCMBDLIPMFTBOE FWFOUIPSJ[PO 4DJOUJMMBUJPO ѮFUXJOLMJOHPGUIFTUBSTDBVTFECZXJOECMPXODMPVETPSPUIFSOPO

VOJGPSNEFOTJUZEJTUSJCVUJPOTJOPVSBUNPTQIFSF BOEUIFëVDUVBUJPOTPGEJTUBOUSBEJP TPVSDFT DBVTFE CZ UIF TPMBS XJOE PS XJOET JO JOUFSTUFMMBS TQBDF ѮF TUBST UXJOLMF DBVTJOHBOBQQBSFOUDIBOHFJOUIFJSDPMPSBOECSJHIUOFTT CVUUIF.PPOBOEQMBOFUT MJLF7FOVTEPOPUTDJOUJMMBUFCFDBVTFPGUIFJSMBSHFSBOHVMBSFYUFOU4DJOUJMMBUJPOJOUIF &BSUITBUNPTQIFSFMJNJUTUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGFWFOUIFCFTUHSPVOECBTFEPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTDPQFUPBCPVUPOFTFDPOEPGBSD CVUUIJTEPFTOPUBĒFDUUIFSFTPMV UJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFDPQF4FFSFTPMVUJPOBOETFFJOH 4DPSQJVT 9 ѮF êSTU FYUSBTPMBS 9SBZ TPVSDF EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF *UBMJBO CPSO "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS 3JDDBSEP (JBDDPOJ ¢ BOE IJT DPMMFBHVFT *U JT B MPXNBTT9SBZCJOBSZTPVSDF DPOTJTUJOHPGBWJTJCMFMJHIUDPNQBOJPOBOEUIF9SBZ TPVSDF QSFTVNBCMZ BO BDDSFUJOH OFVUSPO TUBS JO PSCJU BSPVOE B DPNNPO DFOUFS PG NBTTXJUIBQFSJPEPGEBZT

(MPTTBSZ4

4%44 "DSPOZNGPS4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ4FF4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ 4FBnPPSTQSFBEJOH ѮFTFBëPPSJTGPSNFEJOBWPMDBOJDSJѫJOBNJEPDFBOSJEHF

TQSFBETTJEFXBZT BOEUVSOTDPMEBOEIFBWZBTJUNPWFTBXBZGSPNJUTTPVSDFJOUXP EJSFDUJPOT FWFOUVBMMZTJOLJOHBOEEJTBQQFBSJOHJOBEFFQPDFBOUSFODIѮF"NFSJDBO HFPMPHJTU)BSSZ))FTT ¢ êSTUTVHHFTUFEUIFOPUJPOPGTFBëPPSTQSFBEJOH JOUIFFBSMZTѮF#SJUJTIHFPQIZTJDJTUT'SFEFSJDL7JOF ¢ BOE%SVN NPOE .BUUIFXT ¢ QSPWJEFE DPODSFUF FWJEFODF PG TFBëPPS TQSFBEJOH XIFOUIFZEJTDPWFSFEBTZNNFUSJDQBUUFSOPGNBHOFUJDêFMESFWFSTBMTJOUIFSPDLTPO UIFëPPSPGUIF"UMBOUJD0DFBOPOFJUIFSTJEFPGUIFNJEPDFBOSJEHF 4FBTPO "QFSJPEJDDIBOHFJOUIFXFBUIFSDPOEJUJPOTPOBQMBOFUDBVTFECZUIFUJMUPG JUTSPUBUJPOBMBYJTBOEJUTPSCJUBSPVOEUIF4VOѮFBOOVBMPSCJUPGUIF&BSUIBSPVOE UIF4VOQSPEVDFTTVNNFSBOEXJOUFSXIFOUIFSFMFWBOUIFNJTQIFSFJTQPJOUFEUPXBSE PSBXBZGSPNUIF4VO.BSTIBTTJNJMBSTFBTPOT XIJDIMBTUBCPVUUXJDFBTMPOHBTUIF &BSUIT TFBTPOT TJODF UIF .BSUJBO ZFBS PS UIF PSCJUBM QFSJPE PG .BST JT OFBSMZ UXP &BSUIZFBST0O&BSUIXFUSBEJUJPOBMMZEJWJEFUIFZFBSJOUPGPVSTFBTPOT TQSJOH TVN NFS BVUVNOBOEXJOUFS FBDIMBTUJOHBCPVUUISFFNPOUIT*OUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSF UIFê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ѮFSFBSF¤TFDPOETPGBSDJOPOFSBEJBO BOEPSBEJBOTJOBGVMM DJSDMFPGEFHSFFT XIFSFUIFDPOTUBOUP 4FFJOH 'MVDUVBUJPOTJOBWJTJCMFMJHIUJNBHFEVFUPSFGSBDUJWFJOIPNPHFOFJUJFTJOUIF

&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF4FFJOHJTDBVTFECZUIFSBOEPNUVSCVMFOUNPUJPOJOUIF&BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF*ODPOEJUJPOTPGHPPETFFJOH JNBHFTBSFTIBSQBOETUFBEZJOQPPSTFFJOH UIFZ BSF FYUFOEFE BOE CMVSSFE BOE BQQFBS UP CF JO DPOTUBOU NPUJPO 4FFJOH VTVBMMZ MJNJUTUIFBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGHSPVOECBTFEPQUJDBMUFMFTDPQFTUPBCPVUPOFTFDPOE PGBSD4FFTDJOUJMMBUJPO 4FWFO 4JTUFST ѮF TFWFO CSJHIUFTU TUBST JO UIF 1MFJBEFT BO PQFO TUBS DMVTUFS JO UIF

DPOTUFMMBUJPO5BVSVT4FF1MFJBEFT 4FYUBOU *OTUSVNFOUFNQMPZFEUPNFBTVSFUIFFMFWBUJPOPGBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUTBCPWF UIFIPSJ[PO 4FZGFSUHBMBYZ "TQJSBMHBMBYZDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZIJHITQFFENPUJPOTJOJUTDFOUFSѮF

êSTUTVDIHBMBYJFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS$BSM,4FZ GFSU ¢ "4FZGFSUHBMBYZIBTBNPEFSBUFMZCSJHIU DPNQBDUBDUJWFHBMBDUJD OVDMFVT QSFTVNBCMZQPXFSFECZBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF"OFYBNQMFPGB4FZGFSU HBMBYZJTUIFTQJSBMHBMBYZEFTJHOBUFE.PS/($4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVTBOE TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 3EASONS!STHE%ARTHORBITSTHE3UN THE%ARTHSROTATIONALAXISINA GIVENHEMISPHEREISTILTEDTOWARDORAWAYFROMTHE3UN4HISVARIABLETILTPRO DUCESTHESEASONSBYCHANGINGTHEANGLEATWHICHTHE3UNSRAYSSTRIKEDIFFERENT PARTSOFTHE%ARTHSSURFACE4HEGREATESTSUNWARDTILTOCCURSINTHESUMMER WHENTHE3UNSRAYSSTRIKETHESURFACEMOSTDIRECTLY)NTHEWINTER THERELEVANT HEMISPHEREISTILTEDAWAYFROMTHE3UNANDTHE3UNSRAYSOBLIQUELYSTRIKETHE SURFACE7HENITISSUMMERINTHENORTHERNHEMISPHERE ITISWINTERINTHESOUTH ERNHEMISPHEREANDWJDFWFSTB.OTICETHATTHERADIUSOFTHE%ARTHAND3UNAND THE%ARTHSORBITARENOTDRAWNTOSCALE

4IPDLXBWF "TVEEFOEJTDPOUJOVPVTDIBOHFJOEFOTJUZBOEQSFTTVSFQSPQBHBUJOHJO BHBTPSQMBTNBBUTVQFSTPOJDWFMPDJUZѮFSFJTBMTPBDIBOHFJOQBSUJDMFëPXTQFFEBOE JOUIFNBHOFUJDBOEFMFDUSJDêFMETUSFOHUITBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBTIPDL 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU "DPNFUEJTDPWFSFEPO.BSDICZ$BSPMZO4IPF NBLFS ¢

&VHFOF4IPFNBLFS ¢ BOE%BWJE)-FWZ ¢

UIF OJOUI JO B TFSJFT PG PCKFDUT UIF USJP GPVOE USBWFMJOH BSPVOE UIF 4VO JO TIPSUQFSJPE PSCJUT ѮFZ XFSF PCTFSWJOH UIF GSBHNFOUT PG B DPNFU UIBU QBTTFE UPP DMPTF UP +VQJ UFSPO+VMZ BOEXBTCSPLFOJOUPQJFDFTCZUIFEJĒFSFOUJBMHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFT PG UIF HJBOU QMBOFU 0SCJUBM DBMDVMBUJPOT JOEJDBUFE UIBU UIF USBJO PG DPNFU GSBHNFOUT XPVMEQMVOHFJOUP+VQJUFSCFUXFFOBOE+VMZ BOEBTUSPOPNFSTUISPVHIPVU UIFXPSMEXJUOFTTFEUIFDPMMJTJPOT XIJDIDSFBUFEFYQMPTJWFêSFCBMMTBOEEBSLTDBSTPO +VQJUFS 4IPSUQFSJPEDPNFU "DPNFUXIPTFPSCJUBMQFSJPEBSPVOEUIF4VOJTMFTTUIBO

ZFBST.BOZTIPSUQFSJPEDPNFUTPSJHJOBUFJOUIF,VJQFSCFMU4FFDPNFUBOE,VJQFS CFMU

(MPTTBSZ4

4JEFSFBM .FBTVSFEPSEFUFSNJOFEXJUISFGFSFODFUPUIFTUBST 4JEFSFBMQFSJPE ѮFPSCJUBMPSSPUBUJPOQFSJPEPGBQMBOFU UIF4VO PSPUIFSDFMFTUJBM

CPEZXJUISFTQFDUUPBCBDLHSPVOETUBST4FFTZOPEJDQFSJPE 4JEFSFBMUJNF -PDBMUJNFEFUFSNJOFEGSPNUIFSPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUIXJUISFTQFDUUP

UIFêYFETUBST4JEFSFBMUJNFJTFRVBMUPUIFSJHIUBTDFOTJPOPGBOPCKFDUPOUIFPCTFSW FSTNFSJEJBOѮFMPDBMTJEFSFBMUJNFJTIPVSTXIFOUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPYDSPTTFTUIF PCTFSWFSTNFSJEJBOѮFTJEFSFBMEBZJTFRVBMUPIPVSTNJOVUFTTFDPOET PGNFBOTPMBSUJNF PSOFBSMZNJOVUFTTIPSUFSUIBOUIFNFBOTPMBSEBZ"TBSFTVMU UIFTUBSTSJTFBOETFUGPVSNJOVUFTFBSMJFSFBDIEBZSFDLPOFESFMBUJWFUPUIF4VOѮF TJEFSFBMNPOUIJTUIFUJNFGPSPOFSFWPMVUJPOPGUIF.PPOBSPVOEUIF&BSUISFMBUJWF UPBêYFETUBS FRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT"TJEFSFBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFSFRVJSFE GPSUIF&BSUIUPDPNQMFUFPOFSFWPMVUJPOBSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIFêYFETUBST BOE JUJTFRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT4FFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT EBZ NPOUI SJHIU BTDFOTJPO BOEZFBS 4JEJOH4QSJOH0CTFSWBUPSZ "OPCTFSWBUPSZGPVOEFECZUIF"VTUSBMJBO/BUJPOBM6OJ WFSTJUZJOBU4JEJOH4QSJOH /FX4PVUI8BMFT XJUIBNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQF ѮF "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ JT BMTP MPDBUFE BU UIF TJUF 4FF "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4*. "DSPOZNGPS4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO4FF4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO 4JOHVMBSJUZ "QMBDFJOTQBDFPSJOUJNFXIFSFUIFGPSNVMBGPSTPNFQIZTJDBMRVBOUJUZ CFDPNFTJOêOJUF*UXBTPODFUIPVHIUUIBUUIF4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVTNBSLFEBTJOHVMBS JUZPGBCMBDLIPMF CVUJUXBTSFNPWFEUPUIFDFOUFSPGUIFIPMFCZBDIBOHFJODPPSEJ OBUFTZTUFNT4FFCMBDLIPMFBOE4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT 4JSJVT ѮF BQQBSFOUMZ CSJHIUFTU TUBS JO UIF OJHIU TLZ B XIJUF " EXBSG PS NBJO

TFRVFODF TUBS XJUI BO BQQBSFOU WJTVBM NBHOJUVEF PG m ѮF (SFFL OBNF 4JSJVT NFBOT iTFBSJOHu iTDPSDIJOHu BOE iTQBSLMJOHu ѮF PUIFS OBNFT GPS 4JSJVT BSF "MQIB $BOJT.BKPSJTBOEUIFi%PH4UBSu EVFUPJUTMPDBUJPOJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOJT.BKPSJT 0SJPOTCJHHFS)VOUJOH%PHѮFêSTUHMJNQTFPG4JSJVTJOUIFNPSOJOHUXJMJHIUGPSF UPMEUIFSJTJOHPGUIF/JMFJO&HZQUT0ME,JOHEPN XIPTFTZNCPMXBTBEPH4JSJVT TIJOFTXJUIBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG PSBCPVUUJNFTNPSFMVNJOPVT UIBO UIF 4VO TP 4JSJVT BQQFBST TP CSJHIU CFDBVTF JU JT SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ MPDBUFE BU B EJTUBODFPGKVTUMJHIUZFBST4JSJVTJTBMTPBEPVCMFTUBS XIPTFGBJOUDPNQPOFOUJT BXIJUFEXBSGTUBSEFTJHOBUFEBT4JSJVT#*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI 8JMIFMN #FTTFM ¢ BUUSJCVUFE QFSJPEJD WBSJBUJPO JO UIF QSPQFS NPUJPO PG UIFCSJHIUDPNQPOFOU EFTJHOBUFE4JSJVT" UPUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOPGBOVOTFFO DPNQBOJPO TUBS DBMMFE 4JSJVT # XIJDI XBT êSTU EFUFDUFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS"MWBO$MBSL ¢ *UXBTTPIBSEUPêOECFDBVTF4JSJVT#JT UJNFTGBJOUFSUIBOOFBSCZ4JSJVT"*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4"EBNT ¢ TIPXFEUIBU4JSJVT#JTBIPUTUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF"ѮFIJHIUFNQFSB UVSFBOEMPXJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZNFBOUUIBUUIFGBJOUDPNQBOJPOTUBSIBEUPCFWFSZ TNBMM POMZBCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI4VDITUBSTCFDBNFLOPXOBTXIJUFEXBSGTUBST 4FF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXBOEXIJUFEXBSG

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4*35' "DSPOZNGPSUIF4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF'BDJMJUZ4FF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF $ZHOJ ѮFêSTUTUBSPUIFSUIBOUIF4VOUPIBWFJUTEJTUBODFNFBTVSFE,OPXOBT

UIF i'MZJOH 4UBSu EVF UP JUT MBSHF QSPQFS NPUJPO PG NPSF UIBO TFDPOET PG BSD QFS ZFBS $ZHOJ XBT QSFTVNBCMZ OFBSCZ ѮF QBSBMMBY BOE IFODF UIF EJTUBODF PG $ZHOJXBTBOOPVODFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN#FTTFM ¢

XIPPCUBJOFEBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD WFSZDMPTFUPUIFNPEFSO WBMVFPGTFDPOETPGBSD DPSSFTQPOEJOHUPUIFEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTѮF TUBSJTBEPVCMFPSBOHFEXBSGUIBUMJFTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$ZHOVT XIPTFDPNQPOFOU, TUBSTIBWFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPGBOE 4MPBO %JHJUBM 4LZ 4VSWFZ ѮF 4MPBO %JHJUBM 4LZ 4VSWFZ BCCSFWJBUFE 4%44 VTFT

TPQIJTUJDBUFE FMFDUSPOJD JOTUSVNFOUT XJUI B EFEJDBUFE NFUFS JODI SFëFDUPS MPDBUFEBUUIF"QBDIF1PJOU0CTFSWBUPSZJOUIF4BDSBNFOUP.PVOUBJOTPG/FX.FYJDP UPNBQPOFRVBSUFSPGUIFFOUJSFTLZ EFUFSNJOJOHUIFQPTJUJPOBOEBCTPMVUFCSJHIUOFTT PGNPSFUIBONJMMJPODFMFTUJBMPCKFDUTѮF4%44BMTPEFUFSNJOFTUIFEJTUBODFT PS SFETIJѫT UPNPSFUIBOBNJMMJPOHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBSTѮFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGHBMBYJFTJO EJĒFSFOU EJSFDUJPOT BOE EFQUIT PS SFETIJѫT SFWFBMT B DIBJO PG HBMBYJFT EVCCFE UIF 4MPBO(SFBU8BMM UIBUJTCJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT UPHFUIFSXJUIIVHFWPJET PS TFFNJOHMZFNQUZQMBDFTXJUIGFXHBMBYJFT 4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE ѮFTFDPOEMBSHFTUBOEUIFTFDPOEOFBSFTU PGUIFJSSFHVMBS

HBMBYJFT UIBU PSCJU UIF .JMLZ 8BZ m UIF MBSHFTU BOE OFBSFTU JT UIF -BSHF .BHFMMBOJD $MPVEѮF4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEJTMPDBUFEBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBSTJO UIFTPVUIFSOTLZѮF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVETBSFOBNFEGPSUIF1PSUVHVFTFFYQMPSFS'FS EJOBOE.BHFMMBO ¢

XIPTFDSFXSFQPSUFETFFJOHUIFNGSPNUIF4PVUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF EVSJOH UIF êSTU DJSDVNOBWJHBUJPO PG UIF HMPCF DPNQMFUFE JO 4FF -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEBOE.BHFMMBOJDDMPVET 4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWB UPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE 4"0 JT B SFTFBSDI JOTUJUVUF PG UIF 4NJUITPOJBO *OTUJUVUJPO KPJOFE XJUIUIF)BSWBSE$PMMFHF0CTFSWBUPSZUPGPSNUIF)BSWBSE4NJUITPOJBO$FOUFSGPS "TUSPQIZTJDT BCCSFWJBUFE$G"*UJTIFBERVBSUFSFEBU$BNCSJEHF .BTTBDIVTFUUT4FF $FOUFSGPS"TUSPQIZTJDT 4.. "DSPOZNGPS4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO4FF4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO 4/ "DSPOZNGPS4VQFS/PWB4FFTVQFSOPWB 4/$NFUFPSJUF "CPVUBEP[FOJHOFPVTNFUFPSJUFTJEFOUJêFEUPIBWFDPNFGSPN.BST POUIFCBTJTPGUIFJSFMFNFOUBCVOEBODFBOEUSBQQFEHBTFT.PTUPGUIFNTPMJEJêFE GSPNNPMUFONBUFSJBMMFTTUIBOCJMMJPOZFBSTBHPѮFZIBWFCFFODPMMFDUJWFMZOBNFE UIF4/$NFUFPSJUFTBѫFSUIFJOJUJBMTPGUIFMPDBUJPOTXIFSFUIFZXFSFêSTUPCTFSWFEUP GBMMGSPNUIFTLZmOFBS4IFSHPUUZ *OEJBJO /BLIMB &HZQUJO BOE$IBTTJHOZ 'SBODFJO 4/" 4FF4VQFSOPWB"

(MPTTBSZ4

4/0 "DSPOZN GPS UIF 4VECVSZ /FVUSJOP 0CTFSWBUPSZ $BOBEB 4FF 4VECVSZ /FV

USJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4/3 "DSPOZNGPS4VQFS/PWB3FNOBOU4FFTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 4PGU9SBZT &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIQIPUPOFOFSHJFTPGUPLF7BOEXBWF MFOHUITCFUXFFOBCPVUBOENFUFST 40)0 "DSPOZNGPSUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ4FF40MBSBOE)FMJP

TQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF "DZDMJDBMWBSJBUJPOJOTPMBSBDUJWJUZXJUIBQFSJPEPGBCPVU ZFBSTCFUXFFONBYJNB PSNJOJNB PGTPMBSBDUJWJUZ8BYJOHBOEXBOJOHPGWBSJPVT GPSNTPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZ TVDIBTTVOTQPUT ëBSFT BOEDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOT DIBSBDUFS J[FUIFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF0WFSUIFDPVSTFPGBOZFBSDZDMF TVOTQPUTWBSZCPUI JOOVNCFS BOE MBUJUVEF ѮF DPNQMFUF DZDMF PG UIF TPMBS NBHOFUJD êFME JT ZFBST "EZOBNPESJWFOCZEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPOBOEDPOWFDUJPONBZNBJOUBJOUIFTPMBSDZDMF "DUJWJUZDZDMFTTJNJMBSUPUIFTPMBSDZDMFBSFBQQBSFOUMZUZQJDBMPGTUBSTXJUIDPOWFDUJPO [POFT4FFCVUUFSëZEJBHSBN )BMFMBX TPMBSNBYJNVN TPMBSNJOJNVN 4QÕSFSTMBX BOETVOTQPUDZDMF 40MBS BOE )FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4"MBVODIFEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD

0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE40)0 PO%FDFNCFS*USFBDIFEJUTQFSNBOFOUQPTJ UJPOPO'FCSVBSZ XJUIPQFSBUJPOTDPOUJOVJOHJOUP40)0PSCJUTUIF4VO BUUIFêSTU - -BHSBOHJBOQPJOUXIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFTPGUIF&BSUIBOE4VO BSFFRVBM*UJTBDPPQFSBUJWFQSPKFDUCFUXFFO&4"BOE/"4"UPTUVEZUIF4VOGSPNJUT EFFQDPSF UISPVHIJUTPVUFSBUNPTQIFSFBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEPVUUPBEJTUBODFUFOUJNFT CFZPOEUIF&BSUITPSCJU*UIBTPCUBJOFEJNQPSUBOUOFXJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUIFMJPTFJT NPMPHZ UIFTUSVDUVSFBOEEZOBNJDTPGUIFTPMBSJOUFSJPS UIFIFBUJOHNFDIBOJTNPGUIF 4VOTNJMMJPOEFHSFFPVUFSBUNPTQIFSF UIFTPMBSDPSPOB BOEUIFPSJHJOBOEBDDFMFSB UJPOPGUIFTPMBSXJOE4FF-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 4PMBS BUNPTQIFSF ѮF PVUFS MBZFST PG UIF 4VO GSPN UIF QIPUPTQIFSF UISPVHI UIF DISPNPTQIFSF USBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEDPSPOBѮFUFSNBUNPTQIFSFJTVTFEUPEFTDSJCF UIFPVUFSNPTUHBTFPVTMBZFSTPGUIF4VOCFDBVTFUIFZBSFSFMBUJWFMZUSBOTQBSFOUBUWJT JCMFXBWFMFOHUIT4FFBUNPTQIFSF 4PMBS# "NJTTJPOPGUIF+BQBOFTFTQBDFBHFODZ UIF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBV UJDBM 4DJFODF BCCSFWJBUFE *4"4 QSPQPTFE BT B GPMMPXPO UP UIF +BQBO6OJUFE 4UBUFT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN :PILPI PS 4PMBS" DPMMBCPSBUJPO *4"4 IBT TDIFEVMFE UIF MBVODI PG4PMBS#GPS4FQUFNCFSѮFTQBDFDSBѫDPOTJTUTPGBDPPSEJOBUFETFUPGPQUJDBM FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUBOE9SBZJOTUSVNFOUTUPNFBTVSFUIFEFUBJMFEEFOTJUZ UFNQFSB UVSFBOEWFMPDJUZTUSVDUVSFTJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF USBOTJUJPOSFHJPOBOEMPXDPSPOBXJUI IJHITQBUJBM TQFDUSBMBOEUFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPO SFTVMUJOHJOOFXJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUUIF 4VOTWBSZJOHNBHOFUJDêFMETBOEUIFJSSFMBUJPOTIJQUPTPMBSFSVQUJPOTBOEBUNPTQIFSF FYQBOTJPO 4PMBS DPOTUBOU ѮF UPUBM BNPVOU PG TPMBS FOFSHZ JOUFHSBUFE PWFS BMM XBWFMFOHUIT

SFDFJWFEQFSVOJUUJNFBOEVOJUBSFBBUUIFNFBO4VO&BSUIEJTUBODFPVUTJEFUIF&BSUIT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BUNPTQIFSF*UTWBMVFJT+PVMFQFSTFDPOEQFSTRVBSFNFUFS XIJDIJTFRVJWBMFOUUP XBUUQFSTRVBSFNFUFS XJUIBOVODFSUBJOUZPGJOUIFTBNFVOJUTѮFTPMBS DPOTUBOUJTOPUDPOTUBOU CVUJOTUFBEWBSJFTJOUBOEFNXJUIUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF CZBCPVUQFSDFOUGSPNNBYJNVNUPNJOJNVN5FNQPSBSZEJQTPGVQUPQFSDFOU BOEBGFXEBZTEVSBUJPOBSFEVFUPUIFQSFTFODFPGMBSHFTVOTQPUTPOUIFWJTJCMFTPMBSEJTL ѮFMBSHFOVNCFSPGTVOTQPUTOFBSUIFQFBLJOUIFZFBSDZDMFJTBDDPNQBOJFECZB SJTFJONBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ XIJDIDSFBUFTBOJODSFBTFJOUIFMVNJOPVTPVUQVUPGQMBHFTUIBU FYDFFETUIFDPPMJOHFĒFDUTPGTVOTQPUT4FFQMBHF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOETVOTQPU 4PMBS DPSF ѮFSFHJPOBUUIFDFOUFSPGUIF4VOXIFSFOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOTSFMFBTFWBTU

RVBOUJUJFTPGFOFSHZ 4PMBSDPSPOB 4FFDPSPOB 4PMBSDZDMF ѮFBQQSPYJNBUFMZZFBSWBSJBUJPOJOTPMBSBDUJWJUZ BTXFMMBTUIFOVN

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nBSF "TVEEFOBOEWJPMFOUSFMFBTFPGNBUUFSBOEFOFSHZXJUIJOBTPMBSBDUJWF

SFHJPO JO UIF GPSN PG FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FOFSHFUJD QBSUJDMFT XBWF NPUJPOT BOETIPDLXBWFT MBTUJOHNJOVUFTUPIPVST"TVEEFOCSJHIUFOJOHJOBOBDUJWFSFHJPO PCTFSWFEJODISPNPTQIFSJDBOEDPSPOBMFNJTTJPOTUIBUUZQJDBMMZMBTUTUFOTPGNJOVUFT ѮFGSFRVFODZBOEJOUFOTJUZPGTPMBSëBSFTJODSFBTFOFBSUIFNBYJNVNPGUIFZFBS TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF4PMBSëBSFTBDDFMFSBUFDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTJOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDF ѮF JNQVMTJWF PS ëBTI QIBTF PG ëBSFT VTVBMMZ MBTUT GPS B GFX NJOVUFT EVSJOH XIJDI NBUUFS DBO SFBDI UFNQFSBUVSFT PG IVOESFET PG NJMMJPOT PG EFHSFFT ѮF ëBSF TVCTF RVFOUMZ GBEFT EVSJOH UIF HSBEVBM PS EFDBZ QIBTF MBTUJOH BCPVU BO IPVS .PTU PG UIF SBEJBUJPO JT FNJUUFE BT 9SBZT CVU ëBSFT BSF BMTP PCTFSWFE BU WJTJCMF IZESPHFOBMQIB XBWFMFOHUITBOESBEJPXBWFMFOHUITѮFZBSFQSPCBCMZDBVTFECZUIFTVEEFOSFMFBTFPG MBSHFBNPVOUT VQUP+PVMF PGNBHOFUJDFOFSHZJOBSFMBUJWFMZTNBMMWPMVNFJOUIF TPMBSDPSPOB4FFBDUJWFSFHJPO ëBSF BOETPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4PMBSNBTT ѮFBNPVOUPGNBTTJOUIF4VO FRVBMUPLJMPHSBNT BOEUIF

VOJUJOXIJDITUFMMBSBOEHBMBYZNBTTFTBSFFYQSFTTFE 4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO BCCSFWJBUFE

4.. PO'FCSVBSZ XJUIBOJOPSCJUSFQBJSGSPNUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFS

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3OLARECLIPSESnTOTAL A

$ATE

-AXIMUM $URATION MINUTES

*UNE

$ECEMBER

.OVEMBER !PRIL -ARCH

!UGUST

*ULY *ULY .OVEMBER .OVEMBER -ARCH

-ARCH

!UGUST

*ULY $ECEMBER

$ECEMBER !PRIL

!PRIL

!UGUST !UGUST

*ULY .OVEMBER

.OVEMBER -ARCH -ARCH

0ATHOFTOTALITY

!TLANTIC/CEAN !NGOLA :AMBIA :IMBABWE -OZAMBIQUE -ADAGASCAR !NGOLA "OTSWANA :AMBIA :IMBABWE 3OUTH!FRICA -O ZAMBIQUE SOUTH)NDIAN/CEAN SOUTHERN!USTRALIA !NTARCTICA %ASTERN0ACIlC/CEAN %ASTERN"RAZIL !TLANTIC/CEAN 'HANA 4OGO "ENIN .IGE RIA .IGER #HAD ,IBYA %GYPT 4URKEY 2USSIA .ORTHERN#ANADA 'REENLAND !RCTIC/CEAN 2USSIA -ON GOLIA #HINA )NDIA .EPAL "HUTAN "URMA #HINA 0ACIlC/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN %ASTER)SLAND #HILE !RGENTINA .ORTHERN!USTRALIA SOUTH0ACIlC/CEAN !TLANTIC/CEAN 'ABON #ONGO :AIRE 5GANDA +ENYA .ORTH!TLANTIC/CEAN &AEROE)SLANDS !RCTIC/CEANS 3VALBARD )NDONESIA3UMATRA "ORNEO 3ULAWESI (ALMAHERA 0ACIlC /CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN 5NITED3TATES/REGON )DAHO 7YOMING .EBRASKA -ISSOURI )LLINOIS +ENTUCKY 4ENNESSEE .ORTH #AROLINA 3OUTH#AROLINA !TLANTIC/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA 0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA SOUTH!TLANTIC/CEAN 3OUTH!FRICA !NTARCTICA 3OUTH)NDIAN/CEAN 7ESTERN!USTRALIA )NDONESIA 0ACIlC /CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN -EXICO 5NITED3TATES4EXAS /KLAHOMA !RKANSAS -ISSOURI +ENTUCKY )LLINOIS )NDIANA /HIO 0ENNSYLVANIA .EW9ORK 6ERMONT .EW(AMPSHIRE -AINE SOUTHEASTERN#ANADA !TLANTIC/CEAN 'REENLAND )CELAND 3PAIN !TLANTIC/CEAN -OROCCO 3PAIN !LGERIA ,IBYA %GYPT 3AUDI!RABIA 9EMEN 3OMALIA 3OUTH)NDIAN/CEAN !USTRALIA .EW:EALAND 3OUTH7EST!FRICA "OTSWANA 3OUTH!FRICA SOUTH)NDIAN /CEAN SOUTHEASTERN!USTRALIA #ENTRAL0ACIlC/CEAN !LASKA !RCTIC/CEAN !TLANTIC/CEAN .IGERIA #AMEROON #HAD 3UDAN %GYPT 3AUDI!RABIA )RAN !FGHANISTAN 0AKISTAN )NDIA #HINA CONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% 3OLARECLIPSESnTOTAL A

$ATE

-AXIMUM $URATION MINUTES

3EPTEMBER *ULY n$ECEMBER

$ECEMBER !PRIL

!PRIL !UGUST !UGUST

!UGUST

$ECEMBER

.OVEMBER -AY -ARCH

0ATHOFTOTALITY

#HINA +OREA *APAN 0ACIlC/CEAN !USTRALIA .EW:EALAND SOUTH0ACIlC/CEAN )NDIAN/CEAN WESTERNANDSOUTHERN!USTRALIA .EW:EA LAND 0ACIlC/CEAN !NTARCTICA 3OUTH!TLANTIC/CEAN !NGOLA #ONGO 5GANDA +ENYA 3OMALIA )NDONESIA -ALAYSIA 0HILIPPINES 0ACIlC/CEAN 'REENLAND #ANADA 5NITED3TATES-ONTANA .ORTH$AKOTA 5NITED3TATES#ALIFORNIA .EVADA 5TAH #OLORADO +ANSAS /KLAHOMA !RKANSAS -ISSISSIPPI !LABAMA 'EORGIA &LORIDA (AITI $OMINICAN2EPUBLIC 6ENEZUELA 'UYANA 3URINAME &RENCH'UYANA "RAZIL %ASTERN"RAZIL !TLANTIC/CEAN .AMIBIA "OTSWANA 3OUTH !FRICA SOUTH)NDIAN/CEAN 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN #HILE !RGENTINA SOUTH!TLANTIC /CEAN .AMIBIA "OTSWANA )NDIAN/CEAN )NDONESIA 3OUTH0ACIlC/CEAN 0ACIlC/CEAN -EXICO 5NITED3TATES,OUISIANA !LABAMA &LORIDA 'EORGIA 3OUTH#AROLINA !TLANTIC/CEAN

A4OTAL ECLIPSES OF THE 3UN ADAPTED FROM 4OTALITY %CLIPSES OF THE 3UN BY - ,ITTMANN AND + 7ILLCOX (ONOLULU5NIVERSITYOF(AWAII0RESS !PPENDIX PPn

PO"QSJMBOEBNJTTJPOFOEPO/PWFNCFS4..PCUBJOFEJNQPSUBOU OFXJOTJHIUTUPQPXFSGVMFSVQUJPOTPOUIF4VOLOPXOBTTPMBSëBSFTBOEDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPOT EVSJOHBNBYJNVNJOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4PMBSOFCVMB ѮFEJTLTIBQFEDMPVEPGHBTBOEEVTUPVUPGXIJDIUIF4VOBOEQMBO FUBSZTZTUFNGPSNFE 4PMBS OFVUSJOP QSPCMFN .BTTJWF TVCUFSSBOFBO OFVUSJOP EFUFDUPST êOE POMZ POF

UIJSEUPPOFIBMGUIFOVNCFSPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPTUIBUUIFPSFUJDBMDBMDVMBUJPOTQSFEJDU ѮFTPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFNIBTCFFOFYQMBJOFECZBUSBOTGPSNBUJPOPGTPMBSOFVUSJOPT JOUPBOVOEFUFDUBCMFGPSNPOUIFJSXBZPVUPGUIF4VO4FF.48FĒFDU OFVUSJOPPTDJM MBUJPO BOE4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBSQBSBMMBY ѮFBOHVMBSTJ[FPGUIF&BSUITSBEJVTBUBEJTUBODFPGPOFBTUSPOPNJDBM

VOJU BNPVOUJOHUPTFDPOETPGBSD4FFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJUBOEQBSBMMBY 4PMBS 4ZTUFN ѮF 4PMBS 4ZTUFN DPOTJTUT PG UIF 4VO JUT QMBOFUT UIF JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ

NFEJVN UIFTPMBSXJOE BOEUIFTNBMMFSCPEJFTPSCJUJOHUIF4VO JODMVEJOHBTUFSPJET

(MPTTBSZ4

'*( 3OLARECLIPSE$URINGASOLARECLIPSE THE-OONCASTSITSSHADOW UPONTHE%ARTH.OPORTIONOFTHE3UNSPHOTOSPHERECANBESEENFROMTHE UMBRALREGIONOFTHE-OONSSHADOWTNBMMHSBZTQPU BUTTHE3UNSLIGHT ISONLYPARTIALLYBLOCKEDINTHEPENUMBRALREGIONMBSHFSIBMGDJSDMF !TOTAL SOLARECLIPSE OBSERVABLEONLYFROMTHEUMBRALREGION TRACESANARROWPATH ACROSSTHE%ARTHSSURFACE

'*( 3OLARmAREMODEL!SOLARmAREISPOWEREDBYMAGNETICENERGYRELEASEDFROMA MAGNETICINTERACTIONSITEABOVETHETOPOFTHECORONALLOOPSHOWNHERE%LECTRONSAREACCEL ERATEDTOHIGHSPEED GENERATINGABURSTOFRADIO ENERGYASWELLASIMPUL SIVELOOP TOPHARD8 RAY " EMISSION3OMEOFTHESE

NON THERMALELECTRONS ARECHANNELEDDOWNTHE ! MAGNETICLOOPANDSTRIKE THECHROMOSPHEREAT

NEARLYTHESPEEDOFLIGHT EMITTINGHARD8 RAYSAT THELOOPFOOTPOINTS7HEN BEAMSOFACCELERATED PROTONSENTERTHEDENSE

LOWERATMOSPHERE THEY CAUSENUCLEARREACTIONS THATRESULTINGAMMA RAY " SPECTRALLINESANDENER GETICNEUTRONS-ATERIAL " INTHECHROMOSPHEREIS HEATEDVERYQUICKLYAND RISESINTOTHELOOP ACCOM PANIEDBYASLOW GRADUALINCREASEINSOFT8 RAYRADIATION4HISUPWELLINGOFHEATEDMATERIALIS CALLEDCHROMOSPHERICEVAPORATION

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

DPNFUT BOEPCKFDUTJOUIF,VJQFSCFMUBOEUIF0PSUDPNFUDMPVEѮFQMBOFUTBOE4VO XFSFGPSNFEUPHFUIFSGSPNUIFDPMMBQTFPGBSPUBUJOH JOUFSTUFMMBSDMPVEPGHBTBOEEVTU LOPXOBTUIFTPMBSOFCVMB4FFBTUFSPJE DPNFU ,VJQFSCFMU 0PSUDPNFUDMPVE QMBOFU TPMBSOFCVMB BOETPMBSXJOE 4PMBS 5&SSFTUSJBM 3&MBUJPOT 0CTFSWBUPSZ /"4" QMBOT UP MBVODI UIF UXP JEFOUJDBM

TQBDFDSBѫPGUIF4PMBS5&SSFTUSJBM3&MBUJPOT0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE45&3&0 JO 0OFTQBDFDSBѫXJMMMFBE&BSUIJOJUTPSCJU BOEPOFXJMMCFMBHHJOHUIFDPNCJOFE JNBHFTBOESBEJPUSBDLJOHGSPNUIFUXPTQBDFDSBѫXJMMQSPWJEFBUISFFEJNFOTJPOBM WJFXPGDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTGSPNUIFJSPOTFUBUUIF4VOUPUIFPSCJUPGUIF&BSUI JNQSPWJOHPVSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFTFTPMBSFYQMPTJPOTBOEBJEJOHTQBDFXFBUIFSGPSF DBTUDBQBCJMJUJFT 4PMBS 5JNF 5JNF LFQU CZ UIF SJTJOH BOE TFUUJOH PG UIF 4VO WJFXFE GSPN UIF SPUBU JOH&BSUI NPSFUFDIOJDBMMZLOPXOBT(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF4FF (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF 3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 4PMBSXJOE "TUFBEZëPXPGFOFSHFUJDDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT NBJOMZFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT

