American Men: Who They Are & How They Live

3rd EDITION AMERICAN MEN I II AMERICAN MEN 3 r d E D I TION AMERICAN MEN III New Strategist Publications, Inc. ...

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3rd EDITION

AMERICAN MEN I

II AMERICAN MEN

3 r d E D I TION

AMERICAN MEN III

New Strategist Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851 800/848-0842; 607/273-0913 www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2008. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-1-933588-92-6 ISBN 933588-92-6 Printed in the United States of America

IV AMERICAN MEN

Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. Attitudes Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Most Men Are Pretty Happy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Men Have Faith in the American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Older Men Are Less Tolerant of Homosexuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Most Men Support Egalitarian Sex Roles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Men Are Not as Religious as Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Few Young Men Read a Daily Newspaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Many Men Are Not Interested in Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Men Have Mixed Feelings about Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Few Americans Own a Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Americans Support Capital Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Chapter 2. Education Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Men’s Educational Attainment Has Grown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Middle-Aged Men are the Best Educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Most Men Have College Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Asian Men Are Most Likely to Be College Graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Many Older Men Are in School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Men’s College Enrollment Rate Has Grown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Colleges Are Seeing Declines in Male Enrollment in Some Age Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 One-Third of Male College Students Are Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Most Older Students Are Part-Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 At Two-Year Schools, Full-Time Attendance Varies by Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Objectives of Male and Female College Students Are Similar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Among College Freshmen, Men Are More Conﬁdent than Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Men Earn a Minority of College Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Men Earn Most Engineering Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Men Still Dominate Many Professional Degree Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Many Men Participate in Adult Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Chapter 3. Health Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Most Men Are Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Among Men, Former Smokers Outnumber Current Smokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 High Blood Pressure Is Common among Older Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Many Men Do Not Have Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Men Account for Fewer than Half of Adults with Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Males Account for Fewer than Half of Physician Ofﬁce Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Prescription Drug Use Is Widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Males Are a Minority of Hospital Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Few Nursing Home Residents Are Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Chapter 4. Income Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Men’s Incomes Are Growing More Slowly than Women’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 The Incomes of Men under Age 55 Are Falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Hispanic Men Have Gained the Most Since 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Men in the West Made Gains between 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Incomes Are Highest for Men Aged 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 AMERICAN MEN V

Non-Hispanic White Men Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Men’s Incomes Are Still Far Ahead of Women’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Men’s Earnings Rise with Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Chief Executives Are the Most Highly Paid Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 The Incomes of Male-Headed Households Are Falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Married Couples Are the Nation’s Income Elite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Male-Headed Families Have Average Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Older Men Who Live Alone Have Low Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Poverty Has Increased among Men Since 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Chapter 5. Labor Force Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Labor Force Participation of Men Continues to Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Unemployment Is Highest among Young Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Hispanic Men Are Most Likely to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Most Working Men Have Full-Time Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Working Parents Are the Norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Dual Earners Account for the Majority of Couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Job Tenure of Middle-Aged Men Has Declined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Men Dominate Most Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 More than One in Four Men Work in Manufacturing or Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Many Older Men Are Self-Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Alternative Work Arrangements Attract Older Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Middle-Aged Men Are Most Likely to Be Union Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Most New Workers Will Be Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 The Number of Older Men in the Labor Force Will Expand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Most Men Are Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Black Men Are Least Likely to Be Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Divorce Is Highest among Men in Their Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Few Children Live with Their Father Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Most Men Are Married Householders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Women Outnumber Men among People Who Live Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Married Couples Are Shrinking as a Share of Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Household Diversity Is Greatest among the Young and the Old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Households Vary Greatly by Race and Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Less than One-Third of Households include Children under Age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Most Families Find Nest Slow to Empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Married Couples Are Much Better Educated than Single Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Husbands and Wives Are Alike in Many Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 More than 6 Million Men Are Unmarried Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Chapter 7. Population Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Number of Men in Their Sixties to Grow Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Males Are Outnumbered by Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Hispanic Population Is Growing the Fastest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Less than Two-Thirds of Males Are Non-Hispanic White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Diversity of Males Varies Sharply by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Male Population Grew Fastest in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Only 14 Percent of Males Move Each Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Slightly More than Half the Foreign-Born Are Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Males Are a Minority of Legal Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

VI AMERICAN MEN

Chapter 8. Spending Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Married Couples Spend More than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Men Who Live Alone Spend Less than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Chapter 9. Time Use Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Leisure Activities Rank Second in Time Use among Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Older Men Spend the Most Time Eating and Drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 In Dual-Income Couples, Husbands Spend More Time Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Caring for Children Is Women’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Men Have More Leisure time on Weekends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Nearly Three out of Four Men Are Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 More than One in Five Men Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Men Are in the Minority in Many Religious Congregations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Males Are the Majority of Participants in Most Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Chapter 10. Wealth Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Net Worth Rises with Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Financial Assets Have Declined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 For Most Americans, the Home Is Their Most Valuable Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Most Households Are in Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Homeownership Is the Norm for Older Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 American Workers Lack Retirement Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Expected Age of Retirement Has Climbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328

Glossary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 Index

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339

AMERICAN MEN VII

List of Tables Chapter 1. Attitudes 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36

General Happiness, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Life Exciting or Dull, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Trust in Others, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Afraid to Walk in Neighborhood at Night, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Should Marijuana Be Made Legal, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Standard of Living Will Improve, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Parents’ Standard of Living, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Children’s Standard of Living, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Satisfaction with Financial Situation, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Premarital Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Homosexual Relations, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Better for Man to Work, Woman to Tend Home, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Working Mother Doesn’t Hurt Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Happiness of Marriage, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Favor Spanking to Discipline Child, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Degree of Religiosity, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Frequency of Prayer, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Scientiﬁc Knowledge: Human Beings Developed from Animals, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Science Makes Our Way of Life Change Too Fast, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Frequency of Reading the Newspaper, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Main Source of Information about Events in the News, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Interest in Politics, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Political Leanings, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Political Party Afﬁliation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Computer Data a Threat, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Government Right to Jail People without Trial, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Government Right to Tap Phones, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Government Right to Search People at Random, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Have Gun in Home, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Favor or Oppose Gun Permits, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Does Respondent or Spouse Hunt, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Favor or Oppose Death Penalty for Murder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Allow Patients with Incurable Disease to Die, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Abortion for Any Reason, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Abortion if a Woman Is Pregnant as a Result of Rape, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Abortion if Woman’s Health Is Seriously Endangered, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Chapter 2. Education 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12

Educational Attainment of Men, 1950 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Male High School and College Graduates by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Educational Attainment of Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Male High School and College Graduates by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Male High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 School Enrollment of Males by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 College Enrollment Rates by Sex, 1990 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 College Enrollment of Men, 1990 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Men in College by Age, 1990 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Men in College by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Male College Students by Age and Attendance Status, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Male College Students by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Attendance Status, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

VIII AMERICAN MEN

2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22

Objectives of College Freshmen by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Self-Conﬁdence of College Freshmen by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Degrees Earned by Men by Level of Degree, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Degrees Earned by Men by Level of Degree, Race, and Hispanc Origin, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Associate’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Master’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 First-Professional Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Participation in Adult Education by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Chapter 3. Health 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22

Average Measured Weight of Men by Age, 1976–80 and 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Overweight and Obese Men by Age, 1976–80 and 2001–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Men’s Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Cigarette Smoking Status of Men, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Cigarette Smoking among Men by Selected Characteristics, 2002–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Alcohol Drinking Status of Men, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Alcohol Drinking Status of Men by Selected Characteristics, 2002–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 High Blood Pressure among Men by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04. . . . . . . . . .87 High Cholesterol among Men by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04. . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Health Insurance Coverage by Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Health Conditions among Men, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 AIDS Cases through 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Men, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Males, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Prescription Drug Use among Males by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Visits by Males to Hospital Outpatient Departments, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Hospital Discharges and Length of Stay among Males by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Discharges of Males from Hospitals by Diagnosis, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Discharges of Males from Hospitals by Procedure, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Nursing Home Residents by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Leading Causes of Death, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Chapter 4. Income 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20

Median Income by Sex, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Median Income of Men by Age, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Median Income of Men by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Median Income of Men by Region, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Income of Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Income of Men by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Median Income of Full-Time Workers by Sex, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Earnings of Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Workers by Occupation and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Median Income of Households Headed by Men, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Income of Households Headed by Men, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Income of Married Couples by Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Income of Married Couples by Work Status of Husband and Wife, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Earnings Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Wives Who Earn More than Their Husbands, 1981 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Income of Male-Headed Families by Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Income of Men Living Alone by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Males in Poverty, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Males in Poverty by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Married Couples and Male-Headed Families in Poverty, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

AMERICAN MEN IX

Chapter 5. Labor Force 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17

Men’s Labor Force Participation by Age, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Employment Status of Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Men’s Labor Force Participation by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Men Working Full- or Part-Time by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Labor Force Status of Married Couples and Male-Headed Families with Children under Age 18, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Labor Force Status of Men by Presence of Children under Age 18 at Home, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Labor Force Status of Married-Couple Family Groups, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Job Tenure of Men by Age, 2000 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Long-Term Employment among Men by Age, 2000 to 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Male Workers by Occupation, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Men’s Share of the Employed by Detailed Occupation, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Employment of Men by Industry, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Self-Employed Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Men with Alternative Work Arrangements by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Union Representation of Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Workers Entering and Leaving the Labor Force by Sex, 2006 to 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Men in the Labor Force by Age, 2006 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Total Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Asian Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Black Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Hispanic Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Non-Hispanic White Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Marital History of Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Living Arrangements of Children by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Children Living with Their Father Only by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 People Who Live Alone by Age and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Men Who Live Alone by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Households by Type, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Number of Households by Type and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Distribution of Households by Type and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Distribution of Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Number of Households by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Distribution of Households by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Distribution of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder and Household Type, 2007 . .212 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . .214 Married Couples by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Male-Headed Families by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Stay-at-Home Parents among Married Couples, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Families by Educational Attainment of Householder and Presence of Children, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Age Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Race and Hispanic Origin Differences between Husband and Wife, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Educational Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Men in Opposite-Sex Unmarried-Partner Households by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

Chapter 7. Population 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Males by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Male Share of the Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Males by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 to 2020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Male Share of the Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Males by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Male Share of the American Indian Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Male Share of the Asian Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Male Share of the Black Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Male Share of the Hispanic Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

X AMERICAN MEN

7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20

Male Share of the Native Hawaiian Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Male Share of the Non-Hispanic White Population by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Males by Region, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Males by State, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Male Share of the Total Population by State, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Geographical Mobility of Males by Relationship to Householder and Age, 2006–07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Geographical Mobility of Males by Age and Type of Move, 2006–07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Geographical Mobility of Males by Reason for Move, 2006–07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Foreign-Born Males by Place of Birth and Year of Entry, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Foreign-Born Males by Age and Region of Residence, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Legal Immigrants by Age and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257

Chapter 8. Spending 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

Average Spending by Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Indexed Spending of Married-Couple Households, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Market Shares of Married-Couple Households, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Average Spending of Single-Person Households Headed by Men, by Age, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Indexed Spending of Single-Person Households Headed by Men by Age, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Market Share of Spending Accounted for by Men Who Live Alone, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Chapter 9. Time Use 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12

Men’s Time Use and Percent Reporting Activity, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Men’s Time Use by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activity by Dual-Income Couples with Children, 2003–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Percent of Married Parents in Dual-Income Couples Participating in Primary Activity on an Average Day, 2003–06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Time Spent Caring for Household Children as a Primary Activity by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Time Spent Caring for Household Children as a Secondary Activity by Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Men’s Leisure Time Use on Weekdays versus Weekends, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Online Activities Ever Done, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Online Activities Yesterday, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Volunteering among Men by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Male Share of Religious Groups, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Sports Participation among Males Aged 7 or Older, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

Chapter 10. Wealth 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15

Net Worth of Households, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Ownership and Value of Financial Assets, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Percent of Households Owning Financial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Median Value of Financial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Ownership and Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Percent of Households Owning Nonﬁnancial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Median Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Debt of Households, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Percent of Households with Debt, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Median Value of Debt Owed by Households, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Male Homeowners by Household Type and Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)s by Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Participation in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Retirement Planning by Sex of Worker, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Expected Age of Retirement by Sex, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

AMERICAN MEN XI

List of Charts Chapter 1. Attitudes Few young men trust others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Few young and middle-aged men are satisﬁed with their ﬁnances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Young men are more tolerant of homosexuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Older men cling to traditional sex roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Many men think science makes our way of life change too fast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Media preferences differ starkly by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Men are more interested than women in politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 The oldest men are most likely to think the government can detain people without a trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Older men are much more likely to own a gun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 The majority of men and women favor capital punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Chapter 2. Education Men are much better educated today than in 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Men in their ﬁfties are most likely to be college graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Seven percent of men have a master’s degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Hispanic men are least likely to have a college degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Among men aged 18 or older, many are in school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 More than 7 million men are enrolled in college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Most male college students are under age 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Non-Hispanic whites account for only about two-thirds of male college students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Most younger men at four-year colleges are full-time students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Regardless of race, most men who attend four-year colleges are full-time students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Family and ﬁnancial security are the top objectives of college freshmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Among college freshmen, most men and women say they are above average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Men’s share of bachelor’s degrees varies by race and Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Men earn most computer science degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Men earn the majority of ﬁrst-professional degrees in most ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Work-related courses attract both men and women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Chapter 3. Health The percentage of men who are overweight does not vary much by age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 More than half of men have never smoked cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 High blood pressure is most common among men aged 65 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Only 8 percent of men have bought their own private health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Lower back pain is the most common problem among men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Males are a minority of patients in the doctor’s ofﬁce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Four out of ﬁve men aged 65 or older have taken a prescription drug during the past month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Males account for a minority of hospital outpatients and inpatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Only 18 percent of the oldest nursing home residents are men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Females live longer than males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Chapter 4. Income Men’s median income peaked in 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Men aged 25 to 34 lost the most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 The median income of black men was stable between 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 The biggest decline was in the Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Men’s income peaks in middle age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Among men, blacks have higher incomes than Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Women’s incomes are growing, while men’s are declining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 The more education, the higher the earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 There is a big gap between the top- and bottom-earning men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Married couples are the most afﬂuent household type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Single-earner couples make much less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Nearly half of male-headed families have incomes of $50,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 XII AMERICAN MEN

For men living alone, income peaks in the 35-to-44 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Among males, blacks are most likely to be poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Chapter 5. Labor Force Men’s labor force participation rate has fallen in all but the older age groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 More than 9 out of 10 men aged 25 to 44 are in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 More than 80 percent of Hispanic men are in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Few men aged 25 to 54 work part-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Most married couples with children are dual earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 About one in ﬁve couples has only the husband in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Job tenure peaks in middle age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Men choose different jobs from women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Men dominate the construction industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Most self-employed men are aged 35 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Alternative work arrangements become more common with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 More than 18 percent of men aged 45 to 64 are represented by unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Men will account for more than half of new workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Some age groups will have fewer workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Nearly one-third of men, most of them young, have not yet married. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Most Asian and non-Hispanic white men are married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Divorce is less common among the oldest men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Most children still live in a two-parent family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Most men head households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Most men who live alone are under age 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Among households headed by men, married couples grew the slowest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Households of the young differ from those of middle-aged and older adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Nuclear families are most common among Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Among families, those headed by men are least likely to include children under age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Most male-headed families do not have children at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Many older couples have children at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 College experience is the norm for married couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Most husbands and wives share the same educational level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Many men in their twenties are unmarried partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Chapter 7. Population The number of men in their sixties will grow rapidly during the next few years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Females outnumber males by more than 4 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Asians are greatly outnumbered by blacks and Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Fewer than 5 percent of American males are Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Young boys are much more diverse than older men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 The South is home to the largest share of males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Few moves are out-of-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 The foreign-born account for a large share of the West’s population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Nearly half a million males immigrated to the United States in 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Chapter 8. Spending Married couples without children at home spend less than those with children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Among men living alone, those aged 35 to 54 spend the most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Chapter 9. Time Use The average man spends more than one hour a day eating and drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Men aged 25 to 54 have the least amount of time for leisure and sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Fathers have more leisure time than mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Fathers spend much less time taking care of preschoolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Men spend twice as much time socializing on weekends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Many people get news online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Volunteering is lowest among young men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Men account for a majority of people who say they have no religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Male and female participation in some sports is about equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 AMERICAN MEN XIII

Chapter 10. Wealth The youngest householders have little wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Fewer than half of households own retirement accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Home values typically peak in middle age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 The amount of money owed by households declines after middle age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Most male-headed families are homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Most working men do not have an IRA or 401(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Few men will opt for early retirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328

XIV AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Introduction Men’s lives have changed greatly over the past few decades as our economy has been transformed. In one generation we have shifted from a manufacturing to a service economy, which rewards the educated and encourages women to work. As women moved out of the home and into the labor force, men’s roles expanded from breadwinner and handyman to nurturer and home manager. As women became more independent of husbands and children, men became more involved in home and family. The changes in the roles of men and women have been nothing short of revolutionary, affecting every institution in our society—from the family to the workplace, from politics to the consumer marketplace. Understanding the evolving role of men in the workplace and family has become more important than ever as the nation copes with economic uncertainty. The third edition of American Men: Who They Are and How They Live examines the many dimensions of men’s lives as the ﬁrst decade of the 21st century comes to a close. Included in these pages are all-important demographic data showing the size of the male population, its changing age distribution, rising educational attainment, and evolving racial composition. New to this addition of American Men is an Attitudes chapter, based on data from the renowned General Social Survey, with tables comparing the attitudes of men and women on a number of important issues and examining how men’s attitudes differ by age. Also included in this book is a chapter proﬁling men’s time use based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ invaluable American Time Use Survey. This edition of American Men also provides the latest labor force projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the most up-to-date statistics on men’s incomes and living arrangements, and the most recent population projections from the Census Bureau.

Value added While the government collected most of the data presented in American Men, the tables published here are not reprints from government reports—as is the case in many reference books and reports. Instead, New Strategist’s editors spent hundreds of hours scouring web sites, compiling numbers into meaningful statistics, and creating tables with calculations that reveal the trends. Government web sites are useful for obtaining summary data and for tapping into complex databases. But too often summary data are not enough, and those complex databases usually require analysis by statistical program. With this volume, New Strategist has done the work for you, delving into the data and providing analysis and comparisons, placing the important information about American men at your ﬁngertips. The texts and charts accompanying most of the tables tell the story about men, placing trends into context and revealing what the future holds. Thumbing through these pages will give you more insight into men’s lives than an afternoon spent surﬁng databases on the Internet. With American Men at hand, you can get the answers to your questions even faster than you can online.

AMERICAN MEN

1

How to use this book American Men is designed for easy use. It is divided into ten chapters, organized alphabetically: Attitudes, Education, Health, Income, Labor Force, Living Arrangements, Population, Spending, Time Use, and Wealth. Most of the tables in the book are based on data collected and published by the federal government, in particular the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the Federal Reserve Board. The federal government continues to be the best source of up-to-date, reliable information on the changing characteristics of Americans. Perhaps the most important source of data for American Men is the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. It is taken monthly by the Census Bureau, collecting information from 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. Each year, the March survey includes a demographic supplement, which is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans such as their educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. The American Community Survey (ACS) is another important source of data for American Men. The ACS is an on-going nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS collects data not only for the nation as a whole, but also for regions, states, counties, and metropolitan areas. To explore changes in attitudes, New Strategist extracted data from the nationally representative General Social Survey of the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center. NORC conducts the biennial survey through face-to-face interviews with an independently drawn, representative sample of 3,000 to 4,000 people aged 18 or older in the United States. The GSS is one of the best sources of attitudinal data on Americans available today. The spending data in American Men are from the 2006 Consumer Expenditure Survey, an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Because the BLS collects spending data from households rather than individuals, the spending patterns of men must be gleaned by examining the spending patterns of married men and men who live alone. Most men are either married or living alone, and their spending is detailed in American Men. The American Time Use Survey is the source of the time use statistics presented in this book. This survey, administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, collects data from a nationally representative sample of Americans aged 15 or older by asking them what they did during the previous 24 hours, minute by minute. Time use data reveals the real priorities of Americans, allowing marketers and policymakers to better understand our economy.

2 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

The data in the Wealth chapter are from the Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. It collects data on the assets, debt, and net worth of American households. The latest data were collected in 2004. As with spending data, wealth data are collected from households rather than individuals. Therefore, researchers must extrapolate the wealth of men from household ﬁgures. American Men contains a lengthy table list to help readers locate the information they need. For a more detailed search, use the index at the back of the book. Also in the back of the book is a glossary, which deﬁnes most of the terms commonly used in the tables and text and describes the surveys used to gather the information. Researchers who want even more should use the Internet addresses listed in the sources at the bottom of each table to explore original documents. American Men will help you understand the wants and needs of nearly half the U.S. population. Those wanting to know about the demographics and lifestyles of women should examine New Strategist’s companion volume, American Women: Who They Are and How They Live, available from www.newstrategist.com.

AMERICAN MEN

3

ATTITUDES CHAPTER

1

Attitudes ■ Older men are happier than younger men. Forty-three percent of men aged 65 or older say they are very happy compared with only 29 percent of men under age 45.

■ Most young men think premarital sex is OK. Fifty-four percent of men aged 18 to 44 say there is nothing wrong with premarital sex compared with only 41 percent of men aged 65 or older.

■ A minority of men thinks working mothers harm children. Although only 39 percent of all men think a working mother cannot have as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work, among men aged 65 or older the proportion is a much larger 53 percent.

■ Men are not as religious as women. Only 48 percent of men say they pray at least once a day compared with a larger 68 percent of women.

■ Younger men are far more liberal than older men. Among men under age 45, nearly 31 percent say they are liberal. Among men aged 65 or older, only 14 percent identify themselves as liberal.

■ American men support capital punishment. Nearly three out of four men say capital punishment is OK.

AMERICAN MEN

5

Most Men Are Pretty Happy Older men are happier than younger men. When asked how happy they are, only about one in three men says he is very happy—about the same percentage as among women. The 57 percent majority reports feeling only pretty happy. Older men are happier than younger men, with 43 percent of men aged 65 or older saying they are very happy compared with only 29 percent of men under age 45. Men are more likely than women to ﬁnd life exciting, 55 versus 48 percent. There is little difference by age in the percentage of men who ﬁnd life exciting. There are large differences by age in the degree to which men trust others. Only 27 percent of men under age 45 think most people can be trusted compared with a larger 43 percent of men aged 65 or older. Not surprisingly, few men are afraid to walk alone at night near their house, with only 23 percent saying they would be afraid to do so.

■ Young men are grappling with a rapidly changing economy, which increases their anxiety and reduces their happiness. 60

Few young men trust others (percent of men aged 18 or older who think most people can be trusted, by age, 2006)

40

41%

43%

40%

27% 20

20%

0

0%

6 AMERICAN MEN

a 44 18 to

45 b to 64

65 orcolder

ATTITUDES

Table 1.1

General Happiness, 2006

“Taken all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) very happy

pretty happy

not too happy

Total people Men Women

32.4% 32.1 32.6

55.9% 57.0 55.0

11.7% 10.9 12.4

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

32.1 28.7 32.7 42.8

57.0 59.5 56.0 50.9

10.9 11.8 11.3 6.3

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

7

Table 1.2

Life Exciting or Dull, 2006 “In general, do you ﬁnd life exciting, pretty routine, or dull?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) exciting

pretty routine

dull

Total people Men Women

51.2% 54.8 48.2

43.9% 41.8 45.7

4.9% 3.4 6.1

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

54.8 55.2 54.8 52.7

41.8 42.5 39.8 44.5

3.4 2.4 5.4 2.7

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.3

Trust in Others, 2006 “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in life?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) can trust

cannot trust

depends

Total people Men Women

32.3% 34.2 30.7

62.4% 60.6 63.9

5.2% 5.1 5.3

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

34.2 27.1 40.9 42.8

60.6 67.2 55.3 50.7

5.1 5.7 3.8 6.5

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

8 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Table 1.4

Afraid to Walk in Neighborhood at Night, 2006 “Is there any area right around here—that is, within a mile— where you would be afraid to walk alone at night?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

35.1% 23.2 45.1

64.9% 76.8 54.9

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

23.2 25.0 20.9 22.1

76.8 75.0 79.1 77.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.5

Should Marijuana Be Made Legal, 2006 “Do you think the use of marijuana should be made legal or not?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) legal

not legal

Total people Men Women

34.9% 40.6 30.4

65.1% 59.4 69.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

30.4 42.8 42.7 25.3

69.6 57.1 57.3 74.7

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

9

Men Have Faith in the American Dream Older men have more doubts than younger men, however.

Nearly three out of four men aged 18 or older believe their families have the chance to improve their standard of living in the United States—perhaps the quintessential element of the American Dream. Men under age 45 are more likely to have faith in the American Dream (79 percent) than men aged 65 or older (65 percent). One in ﬁve men aged 65 or older does not think his family has a chance to get ahead. Most men (65 percent) think their standard of living is higher than their parents’ standard of living was at the same age—although the ﬁgure stands at a lower 59 percent among men aged 45 to 64. Most men, regardless of age, think their children’s standard of living will be higher than theirs is today. But among men aged 45 or older only 53 to 54 percent feel that way while a substantial 19 to 22 percent believe their children’s standard of living will be worse. Only 31 percent of men say they are satisﬁed with their current ﬁnancial situation. The 46 percent plurality is more or less satisﬁed, and 23 percent are not at all satisﬁed. ■ Older men are far more satisﬁed with their ﬁnances than middle-aged or younger men, in part because most are retired and their incomes are stable.

Few young and middle-aged men are satisﬁed with their ﬁnances 60 (percent of men who are satisﬁed with their present ﬁnancial situation, by age, 2006)

48% 40

40%

31% 27% 20

20%

0

0%

10 AMERICAN MEN

18 a to 44

b64 45 to

65 orcolder

ATTITUDES

Table 1.6

Standard of Living Will Improve, 2006

“The way things are in America, people like me and my family have a good chance of improving our standard of living. Do you agree or disagree?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) agree

neither

disagree

Total people Men Women

69.8% 73.1 67.3

14.9% 13.3 16.2

15.2% 13.7 16.5

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.1 78.8 67.5 64.6

13.3 10.7 16.3 15.5

13.7 10.5 16.3 19.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.7

Parents’ Standard of Living, 2006

“Compared to your parents when they were the age you are now, do you think your own standard of living now is much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than theirs was?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) better

same

worse

Total people Men Women

67.1% 64.7 69.1

20.9% 22.7 19.5

11.9% 12.7 11.5

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

64.7 65.5 59.1 76.5

22.7 22.8 24.1 18.7

12.7 11.8 16.8 4.8

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

11

Table 1.8

Children’s Standard of Living, 2006

“When your children are at the age you are now, do you think their standard of living will be much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than yours is now?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older with children responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older with children, responding by age, 2006) better

same

worse

Total people with children Men Women

64.2% 62.4 65.6

20.6% 21.8 19.7

15.2% 15.8 14.7

Total men with children Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

62.4 71.5 52.7 54.1

21.8 18.3 25.5 26.5

15.8 10.3 21.8 19.4

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.9

Satisfaction with Financial Situation, 2006 “We are interested in how people are getting along ﬁnancially these days. So far as you and your family are concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisﬁed with your present ﬁnancial situation, more or less satisﬁed, or not satisﬁed at all?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) satisﬁed

more or less satisﬁed

not at all satisﬁed

Total people Men Women

30.1% 31.3 29.1

45.5% 45.7 45.3

24.5% 23.0 25.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

31.3 27.0 30.8 47.6

45.7 47.6 45.0 40.8

23.0 25.4 24.2 11.6

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

12 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Older Men Are Less Tolerant of Homosexuality They are also less tolerant of premarital sex.

On the issue of premarital sex, the 50.1 percent majority of men say sex before marriage is not wrong at all. This share is greater than the 42 percent of women who see nothing wrong with premarital sex. Young men are more tolerant of premarital sex than older men. Fiftyfour percent of men aged 18 to 44 say there is nothing wrong with premarital sex compared with a smaller 41 percent of men aged 65 or older. Men are less tolerant of homosexuality than of premarital sex. Only 28 percent of men say sexual relations between two adults of the same sex is not wrong at all, while 59 percent say it is always wrong. Younger men, again, are more tolerant than older men. Thirty-ﬁve percent of men aged 18 to 44 say there is nothing wrong with homosexuality compared with just 11 percent of men aged 65 or older. ■ As younger generations age and replace older people, tolerance of premarital sex and homosexuality is growing.

Young men are more tolerant of homosexuality (percent of men aged 18 or older who say sexual relations between two adults of the same sex is not wrong at all, by age, 2006)

45

35% 30

30%

24%

15

15%

0

0%

11%

18 a to 44

b64 45 to

65 orcolder

AMERICAN MEN

13

Table 1.10

Premarital Sex, 2006

“If a man and woman have sex relations before marriage, do you think it is always wrong, almost always wrong, wrong only sometimes, or not wrong at all?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) always wrong

almost always or sometimes wrong

not wrong at all

Total people Men Women

25.6% 21.7 28.8

28.7% 28.3 29.2

45.7% 50.1 42.0

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

21.7 19.7 23.4 24.6

28.3 26.7 27.8 34.4

50.1 53.6 48.8 41.0

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.11

Homosexual Relations, 2006 “What about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) always wrong

almost always or sometimes wrong

not wrong at all

Total people Men Women

56.2% 59.4 53.5

11.6% 12.6 10.7

32.3% 28.1 35.8

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

59.4 52.4 62.3 78.5

12.6 12.5 13.5 10.6

28.1 35.0 24.2 10.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

14 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Most Men Support Egalitarian Sex Roles A minority of men thinks working mothers harm children.

Only 38 percent of men aged 18 or older agree that traditional sex roles—where the husband works while the wife takes care of the home and family—are best. More than 60 percent of men disagree with the notion that traditional sex roles are best. Men aged 65 or older are much more supportive of traditional sex roles than younger men, however, with 59 percent hewing to tradition. Men are more likely than women to think working mothers harm children—only 28 percent of women feel this way versus 39 percent of men. The 53 percent majority of the oldest men agree that a working mother is harmful to her children. Among the married, most men and women say their marriage is very happy. Men are more likely than women to feel that way, however. Sixty-three percent of married men report that their marriage is very happy compared with a smaller 59 percent of married women. The oldest men are most likely to say their marriage is very happy. ■ Most men heartily agree that it is sometimes necessary to spank a child.

Older men cling to traditional sex roles (percent of married men aged 18 or older who agree that it is better for the man to be the achiever outside the home while the woman takes care of the home and family, by age, 2006)

75

59% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

33%

35%

18 a to 44

45 b to 64

65 orcolder

AMERICAN MEN

15

Table 1.12

Better for Man to Work, Woman to Tend Home, 2006

“It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family.”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) agree

disagree

Total people Men Women

35.3% 37.6 33.4

64.7% 62.4 66.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

37.6 32.7 35.4 59.2

62.4 67.3 64.6 40.8

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.13

Working Mother Doesn’t Hurt Children, 2006

“A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work.”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) agree

disagree

Total people Men Women

66.9% 60.6 72.2

33.1% 39.4 27.8

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

60.6 65.0 59.7 46.7

39.4 35.0 40.3 53.3

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

16 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Table 1.14

Happiness of Marriage, 2006

“Taking all things together, how would you describe your marriage?”

(percent distribution of total married people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and married men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) very happy

pretty happy

not too happy

Total married people Men Women

60.7% 63.3 58.5

37.1% 35.1 38.7

2.3% 1.6 2.8

Total married men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

63.3 62.6 62.0 67.7

35.1 35.2 36.6 31.7

1.6 2.3 1.4 0.6

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.15

Favor Spanking to Discipline Child, 2006

“Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree that it is sometimes necessary to discipline a child with a good, hard spanking?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) agree

disagree

Total people Men Women

71.7% 75.0 68.8

28.3% 25.0 31.2

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

75.0 76.0 77.7 66.5

25.0 24.0 22.3 33.5

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

17

Men Are Not as Religious as Women The majority of men believe in evolution.

On many issues, there is little difference between the attitudes of men and women. On religious matters, however, there are big differences. Men are less likely than women to regard themselves as very religious, for example. Only 14 percent of men regard themselves as very religious compared with 23 percent of women. A substantial 45 percent of men say they are only slightly or not religious compared with 31 percent of women. Given these statistics, it is not surprising that men pray less frequently than women. Only 48 percent of men say they pray at least once a day compared with a larger 68 percent of women. Among men, the likelihood of daily prayer increases with age, from 44 percent of men aged 18 to 44 to 63 percent of men aged 65 or older. The fact that men are less religious than women may explain why they are more likely than women to believe in evolution. The 56 percent majority of men agree that humans developed from earlier species of animals compared with just 46 percent of women. ■ Only 47 percent of men aged 65 or older believe in evolution.

Many men think science makes our way of life change too fast (percent of men aged 18 or older who agree with the statement that science makes our way of life change too fast, by age, 2006)

60

53% 47%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

18 AMERICAN MEN

a 44 18 to

44%

45 tob64

65 orcolder

ATTITUDES

Table 1.16

Degree of Religiosity, 2006 “To what extent do you consider yourself a religious person?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) very religious

moderately relgious

slightly religious

not religious

Total people Men Women

19.0% 13.9 23.1

43.7% 41.4 45.6

23.1% 27.3 19.7

14.2% 17.3 11.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

13.9 12.2 15.3 17.2

41.4 38.7 40.9 52.0

27.3 30.3 28.6 13.6

17.3 18.8 15.3 17.2

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.17

Frequency of Prayer, 2006 “About how often do you pray?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) at least once a day

once to several times a week

less than once a week or never

Total people Men Women

59.2% 48.1 68.3

18.2% 20.0 16.7

22.6% 31.9 15.0

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

48.1 44.4 47.6 62.6

20.0 19.6 23.4 12.9

31.9 35.9 29.0 24.5

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

19

Table 1.18

Scientiﬁc Knowledge: Human Beings Developed from Animals, 2006 “Human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals. Is that true or false?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) true

false

Total people Men Women

50.3% 55.8 46.0

49.7% 44.2 54.0

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

55.8 57.7 56.5 47.3

44.2 42.3 43.5 52.7

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.19

Science Makes Our Way of Life Change Too Fast, 2006 “Science makes our way of life change too fast.”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) agree

disagree

Total people Men Women

45.5% 46.8 44.3

54.6% 53.2 55.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

46.8 47.1 44.2 53.0

53.2 52.9 55.8 47.0

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

20 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Few Young Men Read a Daily Newspaper The largest share of men gets most news from television.

The Internet is in the process of transforming the way people get their news about current events. Readership of printed newspapers is in decline, with few young adults any longer bothering to read a daily paper. Among men, only 37 percent say they read a newspaper every day, with the ﬁgure as low as 24 percent among men under age 45. Among men aged 65 or older, the 71 percent majority reads a daily newspaper. The 46 percent plurality of men say they get most of their information about current events from television, 23 percent say they depend on newspapers, and 17 percent say the Internet is their main source of news. Young men are far more likely than older men to get their news from the Internet. A substantial 25 percent of men under age 45 say they get most of their information from the Internet versus just 5 percent of men aged 65 or older. ■ Men are more likely than women to get most of their news from the Internet.

Media preferences differ starkly by age (percent of men aged 18 or older who get most of their information about current events from selected sources, by age, 2006)

45

tv

37% 30 30%

25%

interne

23%

19% 15 15%

12% 100000

0

0%

18 a to 44

75000

5%

all newspapers dual Internet

b64 45 to

65 orcolder

50000

25000

0

with

w/out

AMERICAN MEN

21

Table 1.20

Frequency of Reading the Newspaper, 2006 “How often do you read the newspaper—every day, a few times a week, less than once a week, or never?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006)

every day

not every day, but at least once a week

less than once a week

Total people Men Women

34.2% 37.2 31.7

37.9% 37.2 38.5

27.9% 25.6 29.8

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

37.2 24.3 41.4 70.6

37.2 44.8 35.3 15.6

25.6 30.9 23.3 13.8

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.21

Main Source of Information about Events in the News, 2006

“We are interested in how people get information about events in the news. Where do you get most of your information about current news events?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) television

newspapers

Internet

Total people Men Women

49.5% 46.5 51.9

23.6% 22.6 24.3

14.2% 17.2 11.8

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

46.5 40.2 53.2 51.6

22.6 18.6 22.5 37.2

17.2 24.6 11.9 4.6

Note: Numbers will not sum to 100 percent because not all sources of information are shown. Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

22 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Many Men Are Not Interested in Politics Among men, political conservatives slightly outnumber moderates.

Only 22 percent of men say they are very interested in politics. This group is outnumbered by the 29 percent who say they are not very or not at all interested in politics. Older men are slightly more interested in politics than younger men, but the differences by age are not great. Thirty-eight percent of men identify themselves as political conservatives, a slightly greater share than the 36 percent who say they are moderate and a much higher proportion than the 25 percent who call themselves liberal. Younger men are far more liberal than older men. Among men under age 45, nearly 31 percent say they are liberal. Among men aged 65 or older, only 14 percent identify themselves as liberal. Although men are more likely to say they are conservative than liberal, a slightly larger share of men identify themselves as Democrat than as Republican. Thirty-nine percent of men say they are Democrats versus 37 percent who identify themselves as Republicans. Men aged 65 or older are only half as likely as men under age 45 to identify themselves as independents, 13 versus 25 percent. ■ Men are more likely than women to be Republican—37 versus 31 percent.

Men are more interested than women in politics

30 (percent of people aged 18 or older who say they are very interested in politics, by sex, 2006)

22% 20

20%

12% 10

10%

0

0%

a men

b women

AMERICAN MEN

23

Table 1.22

Interest in Politics, 2006 “How interested would you say you personally are in politics?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) very

fairly or somewhat

not very or not at all

Total people Men Women

17.1% 22.2 12.5

52.9% 48.8 56.5

30.1% 29.0 31.1

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

22.2 20.0 23.5 27.6

48.8 47.8 49.5 50.1

29.0 32.2 27.0 22.3

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.23

Political Leanings, 2006 “We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. On a seven-point scale from extremely liberal (1) to extremely conservative (7), where would you place yourself?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) liberal

moderate

conservative

Total people Men Women

26.2% 25.5 26.9

39.0% 36.8 40.9

34.7% 37.7 32.3

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

25.5 30.6 22.8 14.0

36.8 36.5 36.5 38.4

37.7 32.9 40.7 47.5

Note: Liberal equals 1 to 3, moderate is 4, and conservative is 5 to 7 on the scale. Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

24 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Table 1.24

Political Party Afﬁliation, 2006 “Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, Democrat, Independent, or what?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) Democrat

Independent

Republican

Total people Men Women

41.7% 38.9 44.0

23.2% 22.3 23.8

33.7% 36.5 31.4

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

38.9 38.9 38.3 41.0

22.3 24.9 22.2 12.9

36.5 33.8 37.2 45.5

Note: Numbers will not sum to total because “other party” is not shown. Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

25

Men Have Mixed Feelings about Government The majority thinks it is OK for the government to detain people without a trial.

If you ask Americans whether they believe computer information collected by the government is a threat to privacy, the majority of men and women say it is a fairly or very serious threat. But ask them whether the government has the right to detain people indeﬁnitely without a trial, and the majority of men and women say the government has that right. Most men and women also believe the government has the right to tap people’s telephone conversations. They stop short of random searches on the street, however. Most do not think the government has the right to randomly stop and search people on the street. ■ Young men are less likely than older men to think the government can detain people without a trial.

The oldest men are most likely to think the government can detain people without a trial 90(percent of men aged 18 or older who say the government probably or deﬁnitely should have the right to detain people for as long as they want without putting them on trial, by age, 2006)

68% 60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

26 AMERICAN MEN

52%

18 a to 44

57%

45 b to 64

65 orcolder

ATTITUDES

Table 1.25

Computer Data a Threat, 2006 “The federal government has a lot of information about people which computers can bring together very quickly. Is this a very serious threat to individual privacy, a fairly serious threat, not a serious threat, or not a threat at all to individual privacy.”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006)

Total people Men Women Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

fairly or very serious threat

not a serious threat

61.6 58.3 66.8 57.3

38.3 41.7 33.2 42.7

65.6% 61.6 69.1

34.4% 38.3 30.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.26

Government Right to Jail People without Trial, 2006

“Suppose the government suspected that a terrorist act was about to happen. Do you think the authorities should have the right to detain people for as long as they want without putting them on trial?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) probably or deﬁnitely should have right

probably or deﬁnitely should not have right

Total people Men Women

55.7% 55.8 55.7

44.3% 44.1 44.3

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

55.8 52.2 56.8 68.1

44.1 47.8 43.2 31.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

27

Table 1.27

Government Right to Tap Phones, 2006 “Suppose the government suspected that a terrorist act was about to happen. Do you think the authorities should have the right to tap people’s telephone conversations?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006)

Total people Men Women Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

probably or deﬁnitely should have right

probably or deﬁnitely should not have right

56.5 50.5 61.8 63.0

43.5 49.5 38.2 37.0

55.5% 56.5 54.7

44.4% 43.5 45.3

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.28

Government Right to Search People at Random, 2006 “Suppose the government suspected that a terrorist act was about to happen. Do you think the authorities should have the right to stop and search people in the street at random?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006)

Total people Men Women Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

probably or deﬁnitely should have right

probably or deﬁnitely should not have right

42.6 38.0 48.8 41.5

57.5 62.0 51.2 58.5

41.5% 42.6 40.6

58.5% 57.5 59.4

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

28 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Few Americans Own a Gun Most support gun control.

Only 34 percent of Americans own a gun, with men slightly more likely than women to say they have a gun in their home. Only 29 percent of men under age 45 own a gun compared with the 53 percent majority of men aged 65 or older. The great majority of men support gun control. Nearly three out of four men think there should be a law that requires people to get a police permit before they can buy a gun. Men are less likely than women to support gun control, with a larger 87 percent of women favoring gun laws. ■ Twenty-nine percent of men report that they hunt. 75

Older men are much more likely to own a gun (percent of men who have guns or revolvers in their home or garage, by age, 2006)

50

53% 50%

45%

29%

25

25%

0

0%

18 a to 44

45 tob64

65 orcolder

AMERICAN MEN

29

Table 1.29

Have Gun in Home, 2006

“Do you happen to have in your home (or garage) any guns or revolvers?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

34.5% 37.9 31.7

63.8% 60.6 66.5

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

37.9 29.4 44.7 53.1

60.6 70.0 53.4 43.8

Note: Numbers will not sum to 100 percent because “refused” is not shown. Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.30

Favor or Oppose Gun Permits, 2006 “Would you favor or oppose a law which would require a person to obtain a police permit before he or she could buy a gun?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) favor

oppose

Total people Men Women

80.6% 73.2 86.7

19.4% 26.8 13.3

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.2 74.2 74.8 65.4

26.8 25.8 25.2 34.6

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

30 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Table 1.31

Does Respondent or Spouse Hunt, 2006 “Do you (or does your [husband/wife]) go hunting?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) respondent

Total people Men Women

10.0% 29.1 2.4

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

29.1 20.8 18.1 13.2

spouse

both

neither

5.1% 0.2 10.6

2.0% 1.9 3.2

82.8% 68.8 83.8

1.9 1.2 3.5 0.7

68.8 78.0 78.1 86.2

0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

31

Americans Support Capital Punishment Support for abortion varies depending on the reason. Americans heavily favor capital punishment for persons convicted of murder. Nearly three out of four men say capital punishment is OK, with almost no differences by age. About the same percentage of men support euthanasia for someone who has an incurable disease. Again, there are few differences in support for euthanasia by age. Abortion is a different matter. Only 41 percent of men think a woman should be allowed to obtain an abortion for any reason. But the 79 percent majority of men support the right to abortion if a woman has been raped. An even larger 87 percent of men support the right to abortion if a woman’s health is endangered. ■ Men are slightly more likely than women to support abortion for any reason.

The majority of men and women favor capital punishment (percent of people aged 18 or older who favor the death penalty for persons convicted of murder, by sex, 2006) 90

73% 66% 60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

32 AMERICAN MEN

a men

b women

ATTITUDES

Table 1.32

Favor or Oppose Death Penalty for Murder, 2006

“Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) favor

oppose

Total people Men Women

69.1% 73.0 65.9

30.9% 27.0 34.1

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.0 71.6 75.3 71.8

27.0 28.4 24.7 28.2

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.33

Allow Patients with Incurable Disease to Die, 2006 “When a person has a disease that cannot be cured, do you think doctors should be allowed by law to end the patient’s life by some painless means if the patient and his family request it?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

67.6% 72.7 63.5

32.4% 27.3 36.5

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

72.7 74.3 72.2 67.7

27.3 25.7 27.8 32.3

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

33

Table 1.34

Abortion for Any Reason, 2006

“Please tell me whether or not you think it should be possible for a pregnant woman to obtain a legal abortion if the woman wants it for any reason?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

39.2% 40.6 38.0

60.8% 59.4 62.0

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

40.6 39.4 43.1 38.6

59.4 60.6 56.9 61.4

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.35

Abortion if a Woman Is Pregnant as a Result of Rape, 2006

“Please tell me whether or not you think it should be possible for a pregnant woman to obtain a legal abortion if she became pregnant as a result of rape?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

77.2% 79.4 75.4

22.8% 20.6 24.6

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

79.4 78.1 82.8 75.1

20.6 21.9 17.2 24.9

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

34 AMERICAN MEN

ATTITUDES

Table 1.36

Abortion if Woman’s Health Is Seriously Endangered, 2006 “Please tell me whether or not you think it should be possible for a pregnant woman to obtain a legal abortion if the woman’s own health is seriously endangered by the pregnancy?”

(percent distribution of total people aged 18 or older responding by sex, and men aged 18 or older responding by age, 2006) yes

no

Total people Men Women

86.6% 87.5 85.8

13.4% 12.5 14.1

Total men Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

87.5 85.6 90.7 86.6

12.5 14.4 9.3 13.4

Source: Survey Documentation and Analysis, Computer-assisted Survey Methods Program, University of California, Berkeley, General Social Surveys, 1972–2006 Cumulative Data Files, Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin32/ hsda?harcsda+gss06; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

35

EDUCATION CHAPTER

2

Education ■ Men are better educated. Between 1950 and 2007, the proportion of men with a high school diploma climbed from 33 to 85 percent. The proportion with a college degree rose from 7 to 30 percent.

■ Middle-aged men are better educated than those younger or older. Thirty-four percent of men aged 55 to 59 have a college degree compared with 26 to 32 percent of men under age 45.

■ Asian men are most likely to be college graduates. Fifty-ﬁve percent of Asian men have a college degree compared with 33 percent of non-Hispanic whites.

■ Men are a minority of college students. Among the nation’s 17 million college students in 2006, only 44 percent were men.

■ Many men in college are Asian, black, or Hispanic. Non-Hispanic whites accounted for 68 percent of male college students in 2006, down from 71 percent in 2000.

■ Male and female college students have similar objectives. Among college freshmen, 76 percent of men and 73 percent of women say it is very important or essential for them to be very well off ﬁnancially.

■ Men earn less than half of college degrees. Men earned a minority of associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees in 2005–06, but slightly more than half of doctoral and ﬁrst-professional degrees.

AMERICAN MEN

37

Men’s Educational Attainment Has Grown In 2007, nearly 30 percent of men had a college degree.

The educational attainment of the U.S. population has grown dramatically as the baby boom and younger generations of Americans entered adulthood, replacing older, less-educated generations. In 1950, few men had even graduated from high school—only 33 percent had a high school diploma. In 1967, the proportion passed the 50 percent threshold for the ﬁrst time. By 2007, fully 85 percent of men aged 25 or older were high school graduates. The proportion of men with a college degree also climbed sharply between 1950 and 2007. In 1950, just 7 percent of men were college graduates. By 2007, the ﬁgure had climbed to nearly 30 percent. ■ As men’s educational attainment has grown, so have white-collar jobs and the service economy. 120

Men are much better educated today than in 1950

fifty

(percent of men who are high school or college graduates, 1950 and 2007)

oh-s

85%

80

80%

40

40%

33%

30% 100000

all 1950

7%

0

0%

hsgraduate high school

75000

dual 2007

clg college graduate

50000

25000

0

38 AMERICAN MEN

with

w/out

EDUCATION

Table 2.1

Educational Attainment of Men, 1950 to 2007

(percent of men aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, selected years, 1950 to 2007) high school graduate

2007 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1959 1950

85.0% 84.9 84.2 81.7 77.7 74.4 69.2 63.1 55.0 48.0 42.2 32.6

Percentage point change 1950 to 2007 52.4

college graduate

29.5% 28.9 27.8 26.0 24.4 23.1 20.9 17.6 14.1 12.0 10.3 7.3

22.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

39

Middle-Aged Men Are the Best Educated More than one-third of men aged 55 to 59 have a college degree.

Among men, baby boomers are most likely to have graduated from high school and college. Nearly 90 percent of men aged 50 to 59 are high school graduates. The rate is a slightly lower 85 to 86 percent among men aged 25 to 39. Even so, today’s young men are far better educated than older men. Only 76 percent of men aged 65 or older have a high school diploma. The percentage of men with a bachelor’s degree peaks at 34 percent among those aged 55 to 59. Men in this age group are better educated than others because many went to college to avoid the Vietnam War. Without such an incentive, younger men have been less likely to graduate from college. Only 26 to 32 percent of men under age 45 have a four-year college degree. ■ Young men are less likely to be college graduates than their female counterparts, a fact that may affect the lifestyles of younger generations of Americans. 45

Men in their ﬁfties are most likely to be college graduates

�

(percent of men with a bachelor’s degree, by age, 2007)

3030%

�

�

� �

�

�

�

�

�

15 15%

0 0%

25 a to 29

40 AMERICAN MEN

30 b to 34

35 c to 39

40 d to 44

45 e to 49

50 to f 54

55 g to 59

60 h to 64

65 oriolder

EDUCATION

Table 2.2

Male High School and College Graduates by Age, 2007

(percent of men aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates by age, 2007) high school graduate

Total men Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

84.7% 84.9 85.8 86.3 87.0 87.0 89.0 88.0 85.6 76.4 80.8 76.9 72.9

college graduate

29.5% 26.3 29.7 31.9 30.7 28.8 31.0 34.0 31.2 24.8 27.2 24.2 23.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2007.html

AMERICAN MEN

41

Most Men Have College Experience Many men have been to college but do not have a bachelor’s degree.

Nearly 30 percent of men have at least a bachelor’s degree, 8 percent have an associate’s degree, and 16 percent have been to college but did not earn a degree. Altogether, 53 percent of men aged 25 or older have at least some college experience. Among men aged 55 to 59 (the best educated), fully 60 percent have college experience. Nineteen percent of men have a bachelor’s degree but do not have an advanced degree. Just 7 percent of men have a master’s degree, 2 percent have a professional degree and another 2 percent have a doctoral degree. The proportions of men with advanced degrees do not vary much by age. ■ As well-educated baby-boom and younger generations of men get older, men’s educational attainment is showing less and less variation by age. 45

Seven percent of men have a master’s degree (percent distribution of men by highest level of education, 2007)

32%

30

30%

19%

15

15%

16%

15%

8%

0

0%

nota a high school graduate

42 AMERICAN MEN

highb school graduate only

some c college, no degree

associate’s d degree only

7%

bachelor’s e degree only

master’s f degree

2%

2%

professional g degree

doctoral h degree

EDUCATION

Table 2.3

Educational Attainment of Men by Age, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 25 or older by age and educational attainment, 2007; numbers in thousands) not a high school total graduate

bachelor’s degree or more

high school graduate

some college, no degree

assoc. degree

total

bachelor’s degree

master’s degree

prof. degree

doctoral degree

Total men

93,421

14,002

29,604

15,063

7,156

27,596

17,487

6,416

2,015

1,678

Aged 25 to 29

10,440

1,576

3,382

1,928

812

2,743

2,223

394

100

26

Aged 30 to 34

9,584

1,359

2,979

1,540

857

2,851

1,943

665

157

86

Aged 35 to 39

10,402

1,422

3,212

1,612

840

3,315

2,164

761

202

188

Aged 40 to 44

10,779

1,406

3,466

1,666

936

3,306

2,197

749

190

170

Aged 45 to 49

11,100

1,449

3,754

1,760

937

3,201

2,045

757

226

173

Aged 50 to 54

10,195

1,126

3,305

1,728

881

3,156

1,899

764

284

209

Aged 55 to 59

8,879

1,075

2,467

1,603

719

3,015

1,829

775

205

206

Aged 60 to 64

6,599

951

1,870

1,114

475

2,189

1,197

550

201

241

15,442

3,640

5,168

2,112

700

3,822

1,991

1,001

450

380

Aged 65 or older Total men

100.0%

15.0%

31.7%

16.1%

7.7%

29.5%

18.7%

6.9%

2.2%

1.8%

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

15.1

32.4

18.5

7.8

26.3

21.3

3.8

1.0

0.2

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

14.2

31.1

16.1

8.9

29.7

20.3

6.9

1.6

0.9

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

13.7

30.9

15.5

8.1

31.9

20.8

7.3

1.9

1.8

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

13.0

32.2

15.5

8.7

30.7

20.4

6.9

1.8

1.6

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

13.1

33.8

15.9

8.4

28.8

18.4

6.8

2.0

1.6

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

11.0

32.4

16.9

8.6

31.0

18.6

7.5

2.8

2.1

Aged 55 to 59

100.0

12.1

27.8

18.1

8.1

34.0

20.6

8.7

2.3

2.3

Aged 60 to 64

100.0

14.4

28.3

16.9

7.2

33.2

18.1

8.3

3.0

3.7

Aged 65 or older

100.0

23.6

33.5

13.7

4.5

24.8

12.9

6.5

2.9

2.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2007.html

AMERICAN MEN

43

Asian Men Are Most Likely to Be College Graduates Hispanic men are least likely to have a high school diploma or a college degree.

Only 58 percent of Hispanic men have a high school diploma, much lower than the 85 percent of all men who graduated from high school. Asian and non-Hispanic white men are most likely to be high school graduates, at 90 percent each. Only 12 percent of Hispanic men are college graduates compared with 18 percent of black men, 33 percent of non-Hispanic white men, and 55 percent of Asian men. Men aged 65 or older are less likely to be college graduates than younger men, regardless of race or Hispanic origin. Among Asians, blacks, and non-Hispanic whites, the oldest men are less likely than middle-aged and younger men to have a college degree. Among Hispanics, however, men aged 65 or older are slightly more likely to be college graduates than men aged 25 to 29. ■ The educational attainment of Hispanic men is much lower than that of other racial and ethnic groups because many are recent immigrants from countries with poorly educated populations.

