Accuracy for Seventy Years 1860-1930

A C C U R A C Y F O R

S E V E N T Y

1860

Y E A R S 1930

P R I N T E D I N P

B Y

1 9 3 0

R

A

T

T

& W H I T N E Y C O M P A N Y H A R T F O R D C O N N E C T I C U T U . S . A .

Accuracy for Seventy Years 1860 – 1930 by Pratt & Whitney Company Originally published by Pratt & Whitney Company Hartford Connecticut Original copyright 1930 by Pratt & Whitney Reprinted by Acme Bookbinding Charlestown, MA. 02129 All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55918-087-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2003

TO

THOSE

THEIR

MEN,

SONS

AND

GRANDSONS

WHO

HAVE

LABORED

THESE

THREE

SCORE

YEARS

TO

GOOD

NAME

WE

AND

MAKE

OUR

BETTER

DEDICATE

THIS BOOK

TEN

The new stack rising above and replacing the old one in 1918 symbolized the steady growth and progress of Pratt & Whitney Company

Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems 1860 – 2003

For over 140 years, the employees of Pratt & Whitney have carried on the legacy of searching f o r higher degrees of accuracy and quality. In the 1930’s the comp any president Clayton Burt stated, “ It s f o u n d e rs w e re men w h o s a w t h e c o min g n e e d for a degree of precision then undreamed of, and they determined that every product bearing their name should be the best that could be built.” Today’s employees carry the same high standard s in their work comb ining new technology with old world c ra f t s man s h i p . Th e men w h o f o u n d e d t h i s b u s i n e s s would be proud of the many accomp lishments made over the decades. We have achieved 50 nanometer accuracy over long measurement ranges and Pratt & Wh itney instru ments can be found in the best metrology laboratories throughout the world. Our past has given us the foundation upon which we will build the f u t u re o f o u r c o mp a n y .

David Stelly & Daniel Tycz Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems, Inc. w w w . p r a t t a n d w h i t n e y. c o m

Preface w o me n me e t , a n d i n t h a t me e t i n g , p e r h a p s i n a f e w w o r d s , t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f a g r e a t C o mp a n y i s l a i d a n d the destinies of thousands of people are forever determi n e d . T w o me n , F r a n c i s A . P r a t t a n d A mo s Wh i t n e y, yo u n g me n w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r i n 1 8 6 0 , f o u n d i n t h e f u s i n g o f t h e i r mi n d s a s i n g l e i d e a o u t o f w h i c h h a s c o me a g r o w t h s o ma r v e l o u s t h a t t h e y c o u l d n o t e v e n h a v e d r e a me d o f i t i n t h e i r mo s t v i s i o n a r y mo me n t s . T h e y w o r k e d b y d a y i n t h e P h o e n i x I r o n Wo r k s . T h e y t a l k e d i n t h e i r s p a r e h o u r s u n t i l t h e i r a mb i t i o n r e n t e d a s ma l l r o o m, b o u g h t a f e w t o o l s a n d a s t o v e , and after their regular daily work, led them to the designing a n d d e v e l o p i n g o f ma c h i n e r y. S o s t a r t e d t h e P r a t t & Wh i t n e y C o mp a n y. T h e C i v i l Wa r c a me . T h r o u g h a l l i t s g r i e f a n d d i s a s t e r i t b r o u g h t t o P r a t t & Wh i t n e y t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t t h e i r i d e a — t o p u t i n t o me t a l t h e d r e a m t h a t p o s s e s s e d t h e m— t o ma k e t h i n g s f o r t h e b e n e f i t a n d s e r v i c e o f ma n k i n d . T h e r e i s s t r a n g e irony in the fact that their first chance to create should be in t h e ma k i n g o f f i r e a r ms f o r t h e k i l l i n g o f p e o p l e — t h e y w h o l a t e r w e r e t o e a s e t h e t i r e d f i n g e r s o f s e a ms t r e s s e s , h e l p t o c h a n g e t h e p e n t o t h e t yp e w r i t e r , ma k e ma n y ma c h i n e s t h a t t o o k t h e b u r d e n f r o m t h e e ye s , t h e s o u l s a n d b o d i e s o f s o ma n y people throughout the would. Y e t i t i s t r u e ! T h e C i v i l Wa r , t h e F r a n c o - P r u s s i a n w a r o f 1 8 7 0 , t h e Wo r l d Wa r o f 1 9 1 4 , a l l w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r g r e a t

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d e v e l o p me n t s i n t h e P r a t t & Wh i t n e y C o mp a n y. B u t w a r o n l y u s e d t h e m t e mp o r a r i l y, a n d h u ma n i t y g a i n e d f o r a l l t i me f r o m the knowledge found in the exigencies of war. F r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g , P r a t t & Wh i t n e y w e r e f i r e d w i t h a n e n t h u s i a s m f o r a c c u r a c y— n o t a c c u r a c y a s i t w a s t h e n k n o w n i n t h e me t a l - w o r k i n g i n d u s t r y, b u t a n a c c u r a c y f i n e r t h a n c o u l d b e s e e n b y t h e h u ma n e ye o r me a s u r e d w i t h k n o w n i n s t r u me n t s . They realized that only from such theoretical accuracy could c o me t h e p r a c t i c a l a c c u r a c y o f me t a l s c u t t o t h o u s a n d t h s o f a n inch, to ten-thousandths. They foresaw the need for this actual accuracy in the ma k i n g o f i d e n t i c a l p a r t s i n q u a n t i t i e s , s o t h a t c o s t s c o u l d b e r e d u c e d a n d me c h a n i c a l i n v e n t i o n s o f a l l k i n d s b e a v a i l a b l e t o g r e a t ma s s e s o f p e o p l e . P r a t t & Wh i t n e y b e g a n t o c u t d o w n t h e ma r g i n o f e r r o r , t o d e v i s e w a ys a n d me a n s t o me a s u r e f i n e r d i me n s i o n s a n d s t i l l f i n e r . A b s o l u t e a c c u r a c y w a s a n d i s i mp o s s i b l e . B u t t h e ma r g i n n a r r o w e d d o w n t h r o u g h t h e ye a r s u n t i l i n t o d a y’ s r e g u l a r r o u t i n e o f w o r k , mi l l i o n t h s o f a n i n c h a r e d e a l t w i t h a s c a s u a l l y a s ma c h i n i s t s t a l k e d t h i r t y- s e c o n d s b e f o r e t h e C i v i l Wa r . Much water flowed under the bridges of Hartford before “A c c u r a c y” b e c a me a l mo s t a t r a d e ma r k o f t h e P r a t t & Wh i t n e y C o mp a n y t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . T h e t w o yo u n g me n w h o s t a r t e d i n 1 8 6 0 g a t h e r e d a r o u n d t h e ms e l v e s a s s o c i a t e s a n d w o r k e r s w h o c a u g h t t h e f l a me o f t h e i r o w n e n t h u s i a s m. A s t h e C o mp a n y g r e w o l d e r a n d l a r g e r , t h e r e w e r e a l w a ys me n in the organization who were as bright and steadfast as stars i n t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e C o mp a n y. O c c a s i o n a l l y, r e a l g e n i u s w o u l d f l a r e t h r o u g h t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . S o me t i me s i t