BOEFOUSBJOFENBHOFUJDêFMETNPWJOHPVUGSPNUIF4VOJOBMMEJSFDUJPOTJOUPJOUFSQMBO FUBSZTQBDFBUTVQFSTPOJDTQFFE*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS-VEXJH#JFSNBOO ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTUSBJHIUJPOUBJMTPGDPNFUT XIJDIBMXBZTQPJOUBXBZ GSPNUIF4VO BSFBDDFMFSBUFECZBDPOUJOVPVT FMFDUSJêFEëPXPGDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFTGSPN UIF4VO*OUIF"NFSJDBOQIZTJDJTU&VHFOF/1BSLFS ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIF NJMMJPOEFHSFFFMFDUSPOTBOEQSPUPOTJOUIFDPSPOBXJMMPWFSDPNFUIF4VOTHSBWJUZBOE BDDFMFSBUF UP TVQFSTPOJD TQFFET OBNJOH UIF SFTVMUBOU SBEJBM PVUëPX UIF TPMBS XJOE )FBMTPQSPQPTFEUIBUUIFTPMBSXJOEDBSSJFTUIF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMEXJUIJU GPSNJOH B TQJSBM NBHOFUJD QBUUFSO JO JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ TQBDF BT UIF 4VO SPUBUFT .FBTVSFNFOUT GSPNUIF4PWJFU-VOBTQBDFDSBѫJODPOêSNFEUIFFYJTUFODFPGUIFTPMBSXJOECZ EJSFDUNFBTVSFNFOUTPGJUTQSPUPOT BOEJOmUIF"NFSJDBO.BSJOFSTQBDFDSBѫ EFUFSNJOFEJUTEFOTJUZ BCPVUNJMMJPOFMFDUSPOTBOENJMMJPOQSPUPOTQFSDVCJDNFUFS OFBS &BSUI BOE NFBTVSFE JUT TQFFE ѮF TPMBS XJOE IBT B GBTU DPNQPOFOU PS IJHI TQFFETUSFBN XJUIBWFMPDJUZPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE BOEBTMPXTQFFE DPNQPOFOUNPWJOHBUBCPVUIBMGUIJTTQFFE*O DPNQBSJTPOTPGPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUI UIF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫ XIJDIQBTTFEPWFSUIF4VOTQPMFT XJUIUIPTFPGUIF:PILPIBOE 40)0TPMBSTQBDFDSBѫEFNPOTUSBUFEUIBUNVDI JGOPUBMM PGUIFIJHITQFFETPMBSXJOE DPNFTGSPNPQFONBHOFUJDêFMETJOQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFT BUMFBTUEVSJOHUIFNJOJNVN JOUIF4VOTZFBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOEUIBUUIFTMPXXJOEJTDPOêOFEUPMPXMBUJUVEFT OFBSBOFRVBUPSJBMTUSFBNFSCFMUѮFTPMBSXJOEDBSSJFTBXBZBCPVUPGUIF4VOT NBTTQFSZFBS"MUIPVHIUIFTPMBSXJOEJTEJWFSUFEBSPVOEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUPTQIFSF TPNFPGJUTQBSUJDMFTFOUFSUIFNBHOFUPTQIFSF4FFBVSPSB DPSPOB DPSPOBMIPMF DPSPOBM TUSFBNFS IFMJPTQIFSF IJHITQFFETUSFBN NBHOFUPTQIFSF BOE7BO"MMFOCFMUT 4PMTUJDF ѮF TVNNFS BOE XJOUFS TPMTUJDFT BSF UIF FYUSFNF OPSUIFSO BOE TPVUIFSO

QPTJUJPOPGUIF4VOEVSJOHJUTZFBSMZQBUIBNPOHUIFTUBST XIFOUIF4VOSFBDIFTJUT HSFBUFTUEFDMJOBUJPOPGEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUIѮFUXPEBUFTXIFOUIF4VOJT GBSUIFTUGSPNUIFFRVBUPS0OUIFTVNNFSTPMTUJDF PDDVSSJOHBSPVOE+VOF UIF4VO JTGBSUIFTUOPSUIBOEUIFEBZMJHIUIPVSTJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBSFMPOHFTU0O

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3OLARWINDA 0ARAMETER

0ARTICLE$ENSITY . 6ELOCITY 6 &LUX & 4EMPERATURE 4 0ARTICLE4HERMAL%NERGY K4 0ROTON+INETIC%NERGY MP6 4HERMAL%NERGY$ENSITY .K4 0ROTON%NERGY$ENSITY .MP6 -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH "

-EAN6ALUE

MILLIONPARTICLESPERCUBICMETERMILLION ELECTRONSANDMILLIONPROTONS KMSANDKMS TOPARTICLESPERSQUAREMETERPERSECOND +PROTONS TO+ELECTRONS *E6 * E6KE6 *M *M 4N4'

A-EANVALUESOFSOLAR WINDPARAMETERSATTHEMEANDISTANCEOFTHE%ARTHFROMTHE3UN ORATONEASTRONOMI CALUNIT !5 WHERE!5MTHE3UNSRADIUS 2b IS2bM"OLTZMANNS CONSTANTK*+RELATESTEMPERATUREANDTHERMALENERGY4HEPROTONMASSMP KG

UIFXJOUFSTPMTUJDF PDDVSSJOHBSPVOE%FDFNCFS UIF4VOJTGBSUIFTUTPVUIBOEUIF EBZMJHIUIPVSTJOUIFOPSUIFSOIFNJTQIFSFBSFTIPSUFTU4FFEFDMJOBUJPOBOETFBTPO 4PNCSFSP(BMBYZ Ѯ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ѮF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF BCCSFWJBUFE 454D* JTUIFBTUSPOPNJDBMSFTFBSDIDFOUFSSFTQPOTJCMFGPSPQFSBUJOHUIF)VCCMF4QBDF 5FMFTDPQFBTBOJOUFSOBUJPOBMPCTFSWBUPSZѮF454D*JTMPDBUFEBUUIF)PNFXPPEDBN QVTPG+PIOT)PQLJOT6OJWFSTJUZ 4QBDFUJNF "GPVSEJNFOTJPOBMEFTDSJQUJPOXJUIUISFFEJNFOTJPOTPGTQBDFBOEPOF

PGUJNF FNQMPZFEJOUIF4QFDJBMBOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG 3FMBUJWJUZBOE(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4QBDFXFBUIFS 7BSZJOHDPOEJUJPOTJOJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFBOEUIF&BSUITNBHOFUP

TQIFSFDPOUSPMMFECZUIFWBSJBCMFTPMBSXJOE 4QFDJBM5IFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ &YQMBOBUJPOPGUIFQSPQFSUJFTPGPCKFDUTNPWJOHBUIJHI

TQFFET BQQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU QSPQPTFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU "MCFSU&JOTUFJO ¢ ѮFIJHITQFFEPCKFDUTFYIJCJUBOJODSFBTFJONBTT B -PSFOU[DPOUSBDUJPOPGMFOHUI BOEBTMPXJOHPGUJNF PSUJNFEJMBUJPO XIFODPNQBSFE UPOPONPWJOHPCKFDUTBUSFTUѮF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZSFTUTVQPOUIFQPTUVMBUFT ѮF 1SJODJQMF PG 3FMBUJWJUZ XIJDI TUBUFT UIBU UIF MBXT PG OBUVSF BOE UIF SFTVMUT PG FYQFSJNFOUTQFSGPSNFEJOBOJOFSUJBMGSBNFBSFJOEFQFOEFOUPGUIFVOJGPSNWFMPDJUZPG UIFTZTUFNѮFSFFYJTUTJOOBUVSFBMJNJUJOH JOWBSJBOUTQFFE UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU BVOJ WFSTBM DPOTUBOU 4FF -PSFOU[ DPOUSBDUJPO .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZ FYQFSJNFOU .JOLPXTLJ NFUSJD UJNFEJMBUJPO BOEWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 4QFDUSBMDMBTTJmDBUJPO 4FFTUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSBMMJOF "GFBUVSFPCTFSWFEJOUIFTQFDUSBPGTUBSTBOEPUIFSMVNJOPVTPCKFDUTBUB TQFDJêDGSFRVFODZPSXBWFMFOHUI FJUIFSJOCSJHIUFNJTTJPOPSJOEBSLBCTPSQUJPO"TQFD USBMMJOFMPPLTMJLFBMJOFJOBEJTQMBZPGSBEJBUJPOJOUFOTJUZBTBGVODUJPOPGXBWFMFOHUIPS GSFRVFODZ"UPNTQSPEVDFUIJTTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFBTUIFZBCTPSCPSFNJUMJHIU BOEJUDBOCF VTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFDIFNJDBMJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4QFDUSBMMJOFTBSFBMTP VTFEUPJOGFSUIFSBEJBMWFMPDJUZBOENBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFSBEJBUPS4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF %PQQMFSFĒFDU FNJTTJPOMJOF SBEJBMWFMPDJUZ TQFDUSVN BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4QFDUSBMUZQF 4FFTQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSPHSBQI "MTPLOPXOBTBTQFDUSPNFUFS BTQFDUSPHSBQITQSFBETMJHIUPSPUIFS

FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO JOUP JUT DPNQPOFOU XBWFMFOHUIT DPMMFDUJWFMZ LOPXO BT B TQFDUSVN BOESFDPSETUIFSFTVMUFMFDUSPOJDBMMZPSQIPUPHSBQIJDBMMZ4QFDUSBBSFOPX PѫFOSFDPSEFEXJUI$IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDFT PS$$%T GSPNXIJDIBDPNQVUFSDBO BOBMZ[FJOGPSNBUJPOJOEJHJUBMGPSN)JHIEJTQFSTJPOJOTUSVNFOUTTQSFBEUIFTQFDUSBM MJOFTXJEFMZTPUIBUBQBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIDBOCFTUVEJFEJOEFUBJM"OFYBNQMFPG TVDI B IJHIEJTQFSTJPO EFWJDF JT UIF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4FF $IBSHF $PVQMFE %FWJDF BOETQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI 4QFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI "UZQFPGTQFDUSPHSBQIVTFEUPJNBHFUIF4VOJOUIFMJHIUPGPOF QBSUJDVMBSXBWFMFOHUIPOMZ JOWFOUFEJOEFQFOEFOUMZJOCZUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS )FOSJ%FTMBOESFT ¢ BOECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS(FPSHF&MMFSZ)BMF ¢ 4QFDUSPNFUFS 4FFTQFDUSPHSBQI 4QFDUSPTDPQF "OJOTUSVNFOUUIBUTQSFBETFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOJOUPJUTWBSJPVT XBWFMFOHUIT FTQFDJBMMZUIFDPNQPOFOUDPMPSTPGWJTJCMFMJHIUѮFEJTQMBZ LOPXOBTB TQFDUSVN DBOCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFJOHSFEJFOUT NBHOFUJDêFMETBOENPUJPOTPGUIF DPTNJDTPVSDFPGUIFSBEJBUJPO4FFTQFDUSBMMJOF 4QFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZ "EPVCMFTUBSXIPTFUXPDPNQPOFOUTBSFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIFQFSJ PEJD%PQQMFSTIJѫTPGUIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFJSDPNCJOFETQFDUSVNѮF(FSNBO

(MPTTBSZ4

'*( 3PECTROHELIOGRAPH!SMALLSECTIONOFTHEIMAGEATTHEFOCAL PLANEOFATELESCOPEISSELECTEDWITHANARROWENTRYSLIT 3 ANDLIGHT PASSESTOADIFFRACTIONGRATING PRODUCINGASPECTRUM!SECONDSLIT 3 ATTHEFOCALPLANESELECTSASPECIlCWAVELENGTHFROMTHESPECTRUM )FTHEPLATECONTAININGTHETWOSLITSISMOVEDHORIZONTALLY THENTHE ENTRANCESLITPASSESADJACENTSTRIPSOFTHEIMAGE4HELIGHTLEAVINGTHE MOVINGEXITSLITTHENBUILDSUPANIMAGEOFTHE3UNATASPECIlCWAVE LENGTH

BTUSPOPNFS)FSNBOO$BSM7PHFM ¢ EJTDPWFSFETQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBST XIFOTUVEZJOHUIFQFSJPEJDEJTQMBDFNFOUTPGUIFTQFDUSBMMJOFTPGUIFFDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ TUBST"MHPMBOE4QJDB4FF"MHPMBOE%PQQMFSFĒFDU 4QFDUSPTDPQJD QBSBMMBY ѮFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGBTUBSTQBSBMMBY PSEJTUBODF GSPNJUT TQFDUSBMUZQFBOEBQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZѮFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPN UIFTQFDUSBMUZQF BOEJUGBMMTPĒBTUIFJOWFSTFTRVBSFPGUIFEJTUBODFUPHJWFUIFBQQBS FOUMVNJOPTJUZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ BQQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX QBSBM MBY BOETUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4QFDUSPTDPQZ ѮFNFBTVSFNFOUBOETUVEZPGBTQFDUSVN JODMVEJOHUIFXBWFMFOHUI BOEJOUFOTJUZPGFNJTTJPOBOEBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT UPEFUFSNJOFUIFDIFNJDBMDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOPSNBHOFUJDêFMEPGUIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4FFTQFDUSVN

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4QFDUSVN ѮFEJTUSJCVUJPOPGUIFJOUFOTJUZPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOXJUIXBWF MFOHUI&MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPO BSSBOHFEJOPSEFSPGXBWFMFOHUIGSPNMPOHXBWF MFOHUI MPX GSFRVFODZ SBEJP FNJTTJPOT UP TIPSU XBWFMFOHUI IJHI GSFRVFODZ HBNNB SBZTBMTP BOBSSPXFSCBOEPGXBWFMFOHUIT DBMMFEUIFWJTJCMFTQFDUSVN BTXIFOTVO MJHIUJTEJTQFSTFECZBQSJTNPSSBJOCPXJOUPJUTDPNQPOFOUDPMPST"DPOUJOVPVTTQFD USVNJTBOVOCSPLFOEJTUSJCVUJPOPGSBEJBUJPOPWFSBCSPBESBOHFPGXBWFMFOHUIT TVDI BTUIFTFQBSBUJPOPGXIJUFMJHIUJOUPJUTDPNQPOFOUDPMPSTGSPNSFEUPWJPMFU$POUJOV PVTTQFDUSBBSFPѫFOQVODUVBUFEXJUIFNJTTJPOPSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT DBMMFEMJOFTQFD USB XIJDIDBOCFFYBNJOFEUPSFWFBMUIFDPNQPTJUJPO NPUJPOBOENBHOFUJDêFMEPG UIFSBEJBUJOHTPVSDF4FFBCTPSQUJPOMJOF %PQQMFSFĒFDU %PQQMFSTIJѫ FNJTTJPOMJOF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT TQFDUSBMMJOF TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4QFFEPGMJHIU 4FFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 4QFFEPGTPVOE 4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE 4QJDB "CMVFXIJUFNBJOTFRVFODF PSEXBSG TUBSPGTQFDUSBMUZQF#BOEBQQBSFOU WJTVBMNBHOJUVEF BMTPLOPXOBT"MQIB7JSHJOJT"UBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST JUIBTBQBSBMMBYPGTFDPOETPGBSD BOBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEFPGmBOEBOJOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO4QJDBBMTPIBTBDPNQBOJPOEXBSGTUBS PGTQFDUSBMUZQF#UIBUJTMFTTUIBOQFSDFOUBTMVNJOPVTBT4QJDB BOETFQBSBUFEGSPN 4QJDBCZPOMZ"6PSTPMBSSBEJJѮFOBNFNFBOTiUIF4QJLFuPSi&BSPG8IFBUu XIJDIUIF7JSHJO.BSZIPMETJOBODJFOUQPSUSBZBMTPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHJOJT 4QJDVMF /BSSPX QSFEPNJOBOUMZSBEJBM TQJLFMJLFTUSVDUVSFTFYUFOEJOHGSPNUIFTPMBS DISPNPTQIFSFJOUPUIFDPSPOB PCTFSWFEJOIZESPHFOBMQIBMJOFTBOEDPODFOUSBUFEBU UIFDFMMCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO"TQJDVMFMBTUTCFUXFFOêWFUPêѫFFONJO VUFTBOEIBTBWFMPDJUZPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEѮFZBSFBCPVULJMPNFUFS UIJDLBOENPSFUIBO LJMPNFUFSTMPOH4FFDISPNPTQIFSF IZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF BOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 4QJSBM BSNT " QJOXIFFM TUSVDUVSF DPNQPTFE PG EVTU HBT BOE ZPVOH TUBST XIJDI XJOETJUTXBZPVUGSPNUIFDFOUFSPGBTQJSBMHBMBYZ 4QJSBMHBMBYZ "HBMBYZDPOUBJOJOHTQJSBMBSNTDPJMJOHBOEXJOEJOHPVUGSPNBDFO

USBMCVMHFPSOVDMFVT GPSNJOHBëBUUFOFE EJTLTIBQFESFHJPO"UZQJDBMTQJSBMHBMBYZ IBTBTQIFSJDBMDFOUSBMCVMHFPGPMEFSTUBSTTVSSPVOEFECZBëBUUFOFEHBMBDUJDEJTLUIBU DPOUBJOTBTQJSBMQBUUFSOPGZPVOHTUBST BTXFMMBTJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEEVTU0VS.JMLZ 8BZ(BMBYZBOEUIF"OESPNFEBHBMBYZ . BSFTQJSBMHBMBYJFT BTBSFUIF1JOXIFFM BOE4PNCSFSPHBMBYJFT 4QJSBM OFCVMB )JTUPSJDBM OBNF GPS B UZQF PG PCKFDU UIBU CFDBNF LOPXO BT B TQJSBM

HBMBYZ4FFTQJSBMHBMBYZ 4QJSJU 4FF.BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFS.JTTJPO 4QJU[FS 4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF /"4" MBVODIFE UIF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF BCCSFWJBUFE 445 PO"VHVTU XJUIBOFYQFDUFEZFBSNJTTJPOMJGFUJNF*UJTBOJOGSBSFE UFMFTDPQFXJUIBONFUFS JODI QSJNBSZNJSSPS PCUBJOJOHJNBHFTBOETQFDUSB

(MPTTBSZ4

PGUIFJOGSBSFEFOFSHZ PSIFBU SBEJBUFECZDPTNJDPCKFDUTBUXBWFMFOHUITCFUXFFO BOENJDSPOT XIFSFNJDSPOJTPOFNJMMJPOUIPGBNFUFSѮF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMF TDPQFQSPWJEFTJOGPSNBUJPOPOUIFGPSNBUJPO DPNQPTJUJPOBOEFWPMVUJPOPGQMBOFUT TUBSTBOEHBMBYJFTѮFNJTTJPOXBTJOJUJBMMZEFTJHOBUFEUIF4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF 'BDJMJUZ PS4*35'GPSTIPSU BOESFOBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU-ZNBO 4QJU[FS +S ¢ 4QÚSFSNJOJNVN "QFSJPEPGMPXTVOTQPUBDUJWJUZJOUIFêѫFFOUIDFOUVSZ BCPVU"% m

OBNFEBѫFSUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN4QÕSFS ¢ XIPBMTPDBMMFEBUUFOUJPOUPUIF.BVOEFSNJOJNVNBTFBSMZBT4FF .BVOEFSNJOJNVN 4QÚSFSTMBX ѮFBQQFBSBODFPGTVOTQPUTBUMPXFSTPMBSMBUJUVEFTPWFSUIFDPVSTFPG

UIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF ESJѫJOHGSPNNJEMBUJUVEFTPGUPEFHSFFTOPSUI BOETPVUIUPXBSETUIFFRVBUPSBTUIFDZDMFQSPHSFTTFTѮFTVOTQPUNJHSBUJPOUPMPXFS BWFSBHF MBUJUVEFT XBT êSTU EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF &OHMJTI BTUSPOPNFS 3JDIBSE $BSSJOHUPO ¢

PWFS BO JODPNQMFUF QBSU PG POF TPMBS DZDMF BOE JOWFTUJ HBUFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS(VTUBW'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN4QÕSFS ¢ 4FFTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF TVOTQPU BOETVOTQPUDZDMF 44 "OFNJTTJPOMJOFTUBSUIBUFYIJCJUTWBSZJOHXBWFMFOHUITDIBOHFT XJUITJNVMUB

OFPVTSFETIJѫTBOECMVFTIJѫT EJTDPWFSFECZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS#SVDF.BSHPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTJO*GUIFXBWFMFOHUIDIBOHFTBSFBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF %PQQMFSFĒFDUPGTPVSDFNPUJPO UIFOUIFTUBSTFFNFEUPCFCPUIDPNJOHBOEHPJOH XJUITQFFETPGVQUPUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE#VUUIFTUBSJUTFMGJTOUNPWJOH NBUUFSJTJOTUFBECFJOHFKFDUFEJOUXPOBSSPX DPMMJNBUFEKFUTPGNBUUFSGSPNBDFOUSBM OFVUSPOTUBS"CSJHIUNBTTJWFDPNQBOJPOTUBS XJUIBNBTTPGUPTPMBSNBTTFT JT MPTJOHJUTPVUFSMBZFSTJOBTUFMMBSXJOEUIBUëPXTEPXOUPXBSEUIFOFVUSPOTUBS PWFS MPBEJOHBOBDDSFUJPOEJTLUIBUDBOOPUEJHFTUBMMPGUIFJOGBMMJOHNBUUFSBOEIVSMTTPNF PGJUPVUJOPQQPTJUFEJSFDUJPOTBMPOHUIFUJHIUMZDPMMJNBUFEKFUT 445 "DSPOZNGPS4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4FF4QJU[FS4QBDF5FMFTDPQF 4UBS " TFMGMVNJOPVT CBMM PG HBT MJLF UIF 4VO XIPTF SBEJBOU FOFSHZ JT QSPEVDFE CZ OVDMFBSGVTJPOSFBDUJPOTJOUIFTUFMMBSDPSF PSBOBTUSPOPNJDBMPCKFDUUIBUPODFSBEJ BUFEUIJTXBZ TVDIBTBXIJUFEXBSGPSOFVUSPOTUBS.PTUTUBSTBSFGPVOEPOUIFNBJO TFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBNUIFZTIJOFCZUIFDPOWFSTJPOPGIZESPHFO OVDMFJJOUPIFMJVNOVDMFJJOFJUIFSUIFDBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMFPSUIFQSPUPO QSPUPODIBJO8IFOUIFDPSFIZESPHFOJTEFQMFUFE BNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSFWPMWFTJOUP BHJBOUTUBS PCUBJOJOHJUTSBEJBOUFOFSHZCZUIFOVDMFBSCVSOJOHPGIFMJVNPSIFBWJFS FMFNFOUT ѮF UFNQFSBUVSF BOE MVNJOPTJUZ PG B TUBS JT EFUFSNJOFE CZ JUT NBTT ѮF NPTU NBTTJWF TUBST BSF BCPVU TPMBS NBTTFT PS POF IVOESFE UJNFT IFBWJFS UIBO UIF4VOѮFNJOJNVNTUFMMBSNBTTJTBCPVUTPMBSNBTTFT PSBCPVUUJNFTUIF NBTTPG+VQJUFSMFTTNBTTJWFTUBSTEPOPUIBWFFOPVHINBTTBOETVēDJFOUQSFTTVSFBOE UFNQFSBUVSF UP JOJUJBUF OVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JO UIFJS DPSFT 4FF DBSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFO DZDMF GVTJPO HJBOUTUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF NBTTMVNJOPTJUZ SFMBUJPO BOEQSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 334HEBIZARREANDUNIQUEOBJECT 33 CONSISTSOFANEUTRONSTARANDA MASSIVEVISIBLE LIGHTSTARINORBITABOUTEACHOTHERWITHA DAYPERIOD4HEMASSIVESTARIS LOSINGGASINASTELLARWIND ANDTHENEUTRONSTARPULLSSOMEOFTHISMATERIALINTOANACCRETION DISKTHATEMITS8 RAYS(OWEVER THEIN FALLINGMATTERCANNOTBEACCRETEDFASTENOUGH AND THEEXCESSMATERIALISSHOTOUTFROMTHECENTEROFTHEACCRETIONDISKINTWOOPPOSITELYDIRECTED JETS"ULLET LIKECONCENTRATIONSOFGASSPEWOUTALONGTHEJETS MOVINGATAQUARTERTHESPEED OFLIGHT4HESPECTRALLINESOF33COMEFROMTHETWINHIGH SPEEDJETSOFGAS WHICHCREATE SIMULTANEOUSREDANDBLUEWAVELENGTHSHIFTSANDMAKETHESTARLOOKLIKEITISCOMINGAND GOINGATTHESAMETIME4HEACCRETIONDISKISTIPPEDSLIGHTLYANDPRECESSESLIKEATOP MAKING THEJETSSWINGSTEADILYAROUNDACONEEVERYDAYS4HECOMPONENTOFVELOCITYDIRECTED ALONGANOBSERVERSLINEOFSIGHTVARIESWITHTHESAMEPERIOD SOTHEOBSERVERSEESBOTHA REDSHIFTEDANDABLUESHIFTEDLINE WITHWAVELENGTHSTHATCHANGEWITHTIME 4UBSCVSTUHBMBYZ "HBMBYZVOEFSHPJOHBOFYDFQUJPOBMMZIJHISBUFPGTUBSGPSNBUJPO %JTDPWFSFE JO XJUI JOTUSVNFOUT BCPBSE UIF *OGSB3FE "TUSPOPNJDBM 4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE*3"4 TUBSCVSTUHBMBYJFTBSFNVDICSJHIUFSBUJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT XIFO DPNQBSFEUPUIFJSWJTJCMFMJHIUPVUQVU UIBOPUIFSHBMBYJFT 4UBS DMVTUFS (SBWJUBUJPOBMMZ CPVOE BHHSFHBUJPO PG TUBST NVDI TNBMMFS BOE NVDI

MFTTNBTTJWFUIBOBHBMBYZ4UBSDMVTUFSTBSFPGUXPUZQFTUIFPQFODMVTUFST DPOUBJOJOH IVOESFETPG1PQVMBUJPOT*TUBST BOEUIFNPSFNBTTJWFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTDPOTJTUJOHPG CFUXFFOUFOUIPVTBOEBOEUFONJMMJPOPMEFS1PQVMBUJPOT**TUBSTXJUIJOBWPMVNFUIBU JTBCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT0QFODMVTUFSTBSFGPVOEJOUIFEJTLPGPVS(BMBYZBOE HMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTJOUIFHBMBDUJDIBMP4FFHMPCVMBSDMVTUFSBOEPQFODMVTUFS 4UBSEVTU /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4UBSEVTUTQBDFDSBѫPO'FCSVBSZ"ѫFSOFBSMZ

GPVSZFBSTPGTQBDFUSBWFM JUFODPVOUFSFE$PNFU8JME PO+BOVBSZ XIFSFJU PCUBJOFEDMPTFVQJNBHFTPGUIFDPNFUOVDMFVTBOEDPMMFDUFEEVTUBOEDBSCPOCBTFE TBNQMFTVTJOHBTVCTUBODFDBMMFEBFSPHFMѮFDBSHPXBTQBSBDIVUFEJOBSFFOUSZDBQTVMF UPUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFPO+BOVBSZ

!RCTURUS

2IGIL+ENTAURUS

6EGA

#APELLAE

0ROCYON

!CHERNAR

"ETELGEUSE

2IGEL

#ANOPUS

M

3IRIUS

H

3TAR

S

2!

4!",% 3TARSnBRIGHTESTA

$EC

$B LYR

!LPHA/RI

!LPHA%RI

!LPHA#-I

!LPHA!UR "ETA/RI

!LPHA,YR

!LPHA#EN

!LPHA"OO

!LPHA#AR

!LPHA#-A

'REEK ,ETTER .AME

-)A

"6

&)6

'))) ")A

!6

'6

+)))

&))

!6

WD

'))) "

+6

WD

3PECTRAL #LASSC ! "

V

6ISUALD -AGNITUDE ! "

!BSOLUTE -AGNITUDE ! "

(MPTTBSZ4

-IMOSA

!CRUX

S

$EC

$B LYR

!LPHA#RU

"ETA#RU

!LPHA#YG

!LPHA0S!

"ETA'EM

!LPHA6IR

!LPHA3CO

!LPHA4AU

"ETA#EN !LPHA!QL

'REEK ,ETTER .AME

")6

")))

!)A

!6

+)))

"6

-)B

+)))

"))) !)6 6

"6

+6

"6

-6

3PECTRAL #LASSC ! "

6ISUALD -AGNITUDE ! "

'REATEST3TARS .EW9ORK #OPERNICUS"OOKS 3PRINGER 6ERLAG !PPENDIX# P ,ANG +ENNETH2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA .EW9ORK 3PRINGER P AND-URDIN 0AULED %NCYCLOPEDIAOF!STRONOMYAND !STROPHYSICS .EW9ORK .ATURE0UBLISHING'ROUP 3EEALSO34!23ATHTTPWWWASTROUIUCEDU^KALERSOWSOWLISTHTML B4HEDISTANCES $ AREINLIGHT YEARS ABREVIATEDLYR C4HELUMINOSITYCLASSESARE)A3UPERGIANTOFHIGHLUMINOSITY )B3UPERGIANTOFLOWERLUMINOSITY ))nBRIGHTGIANT ))).ORMALGIANT )63UBGIANT 6-AINnSEQUENCESTAR ORDWARFSTAR 6)3UBDWARF D4HESTARSARELISTEDINORDEROFINCREASINGAPPARENTVISUALMAGNITUDEORDECREASINGAPPARENTBRIGHTNESSFORTHEBRIGHTEST COMPONENT!IFTHESTARISABINARYSTARTHEOTHERCOMPONENTIS" E#APELLAHASATHIRDCOMPONENT#WITHASPECTRALCLASS-6 AVISUALMAGNITUDEOFANDANABSOLUTEVISUALMAGNITUDEOF

A!DAPTEDFROM+ALER *AMES" 3TARS .EW9ORK 3CIENTIlC!MERICAN,IBRARY !PPENDIX P 4HE(UNDRED

&OMALHAUT

$ENEB

3PICA

!NTARES

0OLLUX

!LDEBARAN

(ADAR !LTAIR

M

H

3TAR

2!

4!",% 3TARSnBRIGHTESTA

!BSOLUTE -AGNITUDE ! "

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3TARSnNEAREST A !PPARENT MAGNITUDEB

!BSOLUTE MAGNITUDE

$ISTANCE LIGHT YEARS

' - ' +L -

C

V V

- - ! $! -

56#ETI" 2OSS 2OSS d%RIDANI ($

V

- - - + -

2OSS ,n #YGNI! 0ROCYON! 0ROCYON"

V V

- - + & $&

#YGNI" ($ ($ '8!NDROMEDAE! '8!NDROMEDAE"

V V

+ + + -L -

' d)NDI T#ETI ,n

- + ' -

3TAR

3UN 0ROXIMA#ENTAURI A#ENTAURI! A#ENTAURI" "ARNARDgS3TAR 7OLF ,ALANDE 3IRIUS! 3IRIUS" 56#ETI!

3PECTRAL TYPE

V

A!DAPTED FROM )AN 2IDPATH AND *OHN 7OODRUFF 0HILIPS !STRONOMY $ICTIONARY ,ONDON 'EORGE 0HILIP

,TD P BѮFWMEANSVARIABLE C4HEMEANDISTANCEOFTHE3UNISLIGHT YEARS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4UBS TUSFBNJOH *O UIF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS +BDPCVT ,BQUFZO ¢

BOOPVODFEUIBUUIFOFBSCZTUBSTBSFBQQBSFOUMZNPWJOHJOUXPMBSHF JOUFSNJOHMFEBOE PQQPTJUFMZ EJSFDUFE TUSFBNT QBTTJOH UISPVHI FBDI PUIFS BU B SFMBUJWF WFMPDJUZ PG BCPVU LJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE0OFTUBSTUSFBNDBSSJFTSPVHIMZIBMGUIFOFBSCZTUBSTUPXBSE UIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO4BHJUUBSJVTBUBTQFFEPGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE XIJMFUIFPUIFS TUSFBNDBSSJFTUIFSFNBJOJOHDMPTFTUTUBSTBXBZGSPNUIJTEJSFDUJPOBUBDPNQBSBCMFTQFFE "TFYQMBJOFECZUIF4XFEJTIBTUSPOPNFS#FSUJM-JOECMBE ¢ JO UIFUXP TUBSTUSFBNTBSFFYQMBJOFEJGBMMUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZBSFXIJSMJOHJOEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUB UJPOBCPVUBSFNPUFHBMBDUJDDFOUFSJO4BHJUUBSJVT4FFEJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 4UFBEZ4UBUF$PTNPMPHZ ѮFPSZPGBOFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXIPTFPWFSBMMQSPQFSUJFT BSFVODIBOHJOHJOTQBDFBOEUJNF BOEXIJDIXBTUIFSFGPSFOFWFSJOBTUBUFPGBQQSF DJBCMZIJHIFSEFOTJUZBOEIBEOP#JH#BOH"MUIPVHIUIF6OJWFSTFEPFTOPUFWPMWFBOE NVTUSFNBJOGPSFWFSJOUIFTBNF4UFBEZ4UBUF XJUIPVUCFHJOOJOHPSFOE JOEJWJEVBM HBMBYJFTDBOFWPMWFBOEUIF6OJWFSTFDBOFYQBOE.BUUFSJTDPOTUBOUMZCFJOHDSFBUFE PVU PG BQQBSFOUMZ FNQUZ TQBDF JO PSEFS UP NBJOUBJO BO VODIBOHJOH NBTT EFOTJUZ BT UIF6OJWFSTFFYQBOETѮJTUIFPSZ QSPQPTFEJOCZUXP"VTUSJBOCPSOTDJFOUJTUT UIFO BU $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ )FSNBOO #POEJ ¢ BOE ѮPNBT (PME ¢

BOEUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJDJTU'SFE)PZMF ¢

JTOPUDPOTJT UFOUXJUIUIFPCTFSWFEUISFFEFHSFFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPOBOEUIF PCTFSWFEDPTNJDBCVOEBODFPGIFMJVN XIJDIBSFCPUIBUUSJCVUFEUPUIF#JH#BOH4FF #JH#BOH #JH#BOHOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT BOEDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU ѮFDPOTUBOUPGQSPQPSUJPOBMJUZ EFOPUFECZUIFTZNCPM

S SFMBUJOHUIFSBEJBOUëVYQFSVOJUBSFBGSPNBCMBDLCPEZUPUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGJUT FĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFѮFDPOTUBOUS+PVMFN,T4FF4UF GBO#PMU[NBOOMBX 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO MBX ѮF BCTPMVUF MVNJOPTJUZ PG UIF UIFSNBM FNJTTJPO GSPN B XIFSFP CMBDLCPEZJTHJWFOCZUIF4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBXJOXIJDI-PS35 FGG UIF 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOO DPOTUBOU S +PVMF N , T UIFSBEJVTJT3BOEUIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFJT5FGG ѮJTMBXJTOBNFEGPSUIF"VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU+PTFG4UFGBO ¢

XIPTIPXFEJOUIBUUIFSBEJBOUFOFSHZPGB UIFSNBMTPVSDFJODSFBTFTXJUIUIFGPVSUIQPXFSPGUIFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEUIF"VTUSJBO QIZTJDJTU-VEXJH#PMU[NBOO ¢ XIPEFSJWFEUIFFYQSFTTJPOJO CBTFE POUIFUIFPSZPGBCMBDLCPEZ4FFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ CMBDLCPEZ BOEMVNJOPTJUZ 4UFMMBSBDUJWJUZ &NJTTJPOGSPNBTUBSJOFYDFTTPGUIBUFYQFDUFEGSPNBQVSFMZSBEJBUJWF

BUNPTQIFSF TVHHFTUJOHBEEJUJPOBMIFBUJOHTPVSDFTSFMBUFEUPNBHOFUJDêFMET4FFëBSFT ëBSFTUBS BOETPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4UFMMBS CMBDL IPMF " CMBDL IPMF GPSNFE GSPN UIF EFBUI PG B NBTTJWF TUBS EVSJOH B

TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPO4FFCMBDLIPMF 4UFMMBS DMBTTJmDBUJPO ѮF TFRVFODF PG TUFMMBS TQFDUSBM UZQFT BSSBOHFE BDDPSEJOH UP UIFQSFTFODFPSBCTFODFPGDFSUBJOMJOFTJOUIFTQFDUSB EFTJHOBUFEBT0 # " ' ( , BOE.*UEFTDSJCFTBTFRVFODFPGUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPMPS GSPNUIFIPU CMVF0BOE# TUBSTUPUIFDPPM SFE.POFT*OUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS"OHFMP1JFUSP4FDDIJ

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3TELLARCLASSIlCATIONA #LASS

/ " ! & ' + -

$OMINANT ,INES

#OLOR

(E)) (E) ( -ETALS( #A))-ETALS #A))#A) 4I/#A)

"LUE "LUE 7HITE 7HITE 9ELLOW 7HITE 9ELLOW /RANGE /RANGE 2ED

#OLOR)NDEX

%FFECTIVE 4EMPERATURE +

%XAMPLES

X0ER d/RI 2IGEL 3PICA 6EGA 3IRIUS 0ROCYON 3UN A#EN! !RCTURUS "ETELGEUSE

A!N(DENOTESHYDROGEN (EISHELIUM #AISCALCIUM AND4I/ISATITANIUMOXIDEMOLECULE4HE2OMANNU

MERAL)DENOTESANEUTRAL UN IONIZEDATOM THENUMBER))DESCRIBESANIONIZEDATOMMISSINGONEELECTRON

¢ DMBTTJêFE BCPVU TUBST CZ UIFJS DPMPS BOE WJTVBM TQFDUSB EJWJEJOH UIFNJOUPGPVSNBJOHSPVQTXJUIUIFDPMPSTXIJUF ZFMMPX PSBOHFBOESFE BOEXJUI UIFSFTQFDUJWFTQFDUSBMGFBUVSFTPGTUSPOHBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTPGIZESPHFO TUSPOHDBMDJVN MJOFT TUSPOHNFUBMMJDMJOFTBOECSPBEBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFWJPMFU*Om UIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"OOJF+VNQ$BOOPO ¢

XPSLJOHPOQIPUPHSBQIJD QMBUFTVOEFSUIFEJSFDUJPOPG&EXBSE$1JDLFSJOH ¢

DMBTTJêFEPWFS TUBST GPS UIF )FOSZ %SBQFS $BUBMPHVF EJTUJOHVJTIJOH UIF TUBST PO UIF CBTJT PG UIFBCTPSQUJPOMJOFTJOUIFJSQIPUPHSBQIJDTQFDUSB BOEBSSBOHJOHNPTUPGUIFNJOB TNPPUIBOEDPOUJOVPVTTQFDUSBMTFRVFODF0 # " ' ( , .)FSDPMMFBHVF "OUPOJB $ .BVSZ ¢ FWFOUVBMMZ FYBNJOFE BCPVU BT NBOZ TUBST BT $BOOPO BOE JOUIFQSPDFTTEJTDPWFSFEUIBUUIFTQFDUSBMDMBTTJêDBUJPOSFRVJSFEBUXPEJNFOTJPOBM TDIFNF8IFOUIFEJTUBODFTBOEBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGTUBSTXFSFEFUFSNJOFE UIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS)FOSZ/PSSJT3VTTFMM ¢ EJTDPWFSFE JO UIBU UXP XFMMEFêOFE DMBTTFT PG TUBST UIF EXBSGT BOE HJBOUT BSF EFTDSJCFE CZ B QMPU PG UIFBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGTUBSTBHBJOTUTQFDUSBMUZQF4VDIBQMPUJTOPXLOPXOBT UIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN"MTPJO UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4 "EBNT ¢ BOEUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS"SOPME,PIMTDIÛUUFS ¢ JOUSPEVDFETQFDUSBMDSJUFSJBGPSUIFEFUFSNJOBUJPOPGBCTPMVUFTUFMMBSMVNJOPTJUZ NBL JOHJUQPTTJCMFUPEFUFSNJOFUIFMVNJOPTJUJFTPGCPUIEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF BOE HJBOUTUBST BOEUPFTUJNBUFUIFEJTUBODFTPGNJMMJPOTPGTUBSTGSPNUIFJSTQFDUSBBOE BQQBSFOUCSJHIUOFTTBMPOF*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST8JMMJBN8.PSHBO ¢