Hispanic men are least likely to have a college degree

75

(percent of men aged 25 or older with a college degree, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007)

55%

50

50%

33%

25

25%

18% 12%

0

0%

44 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

EDUCATION

Table 2.4

Male High School and College Graduates by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(percent of men aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates by race and Hispanic origin, and index of race/Hispanic origin group to total, 2007 ) high school graduate

Total men Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

85.0% 89.8 81.9 58.2 90.2

college graduate

29.5% 55.2 18.0 11.8 33.2

Index of race/Hispanic origin group to total Total men Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

100 106 96 68 106

100 187 61 40 113

Note: Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. The index is calculated by dividing the race/Hispanic ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2007.html

AMERICAN MEN

45

Table 2.5

Male High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(percent of men aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2007) Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

High school graduates Total men Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

89.8% 96.1 96.5 95.0 91.9 86.4 85.3 79.1 91.4 67.6

81.9% 86.9 89.6 89.4 84.4 87.5 84.3 81.6 72.2 56.3

58.2% 60.6 59.8 57.3 59.7 61.5 64.3 53.5 55.5 43.6

90.2% 92.7 93.1 93.2 92.8 91.0 93.2 92.8 89.6 81.0

55.2 60.1 68.6 61.1 60.7 48.1 46.9 45.4 55.3 41.6

18.0 17.8 20.7 19.9 19.2 18.5 18.8 21.3 17.4 9.1

11.8 8.6 10.7 12.3 14.8 13.1 12.3 15.3 12.7 10.1

33.2 31.8 34.7 37.1 34.1 32.1 34.5 37.4 36.1 26.9

College graduates Total men Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Note: Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment, Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

46 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Many Older Men Are in School Almost all boys aged 5 to 17 are in school.

The value Americans place on education is apparent in school enrollment statistics. Virtually all children aged 5 to 17 are enrolled in school. And although it was once rare for children to be in preschool, today the 56 percent majority of 3- and 4-year-old boys are in school. School enrollment among boys exceeds 90 percent from ages 5 to 17. It falls to 64 percent among 18- and 19-year-olds as a substantial portion of young adults choose not to go to college right after high school. Many men remain in school well into their twenties and thirties. One in four 22-to24-year-olds is in school, as are 10 percent of those aged 25 to 29 and 6 percent of 30-to-34year-olds. Among men aged 35 or older, more than 1 million are students. ■ Increasingly, education is viewed as a lifelong pursuit rather than something reserved for the young. 90

Among men aged 18 or older, many are in school

�

(percent of men aged 18 or older who are enrolled in school, by age, 2006)

6060%

�

� 3030%

� �

00%

� �

18 to a19

20 b to 21

22 c to 24

25 d to 29

30e to 34

35 orf older

AMERICAN MEN

47

Table 2.6

School Enrollment of Males by Age, 2006

(total number of males aged 3 or older, and number and percent enrolled in school, by age, 2006; numbers in thousands) enrolled in school

Total males Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

137,910 4,116 4,148 5,947 8,346 4,293 4,407 4,103 4,046 6,151 10,147 9,486 21,046 21,108 30,565

37,216 2,304 3,915 5,836 8,197 4,214 4,146 2,610 1,781 1,535 1,060 558 617 298 145

percent

27.0% 56.0 94.4 98.1 98.2 98.2 94.1 63.6 44.0 25.0 10.4 5.9 2.9 1.4 0.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, School Enrollment, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school.html

48 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Men’s College Enrollment Rate Has Grown But the male share of college students has fallen slightly.

In 2006, 66 percent of boys who graduated from high school continued their education by enrolling in college, up from 58 percent in 1990. Among girls, the proportion rose from 62 to 66 percent during those years. Men accounted for the 44 percent minority of college students in 2006, just slightly lower than the 45 percent of 1990. While men’s college enrollment climbed 13 percent between 2000 and 2004, it has been falling since then. The number of men enrolled in college dropped by 69,000 between 2004 and 2006. ■ Although 66 percent of men enroll in college, fewer than half earn a bachelor’s degree.

More than 7 million men are enrolled in college (number of men enrolled in college, 1990 to 2006)

9

6 6 million

7.6 million

7.5 million

b 2004

c 2006

6.2 million

3 3 million

0

0

a 1990

AMERICAN MEN

49

Table 2.7

College Enrollment Rate by Sex, 1990 to 2006

(percentage of people aged 16 to 24 who graduated from high school in the previous 12 months and were enrolled in college as of October, by sex, and percentage point difference between men and women, 1990 to 2006)

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total

men

66.0% 68.6 66.7 63.9 65.2 61.7 63.3 62.9 65.6 67.0 65.0 61.9 61.9 62.6 61.9 62.5 60.1

65.8% 66.5 61.4 61.2 62.1 59.7 59.9 61.4 62.4 63.6 60.1 62.6 60.6 59.9 60.0 57.9 58.0

women

66.1% 70.4 71.5 66.5 68.3 63.6 66.2 64.4 69.1 70.3 69.7 61.3 63.2 65.2 63.8 67.1 62.2

difference between men and women

–0.3 –3.9 –10.1 –5.3 –6.2 –3.9 –6.3 –3.0 –6.7 –6.7 –9.6 1.3 –2.6 –5.3 –3.8 –9.2 –4.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

50 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Table 2.8

College Enrollment of Men, 1990 to 2006

(total number of people aged 14 or older enrolled in college, number of men enrolled and male share of total, 1990 to 2006; percent change, 1990–2006, 2000–06, and 2005–06; numbers in thousands) men in college

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2005 to 2006 2000 to 2006 1990 to 2006

total in college

number

17,232 17,472 17,383 16,638 16,498 15,873 15,314 15,203 15,546 15,436 15,226 14,715 15,022 14,394 14,035 14,057 13,621

7,506 7,539 7,575 7,318 7,240 6,875 6,682 6,956 6,905 6,843 6,820 6,703 6,764 6,599 6,192 6,439 6,192

–1.4% 12.5 26.5

–0.4% 12.3 21.2

share of total

43.6% 43.1 43.6 44.0 43.9 43.3 43.6 45.8 44.4 44.3 44.8 45.6 45.0 45.8 44.1 45.8 45.5

– – –

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/school.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

51

Colleges Are Seeing Declines in Male Enrollment in Some Age Groups Every age group has grown since 2000, however.

Over the past few years, the large millennial generation poured onto the nation’s college campuses. The number of male college students climbed by more than 800,000 between 2000 and 2005. Between 2005 and 2006, however, the number of male college students fell in some age groups, the biggest decline—a 10 percent drop—occurring among students aged 20 to 21. There has been little change in the age distribution of male college students since 2000. Overall, 66 percent of male college students are aged 18 to 24. Another 21 percent are aged 25 to 34, and a substantial 13 percent are aged 35 or older. ■ College students aged 35 or older may increase as a share of all students as the large millennial generation ages into its thirties.

Most male college students are under age 25 (percent distribution of male college students, by age, 2006)

13% 35 or older f 7% 30 to 34 e

24% aunder 20

a b c d

14% 25 to 29d

e b 22% 20 to 21 c 20% 22 to 24

52 AMERICAN MEN

f

EDUCATION

Table 2.9

Men in College by Age, 2000 to 2006

(number and percent distribution of men aged 14 or older enrolled in college by age; selected years, 2000 to 2006; percent change in number and percentage point change in distribution, 2000–06 and 2005–06; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total men in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

2006

2005

2000

7,506 1,782 1,682 1,489 1,033 537 982

7,539 1,737 1,878 1,420 923 562 1,019

6,682 1,631 1,472 1,300 844 517 918

2005–06

–0.4% 2.6 –10.4 4.9 11.9 –4.4 –3.6

2000–06

12.3% 9.3 14.3 14.5 22.4 3.9 7.0

percentage point change 2005–06

2000–06

– 0.7 –2.5 1.0 1.5 –0.3 –0.4

– –0.7 0.4 0.4 1.1 –0.6 –0.7

Percent distribution by age Total men in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

100.0% 23.7 22.4 19.8 13.8 7.2 13.1

100.0% 23.0 24.9 18.8 12.2 7.5 13.5

100.0% 24.4 22.0 19.5 12.6 7.7 13.7

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/school.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

53

One-Third of Male College Students Are Minorities Hispanic enrollment has grown rapidly since 2000.

Non-Hispanic whites accounted for 68 percent of men enrolled in college in 2006, down from 71 percent in 2000. Twelve percent of male college students are black, 11 percent are Hispanic, and 7 percent are Asian. Enrollment increased in every racial and ethnic group between 2000 and 2006, with an enormous 31 percent rise in the number of Hispanic men enrolled in college—the ﬁgure surging from 619,000 to 808,000 during those years. Between 2005 and 2006, the number of Asian and non-Hispanic white men enrolled in college fell, while the number of blacks climbed by 3.7 percent and the number of Hispanics grew by 0.5 percent. The Asian and black share of male college students was lower in 2006 than it was in 2000, while the Hispanic share climbed from 9 to 11 percent. ■ The recent decline in the number of Asian and non-Hispanic white males enrolled in college may reﬂect the difﬁculties faced by middle-class families in affording a college education for their children. 90

Non-Hispanic whites account for only about two-thirds of male college students (percent distribution of male college students by race and Hispanic origin, 2006)

68%

60

60%

30

30%

7%

0

0%

54 AMERICAN MEN

Asian a

12%

11%

black b

Hispanic c

non-Hispanic d white

EDUCATION

Table 2.10

Men in College by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 to 2006

(number and percent distribution of men aged 14 or older enrolled in college by race and Hispanic origin, selected years, 2000 to 2006; percent change in number and percentage point change in distribution, 2000–06 and 2005–06; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total men in college Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

2006

2005

2000

7,506 535 896 808 5,085

7,539 605 864 804 5,114

6,682 517 815 619 4,716

2005–06

–0.4% –11.6 3.7 0.5 –0.6

2000–06

12.3% 3.5 9.9 30.5 7.8

percentage point change 2005–06

2000–06

– –0.9 0.5 0.1 –0.1

– –0.6 –0.3 1.5 –2.8

Percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin Total men in college Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

100.0% 7.1 11.9 10.8 67.7

100.0% 8.0 11.5 10.7 67.8

100.0% 7.7 12.2 9.3 70.6

Note: Numbers do not add to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/school.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

55

Most Older Students Are Part-Timers Younger students are likely to attend school full-time.

Most men attending college are full-time students, whether they are enrolled at two-year colleges, in four-year undergraduate programs, or in graduate school. Sixty-ﬁve percent of men enrolled in two-year schools are full-time students, with the proportion attending fulltime falling below 50 percent in the 25-to-34 age group. Among men who attend four-year undergraduate programs, fully 81 percent are full-time students. The proportion of men who attend full-time falls below 50 percent only among students aged 35 or older. Even in graduate school, most men are full-time students. Those aged 35 or older are more likely to attend school part-time, however. ■ Graduate schools are adapting to the busy schedules of older students, allowing many to take courses online.

Most younger men at four-year colleges are full-time students

120

(percent of men who attend four-year undergraduate schools full-time, by age, 2006)

93% 80

87%

80%

59% 40

40%

0

0%

39%

15 a to 19

56 AMERICAN MEN

20 b to 24

25c to 34

35 ordolder

EDUCATION

Table 2.11

Male College Students by Age and Attendance Status, 2006

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and attendance status, 2006; numbers in thousands) undergraduate two-year college

four-year college

graduate

total

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

Total men in college

7,506

1,788

1,168

620

4,347

3,517

830

1,370

692

678

Aged 15 to 19

1,782

651

553

98

1,128

1,048

80

4

1

3

Aged 20 to 24

3,171

610

408

202

2,273

1,979

294

289

207

82

Aged 25 to 34

1,570

307

137

170

601

356

245

663

389

274

982

221

72

149

345

134

211

414

95

319

19.1%

Aged 35 or older

Percent distribution by attendance status Total men in college

–

100.0%

65.3%

34.7%

100.0%

80.9%

100.0%

50.5%

49.5%

Aged 15 to 19

–

100.0

84.9

15.1

100.0

92.9

7.1

100.0

25.0

75.0

Aged 20 to 24

–

100.0

66.9

33.1

100.0

87.1

12.9

100.0

71.6

28.4

Aged 25 to 34

–

100.0

44.6

55.4

100.0

59.2

40.8

100.0

58.7

41.3

Aged 35 or older

–

100.0

32.6

67.4

100.0

38.8

61.2

100.0

22.9

77.1

100.0%

Percent distribution by age Total men in college

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Aged 15 to 19

23.7

36.4

47.3

15.8

25.9

29.8

9.6

0.3

0.1

0.4

Aged 20 to 24

42.2

34.1

34.9

32.6

52.3

56.3

35.4

21.1

29.9

12.1

Aged 25 to 34

20.9

17.2

11.7

27.4

13.8

10.1

29.5

48.4

56.2

40.4

Aged 35 or older

13.1

12.4

6.2

24.0

7.9

3.8

25.4

30.2

13.7

47.1

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, School Enrollment, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school.html

AMERICAN MEN

57

At Two-Year Schools, Full-Time Attendance Varies by Race and Hispanic Origin Asian men are most likely to attend school full-time.

At four-year colleges, 81 percent of male students who are pursuing an undergraduate degree attend school full-time. The ﬁgure varies by race or Hispanic origin, however, ranging from a high of 94 percent among Asians to a low of 74 percent among Hispanics. There is also considerable variation in full-time attendance at two-year colleges and in graduate programs. At two-year schools, Asian men are most likely to attend full-time (78 percent) while Hispanic men are least likely to be full-timers (63 percent). In graduate school, Asian men are again most likely to be full-time students (64 percent) while nonHispanic white men are least likely (48 percent). ■ Students attend school part-time rather than full-time for a variety of reasons, including the demands of work and family as well as the ability to pay.

Regardless of race, most men who attend four-year colleges are full-time students (percent of male undergraduates who attend four-year colleges full-time, by race and Hispanic origin, 2006)

120

94% 80

80%

40

40%

0

0%

58 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

82%

76%

74%

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

EDUCATION

Table 2.12

Male College Students by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Attendance Status, 2006

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older enrolled in college by race, Hispanic origin, and attendance status, 2006; numbers in thousands) undergraduate two-year college

four-year college

graduate

total

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

7,506

1,788

1,168

620

4,347

3,517

830

1,370

692

678

Asians

536

78

61

17

311

292

19

145

93

52

Blacks

896

273

193

80

515

391

124

107

58

49

Hispanics

808

265

168

97

422

312

110

121

59

62

5,085

1,118

712

406

2,999

2,446

553

968

464

504

Total men in college

Non-Hispanic whites

Percent distribution by attendance status Total men in college

–

100.0%

65.3%

34.7%

100.0%

80.9%

100.0%

50.5%

49.5%

Asians

–

100.0

78.2

21.8

100.0

93.9

19.1% 6.1

100.0

64.1

35.9

Blacks

–

100.0

70.7

29.3

100.0

75.9

24.1

100.0

54.2

45.8

Hispanics

–

100.0

63.4

36.6

100.0

73.9

26.1

100.0

48.8

51.2

Non-Hispanic whites

–

100.0

63.7

36.3

100.0

81.6

18.4

100.0

47.9

52.1

Percent distribution by race and Hispanic origin Total men in college

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Asians

7.1

4.4

5.2

2.7

7.2

8.3

2.3

10.6

13.4

7.7

Blacks

11.9

15.3

16.5

12.9

11.8

11.1

14.9

7.8

8.4

7.2

Hispanics

10.8

14.8

14.4

15.6

9.7

8.9

13.3

8.8

8.5

9.1

Non-Hispanic whites

67.7

62.5

61.0

65.5

69.0

69.5

66.6

70.7

67.1

74.3

Note: Numbers do not add to total because not all races are shown and Hispanics may be of any race. Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, School Enrollment, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school.html

AMERICAN MEN

59

Objectives of Male and Female College Students Are Similar Making money and raising a family are the most important objectives for both.

Among college freshmen, the goals of men and women are similar. Only a few objectives show signiﬁcant gaps between the sexes. The largest share of both men and women (77 percent) say raising a family is a top priority for them. Being very well off ﬁnancially ranks number two among men, cited by 76 percent, and it is number three among women (73 percent). The second most important goal among women, helping others who are in difﬁculty, ranks third among men with only 62.5 percent saying it is an essential or very important objective. Helping others is nearly 13 percentage points less popular among men than among women—the biggest gap between the sexes. Other objectives that show large differences between men and women are being successful in one’s own business, with 47.3 percent of men and 38.5 percent of women citing it as one of their most important objectives. Conversely, a larger share of women than men say participating in a community action program is most important to them—33.1 percent of women and 24.6 percent of men. Women also place more importance on improving their understanding of other countries and cultures (55.9 percent of women versus 47.7 percent of men). ■ Today’s young men will be pairing up with ambitious, young women who want it all—family, a meaningful career, and ﬁnancial security.

Family and ﬁnancial security are the top objectives of college freshmen (percent of college freshmen who cite raising a family and being very well off ﬁnancially as essential or very important objectives, by sex, 2007) 90

76.5% 60

60%

30

30%

76.9%

75.7%

100000

0

0%

dual women

75000

raising

well off

raising a family

being very well off ﬁnancially

25000

0

women

all men

50000

60 AMERICAN MEN

men

73.3%

with

w/out

EDUCATION

Table 2.13

Objectives of College Freshmen by Sex, 2007

(percent of college freshmen who say the objective is essential or very important, by sex, and percentage point difference between men and women, 2007; ranked by importance to men)

men

Raising a family Being very well off ﬁnancially Helping others who are in difﬁculty Becoming an authority in my ﬁeld Developing a meaningful philosophy of life Improving my understanding of other countries and cultures Being successful in a business of my own Inﬂuencing social values Keeping up to date with political affairs Becoming a community leader Helping to promote racial understanding Becoming involved in programs to clean up the environment Participating in a community action program Inﬂuencing the political structure Making a theoretical contribution to science Writing original works Creating artistic work

76.5% 75.7 62.5 60.8 50.0 47.7 47.3 40.7 40.0 36.2 34.1 25.0 24.6 24.4 23.2 16.1 14.4

women

76.9% 73.3 75.1 56.9 48.5 55.9 38.5 46.4 34.9 35.5 38.9 28.0 33.1 19.5 18.4 16.1 17.0

percentage point difference between men and women

–0.4 2.4 –12.6 3.9 1.5 –8.2 8.8 –5.7 5.1 0.7 –4.8 –3.0 –8.5 4.9 4.8 0.0 –2.6

Source: The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2007, John H. Pryor et al., Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 2007, Internet site http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/cirpoverview.php; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

61

Among College Freshmen, Men Are More Conﬁdent than Women College women may underestimate their abilities, while men overestimate theirs.

Among college freshmen, men are far more likely than women to believe they are above average or in the top 10 percent on a wide range of characteristics including academic ability, leadership ability, self-understanding, intellectual and social self-conﬁdence, and emotional and physical health, according to a survey by UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute. Men are signiﬁcantly less conﬁdent than women in only ﬁve areas—drive to achieve, cooperativeness, understanding of others, writing ability, spirituality, and artistic ability. More than half of both men and women say they are above average or in the top ten percent in their drive to achieve, cooperativeness, understanding of others, academic ability, leadership ability, self-understanding, and intellectual self-conﬁdence. A minority of both sexes feels conﬁdent in areas such as their writing ability, spirituality, and—surprisingly—computer skills. ■ Building self-esteem is an important part of today’s elementary and secondary curricula. It appears to be working—especially for boys.

Among college freshmen, most men and women say they are above average (percent of college freshmen who rate themselves above average or in the top ten percent for selected abilities, by sex, 2007)

90

72.5%

men

76.7%

72.8% 66.1%

women

65.7%

60 60%

58.3%

30 30% 100000

0

0%

achieve drive to achieve

75000

all men dual women

academic academic ability

leader leadership ability

50000

25000

0

62 AMERICAN MEN

with

w/out

EDUCATION

Table 2.14

Self-Conﬁdence of College Freshmen by Sex, 2007

(percentage of college freshmen rating themselves above average or in the top ten percent for selected abilities compared with the average person his/her age, by sex, 2007; percentage point difference between men and women; ranked by percentage of men saying they are above average)

men

Academic ability Drive to achieve Cooperativeness Competitiveness Self-conﬁdence (intellectual) Physical health Leadership ability Understanding of others Emotional health Self-understanding Self-conﬁdence (social) Computer skills Writing ability Public speaking ability Spirituality Artistic ability

72.8% 72.5 71.8 70.4 69.6 68.0 65.7 63.3 62.1 62.1 58.5 49.3 44.2 40.9 37.2 27.9

women

66.1% 76.7 73.2 47.8 52.3 46.2 58.3 67.6 48.3 52.5 48.8 32.1 47.3 33.8 38.5 29.3

percentage point difference between men and women

6.7 –4.2 –1.4 22.6 17.3 21.8 7.4 –4.3 13.8 9.6 9.7 17.2 –3.1 7.1 –1.3 –1.4

Source: The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2007, John H. Pryor et al., Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 2007, Internet site http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/cirpoverview.php; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

63

Men Earn a Minority of College Degrees They earn the slight majority of doctoral and ﬁrst-professional degrees, however.

Of the 2.9 million degrees awarded by institutions of higher education in 2005–06, men earned only 41 percent. Among blacks, men earned just 32 percent of degrees awarded that year, while among American Indians the ﬁgure was 36 percent. Among foreign students (called nonresident aliens) who earned degrees in 2005–06, men accounted for the 54 percent majority. Men earned only 38 percent of associate’s degrees awarded in 2005–06. They earned 42 percent of bachelor’s degrees and 40 percent of master’s degrees. But men accounted for the 51 percent majority of doctoral degrees and for just over 50 percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees awarded in 2005–06. At the doctoral degree level, however, men were in the majority only among foreign students. At the ﬁrst-professional degree level, men were in the majority only among non-Hispanic whites and foreigners. ■ Many of today’s young men will marry women who are better educated than they are, changing the dynamics of families.

Men’s share of bachelor’s degrees varies by race and Hispanic origin (men’s share of bachelor’s degrees, by race and Hispanic origin, 2005–06)

60

50% 45% 40 40%

39%

38%

43%

34%

20 20%

0

0%

aIndian American

64 AMERICAN MEN

b Asian

c black, non-Hispanic

d Hispanic

e white, non-Hispanic

f alien nonresident

EDUCATION

Table 2.15

Degrees Earned by Men by Level of Degree, 2005–06

(total number of degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, and number and percent of degrees earned by men, by level of degree, 2005–06) degrees earned by men

Total degrees Associate’s degrees Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctoral degrees First-professional degrees

total

number

2,936,095 713,066 1,485,242 594,065 56,067 87,655

1,211,263 270,095 630,600 237,896 28,634 44,038

share of total

41.3% 37.9 42.5 40.0 51.1 50.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

65

Table 2.16

Degrees Earned by Men by Level of Degree, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2005–06

(total number of degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, number and percent distribution of degrees earned by men, and male share of total, by level of degree, race, and Hispanic origin, 2005–06) degrees earned by men total

number

percent distribution

share of total

Total degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Nonresident alien

2,936,095 23,936 185,508 300,525 227,208 2,049,406 149,512

1,211,263 8,658 82,032 96,028 86,440 856,763 81,342

Associate’s degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Nonresident alien

713,066 8,552 35,201 89,784 80,854 485,297 13,378

270,095 2,774 14,224 27,619 30,040 190,139 5,299

100.0 1.0 5.3 10.2 11.1 70.4 2.0

37.9 32.4 40.4 30.8 37.2 39.2 39.6

Bachelor’s degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Nonresident alien

1,485,242 10,940 102,376 142,420 107,588 1,075,561 46,357

630,600 4,203 45,809 48,079 41,814 467,467 23,228

100.0 0.7 7.3 7.6 6.6 74.1 3.7

42.5 38.4 44.7 33.8 38.9 43.5 50.1

Master’s degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Nonresident alien

594,065 3,504 34,029 58,976 32,438 393,357 71,761

237,896 1,244 15,803 16,959 11,637 150,954 41,299

100.0 0.5 6.6 7.1 4.9 63.5 17.4

40.0 35.5 46.4 28.8 35.9 38.4 57.6

Doctoral degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Nonresident alien

56,067 230 3,257 3,122 1,882 31,601 15,975

28,634 105 1,555 1,081 826 14,659 10,408

100.0 0.4 5.4 3.8 2.9 51.2 36.3

51.1 45.7 47.7 34.6 43.9 46.4 65.2

First-professional degrees American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White, non-Hispanic

87,655 710 10,645 6,223 4,446 63,590

44,038 332 4,641 2,290 2,123 33,544

100.0 0.8 10.5 5.2 4.8 76.2

50.2 46.8 43.6 36.8 47.8 52.8

2,041

1,108

2.5

54.3

Nonresident alien

100.0% 0.7 6.8 7.9 7.1 70.7 6.7

41.3% 36.2 44.2 32.0 38.0 41.8 54.4

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

66 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Men Earn Most Engineering Degrees The percentage of degrees awarded to men varies greatly by ﬁeld.

Although women earn most of the associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees awarded each year, men earn the majority of degrees in many ﬁelds. The share of associate’s degrees awarded to men ranged from a low of 4 percent in family and consumer science to a high of 95 percent in mechanics and repair. Among bachelor’s degrees awarded in 2005–06, men earned 81 percent of those in engineering and 79 percent of degrees in computer and information sciences. In contrast, men earned only 21 percent of bachelor’s degrees in education in 2005–06. At the master’s level, men earned 55 percent of degrees in architecture, 57 percent of degrees in mathematics, and 60 percent of degrees in philosophy and religion. Men earned the 51 percent majority of doctoral degrees awarded in 2005–06. But they earned a minority of doctoral degrees in such ﬁelds as communications, education, English, foreign languages, health professions, library science, and psychology. ■ Because men and women choose different ﬁelds of study in college, their career paths diverge upon graduation.

Men earn most computer science degrees (men’s share of computer science degrees, by degree level, 2005–06)

90

79% 72%

73%

78%

60 60%

30

30%

0

0%

a associate’s degree

b bachelor’s degree

c master’s degree

d doctoral degree

AMERICAN MEN

67

Table 2.17

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by men, by ﬁeld of study, 2005– 06) earned by men

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological, life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repair Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Psychology Public administration and services Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

713,066 6,168 656 124 1,827 114,095 2,629 3,380 31,246 3,850 14,475 2,162 30,461 1,105 9,488 1,161 134,931 10,509 244,689 136 753 14,454 610 14,473 1,128 367 2,902 1,977 1,944 4,415 26,425 6,730 570 1,472 21,754

270,095 3,792 247 37 626 40,136 1,316 2,036 22,464 3,633 2,232 1,861 25,982 370 418 216 19,668 1,093 89,955 15 483 13,713 510 6,224 656 97 1,702 1,800 446 642 14,578 2,338 248 1,268 9,293

percent of total

37.9% 61.5 37.7 29.8 34.3 35.2 50.1 60.2 71.9 94.4 15.4 86.1 85.3 33.5 4.4 18.6 14.6 10.4 36.8 11.0 64.1 94.9 83.6 43.0 58.2 26.4 58.6 91.0 22.9 14.5 55.2 34.7 43.5 86.1 42.7

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

68 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Table 2.18

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by men, by ﬁeld of study, 2005– 06) earned by men

Total bachelor’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological, life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics Mechanics and repair Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Precision production trades Psychology Public administration and services Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

1,485,242 23,053 9,515 7,879 69,178 318,042 73,955 2,981 47,480 141 107,238 67,045 14,178 55,096 20,775 19,410 91,973 3,302 44,898 76 14,770 246 33 32,012 25,490 11,985 20,318 55 88,134 21,986 35,319 161,485 8,548 5,349 83,297

630,600 12,063 5,414 2,420 26,651 159,683 26,135 2,007 37,705 134 22,448 54,036 12,604 17,316 2,436 5,842 12,914 982 14,144 5 8,115 239 29 9,959 13,310 7,428 11,831 35 19,865 4,126 17,498 80,799 5,593 4,717 32,117

percent of total

42.5% 52.3 56.9 30.7 38.5 50.2 35.3 67.3 79.4 95.0 20.9 80.6 88.9 31.4 11.7 30.1 14.0 29.7 31.5 6.6 54.9 97.2 87.9 31.1 52.2 62.0 58.2 63.6 22.5 18.8 49.5 50.0 65.4 88.2 38.6

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

69

Table 2.19

Master’s Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by men, by ﬁeld of study, 2005–06) earned by men

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological, life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Psychology Public administration and services Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Transportation and material moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

594,065 4,640 5,743 2,080 8,681 146,406 7,244 501 17,055 174,620 30,989 2,541 8,845 1,983 3,539 51,380 4,453 3,702 6,448 4,730 4,491 3,992 1,739 5,922 19,770 30,510 4,277 17,369 6,092 784 13,530

237,896 2,280 3,165 771 3,654 83,550 2,282 329 12,470 40,700 23,855 1,811 2,860 259 1,049 10,630 2,374 1,403 1,211 2,712 1,560 2,069 1,046 3,568 4,079 7,572 2,096 8,415 3,658 661 5,801

percent of total

40.0% 49.1 55.1 37.1 42.1 57.1 31.5 65.7 73.1 23.3 77.0 71.3 32.3 13.1 29.6 20.7 53.3 37.9 18.8 57.3 34.7 51.8 60.1 60.2 20.6 24.8 49.0 48.4 60.0 84.3 42.9

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

70 AMERICAN MEN

EDUCATION

Table 2.20

Doctoral Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06

(total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by men, by ﬁeld of study, 2005–06) earned by men

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological, life sciences Business Communications Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering-related technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages and literatures Health professions and related sciences Law and legal studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences Psychology Public administration and services Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theological studies, religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

56,067 1,194 201 226 5,775 1,711 461 3 1,416 7,584 7,396 75 1,254 340 1,074 7,128 129 84 44 1,293 987 194 578 4,489 4,921 704 80 3,914 1,429 1,383

28,634 710 108 98 2,933 1,049 206 1 1,109 2,664 5,913 50 510 71 436 1,959 68 37 20 911 461 103 420 3,143 1,347 285 42 2,218 1,123 639

percent of total

51.1% 59.5 53.7 43.4 50.8 61.3 44.7 33.3 78.3 35.1 79.9 66.7 40.7 20.9 40.6 27.5 52.7 44.0 45.5 70.5 46.7 53.1 72.7 70.0 27.4 40.5 52.5 56.7 78.6 46.2

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

71

Men Still Dominate Many Professional Degree Programs They earn the majority of degrees in medicine and law.

Among the 87,655 ﬁrst-professional degrees awarded in 2005-06, men earned just over half. In most professional degree programs, men outnumber women, although the gap is shrinking. In 2005–06, men earned 63 percent of ﬁrst-professional degrees in chiropractic medicine, 66 percent of degrees in theology, 55 percent of degrees in podiatry, and 53 percent of degrees in osteopathic medicine. They accounted for a minority of degrees in veterinary medicine (23 percent), pharmacy (33 percent), and optometry (41 percent), however. Men earned the 55 percent majority of degrees in dentistry, 52 percent of law degrees, and 51 percent of medical degrees. ■ Although men’s dominance of ﬁrst-professional degree programs is waning, they remain the majority of graduates and practicing professionals in most ﬁelds. 90

Men earn the majority of ﬁrst-professional degrees in most ﬁelds (men’s share of ﬁrst-professional degrees in selected ﬁelds, 2005–06)

66%

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

55%

51%

52%

33% 23%

theology a

72 AMERICAN MEN

dentistry b

medicine c

law d

pharmacy e

veterinary f medicine

EDUCATION

Table 2.21

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Men by Field of Study, 2005–06

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by men, by ﬁeld of study, 2005–06) earned by men

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

87,655 4,389 15,455 1,198 2,718 9,292 347 2,370 2,564 216 43,440 5,666

44,038 2,435 7,900 490 1,434 3,032 191 535 1,615 49 22,597 3,760

percent of total

50.2% 55.5 51.1 40.9 52.8 32.6 55.0 22.6 63.0 22.7 52.0 66.4

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d07/tables_3.asp#Ch3aSub4; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

73

Many Men Participate in Adult Education Work-related courses are most popular.

Lifelong learning has become the standard for many career-oriented men and women. In 2005, more than 40 percent of men aged 16 or older participated in adult education, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. Adult education activities include apprenticeships, courses for basic skills, English as a second language, work-related courses, personal-development courses, and part-time programs in postsecondary institutions. Men are less likely than women to participate in work-related and personal-interest adult education courses. Among men, 24.5 percent took a work-related course in the past year compared with a larger 29.2 percent of women. Eighteen percent of men took a personal-interest course in the past year compared with 24 percent of women. Five percent of both men and women took part-time degree courses. ■ Men and women take work-related adult education courses to advance in their career and enhance their job security.

Work-related courses attract both men and women 60 (percent of people aged 16 or older who participated in work-related adult education courses, by sex, 2005)

47.5% 41.1%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

74 AMERICAN MEN

a men

b women

EDUCATION

Table 2.22

Participation in Adult Education by Sex, 2005

(percent of people aged 16 or older participating in adult education activities, by type of adult education activity and sex, 2005) Any adult education Part-time degree or diploma programs Work-related courses Personal-interest courses Other educational activity

total

men

44.4% 5.0 26.9 21.4 3.2

41.1% 5.0 24.5 18.4 3.9

women

47.5% 5.1 29.2 24.3 2.6

Note: Estimates include part-time participation in college or university degree programs and vocational or technical diploma programs. Full-time participation for all or part of the year in a degree or diploma program was not counted as an adult education activity. Percentages may not sum to total because individuals may have participated in more than one adult education activity. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2007, Participation in Adult Education, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section1/indicator10.asp

AMERICAN MEN

75

HEALTH CHAPTER

3

Health ■ Many health problems among Americans may stem from being overweight. The average man weighs 191 pounds, and 71 percent are overweight.

■ Most males have health insurance coverage, but many do not. Only 35 percent of men have health insurance through their own employer.

■ Lower back pain is the most common health condition among men. Twenty-four percent of men have lower back pain, and 23 percent have hypertension.

■ Most AIDS victims are men. Men account for 81 percent of Americans diagnosed with AIDS.

■ Males account for a 42 percent minority of physician ofﬁce visits. They are also a minority of hospital patients, although they dominate some procedures.

■ Many males take prescription drugs regularly. Forty percent took at least one prescription drug during the past month.

■ Heart disease is the biggest killer of males. Twenty-seven percent of males who died in 2005 succumbed to heart disease, and another 24 percent died of cancer.

AMERICAN MEN

77

Most Men are Overweight Over the past few decades, the average man has gained 17 pounds.

The average man weighs 191 pounds, up from 174 pounds in 1976–80. The 17-pound weight gain means that most men today are overweight. In 2001–04, the 71 percent majority of men were overweight, according to height and weight measurements of a representative sample of the population taken by the National Health Interview Survey. Among the overweight, a substantial 30 percent are considered obese. In 1976–80, a smaller 53 percent of men were overweight and 13 percent were obese. One reason men are overweight is that about half do not get enough exercise. Only 50 percent of men aged 18 or older meet the recommended physical activity level. The proportion is above 50 percent only among men under age 45, and falls as low as 40 percent among men aged 75 or older. More than one in ﬁve men are considered physically inactive.

■ If Americans took the advice of health professionals of eating less and exercising more, fewer would be overweight.

The percentage of men who are overweight does not vary much by age (percent of men aged 20 to 74 who are overweight, by age, 2001–04)

90

� �

�

�

45 c to 54

55 d to 64

65 to e74

� 6060%

�

3030%

0 0%

78 AMERICAN MEN

20 to a34

35 b to 44

HEALTH

Table 3.1

Average Measured Weight of Men by Age, 1976–80 and 1999–2002

(average weight in pounds of men aged 20 to 74, by age, 1976–80 and 1999–2002; change in pounds 1976–80 to 1999–2002) 1999–2002

Men aged 20 to 74 Aged 20 to 29 Aged 30 to 39 Aged 40 to 49 Aged 50 to 59 Aged 60 to 74

191.0 lbs. 183.4 189.1 196.0 195.4 191.5

1976–80

change

173.8 lbs. 167.9 175.5 179.7 176.0 167.5

17.2 15.5 13.6 16.3 19.4 24.0

Note: Data are based on measured weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002, Advance Data, No. 347, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.2

Overweight and Obese Men by Age, 1976–80 and 2001–04

(percent of men aged 20 to 74 who are overweight or obese, by age, 1976–80 and 2001–04; percentage point change, 1976–80 to 2001–04) overweight 2001–04

Men aged 20 to 74 Aged 20 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74

70.7% 59.0 72.9 78.5 77.3 76.1

1976–80

52.9% 41.2 57.2 60.2 60.2 54.2

percentage point change

17.8 17.8 15.7 18.3 17.1 21.9

obese 2001–04

Men aged 20 to 74 Aged 20 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74

30.2% 23.2 33.8 31.8 36.0 32.1

1976–80

12.8% 8.9 13.5 16.7 14.1 13.2

percentage point change

17.4 14.3 20.3 15.1 21.9 18.9

Note: “Overweight” is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 25 or higher. “Obese” is deﬁned as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. Body mass index is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on measured height and weight of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm

AMERICAN MEN

79

Table 3.3

Men’s Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity by Age, 2005

(percent of men aged 18 or older engaging in leisure-time physical activity, by age and level of activity, 2005) meet recommended activity

Total men Aged 18 to 29 Aged 30 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

49.9% 58.5 50.1 46.6 47.7 40.3

insufﬁcient activity total

50.1% 41.5 49.9 53.4 52.3 59.7

physically inactive

22.9% 18.8 21.0 24.6 26.0 32.0

Note: “Recommended activity” is physical activity at least ﬁve times per week for 30 minutes each time or vigorous physical activity for 20 minutes each time at least three times per week. “Insufﬁcient activity” is physical activity that does not meet the recommended level. The “physically inactive” are people with no reported physical activity. Source: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2008, Internet site http://www.census.gov/compendia/ statab/2008edition.html; calculations by New Strategist

80 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Among Men, Former Smokers Outnumber Current Smokers Men are much more likely to drink than to smoke.

Public health campaigns against cigarette smoking have had an impact on many men. In 2007, only 22 percent of men aged 18 or older smoked cigarettes. The size of this group was surpassed by the 25 percent of men who are former smokers. Both current and former smokers are greatly outnumbered by the 52 percent of men who have never smoked. The men most likely to smoke today are young, high school dropouts, with incomes below poverty level. In 2007, the 64 percent majority of men said they currently drink alcohol, which is deﬁned as having had at least 12 drinks in a lifetime and at least one drink in the past year. Fifteen percent of men are former drinkers (no drinks in the past year), and 16 percent are lifetime abstainers (fewer than 12 drinks in their lifetime and none in the past year). The men most likely to be current drinkers are aged 25 to 44, college graduates, with the highest incomes. ■ Cigarette smoking should continue to decline as cigarette prices rise and smoking is increasingly restricted.

More than half of men have never smoked cigarettes

75

(percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by cigarette smoking status, 2007)

52%

50

50%

25

25%

22%

0

0%

currentasmokers

25%

formerbsmokers

never c smoked

AMERICAN MEN

81

Table 3.4

Cigarette Smoking Status of Men, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by cigarette smoking status, 2007; numbers in thousands) number

Total men Current smokers Every-day smokers Some-day smokers Former smokers Nonsmokers

107,750 23,642 18,132 5,509 26,596 55,575

percent distribution

100.0% 21.9 16.8 5.1 24.7 51.6

Note: “Current smokers” have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and still smoke; “every-day smokers” are current smokers who smoke every day; “some-day smokers” are current smokers who smoke on some days; “former smokers” have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime but currently do not smoke; “nonsmokers” have smoked less than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Numbers may not add to total because “unknown” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007, Series 10, No. 240, August 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

82 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Table 3.5

Cigarette Smoking among Men by Selected Characteristics, 2002–04

(percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by cigarette smoking status and selected characteristics, 2002–04) current smokers total

tried to quit in past year

former smoker

never smoked

Total men

24.2%

42.2%

50.3%

25.5%

Age Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

28.1 27.8 24.5 12.9 6.3

49.7 43.8 37.4 38.0 30.0

64.6 57.7 41.6 33.6 37.8

7.3 14.5 34.0 53.5 55.9

Race and Hispanic origin Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

18.2 25.7 21.1 24.6

43.7 45.3 43.2 41.4

61.8 56.7 61.3 47.0

20.0 17.6 17.6 28.4

Education Not a high school graduate High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Graduate degree

32.4 29.1 24.0 23.8 13.7 8.0

39.5 41.0 47.2 46.4 43.7 39.7

41.8 45.4 51.4 49.4 61.7 64.9

25.8 25.6 24.6 26.9 24.6 27.1

48.5

17.6

46.1

21.9

47.8

25.5

52.7

28.1

50.2 47.1 49.8 55.1

28.1 26.0 24.2 24.7

Household income relative to poverty threshhold Below poverty level 33.9 41.1 Poverty level to two times poverty level 31.9 44.6 Two to four times poverty level 26.7 42.9 Four or more times poverty level 19.3 43.8 Region Northeast Midwest South West

21.7 27.0 26.0 20.1

43.7 43.5 40.8 41.9

Note: “Current smokers” are deﬁned as those who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke; “former smokers” have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but do not currently smoke. “Never smoked” have smoked less than 100 cigarettes in lifetime and do not currently smoke. Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 2002–04, Vital and Health Statisics Series 10, No. 230, September 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/series/ser.htm#sr10

AMERICAN MEN

83

Table 3.6

Alcohol Drinking Status of Men, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by alcohol drinking status, 2007; numbers in thousands) total

Total men Current drinker Current regular drinker Current infrequent drinker Former drinker Lifetime abstainer

107,750 68,682 60,636 9,740 15,642 17,189

percent distribution

100.0% 63.7 56.3 9.0 14.5 16.0

Note: “Current drinker” had more than 12 drinks in lifetime and drinks in past year; “regular drinker” had more than 12 drinks in one year; “infrequent drinker” had fewer than 12 drinks in one year; “former drinker” had more than 12 drinks in lifetime, no drinks in past year; “lifetime abstainer” had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. Numbers may not add to total because “unknown” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007, Series 10, No. 240, August 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

84 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Table 3.7

Alcohol Drinking Status of Men by Selected Characteristics, 2002–04

(percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by alcohol drinking status and selected characteristics, 2002–04) current drinker

former drinker

Total men

68.4%

14.7%

16.9%

Age Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

66.4 76.1 66.9 56.3 46.7

3.2 9.5 19.3 27.0 33.2

30.4 14.4 13.8 16.7 20.1

Race and Hispanic origin Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

56.8 57.2 66.1 71.1

7.9 16.5 11.2 15.2

35.3 26.3 22.7 13.7

Education Not a high school graduate GED diploma High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Graduate degree

55.2 65.1 65.4 70.0 73.4 78.3 77.3

20.2 20.5 16.4 13.6 14.5 9.5 10.1

24.6 14.4 18.2 16.4 12.1 12.2 12.6

17.2

23.8

18.4

21.9

16.6 11.1

16.3 10.1

13.2 15.0 16.1 13.1

12.7 12.8 20.9 18.5

Household income relative to poverty threshhold Below poverty level 59.0 Poverty level to two times poverty level 59.7 Two to four times poverty level 67.1 Four or more times poverty level 78.8 Region Northeast Midwest South West

74.1 72.2 63.0 68.4

lifetime abstainer

Note: “Lifetime abstainer” had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime. “Current drinker” had at least 12 drinks in lifetime and at least 1 drink in past year. Asians and blacks are those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 2002–04, Vital and Health Statisics Series 10, No. 230, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/series/ser.htm#sr10

AMERICAN MEN

85

High Blood Pressure Is Common among Older Men The percentage of men with high cholesterol is declining.

Overall, 29 percent of men have high blood pressure. Among men aged 65 or older, the majority has high blood pressure, the ﬁgure peaking at 67 percent among men aged 75 or older. Between 1988–94 and 2001–04, the percentage of men with high blood pressure rose by 5 percentage points, the gain occurring among men aged 45 or older. Only 16 percent of men have high cholesterol, a ﬁgure that has been falling. Among men aged 65 or older, the percentage with high cholesterol has declined by more than 10 percentage points since 1988–94. Men aged 45 to 54 are most likely to have high cholesterol, at 23 percent in 2001–04. ■ Thanks to the aging of the baby-boom generation, blood pressure and cholesterol medications are now commonplace in millions of households. 90

High blood pressure is most common among men aged 65 or older (percent of men with high blood pressure, by age, 2001–04)

� �

6060% � � 3030% � � 00%

86 AMERICAN MEN

20 a to 34

35 b to 44

45 c to 54

55 d to 64

65e to 74

75 orf older

�

HEALTH

Table 3.8

High Blood Pressure among Men by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04

(percent of men aged 20 or older with hypertension or whho take antihypertensive medication, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04; percentage point change, 1988–94 to 2001–04) 2001–04

1988–94

percentage point change

Total men Aged 20 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

29.0% 7.0 19.2 35.9 47.5 61.7 67.1

23.8% 7.1 17.1 29.2 40.6 54.4 60.4

5.2 –0.1 0.0 6.7 6.9 7.3 6.7

Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic, Mexican White, non-Hispanic

36.7 15.8 29.9

31.1 16.4 24.3

5.6 –0.6 5.6

Note: People are considered to have hypertension if they have a systolic pressure of at least 140 mmHg or a diastolic pressure of at least 90 mmHg or they take antihypertensive medication. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.9

High Cholesterol among Men by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04

(percent of men aged 20 or older with high serum cholesterol, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1988–94 and 2001–04; percentage point change, 1988–94 to 2001–04) 2001–04

1988–94

Total men Aged 20 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

16.4% 9.0 21.2 23.1 19.9 11.0 9.9

17.7% 8.2 19.4 26.6 28.0 21.9 20.4

Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic, Mexican White, non-Hispanic

13.8 15.1 16.5

14.7 15.4 18

percentage point change

–1.3 0.8 1.8 –3.5 –8.1 –10.9 –10.5 –0.9 –0.3 –1.5

Note: High cholesterol is deﬁned as 240 mg/dL or more. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

87

Many Men Do Not Have Health Insurance More than 24 million men are not covered.

Most Americans have health insurance coverage, but many do not. In 2007, nearly 17 percent of men and boys were uninsured. Males account for the 54 percent majority of the nation’s uninsured. The majority of males have employment-based health insurance coverage, but many have employment-based coverage only because of a parent’s or wife’s job. Only 35 percent of men have health insurance through their own employer. Twelve percent of men and boys are covered through Medicaid, the health insurance program for the poor. Another 12 percent of men have Medicare coverage, and 4 percent of males are covered by the military. ■ An employment-based health insurance system, as prevails in the United States, can be a problem for those without a job or whose employer does not offer health insurance beneﬁts.

Only 8 percent of men have bought their own private health insurance

45

(percent distribution of males by health insurance coverage status, 2007)

35%

30

30%

25%

17%

15

15%

12%

12%

8% 4%

0

0%

private, private, a own bother employment-based employment-based

88 AMERICAN MEN

private, c direct purchase

government, d Medicaid

government, e Medicare

government, f military

no healthginsurance

HEALTH

Table 3.10

Health Insurance Coverage by Type, 2007

(number of total people and number and percent distribution of males by health insurance coverage status and male share of total, 2007; numbers in thousands) male

Total population No health insurance at any time during the year With health insurance during the year Private insurance Employment-based Own employment-based Direct purchase Government insurance Medicaid Medicare Military

percent distribution

total

number

299,106

146,855

100.0%

45,657 253,449 201,991 177,446 93,774 26,673 83,031 39,554 41,375 10,955

24,546 122,309 99,180 88,077 51,931 12,428 37,709 17,976 17,943 5,877

16.7 83.3 67.5 60.0 35.4 8.5 25.7 12.2 12.2 4.0

share of total

49.1% 53.8 48.3 49.1 49.6 55.4 46.6 45.4 45.4 43.4 53.6

Note: Numbers do not add to total because people may have more than one type of health insurance coverage. Source: Bureau of the Census, Health Insurance Tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/health/h01_000 .htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

89

Men Account for Fewer than Half of Adults with Arthritis Women’s longer life expectancy leads to more health problems.

Back pain, hypertension, joint symptoms, and hearing problems top the list of male health complaints. From 18 to 24 percent of men aged 18 or older experienced these conditions in 2007, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Males account for majorities of a few conditions: hearing problems (58 percent), emphysema (54 percent), and coronaries (59 percent). Women’s dominance of most health conditions occurs because many conditions develop and worsen with age, and women live longer than men. Men are in the majority among AIDS cases, however. In 2005, men accounted for 81 percent of Americans diagnosed with AIDS. Men account for only 37 percent of people with difﬁculties in physical functioning. Eleven percent of men have such difﬁculties. Six percent of men cannot walk one-quarter of a mile, and 7 percent cannot stand for two hours or stoop, bend, or kneel. ■ Many Americans have difﬁculties in physical functioning because of weight problems.

Lower back pain is the most common problem among men 30

(percent of men aged 18 or older reporting selected health conditions, 2007)

24% 20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

23%

22% 18%

a pain lower back

90 AMERICAN MEN

b hypertension

c symptoms chronic joint

hearingd problems

HEALTH

Table 3.11

Health Conditions among Men, 2007

(total number of people aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, number of men with condition, men’s share of total, and percent of men with condition, by type of condition, 2007; numbers in thousands) men percent of total

percent with condition

total

number

223,181

107,750

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

25,095 13,674 52,920 5,426

12,790 8,099 24,959 2,293

51.0 59.2 47.2 42.3

11.9 7.5 23.2 2.1

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma, ever Asthma, still Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,736 24,402 16,177 16,882 25,953 7,604

2,018 10,383 5,825 7,120 9,748 2,559

54.0 42.5 36.0 42.2 37.6 33.7

1.9 9.6 5.4 6.6 9.0 2.4

Cancer Any cancer Prostate cancer

16,370 2,037

7,152 2,037

43.7 100.0

6.6 1.9

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

17,273 14,501 3,343 2,649 46,429 53,945 27,364 29,019 57,070 9,062

8,391 6,591 1,482 1,200 18,584 23,574 7,956 11,665 25,334 2,581

48.6 45.5 44.3 45.3 40.0 43.7 29.1 40.2 44.4 28.5

7.8 6.1 1.4 1.1 17.2 21.9 7.4 10.8 23.5 2.4

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

33,318 22,378 16,997

19,287 9,063 7,724

57.9 40.5 45.4

17.9 8.4 7.2

Total people

48.3%

100.0%

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past 12 months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past 12 months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007, Series 10, No. 240, August 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

AMERICAN MEN

91

Table 3.12

AIDS Cases through 2005

(cumulative number of AIDS cases among total people and males aged 13 or older, male share of total, and distribution of male cases by age at diagnosis, race, and Hispanic origin, through 2005) males percent of total

percent distribution

total

number

Total cases, 13 or older

943,528

761,723

80.7%

Age Aged 13 to 14 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

1,062 40,084 308,067 373,201 159,681 46,917 14,504

615 27,413 246,054 305,376 132,339 38,713 11,207

57.9 68.4 79.9 81.8 82.9 82.5 77.3

0.1 3.6 32.3 40.1 17.4 5.1 1.5

Race American Indian Asian Black Hispanic White

3,206 7,605 391,916 153,441 383,923

2,544 6,545 278,917 124,598 346,533

79.4 86.1 71.2 81.2 90.3

0.3 0.9 36.6 16.4 45.5

100.0%

Note: American Indians, Asians, blacks, and whites exclude those of Hispanic origin. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm

92 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Table 3.13

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Men, 2007

(total number of people aged 18 or older with difﬁculties in physical functioning, number of men with difﬁculties, men’s share of total, and percent of men with difﬁculties, by type of difﬁculty, 2007; numbers in thousands) men

Total people Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up ten steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry ten pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

223,181 32,977 16,183 12,148 19,368 7,220 19,943 5,543 3,667 8,927 14,068

107,750 12,360 6,094 4,293 7,229 2,808 7,562 2,168 1,403 2,585 4,546

percent of total

48.3% 37.5 37.7 35.3 37.3 38.9 37.9 39.1 38.3 29.0 32.3

percent with difﬁculty

100.0% 11.5 5.7 4.0 6.7 2.6 7.0 2.0 1.3 2.4 4.2

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007, Series 10, No. 240, August 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

AMERICAN MEN

93

Males Account for Fewer than Half of Physician Ofﬁce Visits They visit a doctor’s ofﬁce an average of 2.8 times a year.

Only 42 percent of the 964 million physician ofﬁce visits in 2005 were made by males. Males account for the 55 percent majority of visits by children under age 15 because there are more boys than girls in the population. But in every other age group, males are a minority of patients. In the 15-to-44 age group, men account for only 36 to 37 percent of ofﬁce visits. The average male visits a doctor’s ofﬁce 2.8 times a year. Older men visit a doctor much more frequently than young adults. Men aged 75 or older go to the doctor an average of 7.4 times a year. Those aged 15 to 24 go to the doctor an average of 1.3 times a year. ■ Males are less likely than females to visit physicians in part because they are less likely to seek medical help for their problems.

Males are a minority of patients in the doctor’s ofﬁce (percent distribution of physician ofﬁce visits, by sex, 2005)

a

42% male b

58% female

a

94 AMERICAN MEN

b

HEALTH

Table 3.14

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Males, 2005

(total number of physician ofﬁce visits, number, percent, and percent distribution of visits made by males, and average number of physician ofﬁce visits made by males per year, by age, 2005) visits by males

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total (000)

number (000)

963,617 160,552 70,583 201,619 283,180 119,061 128,623

403,262 87,748 25,930 72,031 116,905 52,068 48,581

percent of total

41.8% 54.7 36.7 35.7 41.3 43.7 37.8

percent distribution

100.0% 21.8 6.4 17.9 29.0 12.9 12.0

average number of visits per year

2.8 2.8 1.3 1.8 3.3 6.2 7.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 Summary, Advance Data No. 387, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm#Physician, calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

95

Prescription Drug Use Is Widespread Most men aged 45 or older used a prescription drug in the past month.