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would be inventive genius — then again an organizing genius. S e v e r a l t i me s i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e C o mp a n y, r a p i d g r o w t h o r c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s d r o v e t h e C o mp a n y i n t o d e s p e r a t e s t r a i t s t h a t mi g h t h a v e e n d e d i t a b r u p t l y. T h e f o u n d a t i o n , h o w e v e r , a l w a ys w a s s o u n d . “A c c u r a c y” a s a w a t c h w o r d i s a l l - i n c l u s i v e o f q u a l i t y, i n t e g r i t y a n d a n u n b l e mi s h e d c o d e o f honor. T h e p r i c e p a i d f o r a c c u r a c y d u r i n g t h e s e v e n t y ye a r s c o u l d n o t b e c o mp u t e d i n mo n e y. I t i s t r u e t h a t mo n e y w a s p o u r e d i n t o i t l a v i s h l y. B u t t h e g r e a t e r p r i c e i s i n t h e t i me o f me n w h o have given all their working lives, every thought of their worki n g b r a i n s , t o t h e i d e a l o f a c c u r a c y. T h e s e a r c h f o r a c c u r a c y c a r r i e d P r a t t & Wh i t n e y t h r o u g h ma n y f o r e i g n r e a l ms o f t h o u g h t . T o e mb o d y a c c u r a c y i n me t a l me a n t t h a t me t a l mu s t b e p r o d u c e d w h i c h h a d a n i n h e r e n t q u a l i t y o f ma i n t a i n i n g a c c u r a c y. T h a t s i mp l e s e n t e n c e c o s t P r a t t & Wh i t n e y h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s . I t d e ma n d e d a l o n g , c o n t i n u o u s s t u d y o f s t e e l a n d me t h o d s o f h e a t - t r e a t i n g so that steel could be cut, ground and worked down to accurate d i me n s i o n s , a n d t h a t i t w o u l d t h e n s t a y a c c u r a t e . A c c u r a c y, i n i t s e l f , i s n o t a n e n d . P r a t t & Wh i t n e y v i s i o n e d t h a t t h r o u g h a c c u r a c y w o u l d c o me w a ys o f ma k i n g i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e p a r t s , a n d o f ma k i n g t h e m i n q u a n t i t i e s a t a f r a c t i o n o f p r e v i o u s c o s t s . F r o m t h i s i d e a h a s g r o w n t h e me c h a n i c a l a g e i n w h i c h w e n o w l i v e . I t g a v e u s s e w i n g ma c h i n e s , b i c yc l e s , a u t o mo b i l e s , a i r c r a f t , r a d i o s , v a c u u m c l e a n e r s a n d p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y me c h a n i c a l d e v i c e i n u s e t o d a y. I t w o u l d b e a b s u r d f o r P r a t t & Wh i t n e y t o t a k e c r e d i t f o r t h e s e a c h i e v e me n t s . S u c h i s f a r t h e s t f r o m o u r t h o u g h t s . B u t

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i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f a l l o f t h e m w e h a v e h a d s o me i n d i r e c t e f f e c t , a n d a v e r y d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e o n ma n y.

We h a v e s a i d t h a t w a r s a n d f i r e a r ms b r o u g h t f o r t h i n v e n t t i o n s f r o m P r a t t & Wh i t n e y t h a t a f t e r w a r d s w e r e t u r n e d t o the use of peace—the swords beaten into ploughshares. It is true. T h e ma c h i n e w h i c h d r i l l e d a h o l e i n t h e b a r r e l o f a r i f l e n o w d r i l l s o n e i n t h e c r a n k s h a f t o f a mo t o r b u s s o t h a t o i l ma y p r o p e r l y r e a c h t h e b e a r i n g s . Wh a t w e l e a r n e d a b o u t ma k i n g g u n s n o w i s u s e d f o r ma k i n g c a r s . T h e a c c u r a c y t h a t p e r mi t t e d u s t o ma k e t o o l s f o r w a r , n o w e n a b l e s u s t o ma k e t o o l s t h a t ma k e ma c h i n e s f o r e v e r y p h a s e o f h u ma n e n d e a v o r . We k n o w o f n o l a r g e c o mp a n y i n t h e me t a l w o r k i n g i n d u s t r y, a n d f e w o u t s i d e , w h o d o n o t d e p e n d u p o n P r a t t & Wh i t n e y f o r c e r t a i n ma c h i n e s , g a g e s o r s ma l l t o o l s .

T h e s e v e n t y- ye a r h i s t o r y t o d a t e h a s b e e n a s p l e n d i d r e c o r d . T h e r e h a v e b e e n d a r k d a ys b u t w e l i v e d t h r o u g h a n d b e yo n d t h e m. O n o t h e r p a g e s a r e w r i t t e n t h e p h ys i c a l a c c o mp l i s h me n t s o f t h e P r a t t & Wh i t n e y C o mp a n y. I t i s a p r o u d r e c o r d . B u t w e who are here, who have taken the torch from hands that served u n t i l t h e y c o u l d n o l o n g e r h o l d i t a l o f t , a r e i n f i n i t e l y mo r e p r o u d o f t h e me n o f P r a t t & Wh i t n e y. T h e t r u e r e c o r d o f t h e C o mp a n y i s i n t h e l i v e s o f t h e s e me n . T o t h e m, w h e r e v e r t h e y ma y b e , w e o f f e r t h i s b o o k a s a ma r k o f o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n . O n t h e m a n d t h e i r ideals we have builded, and on them we shall continue to build.

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THE FOUNDERS FRANCIS A. PRATT AMOS WHITNEY

FRANCIS A. PRATT 1827

1902 14

f some people are born with a definite destiny written out for them, Francis A. Pratt was marked for a designer of machinery almost from his cradle. He was born in Jay, N. Y., in 1827, but at eight years of age his family moved to Lowell, Mass. After a grammar school education, he was apprenticed to Warren Aldrich, a thorough mechanic and a wise teacher of the old school. In the mind of the young Pratt was established the principles of machine design and with them a respect that was almost sacred for “accuracy.” Whatever else of genius he possessed was guided and governed by the certainty that through “accuracy” the world of mechanics would be revolutionized. He was only about twenty-five years of age when he came to Hartford to work in the Colt Armory. This was almost a training school — a higher college for the finest mechanics the country was developing. Two years of intensive study and work brought to Mr. Pratt an invitation to become the superintendent of the Phoenix Iron Works of Hartford — a Company that had been established in 1834 by Levi Lincoln. Incidentally, this is now the Taylor & Fenn Company. At the Phoenix Iron Works, there is no question that Francis Pratt developed much of his executive ability while retaining by a many-sided experience, the mechanical ingenuity that was his own special gift. But the most important factor in his Phoenix Iron Works experience was the meeting there of a man who, in due time, was to become his partner in an enterprise that would carry their joint names into the distant places of the world, and so far into the future that no man may even guess the years these names will survive.