1IJMJQ$,FFOBO ¢ BOE&EJUI,FMMNBO ¢ QVCMJTIFE "O"UMBTPG4UFMMBS4QFDUSBUIBUFTUBCMJTIFEGPSNBMSVMFTGPSEFTDSJCJOHBTUBSCZTQFDUSBM UZQF XIJDIEFêOFTUIFEJTLUFNQFSBUVSF BOEMVNJOPTJUZDMBTT XJUIUIFEFTJHOBUJPO* GPSTVQFSHJBOUT **GPSCSJHIUHJBOUT ***GPSOPSNBMHJBOUT *7GPSTVCHJBOUT 7GPSEXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODFTUBST BOE7*GPSTVCEXBSGTѮJTTZTUFN LOPXOBTUIF.,TZTUFN JT OPX XJEFMZ VTFE 4FF " TUBS # TUBS ' TUBS ( TUBS )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN ,TUBS .TUBSBOE0TUBS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4UFMMBS FWPMVUJPO )PX B TUBS DIBOHFT XJUI UJNF QSPEVDJOH IFBWJFS BUPNJD OVDMFJ GSPNMJHIUPOFTJOUIFQSPDFTTѮFQSFTFOUEBZCJSUIQMBDFPGTUBSTJTEBSL HJBOUDMPVET PGNPMFDVMBSIZESPHFOXIPTFUPUBMNBTTJTCFUXFFOBOEPOFNJMMJPOUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF4VO*GTVDIBDMPVECFDPNFTTVēDJFOUMZNBTTJWFBOEEFOTF UIFNVUVBM HSBWJUBUJPOPGJUTQBSUTXJMMPWFSDPNFUIFPVUXBSEQSFTTVSFGSPNJOTJEF BOEUIFDMPVE XJMMTUBSUGBMMJOHJOPOJUTFMG0ODFDPMMBQTFJTVOEFSXBZ UIFHJBOUDMPVEXJMMGSBHNFOU BOEUIFQJFDFTXJMMUIFNTFMWFTDPMMBQTFVOUJMUIFJSDPSFTCFDPNFIPUFOPVHIUPJHOJUF OVDMFBSGVTJPO CVSOJOHIZESPHFOUPNBLFUIFTUBSTIJOF*UIBTUIFOTFUUMFEEPXOGPS BMPOH SBUIFSVOFWFOUGVMMJGFBTBNBJOTFRVFODFTUBS UIFMPOHFTUTUPQJOJUTMJGFIJT UPSZ#PUIUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGTUBSTBOEUIFJSMJGFUJNFSBQJEMZJODSFBTFEPXOUIFNBJO TFRVFODFGSPNUIFIJHINBTT MVNJOPVTVQQFSFOEUPUIFMPXNBTTEJNNFSMPXFSFOE /JOFUZ QFSDFOU PG BMM NBJOTFRVFODF TUBST IBWF B NBTT CFMPX TPMBS NBTTFT BOE IBWFCFFOPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFFWFSTJODFUIFZXFSFCPSOѮFZUIVTQSPWJEFVTXJUI OPJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVUTUFMMBSFWPMVUJPO4PNFPGUIFNBTTJWFTUBST UIBUXFSFCPSOMPOH BHP IBWFIBEFOPVHIUJNFUPCVSOVQUIFJSBWBJMBCMFIZESPHFOGVFMBOEBEWBODFUPUIF OFYUTUBHFPGUIFTUFMMBSMJGFDZDMF8IBUIBQQFOTOFYUJTEFTDSJCFEJOUIF)FSU[TQSVOH 3VTTFMMEJBHSBNTPGHMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST XIPTFWBSJPVTLJOLTBOECFOETIBWFCFFO EFDJQIFSFEVTJOHDPNQMFYUIFPSFUJDBMNPEFMTBOEIJHITQFFEDPNQVUFST"ѫFSTQFOE JOHNPTUPGJUTMJGFPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF BUFTTFOUJBMMZDPOTUBOUFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEMVNJOPTJUZ BOBHJOHTUBSDPOTVNFTUIFBWBJMBCMFIZESPHFOJOJUTDPSF DPOWFSUJOHJU BMMJOUPIFMJVNѮFDPSFUIFODPOUSBDUT MJCFSBUJOHHSBWJUBUJPOBMFOFSHZ BOEUIFFOWF MPQFFYQBOETJOUPBHJBOUTUBSѮFTUBSTPVUFSMBZFSTDPPMBOECFDPNFSFEPSZFMMPX CVU JUTDFOUSBMUFNQFSBUVSFJODSFBTFTVOUJMJUJTIPUFOPVHIUPCVSOIFMJVN7FSZNBTTJWF TUBSTOFBSUIFUPQPGUIFNBJOTFRVFODFCFDPNFTVQFSHJBOUTUIPTFXJUINBTTFTDPNQB SBCMFUPUIF4VOCFDPNFSFEHJBOUTѮFTVQFSHJBOUTRVJDLMZDPOTVNFUIFJSTVDDFTTJWF JOUFSOBMGVFMTPVSDFTBUFWFSJODSFBTJOHDFOUSBMUFNQFSBUVSFTBOESBUFTUIFIFMJVNJT DPOWFSUFEJOUPDBSCPO BOEUIFOUIFDBSCPOBTITFSWFTBTGVFM BOETPPOVQUIFDIBJOPG UIFOVDMFBSTQFDJFTѮFHJBOUTBSFOPUTVēDJFOUMZNBTTJWFUPCVSOBOZUIJOHCVUIFMJVN *OUFOTFXJOETGSPNBHJBOUTUBSCMPXTPNFPGJUTPVUFSBUNPTQIFSFCBDLJOUPJOUFSTUFM MBSTQBDFѮFVMUJNBUFGBUFPGBTUBSBMTPEFQFOETVQPOJUTNBTT8IFOHJBOUTUBSTXJUI BNPEFSBUF 4VOMJLFNBTTVTFVQUIFJSIFMJVNGVFM UIFZDPMMBQTFVOUJMUIFZBSFBCPVU UIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI PSPOMZBCPVUPOFIVOESFEUI PS PGUIF4VOTSBEJVTѮF DPMMBQTFETUBSJTDBMMFEBXIJUFEXBSGTUBS GPSJUIBTBTNBMMTJ[FBOEJUJTJOJUJBMMZXIJUF JODPMPS%ZJOHTUBSTXJUINPEFSBUFNBTTDBOCMPXPĒBTQIFSJDBMQVĒPGHBT LOPXO BTBQMBOFUBSZOFCVMB CFGPSFTFUUMJOHEPXOUPUIFJSêOBMTUBUF.PSFNBTTJWFTUBSTIBWF BOFYQMPTJWFEFBUI"ѫFSUIFJSDPSFIBTCFDPNFIPUFOPVHIUPQSPEVDFJSPO UIFSFJT OPUIJOHMFѫUPTVQQPSUUIFTUBSѮFDPSFDPMMBQTFTUPCFDPNFBOFVUSPOTUBSPSBCMBDL IPMF BOEUIFPVUFSMBZFSTBSFCMPXOPVUXBSEEVSJOHBTVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPO TFFEJOH JOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFXJUIIFBWZFMFNFOUTUIBUBSFJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFOFYUHFOFSBUJPO PGTUBST4FFHJBOUNPMFDVMBSDMPVE HJBOUTUBS HMPCVMBSDMVTUFS HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF )BZBTIJ USBDL )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN NBJO TFRVFODF OVDMFPTZOUIFTJT QMBO FUBSZOFCVMB TUBS TVQFSHJBOU TVQFSOPWB BOEXIJUFEXBSG 4UFMMBSQBSBMMBY 4FFQBSBMMBY

(MPTTBSZ4

4UFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT "DMBTTJêDBUJPOPGTUBSTBDDPSEJOHUPUIFJSBHF DPNQPTJUJPO BOE

MPDBUJPOTJOUIF(BMBYZ EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS 8BMUFS#BBEF ¢ :PVOH CMVJTI 1PQVMBUJPO * TUBST BSF GPVOE JO UIF TQJSBM BSNTBOEQMBOFPGPVS(BMBYZPMEFSSFEEJTI1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTBSFQSFEPNJOBOUMZWJT JCMFJOUIFIBMP JODMVEJOHHMPCVMBSDMVTUFST BOEDFOUSBMOVDMFVTPGPVS(BMBYZ1PQVMB UJPO*TUBSTDPOUBJONPSFIFBWZFMFNFOUTUIBO1PQVMBUJPO**TUBSTѮF1PQVMBUJPO** TUBSTEBUFCBDLUPUIFGPSNBUJPOPGUIF(BMBYZGSPNHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF XIJMFUIF 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTPSJHJOBUFEBѫFSUIFSPUBUJOHHBMBDUJDEJTLBOEêSTUHFOFSBUJPOPGTUBST XFSFGPSNFEѮF1PQVMBUJPO*TUBSTDPOUBJOIFBWZFMFNFOUTQSPEVDFEJOTJEFGPSNFS TUBSTBOEEJTQFSTFEJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFCZTUFMMBSXJOETBOETVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOT 4FF1PQVMBUJPO*BOE1PQVMBUJPO** 4UFMMBS XJOE ѮF PVUXBSE ëPX PG DIBSHFE QBSUJDMFT NPTUMZ QSPUPOT BOE FMFDUSPOT GSPN B TUBS :PVOH TUBST FWPMWJOH UPXBSE UIF NBJO TFRVFODF IBWF QPXFSGVM TUFMMBS XJOET VQUPBUIPVTBOEUJNFTTUSPOHFSUIBOUIF4VOTTPMBSXJOE0METUBSTFWPMWJOH JOUPSFEHJBOUTBMTPIBWFTUSPOHTUFMMBSXJOETѮFWFMPDJUZPGTUFMMBSXJOETSBOHFGSPNB GFXIVOESFEUPTFWFSBMUIPVTBOELJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE4FFTPMBSXJOE 4UFQIBOT2VJOUFU "HSPVQPGêWFQFDVMJBSHBMBYJFTJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFM MBUJPO1FHBTVT EFTJHOBUFE/($ " # BOE UIFêSTUGPVS IBWF UIF TBNF SFETIJѫ PS EJTUBODF TVHHFTUJOH B QIZTJDBM DPOOFDUJPO ѮF HSPVQ JT OBNFEGPSUIF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFS&EPVBSE4UFQIBO ¢

XIPEJTDPWFSFEJU JO 45&3&0 "DSPOZN GPS 4PMBS 5&SSFTUSJBM 3&MBUJPOT 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FF 4PMBS 5&SSFT

USJBM3&MBUJPOT0CTFSWBUPSZ 4UFXBSE 0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "SJ[POB JO 5VDTPO PQFSBUFT UIF 4UFXBSE

0CTFSWBUPSZ XIJDIJODMVEFTUIFNFUFS JODI #PLUFMFTDPQFBU,JUU1FBL*UQBS UJDJQBUFTJOOVNFSPVTDPMMBCPSBUJWFQSPKFDUTPO.PVOU(SBIBN OFBS4BĒPSE "SJ[POB JODMVEJOH UIF NFUFS JODI )FJOSJDI )FSU[ 4VCNJMMJNFUFS 5FMFTDPQF UIF NFUFS JODI 7BUJDBO"EWBODFE5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQF BOEUIFUXPNFUFS JODI DPNQPOFOUTPGUIF-BSHF#JOPDVMBS5FMFTDPQFUIBUJTVOEFSDPOTUSVDUJPO Ѯ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

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4USPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF 'VOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSFUIBUIPMETOFVUSPOTBOEQSPUPOT

UPHFUIFS GPSNJOHUIFOVDMFVTPGBOBUPN 454D* "DSPOZNGPSUIF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF*OTUJUVUF4FF4QBDF5FMFTDPQF4DJFODF

*OTUJUVUF 4VCBSV UFMFTDPQF " +BQBOFTF PQUJDBM BOE JOGSBSFE UFMFTDPQF XJUI B QSJNBSZ NJSSPS

UIBU JT NFUFST JODIFT JO EJBNFUFS MPDBUFE OFBS UIF TVNNJU PG .BVOB ,FB )BXBJJѮF4VCBSVUFMFTDPQFJTBQSPKFDUPGUIF"TUSPOPNJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZPG+BQBO BOE JUJTOBNFEGPSUIFZPVOHTUBSDMVTUFSUIF1MFJBEFT XIPTF+BQBOFTFOBNFJTi4VCBSVu 4VCBUPNJD 4NBMMFSJOTJ[FUIBOBOBUPN 4VCBUPNJDQBSUJDMF 4FFQBSUJDMFBOETVCBUPNJD 4VCNJMMJNFUFS SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBUXBWFMFOHUITMFTTUIBOBNJM

MJNFUFS PSNFUFST BOEMPOHFSUIBONJMMJNFUFSPSNFUFST 4VCTPOJD .PWJOHBUBTQFFEMFTTUIBOUIBUPGTPVOE PSXJUIBWFMPDJUZUIBUJTTMPXFS

UIBOUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE*OBJSPO&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTBCPVUNFUFST QFSTFDPOE CVUUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPNQPTJ UJPOPGUIFHBT4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE 4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE4/0 BNBTTJWFVOEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOP EFUFDUPSJO$BOBEBêMMFEXJUIIFBWZXBUFS0CTFSWBUJPOTGSPN4/0IBWFDPOêSNFE UIBUTPMBSOFVUSJOPTDIBOHFGPSNPOUIFXBZGSPNUIF4VOUPUIF&BSUI BOEUIBUUIF BNPVOUPGOFVUSJOPTFNJUUFECZUIF4VOJTJOBDDPSEBODFXJUIUIFPSFUJDBMFYQFDUBUJPOT 4FF.48FĒFDUBOETPMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN 4VO ѮFDFOUSBMTUBSPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BSPVOEXIJDIBMMUIFQMBOFUT BTUFSPJETBOE

DPNFUTSFWPMWFJOUIFJSPSCJUT GPSNFEUPHFUIFSXJUIUIFQMBOFUTCJMMJPOZFBSTBHP ѮF4VOJTBZFMMPXEXBSGTUBSPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODF PGTQFDUSBMUZQF(XJUIBOFĒFD UJWFUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJOѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJT BOE JUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTѮF4VOIBTBSBEJVTPGNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFST PSUJNFTUIF&BSUITSBEJVT BNBTTPGLJMPHSBNT PSUJNFTUIF NBTTPGUIF&BSUI BOEBNFBONBTTEFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFSѮF4VO IBTBOBCTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZPG+PVMFQFSTFDPOE BOEJTNVDINPSFMVNJ OPVTUIBOUIFBWFSBHFTUBS PVUTIJOJOHQFSDFOUPGUIFTUBSTJOUIF.JMLZ8BZѮF UPUBMBNPVOUPGTPMBSFOFSHZSFDFJWFEQFSVOJUUJNFBOEVOJUBSFBBUUIFNFBO&BSUI 4VOEJTUBODF PSBUPOFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU JTDBMMFEUIFTPMBSDPOTUBOUBOEBNPVOUTUP +PVMFQFSTFDPOEQFSTRVBSFNFUFSѮFNFBOEJTUBODFPGUIF4VOGSPNUIF&BSUIJT POFBTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU XIJDIJTNJMMJPOLJMPNFUFSTѮFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSVN PG UIF QIPUPTQIFSF FYIJCJUT EBSL BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BMTP LOPXO BT 'SBVOIPGFS MJOFT XIJDIDBOCFFYBNJOFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIFJOHSFEJFOUTPGUIF4VO*UTQSJODJQBMDIFNJDBM DPOTUJUVFOUTBSFIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN XIJDIBDDPVOUGPSBOEQFSDFOUPGUIF BUPNT SFTQFDUJWFMZ BOEGPSSFTQFDUJWFNBTTGSBDUJPOTPGBOEQFSDFOUѮF 4VOTFOFSHZTPVSDFJTUIFOVDMFBSGVTJPOPGIZESPHFOJOUPIFMJVNCZUIFQSPUPOQSPUPO DIBJO UBLJOHQMBDFOFBSUIFDFOUFSPGUIF4VO XIJDIIBTBUFNQFSBUVSFPGNJMMJPO LFMWJO0WFSMZJOHUIJTDPSFJTUIFSBEJBUJWF[POFXIFSFUIFIJHIFOFSHZSBEJBUJPO QSP

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3UNA -EANDISTANCE !5 M FROMRADARMEASUREMENTSOFTHEDISTANCETO6ENUSAND+EPLERSTHIRDLAW ,IGHTTRAVELTIMEFROM3UNTO%ARTH SECONDS M%ARTHRADII 2ADIUS 2b FROMDISTANCEANDANGULAREXTENT 6OLUME MMILLION%ARTHS KG%ARTHMASSES -ASS -b FROMDISTANCEAND%ARTHSORBITALPERIODUSING+EPLERSTHIRDLAW %SCAPEVELOCITYATPHOTOSPHERE MS -EANDENSITY KGM 3OLARCONSTANT Fb *SM7M *S7 ,UMINOSITY ,b ERGS FROMSOLARCONSTANT DISTANCEAND3TEFAN "OLTZMANNLAW 0RINCIPALCHEMICALCONSTITUENTS "Y.UMBER "Y-ASS FROMANALYSISOF&RAUNHOFERLINES OF!TOMS FRACTION (YDROGEN PERCENT 8PERCENT (ELIUM PERCENT 9PERCENT !LLOTHERS PERCENT :PERCENT BILLIONYEARS !GEFROMAGEOFOLDESTMETEORITES $ENSITYCENTER KGM 0RESSURECENTER 0A PHOTOSPHERE 0ABAR 4EMPERATURECENTER + PHOTOSPHERE + CHROMOSPHERE + TRANSITIONREGION + CORONA + 2OTATION0ERIODEQUATOR DAYS LATITUDE DAYS LATITUDE DAYS -AGNETIClELDSUNSPOTS FROM:EEMANEFFECT TO4' POLAR 4' A-ASSDENSITYISGIVENINKILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER ORKGMTHEDENSITYOFWATERISKGM4HE UNITOFPRESSUREIS0ASCAL ABBREVIATED0A WHERE0ABARANDONEBARISTHEPRESSUREOFTHE %ARTHSATMOSPHEREATSEALEVEL

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

EVDFEJOUIFDPSFGVTJPOSFBDUJPOT DPMMJEFTXJUIFMFDUSPOTBOEJPOTUPCFSFSBEJBUFEJO UIFGPSNPGMFTTFOFSHFUJDSBEJBUJPO0VUTJEFUIFSBEJBUJWF[POFJTBDPOWFDUJWF[POFJO XIJDIDVSSFOUTPGHBTëPXVQXBSEUPSFMFBTFFOFSHZBUUIFQIPUPTQIFSFCFGPSFëPXJOH EPXOXBSEUPCFSFIFBUFEѮFWJTJCMFEJTL PSQIPUPTQIFSF GSPNXIJDIUIFMJHIUXF TFFDPNFT JTTPNFIVOESFETPGLJMPNFUFSTUIJDL BOEXIJUFMJHIUJNBHFTPGUIFQIPUP TQIFSFSFWFBMUIFHSBOVMFTBOETVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOUIBUNBSLUIFUPQPGDPOWFDUJPODFMMT *UUBLFTBCPVUUIPVTBOEZFBSTGPSSBEJBUJPOUPXPSLJUTXBZPVUGSPNUIF4VOTDPSF UPUIFCPUUPNPGUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF BOEPOMZBCPVUEBZTGPSUIFIFBUFENBUFSJBM UPDBSSZFOFSHZUISPVHIUIFDPOWFDUJWF[POFUPUIFQIPUPTQIFSF4VOMJHIUUSBWFMTGSPN UIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIF&BSUIJOTFDPOETѮFJOUFSOBMTUSVDUVSFPGUIF4VODBOCF EFUFSNJOFE CZ PCTFSWJOH UIF êWFNJOVUF PTDJMMBUJPOT JO UIF QIPUPTQIFSF VTJOH UIF UFDIOJRVF PG IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ ѮF (0/( OFUXPSL PG &BSUICBTFE JOTUSVNFOUT BOE JOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BCCSFWJBUFE40)0 IBWF CFFOVTFEJOIFMJPTFJTNPMPHZѮFDPOWFDUJWF[POFBOEQIPUPTQIFSFVOEFSHPEJĒFSFO UJBMSPUBUJPO JOXIJDIUIFFRVBUPSJBMNJEEMFSFHJPOTSPUBUFGBTUFSUIBOUIFQPMBSSFHJPOT BUUIFFRVBUPSUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPEJTEBZTBOEBUEFHSFFTMBUJUVEFJUJTEBZT ѮFBUNPTQIFSJDMBZFSJNNFEJBUFMZBCPWFUIFQIPUPTQIFSFJTUIFDISPNPTQIFSFѮF UFOVPVT NJMMJPOEFHSFFPVUFSNPTUMBZFST GPSNJOHUIFTPMBSDPSPOB FYQBOEPVUXBSE UPGPSNUIFTPMBSXJOEѮF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫIBTFYBNJOFEUIFTPMBSXJOEBMMBSPVOE UIF 4VO JODMVEJOH BCPWF JUT QPMBS SFHJPOT GPS UIF êSTU UJNF TIPXJOH UIBU UIF IJHI TQFFEXJOEFNBOBUFTGSPNQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFTѮFDPSPOBJTWJTJCMFFEHFPOEVSJOHB UPUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VOPSXJUIBDPSPOBHSBQIJUDBOCFTFFOBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VO BU9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT BTXBTEPOFXJUIUIF:PILPITQBDFDSBѫ40)0IBTCFFOVTFEUP FYBNJOFUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFGSPNUIFQIPUPTQIFSFUPUIF&BSUI JODMVEJOHQPXFSGVM FYQMPTJPOTPOUIF4VO LOPXOBTDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPOTBOEëBSFT XIJDIUSBWFMPVU JOUPJOUFSQMBOFUBSZTQBDFBOEBSFUSJHHFSFEBOEQPXFSFECZUIF4VOTNBHOFUJDêFMET ѮFTFNBHOFUJDêFMETBSFHFOFSBUFECZEZOBNPBDUJPOJOTJEFUIF4VO BUUIFCBTFPG UIFDPOWFDUJWF[POF SJTJOHUPQFSWBEFUIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFBOEQSPEVDFTVOTQPUTBOE UIFDPSPOBMMPPQTUIBUDPOOFDUUIFNѮF;FFNBOFĒFDUJTVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFEJSFD UJPOBOETUSFOHUIPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEJOUIFQIPUPTQIFSF TIPXJOHUIBUUIFNBHOF UJTNJOTVOTQPUTJTUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTNPSFJOUFOTFUIBOUIF&BSUITNBHOFUJDêFME 4FF BCTPSQUJPO MJOF DISPNPTQIFSF DPOWFDUJWF [POF DPSPOB DPSPOBHSBQI DPSPOBM IPMF DPSPOBMMPPQ DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO ëBSF 'SBVOIPGFSMJOF (0/( HSBOVMBUJPO IFMJPTFJTNPMPHZ )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN NBJOTFRVFODF QIPUPTQIFSF QSPUPO QSPUPODIBJO TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ TPMBSDPOTUBOU TPMBSFDMJQTF TPMBSXJOE TQFDUSPIFMJPHSBQI TVOTQPU TVOTQPUDZDMF TVQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 6MZTTFT :PILPI BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4VOTQPU " EBSL UFNQPSBSZ DPODFOUSBUJPO PG TUSPOH NBHOFUJD êFMET JO UIF 4VOT

QIPUPTQIFSF"TVOTQPUJTDPPMFSUIBOJUTTVSSPVOEJOHTBOEUIFSFGPSFBQQFBSTEBSLFS "UZQJDBMTQPUIBTBDFOUSBMVNCSBTVSSPVOEFECZBQFOVNCSB BMUIPVHIFJUIFSGFB UVSFDBOFYJTUXJUIPVUUIFPUIFS*OUIFVNCSB UIFFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFDBOCFBCPVU LFMWJODPNQBSFEXJUILFMWJOJOUIFTVSSPVOEJOHQIPUPTQIFSF4VOTQPUTBSF BTTPDJBUFEXJUITUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFMETPGUP5FTMB BOEWBSZJOTJ[FGSPNBCPVU UPLJMPNFUFSTBDSPTTѮFZPDDBTJPOBMMZHSPXUPBCPVULJMPNFUFST

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3UNnABUNDANTELEMENTS 3YMBOL

!TOMIC .UMBER:

!BUNDANCEA LOGARITHMIC

$ATEOF$ISCOVERY ON%ARTH

(YDROGEN (ELIUM #ARBON .ITROGEN /XYGEN

( (E # . /

;=

B ANCIENT

.EON 3ODIUM -AGNESIUM !LUMINUM 3ILICON

.E .A -G !L 3I

;=

0HOSPHORUS 3ULFUR #HLORINE !RGON 0OTASSIUM

0 3 #L !R +

;=

ANCIENT

#ALCIUM #HROMIUM -ANGANESE )RON .ICKEL

#A #R -N &E .I

ANCIENT

%LEMENT

A,OGARITHMOFTHEABUNDANCEINTHESOLARPHOTOSPHERE NORMALIZEDTOHYDROGEN ORANABUNDANCE OF)NDIRECTSOLARESTIMATESAREMARKEDWITH;=4HEDATAARECOURTESYOF.ICOLAS'REVESSE 5NIVERSITÏDE,IÒGE B(ELIUMWASDISCOVEREDONTHE3UNIN BUTITWASNOTFOUNDON%ARTHUNTIL

JOTJ[F CFDPNJOHWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFѮFJSEVSBUJPOWBSJFTGSPNBGFXIPVST UPBGFXXFFLT PSNPOUITGPSUIFWFSZCJHHFTUѮFOVNCFSBOEMPDBUJPOPGTVOTQPUT EFQFOEPOUIFZFBSTPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMFPSTVOTQPUDZDMFѮFZVTVBMMZPDDVSJOQBJST PSHSPVQTPGPQQPTJUFNBHOFUJDQPMBSJUZUIBUNPWFJOVOJTPOBDSPTTUIFGBDFPGUIF4VO BTJUSPUBUFTѮFMFBEJOH PSQSFDFEJOH TQPUJTDBMMFEUIF1TQPUUIFGPMMPXJOHPOFJT UFSNFEUIF'TQPU4FF)BMFTMBX QFOVNCSB TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF 4QÕSFSTMBX TVOTQPU DZDMF VNCSB BOE;FFNBOFĒFDU 4VOTQPUDZDMF ѮFSFDVSSJOH FMFWFOZFBSSJTFBOEGBMMJOUIFOVNCFSBOEQPTJUJPOPG TVOTQPUTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS4BNVFM)FJOSJDI4DIXBCF ¢ ѮFDPOWFOUJPOBMPOTFUGPSUIFTUBSUPGBTVOTQPUDZDMFJTUIFUJNFXIFO UIF TNPPUIFE OVNCFS PG TVOTQPUT UIF NPOUI NPWJOH BWFSBHF IBT EFDSFBTFE UP JUTNJOJNVNWBMVF"UUIFDPNNFODFNFOUPGBOFXDZDMFTVOTQPUTFSVQUBSPVOEMBUJ UVEFTPGUPEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUI0WFSUIFDPVSTFPGUIFDZDMF TVCTFRVFOU TQPUTFNFSHFDMPTFSUPUIFFRVBUPS DPOUJOVJOHUPBQQFBSJOCFMUTPOFBDITJEFPGUIF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 3UNSPOTCYCLE4HELOCATIONOFSUNSPOTSVQQFSQBOFM ANDTHEIRTOTALAREACPUUPN QBOFM HAVEVARIEDINAN YEARCYCLEFORTHEPASTYEARS BUTTHISACTIVITYCYCLEVARIES BOTHINCYCLELENGTHANDMAXIMUMAMPLITUDE)NTHE'ERMANASTRONOMER3AMUEL(EIN RICH3CHWABE¥ lRSTMEASUREDTHEPERIODICITY ATABOUTTENYEARS!SSHOWNINTHE UPPERPANEL THESUNSPOTSFORMATABOUTDEGREESLATITUDEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHECYCLEAND THENMIGRATETONEARTHE3UNSEQUATORATTHEENDOFTHECYCLE3UCHANILLUSTRATIONISSOME TIMESCALLEDAhBUTTERmYDIAGRAMvBECAUSEOFITSRESEMBLANCETOTHEWINGSOFABUTTERmY4HE TOTALAREAOFTHESUNSPOTSCPUUPNQBOFM GIVENHEREASAPERCENTOFTHEVISIBLEHEMISPHERE FOLLOWSASIMILAR YEARCYCLE#OURTESYOF$AVID(ATHAWAY .!3!-3&#

FRVBUPSBOEêOJTIJOHBUBSPVOEEFHSFFTOPSUIBOETPVUIѮJTQBUUFSODBOCFEFNPO TUSBUFEHSBQIJDBMMZBTBCVUUFSëZEJBHSBN"MMGPSNTPGTPMBSBDUJWJUZWBSZJOTUFQXJUI UIFFMFWFOZFBSTVOTQPUDZDMF JODMVEJOHUIFOVNCFSBOEGSFRVFODZPGDPSPOBMNBTT FKFDUJPOTBOETPMBSëBSFTBOEUIF9SBZJOUFOTJUZPGUIF4VO4FFDPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO ëBSF TPMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF TPMBSëBSFT 4QÕSFSTMBX BOE9SBZT 4VQFSDMVTUFS "DPMMFDUJPOPGDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT UZQJDBMMZBCPVUPOFIVOESFENJMMJPO

PS MJHIUZFBSTBDSPTTBOEDPOUBJOJOHUFOTPGUIPVTBOETPGHBMBYJFTѮF.JMLZ8BZ BOEUIFFOUJSF-PDBM(SPVQBSFQBSUPGUIF-PDBM4VQFSDMVTUFS XIJDIBMTPJODMVEFTUIF 7JSHPDMVTUFS4FFDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTBOE-PDBM(SPVQ 4VQFSHJBOU 0OF PG UIF MBSHFTU BOE CSJHIUFTU TUBST EFTJHOBUFE CZ MVNJOPTJUZ DMBTT *

BOEVQUPUIPVTBOETPGUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOBHJBOUTUBSPGUIFTBNFTQFDUSBMUZQFѮFZ BSF MPDBUFE BU UIF UPQ PG UIF )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMM EJBHSBN 4FF "OUBSFT #FUFMHFVTF %FOFC )FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN BOE3JHFM 4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO "TZTUFNPGDPOWFDUJWFDFMMT DBMMFETVQFSHSBOVMFT XJUIEJBNFUFST PGBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBOEMJGFUJNFTPGUPEBZT XIJDIDPWFSUIFWJTJCMFEJTLPG UIF4VO UIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFTVQFSHSBOVMBUJPOXBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJ DBOQIZTJDJTU3PCFSU-FJHIUPO ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTVTJOHBOJOTUSVNFOU EFWFMPQFECZUIFN XIJDIQSPEVDFEBOJNBHF DBMMFEB%PQQMFSHSBN PGNPUJPOTJO UIFQIPUPTQIFSFѮFHBTëPXTIPSJ[POUBMMZGSPNUIFDFOUFSUPUIFFEHFPGFBDITVQFS

(MPTTBSZ4

HSBOVMF DBSSZJOHUIFQIPUPTQIFSFNBHOFUJDêFMEUPUIFFEHFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMFTBOE GPSNJOHQPMZHPOBMTIBQFETUSVDUVSFTDBMMFEUIFNBHOFUJDOFUXPSLUIBUJTBMTPEFUFDUFE BTCSJHIUDBMDJVNFNJTTJPOJOUIFPWFSMZJOHDISPNPTQIFSFѮFTQJDVMFTBSFBMTPDPO DFOUSBUFEBUUIFCPVOEBSJFTPGUIFTVQFSHSBOVMFDFMMT4FFDISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSLBOE TQJDVMF 4VQFS ,BNJPLBOEF "NBTTJWFVOEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSJO+BQBOêMMFEXJUI QVSFXBUFS SFQMBDJOHUIF,BNJPLBOEFEFUFDUPS4FF,BNJPLBOEF 4VQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO "OBQQBSFOUNPUJPOPGBDPTNJDPCKFDUUIBUFYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZ

PGMJHIU7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZPGRVBTBSTBOESBEJPHBMBYJFTIBWFSFWFBMFE TVQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO XIJDIJTBUUSJCVUFEUPSFMBUJWJTUJDIJHITQFFEKFUTUIBUBSFEJSFDUFE UPXBSEUIFPCTFSWFSBOENPWJOHBUOFBSMZUIFTQFFEPGMJHIU CVUOPUFYDFFEJOHJU4FF 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF "CMBDLIPMFQPTTFTTJOHBTNVDINBTTBTBNJMMJPOUPBCJM

MJPOTUBSTMJLFUIF4VO4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFTSFTJEFJOUIFDFOUFSTPGHBMBYJFTBOE BSFUIFFOHJOFTUIBUQPXFSBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ SBEJPHBMBYJFTBOERVBTBST"TVQFS NBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJTMPDBUFEJOUIFFMMJQUJDBMHBMBYZ. XIJDIJTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIF SBEJPHBMBYZOBNFE7JSHP"PS$ѮFTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFJO.GFFETUIF SBEJPHBMBYZXJUIKFUTUIBUBSFEFUFDUFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPBOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT 4FFBDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVT CMBDLIPMF SBEJPHBMBYZ RVBTBS BOE7JSHPDMVTUFS 4VQFSOPWB "CCSFWJBUFE4/ UIFFYQMPTJPOPGBTUBSUIBUEFTUSPZTUIFTUBS'PSBXFFL

PSTP BTVQFSOPWBNBZPVUTIJOFBMMUIFPUIFSTUBSTJOJUTHBMBYZ CFDPNJOHBUIPVTBOE NJMMJPO PSBCJMMJPO UJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBOUIF4VOBOEBUIPVTBOEUJNFTCSJHIUFSUIBO BOPWB5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFBSFFYQMPTJPOTPGXIJUFEXBSGTUBSTUIBUSFDFJWFNBUFSJBM GSPNBOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBSBOEFYDFFEUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU5ZQF*C *DBOE** TVQFSOPWBFBSFFYQMPTJPOTPGNBTTJWFTUBSTUIBUIBWFEFQMFUFEUIFJSOVDMFBSGVFMѮF JOXBSEDPMMBQTFBOEJNNFOTFIFBUBOEQSFTTVSFBUUIFDPSFSFTVMUJOBTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPO UIBUFKFDUTNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGUIFTUBSJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF GPSNJOHBTVQFSOPWBSFN OBOU"OFVUSPOTUBSDBOCFGPSNFEBUUIFDFOUFSPGTVDIBTVQFSOPWBѮF$SBC/FCVMB . JTUIFFYQBOEJOHSFNOBOUPGBTVQFSOPWBPCTFSWFEJOCZ$IJOFTFBTUSPOP NFSTUIFTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUJTDFOUFSFEPOBOFVUSPOTUBS XIJDIJTBMTPBQVMTBS4UBST HSFBUFSUIBOSPVHIMZTJYTPMBSNBTTFTNBZFWPMWFTPGBTUUIBUUIFZCFDPNFVOTUBCMFBOE FYQMPEFUPGPSNB5ZQF*C *DPS5ZQF**TVQFSOPWB5ZQF*B *C BOE*DTVQFSOPWBFIBWF OPIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB XIFSFBTUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFEPIBWFIZESPHFOJOUIFJS TQFDUSB*OUIF%BOJTIBTUSPOPNFS5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ PCTFSWFEBTVQFS OPWBJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BTTJPQFJB BOEJOUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOP NFS+PIBOOFT,FQMFS ¢ PCTFSWFEPOFJO0QIJVDIVTѮFêSTUTVQFSOPWB UPCFWJTJCMFUPUIFVOBJEFEFZFTJODFPDDVSSFEPO'FCSVBSZJOUIF-BSHF .BHFMMBOJD$MPVE BOEJTEFTJHOBUFE4VQFSOPWB" PS4/"4VQFSOPWBFDBO OFWFSUIFMFTT CF SPVUJOFMZ PCTFSWFE JO PUIFS HBMBYJFT VTJOH EFEJDBUFE UFMFTDPQFT BOE FMFDUSPOJDEFUFDUJPOFRVJQNFOU4FF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU $SBC/FCVMB ,FQMFSTTUBS BOE TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU OFVUSPO TUBS OPWB TVQFSOPWB " TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU 5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU UZQF*BTVQFSOPWBBOEUZQF**TVQFSOPWB

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% 3UPERNOVAEnHISTORICALA $ATE!$

2EMNANT.AME

D

2#7 #4"!OR" 0+3 #RAB # # 4YCHO # +EPLER # #AS! #

-AXIMUM !PPARENT 6ISUAL -AGNITUDEMAG

4IME6ISIBLE 4O5NAIDED %YEMONTHS

$ISTANCEB KPC

2ADIUSC PC

A!DAPTED FROM ,ANG +ENNETH 2 !STROPHYSICAL $ATA 0LANETS AND 3TARS .EW 9ORK 3PRINGER 6ERLAG

P 'ALACTICANDCELESTIALCOORDINATESAREGIVENONPAGESTOOFTHATBOOK B4HE DISTANCE IS GIVEN IN KILOPARSECS ABBREVIATED KPC WHERE KPC LIGHT YEARS 'OOD DISTANCE

ESTIMATESHAVETHEIRUNCERTAINTIESGIVEN WHILELESSCERTAINBUTREASONABLEDISTANCESDONOTHAVETHEERRORS GIVEN C4HERADIUSISINPARSECS ABBREVIATEDPC WHEREPCLIGHT YEARSKILOMETERS D4HE RADIO SOURCE #ASSIOPEIA! ALSO KNOWN AS # IS THOUGHT TO BE A SUPERNOVA REMNANT WHOSE EXPLOSIONDATEISINFERREDFROMABACKWARDEXTRAPOLATIONOFITSEXPANSIONVELOCITY OFKMS ITSRA DIUS ANDTHEASSUMPTIONTHATITHASNOTDECELERATED.OSUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONHASBEENRECORDEDINHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS PERHAPSBECAUSEITWASHIDDENBYINTERSTELLARDUST

4VQFSOPWB" ѮFUZQF**TVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOPGBCMVFTVQFSHJBOUTUBSJOUIF -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEPO'FCSVBSZ UIFêSTUTVQFSOPWBUPCFWJTJCMFUPUIF VOBJEFE PSOBLFE FZFTJODF%VCCFE4/" UIFTVQFSOPWBXBTEJTDPWFSFE CZ*BO4IFMUFO ¢ ѮFTPMBSNBTTTUBSFYQMPEFEXJUIBQFBLBQQBSFOUWJTVBM NBHOJUVEFPG"UJUTEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST UIFNBYJNVNBCTPMVUFWJTJCMF MVNJOPTJUZXBTmBOEUIFQFBLJOUSJOTJDWJTJCMFMVNJOPTJUZXBTNJMMJPOUJNFT UIBUPGUIF4VO6OEFSHSPVOEOFVUSJOPEFUFDUPSTSFDPSEFEOFVUSJOPTSFMFBTFEEVSJOH UIFDPMMBQTFPGUIFTUFMMBSDPSF BCPVUUISFFIPVSTCFGPSFUIFêSTUWJTJCMFTJHIUJOHPGUIF TVQFSOPWBѮFOFVUSJOPMVNJOPTJUZCSJFëZFRVBMFEUIFWJTJCMFMVNJOPVTPVUQVUPGBMM UIFTUBSTJOUIF6OJWFSTF4FFTVQFSOPWBBOEUZQF**TVQFSOPWB 4VQFSOPWB SFNOBOU "CCSFWJBUFE 4/3 UIF FYQBOEJOH TIFMM PG NBUUFS UISPXO PĒ JOUPTQBDFEVSJOHUIFPVUCVSTUPGBTVQFSOPWBѮFTFSFNOBOUTBSFPѫFOTUSPOHSBEJP TPVSDFT FNJUUJOH TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO UIF FKFDUFE NBUFSJBM BMTP DPMMJEFT XJUI UIF TVSSPVOEJOHJOUFSTUFMMBSHBTBOEIFBUTJUVQUPBCPVUBNJMMJPOLFMWJO FNJUUJOHJOUFOTF 9SBZT4FF$SBCOFCVMB TVQFSOPWBBOETZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 4VQFSTPOJD .PWJOH BU B TQFFE HSFBUFS UIBO UIBU PG TPVOE PS XJUI B WFMPDJUZ UIBU FYDFFETUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE*OBJSPO&BSUI UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTBCPVUNFUFST QFSTFDPOE CVUUIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEEFQFOETPOCPUIUIFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEDPNQPTJ UJPOPGUIFHBT4FFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOE

(MPTTBSZ4

4!",% 3UPERNOVA!3.! A 0ROGENITOR3TAR

.AME ,OCATION 2IGHT!SCENSION $ECLINATION $ISTANCE $ISTANCE-ODULUS 3PECTRAL4YPE !PPARENT6ISUAL-AGNITUDE #OLOR)NDEX 6ISUAL!BSORPTION "OLOMETRIC#ORRECTION "OLOMETRIC!BSOLUTE-AGNITUDE !BSOLUTE,UMINOSITY %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 2ADIUS )NITIAL-AIN3EQUENCE-ASS %VOLVED(ELIUM#ORE-ASS %VOLVED(YDROGEN%NVELOPE-ASS .EUTRINO"URST +AMIOKANDE))$ETECTOR %VENT3TART4IME .UMBEROF!NTI .EUTRINOS$ETECTED %NERGY2ANGEOF!NTI .EUTRINOS "URST$URATION )RVINEn-ICHIGANn"ROOKHAVEN )-" $ETECTOR %VENT3TART4IME .UMBEROF!NTI .EUTRINOS$ETECTED %NERGY2ANGEOF!NTI .EUTRINOS "URST$URATION .EUTRINO"URST 4OTAL!NTI .EUTRINO%NERGY 4OTAL.EUTRINO%NERGY 4OTAL.EUTRINO,UMINOSITY !VERAGE.EUTRINO4EMPERATURE .UMBEROF.EUTRINOS0RODUCED .EUTRINO&LUXAT%ARTH

3K3ANDULEAK ,-#,ARGE-AGELLANIC#LOUD 2! HMS $EC $KPCLIGHT YEARS M-MAG 3P")ABLUESUPERGIANT 6MAG "6MAG !VMAG "# -BOL ,XERGSy,b 4EFF+ 2CM2b --b -(E-b -(-b

THMS54MIN ON &EB . $%TO-E6 $TS THMS54MS ON &EB . $%TO-E6 $TS %ERG %ERG ,ERGS ,b 4-E6+ .NEUTRINOS &XCM DPOUJOVFE

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% 3UPERNOVA!3.! CONTINUED .EUTRINO"URST )NFERRED.EUTRINO-ASS,IMIT ME6 #ORE#OLLAPSE4IME $TSMS #OLLAPSED2EMNANT-ASS --b #OLLAPSED2EMNANT2ADIUS 2KM 'RAVITATIONAL0OTENTIAL%NERGY2ELEASED %XERG B 6ISIBLE%XPLOSION /PTICAL$ISCOVERY 6MAGON&EB THOURS )AN3HELTON %XPLOSIVE/PTICAL"RIGHTENING 6MAGON&EB THOURS -BOLMAG ,ERGS,b 3ECONDARY6ISUAL-AXIMUM

6MAGON-AY TDAYS -BOLMAG ,ERGS,b

A!DAPTEDFROM,ANG +ENNETH2 !STROPHYSICAL$ATA0LANETSAND3TARS .EW9ORK 3PRINGER6ERLAG PP (ERE,b 2b -bRESPECTIVELYDENOTETHEABSOLUTELUMINOSITY RADIUSANDMASSOFTHE3UN B4IMETFROMNEUTRINOBURSTATT &EB

4XJGU /"4"MBVODIFEUIF4XJѫTQBDFDSBѫPO/PWFNCFS*UTUISFFJOTUSV NFOUTXPSLUPHFUIFSUPPCTFSWFHBNNBSBZCVSTUTBOEBѫFSHMPXTBUHBNNBSBZ 9SBZ BOE WJTJCMF MJHIU XBWFMFOHUIT QSPWJEJOH OFX JOTJHIUT UP UIF PSJHJO BOE FWPMVUJPO PG UIFTFQPXFSGVM FYQMPTJWFCVSTUT 4XJGU5VUUMF$PNFU "ѫFS)BMMFZT$PNFU UIFTFDPOECSJHIUFTUQFSJPEJDDPNFU EJT

DPWFSFEJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFST-FXJT4XJѫ ¢ BOE)PSBDF 5VUUMF ¢ "TOPUJDFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOBTUSPOPNFS(JPWBOOJ4DIJBQB SFMMJ ¢

UIF1FSTFJENFUFPSTIPXFSPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUITPSCJUJOUFSTFDUT UIFPSCJUPG$PNFU4XJѫ5VUUMF XIJDIIBTEJTUSJCVUFENFUFPSPJETBMPOHJUTPSCJU4FF NFUFPSTIPXFSBOENFUFPSTUSFBN 4ZNCJPUJDTUBS "CJOBSZTUBSTZTUFNJOXIJDIBDPPM SFEHJBOUTUBSTIFETNBTTPOUPB

NPSFDPNQBDU IPUUFSDPNQBOJPOTUBSѮFHJBOUTUBSTBSFPGMBUFTQFDUSBMUZQF( ,PS. BOEUIFIPUDPNQPOFOUTNBZCFNBJOTFRVFODFTUBSTPSBOBDDSFUJOHXIJUFEXBSGTUBS 4ZODISPOPVTPSCJU ѮFPSCJUPGBTBUFMMJUFXIPTFPSCJUBMQFSJPEJTFRVBMUPUIFSPUBUJPO

QFSJPEPGUIFQMBOFUJUJTSPUBUJOH"SUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFTJOTZODISPOPVTPSCJUBSPVOEUIF &BSUISFNBJOBCPWFUIFTBNFMPDBUJPOPOUIFQMBOFU4FFHFPTZODISPOPVTPSCJU 4ZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO "TBUFMMJUFJOTZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPOIBTBSPUBUJPOQFSJPEUIBU

JTFRVBMUPJUTPSCJUBMQFSJPE BOEJUBMXBZTQSFTFOUTUIFTBNFGBDFUPXBSEUIFQMBOFUJU

(MPTTBSZ4

'*( 3YNCHROTRONRADIATION(IGH SPEEDELECTRONSMOVINGAT VELOCITIESNEARTHATOFLIGHTEMITANARROWBEAMOFSYNCHROTRONRADIATION ASTHEYSPIRALAROUNDAMAGNETIClELD4HISEMISSIONISSOMETIMESCALLED NON THERMALRADIATIONBECAUSETHEELECTRONSPEEDSAREMUCHGREATERTHAN THOSEOFTHERMALMOTIONATANYPLAUSIBLETEMPERATURE4HENAMEhSYNCHRO TRONvREFERSTOTHEMAN MADE RING SHAPEDSYNCHROTRONPARTICLEACCELERATOR WHERETHISTYPEOFRADIATIONWASlRSTOBSERVEDASYNCHRONOUSMECHANISM KEEPSTHEPARTICLESINSTEPWITHTHEACCELERATIONASTHEYCIRCULATEINTHE RING

JTSFWPMWJOHBSPVOE0VS.PPOJTJOTZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO BMXBZTQSFTFOUJOHJUTOFBS TJEFUPUIF&BSUIѮFGPVSMBSHFTUNPPOTPG+VQJUFS UIF(BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT BSFBMTPJO TZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO 4ZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS 4FFQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS 4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOFNJUUFECZBOFMFDUSPOUSBWFMJOH BMNPTUBUUIFTQFFEPGMJHIUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBNBHOFUJDêFME4VDISBEJBUJPOJTMJO FBSMZQPMBSJ[FEѮFOBNFBSJTFTCFDBVTFJUXBTêSTUPCTFSWFEJOXIFOFMFDUSPOT XFSFBDDFMFSBUFEJOUIF(FOFSBM&MFDUSJDTZODISPUSPOQBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPSѮF&OHMJTI QIZTJDJTU(FPSHF"4DIPUU ¢ EJTDVTTFETVDIBSBEJBUJPOQSPDFTTCZFMFD USPOTJOBQBQFSQVCMJTIFEJOBOEJOIJTCPPLPO&MFDUSPNBHOFUJD3BEJB UJPOѮFBDDFMFSBUJPOPGUIFFMFDUSPOTDBVTFTUIFNUPFNJUSBEJBUJPOUIBUJTTUSPOHMZ QPMBSJ[FEBOEJODSFBTFTJOJOUFOTJUZBUMPOHFSXBWFMFOHUITѮFXBWFMFOHUISFHJPOJO XIJDIUIFFNJTTJPOPDDVSTEFQFOETPOUIFFOFSHZPGUIFFMFDUSPO¢.F7FMFDUSPOT SBEJBUFNPTUMZJOUIFSBEJPSFHJPO*OUIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS,BSM0,JFQFO IFVFS ¢ DPSSFDUMZ QSPQPTFE UIBU UIF SBEJP FNJTTJPO PG UIF .JMLZ 8BZ JT EVF UP UIF OPOUIFSNBM TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO PG DPTNJD SBZ FMFDUSPOT TQJSBMJOH BCPVU BO JOUFSTUFMMBS NBHOFUJD êFME ѮF 3VTTJBO BTUSPQIZTJDJTU*PTJG 4 4ILMPWTLJJ ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUCPUIUIFPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU BOESBEJPFNJTTJPOPG UIF $SBC /FCVMB TVQFSOPWB SFNOBOU BSF EVF UP TZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPO BOE UISFF ZFBST MBUFS IJT 3VTTJBO DPMMFBHVF 7JUBMJJ - (JO[CVSH ¢ QSPQPTFE UIBU DPT

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

NJDSBZTBSFBDDFMFSBUFEJOUIFTUFMMBSFYQMPTJPOTLOPXOBTTVQFSOPWBF4ZODISPUSPO SBEJBUJPOXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZVTFEUPFYQMBJOUIFJOUFOTFSBEJPFNJTTJPOPGSBEJPHBM BYJFTBOERVBTBST*OUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3PHFS%#MBOEGPSE ¢ BOE&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS.BSUJO3FFT ¢ QSPQPTFEUIBUUIFSBEJPMPCFTPGSBEJP HBMBYJFTBSFGFECZKFUTPGIJHIFOFSHZFMFDUSPOTTFOUPVUBMPOHUIFSPUBUJPOBYJTPGB SPUBUJOH TVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF4FFCMBDLIPMF $SBC/FCVMB QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS SBEJPHBMBYZ BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 4ZOPEJD NPOUI ѮF QFSJPE CFUXFFO UXP JEFOUJDBM QIBTFT PG UIF .PPO FRVBM UP

NFBOTPMBSEBZT 4ZOPEJD QFSJPE ѮF QFSJPE PG BQQBSFOU SPUBUJPO PS PSCJUBM SFWPMVUJPO BT PCTFSWFE

GSPNUIF&BSUI 4ZSUJT .BKPS "EBSLUSJBOHVMBSGFBUVSF OPXLOPXOBT4ZSUJT.BKPS1MBOJUJB PSUIF

(VMGPG4JSUF1MBJOT UIBUFYUFOETGSPNUIFTPVUIQPMBSDBQPO.BSTUPBDSPTTJUTFRVBUPS ѮF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS$ISJTUJBBO)VZHFOT ¢ êSTUTLFUDIFE4ZSUJT.BKPS JO BOEVTFEIJTPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFGFBUVSFUPDPODMVEFUIBUUIFSPUBUJPOQFSJPE PG.BSTJTBCPVUIPVST 4Z[ZHZ "TZ[ZHZPDDVSTXIFOUIF&BSUIBOE4VOBSFBMJHOFEXJUIBUIJSEDFMFTUJBM

CPEZ TVDIBTUIF.PPOPSBQMBOFU"TZ[ZHZPDDVSTBUUIFDPOKVODUJPOPSPQQPTJUJPO PGBQMBOFUBOEBUGVMMBOEOFX.PPO4FFDPOKVODUJPOBOEPQQPTJUJPO

(MPTTBSZ5

5 5"* "DSPOZNGPS5FNQT"UPNJRVF*OUFSOBUJPOBM4FFJOUFSOBUJPOBMBUPNJDUJNF 5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE/($BOEBMTPLOPXOBT

%PSBEVT MPDBUFEJOUIF-BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVEBUBEJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIU ZFBSTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO%PSBEVTѮF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMBNFBTVSFTIBMGBEFHSFFBOE BCPVUMJHIUZFBSTBDSPTT GBSCJHHFSBOECSJHIUFSUIBOBOZFNJTTJPOOFCVMBJOPVS (BMBYZѮF5BSBOUVMB/FCVMBIBTBOFTUJNBUFENBTTPGBCPVUUJNFTUIFNBTTPG UIF4VO BOEJUHFUTJUTOBNFGSPNJUTTQJEFSZBQQFBSBODF4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 5FDUPOJDT ѮFDSVTUBMEFGPSNBUJPOTPGBQMBOFUDBVTFECZJOUFSOBMIFBUSJTJOHUPUIF TVSGBDFѮFDIVSOJOHDPOWFDUJPOPGJOUFSOBMNPMUFOSPDLESJWFTUFDUPOJDQMBUFTTJEF XBZTBDSPTTUIF&BSUI QSPEVDJOHDPOUJOFOUBMESJѫBOEFBSUIRVBLFT)PUSJTJOHNBUF SJBMXJUIJO7FOVTQSPEVDFTWPMDBOPFT SJѫT BOECVDLMFE GSBDUVSFEGFBUVSFTLOPXOBT BSBDIOJET BOE DPSPOBF 5FDUPOJDT JT UIF (SFFL XPSE GPS iDBSQFOUFS PS CVJMEJOHu 4FF BSBDIOJE DPOUJOFOUBMESJѫ DPSPOBF FBSUIRVBLF BOEQMBUFUFDUPOJDT 5FMFTDPQF "O JOTUSVNFOU GPS DPMMFDUJOH BOE NBHOJGZJOH FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO GSPNBDPTNJDPCKFDU"SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQFVTFTBMFOTUPDPMMFDUMJHIU XIJMFBSFëFDUJOH UFMFTDPQFVTFTBNJSSPSѮF%VUDITQFDUBDMFNBLFS)BOT-JQQFSTIFZ D¢ BQQMJFE GPS B QBUFOU PO POF PG UIF êSTU UFMFTDPQFT JO CVU TVDI TQZHMBTTFT TPPO CFDBNF RVJUF DPNNPO BOE OP QBUFOU XBT BXBSEFE ѮF *UBMJBO BTUSPOPNFS (BMJMFP (BMJMFJ ¢ CVJMUIJTPXOUFMFTDPQFT BOEXBTUIFêSTUUPVTFUIFN JO GPS BTUSPOPNJDBM PCTFSWBUJPOT 5FMFTDPQFT PG EJĒFSFOU EFTJHO PQFSBUF BU NPTU FMFD USPNBHOFUJDXBWFMFOHUIT JODMVEJOHUIF9SBZ VMUSBWJPMFU WJTJCMF JOGSBSFEBOESBEJP SFHJPOTPGUIFTQFDUSVN4FF$BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF (SFHPSJBOUFMFTDPQF )VCCMF4QBDF 5FMFTDPQF ,FDLUFMFTDPQFT /FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF SBEJPUFMFTDPQF SFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF SFGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQF 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF 4PMBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ 4QJU[FS 4QBDF5FMFTDPQF 6MZTTFT 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ BOE:PILPI 5FNQFSBUVSF "NFBTVSFPGUIFIFBUPGBOPCKFDUBOEUIFBWFSBHFLJOFUJDFOFSHZPGUIF

SBOEPNMZNPWJOHQBSUJDMFTJOJU 5FSNJOBUPS ѮF CPVOEBSZ CFUXFFO UIF JMMVNJOBUFE BOE EBSL IFNJTQIFSFT PG UIF .PPO BOPUIFSTBUFMMJUF PSBQMBOFUXIFOWJFXFEGSPNUIF&BSUI 5FSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT ѮFGPVSSPDLZQMBOFUTJOUIFJOOFSQBSUPGUIFTPMBSTZTUFN.FS

DVSZ 7FOVT &BSUIBOE.BST 5FTMB ѮF4ZTUFNF*OUFSOBUJPOBM PS4* VOJUPGNBHOFUJDëVYEFOTJUZ OBNFEBѫFS/JLPMB

5FTMB ¢

B $SPBUJBOCPSO "NFSJDBO QJPOFFS JO UIF êFMET PG BMUFSOBUJOH DVSSFOUFMFDUSJDJUZ BOEFMFDUSJDBMQPXFSHFOFSBUJPOBOEEJTUSJCVUJPOѮF5FTMBJTBNFB TVSFPGUIFTUSFOHUIPGBNBHOFUJDêFMEѮFDFOUJNFUFSHSBNTTFDPOE PSDHT VOJU

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 4ELESCOPES,IGHTWAVESTHATFALLONTHE%ARTHFROMADISTANTOBJECTAREPARALLELTO ONEANOTHER ANDAREFOCUSEDTOAPOINTBYTHELENSORMIRROROFATELESCOPE%ARLYTELESCOPES WEREREFRACTORSMFѫ 4HECURVEDSURFACESOFTHECONVEXOBJECTIVELENSBENDTHEINCOMING PARALLELLIGHTRAYSBYREFRACTION ANDBRINGTHEMTOAFOCUSATTHECENTEROFTHEFOCALPLANE WHERETHELIGHTRAYSMEETANDANIMAGEISCREATED!SECOND SMALLERLENS CALLEDTHEEYE PIECE WASUSEDTOMAGNIFYTHEIMAGEINTHEEARLYREFRACTORSLATERVERSIONSPLACEDPHOTO GRAPHICORELECTRONICDETECTORSATTHEFOCALPLANE)NTHE%NGLISHPHYSICIST)SAAC.EWTON ¥ CONSTRUCTEDTHElRSTREmECTINGTELESCOPESJHIU WHICHUSESALARGE CONCAVE OR PARABOLIC PRIMARYMIRRORTOCOLLECTANDFOCUSLIGHT!SMALL mATSECONDARYMIRROR INCLINEDAT ANANGLEOFDEGREESTOTHETELESCOPEAXIS REmECTSTHELIGHTSIDEWAYS ATAPLACENOWKNOWN ASTHE.EWTONIANFOCUS/THERLIGHT DEmECTINGMIRRORARRANGEMENTSCANBEUSEDTOOBTAINANY DESIREDFOCALLENGTH WHICHVARIESWITHTHECURVATUREANDPOSITIONOFSMALLCONVEXMIRRORS

(OBBY %BERLY 3UBARU

!NTU +UEVEN -ELIPAL 9EPUN 'ILLETT 'EMINI3OUTH

--4

7ALTER"AADE ,ANDON#LAY

"OLSHOI4ELESKOP !ZIMUTALNYI (ALE 7ILLIAM(ERSCHEL 3/UTHERN!STROPHYSICAL 2ESEARCH 3/!2 6ICTOR"LANCO

METER INCH METER INCH

METER INCH

METER INCH

METER INCH

METER INCH

METER INCH

METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH

METER METER INCH

+ECK) +ECK))

.AME

METER METER INCH

-IRROR$IAMETER B

4!",% 4ELESCOPESnBIGGESTOPTICALA

#ERRO4OLOLO #HILE#ERRO4OLOLO )NTER !MERICAN/BSERVATORY DPOUJOVFE

-AUNA+EA (AWAIITWOTELESCOPESTHATOPERATEINDEPENDENTLYANDCANBE CONNECTEDASANINTERFEROMETER%ACHTELESCOPEMIRRORCONSISTSOFHEXAGONAL SEGMENTS4HE7-+ECK/BSERVATORYISOPERATEDBYTHE#ALIFORNIA!SSOCIATION FOR2ESEARCHIN!STRONOMY -T&OWLKES 4EXAS!JOINTPROJECTOFlVEUNIVERSITIES -AUNA+EA (AWAII!PROJECTOFTHE .ATIONAL!STRONOMICAL/BSERVATORYOF*APAN #ERRO0ARANAL #HILE%UROPEAN3OUTHERN/BSERVATORY FOURINDEPENDENTTELESCOPES THATWILLBECONNECTEDASANINTERFEROMETERCALLEDTHE6ERY,ARGE4ELESCOPE -AUNA+EA (AWAII'EMINI.ORTH#ERRO0ACHØN #HILE'EMINI3OUTH4WIN TELESCOPESMANAGEDBYTHE!SSOCIATIONOF5NIVERSITIESFOR2ESEARCHFOR !STRONOMY -T(OPKINS !RIZONA&ORMERLYTHE-ULTIPLE-IRROR4ELESCOPE OR--4 NOWA SINGLEMIRROR OPERATEDBYTHE&RED,7HIPPLE/BSERVATORYANDTHE5NIVERSITYOF !RIZONA ,A3ERENA #HILE-AGELLAN) ,A3ERENA #HILE-AGELLAN)) 4WINTELESCOPESATTHE,AS#AMPANAS/BSERVATORY -OUNT0ASTUKHOV:ELENCHUKSKA/BSERVATORY 3PECIAL!STROPHYSICAL/BSERVATORY 2USSIAN!CADEMYOF3CIENCES 0ALOMAR-OUNTAIN #ALIFORNIA ,A0ALMA #ANARY)SLANDS/SSERVATORIODEL2OQUEDELOS-UCHACHOS 3PAIN #ERRO0ACHØN #HILE#ERRO4OLOLO)NTER !MERICAN/BSERVATORY "RAZIL 53

,OCATION#OMMENTS

(MPTTBSZ5

!NGLO !USTRALIAN -AYALL 5NITED+INGDOM)NFRA 2ED 4ELESCOPE5+)24 M4ELESCOPE #ANADA &RANCE (AWAII 4ELESCOPIO.AZIONALE'ALILEO

.AME

,A3ILLA #HILE%UROPEAN3OUTHERN/BSERVATORY -AUNA+EA (AWAII ,A0ALMA #ANARY)SLANDS)TALIAN

3IDING3PRING-OUNTAIN .EW3OUTH7ALES +ITT0EAK !RIZONA.ATIONAL/PTICAL!STRONOMY/BSERVATORY -AUNA+EA (AWAII$EDICATEDTOINFRARED

,OCATION#OMMENTS

B$IAMETEROFTHEEFFECTIVEAPERTUREOFTHEPRIMARYMIRROR GIVINGITSLIGHT COLLECTINGAREA

A,ARGESTTELESCOPESOPERATINGATOPTICAL ORVISIBLE LIGHT WAVELENGTHS ANDALSOSOMETIMESATINFRAREDWAVELENGTHS"IGGERTELESCOPESAREUNDERCONSTRUCTION

METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH

METER INCH METER INCH METER INCH

-IRROR$IAMETER B

4!",% 4ELESCOPESnBIGGESTOPTICALACONTINUED

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

(MPTTBSZ5

PGNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI PѫFOVTFEJOBTUSPQIZTJDT JTUIF(BVTT XIFSF5FTMB (BVTT(BVTT4FFHBNNBBOE(BVTT 5IFPSZ "IZQPUIFTJTVTFEUPFYQMBJOTPNFGBDUT 5IFSNBMCSFNTTUSBIMVOH &NJTTJPOPGSBEJBUJPOCZFOFSHFUJDFMFDUSPOTFODPVOUFSJOH UIFêFMEPGBQPTJUJWFJPOJOBHBTUIBUJTJOUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN4FFCSFNTTUSBIMVOH BOEUIFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN 5IFSNBMFOFSHZ &OFSHZBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFNPUJPOTPGNPMFDVMFT BUPNT PSJPOT 5IFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN "QIZTJDBMTZTUFNJOXIJDIBMMQBSUTIBWFFYDIBOHFEIFBUBOE BSFDIBSBDUFSJ[FECZUIFTBNFUFNQFSBUVSFBUBMMQPJOUT*OTVDIFRVJMJCSJVN BTJOHMF UFNQFSBUVSF DIBSBDUFSJ[FT UIF WFMPDJUZ EJTUSJCVUJPO 4FF (BVTTJBO EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE .BYXFMMJBOEJTUSJCVUJPO 5IFSNBM HBT " DPMMFDUJPO PG QBSUJDMFT UIBU DPMMJEF XJUI FBDI PUIFS BOE FYDIBOHF

FOFSHZGSFRVFOUMZ HJWJOHBEJTUSJCVUJPOPGQBSUJDMFFOFSHJFTUIBUDBOCFDIBSBDUFSJ[FE CZBTJOHMFUFNQFSBUVSF4FFOPOUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF 5IFSNBMQBSUJDMF "QBSUJDMFUIBUJTQBSUPGBUIFSNBMHBT4FFOPOUIFSNBMQBSUJDMF 5IFSNBM SBEJBUJPO &MFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO FNJUUFE CZ B HBT JO UIFSNBM FRVJMJC

SJVNѮFSNBMSBEJBUJPOBSJTFTCZWJSUVFPGBOPCKFDUTIFBU PSUFNQFSBUVSF&OFSHFUJD FMFDUSPOT UIBU BSF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ JO UIFSNPEZOBNJD FRVJMJCSJVN FNJU OPOUIFSNBM SBEJBUJPO4FFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOBOEOPOUIFSNBMSBEJBUJPO 5IFSNPEZOBNJDT ѮFTUVEZPGUIFCFIBWJPSPGIFBUBOEPUIFSSFMBUFEGPSNTPGFOFSHZ JODIBOHJOHTZTUFNT 5IFSNPOVDMFBS GVTJPO ѮF GVTJPO PG BUPNJD OVDMFJ BU IJHI UFNQFSBUVSFT UP GPSN NPSFNBTTJWFOVDMFJXJUIUIFTJNVMUBOFPVTSFMFBTFPGFOFSHZѮFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPOJT UIFQPXFSTPVSDFBUUIFDPSFPGUIF4VO4FFGVTJPO 5JEFT ѮF.PPOTHSBWJUBUJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOESBXTUIF&BSUITPDFBOTJOUPUIFTIBQFPG

BOFHH DBVTJOHUXPIJHIUJEFTBTUIFQMBOFUTSPUBUJPODBSSJFTUIFDPOUJOFOUTQBTUUIF UXPUJEBMCVMHFTFBDIEBZѮF4VOTHSBWJUZBMTPDPOUSJCVUFTUPUIFUJEFT CVUUIF.PPOT DPOUSJCVUJPOJTUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO"TUIFUJEFTëPPEBOEFCC UIFZQSPEVDFGSJD UJPOBOEEJTTJQBUFFOFSHZBUUIFFYQFOTFPGUIF&BSUITSPUBUJPO DBVTJOHUIFMFOHUIPG UIFEBZUPJODSFBTFCZBCPVUTFDPOETQFSDFOUVSZѮJTJOUFSBDUJPOBMTPSFTVMUTJO BOPVUXBSENPUJPOPGUIF.PPOPGBCPVUNFUFSTQFSZFBSѮFIFJHIUPGUIFUJEFT BOEUIFQIBTFPGUIF.PPOEFQFOEPOUIFSFMBUJWFPSJFOUBUJPOTPGUIF&BSUI .PPOBOE 4VO8IFOUIFUJEFSBJTJOHGPSDFTPGUIF4VOBOE.PPOBSFJOUIFTBNFEJSFDUJPO UIFZ SFJOGPSDF FBDI PUIFS NBLJOH UIF IJHIFTU IJHI UJEFT BOE UIF MPXFTU MPX UJEFT ѮFTF TQSJOHUJEFTPDDVSBUOFXPSGVMM.PPOѮFSBOHFPGUJEFTJTMFBTUXIFOUIF.PPOJTBU êSTUPSUIJSERVBSUFS QSPEVDJOHUIFOFBQUJEFTXIFOUIFUJEFSBJTJOHGPSDFTPGUIF4VO BOE.PPOBSFBUSJHIUBOHMFTUPFBDIPUIFS5JEFTDBOBMTPCFQSPEVDFEJOUIFTPMJE CPEZPGBOPCKFDU TVDIBT+VQJUFSTUJEBMJOBOEPVUëFYJOHPGJUTTBUFMMJUF*P IFBUJOHUIF TBUFMMJUFTJOUFSJPSBOEQSPEVDJOHJUTWPMDBOPFT4FF*P BOE.PPO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

'*( 4IDES4HEHEIGHTOFTHETIDESANDTHEPHASEOFTHE-OONDEPEND ONTHERELATIVEPOSITIONSOFTHE%ARTH -OONAND3UN7HENTHETIDE RAIS INGFORCESOFTHE3UNAND-OONAREINTHESAMEDIRECTION THEYREINFORCE EACHOTHER MAKINGTHEHIGHESTHIGHTIDESANDTHELOWESTLOWTIDES4HESE SPRINGTIDESUPQ OCCURATNEWORFULL-OON4HERANGEOFTIDESISLEAST WHENTHE-OONISATlRSTORTHIRDQUARTER ANDTHETIDERAISINGFORCESOFTHE 3UNAND-OONAREATRIGHTANGLESTOEACHOTHER4HETIDALFORCESARETHEN INOPPOSITION PRODUCINGTHELOWESTHIGHTIDESANDTHEHIGHESTLOWTIDES OR THENEAPTIDESCPUUPN 4HEHEIGHTOFTHETIDESHASBEENGREATLYEXAGGER ATEDINCOMPARISONTOTHESIZEOFTHE%ARTH

5JNF " EJNFOTJPO UIBU EJTUJOHVJTIFT CFUXFFO QBTU QSFTFOU BOE GVUVSF 4FF EBZ (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF *OUFSOBUJPOBM"UPNJD5JNF NPOUI 6OJWFSTBM5JNF BOEZFBS 5JNF EJMBUJPO ѮF TMPXJOH EPXO PG UIF UJNF TFQBSBUJOH UXP FWFOUT PO B NPWJOH PCKFDU BTEFUFDUFECZBOFYUFSOBMPCTFSWFSOPUQBSUJDJQBUJOHJOUIFNPUJPO5JNFEJMB UJPOXPVMENBLFBNPWJOHDMPDLBQQFBSUPHPTMPXFS BOEJUDBOOPUJDFBCMZMFOHUIFO UIFBQQBSFOUMJGFUJNFPGFMFNFOUBSZQBSUJDMFTѮFFĒFDUCFDPNFTJNQPSUBOUBUTQFFET BQQSPBDIJOHUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU4FF4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ 5JUBO ѮF MBSHFTU TBUFMMJUF PG 4BUVSO EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF %VUDI BTUSPOPNFS

$ISJTUJBBO )VZHFOT ¢ 5JUBO IBT B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST KVTU PWFS UXJDFUIFSBEJVTPGUIF&BSUIT.PPOBOEJUJTUIFTFDPOEMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFJOUIF4PMBS 4ZTUFNѮFNBTTEFOTJUZPG5JUBOJTLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS OFBSMZUXJDFUIBU PGXBUFS TPJUJTNPTUMJLFMZDPNQPTFEPGOFBSMZFRVBMBNPVOUTPGXBUFSJDFBOESPDL *OJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫTIPXFEUIBU5JUBOIBTBTVCTUBO UJBMBUNPTQIFSFXIPTFTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFJTBCPVUUJNFTUIFBJSQSFTTVSFBUTFBMFWFM PO&BSUI/JUSPHFONPMFDVMFTBSFUIFNBJODPOTUJUVFOUTPG5JUBOTBUNPTQIFSF BTUIFZ

(MPTTBSZ5

BSFJOUIF&BSUITBJS BOENFUIBOFJTUIFTFDPOENPTUBCVOEBOUJOHSFEJFOUPG5JUBOT BUNPTQIFSF BUUPQFSDFOUѮFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFPG5JUBOJTLFMWJO BUXIJDI NFUIBOFDBOCFTPMJE MJRVJEPSHBT TPNFUIBOFDPVMEQMBZUIFTBNFSPMFPO5JUBOBT XBUFSEPFTPO&BSUI QSPEVDJOHDMPVET SBJOT SJWFSTBOETFBT"WFJMPGPSBOHFTNPH IJEFTUIFTVSGBDFPG5JUBOGSPNWJFX CVUUIF)VZHFOT1SPCFEFTDFOEFEUPJUTTVSGBDF PO+BOVBSZ PCUBJOJOHFWJEFODFGPSëPXJOHMJRVJE QFSIBQTEVFUPSJWFSTPSTFBT PGNFUIBOF4FF)VZHFOT1SPCF 5JUJVT#PEFMBX ѮFBQQSPYJNBUF SFMBUJWFEJTUBODFTPGUIFQMBOFUTGSPNUIF4VOJT HJWFOCZUIFTFRVFODF w BEEJOHBOEEJWJEJOHCZѮF(FSNBO NBUIFNBUJDJBO+PIBOO%BOJFM5JUJVT ¢ êSTUOPUJDFEUIFMBXJO BOE UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS+PIBOO&MFSU#PEF ¢ TVCTFRVFOUMZQPQVMBSJ[FE JUѮFGPSNVMBQSFEJDUFEUIFEJTUBODFPG6SBOVTBOEUIFêSTUBTUFSPJET XIJDIXFSF EJTDPWFSFEBѫFSUIFMBXXBTTUBUFE BOEJUBMTPQSFEJDUFEUIFBQQSPYJNBUFEJTUBODFPG /FQUVOF 53"$& "DSPOZNGPS5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS4FF5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO "OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS 5SBOTJU ѮFTMJHIUEJNNJOHPGTUBSMJHIUDBVTFECZBQMBOFUQBTTJOHCFUXFFOJUBOEUIF &BSUIѮFQMBOFUT.FSDVSZBOE7FOVTPDDBTJPOBMMZUSBOTJUUIF4VOѮFXPSEUSBOTJU JTBMTPVTFEGPSUIFQBTTBHFPGBDFMFTUJBMPCKFDUBDSPTTUIFPCTFSWFSTNFSJEJBOPSUIF QBTTBHFPGBTBUFMMJUFBDSPTTBQMBOFU XIFOWJFXFEGSPN&BSUI 5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS /"4"MBVODIFEJUT5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPO"OE $PSPOBM&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE53"$& TQBDFDSBѫJO"QSJM*UQSPWJEFEJNBHFTPG UIFTPMBSBUNPTQIFSFBUUFNQFSBUVSFTGSPNUIPVTBOEUPNJMMJPOLFMWJOXJUIIJHI UFNQPSBMSFTPMVUJPOBOETFDPOEPGBSDBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOVTJOHPCTFSWBUJPOTBUVMUSB WJPMFU BOE FYUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU XBWFMFOHUIT 53"$& TIPXFE UIBU UIF NJMMJPOEFHSFF DPSPOBJTDPNQSJTFEPGUIJONBHOFUJDMPPQTUIBUBSFOBUVSBMMZEZOBNJDBOEDPOUJOV PVTMZFWPMWJOH 5SBQF[JVN " NVMUJQMF TUBS TZTUFN UIBU MJFT BU UIF DFOUFS PG UIF 0SJPO /FCVMB BOE JMMVNJOBUFTJUѮFOBNFDPNFTGSPNUIFQBUUFSOGPSNFECZGPVSPGJUTCSJHIUFTUTUBST XIJDIIBWFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFTPG BOEBOEBSFWJTJCMFJOBTNBMM UFMFTDPQFѮF5SBQF[JVNTUBSTBSFWFSZIPU BCPVULFMWJO BOEFNJUNPTUPGUIFJS FOFSHZBTVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOUIBUNBLFTUIF0SJPO/FCVMBHMPX"MBSHFSUFMFTDPQF SFWFBMTUIFQSFTFODFPGUXPPUIFS GBJOUFSTUBSTѮFUFDIOJDBMEFTJHOBUJPOGPSUIF5SBQF [JVNJTѮFUB0SJPOJT PSʉ0SJPOJT4FF0SJPO/FCVMB 5SJBOHVMBUJPO .FBTVSFNFOUPGUIFEJTUBODFPGBQMBOFUPSOFBSCZTUBSCZTJHIUJOHJUT BQQBSFOUQPTJUJPOBHBJOTUCBDLHSPVOEPCKFDUTGSPNUXPPSNPSFTFQBSBUFMPDBUJPOT4FF QBSBMMBY 5SJBOHVMVN (BMBYZ " OFBSCZ TQJSBM HBMBYZ JO UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 5SJBOHVMVN EFTJH OBUFE.BOETPNFUJNFTDBMMFEB1JOXIFFM(BMBYZѮF5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZMJFT NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZ IBTBEJBNFUFSPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST DPOUBJOJOHBCPVU CJMMJPOTUBST BCPVUIBMGUIFTJ[FBOEPOFUFOUIUIFUPUBMNBTTPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ(BM

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BYZѮF5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZJTUIFUIJSEMBSHFTUNFNCFSPGUIF-PDBM(SPVQ BѫFSUIF "OESPNFEBHBMBYZBOEPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ4FF-PDBM(SPVQBOE.FTTJFS0CKFDUT 5SJmE/FCVMB "OFNJTTJPOOFCVMB EFTJHOBUFE.PS/($ MPDBUFEBCPVU MJHIUZFBST BXBZ JO UIF EJSFDUJPO PG UIF DPOTUFMMBUJPO 4BHJUUBSJVT ѮF 5SJêE /FCVMB NFBTVSFTCZNJOVUFTPGBSDBDSPTT BOEJUHFUTJUTOBNFGSPNUIFEBSLMBOFTUIBU USJTFDUJU4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB 5SJHPOPNFUSJDQBSBMMBY "OPUIFSOBNFGPSBOOVBMQBSBMMBY*UJTBNFUIPEPGEFUFS

NJOJOH UIF EJTUBODF UP B OFBSCZ TUBS CZ USJBOHVMBUJPO GSPN B CBTFMJOF PG UXJDF UIF BTUSPOPNJDBM VOJU VTJOH PCTFSWBUJPOT TFQBSBUFE CZ TJY NPOUIT 4FF BOOVBM QBSBMMBY BTUSPOPNJDBMVOJU BOEQBSBMMBY 5SJMMJPO "NJMMJPONJMMJPO BOEBUIPVTBOECJMMJPOPS 5SJQMFBMQIB QSPDFTT /VDMFBS SFBDUJPOT UIBU QFSNJU UIF GPSNBUJPO PG DBSCPO OVDMFJ

GSPNUSJQMFDPMMJTJPOTPGIFMJVNOVDMFJ PSBMQIBQBSUJDMFT JOUIFDPSFTPGHJBOUTUBSTѮF QSPDFTTXBTêSTUTVHHFTUFECZUIF&TUPOJBOBTUSPOPNFS&SOTU¸QJL ¢ JO BOEJOEFQFOEFOUMZQSFTFOUFEJOHSFBUFSEFUBJMUIFGPMMPXJOHZFBS JO CZUIF "NFSJDBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU&EXJO&4BMQFUFS ¢ *OUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPQIZTJ DJTU'SFE)PZMF ¢ TIPXFEUIBUDBSCPODBOPOMZCFQSPEVDFEJOTVCTUBOUJBM BNPVOUTXJUIJOHJBOUTUBSTJGBSFTPOBOUSFBDUJPOJTJOWPMWFE BOEUIFQSFEJDUFEFYDJUFE TUBUFPGDBSCPOXBTPCTFSWFEJOUIFUFSSFTUSJBMMBCPSBUPSZBGFXZFBSTMBUFSCZUIF"NFSJ DBOBTUSPQIZTJDJTU8JMMJBN"i8JMMZu'PXMFS m BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFT 5SJUPO ѮFMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUFPG/FQUVOF EJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN-BTTFMM ¢ TPPOBѫFSUIFEJTDPWFSZPGUIFQMBOFUJOUIFTBNFZFBS 5SJUPOJTUIFPOMZMBSHFTBUFMMJUFJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFNUPDJSDMFBQMBOFUJOUIFSFUSPHSBEF EJSFDUJPO PQQPTJUFUPUIFQMBOFUTEJSFDUJPOPGSPUBUJPO BOEJUTPSCJUBMQMBOFJTIJHIMZ JODMJOFECZEFHSFFTUPUIFQMBOFUTFRVBUPSJBMQMBOFѮFSFUSPHSBEFBOEJODMJOFE PSCJU TVHHFTU UIBU 5SJUPO EJE OPU PSJHJOBUF XJUI /FQUVOF CVU XBT DBQUVSFE JOUP JUT VOVTVBM PSCJU GSPN UIF OFBSCZ ,VJQFS CFMU CZ /FQUVOFT HSBWJUBUJPOBM GPSDFT XIJDI BSFOPXTMPXMZQVMMJOH5SJUPOJOUPXBSEBDPMMJTJPOXJUIUIFQMBOFUJOUIFWFSZEJTUBOU GVUVSF8JUIBSBEJVTPGLJMPNFUFST 5SJUPOJTBCPVUUISFFRVBSUFSTUIFTJ[FPGUIF &BSUIT.PPO BOEJUTNBTTEFOTJUZJTLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS.FBTVSFNFOUT GSPNUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫJOJOEJDBUFEUIBU5SJUPOIBTBTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSF PGLFMWJO UIFDPMEFTUNFBTVSFETVSGBDFPGBOZOBUVSBMCPEZJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN BOE UIBU5SJUPOIBTBWFSZUFOVPVT OJUSPHFOSJDIBUNPTQIFSF CSJHIUQPMBSDBQTPGOJUSPHFO BOENFUIBOFJDF GSP[FOMBLFTëPPEFECZQBTUWPMDBOPFTPGJDF BOEUPXFSJOHHFZTFST UIBUNBZOPXCFFSVQUJOHPOJUTTVSGBDF4FF,VJQFSCFMU 5SPKBO BTUFSPJE 0OF PG UIF BTUFSPJET UIBU NPWF BMPOH +VQJUFST PSCJU QSFDFEJOH BOE