The use of prescription drugs to treat a variety of illnesses, particularly chronic conditions, is commonplace in the United States. The percentage of males taking at least one prescription drug during the past month stood at 40 percent in 1999–02. Fifteen percent used three or more prescription drugs. The use of prescription drugs is greatest among men aged 65 or older. Fully 80 percent of men aged 65 or older took at least one prescription drug during the past month, and 46 percent took three or more. Non-Hispanic white males are more likely than black or Hispanic males to have taken at least one prescription medication during the past month. Forty-three percent of non-Hispanic white males have taken at least one prescription drug versus 35 percent of blacks and 26 percent of Hispanics. Behind the higher drug use of non-Hispanic whites is their greater access to medical care, including prescription drug coverage. ■ Behind the increase in the use of prescription drugs is the introduction and marketing of new drugs to treat chronic health problems.

Four out of ﬁve men aged 65 or older have taken a prescription drug during the past month (percent of men aged 65 or older by prescription drug use in past month, 1999–2002) 90

60

80%

60%

46% 30

30%

0

0%

96 AMERICAN MEN

a one at least prescription drug

three b or more prescription drugs

HEALTH

Table 3.15

Prescription Drug Use among Males by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1999–2002

(percent of males having taken at least one or three or more prescription drugs in the past month, by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1999–2002) total

AT LEAST ONE

Total males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

black

Hispanic (Mexican)

non-Hispanic white

39.9% 26.2 27.1 55.6 80.1

35.4% 19.8 21.5 54.0 78.1

25.8% 16.2 13.0 36.4 66.8

43.1% 30.6 31.2 57.4 81.0

14.8 4.3 6.7 23.5 46.0

14.4 3.0 4.4 26.3 48.2

9.5 1.9 1.7 18.2 34.2

15.9 5.2 8.4 24.0 47.0

THREE OR MORE

Total males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm

AMERICAN MEN

97

Males Are a Minority of Hospital Patients They account for the majority of those receiving some procedures, however.

Of the nation’s 90 million hospital outpatients in 2005, only 39 percent were male. Males also accounted for only 40 percent of the 35 million hospital inpatients discharged in 2005, including just 27 percent of those aged 15 to 44. The male share of hospital inpatients varies by diagnosis and procedure. Males account for the 56 percent majority of hospital inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 55 percent of those with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and 60 percent of those with appendicitis. But they account for only 40 percent of inpatients with asthma and 28 percent of those with broken hips. Males accounted for only 40 percent hospital inpatient procedures performed in 2005. They were the 72 percent majority of those receiving heart bypass operations, however. ■ As hospitals have shifted more procedures to outpatient facilities, the demographics of their customers have remained the same.

Males account for a minority of hospital outpatients and inpatients (male share of hospital outpatients and inpatients, 2005)

45

30

30%

15

15%

0

0%

98 AMERICAN MEN

39%

40%

a outpatients

b inpatients

HEALTH

Table 3.16

Visits by Males to Hospital Outpatient Departments, 2005

(total number of hospital outpatient department visits, number of visits made by males, male share of total, and average number of hospital outpatient department visits per 100 males per year, by age, 2005) visits by males

Total visits Under age 15 Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total (000)

number (000)

90,393 21,109 10,418 21,805 23,202 7,517 6,341

35,113 11,022 3,034 7,024 9,144 2,822 2,067

percent of total

38.8% 52.2 29.1 32.2 39.4 37.5 32.6

percent distribution

100.0% 31.4 8.6 20.0 26.0 8.0 5.9

number of visits per 100 people per year

24.7 35.5 14.6 17.3 26.0 33.5 31.5

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 Outpatient Department Summary, Advance Data, No. 389, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.17

Hospital Discharges and Length of Stay among Males by Age, 2006

(total number of hospital discharges, number of males discharged and male share of total, male discharge rate per 10,000 population, and average length of stay in days, for inpatients from nonfederal short-stay hospitals, by age, 2006; excludes newborn infants) male inpatient discharges

Total discharges Under age 15 Aged 15 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total (in 000s)

number (in 000s)

34,854 2,298 10,800 8,686 13,070

13,990 1,295 2,922 4,287 5,487

percent of total

40.1% 56.4 27.1 49.4 42.0

discharge rate per 10,000 population

average length of stay (days)

954.9 416.5 461.5 1,175.7 3,504.5

5.2 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 National Hospital Dicharge Survey, National Health Statistics Report, No. 5, July 30, 2008; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/hdasd/listpubs.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

99

Table 3.18

Discharges of Males from Hospitals by Diagnosis, 2006

(total number of inpatients discharged from nonfederal hospitals, number of males discharged, and male share of total, by ﬁrst-listed diagnosis, 2006; numbers in thousands) male

All conditions Infectious and parasitic diseases Septicemia Neoplasms Malignant neoplasms Malignant neoplasm of large intestine and rectum Malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus, lung Benign neoplasms Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders Diabetes mellitus Volume depletion Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs Anemia Mental disorders Psychoses Schizophrenic disorders Major depressive disorder Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs Diseases of the circulatory system Essential hypertension Heart disease Acute myocardial infarction Coronary atherosclerosis Other ischemic heart disease Cardiac dysrhythmias Congestive heart failure Cerebrovascular disease Diseases of the respiratory system Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis Pneumonia Chronic bronchitis Asthma Diseases of the digestive system Appendicitis Noninfectious enteritis and colitis Intestinal obstruction Diverticula of intestine Cholelithiasis Acute pancreatitis

100 AMERICAN MEN

percent of total

total

number

34,854 1,088 530 1,641 1,208 154 166 378

13,990 514 250 665 579 67 81 55

1,663 584 480 451 315 2,419 1,747 333 459 615 6,161 293 4,202 647 953 160 772 1,102 889 3,485 217

673 283 185 194 128 1,222 833 185 174 254 3,121 101 2,213 358 616 81 372 521 404 1,653 110

40.5 48.5 38.5 43.0 40.6 50.5 47.7 55.6 37.9 41.3 50.7 34.5 52.7 55.3 64.6 50.6 48.2 47.3 45.4 47.4 50.7

1,232 513 444 3,517 318 356 323 314 335 233

589 240 177 1,610 190 136 142 124 102 117

47.8 46.8 39.9 45.8 59.7 38.2 44.0 39.5 30.4 50.2

40.1% 47.2 47.2 40.5 47.9 43.5 48.8 14.6

HEALTH

male

Diseases of the genitourinary system Calculus of kidney and ureter Urinary tract infection Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Cellulitis and abscess Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue Osteoarthrosis and allied disorders Intervertebral disc disorders Congenital anomalies Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period Symptoms, signs, and ill-deﬁned conditions Injury and poisoning Fractures, all sites Fracture of neck of femur Poisonings Certain complications of surgical and medical care Supplementary classiﬁcations

total

number

1,974 166 479 780 589 1,969 753 324 193 200 189 2,968 1,074 330 271 912 5,022

635 87 145 427 327 823 290 154 101 104 88 1,522 478 92 129 458 385

percent of total

32.2% 52.4 30.3 54.7 55.5 41.8 38.5 47.5 52.3 52.0 46.6 51.3 44.5 27.9 47.6 50.2 7.7

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey, National Health Statistics Report, No. 5, July 30, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/hdasd/listpubs.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

101

Table 3.19

Discharges of Males from Hospitals by Procedure, 2006

(total number of inpatients discharged from nonfederal hospitals, number of males discharged and male share of total, by all-listed procedures, 2006; numbers in thousands) male

Total procedures Operations on the nervous system Spinal tap Operations on the endocrine system Operations on the eye Operations on the ear Operations on the nose, mouth, and pharynx Operations on the respiratory system Bronchoscopy with or without biopsy Operations on the cardiovascular system Balloon angioplasty of coronary artery or coronary atherectomy Insertion of coronary artery stent(s) Coronary artery bypass graft Cardiac catheterization Insertion, replacement, removal, and revision of pacemaker Hemodialysis Operations on the hemic and lymphatic system Operations on the digestive system Endoscopy of small intestine with or without biopsy Endoscopy of large intestine with or without biopsy Partial excision of large intestine Appendectomy, excluding incidental Cholecystectomy Lysis of peritoneal adhesions Operations on the urinary system Cystoscopy with or without biopsy Operations on the male genital organs Prostatectomy Operations on the musculoskeletal system Partial excision of bone Reduction of fracture Open reduction of fracture with internal ﬁxation Excision or destruction of intervertebral disc Total hip replacement Total knee replacement Operations on the integumentary system Debridement of wound, infection, or burn Miscellaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Computerized axial tomography Arteriography and angiocardiography using contrast material Diagnostic ultrasound Physical therapy procedures Respiratory therapy Insertion of endotracheal tube Transfusion of blood and blood components Injection or infusion of cancer chemotherapeutic substance

total

number

45,963 1,155 315 101 76 53 298 1,167 282 7,235 661 652 444 1,115 418 645 371 5,571 1,045 522 252 341 414 344 1,025 146 250 168 4,254 171 672 439 280 231 542 1,598 402 13,775 740 1,698 888 386 1,088 476 1,968

18,482 534 158 29 45 36 183 641 152 4,116 429 425 320 666 198 325 186 2,431 457 212 115 192 134 80 491 69 250 168 2,005 95 326 203 135 102 199 806 236 6,729 366 938 411 154 561 247 851

221

130

percent of total

40.2% 46.2 50.2 28.7 59.2 67.9 61.4 54.9 53.9 56.9 64.9 65.2 72.1 59.7 47.4 50.4 50.1 43.6 43.7 40.6 45.6 56.3 32.4 23.3 47.9 47.3 100.0 100.0 47.1 55.6 48.5 46.2 48.2 44.2 36.7 50.4 58.7 48.8 49.5 55.2 46.3 39.9 51.6 51.9 43.2 58.8

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey, National Health Statistics Report, No. 5, July 30, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/hdasd/listpubs.htm; calculations by New Strategist

102 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Few Nursing Home Residents Are Men The male share of nursing home residents falls with age.

Among the nation’s 1.5 million nursing home residents, only 29 percent are men, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Males account for the majority of residents under age 65, but for only 26 percent of residents aged 65 or older, the share falling to just 18 percent among residents aged 85 or older. Men account for few nursing home residents because, on average, they do not live as long as women. When older men become ill, most have wives at home to care for them, thereby avoiding the need to enter a nursing home. ■ More help for the dependent elderly at home would limit the growth of the nursing home population and provide a higher quality of life for older Americans.

Only 18 percent of the oldest nursing home residents are men

60

(male share of nursing home residents aged 65 or older, by age, 2004)

43% 40

40%

30% 20

20%

0

0%

18%

65 a to 74

85 b to 84

85 orcolder

AMERICAN MEN

103

Table 3.20

Nursing Home Residents by Age, 2004

(total number of nursing home residents, number of male residents, male share of total, and percent distribution of male residents by age, 2004) male residents

Total residents Under age 65 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

number

1,492,200 174,900 1,317,300 174,100 468,700 674,500

430,500 93,600 336,900 75,400 140,900 120,600

percent of total

28.9% 53.5 25.6 43.3 30.1 17.9

percent distribution

100.0% 21.7 78.3 17.5 32.7 28.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004 National Nursing Home Survey, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ about/major/nnhsd/ResidentTables_Estimates.htm#Demographics; calculations by New Strategist

104 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of Men Heart disease and cancer account for more than half of male deaths.

Twenty-seven percent of deaths to males in 2005 were due to heart disease. Cancer was the cause of another 24 percent of deaths. Among all deaths due to heart disease in 2005, men accounted for slightly less than half of the total. They accounted for 52 percent of all deaths due to cancer. Accidents are the ﬁfth leading cause of death, with males accounting for 65 percent of all accidental deaths. Women far surpass men in deaths from Alzheimer’s disease, however, 71 to 29 percent. Male life expectancy stood at 75.4 years in 2006, ﬁve years less than the life expectancy of females. At age 65, men can expect to live 17.4 more years, about three years less than their female counterparts. ■ Death rates from heart disease have fallen over the past few decades, boosting life expectancy for men and women.

Females live longer than males (average number of years of life remaining at birth and at age 65, by sex, 2006) 90

male

80.7 yrs.

75.4 yrs.

female 60

60 yrs.

30

30 yrs.

0

0 yrs.

birth at birth

20.3 yrs.

17.4 yrs.

100000

all male dual female

75000

age at age 65 65

50000

25000

0

with

w/out

AMERICAN MEN

105

Table 3.21

Leading Causes of Death, 2005

(total number of deaths, number of deaths to males and male share of total, and percent distribution of male deaths by cause, for the ten leading causes of death, 2005) males

Total deaths 1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Accidents (unintentional injuries) 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Alzheimer’s disease 8. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis 10. Septicemia All other causes

total

number

2,443,387 652,091 559,312 143,579 130,933 117,809 75,119 71,599 63,001 43,901 34,136 556,537

1,207,675 322,841 290,422 56,586 62,435 76,375 36,538 20,559 28,052 21,268 15,322 277,277

percent of total

49.4% 49.5 51.9 39.4 47.7 64.8 48.6 28.7 44.5 48.4 44.9 49.8

percent distribution

100.0% 26.7 24.0 4.7 5.2 6.3 3.0 1.7 2.3 1.8 1.3 23.0

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Deaths: Final Data for 2005, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm; calculations by New Strategist

106 AMERICAN MEN

HEALTH

Table 3.22

Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2006

(years of life remaining at selected ages by sex, and difference between male and female life expectancy, 2006) At birth Aged 1 Aged 5 Aged 10 Aged 15 Aged 20 Aged 25 Aged 30 Aged 35 Aged 40 Aged 45 Aged 50 Aged 55 Aged 60 Aged 65 Aged 70 Aged 75 Aged 80 Aged 85 Aged 90 Aged 95 Aged 100

total

males

females

difference

78.1 77.7 73.7 68.8 63.8 59.0 54.3 49.6 44.8 40.2 35.6 31.2 26.9 22.8 19.0 15.4 12.2 9.3 7.0 5.1 3.7 2.7

75.4 75.0 71.1 66.2 61.2 56.5 51.9 47.2 42.6 37.9 33.5 29.1 25.0 21.1 17.4 14.0 10.9 8.3 6.2 4.5 3.3 2.4

80.7 80.2 76.3 71.3 66.4 61.5 56.6 51.8 46.9 42.2 37.5 33.0 28.6 24.3 20.3 16.5 13.0 9.9 7.4 5.3 3.8 2.7

–5.3 –5.2 –5.2 –5.1 –5.2 –5.0 –4.7 –4.6 –4.3 –4.3 –4.0 –3.9 –3.6 –3.2 –2.9 –2.5 –2.1 –1.6 –1.2 –0.8 –0.5 –0.3

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2006, National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 56, No. 16, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

107

INCOME CHAPTER

4

Income ■ Men’s incomes are growing slowly, if at all. But men still have much higher incomes than women.

■ The median income of men aged 25 to 54 fell between 2000 and 2007. In contrast, older men saw their median income grow 2 to 4 percent during those years, after adjusting for inﬂation.

■ The incomes of Hispanic men have grown the most since 2000. Hispanic men have a median income that is only 74 percent as high as the median income of the average man.

■ Incomes are highest for men in middle age. Income rises with age to a peak of $45,849 among 45-to-54-year-olds.

■ Married couples saw their median income grow slightly between 2000 and 2007. The median income of male-headed families and men who live alone fell during those years.

■ The poverty rate among men has increased. The 11.1 percent of males living in poverty in 2007 was substantially higher than the 9.9 percent of 2000.

AMERICAN MEN

109

Men’s Incomes Are Growing More Slowly than Women’s But the median income of men remains far above the median income of women.

Men’s incomes have been growing more slowly than women’s for the past few decades. Consequently, women’s incomes are catching up to men’s. Between 1990 and 2007, men’s median income grew 6 percent to $33,196, after adjusting for inﬂation. During the same time, women’s median income grew 35 percent to $20,922. Despite the more rapid growth in women’s income, men’s income in 2007 was still a substantial 59 percent higher because men are more likely to work full-time.

■ Because many mothers stay home to raise children, it’s unlikely women’s labor force participation—or income—will ever equal men’s. 45000

Men’s median income peaked in 2000 (median income of men aged 15 or older with income, 1990, 2000, and 2007; in 2007 dollars)

$34,126

$33,196

b 2000

c 2007

$31,208

30000

$30,000

15000

$15,000

0

$0

110 AMERICAN MEN

a 1990

INCOME

Table 4.1

Median Income by Sex, 1990 to 2007

(median income of people aged 15 or older with income by sex, and index of men’s income to women’s, 1990 to 2007; percent change, 2000–07 and 1990–2007; in 2007 dollars)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2007 1990 to 2007

men

women

index of men’s income to women’s

$33,196 33,180 33,217 33,497 33,743 33,698 34,082 34,126 33,963 33,654 32,475 31,363 30,480 30,049 29,817 29,617 30,389 31,208

$20,922 20,582 19,729 19,393 19,457 19,376 19,458 19,340 19,044 18,331 17,650 16,863 16,387 15,863 15,608 15,513 15,553 15,486

159 161 168 173 173 174 175 176 178 184 184 186 186 189 191 191 195 202

–2.7% 6.4

8.2% 35.1

– –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median income of men by the median income of women and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

111

The Incomes of Men under Age 55 Are Falling Since 2000, men aged 55 or older are the only ones who have seen their incomes grow.

Men’s median income climbed 6 percent between 1990 and 2007, after adjusting for inﬂation, but men aged 25 to 54 lost ground during those years. The median income of men aged 35 to 44 fell 1.7 percent between 1990 and 2007, while the median income of men aged 45 to 54 fell by an even larger 3.9 percent. Men aged 55 or older saw their incomes grow, in part because more are in the labor force. Between 2000 and 2007, most men lost ground. Men aged 25 to 34 experienced a 9.8 percent decline in their median income, after adjusting for inﬂation, while those aged 45 to 54 saw their median fall by 7.2 percent. The median income of men aged 55 or older grew by 2 to 4 percent. ■ Many men aged 55 or older are postponing retirement, and their growing labor force participation is boosting median income.

Men aged 25 to 34 lost the most

8

(percent change in median income of men aged 15 or older with income, by age, 2000 to 2007; in 2007 dollars)

4

4%

0

0%

4.1% 2.3%

–1.4%

-4

–4%

-8

–8%

-12

–2.5%

–7.2% –9.8% under 25

a

112 AMERICAN MEN

25 to 34

b

35 to 44

c

45 to 54

d

55 to 64

e

65 or older

f

INCOME

Table 4.2

Median Income of Men by Age, 1990 to 2007

(median income of men aged 15 or older with income by age, 1990 to 2007; percent change in income, 2000–07 and 1990–2007; index of men’s income by age to total, 1990 to 2007; in 2007 dollars) 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total men

age 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

$33,196 33,180 33,217 33,497 33,743 33,698 34,082 34,126 33,963 33,654 32,475 31,363 30,480 30,049 29,817 29,617 30,389 31,208

$11,209 11,275 11,119 11,067 11,230 11,113 10,893 11,494 10,391 10,404 9,619 9,159 9,339 9,751 9,084 9,118 9,325 9,718

$32,875 33,043 33,096 34,020 34,454 35,356 35,732 36,427 36,556 35,718 33,485 33,133 31,894 31,275 30,983 31,126 32,061 32,900

$45,018 43,847 43,507 44,494 44,187 43,672 44,902 45,659 45,292 44,687 42,314 42,329 42,446 42,482 42,873 42,701 43,501 45,787

$45,849 46,989 46,336 45,955 47,438 47,218 48,139 49,412 50,776 49,444 48,462 47,678 48,074 48,328 46,846 46,596 47,180 47,685

$42,129 42,654 43,178 43,126 43,871 41,811 41,736 41,165 41,668 41,637 40,132 38,853 39,150 37,457 35,521 37,089 37,799 38,146

$24,323 24,167 23,136 23,195 22,956 22,401 23,058 23,371 24,017 23,077 22,886 21,955 22,269 21,098 21,171 21,135 21,315 21,812

Percent change 2000 to 2007 –2.7% 1990 to 2007 6.4

–2.5% 15.3

Index of median income by age to total 2007 100 34 2006 100 34 2005 100 33 2004 100 33 2003 100 33 2002 100 33 2001 100 32 2000 100 34 1999 100 31 1998 100 31 1997 100 30 1996 100 29 1995 100 31 1994 100 32 1993 100 30 1992 100 31 1991 100 31 1990 100 31

–9.8% –0.1

–1.4% –1.7

–7.2% –3.9

2.3% 10.4

4.1% 11.5

99 100 100 102 102 105 105 107 108 106 103 106 105 104 104 105 106 105

136 132 131 133 131 130 132 134 133 133 130 135 139 141 144 144 143 147

138 142 139 137 141 140 141 145 150 147 149 152 158 161 157 157 155 153

127 129 130 129 130 124 122 121 123 124 124 124 128 125 119 125 124 122

73 73 70 69 68 66 68 68 71 69 70 70 73 70 71 71 70 70

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median income of each age group by the median income of all men and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

113

Hispanic Men Have Gained the Most Since 2000 Asian and non-Hispanic white men saw their incomes fall between 2000 and 2007.

Between 1990 and 2007, the median income of black men grew faster than the median income of men in any other racial or ethnic group—up 30 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation, to $25,792. This compares with a meager 6 percent rise in the median income of all men. Consequently, the median income of black men climbed from just 63 percent of the average in 1990 to 78 percent of the average in 2007. Since 2000, however, Hispanic men have experienced the fastest income growth, with a 4 percent gain. Asian and non-Hispanic white men saw their median income fall by 1 percent, while the median income of black men held steady with a small 0.4 percent rise. Non-Hispanic white men have a higher median income than men in any other racial or ethnic group, at $37,373 in 2007. Asian men are not far behind with a median income of $36,729. Hispanic men have the lowest median income, just $24,451 in 2007—26 percent below average. ■ The median income of Hispanic men is low because many are immigrants with little education or earning power.

The median income of black men was stable between 2000 and 2007 6

(percent change in median income of men aged 15 or older with income, by race and Hispanic origin, 2000 to 2007; in 2007 dollars)

4.2%

4

4%

2

2%

0.4%

0

0%

-2

114 AMERICAN MEN

–1.1%

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

–1.5%

d white non-Hispanic

INCOME

Table 4.3

Median Income of Men by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 to 2007

(median income of men aged 15 or older with income by race and Hispanic origin, 1990 to 2007; percent change in income, 1990 to 2007; index of men’s income by race/Hispanic origin group to total, 1990–2007; in 2007 dollars)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total men

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

$33,196 33,180 33,217 33,497 33,743 33,698 34,082 34,126 33,963 33,654 32,475 31,363 30,480 30,049 29,817 29,617 30,389 31,208

$36,729 38,158 35,087 35,638 35,779 35,543 36,418 37,124 34,691 31,916 32,261 30,758 29,939 31,667 30,579 28,799 29,141 29,826

$25,792 25,786 24,013 24,932 24,729 24,790 25,140 25,698 25,436 24,544 23,309 21,701 21,623 20,727 20,637 18,916 19,244 19,789

$24,451 24,117 23,460 23,662 23,734 23,860 23,644 23,476 22,233 21,922 20,887 20,314 20,048 20,060 19,342 19,414 20,515 20,715

$37,373 37,601 37,539 36,968 36,449 36,920 37,232 37,937 38,413 37,935 35,498 34,595 34,423 33,372 32,740 32,432 32,920 33,769

Percent change 2000 to 2007 –2.7% 6.4 1990 to 2007

–1.1% 23.1

0.4% 30.3

4.2% 18.0

Index of median income of race/Hispanic origin group to total 2007 100 111 78 74 2006 100 115 78 73 2005 100 106 72 71 2004 100 106 74 71 2003 100 106 73 70 2002 100 105 74 71 2001 100 107 74 69 2000 100 109 75 69 1999 100 102 75 65 1998 100 95 73 65 1997 100 99 72 64 1996 100 98 69 65 1995 100 98 71 66 1994 100 105 69 67 1993 100 103 69 65 1992 100 97 64 66 1991 100 96 63 68 1990 100 96 63 66

–1.5% 10.7 113 113 113 110 108 110 109 111 113 113 109 110 113 111 110 110 108 108

Note: Data for Asians and blacks in 2002 through 2007 are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. The index is calculated by dividing the median income of each race/Hispanic origin group by the median income of all men and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

115

Men in the West Made Gains between 2000 and 2007 In the three other regions, men’s median income declined during those years.

Although the median income of men in the Northeast, Midwest, and South fell between 2000 and 2007, their median income in 2007 was higher than in 1990, after adjusting for inﬂation. Between 2000 and 2007, men in the South saw their median income fall by 0.5 percent. In the Northeast, men experienced a 4 percent decline during those years. The loss was largest—5 percent—in the Midwest. In contrast, men in the West experienced a 2 percent rise in their median income between 2000 and 2007. The median income of men varies much less by region today than it did in 1990. In that year, the gap in men’s median income between the highest and lowest regions was more than $5,000. By 2007, the gap had shrunk to just slightly over $3,000. Men in the South have the lowest median income—at $31,887 in 2007. Men in the Northeast have the highest median income—at $34,921. ■ The incomes of Hispanic men are growing, boosting the median income of men in the West.

The biggest decline was in the Midwest (percent change in median income of men aged 15 or older with income, by region, 2000 to 2007; in 2007 dollars)

2

0

1.7%

0%

–0.5% -2

–2%

-4

–4%

–4.4% -6

116 AMERICAN MEN

a Northeast

–5.3%

b Midwest

c South

d West

INCOME

Table 4.4

Median Income of Men by Region, 1990 to 2007

(median income of men aged 15 or older with income by region, 1990 to 2007; percent change in income, 1990 to 2007; index of men’s income by region to total, 1990–2007; in 2007 dollars) 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total men

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

$33,196 33,180 33,217 33,497 33,743 33,698 34,082 34,126 33,963 33,654 32,475 31,363 30,480 30,049 29,817 29,617 30,389 31,208

$34,921 36,219 34,648 35,068 35,413 35,324 35,879 36,528 35,969 34,961 33,977 33,269 33,246 32,801 31,486 31,985 33,180 33,690

$34,324 33,795 33,974 34,184 34,147 34,850 35,465 36,252 36,719 35,148 33,857 33,432 32,825 30,817 30,656 30,365 30,541 31,793

$31,887 32,034 31,846 31,593 31,130 31,722 32,025 32,035 32,252 32,136 30,780 29,258 28,588 28,144 27,856 26,917 27,427 28,342

$34,609 33,716 33,547 33,654 34,301 33,532 33,592 34,014 33,664 33,484 31,985 30,786 30,145 30,476 30,430 30,405 32,027 32,279

Percent change 2000 to 2007 –2.7% 1990 to 2007 6.4

–4.4% 3.7

Index of median income by region to total 2007 100 105 2006 100 109 2005 100 104 2004 100 105 2003 100 105 2002 100 105 2001 100 105 2000 100 107 1999 100 106 1998 100 104 1997 100 105 1996 100 106 1995 100 109 1994 100 109 1993 100 106 1992 100 108 1991 100 109 1990 100 108

–5.3% 8.0

–0.5% 12.5

103 102 102 102 101 103 104 106 108 104 104 107 108 103 103 103 101 102

96 97 96 94 92 94 94 94 95 95 95 93 94 94 93 91 90 91

1.7% 7.2 104 102 101 100 102 100 99 100 99 99 98 98 99 101 102 103 105 103

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median income of men in each region by the median income of all men and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

117

Incomes Are Highest for Men Aged 45 to 54 Among full-time workers, however, income peaks in the older age groups.

In 2007, the median income of men with income stood at $33,196. Income rises with age to a peak of $45,849 in the 45-to-54 age group. Among men aged 65 or older, median income was just $24,323. The 54 percent majority of men aged 15 or older work full-time. Among all men working full-time, median income stood at $46,224 in 2007. Income peaks at more than $61,000 for full-time workers aged 65 to 74, but only 19 percent of men in the age group work full-time. Men under age 25 have the lowest incomes, a median of just $11,209. Only 23 percent work full-time because many are high school or college students. ■ The incomes of men aged 55 to 64 are likely to rise in the years ahead as more older men stay on the job full-time.

Men’s income peaks in middle age

60000

�

(median income of men aged 15 or older with income, by age, 2007)

�

� �

40000 $40,000 �

� 20000 $20,000 � 0$0

under a 25

118 AMERICAN MEN

25 b to 34

35 c to 44

45 d to 54

55 e to 64

65 orfolder

INCOME

Table 4.5

Income of Men by Age, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older with income, median income of those with income and of those working full-time year-round, and percent working full-time year-round, by income and age, 2007; men in thousands as of 2008) 65 or older TOTAL MEN

Without income With income

total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

115,678

21,208

20,210

20,880

21,539

16,079

15,762

8,977

6,785

10,889

7,066

1,193

772

857

557

445

263

181

104,789

14,142

19,017

20,108

20,682

15,522

15,317

8,714

6,604

Under $10,000

13,989

6,516

1,727

1,283

1,561

1,251

1,652

847

805

$10,000 to $19,999

16,953

3,292

2,881

2,011

1,984

2,088

4,696

2,331

2,366

$20,000 to $29,999

15,483

2,286

3,507

2,595

2,403

1,862

2,828

1,486

1,341

$30,000 to $39,999

13,877

1,115

3,300

2,900

2,814

1,972

1,774

1,051

723

$40,000 to $49,999

10,420

460

2,330

2,415

2,432

1,678

1,105

733

371

$50,000 to $59,999

8,291

219

1,740

2,081

2,086

1,370

795

501

292

$60,000 to $69,999

5,814

81

1,042

1,526

1,526

1,096

541

349

192

$70,000 to $79,999

4,677

66

795

1,252

1,338

836

389

256

133

$80,000 to $89,999

3,066

36

452

791

898

628

264

194

70

$90,000 to $99,999

2,273

5

323

650

625

440

229

167

42

$100,000 or more

9,949

67

919

2,604

3,013

2,299

1,046

797

125

Median income of men with income $33,196

$11,209

$32,875

$45,018

$45,849

$42,129

$24,323

$27,786

$13,697

23,745

39,073

50,524

52,012

56,262

60,589

61,510

53,989

Median income of full-time workers Percent working full-time TOTAL MEN

Without income With income

46,224 54.5%

22.8%

70.8%

78.3%

74.9%

58.1%

12.7%

18.5%

5.1%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

9.4

33.3

5.9

3.7

4.0

3.5

2.8

2.9

2.7

90.6

66.7

94.1

96.3

96.0

96.5

97.2

97.1

97.3

Under $10,000

12.1

30.7

8.5

6.1

7.2

7.8

10.5

9.4

11.9

$10,000 to $19,999

14.7

15.5

14.3

9.6

9.2

13.0

29.8

26.0

34.9

$20,000 to $29,999

13.4

10.8

17.4

12.4

11.2

11.6

17.9

16.6

19.8

$30,000 to $39,999

12.0

5.3

16.3

13.9

13.1

12.3

11.3

11.7

10.7

$40,000 to $49,999

9.0

2.2

11.5

11.6

11.3

10.4

7.0

8.2

5.5

$50,000 to $59,999

7.2

1.0

8.6

10.0

9.7

8.5

5.0

5.6

4.3

$60,000 to $69,999

5.0

0.4

5.2

7.3

7.1

6.8

3.4

3.9

2.8

$70,000 to $79,999

4.0

0.3

3.9

6.0

6.2

5.2

2.5

2.9

2.0

$80,000 to $89,999

2.7

0.2

2.2

3.8

4.2

3.9

1.7

2.2

1.0

$90,000 to $99,999

2.0

0.0

1.6

3.1

2.9

2.7

1.5

1.9

0.6

$100,000 or more

8.6

0.3

4.5

12.5

14.0

14.3

6.6

8.9

1.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Person Income Tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census .gov/macro/032008/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

119

Non-Hispanic White Men Have the Highest Incomes Hispanic men have the lowest incomes.

Non-Hispanic white men had a median income of $37,373 in 2007. Nearly 35 percent had an income of $50,000 or more. Hispanic men, in contrast, had a median income of just $24,451, and just 14 percent had an income of $50,000 or more. The incomes of black men are slightly higher than those of Hispanics, and a larger 17 percent have an income of $50,000 or more. The incomes of Asian men are second only to non-Hispanic whites, with 34 percent having an income of $50,000 or more. Black men are less likely to work full-time than Hispanic or non-Hispanic white men. Only 46 percent of black men aged 15 or older have full-time, year-round jobs compared with 55 percent of non-Hispanic white men and 58 percent of Asian and Hispanic men. Among men working full-time, the median income of blacks is 71 percent as high as that of non-Hispanic whites. The Hispanic median is a much lower 59 percent of the non-Hispanic white median. ■ The incomes of Hispanic men are well below those of non-Hispanic whites, Asians, and blacks because many are recent immigrants with little education or earning power.

Among men, blacks have higher incomes than Hispanics (median income of men aged 15 or older who work full-time, year-round, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007) 60000

$51,465

$51,001 40000$40,000

$36,780 $30,454

20000$20,000

0

$0

120 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

INCOME

Table 4.6

Income of Men by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older with income, median income of those with income and of those working full-time year-round, and percent working full-time year-round, by income, race, and Hispanic origin, 2007; men in thousands as of 2008)

TOTAL MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income of men with income Median income of full-time workers Percent working full-time TOTAL MEN

Without income With income Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

115,678 10,889 104,789 13,989 16,953 15,483 13,877 10,420 8,291 5,814 4,677 3,066 2,273 9,949

5,414 705 4,709 639 645 646 536 426 338 278 276 156 144 625

13,370 2,389 10,981 2,307 2,145 1,691 1,559 997 747 482 345 196 122 390

16,837 2,228 14,609 2,135 3,548 3,168 2,143 1,209 809 513 330 201 127 425

79,100 5,483 73,617 8,760 10,470 9,834 9,518 7,703 6,323 4,493 3,717 2,491 1,871 8,438

$33,196

$36,729

$25,792

$24,451

$37,373

46,224

51,001

36,780

30,454

51,465

54.5%

58.5%

46.1%

58.0%

55.0%

100.0% 9.4 90.6 12.1 14.7 13.4 12.0 9.0 7.2 5.0 4.0 2.7 2.0 8.6

100.0% 13.0 87.0 11.8 11.9 11.9 9.9 7.9 6.2 5.1 5.1 2.9 2.7 11.5

100.0% 17.9 82.1 17.3 16.0 12.6 11.7 7.5 5.6 3.6 2.6 1.5 0.9 2.9

100.0% 13.2 86.8 12.7 21.1 18.8 12.7 7.2 4.8 3.0 2.0 1.2 0.8 2.5

100.0% 6.9 93.1 11.1 13.2 12.4 12.0 9.7 8.0 5.7 4.7 3.1 2.4 10.7

Note: Asians and blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Person Income Tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census .gov/macro/032008/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

121

Men’s Incomes Are Still Far Ahead of Women’s The income gap is shrinking along with men’s incomes.

The median income of men was 59 percent higher than the median income of women in 2007, but much of the gap stems from the differing labor force patterns of men and women. Men are more likely to have full-time jobs than women, boosting their median income. Among full-time workers, men make 28 percent more than women—down from 41 percent in 1990. In 2007, the median income of men who worked full-time stood at $46,224 versus women’s $36,167. The median income of women who work full-time is approaching that of men because men’s incomes have been growing much more slowly—and in recent years they have even declined. Between 1990 and 2007, the median income of men who work full-time increased by only 4 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of their female counterparts climbed by a much larger 14 percent during those years. Between 2000 and 2007, men’s incomes fell 1 percent while women’s incomes grew 3 percent. ■ The income gap between men and women will continue to shrink as younger, well-educated, career-oriented women replace older, just-a-job women in the labor force.

Women’s incomes are growing, while men’s are declining

60000

(median income of people aged 15 or older who work full-time, year-round, by sex, 2000 and 2007; in 2007 dollars)

$46,826

$46,224

oh-seve

40000 $40,000

$36,167

$35,065

20000 $20,000 100000

0

$0

men men

all 2000 dual 2007

75000

women women

50000

25000

0

122 AMERICAN MEN

oh-oh

with

w/out

INCOME

Table 4.7

Median Income of Full-Time Workers by Sex, 1990 to 2007

(median income of people aged 15 or older who work full-time, year-round, by sex, and index of men’s income to women’s, 1990 to 2007; percent change in income for selected years; in 2007 dollars)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2007 1990 to 2007

men

women

index of men’s income to women’s

$46,224 46,233 44,807 45,738 46,789 46,686 47,005 46,826 46,602 46,052 45,402 44,133 43,499 43,734 43,912 44,643 45,031 44,566

$36,167 35,982 35,321 35,254 35,684 35,694 35,627 35,065 34,054 34,115 33,527 32,812 32,121 32,186 31,749 31,989 31,541 31,666

128 128 127 130 131 131 132 134 137 135 135 135 135 136 138 140 143 141

–1.3% 3.7

3.1% 14.2

– –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median income of men by the median income of women and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

123

Men’s Earnings Rise with Education Those with professional degrees earn the most

Earnings rise in lock step with education. Knowledge of this fact is behind the decades-long increase in college enrollment rates. Among men working full-time, those who dropped out of high school earned a median of $29,317 in 2007. Those with a bachelor’s degree earned a median of $62,087, while the median of men with a professional degree topped $100,000. Among college-educated men working full-time, more than one-fourth had earnings of $100,000 or more. Among those with professional degrees (doctors, lawyers, etc.), more than 60 percent had earnings of $100,000 or more. ■ The spiraling cost of college tuition is one reason many men do not get a college diploma.

The more education, the higher the earnings

90000

(median earnings of men aged 15 or older who work full-time, year-round, by educational attainment, 2007)

$70,401 60000$60,000

$44,899

$49,042

$37,855 30000$30,000

0

$0

$29,317

higha school dropout

124 AMERICAN MEN

highb school graduate only

somec college

d associate’s degree

e degree bachelor’s or more

INCOME

Table 4.8

Earnings of Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 25 or older working full-time, year-round by earnings and educational attainment, and median earnings of those with earnings, 2007; men in thousands as of 2008)

total

Total men with earnings

9th to less than 12th grade, 9th grade no degree

high school graduate, incl. GED

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

1,125

58,161

2,142

3,455

17,229

9,867

5,248

20,220

12,963

4,800

1,332

755

59

116

259

141

66

114

88

22

1

2

$10,000 to $19,999

4,312

683

660

1,682

583

219

488

356

96

23

14

$20,000 to $29,999

8,067

684

988

3,384

1,366

578

1,068

830

190

18

28

$30,000 to $39,999

9,375

396

689

3,651

1,968

909

1,761

1,359

313

42

48

$40,000 to $49,999

8,072

131

398

2,945

1,563

899

2,136

1,626

401

61

47

$50,000 to $59,999

6,808

74

269

2,016

1,290

764

2,394

1,658

549

85

100

$60,000 to $69,999

4,877

44

109

1,194

949

566

2,017

1,329

482

95

111

$70,000 to $79,999

3,930

32

96

807

612

452

1,930

1,282

490

77

84

$80,000 to $89,999

2,562

3

37

416

413

294

1,398

902

354

60

80

$90,000 to $99,999

1,756

6

27

229

241

142

1,110

638

314

62

96

$100,000 or more

7,631

31

64

640

740

355

5,802

2,894

1,587

808

513

$47,004 $23,375 $29,317

$37,855

Under $10,000

Median earnings Total men with earnings

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

$44,899 $49,042 $70,401 $62,087 $76,284 $100,000 $92,089

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Under $10,000

1.3

2.8

3.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

0.6

0.7

0.5

0.1

$10,000 to $19,999

7.4

31.9

19.1

9.8

5.9

4.2

2.4

2.7

2.0

1.7

1.2

$20,000 to $29,999

13.9

31.9

28.6

19.6

13.8

11.0

5.3

6.4

4.0

1.4

2.5

$30,000 to $39,999

16.1

18.5

19.9

21.2

19.9

17.3

8.7

10.5

6.5

3.2

4.3

$40,000 to $49,999

13.9

6.1

11.5

17.1

15.8

17.1

10.6

12.5

8.4

4.6

4.2

$50,000 to $59,999

11.7

3.5

7.8

11.7

13.1

14.6

11.8

12.8

11.4

6.4

8.9

$60,000 to $69,999

8.4

2.1

3.2

6.9

9.6

10.8

10.0

10.3

10.0

7.1

9.9

$70,000 to $79,999

6.8

1.5

2.8

4.7

6.2

8.6

9.5

9.9

10.2

5.8

7.5

$80,000 to $89,999

4.4

0.1

1.1

2.4

4.2

5.6

6.9

7.0

7.4

4.5

7.1

$90,000 to $99,999

3.0

0.3

0.8

1.3

2.4

2.7

5.5

4.9

6.5

4.7

8.5

13.1

1.4

1.9

3.7

7.5

6.8

28.7

22.3

33.1

60.7

45.6

$100,000 or more

0.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Person Income Tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census .gov/macro/032008/perinc/new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

125

Chief Executives Are the Most Highly Paid Men Among women, pharmacists have the highest wages.

Male CEOs earned a weekly median of $1,918 in 2007, putting them at the top of the pay scale among men. The weekly wage of male chief executives is 25 percent higher than that of their female counterparts ($1,536). Among all full-time wage and salary workers, men earned a median of $766 per week and women earned a smaller $614. Among women, pharmacists earn the most, a weekly median of $1,603 in 2007. Male pharmacists earned an even greater $1,887, or 18 percent more than their female counterparts. Male physicians earned a median of $1,796 per week in 2007, making them the third most highly paid men. Among men, agricultural workers were at the bottom of the pay scale in 2007, earning a median of only $357 a week. Male food preparation workers earned only slightly more ($367). Female agricultural workers earned less than anyone else—$332 a week. While many assume sex discrimination explains the pay gap between men and women, a more important reason is that the average male worker is better educated and has been on the job longer than the average female worker. Typically, pay rises with education and experience. ■ The earnings gap between men and women will narrow in the years ahead as well-educated, career-oriented younger women gain job experience.

There is a big gap between the top- and bottom-earning men (median weekly earnings of men who work full-time, year-round who earn the most and the least, 2007) 2250

$1,918 1500

$1,500

750

$750

$357 0

126 AMERICAN MEN

0%

a ofﬁcers chief executive

b workers agricultural

INCOME

Table 4.9

Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Workers by Occupation and Sex, 2007

(median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers aged 16 or older by selected occupation and sex, and index of men’s to women’s earnings, 2007)

TOTAL FULL-TIME WORKERS AGED 16 OR OLDER

Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Marketing and sales managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Purchasing managers Education administrators Food service managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Managers, all other Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Other business operations specialists Accountants and auditors Personal ﬁnancial advisors Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Network systems and data communications analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Engineering technicians, except drafters Life, physical, and social science occupations Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Market and survey researchers Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists

men

women

index of men’s earnings to women’s

$766 1,187 1,261 1,337 1,918 1,332 1,511 1,596 1,452 1,581 1,374 1,371 731 1,414 970 1,063 1,307 1,131 794 992 898

$614 858 908 963 1,536 987 1,028 1,363 909 1,073 1,054 960 584 1,063 732 913 1,006 832 737 753 743

125 138 139 139 125 135 147 117 160 147 130 143 125 133 133 116 130 136 108 132 121

1,124 1,037 1,388 1,026 1,186 1,377 1,129 1,148 1,294 1,243 1,268 1,509 905 1,181 1,258 958 1,151 1,374 1,354 1,160 807 833 764 788

747 811 1,083 772 858 1,047 844 835 1,047 1,041 1,074 1,318 764 853 981 781 939 856 980 1,035 720 724 754 636

150 128 128 133 138 132 134 137 124 119 118 114 118 138 128 123 123 161 138 112 112 115 101 124

AMERICAN MEN

127

Legal occupations Lawyers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Designers Editors Health care practitioner and technical occupations Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Registered nurses Physical therapists Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Medical assistants and other health care support occupations Protective service occupations Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial work Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Personal care and service occupations Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents

128 AMERICAN MEN

men

women

index of men’s earnings to women’s

$1,579 1,783 1,007 1,239 938 1,001 860 987 920 894 979 1,156 1,887 1,796 1,098 1,247 1,049 1,050 687

$930 1,381 784 962 847 900 886 685 732 697 804 875 1,603 1,062 976 1,096 803 845 538

170 129 128 129 111 111 97 144 126 128 122 132 118 169 113 114 131 124 128

515 522 500 575 754 686 907 524 403 535 586 377 367 551 415 370 472 646 475 439 578 434 626

406 447 416 487 588 578 791 465 363 482 423 341 335 404 360 345 376 481 388 357 402 373 513

127 117 120 118 128 119 115 113 111 111 139 111 110 136 115 107 126 134 122 123 144 116 122

714 791 746 990 409 638 900 959 1,243

550 493 538 768 344 409 683 644 1,031

130 160 139 129 119 156 132 149 121

INCOME

men

women

index of men’s earnings to women’s

$939 976 1,027 422 851 619 803 586 666 608 574 503 562 649 812 929 885 514 448 694 628 511 509 584 719

$713 784 701 391 682 570 675 521 601 521 519 480 565 551 850 799 658 500 441 597 562 521 523 550 634

132 124 147 108 125 109 119 112 111 117 111 105 99 118 96 116 134 103 102 116 112 98 97 106 113

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Miscellaneous agricultural workers Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

674 382 357 648 750

539 348 332 573 726

125 110 108 113 103

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Production workers, all other Transportation and material moving occupations Bus drivers Driver/sales workers and truck drivers Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Packers and packagers, hand Material moving workers, all other

616 641 864 543 587 498 558 588 496 735 493 583 596 540 672 486 414 662

437 443 615 447 460 404 406 482 340 506 396 445 424 476 499 418 362 787

141 145 140 121 128 123 137 122 146 145 124 131 141 113 135 116 114 84

Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Sales and related workers, all other Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce and administrative support Bill and account collectors Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Customer service representatives File clerks Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce and administrative support workers, all other

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the median earnings of men by the median earnings of women and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Internet site ftp://ftp.bls.gov/ pub/special.requests/lf/aat39.txt; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

129

The Incomes of Male-Headed Households Are Falling Married couples have seen their incomes grow.

Between 2000 and 2007, median household income fell 0.6 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation. Income trends vary by household type, however. Male-headed families saw their median income fall by 2 percent between 2000 and 2007, to $49,839. The median income of men who live alone fell 3 percent during those years to $31,606. In contrast, married couples experienced a 2 percent rise in median income, the ﬁgure climbing to $72,785. The median income of male-headed families is only 68 percent as high as the median income of married couples—the most afﬂuent household type. Married couples have much higher incomes because most have at least two earners in the home. Nearly one in three households headed by a married couple has an income of $100,000 or more. ■ Behind the rising incomes of married couples are the dual-earners of the baby-boom generation, who are now in their peak-earning years.

Married couples are the most afﬂuent household type 90000

(median income of households with male heads, by household type, 2007)

$72,785 60000 $60,000

$49,839 $31,606

30000 $30,000

0

$0

130 AMERICAN MEN

marriedacouples

b families male-headed

c alone men living

INCOME

Table 4.10

Median Income of Households Headed by Men, 1990 to 2007

(median income of households headed by men by household type, 1990 to 2007; percent change, 2000–07 and 1990–2007; in 2007 dollars)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total households

married couples

male-headed families, no spouse present

men living alone

$50,233 49,568 49,202 48,665 48,835 48,878 49,455 50,557 50,641 49,397 47,665 46,704 46,034 44,636 44,143 44,359 44,726 46,049

$72,785 71,694 70,169 70,046 70,353 70,597 70,821 71,365 70,498 68,949 66,569 65,608 63,668 62,313 60,941 60,764 60,982 61,509

$49,839 48,414 49,659 49,418 47,303 48,073 47,684 50,756 51,978 50,069 47,187 46,922 45,302 42,157 42,176 43,887 46,039 48,523

$31,606 32,155 31,884 30,091 30,933 30,897 33,124 32,692 33,317 33,055 30,748 31,647 30,512 29,352 30,198 28,928 30,077 30,702

Percent change 2000 to 2007 1990 to 2007

–0.6% 9.1

2.0% 18.3

–1.8% 2.7

–3.3% 2.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—Households, Internet site http://www .census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/h09AR.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

131

Table 4.11

Income of Households Headed by Men, 2007

(number and percent distribution of households headed by men by income and household type, 2007; households in thousands as of 2008) families headed by men

nonfamily households headed by men

total

married couples

male hh, no spouse present

total

men living alone

Total households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

116,783 8,455 13,778 13,115 12,006 10,733 9,565 8,009 7,006 5,788 4,741 23,586

58,370 1,054 2,655 4,513 4,776 4,950 4,927 4,755 4,626 4,053 3,443 18,615

5,100 242 483 576 683 572 537 456 315 261 164 809

17,872 1,927 2,767 2,455 2,398 1,869 1,621 1,045 803 605 479 1,903

13,870 1,789 2,543 2,125 2,004 1,400 1,206 663 517 328 259 1,037

Median income

$50,233

$72,785

$49,839

$36,767

$31,606

Total households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

100.0% 7.2 11.8 11.2 10.3 9.2 8.2 6.9 6.0 5.0 4.1 20.2

100.0% 1.8 4.5 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 6.9 5.9 31.9

100.0% 4.7 9.5 11.3 13.4 11.2 10.5 8.9 6.2 5.1 3.2 15.9

100.0% 10.8 15.5 13.7 13.4 10.5 9.1 5.8 4.5 3.4 2.7 10.6

100.0% 12.9 18.3 15.3 14.4 10.1 8.7 4.8 3.7 2.4 1.9 7.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/hhinc/ new01_001.htm; calculations by New Strategist

132 AMERICAN MEN

INCOME

Married Couples Are the Nation’s Income Elite Dual-earner couples make the most money.

Married couples account for 79 percent of households with incomes of $100,000 or more. Most couples achieve this afﬂuence only because both husband and wife are in the labor force. Among all couples, median household income stood at $72,589 in 2007. Among couples in which both husband and wife work, median income is a higher $90,299. If both husband and wife work full-time, median income is a substantial $99,140. Nearly half of such couples have an income of $100,000 or more. Most husbands earn more than their wives. Fifty-seven percent of husbands earn at least $5,000 more than their wives. Twenty-six percent of wives earned more than their husbands in 2007, up from 16 percent in 1981. ■ The dual-income couples of the baby-boom generation have created record levels of afﬂuence. When boomers retire, household incomes will fall. 120000

Single-earner couples make much less (median income of households headed by married couples, by work status of husband and wife, 2007)

$90,299

80000

$80,000

$60,050 $51,313

40000

$40,000

0

$0

$31,838

husbandaand wife work

b only husband works

cwife only works

neitherdhusband nor wife works

AMERICAN MEN

133

Table 4.12

Income of Married Couples by Age of Householder, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple households by income and age of householder, 2007; households in thousands as of 2008) Total married-couple households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income Total married-couple households Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

58,370 1,054 2,655 4,513 4,776 4,950 4,927 4,755 4,626 4,053 3,443 18,615

1,224 53 136 181 226 186 155 98 84 21 26 57

8,994 144 370 653 811 947 914 921 895 687 528 2,126

12,989 179 380 595 756 906 1,105 1,147 1,132 1,038 859 4,893

13,842 195 300 544 679 921 1,011 1,066 1,153 1,201 982 5,791

11,144 236 465 654 808 856 908 861 846 709 710 4,091

10,178 247 1,005 1,888 1,500 1,135 833 663 516 396 339 1,656

$72,785

$40,706

$66,747

$82,390

$88,257

$79,000

$43,209

100.0% 1.8

100.0% 4.3

4.5 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.9 6.9 5.9 31.9

11.1 14.8 18.5 15.2 12.7 8.0 6.9 1.7 2.1 4.7

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

1.6 4.1 7.3 9.0 10.5 10.2 10.2 10.0 7.6 5.9 23.6

1.4 2.9 4.6 5.8 7.0 8.5 8.8 8.7 8.0 6.6 37.7

1.4 2.2 3.9 4.9 6.7 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.7 7.1 41.8

2.1 4.2 5.9 7.3 7.7 8.1 7.7 7.6 6.4 6.4 36.7

2.4 9.9 18.5 14.7 11.2 8.2 6.5 5.1 3.9 3.3 16.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/hhinc/ new02_019.htm; calculations by New Strategist

134 AMERICAN MEN

INCOME

Table 4.13

Income of Married Couples by Work Status of Husband and Wife, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple families by income and work experience of husband and wife, 2007; families in thousands as of 2008) husband and wife work

Total married-couple families

total

total

both work full-time

husband works, wife does not

wife works, husband does not

total

husband works full-time

total

wife works full-time

neither husband nor wife works

8,649

58,395

33,743

18,920

12,155

9,880

3,848

2,384

Under $10,000

1,064

77

9

191

62

101

15

695

$10,000 to $19,999

2,673

304

28

735

443

251

84

1,383

$20,000 to $29,999

4,533

807

160

1,264

919

482

237

1,981

$30,000 to $39,999

4,800

1,475

420

1,322

1,062

561

333

1,443

$40,000 to $49,999

4,963

2,182

874

1,424

1,167

468

286

891

$50,000 to $59,999

4,941

2,785

1,296

1,136

932

439

322

584

$60,000 to $69,999

4,746

2,979

1,556

961

818

357

249

450

$70,000 to $79,999

4,637

3,152

1,803

926

814

282

199

277

$80,000 to $89,999

4,051

3,019

1,831

618

528

217

149

195

$90,000 to $99,999

3,429

2,623

1,598

507

436

153

114

148

18,557

14,344

9,347

3,073

2,697

538

396

603

$72,589

$90,299

$99,140

$60,050

$62,558

$51,313

$57,255

$31,838

$100,000 or more Median income Total married-couple families

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $10,000

1.8

0.2

0.0

1.6

0.6

2.6

0.6

8.0

$10,000 to $19,999

4.6

0.9

0.1

6.0

4.5

6.5

3.5

16.0

$20,000 to $29,999

7.8

2.4

0.8

10.4

9.3

12.5

9.9

22.9

$30,000 to $39,999

8.2

4.4

2.2

10.9

10.7

14.6

14.0

16.7

$40,000 to $49,999

8.5

6.5

4.6

11.7

11.8

12.2

12.0

10.3

$50,000 to $59,999

8.5

8.3

6.8

9.3

9.4

11.4

13.5

6.8

$60,000 to $69,999

8.1

8.8

8.2

7.9

8.3

9.3

10.4

5.2

$70,000 to $79,999

7.9

9.3

9.5

7.6

8.2

7.3

8.3

3.2

$80,000 to $89,999

6.9

8.9

9.7

5.1

5.3

5.6

6.3

2.3

$90,000 to $99,999

5.9

7.8

8.4

4.2

4.4

4.0

4.8

1.7

31.8

42.5

49.4

25.3

27.3

14.0

16.6

7.0

$100,000 or more

100.0%

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/faminc/ new04_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

135

Table 4.14

Earnings Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups by earnings difference between husbands and wives and presence of children under age 18, 2007; numbers in thousands) couples without children under 18

total couples number

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

number

60,676

Husband earns $50,000 or more than wife

12,447

20.5

5,140

15.2

7,307

27.3

Husband earns $30,000–$49,999 more than wife

7,934

13.1

3,422

10.1

4,511

16.8

Husband earns $10,000–$29,999 more than wife

11,673

19.2

5,301

15.6

6,372

23.8

2,826

4.7

1,456

4.3

1,371

5.1

14,827

24.4

11,859

35.0

2,969

11.1

Wife earns $5,000–$9,999 more than husband

1,894

3.1

1,103

3.3

792

3.0

Wife earns $10,000–$29,999 more than husband

5,138

8.5

3,084

9.1

2,054

7.7

Wife earns $30,000–$49,999 more than husband

2,181

3.6

1,420

4.2

761

2.8

Wife earns $50,000 or more than husband

1,755

2.9

1,088

3.2

667

2.5

Husband earns within $4,999 of wife

100.0% 26,802

percent distribution

Total married couples

Husband earns $5,000–$9,999 more than wife

100.0% 33,874

couples with children under 18

100.0%

Note: Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2007, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

136 AMERICAN MEN

INCOME

Table 4.15

Wives Who Earn More than Their Husbands, 1981 to 2007

(number of married couples in which both husband and wife have earnings, number in which wives earn more than husbands, and percent of wives earning more than husbands, 1981 to 2007; couples in thousands as of the following year)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1987 1983 1981

wives earning more than husbands

husbands and wives with earnings

number

33,678 33,838 33,364 33,110 33,189 33,531 33,666 33,876 33,344 32,783 32,745 32,390 32,030 32,093 31,267 31,224 31,003 29,079 26,120 25,744

8,700 8,688 8,521 8,387 8,355 8,394 8,109 7,906 7,420 7,435 7,446 7,327 7,028 7,218 6,960 6,979 6,499 5,266 4,800 4,088

percent

25.8% 25.7 25.5 25.3 25.2 25.0 24.1 23.3 22.3 22.7 22.7 22.6 21.9 22.5 22.3 22.4 21.0 18.1 18.4 15.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Income Tables—Families, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/ histinc/f22.html

AMERICAN MEN

137

Male-Headed Families Have Average Incomes There is little variation in income by age of householder.

