A Guide To Islamic Finance : In Or From The DIFC

© 2007 Praesidium LLP refers to the DIFC Incorporated LLP, with registration number 0436. www.praesidium.ae

CONTENTS

Section

1:

About Praesidium LLP

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Section

2:

DIFC, the centre of Islamic excellence

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Section

3:

Industry Spotlight Need for innovation Standardisation Regulatory streamlining Opportunities

7 8 8 9 9

Section

4:

Introduction to Islamic finance History of Islam Principles of Islamic finance Role of Shari’a scholars in Islamic finance Future of Islamic finance – the principle of Tayyab

Section

5:

Regulatory environment for Islamic finance in or from the DIFC DFSA regulatory environment DFSA operating environment for the conduct of Islamic finance Seeking an endorsement to operate either as a wholly Islamic financial Institution or as an Islamic window Operating a DIFC Islamic fund Shari’a-compliant Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) Shari’a-compliant REITs under the DFSA Regulatory regime Marketing DIFC Islamic fund and foreign Islamic funds Legal Framework in the DIFC

Section

Section

Section

6:

7:

8:

Operating environment for Islamic Finance products and instruments in or from the DIFC Offer of securities in or from the DIFC Listing on the DIFX Sukuks in or from the DIFC The DIFC’s Islamic finance regime: Comparative position Challenges and opportunities ahead for Islamic finance Current DIFC Initiatives for Islamic Finance Glossary

10 10 11 13 14 16 16 18 23 25 26 27 28 30 32 33 33 34 37 37 40 42

DISCLAIMER

Praesidium LLP has developed this guide to assist those parties interested in learning about Islamic finance generally as well as to gain an understanding of the operating environment of the DIFC in respect of Islamic finance. This guide provides a summary of the underlying concepts in Islamic finance and examines the issues facing the Islamic financial services industry, both in the DIFC and beyond; now and in the future. This guide also sets out the DFSA regulatory environment for Islamic finance and the scope for application of such requirements to new product offerings, such as Shari’a-compliant REITs. This guide provides an introduction to Islamic finance as well as a summary of the regulatory requirements and the applicable operating environment for the offer of Islamic finance in or from the DIFC. This document does not constitute Shari’a or financial advice, nor does it replace the regulatory requirements of the DFSA or DIFC. It should be read in conjunction with the detailed requirements of the DFSA and DIFC to form a definitive view in terms of the application of the relevant operating environment in the DIFC to each individual set of circumstances. The contents of the Guide do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of the DIFC. This guide was prepared in December 2007 and to the best of the author’s knowledge was based on information current and accurate at that time.

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SECTION 1: ABOUT PRAESIDIUM

Praesidium LLP is a leading regulatory, compliance and client advisory firm that provides a wide range of services globally to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions and governments. The firm is headquartered in the Dubai International Financial Centre and maintains its commitment to service its clients in most of the major financial centres around the world within the next five years. The firm was established in 2007 by three partners. The firm is managed by ex-DFSA regulator, Hari Bhambra. Hari’s commercial experience began with Goldman Sachs. She was also part of the development team of both the FSA and DFSA in creating their respective regulatory regimes and was the creator of the ‘Shari’a Systems’ regulatory regime for the DIFC. Hari has authored a number of articles on Islamic finance and is a member of numerous committees in this field. She speaks globally on Islamic Finance and was recently appointed by the US FSVC as the sole adviser to a secular Islamic market on the introduction of Islamic contracts for the first time. Hari supplements her commercial experience with regular Shari’a training from scholars in Egypt. The firm’s other two partners include the economic adviser to governments in the MENA region, and a senior capital markets lawyer who has advised banks and governments across the region on conventional and Islamic structures. The firm is also an Accredited Training Provider for the London based Securities & Investment Institute to deliver the syllabus training for the Islamic Finance Qualification (IFQ) as well as the DIFC Rules and Regulations. Since establishment, the firm already has an impressive list of clients, including Fortune 500 companies to which it provides services. Praesidium provides real hands- on experience, both international and regional, to ensure that clients’ regulatory needs are met, enabling them to focus on seamless business growth. To obtain specific information and professional advice on any aspect of the DFSA regulatory regime for both conventional and Islamic Finance, please contact us: Praesidium LLP. Level 6 Al Attar Business Tower, Sheikh Zayed Road, PO Box 506676, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tel: +971 4 332 8839, Fax:+971 4 332 8869, www.praesidium.ae

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SECTION 2: DIFC, THE CENTRE OF ISLAMIC EXCELLENCE

The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), the world’s fastest growing global financial hub, was declared open for business in 2004. The DIFC is ideally located to bridge the gap between existing financial centres of London and New York in the West and Hong Kong and Tokyo in the East and services a region with the largest untapped emerging market for financial services. The vision of the DIFC is to shape tomorrow’s financial map as a global gateway for capital and investment. Its mission is to be a catalyst for regional economic growth, development and diversification by positioning the DIFC as a globally recognised financial centre. Critical to the DIFC’s success is Dubai’s established track record of realizing projects of scale in an environment that is safe, vibrant and exciting. HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, has continued to lead efforts that have established the Emirate as one of the fastest growing cities in the world. During the period 2000-2006, Dubai GDP grew by cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13 per cent in real terms. Dubai has a well-diversified economy based on international trade, banking and finance, information and communication technology, tourism and real estate. In 2005, oil contributed less than 6% of Dubai’s GDP; down from around 50% in 1985 and 24% in 1993. In contrast, by 2010 the share of oil in the economy is expected to be less than 1% of GDP. This economic diversification is continuing with the establishment of new industries, private sector growth through acquisition and increased regional economic integration. The establishment of the DIFC is the next logical step in Dubai’s economic development and aims to cement the Emirate as the region’s main financial hub. The DIFC has been designed to: • Attract regional liquidity back into investment opportunities within the region and contribute to its overall economic growth. • Facilitate planned privatisations in the region and enable initial public offerings by privately owned companies, giving impetus to the programme of deregulation and market liberalization throughout the region. • Create added insurance and reinsurance capacity. • Develop a global centre for Islamic finance - this is now an over $400 billion international market serving large Islamic communities stretching from Malaysia and Indonesia to the United States.

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Since its launch, DIFC has attracted international firms such as Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, BNY Mellon, Barclays Capital, Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank who have all received a licence to operate from the DIFC. Institutions receive a number of benefits when joining the DIFC, including: • 100 per cent foreign ownership • Zero per cent tax rate on income and profits. • A wide network of double taxation treaties available to the UAE incorporated entities. • No restrictions on foreign exchange. • Freedom to repatriate capital and profits without restrictions. • High standards of rules and regulations • Ultra-modern office accommodation and sophisticated infrastructure. • Operational support and business continuity facilities of uncompromisingly high standards. Unlike ‘offshore’ tax havens, the DIFC is a fully fledged ‘onshore’ capital market, comparable to Hong Kong, London, and New York. The DIFC focuses on several sectors of financial activity: Banking & Brokerage Services, Capital Markets, Re-insurance & Captives, Islamic Finance, Wealth Management and Ancillary Service Providers. Financial services in the DIFC are regulated to international standards by the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA).