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AMOS WHITNEY 1832

1920 16

n Biddeford, Maine, in 1832, a boy was born to Aaron and Rebecca Perkins Whitney. They named him Amos. The Whitney name had long been connected with things mechanical. Eli Whitney, who was famous for the development of fire arms and the cotton gin, was from another branch of the same family, while Aaron Whitney himself was an expert machinist and a locksmith. It was natural for him to apprentice Amos in the Essex Machine Company of Lawrence, Mass, at the age of fourteen. For three years the boy worked on the cotton machinery, locomoatives and machine tools made at the Essex plant and after one more year as a journeyman on machinist’s tools, Amos Whitney followed his father to “Colt’s Pistol Factory” in Hartford. Though Amos Whitney and Francis A. Pratt had known each other for some time previous to 1860, it was in that year that they began their business association that eventually was to become “Pratt & Whitney.” Amos Whitney was a remarkable worker. Ten working hours a day was normal for him, and from 1860 to 1883 he never had more than one or two days’ vacation a year. He was a splendid executive, a good salesman, with enough mechanical knowledge and skill to supplement the great talent of Francis Pratt. By his own example, Amos Whitney invoked the loyalty of the men in the shop and the integrity of all he dealt with in the outside world. Especially in the Pratt & Whitney shop was there a remarkable bond of sympathy between the workers and their employer. As it was summed up by one work17

Main Street, Hartford, at State House Square about 1858

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man — and what greater tribute could be paid to a man — “He is perfectly straightforward in all dealings with men and there is no need for a contract with him if his word has been given.” Mr. Whitney gave his life to his business. He had no taste nor inclination for public office and declined to participate in political affairs. He was a staunch republican and did his duty as a citizen, always taking a great deal of interest in party questions and party matters. He was a man of domestic tastes, and enjoyed his beautiful home on the corner of Whitney Street and Farmington Avenue. Mr. Whitney is ranked justly as first among the selfmade men of Hartford, and the city is indebted to him for his share in building up a gigantic industrial establishment which has made a name and reputation for Hartford in nearly every civilized country in the globe.

Not often does the world see such an example of perfect harmony between business associates as existed between Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney. Theirs was a noteworthy association which went far deeper than most. Mutual trust, complete understanding, a striving toward the same high ideal, all were part of that relationship. The fine association of these two men was the rock upon which Pratt & Whitney Company has grown. We honor them not only for what they did, but for the men they were.

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AS THE YEARS PASSED

These men, many of whom were to make outstanding successes of their own in later life, were associated with Pratt & W hitney in 1870. From left to right, standing: — W. N. W oodruff, B. S. W oodard, Geo. Q. W hitney, W m. Rogers, Chas. H. Cooley, Samuel Andrews, John Burden,, Frank Doughty, W m. W. Tucker, Ambrose Swasey, Joseph Marvell and George Hoxie. Seated: Robert Francis, W orcester R. W arner, Francis A. Pratt, Frank Bryant and Edward Faxon.

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he year before the Civil War — in 1860 — Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney decided they would pool their meager resources and work out their own business destiny. They rented a small room on Potter Street in Hartford where they filled their spare hours with work done on their own account. At first they did not give up their jobs at the Phoenix Iron Works. The room was very unpretentious, containing only a few tools and a stove. What an impossible miraculous vision it would have been if they could have dreamed then of the world-wide success that was to come from their efforts! One of the first accomplishments of the two men was the building of Spencer’s Automatic Silk Winders designed for the Cheney Silk Mills in Manchester and later adopted by the Willimantic Linen Company. They did this so well that it brought more and more work to them and the name “Pratt & Whitney” began to seep through the metal-working industry. The road to the top, however, is seldom straight up. A fire burned out their little room and devoured everything they had. In less than a year we find them settled again in the “Woods” building which was in the rear of the old Hartford Times office. In these quarters they spent five successful years during the Civil War period until the growing plant could not be continued in the space, and they were compelled to move. The urgent and multitudinous needs of the Civil War brought the partners more work than they could do. Because of their previous experience in Colt’s Armory, both men were

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These men were active with the Company in 1886. The two central figures in the first row are Mr. Pratt and Mr. W hitney.

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A group of Pratt & Whitney employees photographed in 1888.

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Tchheisnee

were the first matools built by Pratt & Whitney about 1860. They are preserved in the Ford Museum.

Above is a power miller known as the “Lincoln” miller. At the left is a horizontal shaper, and below is a lathe with a weighted carriage.

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e x p e r t s i n g u n ma n u f a c t u r i n g . N o w t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f P r a t t & Wh i t n e y a s l e a d i n g me c h a n i c s , a s t e a c h e r s o f o t h e r s , a n d a s s u g g e s t o r s o f n e w me t h o d s w a s c l e a r l y, d e f i n i t e l y e s t a b l i s h e d . In 1862 Monroe Stannard of New Britain, Connecticut, was t a k e n i n t o p a r t n e r s h i p . E a c h o f t h e t h r e e me n c o n t r i b u t e d $1,200 in the business, but Mr. Stannard took active charge of the shop as the other two still were working at the Phoenix I r o n Wo r k s . B y 1 8 6 5 t h e w o r k i n t h e n e w s h o p h a d g r o w n t o such an extent that a new building was started on the site now o c c u p i e d b y t h e p l a n t , a n d i n M a r c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g ye a r w h e n t h e b u i l d i n g w a s f i n a l l y f i n i s h e d , t h e t w o me n r e s i g n e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n s a t t h e P h o e n i x I r o n Wo r k s t o d e v o t e a l l t h e i r t i me t o their growing business. The new building was three floors high, and Pratt & Wh i t n e y o c c u p i e d o n e e n t i r e f l o o r . T h e o t h e r t w o f l o o r s w e r e r e n t e d t o t h e We e d S e w i n g M a c h i n e C o mp a n y. J u s t a s mo s t new enterprises are laughed at and discouraged by the public a t t h e i r s t a r t , d i r e p r e d i c t i o n s w e r e ma d e f o r P r a t t & Wh i t n e y. T h e y h a d b i t t e n o f f mo r e t h a n t h e y c o u l d c h e w , s a i d t h e w i s e me n o f t h a t d a y, a n d i t w o u l d n ’ t b e l o n g b e f o r e t h e We e d S e w i n g M a c h i n e C o mp a n y w o u l d o w n t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g . T h e s a d p r o p h e t s w e r e w r o n g . P r a t t & Wh i t n e y s o o n o u t g r e w o n e f l o o r , a n d t h e We e d C o mp a n y w a s f o r c e d o u t b y t h e yo u n g , s t u r d y a n d f a s t - g r o w i n g P r a t t & Wh i t n e y C o mp a n y. It is interesting to note that the inventory taken when they mo v e d i n t o t h e n e w f a c t o r y s h o w e d t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l $ 3 , 6 0 0 c a p i t a l h a d g r o w n i n f o u r ye a r s t o $ 7 5 , 0 0 0 . B u t t h a t w a s n o t 27

A lathe with gibbed carriage built about 1865.