Male-headed families had a median income of $49,839 in 2007—almost equal to the $50,233 national median. Among families headed by men, those aged 65 or older have the lowest incomes—a median of $39,974 in 2007. Male family heads ranging in age from 25 to 64 have a median income of at least $50,000, the ﬁgure peaking at $53,038 among householders aged 45 to 54. Male-headed families include not only single parents, but also men living with adult relatives such as grown children, siblings, or aged parents. Families headed by young men are likely to include children, while those headed by middle-aged or older men are likely to include related adults. Many of the latter have two or more earners in the home, which boosts incomes. ■ The incomes of male-headed families rise and fall along with the fortunes of the nation’s men.

Nearly half of male-headed families have incomes of $50,000 or more (percent distribution of male-headed families by income, 2007)

50.1%

49.8%

under $50,000

$50,000 or more

40%

20%

0%

138 AMERICAN MEN

INCOME

Table 4.16

Income of Male-Headed Families by Age of Householder, 2007

(number and percent distribution of male-headed family households by income and age of householder, 2007; households in thousands as of 2008) Total male-headed families Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income Total male-headed families Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65+

5,100 242 483 576 683 572 537 456 315 261 164 809

817 49 87 110 120 97 71 62 60 33 22 105

1,196 40 113 156 162 124 154 121 73 59 31 163

1,061 33 91 91 148 123 129 111 57 65 30 184

1,065 59 86 98 138 122 82 86 86 63 41 198

513 27 53 51 46 53 64 46 30 28 15 98

449 34 54 68 68 52 36 31 9 10 25 60

$49,839

$43,188

$50,255

$52,017

$53,038

$52,137

$39,974

100.0% 4.7 9.5 11.3 13.4 11.2 10.5 8.9 6.2 5.1 3.2 15.9

100.0% 6.0 10.6 13.5 14.7 11.9 8.7 7.6 7.3 4.0 2.7 12.9

100.0% 3.3 9.4 13.0 13.5 10.4 12.9 10.1 6.1 4.9 2.6 13.6

100.0% 3.1 8.6 8.6 13.9 11.6 12.2 10.5 5.4 6.1 2.8 17.3

100.0% 5.5 8.1 9.2 13.0 11.5 7.7 8.1 8.1 5.9 3.8 18.6

100.0% 5.3 10.3 9.9 9.0 10.3 12.5 9.0 5.8 5.5 2.9 19.1

100.0% 7.6 12.0 15.1 15.1 11.6 8.0 6.9 2.0 2.2 5.6 13.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/hhinc/ new02_028.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

139

Older Men Who Live Alone Have Low Incomes Income peaks among the middle-aged.

The median income of the 13.9 million men who live alone stood at $31,606 in 2007. But incomes for this household type vary by age, with older men having lower incomes than those in middle age. Among men aged 65 or older who live alone, median income was just $22,215 in 2007. Most are widowers dependent on Social Security to make ends meet. In contrast, among men aged 35 to 44 who live alone, median income topped $40,000. More than one-third had an income of $50,000 or more. ■ The incomes of older men who live alone may fall in the years ahead as boomers with meager savings retire. 60000 �

For men living alone, income peaks in the 35-to-44 age group (median income of men who live alone, by age, 2007)

$40,000 40000

$20,000 20000

0$0

140 AMERICAN MEN

� �

�

�

�

under a 25

�

25 b to 34

35 c to 44

45 d to 54

55 e to 64

65 orfolder

INCOME

Table 4.17

Income of Men Living Alone by Age, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men who live alone by income and age of householder, 2007; households in thousands as of 2008) Total men living alone Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income Total men living alone Under $10,000 $10,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65+

13,870 1,789 2,543 2,125 2,004 1,400 1,206 663 517 328 259 1,037

844 158 196 229 108 70 46 16 3 10 0 9

2,362 210 289 402 465 269 269 143 86 62 27 137

2,321 240 285 307 323 278 291 129 125 64 66 215

2,866 417 341 387 413 335 263 161 126 95 71 258

2,561 417 440 299 333 225 200 142 110 52 62 279

2,917 348 992 500 360 222 137 73 67 45 32 140

$31,606

$22,507

$35,259

$40,151

$36,672

$32,687

$22,215

100.0% 12.9 18.3 15.3 14.4 10.1 8.7 4.8 3.7 2.4 1.9 7.5

100.0% 18.7 23.2 27.1 12.8 8.3 5.5 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.1

100.0% 8.9 12.2 17.0 19.7 11.4 11.4 6.1 3.6 2.6 1.1 5.8

100.0% 10.3 12.3 13.2 13.9 12.0 12.5 5.6 5.4 2.8 2.8 9.3

100.0% 14.5 11.9 13.5 14.4 11.7 9.2 5.6 4.4 3.3 2.5 9.0

100.0% 16.3 17.2 11.7 13.0 8.8 7.8 5.5 4.3 2.0 2.4 10.9

100.0% 11.9 34.0 17.1 12.3 7.6 4.7 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.1 4.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032008/hhinc/ new02_064.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

141

Poverty Has Increased among Men Since 2000 But men account for fewer than half the nation’s poor.

In 2007, males accounted for 44 percent of the poverty population—a ﬁgure only a bit higher than the 42 percent of 1990. Although the poverty rate among males was lower in 2007 than in 1990, the 11.1 percent rate of 2007 is substantially higher than the 9.9 percent rate of 2000. Among males in 2007, 22.2 percent of blacks, 19.6 percent of Hispanics, 9.6 percent of Asians, and 7.1 percent of non-Hispanic whites were poor. The male poverty rate peaks at 34.2 percent among blacks under age 18. The poverty rate of male-headed families has grown since 2000. Among male-headed families with children under age 18, the poverty rate increased from 15.3 percent in 2000 to 17.5 percent in 2007. The number of male-headed families with children in poverty increased 37 percent during those years. ■ Single-parent families will always be vulnerable to poverty because they are likely to have only one or even no earners in the home.

Among males, blacks are most likely to be poor

30

(percent of males living below poverty level, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007)

22.2%

20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

19.6%

9.6% 7.1%

142 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

INCOME

Table 4.18

Males in Poverty, 1990 to 2007

(number of people below poverty level, number and percent of males below poverty level, and male share of poor, 1990 to 2007; people in thousands as of the following year) males in poverty

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

total poor

number

37,275 36,460 36,950 37,040 35,861 34,570 32,907 31,581 32,791 34,476 35,574 36,529 36,425 38,060 39,265 38,014 35,708 33,584

16,302 16,000 15,950 16,399 15,783 15,162 14,327 13,536 14,079 14,712 15,187 15,611 15,683 16,316 16,900 16,222 15,082 14,211

percent

11.1% 11.0 11.1 11.5 11.2 10.9 10.4 9.9 10.4 11.1 11.6 12.0 12.2 12.8 13.3 12.9 12.3 11.7

share of poor

43.7% 43.9 43.2 44.3 44.0 43.9 43.5 42.9 42.9 42.7 42.7 42.7 43.1 42.9 43.0 42.7 42.2 42.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Poverty Tables—People, Table 7, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/perindex.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

143

Table 4.19

Males in Poverty by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(number and percent of males below poverty level by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2007; males in thousands as of 2008) total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

16,302 6,774 2,014 1,932 1,629 1,678 684 558 1,033 580 453

667 226 83 102 74 68 18 41 54 31 23

4,107 2,137 449 393 359 316 146 93 213 160 53

4,627 2,269 495 685 500 346 111 75 145 87 58

6,809 2,163 971 740 680 910 398 343 603 293 311

Number in poverty Total males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

Poverty rate Total males Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

11.1% 17.9 14.0 9.6 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.8 6.6 6.5 6.7

9.6% 12.4 12.4 8.8 6.2 7.3 5.2 16.4 9.7 8.6 11.7

22.2% 34.2 21.4 15.6 14.8 13.1 16.0 15.7 16.9 20.2 11.3

19.6% 28.4 18.8 15.4 13.7 14.0 14.1 13.5 13.3 13.1 13.6

7.1% 10.0 10.9 6.2 5.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 4.7 4.1 5.5

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2008 Current Population Survey, Detailed Poverty Tabulations, Internet site http://pubdb3 .census.gov/macro/032008/pov/new01_100.htm

144 AMERICAN MEN

INCOME

Table 4.20

Married Couples and Male-Headed Families in Poverty, 1990 to 2007

(total number of married couples and male-headed families, and number and percent below poverty level by presence of children under age 18 at home, 1990 to 2007; percent change in numbers, 2000–07 and 1990–2007; families in thousands as of the following year) married couples

male-headed families in poverty

Total families 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2007 1990 to 2007

total

number

58,395 58,964 58,189 57,983 57,725 57,327 56,755 56,598 56,290 54,778 54,321 53,604 53,570 53,865 53,181 53,090 52,457 52,147

2,849 2,910 2,944 3,216 3,115 3,052 2,760 2,637 2,748 2,879 2,821 3,010 2,982 3,272 3,481 3,385 3,158 2,981

3.2% 12.0

8.0% –4.4

in poverty percent

4.9% 4.9 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.7

– –

total

number

5,103 5,067 5,134 4,901 4,717 4,663 4,440 4,277 4,099 3,977 3,911 3,847 3,513 3,228 2,914 3,065 3,025 2,907

696 671 669 657 636 564 583 485 485 476 507 531 493 549 488 484 392 349

13.6% 13.2 13.0 13.4 13.5 12.1 13.1 11.3 11.8 12.0 13.0 13.8 14.0 17.0 16.8 15.8 13.0 12.0

43.5% 99.4

– –

19.3% 75.5

percent

(continued)

AMERICAN MEN

145

married couples

male-headed families in poverty

total

number

Families with children under 18 2007 26,450 2006 27,317 2005 27,147 2004 27,137 2003 26,959 2002 27,052 2001 26,931 2000 27,121 1999 26,694 1998 26,226 1997 26,430 1996 26,184 1995 26,034 1994 26,367 1993 26,121 1992 25,907 1991 25,357 1990 25,410

1,765 1,746 1,777 1,903 1,885 1,831 1,643 1,615 1,711 1,822 1,863 1,964 1,961 2,197 2,363 2,237 2,106 1,990

Percent change 2000 to 2007 1990 to 2007

9.3% –11.3

–2.5% 4.1

in poverty percent

6.7% 6.4 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.1 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.5 7.5 8.3 9.0 8.6 8.3 7.8

– –

total

number

2,700 2,659 2,609 2,562 2,456 2,380 2,325 2,256 2,200 2,107 2,175 2,063 1,934 1,750 1,577 1,569 1,513 1,386

471 461 459 439 470 395 412 345 360 350 407 412 381 395 354 353 297 260

17.5% 17.9 17.6 17.1 19.1 16.6 17.7 15.3 16.3 16.6 18.7 20.0 19.7 22.6 22.5 22.5 19.6 18.8

36.5% 81.2

– –

19.7% 94.8

percent

Note: “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Poverty Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

146 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE CHAPTER

5

Labor Force ■ Men’s labor force participation rate has fallen. Seventy-three percent of men aged 16 or older were in the labor force in 2007, down from 76 percent in 1990.

■ More than 80 percent of Hispanic men are in the labor force. Labor force participation rates are lower for Asians, blacks, and whites.

■ Dual earners are in the majority. Fifty-ﬁve percent of married couples are dual-earners, while 22 percent have only the husband in the labor force.

■ Job tenure has fallen among middle-aged men. The median number of years men aged 45 to 54 have been with their current employer fell from 9.5 to 8.2 years between 2000 and 2008.

■ Many men work in blue-collar occupations. Thirty-seven percent of men work in natural resources, construction, maintenance, production, or transportation occupations.

■ The number of older men in the labor force will rise sharply. The number of male workers aged 65 or older will grow by 78 percent between 2006 and 2016 as boomers ﬁll the age group.

AMERICAN MEN

147

Labor Force Participation of Men Continues to Fall Rate is increasing for the oldest men, however.

In 2007, just 73 percent of men aged 16 or older were in the labor force, down 2 percentage points since 2000. Men aged 55 or older were the only ones more likely to work in 2007 than in 2000. Since 2000, the labor force participation rate has plunged among 16-to-19-year-old men—down 12 percentage points to 41 percent. Behind the decline is the greater propensity for young men to enter college rather than go to work following high school. Labor force participation rates also fell among men ranging in age from 20 to 54. Men aged 55 to 64 saw their labor force participation rise from 67 to 70 percent between 2000 and 2007. Among men aged 65 or older, labor force participation climbed from 16 to more than 20 percent. Behind the rise in labor force participation among men aged 55 or older is the growing necessity for older Americans to postpone retirement to make ends meet.

■ The labor force participation of older men should continue to rise during the next decade as early retirement becomes less common.

Men’s labor force participation rate has fallen in all but the older age groups (percentage point change in labor force participation rate of men, by age, 2000–07)

5

2.3

percentage point change

0

2.8

0

–1.2

-5

–5

-10

–10

–0.4

–0.4

–3.9

–11.7

-15

16 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

148 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.1

Men’s Labor Force Participation by Age, 1990 to 2007

(civilian labor force participation rate of men aged 16 or older by age, selected years, 1990 to 2007; percentage point change, 1990–2007 and 2000–07) percentage point change 2007

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.2% 41.1 78.7 92.2 92.3 88.2 69.6 20.5

2000

74.8% 52.8 82.6 93.4 92.7 88.6 67.3 17.7

1990

2000–07

1990–2007

76.1% 55.7 84.3 94.2 94.4 90.7 67.7 16.4

–1.6 –11.7 –3.9 –1.2 –0.4 –0.4 2.3 2.8

–2.9 –14.6 –5.6 –2.0 –2.1 –2.5 1.9 4.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January, 1991, and Current Population Survey data for 2000 and 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

149

Unemployment Is Highest among Young Men Few middle-aged or older men are unemployed.

Although unemployment stood at a relatively low 4.7 percent for men as a whole in 2007, it was much higher among young men. Nineteen percent of men aged 16 to 17 were unemployed in 2007, as were 16 percent of those aged 18 to 19. Unemployment was less than 4 percent among men aged 35 or older. Labor force participation peaks at 93 percent among men aged 30 to 39. At this age, most men are focused on their career as they shoulder the ﬁnancial responsibilities of marriage and children. Men’s labor force participation falls below 90 percent in the 45-to-49 age group and continues to slide with age. Just 78 percent of men aged 55 to 59 are working, a proportion that drops to 59 percent among those aged 60 to 64. Only 34 percent of men aged 65 to 69 are in the labor force. ■ Unemployment is highest among the young because many are in low-paying, entry-level positions where job turnover is high.

More than 9 out of 10 men aged 25 to 44 are in the labor force

120

(labor force participation rates of men aged 16 or older, by age, 2007)

� 8080%

�

�

� �

4040%

� �

0 0%

16 a to 19

150 AMERICAN MEN

20 b to 24

25 c to 34

35 to d44

45 to e54

55 tof 64

65 orgolder

�

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.2

Employment Status of Men by Age, 2007

(employment status of men aged 16 or older by selected age group, 2007; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force

civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

112,173 8,618 10,291 19,858 20,910 21,313 15,658 15,525

82,136 3,541 8,095 18,308 19,299 18,801 10,904 3,188

Total men Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

112,173 4,658 3,960 10,291 10,336 9,523 10,247 10,663 11,125 10,187 8,807 6,851 4,986 3,825 6,741

82,136 1,354 2,187 8,095 9,441 8,867 9,531 9,768 9,995 8,806 6,848 4,057 1,710 810 668

percent of population

unemployed employed

number

73.2% 41.1 78.7 92.2 92.3 88.2 69.6 20.5

78,254 2,917 7,374 17,452 18,666 18,210 10,556 3,080

3,882 623 721 856 634 591 349 108

percent

4.7% 17.6 8.9 4.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.4

73.2% 29.1 55.2 78.7 91.3 93.1 93.0 91.6 89.8 86.4 77.8 59.2 34.3 21.2 9.9

78,254 1,091 1,827 7,374 8,943 8,509 9,221 9,445 9,677 8,533 6,628 3,927 1,651 781 648

3,882 263 360 721 498 358 311 323 318 273 219 129 59 29 20

4.7 19.4 16.5 8.9 5.3 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables .htm#empstat

AMERICAN MEN

151

Hispanic Men Are Most Likely to Work Black men are least likely to be in the labor force.

Eighty-one percent of Hispanic men are in the labor force—the highest labor force participation rate among racial and ethnic groups. The Hispanic rate exceeds that of Asians (75 percent are in the labor force), whites (74 percent), or blacks (67 percent). Among Asians, labor force participation is well below average for those under age 25 and above average for those aged 35 or older. Behind this pattern is the fact that most Asian men earn a bachelor’s degree, keeping them out of the labor force until they graduate from college. Once in the labor force, these well-educated workers remain in the labor force longer than average. ■ The labor force participation rate of black men is lower than that of Hispanics or whites in part because black men are more likely to be discouraged workers.

More than 80 percent of Hispanic men are in the labor force (labor force participation rates of men aged 16 or older, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007) 90

81% 75%

74% 67%

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

152 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.3

Men’s Labor Force Participation by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(labor force participation rates of men aged 16 or older by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2007) total

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.2% 41.1 78.7 92.2 92.3 88.2 69.6 20.5

Asian

75.1% 24.7 59.3 89.3 93.6 90.2 76.0 22.0

black

66.8% 29.4 71.1 86.1 86.3 78.6 54.4 17.3

Hispanic

80.5% 40.0 85.3 84.1 93.9 88.3 70.3 22.0

white

74.0% 44.3 80.9 93.4 93.1 89.6 71.2 20.8

Note: The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat

AMERICAN MEN

153

Most Working Men Have Full-Time Jobs Only 11 percent of working men are part-timers.

Eighty-nine percent of working men have full-time jobs. The proportion of men who work full-time rises from a low of 37 percent among men aged 16 to 19 to a high of 95 percent among those aged 25 to 54. The men most likely to work part-time are teenagers. Sixty-three percent of employed men aged 16 to 19 work part-time. Many are high school students and do not have time for full-time jobs. Among working men aged 20 to 24, a substantial 22 percent are part-timers because many are in college. Only 5 percent of men aged 25 to 54 work part-time. ■ Part-time work is desirable for some because it allows a more ﬂexible schedule. Men are most likely to want ﬂexibility when they are students or retirees. 90

Few men aged 25 to 54 work part-time (percent of men who work part-time, by age, 2007)

63%

60

60%

30

30%

22% 16% 5%

0

0%

154 AMERICAN MEN

16 a to 19

20 b to 24

25 c to 54

55 ordolder

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.4

Men Working Full- or Part-time by Age, 2007

(number and percent distribution of employed men aged 16 or older by age and full- or part-time employment status, 2007; numbers in thousands) Total employed men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

full-time

part-time

78,255 2,918 7,374 54,328 13,635

70,035 1,067 5,724 51,774 11,470

8,220 1,851 1,650 2,554 2,165

Percent distribution by employment status Total employed men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

89.5% 36.6 77.6 95.3 84.1

10.5% 63.4 22.4 4.7 15.9

100.0% 3.7 9.4 69.4 17.4

100.0% 1.5 8.2 73.9 16.4

100.0% 22.5 20.1 31.1 26.3

Percent distribution by age Total employed men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

155

Working Parents Are the Norm Few families can afford a stay-at-home mother.

In 2007, fully 62 percent of married couples with children under age 18 were dual earners. The proportion reaches nearly 68 percent among couples with school-aged children and is a smaller 56 percent among those with preschoolers. Couples in which the husband works while the wife stays home are in the minority but are still substantial in number. The husband is the only spouse employed in nearly 8 million couples with children under age 18 (or 30 percent). Among couples with preschoolers, the father is the only one employed in an even larger 38 percent. jobs.

Among all fathers with children under age 18, nearly all—89 percent—have full-time

■ With working parents now the norm, schools, churches, and other community organizations must reinvent themselves to meet the needs of today’s families.

Most married couples with children are dual earners (percent distribution of married couples with children under age 18 by parents’ employment status, 2007)

62% 60%

30%

30%

5%

3%

only mother employed

neither parent employed

0%

both parents employed

156 AMERICAN MEN

only father employed

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.5.

Labor Force Status of Married Couples and Male-Headed Families with Children under Age 18, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple and male-headed families with children under age 18 at home by employment status of parent and age of youngest child, by family type, 2007; numbers in thousands) age of youngest child total

aged 6 to 17, none younger

under age 6

25,125 24,459 16,855 15,627 1,228 7,614 666

13,823 13,435 10,126 9,341 785 3,309 388

11,302 11,024 6,729 6,287 442 4,295 278

2,177 1,855 322

1,314 1,115 199

863 740 123

Married couples with children under 18 One or both parents employed Mother employed Both parents employed Mother employed, not father Father employed, not mother Neither parent employed

100.0% 97.3 67.1 62.2 4.9 30.3 2.7

100.0% 97.2 73.3 67.6 5.7 23.9 2.8

100.0% 97.5 59.5 55.6 3.9 38.0 2.5

Male-headed families with children under age 18 Father employed Father not employed

100.0 85.2 14.8

100.0 84.9 15.1

100.0 85.7 14.3

NUMBER

Married couples with children under 18 One or both parents employed Mother employed Both parents employed Mother employed, not father Father employed, not mother Neither parent employed Male-headed families with children under age 18 Father employed Father not employed PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Characteristics of Families, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ famee.t04.htm

AMERICAN MEN

157

Table 5.6

Labor Force Status of Men by Presence of Children under Age 18 at Home, 2007

(number and percent distribution of men aged 16 or older by labor force status and presence and age of own children under age 18 at home, 2007; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force

TOTAL MEN

No children under age 18 With children under age 18 Children aged 6 to 17, none younger Children under age 6 TOTAL MEN

No children under age 18 With children under age 18 Children aged 6 to 17, none younger Children under age 6

employed

civilian population

total

total

full-time

part-time

112,173 82,489 29,684 16,384 13,299

82,136 54,134 28,002 15,269 12,733

78,255 51,039 27,216 14,866 12,350

68,034 41,752 26,282 14,378 11,904

8,219 7,286 933 488 446

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

73.2% 65.6 94.3 93.2 95.7

69.8% 61.9 91.7 90.7 92.9

60.7% 50.6 88.5 87.8 89.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Characteristics of Families, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ famee.t05.htm

158 AMERICAN MEN

7.3% 8.8 3.1 3.0 3.4

LABOR FORCE

Dual Earners Account for the Majority of Couples In 55 percent of the nation’s married couples, both husband and wife are in the labor force.

In nearly every age group, the majority of couples are dual earners. The dual-earner share reaches nearly 72 percent among couples aged 40 to 44. Only among couples aged 55 or older are dual-earners in the minority. Twenty-two percent of the nation’s married couples have only the husband in the labor force. This arrangement is most common among the youngest couples and account for 31 percent of those aged 20 to 29. In 16 percent of couples, neither husband nor wife is in the labor force—most of them are retirees. Neither spouse works in 59 percent of couples aged 65 to 74 and 83 percent of couples aged 75 or older. ■ As boomers age, a growing share of couples will have neither spouse in the labor force. 75

About one in ﬁve couples has only the husband in the labor force (percent distribution of married couples by labor force status of husband and wife, 2007)

55%

50

50%

25

25%

22% 16% 7%

0

0%

husbandaand wife in labor force

husband b only in labor force

wifeconly in labor force

neitherdspouse in labor force

AMERICAN MEN

159

Table 5.7

Labor Force Status of Married-Couple Family Groups, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2007; numbers in thousands)

total

husband and wife

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

60,569 1,458 4,130 5,614 6,636 7,024 14,204 11,129 6,321 4,054

33,305 888 2,667 3,766 4,555 5,040 9,961 5,363 878 187

13,290 456 1,282 1,638 1,785 1,644 2,942 2,416 857 270

4,025 60 119 139 187 198 806 1,419 878 220

9,951 55 63 70 109 143 495 1,931 3,709 3,377

husband and/or wife in labor force

Married couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Married couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

55.0% 60.9 64.6 67.1 68.6 71.8 70.1 48.2 13.9 4.6

21.9% 31.3 31.0 29.2 26.9 23.4 20.7 21.7 13.6 6.7

6.6% 4.1 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 5.7 12.8 13.9 5.4

16.4% 3.8 1.5 1.2 1.6 2.0 3.5 17.4 58.7 83.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2007, detailed tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

160 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Job Tenure of Middle-Aged Men Has Declined The biggest decline occurred among men aged 45 to 54.

The average man had been with his current employer for 5.2 years in 2008, up by 0.3 years since 2000. The only factor boosting job tenure is the aging of the labor force, because job tenure rose only in two age groups between 2000 and 2008. Median tenure fell among men ranging in age from 35 to 64. The biggest decline in job tenure occurred among men aged 45 to 54. Long-term jobs are becoming much less common for men under age 55. The proportion of men who have been with their current employer for 10 or more years fell by just 0.5 percentage points between 2000 and 2008. But among men ranging in age from 30 to 59, the drop was much larger. The biggest decline occurred among men aged 45 to 49, the ﬁgure falling by 5.5 percentage points since 2000. The postponement of retirement is behind the increase in long-term employment among men aged 65 or older. ■ The decline in long-term employment among the middle aged is due to structural changes in the economy. 15

�

Job tenure peaks in middle age

(median number of years male workers have been with their current employer, by age, 2008) 10 years 10

�

�

55 d to 64

65 oreolder

�

�

55 years

� 00 years

25 to a34

35 b to 44

45 c to 54

AMERICAN MEN

161

Table 5.8

Job Tenure of Men by Age, 2000 to 2008

(median number of years men aged 25 or older have been with their current employer by age, 2000 to 2008; change in years, 2000–08) 2008

Men, aged 25 or older Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

5.2 yrs. 2.8 5.2 8.2 10.1 10.4

2000

4.9 yrs. 2.7 5.3 9.5 10.2 9.0

change

0.3 yrs. 0.1 –0.1 –1.3 –0.1 1.4

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.9

Long-Term Employment among Men by Age, 2000 to 2008

(percent of men aged 25 or older who have worked for their current employer ten years or more by age, 2000 and 2008; percentage point change, 2000–08) 2008

Men, aged 25 or older Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older

32.9% 2.4 11.3 25.4 35.8 43.5 50.4 54.9 52.4 58.9

2000

33.4% 3.0 15.1 29.4 40.2 49.0 51.6 53.7 52.4 48.6

percentage point change

–0.5 –0.6 –3.8 –4.0 –4.4 –5.5 –1.2 1.2 0.0 10.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

162 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Men Dominate Most Occupations Blue collar jobs are overwhelmingly ﬁlled by men.

Although white-collar employment has been growing much faster than blue collar for decades, many men continue to work in blue-collar occupations. Thirty-seven percent of men work in natural resources, construction, maintenance, production, or transportation occupations. A smaller 33 percent are managers or professionals, while 30 percent are sales or service workers. Men account for 98 percent of electricians, 96 percent of aircraft pilots, and 95 percent of machinists. Men account for a small share of workers in many white-collar occupations. They are only 30 percent of human resource managers, for example, and just 36 percent of administrators in education. Men are only 36 percent of psychologists and 18 percent of social workers. In a few occupations, men and women are more evenly split, such as bartenders (46 percent male), bus drivers (48 percent), and postsecondary teachers (54 percent). ■ The earnings gap between the sexes is partly due to the different occupational choices of men and women.

Men choose different jobs from women 120

(male share of workers by selected occupation, 2007)

95%

93% 85%

80 80%

79%

40 40%

19% 8% 0 0%

a ﬁreﬁghters

b mechanical engineers

c clergy

dand chefs head cooks

e and elementary middle-school teachers

f registered nurses

4% g dental assistants

AMERICAN MEN

163

Table 5.10

Male Workers by Occupation, 2007

(total number of employed workers aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed men, and male share of total workers, by occupation, 2007; numbers in thousands) men percent distribution

share of total

total

number

146,047 51,788 21,577 15,486 6,091 30,210 3,441 2,932 1,382 2,265 1,668 8,485 2,789 7,248

78,254 25,593 12,375 9,686 2,688 13,218 2,560 2,511 792 890 809 2,267 1,489 1,913

100.0% 32.7 15.8 12.4 3.4 16.9 3.3 3.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 2.9 1.9 2.4

Service occupations Healthcare support Protective service Food preparation and serving related Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance Personal care and service

24,137 3,138 3,071 7,699 5,469 4,760

10,337 338 2,380 3,354 3,280 986

13.2 0.4 3.0 4.3 4.2 1.3

42.8 10.8 77.5 43.6 60.0 20.7

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related Ofﬁce and administrative support

36,212 16,698 19,513

13,264 8,424 4,840

16.9 10.8 6.2

36.6 50.4 24.8

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry Construction and extraction Installation, maintenance, and repair

15,740 960 9,535 5,245

15,078 759 9,276 5,043

19.3 1.0 11.9 6.4

95.8 79.1 97.3 96.1

Production, transportation, material moving occupations Production Transportation and material moving

18,171 9,395 8,776

13,983 6,563 7,420

17.9 8.4 9.5

77.0 69.9 84.5

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management Business and ﬁnancial operations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical Architecture and engineering Life, physical, and social science Community and social services Legal Education, training, and library Art, design, entertainment, sports, and media Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations

53.6% 49.4 57.4 62.5 44.1 43.8 74.4 85.6 57.3 39.3 48.5 26.7 53.4 26.4

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat; calculations by New Strategist

164 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.11

Men’s Share of Employed by Detailed Occupation, 2007

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force and men’s share of total employed, by selected occupation, 2007; numbers in thousands) total

TOTAL EMPLOYED Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Public relations managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Postmasters and mail superintendents Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Managers, all other Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, ex. agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Logisticians Management analysts Other business operations specialists Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Budget analysts Financial analysts Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers Financial specialists, all other

146,047 51,788 21,577 15,486 1,649 971 77 848 63 98 467 1,181 253 264 168 260 204 742 1,176 810 114 1,002 151 536 50 594 331 3,398 6,091 200 280 289 139 115 793 55 627 218 1,806 118 62 109 373 94 467 62 104 52

percent men

53.6% 49.4 57.3 62.5 74.4 72.5 43.8 61.2 46.2 67.3 72.2 45.4 29.7 83.3 59.7 82.8 77.5 74.5 91.9 35.9 92.0 55.7 49.4 30.1 45.9 49.5 34.2 63.5 44.1 48.5 44.5 38.2 49.4 84.6 28.9 59.2 55.7 28.6 38.1 74.2 33.9 65.7 68.3 28.8 47.3 42.9 37.8 39.5

AMERICAN MEN

165

total

Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Engineers, all other Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Physical scientists, all other Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Other life, physical, and social science technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Religious workers, all other Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians

166 AMERICAN MEN

30,210 3,441 825 526 907 332 104 214 383 87 2,932 240 123 75 382 79 347 161 296 349 187 420 92 1,382 92 152 118 98 119 159 185 62 151 2,265 686 673 317 422 57 110 1,668 1,001 68 347 253 8,485 1,261 667 2,943 1,158 363 732 215

percent men

43.8% 74.4 72.9 75.3 79.2 70.0 64.1 85.3 73.7 52.5 85.6 75.3 89.5 78.8 88.5 90.4 91.4 82.5 92.7 90.0 79.4 77.6 89.5 57.3 57.4 50.9 59.2 70.1 66.5 43.2 35.6 67.6 60.7 39.3 34.1 18.0 36.8 84.9 30.3 38.8 48.5 67.4 56.7 11.6 22.5 26.7 53.8 2.7 19.1 43.1 18.5 36.2 16.8

LABOR FORCE

total

Library technicians Teacher assistants Other education, training, and library workers Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Technical writers Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Therapists, all other Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians Opticians, dispensing Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians Other health care practitioners and technical occupations

52 974 78 2,789 227 852 149 253 170 51 84 132 163 51 179 73 89 173 7,248 62 184 100 247 888 87 2,629 79 212 97 122 123 56 332 156 287 162 462 533 83 54 124 53

Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Medical assistants and other health care support occupations Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives First-line supervisors/managers of ﬁreﬁghting and prevention workers Supervisors, protective service workers, all other

24,137 3,138 1,879 61 134 275 781 3,071 116 56 97

percent men

37.7% 8.5 30.3 52.9 47.1 45.3 69.5 63.7 68.5 75.6 57.9 36.7 50.5 52.2 40.5 32.0 88.4 52.5 26.4 83.2 71.8 12.4 46.7 70.0 29.9 8.3 14.4 31.8 33.1 2.0 23.5 51.6 24.1 0.8 30.8 73.5 22.0 6.8 7.0 37.0 27.9 60.6 42.8 10.8 11.7 32.6 10.9 3.7 9.4 77.5 85.5 90.8 74.2

AMERICAN MEN

167

total

Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers Lifeguards and other protective service workers Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers Barbers Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Residential advisors Personal care and service workers, all other Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents

168 AMERICAN MEN

percent men

288 444 135 669 86 891 144 7,699 345 610 1,939 681 375 302 323 1,978 182 392 281 284 5,469 319 234 2,080 1,427 77 1,332 4,760 139 157 140 111 51 160 102 778 223 60 148 1,341 766 331 64 90

94.7% 70.5 76.8 86.3 68.9 76.8 42.8 43.6 79.4 42.7 59.9 38.8 46.0 29.9 35.5 26.0 26.6 51.1 75.2 14.2 60.0 65.9 94.1 65.8 10.8 96.0 94.1 20.7 56.8 28.7 22.0 49.7 62.9 54.8 73.9 7.1 15.1 83.3 24.1 5.4 11.8 38.3 32.6 48.6

36,212 16,698 3,445 1,333 3,022 158 132 3,492 219

36.6 50.4 57.4 71.8 24.4 46.6 82.6 48.5 42.5

LABOR FORCE

total

percent men

Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Sales and related workers, all other Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce and administrative support workers Switchboard operators, including answering service Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Information and record clerks, all other Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce and administrative support workers, all other

538 398 111 590 1,442 75 1,050 160 265 227 19,513 1,629 50 216 442 1,490 181 472 99 1,917 68 403 118 141 113 155 102 1,441 144 101 254 286 172 364 84 258 539 1,512 68 3,401 160 449 214 283 123 1,097 603

54.6% 68.8 24.7 63.8 72.9 16.6 44.6 39.8 33.3 39.1 24.8 26.6 10.6 36.8 10.5 9.7 10.9 12.5 19.3 31.5 20.4 18.0 31.9 18.5 15.8 19.6 29.9 7.0 40.9 11.1 84.9 44.9 47.0 63.1 56.7 45.7 66.6 64.5 51.3 3.3 48.9 21.4 10.4 13.0 51.4 14.7 24.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Graders and sorters, agricultural products Miscellaneous agricultural workers Logging workers

15,740 960 81 683 88

95.8 79.1 35.9 80.7 98.5

AMERICAN MEN

169

total

Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons Carpenters Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers Construction laborers Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Glaziers Insulation workers Painters, construction and maintenance Pipelayers, plumbers, pipeﬁtters, and steamﬁtters Plasterers and stucco masons Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Other extraction workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electronic home entertainment equpiment installers and repaiers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small engine mechanics Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equpiment mechanics, installers, and repairers Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Home appliance repairers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Maintenance workers, machinery Millwrights Electrical power-line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers Production, transportation, and material moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers

170 AMERICAN MEN

9,535 918 233 1,824 258 112 1,771 411 232 912 52 52 714 697 82 269 143 88 117 107 109 50 5,245 330 318 203 62 64 126 155 879 365 226 68 88 403 51 426 488 55 75 103 227 58 61 198 18,171 9,395 941 205 1,071 192 281

percent men

97.3% 96.8 98.8 98.1 97.9 97.8 97.3 97.3 96.4 98.3 98.7 98.1 93.1 98.5 99.4 99.1 96.3 99.6 95.8 90.0 99.5 96.0 96.1 94.6 89.4 85.2 99.7 99.6 97.9 98.4 99.3 98.9 98.7 97.5 97.8 99.1 95.6 96.8 96.9 99.3 99.1 98.6 92.5 87.4 82.4 91.5 77.0 69.9 80.6 42.1 61.7 45.9 73.2

LABOR FORCE

total

Food batchmakers Computer control programmers and operators Cutting, punching, and press maching setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Tool and die makers Welding, soldering, and brazing workers Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other Prepress technicians and workers Printing machine operators Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Upholsters Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Sawing maching setters, operators, and tenders, wood Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Production workers, all other Transportation and material moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver/sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Motor vehicle operators, all other Locomotive engineers and operators Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

92 55 118 55 422 75 80 577 435 52 222 229 59 265 90 53 91 52 95 72 118 94 737 107 279 193 64 1,006 8,776 225 123 578 3,460 333 74 52 53 90 90 61 61 571 326 1,877 406 79

percent men

42.0% 91.3 78.4 86.8 94.8 81.9 98.0 94.4 71.1 53.2 82.8 43.6 27.8 18.4 24.7 85.1 93.5 90.9 98.7 93.8 87.5 75.6 60.5 56.0 42.9 89.0 43.6 69.5 84.6 79.7 95.8 48.4 94.7 84.6 89.6 94.5 94.1 84.6 93.0 99.4 97.8 94.1 87.0 81.4 35.6 93.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat

AMERICAN MEN

171

More than One in Four Men Work in Manufacturing or Construction Men account for the great majority of workers in both industries.

Men account for 54 percent of all workers, but the proportion varies greatly by industry. In some industries, workers are overwhelmingly male, while in others men account for a minority of the employed. Men account for 91 percent of construction workers, for example, and 70 percent of workers in the manufacturing industry. They are a 45 percent minority of ﬁnancial workers, however, and only 25 percent of workers in the education and health services industry. ■ Although employment in the service industries is growing among men, a large share continue to work in construction and manufacturing.

Men dominate the construction industry (percent distribution of workers in the construction industry, by sex, 2007) 9% women b 91% men

a

172 AMERICAN MEN

a b

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.12

Employment of Men by Industry, 2007

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older, number and percent distribution of employed men, and male share of total employed, by industry, 2007; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, and hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Wholesale/retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Other services except private households Private households Public administration

total

number

146,047 2,095 736 11,856 16,302 10,363 5,938 20,937 4,367 16,570 7,650 3,566 10,488 15,621 30,662 12,415 6,972 6,159 813 6,746

78,254 1,604 635 10,768 11,416 7,667 3,749 11,523 3,091 8,433 5,772 2,065 4,681 8,962 7,756 6,038 3,343 3,267 76 3,720

percent distribution

100.0% 2.0 0.8 13.8 14.6 9.8 4.8 14.7 3.9 10.8 7.4 2.6 6.0 11.5 9.9 7.7 4.3 4.2 0.1 4.8

share of total

53.6% 76.6 86.3 90.8 70.0 74.0 63.1 55.0 70.8 50.9 75.5 57.9 44.6 57.4 25.3 48.6 47.9 53.0 9.3 55.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

173

Many Older Men Are Self-Employed Few younger men work for themselves.

Eight percent of employed men were self-employed in 2007, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The bureau counts as self-employed only those whose longest job in the previous 12 months was self-employment. It does not include people who run their own business on the side. The proportion of male workers who are self-employed rises with age. Among those under age 25, only 2 to 3 percent are self-employed. The share rises to 13 percent among men aged 55 to 64, and stands at a substantial 20 percent of working men aged 65 or older. Self-employment rises sharply in the 65-or-older age group because the Medicare program provides their health insurance, allowing workers to experiment with entrepreneurship. Although the oldest men are most likely to be self-employed, only 10 percent of self-employed men are aged 65 or older. ■ As boomer men become eligible for Medicare, the number of self-employed should grow substantially.

Most self-employed men are aged 35 to 54 (percent distribution of men who are self-employed, by age, 2007)

19%

aunder 35

30% 55 or olderc

a b c

51% 35 to 54 b

174 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.13

Self-Employed Men by Age, 2007

(number of men aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent who are self-employed, and percent distribution of self-employed men by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) self employed

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total employed

number

78,254 2,917 7,373 17,452 18,666 18,210 10,556 3,080

6,543 55 201 961 1,498 1,834 1,370 625

percent of total

8.4% 1.9 2.7 5.5 8.0 10.1 13.0 20.3

percent distribution

100.0% 0.8 3.1 14.7 22.9 28.0 20.9 9.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

175

Alternative Work Arrangements Attract Older Men More than one in four employed men aged 65 or older have an alternative work arrangement.

Among the nation’s 74 million employed men, 12 percent have what the Bureau of Labor Statistics calls an alternative work arrangement. The bureau deﬁnes alternative workers as independent contractors, on-call workers, employees of temporary-help agencies, or workers provided by contract ﬁrms. These workers are considered alternative because they are not employees of the organization for which they perform their services, nor do they necessarily work regular schedules. Alternative work arrangements are most common among older men. Sixteen percent of men aged 55 to 64 are alternative workers, as are 27 percent of those aged 65 or older—most of them independent contractors. This category includes freelancers, consultants, real estate agents, and others who obtain customers on their own for whom they provide a product or service. Many independent contractors are self-employed. ■ Independent contracting will grow in popularity as baby-boom men age.

Alternative work arrangements become more common with age 30

(percent of employed men with alternative work arrangements, by age, 2005)

�

2020% �

1010%

�

�

35 d to 44

45 to e54

� � �

00%

16 a to 19

176 AMERICAN MEN

20 b to 24

25 c to 34

55 tof 64

65 orgolder

�

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.14

Men with Alternative Work Arrangements by Age, 2005

(number and percent distribution of employed men aged 16 or older by age and work arrangement, 2005; numbers in thousands) alternative workers

Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total employed

total in traditional arrangements

73,946 2,579 6,928 16,624 18,523 17,193 9,485 2,615

64,873 2,389 6,331 14,950 16,130 15,003 7,954 1,917

total

independent contractors

on-call workers

temporaryhelp agency workers

workers provided by contract ﬁrms

9,072 145 562 1,628 2,336 2,187 1,517 699

6,696 32 194 1,006 1,824 1,764 1,287 589

1,241 82 200 299 252 209 108 91

574 24 107 185 120 71 52 16

561 7 61 138 140 143 70 3

0.8% 0.9 1.5 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6

0.8% 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.1

Percent distribution by work arrangement Total men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

87.7% 92.6 91.4 89.9 87.1 87.3 83.9 73.3

12.3% 5.6 8.1 9.8 12.6 12.7 16.0 26.7

9.1% 1.2 2.8 6.1 9.8 10.3 13.6 22.5

1.7% 3.2 2.9 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 3.5

Note: Numbers may not add to total because “total employed” includes day laborers, an alternative arrangement not shown separately, and because a small number of workers were both on call and provided by contract ﬁrms. Independent contractors are workers who obtain customers on their own to provide a product or service, including the self-employed. On-call workers are in a pool of workers who are called to work only as needed, such as substitute teachers and construction workers supplied by a union hiring hall. Temporary help agency workers are those who said they are paid by a temporary help agency. Workers provided by contract ﬁrms are those employed by a company that provides employees or their services under contract, such as security, landscaping, and computer programming. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005, Internet site http:// www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.t05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

177

Middle-Aged Men Are Most Likely to Be Union Members Union representation is highest among men aged 45 to 64.

Union membership has been slipping for decades as employment in service industries— where unions have been slow to organize—outpaces employment in manufacturing. Only 14 percent of the nation’s 67 million male wage and salary workers are represented by unions. Union representation rises with age and peaks in the 45-to-64 age group. Only 6 percent of 16-to-24-year-old male workers are represented by unions. The ﬁgure rises to a peak of more than 18 percent among those aged 45 to 64. ■ If companies reduce health insurance and other beneﬁts to cut costs, union activity may increase. 24

More than 18 percent of men aged 45 to 64 are represented by unions (percent of male wage and salary workers who are represented by unions, by age, 2007)

� 1616%

�

� � �

88% �

00%

under a 25

178 AMERICAN MEN

25 b to 34

35 c to 44

45 d to 54

55 to e64

65 orfolder

�

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.15

Union Representation of Men by Age, 2007

(number of employed male wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, and number and percent represented by unions, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) represented by unions

Total men Aged 16 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total employed

number

67,468 9,959 15,994 16,070 15,040 8,286 2,119

9,494 627 1,884 2,501 2,745 1,532 205

percent

14.1% 6.3 11.8 15.6 18.3 18.5 9.7

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat

AMERICAN MEN

179

Most New Workers Will Be Men Men will also account for most of those leaving the labor force.

Between 2006 and 2016, according to labor force projections by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 37 million men and women will enter the labor force. Among them, 55 percent will be men and 45 percent women. Because there are more men than women in the labor force, and because the average male worker is older than the average female worker, men will leave the labor force in greater numbers than women. Men’s share of the labor force will fall slightly between 2006 and 2016, from 53.7 to 53.4 percent. The labor force will grow from 151 million to 164 million between 2006 and 2016. More than 20 million men will enter the workforce during the decade, while 14 million will leave. By 2016, the labor force will include nearly 88 million men. ■ With the majority of men and women in the labor force, balancing work and family has become a worker’s issue rather than a woman’s issue.

Men will account for more than half of new workers (percent distribution of labor force entrants by sex, 2006 to 2016)

45% women

55% men

a b

b a

180 AMERICAN MEN

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.16

Workers Entering and Leaving the Labor Force by Sex, 2006 to 2016

(number and percent distribution of people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2006 and 2016; projected entrants, leavers, and stayers by sex, 2006 to 2016; numbers in thousands)

Total workers Men Women

2006–16

total labor force, 2006

entrants

leavers

stayers

total labor force, 2016

151,428 81,255 70,173

37,305 20,447 16,858

24,202 13,921 10,281

127,226 67,334 59,892

164,231 87,781 76,450

Percent distribution Total workers Men Women

100.0% 53.7 46.3

100.0% 54.8 45.2

100.0% 57.5 42.5

100.0% 52.9 47.1

100.0% 53.4 46.6

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Projections to 2016: More Workers in Their Golden Years, Monthly Labor Review, November 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/11/contents.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

181

The Number of Older Men in the Labor Force Will Expand The labor force participation rate of the oldest men is projected to rise.

The labor force participation rate of all men aged 16 or older is projected to decline slightly between 2006 and 2016—down 1.2 percentage points as younger men’s participation drops because more will be in school. A small decline in labor force participation is also projected for middle-aged men. Among men aged 65 or older, however, labor force participation is projected to rise from 20 percent in 2006 to 27 percent in 2016 as the baby-boom generation postpones retirement. The number of male workers aged 55 to 64 will grow by a substantial 32 percent between 2006 and 2016. The number of male workers aged 65 or older will expand by an even larger 78 percent—rising by more than 2 million—as the baby-boom generation enters its late sixties. In contrast, the number of working men aged 35 to 44 is projected to decline 5 percent as the small generation X ﬁlls the age group. ■ As boomer men enter their sixties during the next ten years, the number of retirees will also grow rapidly.

Some age groups will have fewer workers (percent change in number of men in the labor force, by age, 2006 to 2016)

90

78.0%

60

60%

30

30%

31.9% 16.5%

0

-30

0%

–1.5% –20.9% 16a to 19

182 AMERICAN MEN

20b to 24

–5.3% c34 25 to

35 d to 44

–1.5%

45 e to 54

f 64 55 to

65 orgolder

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.17

Men in the Labor Force by Age, 2006 and 2016

(number and percent of men aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by age, 2006 and 2016; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate 2006–16; numbers in thousands) 2006

2016

81,255 3,693 8,116 17,944 19,407 18,489 10,509 3,096

87,781 2,923 7,992 20,913 18,373 18,205 13,865 5,511

percent change 2006–16

NUMBER

Men in labor force Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2006

PARTICIPATION RATE

Men in labor force Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.5% 43.7 79.6 91.7 92.1 88.1 69.6 20.3

2016

72.3% 36.8 76.4 95.7 91.7 86.6 70.1 27.1

8.0% –20.9 –1.5 16.5 –5.3 –1.5 31.9 78.0 percentage point change 2006–16

–1.2 –6.9 –3.2 4.0 –0.4 –1.5 0.5 6.8

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Projections to 2016: More Workers in Their Golden Years, Monthly Labor Review, November 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/11/contents.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

183

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS CHAPTER

6

Living Arrangements ■ Most men are married. The proportion of men who are married surpasses 50 percent in the 30-to-34 age group and peaks at 76 percent among men aged 65 to 74.

■ Divorce is highest among men in their ﬁfties. The oldest members of the baby-boom generation are most likely to have experienced divorce.

■ Male-headed single-parent families are a tiny share of households. Among the nation’s 116 million households in 2007, only 2 million were male-headed families with children under age 18.

■ Few men live alone. Men account for the majority of people age 25 to 49 who live alone. Among people aged 65 or older who live alone, men account for only 27 percent.

■ For most families, the nest is slow to empty. While only 44 percent of the nation’s married couples have children under age 18 living under their roof, 55 percent have children of any age at home.

■ Husbands and wives are alike in many ways. Most are within three years of one another in age, are of the same race, and are of equal educational attainment.

AMERICAN MEN

185

Most Men Are Married The married are a minority only among men under age 30.

The 53 percent majority of men are currently married and living with their spouse, while 33 percent have never married, 8 percent are currently divorced, and 2 percent are widowed. These proportions vary greatly by age. The never-married share of men falls from 87 percent in the 20-to-24 age group to just 32 percent in the 30-to-34 age group. The proportion of men who are currently married and living with their spouse surpasses 50 percent in the 30-to-34 age group. It rises with age to a peak of 76 percent among men aged 65 to 74. Even among men aged 85 or older, the 58 percent majority is married. Divorce is most common among men aged 50 to 54. Fifteen percent of men in the age group are currently divorced. Many divorced men have remarried, so these ﬁgures underestimate the proportion who have ever divorced. Few men are widowers. The proportion is in the single digits until the 75-or-older age groups. Among men aged 85 or older, 34 percent are currently widowed—well below the 76 percent among their female counterparts. Behind these differing numbers is the fact that men tend to marry slightly younger women, have a higher mortality rate than women at every age, and, if widowed, are more likely to remarry.

■ If men’s life expectancy increases, a smaller proportion of women will be widows. 75

Nearly one-third of men, most of them young, have not yet married (percent distribution of men aged 15 or older by marital status, 2007)

53% 50

50%

33% 25

25%

8% 0

0%

186 AMERICAN MEN

never a married

b married, spouse present

c divorced

2%

3%

d widowed

e other

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.1

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Total Men

(number and percent distribution of men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

114,480 4,003 10,406 10,433 9,569 10,398 10,774 11,093 10,190 15,460 8,727 5,365 1,332

37,496 3,919 9,041 6,009 3,100 2,389 1,827 1,638 1,260 1,056 372 206 39

60,676 39 1,059 3,758 5,406 6,531 7,077 7,221 6,900 11,450 6,602 3,854 770

1,968 16 105 183 267 281 249 252 174 197 109 90 31

2,012 17 107 181 171 257 246 338 199 282 134 32 5

9,633 12 84 296 616 901 1,320 1,551 1,528 2,140 837 293 32

2,695 0 10 5 10 40 55 91 128 335 674 890 454

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

32.8% 97.9 86.9 57.6 32.4 23.0 17.0 14.8 12.4 6.8 4.3 3.8 2.9

53.0% 1.0 10.2 36.0 56.5 62.8 65.7 65.1 67.7 74.1 75.7 71.8 57.8

1.7% 0.4 1.0 1.8 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.7 2.3

1.8% 0.4 1.0 1.7 1.8 2.5 2.3 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.4

8.4% 0.3 0.8 2.8 6.4 8.7 12.3 14.0 15.0 13.8 9.6 5.5 2.4

2.4% 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.2 7.7 16.6 34.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

187

Black Men Are Least Likely to Be Married The never-married outnumber the married among black men.