DIFC Judicial Authority

Registrar of Securities

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Jurisdictions across the globe, including the DIFC, are seeking to become the hub for Islamic finance. The DIFC is a proven success story. It has a number of distinct advantages in maintaining that position, namely: • Its unitary, risk-based Shari’a Systems Regulator; • Regulations based on international standards, duly modified for Islamic finance • A legal environment based on common law that provides certainty and familiarity • An impressive list of authorised firms, including international conventional institutions, Islamic institutions and Islamic windows where expertise and skills can be shared and developed • DIFC is in the heart of the Middle East, the home of Islamic Finance DIFC’s strength is not just to become the centre of Islamic finance, but in the true essence of Islam, to share that knowledge and experience with other financial centres to facilitate the sustainable growth of the Islamic financial services industry for the benefit of all. The DIFC is a key catalyst to position Islamic Finance in the global arena, not just through the creation of an international financial centre, but through its commitment to Islamic finance as evidenced by the creation of the DIFC Islamic Finance Advisory Council (IFAC) which aims to tackle the real issues and impediments facing the Islamic financial services industry. DIFC has also provided an impressive infrastructure for developing human capital in the field of Islamic finance with its introduction of training programmes for Islamic finance practitioners, including the CASS MBA and is at the forefront of new initiatives to benefit Islamic Finance, such as the pioneering Waqf project of the DIFC, and the Hawkamah Institute which is promoting good governance across the region in conventional and Islamic institutions. Section 7 of this guide sets out the strengths of the DIFC in providing the most conducive operating environment for Islamic Finance supporting its aspirations to become the centre of excellence in Islamic finance. The DIFC’s forward thinking and continuous support for Islamic finance as described in this guide provides a conducive environment for Islamic finance to evolve and secure its place in the global arena.

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SECTION 3: INDUSTRY SPOTLIGHT

The Islamic Financial services industry is growing at a phenomenal rate. What emerged as a niche industry has now pervaded almost every major financial market in the world. Markets are seeking to introduce Islamic products in various forms as either Islamic Finance, Shari’a-Compliant Finance, or even Alternative Finance, but whatever title is used, it is without doubt one of the fastest growing financial sectors in the world. Banking Industry

• The total size of the Islamic Banking industry is currently estimated to be USD 800 billion to USD 1trillion, and an estimated global potential of USD 4 trillion. • Growth rate is 15%-20% per annum • Within the next 8-10 years, the Islamic banking industry is estimated to capture half of the savings of the worlds 1.6 billion Muslims.

Funds

•Assets under management in Islamic Funds are estimated to be between USD 50 billion to USD 70 billion.

Sukuks

• The total value of sukuks issued to date is valued at USD 88 billion. USD 13 billion worth of which are listed on the DIFX. • 44% of the total sukuks issued originated from the GCC in 2007.

Takaful

• Global Takaful contributions are currently estimated to be approximately USD 4.3 billion and estimated to reach USD 7.4 billion by 2015.

Worlds Muslim population

• Middle East and North Africa - 204 million Muslims • South East Asia - 16 million Muslims in Malaysia - 195 million Muslims in Indonesia • Sub-continent - 439 million Muslims in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh • Other - 16 million Muslims in UK, US, Germany and France

*Figures courtesy of HSBC Amanah , S&P, Eurekahedge Data 2007, Islamic Finance News, ICMIF, IFIS, Grail Research

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Challenges and opportunities ahead for Islamic Finance The global financial system has seen the rise of Islamic Finance. As it approaches its fourth decade, the Islamic financial services industry has spanned across the globe – reaching into Islamic and non-Islamic jurisdictions, as well as secular and secular Islamic jurisdictions. There are clearly a number of potential challenges facing the industry, including innovation, standardisation, and streamlining. Need for innovation The Islamic financial services industry has taken great strides in offering competitive products to its customers, vis-a-vis their conventional counterparts. However, for an industry which is approximately four decades old, there is so much more potential to be uncovered. Innovation is needed both in terms of what is offered to customers, but also from a liquidity management perspective. There should be more innovative structures for short term liquidity, for example the current reliance has been on commodity Murabaha, which led to use of the ‘controversial’ Tawarruq structures. Other alternatives should be introduced into the market, in many areas of Islamic Finance, including short term Shari’a compliant liquidity, such as short term Sukuks. However, it is important to ensure that such innovation remains in keeping with the underlying principles of Shari’a. It is therefore essential, at this next phase of development for Islamic finance, that the industry, both Islamic and conventional, understands that Shari’a-compliant finance has a legitimate purpose and is not just an artificial alternative to conventional finance. Innovative structures, although necessary to the next stage of development, should remain in line with the spirit of Shari’a. Standardisation Standardisation in Islamic finance would inevitably reduce some of the costs and time faced by financial institutions offering Shari’a compliant products. To achieve this, there would need to be standardisation, or at least an agreed set of fatwa’s issued by Shari’a scholars, in respect of financial transactions. Although standardisation of fatwa’s would not alleviate the differences across the Schools of Thought, it would at least provide some indication of what structures would be acceptable from a Shari’a perspective. To begin to aid the industry, some jurisdictions collate fatwa’s issued in

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their market which can act as a useful aid to those structuring Islamic financial transactions. Collation of fatwa’s may also facilitate innovation in the industry, particularly if there is a general understanding of how basic transactions should be structured. Innovative concepts could then be introduced and discussed with the Shari’a scholars. The work of the IFSB and AAOIFI is important in not only encouraging and facilitating standardisation, but in raising the international profile of Islamic finance. Regulatory streamlining To aid the growth of the Islamic financial services Industry, greater streamlining and co-ordination of regulatory requirements may facilitate the growth of the industry. The DFSA entered into a mutual recognition arrangement with Malaysia for the cross border flow of Islamic funds. This initiative was recognised in November 2007 with the award for Best Regulator being awarded jointly to the DFSA and SC, Malaysia. This arrangement itself has much potential, including providing a model for other jurisdictions or be furthered by a full ‘passporting’ arrangement, similar to that operating across Europe for Islamic funds across the MENA region which could present a unique opportunity for the industry. Opportunities Although there are key challenges facing the industry, the opportunities, at this juncture are endless. New products are being structured continuously, from Shari’a- compliant hedge funds based on Arboun and Salam structures, to Shari’a-compliant ETFs and REITs. There is also a growing interest in providing Shari’a-compliant finance at a micro level through the structuring of certain Islamic contracts into models for Shari’a-compliant microfinance. The DIFC, as indicated in this document, is promoting the importance of Islamic finance and has already put in place a framework conducive to its development. These are just the foundations and much more can be done for the sustainable development of the Islamic financial services industry. As a financial centre, the DIFC has clearly indicated its ability and its commitment for it to become the centre of excellence for Islamic finance.

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SECTION 4: INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC FINANCE

Islamic finance is the financial services industry which offers finance compliant with Shari’a, the underlying principles and codes of conduct of the religion of Islam. Islamic finance has commonly been recognised as an interest-free financing system, or a form of ethical finance. Such association has emerged from two perspectives. Firstly the interpretation of the prohibition on Riba, essentially a prohibition on an unjust increment or increase. Interest charged for loan repayments is commonly associated with Riba. In addition to Riba, Shari’a also prohibits Gharar and Maisir which should also be excluded from Islamic financial transactions. Secondly, the analogy with ‘ethical finance’ and Islamic finance is often drawn based on the restrictions on engaging in transactions which are ‘Haram’ – i.e., contrary to the underlying principles in Islam – such as avoiding investments in tobacco and the weapons industry. This ‘ethical’ feature of Islamic finance often attracts non-Muslims to Islamic finance. However, there is much more to Islamic finance than these broad analogies. The underlying principles of Islamic finance involve equity, fairness, justice, and social responsibility and morality. (See Figure 1 below). To understand the essence of Islamic finance, the subject should be understood from its root and in its entirety as opposed to isolated concepts. History of Islam While part of the Abrahamic tree of monotheistic religions tracing its roots to Adam and Eve, the religion of Islam as we know it today began when the Word of God was revealed to the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH). The word Islam means peace and has also been interpreted as meaning ‘submission’, or the total surrender of oneself to God. The followers of Islam are known as a Muslims, meaning ‘one who submits (to God)’. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur’an to Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), God’s final prophet, and regard the Qur’an, Sunnah and Hadith (the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)) as the primary source of Shari’a, supported by secondary sources such as Ijma, Qiya’s and subject to jurisdictional application, Ijtihad. Islam includes many religious practices. Followers are generally required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam, five duties that unite Muslims into a community.