GPMMPXJOHUIFHJBOUQMBOFUOFBSPOFPGUIFUXPQPJOUTXIFSFUIFHSBWJUBUJPOBMGPSDFPG +VQJUFSBOEUIF4VOBSFFRVBM LOPXOBTUIFGPSUIBOEêѫI-BHSBOHJBOQPJOUTѮFHSBWJ UBUJPOBMQFSUVSCBUJPOTPGUIFJOOFSQMBOFUTQSPEVDFTMJHIUTXJOHJOHNPUJPOTBCPVUUIFTF UXP QPJOUT ѮF êSTU LOPXO 5SPKBO BTUFSPJE XBT "DIJMMFT EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF(FSNBOBTUSPOPNFS.BYJNJMJBO8PMG ¢ )VOESFETPGUIFNBSFOPX

(MPTTBSZ5

LOPXO"TXJUI"DIJMMFT UIFZBSFBMMOBNFEBѫFSIFSPFTPGUIF5SPKBO8BS BOEUIFZBSF UIFSFGPSFDPMMFDUJWFMZLOPXOBTUIF5SPKBOBTUFSPJET4FFBTUFSPJEBOE-BHSBOHJBOQPJOU 5SPQJDBMZFBS "MTPLOPXOBTUIFTPMBSZFBS UIFUSPQJDBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFGPSUIF&BSUI

UPSFWPMWFPODFBSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOEFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZT%VFUPQSFDFTTJPO UIFUSPQJDBMZFBSJTBCPVUNJOVUFTTIPSUFSUIBO UIFTJEFSFBMZFBS4FFQSFDFTTJPO TJEFSFBMUJNF 7FSOBM&RVJOPY BOEZFBS 5SPQPTQIFSF -PXFTUMFWFMPGUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF XIFSFNPTUPGUIFXFBUIFSUBLFT

QMBDF GSPNUIFHSPVOEUPBCPVULJMPNFUFSTBCPWFUIFTVSGBDFѮFUFNQFSBUVSFPG UIFUSPQPTQIFSFEFDSFBTFTGSPNLFMWJOBUUIFHSPVOEUPLFMWJOBUJUTUPQѮF USPQPTQIFSF JT BOZ SFHJPO PG B QMBOFUBSZ BUNPTQIFSF JO XIJDI DPOWFDUJPO OPSNBMMZ UBLFTQMBDF4FFDPOWFDUJPO 55BVSJ ѮFQSPUPUZQFGPSBEJTUJODUDMBTTPGTUBSTUIBUBSFFNCFEEFEJOOFCVMPVTDMPVET PG HBT BOE EVTU BOE UIBU FYIJCJU JSSFHVMBS BOE VOQSFEJDUBCMF DIBOHFT PG MJHIU êSTU EFTDSJCFEJOEFUBJMJOCZUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS"MGSFE+PZ ¢ ѮF 55BVSJTUBSTBQQFBSUPCFJOBOFBSMZTUBHFPGTUFMMBSMJGF TUJMMJOHSBWJUBUJPOBMDPOUSBDUJPO PSKVTUTFUUMJOHEPXOPOUIFNBJOTFRVFODFPGUIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN55BVSJ IBTBWBSJBCMFBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG MJFTBUBEJTUBODFPGMJHIUZFBST BOE IBTBOBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGBCPVU4FF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN 5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO "DPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZPGBOJTPMBUFETQJ SBMHBMBYZBOEJUTSPUBUJPOBMWFMPDJUZBTNFBTVSFEGSPNUIFXJEUIPGUIFDFOUJNFUFS IZESPHFO MJOF ѮJT SFMBUJPO EJTDPWFSFE JO CZ UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFST 3 #SFOU5VMMZ ¢ BOE+3JDIBSE'JTIFS ¢

DBOCFVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF EJTUBODFT PG HBMBYJFT GSPN UIFJS BQQBSFOU MVNJOPTJUZ BOE UIF BCTPMVUF PS JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZJOGFSSFEGSPNUIF5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO4FFJOWFSTFTRVBSFMBXBOEUXFOUZ POFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF 5VOHVTLB FYQMPTJPO "O BUNPTQIFSJD FYQMPTJPO UIBU PDDVSSFE PO +VOF

CFUXFFO BOE LJMPNFUFST BCPWF UIF 1PELBNFOOBZB 5VOHVTLB 3JWFS JO DFOUSBM 4JCFSJB ѮF FOFSHZ QSPEVDFE XBT FRVJWBMFOU UP UIF BFSJBM FYQMPTJPO PG UIF OVDMFBS CPNCUIBUMFWFMFE)JSPTIJNB +BQBOѮF5VOHVTLBFYQMPTJPOIBTCFFOBUUSJCVUFEUP DPMMJTJPOXJUIBOBTUFSPJEBCPVUNFUFSTBDSPTT XIJDIXPVMEIBWFTVēDJFOUJOUFSOBM TUSFOHUIUPQFOFUSBUFUIJTEFFQMZJOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFBOEFYQMPEFXJUIPVUDSFBUJOHB DSBUFSJOUIFHSPVOECFMPX 5VOOFMFGGFDU "RVBOUVNNFDIBOJDBMFĒFDUUIBUQFSNJUTBOFOFSHFUJDOVDMFBSQBSUJDMF

UPFTDBQFUIFOVDMFVTPGBSBEJPBDUJWFBUPN*UBMTPFOBCMFTUXPDPMMJEJOHQSPUPOTJO UIF4VOUPPWFSDPNFUIFFMFDUSJDBMSFQVMTJPOCFUXFFOUIFN SFTVMUJOHJOUIFJSOVDMFBS GVTJPOѮFUVOOFMFĒFDUJOWPMWFTBRVBOUVNMFBQPWFS PSVOEFS BOPUIFSXJTFJOTVS NPVOUBCMFCBSSJFS 5VSCVMFODF ѮFDIBPUJDNBTTNPUJPOTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIDPOWFDUJPO 5XFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF *OUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFS)FOESJL$i)FOLuWBO EF)VMTU ¢ QSFEJDUFEUIBUUIFFMFDUSPOJOFBDIDPME JOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

BUPNDPVMEVOEFSHPBUSBOTJUJPOCFUXFFOUIFUXPQPTTJCJMJUJFTPGJUTTQJO HJWJOHSJTF UP FNJTTJPO PS BCTPSQUJPO MJOFT BU B XBWFMFOHUI PG UXFOUZPOF DFOUJNFUFST *O )BSWBSEHSBEVBUFTUVEFOU)BSPME*i%PDu&XFO ¢ BOEIJTBEWJTPS"NFSJDBO QIZTJDJTU &EXBSE . 1VSDFMM ¢ EFUFDUFE UIF UXFOUZPOF DFOUJNFUFS MJOF GSPNJOUFSTUFMMBSOFVUSBMIZESPHFOVTJOHBOPWFMiTXJUDIFEGSFRVFODZuEFUFDUJPONPEF TVHHFTUFECZ1VSDFMMѮFZEFMBZFEQVCMJDBUJPOPGUIFJSEJTDPWFSZVOUJMJUXBTDPOêSNFE CZUIF%VUDIBTUSPOPNFST,BSM.ÛMMFS ¢ BOE+BO0PSU ¢ BOEJOB DBCMFGSPN"VTUSBMJBOSBEJPBTUSPOPNFST0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFUXFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFS MJOFIBWFUSBDFEPVUUIFTQJSBMBSNTPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZBOEVTFEUPJOGFSTVC TUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSJOUIFFYUFOTJWFIBMPTPGPVS(BMBYZBOEPUIFSTQJSBM HBMBYJFT4FFEBSLNBUUFS 5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU "iOFXTUBSuPCTFSWFEJOCZUIF%BOJTI BTUSPOPNFS5ZDIP#SBIF ¢ JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BTTJPQFJBBUBQMBDFXIFSF OPTUBSIBECFFOTFFOCFGPSF*UXBTCSJHIUFSUIBO7FOVT OFBSBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJ UVEFPGm BOEWJTJCMFJOGVMMEBZMJHIU NPTUMJLFMZBTVQFSOPWBPGUZQF*B"MUIPVHI UIFFYQMPEFETUBSGBEFEGSPNWJTJCJMJUZJO BTUSPOPNFSTTUJMMPCTFSWFUIFSBEJPBOE 9SBZFNJTTJPOPGUIFFYQBOEJOHEFCSJT DBMMFE5ZDIPTTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU4FFTVQFS OPWB TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU BOEUZQF*TVQFSOPWB 5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWB ѮFFYQMPTJPOPGBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSUIBUSFDFJWFTNBUFSJBMGSPN

BOFBSCZDPNQBOJPOTUBS FYDFFETUIF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU BOECMPXTVQ DPNQMFUFMZ BOOJIJMBUJOHJUTFMG5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFIBWFOPIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB*OUXP HSPVQTPGBTUSPOPNFSTSFQPSUFEUIBUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUZQF*BTVQFSOPWBFJOEJDBUFUIBU UIFFYQBOTJPOPGUIF6OJWFSTFJTOPXTQFFEJOHVQ XJUITPNFTPSUPGNZTUFSJPVTEBSL FOFSHZDPVOUFSBDUJOHUIFQVMMPGHSBWJUZ4FF$IBOESBTFLIBSMJNJU EBSLFOFSHZ TVQFS OPWBBOE5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 5ZQF ** TVQFSOPWB ѮFFYQMPTJPOPGBOJTPMBUFE NBTTJWFTUBSXJUINPSFUIBOFJHIU TPMBSNBTTFT XIJDISVOTPVUPGGVFM IVSMJOHNPTUPGUIFTUBSJOUPJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDFBT BTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUѮFDPMMBQTJOHDPSFPGUIFUZQF**TVQFSOPWBDBOCFDPNFBOFV USPOTUBSPSBCMBDLIPMF5ZQF**TVQFSOPWBFIBWFIZESPHFOJOUIFJSTQFDUSB4FF$SBC /FCVMB OFVUSPOTUBS TVQFSOPWB TVQFSOPWB" BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU

(MPTTBSZ6

6 6IVSV.JTTJPO ѮF6IVSVTBUFMMJUFXBTMBVODIFEGSPN,FOZBPO%FDFNCFS POUIFTFWFOUIBOOJWFSTBSZPG,FOZBOJOEFQFOEFODF XIFOJUXBTOBNFE6IVSV UIF 4XBIJMJXPSEGPSiGSFFEPNu6IVSVQSPWJEFEBDPNQSFIFOTJWF BMMTLZTVSWFZPGDPT NJD9SBZTPVSDFT JODMVEJOHCMBDLIPMFTBOEOFVUSPOTUBSTJOCJOBSZTUFMMBSTZTUFNT TVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT 4FZGFSUHBMBYJFT BOEDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT*UEJTDPWFSFEUIFEJĒVTF 9SBZFNJTTJPOGSPNDMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT XIJDIBDDPVOUTGPSTPNFPGUIFTPDBMMFEEBSL NBUUFSJOUIF6OJWFSTFѮFNJTTJPOFOEFEJO.BSDI4FF$FOUBVSVT9 $ZHOVT 9 )FSDVMFT9BOE4DPSQJVT9 6MUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO "CCSFWJBUFE 67 FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO XJUI B TMJHIUMZ IJHIFSGSFRVFODZBOETPNFXIBUTIPSUFSXBWFMFOHUIUIBOWJTJCMFCMVFMJHIUѮF(FS NBO QIZTJDJTU +PIBOO 8JMIFMN 3JUUFS ¢ EJTDPWFSFE VMUSBWJPMFU MJHIU JO XIFO FYBNJOJOH UIF TQFDUSVN PG TVOMJHIU BU XBWFMFOHUIT KVTU B CJU TIPSUFS UIBO UIF XBWFMFOHUI PG WJPMFU MJHIU 6MUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO IBT XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BCPVU¢BOENFUFST PSGSPNUPOBOPNFUFST XJUIUIFFYUSFNF VMUSBWJPMFU MZJOH JO UIF TIPSU XBWFMFOHUI QBSU PG UIJT SBOHF ѮF &BSUIT BUNPTQIFSF BCTPSCTNPTUDPTNJDVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO TPUIPSPVHITUVEJFTPGUIFVMUSBWJPMFUPVUQVU PGDPTNJDPCKFDUTNVTUCFDPOEVDUFEGSPNTQBDF4VDIPCTFSWBUJPOTIBWFOPUMFEUP BTNBOZEJTDPWFSJFTPGUPUBMMZOFXDPTNJDPCKFDUTBTUIFêSTUEFUFDUJPOTPGUIFSBEJP BOE9SBZ6OJWFSTF0CTFSWBUJPOTPGUIFFYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIF4VO XFSFQJPOFFSFECZ/"4"T0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSJFT MBVODIFEGSPNUP BOEDPOUJOVFEUPUIFDPOUFNQPSBSZJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEUIF40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD 0CTFSWBUPSZ PS 40)0 GPS TIPSU ѮF *OUFSOBUJPOBM 6MUSBWJPMFU &YQMPSFS MBVODIFE JOBOEBCCSFWJBUFE*6& NBEFZFBSTPGVMUSBWJPMFUPCTFSWBUJPOTPGTUBSTBOEPUIFS DPTNJDPCKFDUT GPMMPXFECZUIF&YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU&YQMPSFS BCCSFWJBUFE&67&BOE MBVODIFEJO)PU CMVFTUBSTQSPEVDFTVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO XIJDIJPOJ[FTUIFTVSSPVOEJOHJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO QSPEVDJOHBOFNJTTJPOOFCVMBPS )**SFHJPO4FFFNJTTJPOOFCVMB &YUSFNF6MUSB7JPMFU&YQMPSFS FYUSFNFVMUSBWJPMFU SBEJBUJPO ) ** SFHJPO *OUFSOBUJPOBM6MUSBWJPMFU&YQMPSFS 0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWB UPSZ 40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT 6MZTTFT.JTTJPO ѮF6MZTTFTTQBDFDSBѫXBTBKPJOUVOEFSUBLJOHPG&4"BOE/"4"

MBVODIFECZUIF4QBDF4IVUUMF%JTDPWFSZPO0DUPCFSUPTUVEZUIFJOUFSQMBOFUBSZ NFEJVNBOEUIFTPMBSXJOEBUEJĒFSFOUTPMBSMBUJUVEFT*UQSPWJEFEUIFêSTUPQQPSUVOJUZ GPSNFBTVSFNFOUTUPCFNBEFPWFSUIFQPMFTPGUIF4VO VTJOHUIFHSBWJUZBTTJTUUFDI OJRVFUPUBLFJUPVUPGUIFQMBOFPGUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN"ѫFSBOFODPVOUFSXJUI+VQJUFS JO'FCSVBSZ UIFTQBDFDSBѫNPWFECBDLUPXBSETUIF4VOUPQBTTPWFSUIFTPMBS TPVUIQPMFJO4FQUFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMFJO+VMZ BOEUIFOBHBJOPWFS UIFTPVUIQPMFJO/PWFNCFSBOEUIFOPSUIQPMFJO%FDFNCFS$PNQBSJTPOT PG6MZTTFTPCTFSWBUJPOTXJUIUIPTFGSPNPUIFSTQBDFDSBѫ TVDIBT:PILPIBOE40)0 TIPXFEUIBUNVDI JGOPUBMM PGUIFIJHITQFFETPMBSXJOEDPNFTGSPNPQFONBHOFUJD

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

êFMETJOQPMBSDPSPOBMIPMFT BUMFBTUEVSJOHUIFNJOJNVNPGUIF4VOTZFBSDZDMFPG NBHOFUJDBDUJWJUZ 6NCSB ѮFEBSLJOOFSDPSFPGBTVOTQPUXJUIBQFOVNCSB PSBTVOTQPUMBDLJOHBQFO

VNCSB WJTJCMFJOXIJUFMJHIU"MTPUIFJOOFSQBSUPGUIFTIBEPXDBTUEVSJOHBOFDMJQTF XIFSFBUPUBMFDMJQTFJTWJTJCMF4FFMVOBSFDMJQTF QFOVNCSB TPMBSFDMJQTF BOETVOTQPU 6ODFSUBJOUZ QSJODJQMF 1SPQPTFE JO CZ UIF (FSNBO QIZTJDJTU8FSOFS)FJTFO CFSH ¢

UIFVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMFTUBUFTUIBUUIFQPTJUJPOBOENPNFOUVN PSWFMPDJUZ PGBRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDBMQBSUJDMFDBOOPUCFTJNVMUBOFPVTMZLOPXOXJUI DPNQMFUFDFSUBJOUZPSQSFDJTJPO4FFRVBOUVNNFDIBOJDT 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN *OGSB3FE 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE 6,*35 B NFUFS JODI

JOGSBSFEUFMFTDPQFJOPQFSBUJPOTJODFBOEMPDBUFEOFBSUIFTVNNJUPG.BVOB,FB )BXBJJ 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BWBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ "CCSFWJBUFE 64/0 UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT /BWBM 0CTFSWBUPSZXBTFTUBCMJTIFEJOUPBTTJTUUJNJOHBOEOBWJHBUJPOBUTFB5PEBZUIF NJTTJPOPGUIF64/0JODMVEFTBTUSPNFUSZBOEUJNJOHEBUBFTTFOUJBMGPSBDDVSBUFOBWJ HBUJPOBOEUIFTVQQPSUPGDPNNVOJDBUJPOTPO&BSUIBOEJOTQBDF*UJODMVEFTEFUFS NJOJOHUIFQPTJUJPOTBOENPUJPOTPGUIF&BSUI 4VO .PPO QMBOFUT TUBSTBOEPUIFS DFMFTUJBM PCKFDUT QSPWJEJOH BTUSPOPNJDBM EBUB EFUFSNJOJOH QSFDJTF UJNF NFBTVSJOH UIF&BSUITSPUBUJPOBOENBJOUBJOJOHUIF.BTUFS$MPDLGPSUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT64/0 TDJFOUJTUTIBWFBMTPQMBZFEJNQPSUBOUQJPOFFSJOHBOEDPOUJOVJOHSPMFTJOFYUSFNFVMUSB WJPMFUBOE9SBZPCTFSWBUJPOTPGUIF4VO64/0TDJFOUJTUTEJTDPWFSFEBOEDPOêSNFE UIFFYJTUFODFPG1MVUPTTBUFMMJUF$IBSPO4FF1MVUP 6OJWFSTBMUJNF ѮF&BSUITSPUBUJPOXJUISFTQFDUUPUIF4VOJTUIFCBTJTPG6OJWFSTBM

5JNF BCCSFWJBUFE65 BOEBMTPDBMMFE4PMBS5JNF6OJWFSTBM5JNFJTVTFEGPSBTUSP OPNJDBMQVSQPTFTUISPVHIPVUUIFXPSME BOEJTQPQVMBSMZLOPXOBT(SFFOXJDI.FBO 5JNF PS(.5GPSTIPSUѮFUJNF65JTUIFPCTFSWFESPUBUJPOPGUIF&BSUISFMBUJWFUP UIF4VO BOE65JT65DPSSFDUFEGPSUIF&BSUITQPMBSNPUJPO5JNFTJHOBMTEJTUSJCVUF B$PPSEJOBUFE6OJWFSTBM5JNFBCCSFWJBUFE65$GPSUIF'SFODIXPSEJOHѮF65$JT BSFHVMBSTZTUFNPGUJNFCBTFEPOPCTFSWBUJPOTPGBUPNJDDMPDLTBOESPVUJOFMZLFQUJO TUFQXJUI65UPUIFOFBSFTUTFDPOE4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE3PZBM(SFFOXJDI 0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJWFSTF "MMPCTFSWBCMFBOEQPUFOUJBMMZPCTFSWBCMFQIFOPNFOB 6SBOVT ѮFTFWFOUINBKPSQMBOFUGSPNUIF4VO BOEUIFTFDPOETNBMMFTUPGUIFGPVS HJBOUQMBOFUT EJTDPWFSFEPO.BSDICZUIF(FSNBOCPSO&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS 8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢ VTJOHBIPNFNBEFSFëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF*UJTKVTUWJT JCMFUPUIFOBLFEFZFVOEFSHPPETFFJOHDPOEJUJPOT XJUIBWJTVBMBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF PG*ODPOUSBTUUPBMMUIFPUIFSQMBOFUTJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN 6SBOVTJTUJQQFETJEFXBZT TPJUTTQJOBYJTMJFTOFBSMZXJUIJOUIFQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQMBOF6OMJLFUIFPUIFSUISFFHJBOU QMBOFUT 6SBOVTIBTOPTUSPOH EFUFDUBCMFJOUFSOBMTPVSDFPGIFBU BOEJUTXJOETBOE TUPSNTBSFSFMBUJWFMZNJME.PTUPGUIFJOUFSJPSPG6SBOVTQSPCBCMZDPOTJTUTPGBWBTU JOUFSOBM PDFBO PG XBUFS NFUIBOF BOE BNNPOJB ѮF QMBOFUT NBHOFUJDBYJTJTUJMUFE

4!",% 5RANUSA -ASS 2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !TMOSPHERE %NERGY"ALANCE %FFECTIVE4EMPERATURE 4EMPERATUREAT BARLEVEL #ENTRAL4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC$IPOLE-OMENT %QUATORIAL-AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH

(MPTTBSZ6

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER HOURS %ARTHYEARS !5 PERCENTHYDROGEN PERCENTHELIUM LESSTHAN KELVIN KELVIN KELVIN $% TESLA

A4HE%ARTHSMASS -

% IS KILOGRAMS THE%ARTHSEQUATORIALRADIUS 2%ISKILOMETERS THEASTRONOMICALUNIT DENOTED!5 ISTHEMEANDISTANCEBETWEENTHE%ARTHANDTHE3UNWITHAVALUEOF METERS4HEENERGYBALANCEISTHERATIOOFTOTALRADIATEDENERGYTOTHETOTALENERGYABSORBEDFROM SUNLIGHT THEEFFECTIVETEMPERATUREISTHETEMPERATUREOFABLACKBODYTHATWOULDRADIATETHESAMEAMOUNTOF ENERGYPERUNITAREA AND$%ISTHEMAGNETICDIPOLEMOMENTOFTHE%ARTH

CZEFHSFFTUPUIFSPUBUJPOBYJT QFSIBQTEVFUPUIFPSJHJOPGJUTNBHOFUJTNJOBO JOUFSOBM TIFMM PG JPOJ[FE XBUFS ѮF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS +BNFT - &MMJPU ¢ VOFYQFDUFEMZEJTDPWFSFEUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG6SBOVTJO KVTUCFGPSF BOEBѫFSPCTFSWJOHBTUBSQBTTCFIJOEUIFQMBOFUѮFTFOBSSPX EBSLSJOHTXFSFDPO êSNFEXIFOUIF7PZBHFSTQBDFDSBѫBSSJWFEBU6SBOVTJO XIJMFBMTPEJTDPWFSJOH NPSFPGUIFN 65 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPS6OJWFSTBM5JNF4FF(SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNFBOE6OJWFSTBM5JNF 67 "CCSFWJBUJPOGPSVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO4FFVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO 67$FUJ "CJOBSZTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$FUVT DPOTJTUJOHPGUXPUINBHOJUVEF

SFEEXBSGTUBSTUIBUFYIJCJUMBSHFëBSFTFWFSZGFXIPVST67$FUJJTBUBEJTUBODFPG MJHIUZFBST BOEJTUIFQSPUPUZQFGPSBDMBTTPGWBSJBCMFTUBSTDBMMFE67$FUJTUBST BMTP LOPXOBTëBSFTUBST4FFëBSFTUBST

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

7 7BDVVN ѮF TVQQPTFEMZ FNQUZ TQBDF CFUXFFO DPTNJD PCKFDUT PS GVOEBNFOUBM QBSUJDMFT "DDPSEJOH UP RVBOUVN QIZTJDT UIF WBDVVN NJHIU CF PDDVQJFE CZ WJSUVBM QBSUJDMFT4FFWJSUVBMQBSUJDMFT 7BMMFT .BSJOFSJT "O FOPSNPVT TZTUFN PG JOUFSDPOOFDUFE DBOZPOT TUSFUDIJOH

LJMPNFUFSTBDSPTT.BST KVTUTPVUIPGJUTFRVBUPS 7BO"MMFOCFMUT 5XPDPODFOUSJD SJOHTIBQFESFHJPOTPGIJHIFOFSHZDIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT UIBUHJSEMFUIF&BSUITFRVBUPSXJUIJOUIF&BSUITNBHOFUPTQIFSF OBNFEBѫFSUIF"NFS JDBOTDJFOUJTU+BNFT"7BO"MMFO ¢

XIPEJTDPWFSFEUIFNXJUIIJTDPMMFBHVFTJO m VTJOHUIFêSTUUXPTVDDFTTGVM6OJUFE4UBUFTBSUJêDJBMTBUFMMJUFT&YQMPSFSBOE ѮFJOOFSCFMUMJFTCFUXFFOBOE&BSUISBEJJ NFBTVSFEGSPNUIF&BSUITDFOUFS BOE UIFPVUFSCFMUJTMPDBUFECFUXFFOBOE&BSUISBEJJѮFJOOFS7BO"MMFOCFMUDPO UBJOTQSPUPOTXJUIFOFSHJFTHSFBUFSUIBO.F7BOEFMFDUSPOTFYDFFEJOH.F7ѮF PVUFSCFMUBMTPDPOUBJOTQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOT NPTUPGXIJDIIBWFFOFSHJFTVOEFS .F7ѮFPVUFSCFMUDPOUBJOTNBJOMZFMFDUSPOTGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE BOEUIFJOOFSCFMU NBJOMZQSPUPOTGSPNUIFTPMBSXJOE"OPUIFSTPVSDFPGSBEJBUJPOCFMUQBSUJDMFTJTOFV USPOTQSPEVDFEXIFODPTNJDSBZTBOEFOFSHFUJDQBSUJDMFTCPNCBSE&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF TPNFPGUIFTFOFVUSPOTEFDBZJOUPQSPUPOTBOEFMFDUSPOTUIBUBSFUSBQQFECZUIF&BSUIT NBHOFUJDêFME8JUIJOUIFJOOFSCFMUJTBSBEJBUJPOCFMUDPOTJTUJOHPGQBSUJDMFTQSPEVDFE CZJOUFSBDUJPOTCFUXFFOUIFTPMBSXJOEBOEIFBWJFSDPTNJDSBZQBSUJDMFT#FDBVTFUIF &BSUITNBHOFUJDêFMEJTPĒTFUGSPNUIFQMBOFUTDFOUFSCZBCPVULJMPNFUFST UIFJOOFS CFMUEJQTEPXOUPXBSETUIF&BSUITTVSGBDFJOUIFSFHJPOPGUIF4PVUI"UMBOUJD0DFBO PĒ UIFDPBTUPG#SB[JM4FFSBEJBUJPOCFMUBOE4PVUI"UMBOUJD"OPNBMZ 7BSJBCMFTUBS "TUBSXIPTFCSJHIUOFTTWBSJFTXJUIUJNFѮFWBSJBUJPONBZCFJOUSJOTJD UPUIFTUBS TVDIBTBQVMTBUJOHTUBSXJUISFHVMBSDIBOHFTJOCSJHIUOFTT PSJUNJHIUCF EVFUPQFSJPEJDFDMJQTFTGSPNBDPNQBOJPOTUBS*OCPUIPGUIFTFDBTFT UIFSFJTBSFHV MBSWBSJBUJPOJOUIFMJHIUXFTFF XJUIBXFMMEFêOFEQFSJPE&SVQUJWF PSDBUBDMZTNJD WBSJBCMFTUBST TVDIBTOPWBF ëBSFTUBSTBOETVQFSOPWBFCSJFëZCSJHIUFOXJUIPVUBXFMM EFêOFEQFSJPEJDJUZ4FF"MHPM $FQIFJEWBSJBCMF %FMUB$FQIFJ FDMJQTJOHCJOBSZ ëBSF TUBS .JSB OPWBF 33-ZSBF BOETVQFSOPWBF 7FHB ѮF TFDPOE CSJHIUFTU TUBS TFFO GSPN UIF /PSUIFSO )FNJTQIFSF BOE UIF êѫI

CSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFOJHIUTLZ7FHBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUTUBSJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO-ZSB BOE IFODFBMTPOBNFE"MQIB-ZSBF*UJTBXIJUF "EXBSG PSNBJOTFRVFODF TUBSXJUIBO BQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPG XIJDIBQQFBSTTPCSJHIUCFDBVTFJUJTSFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ BUBEJTUBODFPGPOMZMJHIUZFBST*UTBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTBOE JUTJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUZJTBCPVUUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO*O UIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPO PNFST )BSUNVU i(FPSHFu "VNBOO ¢ BOE 'SFEFSJDL (JMMFUU ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBU/"4"T*OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF BCCSFWJBUFE*3"4 IBEEJTDPW FSFEJOGSBSFESBEJBUJPOGSPNBDJSDVNTUFMMBSEJTLBSPVOE7FHB FYUFOEJOHPVUUP"6 BOEQFSIBQTUIFTJUFPGQMBOFUBSZTZTUFNTJOGPSNBUJPO

(MPTTBSZ7

7FMBQVMTBS "SBEJPQVMTBS EFTJHOBUFE143¢ XJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOET

EJTDPWFSFEJOJOUIF7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUѮF7FMBQVMTBSIBTCFFOPCTFSWFE JOEFUBJMBU9SBZXBWFMFOHUITXJUIUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOEBMTPJOWJTJCMF MJHIU4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZBOE7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU ѮFFYQBOEJOHEFCSJTPGUIFTVQFSOPWBFYQMPTJPOPGBTUBS

JOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7FMB XIJDIPDDVSSFEBCPVUUIPVTBOEZFBSTBHPѮF7FMBTVQFS OPWB SFNOBOU OPX TVCUFOET BO BOHMF PG BCPVU NJOVUFT PG BSD JU JT MPDBUFE BU B EJTUBODFPGBCPVUMJHIUZFBST"SBEJPQVMTBSXJUIBQFSJPEPGNJMMJTFDPOETXBT EJTDPWFSFEJOUIF7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUJOJUJTLOPXOBTUIF7FMBQVMTBSBOE BMTPEFTJHOBUFEBT143¢ 7FMPDJUZ "RVBOUJUZUIBUNFBTVSFTUIFSBUFPGNPWFNFOUBOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGNPWF NFOUPGBOPCKFDU 7FMPDJUZ EJTQFSTJPO ѮF TQSFBE PG WFMPDJUJFT GPS B HJWFO HSPVQ PG TUBST PS HBMBYJFT JOEJDBUJOHIPXUIFZNPWFSFMBUJWFUPPOFBOPUIFS 7FMPDJUZ PG MJHIU ѮF GBTUFTU TQFFE UIBU BOZUIJOH DBO NPWF ѮF WFMPDJUZ PG MJHIU

EFOPUFECZD FRVBMTLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOE 7FMPDJUZPGTPVOE %FOPUFECZDT UIFWFMPDJUZPGTPVOEJTQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFTRVBSF

SPPU PG UIF HBT UFNQFSBUVSF 5 BOE JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF TRVBSF SPPU PG UIF NFBONPMFDVMBSXFJHIU ʍ PSDT^ 5ʍ

7FOFSB .JTTJPOT "TFSJFTPGTQBDFDSBѫMBVODIFECZUIF4PWJFU6OJPOUPUIFQMBOFU 7FOVT CFUXFFO BOE 7FOFSB XBT UIF êSTU QSPCF UP CF QBSBDIVUFE JOUP BOPUIFSQMBOFUTBUNPTQIFSF DPOêSNJOHJOUIBUDBSCPOEJPYJEFJTUIFNBJOJOHSF EJFOUPGUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG7FOVT7FOFSBXBTUIFêSTUTQBDFDSBѫUPMBOEPOUIFTVS GBDFPGBOPUIFSQMBOFU NFBTVSJOHUIFIJHITVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSFJO 4VCTFRVFOU MBOEFST 7FOFSBT BOE PCUBJOFE QIPUPHSBQIT PG UIF TVSGBDFPG7FOVTBOEEFUFSNJOFEUIFDPNQPTJUJPOPGJUTSPDLT4FF7FOVT 7FOVT ѮFNPTUCSJMMJBOUPGUIFQMBOFUT BOEUIFCSJHIUFTUPCKFDUJOUIFOJHIUTLZ BѫFS UIF.PPO7FOVTJTWJTJCMFBUUIFFEHFTPGOJHIU LOPXOBTUIFTPDBMMFENPSOJOHTUBS PS FWFOJOH TUBS TFFO MPX JO UIF TLZ OFBS FJUIFS EBXO PS EVTL 7FOVT JT UIF OFBSFTU QMBOFUUP&BSUI XJUIBNBTTBOETJ[FUIBUBSFDPNQBSBCMFUPUIPTFPGUIF&BSUIѮFTVS GBDFPG7FOVTJTBMXBZTIJEEFOCZBUIJDL JNQFOFUSBCMFBUNPTQIFSFPGDBSCPOEJPYJEF XJUIDMPVETPGTVMGVSJDBDJE*OUIF"NFSJDBOTDJFOUJTU*SXJO*4IBQJSP ¢ SFQPSUFEUIBUSBEBSNFBTVSFNFOUTGSPNUIF"SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZJOEJDBUFUIBU7FOVT TQJOTJOBCBDLXBSE SFUSPHSBEFEJSFDUJPO PQQPTJUFUPUIBUPGJUTPSCJUBMNPUJPO XJUIB SPUBUJPOQFSJPEPG&BSUIEBZTUIBUJTMPOHFSUIBOUIFQMBOFUTPSCJUBMQFSJPEPG &BSUI EBZT *O UIF 3VTTJBO QSPCF 7FOFSB BDIJFWFE B TPѫ MBOEJOH PO 7FOVT NFBTVSJOHBTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFPGLFMWJOBOEBTVSGBDFQSFTTVSFPGUJNFTUIF BUNPTQIFSJDQSFTTVSFBUTFBMFWFMPO&BSUI"TGPSFTFFOJOCZUIF(FSNBOCPSO "NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS3VQFSU8JMEU ¢

UIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFJTSBJTFEUP IJHIMFWFMTCZUIFHSFFOIPVTFFĒFDUPGUIFQMBOFUTUIJDLDBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSF 3BEBS NBQT PG JUT TVSGBDF GSPN UIF .BHFMMBO TQBDFDSBѫ UIBU PSCJUFE 7FOVT GPS GPVS ZFBSTJOUIFFBSMZT SFWFBMSVHHFEIJHIMBOET TNPPUIFEPVUQMBJOT FYUFOTJWFWPM

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4!",% 6ENUS A -ASS -EAN2ADIUS -EAN-ASS$ENSITY 2OTATION0ERIOD /RBITAL0ERIOD -EAN$ISTANCEFROM3UN !GE !TMOSPHERE 3URFACE0RESSURE 3URFACE4EMPERATURE -AGNETIC&IELD3TRENGTH

KILOGRAMS-% KILOMETERS2% KILOGRAMSPERCUBICMETER %ARTHDAYS RETROGRADE %ARTHDAYS METERS!5 YEARS PERCENTCARBONDIOXIDE PERCENTNITROGEN BAR KELVIN LESSTHANTESLAOR"%

A4HESYMBOLS- 2 AND" DENOTERESPECTIVELYTHEMASS RADIUSANDMAGNETIClELDSTRENGTHOFTHE%ARTH % % %

DBOPFT BOETQBSTF QSJTUJOFJNQBDUDSBUFST4FFBSBDIOJE "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ DPSP OBF HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO SBEBSBTUSPOPNZ BOE7FOFSB.JTTJPOT 7FSOBM&RVJOPY ѮFQPJOUXIFSFUIF4VODSPTTFTUIFDFMFTUJBMFRVBUPSHPJOHOPSUI XBSEJOTQSJOH BSPVOE.BSDIѮF7FSOBM&RVJOPYJTBMTPLOPXOBTUIFTQSJOHFRVJ OPYBOEUIF'JSTU1PJOUPG"SJFT*UJTUIF[FSPQPJOUPGUIFDFMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFDBMMFE SJHIUBTDFOTJPOѮFMPDBUJPOPGUIF7FSOBM&RVJOPYJTTMPXMZNPWJOH PSQSFDFTTJOH XFTUXBSEBUUIFSBUFPGTFDPOETPGBSDQFSZFBSPSBCPVUPOFTFWFOUIPGBTFDPOEPG BSDEBJMZ4FFFRVJOPY QSFDFTTJPOBOESJHIUBTDFOTJPO 7FSZ -BSHF "SSBZ "CCSFWJBUFE 7-" B SBEJP JOUFSGFSPNFUFS OFBS 4PDPSSP /FX .FYJDPDPOTJTUJOHPGUXFOUZTFWFOEJTIFTPGNFUFSTEJBNFUFS NPWFBCMFBMPOHUIF BSNTPGBHJBOU:XJUIEJTITFQBSBUJPOTPGVQUPLJMPNFUFSTѮF7-"PQFSBUFTBU XBWFMFOHUIT CFUXFFO BOE NFUFST 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT JOUFSGFSPNFUFS /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ BOESBEJPUFMFTDPQF 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE 7-5 B TZTUFN PG GPVS VOJU UFMFTDPQFT FBDI NFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFSBU$FSSP1BSBOBM $IJMF PQFSBUFECZUIF&VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZѮFUFMFTDPQFTDBOCFVTFEBUWJTJCMFBOEJOGSBSFEXBWFMFOHUIT FJUIFS JOEJWJEVBMMZ PS UPHFUIFS JO B 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF *OUFSGFSPNFUFS BCCSFWJ BUFE7-5* XJUIBSFTPMVUJPOFRVJWBMFOUUPBNFUFS JODINJSSPS ѮFGPVSVOJU UFMFTDPQFTBSFOBNFE"OUV ,VFZFO .FMJQBM BOE:FQVO UIFOBNFTGPSUIF4VO UIF .PPO UIF4PVUIFSO$SPTT BOE4JSJVTJOUIFMPDBM.BQVDIFMBOHVBHF'PVSBVYJMJBSZ UFMFTDPQFT FBDIPGNFUFST JODIFT JOEJBNFUFSXJMMDPNQMFNFOUUIF7-5*4FF &VSPQFBO4PVUIFSO0CTFSWBUPSZBOEJOUFSGFSPNFUFS 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ "CCSFWJBUFE7-#" BTZTUFNPGUFOSBEJPUFMFTDPQFBOUFO

OBT FBDI NFUFS GFFU JO EJBNFUFS DPOUSPMMFE SFNPUFMZ GSPN 4PDPSSP /FX .FYJDP CZ UIF /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ %FEJDBUFE JO JU JT UIF XPSMETMBSHFTUGVMMUJNFBTUSPOPNJDBMJOTUSVNFOUѮFUFMFTDPQFTBSFMPDBUFEJOTJUFT TUSFUDIJOHBDSPTTUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTGSPN.BVOB,FB )BXBJJUP4U$SPJYJOUIF6OJUFE