Only 36 percent of black men aged 18 or older are currently married and living with their wife. Non-Hispanic white men and Asian men are most likely to be married, at 57 percent. A smaller 44 percent of Hispanic men are married and living with their wife. Forty-seven percent of black men and 41 percent of Hispanic men have never married. In contrast, among non-Hispanic white men, only 29 percent have never married. Among Asians, the ﬁgure is 34 percent. Asian men are far less likely to be currently divorced (3 percent) than other men. The ﬁgures are 6 percent for Hispanics, and 9 percent for non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Eighteen percent of black men aged 50 to 54 are currently divorced. Older black men are more likely to be widowed than other men. Among black men aged 85 or older, 49 percent are widowed. This compares with 41 percent of their Hispanic counterparts, 33 percent of non-Hispanic whites, and just 18 percent of Asians. ■ Differences in marital status by race and Hispanic origin give rise to differences in lifestyles, wants, and needs.

Most Asian and non-Hispanic white men are married

75

(percent of men who are currently married and living with their spouse, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007)

57% 50

57%

50%

44% 36%

25

25%

0

0%

188 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.2

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Asian Men

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2007; numbers in thousands)

total

never married

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

5,088 148 464 542 574 597 545 472 435 583 271 167 57

1,735 148 445 414 184 122 67 60 25 27 4 4 2

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

34.1% 100.0 95.9 76.4 32.1 20.4 12.3 12.7 5.7 4.6 1.5 2.4 3.5

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

2,921 0 15 111 351 415 431 327 361 495 231 140 44

193 0 4 15 30 27 24 50 18 11 8 5 1

50 0 0 1 4 11 3 9 4 11 5 2 0

131 0 0 2 6 20 19 24 22 27 10 2 0

58 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 4 11 12 15 10

3.8% 0.0 0.9 2.8 5.2 4.5 4.4 10.6 4.1 1.9 3.0 3.0 1.8

1.0% 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.8 0.6 1.9 0.9 1.9 1.8 1.2 0.0

2.6% 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 3.4 3.5 5.1 5.1 4.6 3.7 1.2 0.0

57.4% 0.0 3.2 20.5 61.1 69.5 79.1 69.3 83.0 84.9 85.2 83.8 77.2

1.1% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.9 4.4 9.0 17.5

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being Asian alone and those who identiy themselves as being Asian in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

189

Table 6.3

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Black Men

(number and percent distribution of black men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total black men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

12,706 595 1,390 1,288 1,099 1,151 1,226 1,240 1,064 1,401 786 354 67

5,911 577 1,278 956 551 396 370 260 228 192 65 15 1

4,619 3 63 237 423 536 590 731 530 808 458 209 26

263 0 19 28 33 18 41 30 34 25 21 8 3

445 9 15 41 29 47 37 67 53 82 46 7 0

1,130 6 5 25 63 140 175 144 189 237 104 34 5

338 0 10 1 0 14 13 8 29 58 92 81 33

2.1% 0.0 1.4 2.2 3.0 1.6 3.3 2.4 3.2 1.8 2.7 2.3 4.5

3.5% 1.5 1.1 3.2 2.6 4.1 3.0 5.4 5.0 5.9 5.9 2.0 0.0

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

46.5% 97.0 91.9 74.2 50.1 34.4 30.2 21.0 21.4 13.7 8.3 4.2 1.5

36.4% 0.5 4.5 18.4 38.5 46.6 48.1 59.0 49.8 57.7 58.3 59.0 38.8

8.9% 1.0 0.4 1.9 5.7 12.2 14.3 11.6 17.8 16.9 13.2 9.6 7.5

2.7% 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.2 1.1 0.6 2.7 4.1 11.7 22.9 49.3

Note: Blacks include those who identify themselves as being black alone and those who identiy themselves as being black in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

190 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.4

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Hispanic Men

(number and percent distribution of Hispanic men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total Hispanic men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total Hispanic men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

16,430 738 1,957 2,349 2,078 1,917 1,616 1,272 1,070 1,264 619 325 90

6,725 713 1,587 1,271 678 465 307 220 190 103 46 17 7

7,310 16 290 890 1,110 1,109 994 756 627 841 423 220 33

821 3 49 103 150 157 123 77 60 65 17 6 4

411 4 20 41 41 65 60 63 35 47 19 5 3

937 1 11 42 93 112 129 143 148 177 60 12 6

226 0 0 2 6 9 2 12 9 29 54 64 37

5.0% 0.4 2.5 4.4 7.2 8.2 7.6 6.1 5.6 5.1 2.7 1.8 4.4

2.5% 0.5 1.0 1.7 2.0 3.4 3.7 5.0 3.3 3.7 3.1 1.5 3.3

5.7% 0.1 0.6 1.8 4.5 5.8 8.0 11.2 13.8 14.0 9.7 3.7 6.7

1.4% 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.8 2.3 8.7 19.7 41.1

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

40.9% 96.6 81.1 54.1 32.6 24.3 19.0 17.3 17.8 8.1 7.4 5.2 7.8

44.5% 2.2 14.8 37.9 53.4 57.9 61.5 59.4 58.6 66.5 68.3 67.7 36.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

191

Table 6.5

Marital Status of Men by Age, 2007: Non-Hispanic White Men

(number and percent distribution of non-Hispanic white men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total non-Hispanic white men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older Total non-Hispanic white men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 to 84 Aged 85 or older

total

never married

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

78,599 2,417 6,398 6,123 5,668 6,626 7,248 7,948 7,470 12,027 6,937 4,467 1,111

22,466 2,377 5,552 3,293 1,640 1,377 1,054 1,072 798 734 260 167 30

45,102 20 682 2,478 3,442 4,415 4,974 5,319 5,287 9,159 5,405 3,252 665

682 11 31 40 50 69 73 95 63 93 58 70 22

1,078 4 66 93 93 133 144 194 102 143 65 19 2

7,235 4 66 217 438 616 964 1,202 1,139 1,666 646 238 20

2,037 0 1 2 4 15 40 66 81 232 502 721 372

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

28.6% 98.3 86.8 53.8 28.9 20.8 14.5 13.5 10.7 6.1 3.7 3.7 2.7

57.4% 0.8 10.7 40.5 60.7 66.6 68.6 66.9 70.8 76.2 77.9 72.8 59.9

0.9% 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.6 2.0

1.4% 0.2 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.4 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.2

9.2% 0.2 1.0 3.5 7.7 9.3 13.3 15.1 15.2 13.9 9.3 5.3 1.8

2.6% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.9 7.2 16.1 33.5

Note: Non-Hispanic whites are those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

192 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Divorce Is Highest among Men in Their Fifties More than one in four have been married at least twice.

Nearly 38 percent of men aged 50 to 59 have experienced divorce, according to a Census Bureau study of marriage and divorce. The analysis, based on data through 2004, shows that a smaller 30 percent of men aged 40 to 49 and 34 percent of men aged 60 to 69 have ever divorced. Among men aged 70 or older, divorce is much less common. Only 21 percent have ever divorced. Divorce also is less common among men under age 40, in part because they have not had as much time to get divorced. Despite all the divorce, most men aged 30 or older have married only once and are still married. The percentage of men who have married at least twice peaks at 28 percent in the 50-to-69 age groups. Nearly 8 percent of men in their sixties have married at least three times. ■ One reason for the high divorce rate among men in their ﬁfties and sixties may be the

Divorce is less common among the oldest men 45

(percent of men who have ever divorced, by age, 2004)

�

� � 3030%

�

� 1515%

�

� �

00%

� 20 to a24

25 to b29

30 c to 34

35 d to 39

40 e to 49

50 to f 59

60g to 69

70 orholder

AMERICAN MEN

193

Table 6.6

Marital History of Men by Age, 2004

(number of men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) TOTAL MEN, NUMBER TOTAL MEN, PERCENT

total

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 29

30 to 34

35 to 39

40 to 49

50 to 59

60 to 69

70+

109,830

10,473

10,022

9,511

9,848

10,121

21,857

17,352

10,571

10,075

100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Never married

31.2

98.1

84.0

53.6

30.3

20.2

14.1

8.7

4.8

3.2

Ever married

68.8

1.9

16.0

46.4

69.7

79.8

85.9

91.3

95.2

96.8

Married once

54.0

1.9

15.9

44.3

62.4

68.1

66.8

63.4

66.8

74.9

Still married

43.8

1.5

14.4

39.7

54.4

56.6

52.8

50.3

54.7

55.1

Married twice

11.8

0.0

0.1

2.0

6.7

10.3

15.7

21.3

20.6

17.0

Still married

9.2

0.0

0.1

1.9

6.0

8.5

12.5

16.1

16.1

12.6

3.1

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.6

1.4

3.3

6.6

7.7

4.9

Still married

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.4

1.2

2.7

5.1

5.6

3.1

Ever divorced

20.7

0.1

0.8

5.1

13.1

20.7

30.3

37.5

34.1

20.6

9.3

0.1

0.7

3.2

6.6

10.9

14.7

16.2

13.0

6.2

3.6

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.6

1.1

2.8

7.1

23.8

2.5

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.4

0.6

1.4

4.2

18.9

Married three or more times

Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables.html

194 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Few Children Live with Their Father Only Seven times as many children live with mom.

The proportion of children who live with only one parent stood at 26 percent in 2007, most with their mother. Overall, nearly 17 million children (23 percent) live only with their mother, while just over 2 million (3 percent) live only with their father. Another 3 percent of children live with neither parent. Asian children are most likely to live with both parents (87 percent). The majority of non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children also live in two-parent homes (79 and 70 percent, respectively). Among black children, single parents are the norm. Fifty-four percent of black children live in a single-parent family, almost always with their mother. Only 39 percent of black children live in a two-parent home. Black children are more likely than others to live with neither parent—7 percent of black children do not live with a parent compared with 2 to 4 percent of children from other racial and ethnic groups. ■ Although few children live only with their father, the number of men heading singleparent families is growing.

Most children still live in a two-parent family (percent distribution of children under age 18 by living arrangement, 2007)

3% 3% live with live with neither parent d father onlyc

a

23% live with mother only b

71% b live with both parents c

d

a

AMERICAN MEN

195

Table 6.7

Living Arrangements of Children by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(number and percent distribution of children under age 18 by race and Hispanic origin of child and living arrangement, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total children Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

total

living with both parents

living with mother only

living with father only

living with neither parent

73,746 2,953 11,310 15,113 42,261

52,153 2,576 4,465 10,557 33,228

16,658 265 5,677 3,700 6,455

2,388 48 405 419 1,533

2,545 63 764 537 1,046

Percent distribution by living arrangement Total children Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

70.7% 87.2 39.5 69.9 78.6

22.6% 9.0 50.2 24.5 15.3

3.2% 1.6 3.6 2.8 3.6

3.5% 2.1 6.8 3.6 2.5

Note: Numbers do not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race, not all races are shown, and some children may be of more than one race. Asians and blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Non-Hispanic whites include only those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

196 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.8

Children Living with Their Father Only by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(number and percent distribution of children under age 18 living with their father only by race and Hispanic origin of child and marital status of father, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Total children living with father only Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

total

never married

separated

divorced

widowed

married, spouse absent

2,388 48 405 419 1,533

526 6 175 105 207

311 2 48 45 211

1,283 24 142 118 962

136 6 28 20 77

132 10 12 29 76

22.0% 12.5 43.2 25.1 13.5

13.0% 4.2 11.9 10.7 13.8

5.7% 12.5 6.9 4.8 5.0

5.5% 20.8 3.0 6.9 5.0

Percent distribution by marital status of father Total children living with father only Asian Black Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

53.7% 50.0 35.1 28.2 62.8

Note: Numbers do not add to total because Hispanics may be of any race, not all races are shown, and some children may be of more than one race. Asians and blacks include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Non-Hispanic whites include only those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

197

Most Men Are Married Householders Many younger men live with their parents.

Among the nation’s 114 million men aged 15 or older, 73 percent head households as husbands, male family heads, single-person householders, or householders living with nonrelatives. Fifty-three percent of men aged 15 or older are married householders, the most common living arrangement. Living with mom and dad ranks second, with 17 percent of men living at home. Twelve percent of men live alone. Living arrangements vary greatly by age. The proportion of men who live with their parents falls from 89 percent among 15-to-17-year-olds to 47 percent among 20-to-24-yearolds. The proportion is a substantial 18 percent among men aged 25 to 29, falling below 10 percent among those aged 30 or older. Conversely, the proportion of men who are married householders rises from just 10 percent among men aged 20 to 24 to a peak of 76 percent among men aged 65 to 74. In the oldest age group, the proportion of men who are married householders falls to 58 percent, while 31 percent live alone. ■ Among young adults, men are more likely than women to live with their parents because men marry at an older age.

Most men head households (percent distribution of men aged 15 or older by householder status, 2007)

27% not a householderb

73% householder

b

a

198 AMERICAN MEN

a

Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2007

50 to 54

55 to 64

27.4 17.0 3.9 6.5

Nonhouseholder Child of householder Other relative of householder Living with nonrelatives

98.2 89.2 7.0 2.0

1.7 1.6 0.1 0.0 91.8 75.1 9.9 6.8

7.2 3.9 1.7 1.7 69.8 46.8 8.0 15.0

20.0 5.7 7.0 7.4

7,262 4,872 834 1,556

37.0 18.2 5.5 13.3

27.0 6.4 12.9 7.6

3,862 1,904 569 1,389

23.3 9.9 3.9 9.6

20.2 5.0 10.5 4.7

2,234 945 372 917

1,930 479 1,001 450

19.2 7.8 3.4 8.0

18.0 4.5 10.4 3.1

2,001 816 353 832

1,867 466 1,078 323

14.3 5.4 2.7 6.1

20.0 5.2 12.0 2.8

1,539 586 291 662

2,158 565 1,288 305

14.2 6.1 3.1 5.0

20.7 5.4 12.9 2.4

1,580 682 343 555

2,293 601 1,429 263

12.2 4.1 2.9 5.1

20.1 4.6 12.9 2.6

1,243 421 299 523

2,047 465 1,319 263

5.3 1.2 1.6 2.5

20.6 3.5 15.1 2.1

820 184 249 387

3,189 535 2,331 323

15,460 11,450 7,408 4,042

65 to 74

3.6 0.2 1.5 1.9

20.8 2.5 16.7 1.6

310 14 134 162

1,816 215 1,459 142

8,727 6,602 4,233 2,369

75 to 84

3.4 0.0 2.3 1.1

24.7 3.4 19.7 1.6

185 0 125 60

1,326 182 1,056 88

5,365 3,854 2,555 1,299

85+

6.6 0.0 5.9 0.8

35.6 2.9 31.5 1.3

88 0 78 10

474 38 419 17

1,332 770 499 271

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007 .html; calculations by New Strategist

19.6 4.4 11.8 3.3

Other householder Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

Married-couple householder or spouse Married-couple householder Spouse of householder

3,675 3,008 396 271

2,813 665 1,350 798

10,190 6,900 4,145 2,755

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 53.0 0.1 1.0 10.2 36.0 56.5 62.8 65.7 65.1 67.7 74.1 75.7 71.8 57.8 32.2 0.1 0.2 5.4 19.9 31.7 36.6 38.7 38.9 40.7 47.9 48.5 47.6 37.5 20.8 0.0 0.8 4.8 16.1 24.8 26.2 27.0 26.2 27.0 26.1 27.1 24.2 20.3

45 to 49

11,093 7,221 4,318 2,903

TOTAL MEN

6,609 6,002 470 137

2,085 591 725 769

40 to 44

10,774 7,077 4,166 2,911

31,403 19,433 4,509 7,461

290 155 68 67

35 to 39

10,398 6,531 3,805 2,726

Nonhouseholder Child of householder Other relative of householder Living with nonrelatives

113 105 6 2

9,569 5,406 3,035 2,371

30 to 34

22,401 5,063 13,528 3,810

25 to 29

10,433 3,758 2,074 1,684

Other householder Male family householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

20 to 24

10,406 1,059 558 501

Married-couple householder or spouse Married-couple householder Spouse of householder

18 to 19

4,003 39 8 31

15 to 17

6,730 8 5 3

total

TOTAL MEN

114,480 60,676 36,808 23,868

(number and percent distribution of men aged 15 or older by living arrangement and age, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Table 6.9

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

AMERICAN MEN

199

Women Outnumber Men among People Who Live Alone Men account for the majority in some age groups, however.

Thirty-one million Americans lived alone in 2007, only 43 percent of them men. Men account for the majority of people who live alone spanning the ages from 25 to 49, however. In older age groups, few of those who live alone are men. Among people aged 65 or older who live alone, men account for only 27 percent. Overall, 12 percent of men live by themselves. The proportion of men who live alone varies little by age, ranging from 10 to 16 percent from ages 25 through 69. The ﬁgure is a somewhat higher 22 percent among men aged 75 or older, but far below the 49 percent of women in the age group who live alone. Behind these differing ﬁgures is the fact that most women marry slightly older men and men have a higher mortality rate at every age than women, making widowhood more common for women than men. ■ The needs of men who live alone are starkly different from the needs of women who live alone because the former are younger and more likely to be in the labor force.

Most men who live alone are under age 50 (percent distribution of men who live alone, by age, 2007)

22% 65 or older

17% 50 to 64

200 AMERICAN MEN

61% under 50

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.10

People Who Live Alone by Age and Sex, 2007

(number of people aged 15 or older who live alone by age and sex, and men as a share of people who live alone, 2007; numbers in thousands) men

Total people who live alone Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

women

number

31,132 1,597 2,265 1,665 1,647 2,079 2,678 2,716 2,923 2,695 10,866 2,200 2,153 6,513

17,604 799 915 664 569 791 1,249 1,397 1,644 1,644 7,932 1,435 1,459 5,038

13,528 798 1,350 1,001 1,078 1,288 1,429 1,319 1,279 1,051 2,934 765 694 1,475

share of total living alone

43.4% 50.0 59.6 60.1 65.5 62.0 53.4 48.6 43.8 39.0 27.0 34.8 32.2 22.6

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet sites http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/perinc/ new01_001.htm and http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/hhinc/new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

201

Table 6.11

Men Who Live Alone by Age, 2007

(total number of men aged 15 or older, and number and percent who live alone, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) men living alone

Total men Aged 15 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

114,576 21,156 10,440 9,584 10,402 10,779 11,100 10,195 8,879 6,599 15,443 5,013 3,726 6,703

13,528 798 1,350 1,001 1,078 1,288 1,429 1,319 1,279 1,051 2,934 765 694 1,475

share of total men

11.8% 3.8 12.9 10.4 10.4 11.9 12.9 12.9 14.4 15.9 19.0 15.3 18.6 22.0

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet sites http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/perinc/ new01_001.htm and http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/hhinc/new02_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

202 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Married Couples Are Shrinking as a Share of Households They accounted for only 51 percent of households in 2007.

The proportion of households headed by married couples fell from 53 to 51 percent between 2000 and 2007, because the number of married couples is growing much more slowly than other household types. Between 2000 and 2007, the number of couples increased just 7 percent. The number of couples with children under age 18 at home grew only 4 percent during those years. Only 4 percent of households are families headed by men. The number of male-headed families grew rapidly between 2000 and 2007, however, rising by 26 percent to more than 5 million. The number of male-headed families with children under age 18 increased 13 percent. Despite the rapid growth, there were only 2 million male-headed families with children in 2007, well below the 9 million female-headed single-parent families. The number of men who live alone grew 21 percent between 2000 and 2007 compared with a smaller 13 percent rise in the number of women living alone. Behind the slower growth in female-headed single-person households is their older age. Most women who live alone are aged 55 or older, an age group whose growth has slowed as the small generation born during the Depression enters its seventies and eighties. ■ During the past few decades, household diversity has increased for women more than for men.

Among households headed by men, married couples grew the slowest (percent change in number of households headed by men, by household type, 2000 to 2007) 30

26% 21%

20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

7%

marriedacouples

b families male-headed

c alone men living

AMERICAN MEN

203

Table 6.12

Households by Type, 2000 and 2007

(number and percent distribution of households by household type, 2000 and 2007; percent change in number, 2000–07; numbers in thousands) 2007 number

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

2000 percent distribution

number

percent distribution

116,011 78,425 58,945 26,158 14,416 8,585 5,063 2,015

100.0% 67.6 50.8 22.5 12.4 7.4 4.4 1.7

104,705 72,025 55,311 25,248 12,687 7,571 4,028 1,786

100.0% 68.8 52.8 24.1 12.1 7.2 3.8 1.7

37,587 20,249 17,604 17,338 13,528

32.4 17.5 15.2 14.9 11.7

32,680 18,039 15,543 14,641 11,181

31.2 17.2 14.8 14.0 10.7

percent change in number 2000–07

Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ hh-fam.html;calculations by New Strategist

204 AMERICAN MEN

10.8% 8.9 6.6 3.6 13.6 13.4 25.7 12.8 15.0 12.3 13.3 18.4 21.0

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Household Diversity Is Greatest among the Young and the Old In middle age, married couples head most households.

Married couples headed just over 50 percent of American households in 2007. Couples account for a minority of households headed by people under age 30, becoming the majority in the 30-to-34 age group. The married-couple share of households remains above 50 percent until the 75-or-older age group. Households headed by people under age 25 are the most diverse as young adults make the transition from living with parents to living on their own. Nearly one-half of households headed by people under age 25 are people who live alone or people who live with nonrelatives. The nonfamily share drops to about one-third among householders aged 25 to 29 and bottoms out at 20 percent in the 35-to-39 age group. Household diversity is also great among householders aged 75 or older as women make the transition from being wives to widows. Only 34 percent of households headed by people aged 75 or older are married couples. Women living alone head a larger 43 percent. ■ Among householders under age 25, one in four is a man living alone or with nonrelatives.

Households of the young differ from those of middle-aged and older adults

75

(percent of households headed by people under age 25, aged 45 to 54, and aged 75 or older, by household type, 2007)

male

57%

50

alone

50%

34%

25

25%

25%

75

20%

13%

13%

0

5%

50 0%

married

under under 2525

13% 2%

4545to to 4949

75 75 orplus older

married couples married male-headed families male men living alone or alone with nonrelatives

25

0

under 25

45 to 49

75 plus

AMERICAN MEN

205

206 AMERICAN MEN

Number of Households by Type and Age of Householder, 2007

6,662 3,534 1,354 810 544 1,329 923 406 852 169 683

37,587 20,249 17,604 17,338 13,528

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18

Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

25 to 29

3,453 1,305 915 2,148 1,350

9,667 6,214 3,920 2,637 1,283 1,629 1,443 186 665 291 374

30 to 34

2,313 863 664 1,451 1,001

9,767 7,454 5,461 4,251 1,210 1,514 1,434 80 479 290 189

35 to 39

2,141 741 569 1,401 1,078

10,841 8,700 6,492 5,538 954 1,742 1,566 176 465 335 130

40 to 44

2,585 992 791 1,593 1,288

11,938 9,353 6,879 5,432 1,447 1,909 1,511 398 565 374 191

45 to 49

3,171 1,480 1,249 1,692 1,429

12,604 9,432 7,169 4,205 2,964 1,662 1,018 644 601 280 321

50 to 54

3,160 1,578 1,397 1,582 1,319

11,537 8,377 6,644 2,165 4,479 1,267 442 825 465 167 298

55 to 64

6,291 3,636 3,288 2,654 2,330

19,266 12,976 10,910 991 9,919 1,530 197 1,333 535 86 449

65 to 74

4,643 3,042 2,894 1,601 1,459

11,926 7,283 6,155 99 6,056 912 39 873 216 19 197

6,701 5,121 5,038 1,580 1,475

11,803 5,102 3,960 30 3,930 922 13 909 220 4 216

75 or older

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007 .html; calculations by New Strategist

3,128 1,491 799 1,637 798

under 25

total

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

116,011 78,425 58,945 26,158 32,787 14,416 8,585 5,831 5,063 2,015 3,048

(number of households by household type and age of householder, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Table 6.13

32.4 17.5 15.2 14.9 11.7

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18

Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

total

100.0% 67.6 50.8 22.5 28.3 12.4 7.4 5.0 4.4 1.7 2.6 47.0 22.4 12.0 24.6 12.0

100.0% 53.0 20.3 12.2 8.2 19.9 13.9 6.1 12.8 2.5 10.3

under 25

25 to 29

35.7 13.5 9.5 22.2 14.0

100.0% 64.3 40.6 27.3 13.3 16.9 14.9 1.9 6.9 3.0 3.9

30 to 34

23.7 8.8 6.8 14.9 10.2

100.0% 76.3 55.9 43.5 12.4 15.5 14.7 0.8 4.9 3.0 1.9 19.7 6.8 5.2 12.9 9.9

100.0% 80.3 59.9 51.1 8.8 16.1 14.4 1.6 4.3 3.1 1.2

40 to 44

21.7 8.3 6.6 13.3 10.8

100.0% 78.3 57.6 45.5 12.1 16.0 12.7 3.3 4.7 3.1 1.6

45 to 49

25.2 11.7 9.9 13.4 11.3

100.0% 74.8 56.9 33.4 23.5 13.2 8.1 5.1 4.8 2.2 2.5

50 to 54

27.4 13.7 12.1 13.7 11.4

100.0% 72.6 57.6 18.8 38.8 11.0 3.8 7.2 4.0 1.4 2.6

55 to 64

32.7 18.9 17.1 13.8 12.1

100.0% 67.4 56.6 5.1 51.5 7.9 1.0 6.9 2.8 0.4 2.3

65 to 74

38.9 25.5 24.3 13.4 12.2

100.0% 61.1 51.6 0.8 50.8 7.6 0.3 7.3 1.8 0.2 1.7

56.8 43.4 42.7 13.4 12.5

100.0% 43.2 33.6 0.3 33.3 7.8 0.1 7.7 1.9 0.0 1.8

75 or older

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007 .html; calculations by New Strategist

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

35 to 39

Distribution of Households by Household Type and Age of Householder, 2007

(percent distribution of households by household type and age of householder, 2007)

Table 6.14

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

AMERICAN MEN

207

208 AMERICAN MEN

Distribution of Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2007

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18

Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

8.3 7.4 4.5 9.4 5.9

5.7% 4.5 2.3 3.1 1.7 9.2 10.8 7.0 16.8 8.4 22.4

under 25

9.2 6.4 5.2 12.4 10.0

8.3% 7.9 6.7 10.1 3.9 11.3 16.8 3.2 13.1 14.4 12.3

25 to 29

6.2 4.3 3.8 8.4 7.4

8.4% 9.5 9.3 16.3 3.7 10.5 16.7 1.4 9.5 14.4 6.2

30 to 34

5.7 3.7 3.2 8.1 8.0

9.3% 11.1 11.0 21.2 2.9 12.1 18.2 3.0 9.2 16.6 4.3

35 to 39

6.9 4.9 4.5 9.2 9.5

10.3% 11.9 11.7 20.8 4.4 13.2 17.6 6.8 11.2 18.6 6.3

40 to 44

8.4 7.3 7.1 9.8 10.6

10.9% 12.0 12.2 16.1 9.0 11.5 11.9 11.0 11.9 13.9 10.5

45 to 49

8.4 7.8 7.9 9.1 9.8

9.9% 10.7 11.3 8.3 13.7 8.8 5.1 14.1 9.2 8.3 9.8

50 to 54

16.7 18.0 18.7 15.3 17.2

16.6% 16.5 18.5 3.8 30.3 10.6 2.3 22.9 10.6 4.3 14.7

55 to 64

12.4 15.0 16.4 9.2 10.8

10.3% 9.3 10.4 0.4 18.5 6.3 0.5 15.0 4.3 0.9 6.5

65 to 74

17.8 25.3 28.6 9.1 10.9

10.2% 6.5 6.7 0.1 12.0 6.4 0.2 15.6 4.3 0.2 7.1

75 or older

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007 .html; calculations by New Strategist

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

total

(percent distribution of households by age of householder and household type, 2007; numbers in thousands)

Table 6.15

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Households Vary Greatly by Race and Hispanic Origin Black households are more diverse than non-Hispanic white or Hispanic households.

Married couples head 31 percent of black households, while female-headed families constitute another 28 percent. In contrast, married couples head a much larger 52 to 61 percent of Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white households. Hispanic and Asian households are more likely to be nuclear families (husband, wife, and children) than black or non-Hispanic white households. In 2007, married couples with children under age 18 headed 33 to 34 percent of Asian and Hispanic households. In contrast, only 22 percent of non-Hispanic white households are nuclear families. The ﬁgure is an even smaller 15 percent among blacks. Although black households outnumber Hispanic households overall, Hispanic married couples with children outnumber their black counterparts by more than 2 million. The proportion of households headed by men who live alone or who head families by themselves does not vary much by race and Hispanic origin. Families headed by men account for 4 to 7 percent of households, regardless of raceor Hispanic origin. Similarly, the proportion of households headed by men who live alone ranges narrowly from 8 to 13 percent of households. ■ Household diversity by race and Hispanic origin occurs primarily in married couples, female-headed families, and women living alone.

Nuclear families are most common among Hispanics 45 (percent of households headed by married couples with children under age 18, by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2007)

34%

33% 30

30%

22% 15

15%

0

0%

15%

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

AMERICAN MEN

209

Table 6.16

Number of Households by Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(number of households by type, race, and Hispanic origin of householder, 2007; numbers in thousands)

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white

116,011 78,425 58,945 26,158 32,787 14,416 8,585 5,831 5,063 2,015 3,048

4,664 3,489 2,858 1,536 1,322 392 170 222 239 49 190

14,709 9,502 4,489 2,227 2,262 4,132 2,664 1,468 882 344 538

12,973 10,152 6,762 4,392 2,370 2,445 1,647 798 945 317 627

82,675 54,632 44,327 17,849 26,478 7,384 4,085 3,298 2,921 1,279 1,641

37,587 20,249 17,604 17,338 13,528

1,175 603 450 572 388

5,207 2,894 2,636 2,312 1,928

2,821 1,231 990 1,590 1,092

28,043 15,357 13,388 12,686 9,995

Note: Data for Asians and blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

210 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.17 Distribution of Households by Household Type, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2007 (percent distribution of households by household type and race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2007)

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

total

Asian

black

Hispanic

100.0% 67.6 50.8 22.5 28.3 12.4 7.4 5.0 4.4 1.7 2.6

100.0% 74.8 61.3 32.9 28.3 8.4 3.6 4.8 5.1 1.1 4.1

100.0% 64.6 30.5 15.1 15.4 28.1 18.1 10.0 6.0 2.3 3.7

100.0% 78.3 52.1 33.9 18.3 18.8 12.7 6.2 7.3 2.4 4.8

32.4 17.5 15.2 14.9 11.7

25.2 12.9 9.6 12.3 8.3

35.4 19.7 17.9 15.7 13.1

21.7 9.5 7.6 12.3 8.4

non-Hispanic white

100.0% 66.1 53.6 21.6 32.0 8.9 4.9 4.0 3.5 1.5 2.0 33.9 18.6 16.2 15.3 12.1

Note: Data for Asians and blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

211

Table 6.18 Distribution of Households by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder and Household Type, 2007 (percent distribution of households by race and Hispanic origin of householder and household type, 2007) total

Asian

black

Family households Married couples With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Female householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18 Male householder, no spouse present With own children under age 18 Without own children under age 18

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.0% 4.4 4.8 5.9 4.0 2.7 2.0 3.8 4.7 2.4 6.2

12.7% 12.1 7.6 8.5 6.9 28.7 31.0 25.2 17.4 17.1 17.7

Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.1 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.9

13.9 14.3 15.0 13.3 14.3

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

Hispanic

11.2% 12.9 11.5 16.8 7.2 17.0 19.2 13.7 18.7 15.7 20.6 7.5 6.1 5.6 9.2 8.1

non-Hispanic white

71.3% 69.7 75.2 68.2 80.8 51.2 47.6 56.6 57.7 63.5 53.8 74.6 75.8 76.1 73.2 73.9

Note: Data for Asians and blacks are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone and those who identify themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Data for non-Hispanic whites are for those who identify themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

212 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Less than One-Third of Households include Children under Age 18 A larger 40 percent of male-headed families have children in the home.

Overall, just 32 percent of households include children under age 18, a proportion that has fallen with family size over the past few decades. Even among married couples, only a 44 percent minority have children under age 18 at home. Among couples under age 50, however, most have children at home. Forty percent of male-headed families have children under age 18 at home. The proportion tops 50 percent among male householders aged 30 to 44. Male-headed families without children under age 18 are men who live with grown children or other relatives such as siblings. A larger 60 percent of female-headed families include children under age 18, the ﬁgure climbing to 95 percent among women aged 30 to 34. ■ Because fewer households include children, the political power of children has been diminishing.

Most male-headed families do not have children at home 75

(percent of families with children under age 18, by household type, 2007)

60% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

44%

marriedacouples

40%

b families female-headed

c families male-headed

AMERICAN MEN

213

Table 6.19

Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2007

(number and percent distribution of households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, 2007; numbers in thousands) all households

Total households

male-headed families

married couples

female-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

total

with children

8,585

116,011

36,758

58,945

26,158

5,063

2,015

14,416

Under age 25

6,662

1,902

1,354

810

852

169

1,329

923

Aged 25 to 29

9,667

4,371

3,920

2,637

665

291

1,629

1,443

Aged 30 to 34

9,767

5,975

5,461

4,251

479

290

1,514

1,434

Aged 35 to 39

10,841

7,439

6,492

5,538

465

335

1,742

1,566

Aged 40 to 44

11,938

7,317

6,879

5,432

565

374

1,909

1,511

Aged 45 to 49

12,604

5,503

7,169

4,205

601

280

1,662

1,018

Aged 50 to 54

11,537

2,774

6,644

2,165

465

167

1,267

442

Aged 55 to 64

19,266

1,274

10,910

991

535

86

1,530

197

Aged 65 to 74

11,926

157

6,155

99

216

19

912

39

Aged 75 or older

11,803

47

3,960

30

220

4

922

13

Percent of households with children by type Total households

100.0%

31.7%

100.0%

44.4%

100.0%

39.8%

100.0%

59.6%

Under age 25

100.0

28.5

100.0

59.8

100.0

19.8

100.0

69.5

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

45.2

100.0

67.3

100.0

43.8

100.0

88.6

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

61.2

100.0

77.8

100.0

60.5

100.0

94.7

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

68.6

100.0

85.3

100.0

72.0

100.0

89.9

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

61.3

100.0

79.0

100.0

66.2

100.0

79.2

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

43.7

100.0

58.7

100.0

46.6

100.0

61.3

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

24.0

100.0

32.6

100.0

35.9

100.0

34.9

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

6.6

100.0

9.1

100.0

16.1

100.0

12.9

Aged 65 to 74

100.0

1.3

100.0

1.6

100.0

8.8

100.0

4.3

Aged 75 or older

100.0

0.4

100.0

0.8

100.0

1.8

100.0

1.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

214 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Most Families Find Nest Slow to Empty Many older couples still have children living at home. Although only 44 percent of married couples have children under age 18 at home, the 55 percent majority have children of any age under their roof because many children choose to live with their parents well into adulthood. The proportion of couples with children of any age at home does not fall below the majority until the 55-to-64 age group. Among male-headed families, only 40 percent have children under age 18 at home and a larger 58 percent have children of any age at home. Among married couples, about one-ﬁfth have teens, one-ﬁfth have children aged 6 to 11, and one-ﬁfth have preschoolers at home. Only 4 percent of couples have infants. Those most likely to have teens at home are couples aged 40 to 44, at 47 percent. The majority of couples under age 35 have preschoolers at home, and 22 to 23 percent of couples under age 25 have infants. Male family heads aged 40 to 44 are the ones most likely to have teens in the home, at 45 percent. Those aged 25 to 29 are most likely to have preschoolers, at 37 percent. Few male family heads are busy with infants, the ﬁgure peaking at 13 percent among those aged 20 to 24. Among married couples with children under age 15, only 26 percent have a stayat-home mom. Stay-at-home moms are somewhat more common among couples with preschoolers, 32 percent of which have moms at home caring for the family rather than in the labor force. Stay-at-home dads are uncommon—found in less than 1 percent of married couples with children under age 15. ■ Parenting responsibilities continue to be important even among older householders because many still have children under their roof. 120

Many older couples have children at home

�

(percent of married couples with children of any age at home, by age of householder, 2007)

�

8080%

�

� �

� � �

�

4040% � � 00%

under to 24 25 to to 34 35 e to 39 40 tof 44 45 to g49 50 to h54 55 to 64 65 or older a 20 20 b c 29 30 d

AMERICAN MEN

215

Table 6.20

Married Couples by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple households by presence of own children at home, by age of householder and age of children, 2007; numbers in thousands) with children at home

Total married couples Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Total married couples Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

of any age

under 18

12 to 17

6 to 11

under 6

under 1

58,945 59 1,295 3,920 5,461 6,492 6,879 7,169 6,644 10,910 6,155 3,960

32,316 32 778 2,637 4,262 5,598 5,800 5,294 3,785 3,035 752 343

26,158 32 778 2,637 4,251 5,538 5,432 4,205 2,165 991 99 30

12,141 0 4 134 817 2,160 3,257 3,150 1,742 783 82 13

12,277 0 99 979 2,142 3,278 3,179 1,731 591 245 18 16

12,130 32 748 2,369 3,273 3,121 1,655 607 193 112 11 8

2,619 13 293 776 795 492 171 43 29 5 1 1

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

54.8% 54.2 60.1 67.3 78.0 86.2 84.3 73.8 57.0 27.8 12.2 8.7

44.4% 54.2 60.1 67.3 77.8 85.3 79.0 58.7 32.6 9.1 1.6 0.8

20.6% 0.0 0.3 3.4 15.0 33.3 47.3 43.9 26.2 7.2 1.3 0.3

20.8% 0.0 7.6 25.0 39.2 50.5 46.2 24.1 8.9 2.2 0.3 0.4

20.6% 54.2 57.8 60.4 59.9 48.1 24.1 8.5 2.9 1.0 0.2 0.2

4.4% 22.0 22.6 19.8 14.6 7.6 2.5 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Note: Numbers do not add to total because households may contain children in more than one age group. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

216 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.21

Male-Headed Families by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2007

(number and percent distribution of male-headed families by presence of own children at home, by age of householder and age of children, 2007; numbers in thousands) with children at home total

of any age

under 18

12 to 17

6 to 11

under 6

under 1

Total male-headed families Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

5,063 261 591 665 479 465 565 601 465 535 216 220

2,936 7 162 291 291 340 441 434 330 324 144 171

2,015 7 162 291 290 335 374 280 167 86 19 4

875 0 0 14 53 157 253 205 116 59 14 4

766 0 15 106 142 192 147 91 44 28 2 0

803 7 158 243 168 96 63 29 25 9 3 0

202 2 77 55 32 18 9 2 5 1 0 0

Total male-headed families Under age 20 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

17.3% 0.0 0.0 2.1 11.1 33.8 44.8 34.1 24.9 11.0 6.5 1.8

15.1% 0.0 2.5 15.9 29.6 41.3 26.0 15.1 9.5 5.2 0.9 0.0

15.9% 2.7 26.7 36.5 35.1 20.6 11.2 4.8 5.4 1.7 1.4 0.0

4.0% 0.8 13.0 8.3 6.7 3.9 1.6 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0

58.0% 2.7 27.4 43.8 60.8 73.1 78.1 72.2 71.0 60.6 66.7 77.7

39.8% 2.7 27.4 43.8 60.5 72.0 66.2 46.6 35.9 16.1 8.8 1.8

Note: Numbers do not add to total because households may contain children in more than one age group. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

217

Table 6.22

Stay-at-Home Parents among Married Couples, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups with children under age 15 by stay-at-home status of mother and father, by age of child, 2007; numbers in thousands) with children under age 15 number

percent distribution

with children under age 6 number

percent distribution

Total married couples

23,507

100.0%

12,468

100.0%

Mother’s labor force status in past year In labor force one or more weeks Not in labor force, caring for family Not in labor force, other reason

16,578 6,158 771

70.5 26.2 3.3

8,168 3,949 352

65.5 31.7 2.8

Father’s labor force status in past year In labor force one or more weeks Not in labor force, caring for family Not in labor force, other reason

22,398 221 888

95.3 0.9 3.8

11,986 136 346

96.1 1.1 2.8

Note: Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

218 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Married Couples Are Much Better Educated than Single Parents Most couples have at least some college experience.

Sixty-four percent of married couples with children under age 18 at home have at least some college experience, and 37 percent are college graduates. They are by far the best-educated family heads. A smaller 56 percent of married couples without children at home have college experience. Behind the lower educational level of couples without children at home is the fact that most are older, and older Americans are less educated than middle-aged and younger adults. Single parents are far less educated than married couples. Only 16 percent of men and women raising children by themselves are college graduates. Only 43 percent of men who head single-parent families have at least some college experience, as do a larger 50 percent of their female counterparts. ■ The greater educational level of married couples, combined with their dual earnings, guarantees much higher incomes for couples than for single-parent families. 90

College experience is the norm for married couples (percent of householders with at least some college experience, by type of household, 2007)

64%

60

60%

50% 43%

30

30%

0

0%

a with married couples children under 18

b family with female-headed children under 18

c family with male-headed children under 18

AMERICAN MEN

219

Table 6.23

Families by Educational Attainment of Householder and Presence of Children, 2007

(number and percent distribution of families by educational attainment of householder, family type, and presence of own children under age 18 at home, 2007; numbers in thousands) married couples

male-headed families

female-headed families

with children

without children

with children

without children

with children

without children

Total families Less than ninth grade Some high school High school graduate Some college Bachelor’s degree or more

26,158 1,079 1,661 6,683 7,122 9,613

32,787 1,556 2,479 10,254 8,277 10,221

2,015 87 263 803 546 318

3,048 241 504 1,045 773 485

8,585 309 1,138 2,824 2,946 1,367

5,831 485 810 1,959 1,588 990

High school grad. or more Some college or more

23,418 16,735

28,752 18,498

1,667 864

2,303 1,258

7,137 4,313

4,537 2,578

100.0% 8.3 13.9 33.6 27.2 17.0

NUMBER

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total families Less than ninth grade Some high school High school graduate Some college Bachelor’s degree or more

100.0% 4.1 6.3 25.5 27.2 36.7

100.0% 4.7 7.6 31.3 25.2 31.2

100.0% 4.3 13.1 39.9 27.1 15.8

100.0% 7.9 16.5 34.3 25.4 15.9

100.0% 3.6 13.3 32.9 34.3 15.9

High school grad. or more Some college or more

89.5 64.0

87.7 56.4

82.7 42.9

75.6 41.3

83.1 50.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

220 AMERICAN MEN

77.8 44.2

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Husbands and Wives Are Alike in Many Ways Most couples are close in age, of the same race and ethnicity, and share the same educational level.

Men usually marry slightly younger women, but most husbands and wives are close in age. Thirty-two percent are within one year of each other in age, and in another 34 percent the husband is only two to ﬁve years older than the wife. Both husband and wife are white in 84 percent of the nation’s married couples. In 7 percent, both are black, and in 4 percent both are Asian. No single interracial combination accounts for more than about 1 percent of couples. Interethnic combinations are more common. In nearly 4 percent of couples, one spouse is Hispanic and the other is non-Hispanic. The 56 percent majority of married couples share the same educational level. Interestingly, the number of couples in which the wife is more educated than the husband (23 percent of couples) is now greater than the number in which the husband is more educated than the wife (22 percent). ■ The similarities between husbands and wives mean that high earners tend to marry one another, boosting incomes. 75

Most husbands and wives share the same educational level (percent distribution of married couples by education of husband and wife, 2007)

56% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

23%

22%

g educated husband more than wife

husbandband wife same education

wife moreceducated than husband

AMERICAN MEN

221

Table 6.24

Age Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups by age difference between husband and wife, 2007; numbers in thousands) number

Total married couples Husband 20 or more years older than wife Husband 15 to 19 years older than wife Husband 10 to 14 years older than wife Husband 6 to 9 years older than wife Husband 4 to 5 years older than wife Husband 2 to 3 years older than wife Husband and wife within 1 year Wife 2 to 3 years older than husband Wife 4 to 5 years older than husband Wife 6 to 9 years older than husband Wife 10 to 14 years older than husband Wife 15 to 19 years older than husband Wife 20 or more years older than husband

60,676 484 940 3,144 7,464 8,101 12,371 19,467 4,266 2,054 1,555 534 158 137

percent distribution

100.0% 0.8 1.5 5.2 12.3 13.4 20.4 32.1 7.0 3.4 2.6 0.9 0.3 0.2

Note: Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

222 AMERICAN MEN

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.25

Race and Hispanic Origin Differences between Husband and Wife, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups by race and Hispanic origin differences between husband and wife, 2007; numbers in thousands) percent distribution

number

RACE DIFFERENCE

Total married couples Same-race couples Both white only Both black only Both Asian only Interracial couples Black only/white only Black only/Asian only White only/Asian only All remaining combinations

60,676 57,811 50,914 4,178 2,719 1,194 464 54 676 1,671

100.0% 95.3 83.9 6.9 4.5 2.0 0.8 0.1 1.1 2.8

60,676 6,261 52,173 2,241

100.0 10.3 86.0 3.7

HISPANIC ORIGIN DIFFERENCE

Total married couples Both Hispanic Neither Hispanic One Hispanic, one non-Hispanic

Note: Race comparisons are regardless of Hispanic origin, and Hispanics may be of any race. Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.26

Educational Difference between Husbands and Wives, 2007

(number and percent distribution of married-couple family groups by educational difference between husband and wife, 2007; numbers in thousands) number

Total married couples Husband more educated than wife Husband and wife equally educated Wife more educated than husband

60,676 13,202 33,780 13,694

percent distribution

100.0% 21.8 55.7 22.6

Note: Married-couple family groups include married-couple householders and married couples living in households headed by others. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

223

More than 6 Million Men Are Unmarried Partners Men aged 25 to 29 are most likely to be unmarried partners.

In 2007, more than 6 million men were partners in opposite sex unmarried partner households. In other words, they were living as married but had not tied the knot. While the proportion of households headed by married couples has been shrinking over the past few decades, if unmarried partners are counted in the total, then the decline in married couples has not been as great as the ofﬁcial numbers suggest. The 53 percent majority of male partners are under age 35. Only 26 percent are aged 45 or older. Being an unmarried partner is most common among men aged 25 to 29, 13 percent of whom are unmarried partners. The proportion falls with age to just 2 percent of men aged 65 or older. ■ Although the number of cohabiting couples has grown over the years, it is still tiny in comparison to that of married couples.

Many men in their twenties are unmarried partners 15 (percent of men who are partners in opposite-sex unmarried-partner households, by age, 2007) � 1010%

� �

5 5%

�

� �

� � �

0 0%

under g 25

224 AMERICAN MEN

25 b to 29

30 c to 34

35 d to 39

40 e to 44

45 tof 49

50 g to 54

55 h to 64

65 oriolder

�

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.27

Men in Opposite-Sex Unmarried-Partner Households by Age, 2007

(total number of men aged 15 or older, number and percent distribution of men who are partners in opposite-sex unmarried-partner households, and unmarried-partner share of total men, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) unmarried partners

Total men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

114,480 21,139 10,433 9,569 10,398 10,774 11,093 10,190 15,460 15,424

6,445 1,212 1,340 870 689 659 499 448 432 296

percent distribution

100.0% 18.8 20.8 13.5 10.7 10.2 7.7 7.0 6.7 4.6

share of total men

5.6% 5.7 12.8 9.1 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.4 2.8 1.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements, 2007 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

225

POPULATION CHAPTER

7

Population ■ The number of men in their sixties will grow rapidly. The number of men aged 60 to 64 is projected to increase by 16 percent between 2007 and 2010 as the oldest boomers ﬁll the age group.

■ Women outnumber men by a growing margin with age. Men account for only 42 percent of Americans aged 65 or older. Among those aged 85 or older, men are an even smaller 32 percent.

■ Less than two-thirds of the nation’s males are non-Hispanic white. Among males, Hispanics outnumber blacks by 4 million.

■ The number of males grew fastest in Nevada. The number of males grew in all but one state between 2000 and 2007. Louisiana was the only state to experience a loss.

■ Fourteen percent of males moved between 2006 and 2007. Men in their twenties are most likely to move, and 26 percent of men aged 25 to 29 moved between 2006 and 2007.

■ Slightly more than half the nation’s foreign-born population is male. Most of the foreign-born are from Latin America, followed by Asia.

AMERICAN MEN

227

Number of Men in Their Sixties to Grow Rapidly The number of men aged 60 to 64 grew 35 percent between 2000 and 2007, and it is projected to grow another 16 percent by 2010.

The number of males in the United States grew by 8 percent between 2000 and 2007, climbing from 138 million to 149 million. Some age groups grew much faster than average, while others saw declines. The aging of the baby-boom generation is behind the increase in the number of men in their late ﬁfties and early sixties. The oldest boomers, born in 1946, turned 61 in 2007. During the remainder of this decade, boomers will entirely ﬁll the 60-to-64 age group, boosting the number of men in the age group by another 16 percent. Between 2010 and 2020, the 70-to-74 age group will grow faster than any other, with a projected increase of 59 percent. Not all age groups are growing. The number of men aged 30 to 44 fell between 2000 and 2007 as the small generation X replaced boomers in the age group. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of men aged 35 to 44 is projected to fall by 4 percent. As generation Xers get older, this dip will move up the age structure. Between 2010 and 2020, the number of men aged 45 to 54 is projected to decline by 5 to 9 percent. ■ With boomers approaching old age, retirement issues are taking center stage.

The number of men in their sixties will grow rapidly during the next few years (percent change in number of males in selected age groups, 2007–10)

18

15.8%

12

12%

6

6%

2.8% 0

0%

-6

228 AMERICAN MEN

totalamales

–4.1% b44 40 to

c 64 60 to

POPULATION

Table 7.1

Males by Age, 2000 to 2020

(number of males by age, 2000 to 2020, percent change, 2000–07, 2007–10, and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change 2000

2007

2010

2020

Total males Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

138,054 9,811 10,523 10,520 10,391 9,688 9,799 10,322 11,319 11,129 9,890 8,608 6,509 5,137 4,400 3,903 3,044 1,835 1,227

148,659 10,603 10,149 10,400 11,007 10,853 10,776 9,906 10,655 10,964 11,303 10,292 8,847 6,928 5,019 3,868 3,107 2,206 1,777

152,753 10,779 10,654 10,421 11,159 11,100 10,873 10,308 10,191 10,509 11,165 10,827 9,450 8,024 5,747 4,191 3,159 2,302 1,893

168,258 11,671 11,596 11,514 11,513 11,072 11,624 11,674 11,399 10,581 10,210 10,302 10,700 10,079 8,412 6,660 4,285 2,622 2,344

2000–07

7.7% 8.1 –3.6 –1.1 5.9 12.0 10.0 –4.0 –5.9 –1.5 14.3 19.6 35.9 34.9 14.1 –0.9 2.1 20.2 44.8

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

13,874 100,994 14,410

15,194 110,841 15,976

15,675 114,316 17,292

15,670 126,563 24,323

9.5 9.7 10.9

2007–10

2010–20

2.8% 1.7 5.0 0.2 1.4 2.3 0.9 4.1 –4.3 –4.1 –1.2 5.2 6.8 15.8 14.5 8.3 1.7 4.4 6.5 3.2 3.1 8.2

10.2% 8.3 8.8 10.5 3.2 –0.3 6.9 13.3 11.9 0.7 –8.6 –4.8 13.2 25.6 46.4 58.9 35.6 13.9 23.9 0.0 10.7 40.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2007-sa.html; and 2008 National Population Projections, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ projections/2008projections.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

229

Males Are Outnumbered by Females Only among children and young adults are males more numerous.

Among the nation’s 302 million inhabitants in 2007, 149 million were male—49 percent of the total. Females outnumber males by more than 4 million despite the fact that boys are more numerous at birth. Because death rates are higher for males than females at every age, females eventually begin to outnumber males. This occurs in the 40-to-44 age group. With age, women increasingly outnumber men. Men account for only 42 percent of people aged 65 or older. Among the oldest Americans, people aged 85 or older, men account for only 32 percent of the total. ■ Because men are a minority of older Americans, women are the primary consumers of health care and the great majority of nursing home residents.

Females outnumber males by more than 4 million (total population by sex, 2007)

180

120

120 million

60

60 million

0

0

230 AMERICAN MEN

149 million

153 million

a males

b females

POPULATION

Table 7.2

Male Share of the Population by Age, 2007

(total number of people by sex and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

females

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

301,621 20,724 19,850 20,314 21,474 21,032 21,058 19,533 21,176 21,985 22,861 21,013 18,236 14,476 10,752 8,600 7,325 5,699 5,512

152,962 10,121 9,701 9,914 10,467 10,179 10,282 9,627 10,522 11,021 11,559 10,721 9,389 7,548 5,733 4,732 4,218 3,493 3,735

148,659 10,603 10,149 10,400 11,007 10,853 10,776 9,906 10,655 10,964 11,303 10,292 8,847 6,928 5,019 3,868 3,107 2,206 1,777

49.3% 51.2 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.6 51.2 50.7 50.3 49.9 49.4 49.0 48.5 47.9 46.7 45.0 42.4 38.7 32.2

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

29,492 227,719 37,888

14,299 116,878 21,912

15,194 110,841 15,976

51.5 48.7 42.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2007-sa.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

231

Hispanic Population Is Growing the Fastest Asian males are close behind Hispanics in growth rate.