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The Qur’an is recognised by Muslims as the unequivocal word of God and the Qur’an is better described as prescribing a code of conduct or a way of life for Muslims. Islam prescribes codes of conduct for everyday life, commercial interactions, and underlying principles of behaviour, conduct and dealings in certain products which are acceptable – ie, denoted as Halal. Prohibited behaviour and dealings are denoted as Haram. These codes, principles, and classification of Halal and Haram are collectively referred to as Shari’a. Within Shari’a, there are principles which apply to dealings in commerce and business known as ‘fiqh al muamalat’. It is from these principles that Islamic finance emerged in the 1970s with the establishment of the world’s first commercial Islamic bank. Principles of Islamic finance These principles are derived from the Qur’an, Sunnah and Hadith (and supporting Ijma and Qiya’s (as well as Ijtihad in certain markets)) which are approximately a thousand years old. These principles underpin the Islamic finance industry, and their application in modern day finance requires persons appropriately skilled in both Islamic jurisprudence (‘fiqh’) and finance to interpret and apply them to financial structures to ensure that they accurately conform with Shari’a compliance. Such persons are referred to as Shari’a scholars and their role is key to the current and future direction of Islamic Finance. (Illustrated in Figure 1). Figure 1: Principles and Prohibitions in Islamic Finance.

1. Principles of Profit and Loss Sharing.

Islamic Finance requires participation in and sharing of profit and potential losses in financial enterprise.

2. Prohibition on Riba.

Riba is translated as an ‘excess’ or ‘unjust increment’ and is classified in two forms: 1. Riba Al Fadl- which is described as excess compensation or an unequal exchange or sale of goods, usually relating to the exchange or sale of specified commodities including gold, silver, barley, wheat, salt and dates. Historically these commodities were treated as money and therefore the exchange of these commodities had to be in equal amounts. Any excess in the exchange of one or more of the

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commodities would be unfair to one party and was and is prohibited. 2. Riba Al Nasiah- is described as any excess over the principal amount paid which is charged for the delay in repayment. It is Riba Al Nasiah which is associated with the prohibition on interest.

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3. Avoidance of speculation (Maisr) and uncertainty (Gharar).

Transactions have to be real and be certain and not based on uncertainty or speculation. Islamic Finance is essentially about real trans actions which are based on identifiable assets and transparent contractual terms. Derivatives are often prohibited where the transaction is purely speculative.

4. Prohibition on dealing in items which are Haram and the requirement to deal only in Halal items.

All dealings, commercial or otherwise in prohibited items, i.e. those denoted as ‘haram’ are strictly prohibited. Prohibited items include: • Riba • Pork • Pornography (as this corrupts morality) • Tobacco and Alcohol (any form of intoxication which impairs the senses removing responsibility is prohibited) • Weapons and arms (Islam is a religion which promotes peace, tolerance and acceptability, unjust wars are prohibited). • Conventional financial services (as conventional financial services may deal in prohibited or haram items, such as interest and debt). • Speculation and uncertainty (including casino’s).

5. Requirement for fair and transparent dealings.

Islam requires that commercial dealings are fair and transparent to ensure that all parties are aware of their respective rights and obligations.

Role of Shari’a scholars in Islamic finance To ensure that the underlying financing structure is Shari’a-compliant – i.e., conforms with these underlying principles of Islam, the role of Shari’a scholars becomes critical. Shari’a scholars play a pivotal role in applying Islamic jurisprudence to financial transactions, by identifying how the underlying Islamic principles can be applied to ensure that the financing structure meets the required principles of Islam. Their interpretation and application of the underlying principles of Islam, (collectively referred to as Shari’a) which is issued in the form of a ruling, is referred to as a fatwa. Shari’a scholars will give a ruling on whether a financing structure meets the requirements of Shari’a to qualify as Shari’a-compliant. In the context of Islamic Finance, the fatwa’s issued by Shari’a scholars are applied to financial transactions by financial institutions to ensure that the products and financing structures are Shari’a-compliant. Put simplistically in order to provide an analogy, the Shari’a interpretation and oversight function of Shari’a scholars is in some respects similar to that of judges in common law systems, where judges interpret and apply doctrines prescribed by statutes, laws and precedents which evolve to reflect the market. In the context of Islamic finance, Shari’a scholars interpret and apply Shari’a. In both common law and Islamic jurisprudence, case law and fatwa evolve to reflect the current environment. It is worth noting however that fatwa are essentially opinion’s issued by qualified Shari’a scholars, and as such fatwa’s do not necessarily have legal force and it is possible for scholars to have a different opinion. In respect of the interpretation and application of Shari’a, there are five perspectives, four of which are predominant perspectives, or put another way, there are differences in how Shari’a is interpreted. These are referred to as Schools of Thought – i.e., religious perspectives, and the interpretation and application of Shari’a may vary across these Schools of Thought. Certain jurisdictions have a predominant School of Thought, and hence a particular perspective on the interpretation of Shari’a. Such differences often lead to different interpretations and accepted and prohibited modes of Shari’a-compliant finance across the Schools of Thought and across jurisdictions. Within jurisdictions a 3 member Shari’a Supervisory Board is common practice across the Middle East to ensure that there is a majority consensus amongst the Scholars when issuing fatwa’s.

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Even with the differences in Shari’a opinions and the common analogies with conventional products, there is clearly an objective and legitimate purpose that Islamic finance is fulfilling which is not being met by the conventional markets. How the Islamic financial services industry evolves from this point forward will influence the perception and credibility of Islamic finance. Future of Islamic finance – the principle of Tayyab The underlying principles discussed earlier have formed the basis of Islamic finance since its inception 35 years ago. There are other concepts and principles established in the Qu’ran which are applicable to Islamic finance and which can facilitate greater Shari’a compatibility of finance transactions. The industry stands at a very important junction in terms of its development, success and credibility for the future. The industry, although a key component in the global financial system, must ensure that it can justify its legitimacy as an industry. Such legitimacy is to be found in ensuring that the underlying spirit of Shari’a is complied with as the industry faces pressure to innovate new Shari’a-compliant financial products. Complying with the letter and spirit of Shari’a provide greater opportunities to promote greater Shari’a-compliance than has been the case in respect of some of the current Islamic financing structures. In essence, Islamic finance is an equity-based, not a debt-based system. Some practitioners, such as RHT Partners in Dubai are pioneering the future direction of Islamic Finance to encourage adherence to both the letter and spirit of Shari’a by taking a holistic view on Shari’a- compliant finance by applying the additional principle of Tayyab. Tayyab is the underlying principle associated with consumption of that which is ‘wholesome and more beneficial’, not just ‘compliant’. In the context of Islamic finance, Tayyab ensures that Islamic financial products are developed with a focus on holistic, equitable Islamic criteria of transparency, accountability, and fairness to ensure the credibility of the Islamic finance industry as a whole is maintained. The future of Islamic finance depends on ensuring compliance with the underlying principles and purposes of Shari’a, not just the letter of Shari’a but the spirit too. The DIFC provides a forum for such innovation and development in the field of Islamic Finance. The Shari’a system’s regulatory infrastructure provides the necessary degree of flexibility to encourage greater innovation in Islamic finance. In the absence of a centralized Shari’a Board,

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the appointment of a three-member Shari’a Supervisory Board ensures that the products comply with both the letter and spirit of Shari’a. This guide summarises the regulatory obligations which apply to firms which seek to be licensed to offer Islamic finance in or from the DIFC by setting out the operating environment in the DIFC (See Figure 2). Section 6 of this guide summarises the products and instruments, specifically capital market instruments which can be offered from the DIFC by both DFSA Authorised Firms as well as non authorised entities. Figure 2: Summary of Islamic Finance in or from the DIFC in the context of the DIFC Law Regulating Islamic Financial Business