Die sinker 1865.

Upright drill 1865.

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enough capital to carry out the large contracts that they had on their books, so Roswell S. Blodgett and Seth A. Bishop were admitted to equal partnership. In July, 1869, the Pratt & Whitney Company was formally incorporated under a charter from the State at a capitalization of $300,000. This was increased mostly by earnings to $400,000 by 1873 and to $500,000 by 1875. Every record of these years indicates the high position and esteem with which Pratt & Whitney were regarded throughout the industrial world. They won the reputation for fine workmanship and for accuracy which was their dominant aim, and that reputation, cherished and fostered ever since, is one of the Company’s most priceless assets today. Francis A. Pratt’s brother, R. M. Pratt, (who was later to organize the Pratt & Cady Company, makers of valves and fittings) at one time had space in the new building. According to some of the old time workmen many of the valves used at that time, an automatic boiler feeder and return steam trap, were of Mr. F. A. Pratt’s design. Soon after the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, an agent of the Pratt & Whitney Company visited the Imperial and private gun factories of Germany. Scouting for business he discovered that these factories were using very antiquated machinery and tools. He interested a Berlin engineer in Pratt & Whitney methods and tools to such an extent that the engineer sent for Mr. Pratt. What a sales’ trip that turned out to be! After an absence of six weeks, two of which he spent in Berlin, Mr. Pratt returned with orders for machinery from the German government totaling $350,000. In the next three years he made six

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One of the first planers built by Pratt & Whitney about 1867

Four spindle drill of 1867.

Gang drill of 1867.

30

more trips to Germany and brought back orders for additional equipment and machinery to the value of $1,250,000 — an outstanding transaction in those days. This German contract called for the delivery of the equipment to Hamburg, to be transferred to three different Prussian arsenals. A supplemental contract called for the supervision of erecting and testing the equipment, and instructing the German operators. This work was done so well that the German government wrote a letter, entirely contrary to its own precedent, a part of which was as follows: “The Pratt & Whitney Company has furnished the Royal Armories of Spondan, Erfurt and Donsitz with plants of machinery which execute the work with such nicety and precision as to save one half the wages, and to render the Government in no small degree independent of the power and skill of the workmen”. The Civil War had given to Pratt & Whitney its real start in the manufacture of firearms. It was the experience gained in this work that turned the thoughts of both men toward the idea of making interchangeable parts “as like as peas in a pod”. Work of such a precise nature had never been even attempted before, and the idea was scoffed at by seasoned mechanics. In those days every piece of machinery was assembled and fitted by hand, and no two parts supposedly the same would interchange. This new idea of interchangeability had been thought of and talked about to some extent by Eli Whitney and Samuel Colt, but it remained for Amos Whitney and F. A. Pratt to make the idea practical on a large scale. As a result Pratt & Whitney Company became pioneers and leaders in developing and

31

A reciprocating hydraulic engine built in 1876. It developed 2 to 3 horsepower with a head of 100 feet, and used 53 gallons per minute.

Two spindle profiling machine of 1870.

32

applying the new system of interchangeable manufacture. Much of the success of this system depended upon the development and use of accurate gages and trustworthy standards of length. Pratt & Whitney, from the very beginning, improved and perfected the standards of length and commercial methods of precision measuring which have resulted in such great improvements, and have led directly to modern interchangeable manufacturing and mass production. In 1860 there was no commercial standard inch. The length of a commercial standard yard varied with the number of yard-sticks. This was a serious obstacle to future interchangeable work. From their efforts to overcome this Pratt & Whitney developed a Gage Division in their organization, which was destined to play an important part in most of America’s mechanical developments. They realized that a practical standard inch of exact dimensions was the basic requirement upon which the entire system would have to be built. Here was shown the keen foresight of Amos Whitney. He was convinced that the day would come when machinery would lift the heaviest burdens from the backs — and hearts — of men and women. While he could not actually visualize a modern sewing machine or telephone he knew that such things and many more were certainties because civilized life would demand them. But he did see that only through mass production could mechanical devices reach down and help the masses. He predicated that costly hand work must give way to mechanical mass production of parts, held to exact dimensions by tools we now call gages, and that through this would come the great mechanical age, when steel and iron

33

Horizontal boring mill of 1878.

An early gear cutting machine.

One of the first board drop hammers.

34

would lift and carry instead of brawn and muscles — when machines would even do the work of brains. Pratt & Whitney established the inch. The standard was accurate to millionths of an inch. Those two short sentences contain a long story of patient endeavor involving the conception and development of the new historically famous RogersBond Comparator. Early in 1879 William A. Rogers, then a professor of astronomy at Harvard College, aided by George M. Bond, a graduate of Stevens Institute of Technology, commenced a series of efforts continuing through the three following years to create a comparator for absolutely correct measurements within a limit of one fifty-thousandth of an inch. These men were backed entirely by the skill and resources of the Company and the inspirational support of Pratt & Whitney. When they began, tools used for measurements in different shops varied widely in dimension. First in London and later in Paris Professor Rogers obtained a reliable transfer of both the British Imperial Yard and the French Meter d’Archives. With the co-operation of the United States Coast Survey, the most delicate and exhaustive comparison of the standard bars prepared by him for the use of the Company were made with the United States Standards Yard designated as Bronze No. 11. Years of time and many thousands of dollars went into this work. The net result was that Pratt & Whitney Company succeeded eventually in making several accurate copies of the British Standard Yard, the French Meter d’Archives and the American standard of length known as Bronze No. 11. These famous bars are still among our prized possessions. They were the basis of Pratt &

35

Four of the master bars accurate within millionths of an inch, made about 1880.

Early thread gages made in 1876.

Cylindrical gages of 1876.

The RogersBond Comparator

36

Whitney accuracy, and established the company as the outstanding authority on accuracy. The result of this research, combined with the RogersBond Comparator, eventually brought about the development of the Pratt & Whitney Standard Measuring Machine. There were many problems to overcome in the creation and building of a measuring machine which must be accurate to one hundredthousandth of an inch. They were solved successfully, however, and the Pratt & Whitney Standard Measuring Machine is known all over the world today as the basis for the construction and duplication of recognized standards of length. This work was practically completed in 1885. Needless to say the original research connected with making the Grand Masters entailed much equipment and expense. As time went on, that equipment was added to and replaced by new devices of Pratt & Whitney invention. The ability to measure accurately and quickly brought many new ideas and inventions to their doors for solutions of production difficulties. Mr. Whitney’s early predictions were fulfilled when one thing after another was developed as a direct result of interchangeable manufacture and mass production methods. In quick succession came the sewing machines, typewriters, typesetting machines, automatic counting and weighing machines and many others. With each one the story was the same. Pratt & Whitney gaging methods made it possible to produce the parts in quantity so that those parts would assemble with precision. This briefly is the story of the Gage Division and its development, and it runs like a golden thread through the entire

37

One of the early hand screw machines with wire-f e e d m a d e a b o u t 1876. Several sizes w e r e listed in catalogs of that period.