Among males, the Hispanic population grew faster than any other racial or ethnic group between 2000 and 2007, expanding by 30 percent to 23.5 million. Asians ranked second in growth rate, with a gain of 27 percent.The non-Hispanic white population grew only 2 percent during those years. The number of black males increased 10 percent between 2000 and 2007, to 19.5 million. Hispanic males now outnumber black males by 4 million. ■ Because the Hispanic population is growing faster than the black population, Hispanics will increasingly outnumber blacks in the years ahead.

Asians are greatly outnumbered by blacks and Hispanics 120

(number of males by race and Hispanic origin, 2007)

97.7 million 8080 million

4040 million

19.5 million

23.5 million

7.4 million 0

0

232 AMERICAN MEN

a Asian

b black

c Hispanic

d white non-Hispanic

POPULATION

Table 7.3

Males by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 to 2020

(number of males by race and Hispanic origin, 2000 to 2020, percent change 2000–07, 2007–10, and 2010–20; numbers in thousands) percent change

Total males American Indian Asian Black Hispanic Native Hawaiian Non-Hispanic white

2000

2007

2010

138,054 2,088 5,834 17,643 18,162 456 95,696

148,659 2,245 7,381 19,458 23,524 512 97,745

152,753 2,491 7,872 20,165 25,334 588 98,870

2020

168,258 2,933 10,215 22,956 33,562 737 101,310

2000–07

7.7% 7.5 26.5 10.3 29.5 12.3 2.1

2007–10

2.8% 11.0 6.7 3.6 7.7 14.8 1.2

2010–20

10.2% 17.7 29.8 13.8 32.5 25.3 2.5

Note: Numbers will not add to total because each racial category includes those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races, and because Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and non-Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

233

Less than Two-Thirds of Males Are Non-Hispanic White Sixteen percent are Hispanic, and 13 percent are black.

Among the nation’s 149 million males, non-Hispanic whites are in the majority, but the minority share of males is expanding as growth of the Hispanic, Asian, and black populations outpaces that of non-Hispanic whites. According to 2007 estimates by the Census Bureau, 66 percent of the male population is non-Hispanic white. Hispanics are the largest minority among males, at 16 percent. Blacks rank second at 13 percent. Asians are a distant third, accounting for 5 percent of the male population. While females outnumber males in the population as a whole, in two racial and ethnic groups males outnumber females. Males account for slightly more than 50 percent of Native Hawaiians, according to Census Bureau estimates. And they account for a larger 52 percent of Hispanics. ■ Males outnumber females among Hispanics in part because many Hispanic immigrants to the United States are young men looking for jobs. 90

Fewer than 5 percent of American males are Asian (percent distribution of males by race and Hispanic origin, 2007)

65.8%

60

60%

30

30%

13.1%

0

1.5% 0%

American a Indian

234 AMERICAN MEN

15.8%

5.0% Asian b

black c

Hispanic d

non-Hispanic e white

POPULATION

Table 7.4

Male Share of the Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(total number of people, number of males, male share of total, and percent distribution of males, by race and Hispanic origin, 2007; numbers in thousands) males

Total people American Indian Asian Black Hispanic Native Hawaiian Non-Hispanic white

total

number

301,621 4,537 15,165 40,744 45,504 1,019 199,092

148,659 2,245 7,381 19,458 23,524 512 97,745

percent of total

49.3% 49.5 48.7 47.8 51.7 50.3 49.1

percent distribution

100.0% 1.5 5.0 13.1 15.8 0.3 65.8

Note: Numbers do not add to total because each racial category includes those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races, and because Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and non-Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

235

Diversity of Males Varies Sharply by Age Hispanics, blacks, and Asians account for a substantial share of the nation’s children.

The racial and ethnic composition of American children reveals the nation’s future—and that future promises to be far more diverse than the present. Among boys under age 5, Hispanics account for nearly 24 percent of the population. Among men aged 65 or older, only 7 percent are Hispanic. Conversely, fully 81 percent of men aged 65 or older are non-Hispanic white, a ﬁgure that stands at just 54 percent among boys under age 5. In every racial and ethnic group, males outnumber females among children and young adults, but females increasingly outnumber males with advancing age. Among Hispanics, this crossover does not occur until the 55-to-59 age group. In contrast, females begin to outnumber males in the 25-to-29 age group among blacks and Asians. ■ As the nation’s youths grow older, the diversity of the population will increase rapidly.

Young boys are much more diverse than older men (percent distribution of males under age 5 and aged 65 or older by race and Hispanic origin, 2007) 90

under

81.2%

65 plu 60 60%

54.1%

30 30%

23.7% 17.1% 100000 5.7%

0 0%

3.5%

asian Asian

7.9%

all 5 under

6.7%

75000

black black

hisp Hispanic

65dual or older

whitewhite non-Hispanic

50000

25000

0

236 AMERICAN MEN

with

w/out

POPULATION

Table 7.5

Males by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2007

(total number of males and percent distribution by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2007; numbers in thousands) total number

percent

American Indian

Asian

black

Hispanic

Native Hawaiian

non-Hispanic white

Total males

148,659

100.0%

1.5%

5.0%

13.1%

15.8%

0.3%

65.8%

Under age 5

10,603

100.0

1.3

5.7

17.1

23.7

0.3

54.1

Aged 5 to 9

10,149

100.0

1.6

5.2

16.7

21.3

0.4

56.9

Aged 10 to 14

10,400

100.0

1.9

5.0

16.7

19.5

0.5

58.6

Aged 15 to 19

11,007

100.0

1.9

4.7

16.7

17.5

0.4

60.7

Aged 20 to 24

10,853

100.0

1.9

4.9

15.2

18.2

0.4

61.1

Aged 25 to 29

10,776

100.0

1.8

5.6

14.1

21.6

0.5

58.4

Aged 30 to 34

9,906

100.0

1.6

6.8

13.0

22.0

0.4

58.0

Aged 35 to 39

10,655

100.0

1.5

6.3

12.5

18.3

0.4

62.6

Aged 40 to 44

10,964

100.0

1.4

5.3

12.4

15.4

0.3

66.5

Aged 45 to 49

11,303

100.0

1.4

4.6

11.8

12.2

0.3

70.9

Aged 50 to 54

10,292

100.0

1.4

4.4

11.0

10.1

0.3

73.9

Aged 55 to 59

8,847

100.0

1.3

4.2

10.2

8.6

0.2

76.3

Aged 60 to 64

6,928

100.0

1.2

3.8

8.8

7.6

0.2

79.0

Aged 65 to 69

5,019

100.0

1.2

3.9

8.7

7.4

0.2

79.2

Aged 70 to 74

3,868

100.0

1.1

3.7

8.6

7.1

0.2

80.0

Aged 75 to 79

3,107

100.0

0.9

3.2

7.3

6.5

0.2

82.4

Aged 80 to 84

2,206

100.0

0.8

3.0

6.7

5.9

0.1

83.9

Aged 85 or older

1,777

100.0

0.8

3.0

6.7

5.5

0.1

84.3

Aged 18 to 24

15,194

100.0

1.9

4.8

15.5

17.9

0.4

61.2

Aged 18 or older

110,841

100.0

1.5

4.9

11.8

14.1

0.3

68.7

Aged 65 or older

15,976

100.0

1.0

3.5

7.9

6.7

0.2

81.2

Note: Numbers do not add to total because each racial category includes those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races, and because Hispanics may be of any race. Non-Hispanic whites are those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and non-Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

237

Table 7.6

Male Share of the American Indian Population by Age, 2007

(total number of American Indians, number of American Indian males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

number

Total American Indians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

4,537 266 320 384 423 413 370 310 310 321 330 295 244 181 126 90 65 45 43

2,245 135 163 195 214 211 190 159 157 159 159 141 116 85 59 41 29 18 14

49.5% 50.7 50.8 50.8 50.6 51.0 51.5 51.3 50.5 49.4 48.3 47.7 47.5 47.1 47.0 45.5 43.7 40.2 32.5

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

581 3,311 369

296 1,623 161

50.9 49.0 43.5

Note: American Indians include those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

238 AMERICAN MEN

POPULATION

Table 7.7

Male Share of the Asian Population by Age, 2007

(total number of Asians, number of Asian males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

number

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

15,165 1,170 1,048 1,027 1,011 1,036 1,223 1,372 1,374 1,196 1,080 957 800 567 425 327 245 166 141

7,381 600 531 522 521 528 604 669 670 581 516 448 369 262 197 144 100 67 53

48.7% 51.3 50.7 50.8 51.5 51.0 49.4 48.8 48.7 48.6 47.7 46.8 46.1 46.3 46.3 44.0 41.0 40.0 37.6

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

1,438 11,312 1,304

735 5,414 561

51.1 47.9 43.0

Note: Asians include those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

239

Table 7.8

Male Share of the Black Population by Age, 2007

(total number of blacks, number of black males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

number

Total blacks Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

40,744 3,567 3,334 3,431 3,620 3,260 3,094 2,701 2,827 2,894 2,860 2,479 2,002 1,388 1,035 814 603 431 403

19,458 1,812 1,690 1,741 1,833 1,649 1,516 1,285 1,333 1,355 1,330 1,137 902 610 439 332 227 149 118

47.8% 50.8 50.7 50.7 50.6 50.6 49.0 47.6 47.2 46.8 46.5 45.9 45.1 43.9 42.4 40.8 37.6 34.5 29.4

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

4,655 28,186 3,287

2,355 13,088 1,265

50.6 46.4 38.5

Note: Blacks include those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

240 AMERICAN MEN

POPULATION

Table 7.9

Male Share of the Hispanic Population by Age, 2007

(total number of Hispanics, number of Hispanic males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

number

Total Hispanics Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

45,504 4,916 4,219 3,969 3,746 3,690 4,176 3,993 3,642 3,200 2,675 2,075 1,569 1,122 809 621 479 322 280

23,524 2,512 2,157 2,031 1,929 1,980 2,326 2,177 1,947 1,683 1,375 1,039 765 530 370 273 202 129 98

51.7% 51.1 51.1 51.2 51.5 53.7 55.7 54.5 53.5 52.6 51.4 50.0 48.8 47.2 45.8 43.9 42.1 40.0 35.2

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

5,122 30,085 2,512

2,723 15,637 1,072

53.2 52.0 42.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

241

Table 7.10

Male Share of the Native Hawaiian Population by Age, 2007

(total number of Native Hawaiians, number of Native Hawaiian males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males

Total Native Hawaiians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

share of total

total

number

1,019 65 80 95 96 92 97 83 77 73 67 55 44 32 22 16 12 8 7

512 34 41 49 49 48 50 43 39 36 33 27 21 15 10 7 5 3 3

50.3% 51.9 51.2 51.0 51.1 51.7 51.1 51.5 50.6 49.6 49.7 48.9 49.0 48.7 47.2 45.7 43.9 39.2 36.2

129 721 64

67 359 28

51.6 49.9 44.1

Note: Native Hawaiians include those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race alone and those who identiﬁed themselves as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

242 AMERICAN MEN

POPULATION

Table 7.11

Male Share of the Non-Hispanic White Population by Age, 2007

(total number of non-Hispanic whites, number of non-Hispanic white males, and male share of total, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) males share of total

total

number

Total non-Hispanic whites Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

199,092 11,175 11,255 11,866 13,006 12,930 12,497 11,425 13,272 14,597 16,109 15,363 13,736 11,294 8,408 6,786 5,959 4,751 4,663

97,745 5,732 5,773 6,095 6,678 6,636 6,296 5,750 6,671 7,295 8,015 7,602 6,749 5,475 3,976 3,094 2,560 1,850 1,499

49.1% 51.3 51.3 51.4 51.3 51.3 50.4 50.3 50.3 50.0 49.8 49.5 49.1 48.5 47.3 45.6 43.0 38.9 32.1

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

18,119 156,979 30,567

9,300 76,131 12,979

51.3 48.5 42.5

Note: Non-Hispanic whites include only those who identiﬁed themselves as being white alone and not Hispanic. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

243

Male Population Grew Fastest in the West Nearly every state gained males, with the number in Nevada growing the fastest.

The number of males grew 8 percent between 2000 and 2007, but in the West the number rose 11.3 percent. Not far behind was the 10.6 percent gain in the South, which is home to the largest share of the male (and female) population. The number of males grew in all but one state between 2000 and 2007, registering the biggest gains in Nevada (28 percent) and Arizona (24 percent). The number of males fell by 4 percent in Louisiana during those years. State populations are split nearly ﬁfty-ﬁfty between males and females, but males have a slight edge in some states. Alaska has the largest share of males (52 percent). The District of Columbia has the fewest males (47 percent). ■ States with youthful populations, such as Utah, tend to have more males than females. States with older populations, such as Pennsylvania, tend to have more females than males.

The South is home to the largest share of males 45

(percent distribution of males by region, 2007)

36% 30 30%

23%

23%

19% 15

15%

0

0%

244 AMERICAN MEN

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

POPULATION

Table 7.12

Males by Region, 2000 and 2007

(number and percent distribution of males by region, 2000 and 2007, percent change in number, 2000–07; numbers in thousands) 2007 number

Total males Northeast Midwest South West

148,659 26,602 32,702 54,254 35,101

2000 percent distribution

100.0% 17.9 22.0 36.5 23.6

number

138,054 25,897 31,555 49,057 31,543

percent distribution

100.0% 18.8 22.9 35.5 22.8

percent change 2000–07

7.7% 2.7 3.6 10.6 11.3

Source: Bureau of the Census, Gender: 2000, Census 2000 Brief, September 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/briefs/index.html; and Population Estimates by State, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/ states/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

245

Table 7.13

Males by State, 2000 and 2007

(number of males by state, 2000 and 2007, percent change, 2000–07; numbers in thousands)

Total males Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island

246 AMERICAN MEN

2007

2000

148,659 2,242 355 3,173 1,389 18,278 2,451 1,707 419 278 8,969 4,694 646 754 6,333 3,127 1,475 1,376 2,079 2,085 643 2,719 3,126 4,960 2,588 1,414 2,871 480 879 1,307 649 4,249 972 9,361 4,428 321 5,591 1,787 1,862 6,049 512

138,054 2,147 324 2,561 1,305 16,875 2,166 1,649 381 269 7,798 4,027 609 649 6,080 2,982 1,436 1,328 1,975 2,163 620 2,558 3,059 4,873 2,436 1,374 2,720 449 843 1,018 608 4,083 894 9,147 3,943 321 5,512 1,696 1,697 5,930 504

percent change 2000–07

7.7% 4.5 9.5 23.9 6.5 8.3 13.1 3.5 10.2 3.2 15.0 16.6 6.1 16.3 4.2 4.8 2.7 3.6 5.2 -3.6 3.6 6.3 2.2 1.8 6.3 2.9 5.5 6.7 4.3 28.4 6.8 4.1 8.7 2.3 12.3 0.2 1.4 5.4 9.8 2.0 1.6

POPULATION

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2007

2000

2,147 397 3,006 11,926 1,336 306 3,785 3,223 887 2,784 265

1,949 375 2,770 10,353 1,119 298 3,472 2,934 879 2,649 248

percent change 2000–07

10.2% 5.9 8.5 15.2 19.4 2.5 9.0 9.8 0.9 5.1 6.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, Gender: 2000, Census 2000 Brief, September 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/briefs/index.html; and Population Estimates by State, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/ states/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

247

Table 7.14

Male Share of the Total Population by State, 2007

(total number of people, number of males, and male share of total, by state, 2007; numbers in thousands) males

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island

248 AMERICAN MEN

total

number

301,621 4,628 683 6,339 2,835 36,553 4,862 3,502 865 588 18,251 9,545 1,283 1,499 12,853 6,345 2,988 2,776 4,241 4,293 1,317 5,618 6,450 10,072 5,198 2,919 5,878 958 1,775 2,565 1,316 8,686 1,970 19,298 9,061 640 11,467 3,617 3,747 12,433 1,058

148,659 2,242 355 3,173 1,389 18,278 2,451 1,707 419 278 8,969 4,694 646 754 6,333 3,127 1,475 1,376 2,079 2,085 643 2,719 3,126 4,960 2,588 1,414 2,871 480 879 1,307 649 4,249 972 9,361 4,428 321 5,591 1,787 1,862 6,049 512

share of total

49.3% 48.4 51.9 50.1 49.0 50.0 50.4 48.7 48.5 47.3 49.1 49.2 50.3 50.3 49.3 49.3 49.3 49.6 49.0 48.6 48.8 48.4 48.5 49.2 49.8 48.4 48.8 50.1 49.6 50.9 49.3 48.9 49.3 48.5 48.9 50.2 48.8 49.4 49.7 48.7 48.4

POPULATION

males

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

4,408 796 6,157 23,904 2,645 621 7,712 6,468 1,812 5,602 523

2,147 397 3,006 11,926 1,336 306 3,785 3,223 887 2,784 265

share of total

48.7% 49.8 48.8 49.9 50.5 49.2 49.1 49.8 49.0 49.7 50.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates by State, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

249

Only 14 Percent of Males Move Each Year Most move within the same county.

The mobility rate is highest among men aged 25 to 29, 26 percent of whom moved between 2006 and 2007. There are many reasons why the mobility rate is highest for people in their twenties. Some young men are moving out of their parents’ home into their own apartment. Some are going to college, while others are leaving college or the military for jobs elsewhere. The mobiliy rate falls with age as people buy homes and establish roots in a community. The lowest mobility rate is found among men aged 65 or older, fewer than 4 percent of whom move each year. Most moves are local, and most are motivated by housing-related reasons such as wanting a better home. The 65 percent majority of male movers remain within the same county. Only 13 percent move to a different state. Among male movers, the largest share (15 percent) said they moved because they wanted a better home or apartment. Overall, 42 percent moved for housing-related reasons. ■ Americans are much less likely to move today than in the past, in part because of the increase in two-income couples. When both husband and wife have a job, moving becomes more difﬁcult.

Few moves are out-of-state (percent distribution of male movers by type of move, 2006–07)

65% 60%

30%

19% 13% 4% 0%

same county

250 AMERICAN MEN

different county, same state

different state

abroad

POPULATION

Table 7.15

Geographical Mobility of Males by Relationship to Householder and Age, 2006–07

(total number of males aged 1 or older, and number and percent who moved between March 2006 and March 2007; by relationship to householder and age; numbers in thousands) movers total

number

Total males Householder, spouse present Other family householder Spouse of householder Child of householder Other relative of householder Nonrelative of householder Nonfamily householder

143,589 36,825 5,067 22,139 45,726 8,512 7,928 17,392

19,457 2,935 793 2,125 5,674 1,598 2,719 3,613

percent

13.6% 8.0 15.7 9.6 12.4 18.8 34.3 20.8

Total males Under age 15 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

143,589 29,013 6,733 4,013 10,409 10,440 9,584 21,181 36,773 15,443

19,457 4,586 720 634 2,640 2,713 1,985 2,786 2,784 607

13.6 15.8 10.7 15.8 25.4 26.0 20.7 13.2 7.6 3.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2006 to 2007 Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

251

Table 7.16

Geographical Mobility of Males by Age and Type of Move, 2006–07

(number and percent distribution of males aged 1 or older who moved between March 2006 and March 2007, by age and type of move; numbers in thousands)

Total male movers Under age 15 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

same county

different county, same state

19,457 4,586 720 634 2,640 2,713 1,985 2,786 2,784 607

12,579 3,093 535 419 1,694 1,668 1,256 1,755 1,820 340

3,693 828 99 106 538 527 412 545 528 110

different state total

same region

different region

movers from abroad

2,496 563 66 75 303 387 227 375 368 130

1,276 312 34 42 162 196 110 188 189 41

1,220 251 32 33 141 191 117 187 179 89

689 102 20 34 105 131 90 111 68 27

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF MOVE

Total male movers Under age 15 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

64.7% 67.4 74.3 66.1 64.2 61.5 63.3 63.0 65.4 56.0

19.0% 18.1 13.8 16.7 20.4 19.4 20.8 19.6 19.0 18.1

12.8% 12.3 9.2 11.8 11.5 14.3 11.4 13.5 13.2 21.4

6.6% 6.8 4.7 6.6 6.1 7.2 5.5 6.7 6.8 6.8

6.3% 5.5 4.4 5.2 5.3 7.0 5.9 6.7 6.4 14.7

Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2006 to 2007 Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

252 AMERICAN MEN

3.5% 2.2 2.8 5.4 4.0 4.8 4.5 4.0 2.4 4.4

POPULATION

Table 7.17

Geographical Mobility of Males by Reason for Move, 2006–07

(number and percent distribution of males aged 1 or older who moved between March 2006 and March 2007, by main reason for move and type of move; numbers in thousands) total moves number

Total male movers

move within county

percent distribution

number

move to a different county

percent distribution

number

percent distribution

19,457

100.0%

12,579

100.0%

6,190

100.0%

Family reasons Change in marital status To establish own household Other family reason

5,538 1,122 1,877 2,539

28.5 5.8 9.6 13.0

3,792 771 1,497 1,524

30.1 6.1 11.9 12.1

1,625 328 360 937

26.3 5.3 5.8 15.1

Employment reasons New job or job transfer To look for work or lost job To be closer to work/easier commute Retired Other job-related reason

4,354 2,023 421 1,005 108 797

22.4 10.4 2.2 5.2 0.6 4.1

1,447 343 97 635 28 344

11.5 2.7 0.8 5.0 0.2 2.7

2,491 1,490 234 347 76 344

40.2 24.1 3.8 5.6 1.2 5.6

Housing reasons Wanted own home/not rent Wanted new or better home/apartment Wanted better neighborhood/less crime Wanted cheaper housing Other housing reasons

8,131 1,150 2,987 1,074 1,562 1,358

41.8 5.9 15.4 5.5 8.0 7.0

6,662 915 2,552 845 1,261 1,089

53.0 7.3 20.3 6.7 10.0 8.7

1,426 234 422 215 300 255

23.0 3.8 6.8 3.5 4.8 4.1

Other reasons To attend or leave college Change of climate Health reasons Natural disaster Other reasons

1,433 409 83 230 94 617

7.4 2.1 0.4 1.2 0.5 3.2

678 154 15 107 57 345

5.4 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.5 2.7

648 211 68 123 38 208

10.5 3.4 1.1 2.0 0.6 3.4

Note: Numbers by type of move do not sum to total because movers from abroad are not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2006 to 2007 Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2007.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

253

Slightly More than Half the Foreign-Born Are Male More than one in four came to the United States since 2000.

The nation’s foreign-born males numbered more than 19 million in 2007, accounting for 13 percent of the total male population. Nearly 11 million foreign-born males are from Latin America. Males from Latin America account for the 56 percent majority of foreign-born males. Males from Asia account for another 25 percent and Europe for just 12 percent. Among the nation’s foreign-born males, 29 percent came to the United States in 2000 or later, while 71 percent came here before 2000. ■ Because the foreign-born are more likely to settle in some regions than others, their cultural inﬂuence varies greatly across the nation.

The foreign-born account for a large share of the West’s population (foreign-born share of male population, by region, 2007)

24

20% 16

16%

15% 11%

8

8%

0

0%

254 AMERICAN MEN

7%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

POPULATION

Table 7.18

Foreign-Born Males by Place of Birth and Year of Entry, 2007

(number and percent distribution of males by foreign-born status, and foreign-born males by world region of birth and year of entry to the United States, 2007; numbers in thousands) number

percent distribution

Total males Foreign-born males

148,639 19,151

100.0% 12.9

Total foreign-born Foreign-born males

38,060 19,151

100.0 50.3

19,151 4,819 2,274 10,815 1,566 8,016 6,563 1,453 1,233 1,243

100.0 25.2 11.9 56.5 8.2 41.9 34.3 7.6 6.4 6.5

19,151 5,509 13,642

100.0 28.8 71.2

REGION OF BIRTH

Total foreign-born males Asia Europe Latin America Caribbean Central America Mexico Other Central America South America Other areas YEAR OF ENTRY

Total foreign-born males 2000 or later Before 2000

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

Table 7.19

Foreign-Born Males by Region of Residence, 2007

(total number of males, number and percent distribution of foreign-born males, and foreign-born share of total, by region of residence, 2007; numbers in thousands) foreign-born

Total males Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

148,639 26,606 32,694 54,234 35,105

19,151 4,011 2,201 5,952 6,987

percent distribution

100.0% 20.9 11.5 31.1 36.5

share of total

12.9% 15.1 6.7 11.0 19.9

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

255

Males Are a Minority of Legal Immigrants Females outnumber males by a considerable margin among immigrants.

In 2007, more than 1 million legal immigrants were admitted to the United States—only 45 percent of them male. While boys outnumber girls among immigrants aged 5 to 19, females outnumber males in all other age groups. Many immigrants come to the United States looking for jobs, which explains why so many male immigrants are of working-age. More than half the males who legally migrated to the U.S. in 2007 were aged 15 to 39. ■ Many immigrants to the U.S. are the wives, mothers, and other relatives of America’s foreign-born population, which explains why so many are female.

Nearly half a million males immigrated to the United States in 2007 (number of legal immigrants by sex, 2007)

581,031 500,000

471,377

250,000

0

male

256 AMERICAN MEN

female

POPULATION

Table 7.20

Legal Immigrants by Age and Sex, 2007

(total number of immigrants admitted for legal permanent residence, number and percent distribution of male immigrants, and male share of total, by age, ﬁscal year 2007) males

Total legal immigrants Under age 1 Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

1,052,415 10,209 29,110 50,705 68,184 91,166 101,099 121,014 136,508 113,790 85,853 63,673 50,044 40,266 32,284 58,504 43,367 15,137

471,377 4,058 13,931 26,007 35,066 46,239 42,848 48,750 62,383 53,351 38,337 27,467 20,784 15,721 12,465 23,966 17,733 6,233

percent distribution

100.0% 0.9 3.0 5.5 7.4 9.8 9.1 10.3 13.2 11.3 8.1 5.8 4.4 3.3 2.6 5.1 3.8 1.3

share of total

44.8% 39.7 47.9 51.3 51.4 50.7 42.4 40.3 45.7 46.9 44.7 43.1 41.5 39.0 38.6 41.0 40.9 41.2

Note: Numbers do not add to total because immigrants of unknown age are not shown. Source: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2007, Internet site http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/ statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

257

SPENDING CHAPTER

8

Spending ■ Married couples with children spend the most. They spent an average of $68,354 in 2006—or 41 percent more than the average household. Those with school-aged children spend more than twice the average on household personal services, largely day care.

■ Married couples without children at home spend more on some items. Many are empty-nesters and big spenders on public transportation, which includes cruises and airline fares. They also spend more than average on alcoholic beverages, health care, reading material, cash contributions, and gifts.

■ Men who live alone spend less than average. They spent an annual average of $30,149 in 2005–06, only 64 percent of the $47,421 spent by the average household.

■ Men who live alone spend more than average on some items. They spend 40 percent more than the average household on rent, 19 percent more on alcoholic beverages, and 16 percent more on men’s clothes.

AMERICAN MEN

259

Married Couples Spend More than Average Those with children at home spend the most.

Because the majority of men are married, examining the spending patterns of married couples reveals much of what men do with their money. Married couples spent $62,503 in 2006, a substantial 29 percent more than the $48,398 spent by the average household. But married couples with children spent a larger $68,354—or 41 percent more than the average household. The Bureau of Labor Statistics collects spending data from households rather than individuals. The data in this chapter, showing the spending of married couples and men who live alone, include the 65 percent majority of men aged 15 or older. The average spending table shows how much married couples spent in 2006. The indexed spending table compares the spending of each type of married-couple household to the spending of the average household. An index of 100 means the household type spends an average amount on the item. An index above 100 means the household type spends more than average on the item, while an index below 100 signiﬁes below-average spending.

Married couples without children at home spend less than those with children 90000

(average annual spending of households by type, 2006)

$68,354 60000 $60,000

$55,631 $48,398

30000 $30,000

0

260 AMERICAN MEN

$0

average a household

b wife only husband and

c wife with husband and children at home

SPENDING

Married couples with children at home spend more than average on most items because of their larger-than-average household size. They spend 47 percent more than average on food at home and 42 percent more on food away from home. They are big spenders on household personal services (mostly day care), with an index of 285. They spend well above average on children’s clothes, household furnishings, vehicles, entertainment, and education. They spend only an average amount on alcoholic beverages, with an index of 101. Married couples without children at home (many of them empty-nesters) spend only 15 percent more than the average household. But they spend 26 percent more than average on alcoholic beverages. They spend 42 percent more on public transportation, which includes cruises and airline fares. They spend well above average on cash contributions, health care, household furnishings, and gifts for people living in other households. ■ With boomers becoming empty-nesters and postponing retirement, the spending of married couples without children at home is likely to rise.

AMERICAN MEN

261

Table 8.1

Average Spending by Household Type, 2006

(average annual spending of households by type of household, 2006) total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

118,843

59,428

2.5

3.2

$60,533

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

25,306

29,381

5,763

15,166

8,452

2.0

3.9

3.5

4.1

3.9

$82,195

$73,032

$89,351

$81,372

$89,792

$93,999

48,398

62,503

55,631

68,354

63,416

69,157

70,234

FOOD

6,111

7,920

6,745

8,864

7,121

9,211

9,356

Food at home

3,417

4,423

3,571

5,032

4,053

5,088

5,578

446

580

461

674

509

708

715

Cereals and cereal products

143

184

135

220

167

230

235

Bakery products

304

396

325

454

342

478

480

797

1,031

816

1,152

788

1,150

1,401

Beef

236

310

250

335

245

324

416

Pork

157

202

156

222

146

219

278

Other meats

105

136

103

161

101

166

192

Poultry

141

180

135

214

154

216

250

Fish and seafood

122

158

135

173

108

176

211

37

45

37

48

34

49

54

368

483

385

556

518

573

548

Fresh milk and cream

140

181

126

219

216

230

199

Other dairy products

228

302

259

337

302

343

349

592

780

650

869

737

868

957

Fresh fruits

195

260

218

288

260

286

312

Fresh vegetables

193

259

215

289

216

286

344

Processed fruits

109

138

112

159

155

157

164

95

123

104

132

106

139

137

1,212

1,549

1,260

1,782

1,500

1,788

1,957

125

160

139

176

131

180

200

86

111

95

121

88

119

147

Miscellaneous foods

627

804

621

955

863

958

1,011

Nonalcoholic beverages

332

413

341

470

362

474

536

43

61

64

59

55

58

63

2,694

3,497

3,175

3,831

3,068

4,123

3,777

497

562

628

500

476

506

502

Number of households (in 000s) Average number of persons per hh Average before-tax income Average annual spending

Cereals and bakery products

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Eggs Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils

Food prepared by hh on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING

16,366

20,283

17,652

22,502

24,837

22,728

20,522

Shelter

9,673

11,635

10,116

12,957

14,092

13,493

11,221

Owned dwellings

6,516

9,094

7,838

10,260

11,083

10,681

8,943

Mortgage interest and charges

3,753

5,326

3,881

6,568

7,644

6,872

5,287

Property taxes

1,649

2,277

2,216

2,371

2,324

2,474

2,217

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

1,115

1,492

1,741

1,321

1,114

1,335

1,438

262 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

$2,590

$1,702

567

839

3,397

4,139

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

$1,303

$1,939

$2,483

$2,100

$1,281

976

758

527

713

997

3,680

4,432

3,731

4,488

4,811

509

613

542

665

606

674

690

1,266

1,545

1,405

1,620

1,355

1,645

1,755

138

176

179

176

133

191

179

1,087

1,299

1,095

1,438

1,195

1,425

1,627

Water and other public services

397

506

458

533

442

553

559

Household services

948

1,334

816

1,793

3,485

1,585

1,013

Personal services

393

625

43

1,122

2,829

869

410

Other household services

555

709

773

671

656

715

603

Housekeeping supplies

640

863

793

926

754

942

1,011

Laundry and cleaning supplies

151

201

167

226

203

221

253

Other household products

330

457

401

510

379

534

547

Postage and stationery

159

205

225

190

172

187

210

1,708

2,312

2,246

2,392

2,775

2,219

2,466

Household textiles

154

206

224

193

192

151

278

Furniture

463

606

550

666

964

629

529

48

69

73

69

68

72

64

241

345

320

357

368

312

435

Household furnishings and equipment

Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares

109

147

148

135

102

122

184

Miscellaneous household equipment

693

939

931

972

1,082

933

976

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

1,874

2,381

1,878

2,805

2,666

2,852

2,828

Men and boys

444

589

419

735

589

781

755

Men, aged 16 or older

353

459

393

518

436

467

677

Boys, aged 2 to 15

91

130

27

217

153

314

78

Women and girls

751

977

807

1,127

936

1,150

1,222

Women, aged 16 or older

629

797

760

829

748

734

1,078

Girls, aged 2 to 15

122

180

47

298

188

417

144

96

136

56

188

552

122

71

Footwear

304

359

253

445

327

471

472

Other apparel products and services

280

320

342

310

263

328

309

TRANSPORTATION

8,508

11,388

9,674

12,787

11,188

12,769

13,909

Vehicle purchases

3,421

4,745

3,803

5,553

5,211

5,587

5,725

Cars and trucks, new

1,798

2,665

2,392

2,978

3,065

3,078

2,738

Cars and trucks, used

1,568

2,001

1,344

2,492

2,131

2,414

2,876

Gasoline and motor oil

2,227

2,901

2,419

3,246

2,609

3,246

3,680

Other vehicle expenses

2,355

3,087

2,733

3,381

2,909

3,326

3,800

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

298

419

323

497

519

494

486

Maintenance and repairs

688

882

790

958

646

995

1,102

Vehicle insurance

886

1,132

994

1,235

947

1,137

1,606

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

482

654

626

691

797

699

605

Public transportation

505

655

718

608

459

610

705

Children under age 2

AMERICAN MEN

263

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

HEALTH CARE

$2,766

$3,713

Health insurance

1,465

1,976

Medical services

670

Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

$4,435

$3,133

$2,726

$3,038

$3,583

2,416

1,623

1,449

1,570

1,839

924

1,000

871

855

864

894

514

653

839

492

336

448

679

117

161

180

146

86

156

171 3,064

2,376

3,124

2,938

3,378

2,879

3,738

Fees and admissions

606

845

745

976

573

1,229

797

Audio and visual equipment and services

906

1,092

973

1,195

1,081

1,241

1,186

Pets, toys, and playground equipment

412

540

519

573

591

579

551

Other entertainment products and services

451

647

701

635

633

689

531

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

585

749

685

813

747

783

921

READING

117

149

172

137

105

144

146

EDUCATION

888

1,236

646

1,769

570

1,633

2,826

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

327

332

315

311

215

319

361

MISCELLANEOUS

846

969

915

944

774

964

1,026

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,869

2,312

2,681

2,083

1,347

2,116

2,525

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

5,270

7,383

6,266

8,330

7,766

8,356

8,666

322

487

475

501

363

522

557

Pensions and Social Security

4,948

6,895

5,790

7,829

7,403

7,834

8,109

PERSONAL TAXES

2,432

3,408

3,682

3,287

3,524

2,986

3,665

Federal income taxes

1,711

2,402

2,689

2,261

2,477

2,037

2,518

State and local income taxes

519

725

657

794

854

736

858

Other taxes

202

282

335

231

194

213

289

1,154

1,531

1,904

1,286

904

1,438

1,287

Life and other personal insurance

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

Note: Number of married couples by type will not add to total married couples because not all types of married-couple households are shown. Gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/; calculations by New Strategist

264 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

Table 8.2

Indexed Spending of Married-Couple Households, 2006

(indexed average annual spending of total and married-couple households, 2006)

Average annual spending, total

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

$48,398

$62,503

$55,631

$68,354

$63,416

$69,157

$70,234

Average annual spending, index

100

129

115

141

131

143

145

FOOD

100

130

110

145

117

151

153

Food at home

100

129

105

147

119

149

163

Cereals and bakery products

100

130

103

151

114

159

160

Cereals and cereal products

100

129

94

154

117

161

164

Bakery products

100

130

107

149

113

157

158

100

129

102

145

99

144

176

Beef

100

131

106

142

104

137

176

Pork

100

129

99

141

93

139

177

Other meats

100

130

98

153

96

158

183

Poultry

100

128

96

152

109

153

177

Fish and seafood

100

130

111

142

89

144

173

Eggs

100

122

100

130

92

132

146

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Dairy products

100

131

105

151

141

156

149

Fresh milk and cream

100

129

90

156

154

164

142

Other dairy products

100

132

114

148

132

150

153

100

132

110

147

124

147

162

Fresh fruits

100

133

112

148

133

147

160

Fresh vegetables

100

134

111

150

112

148

178

Processed fruits

100

127

103

146

142

144

150

Processed vegetables

100

129

109

139

112

146

144

100

128

104

147

124

148

161

Sugar and other sweets

100

128

111

141

105

144

160

Fats and oils

100

129

110

141

102

138

171

Miscellaneous foods

100

128

99

152

138

153

161

Nonalcoholic beverages

100

124

103

142

109

143

161

Food prepared by hh on trips

100

142

149

137

128

135

147

Food away from home

100

130

118

142

114

153

140

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100

113

126

101

96

102

101

HOUSING

100

124

108

137

152

139

125

Shelter

100

120

105

134

146

139

116

Owned dwellings

100

140

120

157

170

164

137

Fruits and vegetables

Other food at home

Mortgage interest and charges

100

142

103

175

204

183

141

Property taxes

100

138

134

144

141

150

134

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100

134

156

118

100

120

129

AMERICAN MEN

265

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

Rented dwellings

100

66

50

75

96

81

49

Other lodging

100

148

172

134

93

126

176

Utilities, fuels, and public services

100

122

108

130

110

132

142

Natural gas

100

120

106

131

119

132

136

Electricity

100

122

111

128

107

130

139

Fuel oil and other fuels

100

128

130

128

96

138

130

Telephone services

100

120

101

132

110

131

150

Water and other public services

100

127

115

134

111

139

141

Household services

100

141

86

189

368

167

107

Personal services

100

159

11

285

720

221

104

Other household services

100

128

139

121

118

129

109

Housekeeping supplies

100

135

124

145

118

147

158

Laundry and cleaning supplies

100

133

111

150

134

146

168

Other household products

100

138

122

155

115

162

166

Postage and stationery

100

129

142

119

108

118

132

Household furnishings and equipment

100

135

131

140

162

130

144

Household textiles

100

134

145

125

125

98

181

Furniture

100

131

119

144

208

136

114

Floor coverings

100

144

152

144

142

150

133

Major appliances

100

143

133

148

153

129

180

Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares

100

135

136

124

94

112

169

Miscellaneous household equipment

100

135

134

140

156

135

141

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

100

127

100

150

142

152

151

Men and boys

100

133

94

166

133

176

170

Men, aged 16 or older

100

130

111

147

124

132

192

Boys, aged 2 to 15

100

143

30

238

168

345

86

Women and girls

100

130

107

150

125

153

163

Women, aged 16 or older

100

127

121

132

119

117

171

Girls, aged 2 to 15

100

148

39

244

154

342

118

Children under age 2

100

142

58

196

575

127

74

Footwear

100

118

83

146

108

155

155

Other apparel products and services

100

114

122

111

94

117

110

TRANSPORTATION

100

134

114

150

131

150

163

Vehicle purchases

100

139

111

162

152

163

167

Cars and trucks, new

100

148

133

166

170

171

152

Cars and trucks, used

100

128

86

159

136

154

183

Gasoline and motor oil

100

130

109

146

117

146

165

Other vehicle expenses

100

131

116

144

124

141

161

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

100

141

108

167

174

166

163

Maintenance and repairs

100

128

115

139

94

145

160

Vehicle insurance

100

128

112

139

107

128

181

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

100

136

130

143

165

145

126

Public transportation

100

130

142

120

91

121

140

266 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

married couples with children

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

total

oldest child under 6

HEALTH CARE

100

134

160

113

Health insurance

100

135

165

111

Medical services

100

138

149

Drugs

100

127

Medical supplies

100

138

ENTERTAINMENT

100

Fees and admissions

100

Audio and visual equipment and services

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

99

110

130

99

107

126

130

128

129

133

163

96

65

87

132

154

125

74

133

146

131

124

142

121

157

129

139

123

161

95

203

132

100

121

107

132

119

137

131

Pets, toys, and playground equipment

100

131

126

139

143

141

134

Other entertainment products and services

100

143

155

141

140

153

118

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100

128

117

139

128

134

157

READING

100

127

147

117

90

123

125

EDUCATION

100

139

73

199

64

184

318

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100

102

96

95

66

98

110

MISCELLANEOUS

100

115

108

112

91

114

121

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100

124

143

111

72

113

135

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

100

140

119

158

147

159

164

Life and other personal insurance

100

151

148

156

113

162

173

Pensions and Social Security

100

139

117

158

150

158

164

PERSONAL TAXES

100

140

151

135

145

123

151

Federal income taxes

100

140

157

132

145

119

147

State and local income taxes

100

140

127

153

165

142

165

Other taxes

100

140

166

114

96

105

143

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100

133

165

111

78

125

112

Note: An index of 100 is the average for all households. An index of 125 means households of that type spend 25 percent more than the average household. An index of 75 means households of that type spend 25 percent less than the average household. Gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics 2006 Consumer Expenditure Survey; Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/home.htm

AMERICAN MEN

267

Table 8.3

Market Shares of Married-Couple Households, 2006

(share of total annual spending accounted for by married couples, 2006) total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

Share of total households

100.0%

50.0%

21.3%

24.7%

4.8%

12.8%

Share of total annual spending

100.0

64.6

24.5

34.9

6.4

18.2

10.3

FOOD

100.0

64.8

23.5

35.9

5.7

19.2

10.9

Food at home

100.0

64.7

22.3

36.4

5.8

19.0

11.6

Cereals and bakery products

100.0

65.0

22.0

37.4

5.5

20.3

11.4

Cereals and cereal products

100.0

64.3

20.1

38.0

5.7

20.5

11.7

Bakery products

100.0

65.1

22.8

36.9

5.5

20.1

11.2

100.0

64.7

21.8

35.7

4.8

18.4

12.5

Beef

100.0

65.7

22.6

35.1

5.0

17.5

12.5

Pork

100.0

64.3

21.2

35.0

4.5

17.8

12.6

Other meats

100.0

64.8

20.9

37.9

4.7

20.2

13.0

Poultry

100.0

63.8

20.4

37.5

5.3

19.5

12.6

Fish and seafood

100.0

64.8

23.6

35.1

4.3

18.4

12.3

Eggs

100.0

60.8

21.3

32.1

4.5

16.9

10.4

100.0

65.6

22.3

37.4

6.8

19.9

10.6

Fresh milk and cream

100.0

64.6

19.2

38.7

7.5

21.0

10.1

Other dairy products

100.0

66.2

24.2

36.5

6.4

19.2

10.9

100.0

65.9

23.4

36.3

6.0

18.7

11.5

Fresh fruits

100.0

66.7

23.8

36.5

6.5

18.7

11.4

Fresh vegetables

100.0

67.1

23.7

37.0

5.4

18.9

12.7

Processed fruits

100.0

63.3

21.9

36.1

6.9

18.4

10.7

Processed vegetables

100.0

64.7

23.3

34.4

5.4

18.7

10.3

100.0

63.9

22.1

36.3

6.0

18.8

11.5

Sugar and other sweets

100.0

64.0

23.7

34.8

5.1

18.4

11.4

Fats and oils

100.0

64.5

23.5

34.8

5.0

17.7

12.2

Miscellaneous foods

100.0

64.1

21.1

37.7

6.7

19.5

11.5

Nonalcoholic beverages

100.0

62.2

21.9

35.0

5.3

18.2

11.5

Food prepared by household on trips

100.0

70.9

31.7

33.9

6.2

17.2

10.4

Food away from home

100.0

64.9

25.1

35.2

5.5

19.5

10.0

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100.0

56.5

26.9

24.9

4.6

13.0

7.2

HOUSING

100.0

62.0

23.0

34.0

7.4

17.7

8.9

Shelter

100.0

60.1

22.3

33.1

7.1

17.8

8.3

Owned dwellings

100.0

69.8

25.6

38.9

8.2

20.9

9.8

Mortgage interest and charges

100.0

71.0

22.0

43.3

9.9

23.4

10.0

Property taxes

100.0

69.0

28.6

35.5

6.8

19.1

9.6

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100.0

66.9

33.2

29.3

4.8

15.3

9.2

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other food at home

268 AMERICAN MEN

7.1%

SPENDING

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

Rented dwellings

100.0%

32.9%

10.7%

18.5%

4.6%

10.3%

Other lodging

100.0

74.0

36.7

33.1

4.5

16.0

12.5

3.5%

Utilities, fuels, and public services

100.0

60.9

23.1

32.3

5.3

16.9

10.1

Natural gas

100.0

60.2

22.7

32.3

5.8

16.9

9.6

Electricity

100.0

61.0

23.6

31.6

5.2

16.6

9.9

Fuel oil and other fuels

100.0

63.8

27.6

31.5

4.7

17.7

9.2

Telephone services

100.0

59.8

21.5

32.7

5.3

16.7

10.6

Water and other public services

100.0

63.7

24.6

33.2

5.4

17.8

10.0

Household services

100.0

70.4

18.3

46.8

17.8

21.3

7.6

Personal services

100.0

79.5

2.3

70.6

34.9

28.2

7.4

Other household services

100.0

63.9

29.7

29.9

5.7

16.4

7.7

Housekeeping supplies

100.0

67.4

26.4

35.8

5.7

18.8

11.2

Laundry and cleaning supplies

100.0

66.6

23.5

37.0

6.5

18.7

11.9

Other household products

100.0

69.2

25.9

38.2

5.6

20.7

11.8

Postage and stationery

100.0

64.5

30.1

29.5

5.2

15.0

9.4

Household furnishings and equipment

100.0

67.7

28.0

34.6

7.9

16.6

10.3

Household textiles

100.0

66.9

31.0

31.0

6.0

12.5

12.8

Furniture

100.0

65.4

25.3

35.6

10.1

17.3

8.1

Floor coverings

100.0

71.9

32.4

35.5

6.9

19.1

9.5

Major appliances

100.0

71.6

28.3

36.6

7.4

16.5

12.8

Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares

100.0

67.4

28.9

30.6

4.5

14.3

12.0

Miscellaneous household equipment

100.0

67.8

28.6

34.7

7.6

17.2

10.0

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

100.0

63.5

21.3

37.0

6.9

19.4

10.7

Men and boys

100.0

66.3

20.1

40.9

6.4

22.4

12.1

Men, aged 16 or older

100.0

65.0

23.7

36.3

6.0

16.9

13.6

Boys, aged 2 to 15

100.0

71.4

6.3

59.0

8.2

44.0

6.1

Women and girls

100.0

65.1

22.9

37.1

6.0

19.5

11.6

Women, aged 16 or older

100.0

63.4

25.7

32.6

5.8

14.9

12.2

Girls, aged 2 to 15

100.0

73.8

8.2

60.4

7.5

43.6

8.4

Children under age 2

100.0

70.8

12.4

48.4

27.9

16.2

5.3

Footwear

100.0

59.1

17.7

36.2

5.2

19.8

11.0

Other apparel products and services

100.0

57.1

26.0

27.4

4.6

14.9

7.8

TRANSPORTATION

100.0

66.9

24.2

37.2

6.4

19.2

11.6

Vehicle purchases

100.0

69.4

23.7

40.1

7.4

20.8

11.9

Cars and trucks, new

100.0

74.1

28.3

40.9

8.3

21.8

10.8

Cars and trucks, used

100.0

63.8

18.3

39.3

6.6

19.6

13.0

Gasoline and motor oil

100.0

65.1

23.1

36.0

5.7

18.6

11.8

Other vehicle expenses

100.0

65.5

24.7

35.5

6.0

18.0

11.5

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

100.0

70.3

23.1

41.2

8.4

21.2

11.6

Maintenance and repairs

100.0

64.1

24.5

34.4

4.6

18.5

11.4

Vehicle insurance

100.0

63.9

23.9

34.5

5.2

16.4

12.9

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

100.0

67.8

27.7

35.4

8.0

18.5

8.9

Public transportation

100.0

64.9

30.3

29.8

4.4

15.4

9.9

AMERICAN MEN

269

total households

total married couples

married couples, no children

married couples with children total

oldest child under 6

oldest child 6 to 17

oldest child 18 or older

HEALTH CARE

100.0%

67.1%

34.1%

28.0%

4.8%

14.0%

9.2%

Health insurance

100.0

67.4

35.1

27.4

4.8

13.7

8.9

Medical services

100.0

69.0

31.8

32.1

6.2

16.5

9.5

Drugs

100.0

63.5

34.8

23.7

3.2

11.1

9.4

Medical supplies

100.0

68.8

32.8

30.9

3.6

17.0

10.4

ENTERTAINMENT

100.0

65.7

26.3

35.1

5.9

20.1

9.2

Fees and admissions

100.0

69.7

26.2

39.8

4.6

25.9

9.4

Audio and visual equipment and services

100.0

60.3

22.9

32.6

5.8

17.5

9.3

Pets, toys, and playground equipment

100.0

65.5

26.8

34.4

7.0

17.9

9.5

Other entertainment products and services

100.0

71.7

33.1

34.8

6.8

19.5

8.4

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100.0

64.0

24.9

34.4

6.2

17.1

11.2

READING

100.0

63.7

31.3

28.9

4.4

15.7

8.9

EDUCATION

100.0

69.6

15.5

49.3

3.1

23.5

22.6

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100.0

50.8

20.5

23.5

3.2

12.4

7.9

MISCELLANEOUS

100.0

57.3

23.0

27.6

4.4

14.5

8.6

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100.0

61.9

30.5

27.6

3.5

14.4

9.6

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

100.0

70.1

25.3

39.1

7.1

20.2

11.7

Life and other personal insurance

100.0

75.6

31.4

38.5

5.5

20.7

12.3

Pensions and Social Security

100.0

69.7

24.9

39.1

7.3

20.2

11.7

PERSONAL TAXES

100.0

70.1

32.2

33.4

7.0

15.7

10.7

Federal income taxes

100.0

70.2

33.5

32.7

7.0

15.2

10.5

State and local income taxes

100.0

69.9

27.0

37.8

8.0

18.1

11.8

Other taxes

100.0

69.8

35.3

28.3

4.7

13.5

10.2

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100.0

66.3

35.1

27.6

3.8

15.9

7.9

Note: Percentages will not add to total married couples because not all types of married couples are shown. Gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics 2006 Consumer Expenditure Survey; Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/home.htm

270 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

Men Who Live Alone Spend Less than Average They spend more than the average household on alcoholic beverages, however.

Men who live alone spent an annual average of $30,149 in 2005–06, only 64 percent of the $47,421 spent by the average household during that period. The Bureau of Labor Statistics collects spending data from households rather than individuals. The data in this chapter, showing the spending of married couples and men who live alone, include 65 percent of men aged 15 or older. The average spending table shows how much men who live alone spent in 2005–06 by age group. The indexed spending table compares the spending of men who live alone with the spending of the average consumer unit. An index of 100 means men in the age group spend an average amount on the item. An index above 100 means men in the age group spend more than average on the item, while an index below 100 signiﬁes below-average spending. Among men who live alone, those under age 25 spend much more than the average household on education, with an index of 209. Many are students paying college tuition.

Among men living alone, those aged 35 to 54 spend the most

45000

�

(average annual spending of men who live alone, by age, 2005–06)

� �

� $30,000 30000

� �

� 15000 $15,000

0 $0

under a 25

25 b to 34

35 c to 44

45d to 54

55e to 64

65 orf older

AMERICAN MEN

271

Men aged 25 to 64 who live alone have higher incomes and spend more than younger men. Men under age 55 who live alone spend more than the average household on alcoholic beverages, despite their small household size. Men aged 25 to 34 who live alone spent $971 on alcoholic beverages in 2005–06—more than any other household type. Men aged 35 to 44 who live alone spend 71 percent more than the average household on men’s clothes, devoting more to men’s clothes than far more afﬂuent married couples. Men aged 65 or older who live alone spend less than their middle-aged counterparts, an average of $27,344 in 2005–06. They spend more than the average household on health care and cash contributions. ■ As single-person households become a larger share of all households, their spending will become increasingly important to the economy.

272 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

Table 8.4

Average Spending of Single-Person Households Headed by Men, by Age, 2005–06

(average annual spending of total and single-person households headed by men by age, 2005–06) single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

Number of households (in 000s) 118,099

15,811

2,215

2,665

2,775

2,813

2,372

2,971

$59,628

$35,722

$15,043

$38,425

$45,869

$45,003

$40,420

$26,698

47,421

30,149

17,905

32,689

35,789

33,462

31,507

27,344

FOOD

6,022

3,502

2,308

3,956

3,958

3,774

3,671

3,054

Food at home

3,357

1,621

820

1,527

1,810

1,846

1,788

1,710

446

204

112

188

217

225

226

228

Cereals and cereal products

143

62

42

65

66

75

62

58

Bakery products

303

142

69

124

151

150

164

170 359

Average before-tax income Average annual spending

Cereals and bakery products

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

65 or older

781

365

167

320

465

446

383

Beef

232

101

57

80

126

138

113

84

Pork

155

71

27

53

88

79

77

87

Other meats

104

53

26

46

67

62

55

53

Poultry

137

63

28

71

90

66

64

50

Fish and seafood

118

59

21

50

72

81

56

64

35

19

7

21

22

19

17

21

373

172

92

162

178

197

185

191

Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream

143

67

36

59

69

75

72

78

Other dairy products

230

105

56

103

108

121

113

113

Fruits and vegetables

572

264

115

236

264

285

326

314

Fresh fruits

189

88

30

72

83

90

126

111

Fresh vegetables

184

79

40

81

79

90

87

84

Processed fruits

108

57

28

49

57

62

67

67

92

41

17

33

45

44

45

52

1,185

616

334

621

686

693

667

618

122

56

29

43

65

58

60

70

85

41

16

35

41

57

48

43

Miscellaneous foods

618

318

182

342

342

327

356

325

Nonalcoholic beverages

318

176

96

180

210

218

184

152

42

24

10

22

29

33

19

28

2,665

1,880

1,488

2,429

2,148

1,929

1,884

1,344

462

552

518

971

643

474

448

260

Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils

Food prepared by hh on trips Food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING

15,782

10,422

5,768

11,675

13,094

11,717

10,590

8,903

Shelter

9,253

6,907

4,167

8,180

8,929

7,676

6,662

5,385

Owned dwellings

6,250

3,165

511

2,746

4,688

4,334

3,850

2,446

Mortgage interest and charges

3,548

1,747

298

1,905

3,044

2,617

1,880

544

Property taxes

1,595

863

163

557

1,073

1,088

1,071

1,087

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

1,108

555

50

285

570

629

899

816

AMERICAN MEN

273

single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

$2,468

$3,464

$3,480

$5,252

$3,909

$3,014

$2,458

$2,661

535

277

176

182

331

328

354

278

3,291

1,958

898

1,920

2,161

2,224

2,203

2,143

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, public services Natural gas

491

303

94

227

329

397

343

384

1,211

706

342

700

767

782

807

771

140

90

10

35

108

94

134

145

1,067

653

390

792

751

690

687

569

Water and other public services

382

205

62

166

205

260

232

274

Household services

875

339

111

312

362

338

416

451

Personal services

357

37

1

26

41

12

30

97

Other household services

517

303

110

286

321

326

386

354

Housekeeping supplies

625

247

79

207

305

284

289

274

Laundry and cleaning supplies

143

55

20

46

65

63

68

59

Other household products

325

123

33

119

141

164

135

118

Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services

Postage and stationery Household furnishings, equip.