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SECTION 5: REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR ISLAMIC FINANCE IN OR FROM THE DIFC

The DFSA regulatory environment The Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) is the independent integrated regulatory authority of the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) created by Dubai Law No 9 of 2004. The DFSA supervises financial institutions authorised to conduct financial services in or from the DIFC, and oversees the provision of certain ancillary services to DFSA authorised firms such as auditing, accounting, and legal services. The DFSA is empowered by the DIFC Regulatory Law, Law No 1 of 2004 to make rules and regulations and also enforce these regulatory requirements. The supervisory philosophy of the DFSA is to be a ‘risk-based’ regulator which means that the DFSA will focus on the risks within DFSA authorised firms, and the impact of those risks on the centre, to clients and the potential impact on the DFSA’s ability and resources required to meet the DFSA’s regulatory objectives as stipulated in the DIFC Regulatory Law (See Figure 3). Figure 3: Impact of the risk profile of an Authorised Firm on the DFSA Regulatory Objectives

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The DFSA’s ‘risk-based’ philosophy is a continuous process for the identification, assessment, prioritisation, and mitigation of risks which arise within authorised firms. The DFSA has a range of regulatory tools available to monitor such risks, including risk assessment visits, theme reviews, desk-based reviews, including review and analysis of prudential returns, auditor reports, and Shari’a reports, to name a few. As a risk-based regulator, the DFSA focuses on the risks which the authorised firm poses regardless of whether it is an Islamic (including an Islamic window) or conventional firm. In the context of Islamic finance, the DFSA is a Shari’a systems regulator – not a Shari’a regulator. It does not regulate finite points of Shari’a, but the systems put in place to ensure compliance with Shari’a. In the context of the supervisory cycle, the same regulatory model of supervision applies to all regulated firms. The emphasis of focus may change to reflect the product range, but the overall supervisory philosophy of review and monitoring remains the same across all DFSA authorised firms (See Figure 4). Figure 4: Example of a regulatory cycle for institutions offering financial services and products in accordance with Shari’a.

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DFSA operating environment for the conduct of Islamic finance The DFSA will consider applications from authorised firms as well as new applicants to offer Islamic financial business in or from the DIFC. To understand how this works, it is important to understand the overall licensing process which is summarised below. For further details, the AUT module of the DFSA rulebook should be consulted. 1. Selection of financial services Applicants intending to offer financial services as defined by the DFSA in or from the DIFC require authorisation by the DFSA. The applicant’s business plan should detail what activities are to be offered and how these relate to the financial services as defined in the GEN module of the DFSA rulebook. In the context of Islamic finance, the applicant will need to explain, as part of its business plan, what Islamic structures or contracts are to be used and map these structures and contracts into the financial services definitions of the DFSA. 2. Financial Services Applicants intending to offer the following financial services in or from the DIFC must be authorised by the DFSA (See Figure 5).

Figure 5: Financial Services Table for Authorised Firms

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3. In or from concept When considering which activities an applicant intends to offer, the requirement to be authorised applies where the financial services are to be offered by a DFSA authorised firm in the DIFC or from the DIFC. 4. Authorisation process The Authorisation Department of the DFSA will assess all applications for authorisation to ensure that the proposed business has a clear strategy, is managed effectively and prudently, and intends to operate in compliance with the DIFC laws and DFSA regulations. The Authorisation Department, will, among other things, consider the collective suitability, fitness and properness of those involved in the business. The same authorisation approach applies to both Islamic and conventional firms. Once satisfied, the DFSA will authorise the applicant to offer financial services in or from the DIFC. 5. Single licence structure Once approved, the DFSA will issue a single licence which lists the financial services that the firm can offer in or from the DIFC. The DFSA does not issue licences by category, although there is a common reference to the prudential category which the authorised financial services lead to (See Figure 6). Figure 6: Explanation of the Single Licence process and categorisation of Authorised Firms

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6. Prudential categories The financial services shown below are those that determine which prudential category is applicable to the firm – ie, where the applicant identifies a range of financial services to offer in or from the DIFC, if the selection includes one of the financial services below, that will determine the prudential category for the firm (the determinant). Figure 7: Prudential Categories as set out in the PIB Module of the DFSA Rulebook

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Where the firm is to offer one or more of the determinant financial services, the highest prudential category applies, for example an applicant intending to provide credit, deal as principal, and arrange custody will be a prudential Category 1 firm. Where the firm is to be a wholly Islamic financial institution (not an Islamic window) and also manages a profit-sharing investment account (PSIA) other than as a collective investment vehicle, for example where it mobilizes funds through PSIA’s it will be subject to prudential Category 5. Where a wholly Islamic financial institution intends to provide other financial services, other than manage a profit-sharing investment account, such as ‘deal as principal’, then the appropriate prudential category will apply. In this example it will be a prudential Category 2 firm. A firm which is an Islamic window will be subject to prudential Category 1-4 according to the selected financial services (See Figure 7 previous page). 7. Benefits of a single licence A single licence has many advantages, most significantly where additional financial services are to be added at a later stage. In such a case, a ‘change in scope of licence’ application using DFSA form SUP 4 can be submitted to the DFSA and additional financial services can be added to the existing licence, subject to regulatory approval. This model provides flexibility and ease of processing for both the DFSA and authorised firms. 8. Islamic finance endorsement In the context of Islamic finance, the DFSA does not issue Islamic finance or Islamic banking licences, but will issue an endorsement across the financial services licence to indicate that the firm is to operate either as a wholly Islamic financial institution or as an Islamic window. Again, this provides the necessary degree of flexibility. For example, where additional Islamic contracts or structures are to be proposed at a later stage, a ‘change in scope of licence’ application can be submitted to add the equivalent financial service which relates to the Islamic contract or structure. 9. Holding out In accordance with the DIFC Law Regulating Islamic Financial Business, a financial institution cannot ‘hold itself out’ as conducting Islamic financial business unless it is endorsed to operate as either a wholly Islamic financial institution or an Islamic window. The concept of ‘holding out’ has two functions. Firstly, financial institutions that want actively to

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market themselves as offering financial services in accordance with Shari’a – i.e., Islamic Finance – must be duly endorsed and have the requisite Shari’a oversight systems in place. The second function is that those financial institutions that offer financial services in accordance with Shari’a without intending to – such as mutual funds, ethical finance, and certain conventional products which meet the principles for Shari’a and Halal by default – are not required to seek an endorsement where the financial institution has no intention of holding itself out to the market as offering financial services in compliance with Shari’a. This ensures that the regime only applies to the correct financial institutions. When a financial institution is proposing to offer Islamic finance in or from the DIFC, they must first consider if they are intending to ‘hold themselves out’ to the market that they are providing Shari’a-compliant financial services. For example, advisors who advise on financial structures which are Shari’a-compliant may not necessarily need to be endorsed if they provide a purely advisory role in the same manner as they would provide for a conventional product – ie, with no specific additional service being provided as a result of the Shari’a nature of the product. In the context of the DFSA’s operating environment, financial institutions that ‘hold themselves out’ as offering Shari’a-compliant finance must seek an endorsement from the DFSA. 10. Identification of appropriate financial services Financial institutions that intend to offer Islamic products in or from the DIFC must select the appropriate financial service as defined by the DFSA which equates to the proposed Islamic product. To do this, the underlying purpose, effect, and risk profile of the Islamic product needs to be understood so as to select the most relevant DFSA financial service. 11. Types of Islamic firm in the DIFC The DFSA defines two types of financial institution which can be endorsed to offer financial services in accordance with Shari’a – a wholly Islamic firm, and an Islamic window. A wholly Islamic firm is one whose entire business operations are undertaken in accordance with Shari’a, as stated in its constitutional documents. An Islamic window is a conventional financial institution which also offers Shari’a compliant financial products and services as well as conventional financial products and services.