Pratt’s patent jib crane. Taps made about 1876

T h e P& W i n t e r ferometer capable o f m e a s u r i n g to f r a c tions of millionths of an inch.

38

history of modern mechanics and the metal-working industry. Pratt & Whitney’s European business settled down into a regular, steady, well-developed trade, fluctuating, of course, with changes in general conditions. Shipments were made to nearly all European nations, and goods were delivered to points as far remote from lines of public transportation as the eastern borders of Siberia. In 1893 the capital of the company was increased from $500,000 to $3,000,000. Francis A. Pratt had continued to be president and Amos Whitney superintendent since the date of organization. R. F. Blodgett was the first treasurer. In 1878 the mechanical had outgrown the financial side of the business. At this time William A. Healy, a man of keen insight and large resources, after a careful inspection of the plant, accepted the treasurership and advanced $200,000. At his death, in 1885, he was succeeded by Miles W. Graves. Both rendered highly valuable services to the company. Mr. Graves retired in 1893. The officers of the company in 1897 were as follows: Francis A. Pratt, president; Amos Whitney, vice-president and superintendent; George W. Reed, second vice-president and general manager; C. C. Tyler, assistant superintendent; R. F. Blodgett, secretary; J. C. Stirling, treasurer. In 1898 Mr. Pratt retired. He still gave the company the benefit of his valuable experience and mechanical knowledge as Consulting Engineer. Mr. Amos Whitney was elected President. The products of the Pratt & Whitney Company from the earliest days up till the 1900 period were astonishingly varied.

39

An automatic machine for fininching sewing machine wheels. Typical of many machines for sewing machine parts.

Cup and cone grinding machine used to finish bicycle bearings.

Automatic weighing mac h i n e f o r g r a i n .

Machine for drilling spoke holes in bicycle wheel rims.

40

The Company must have built anything and everything in the machine tool line as well as untold quantities of special machines, and devices which were developed for outside companies and individuals. Apparently no attempt was made to specialize on any one type of machine tool. There were many and various types of lathes, boring mills, shapers, planers, vertical drills, multiple drills, grinders, screw machines, tapping machines, milling machines, cam cutting machines, die sinkers, profilers, various power presses, broaching presses, power hammers, and many other. Mixed up with these were some of the early gun machines, a crane, a reciprocating hydraulic engine, a cartridgevarnishing machine and a great variety of bolt cutters. There are various types of taps, dies, drills, wrenches, some early gages including both plain and thread gages, combination lathe chucks and iron molders flasks. The manufacture of sewing machines and bicycles with the necessity for interchangeability provided a great deal of work for the company at this time. Gages, tools, fixtures, machines and small tools were made in large quantities, and in some instances, complete equipment was furnished for entire factories. Automatic weighing machines for grain, coal, etc., were manufactured about 1890, and the Company was evidently one of the pioneers in this industry which now occupies the entire attention of several large concerns. This section of their business was later purchased by the Automatic Weighing Machine Company. In connection with these machines there also was built a counter device similar to the ones in use on machine tools today. It was patented in 1895, but whether it was the

41

The Kidder typewriter (1900) ancestor of the present noiseless typewriter.

A cigarette packing machine. Envelop making machine.

Morse Rotary Engine.

42

first to be introduced is a question. At that time Mr. Veeder was already building cyclometers. Pratt & Whitney’s activities as gun smiths and manufacturers of machinery for making guns brought them many models to be developed under the supervision of inventors. Among these was the Lee gun, the forerunner of the Lee Enfield and the Medford, and really the father of all bolt action guns. The Mauser was developed under the personal direction of Mr. Mauser. The Sponsel gun, an adaptation of the Hotchkiss, the deKnight machine gun, and a Remington model all were made in this shop. The first model noiseless typewriter as well as the Moore and the Sholes typewriters were developed. The Hollerith tabulating machine was built at Pratt & Whitney Company with the assistance of Mr. Bond — the Bond of the Rogers-Bond Comparator. Envelope machinery was built under the direction of Mr. F. H. Richard who also developed the automatic weighing machine. This work later became the property of the United States Envelope Company. In 1889 to 1890 the original model of the Paige typesetter was built at Pratt & Whitney Company. The development of this machine is reported to have cost Mark Twain several fortunes. This machine proved far too expensive to build, but its design formed the basis of the Mergenthaler and other typesetting machines used today. The original model now is in the Sibley College of Engineering, Cornell University. In 1901 the Niles-Bement-Pond Company purchased the Pratt & Whitney Company and reorganized it. At that time,

43

Tobacco stripping machine.

Rock drill.

Hydraulic elevator piston machine.

An early soap wrapping machine.

44

Mr. F. W. Gordon was sent to Hartford as a representative of the Niles-Bement-Pond Company to act as General Manager. Under Mr. Gordon and the officers of that period the shop of the Pratt & Whitney Company was thoroughly reorganized, and more attention was paid to manufacturing on a quantity basis. Mr. Dudley Seymour, Mr. C. C. Tyler and Mr. B. M. W. Hanson were associated with Mr. Gordon at that time. Mr. Hanson afterward became a Vice-President, and later when the Pratt & Whitney officers were discontinued, and the Niles-BementPond Company interests consolidated in New York, he was made General Manager, which position he held until July, 1917. A record of the activities of the company since 1901 shows that the gun interest still predominated strongly. In 1904 a contract with the Japanese Government called for the building of tools, gages and machinery for making shrapnel shells (7.5. c.m. projectile) at the rate of 700 a day, and following this came an order for 6 inch naval gun sights for the United States Government. In 1909 Pratt & Whitney secured a contract for the Australian Arsenal at Lithgow, Australia. Bids were called for in London, for a plant having a production capacity of fifty Lee-Enfield rifles per day. When Pratt & Whitney Company sought permission to bid, it was thought impossible to build the plant outside of England, as there would be no access to British Gages, and the Australian and British gun parts must interchange. Pratt & Whitney Company declared they could produce a plant to duplicate the British weapon by using the interchangeable system of manufacturing. The best English bid and the

45

Amos Whitney’s 85th birthday party, Oct. 8, 1917 Mr. Whitney is standing in the center.

A Pratt & Whitney band of 1905.