(MPTTBSZ7

4UBUFT7JSHJO*TMBOET TQBOOJOHNPSFUIBOLJMPNFUFST NJMFT BOEQSPWJEJOH UIFTIBSQFTUWJTJPO VQUPTFDPOETPGBSD PGBOZUFMFTDPQFPO&BSUIPSJOTQBDF 4FF BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT JOUFSGFSPNFUFS /BUJPOBM 3BEJP "TUSPOPNZ 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ "CCSFWJBUFE7-#* UIFDPNCJOBUJPOPGSBEJPTJH

OBMTSFDPSEFEBUXJEFMZTFQBSBUFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFTPCTFSWJOHUIFTBNFDPTNJDPCKFDU BUUIFTBNFUJNF UPBDIJFWFBOBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOPGBSBEJPUFMFTDPQFXJUIBEJBNFUFS FRVBMUPUIFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOUIFDPNQPOFOUUFMFTDPQFT BOEQSPWJEJOHUIFTIBSQFTU WJTJPOPGBOZTJOHMFUFMFTDPQFPO&BSUIPSJOTQBDF"OBOHVMBSSFTPMVUJPOBTêOFBT TFDPOETPGBSDIBTCFFOPCUBJOFEBUSBEJPXBWFMFOHUITVTJOH7-#*PCTFSWBUJPOT XJUI SBEJP UFMFTDPQFT TFQBSBUFE CZ BT NVDI BT LJMPNFUFST NJMFT 7-#* CBTFMJOFT PSUFMFTDPQFTFQBSBUJPOT BSFFYUFOEFECFZPOEUIFEJBNFUFSPGUIF&BSUICZ DPNCJOJOHTJHOBMTGSPNSBEJPBTUSPOPNZTBUFMMJUFTBOEHSPVOECBTFESBEJPUFMFTDPQFT 4FF"VTUSBMJB5FMFTDPQF JOUFSGFSPNFUFS .&3-*/ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFS WBUPSZ 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ 7FTUB ѮF GPVSUI BTUFSPJE UP CF EJTDPWFSFE CZ UIF (FSNBO BTUSPOPNFS )FJOSJDI

8JMIFMN 0MCFST ¢ JO XJUI B SBEJVT PG LJMPNFUFST BOE B NBTT EFOTJUZPGLJMPHSBNTQFSDVCJDNFUFS7FTUBJTUIFCSJHIUFTUBOEUIJSEMBSHFTUPGUIF BTUFSPJET XIPTFTQFDUSVNTIPXTUIFBCTPSQUJPOTJHOBUVSFPGWPMDBOJDCBTBMU JOEJDBUJOH UIBUJUTTVSGBDFJTDPWFSFEXJUIMBWBëPXT4FFBTUFSPJE 7JLJOH .JTTJPO /"4"T 7JLJOH NJTTJPO UP .BST XBT DPNQPTFE PG UXP TQBDFDSBѫ

7JLJOHBOE7JLJOH FBDIDPOTJTUJOHPGBOPSCJUFSBOEBMBOEFSѮFPSCJUFSTJNBHFE UIFFOUJSFTVSGBDFPG.BSTBUBSFTPMVUJPOPGUPNFUFST TIPXJOHWPMDBOPFT MBWBQMBJOT JNNFOTFDBOZPOT DSBUFSFEBSFBT XJOEGPSNFEGFBUVSFTBOEFWJEFODFGPS DBUBTUSPQIJDëPPETPGXBUFSBDSPTTUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDFJOUIFQBTUѮFMBOEFSTGPVOE OPEFUFDUBCMFPSHBOJDNPMFDVMFTJOUIF.BSUJBOTVSGBDF XIJDINFBOTUIBUUIJTQBSU PGUIFTVSGBDFOPXDPOUBJOTOPEFUFDUBCMFDFMMT MJWJOH EPSNBOUPSEFBE7JLJOHXBT MBVODIFEPO"VHVTUBOEBSSJWFEBU.BSTPO+VOF0O+VMZ UIF 7JLJOH -BOEFS UPVDIFE EPXO BU $ISZTF 1MBOJUJB 7JLJOH XBT MBVODIFE PO 4FQUFNCFS BOEFOUFSFE.BSTPSCJUPO"VHVTUѮF 7JLJOH-BOEFS UPVDIFEEPXOBU6UPQJB1MBOJUJBPO4FQUFNCFSѮF7JLJOHBOE0SCJUFST XFSFQPXFSFEEPXOJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ BOEUIFJSMBOEFSTFOEFEDPNNV OJDBUJPOTJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ BѫFSQSPWJEJOHZFBSTPGJOGPSNBUJPOBCPVU UIFMPDBMXFBUIFSPO.BST 7JSHPDMVTUFS "OFBSCZDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFTJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO7JSHP DPOUBJOJOHBCPVU HBMBYJFT BOE B UPUBM PG CSJHIU .FTTJFS PCKFDUT ѮF 7JSHP DMVTUFS PG HBMBYJFT JODMVEFT UIF HJBOU FMMJQUJDBM HBMBYZ . BMTP EFTJHOBUFE /($ MPDBUFE BCPVU NJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZBOEBTTPDJBUFEXJUIUIFJOUFOTFSBEJPHBMBYZOBNFE7JSHP "PS$.DPOUBJOTBTVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMFUIBUGFFETUIFSBEJPHBMBYZ XJUI IJHITQFFEKFUTUIBUBSFEFUFDUFEBUWJTJCMFMJHIU SBEJPBOE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT4FFCMBDL IPMF DMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT SBEJPHBMBYZ BOETVQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF 7JSJBMUIFPSFN 'PSBCPVOEHSBWJUBUJPOBMTZTUFN UIFMPOHUFSNBWFSBHFPGUIFLJOFUJD

FOFSHZJTPOFIBMGPGUIFQPUFOUJBMFOFSHZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

7JSUVBMQBSUJDMFT 4IPSUMJWFEQBSUJDMFTUIBUBSJTFGSPNBWBDVVN 7JTJCMFMJHIU Ѯ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ѮF BCTPMVUF PS BQQBSFOU NBHOJUVEF PG B DFMFTUJBM PCKFDU JO UIF DPMPSSFHJPOUPXIJDIUIFIVNBOFZFJTNPTUTFOTJUJWF BUXBWFMFOHUITOFBSOBOP NFUFSTPSNFUFSTѮFBCTPMVUFWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFPGUIF4VOJTNBHOJ UVEFTBOEJUTBQQBSFOUWJTVBMNBHOJUVEFJTNBHOJUVEFT4FFBCTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF BQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF BOENBHOJUVEF 7-" "DSPOZNGPSUIF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 6OJUFE4UBUFT4FF7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7-#" "DSPOZNGPS7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ4FF7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ 7-#* "DSPOZNGPS7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ4FF7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFS GFSPNFUSZ 7-5 "DSPOZN GPS 7FSZ -BSHF 5FMFTDPQF 4FF &VSPQFBO 4PVUIFSO 0CTFSWBUPSZ BOE 7FSZ-BSHF5FMFTDPQF 7PMDBOJTN ѮF SFMFBTF PG NPMUFO NBUFSJBM DBMMFE NBHNB GSPN UIF JOUFSJPS UP UIF

TVSGBDFPGBQMBOFUPSTBUFMMJUFѮFNBHNBDPPMTUPCFDPNFMBWB7PMDBOJTNëPPEFEUIF NBSJBPOUIF.PPO BOEUIFWBTUQMBJOTPG7FOVT7PMDBOPFTBSFVCJRVJUPVTUISPVHIPVU UIF4PMBS4ZTUFN GSPN&BSUI .BSTBOE7FOVTUP+VQJUFSTTBUFMMJUF*P/FQUVOFTTBUFMMJUF 5SJUPONBZDPOUBJOWPMDBOJDHFZTFSTPGJDF4FF*P NBSJB .BST .PPO BOE7FOVT 7PZBHFSBOE 5XPBMNPTUJEFOUJDBMQMBOFUBSZQSPCFTMBVODIFECZUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT

JO7PZBHFSQBTTFE+VQJUFSJO EJTDPWFSJOHUIFWPMDBOPFTPG*PBOE+VQJUFST SJOH BOENFU4BUVSOJO EJTDPWFSJOHUIFUIJDLOJUSPHFOBUNPTQIFSFBSPVOE5JUBO 7PZBHFSBMTPQBTTFEOFBS+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSO BOEXFOUPOUPQBTT6SBOVTJOBOE /FQUVOFJO DPOêSNJOHUIFUIJO XJEFMZTQBDFESJOHTPG6SBOVTBOE/FQUVOF BOE EJTDPWFSJOHTUPSNTPO/FQUVOFBOEHFZTFSTPO/FQUVOFTTBUFMMJUF5SJUPO4FF*P +VQJUFS /FQUVOF SJOHT 4BUVSO BOE6SBOVT 7VMDBO " IZQPUIFUJDBM QMBOFU TVQQPTFEMZ SFWPMWJOH BSPVOE UIF 4VO BU TPNFXIBU MFTTUIBOIBMGPG.FSDVSZTNFBOPSCJUBMEJTUBODF7VMDBOXBTQSPQPTFECZUIF'SFODI NBUIFNBUJDJBO6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI-FWFSSJFS ¢

BSHVJOHUIBUJUTHSBWJUB UJPOBMBUUSBDUJPOXPVMEQVMM.FSDVSZBIFBEJOJUTPSCJUBOEBDDPVOUGPSJUTVOFYQMBJOFE NPUJPOѮFQMBOFU7VMDBOXBTOFWFSGPVOE BOEJOUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU"MCFSU &JOTUFJO ¢ FYQMBJOFEUIFBOPNBMPVTNPUJPOPG.FSDVSZBTBDPOTFRVFODF PGUIF4VOTDVSWBUVSFPGOFBSCZTQBDF4FF(FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZBOE.FSDVSZ

(MPTTBSZ8

8 8BUFS "TVCTUBODF EFOPUFECZ)0 DPNQPTFEPGBUPNTPGIZESPHFO ) BOEPYZHFO

0 UXPPGUIFNPTUBCVOEBOUFMFNFOUTJOUIF6OJWFSTF8BUFSDBOFYJTUPO&BSUIBTB MJRVJE HBTPSJDF BOEJOJUTMJRVJEGPSNJUJTWJUBMGPSMJGF8BUFSNPMFDVMFTIBWFCFFO PCTFSWFEJOUIFBUNPTQIFSFPG.BSTBOEMBSHFBNPVOUTPGGSP[FOXBUFSBSFOPXGPVOE JOUIFTVSGBDFPG.BST8BUFSNPMFDVMFTBSFBMTPGPVOEJOJOUFSTUFMMBSTQBDF

8BWFMFOHUI ѮFEJTUBODFCFUXFFOTVDDFTTJWFDSFTUTPSUSPVHITPGBOFMFDUSPNBHOFUJD

PS PUIFS XBWF 8BWFMFOHUIT BSF JOWFSTFMZ QSPQPSUJPOBM UP GSFRVFODZ ѮF MPOHFS UIF XBWFMFOHUI UIFMPXFSUIFGSFRVFODZѮFQSPEVDUPGUIFXBWFMFOHUIBOEUIFGSFRVFODZ PGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOJTFRVBMUPUIFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU4FFWFMPDJUZPGMJHIU 8BWFT 1SPQBHBUJPOPGFOFSHZCZNFBOTPGDPIFSFOUWJCSBUJPO 8FBLOVDMFBSGPSDF 'VOEBNFOUBMGPSDFPGOBUVSFUIBUHPWFSOTUIFQSPDFTTPGSBEJPBD

UJWJUZ4FFOFVUSJOPBOESBEJPBDUJWJUZ 8FTUFSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF "CCSFWJBUFE8435 BLJMPNFUFSFBTUXFTU

BSSBZPGGPVSUFFONFUFS GFFU SBEJPUFMFTDPQFTDPNCJOFEUPBDIJFWFUIFSFTPMV UJPO PG B TJOHMF MBSHF SBEJP UFMFTDPQF VTJOH UIF UFDIOJRVF PG BQFSUVSF TZOUIFTJT *U JT BMTPQBSUPGUIF&VSPQFBO7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZOFUXPSLPGSBEJPUFMF TDPQFTѮF8435JTMPDBUFEOFBS(SPOJOHFOJOUIF/FUIFSMBOET BOEJTPQFSBUFECZUIF /FUIFSMBOET'PVOEBUJPOGPS3FTFBSDIJO"TUSPOPNZ4FFBQFSUVSFTZOUIFTJTBOE7FSZ -POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 8IJSMQPPM HBMBYZ ѮF TQJSBM HBMBYZ EFTJHOBUFE BT . BOE /($ MPDBUFE

BCPVUNJMMJPOMJHIUZFBSTBXBZJOUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPO$BOFT7FOBUJDJ*UTTQJSBMTIBQF XBTEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*SJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN1BSTPOT ¢

UIF UIJSE&BSMPG3PTTFVTJOHIJTNFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQFLOPXOBTUIF-FWJBUIBOPG 1BSTPOTUPXO 8IJUFEXBSG "WFSZTNBMM EFOTFTUBS BCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI CVUXJUIBNBTT BCPVUUIBUPGUIF4VOѮFêSTUUXPXIJUFEXBSGTUBST &SJEBOJ#BOE4JSJVT# XFSF EJTDPWFSFEJOBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ XIFOUIF"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS8BMUFS4 "EBNT ¢ TIPXFEUIBUUIFTFGBJOUTUBSTBSFIPU XIJUFTUBSTPGTQFDUSBMUZQF " ѮF IJHI EJTL UFNQFSBUVSF BOE MPX JOUSJOTJD MVNJOPTJUZ NFBOU UIBU UIFTF TUBST IBEUPCFWFSZTNBMM POMZBCPVUUIFTJ[FPGUIF&BSUI*OUIF&OHMJTIQIZTJDJTU 3BMQI)'PXMFS ¢ TIPXFEUIBUBXIJUFEXBSGTUBSJTTVQQPSUFEBHBJOTU HSBWJUZCZEFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF XIJDIEPFTOPUEFQFOEPOUIFUFNQFSBUVSF BOEJTSFMBUFEUPUIFFYDMVTJPOQSJODJQMFQSPQPTFEJOCZUIF"VTUSJBOQIZTJDJTU 8PMGHBOH1BVMJ ¢ 8IFOêSTUGPSNFE BXIJUFEXBSGJTBGBJOU IPUTUBS XJUIBOFĒFDUJWFUFNQFSBUVSFTJNJMBSUPPSIPUUFSUIBOUIBUPGUIF4VO CVUCFDBVTF JU DBOOPU TVTUBJO UIFSNPOVDMFBS SFBDUJPOT JU TIJOFT CZ MFѫPWFS IFBU BOE HSBEVBMMZ DPPMTJOUPBOJOWJTJCMFCMBDLEXBSG"XIJUFEXBSGJTUIFFOEQPJOUPGUIFFWPMVUJPOGPS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

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ѮFWJTJCMFQPSUJPOPGTVOMJHIUUIBUJODMVEFTBMMPGJUTDPMPST4VOMJHIUJOUF

HSBUFEPWFSUIFWJTJCMFQPSUJPOPGUIFTQFDUSVN GSPNUPOBOPNFUFST TPUIBUBMM DPMPSTBSFCMFOEFEUPBQQFBSXIJUFUPUIFFZF 8IJUFMJHIUnBSF "OFYDFQUJPOBMMZJOUFOTFBOESBSFTPMBSëBSFUIBUCFDPNFTWJTJCMFJO

XIJUFMJHIU PSJOBMMUIFDPMPSTPGUIF4VODPNCJOFE 8JENBOTUÊUUFOQBUUFSO 8IFOBOJSPONFUFPSJUFJTDVUBOEQPMJTIFEBOEUIFOFUDIFE

XJUI BDJE B 8JENBOTUÅUUFO QBUUFSO PG DSZTUBMMJOF TUSVDUVSF FNFSHFT ѮF TJ[FT BOE TIBQFTPGUIFTFDSZTUBMTJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFZHSFXWFSZTMPXMZ BOEUIBUUIFNBUFSJBMNVTU IBWFCFFOIPU BMNPTUUPUIFNFMUJOHQPJOU GPSUFOTPGNJMMJPOTPGZFBST TVHHFTUJOHUIBU UIFNFUFPSJUFXBTPODFJOTJEFBQBSFOUCPEZBGFXIVOESFELJMPNFUFSTJOSBEJVTBOE UIFTJ[FPGBMBSHFBTUFSPJEѮFQBUUFSOJTOBNFEGPS"MPJT+PTFQWPO8JENBOTUÅUUFO ¢

B7JFOOFTFTDJFOUJTUXIPEJTDPWFSFEJUJO 8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF /"4"MBVODIFEJUT8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF "OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF BCCSFWJBUFE8."1 PO+VOF QVCMJTIJOHEFêOJUJWFGVMMTLZ NBQTPGUIFGBJOUBOJTPUSPQZ PSUFNQFSBUVSFWBSJBUJPOT PGUIFDPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDL HSPVOESBEJBUJPOJOFBSMZ8IFODPNCJOFEXJUIUIFSFTVMUTPGPUIFSEJWFSTFDPTNJD NFBTVSFNFOUT UIF8."1EBUBTVHHFTUUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTCJMMJPOZFBSTPME UIBU UIFêSTUTUBSTJHOJUFEBCPVUNJMMJPOZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIFSBEJBUJPOJOUIF 8."1JNBHFTJTGSPNZFBSTBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH UIBUUIF)VCCMFDPOTUBOUIBTB WBMVFPGLJMPNFUFSTQFSTFDPOEQFS.FHBQBSTFD BOEUIBUUIF6OJWFSTFJTDPNQPTFEPG QFSDFOUBUPNT QFSDFOUDPMEEBSLNBUUFSBOEQFSDFOUEBSLFOFSHZѮFQSPCFJT OBNFEJOIPOPSPG"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS%BWJE58JMLJOTPO ¢

BQJPOFFS JODPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESFTFBSDIBOEUIF."1JOTUSVNFOUTDJFOUJTU 8JMMJBN )FSTDIFM 5FMFTDPQF " NFUFS JODI UFMFTDPQF BU -B 1BMNB JO UIF $BOBSZ*TMBOET*UXBTVTFEJOUPEJTDPWFSUIFêSTUPQUJDBMDPVOUFSQBSUPGBHBNNB SBZCVSTUѮFUFMFTDPQFJTOBNFEGPSUIFGBNPVT&OHMJTIBTUSPOPNFS8JMMJBN)FSTDIFM ¢

BOEJUJTPXOFEBOEPQFSBUFECZUIF3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI 8*.1 "DSPOZN GPS 8FBLMZ *OUFSBDUJOH .BTTJWF 1BSUJDMF B IZQPUIFUJDBM TVCBUPNJD

QBSUJDMFUIBUDPVMEFYQMBJOEBSLNBUUFSBOEBDDPVOUGPSNPTUPGUIFNBTTPGUIF6OJ WFSTF4FFEBSLNBUUFS 8."1 "DSPOZNGPS8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF4FF8JMLJOTPO.JDSP XBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF

(MPTTBSZ8

8PMG3BZFUTUBST "UZQFPGTUBSTXIPTFWJTJCMFMJHIUTQFDUSBDPOUBJOCSPBEBOEJOUFOTF

FNJTTJPOMJOFT JOEJDBUJOHWFSZIPUEJTLUFNQFSBUVSFTPG UP EFHSFFTLFMWJO BOEJOUSJOTJDMVNJOPTJUJFTCFUXFFOUIPVTBOEBOENJMMJPOUJNFTUIBUPGUIF4VO ѮF'SFODIBTUSPOPNFST$IBSMFT8PMG ¢ BOE(FPSHFT3BZFU ¢ EJTDPWFSFEUIFêSTUFYBNQMFTPGUIJTUZQFPGTUBSJO OPUJOHUIFJSFNJTTJPOMJOFT PGIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN TPUIFZBSFOPXLOPXOBT8PMG3BZFUTUBST&NJTTJPOMJOFT PGOJUSPHFO DBSCPOBOEPYZHFOIBWFBMTPCFFOEJTDPWFSFE.BOZPGUIFDFOUSBMTUBSTPG QMBOFUBSZOFCVMBFBSF8PMG3BZFUTUBST 8PSMEMJOF ѮFQBUIUSBDFEPVUJOGPVSEJNFOTJPOBMTQBDFUJNFCZBHJWFOPCKFDUPS QBSUJDMF4FF.JOLPXTLJNFUSJD BOE4QFDJBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

9 9 ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGIZESPHFO0CTFSWBUJPOTPGTVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUF

UIBU8GPSUIFTPMBSNBUFSJBMPVUTJEFJUTDPSF0XJOHUPOVDMFBSSFBD UJPOT UIFSFJTOPXMFTTIZESPHFOJOUIF4VOTDPSF 9.. "DSPOZNGPS9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS4FF9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¢/FXUPO 9SBZ 4FF9SBZSBEJBUJPO 9SBZCJOBSZ "EPVCMFTUBSTZTUFNUIBUPѫFODPOUBJOTBOFVUSPOTUBSPSCMBDLIPMFBOE

BOFBSCZPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU DPNQBOJPO BOEJTBOJOUFOTFTPVSDFPG9SBZTѮF UXPTUBSTBSFJOBDMPTFPSCJU TPNBTTGSPNUIFWJTJCMFDPNQPOFOUTQJMMTPWFSJUT3PDIF MPCFPOUPUIFPUIFSPOF IFBUJOHVQBOEFNJUUJOH9SBZTBTJUJTBDDSFUFECZUIFJOWJT JCMFDPNQBOJPOѮFIJHINBTT9SBZCJOBSZTZTUFNTDPOUBJOBNBTTJWF CSJHIUWJTJCMF MJHIU TUBS BT UIF NBTT EPOBUJOH DPNQPOFOU BOE UIFJS JOWJTJCMF DPNQPOFOUT JODMVEF CMBDLIPMFT TVDIBT$ZHOVT9 BOE9SBZQVMTBST MJLF$FOUBVSVT9BOE)FSDVMFT 9-PXNBTT9SBZCJOBSJFTBSFCJOBSZTZTUFNTXJUIBOBDDSFUJOHDPNQPOFOUUIBU JTUIPVHIUUPCFBOFVUSPOTUBS BOEBNBTT EPOBUJOHPQUJDBMTFDPOEBSZUIBUJTBMPX NBTTTUBS FRVBMUPPSMFTTUIBOUIFNBTTPGUIF4VOUIFZFYIJCJUOPOQFSJPEJD CVSTUJOH CFIBWJPSBU9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT4FFBDDSFUJPO CMBDLIPMF $FOUBVSVT9 $ZHOVT9 )FSDVMFT9 QVMTBS BOE3PDIFMPCF 9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¦/FXUPOPCTFSWBUPSZ &4"MBVODIFEJUT9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPS¢

/FXUPO BCCSFWJBUFE9..¢/FXUPO TQBDFDSBѫPO%FDFNCFS XJUIBEFTJHOFE ZFBSMJGFUJNF*UQSPWJEFT9SBZJNBHFTBOETQFDUSPTDPQZPGTFMFDUFE9SBZPCKFDUT TVDIBTBDDSFUJOHCMBDLIPMFT BDUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFJ DMVTUFSTPGHBMBYJFT BOETVQFSOPWBF *UJTOBNFEBѫFSUIF&OHMJTINBUIFNBUJDJBOBOEBTUSPOPNFS*TBBD/FXUPO ¢ XIPJOWFOUFETQFDUSPTDPQZBOEJTCFTUSFNFNCFSFEGPSIJTMBXTPGNPUJPOBOEHSBWJUZ 9SBZSBEJBUJPO "OFOFSHFUJDGPSNPGFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOUIBUIBTTIPSUXBWF MFOHUIT CFUXFFOUIPTFPGHBNNBSBZTBOEVMUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO9SBZTXFSFEJTDPWFSFE JOCZUIF(FSNBOQIZTJDJTU8JMIFMN,POSBE3ÕOUHFO ¢

XIJMFDPT NJD9SBZTPVSDFTXFSFEJTDPWFSFEJOCZUIF*UBMJBOCPSO"NFSJDBOBTUSPOPNFS 3JDDBSEP(JBDDPOJ ¢ BOEIJTDPMMFBHVFTXJUIJOTUSVNFOUTBCPBSEBêWFNJOVUF SPDLFUëJHIU9SBZSBEJBUJPODPWFSTUIFXBWFMFOHUISBOHFGSPNBCPVUUP NFUFSTBOEBQIPUPOFOFSHZSBOHFCFUXFFOBOELF74Pѫ9SBZTIBWFMPXFS FOFSHZ CFUXFFOBOELF7 BOEIBSE9SBZTIBWFIJHIFSFOFSHJFTSBOHJOHGSPN UPLF7#FDBVTF9SBZTBSFBCTPSCFECZUIF&BSUITBUNPTQIFSF 9SBZBTUSPOPNZ JTQFSGPSNFEJOTQBDFVTJOHTBUFMMJUFTTVDIBTUIF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ 6IVSV BOE:PILPI4FF$IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN IBSE9SBZT TPѫ9SBZT 6IVSV.JTTJPO BOE:PILPI.JTTJPO

(MPTTBSZ:

: : ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGIFMJVN0CTFSWBUJPOTPGTVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUFUIBU

:GPSTPMBSNBUFSJBMPVUTJEFUIFDPSF0XJOHUPOVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT UIFSF JTOPXNPSFIFMJVNJOUIF4VOTDPSF :FBS ѮFMFOHUIPGUJNFUIBUBQMBOFUUBLFTUPSFWPMWFBSPVOEJUTTUBSѮF&BSUITZFBS

JT&BSUIEBZT XIFSFPOF&BSUIEBZJTIPVSTMPOH UIFUJNFUPDPNQMFUFPOF SPUBUJPOPGPVSQMBOFU*ODPOUSBTU .FSDVSZTZFBSJTPOMZ&BSUIEBZT BOE+VQJUFST ZFBS JT &BSUI ZFBST #Z EFêOJUJPO POF +VMJBO DFOUVSZ IBT EBZT TP UIF +VMJBO ZFBS PO &BSUI IBT EBZT XIJDI JT FRVBM UP IPVST BOE UP NJOVUFTѮFTJEFSFBMZFBSJTUIFUJNFSFRVJSFEGPSUIF&BSUIUPDPNQMFUFPOFSFWPMVUJPO BSPVOEUIF4VOSFMBUJWFUPUIFêYFETUBST BOEJUJTFRVBMUPNFBOTPMBSEBZT ѮFUSPQJDBMZFBS EFêOFEBTUIFNFBOJOUFSWBMCFUXFFO7FSOBM&RVJOPYFT JTFRVBMUP NFBOTPMBSEBZTѮF(SFHPSJBODBMFOEBSZFBSJTEBZTMPOH4FF QSFDFTTJPO TJEFSFBMUJNF USPQJDBMZFBS BOE7FSOBM&RVJOPY :FSLFT 0CTFSWBUPSZ *O UIF T UIF "NFSJDBO BTUSPOPNFS (FPSHF &MMFSZ )BMF ¢ QFSTVBEFEBXFBMUIZ$IJDBHPêOBODJFS$IBSMFT5:FSLFT ¢ UPQSPWJEF UPCVJMEBNFUFS JODI EJBNFUFSSFGSBDUPSUFMFTDPQFGPSUIF 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP XIJDIXPVMECFUIFMBSHFTUJOUIFXPSME*UXBTêOJTIFEJO BOEJTMPDBUFEBUUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHPT:FSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZJO8JMMJBNT#BZ 8JT DPOTJO SFNBJOJOHUIFXPSMETMBSHFTUSFGSBDUPSFWFOUPEBZ :PILPI.JTTJPO ѮF+BQBOFTF*OTUJUVUFPG4QBDFBOE"TUSPOBVUJDBM4DJFODF BCCSFWJ

BUFE*4"4 MBVODIFEJUT4PMBS"TQBDFDSBѫPO"VHVTU SFOBNJOHJU :PILPI XIJDINFBOTiTVOCFBNuJO&OHMJTI:PILPIDPMMFDUFEIJHIFOFSHZSBEJBUJPOGSPNUIF 4VOBUTPѫ9SBZBOEIBSE9SBZXBWFMFOHUIT XJUIIJHIBOHVMBSBOETQFDUSBMSFTPMV UJPO GPSNPSFUIBOBEFDBEF QSPWJEJOHOFXJOTJHIUTUPUIFNFDIBOJTNTPGTPMBSëBSF FOFSHZSFMFBTFBOEUIFIFBUJOHPGUIFNJMMJPOEFHSFFTPMBSDPSPOB*UXBTBDPMMBCPSBUJWF FĒPSUPG+BQBO UIF6OJUFE4UBUFTBOEUIF6OJUFE,JOHEPN4FFIBSE9SBZT )95 TPѫ 9SBZTBOE495

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

; ; ѮFNBTTGSBDUJPOPGFMFNFOUTIFBWJFSUIBOIZESPHFOBOEIFMJVN0CTFSWBUJPOTPG

TVOMJHIUBOENFUFPSJUFTJOEJDBUFUIBU;GPSTPMBSNBUFSJBM"DBQJUBM ;BMTPEFOPUFTUIFBUPNJDOVNCFS4FFBUPNJDOVNCFS ;FFNBODPNQPOFOUT ѮFMJOFBSMZQPMBSJ[FE P BOEDJSDVMBSMZQPMBSJ[FE S DPNQP

OFOUTXIJDIDPNQSJTFBMJOFTQMJUJOUIFQSFTFODFPGBTUSPOHNBHOFUJDêFME4FF;FFNBO FĒFDUBOE;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ;FFNBO FGGFDU "TQMJUUJOHPGBTQFDUSBMMJOFJOUPDPNQPOFOUTCZBTUSPOHNBHOFUJD êFME OBNFEBѫFSUIF%VUDIQIZTJDJTU1JFUFS;FFNBO ¢

XIPEJTDPWFSFE UIFFĒFDUJO*GUIFDPNQPOFOUTDBOOPUCFSFTPMWFE UIFSFJTBOBQQBSFOUCSPBE FOJOHPSXJEFOJOHPGUIFTQFDUSBMMJOFѮFBNPVOUPGTQMJUUJOHNFBTVSFTUIFTUSFOHUI PGUIFNBHOFUJDêFME BOEUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIFNBHOFUJDêFMEDBOCFJOGFSSFEGSPNUIF QPMBSJ[BUJPOPGUIFDPNQPOFOUTѮF;FFNBOFĒFDUJTUIFSFCZVTFEUPEFUFSNJOFUIF EJSFDUJPO EJTUSJCVUJPOBOETUSFOHUIPGUIFMPOHJUVEJOBMNBHOFUJDêFMETJOUIFQIPUP TQIFSF*UIBTBMTPCFFOVTFEUPNFBTVSFUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETJOPUIFSTUBSTBOEJOUIF JOUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN*OUIFTJNQMFTUDBTF EFOPUFEBTOPSNBM;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH BMJOF TQMJUTJOUPUISFFDPNQPOFOUT0OFDPNQPOFOU UIFPDPNQPOFOU JTOPUEJTQMBDFEJO XBWFMFOHUI PS GSFRVFODZ BOE JT MJOFBSMZ QPMBSJ[FE 5XP DPNQPOFOUT UIF S DPNQP OFOUT BSFTIJѫFECZFRVBMBNPVOUTUPMPXFSBOEIJHIFSXBWFMFOHUITPSGSFRVFODJFT UIF NBHOJUVEFPGUIFTIJѫCFJOHQSPQPSUJPOBMUPUIFNBHOFUJDêFMETUSFOHUI*OUIFHFOFSBM DBTF UIFSDPNQPOFOUTBSFCPUIDJSDVMBSMZBOEMJOFBSMZQPMBSJ[FE4FFNBHOFUPHSBQI ;FFNBODPNQPOFOUT BOE;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ;FFNBOTQMJUUJOH ѮFTQMJUUJOHPGBUPNJDTQFDUSBMMJOFTJOBNBHOFUJDêFME4FF;FF NBODPNQPOFOUTBOE;FFNBOFĒFDU ;FMFODIVLTLBZB 0CTFSWBUPSZ -PDBUFE OFBS UIF ;FMFODIVLTLBZB 3JWFS JO UIF $BV DBTVT.PVOUBJOTPGTPVUIFSO3VTTJB UIF;FMFODIVLTLBZB0CTFSWBUPSZJODMVEFTUIF NFUFS JODI WJTJCMFMJHIU#PMTIPJ5FMFTLPQ"[JNVUBMOZJPO.PVOU1BTUVLIPWBOE UIF SFMBUJWFMZ OFBSCZ 3"5"/ SBEJP UFMFTDPQF DPOTJTUJOH PG B SJOH PG SFëFDUJOH QBOFMTNFUFST GFFU JOEJBNFUFS3"5"/JTBOBDSPOZNGPS3BEJP"TUSPOPN JDBM5FMFTDPQF"DBEFNZ/BVLѮF4QFDJBM"TUSPQIZTJDBM0CTFSWBUPSZPGUIF3VTTJBO "DBEFNZPG4DJFODFTPQFSBUFTCPUIUFMFTDPQFT ;PEJBD "OJNBHJOBSZCBOEJOUIFOJHIUTLZBCPVUEFHSFFTUPFBDITJEFPGUIFFDMJQUJD

XIJDIFODPNQBTTFTUIFQBUITPGBMMUIFNBKPSQMBOFUTBOEJTEJWJEFEJOUPDPOTUFM MBUJPOT FBDIEFHSFFTXJEF"RVBSJVT UIFXBUFSCFBSFS "SJFT UIFSBN $BODFS UIF DSBC $BQSJDPSO UIF HPBU (FNJOJ UIF UXJOT -FP UIF MJPO -JCSB UIF TDBMFT 1JTDFT UIFêTI 4BHJUUBSJVT UIFBSDIFS 4DPSQJVT UIFTDPSQJPO 5BVSVT UIFCVMM BOE7JSHP UIF WJSHJO"UIJSUFFOUIDPOTUFMMBUJPO 0QIJVDIVT DSPTTFTUIFFDMJQUJDCFUXFFO4DPSQJPBOE 4BHJUUBSJVTѮFBODJFOU(SFFLTOBNFEUIFTJHOTPGUIF[PEJBDGPSUIFTFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT

(MPTTBSZ;

CVUCFDBVTFPGQSFDFTTJPOUIFZOPMPOHFSDPJODJEFXJUIUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOTPGUIFTBNF OBNF4FFQSFDFTTJPO ;PEJBDBM DMPVE $MPVEPGJOUFSQMBOFUBSZEVTUJOUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN MZJOHDMPTFUPUIF FDMJQUJDQMBOFѮFEVTUJOUIF[PEJBDBMDMPVEDPNFTGSPNCPUIDPNFUTBOEBTUFSPJET ;PEJBDBMMJHIU "GBJOUDPOJDBMHMPXJOUIFOJHIUTLZDBVTFECZTVOMJHIUTDBUUFSJOHPĒ JOUFSQMBOFUBSZ EVTU OFBS UIF QMBOF PG UIF FDMJQUJD " MVNJOPVT QZSBNJE PG MJHIU UIBU BQQFBSTCSJHIUFTUBOEXJEFTUJOUIFEJSFDUJPOPGUIF4VO TUSFUDIJOHBMPOHUIFFDMJQUJD PS[PEJBDGSPNUIFXFTUFSOIPSJ[POBѫFSFWFOJOHUXJMJHIUPSGSPNUIFFBTUFSOIPSJ [POCFGPSFNPSOJOHUXJMJHIU*UJTWJTJCMFBUBMMTFBTPOTJOUIFUSPQJDTJOUIFBCTFODF PG NPPOMJHIU ѮF [PEJBDBM MJHIU JT BO FYUFOTJPO PG UIF EVTU DPNQPOFOU PG UIF TPMBS DPSPOB BOE SFTVMUT GSPN TDBUUFSJOH PG TVOMJHIU CZ EVTU QBSUJDMFT JO UIF QMBOF PG UIF FDMJQUJDѮF[PEJBDBMEVTUDMPVEQSPCBCMZPSJHJOBUFTGSPNCPUINBUUFSFKFDUFECZUIF 4VOBOEGSPNUIFEFDBZPGDPNFUTBOEBTUFSPJET ;POFPGBWPJEBODF ѮFSFHJPODPJODJEJOHXJUIUIFQMBOFPGPVS.JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZJO XIJDIWFSZGFXHBMBYJFTBSFGPVOE EVFUPBCTPSQUJPOPGUIFJSMJHIUCZJOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU

3&'&3&/$&4 ѮJTCPPLIBTCFFOQSFQBSFECZSFGFSFODFUPUIFGPMMPXJOHCPPLT %SFZFS +PIO " )JTUPSZ PG "TUSPOPNZ GSPN ѮBMFT UP ,FQMFS êSTU QVCMJTIFE JO SFQSPEVDFE /FX:PSL %PWFS1VCMJDBUJPOT %VIFN 1JFSSF5P4BWFUIF1IFOPONFOB"O&TTBZPOUIF*EFBPG1IZTJDBMѮFPSZGSPN1MBUPUP(BMJMFP êSTUQVCMJTIFEJO'SFODIJO &OHMJTIUSBOTMBUJPO$IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT %VIFN 1JFSSF.FEJFWBM$PTNPMPHZ êSTUQVCMJTIFEJO'SFODIJO BCSJEHFE&OHMJTIUSBOTMBUJPO $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT )PTLJO .JDIBFM FE ѮF $BNCSJEHF *MMVTUSBUFE )JTUPSZ PG "TUSPOPNZ /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT ,BMFS +BNFT#ѮF)VOESFE(SFBUFTU4UBST /FX:PSL $PQFSOJDVT#PPLT 4QSJOHFS ,PZSÊ "MFYBOESF'SPNUIF$MPTFE8PSMEUPUIF*OêOJUF6OJWFSTF #BMUJNPSF +PIOT)PQLJOT6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI3"TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF* ** /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH -BOH ,FOOFUI3ѮF4VO'SPN4QBDF /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS7FSMBH -BOH ,FOOFUI 3 ѮF $BNCSJEHF &ODZDMPQFEJB PG UIF 4VO /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI3ѮF$BNCSJEHF(VJEFUPUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN /FX:PSL $BNCSJEHF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT -BOH ,FOOFUI31BSUJOHUIF$PTNJD7FJM /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS -BOH ,FOOFUI34VO &BSUI BOE4LZ 4FDPOE&EJUJPO /FX:PSL 4QSJOHFS -BOH ,FOOFUI3BOE(JOHFSJDI 0XFO FET "4PVSDF#PPLJO"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTm $BNCSJEHF .BTT )BSWBSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT .VSEJO 1BVM FE &ODZDMPQFEJBPG"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT-POEPO *OTUJUVUFPG1IZTJDT1VCMJTI JOH 1BSL %BWJE ѮF )PX BOE UIF 8IZ "O &TTBZ PO UIF 0SJHJOT BOE %FWFMPQNFOU PG 1IZTJDBM ѮFPSZ 1SJODFUPO /FX+FSTFZ 1SJODFUPO6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT 1PSUFS 3PZ BOE 0HJMWJF .BSJMZO FET ѮF #JPHSBQIJDBM %JDUJPOBSZ PG 4DJFOUJTUT * ** /FX :PSL 0YGPSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

3FGFSFODFT

3JEQBUI *BOBOE8PPESVĒ +PIO1IJMJQT"TUSPOPNZ%JDUJPOBSZ -POEPO (FPSHF1IJMJQ-UE 5PVMNJO 4UFQIFOBOE(PPEêFME +VOFѮF%JTDPWFSZPG5JNF $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTT .BOZPGUIFTFNJOBMBSUJDMFTJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDTDBOCFGPVOEJO-BOH ,FOOFUI3BOE (JOHFSJDI 0XFO FET