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Seeking an ‘endorsement to operate’ either as a wholly Islamic financial institution or as an Islamic window Figure 8: The following 7 Steps summarise the process to be considered when planning to offer Islamic Finance in or from the DIFC.

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Figure 9: Summary of the 3 core considerations for seeking an Islamic endorsement to operate as a Wholly Islamic Financial Institution or an Islamic Window

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Operating a DIFC Islamic fund The DFSA has implemented a regime for the oversight of collective investment funds (CIF). The DFSA categorises these into two types: DIFC domestic funds (established in the DIFC under the laws of the DIFC); or foreign funds (established in a jurisdiction other than the DIFC). In the context of DIFC domestic Islamic funds, an authorised firm must, as a minimum, be authorised to ‘operate a collective investment fund’. The operator will be responsible for the fund’s overall operations and is required to ensure that any delegation arrangements with fund administrators, custodians, or managers are undertaken following careful due diligence. In the context of Islamic finance, the operator must also implement the Shari’a system to ensure sufficient Shari’a oversight of the fund. The same process described in Steps 3-7 in Figure 8 above applies. Figure 10: Operating a DIFC Domestic Islamic Fund

It is common for the Shari’a scholars to form a three-member Shari’a Supervisory Board (SSB) to issue fatwa’s. In the case of funds, the SSB may issue broad investment guidelines pertaining to the fund with ongoing Shari’a-compliance monitoring undertaken by the financial institution.

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Islamic Funds are usually required to comply with industry and financial filters. The industry filters are in place to ensure that prohibited stocks, ie those that are ‘Haram’ are not included in the investments. Financial filters are in place to ensure that certain thresholds are maintained, for example common financial filters will prohibit investments to be made in companies that have certain financial positions, including but not limited to certain debt to equity ratio’s and certain interest income thresholds. Other fund structures may track Islamic indexes, such as the Dow Jones Islamic Index, or FTSE Islamic Index. Such indices are also subject to approval by a SSB. Shari’a-compliant REITs In the context of Shari’a compliant funds, REITs are becoming increasingly popular fund structures that can be offered in accordance with Shari’a. Shari’a-compliant REITs are essentially listed collective investment schemes where funds from investors are pooled and invested in a portfolio of Shari’a-compliant real estate assets, or real estate related assets. These assets are usually leased out to a third party (commonly under an Ijara structure) and rentals from the leased assets form the income of the REIT which can be distributed to Unitholders. Recent Shari’a-compliant REIT structures have used Ijara as the basis of the investment. The typical Ijara REIT structure is set out in Figure 11 below. Figure 11: Summary of an Ijara based REIT

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Shari’a-compliant REITs under the DFSA regulatory regime The DFSA CIR module permits REITs to be established and offered in or from the DIFC. Although there is no specific DFSA module for Shari’a-compliant REITs, the regime does permit REIT structures, and also permits Shari’a-compliant funds to be established and offered in or from the DIFC. An example of a REIT established in the DIFC could have the characteristics set out in Figure 12 below. Figure 12: An example of a DFSA REIT structure incorporating a Shari’a System (Author’s view only)

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Where REITs are to be offered as Shari’a-compliant, a Shari’a system, as described in steps 3-7 in Figure 8 and Figure 10 must also be put in place. The DFSA CIR module could be used to permit Shari’a-compliant REITs to invest in real property that can subsequently be leased out under an Ijara structure using the rental income as the returns which are distributed to Unitholders. The DFSA CIR Module also permits REITs to invest in property under development, provided that the contract value of the property under development does not exceed 30 per cent of the net asset value of the fund property and that the REIT will hold the developed property upon completion. Marketing DIFC Islamic funds and foreign Islamic funds All funds to be marketed in or from the DIFC must be marketed by a DFSA authorised firm, which must at least be appropriately authorised. 1. Marketing DIFC Domestic Islamic funds In respect of DIFC domestic Islamic funds, units of such funds can also be marketed into Malaysia with minimal regulatory intervention. DIFC domestic Islamic fund units can be offered into Malaysia via an approved distributing agent under the Mutual Recognition arrangement between the DFSA and Securities Commission Malaysia. The prospectus must make a number of clear statements pertaining to the fund and provide clear information about the Shari’a oversight arrangements, including details of the SSB, and confirmation that the Shari’a oversight satisfies the requirements imposed by the respective regulatory regime. 2. Marketing foreign Islamic funds In relation to the marketing of foreign funds (those not domiciled in the DIFC), DFSA authorised firms can market and offer units in such foreign funds where they are either ‘designated funds from recognised jurisdictions’, or which satisfy the requirements relating to the marketing of non-designated funds. The information below summarises the requirements in the DFSA rulebook which should be consulted for full details.

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Option 1: Marketing Foreign Designated Islamic Funds

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Option 2: Marketing of Foreign Non-Designated Islamic Funds

Specific additional requirements exist for specialist funds such as property funds which are not described in Figure above. The summaries are equally applicable to conventional funds. Legal Framework in the DIFC Although subject to the UAE’s criminal laws, including anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws, the DIFC is subject to its own legal system based on common law, influenced by the UK legal system. A full set of laws have been developed to operate in the Centre, some of which are administered by the DFSA, others administered by the DIFCA.

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DIFC Laws administered by the DFSA

DIFC Laws administered by DIFCA

• Regulatory Law

• Strata Title Law

• Markets Law

• Real Property Law

• Law Regulating Islamic Financial Business

• Data Protection Law

• Trust Law • Investment Trust Law • Collective Investment Law

• Limited Partnership Law • Companies Law • Personal Property Law • Law Relating to the Application of DIFC Laws(Amended and Restated) • Employment Law • Law of Obligations • Implied Terms in Contract and Unfair Terms • Law of Damages and Remedies • Law of Security • Law on the Application of Civil and Commercial Laws • Law on Application of DIFC Laws • Limited Liability Partnership Law • Contract Law • Insolvency Law • Arbitration Law • Court Law • General Partnership Law

These laws, particularly those pertaining to the legal vehicles which are permitted in the Centre are equally applicable to Islamic Finance. The DIFC was one of the first jurisdictions in the Gulf to introduce specific Trust Laws which were internationally recognised by the prestigious Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP) body.

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SECTION 6: OPERATING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE OFFER OF ISLAMIC SECURITIES IN OR FROM THE DIFC

The DIFC provides scope for the ‘offer of securities’ in or from the DIFC, and listing on its own exchange, the Dubai International Financial Exchange ‘DIFX’ which was authorised by the DFSA as an Authorised Market Institution (AMI) on 26th September 2005. Offers of Securities In or From the DIFC Securities can be offered in or from the DIFC. The DIFC Markets Law prohibits the offer of securities in or from the DIFC unless the offer is made in accordance with the relevant provisions of the DIFC Markets Law and offered as either a full prospectus offer or exempt offer. Where the offer is made in the DIFC, i.e. if the offer is directed at or received by a person in the DIFC at the time of making the offer and is capable of acceptance by such an offeree, then the offer can either be a Prospectus offer or an Exempt offer. Such offers are subject to the DIFC Markets Law and the DFSA Offered Securities Rules Module (OSR). An exempt offer is an offer of securities which are offers of Securities made by the following offerors: (a) by recognised governments or other persons on the list of exempt offerors maintained by the DFSA in the Offered Securities Rules; (b) made to and directed at Professional Investors; (c) made in connection with a takeover offer; or (d) as may be prescribed by the Offered Securities Rules. The DFSA OSR prescribes in detail what type of offers are Exempt offers. Where the offer is not an exempt offer and falls within the requirements, a full Prospectus offer must be made. A full Prospectus offer of securities requires the appointment of a Sponsor and Underwriter. Where the offer is made from the DIFC i.e. if the person making the offer is located inside the DIFC, the person to whom the offer is made is located outside the DIFC and the offer is capable of being accepted by that person, the person making the offer must notify the DFSA providing the relevant information as set out in the DFSA OSR Module including details of the jurisdiction to be targeted and confirmation that the offeror will comply with the relevant obligations in that target jurisdiction.