46

Pratt & Whitney bid were almost identical, but the English firm required 700 machines to do the work against the Pratt & Whitney estimate of 300. The question of working hours to produce a gun also came up, and Pratt & Whitney Company guaranteed twenty-three hours per gun against the English seventy-two hours. Commander Clarkson was sent to the United States to investigate, and the contract was awarded to Pratt & Whitney Company, as he found their equipment far in advance of anything he had seen previously. The machinery was tested before shipment from the United States and the time per gun actually was lessened. Experts from Hartford were sent to Australia to set up the plant and train the operators. In 1912 the plant was in full operation, and one of the Hartford men was retained as manager of it. It was not always war and guns that brought business to Pratt & Whitney. The automobile industry provided a large amount of work for the Company and many plants were equipped with Pratt & Whitney machines, small tools and gages during the great era of motor car building. When war came again, the World War of 1914, the Company was called upon to produce arsenal equipment on a scale that was hitherto undreamed of. It was in 1914 also that the buildings of the Pope Manufacturing Company, next-door to Pratt & Whitney Company in Hartford, became available and the entire plant was purchased by the Niles-Bement-Pond Company. This supplied a great deal more floor space which was soon utilized fully. This enlarged floor space gave the Pratt & Whitney Company an

47

A battery of Hoke Lapping Machines.

Hoke blocks being tested for flatness to millionths of an inch under an optical flat.

Contour Cutter Grinder.

48

120" Gear Cutting Machine.

opportunity to expand rapidly. In 1914 gun making machinery was in great demand everywhere, and the company was swamped with orders from abroad involving millions of dollars. With the entrance of the United States into the World War the demand upon the Pratt & Whitney Company increased greatly. Additions were made to existing American arsenals. Much new equipment was necessary, and a score of gun factories sprang up over night. Not only was Pratt & Whitney Company called upon to supply machines, but also to design and build tools and gages for the manufacture of the large guns including the 155 and 240 m/m guns and howitzers. After the World War the machine tool business continued very actively for about two years. Mr. B. H. Blood had been made General Manager of the Company in 1917 following Mr. Hanson, and it was under him that a great deal of time was spent in the development of precision gages. During the war there had been a pronounced shortage of accurate gage blocks that were imported from Sweden in very small quantities and at high prices. Major Hoke of the Ordnance Department of the United States Government originated a system of precision lapping, and produced blocks of far greater accuracy than had heretofore ever been manufactured. After the war the Pratt & Whitney Company obtained the right to manufacture these blocks, and developed the original idea, which was largely a laboratory process, into a practical manufacturing system. The result was that blocks were produced which could be guaranteed permanently accurate within five millionths of an inch for blocks

49

Automatic sizing (cylindrical) grinder made in several sizes.

One of several sizes of automatic milling machine made in large quantities.

P&W 4 inch Spline Milling Machine.

50

up to six tenths of an inch, and with similar guarantees in proportion for larger sizes. This was the beginning of Pratt & Whitney Hoke Precision Gage Blocks. During the dull period from 1920 to 1925, Pratt & Whitney Company revised and re-designed its products — work which the feverish war activities had curtailed. It had been necessary to turn out machine tools in the quickest possible manner, and there was no time for new developments which were not absolutely essential. This re-creation period saw Pratt & Whitney engineers delving deeply into new metals and applying in a practical peace-time way the knowledge learned in war. New designs were worked out, better methods were developed, and Pratt & Whitney products were raised to new and better standards. During the same period the company housecleaned its shop effectively. As a result of the war the shop had become jammed with equipment for producing almost anything in metal. This growth necessarily had been almost overnight, and scant care had been given to the niceties of smooth production and ease in handling work through the plant. In 1924, the company analyzed carefully every detail of its manufacturing procedure and rearranged itself in a most efficient manner. Entire jobs were moved and re-equipped so that the kinks in the production line were straightened out, and the flow of work through the plant became smooth and highly efficient. The details of this house cleaning and reordering are unnecessary here, but it is sufficient to say that the plant became modern in every corner, with fresh paint gleaming from walls and ceilings. A systematic, business-like activity was evident

51

One of several sizes of P&W turret lathes.

Bench bushing grinder.

The ancestor of the present 14 inch Vertical Surface Grinder.

52

everywhere. Heating systems were revised and modernized. Electrical installations were brought up-to-date and the latest devices of electrical engineers were installed to carry and control power throughout the plant. Everything from cellar to roof was scrutinized and rearranged. Since that date, the Pratt & Whitney plant has continued to be model one. As new things are developed which are better than the old ones and which show savings in time or money, they are installed. The result is the splendid modern plant of the Pratt & Whitney Company, extending over many acres of ground close to the center of the city of Hartford, giving employment to more than 2,000 people. The names “Pratt & Whitney” have been engraved and molded in metal millions of times and stamped into the minds of men who work in metals and to whom “accuracy” is a daily watchword. Two men in a little room in 1860 — in 1930 thousands of men, branches in many cities, representatives all over the world . . . and the unchanged and unchanging ideal of accuracy that wrought this great work still guides the hands into which this trust has been placed.

1930

1860

53

PLANT DEVELOPMENT

1860

1930

The first building on the present site, built in 1865. The wooden bridge was built by P&W men for their own convenience at what is now Flower Street.

56

1860

1930

The plant in 1885 showing the Weed Sewing Machine Co. buildings in the background.

Capitol Ave. in 1885. This sight, occupied then by the Weed Sewing Machine Co., is where our main office building now stands.

This bridge eventually replaced the old wooden one shown opposite.

57

1860

1930

The plant in 1887.

1888.

1888.

58

1860

1930

Above: These buildings were built in 1906 for making small tools. Below: The plant from across the tracks with the small tool buildings in the distance.

59

1860

1930

THE MODERN PLANT 1930

60

1860

1930

Some of the manufacturing and assembly buildings.

Looking across the tracks of the N.Y. N.H. & H.RR. at the Foundry.

The small river which once marked the limit of our buildings now bisects them.

61

GUNS by PRATT & WHITNEY

1860

1930

B

ECAUSE Pratt & Whitney originated the interchangeable system of manufacturing, and became expert in its application, the company had much to do with the equipment for making and gaging the world’s guns. We have supplied such equipment, frequently in large quantities, to the United States, Great Britain, Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Russia, China, Canada, Greece, Chile, Japan, Australia and several other nations. On the following pages we have included a very few of the many things done in Pratt & Whitney shops in the making of firearms. Space will not permit showing everything, but the ones which appear are typical examples.

Pratt & Whitney employees singing the “Star Spangled Banner” during a Liberty Loan rally in April, 1918.

64

1860

1930

A typical group of gages for rifle work. Pratt & Whitney have designed and made gages for every part of the rifles used by the armies of many of the world powers.

A stack of Lee-Enfield Rifles. See page 45

Star gage equipment for testing gun barrels.

A typical star gage head.

65

1860

1930

The Gardner Gun mounted on a gun carriage with a caisson.

An early and unsuc cessful attempt at a 16 shot pistol.

Gun carriage and mount ready for action.

66

1860

1930

Mounted in the bow of a U. S. Navy launch.

The Gardner Machine Gun This gun, originally invented in 1874, was famous in its day, and was used widely. It established a high record for those days by firing up to 700 shots a minute. Exhaustive tests were conducted both in this country and abroad, and the Company made and sold several hundred guns as a result. General Grant in 1883 presented one of these guns, suitably inscribed, to the Viceroy of China, and another to the Mikado of Japan. At that time Ex-President Grant considered this gun “the best arm of the kind he had ever seen.”