"4PVSDF#PPLJO"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT m $BNCSJEHF .BTT )BSWBSE6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT BOE)FMNVU""CU FE

ѮF"TUSPQIZTJDBM+PVSOBM "NFSJDBO"TUSP OPNJDBM4PDJFUZ$FOUFOOJBM*TTVF $IJDBHP 6OJWFSTJUZPG$IJDBHP1SFTTѮFZDBOBMTPCFGPVOE PO UIF 8FC BU UIF /"4" "TUSPQIZTJDT %BUB 4ZTUFN BU UIF 63- IUUQBETXXXIBSWBSEFEVJOEFY IUNM

"65)03*/%&9

"CFMM (FPSHF ¢ "EBNT +PIO$PVDI ¢ "EBNT 8BMUFS ¢ "JSZ (FPSHF#JEEFMM ¢ "MESJO &EXJO&i#V[[u+S ¢ "MGWÊO )BOOFT ¢ "MQIFS 3BMQI" ¢ BM4Vê "CEBM3BINBO ¢ "MWBSF[ -VJT8BMUFS ¢ "MWBSF[ 8BMUFS ¢ "NCBSUTVNJBO 7JLUPS m "OBYBHPSBT D¢D#$ "OEFSTPO $BSM ¢ "OEFSTPO 8JMIFMN m ªOHTUSÕN "OEFST+POBT ¢ "OUPOJBEJ &VHÍOF. ¢ "QJBOVT 1FUSVT ¢ "QQMFUPO &EXBSE7 m "SJTUBSDIPT<"SJTUBSDIVT>PG4BNPT D¢D #$ "SJTUPUMF ¢#$ "SNTUSPOH /FJM" ¢ "SSIFOJVT 4WBOUF"VHVTU ¢ "TUPO 'SBODJT8 ¢ "ULJOTPO 3PCFSUE&TDPVSU ¢ "VEPV[F +FBO m "VNBOO )BSUNVUi(FPSHFu ¢ "WJDFOOB ¢ #BBEF 8BMUFS ¢ #BDLFS %POBME$ m #BDPO 3PHFS D¢D #BIDBMM +PIO/ m #BJMZ 'SBODJT ¢ #BMNFS +PIBOO m #BSOBSE &EXBSE ¢ #BSOFUU ."'i.JMFTu m #BSSFUU "MBO ¢ #BSSJOHFS %BOJFM.PSFBV ¢ #BTPW /JDPMBZ ¢ #BZ ;PMUBO ¢ #FDRVFSFM "OUPJOF)FOSJ m #FMM +PDFMZO ¢

#FOOFUU $IBSMFT-i$IVDLu m #FSOFST-FF 5JNPUIZi5JNu ¢ #FTTFM 'SJFESJDI8JMIFMN m #FWJT +PIO ¢ #JFMB 8JMIFMNWPO ¢ #JFSNBOO -VEXJH ¢ #JSLFMBOE ,SJTUJBO ¢ #MBBVX "ESJBBO m #MBODP 7JDUPS. ¢ #MBOEGPSE 3PHFS% m #PEF +PIBOO&MFSU ¢ #PIS /JFMT m #PMUPO $IBSMFT m #PMUPO +PIO( ¢ #PMUXPPE #FSUSBN ¢ #PMU[NBOO -VEXJH ¢ #PMZBJ +ÃOPT ¢ #POEJ )FSNBO m #PXFO *SB4 ¢ #SBEMFZ +BNFT ¢ #SBIF 5ZDIP ¢ #SBVO ,BSM'FSEJOBOE ¢ #SFJU (SFHPSZ m #SPXO 3PCFSU ¢ #SPXO 3PCFSU)BOCVSZ ¢ #SVOIFT #FSOBSE m #SVOP (JPSEBOP ¢ #VOTFO 3PCFSU ¢ #VSCJEHF &.BSHBSFU ¢ #VSCJEHF (FPĒSFZ3 ¢ #VSLF #FSOBSE' m #VUMFS 31BVM ¢ #ZSE 3PCFSU$ ¢ $BNFSPO "MBTUBJS ¢ $BOOPO "OOJF+VNQ m $BSSJOHUPO 3JDIBSE$ m $BSUFS #SBOEPO ¢ $BTTFHSBJO -BVSFOU ¢ $BTTJOJ (JBO (JPWBOOJ %PNFOJDP +FBO%PNJ OJRVF ¢ $BWFOEJTI )FOSZ ¢ $FMTJVT "OEFST m

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

$IBEXJDL +BNFT ¢ $IBNCFSMBJO 0XFO ¢ $IBOESBTFLIBS 4VCSBINBOZBO ¢ $IBQNBO 4ZEOFZ m $IBSMFT** ¢ $IBSMJFS $BSM7JMIFMN-VEXJHi$7-u ¢ $IBSMPJT "VHVTUF ¢ $IFSFOLPW 1BWFM" ¢ $ISJTUZ +BNFT8 ¢ $MBSL "MWBO ¢ $MBVTJVT 3VEPMG ¢ $MBZUPO %POBME% ¢ $PDLDSPѫ +PIO ¢ $PMHBUF 4UJSMJOH" ¢ $PMVNCVT $ISJTUPQIFS ¢ $PNQUPO "SUIVS) ¢ $PQFSOJDVT /JDPMBVT ¢ $PXBO $MZEF- ¢ $SJDL 'SBODJT ¢ $SJUDIêFME $IBSMFT ¢ $SPPLFT 8JMMJBN ¢ $SVU[FO 1BVM+ ¢ $VSJF .BSJF ¢ $VSJF 1JFSSF m $VSUJT )FCFS% m $VTB /JLPMBTPG ¢ %"SSFTU )FJOSJDI-PVJT ¢ %BMUPO +PIO m %BSXJO $IBSMFT m %BT(VQUB .SJOBM ¢ %BWJETFO "SUIVS' ¢ %BWJETPO $IBSMFT ¢ %BWJT -FWFSFUU+S m %BWJT .BSD ¢ %BWJT 3BZNPOE+S ¢ %F#SPHMJF -PVJT m %F$IÊTFBVY 1IJMJQQF-PZT ¢ %F'POUFOFMMF #FSOBSE m %F4JUUFS 8JMMFN m %F7BVDPVMFVST (ÊSBSE) m %FNPDSJUVT D¢D#$ %FTMBOESFT )FOSJ ¢ %J#POEPOF (JPUUP D¢D %JDLF 3PCFSU ¢ %JSBD 1BVM". m %KPSHPWTLJ 4(FPSHF m %PCTPO (PSEPO.JMMFS#PVSOFi(.#u ¢ %PMMPOE +PIO ¢ %PQQMFS $ISJTUJBO+PIBOO ¢ %SBLF 'SBOL ¢ %SBQFS )FOSZ ¢ %SFTTMFS "MBO m %SFZFS +PIO-PVJT&NJMi+-&u m

%VODBO +PIO$ ¢ %VOIBN ѮFPEPSF+S ¢ %ZDF 3PMG# ¢ %ZTPO 'SBOL8 ¢ &CFSMZ 3PCFSU& ¢ &EEJOHUPO "SUIVS4 m &EHFXPSUI ,FOOFUI& ¢ &EMÊO #FOHU ¢ >UBUIJPV (FPSHF ¢ &JDIMFS %BWJE m &JOBTUP +BBO m &JOTUFJO "MCFSU ¢ &MMJPU +BNFT- ¢ &NQFEPDMFT DmD#$ &ODLF +PIBOO ¢ &QJDVSVTPG4BNPT ¢#$ &SBUPTUIFOFT D¢D#$ &VDMJEPG"MFYBOESJB MJWFED#$ &VEPYVTPG$OJEVT ¢#$ &WFSTIFE +PIO ¢ &XFO )BSPME*i%PDu ¢ &XJOH 8JMMJBN.BVSJDF ¢ 'BCFS 4BOESB. m 'BCSJDJVT %BWJE ¢ 'BISFOIFJU (BCSJFM%BOJFM ¢ 'FSNJ &OSJDP ¢ 'FSSBSP 7JODFOU m 'FZONBO 3JDIBSE ¢ 'JFME (FPSHF ¢ 'JTIFS +3JDIBSE m 'JTINBO (FSBME+ ¢ 'JU[(FSBME (FPSHF ¢ 'MBNNBSJPO $BNJMMF ¢ 'MBNTUFFE +PIO ¢ 'PMMJO +BNFT8 m 'POUFOFMMF #FSOBSEEF ¢ 'PSCVTI 4DPUU& m 'PSE 8,FOU ¢ 'PVDBVMU +FBO#FSOBSE-ÊPO ¢ 'PVSJFS +PTFQI +FBO#BQUJTUF ¢ 'PXMFS 3BMQI) ¢ 'PXMFS 8JMMJBN"i8JMMZu ¢ 'SBJM %BMF" ¢ 'SBOL -PVJT" m 'SBOLMJO ,FOOFUI- m 'SBVOIPGFS +PTFQIWPO ¢ 'SFFENBO 8FOEZ- m 'SFFNBO ,FOOFUI$ ¢ 'SFOL $BSMPT4 ¢ 'SFVOEMJDI &SXJO ¢

"VUIPS*OEFY

'SJFENBO "MFLTBOES" m 'SJFENBO )FSCFSU ¢ 'SJTI 0UUP ¢ (BHBSJO :VSJ" ¢ (BMJMFJ (BMJMFP ¢ (BMMF +PIBOO(PUUGSJFE ¢ (BNPX (FPSHF ¢ (BTTFOEJ 1JFSSF ¢ (BVTT ,BSM'SJFESJDI ¢ (FJTT +PIBOOFT m (FMMFS .BSUHBSFU m (FMM.BOO .VSSBZ ¢ (JBDDPOJ 3JDDBSEP m (JMCFSU (SPWF,BSM m (JMCFSU 8JMMJBN ¢ (JMM %BWJE m (JMMFUU 'SFEFSJDL ¢ (JO[CVSH 7JUBMJJ- m (MFOO +PIO)+S ¢ (PEEBSE 3PCFSU) ¢ (PME ѮPNBT m (PPESJDLF +PIO ¢ (SBIBN (FPSHF m (SFFOTUFJO +FTTF- ¢ (SFHPSZ +BNFT ¢ (SFHPSZ 4UFQIFO" m (SPUSJBO 8BMUFS ¢ (VN $PMJO4 ¢ (VOO +BNFT& ¢ (VUFOCFSH #FOP ¢ (VUI "MBO) ¢ )BIO 0UUP ¢ )BMF (FPSHF&MMFSZ m )BMM "TBQI ¢ )BMM +PIO4DPWJMMF m )BMMFZ &ENPOE )BMN +BDPC ¢ )BSEJOH ,BSM- ¢ )BSLJOT 8JMMJBN% m )BSLOFTT 8JMMJBN m )BSP (VJMMFSNP ¢ )BSSJOHUPO 3PCFSU4 ¢ )BSSJTPO +PIO ¢ )BSUNBOO +PIBOOFT ¢ )BSUXJH &SOTU ¢ )BXLJOH 4UFQIFO8 m )BZBTIJ $IVTIJSP ¢ )BZEO 'SBO[+PTFQI ¢ )BZT +BNFT% m )B[BSE $ZSJM ¢ )FBWJTJEF 0MJWFS ¢ )FF[FO #SVDF$ ¢ )FJTFOCFSH 8FSOFS ¢

)FMNIPMU[ )FSNBOOWPO ¢ )FOEFSTPO ѮPNBT ¢ )FSBDMJUVTPG&QIFTVT D¢D#$ )FSBLMJEFTPG1POUVT ¢#$ )FSCJH (FPSHF ¢ )FSMPGTPO /JDPMBJ ¢ )FSNBO 3PCFSU$ ¢ )FSTDIFM 8JMMJBN ¢ )FSU[ )FJOSJDI3VEPMG ¢ )FSU[TQSVOH &KOBS ¢ )FTT )BSSZ) ¢ )FTT 7JDUPS' ¢ )FXJTI "OUPOZ ¢ )FZ +BNFT4UBOMFZ m )JMUOFS 8JMMJBN" m )JQQBSDIVT D¢D#$ )JSBZBNB ,JZPUTVHV ¢ )PCCZ 8JMMJBN1 ¢ )PEHTPO 3JDIBSE m )PMNFT "SUIVS ¢ )PPLF 3PCFSU ¢ )PPLFS +PIO% ¢ )PSSPDLT +FSFNJBI ¢ )PVUFSNBOT 'SJU[(FPSH ¢ )PZMF 'SFE m )VCCMF &EXJO1 ¢ )VDISB +PIO m )VHHJOT 8JMMJBN ¢ )VMTF 3VTTFMM" m )VNBTPO .JMUPO m )VNCPMEU "MFYBOEFSWPO m )VUUPO +BNFT m )VZHFOT $ISJTUJBBO ¢ )WBUVN )FJO ¢ *NCSJF +PIO m +BDLTPO 3PCFSU& m +BOTLZ ,BSM ¢ +BOTTFO 1JFSSF+VMFT m +FBOT +BNFT ¢ +FOOJTPO 3PHFS$ ¢ +FXJUU %BWJE$ ¢ +PMJPU 'SÊEÊSJD ¢ +PMJPU$VSJF *SÍOF ¢ +PZ "MGSFE ¢ +PZDF +BNFT ¢ ,BBTJL "OUT m ,BMV[B ѮFPEPS ¢ ,BOU *NNBOVFM ¢

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

,BQUFZO +BDPCVT ¢ ,FDL 8JMMJBN.ZSPO ¢ ,FFMFS +BNFT&EXBSE ¢ ,FFMJOH $IBSMFT ¢ ,FFOBO 1IJMJQ$ ¢ ,FMMNBO &EJUI ¢ ,FMWJO -PSE 4FFѮPNTPO 8JMMJBN ,FNQ +BNFT$ m ,FOOFEZ +PIO' m ,FOOFMMZ "SUIVS ¢ ,FQMFS +PIBOOFT ¢ ,FSS 'SBOL m ,FSS 3PZ m ,IBZZBN 0NBS ¢ ,JFQFOIFVFS ,BSM0 m ,JSDIIPĒ (VTUBW ¢ ,JSLXPPE %BOJFM ¢ ,JSTIOFS 3PCFSU1 ¢ ,MFCFTBEFM 3BZ8 m ,PIMTDIÛUUFS "SOPME m ,PQFSOJL .JLPMBK 4FF$PQFSOJDVT /JDPMBVT ,PTIJCB .BTBUPTIJ ¢ ,SBѫ 3PCFSU1 m ,SVTLBM .BSUJO% m ,VJQFS (FSBSE ¢ ,VMLBSOJ 4ISJOJWBT3 m -BHSBOHF +PTFQI ¢ -BOEBV -FW m -BQMBDF 1JFSSF4JNPO.BSRVJTEF ¢ -BQQBSFOU 7BMÊSJFEF m -BSNPS +PTFQI m -BTTFMM 8JMMJBN ¢ -BWPJTJFS "OUPJOF-BVSFOU ¢ -BXSFODF &SOFTU0 ¢ -FBWJUU )FOSJFUUB4XBO ¢ -FINBOO *OHF ¢ -FJHIUPO 3PCFSU# ¢ -FNBÏUSF (FPSHFT ¢ -FVDJQQVTPG.JMFUVT DmD#$ -FWFSSJFS 6SCBJO+FBO+PTFQI ¢ -FWZ %BWJE) m -JDL +BNFT ¢ -JGTIJU[ &WHFOJK. ¢ -JO $IJB$ m -JOECMBE #FSUJM m -JOEF "OESFJ% ¢ -JOEFNBO 'SFEFSJDL"i-PSE$IFSXFMMu m -JQQFSTIFZ )BOT D¢ -PCBDIFWTLZ /JLPMBJ ¢ -PDLZFS +PTFQI/PSNBO m -PPNJT &MJBT m

-PSFOU[ )FOESJL ¢ -PVJT9*7iѮF4VO,JOHu ¢ -PWFMM #FSOBSE ¢ -PXFMM 1FSDJWBM ¢ -VDSFUJVT ¢#$ -VEXJH (FPSHF) ¢ -VV +BOF9 ¢ -ZFMM $IBSMFT m -ZNBO ѮFPEPSF m -ZOEFO#FMM %POBME ¢ -ZOET 3PHFS ¢ -ZPU #FSOBSE m .BHFMMBO 'FSEJOBOE m .BSDPOJ (VHMJFMNP ¢ .BSDZ (FPĒSFZ8 ¢ .BSHPO #SVDF m .BSJVT 4JNPO ¢ .BSUZO %BWJE' m .BUIFS +PIO$ m .BUUIFXT %SVNNPOE ¢ .BUUIFXT ѮPNBT ¢ .BUVZBNB .PUPOPSJ m .BVOEFS &8BMUFS m .BVSZ "OUPOJB$ ¢ .BYXFMM +BNFT$MFSL ¢ .BZBMM /JDIPMBT6 m .BZFS $PSOFMM) ¢ .BZPS .JDIFM ¢ .D%POBME "SUIVSi"SUu m .D*MXBJO $BSM& ¢ .D,FMMBS "OESFX ¢ .D.JMMBO &EXJO ¢ .FDIBJO 1JFSSF ¢ .FFHBO $IBSMFT" m .FJUOFS -JTF ¢ .FO[FM %POBME ¢ .FTTJFS $IBSMFT ¢ .ÊT[ÃSPT 1FUFS m .FUJVT +BDPC .FZFS 1FUFS m .JDIFMM +PIO ¢ .JDIFMTPO "MCFSU ¢ .JLIFZFW 4UBOTJMBW ¢ .JMBOLPWJUDI .JMVUJO m .JMMFS 4UBOMFZ ¢ .JMMJLBO 3PCFSU ¢ .JMOF &EXBSE" ¢ .JOLPXTLJ )FSNBOO ¢ .JOLPXTLJ 3VEPMQI m .PIPSPWJDJD "OESJKB ¢ .PMJOB .BSJP+ ¢ .POUBOBSJ (FNJOJBOP ¢

"VUIPS*OEFY

.PSHBO 8JMMJBN8 ¢ .PSMFZ &EXBSE ¢ .ÕTTCBVFS 3VEPMG ¢ .ÛMMFS ,BSM ¢ .VMMFS 3JDIBSE" ¢ .VSEJO 1BVM m /FVHFCBVFS .BSDJB ¢ /FXDPNC 4JNPO ¢ /FXUPO *TBBD ¢ /JLPMBTPG$VTB ¢ /PCFM "MGSFE ¢ /PWJLPW *HPS% ¢ 0DLIBN 8JMMJBNPG D¢D 0%FMM 3PCFSU$ m 0MCFST )FJOSJDI8JMIFMN ¢ 0MEIBN 3JDIBSE ¢ 0MTPO 3PZ" m 0PSU +BO) m 0QBSJO "MFYBOES ¢ ¸QJL &SOTU m 0QQFOIFJNFS +3PCFSU m 0TUFSCSPDL %POBME& ¢ 0TUSJLFS +FSFNJBI1 m 1BDJOJ 'SBODP ¢ 1BD[ZOTLJ #PIEBO m 1BSLFS &VHFOF/ m 1BSNFOJEFT DD#$ 1BSTPOT 8JMMJBNiѮJSE&BSMPG3PTTFu ¢ 1BSUSJEHF #SVDF m 1BTDIFO 'SJFESJDI m 1BUUFSTPO $MBJS$ ¢ 1BVMJ 8PMGHBOH ¢ 1BXTFZ +PTFQI- m 1BZOF $FDJMJB) ¢ 1FBTF 'SBODJT( ¢ 1FFCMFT 1+BNFT& m 1FOSPTF 3PHFS m 1FO[JBT "SOP" ¢ 1FSMNVUUFS 4BVM ¢ 1FSSJO +FBO#BQUJTUF ¢ 1FUFSTPO #SVDF ¢ 1FUSPTJBO 7BIÊ ¢ 1FUUFOHJMM (PSEPO) ¢ 1JB[[J (JVTFQQF ¢ 1JDLFSJOH &EXBSE$ ¢ 1JDLFSJOH 8JMMJBN)FOSZ ¢ 1JSBO 5TWJ m 1MBODL .BY ¢ 1MVUBSDI D¢D 1PJODBSÊ +VMFT)FOSJ ¢

1POT +FBO-PVJT ¢ 1PQF(SFHPSZ9*** ¢ 1PZOUJOH +PIO ¢ 1SPDMVT<1SPLMVT>%JBEPDIVT ¢ 1SPLIPSPW "MFLTBOES ¢ 1UPMFNBFVT $MBVEJVT 4FF1UPMFNZ 1UPMFNZ D¢D"% 1VSDFMM &EXBSE. ¢ 1ZUIBHPSBT D¢D#$ 2VFMP[ %JEJFS ¢ 3BNBUZ 3FVWFO ¢ 3BNTBZ 8JMMJBN ¢ 3BNTFZ /PSNBO' ¢ 3BZFU (FPSHF ¢ 3FCFS (SPUF ¢ 3FFT .BSUJO ¢ 3FFWFT )VCFSU m 3FJOFT 'SFEFSJDL ¢ 3FWFMMF 3PHFS ¢ 3JDIFS +FBO ¢ 3JFNBOO #FSOIBSE ¢ 3JFTT "EBN( ¢ 3JOEMFS 8PMGHBOH m 3JUDIFZ (FPSHF8 m 3JUUFS +PIBOO8JMIFMN ¢ 3PCFSUTPO )PXBSE m 3PDIF &EPVBSE m 3PHFSTPO +PIO# m 3PMM 1FUFS( m 3ÕNFS 0MF ¢ 3ÕOUHFO 8JMIFMN,POSBE ¢ 3PTTJ #SVOP# 3PXMBOE '4IFSXPPE ¢ 3PXMBOE )FOSZ ¢ 3VCJO 7FSB$ ¢ 3VTTFMM )FOSZ/PSSJT ¢ 3VUIFSGPSE &SOFTU ¢ 3ZMF .BSUJO m 4BBS &OO m 4BCJOF &EXBSE ¢ 4BIB .FHIOBE ¢ 4BMQFUFS &EXJO& ¢ 4BOEBHF "MMBO3 m 4BOEVMFBL /JDIPMBT ¢ 4BSHFOU 8BMMBDF m 4DIBU[NBO &WSZ ¢ 4DIJBQBSFMMJ (JPWBOOJ ¢ 4DINJEU #FSOIBSE ¢ 4DINJEU #SJBO1 ¢ 4DINJEU .BBSUFO ¢ 4DIÕOCFSH .BSJP m 4DIPUU (FPSHF" ¢

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4DISBNN %BWJE/ m 4DISÕEJOHFS &SXJO m 4DIXBCF 4BNVFM)FJOSJDI ¢ 4DIXBS[TDIJME ,BSM ¢ 4DIXBS[TDIJME .BSUJO m 4DIXJOHFS +VMJBO ¢ 4FDDIJ "OHFMP1JFUSP ¢ 4FHSÍ &NJMJP m 4FZGFSU $BSM, ¢ 4IBDLMFUPO /JDIPMBT+i/JDLu m 4IBOF $IBSMFT%POBME ¢ 4IBQJSP *SXJO* ¢ 4IBQMFZ )BSMPX ¢ 4IBSQMFTT 4UFXBSU ¢ 4IFMUFO *BO ¢ 4ILMPWTLJJ *PTJG4 m 4IPFNBLFS $BSPMZO m 4IPFNBLFS &VHFOF. ¢ 4IV 'SBOL) m 4JNQTPO +PIO" m 4MFF 0XFO#SVDF ¢ 4MJQIFS 7FTUP. ¢ 4NJSOPW "MFYFJ: ¢ 4NJUI #SBEGPSE" ¢ 4NJUI '(SBIBN ¢ 4NPPU (FPSHF m 4OZEFS $POXBZ8 ¢ 4OZEFS )BSUMBOE4 m 4PEEZ 'SFEFSJDL ¢ 4PMEOFS +PIBOO(FPSHWPO ¢ 4QJU[FS -ZNBO+S m 4QÕSFS (VTUBW'8 m 4UBOMFZ (PSEPO+ ¢ 4UBSPCJOTLZ "MFYFJ" ¢ 4UFGBO +PTFG ¢ 4UFQIBO &EPVBSE ¢ 4UFQIFOTPO $IBSMFT#SVDF ¢ 4UPOFS &ENVOE$ m 4UPOFZ (FPSHF+PIOTUPOF m 4USBTTNBO 'SJU[ ¢ 4USÕNHSFO #FOHU ¢ 4USPOH *BO# m 4USVWF 'SJFESJDI(FPSH8JMIFMN ¢ 4VFTT &EVBSE ¢ 4VFTT )BOT& ¢ 4XJѫ -FXJT ¢ 4[FLFSFT (FPSHF m 5BZMFS 3PHFS+ m 5BZMPS +PTFQI)+S m 5FSSJMF 3JDIBSE+ ¢ 5FTMB /JLPMB ¢ ѮBMFTPG.JMFUVT D¢D#$

ѮPNQTPO -BJSE" m ѮPNTPO +PTFQI+PIOi++u m ѮPNTPO 8JMMJBNi-PSE,FMWJOu ¢ 5JUJVT +PIBOO%BOJFM ¢ 5PNCBVHI $MZEF8JMMJBN m 5PNPOBHB 4JO*UJSP ¢ 5PVTFZ 3JDIBSE m 5PXOFT $IBSMFT) ¢ 5SVNQMFS 3PCFSU+ ¢ 5SZPO &EXBSE m 5VMMZ 3#SFOU m 5VSLFWJDI "OUIPOZ m 5VUUMF )PSBDF ¢ 5VWF .FSMF" m 5ZOEBMM +PIO ¢ 6OTÕME "MCSFDIU ¢ 6SFZ )BSPME$MBZUPO m 7BJBOB (JVTFQQF4 m 7BO"MMFO +BNFT" ¢ 7BO%F)VMTU )FOESJL$i)FOLu ¢ 7BO.BBOFO "ESJBBO ¢ 7BO1BSBEJKT +BO ¢ 7FLTMFS 7MBEJNFS ¢ 7FOF[JBOP (BCSJFMF ¢ 7FSZ 'SBOL8 ¢ 7JOF 'SFEFSJDL ¢ 7PHFM )FSNBOO$BSM ¢ 7PMLPĒ (FPSHF. m 7PO)VNCPMEU "MFYBOEFS ¢ 7PO4PMEOFS +PIBOO(FPSH ¢ 8BHPOFS 3PCFSU7 m 8BMENFJNFS .BY m 8BMLFS .FSMF' m 8BMUPO &SOFTU ¢ 8BUTPO +BNFT ¢ 8BUTPO8BUU 3PCFSU ¢ 8FCC +BNFT& ¢ 8FCTUFS #-PVJTF m 8FHFOFS "MGSFE ¢ 8FJ[TÅDLFS $BSM'SJFESJDIWPO ¢ 8FTUFSIPVU (BSU m 8IJQQMF 'SFE- ¢ 8IJUF 3JDIBSE) ¢ 8IJUF 4JNPO ¢ 8JENBOTUÅUUFO "MPJT+PTFQWPO ¢ 8JFO 8JMIFMN m 8JME +PIO1BVM m 8JMEU 3VQFSU ¢ 8JMLJOT .BVSJDF ¢ 8JMLJOTPO %BWJE5 m

"VUIPS*OEFY

8JMMJBNPG0DLIBN D¢D 8JMTPO +PIO5V[P ¢ 8JMTPO 3PCFSU8 ¢ 8JTEPN +BDL ¢ 8JUU (VTUBW ¢ 8PMG $IBSMFT ¢ 8PMG .BYJNJMJBO ¢ 8PMGFOTUFJO -JODPMO ¢ 8PMMBTUPO 8JMMJBN)ZEF ¢ 8PMT[D[BO "MFLTBOEFS ¢ 8PPTMFZ 4UBOGPSE &i4UBOu m 8SJHIU 0SWJMMF ¢

8SJHIU ѮPNBTiPG%VSIBNu ¢ 8SJHIU 8JMCVS ¢ :BIJM "NPT m :FSLFT $IBSMFT5 ¢ :PSL %POBME( m :PVOH $IBSMFT" m :PVOH ѮPNBT ¢ ;BOTUSB )FSNBO ¢ ;FFNBO 1JFUFS ¢ ;FMEPWJDI :BLPW# m ;XJDLZ 'SJU[ ¢

46#+&$5*/%&9

"TUBS "CFSSBUJPO "CTPMVUFMVNJOPTJUZ "CTPMVUFNBHOJUVEF "CTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSF "CTPMVUFUFNQFSBUVSFTDBMF "CTPMVUF[FSP "CTPSQUJPOMJOF "CTPSQUJPO TUBSMJHIU "CVOEBODF FMFNFOUT FMFNFOUTJO4VO JOUFSTUFMMBSEFVUFSJVN "DDFMFSBUJPO FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF "DDSFUJPO EJTL "DIFSOBS "DSVY "DUJWFHBMBDUJDOVDMFVT "DUJWFSFHJPO "EWBODFE9SBZ"TUSPQIZTJDT'BDJMJUZ "FUIFS "ѫFSHMPX "HF &BSUI FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF NFUFPSJUFT PCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTF 4PMBS4ZTUFN "JSQMBOF êSTUëJHIU "MCFEP "MEFCBSBO "MHPM "MHPM FDMJQTJOHCJOBSZTUBS "MNBHFTU "MQIB$FOUBVSJ EJTUBODF "MQIBEFDBZ "MQIBQBSUJDMF "MQIBSBZT "MUBJS "MUJUVEF "NNPOJB HJBOUQMBOFUT JOUFSTUFMMBS "NPSBTUFSPJE "OESPNFEBHBMBYZ "OESPNFEB/FCVMB EJTUBODF

"OESPNFEB/FCVMB OPWB "OHMP"VTUSBMJBO0CTFSWBUPSZ ªOHTUSÕNXBWFMFOHUIVOJU "OJTPUSPQZ "OOVBMQBSBMMBY "OUBSFT "OUFOOBFHBMBYJFT "OUISPQJD1SJODJQMF "OUJFMFDUSPO "OUJNBUUFS EJTDPWFSZ FMFDUSPO "OUJOFVUSJOP "OUJQBSUJDMF "QFSUVSF "QFSUVSFTZOUIFTJT "QPMMPBTUFSPJE "QPMMP "QPMMP.JTTJPOT "QQBSFOUMVNJOPTJUZ "QQBSFOUNBHOJUVEF "SBDIOJE "SDUVSVT "SFDJCP0CTFSWBUPSZ "TDFOTJPO JTMBOE "TUFSPJET CFMU EJOPTBVSFYUJODUJPO EJTDPWFSZ GBNJMJFT &SPT MBSHFTU /&"34IPFNBLFS.JTTJPO "TUSPMBCF "TUSPOPNFS3PZBM êSTU "TUSPOPNJDBM6OJU "UFOBTUFSPJE "UNPTQIFSF DPNQPTJUJPO HJBOUQMBOFUTBOE4VO 5JUBO 7FOVT .BSTBOE&BSUI "UPN FYJTUFODF OVDMFBSTQMJUUJOH OVDMFVT TUSVDUVSF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

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

#MBDLIPMF SPUBUJOH TJOHVMBSJUZ TVQFSNBTTJWF 9SBZT #MBDLCPEZ #MBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO #PISBUPN #PMTIPJ5FMFTLPQ"[JNVUBMOZJ #PMU[NBOOTDPOTUBOU #SFNTTUSBIMVOH #SJHIUHBMBYJFT #SJHIUFTUTUBST #SJHIUOFTT #SPXOEXBSG #SPXOJBONPUJPO #VCCMF/FCVMB #VMHF $BMDJVN)BOE,MJOFT $BMJGPSOJB/FCVMB $BMMJTUP $BOBMJ .BST $BOPQVT $BQF1IPUPHSBQIJD%VSDINVTUFSVOH4UBS$BUB MPHVF $BQFMMB $BSCPO $BSCPOEJPYJEF DPODFOUSBUJPOTNFBTVSFNFOUTPO&BSUI HMPCBMXBSNJOH HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU .BSUJBOBUNPTQIFSF 7FOVT $BSCPONPOPYJEF $BSCPOBDFPVTDIPOESJUFNFUFPSJUF $BSCPOOJUSPHFOPYZHFODZDMF $BTTFHSBJOUFMFTDPQF $BTTJOJHBQ EJTDPWFSZ $BTTJOJ0SCJUFS $BTTJOJ)VZHFOT.JTTJPO $BUT&ZF/FCVMB $$% $FMFTUJBMDPPSEJOBUFT $FMTJVT $FOUBVSVT" $FOUBVSVT9 $FOUFS (BMBYZ .JMLZ8BZ $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBST QFSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO QVMTBUJPOT $FSFOLPWSBEJBUJPO $FSFT EJTDPWFSZ $&3/ $FSSP5PMPMP*OUFS"NFSJDBO0CTFSWBUPSZ $(30 $IBOESB9SBZ0CTFSWBUPSZ

4VCKFDU*OEFY

$IBOESBTFLIBSNBTTMJNJU XIJUFEXBSGTUBST $IBOHF $IBPUJDJOëBUJPO $IBSHF$PVQMFE%FWJDF $IBSPO EJTDPWFSZ $IJDIÊO*U[Ã $IMPSJOFFYQFSJNFOU $IMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT EFTUSPZP[POF $ISPNPTQIFSF $ISPNPTQIFSJDOFUXPSL $ISPOPNFUFS $JSDVNTUFMMBSEJTL $MFNFOUJOFTQBDFDSBѫ $MJNBUF $MPTFE6OJWFSTF $MVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT EBSLNBUUFS HSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT SJDI $/0DZDMF $PBMTUBDL $0#& m $PMEEBSLNBUUFS HBMBYZGPSNBUJPO $PMMJEJOHHBMBYJFT $PMPST $PNBDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT $PNFUT BOBUPNZ DPMMJTJPOXJUI+VQJUFS EJSUZTOPXCBMMNPEFM EJTUBOU0PSUSFTFSWPJS (SFBU JDZDPOHMPNFSBUFNPEFM ,VJQFSCFMU 0PSUDMPVE NFUFPSTIPXFST TIPSUQFSJPE TPMBSXJOE TUSVDUVSF USBKFDUPSZBOEUBJMT $PNFU)BMMFZ OVDMFVT $PNFU4IPFNBLFS-FWZ $PNFU8JME 4UBSEVTUNJTTJPO $PNQPTJUJPO 4VO $PNQUPOFĒFDU $PNQUPO(BNNB3BZ0CTFSWBUPSZ $POF/FCVMB $POJDTFDUJPOT $POKVODUJPO $POTFSWBUJPOPGFOFSHZ $POTUBOUPGHSBWJUBUJPO $POTUFMMBUJPOT $POUJOFOUBMESJѫ $POUJOFOUT ESJѫ PSJHJO

$POUJOVPVTTQFDUSVN $POUJOVVN $POUSBDUJOH6OJWFSTF $POWFDUJPO $POWFDUJWF[POF $PQFOIBHFO*OUFSQSFUBUJPOPG2VBOUVN.FDIBO JDT $PQFSOJDBO6OJWFSTF $PQFSOJDBOJTN $PQFSOJDVTTBUFMMJUF $PSPOB FNJTTJPOMJOFT IPMFTBOEMPPQT NJMMJPOEFHSFFUFNQFSBUVSF SBEJPSBEJBUJPO $PSPOBF $PSPOBHSBQI JOWFOUJPO $PSPOBMIPMF GBTUTPMBSXJOE $PSPOBMMPPQT $PSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO $PSPOBMTUSFBNFS $PSPOJVN $PSQVTDVMBSSBEJBUJPO $0TNJD#BDLHSPVOE&YQMPSFS m $PTNJDCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO $PTNJDFHH $PTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO CMBDLCPEZTQFDUSVN EJTDPWFSZ JTPUSPQZ QSFEJDUJPO SJQQMFT UFNQFSBUVSF UFNQFSBUVSFëVDUVBUJPOT $PTNJDSBEJPSBEJBUJPO EJTDPWFSZ $PTNJDSBEJPTUBUJD $PTNJDSBZT BDDFMFSBUFEJOTVQFSOPWBF BOETPMBSBDUJWJUZ BOETVOTQPUT DIBSHFEQBSUJDMFT EJTDPWFSZ $PTNJD9SBZT EJTDPWFSZ $PTNPHPOZ $PTNPMPHJDBMDPOTUBOU SFUSBDUJPO $PTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF $PTNPMPHZ &BSUIDFOUFSFE FYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF IFMJPDFOUSJD 4UFBEZ4UBUF 4VODFOUFSFE $PVEÊGPDVT $SBC/FCVMB OFVUSPOTUBS

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

$SBC/FCVMB QVMTBS SBEJPSBEJBUJPO TZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO 9SBZSBEJBUJPO $SJUJDBMNBTTEFOTJUZ $SVY $VSWBUVSFPGTQBDF $90 $ZDMPUSPO $ZHOVT" PQUJDBMJEFOUJêDBUJPOXJUIEJTUBOUHBMBYZ UXPSBEJPMPCFT $ZHOVT-PPQ $ZHOVT9 CMBDLIPMF %BSLFOFSHZ %BSLIBMP TQJSBMHBMBYJFT %BSLNBUUFS DMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT EJTDPWFSZ TQJSBMHBMBYJFT %BSLOFCVMBF JOUFSTUFMMBSEVTU %BT"OUMJU[EFS&SEF PSѮF'BDFPGUIF&BSUI %FDPVQMJOHUJNF %FFQ*NQBDU %FFQ4QBDF %FHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF %FHFOFSBUFNBUUFS %FJNPT EJTDPWFSZ %FMUB$FQIFJ EJTDPWFSZPGQFSJPEJDWBSJBUJPO %FOFC %FOPYZSJCPOVDMFJDBDJE EPVCMFIFMJYTUSVD UVSF %F4JUUFSFYQBOEJOH6OJWFSTFXJUIPVUNBTT %FVUFSJVN EJTDPWFSZ JOUFSTUFMMBS TZOUIFTJTJO#JH#BOH %JDLFSBEJPNFUFS %JF&OTUFIVOHEFS,POUJOFOUFVOE0[FBOFPSѮF 0SJHJOPG$POUJOFOUTBOE0DFBOT %JĒFSFOUJBMNPUJPO 4BUVSOTSJOHT %JĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO (BMBYZ 4VO %JĒVTF.BUUFSJO4QBDF %JOPTBVST FYUJODUJPOCZBTUFSPJEDPMMJTJPO %JTDPWFSZ BDDFMFSBUFEFYQBOTJPOPG6OJWFSTF BOUJNBUUFS BTUFSPJE CJOBSZTUBST $BTTJOJHBQ $FSFT $IBSPO

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ëBSF TQFDUSPTDPQJDCJOBSZTUBST TQJSBMOFCVMBF 44 TUFMMBSCMBDLIPMF TVOTQPUDZDMF 5JUBO VMUSBWJPMFUMJHIU 6SBOVT

4VCKFDU*OEFY

%JTDPWFSZ 7BO"MMFOSBEJBUJPOCFMUT 9SBZT %JTDSFUFDPTNJDSBEJPTPVSDFT EJTDPWFSZ FYUSBHBMBDUJD PQUJDBMJEFOUJêDBUJPO %JTUBODF "MQIB$FOUBVSJ "OESPNFEB/FCVMB DFOUFSPG(BMBYZ DFOUFSPG.JMLZ8BZ HMPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST .BST NPEVMVT OFBSCZTUBS $ZHOJ TUBST 4VO 7FHB E.TUBS %/" EPVCMFIFMJYTUSVDUVSF %PQQMFSFĒFDU %PVCMFIFMJY %PVCMFTUBS %VNCCFMM/FCVMB %VTU JOUFSTUFMMBS %XBSGHBMBYZ %XBSGTUBS %ZOBNJDT&YQMPSFS %ZOBNP &BHMF/FCVMB &BSUI BCVOEBOUFMFNFOUT BHF BVSPSBT DBSCPOEJPYJEFDPODFOUSBUJPONFBTVSFNFOUT EJBNFUFS EJQPMBSNBHOFUJDêFME EJTDPWFSZPGIFMJVN HFPMPHJDBMFWPMVUJPO NBHOFUJDEZOBNP NBHOFUJDêFME NBHOFUJDSFWFSTBMT NBHOFUJDTUPSNT NBHOFUJTN NBHOFUPUBJM NBTT .PIPSPWJDJDEJTDPOUJOVJUZ NPMUFODPSF PSJHJOPGMJGF PSJHJOPGNBHOFUJDêFME QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT SPUBUJPO TPMJEJOOFSDPSF TQIFSJDBMTIBQF 7BO"MMFOSBEJBUJPOCFMUT XJOET &BSUIDFOUFSFEDPTNPMPHZ