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DIFC Markets Law DFSA Offered Securities Rules (OSR)

Prospectus Offer

Full prospectus required as prescribed by the DFSA OSR Module

Offer in the DIFC

Exempt Offer

Exempt Offer Statement required as prescribed by the DFSA OSR Module

Notification to the DFSA as prescribed in DFSA OSR

Offer from the DIFC

Offers of Islamic Securities Where the offer relates to Islamic securities, the prospectus must also include details of the Shari’a scholars that have approved the offer and any other disclosures required by AAOIFI’s Shari’a Standards in respect of Sukuk offers. Listing on the DIFX The DIFC boosts its own international financial exchange which is home to the worlds largest Sukuk market. Under the provisions of the DIFC Markets Law, and the DFSA Authorised Market Institution Rules (AMI Module), the DFSA requires the DIFX to put in place appropriate listing requirements

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and business requirements. The DIFX has therefore implemented the DIFX Listing Rules and DIFX Business Rules. The DIFX currently provides a platform for the listing and trading of securities which are admitted to the official list of securities maintained by the exchange. Currently the DIFX provides a platform for the listing and trading of: • Equity • Debentures • Certificates • Units of Funds • Index products • Islamic Securities • Designated Investments The DIFX permits primary and secondary listings. When an issuer proposes to list securities the requirements of the DIFX must be adhered to. The DIFX is then under an obligation to notify the DFSA of its intention to list the securities at which point the DFSA may object to the admission of the securities to the official list of securities maintained by the exchange. Sukuks in or from the DIFC The DIFC is recognised as being home to the largest sukuk market in the world. Several sukuks have been offered in or from the DIFC, and listed on the DIFX. Sukuks are often referred to or associated with conventional bonds. However there are some key differences with this association, namely that sukuks are asset-backed or based and the certificate holders, or sukuk holders, are deemed to be owners of the underlying assets and therefore entitled to the profit generated from those assets. A common sukuk structure is based on an underlying Ijara contract (lease structure), whereby initial funds are raised from sukuk holders with the asset(s) identified as part of the structure leased out. The rental income from such a lease is used to pay periodic returns, which can be variable although based on a fixed formula (tantamount to coupons), to the sukuk holders at fixed periods. Other sukuk models are being offered into the market the Sukuk-Al-Ijara has been the most the common structure to date although newer structures such as Sukuk-Al-Musharaka, and the DIFC Investments own Sukuk (issued by the Dubai Sukuk Centre) are introducing new Sukuk structures to the market.

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Figure 13: Common Sukuk Structure – Sukuk-Al-Ijara

DIFC Investments issued a Sukuk in 2007 which is structured as a Sukuk-Al Mudaraba. The structure is set out below (as derived from the prospectus). Figure 14- Dubai Sukuk Centre Sukuk-Al Mudaraba

Dubai Sukuk Centre Sukuk USD 1.25 billion DIFC Investments LLC (DIFCI) MUDARIB Mudaraba Agreement entered into by DIFCI and DSC

DIFC Investments LLC OBLIGOR

profit

Dubai Sukuk Centre (DSC) ISSUER

(purchase and sale undertakings)

Obligor rated A+ S & P A1 Moody’s

$

Capital is passed to the Mudarib to invest in accordance with an agreed Investment Plan

Declaration of Trust established to protect the investments on behalf of the Certificate holder

$

Periodic Distribution and Final dissolution amounts.

Certificate holders

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Aside from being the largest Sukuk market in the world, the DIFX is also seeking to provide a conducive environment for Islamic Finance more generally and also offers products such as the Islamic Certificate Index products and recently developed a family of indices with HSBC, including the Sukuk Indices (SKBI), Middle Eastern Conventional Bond Indices (MEBI), and Middle Eastern Aggregate Indices (MEAG).

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SECTION 7: THE DIFC’s ISLAMIC FINANCE REGIME: COMPARATIVE POSITION

Challenges and opportunities ahead for Islamic finance There are a number of key strengths of the DIFC’s operating environment for the offer of Islamic Finance in or from the DIFC starting with its regulatory regime. The DFSA’s regulatory regime for Islamic Finance is based on the importance of implementing regulatory standards according to international best practice, whilst ensuring that this incorporates an appropriate structure for Islamic Finance to provide a sufficient degree of Shari’a oversight that may not be prescribed in widely-used international standards. The DFSA has developed a model which has successfully integrated international regulatory standards with detailed Shari’a oversight requirements, drawing upon the established standards of IOSCO, Basel, FATF, IAIS, IFSB and AAOIFI in respect of Shari’a-compliance as stipulated in its governance standards (GSIFI). The overall regulatory regime integrates and extends international standards to the fullest extent possible to all DFSA authorised firms, including wholly Islamic financial institutions and Islamic windows. An appropriate degree of modification to these standards has been made to provide an appropriate regulatory model for the specificities of Islamic finance, including but not limited to: • Implementation of AAOIFI (including extension of AAOIFI’s Shari’a review process to Islamic windows) • Modification of prudential requirements to reflect the specific prudential risks and Shari’a risk mitigation techniques for Islamic finance • Enhanced disclosure in respect of Shari’a oversight, and periodic information in respect of products and services offered in accordance with Shari’a There are many commercial benefits to the operating environment in the DIFC which are summarised below. 1. Shari’a systems model The DFSA’s regulatory structure for Islamic finance is referred to as the Shari’a System. This means that the firm must implement appropriate systems, controls and processes to ensure that the financial services and products offered are in compliance with Shari’a. The Shari’a Systems model obliges DFSA authorised firms to implement adequate systems to ensure compliance with Shari’a. The DFSA provides detail on what such systems should include and also requires that the relevant provisions of AAOIFI’s governance standards (GSIFI) are implemented to ensure initial and ongoing Shari’a compliance.

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The Shari’a Systems model, provides benefits from two perspectives: firstly, financial institutions that operate in financial markets which are consistent with the international regulatory standards can transfer their business and compliance models into the DIFC with relative ease by implementing the Shari’a System prescribed by the DFSA as an overlay to the compliance and risk-management infrastructure commonly used in conventional finance, subject to appropriate degree of modification. This is depicted in Figure 15 below. The second perspective is that financial institutions that operate in key Islamic jurisdictions (where regulatory requirements stipulate Shari’a oversight requirements) can easily adapt their compliance models to meet the DFSA’s requirements. The DFSA’s regime prescribes in sufficient detail the Shari’a system for oversight and compliance with Shari’a that must be implemented to enable institutions to offer Shari’a-compliant financial services in or from the DIFC. The DFSA has developed an international regulatory model, duly modified to provide an appropriate regulatory structure to ensure compliance with not only regulatory standards, but also Shari’a. Figure 15-Summary of compliance structure for Islamic Finance reflecting adaptation of a conventional compliance model