Mounted on the deck of a U.S. Navy vessel.

67

1860

1930

The Chinese rifle assembled and disassembled.

A 6” gun sight.

The Lewis range finder.

68

1860

1930

The Springfield rifle with bayonet and scabbard.

Sponsel’s I” rapid fire gun.

Typical revolvers.

37 m.m. Hotchkiss gun.

69

1860

1930

Gun stock form turning machine .

Pistol grip checking machine.

Six spindle barrel bedding machine.

70

1860

1930

Gun barrel turning lathe using four tools.

Typical rifling head for a larger gun.

Pistol rifling machine. Gun barrel rifling machine, built in several sizes.

71

ACCURACY

PRATT & WHITNEY PRODUCTS OF 1930

1860

1930

PRATT & WHITNEY MACHINE TOOLS, SMALL TOOLS AND GAGES OF 1930

M

ODERN Pratt & Whitney tools are made to the same high standards of craftsmanship which our founders established, coupled with the newest and best of modern knowledge. Our laboratories and engineers are at work constantly on possible improvements and new devices which will make our products better. No effort is spared to keep our good name bright. On these pages are shown the majority of the tools we make today. They are well known in the metal working industry. Space here will not permit showing every item listed in our catalogs, but the latter are available at any time for reference. We believe that a comparison between these pages and the ones preceding will be of interest to any machinist. It will show that vast progress that has been made during our seventy years of endeavor.

74

1860

1930

JIG BORERS

No 1A Jig Borer.

No 2 Jig Borer.

No 3A Jig Borer.

75

1860

1930

MODEL B LATHES

13 inch Model B Lathe.

16 inch Model B Lathe.

20 inch Model B Lathe.

76

1860

1930

VERTICAL SHAPERS

6 inch Vertical Shaper Model B.

12 inch Vertical Shaper Model B .

77

1860

1930

THREAD MILLERS

4½ inch Thread Miller Model B.

6 inch Thread Miller Model B.

10 inch Thread Miller Model B.

78

1860

1930

SURFACE GRINDERS

8 inch Rotary Surface Grinder.

14 inch Vertical Surface Grinder Model B.

79

1860

1930

AUTOMATIC MACHINES

Full Automatic Centering Machine.

Full Automatic Lathe.

Vertical Automatic.

80

1860

1930

DEEP HOLE DRILLERS

Horizontal Deep Hole Drillers.

6 Spindle Vertical Deep Hole Driller.

81

1860

1930

BENCH MACHINE TOOL EQUIPMENT

Universal Bench Miller.

Complete Bench e q u i p m e n t i ncluding Bench L a t h e, B e n c h D r i l l, B e n c h Miller and all attachments.

82

1860

1930

PROFILERS DIE SINKERS

Two Spindle Profiler.

Universal Die Sinker.

83

1860

1930 PRATT & WHITNEY SMALL TOOLS

Pratt & Whitney Inserted Blade Milling Cutters.

Taps Dies Screw Plate Sets Reamers Milling Cutters Hobs Punches Drills Taper Pins Counterbores Threading Tools Knurling Tools Mandrels Miscellaneous Tools Special Tools

A r e p r e s e n t ative g r o u p o f small tools.

84

1860

1930

PRATT & WHITNEY GAGES Hoke Precision Gage Blocks Toolmakers’ Flats Standard Measuring Machines Super-Micrometers Cylindrical Gages Thread Gages Trusform Snap Gages Adjustable Limit Pin Gages Railroad Gages (A.R.A.) Oil Country Gages (A.P.I.) Camshaft Comparators Precision Levels Taper Gages Spline Gages Keyway Gages Gages for Interchangeable Manufacture Star Gages Special Gages

Super-Micrometer.

Hoke Blocks.

A.P.I. Gages.

Standard Measuring Machine .

85

19

30

APPRENTICE TRAINING

A Pratt & Whitney apprentice in the Model B Lathe assembly room.

Another apprentice has just finished a large mold in the foundry.

APPRENTICE TRAINING AT PRATT & WHITNEY The founders of the Pratt & Whitney Company served apprenticeships under able masters, and their shop became, in turn, the training school for many men since prominent in the machine tool and allied industries. The roster of those who have worked in the Pratt & Whitney shops includes Worcester R. Warner, Ambrose Swasey, A. F. Foote, William Gleason, E. P. Bullard, E. C. Henn, R. Hakewessel, G. C. Bardons, J. N. LaPointe, F. N. Gardner, John Johnston and many more. Apprentice training at such a plant naturally is deep rooted. Noteworthy also is the present congenial environment. Many of the skilled mechanics, foremen and other executives with whom the apprentice is in daily contact are Pratt & Whitney graduates, while the president of the company is an outstanding product of another great training school, that of the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence. Thus, in the concrete examples around him, an ambitious boy can see the future possibilities of his training; in being associated with men who have traveled the same route, he may feel that his training is under sympathetic and authoritative guidance. For many years the company has had from 40 to 50 apprentices in the shop. Three-quarters of the boys enroll for the machinist apprentice course. From their ranks it is hoped ultimately to recruit foremen, inspectors, production men and other executives. It is the policy of Pratt & Whitney Company to

89

In t h e g e a r c u t t i n g department.

Cutting a l a r g e worm o n a P&W Thread Miller.

A g r o u p o f a p p r e n t i c e s using P r a t t and W h i t n e y M u l t i p l e spindle Drills .

P l a ning s e v e r a l p i e c e s a t the s a m e t i m e o n a P o n d P l a n e r .

An apprentice making cores for the foundry.

Operating a P&W Vertical Shaper in the tool room.

select shop foremen and executives who are graduate apprentices whenever possible. Training includes a varied shop experience, supplemented by classroom instruction four hours each week at the Hartford Trade School. The course for machinists and molders is laid out to cover a period of three years; the pattern-making course covers four years and the core-maker’s course, one and one-half years. If at the completion of his regular course the young man desires intensive experience in any branch, as for example tool making, he is permitted to continue if selected. The system is organized around a supervisor of apprentices. In being a Pratt & Whitney graduate, and having served the company in various executive and other capacities, the present supervisor is well qualified, both through thorough knowledge and experience in the trades taught. Great care is exercised in selecting apprentices. The applicant must show very definite interest in the particular training for which he applies. He must be physically fit, have sufficient preliminary education and upon test show mechanical aptitude. Character requirements are considered carefully. The company wants boys that will stick, and is especially desirous of enlisting those who ultimately may qualify for positions of responsibility with the company.

93

PRATT & WHITNEY MEN WHO HAVE GIVEN LONG AND HONORABLE SERVICE

1860

The

1930

loyalty

of

Pratt

&

Whitney

one of our most cherished assets.

men

is

Year in and

year out these men have labored faithfully to make our good name better, and the Company has progressed only because of their efforts. The same spirit of “Accuracy” which inspired our founders they have fostered through the years. It is unusual indeed for an organization to have upon its rolls so many who have served so long. We

name

these

men

with

pages are dedicated to them.

pride.