158

69

27

42

99

57

87

97

1,737

972

513

1,056

1,338

1,194

1,019

650

Household textiles

143

51

4

97

64

49

36

37

Furniture

465

286

136

326

319

453

299

165

Floor coverings

52

20

22

11

16

15

51

11

Major appliances

232

98

36

59

102

151

157

78

Small appliances, misc. housewares

107

57

18

126

41

58

30

47

Miscellaneous household equipment

738

460

297

438

795

469

446

313

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

1,880

858

701

1,099

1,239

876

828

428

Men and boys

442

417

373

522

618

398

406

210

Men, aged 16 or older

351

407

370

507

599

388

395

205

Boys, aged 2 to 15

91

10

3

14

19

10

11

4

Women and girls

752

37

22

68

55

31

40

9

Women, aged 16 or older

631

25

21

50

29

15

29

8

Girls, aged 2 to 15

122

12

2

18

26

16

10

1

89

10

5

20

6

6

19

3

312

149

130

205

213

140

99

102

Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products, services

285

246

171

285

347

301

264

104

TRANSPORTATION

8,427

5,011

3,162

6,224

5,532

5,095

5,293

4,502

Vehicle purchases

3,482

1,806

1,093

2,387

2,060

1,662

1,786

1,732

Cars and trucks, new

1,864

861

348

955

987

606

943

1,219

Cars and trucks, used

1,550

882

704

1,371

989

1,034

679

496

Gasoline and motor oil

2,121

1,373

1,033

1,549

1,523

1,491

1,547

1,076

Other vehicle expenses

2,347

1,519

850

1,894

1,574

1,611

1,673

1,411

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

297

144

86

246

156

144

153

76

Maintenance and repairs

680

515

270

632

517

585

562

481

Vehicle insurance

900

559

315

640

599

602

547

599

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

470

301

180

377

302

279

411

255

Public transportation

476

314

185

394

376

332

287

282

274 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

HEALTH CARE

$2,716

$1,399

$275

$647

$1,087

$1,126

$1,878

$3,067

Health insurance

1,413

750

161

397

674

597

940

1,567

Medical services

674

340

73

152

219

254

518

759

Drugs

517

264

23

87

158

234

364

640

Medical supplies

111

46

18

11

36

41

56

102

2,382

1,626

1,214

1,724

1,717

1,708

2,003

1,375

Fees and admissions

597

417

303

451

475

524

319

396

Audio, visual equipment, services

897

701

590

826

754

789

646

583

Pets, toys, playground equipment

416

169

40

202

208

182

201

153

Other entertainment products and services

471

339

282

246

280

214

838

244

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

563

193

130

206

231

234

195

152

READING

122

87

40

80

79

103

99

110

EDUCATION

914

569

1,907

802

212

319

261

179

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

323

320

229

313

376

414

375

208

MISCELLANEOUS

827

767

176

539

631

1,021

1,007

1,082

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,767

1,759

358

896

2,280

1,986

1,414

3,148

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

5,237

3,085

1,118

3,556

4,709

4,614

3,444

876

351

155

13

83

148

172

311

191

Pensions and Social Security

4,886

2,930

1,105

3,472

4,561

4,442

3,133

685

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

1,123

841

231

632

1,160

850

1,015

1,058

ENTERTAINMENT

Life and other personal insurance

Note: Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005 and 2006 Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

AMERICAN MEN

275

Table 8.5

Indexed Spending of Single-Person Households Headed by Men by Age, 2005–06

(indexed average annual spending of total and single-person households headed by men, by age, 2005–06; index deﬁnition: an index of 100 is the average for all households; an index of 125 means that spending by households in the group is 25 percent above the average for all households; an index of 75 indicates spending 25 percent below the average for all households) single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

$47,421

$30,149

$17,905

$32,689

$35,789

$33,462

$31,507

$27,344

Avg. annual spending, index

100

64

38

69

75

71

66

58

FOOD

100

58

38

66

66

63

61

51

Food at home

100

48

24

45

54

55

53

51

Cereals and bakery products

100

46

25

42

49

50

51

51

Cereals and cereal products

100

43

29

45

46

52

43

41

Bakery products

100

47

23

41

50

50

54

56

100

47

21

41

60

57

49

46

Beef

100

44

25

34

54

59

49

36

Pork

100

46

17

34

57

51

50

56

Other meats

100

51

25

44

64

60

53

51

Poultry

100

46

20

52

66

48

47

36

Fish and seafood

100

50

18

42

61

69

47

54

Eggs

100

54

20

60

63

54

49

60

100

46

25

43

48

53

50

51

Fresh milk and cream

100

47

25

41

48

52

50

55

Other dairy products

100

46

24

45

47

53

49

49

100

46

20

41

46

50

57

55

Fresh fruits

100

47

16

38

44

48

67

59

Fresh vegetables

100

43

22

44

43

49

47

46

Processed fruits

100

53

26

45

53

57

62

62

Processed vegetables

100

45

18

36

49

48

49

57

100

52

28

52

58

58

56

52

Sugar and other sweets

100

46

24

35

53

48

49

57

Fats and oils

100

48

19

41

48

67

56

51

Miscellaneous foods

100

51

29

55

55

53

58

53

Nonalcoholic beverages

100

55

30

57

66

69

58

48

Food prepared by hh on trips

100

57

24

52

69

79

45

67

Food away from home

100

71

56

91

81

72

71

50

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100

119

112

210

139

103

97

56

HOUSING

100

66

37

74

83

74

67

56

Shelter

100

75

45

88

96

83

72

58

Owned dwellings

100

51

8

44

75

69

62

39

Mortgage interest and charges

100

49

8

54

86

74

53

15

Property taxes

100

54

10

35

67

68

67

68

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100

50

5

26

51

57

81

74

Avg. annual spending, total

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other food at home

276 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Rented dwellings

100

140

141

213

158

122

100

108

Other lodging

100

52

33

34

62

61

66

52

Utilities, fuels, public services

100

59

27

58

66

68

67

65

Natural gas

100

62

19

46

67

81

70

78

Electricity

100

58

28

58

63

65

67

64

Fuel oil and other fuels

100

64

7

25

77

67

96

104

Telephone services

100

61

37

74

70

65

64

53

Water and other public services

100

54

16

43

54

68

61

72

Household services

100

39

13

36

41

39

48

52

Personal services

100

10

0

7

11

3

8

27

Other household services

100

59

21

55

62

63

75

68

Housekeeping supplies

100

40

13

33

49

45

46

44

Laundry and cleaning supplies

100

38

14

32

45

44

48

41

Other household products

100

38

10

37

43

50

42

36

Postage and stationery

100

44

17

27

63

36

55

61

Household furnishings, equip.

100

56

30

61

77

69

59

37

Household textiles

100

36

3

68

45

34

25

26

Furniture

100

62

29

70

69

97

64

35

Floor coverings

100

38

42

21

31

29

98

21

Major appliances

100

42

16

25

44

65

68

34

Small appliances, misc. housewares

100

53

17

118

38

54

28

44

Miscellaneous household equipment

100

62

40

59

108

64

60

42

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

100

46

37

58

66

47

44

23

Men and boys

100

94

84

118

140

90

92

48

Men, aged 16 or older

100

116

105

144

171

111

113

58

Boys, aged 2 to 15

100

11

3

15

21

11

12

4

Women and girls

100

5

3

9

7

4

5

1

Women, aged 16 or older

100

4

3

8

5

2

5

1

Girls, aged 2 to 15

100

10

2

15

21

13

8

1

Children under age 2

100

11

6

22

7

7

21

3

Footwear

100

48

42

66

68

45

32

33

Other apparel products, services

100

86

60

100

122

106

93

36

TRANSPORTATION

100

59

38

74

66

60

63

53

Vehicle purchases

100

52

31

69

59

48

51

50

Cars and trucks, new

100

46

19

51

53

33

51

65

Cars and trucks, used

100

57

45

88

64

67

44

32

Gasoline and motor oil

100

65

49

73

72

70

73

51

Other vehicle expenses

100

65

36

81

67

69

71

60

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

100

48

29

83

53

48

52

26

Maintenance and repairs

100

76

40

93

76

86

83

71

Vehicle insurance

100

62

35

71

67

67

61

67

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

100

64

38

80

64

59

87

54

Public transportation

100

66

39

83

79

70

60

59

AMERICAN MEN

277

single-person households headed by men

total households

total

under 25

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

HEALTH CARE

100

52

10

24

40

41

69

113

Health insurance

100

53

11

28

48

42

67

111

Medical services

100

50

11

23

32

38

77

113

Drugs

100

51

4

17

31

45

70

124

Medical supplies

100

41

16

10

32

37

50

92

ENTERTAINMENT

100

68

51

72

72

72

84

58

Fees and admissions

100

70

51

76

80

88

53

66

Audio, visual equipment, services

100

78

66

92

84

88

72

65

Pets, toys, playground equipment

100

41

10

49

50

44

48

37

Other entertainment products and services

100

72

60

52

59

45

178

52

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100

34

23

37

41

42

35

27

READING

100

71

33

66

65

84

81

90

EDUCATION

100

62

209

88

23

35

29

20

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100

99

71

97

116

128

116

64

MISCELLANEOUS

100

93

21

65

76

123

122

131

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100

100

20

51

129

112

80

178

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

100

59

21

68

90

88

66

17

Life and other personal insurance

100

44

4

24

42

49

89

54

Pensions and Social Security

100

60

23

71

93

91

64

14

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100

75

21

56

103

76

90

94

Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 and 2006 Consumer Expenditure Surveys

278 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

Table 8.6

Market Share of Spending Accounted for by Men Who Live Alone, 2005–06

(share of total annual household spending accounted for by men who live alone, 2005–06) total households

men who live alone

Share of total households Share of total annual spending

100.0% 100.0

13.4% 8.5

FOOD Food at home Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by household on trips Food away from home

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7.8 6.5 6.1 5.8 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1 6.8 6.2 6.7 7.3 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.2 5.7 7.1 6.0 7.0 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.4 7.7 9.4

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100.0

16.0

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repairs, insurance, other expenses

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8.8 10.0 6.8 6.6 7.2 6.7

AMERICAN MEN

279

total households

men who live alone

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

18.8% 6.9 8.0 8.3 7.8 8.6 8.2 7.2 5.2 1.4 7.8 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.8 7.5 4.8 8.2 5.1 5.7 7.1 8.3

APPAREL AND SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.1 12.6 15.5 1.5 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.5 6.4 11.6

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rental, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8.0 6.9 6.2 7.6 8.7 8.7 6.5 10.1 8.3 8.6 8.8

280 AMERICAN MEN

SPENDING

total households

men who live alone

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.9% 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.5

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radio, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other entertainment supplies, services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.1 9.4 10.5 5.4 9.6

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100.0

4.6

READING

100.0

9.5

EDUCATION

100.0

8.3

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100.0

13.3

MISCELLANEOUS

100.0

12.4

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100.0

13.3

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100.0 100.0 100.0

7.9 5.9 8.0

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100.0

10.0

Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics 2005 and 2006 Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/home.htm

AMERICAN MEN

281

TIME USE CHAPTER

9

Time Use ■ Leisure activities rank second in time use among men. Older men spend the most time in leisure pursuits. Men aged 25 to 44 have the least amount of leisure time.

■ Among dual-income couples, husbands spend more time at work. Wives with full-time jobs spend more time than their husbands in the kitchen and caring for kids.

■ Fathers help take care of the children. Fathers spend 49 minutes a day caring for children as a primary activity, and more than 4 hours a day caring for children as a secondary activity.

■ Nearly three out of four American men are online. Men are more likely than women to have gone online for ﬁnancial information and to post reviews of product and services.

■ More than one in ﬁve men volunteer. Among men aged 16 or older, 23 percent volunteered their time to an organization during the past 12 months.

■ In most religious denominations, men are outnumbered by women. Sixty-two percent of adults in the United States who identify themselves as Muslims are men.

■ Males are the majority of participants in most sports. Female participation is catching up in many formerly guy sports. Nearly half of runners, bicyclists, hikers, and campers are female.

AMERICAN MEN

283

Leisure Activities Rank Second in Time Use among Men Work ranks third, not far behind leisure.

The American Time Use Survey collects data on time use by asking a representative sample of Americans about their activities during the past 24 hours. These diary data are combined and analyzed by type of activity and demographic characteristic, revealing how much time people devote to eating, shopping, working, and playing. Men (and women) spend the largest amount of time in personal care activities—including sleeping, dressing, and bathing. The average man spent 9.14 hours involved in personal care as a primary activity yesterday, including 8.52 hours sleeping. He spent 5.48 hours in leisure and sports activities, with than half (2.88 hours) in front of a television. Work ranks third, and the average man spent 4.09 hours doing paid work yesterday. The ﬁgure is relatively low because it includes both men in the labor force and those who are students or retired. Men who worked yesterday spent 7.87 hours on the job. The average man spent just 1.43 hours in household activities yesterday, including housework, lawn care, and food preparation. He spent just 0.25 hours (or 15 minutes) caring for household children as a primary activity. Among those who actually cared for children yesterday, the time devoted to the task was a larger 1.49 hours. ■ Researchers and public policy makers use the results of the time use survey to determine how people balance work and family issues. 12

The average man spends more than one hour a day eating and drinking

(average number of hours per day men aged 15 or older spend in selected primary activities, 2007)

8.52 8 hours 8

4.09

4 hours 4

2.88 1.27

0 hours 0

284 AMERICAN MEN

a sleeping

b working

c TV watching

dand eating drinking

0.63 e shopping

0.25 f for caring household children

TIME USE

Table 9.1

Men’s Time Use and Percent Reporting Activity, 2007

(hours per day spent in primary activities by men aged 15 or older, percent of men reporting activity on diary day, and hours per day spent on activity by men reporting activity on diary day, 2007)

total men TOTAL, ALL ACTIVITIES

Personal care activities Sleeping Grooming Health-related self-care Personal activities Travel related to personal care Eating and drinking Eating and drinking Travel related to eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Household management Interior maintenance, repair, and decoration Exterior maintenance, repair, and decoration Animals and pets Vehicles Appliances, tools, and toys Travel related to household activities Purchasing goods and services Consumer goods purchases Grocery shopping Professional and personal care services Financial services and banking Medical and care services Personal care services Household services Household maintenance, repair, decoration, and construction (not all done by self) Vehicle maintenance and repair services (not done by self) Government services Travel related to purchasing goods and services Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Caring for and helping household children (except activities related to education and health) Activities related to household children’s education Activities related to household children’s health Caring for and helping household adults Caring for household adults Helping household adults Travel related to caring for and helping household members

percent reporting activity on diary day

hours per day spent on activity by those reporting activity on diary day

24.00 9.14 8.52 0.54 0.05 0.01 0.02 1.27 1.13 0.13 1.43 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.63 0.31 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.04 – 0.02

100.0% 100.0 99.9 75.9 4.3 0.4 2.7 95.7 95.7 27.3 65.6 19.7 37.3 12.9 15.2 4.7 3.7 13.0 4.4 2.1 9.2 40.1 37.2 10.3 6.3 3.1 2.2 0.6 2.2

– 9.14 8.53 0.71 1.23 – 0.65 1.33 1.18 0.49 2.18 1.46 0.75 2.32 0.82 2.53 2.42 0.69 1.49 1.30 0.53 1.58 0.83 0.69 0.88 0.27 1.63 – 0.85

0.01 0.01 – 0.25 0.33 0.25

0.3 1.2 0.4 38.4 20.3 16.4

– – – 0.65 1.62 1.49

0.22 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06

16.1 2.0 0.3 4.8 1.5 3.5 9.5

1.38 0.90 – 0.60 – 0.29 0.58

AMERICAN MEN

285

total men

Caring for and helping people in other households Caring for and helping children in other households Caring for and helping adults in other households Caring for adults in other households Helping adults in other households Travel related to caring for and helping people in other households Working and work-related activities Working Work-related activities Other income-generating activities Job search and interviewing Travel related to work Educational activities Attending class Homework and research Travel related to education Organizational, civic, and religious activities Religious and spiritual activities Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) Volunteer activities Administrative and support activities Social service and care activities (except medical) Indoor and outdoor maintenance, building, and cleanup activities Participating in performance and cultural activies Attending meeting, conferences, and training Travel related to organizational, civic, and religious activies Leisure and sports Socializing, relaxing, and leisure Socializing and communicating Socializing and communicating (except social events) Attending or hosting social events Relaxing and leisure Watching television Arts and entertainment (other than sports) Sports, exercise, and recreation Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Attending sporting or recreational events Travel related to leisure and sports Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail Telephone calls (to or from) Household and personal messages Household and personal mail and messages Household and personal e-mail and messages Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

percent reporting activity on diary day

hours per day spent on activity by those reporting activity on diary day

0.17 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.06

10.7% 3.8 7.2 0.3 7.1

1.56 1.09 0.95 – 0.89

0.06 4.52 4.09 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.36 0.41 0.26 0.12 0.02 0.28 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 5.48 4.77 0.67 0.59 0.08 4.02 2.88 0.09 0.45 0.42 0.03 0.26 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.20

8.9 54.2 51.9 0.5 1.1 1.3 45.4 7.6 4.9 4.6 4.7 11.8 6.9 6.0 5.9 1.8 1.4 0.7 0.3 1.1 8.1 96.0 95.2 35.3 33.8 2.4 92.0 81.4 3.5 22.2 21.4 1.0 36.9 19.1 9.4 11.8 5.4 7.4 13.0

0.64 8.34 7.87 – – – 0.79 5.39 5.20 2.52 0.52 2.42 1.64 2.21 2.24 1.19 2.61 – – – 0.48 5.71 5.01 1.89 1.73 3.33 4.37 3.54 2.57 2.04 1.96 3.19 0.70 0.66 0.65 0.53 0.28 0.64 1.57

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. All major activities include related travel time. “–” means not applicable or sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm

286 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Older Men Spend the Most Time Eating and Drinking Men aged 25 to 54 spend the most time working.

The average man spends 1.27 hours per day eating and drinking as a primary activity. Men aged 65 or older spend 24 to 32 percent more time eating and drinking than the average man. Those aged 15 to 19 devote 24 percent less time than average to meals. The average man is involved in work-related activities 4.52 hours per day. Men aged 25 to 54 spend 25 to 33 percent more time than the average man in work-related activities. Middle-aged men devote more time to work than to leisure or sports. In addition, men aged 25 to 44 spend much more time than the average man caring for other household members, mostly children. Not surprisingly, the youngest men spend the most time in educational activities, an average of 3.09 hours per day. Men aged 55 or older spend the most time in organizational, civic, and religious activities. The youngest and oldest men spend much more time telephoning, mailing, and e-mailing than the average man. ■ It is no coincidence that men aged 25 to 54, who spend the most time working and caring for other household members, have the least amount of time for leisure and sports. 12 �

Men aged 25 to 54 have the least amount of time for leisure and sports

(average number of hours per day men aged 18 or older spend in leisure and sports as a primary activity, by age, 2007)

�

88 hours

� �

�

� 44 hours

00 hours

15 to a19

20 b to 24

�

�

�

25 c to 34

35 d to 44

45 e to 54

55 to f 64

65g to 74

75 orholder

AMERICAN MEN

287

Table 9.2

Men’s Time Use by Age, 2007

(average hours per day spent in primary activities by men aged 18 or older by age; index of time use by age to average for total men, by type of activity, 2007) total men

15 to 19

20 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

Personal care activities

9.14

10.00

9.34

9.04

8.85

8.83

8.99

9.16

9.89

Leisure and sports

5.48

6.20

5.51

4.63

4.65

4.85

5.76

7.41

8.28

Working and work-related activities

4.52

1.79

4.79

6.00

5.93

5.66

4.13

1.93

0.47

Household activities

1.43

0.55

1.01

1.25

1.33

1.60

2.01

1.94

1.83

Eating and drinking

1.27

0.97

1.15

1.22

1.20

1.29

1.34

1.57

1.68

Purchasing goods and services

0.63

0.42

0.66

0.58

0.61

0.67

0.68

0.80

0.73

Educational activities

0.41

3.09

0.65

0.12

0.08

0.08

0.04

0.03

0.00

Caring for and helping household members

0.33

0.06

0.16

0.57

0.67

0.31

0.14

0.08

0.08

Organizational, civic, religious activities

0.28

0.24

0.16

0.22

0.26

0.29

0.39

0.39

0.42

Caring for, helping nonhousehold members

0.17

0.18

0.22

0.13

0.18

0.17

0.20

0.15

0.13

Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail

0.13

0.31

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.08

0.14

0.18

0.21

Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

0.20

0.18

0.28

0.16

0.17

0.17

0.18

0.37

0.29

Personal care activities

100

109

102

99

97

97

98

100

108

Leisure and sports

100

113

101

84

85

89

105

135

151

Working and work-related activities

100

40

106

133

131

125

91

43

10

Household activities

100

38

71

87

93

112

141

136

128

Eating and drinking

100

76

91

96

94

102

106

124

132

Purchasing goods and services

100

67

105

92

97

106

108

127

116

Educational activities

100

754

159

29

20

20

10

7

0

Caring for and helping household members

100

18

48

173

203

94

42

24

24

Organizational, civic, religious activities

100

86

57

79

93

104

139

139

150

Caring for, helping nonhousehold members

100

106

129

76

106

100

118

88

76

Telephone calls, mail, and email

100

238

62

69

62

62

108

138

162

Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

100

90

140

80

85

85

90

185

145

65 to 74 75 or older

HOURS

INDEX OF TIME TO AVERAGE FOR MEN

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. All major activities include related travel time. The index is calculated by dividing time use of men in each age group by time use of the average man and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

288 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

In Dual-Income Couples, Husbands Spend More Time Working Wives spend more time on housework and child care.

For the nation’s dual-income couples with children under age 18, the daily schedule still looks pretty traditional. Husbands spend more time at work. Wives spend more time in the kitchen and caring for kids. Married fathers who work full-time spend 18 percent more time working on an average day than their female counterparts—6.12 hours for the men versus 5.18 hours for the women (these statistics include both weekdays and weekends). Fathers spend 75 percent less time than mothers doing housework, 32 percent less time caring for children, and 48 percent less time driving children around. Fathers spend more time than mothers on only one child care activity—playing and doing hobbies with children. Although fathers with full-time jobs spend more time working than mothers with full-time jobs, because the fathers do less housework and child care they have more leisure time. Married fathers with full-time jobs have 3.66 hours of leisure per day compared with 2.93 hours for their female counterparts. They spend most of their leisure time watching television. ■ Married fathers with full-time jobs and preschoolers at home spend more than one hour a day caring for children as a primary activity.

Fathers have more leisure time than mothers (hours of leisure time per day among married parents who are employed full-time, by age of children in the home, 2003–06)

3.81

3.50

3.08 3.0 hours

2.70

1.5 hours 100000

0 hours

all fathers dual mothers

75000

with children under 6

with children 6 to 17

50000

25000

0

with

w/out

AMERICAN MEN

289

Table 9.3

Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activity by Dual-Income Couples with Children, 2003–06

(average hours per day married fathers and mothers employed full-time spent in primary activities, and index of men’s time to women’s, by age of own children under age 18 at home, 2003–06) men employed full-time

women employed full-time

index of men to women

24.00 8.62 8.03 1.24 0.22 0.28 0.23 0.38 0.07 0.25 0.84 0.81 0.26 0.06 0.02 0.26 6.12 6.08 3.66 0.64 1.96 0.30 1.47 0.12 1.66

24.00 9.00 8.18 2.05 0.89 0.78 0.10 0.60 0.14 0.37 1.22 1.19 0.52 0.10 0.04 0.19 5.18 5.14 2.93 0.66 1.46 0.16 1.39 0.23 1.63

100 96 98 60 25 36 230 63 50 68 69 68 50 60 50 137 118 118 125 97 134 188 106 52 102

24.00 8.96 8.09 2.13 0.92 0.78 0.12 0.60 0.13 0.37 0.74 0.71 0.20 0.12 0.02 0.04 5.39 5.35

100 96 99 62 22 35 208 58 46 62 64 61 40 58 50 200 115 115

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN 6 TO 17, NONE YOUNGER

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working

290 AMERICAN MEN

24.00 8.61 8.00 1.32 0.20 0.27 0.25 0.35 0.06 0.23 0.47 0.43 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.08 6.19 6.15

TIME USE

Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

men employed full-time

women employed full-time

index of men to women

3.81 0.61 2.05 0.32 1.53 0.12 1.71

3.08 0.65 1.51 0.17 1.39 0.20 1.71

124 94 136 188 110 60 100

24.00 8.63 8.06 1.15 0.24 0.29 0.21 0.41 0.08 0.27 1.23 1.21 0.45 0.05 0.04 0.46 6.05 6.01 3.50 0.68 1.87 0.27 1.41 0.11 1.61

24.00 9.06 8.31 1.92 0.84 0.77 0.08 0.61 0.15 0.36 1.99 1.97 1.04 0.07 0.08 0.42 4.84 4.81 2.70 0.66 1.38 0.14 1.39 0.28 1.50

100 95 97 60 29 38 263 67 53 75 62 61 43 71 50 110 125 125 130 103 136 193 101 39 107

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN UNDER 6

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. The index is calculated by dividing men’s time by women’s time and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

291

Table 9.4

Percent of Married Parents in Dual-Income Couples Participating in Primary Activity on an Average Day, 2003–06

(percent of married fathers and mothers employed full-time participating in primary activities on an average day, by age of own children under age 18 at home, 2003–06) men employed full-time

women employed full-time

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN UNDER 18

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

100.0% 100.0 99.9 64.2 18.3 38.5 11.0 40.5 9.8 31.8 55.4 53.8 32.0 6.2 5.2 15.9 73.7 73.3 94.2 37.9 76.5 16.2 94.9 22.8 97.6

100.0% 100.0 99.9 88.6 55.5 73.9 6.4 53.1 19.1 38.9 72.1 70.7 50.6 11.0 9.0 14.1 69.1 68.7 93.1 41.1 71.4 13.3 94.5 39.6 97.6

100.0% 100.0 99.9 65.3 17.0 37.5 12.1 40.7 9.3 31.9 43.6 41.3 15.6 7.3 2.0 5.9 74.3 73.9

100.0% 100.0 99.9 88.9 57.3 73.1 7.4 53.3 19.2 39.3 61.3 59.1 31.8 12.8 3.1 3.4 71.3 70.8

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN 6 TO 17, NONE YOUNGER

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working

292 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

men employed full-time

Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

women employed full-time

94.7% 37.0 78.3 17.3 94.9 22.9 97.4

93.6% 41.5 72.1 13.8 94.9 36.1 97.8

100.0% 100.0 99.9 63.1 19.7 39.5 9.8 40.3 10.4 31.8 67.9 67.0 49.4 5.0 8.6 26.4 73.1 72.7 93.7 38.9 74.5 15.0 94.8 22.8 97.8

100.0% 100.0 100.0 88.1 52.5 75.3 4.7 52.7 18.9 38.2 89.4 89.1 80.5 8.2 18.4 31.1 65.6 65.3 92.3 40.4 70.2 12.5 93.9 45.4 97.3

MARRIED PARENTS WITH CHILDREN UNDER 6

Total, all activities Personal care activities Sleeping Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Lawn and garden care Purchasing goods and services Grocery shopping Consumer goods purchases, except grocery shopping Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Working and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation Travel Travel related to caring for and helping household children Other activities, not elsewhere classiﬁed

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

293

Caring for Children Is Women’s Work Men help out with leisure, sports, and hobbies.

Childrearing is largely the province of mothers, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey. Men with children under age 18 at home spend just 0.81 hours a day (or 49 minutes) caring for household children as a primary activity. Their female counterparts spend a much larger 1.74 hours a day caring for children as a primary activity (or 1 hour and 44 minutes). Fathers spend much less time than mothers on children’s physical care, talking and reading to children, and education-related activities. Fathers spend more time than mothers on only one primary childrearing activity—playing and doing hobbies with school-aged children. Fathers spend 4.12 hours per day caring for children under age 13 as a secondary activity—in other words, while also doing something else. Mothers spend a larger 6.28 hours per day in secondary child care. Men spend the largest amount of time caring for children while also doing leisure and sports. Fathers of children under age 13 spend 1.94 hours per day in leisure and sports activities as they care for their children. They spend about a halfhour a day eating with their children. ■ Because fathers are more likely to be employed and spend more time at work than mothers, they consequently spend less time in child care.

Fathers spend much less time taking care of preschoolers (average number of hours per day parents with children under age 6 spend in primary and secondary child care, by sex of parent, 2007)

6.47 6 hours

4.27 2.60

3 hours

1.22 0 hours

100000

all men dual women

75000

primary child care

secondary child care

50000

25000

294 AMERICAN MEN

0

with

w/out

TIME USE

Table 9.5

Time Spent Caring for Household Children as a Primary Activity by Sex, 2007

(hours per day spent caring for household children as a primary activity by age of child and sex of respondent; index of men’s time to women’s, 2007)

men

women

index of men’s time to women’s

0.81 0.22 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.10 0.06

1.74 0.64 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.29 0.09 0.06 0.23 0.17

47 34 46 40 43 76 67 83 43 35

0.49 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.05

1.01 0.22 0.15 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.21 0.13

49 32 47 50 30 140 60 75 48 38

1.22 0.41 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.42 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.07

2.60 1.14 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.58 0.14 0.04 0.25 0.21

47 36 50 50 40 72 64 75 40 33

WITH CHILDREN UNDER AGE 18

Total time spent caring for household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Talking to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Looking after children Attending children’s events Travel related to care of household children Other child care activities WITH YOUNGEST CHILD AGED 6 TO 17

Total time spent caring for household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Talking to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Looking after children Attending children’s events Travel related to care of household children Other child care activities WITH YOUNGEST CHILD UNDER AGE 6

Total time spent caring for household children Physical care Education-related activities Reading to/with children Talking to/with children Playing/doing hobbies with children Looking after children Attending children’s events Travel related to care of household children Other child care activities

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. The index is calculated by dividing men’s time by women’s and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

295

Table 9.6

Time Spent Caring for Household Children as a Secondary Activity by Sex, 2007

(hours per day spent caring for household children under age 13 as a secondary activity by age of child and sex of respondent; index of men’s time to women’s, 2007)

men

women

index of men’s time to women’s

WITH CHILDREN UNDER AGE 13

4.12

6.28

66

Caring for household children as a secondary activity while doing: Personal care activities Household activities Purchasing goods and services Working and work-related activities Eating and drinking Leisure and sports Other activities

0.19 0.71 0.27 0.16 0.56 1.94 0.29

0.35 1.72 0.52 0.23 0.71 2.22 0.52

54 41 52 70 79 87 56

WITH YOUNGEST CHILD AGED 6 TO 12

3.90

5.65

69

Caring for household children as a secondary activity while doing: Personal care activities Household activities Purchasing goods and services Working and work-related activities Eating and drinking Leisure and sports Other activities

0.19 0.70 0.20 0.17 0.49 1.85 0.30

0.33 1.48 0.40 0.24 0.61 2.09 0.49

58 47 50 71 80 89 61

WITH YOUNGEST CHILD UNDER AGE 6

4.27

6.47

66

Caring for household children as a secondary activity while doing: Personal care activities Household activities Purchasing goods and services Working and work-related activities Eating and drinking Leisure and sports Other activities

0.20 0.71 0.32 0.15 0.61 2.01 0.28

0.36 1.89 0.61 0.22 0.79 2.32 0.54

56 38 52 68 77 87 52

Note: All activities include related travel time. Secondary child care time is time spent having a child under age 13 in one’s care while doing something else as a main activity. The index is calculated by dividing men’s time by women’s and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

296 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Men Have More Leisure Time on Weekends The time they devote to leisure activities expands by 44 percent on weekends.

On an average weekday, men spent 4.85 hours in leisure activities, including sports, socializing, watching television, reading, relaxing, playing games, and using the computer for fun. On weekends, leisure time expands to 6.96 hours per day. These statistics include men of all ages, men who are working, and men who are not employed. Socializing sees the biggest gain on the weekend, and men spend more than twice as much time socializing on an average Saturday or Sunday as on a weekday. Married men have less leisure time than other men on both weekdays and weekends. This is because married men are much more likely than single, divorced, or widowed men to be raising children. ■ Regardless of marital status, men spend about the same amount of time watching television on weekdays—more than 2.6 hours a day. 300

Men spend twice as much time socializing on weekends (index of men’s time spent in leisure activities on weekends to weekdays, by type of activity, 2007)

200

208 200

153 132

127

127 108

100 100 = average

0

0

sports,a exercise, recreation

b and socializing communicating

c TV watching

d reading

e relaxing, thinking

f and playing games using computer for leisure

AMERICAN MEN

297

Table 9.7

Men’s Leisure Time Use on Weekdays versus Weekends, 2007

(average hours per day men aged 15 or older participate in leisure-time primary activities on weekdays and weekends, by type of leisure activity and marital status, and index of weekend versus weekday time, 2007) weekdays

weekends

index, weekends to weekdays

4.85 0.36 0.50 2.63 0.26 0.30 0.40 0.38

6.96 0.55 1.04 3.46 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.76

144 153 208 132 127 127 108 200

4.51 0.29 0.44 2.62 0.28 0.33 0.25 0.30

6.44 0.47 0.99 3.34 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.63

143 162 225 127 146 100 108 210

5.27 0.45 0.59 2.63 0.24 0.27 0.59 0.49

7.58 0.65 1.09 3.60 0.24 0.44 0.63 0.92

144 144 185 137 100 163 107 188

TOTAL MEN

Total, all leisure activities Sports, exercise, recreation Socializing and communicating Watching television Reading Relaxing, thinking Playing games and using computer for leisure Other leisure activities, including travel MARRIED MEN

Total, all leisure activities Sports, exercise, recreation Socializing and communicating Watching television Reading Relaxing, thinking Playing games and computer use for leisure Other leisure activities, including travel SINGLE, DIVORCED, WIDOWED MEN

Total, all leisure activities Sports, exercise, recreation Socializing and communicating Watching television Reading Relaxing, thinking Playing games and using computer for leisure Other leisure activities, including travel

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. The index is calculated by dividing the time spent on weekends by the time spent on weekdays and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

298 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Nearly Three out of Four Men Are Online Men are more likely than women to have gotten news online yesterday.

Seventy-three percent of Americans aged 18 or older are Internet users. More than two-thirds of Internet users are online daily, and 72 percent of men and 68 percent of women who use the Internet say they were online yesterday, according to surveys by the Pew Internet & American Life Project. E-mailing is the most popular activity, and more than 90 percent of Internet users have ever sent or received an e-mail. Among Internet users, 59 percent of men sent or received an e-mail yesterday. The second most popular online activity among men who used the Internet yesterday was getting news, with 48 percent doing so. Among Internet users, men are more likely than women to have used the Internet yesterday for a variety of activities. They are 76 percent more likely than women to have gone online for information about politics, 86 percent more likely to have gone online for ﬁnancial information, and twice as likely to have posted a review of a product or service. ■ The Internet has changed government and business, creating a new economy.

Many people get news online (percent of Internet users who used the Internet yesterday to get news, by sex, 2008) 60

48% 40

40%

31% 20

20%

0

0%

a men

b women

AMERICAN MEN

299

Table 9.8

Online Activities Ever Done, 2008

(percent of people who have ever used the Internet for selected activities, by sex, 2007 and 2008, and index of men to women; ranked by percentage of men ever doing activity) men USE THE INTERNET

Selected activities ever done online Send or read e-mail* Look for information about a hobby* Check weather reports Research a product or service* Get news Buy a product online* Visit a state, local, or federal government website Look for health or medical information* Buy or make a reservation for a travel service* Look for news or information about politics or upcoming campaigns Watch a video on a site like YouTube Research for work, not including e-mail* Bank online* Look for information about a job Download music* Get ﬁnancial information* Send instant message Look for information on Wikipedia* Read someone else’s blog Look for religious or spiritual information* Use online classiﬁed ads or sites like Craig’s List* Rate a product, service, or person* Participate in an online auction* Post a review about a product you purchased or service you received* Make a donation to charity Create or work on own blog Make a phone call online*

women

index of men to women

73%

73%

100

91 85 82 79 75 71 70 68 65 60 57 57 52 46 42 42 39 39 35 34 34 32 31

93 80 78 83 72 70 63 81 62 51 46 45 54 49 33 30 42 34 32 36 30 32 21

98 106 105 95 104 101 111 84 105 118 124 127 96 94 127 140 93 115 109 94 113 100 148

30 20 14 10

30 19 11 7

100 105 127 143

* Data are from 2007. Note: The index is calculated by dividing the percentage of men doing the activity by the percentage of women doing the activity and multiplying by 100. Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project, Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org/trends.asp#demographics

300 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Table 9.9

Online Activities Yesterday, 2008

(percent of Internet users who used the Internet for selected activities yesterday, by sex, and index of men to women, 2007 and 2008; ranked by percent of men doing activity yesterday)

men INTERNET USERS WHO USED THE INTERNET YESTERDAY

Selected activities yesterday Sent or read e-mail* Got news Checked weather reports Looked for information about a hobby* Looked for news or information about politics or upcoming campaigns Researched for work, not including e-mail* Banked online* Watched a video on a site like YouTube Researched a product or service* Sent instant message Visited a state, local, or federal government website Got ﬁnancial information* Read someone else’s blog Looked for information on Wikipedia* Looked for health or medical information* Bought a product online* Downloaded music* Used online classiﬁed ads or sites like Craig’s List* Created or worked on own blog Looked for religious or spiritual information* Looked for information about a job Bought or made a reservation for a travel service* Rated a product, service, or person* Posted a review about a product you purchased or service you received* Participated in an online auction* Made a phone call online* Made a donation to charity

women

index of men to women

72%

68%

106

59 48 35 32

62 31 26 25

95 155 135 128

30 26 21 21 17 16 16 13 13 9 8 7 7 7 5 5 5 4 4

17 19 21 11 23 10 10 7 10 6 13 8 6 6 4 6 7 4 3

176 137 100 191 74 160 160 186 130 150 62 88 117 117 125 83 71 100 133

4 3 2 1

2 2 2 1

200 150 100 100

* Data are from 2007. Note: The index is calculated by dividing the percentage of men doing the activity by the percentage of women doing the activity and multiplying by 100. Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project, Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org/trends.asp#demographics

AMERICAN MEN

301

More than One in Five Men Volunteer Middle-aged men are most likely to volunteer.

Among men aged 16 or older, 23 percent volunteered during 2007, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Men account for only 42 percent of the nation’s 61 million volunteers. Volunteers are deﬁned as those who performed unpaid activities for an organization at least once during the past year. Volunteering peaks at 27 percent among men aged 45 to 54. Some of these men are volunteering for their children’s extracurricular organizations, such as coaching sports or working for a scout troop. Volunteering is lowest among men aged 20 to 24. Only 14 percent of men in the age group volunteered in 2007. ■ Volunteering among men increases during the childrearing years as fathers donate their time to the organizations and activities in which their children participate.

Volunteering is lowest among young men (percent of men who volunteer, by age, 2007)

30

�

�

�

� �

� 2020%

� �

1010%

00%

16 a to 19

302 AMERICAN MEN

20 b to 24

25 c to 34

35 to d44

45 to e54

55 tof 64

65 orgolder

TIME USE

Table 9.10

Volunteering among Men by Age, 2007

(total number of people aged 16 or older who performed unpaid volunteer activities for an organization during the past year, number and percent of men volunteering, and men’s share of total volunteers, by age, 2007; numbers in thousands) men

Total volunteers Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

number

60,838 4,173 3,625 9,019 12,902 13,136 9,316 8,667

25,724 1,940 1,482 3,620 5,341 5,676 4,103 3,563

percent

share of total

22.9% 22.5 14.4 18.2 25.6 26.6 26.0 22.8

42.3% 46.5 40.9 40.1 41.4 43.2 44.0 41.1

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Volunteering in the United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun .toc.htm

AMERICAN MEN

303

Men Are in the Minority in Many Religious Congregations Men dominate some denominations, however.

In most of America’s major religious denominations, men are outnumbered by women. Of the country’s 50 million Roman Catholics, for example, only 47 percent are men. Baptists, Episcopalians, Evangelicals, Methodists, and Mormons are 41 to 46 percent male. Men are an even smaller percentage of some denominations, such as their 29 percent share of Jehovah’s Witnesses. In contrast, men dominate the Muslim, Buddhist, and Seventh Day Adventist faiths. Men account for 62 percent of Muslims in the United States. ■ Males account for a larger share of the religious denominations whose membership is skewed toward younger adults.

Men account for a majority of people who say they have no religion (percent distribution of people aged 18 or older who say they have no religion, by sex, 2001)

41% women

a

59% men

b

b

a

304 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Table 9.11

Male Share of Religious Groups, 2001

(total number of adult members of selected religious groups and percent male, 2001; numbers in thousands) number

Total U.S. adults Catholic Baptist No religion Christian Methodist Lutheran Presbyterian Protestant Pentecostal Episcopalian/Anglican Jewish Mormon Churches of Christ Nondenominational Congregational/UCC Jehovah’s Witnesses Assemblies of God Muslim/Islamic Buddhist Evangelical/Born Again Church of God Seventh Day Adventist

208,000 50,873 33,830 29,481 14,190 14,140 9,580 5,596 4,647 4,407 3,451 2,831 2,787 2,503 2,489 1,378 1,331 1,105 1,104 1,082 1,032 944 724

percent male

48% 47 46 59 52 43 48 45 50 41 41 49 46 45 47 51 29 49 62 61 43 36 62

Note: Religious group is self-identiﬁed; numbers do not add to total because not all groups are shown. Source: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey 2001, Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, Internet site http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/aris_index.htm

AMERICAN MEN

305

Males Are the Majority of Participants in Most Sports But females have overtaken males in some sports.

Since Congress passed Title IX requiring public schools to spend equally on boys’ and girls’ physical education, males have had to make room for females on the track and in the gymnasium. According to a survey by the National Sporting Goods Association, males aged 7 or older dominated most sports in 2007, including baseball, basketball, downhill skiing, and golf. But women are ahead in sports such as swimming and exercise walking. Men’s participation tops women’s by a wide margin in such classically male sports as tackle football, hunting, target shooting, skateboarding, snowboarding, and weight lifting. But female participation is approaching male in many formerly guy sports. Nearly half of runners, bicyclists, hikers, and campers are female. ■ In sports where ﬁnesse is as important as sheer strength, such as golf, women are beginning to compete with men at the highest professional levels.

Male and female participation in some sports is about equal

75

(male share of people aged 7 or older who participated in selected sports more than once during the past year, 2007)

53% 50 50%

51%

51%

51%

52%

b camping

c hiking

d kayaking

e running/jogging

25 25%

0

0%

a bicycling

306 AMERICAN MEN

TIME USE

Table 9.12

Sports Participation among Males Aged 7 or Older, 2007

(total number of people and number of males aged 7 or older who participate in selected sports more than once during past year, and male share of total, 2007; numbers in millions) male

Aerobic exercising Archery (target) Backpacking/wilderness camping Baseball Basketball Bicycle riding Billiards/pool Boating (motor) Bowling Camping (vacation/overnight) Dart throwing Exercise walking Exercising with equipment Fishing Football (tackle) Golf Hiking Hockey (ice) Hunting with bow and arrow Hunting with ﬁrearms In-line roller skating Kayaking Lacrosse Mountain biking (off road) Mountain/rock climbing Muzzleloading Paintball games Running/jogging Scooter riding Scuba diving (open water) Skateboarding Skiing (alpine) Skiing (cross country) Snowboarding Soccer Softball Swimming Target shooting Tennis Volleyball Water skiing Weight lifting Workout at club Wrestling Yoga

total number

number

30.3 6.6 13.0 14.0 24.1 37.4 29.5 31.9 43.5 47.5 12.1 89.8 52.8 35.3 9.2 22.7 28.6 2.1 5.7 19.5 10.7 5.9 1.2 7.4 4.6 3.6 7.4 30.4 10.6 2.4 10.1 5.5 1.7 5.1 13.8 10.0 52.3 20.9 12.3 12.0 5.3 33.2 33.8 2.1 10.7

8.8 5.4 7.6 10.8 16.6 19.9 17.8 18.3 21.6 24.2 7.1 33.7 25.8 23.9 7.9 17.6 14.7 1.7 5.3 17.0 4.9 3.0 0.6 4.9 2.7 3.3 6.6 15.9 5.8 1.4 7.4 3.3 0.9 3.8 8.5 5.2 23.9 16.2 6.6 5.1 3.1 21.4 15.2 1.8 1.6

percent of total

29.0% 81.8 58.5 77.1 68.9 53.2 60.3 57.4 49.7 50.9 58.7 37.5 48.9 67.7 85.9 77.5 51.4 81.0 93.0 87.2 45.8 50.8 50.0 66.2 58.7 91.7 89.2 52.3 54.7 58.3 73.3 60.0 52.9 74.5 61.6 52.0 45.7 77.5 53.7 42.5 58.5 64.5 45.0 85.7 15.0

Source: National Sporting Goods Association, Internet site http://www.nsga.org

AMERICAN MEN

307

WEALTH CHAPTER

10 Wealth ■ Household net worth peaks in the older age groups. Householders aged 55 to 64 had the highest net worth, a median of $248,700 in 2004.

■ The ﬁnancial assets owned by the average household are modest. The median value of the ﬁnancial assets owned by the average household stood at $23,000 in 2004.

■ The home is the single most valuable asset owned by most Americans. The median value of the primary residence stood at $160,000 in 2004.

■ The average household with debt owed $55,300 in 2004. The ﬁgure is surprisingly modest, considering that it includes mortgages.

■ Fully 84 percent of married couples are homeowners. The majority of male family heads are homeowners as well.

■ Men have saved little for retirement. Most men neither own an IRA nor participate in a 401(k)-type retirement plan.

AMERICAN MEN

309

Net Worth Rises with Age Householders aged 55 to 64 have the largest net worth.

The median net worth (assets minus debts) of American households stood at $93,100 in 2004, according to the Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances—the latest data available. As the economy struggled, median net worth grew only 1.5 percent between 2001 and 2004, after adjusting for inﬂation. The government collects data on the net worth, assets, and debts of households rather than individuals. Examining household wealth by the demographic characteristics of householders reveals much about the wealth of the nation’s men and women. Net worth naturally rises with income, although it does not amount to much until annual household income rises above the 80th percentile. Net worth also rises with age and peaks in the 55-to-64 age group as people accumulate assets and pay off debt. The median net worth of householders aged 55 to 64 grew faster than net worth in any other age group between 2001 and 2004 as older Americans postponed retirement and let their savings grow. In contrast, the net worth of householders aged 35 to 44 fell 16 percent during those years as many took on large mortgages for overpriced homes. ■ College graduates saw their net worth grow by 17 percent between 2001 and 2004, while the net worth of high school dropouts fell 24 percent.

The youngest householders have little wealth 300000

(median net worth of households by age of householder, 2004)

�

� $200,000 200000

� � �

$100,000 100000

�

0 $0

� under a 35

310 AMERICAN MEN

35 to b44

45 c to 54

55 d to 64

65 e to 74

75 orfolder

WEALTH

Table 10.1

Net Worth of Households, 2001 and 2004

(median net worth of households by selected characteristics, 2001 and 2004; percent change, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) 2004

2001

$93,100

$91,700

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 7,500 20 to 39.9 percent 34,300 40 to 59.9 percent 71,600 60 to 79.9 percent 160,000 80 to 89.9 percent 311,100 90 percent or higher 924,100

8,400 39,600 66,500 150,700 280,300 887,900

Total households

Age of householder Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44

14,200 69,400

percent change

1.5%

–10.7 –13.4 7.7 6.2 11.0 4.1

12,300

15.4 –16.0 2.2 28.7 1.2 1.2

Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

144,700 248,700 190,100 163,100

82,600 141,600 193,300 187,800 161,200

Education of householder No high school diploma High school diploma Some college College degree

20,600 68,700 69,300 266,100

27,200 61,800 76,300 227,200

–24.3 11.2 –9.2 17.1

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 140,700 Nonwhite or Hispanic 24,800

129,600 19,100

8.6 29.8

Region Northeast Midwest South West

98,300 111,300 78,600 93,300

64.5 3.3 –18.8 1.6

161,700 115,000 63,800 94,800

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

311

Financial Assets Have Declined The median value of the ﬁnancial assets owned by the average household stood at $23,000 in 2004.

The ﬁnancial assets of American households fell 23 percent between 2001 and 2004, after adjusting for inﬂation (the latest data available). The recession of 2001 and the slow economic recovery that followed took their toll on household ﬁnancial portfolios. By 2004, the average household’s ﬁnancial assets were less than one-sixth the value of its nonﬁnancial assets (mostly real estate). The most commonly held ﬁnancial asset is a transaction account, such as a checking account, owned by 91 percent of households. Retirement accounts are owned by just under 50 percent, and cash value life insurance by 24 percent. The median value of retirement accounts was just $35,200 in 2004, peaking at $182,700 among households with incomes in the 90th percentile or higher. ■ Because of the stock market’s volatility over the past few years, the ﬁnancial assets of Americans probably have not grown much since these data were collected.

Fewer than half of households own retirement accounts (percent of households that own selected ﬁnancial assets, 2004)

91.3% 80%

49.7% 40%

24.2%

20.7% 12.7%

0%

checking/savings account

312 AMERICAN MEN

retirement account

cash value life insurance

stocks

CDs

WEALTH

Table 10.2

Ownership and Value of Financial Assets, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households that own any ﬁnancial asset and median value of ﬁnancial assets for owners, by selected characteristics, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in ownership and percent change in value, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent owning any ﬁnancial asset 2004

Total households

93.8%

2001

93.1%

median value of ﬁnancial assets

percentage point change

2004

2001

percent change

0.7

$23,000

$29,800

–22.8%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 80.1 20 to 39.9 percent 91.5 40 to 59.9 percent 98.5 60 to 79.9 percent 99.1 80 to 89.9 percent 99.8 90 percent or higher 100.0

75.5 93.6 98.3 99.6 99.8 99.7

4.6 –2.1 0.2 –0.5 0.0 0.3

1,300 4,900 15,500 48,500 108,200 365,100

2,100 8,400 18,200 59,100 103,400 387,700

–38.1 –41.7 –14.8 –17.9 4.6 –5.8

Age of householder Under age 35

90.1

89.7

Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

93.6 93.6 95.2 96.5 97.6

93.5 94.7 95.0 94.6 95.1

0.4 0.1 –1.1 0.2 1.9 2.5

5,200 19,000 38,600 78,000 36,100 38,800

6,600 28,600 48,000 59,800 54,700 42,600

–21.2 –33.6 –19.6 30.4 –34.0 –8.9

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 97.2 96.7 Nonwhite or Hispanic 85.0 83.2

0.5 1.8

36,000 5,000

41,300 7,600

–12.8 –34.2

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

313

Table 10.3

Percent of Households Owning Financial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004

(percent of households that own ﬁnancial assets by selected characteristics of households and type of asset, 2004) any ﬁnancial transaction certiﬁcates asset accounts of deposit

Total households

93.8%

91.3%

savings bonds

bonds

pooled investment stocks funds

retirement accounts

12.7%

17.6%

1.8%

20.7%

15.0%

cash value life insurance

other managed

49.7%

24.2%

7.3%

other ﬁnancial

10.0%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent

80.1

75.5

5.0

6.2

–

5.1

3.6

10.1

14.0

3.1

7.1

20 to 39.9 percent

91.5

87.3

12.7

8.8

–

8.2

7.6

30.0

19.2

4.9

9.9

40 to 59.9 percent

98.5

95.9

11.8

15.4

–

16.3

12.7

53.4

24.2

7.9

9.3

60 to 79.9 percent

99.1

98.4

14.9

26.6

2.2

28.2

18.6

69.7

29.8

7.8

11.2

80 to 89.9 percent

99.8

99.1

16.3

32.3

2.8

35.8

26.2

81.9

29.5

12.1

11.4

100.0

100.0

21.5

29.9

8.8

55.0

39.1

88.5

38.1

13.0

13.4

Under age 35

90.1

86.4

5.6

15.3

–

13.3

8.3

40.2

11.0

2.9

11.6

Aged 35 to 44

93.6

90.8

6.7

23.3

0.6

18.5

12.3

55.9

20.1

3.7

10.0

Aged 45 to 54

93.6

91.8

11.9

21.0

1.8

23.2

18.2

57.7

26.0

6.2

12.1

Aged 55 to 64

95.2

93.2

18.1

15.2

3.3

29.1

20.6

62.9

32.1

9.4

7.2

Aged 65 to 74

96.5

93.9

19.9

14.9

4.3

25.4

18.6

43.2

34.8

12.8

8.1

Aged 75 or older

97.6

96.4

25.7

11.0

3.0

18.4

16.6

29.2

34.0

16.7

8.1

90 percent or higher Age of householder

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white

97.2

95.5

15.3

21.1

2.5

25.5

18.9

56.1

26.8

9.2

10.2

Nonwhite or Hispanic

85.0

80.6

6.0

8.5

–

8.0

5.0

32.9

17.4

2.1

9.4

Note: “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

314 AMERICAN MEN

WEALTH

Table 10.4

Median Value of Financial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004

(median value of ﬁnancial assets for households that own asset, by selected characteristics of households and type of asset, 2004) any ﬁnancial transaction certiﬁcates asset accounts of deposit

Total households

$23,000

$3,800 $15,000

savings bonds

$1,000

bonds

pooled investment stocks funds

retirement accounts

$65,000 $15,000 $40,400 $35,200

cash value life insurance

other managed

other ﬁnancial

$6,000 $45,000

$4,000

Household income percentile Below 20 percent

1,300

600

1,000

400

–

6,000

15,300

5,000

2,800

22,000

2,500

20 to 39.9 percent

4,900

1,500

14,000

600

–

8,000

25,000

10,000

3,900

50,000

2,000

40 to 59.9 percent

15,500

3,000

1,000

800

–

12,000

23,000

17,200

5,000

36,000

2,500

60 to 79.9 percent

48,500

6,600

18,000

1,000

80,000

10,000

25,500

32,000

7,000

35,000

4,000

80 to 89.9 percent

108,200

11,000

2,000

800

26,700

15,000

33,500

70,000

10,000

50,000

5,000

90 percent or higher

365,100

28,000

33,000

2,000

160,000

20,000 100,000

20,000

Under age 35

5,200

1,800

4,000

500

–

4,400

8,000

11,000

3,000

5,000

1,000

Aged 35 to 44

19,000

3,000

1,000

500

10,000

10,000

15,900

27,900

5,000

18,300

3,500

Aged 45 to 54

38,600

4,800

11,000

1,000

30,000

14,500

50,000

55,500

8,000

43,000

5,000

Aged 55 to 64

78,000

6,700

29,000

2,500

80,000

25,000

75,000

83,000

10,000

65,000

7,000

Aged 65 to 74

36,100

5,500

20,000

3,000

40,000

42,000

60,000

80,000

8,000

60,000

10,000

Aged 75 or older

38,800

6,500

22,000

5,000

295,000

50,000

60,000

30,000

5,000

50,000

22,000

57,000 125,000 182,700

Age of householder

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white Nonwhite or Hispanic

36,000

5,000

16,000

1,000

80,000

18,000

45,000

41,000

7,000

45,000

5,000

5,000

1,500

12,000

600

–

5,300

18,000

16,000

5,000

40,000

2,500

Note: “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

315

For Most Americans, the Home Is Their Most Valuable Asset The median value of the primary residence stood at $160,000 in 2004.