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2. Clarity and certainty of regulations across wholly Islamic financial institutions and Islamic windows The DFSA regime has many key strengths compared to some of the regulatory counterparts across the key Islamic jurisdictions, for example, the DFSA regime explicitly requires compliance with AAOIFI. This is to ensure consistency and instill confidence. Clients offered financial services in accordance with Shari’a by DFSA authorised firms will have confidence that these firms are subject to the same regulatory obligations in respect of Shari’a oversight to ensure that their products or services are Shari’a-compliant, regardless of whether the firm is a wholly Islamic financial institution or an Islamic window. 3. Integrated regulatory structure conducive to the cross-sectoral nature of Islamic finance The DFSA is structured as a unitary regulator, which means that it regulates all sectors of the market, including asset management, capital markets, banking, insurance, and Islamic finance. Consequently the DFSA is able to view regulatory issues across the market as a whole and is able to identify and respond more efficiently than perhaps a sectoral regulator where regulatory overlap may occur. Additionally, certain Islamic finance products are cross-sectoral in nature. For example, certain products, such as Profit Sharing Investment Accounts (PSIA) are treated in some jurisdictions as hybrid banking and capital market products. A cross-sectoral, unitary regulator, like the DFSA is able to address these risks more effectively. From a business perspective, the unitary structure makes it easier for authorised firms to raise issues relating to new products and financial services with a unitary regulator, as opposed to having to seek clearance and approval from a number of sector specific regulators operating in a single jurisdiction. 4. The importance of a level playing field, including a reverse level playing field in Islamic finance It is important to ensure that all financial institutions operating within the DIFC, and other financial centres, are subject to the same standard of regulation. This applies equally in the context of Islamic finance, where firms offering Islamic financial services and products should be subject to the same degree and standards of regulation as their conventional counterparts. Of course regulations may need to be modified to reflect the specifics of Islamic finance that perhaps a purely conventional regulatory model cannot accommodate While it is important to have a level playing field when considering the regulatory regime which applies to Islamic finance vis-a-vis conventional firms, it is also important to ensure that there is a reverse playing field. For example,

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conventional firms offering Islamic financial products and services (Islamic windows), must follow the same requirements in respect of Shari’a oversight as their Islamic finance counterparts. The DFSA regime has sought to create this level playing field by specifically applying AAOIFI’s governance standards to Islamic windows to ensure that the appropriate Shari’a systems are in place in both wholly Islamic firms and Islamic windows, thus ensuring customers have confidence that Islamic products offered in or from the DIFC have been subject to an appropriate degree of Shari’a oversight. Current DIFC Initiatives The DIFC provides an enabling environment for Islamic Finance from a number of perspectives as discussed above. However, the DIFC is constantly working to make the Centre even more conducive to Islamic Finance and is currently working on a number of initiatives in this field to address some of the impediments currently facing the industry. These are illustrated below:

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Issue

DIFC Initiative

Need for greater product innovation

Provision of clearly defined legal and regulatory framework which facilitates innovation in the field of Islamic Finance

Promote greater liquidity in Islamic Finance

The DIFX provides a conducive framework for the listing and trading of Islamic securities

Industry benchmarks

The DIFC in collaboration with HSBC have developed a series of industry benchmarks including the Sukuk Index

Shortage of Talent

The DIFC has a well defined education strategy and has begun to offer prestigious courses specializing in Islamic Finance, such as the Cass Executive MBA

Standardisation

The DIFC is seeking to provide an environment for Islamic Finance forums to attract the best talent in Islamic Finance to spearhead standardisation.

Passportability of Islamic Products

The DIFC has been leading the direction of convergence and regulatory standardisation in the field of Islamic Finance with the successful implementation of the Mutual Recognition Model with other established Islamic Finance jurisdictions

The DIFC is ideally located to become a leading jurisdiction, or a hub for Islamic Finance. Aside from the ongoing initiatives and developments, the DIFC is located in the Middle East, the heart of Islamic Finance. The DIFC and participants in the DIFC have a genuine belief in the underlying legitimacy and value of Islamic Finance, and this feature is a core strength which demonstrates not only the DIFC’s commitment but passion to provide the most conducive, world class operating environment for Islamic Finance.

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SECTION 8: GLOSSARY

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AAOIFI

Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions which provides relevant provisions for Islamic finance, including recommended Shari’a review practices. www.aaoifi.com

DFSA

Dubai Financial Services Authority- the independent regulatory body with oversight over Authorised Firms, Authorised Individuals, Authorised Market Institution and Ancillary Service Providers which operate in or from the DIFC.

DIFC

Dubai International Financial Centre- a Financial Free Zone in a designated area within the Emirate of Dubai.

DIFCA

Dubai International Financial Centre Authority

Hadith

Consolidation of the verbal translations of the Prophet (PBUH).

Ijara

Ijara is commonly referred to as a leasing structure. An asset is leased out by the owner of the asset for a rental income. The Ijara arrangement may also lead to a separate arrangement for the sale of the leased asset to the lessee at the end of the term. The Ijara structure is widely used as a form of Shari’a-compliant home finance and has been widely used in sukuk structures.

Ijma

Consensus of scholars.

IFSB

Islamic Financial Services Board is a standard setting agency established in Malaysia which seeks to standardise the practices which apply to Islamic finance based on international best practice, duly modified to reflect the specifics of Islamic Finance. www.ifsb.org

Ijtihad

Interpretation of scholars.

Istisna’a

Istisna’a is one of few Islamic contracts where the asset which is the subject matter of the transaction does not exist at the time of contracting. It is commonly referred to as a construction contract whereby financing is raised principally for manufacturing.

Mudaraba

Mudaraba is a contract where the provider of capital (Rabb Ul Maal) provides funds to the manager (Mudarib) for the purpose of investment. The return on the investment (the profit), is allocated between the Mudarib and Rabb Ul Maal in accordance with a predetermined ratio agreed at the outset of the contract. This is also referred to as a ‘profit sharing investment structure’, or ‘account’. The Rabb Ul Maal may provide the funds to the Mudarib and impose a condition on the application of those funds, this is referred to as a ‘restricted profit-sharing account’. Where funds are provided without condition this is referred to as an ‘unrestricted profit-sharing investment account’.

Murabaha

A cost plus mark-up structure where the Islamic financial institution acquires an asset for resale to the client at a price which includes the original acquisition price plus a mark-up. Commonly used as an alternative to a conventional loan. In some jurisdictions it is widely used as a form of Shari’a-compliant home financing.

Musharaka

Musharaka is a form of equity partnership where both partners contribute capital and effort. This is distinct from a Mudaraba where the provider of capital (referred to as Rabb Ul Maal) does not contribute to the management of the partnership. In some jurisdictions it is used as a form of Shari’a-compliant home financing, particularly the variant model the diminishing Musharaka, where one partner’s share gradually decreases as the other partners share increases.

Qiya’s

Analogical reasoning.

Qu’ran

Definitive ‘Word of God’ revealed to the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH). It is the most sacrosanct text to Muslims.

Riba

Riba is generally referred to as ‘an increase’ more specifically an ‘unjust increment’

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Salam

Salam is another Islamic contract where the asset which is the subject matter of the transaction does not exist at the time of contracting. It used to be a method of raising funds to grow agricultural products. A Salam is entered into by an Islamic financial institution that pays in advance for goods which are to be delivered at a later date.

Sunnah

Religious conduct of the Prophet, (PBUH) referred to as ‘Way of the Prophet’ which is recognised as an example of how to conduct one’s life.

Sukuk

Sukuk is commonly referred to as an Islamic bond, which is not an accurate reflection of a sukuk. A sukuk is a way of raising funds where there is an identifiable asset which generates an income stream. Sukuk certificates, which confer ownership to the underlying assets, are issued to investors in return for initial funds. At fixed intervals, the investors receive profits generated from the underlying asset.

Takaful

This is a scheme of mutual support which are often structured as charitable collective pool of funds. An individual becomes a participant by paying a participative contribution (tabarru’) to a common takaful fund whereby the individual allows his / her contributions to be used to help others. Takaful provides mutual protection of assets and property and offers joint risk-sharing in the event of a loss by one of the participants. Takaful is similar to mutual insurance in that members are the insurers as well as the insured. Takaful is sometimes termed as ‘Islamic Insurance’.

Tayyab

Tayyab literally translates as ‘wholesome or more beneficial than just compliant’. RHT Partners have created a white paper on Tayyab’ (www.RHTPartners.com).