These

T h e y o u n g e r men

of Pratt & Whitney find a high example in the unswerving

loyalty

of

those

who

have

served

the Company with honor and fidelity for two decades and more.

96

1860

1930

50 Years or More of Service Charles Kummel Jeremiah H. Coffey Flavel W. Woodworth Charles Taylor Guy S. Fallow Thomas Mannix Eugene de LaPorte John B. Henrechon Elmer E. Smith

66 63 63 59 57 56 53 50 50

45 to 50 Years of Services Wilbur M. Gladdin g Michael F. Murray Frank Holehouse

48 48 47

40 to 45 Years of Services Edwin M. Cline Henry C. Stevenson John F. Galvin, Sr. Edward O’ Brien James F. Farrington William H. Miller Richard J. Reccord

44 44 43 43 42 40 40 97

1860

1930

35 to 40 Years of Service August F. Braun Peter Fagan Alfred Recor E. Adelbert Steele Edward E. Eno William J. Hanson Nicholas W. Prumbaum Fred H. Schuster Edward L. Andrews Lucius Bartells Patrick F. Fitzgerald Donald J. Kelly Wilbur N. Larkum Andrew Neal Chas. A. Nordstrom Benjamin Rowe Dean E. Belcher Edgar D. Clark Bruno Heimer Flloyd H. Elliott Emanuel Griffin Joseph V. Guilmartin Harry Horrvich John A. Lesniak Arthur N. Savard

39 39 39 39 38 38 38 38 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 98

1860

1930

3 0 t o 3 5 Years of Service George A. Blodgett J. Frank Foster Frank A. Oberer Matthew Ryan William J. Walch Thomas S. Waldron Nicholas D. Baldwin Edward C. Lemire Leon H. Lord Thomas M. Maroney Thomas H. Sceery F r a n k A . S ul l i v a n Harvey M. Cunningham Ferdinand Dionne Henry D. Hinckley Henry Jacobs Addison McGarrett Levi B. Peer Fred E. Bowe John H. Coffey Harry C. Hungerford William D. Marcy David T. Carey Everett L. Morgan J a m e s F . W a ls h

34 34 34 34 34 34 33 33 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 30 30 30

99

1860

1930

25 to 30 Years of Service John H. Cashman Charles F. Ludwig John E. Mays John. L. Pearson Gustave E. Peterson George S. Revoir Richard R. Ryan Albert G. Sawtelle Benjamin A. Boardman Thomas J. Cross Arthur C. Hale Frank D. Hatch Carl J. Holmberg Christian H. Meier Edward A. Moyer Frank H. Nicholson Carl E. Steidel Alexander G. Whitehead Marshall A. Avery Nicholas Buck Robert M. Derby Daniel B. Hennessey William B. Hunter Alex Johanson Declan J. Lynch Charles M. Pond John H. Ritchie Charles K. Seymour

29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

100

1860

1930

Arthur J. Belleville Robert M. Bixby Max Horowitz Wallace W. Kaye Samuel A. Moody Fred D. Bennett Carl E. Hansen Albert H. Hunter Frederick W. Lohs Louis N. Richard H. Howard Wallace

26 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 25

101

1860

1930

20 to25 Years of Service Fred Best Olof Bunes Edward C. Cady Edward C. Dillon Peter Greenwood James E. Kenefick William P. Kirk Fred J. Larson George Meier William T. Ransdorf Arthur R. Tuttle Peter Beaudoin James J. F ay Per J. Johnson Hilmer Julander H. William Kopf Gustave Larson William A. McDonald John D. O’Keefe Israel Rosenthal Ben Sloan Chester F. Cook Herbert G. Dent William Hochmuth William J. Moyes John Palma M a x F i s c he r Arthur J. Gustafson Alex A. Hanson Oscar M. Johnson Per J. Larson John P. Mostyn Charles W. Poppel Allen Baxter

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 102

1860

1930

Leslie E. Brown Thomas F. Coffey Elek L. Csaszar Clarence O. Denslow Joseph F. Dillon Louis E. Dungan Hertbert R. Ferris George J. Galligan Gustaf Gillstrom Vilsa Goostz John J. Hebor Bror A. Hellgren Frank O. Hoagland Russell B. Hurlburt John J. Kaminsky Edward P. Kelly James F. Longworth Charles F. Marx John McQueeney A. Chapin Miller Joseph B. Morris Thomas Mostyn David J. O’Brien Samuel Oken Victor E. Paulson Edward S. Pease William A. Rosien John Seidel William G. Shechtman Frederick A. Shipman Patrick F. Smith Rudolf Steidl Ernest C. Stowell Carl R. Tillquist Harold F. Welch Herbert H. Wilbraham

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 103

PRATT & WHITNEY EXECUTIVES

1860

1930

PAST GENERAL MANAGERS

George W. M. Reed 1893 — 1899

F. V. Bartlett 1899 — 1901

F. W. Gordon 1901 — 1903

B. H. Blood 1917 — 1924

B. M. W. Hanson 1903 — 1917

106

1860

1930

PAST PRESIDENTS

Francis A. Pratt 1869 — 1898

Amos Whitney 1898 — 1901

C ol. R. C. McKinney 1901 — 1915

James K. Cullen 1915 — 1930

107

1860

1930

Col. Edward A. Deeds

Clayton R. Burt

Chairman of the Board of Directors of Pratt & Whitney Co. and NilesBement-Pond Co.

President and General Manager Pratt & Whitney Co.

Officers of Pratt & Whitney Company — 1930 President — Clayton R. Burt Vice Pres. In charge of Sales — William P. Kirk Treasurer — Charles K. Seymour Secretary and Asst. Treas .— Everett L. Morgan Asst. Secretary — B. E. Johann (Miss)

Board of Directors Col. Edward A. Deeds Chairman of the Board Clayton R. Burt David Ayr Charles W. Deeds Sanford G. Etherington Fred W. Gordon William P. Kirk Charles M. Pond Fred B. Rentschler Charles K. Seymour

Charles K. Seymour Treas. Pratt & Whitney Co. P r e s . N i l e s - B e m e n t - P o n d Co 108

1860

1930

PRATT & WHITNEY EXECUTIVES 1930 Left to right as they are seated around the table. EVERETT L. MORGAN — Secretary and Assistant Treasurer ALEXANDER H. d’ARCAMBAL — Sales Manager Small Tool and Gage Division CHARLES M. POND — Manager Small Tool and Gage Division DAVID AYR —Manager Machinery Division CLAYTON R. BURT — President and General Manager WILLIAM P. KIRK —Vice President in charge of Sales WILLIAM H. MILLER — Sales Manager Machinery Division FRANK O. HOAGLAND — Master Mechanic

109

110

HONORS WON BY PRATT & WHITNEY AT WORLD EXPOSITIONS

112

113

114

115

116

117

118