The median value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by the average household increased by 22 percent between 2001 and 2004, after adjusting for inﬂation (the latest data available). The $147,800 in nonﬁnancial assets owned by the average household in 2004 far outstripped its $23,000 in ﬁnancial assets. Although a larger percentage of households own a vehicle (86 percent) than a home (69 percent), the median value of the vehicles owned by the average household was just $14,200 in 2004. For homeowners, the value of their home is much greater than the value of any other single asset they own. Few households own other types of nonﬁnancial assets such as other residential property, nonresidential property, or businesses. Not surprisingly, the value of owned homes rises with income to a high of $450,000 among households with incomes in the 90th percentile or above. By age, housing value peaks in the 55-to-64 age group at $200,000. Although most households own a home, many also have hefty mortgages—lowering their net worth. ■ The value of the nonﬁnancial assets owned by the average American household today may not be much greater than it was in 2004 because of the decline in housing prices over the past few years.

Home values typically peak in middle age (median value of primary residence by age of householder, 2004)

$160,000

$80,000

$0

under 35

316 AMERICAN MEN

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 to 74

75 or older

WEALTH

Table 10.5

Ownership and Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households that own any nonﬁnancial asset and median value of nonﬁnancial assets for owners, by selected characteristics, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in ownership and percent change in value, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent owning any nonﬁnancial asset 2004

Total households

92.5%

2001

90.7%

median value of nonﬁnancial assets

percentage point change

2004

2001

1.8

$147,800

$120,900

percent change

22.2%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 76.4 20 to 39.9 percent 92.0 40 to 59.9 percent 96.7 60 to 79.9 percent 98.4 80 to 89.9 percent 99.1 90 percent or higher 99.3

67.7 93.1 95.6 97.8 99.4 99.5

8.7 –1.1 1.1 0.6 –0.3 –0.2

22,400 71,100 131,200 197,200 281,800 651,200

36,500 60,700 98,200 161,500 239,200 510,800

–38.6 17.1 33.6 22.1 17.8 27.5

Age of householder Under age 35

88.6

83.0

Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

93.0 94.7 92.6 95.6 92.5

93.2 95.2 95.4 91.6 86.4

5.6 –0.2 –0.5 –2.8 4.0 6.1

32,300 151,300 184,500 226,300 161,100 137,100

31,700 125,500 150,800 157,500 158,900 130,600

1.9 20.6 22.3 43.7 1.4 5.0

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 95.8 94.7 Nonwhite or Hispanic 84.0 78.4

1.1 5.6

164,800 64,100

141,400 62,800

16.5 2.1

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

317

Table 10.6

Percent of Households Owning Nonﬁnancial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004

(percent of households owning nonﬁnancial assets by selected characteristics of households and type of asset, 2004) any nonﬁnancial asset

vehicles

primary residence

other residential property

equity in nonresidential property

8.3%

business equity

11.5%

other nonﬁnancial

Total households

92.5%

86.3%

69.1%

12.5%

7.8%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 20 to 39.9 percent 40 to 59.9 percent 60 to 79.9 percent 80 to 89.9 percent 90 percent or higher

76.4 92.0 96.7 98.4 99.1 99.3

65.0 85.3 91.6 95.3 95.9 93.1

40.3 57.0 71.5 83.1 91.8 94.7

3.6 6.9 10.0 14.0 19.3 37.2

2.7 3.8 7.6 10.6 12.8 20.8

3.7 6.7 9.5 12.0 16.0 34.7

3.9 4.4 7.5 10.4 8.3 16.7

Age of householder Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

88.6 93.0 94.7 92.6 95.6 92.5

82.9 89.4 88.8 88.6 89.1 76.9

41.6 68.3 77.3 79.1 81.3 85.2

5.1 9.4 16.3 19.5 19.7 9.7

3.3 6.4 11.4 12.8 10.6 7.7

6.9 13.9 15.7 15.8 8.0 5.3

5.5 6.0 9.7 9.2 9.0 8.5

Race and ethnicity of householder Non-Hispanic white 95.8 Nonwhite or Hispanic 84.0

90.3 76.1

76.1 50.8

14.0 8.9

9.2 5.8

13.6 5.9

9.3 3.8

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

318 AMERICAN MEN

WEALTH

Table 10.7

Median Value of Nonﬁnancial Assets by Type of Asset, 2004

(median value of nonﬁnancial assets for households that own asset, by selected characteristics of households and type of asset, 2004)

vehicles

primary residence

other residential property

equity in nonresidential property

business equity

other nonﬁnancial

$147,800

$14,200

$160,000

$100,000

$60,000

$100,000

$15,000

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 22,400 20 to 39.9 percent 71,100 40 to 59.9 percent 131,200 60 to 79.9 percent 197,200 80 to 89.9 percent 281,800 90 percent or higher 651,200

4,500 7,900 13,100 19,800 25,800 33,000

70,000 100,000 135,000 175,000 225,000 450,000

33,000 65,000 55,000 100,000 98,000 268,000

11,000 30,000 36,000 47,000 60,000 189,000

30,000 30,000 62,500 150,000 100,000 350,000

4,500 7,500 10,000 10,000 17,500 50,000

Age of householder Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

32,300 151,300 184,500 226,300 161,100 137,100

11,300 15,600 18,100 18,600 12,400 8,400

135,000 160,000 170,000 200,000 150,000 125,000

82,500 80,000 90,000 135,000 80,000 150,000

55,000 42,200 43,000 75,000 78,000 85,800

50,000 100,000 144,000 190,900 100,000 80,300

5,000 10,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 11,000

Race and ethnicity of householder Non-Hispanic white 164,800 Nonwhite or Hispanic 64,100

15,700 9,800

165,000 130,000

105,000 80,000

66,000 30,000

135,000 66,700

16,500 10,000

Total households

any nonﬁnancial asset

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

319

Most Households Are in Debt The majority of households are debt-free only among householders aged 75 or older.

The average household with debt owed $55,300 in 2004, up 34 percent since 2001, after adjusting for inﬂation (the latest data available). This ﬁgure is surprisingly modest considering that it includes mortgage debt. Overall, 48 percent of households owed on a mortgage, with the median amount of mortgage debt at $95,000 in 2004. Forty-six percent of households owed a median of $11,500 on installment loans (such as car loans). Forty-six percent of households carried an unpaid balance on their credit card, owing a fairly modest median of $2,200. More than eight out of ten middle- and high-income households are in debt. Households with incomes in the 90th percentile or higher owed a median of $209,000 in 2004, but most of that was mortgage debt. The richest households owed a median of $4,000 on their credit cards, and they owed a median of $18,000 on installment loans. The percentage of households in debt declines with age after peaking among 35-to54-year-olds. The expenses of buying a home and raising children explain why 88 to 89 percent of 35-to-54-year-olds are in debt. Among householders aged 75 or older, only 40 percent are in debt. ■ The net worth of Americans will not rise until more households begin to pay down their mortgage debt. 120000

The amount of money owed by households declines after middle age (median amount of debt for households with debt, by age of householder, 2004)

� $80,000 80000

�

� $40,000 40000

� � �

0 $0

under a 35

320 AMERICAN MEN

35 b to 44

45 c to 54

55 d to 64

65 e to 74

75 orfolder

�

WEALTH

Table 10.8

Debt of Households, 2001 and 2004

(percentage of households with debts and median amount of debt for debtors, by age of householder, 2001 and 2004; percentage point change in households with debt and percent change in amount of debt, 2001–04; in 2004 dollars) percent with debt 2004

Total households

76.4%

2001

75.1%

median amount of debt percentage point change

2004

2001

percent change

1.3

$55,300

$41,300

33.9%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 52.6 20 to 39.9 percent 69.8 40 to 59.9 percent 84.0 60 to 79.9 percent 86.6 80 to 89.9 percent 92.0 90 percent or higher 86.3

49.3 70.2 82.1 85.6 91.4 85.3

3.3 –0.4 1.9 1.0 0.6 1.0

7,000 16,100 44,700 93,400 136,000 209,000

5,500 12,200 31,000 66,400 103,100 155,900

27.3 32.0 44.2 40.7 31.9 34.1

Age of householder Under age 35

79.8

82.7

Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

88.6 88.4 76.3 58.8 40.3

88.6 84.6 75.4 56.8 29.2

–2.9 0.0 3.8 0.9 2.0 11.1

33,600 87,200 83,200 48,000 25,000 15,400

26,500 65,500 57,800 36,900 14,000 5,300

26.8 33.1 43.9 30.1 78.6 190.6

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 78.0 75.8 Nonwhite or Hispanic 72.5 72.9

2.2 –0.4

69,500 30,500

47,700 21,300

45.7 43.2

Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

321

Table 10.9

Percent of Households with Debt, 2004

(percent of households with debt by selected characteristics and type of debt, 2004) secured by residential property any debt

primary residence

Total households

76.4%

47.9%

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 20 to 39.9 percent 40 to 59.9 percent 60 to 79.9 percent 80 to 89.9 percent 90 percent or higher

52.6 69.8 84.0 86.6 92.0 86.3

15.9 29.5 51.7 65.8 76.8 76.2

Age of householder Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

79.8 88.6 88.4 76.3 58.8 40.3

other property

4.0%

lines of credit not secured by residential property

installment loans

credit card balances

other debt

1.6%

46.0%

46.2%

7.6%

– 1.5 2.6 4.1 7.5 15.4

– 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.6 2.5

26.9 39.9 52.4 57.8 60.0 45.7

28.8 42.9 55.1 56.0 57.6 38.5

4.6 5.8 8.0 8.3 12.3 10.6

37.7 62.8 64.6 51.0 32.1 18.7

2.1 4.0 6.3 5.9 3.2 1.5

2.2 1.5 2.9 0.7 0.4 –

59.4 55.7 50.2 42.8 27.5 13.9

47.5 58.8 54.0 42.1 31.9 23.6

6.2 1.3 9.4 8.4 4.0 2.5

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 78.0 51.9 Nonwhite or Hispanic 72.5 37.4

4.4 3.0

1.7 1.1

47.0 43.2

46.0 46.7

7.8 7.3

Note: “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

322 AMERICAN MEN

WEALTH

Table 10.10

Median Value of Debt Owed by Households, 2004

(median value of debt for households with debts, by selected characteristics and type of debt, 2004) secured by residential property any debt

primary residence

other property

lines of credit not secured by residential property

$55,300

$95,000

$87,000

$3,000

$11,500

$2,200

$4,000

Household income percentile Below 20 percent 7,000 20 to 39.9 percent 16,100 40 to 59.9 percent 44,700 60 to 79.9 percent 93,400 80 to 89.9 percent 136,000 90 percent or higher 209,000

37,000 53,300 78,000 97,000 133,000 185,000

– 32,500 66,000 62,000 78,000 159,000

– 300 1,000 7,000 14,000 40,000

5,600 8,000 10,800 13,900 15,100 18,000

1,000 1,900 2,200 3,000 2,700 4,000

2,000 2,700 2,300 3,500 5,000 9,400

Age of householder Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

107,000 110,000 97,000 83,000 51,000 31,000

62,500 75,000 87,000 108,800 100,000 39,000

1,000 1,900 7,000 14,000 4000.0 –

11,900 12,000 12,000 12,900 8,300 6,700

1,500 2,500 2,900 2,200 2,200 1,000

3,000 4,000 4,000 5,500 5,000 2,000

Race and Hispanic origin of householder Non-Hispanic white 69,500 98,000 Nonwhite or Hispanic 30,500 83,000

87,000 66,000

4,000 400

12,400 9,600

2,500 1,600

4,000 3,000

Total households

33,600 87,200 83,200 48,000 25,000 15,400

installment loans

credit card balances

other debt

Note: “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/ scf2004home_modify.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

323

Homeownership Is the Norm for Older Men Married men are most likely to own a home.

Married couples are more likely to own a home than any other household type. While 68 percent of all households owned a home in 2007, the ﬁgure was a much higher 84 percent among married couples. Homeownership is more affordable for married couples than other household types because most couples are dual earners. Among male-headed families, the 57 percent majority are homeowners. A smaller 50 percent of men who live alone own a home. Among men living with nonrelatives, the homeownership rate is just 40 percent. Regardless of household type, most older male householders are homeowners. Among male-headed families and men living with nonrelatives, most of those aged 35 or older are homeowners. Among men living alone, the majority of those aged 45 or older are homeowners. Homeownership peaks among married couples aged 65 or older at 92 percent. ■ The homeownership rate should rise with the aging of the baby-boom generation, but only if people can afford to buy homes and ﬁnancial institutions are willing to lend. 120

Most male-headed families are homeowners (homeownership rate by household type, 2007)

80

84% 80%

57% 50%

40

40%

0

0%

40%

marriedacouples

324 AMERICAN MEN

male-headed b family, no spouse present

men living c alone

men living d with nonrelatives

WEALTH

Table 10.11

Male Homeowners by Household Type and Age of Householder, 2007

(total number of households, and number and percent of householders who own their home, by household type and age of householder, 2007; numbers in thousands) homeowners total

number

Total households Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

110,306 25,013 21,624 23,089 18,121 22,458

75,159 10,418 14,663 17,411 14,610 18,056

68.1% 41.7 67.8 75.4 80.6 80.4

Married couples Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

55,181 9,802 12,415 13,025 10,236 9,703

46,240 6,135 10,198 11,566 9,388 8,953

83.8 62.6 82.1 88.8 91.7 92.3

5,022 2,025 1,062 1,034 473 428

2,886 858 605 727 350 346

57.5 42.4 57.0 70.3 74.0 80.8

13,372 3,247 2,343 2,793 2,262 2,727

6,717 925 1,064 1,510 1,368 1,850

50.2 28.5 45.4 54.1 60.5 67.8

3,861 2,069 687 549 329 227

1,543 486 354 315 219 169

40.0 23.5 51.5 57.4 66.6 74.4

Male-headed family, no spouse present Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Men living alone Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older Male householder, living with nonrelatives Under age 35 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

percent

Source: Bureau of the Census, Housing Vacancy Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/historic/ histt15.html; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN MEN

325

American Workers Lack Retirement Coverage Most do not own an IRA or participate in a 401(k).

Retirement beneﬁts have changed over the past few decades, and few companies still offering deﬁned-beneﬁt retirement plans—the type of plan in which the company guarantees retirement beneﬁts for its workers. Instead, many companies are offering deﬁned-contribution plans, putting the onus on workers to save for their own retirement. But most workers are not saving for retirement. In 2004, the 60 percent majority of working men aged 21 to 64 had neither an IRA nor a 401(k)-type plan. Only 40 percent had one or both types of these retirement plans. Even among men who have an IRA or 401(k), participation is minimal. Only 6 percent of male workers aged 21 to 64 made a tax-deductible contribution to an IRA in the past year. Among the handful that made a contribution, just 40 percent contributed the maximum amount. Among the 30 percent of men who participated in a 401(k), just 8 percent made the maximum contribution. ■ Deﬁned-contribution retirement plans put the burden of retirement savings on workers rather than employers. So far, workers are falling short.

Most working men do not have an IRA or 401(k) (percent distribution of male workers aged 21 to 64 by ownership/participation in IRAs or 401(k)s, 2004)

11.5% both IRA and 401(k)-type plan d

10.1% IRA onlyc

59.6% a neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan b c d

18.8% 401(k)-type plan onlyb

326 AMERICAN MEN

a

WEALTH

Table 10.12

Ownership of IRAs and 401(k)s by Sex, 2004

(percent of workers aged 21 to 64 who own IRAs and/or 401(k)-type plans, by sex, 2004) own IRA and/or 401(k)-type plan total

Total workers Men Women

40.4% 40.4 40.5

IRA only

10.2% 10.1 10.4

401(k)-type plan only

both IRA and 401(k)-type plan

19.0% 18.8 19.3

own neither IRA nor 401(k)-type plan

11.2% 11.5 10.8

59.6% 59.6 59.5

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, 401(k)-Type Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts, Craig Copeland, Notes, Vol. 28, No. 10, October 2007, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

Table 10.13

Participation in IRAs and 401(k)s, 2004

(percent of workers aged 21 to 64 who own an IRA or participate in a 401(k)-type plan, percent making a contribution to the IRA, and average amount contributed and percent making maximum contribution among contributors, by sex, 2004) among IRA contributors has IRA in own name

Total workers Men Women

21.4% 21.6 21.1

made tax-deductible contribution to IRA

6.3% 6.4 6.2

average contribution

$2,218 2,262 2,169

percent making maximum contribution

38.0% 40.1 35.7

among 401(k) contributors percent participating in 401(k)

Total workers Men Women

30.2% 30.3 30.1

average contribution

$4,090 4,700 3,420

percent making maximum contribution

6.3% 8.0 4.5

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, 401(k)-Type Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts, Craig Copeland, Notes, Vol. 28, No. 10, October 2007, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/

AMERICAN MEN

327

Expected Age of Retirement Has Climbed Many workers lack conﬁdence in having enough money for a comfortable retirement.

Although 76 percent of working men say they have saved for retirement, most do not feel conﬁdent that they will have enough retirement savings. Only 23 percent are “very conﬁdent” in their ability to afford a comfortable retirement, according to the 2008 Retirement Conﬁdence Survey of the Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute. Only 28 percent are “very conﬁdent” they are doing a good job of preparing ﬁnancially for retirement. Perhaps because of this lack of conﬁdence, most men expect to postpone retirement until well into their sixties. The 56 percent majority of working men say they won’t retire until age 65 or older. ■ Only 22 percent of men are “very conﬁdent” in having enough money to take care of medical expenses in retirement. 45

Few men will opt for early retirement (percent distribution of working men by expected age of retirement, 2008)

30

31% 30%

25%

23%

15

15%

0

0%

328 AMERICAN MEN

14%

a 60 under

60 b to 64

65 c to 69

70 ordolder

WEALTH

Table 10.14

Retirement Planning by Sex of Worker, 2008

(responses of workers aged 25 or older to selected questions about retirement, by sex, 2008) total

men

Percentage of workers who have saved for retirement

72%

76%

68%

Retirement savings indicators Currently saving for retirement Contribute to a workplace retirement savings plan (among the employed) Have an IRA opened with money saved outside an employer’s retirement plan

64 61 40

70 64 43

59 58 38

Workers expecting to receive Money from a workplace retirement savings plan Money from a deﬁned-beneﬁt pension plan

74 59

75 60

72 58

18 34 23 18 13

23 40 28 22 16

14 28 19 14 11

5

7

3

4

6

3

Percentage “very conﬁdent” in Having enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement Having enough money to take care of basic expenses in retirement Doing a good job of preparing ﬁnancially for retirement Having enough money to take care of medical expenses in retirement Having enough money to take care of long-term care expenses during retirement The Social Security system will continue to provide beneﬁts of at least equal value to the beneﬁts received by retirees today The Medicare system will continue to provide beneﬁts of at least equal value to the beneﬁts received by retirees today

women

Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, 2008 Retirement Conﬁdence Survey, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/ rcs/2008/

Table 10.15

Expected Age of Retirement by Sex, 2008

(percent distribution of workers aged 25 or older by expected age of retirement, by sex, 2008) total

Total workers Under age 55 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Age 65 Aged 66 to 69 Age 70 or older Never retire

100% 3 7 21 24 9 20 6

men

100% 5 9 23 22 9 19 6

women

100% 1 6 19 26 9 22 7

Note: Numbers do not sum to 100 because “don’t know/refused” is not shown. Source: Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute, 2008 Retirement Conﬁdence Survey, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/ rcs/2008/

AMERICAN MEN

329

Glossary adjusted for inﬂation Income or a change in income that has been adjusted for the rise in the cost of living, or the consumer price index (CPI-U-RS). American Community Survey The ACS is an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS data are available for areas as small as census tracts. American Housing Survey The AHS collects national and metropolitan-level data on the nation’s housing, including apartments, single-family homes, and mobile homes. The nationally representative survey, with a sample of 55,000 homes, is conducted by the Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development every other year. American Indians In this book, American Indians include Alaska Natives. American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey The 2001 ARIS, sponsored by the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, was based on a random telephone survey of 50,281 households in the continental U.S. Interviewers asked respondents aged 18 or older for their demographic characteristics and their religion. The 2001 ARIS updates the 1990 National Survey of Religious Identiﬁcation. American Time Use Survey Under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Census Bureau collects ATUS information, revealing how people spend their time. The ATUS sample is drawn from U.S. households completing their ﬁnal month of interviews for the Current Population Survey. One individual from each selected household is chosen to participate in ATUS. Respondents are interviewed by telephone about their time use during the previous 24 hours. About 26,300 households are included in the sample, with 13,300 completed interviews. Asian The term “Asian” includes Native Hawaiians and other Paciﬁc Islanders unless those groups are shown separately. Baby Boom Americans born between 1946 and 1964.

330 AMERICAN MEN

Baby Bust Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as Generation X. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System The BRFSS is a collaborative project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. states and territories. It is an ongoing data collection program designed to measure behavioral risk factors in the adult population aged 18 or older. All 50 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia take part in the survey, making the BRFSS the primary source of information on the health-related behaviors of Americans. black The black racial category includes those who identiﬁed themselves as “black” or “African American.” Consumer Expenditure Survey The CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It includes an interview survey and a diary survey. The average spending ﬁgures shown in this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. Two separate, nationally representative samples are used for the interview and diary surveys. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. consumer unit (on spending tables only) For convenience, the term consumer unit and households are used interchangeably in the spending section of this book, although consumer units are somewhat different from the Census Bureau’s households. Consumer units are all related members of a household, or ﬁnancially independent members of a household. A household may include more than one consumer unit. Current Population Survey The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. It is taken monthly by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, collecting information from more than 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. In March of each year, the survey includes the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (formerly called the Annual Demographic Survey), which is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes.

WEALTH disability The National Health Interview Survey estimates the number of people aged 18 or older who have difﬁculty in physical functioning, probing whether respondents could perform nine activities by themselves without using special equipment. The categories are walking a quarter mile; standing for two hours; sitting for two hours; walking up 10 steps without resting; stooping, bending, kneeling; reaching over one’s head; grasping or handling small objects; carrying a 10-pound object; and pushing/pulling a large object. Adults who reported that any of these activities was very difﬁcult or they could not do it at all were deﬁned as having physical difﬁculties. dual-earner couple A married couple in which both the householder and the householder’s spouse are in the labor force. earnings A type of income, earnings is the amount of money a person receives from his or her job. See also Income. employed All civilians who did any work as a paid employee or farmer/self-employed worker, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid farm worker or in a family-owned business, during the reference period. All those who have jobs but who are temporarily absent from their jobs due to illness, bad weather, vacation, labor management dispute, or personal reasons are considered employed. expenditure The transaction cost including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the survey period. The full cost of each purchase is recorded even though full payment may not have been made at the date of purchase. Average expenditure ﬁgures may be artiﬁcially low for infrequently purchased items such as cars because ﬁgures are calculated using all consumer units within a demographic segment rather than just purchasers. Expenditure estimates include money spent on gifts for others. family A group of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and living in the same household. family household A household maintained by a householder who lives with one or more people related to him or her by blood, marriage, or adoption. female/male householder A woman or man who maintains a household without a spouse present. May head family or nonfamily households. foreign-born population People who are not U.S. citizens at birth. full-time employment Full-time is 35 or more hours of work per week during a majority of the weeks worked.

full-time, year-round Indicates 50 or more weeks of full-time employment during the previous calendar year. General Social Survey The GSS is a biennial survey of the attitudes of Americans taken by the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center (NORC). NORC conducts the GSS through face-to-face interviews with an independently drawn, representative sample of 3,000 to 4,000 noninstitutionalized people aged 18 or older who live in the United States. Generation X Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as the baby-bust generation. Hispanic Because Hispanic is an ethnic origin rather than a race, Hispanics may be of any race. While most Hispanics are white, there are black, Asian, American Indian, and even Native Hawaiian Hispanics. household All the persons who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children, wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A person living alone is counted as a household. A group of unrelated people who share a housing unit as roommates or unmarried partners is also counted as a household. Households do not include group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, or nursing homes. household, race/ethnicity of Households are categorized according to the race or ethnicity of the householder only. householder The householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented or, if there is no such person, any adult member. With married couples, the householder may be either the husband or wife. The householder is the reference person for the household. householder, age of The age of the householder is used to categorize households into age groups such as those used in this book. Married couples, for example, are classiﬁed according to the age of either the husband or wife, depending on which one identiﬁed him or herself as the householder. housing unit A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and that have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall that is used or intended for use by the occupants of another unit or by the general public. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families AMERICAN MEN

331

living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. Housing Vacancy Survey The HVS is a supplement to the Current Population Survey, providing quarterly and annual data on rental and homeowner vacancy rates, characteristics of units available for occupancy, and homeownership rates by age, household type, region, state, and metropolitan area. The Current Population Survey sample includes 51,000 occupied housing units and 9,000 vacant units. housing value The respondent’s estimate of how much his or her house and lot would sell for if it were for sale. immigration The relatively permanent movement (change of residence) of people into the country of reference. income Money received in the preceding calendar year by each person aged 15 or older from each of the following sources: (1) earnings from longest job (or self-employment), (2) earnings from jobs other than longest job, (3) unemployment compensation, (4) workers’ compensation, (5) Social Security, (6) Supplemental Security income, (7) public assistance, (8) veterans’ payments, (9) survivor beneﬁts, (10) disability beneﬁts, (11) retirement pensions, (12) interest, (13) dividends, (14) rents and royalties or estates and trusts, (15) educational assistance, (16) alimony, (17) child support, (18) ﬁnancial assistance from outside the household, and other periodic income. Income is reported in several ways in this book. Household income is the combined income of all household members. Income of persons is all income accruing to a person from all sources. Earnings are the money a person receives from his or her job. job tenure The length of time a person has been employed continuously by the same employer. labor force The labor force tables in this book show the civilian labor force only. The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed (people who are looking for work). People are counted as in the labor force if they were working or looking for work during the reference week in which the Census Bureau ﬁelds the Current Population Survey. labor force participation rate The percent of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the civilian labor force, which includes both the employed and the unemployed. married couples with or without children under age 18 Refers to married couples with or without own children under age 18 living in the same household.

332 AMERICAN MEN

Couples without children under age 18 may be parents of grown children who live elsewhere, or they could be childless couples. median The median is the amount that divides the population or households into two equal portions: one below and one above the median. Medians can be calculated for income, age, and many other characteristics. median income The amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having incomes above the median, half having incomes below the median. The medians for households or families are based on all households or families. The median for persons are based on all persons aged 15 or older with income. Millennial generation Americans born between 1977 and 1994. mobility status People are classiﬁed according to their mobility status on the basis of a comparison between their place of residence at the time of the March Current Population Survey and their place of residence in March of the previous year. Nonmovers are people living in the same house at the end of the period as at the beginning of the period. Movers are people living in a different house at the end of the period than at the beginning of the period. Movers from abroad are either citizens or aliens whose place of residence is outside the United States at the beginning of the period, that is, in an outlying area under the jurisdiction of the United States or in a foreign country. The mobility status for children is fully allocated from the mother if she is in the household; otherwise it is allocated from the householder. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The NAMCS is an annual survey of visits to nonfederally employed ofﬁce-based physicians who are primarily engaged in direct patient care. Data are collected from physicians rather than patients, with each physician assigned a one-week reporting period. During that week, a systematic random sample of visit characteristics are recorded by the physician or ofﬁce staff. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The NHANES is a continuous survey of a representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondents are interviewed at home about their health and nutrition, and the interview is followed up by a physical examination that measures such things as height and weight in mobile examination centers.

WEALTH National Health Interview Survey The NHIS is a continuing nationwide sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population of the U.S. conducted by the Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics. In interviews each year, data are collected from more than 100,000 people about their illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic and acute conditions, activity limitations, and use of health services. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The NHAMCS, sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics, is an annual national probability sample survey of visits to emergency departments and outpatient departments at non-Federal, short stay and general hospitals. Data are collected by hospital staff from patient records. National Household Education Survey The NHES, sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics, provides descriptive data on the educational activities of the U.S. population, including after-school care and adult education. The NHES is a system of telephone surveys of a representative sample of 45,000 to 60,000 households in the U.S conducted in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005. National Nursing Home Survey This is a series of national sample surveys of nursing homes, their residents, and staff conducted at various intervals since 1973-74 and sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics. The latest survey was taken in 2004. Data for the survey are obtained through personal interviews with administrators and staff, and occasionally with self-administered questionnaires, in a sample of about 1,500 facilities. National Survey of Family Growth The 2002 NSFG, sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics, is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 15 to 44. Inperson interviews were completed with 12,571 men and women, collecting data on marriage, divorce, contraception, and infertility. The 2002 survey updates previous NSFG surveys taken in 1973, 1976, 1988, and 1995. Native Hawaiian and other Paciﬁc Islander The 2000 census identiﬁed this group for the ﬁrst time as a separate racial category from Asians. In most survey data, however, the population is included with Asians. nonfamily household A household maintained by a householder who lives alone or who lives with people to whom he or she is not related. nonfamily householder A householder who lives alone or with nonrelatives.

non-Hispanic People who do not identify themselves as Hispanic are classiﬁed as non-Hispanic. Non-Hispanics may be of any race. non-Hispanic white People who identify their race as white and who do not indicate a Hispanic origin. occupation Occupational classiﬁcation is based on the kind of work a person did at his or her job during the previous calendar year. If a person changed jobs during the year, the data refer to the occupation of the job held the longest during that year. occupied housing units A housing unit is classiﬁed as occupied if a person or group of people is living in it or if the occupants are only temporarily absent—on vacation, example. By deﬁnition, the count of occupied housing units is the same as the count of households. own children Own children are sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the householder. The totals include never-married children living away from home in college dormitories. owner occupied A housing unit is “owner occupied” if the owner lives in the unit, even if it is mortgaged or not fully paid for. A cooperative or condominium unit is “owner occupied” only if the owner lives in it. All other occupied units are classiﬁed as “renter occupied.” part-time employment Part-time is less than 35 hours of work per week in a majority of the weeks worked during the year. percent change The change (either positive or negative) in a measure that is expressed as a proportion of the starting measure. When median income changes from $20,000 to $25,000, for example, this is a 25 percent increase. percentage point change The change (either positive or negative) in a value which is already expressed as a percentage. When a labor force participation rate changes from 70 percent of 75 percent, for example, this is a 5 percentage point increase. poverty level The ofﬁcial income threshold below which families and people are classiﬁed as living in poverty. The threshold rises each year with inﬂation and varies depending on family size and age of householder. proportion or share The value of a part expressed as a percentage of the whole. If there are 4 million people aged 25 and 3 million of them are white, then the white proportion is 75 percent.

AMERICAN MEN

333

race Race is self-reported and can be deﬁned in three ways. The “race alone” population comprises people who identify themselves as only one race. The “race in combination” population comprises people who identify themselves as more than one race, such as white and black. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as one race and those who identify themselves as more than one race. regions The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are the state groupings as shown below: Northeast: —New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont —Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Midwest: —East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin —West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota South: —South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia —East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee —West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas West: —Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming —Paciﬁc: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington renter occupied See Owner Occupied. Retirement Conﬁdence Survey The RCS, sponsored by the Employee Benefit Research Institute and Mathew Greenwald & Associates, is an annual survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,000 people aged 25 or older. Respondents are asked a core set of questions that have been asked since 1996, measuring attitudes and behavior towards retirement. Additional questions are also asked about current retirement issues such as 401(k) participation. rounding Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a distribution do not always add exactly to 100.0 percent. The totals, however, are always shown as 100.0. Moreover, individual ﬁgures are rounded to the nearest thousand

334 AMERICAN MEN

without being adjusted to group totals, which are independently rounded; percentages are based on the unrounded numbers. self-employment A person is categorized as selfemployed if he or she was self-employed in the job held longest during the reference period. Persons who report self-employment from a second job are excluded, but those who report wage-and-salary income from a second job are included. Unpaid workers in family businesses are excluded. Self-employment statistics include only nonagricultural workers and exclude people who work for themselves in incorporated business. sex ratio The number of men per 100 women. Survey of Consumer Finances The Survey of Consumer Finances is a triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. It collects data on the assets, debts, and net worth of American households. For the 2004 survey, the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,522 households. unemployed Unemployed people are those who, during the survey period, had no employment but were available and looking for work. Those who were laid off from their jobs and were waiting to be recalled are also classiﬁed as unemployed. white The “white” racial category includes many Hispanics (who may be of any race) unless the term “non-Hispanic white” is used.

WEALTH

Bibliography American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Internet site http://www.surgery.org —Statistics, Internet site http://www.surgery.org/press/statistics.php Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ —2006 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex —American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home.htm —Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.toc.htm —Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm —Employment and Earnings, January 1991 —Employment Characteristics of Families, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ famee.toc.htm —”Labor Force Projections to 2016: More Workers in Their Golden Years,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/11/contents.htm —Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat —Volunteering in the United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ volun.toc.htm Bureau of the Census Internet site http://www.census.gov/ —2008 National Population Projections, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/ www/projections/2008projections.html —2007 American Community Survey, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/servlet/ DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts= —America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2007, detailed tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html —Current Population Survey, Detailed Income Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/dinctabs.html —Current Population Survey, Detailed Poverty Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/detailedpovtabs.html —Current Population Survey, Health Insurance Tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census .gov/macro/032008/health/h01_000.htm —Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc —Current Population Survey, Historical Poverty Tables, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/histpovtb.html —Educational Attainment, 2007 Current Population Survey, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2007.html —Educational Attainment, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html AMERICAN MEN

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—Fertility of American Women, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/fertility.html —Gender: 2000, Census 2000 Brief, September 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/briefs/index.html —Geographic Mobility: 2006 to 2007, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2007.html —Housing Vacancy Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/ hvs/hvs.html —National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/ asrh/NC-EST2007-sa.html —Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables .html —Population Estimates by State, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ —School Enrollment, 2007 Current Population Survey, Detailed Tables, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2006.html —School Enrollment, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/ www/socdemo/school.html —Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2008, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ compendia/statab/2008edition.html —Voting and Registration, Historical Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/voting.html —Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html Department of Homeland Security Internet site http://www.dhs.gov —Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2007, Internet site http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/ statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm Employee Beneﬁt Research Institute Internet site http://www.ebri.org/ —”401(k)-Type Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts,” Craig Copeland, EBRI Notes, Vol. 28, No. 10, October 2007, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/ —2008 Retirement Conﬁdence Survey, Internet site http://www.ebri.org/surveys/rcs/ Federal Reserve Board Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/scﬁndex.html —”Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, February 23, 2006, Internet site http://www .federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/scf2004home_modify.html Graduate Center of the City University of New York Internet site http://www.gc.cuny.edu/index.htm —American Religious Identiﬁcation Survey 2001, Internet site http://www.gc.cuny.edu/ faculty/research_briefs/aris/aris_index.htm

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WEALTH

Higher Education Research Institute Internet site http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/whatis.html —The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2007, John H. Pryor et al., Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 2007, Internet site http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/ cirpoverview.php National Center for Education Statistics Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/ —The Condition of Education 2007, Participation in Adult Education, Internet site http:// nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section1/indicator10.asp —Digest of Education Statistics 2007, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/digest/ —Projections of Education Statistics to 2013, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov//programs/ projections/tables.asp National Center for Health Statistics Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ —2006 National Hospital Discharge Survey, National Health Statistics Report, No. 5, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/hdasd/listpubs.htm —2004 National Nursing Home Survey, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ major/nnhsd/ResidentTables_Estimates.htm#Demographics —Births: Final Data for 2005, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 56, No. 6, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm —Births: Preliminary Data for 2006, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 56, No. 7, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm —Deaths: Final Data for 2005, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 56, No. 10, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm —Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2006, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 56, No. 16, 2008, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm —Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 2002–04, Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, No. 230, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/series/ser .htm#sr10 —Health, United States, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm —Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002, Advance Data, No. 347, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm —National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 Outpatient Department Summary, Advance Data, No. 389, 2007; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/ adata.htm —National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 Summary, Advance Data No. 387, 2007; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm#Physician —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007, Series 10, No. 240, 2008; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm —Use of Contraception and Use of Family Planning Services in the United States: 1982–2002, Advance Data, No. 350, 2004, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg.htm

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National Sporting Goods Association Internet site http://www.nsga.org —Sports Participation, Internet site http://www.nsga.org/i4a/pages/index .cfm?pageid=3346 Pew Internet & American Life Project Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org —Latest Trends, Internet site http://www.pewinternet.org/trends.asp#demographics Survey Documentation and Analysis, University of California-Berkeley Internet site http://sda.berkeley.edu —General Social Surveys Cumulative Data File, 1972–2006, Internet site http://sda.berkeley .edu/cgi-bin32/hsda?harcsda+gss06

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WEALTH

Index 401(k), participation in, 326–327 abortion, attitude toward, 32, 34–35 accidents, as cause of death, 105–106 adult education, 74–75 age AIDS cases by, 92 alternative workers by, 176–177 assets by, 313–319 attitudes by, 6–35 cigarette smoking by, 83 cohabiting couples by, 224–225 college enrollment by, 52–53, 56–57 debt by, 320–323 disabled by, 93 drinking by, 81, 85 dual income couples by, 159–160 educational attainment by, 40–44, 46 exercise by, 78, 80 health care visits by, 94–95, 98–99 health conditions by, 86–87, 92 homeownership by, 324–325 households by, 205–208, 213–217 immigrants by, 256–257 income by, 112–113, 118–119, 134, 138–141 job tenure by, 161–162 labor force by, 148–155, 174–177, 182–183 life expectancy by, 105, 107 living arrangements by, 198–202 marital history by, 193–194 marital status by, 186–194 mobility, geographic by, 250–252 net worth by, 310–311 nursing home residents by, 103–104 of husband and wife, 221–222 of retirement, 328–329 population by, 228–231, 236–243 poverty by, 142, 144 prescription drug use by, 96–97 race and Hispanic origin by, 236–243 school enrollment by, 47–48 self-employed by, 174–175 spending by, 271–278 time use by, 287–288 union membership by, 178–179 volunteers by, 302–303 weight status by, 78–79 AIDS, 90, 92 alcoholic beverages consumption of, 81, 84–85 spending on, 262, 265, 268, 273, 276, 279

alternative work arrangements, 176–177 Alzheimer’s disease, 105–106 American Indians by age, 237–238 degrees earned, 64, 66 growth, 233 share of population, 234–235 with AIDS, 92 apparel, spending on, 263, 266, 269, 274, 277, 280 arthritis, 91 Asians by age, 236–237, 239 children’s living arrangements, 195–197 cigarette smoking by, 83 college enrollment of, 54–55, 58–59 degrees earned, 64, 66 drinking by, 85 educational attainment of, 44–46 growth, 232–233 households, 209–212 in poverty, 142, 144 income of, 114–115, 120–121 interracial couples, 221, 223 labor force, 152–153 marital status, 188–192 share of population, 234–235 with AIDS, 92 assets ﬁnancial, 312–315 nonﬁnancial, 316–319 asthma, 91 attitudes fear, 6, 9 happiness, 6–7, 15, 17 of college students, 60–63 toward abortion, 32, 34–35 toward death penalty, 32–33 toward euthanasia, 32–33 toward evolution, 18, 20 toward government, 26–28 toward gun control, 29–30 toward legalization of marijuana, 9 toward life’s excitement, 6, 8 toward Medicare, 329 toward religion, 18–19 toward retirement, 328–329 toward science, 18, 20 toward sex roles, 15–16 toward sexuality, 13–14 toward Social Security, 329 toward spanking, 15, 17 AMERICAN MEN

339

toward standard of living, 10–12 trust in others, 6, 8 back pain, 90–91 blacks by age, 236–237, 240 children’s living arrangements, 195–197 cigarette smoking by, 83 college enrollment, 54–55, 58–59 degrees earned, 64, 66 drinking by, 85 educational attainment, 44–46 growth, 232–233 health conditions, 87 households, 209–212 in poverty, 142, 144 income of, 114–115, 120–121 interracial couples, 221, 223 labor force, 152–153 marital status, 188–192 prescription drug use, 96–97 share of population, 234–235 with AIDS, 92 bronchitis, 91 business equity, as nonﬁnancial asset, 316, 318–319 cancer, 91, 105–106 capital punishment, attitude toward, 32–33 cerebrovascular disease, 91, 106 checking accounts, as ﬁnancial asset, 314–315 child care, time spent on, 284–286, 289–296 children’s standard of living, attitude toward, 10–11 chronic lower respiratory disease, 106 cigarette smoking, 81–83. See also Tobacco products. cohabitation, 224–225 college. See also Education and School enrollment. attendance status, 56–59 attitudes of freshmen, 60–63 degrees earned, 64–73 earnings of graduates, 123–125 enrollment, 49, 51–59 enrollment rate, 49–50 computer. See also Internet. data, attitude toward, 26–27 time use, 297–298 conservative identiﬁcation, 23–24 contributions of cash, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 coronary, 90–91 credit card debt, 320, 322–323 death causes of, 105–106 penalty, attitude toward, 32–33 debt, 320–323 340 AMERICAN MEN

degrees earned, 64–73 Democratic identiﬁcation, 23, 25 diabetes, 91, 106 disabled, 93 divorced, 186–194 drinking status, 81, 84–85 drugs attitude toward legalization, 9 prescription, use of, 96–97 dual–income couples, 133, 135, 137, 156–157, 159–160, 215, 218 earnings. See also Income. by education, 123–125 by occupation, 126–129 of husband and wife, 133, 136 relative to women’s, 126–129, 133, 136–137 wives more than husbands, 133, 137 eating and drinking, time spent, 284–285, 287–288, 294–296 education. See also College, Degrees earned, and School enrollment. adult, 74–75 attainment, 38–46 by age, 40–44, 46 by race and Hispanic origin, 44–46 cigarette smoking by, 83 drinking by, 81, 85 earnings by, 123–125 net worth by, 311 of family householders with children, 219–220 of husband and wife, 221, 223 spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 time spent on, 286–288, 294–296 emphysema, 90–91 employment status by age, 150–151 time use by, 289–293 entertainment, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 euthanasia, attitude toward, 32–33 evolution, belief in, 18, 20 exercise, participation in, 78, 80. See also Sports. eye problems, 91 families. See Households. fathers in labor force, 156–158 stay-at-home, 215, 218 time use of, 289–296 ﬁnances, attitude toward, 10–12 food preparation, time spent on, 285, 290–293 food spending, 262, 265, 268, 273, 276, 279

WEALTH foreign-born by region of residence, 254–255 by world region of birth, 254–255 by year of entry, 254–255 degrees earned, 64, 66 share of population, 254–255 gifts, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 government, attitude toward, 26–28 gun control, attitude toward, 29–30 ownership, 29–30 happiness, attitude toward, 6–7 hay fever, 91 health conditions, 86–87, 90–93 insurance, 88–89, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 health care spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 visits, 94–102 hearing problems, 90–91 heart disease, 90–91, 105–106 high blood pressure, 86–87, 90–91 high cholesterol, 86–87 Hispanics assets of, 313–315, 317–319 by age, 236–237, 241 children’s living arrangements, 195–197 cigarette smoking by, 83 college enrollment, 54–55, 58–59 debt of, 321–323 degrees earned, 64, 66 drinking by, 85 educational attainment, 44–46 growth, 232–233 health conditions, 87 households, 209–212 in poverty, 142, 144 income of, 114–115, 120–121 labor force, 152–153 marital status, 188–192 married to non-Hispanics, 221, 223 net worth of, 311 prescription drug use by, 96–97 share of population, 234–235 with AIDS, 92 homeownership, 316, 318–319, 324–325 homosexuality, attitude toward, 13–14 hospital discharges and length of stay, 98–99 discharges by diagnosis, 98, 100–101 discharges by procedure, 98, 102 outpatient department visits, 98–99

household activities, time spent doing, 284–285, 287–293, 296 households. See also Male-headed family, Married-couple, and Single–person. assets of, 312–319 by age, 205–208, 213–217 by race and Hispanic origin, 209–212 by type, 203–217 debt of, 320–323 homeownership of, 316, 318–319, 324–325 in poverty, 142, 145–146 income of, 130–134, 138–141 net worth of, 311 spending of, 260–281 trends, 203–204 with children, 203–217 housework, time spent doing, 285, 289–293 housing as nonﬁnancial asset, 316, 318–319 as reason for moving, 253 debt, 320, 322–323 spending on, 262–263, 265–266, 268–269, 273–274, 276–277, 279–280 hunting, 20, 31 immigrants, 256–257 income. See also Earnings. assets by, 313–319 by age, 112–113, 118–119, 134, 138–141 by race and Hispanic origin, 114–115, 120–121 by region, 116–117 debt by, 320–323 household, 130–134, 138–141 net worth by, 310–311 of full–time workers, 118–123 relative to women’s, 110–111, 122–123, 133, 136 trends, 110–117, 122–123, 130–131 independent contractors, 176–177. See also Self-employed. industry, 172–173. See also Labor force and Occupation. inﬂuenza and pneumonia, 106 installment debt, 320, 322–323 insurance health, 88–89 life, as ﬁnancial asset, 314–315 spending on health, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 spending on life and other, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 Internet as a source of news, 21–22 use, 299–301 interracial couples, 221, 223 IRA, ownership of, 326–327, 329

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341

job

as reason for moving, 253 tenure, 161–162

kidney disease, 91 labor force alternative workers, 176–177 by age, 148–155, 174–177, 182–183 by race and Hispanic origin, 152–153 dual income couples, 156–157, 159–160 full–time, 154–155, 158 industry, 172–173 job tenure, 161–162 occupation, 163–171 parents in, 156–158, 215, 218 part-time, 154–155, 158 projections, 180–183 self-employed, 174–175 unemployed, 150–151 unionized, 178–179 lawn and garden care, time spent on, 285, 290–293 leisure time, 284–293, 296–298 liberal identiﬁcation, 23–24 life expectancy, 105, 107 liver disease, 91 living alone. See Single-person households. living arrangements. See also Households. of adults, 198–199 of children, 195–197 male-headed families See also Households, Married-couple, and Single-person. by age, 205–208, 213– 215, 217 by race and Hispanic origin, 209–212 education of, 219–220 homeownership of, 324–325 in poverty, 142, 145–146 income of, 130–134, 138–139 labor force participation of, 156–157 trends, 203–204 with children, 203–215, 217 marijuana, attitude toward legalization, 9 marital status. See also Cohabitation. by age, 186–194 by race and Hispanic origin, 188–192 history, 193–194 of parent children live with, 197 time use by, 297–298 marriage happiness of, 15, 17 number of, 193–194 married couples. See also Households, Male-headed families, and Single-person. by age of householder, 205–208, 213–216 342 AMERICAN MEN

by age of husband and wife, 221–222 by education of householder, 219–220 by education of husband and wife, 221, 223 by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 209–212 by race and Hispanic origin of husband and wife, 221, 223 dual income, 133, 135, 137, 156–157, 159–160, 215, 218 earnings of husbands and wives, 133, 136–137 homeownership of, 324–325 in poverty, 142, 145–146 income of, 130–135 interracial, 221, 223 spending of, 260–270 trends, 203–204 with children, 203–216 media use, 21–22 Medicaid, 88–89 Medicare, 88–89, 329 Midwest. See Region. migraines, 91 malignant neoplasm, 105–106 military health insurance, 88–89 mobility, geographic by age, 250–252 by household relationship, 250–251 by reason for move, 250, 253 by type of move, 250, 252 mortgage debt, 320, 322–323 interest, 262, 265, 268, 273, 276, 279 mutual funds, as ﬁnancial asset, 314–315 Native Hawaiians, 233, 235, 237, 242 nephritis, 106 net worth, 310–311 never-married, 186–194 news, main source of, 21–22 newspapers, frequency of reading, 21–22 non-Hispanic whites. See also White. assets of, 313–315, 317–319 by age, 236–237, 243 children’s living arrangements, 195–197 cigarette smoking by, 83 college enrollment, 54–55, 58–59 debt of, 323–323 degrees earned, 64, 66 drinking by, 85 educational attainment, 44–46 growth, 232–233 health conditions, 87 households, 209–212 in poverty, 142, 144 income of, 114–115, 120–121

WEALTH marital status, 188–192 net worth of, 311 prescription drug use by, 96–97 share of population, 234–235 nonwhites assets of, 313–315, 317–319 debt of, 323–323 net worth of, 311 Northeast. See Region. nursing home residents, 103–104 obese. See Weight status. occupation. See also Industry and Labor force. earnings by, 126–129 share of, 163–171 overweight. See Weight status. parents. See also Fathers. children living with both, 195–196 spending of, 260–270 time use of, 289–296 work status of, 156–158 pensions participation in, 326–327, 329 spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 personal care activities, time spent doing, 284–285, 288, 290–293, 296 personal care products and services, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 physical activity, 78, 80 physician visits, 94–95 political interest, 23–24 leanings, 23–24 party afﬁliation, 23, 25 population by age, 228–231, 236–243 by race and Hispanic origin, 232–243 by region, 244–245 by state, 244, 246–249 foreign-born, 254–255 projections, 228–229, 232–233 poverty by age, 142, 144 by household type, 142, 145–146 by presence of children, 142, 146 by race and Hispanic origin, 142, 144 cigarette smoking by status, 83 drinking by status, 85 trends, 142–143 prayer, frequency of, 18–19 premarital sex, attitude toward, 13–14 prescription drug use, 96–97 projections labor force, 180–183 population, 228–229, 232–233

property taxes, spending on, 262, 265, 268, 273, 276, 279 prostate cancer, 91 race See American Indian, Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, Non-Hispanic white, and White reading, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 region cigarette smoking by, 83 drinking by, 85 foreign born by, 254–255 income by, 116–117 population by, 244–245 religion, attitude toward, 18–19 religious activities, time spent on, 286 religious groups, male share of, 304–305 rent, spending on, 263, 266, 269, 274, 277, 280 Republican identiﬁcation, 23, 25 retirement account, as ﬁnancial asset, 312, 314–315 conﬁdence, 328–329 expected age of, 328–329 plan participation, 326–327, 329 school enrollment. See also College and Education. by age, 47–48 in college, 49–59 science, attitude toward, 18, 20 self-employed, 174–175 septicemia, 106 sex roles, attitude toward, 15–16 shopping, time spent, 284, 286, 288, 290–293, 296 single-person households. See also Households, Male-headed families, and Married couples. age of, 198–202, 205–208 by race and Hispanic origin, 209–212 homeownership of, 324–325 income of, 130–132, 140–141 spending of, 271–281 trends, 203–204 sinusitis, 91 sleeping, time spent, 284–285, 290–293 smoking, 81–83 Social Security, attitude toward, 329 socializing, time spent, 286, 290–293, 297–298 South. See Region. spanking children, attitude toward, 15, 17 spending of married couples, 260–270 of men who live alone, 271–281 sports participation by type, 306–307 time spent doing, 286–288, 290–294, 296–298 AMERICAN MEN

343

standard of living, attitude toward, 10–12 states movers between, 250, 252 population by, 244, 246–249 stocks, as ﬁnancial asset, 314–315 stroke, 91 taxes, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 television as a source of news, 21–22 time spent watching, 286, 289–293, 297–298 temporary workers, 176–177 tobacco products, spending on, 264, 267, 270, 275, 278, 281 transportation, spending on, 263, 266, 269, 274, 277, 280 ulcers, 91 unemployment, 150–151 union representation, 178–179 vehicle, as nonﬁnancial asset, 316, 318–319 vehicles, spending on, 263, 266, 269, 274, 277, 280 vision problems, 91 volunteering by age, 302–303 time spent, 286 wealth, 310–311 weekend time use, 297–298 weight status, 78–79 West. See Region. whites. See also Non-Hispanic whites. interracial couples, 221, 223 labor force, 152–153 with AIDS, 92 widowed, 186–194 working, time spent, 284, 286–294, 296

344 AMERICAN MEN