Reference materials: • DIFC Regulatory Law • DIFC Law Regulating Islamic Financial Business • DIFC Markets Law • ISF Module • CIR Module • GEN Module• AUT Module • PIB Module OSR Module• PIN Module • AAOIFI GSIFI • IFSB Standard • AMI Module • SUP Module • DIFX Listing Rules • DIFX Business Rules

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20

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ócCÉà∏d ¢ü«NÎdG äÉÑ∏W ™«ªL á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO á£∏°S ‘ ¢ü«NÎdG º°ùb º«q ≤j ±ƒ°S Ωõà©Jh π≤©Jh á«∏YÉØH QGóJ É¡fCGh ,áë°VGh á«é«JGΰSG É¡jód Ö∏£dÉH áeóq ≤àŸG ácô°ûdG ¿CG øe »HO á£∏°ùd ᫪«¶æàdG äGAGôLE’Gh »ŸÉ©dG ‹ÉŸG »HO õcôe ÚfGƒ≤d Ék ≤ah ∫ɪYC’G ádhGõe ™«ªL ìÓ°Uh á«∏gCG øe ,iôNCG QƒeCG øª°V ,¢ü«NÎdG º°ùb ócCÉà«°Sh .á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d .ácô°ûdG IQGOEÉH Ú«æ©ŸG .AGƒ°S óq M ≈∏Y ájó«∏≤àdGh á«eÓ°S’G äÉcô°ûdG ≈∏Y ¢ü«NGÎdG íæe ‘ á∏eÉ©ŸG √òg ≥Ñ£æJh ácô°û∏d ¢ü«NÎdG á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO á£∏°S íæ“ ,äÉeõ∏à°ùŸG áaÉc AÉØ«à°SG ºàj Éeóæ©a .»ŸÉ©dG ‹ÉŸG »HO õcôe ∫ÓN øe hCG ‘ É¡dɪYCG ádhGõe øe øμªààd Ö∏£dÉH áeó≤àŸG á°üNô∏d IóMƒe á«∏μ«g -5

Oóq – IóMƒe á°üNQ á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO á£∏°S Qó°üJo ,¢ü«NÎdG ≈∏Y É¡à≤aGƒe Oôéà ’h .»ŸÉ©dG ‹ÉŸG »HO õcôe ∫ÓN øe hCG ‘ ÉgÒaƒJ ácô°û∏d øμÁ »àdG á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG É¡«a áeÉY IQÉ°TEG OƒLh øe ºZôdG ≈∏Y ,äÉÄa øª°V ¢ü«NGÎdG á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO á£∏°S Qó°üJ q á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG É¡«dEG …ODƒJ »àdG ájQÉÑàY’G áÄØdG ¤EG .(6 πμ°ûdG ô¶fG) .á°üNôŸG 21

q äÉcô°ûdG ∞«æ°üJh IóMƒŸG ¢ü«NÎdG á«∏ªY ìô°T - 6 πμ°ûdG á°üNôŸG

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ÈY ∫GƒeC’G 𫨰ûàH Ók ãe Ωƒ≤J á«YɪL ájQɪãà°SG IGOCG áHÉãà â°ù«dh ,ácΰûe ìÉHQCÉH .5 ájQÉÑàY’G áÄØdG ¤EG ∂dP óæY »ªàæJ É¡fEÉa ,ácΰûe ìÉHQCÉH ájQɪãà°S’G äÉHÉ°ù◊G IQGOEG øª°†àJ ’ iôNCG á«dÉe äÉeóN ÒaƒJ πeÉμdÉH á«eÓ°SEG á«dÉe á°ù°SDƒe …ƒæJ ÉeóæYh áÄØdG ≥«Ñ£J ÉgóæY ºàj ,ádÉ°UC’ÉH Qɪãà°S’G ádhGõe πãe ,ácΰûe ìÉHQCÉH …Qɪãà°SG ÜÉ°ùM »àdG ácô°ûdG ÉeCG .2 ájQÉÑàY’G áÄØdG ¤EG ácô°ûdG »ªàæJ ,∫ÉãŸG Gòg ‘h .áªFÓŸG ájQÉÑàY’G Ék ≤ah 4 ¤EG 1 øe ìhGÎJ »àdG ájQÉÑàY’G äÉÄØdG ¤EG »ªàæàa ,á«eÓ°SEG IòaÉf áHÉãà ¿ƒμJ .(7 πμ°ûdG ô¶fG) IQÉàîŸG á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d IóMƒŸG á°üNôdG ÉjGõe -7

á∏Môe ‘ á«dÉe äÉeóN áaÉ°VEG óæY á°UÉN ,IójóY ÉjGõe ≈∏Y IóMƒŸG á°üNôdG …ƒ£æJ á£∏°S øe SUP êPƒ‰ ΩGóîà°SG ≥jôW øY á°üNôdG ¥É£f Ò«¨àd Ö∏W Ëó≤J øμÁh .á≤M’ á≤aGƒª∏d ¬Yƒ°†N ™e ,‹É◊G ¢ü«NÎ∏d á«dÉe äÉeóN áaÉ°VEG ‹ÉàdÉHh ,á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO »HO á£∏°S øe πμd πª©dG ‘ áMGôdGh áfhôŸG êPƒªædG Gòg ôaƒjh .᫪«¶æàdG á£∏°ùdG øe .AGƒ°S óM ≈∏Y á°üNôŸG äÉcô°ûdGh á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d á«eÓ°S’G á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG ádhGõe á°üNQ OɪàYG Ö∏W -8

ádhGõŸ ¢ü«NGôJ á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d »HO á£∏°S Qó°üJ ’ ,»eÓ°SE’G ‹ÉŸG ´É£≤dG ¢üîj Ée ‘ ∫ÓN øe Gk OɪàYG Qó°üJ ɉEGh ,á«eÓ°SE’G á«aô°üŸG ∫ɪYC’G hCG á«eÓ°S’G á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG πeÉμdÉH á«eÓ°SEG ácô°ûc É¡dɪYCG ∫hGõà°S ácô°ûdG ¿CG ¤EG ¬«a Ò°ûJ á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG á°üNQ ÉeóæY ,∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏©a .áeRÓdG áfhôŸG AGôLE’G Gòg ôaƒj ,iôNCG Iôeh .á«eÓ°SEG IòaÉæc hCG Ò«¨àd Ö∏W Ëó≤J øμÁ ,á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘ á«aÉ°VEG á«eÓ°SEG äÉ«∏μ«g hCG Oƒ≤Y ìGÎbG ºàj .á«eÓ°S’G á«∏μ«¡dG hCG ó≤©∏d ájQÉÑàY’G á«dÉŸG áeóÿG áaÉ°VE’ á°üNôdG ¥É£f íjô°üàdG -9

q »ŸÉ©dG ‹ÉŸG »HO õcôe ¿ƒfÉ≤d Ék ≤ah á«dÉe ácô°ûd øμÁ ’ ,á«eÓ°S’G á«dÉŸG äÉeóî∏d º¶æŸG á«dÉe ácô°ûc OɪàYG ≈∏Y á∏°UÉM øμJ ⁄ Ée á«eÓ°SEG á«dÉe ’k ɪYCG ∫hGõJ ¿CÉH zíjô°üàdG{ äÉcô°ûdG ≈∏Y ,’k hCG :¿ÉàØ«Xh Éæg zíjô°üàdG{ CGóÑŸh .á«eÓ°SEG IòaÉæc hCG πeÉμdÉH á«eÓ°SEG á©jô°ûdG ΩÉμMCG ™e á≤aGƒàe á«dÉe äÉeóN Ωó≤J ácô°ûc É¡°ùØf ≥jƒ°ùJ ‘ ÖZôJ »àdG á«dÉŸG ¿ƒμj ¿CGh ΩRÓdG OɪàY’G ≈∏Y π°ü– ¿CG – á«eÓ°SE’G á«dÉŸG äÉeóÿG πãe –á«eÓ°S’G .á©jô°ûdG ΩÉμMCG ™e ≥aGƒàdG áÑbGôŸ áHƒ∏£ŸG ᪶fC’G É¡jód 24

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