&DMJQTF .PPO 4VO &DMJQTJOHCJOBSZ &EEJOHUPOMJNJU &Ē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ĒFDU &WPMVUJPO TQFDJFT TUBST &YDJUBUJPO &YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF &YQBOEJOHTUFMMBSBTTPDJBUJPOT &YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF BDDFMFSBUJPO BHF

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

&YQMPSFSBOE &YQMPSFS &YQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO 6OJWFSTF &YQPTJUJPOEVTZTUÍ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êDBUJPO 'SBVOIPGFSMJOFT 'SFE-8IJQQMF0CTFSWBUPSZ 'SFFFMFDUSPO 'SFRVFODZ 'SJFENBO6OJWFSTFT 'VTJPO (TUBS (BMBDUJDDFOUFS (BMBDUJDDMVTUFS (BMBDUJDDPTNJDSBZT (BMBDUJDIBMP (BMBYJFT CSJHIU DMVTUFST EJTDPWFSZ GPSNBUJPO

(BMBYJFT GPSNBUJPOXJUIDPMEEBSLNBUUFS GPSNBUJPOXJUIIPUEBSLNBUUFS HSBWJUBUJPOBMMFOTPGDMVTUFS HSFBUBUUSBDUPS HSFBUXBMMT NPSQIPMPHJDBMDMBTTJêDBUJPO SFETIJѫBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFEJBHSBN SJDIDMVTUFST TVQFSDMVTUFST UISFFEJNFOTJPOBMEJTUSJCVUJPO WFMPDJUZEJTUBODFSFMBUJPO WPJET XBMMT (BMBYZ DFOUFS EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO QIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFST TQJSBMBSNT ("-BYZ&WPMVUJPOF9QMPSFS (BMBYZGPSNBUJPO (BMBYZTVQFSDMVTUFS ("-&9 (BMJMFBOTBUFMMJUFT (BMJMFP.JTTJPO (BNNBSBZ (BNNBSBZCVSTUT EJTDPWFSZ EJTUBODF FWFOEJTUSJCVUJPO FYQBOEJOHêSFCBMMNPEFM WJTJCMFBѫFSHMPX (BNNBSBZSBEJBUJPO (BOZNFEF (BT BUPNT (FNJOHB (FNJOJ0CTFSWBUPSZ (FNJOJUFMFTDPQFT (FOFSBMѮFPSZPG3FMBUJWJUZ (FPDFOUSJD (FPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZ (FPMPHJDBMDIBOHF (FPNBHOFUJDêFME (FPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT BOETPMBSQMBTNBFKFDUJPOT BOETVOTQPUDZDMF (FPNFUSZ &VDMJEFBO OPO&VDMJEFBO (FPTZODISPOPVTPSCJU (JBOUNPMFDVMBSDMPVE (JBOUQMBOFU BNNPOJB BUNPTQIFSFT IZESPHFO NFUIBOF (JBOUTUBST GPSNBUJPO IFMJVNCVSOJOH

(JPUUP.JTTJPO (MPCBM0TDJMMBUJPO/FUXPSL(SPVQ (MPCBMXBSNJOH DBSCPOEJPYJEF ,ZPUP1SPUPDPM (MPCVMBSTUBSDMVTUFST EJTUBODF EJTUSJCVUJPO (.5 (PEEBSE4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS (SBOVMBUJPO (SBOVMF (SBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF ZPVOHTUBST (SBWJUBUJPOBMDPOTUBOU (SBWJUBUJPOBMJOTUBCJMJUZ (SBWJUBUJPOBMMFOT DMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT (SBWJUBUJPOBMSBEJBUJPO CJOBSZQVMTBS (SBWJUBUJPOBMXBWFT CJOBSZQVMTBS (SBWJUZ JOWFSTFTRVBSFMBX (SBWJUZ1SPCF# (SFBU"UUSBDUPS (SFBU0CTFSWBUPSJFT (SFBU3FE4QPU EJTDPWFSZ (SFBU8BMM HBMBYJFT (SFFOIPVTFFĒFDU 7FOVT (SFFOIPVTFHBTFT IVNBOFNJTTJPO (SFFOXJDI.FBO5JNF (SFHPSJBODBMFOEBS (4'$ (VFTUTUBS (VN/FCVMB (VOO1FUFSTPOFĒFDU )*SFHJPO )**SFHJPO )BEBS )BMFUFMFTDPQF )BMFTMBX )BMMFZT$PNFU BQQFBSBODFT OVDMFVT )BMQIB )BSE9SBZT )BZBTIJUSBDL )FBUUSBQQJOHHBT )FBWZXBUFS EJTDPWFSZ )FJTFOCFSHVODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF )FMJPDFOUSJD )FMJPDFOUSJDDPTNPMPHZ )FMJPNFUFS )FMJPQBVTF

4VCKFDU*OEFY

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

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

)ZESPHFO HJBOUQMBOFUT NBJOJOHSFEJFOUPG4VO )ZESPHFOBMQIBMJOF )ZESPHFOCVSOJOH )ZESPHFOMJOFT )ZESPHFONPMFDVMF )ZQPUIFTJT *DFBHFT DBVTF EJTUSJCVUJPOPGTVOMJHIUPO&BSUI .JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT *.# *.1 *NQFSNBOFODF *OFSUHBTFT *OëBUJPO DIBPUJD *OGSB3FE"TUSPOPNJDBM4BUFMMJUF *OGSBSFESBEJBUJPO EJTDPWFSZ */5&(3"- *OUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFS NJSSPS *OUFSGFSFODF MJHIU *OUFSGFSPNFUFS NJSSPSJOUFOTJUZ UPUBMJOUFOTJUZ *OUFSGFSPNFUSZ *OUFSHBMBDUJDIFMJVN *OUFSHBMBDUJDNBUUFS *OUFSOBUJPOBMBUPNJDUJNF */5&SOBUJPOBM(BNNB3BZ"TUSPQIZTJDT-BCP SBUPSZ *OUFSOBUJPOBM6MUSBWJPMFU&YQMPSFS *OUFSQMBOFUBSZNBHOFUJDêFME *OUFSQMBOFUBSZNFEJVN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZ.POJUPSJOH1MBUGPSN *OUFSQMBOFUBSZTDJOUJMMBUJPO *OUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPO TUBSMJHIU *OUFSTUFMMBSBNNPOJB EJTDPWFSZ *OUFSTUFMMBSDBMDJVN EJTDPWFSZ *OUFSTUFMMBSDMPVE *OUFSTUFMMBSEFVUFSJVN *OUFSTUFMMBSEVTU *OUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFOBUPNT SBEJPSBEJBUJPO *OUFSTUFMMBSNBUUFS *OUFSTUFMMBSNFEJVN *OUFSTUFMMBSNPMFDVMFT *OUFSTUFMMBS0)NPMFDVMF EJTDPWFSZ *OUFSTUFMMBSXBUFS EJTDPWFSZ *OUSJOTJDCSJHIUOFTT *OWFSTFTRVBSFMBX HSBWJUBUJPO SBEJBUJPOPSHSBWJUBUJPO *OWJTJCMFSBEJBUJPO *P ëVYUVCF *POJ[BUJPO

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Ē TMBX ,JSLXPPEHBQT ,JUU1FBL/BUJPOBM0CTFSWBUPSZ ,QD ,1/0 ,SVTLBM4[FLFSFTDPPSEJOBUFUSBOTGPSNBUJPO CMBDL IPMF ,VJQFSBJSCPSOFPCTFSWBUPSZ ,VJQFSCFMU ,ZPUP1SPUPDPM DVSUBJMJOHFNJTTJPOPGIFBU USBQQJOHHBT -BHPPO/FCVMB -BHSBOHJBOQPJOU -BSHF.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE -BT$BNQBOBT0CTFSWBUPSZ -BTFS*OUFSGFSPNFUFS(SBWJUBUJPOBM8BWF0CTFSWB UPSZ -BUJUVEF

4VCKFDU*OEFY

-FBTUTRVBSFTNFUIPE -FOT GPDBMEJTUBODF -FPOJET -IZQPUIFTFEFM"UPNF1SJNJUJG&TTTBJEFDPT NPHPOJF PSѮF1SJNFWBM"UPN"O&TTBZJO $PTNHPOZ -JDL0CTFSWBUPSZ -JGF EFFQTFB .BST PO.BST PSJHJO PSJHJOJOTJEF&BSUI PSJHJOPO&BSUI -JHIU DPMPST JOUFSGFSFODF RVBOUB WFMPDJUZ XBWFBOEQBSUJDMFBTQFDUT -JHIUCFOEJOH 4VO -JHIUEFëFDUJPO 4VO -JHIUUJNF -JHIUZFBS -*(0 -JOFFMFNFOU -JUUMF*DF"HF -PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT -PDBM4VQFSDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT -PDBM4VQFSHBMBYZ -POHJUVEF -POHQFSJPEDPNFU -PPLCBDLUJNF -PSFOU['JU[(FSBMEDPOUSBDUJPO -PXFMM0CTFSWBUPSZ -VNJOPTJUZ -VOB.JTTJPOT -VOBSDBMFOEBS -VOBSFDMJQTF -VOBS.PEVMF&BHMF -VOBS1SPTQFDUPS -VOB CBDLTJEFPG.PPO -VOB TBNQMFTTPMBSXJOE -ZNBOTFSJFT .EXBSG .TUBS ."$)0 .BDIV1JDDIV .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO .BHFMMBO5FMFTDPQFT .BHFMMBOJD$MPVET .BHOFUJDEZOBNP .BHOFUJDêFME &BSUI MJOFT PSJHJO QMBOFUT XIJUFEXBSGTUBST

.BHOFUJDSFDPOOFDUJPO TPMBSëBSFT .BHOFUJDSFWFSTBMT &BSUI .BHOFUJDTUPSNT .BHOFUPHSBN .BHOFUPTQIFSF .BHOFUPUBJM &BSUI .BHOJUVEF .BJOTFRVFODFTUBST .BKPSQMBOFU .BOIBUUBO1SPKFDU .BSJB .BSJOFDISPOPNFUFS .BSJOFS .BSJOFS.JTTJPOT .BSJOFS .BSJOFS .BST DBOBMJ DBOBMTJMMVTJPO DBSCPOEJPYJEFBUNPTQIFSF EJTDPWFSZPGNPPOT ëPPETPGSVOOJOHXBUFS MJGFTFBSDI OPEFUFDUBCMFPSHBOJDNPMFDVMFT PQQPTJUJPOT QBSBMMBY QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT TBUFMMJUFT WPMDBOPFT XBUFS XBUFSJDF .BST&YQMPSBUJPO3PWFST 4QJSJUBOE0QQPSUV OJUZ .BST&YQSFTT .BST(MPCBM4VSWFZPS .BST0EZTTFZ .BST1BUIêOEFS .BST0EZTTFZ .BTDPO .BTFS .BTT CMBDLIPMF &BSUI FOFSHZFRVJWBMFODF IFMJVNBUPN MJNJUGPSXIJUFEXBSGTUBS OFVUSJOPT TQBDFDVSWBUVSF .BTTEFOTJUZ 6OJWFSTF .BTTFOFSHZFRVJWBMFODF .BTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO TUBST .BUIFNBUJDBM4ZOUBYJT .BVOB,FB0CTFSWBUPSJFT .BVOEFS.JOJNVN .D%POBME0CTFSWBUPSZ .

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

.FSDVSZ BOPNBMPVTNPUJPO QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT QSFDFTTJPOPGQFSJIFMJPO SPUBUJPO .&3-*/ .FTTJFSDBUBMPHVF .FTTJFSPCKFDUT .FUFPS .FUFPS$SBUFS .FUFPSTIPXFST DPNFUT .FUFPSTUSFBN .FUFPSJUFT BHF .FUFPSPMPHJDBMDIBSU .FUIBOF HJBOUQMBOFUT .FUSJD IPNPHFOFPVTBOEJTPUSPQJD6OJWFSTF .JDIFMTPO.PSMFZFYQFSJNFOU .JEPDFBOSJEHF .JMBOLPWJUDIDZDMFT .JMLZ8BZ DFOUFS EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO EJTUBOUDFOUFS GPSNBUJPO NPEFM PSJHJO QIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFST SBEJPSBEJBUJPO SPUBUJPO TJ[F TQJSBMBSNT TZODISPUSPOSBEJPSBEJBUJPO .JMLZ8BZ(BMBYZ QIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFST .JMMJTFDPOEQVMTBS .JNPTB .JOLPXTLJNFUSJD .JOPSQMBOFU .JSB .JSSPSJOUFOTJUZJOUFSGFSPNFUFS .JTTJOHNBTT .J[BS .PIPSPWJDJDEJTDPOUJOVJUZ .PMFDVMBSDMPVE .PMFDVMBSIZESPHFO .POUSFBM1SPUPDPM POP[POFEFTUSPZJOHTVC TUBODFT .PPO CBDLTJEFQIPUPHSBQIFEGSPN-VOB DPSF EJTUSJCVUJPOPGFMFNFOUT FDMJQTF êSTUNBOOFEMBOEJOH MJHIU PSJHJOPGDSBUFST QIBTFT QIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFST

.PUJPO BSPVOE4VO TUBST .PVOU4USPNMP0CTFSWBUPSZ .PVOU8JMTPO0CTFSWBUPSZ .48FĒFDU .VMMBSE3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ .VMUJQMF.JSSPS5FMFTDPQF .VPO /BHBTBLJ BUPNJDCPNC /"4" TQBDFNJTTJPOT /BUJPOBM"FSPOBVUJDTBOE4QBDF"ENJOJTUSB UJPO /BUJPOBM0QUJDBM"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM3BEJP"TUSPOPNZ0CTFSWBUPSZ /BUJPOBM4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ /FBQUJEF /FBS&BSUI"TUFSPJE3FOEF[WPVT4IPFNBLFS.JT TJPO /FBS&BSUIBTUFSPJE /&"34IPFNBLFS.JTTJPO /FBSFTUTUBST /FCVMB /FCVMBSIZQPUIFTJT /FCVMJVN /FHBUJWFIZESPHFOJPO /FQUVOF EJTDPWFSZ QIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFST QSFEJDUJPO SJOHT /FVUSBMIZESPHFO /FVUSJOP /FVUSJOPEFUFDUPS )PNFTUBLF /FVUSJOPT BUNPTQIFSJDPTDJMMBUJPOT DIBOHFUZQFPSëBWPS EFUFDUFEGSPNOVDMFBSSFBDUPS EFUFDUFEGSPN4VO NBTT PTDJMMBUJPOT QSFEJDUJPOGPSSBEJPBDUJWJUZ QSFEJDUJPOGSPN4VO 4/" TPMBSPTDJMMBUJPOT TVQFSOPWBF /FVUSPO EJTDPWFSZ QSFEJDUJPO /FVUSPOTUBST $SBC/FCVMB NBTT SBEJPQVMTBST 9SBZT /FX(FOFSBM$BUBMPHVF OFCVMBFBOETUBSDMVT UFST /FXTUBS /FX5FDIOPMPHZ5FMFTDPQF /FXXPSME EJTDPWFSZ

4VCKFDU*OEFY

/FXUPOJBOUFMFTDPQF /JUSPHFO /PCFM1SJ[F /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFST /POCBSZPOJDNBUUFS /PO&VDMJEFBOHFPNFUSZ /POUIFSNBMTZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO /PSUI"NFSJDB/FCVMB /PSUI4UBS /PSUIFSOMJHIUT /PWB BOECJOBSZTUBST BOEXIJUFEXBSGTUBS "OESPNFEB/FCVMB /VDMFBSFOFSHZ TUBST 4VO /VDMFBSêTTJPO QBSUJDMFBDDFMFSBUPS /VDMFBSGVTJPO JOTUBST 4VO /VDMFBSSFBDUPS ê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

0SJHJO MJGFJOTJEF&BSUI MJGFPO&BSUI MVOBSDSBUFST NBHOFUJDêFMET .JMLZ8BZ .PPODSBUFST PDFBOT 4PMBS4ZTUFN TQBDF 0SJPO/FCVMB 0TDJMMBUJOH6OJWFSTF 040 0XM/FCVMB 0YZHFO 0[POF EFQMFUJPO EFTUSVDUJPOCZDIMPSPëVPSPDBSCPOT 0[POFIPMF EJTDPWFSZ 0[POFMBZFS 1BJSBOOJIJMBUJPO 1BMMBT EJTDPWFSZ 1BMPNBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BOTQFSNJB 1BSBMMBY TUBST 1BSJT0CTFSWBUPSZ GPVOEBUJPO 1BSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ 1BSTFD 1BVMJ&YDMVTJPO1SJODJQMF 1FMJDBO/FCVMB 1FSGFDUDPTNPMPHJDBMQSJODJQMF 1FSJIFMJPO 1FSJPEMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO $FQIFJEWBSJBCMFTUBST 1FSNBOFODF 1FSTFJET 1IJMPTPQIBFOBUVSBMJTQSJODJQJBNBBUIFNBUJB 1IPCPT EJTDPWFSZ 1IPUPFMFDUSJDFĒFDU 1IPUPJPOJ[BUJPO 1IPUPO 1IPUPOFOFSHZ 1IPUPTQIFSF EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO 1IPUPTZOUIFTJT 1JDEV.JEJ0CTFSWBUPSZ 1JOXIFFM(BMBYZ 1MBHF 1MBODL.JTTJPO 1MBODLTDPOTUBOU 1MBOFU 1MBOFUBSZNPUJPO ,FQMFSTMBXT 1MBOFUBSZOFCVMB GPSCJEEFOUSBOTJUJPOT SFDPNCJOBUJPO 1MBOFUBSZSJOHT EJTDPWFSZ

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

1MBOFUFTJNBM 1MBOFUT FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ NBHOFUJDêFMET PSCJUT QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT TBUFMMJUFT 1MBTNB 1MBUFUFDUPOJDT 1MFJBEFT 1MVSBMJUZPGXPSMET 1MVUP EJTDPWFSZ PWFSTJ[FENPPO$IBSPO 1PMBSJT 1PMFTUBS 1PMMVY 1PQVMBUJPO*TUBST 1PQVMBUJPO**TUBST 1PTJUSPO EJTDPWFSZ QSFEJDUJPO 1PZOUJOH3PCFSUTPOFĒFDU 1SBFTFQF 1SFDFTTJPO 1SFDFTTJPOPGUIFFRVJOPYFT EJTDPWFSZ 1SFEJDUJPO CMBDLIPMF CMBDLIPMF9SBZSBEJBUJPO DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO /FQUVOF OFVUSJOP OFVUSPO QPTJUSPO SBEJPSBEJBUJPOJOUFSTUFMMBSIZESPHFO BUPNT TPMBSOFVUSJOPT TPMBSXJOE 1SJNF.FSJEJBO 1SJNFWBMBUPN 1SJNPSEJBMOVDMFPTZOUIFTJT 1SJODJQJB 1SJODJQMFPG$PNQMFNFOUBSJUZ 1SJODJQMFTPG1IZTJDBM(FPMPHZ 1SPDZPO VOTFFODPNQBOJPO 1SPNJOFODF 1SPQFSNPUJPO TUBST 1SPTUZTIJK4QVUOJL 1SPUPO 1SPUPOQSPUPODIBJO 1SPUPOQSPUPOSFBDUJPO 1SPUPQMBOFU 1SPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLT #FUB1JDUPSJT 0SJPO/FCVMB 7FHB 1SPUPTUBS 1SPYJNB$FOUBVSJ 143

143¢ 143 143 143 1UPMFNBJDDPTNPMPHZ 1UPMFNZT6OJWFSTF 1VMTBSQMBOFUT EJTDPWFSZ 1VMTBST EJTDPWFSZ SPUBUJOHOFVUSPOTUBST 1VMTBUJOHTUBS 2VBOESBOUJET 2VBOUB FOFSHZ MJHIU 2VBOUVNFMFDUSPEZOBNJDT 2VBOUVNë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

4VCKFDU*OEFY

3BEJPSBEJBUJPO RVBTBST TPMBSëBSFT 4VO 3BEJPUFMFTDPQF 3BEJPBDUJWFJTPUPQFT 3BEJPBDUJWJUZ 3BEJVT #FUFMHFVTF &BSUI NBJOTFRVFODFTUBST 3BNBUZ)JHI&OFSHZ4PMBS4QFDUSPTDPQJD *NBHFS 3FDPNCJOBUJPO 3FEEFOJOH 3FEEXBSGTUBS 3FEHJBOU 3FETIJѫ 3FETIJѫBQQBSFOUNBHOJUVEFEJBHSBN HBMBYJFT 3FETVQFSHJBOU 3FëFDUJOHUFMFTDPQF 3FëFDUJPO 3FëFDUJPOOFCVMBF 3FëFDUPSUFMFTDPQF 3FGSBDUJOHUFMFTDPQF 3FGSBDUJPO 3FGSBDUPSUFMFTDPQF 3FHPMJUI 3FHVMVT 3FMBUJWJTUJD 3FTPMVUJPO 3FUSPHSBEFMPPQT $PQFSOJDBO6OJWFSTF 1UPMFNBJD6OJWFSTF 3FUSPHSBEFPSCJUBMNPUJPO 3FUSPHSBEFSPUBUJPO 3)&44* 3JHFM 3JHIUBTDFOTJPO 3JHJM,FOUBVSVT 3JQQMFT DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJB UJPO 3JOH/FCVMB 3JOHT 3JOHT /FQUVOF 4BUVSO 6SBOVT 3PDIFMJNJU 3PDIFMPCF 3PDLFU MJRVJEQSPQFMMFE 3¸OUHFO4"5FMMJUF 304"5 3PTFUUF/FCVMB 3PTTJ9SBZ5JNJOH&YQMPSFS 3PUBUJPO CMBDLIPMF (BMBYZ .FSDVSZ .JMLZ8BZ 4VO 7FOVT

3PXMBOEHSBUJOH 3PZBM(SFFOXJDI0CTFSWBUPSZ 1SJNF.FSJEJBO 3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZPG&OHMBOE GPVOEBUJPO 3PZBM0CTFSWBUPSZ &EJOCVSHI 33-ZSBF 3VOBXBZ4UBS 395& 4BHJUUBSJVT" 4BIBJPOJ[BUJPOFRVBUJPO 4BUFMMJUFT MBSHF .BST QMBOFUT 4BUVSO QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT SJOHT 4BUVSO/FCVMB 4DINJEUUFMFTDPQF 4DISÕEJOHFSXBWFFRVBUJPO 4DIXBS[TDIJMENFUSJD 4DIXBS[TDIJMESBEJVT 4DJOUJMMBUJPO 4DPSQJVT9 4FBëPPSTQSFBEJOH 4FBTPO 4FFJOH 4FWFO4JTUFST 4FWFOUI0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ 4FYUBOU 4FZGFSUHBMBYJFT 4IBOFUFMFTDPQF 4IBQMFZ$VSUJTEFCBUF 4IPDLXBWFT TVQFSOPWB 4IPFNBLFS-FWZ$PNFU 4IPPUJOHTUBST 4IPSUQFSJPEDPNFU 4JEFSFBMUJNF 4JEFSFVTOVODJPT 4JEJOH4QSJOH0CTFSWBUPSZ 4JOHVMBSJUZ CMBDLIPMF 4JSJVT PCTFSWBUJPOPGGBJOUDPNQBOJPO VOTFFODPNQBOJPO XIJUFEXBSGDPNQBOJPO 4*35' $ZHOJ EJTUBODF 4LZ CMVFDPMPS 4LZMBC 4MPBO%JHJUBM4LZ4VSWFZ 4MPBO(SFBU8BMM HBMBYJFT 4NBMM.BHFMMBOJD$MPVE 4NJUITPOJBO"TUSPQIZTJDBM 0CTFSWBUPSZ 4..

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4/" EJTDPWFSZ OFVUSJOPT 4/0 4Pѫ9SBZT 40)0 4PMBSBDUJWJUZDZDMF BOEDPTNJDSBZT 4PMBS" 40MBSBOE)FMJPTQIFSJD0CTFSWBUPSZ 4PMBSBUNPTQIFSF 4PMBS# 4PMBSDPOTUBOU WBSJBUJPOT 4PMBSDPSF 4PMBSDZDMF 4PMBSFDMJQTF .BZ UPUBM 4PMBSëBSFT EJTDPWFSZ NBHOFUJDFOFSHZ NBHOFUJDSFDPOOFDUJPO NPEFM SBEJPSBEJBUJPO XIJUFMJHIU 4PMBSNBTT 4PMBS.BYJNVN.JTTJPO 4PMBS/FCVMB 4PMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN 4PMBSOFVUSJOPQSPCMFN TPMWFE 4PMBSOFVUSJOPT DIBOHFUZQF EFUFDUJPO QSFEJDUJPO 4PMBSQBSBMMBY 4PMBS4ZTUFN BHF GPSNBUJPO PSJHJO 4PMBSUJNF 4PMBSUSBOTJU 7FOVT 4PMBSXJOE IFMJVNBCVOEBODF PSJHJO QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT QSFEJDUJPO TBNQMFECZ-VOB 4PMBSZFBS 4PMTUJDF 4PVUIFSODSPTT 4QBDFDVSWBUVSF CZNBTT 4QBDF*OGSB3FE5FMFTDPQF'BDJMJUZ 4QBDF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ.JTTJPO 4QBDFNJTTJPOT 4QBDF PSJHJO 4QBDF3BDF 4QBDF4IVUUMF"UMBOUJT 4QBDF4IVUUMF$IBMMFOHFS

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ÕSFSTMBX 4QÕSFSTNJOJNVN 4QSFBEJOHTFBëPPS 4QSJOHUJEF 4QVUOJL 4QZHMBTT JOWFOUJPO 44 445 4UBSDMVTUFS 4UBSTUSFBNJOH 4UBSTUSFBNT 4UBSCVSTUHBMBYZ 4UBSEVTUDPNFUNJTTJPO 4UBSMJHIU JOUFSTUFMMBSBCTPSQUJPO 4UBST BCTPSQUJPOPGMJHIU BDDSFUJPO BOHVMBSEJBNFUFS CJOBSZ CSJHIUFTU DBUBMPHVFT EJTUBODF

4VCKFDU*OEFY

4UBST EXBSG FWPMVUJPO HJBOU )FOSZ%SBQFS$BUBMPHVF MVNJOPTJUZGSPNTQFDUSBMMJOFT NBJOTFRVFODF NBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPO NPUJPO OFBSFTU OVDMFBSFOFSHZ OVDMFBSGVTJPO QBSBMMBY QIPUPHSBQIJDTQFDUSB QMBOFUT QPQVMBUJPOT QSPQFSNPUJPO QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTLT SBEJVT TZOUIFTJTPGFMFNFOUT WBSJBCMF XJUI+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUT 4UFBEZ4UBUF$PTNPMPHZ JODPOTJTUFOUXJUISBEJPHBMBYZFWPMVUJPO 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOODPOTUBOU 4UFGBO#PMU[NBOOMBX 4UFMMBSBDDSFUJPO 4UFMMBSBDUJWJUZ 4UFMMBSBTTPDJBUJPOT FYQBOTJPO 4UFMMBSCMBDLIPMF 4UFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO 4UFMMBSFOFSHZ 4UFMMBSFWPMVUJPO HSBWJUBUJPOBMDPMMBQTF 4UFMMBSQPQVMBUJPOT 4UFMMBSXJOE 45&3&0 4UFXBSE0CTFSWBUPSZ 4UPOFIFOHF 4UPOZNFUFPSJUF 4USBUPTQIFSF 4USJOHT 4USJOHUIFPSZ 4USÕNHSFOSBEJVT 4USÕNHSFOTQIFSF 4USPOHOVDMFBSGPSDF 454D* 4VCBSVUFMFTDPQF 4VECVSZ/FVUSJOP0CTFSWBUPSZ 4VO m BCTPSQUJPOMJOFT BCVOEBODFPGFMFNFOUT BCVOEBOUFMFNFOUT CFOEJOHPGTUBSMJHIU DPNQPTJUJPO DPSPOBMFNJTTJPOMJOFT DPSPOBMNBTTFKFDUJPO EFëFDUJPOPGTUBSMJHIU EJĒFSFOUJBMSPUBUJPO EJTDPWFSZPGIFMJVN

4VO EJTUBODF FDMJQTF FOFSHZTPVSDF FTDBQFWFMPDJUZ 'SBVOIPGFSBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT IFMJVN IZESPHFO JEFOUJêDBUJPOPGBCTPSQUJPOMJOFT NBHOFUJDDZDMF NBHOFUJDEZOBNP NJMMJPOEFHSFFDPSPOB OFVUSJOPTEFUFDUFE OVDMFBSFOFSHZ OVDMFBSGVTJPO QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT QMBTNBFKFDUJPOT SBEJPCVSTUT SBEJPëBSFT SBEJPSBEJBUJPO TQBDFDVSWBUVSFBOEEFMBZPGSBEJPTJHOBMT TVOTQPUDZDMF 9SBZSBEJBUJPO 4VODFOUFSFEDPTNPMPHZ 4VOMJHIU BOEJDFBHFT 4VOMJLFTUBST XJUI+VQJUFSTJ[FEQMBOFUT 4VOTQPUT BOEBVSPSBT BOEDPTNJDSBZTBU&BSUI BOETPMBSSPUBUJPO CJQPMBSQBJST NBHOFUJDêFMET .BVOEFS.JOJNVN 4VOTQPUDZDMF BOEHFPNBHOFUJDTUPSNT EJTDPWFSZ 4VQFSDMVTUFSPGHBMBYJFT 4VQFSHJBOU 4VQFSHSBOVMBUJPO 4VQFS,BNJPLBOEF 4VQFSMVNJOBMKFUT 4VQFSMVNJOBMNPUJPO 4VQFSNBTTJWFCMBDLIPMF . RVBTBST SBEJPHBMBYJFT 4VQFSOPWB$PTNPMPHZ1SPKFDU 4VQFSOPWBF BDDFMFSBUJPOPGDPTNJDSBZT IJTUPSJDBM OFVUSJOPFOFSHZMPTT OFVUSJOPT SBEJPBDUJWFOJDLFM TIPDLXBWFT 4VQFSOPWB" m 4VQFSOPWB4/" EJTDPWFSZ 4VQFSOPWBSFNOBOU $SBC/FCVMB 5ZDIP 4VQFSTPOJD

"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT

4XJѫTQBDFDSBѫ 4XJѫ5VUUMF$PNFU 4ZNCJPUJDTUBS 4ZODISPOPVTPSCJU 4ZODISPOPVTSPUBUJPO 4ZODISPUSPOSBEJBUJPO $SBC/FCVMB .KFU 4ZODISPUSPOSBEJPSBEJBUJPO .JMLZ8BZ 4ZOUIFTJT DBSCPOJOTUBST FMFNFOUTJO#JH#BOH FMFNFOUTJOTUBST IFBWZFMFNFOUTGSPNMJHIUFMFNFOUT IFMJVNJO#JH#BOH 4ZSUJT.BKPS 55BVSJ 55BVSJTUBST 5BSBOUVMB/FCVMB 5FDUPOJDT 5FMFTDPQF m CJHHFTUPQUJDBM JOWFOUJPO SFëFDUJOH SFëFDUPS SFGSBDUPS 5FNQFSBUVSF BCTPMVUF CMBDLCPEZ DPTNJDNJDSPXBWFCBDLHSPVOESBEJBUJPO ,FMWJOTDBMF 5FSSFTUSJBMQMBOFUT ѮF$SFBUJPO )BZEO ѮF&YQBOEJOH6OJWFSTF ѮF*OUFSOBM$POTUJUVUJPOPG4UBST ѮF0SJHJOPG$IFNJDBM&MFNFOUT ѮF0SJHJOPG-JGFPO&BSUI ѮF0SJHJOPG4QFDJFTCZ.FBOTPG/BUVSBM4FMFDUJPO PSUIF1SFTFSWBUJPOPG'BWPSFE3BDFTJOUIF 4USVHHMFGPS-JGF ѮF3FBMNPGUIF/FCVMBF ѮF4UBSSZ.FTTFOHFS ѮFSNBMCSFNTTUSBIMVOH ѮFSNBMFOFSHZ ѮFSNBMFRVJMJCSJVN ѮFSNBMHBT ѮFSNBMSBEJBUJPO ѮFSNPOVDMFBSGVTJPO ѮJSE0SCJUJOH4PMBS0CTFSWBUPSZ ѮPNBT8SJHIU NPEFMPG.JMLZ8BZ 5JEFT 5JNF 5JNF CFHJOOJOH 5JNFEJMBUJPO 5JUBO BUNPTQIFSF EJTDPWFSZ MJRVJENFUIBOF 5JUJVT#PEFMBX

5PUBMFDMJQTFPGUIF4VO 5PUBMJOUFOTJUZSBEJPJOUFSGFSPNFUFS 53"$& 5SBOTJU 5SBOTJU 7FOVTBDSPTT4VO 5SBOTJUJPO3FHJPOBOE$PSPOBM&YQMPSFS 5SBQF[JVN 5SJBOHVMBUJPO 5SJBOHVMVN(BMBYZ 5SJêE/FCVMB 5SJHPOPNFUSJDQBSBMMBY 5SJQMFBMQIBQSPDFTT 5SJUPO 5SPKBOBTUFSPJE 5SPQPTQIFSF 5VMMZ'JTIFSSFMBUJPO 5VOOFMFĒFDU 5XFOUZPOFDFOUJNFUFSMJOF 5XP%FHSFF'JFME BCCSFWJBUFEE' (BMBYZ3FE TIJѫ4VSWFZ JODI NFUFS )BMFUFMFTDPQF .BST0EZTTFZ 5ZDIPTTUBSBOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 5ZQF*BTVQFSOPWB 5ZQF**TVQFSOPWB 6IVSV.JTTJPO 6MUSBWJPMFUSBEJBUJPO 6MZTTFT.JTTJPO 6NCSB 6ODFSUBJOUZQSJODJQMF 6OJUFE,JOHEPN*OGSBSFE5FMFTDPQF 6OJUFE4UBUFT/BWBM0CTFSWBUPSZ 6OJWFSTBMUJNF 6OJWFSTF BDDFMFSBUFEFYQBOTJPO CBSZPOEFOTJUZ DPOUSBDUJOH $PQFSOJDBO &JOTUFJOmEF4JUUFS FYQBOEJOH FYQPOFOUJBMFYQBOTJPO NBTTEFOTJUZ NVMUJEJNFOTJPOBM PSJHJOJORVBOUVNëVDUVBUJPO 1UPMFNBJD 6SBOVT EJTDPWFSZ QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT SJOHT 67$FUJ 7BDVVN 7BO"MMFOSBEJBUJPOCFMUT 7BSJBCMFTUBST 7FHB EJTUBODF QSPUPQMBOFUBSZEJTL

4VCKFDU*OEFY

7FMBQVMTBS 7FMBTBUFMMJUFT 7FMBTVQFSOPWBSFNOBOU 7FMPDJUZ EJTQFSTJPO MJHIU TPVOE TQJSBMOFCVMBF 7FMPDJUZEJTUBODFSFMBUJPO HBMBYJFT m 7FOFSB.JTTJPOT 7FOFSB 7FOVT DBSCPOEJPYJEF HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU IPUTVSGBDF MBWBëPXT .BHFMMBO.JTTJPO QIZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFT SBEBSNBQQJOH SPUBUJPO TPMBSUSBOTJU TVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSF USBOTJUPG4VO WPMDBOPFT 7FSZ-BSHF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF"SSBZ 7FSZ-POH#BTFMJOF*OUFSGFSPNFUSZ 7FTUB 7JLJOH.JTTJPO 7JLJOHBOE 7JSHPDMVTUFS 7JSUVBMQBSUJDMFT 7JTJCMFMJHIU 7JTVBMNBHOJUVEF 7-" 7-#" 7PJET HBMBYJFT 7PMDBOJTN 7PMDBOPFT .BST 7FOVT 7PZBHFSBOE 7VMDBO 8BMMT HBMBYJFT

8BUFS JOUFSTUFMMBS .BST 8BUFSWBQPS HSFFOIPVTFFĒFDU 8BWFFRVBUJPO 4DISÕEJOHFS 8BWFMFOHUI 8FTUFSCPSL4ZOUIFTJT3BEJP5FMFTDPQF 8IBUJT-JGF 8IJSMQPPMHBMBYZ 8IJUFEXBSGTUBST $IBOESBTFLIBSNBTTMJNJU EFHFOFSBUFFMFDUSPOQSFTTVSF NBHOFUJDêFMET OVDMFBSSFBDUJPOT VQQFSNBTTMJNJU 8IJUFMJHIU 8IJUFMJHIUTPMBSëBSF 8JENBOTUÅUUFOQBUUFSO 8JMLJOTPO.JDSPXBWF"OJTPUSPQZ1SPCF 8JMMJJBN)FSTDIFMUFMFTDPQF 8*.1 8."1 8PMG3BZFUTUBST 8PSME8JEF8FC 9..m/FXUPOPCTFSWBUPSZ 9SBZCJOBSZ 9SBZ.VMUJ.JSSPSm/FXUPOPCTFSWBUPSZ 9SBZQVMTBS 9SBZSBEJBUJPO DPTNJD $SBC/FCVMB 4VO 6IVSVTBUFMMJUF 9SBZT EJTDPWFSZ :FSLFT0CTFSWBUPSZ :PILPI.JTTJPO ;FFNBOFĒFDU ;FMFODIVLTLBZB0CTFSWBUPSZ ;PEJBDBMMJHIU ;POFPGBWPJEBODF

A companion to astronomy and astrophysics

A companion to astronomy and astrophysics

Astronomy and Astrophysics)

Astronomy and Astrophysics)

Astronomy and Astrophysics)

Astronomy and Astrophysics)

U.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics

U.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics

Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology: A Primer (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology: A Primer (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Astrophysics: A New Approach (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Astrophysics: A New Approach (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics: A New Approach, Second Edition (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Astrophysics: A New Approach, Second Edition (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Astronomy and Astrophysics) (Volume 2)

Astronomy and Astrophysics) (Volume 2)

Asteroseismology (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Asteroseismology (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Quasar Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Quasar Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Quasar Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Quasar Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Gamma-ray Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Gamma-ray Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

Tools of Radio Astronomy, Fifth Edition (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Tools of Radio Astronomy, Fifth Edition (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium

Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium

Dictionary of geophysics, astrophysics, and astronomy

Dictionary of geophysics, astrophysics, and astronomy

Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics

Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics

Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics

Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics

Past Meets Present in Astronomy And Astrophysics

Past Meets Present in Astronomy And Astrophysics

The Interstellar Medium (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

The Interstellar Medium (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Dictionary of geophysics, astrophysics, and astronomy

Dictionary of geophysics, astrophysics, and astronomy

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium

Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy

Aperture Synthesis: Methods and Applications to Optical Astronomy (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Aperture Synthesis: Methods and Applications to Optical Astronomy (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

Astronomy & Astrophysics (Infinity Science Press))

Astronomy & Astrophysics (Infinity Science Press))

Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics Series 37)

Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics Series 37)

X-ray Detectors in Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

X-ray Detectors in Astronomy (Cambridge Astrophysics)

A Question and Answer Guide to Astronomy

A Question and Answer Guide to Astronomy

Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Agree & close