An annotated date-list of the works of Maximus the Confessor

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ABBREVIATIONS

A.. for the works of Maximus:

.

Amb. Cap ie' . Char . Comp. Eccl. DB ep . LA Myst . PN Ps 59 QD RM Thal . Theop ThOec TP

Anbiguorum.Iiber Capita 15 Centurieson Charity ComputusEcclesissticus Disputeat Bizya epistle Liber Asceticus Mystagogia Exposition of the Oun F.trnrn Exposition of psalm 59 et Dubia Quaestione.s Relatio Motionis Quaestionesad Thalnssiunt ad Theopenptum Quaestiones Capita Theologicaet Oeconomica Opusculn Theologicaet Polemica

B. other abbreviations: a. . AB c. . CP (KIl) DTC. EH EO KL RevScrel PC PL

anno Analetta Bollandinna circiter Constantinople Dictionnaire de Thdologiecatholique anKlRcn, Enchiridionfontiun historiaeecclesiae aquae EchosdOrient voN BALtn,lsAn, KosnischeLiturgie Revuedes Sciencesreligieuses MroNe, Patrohgia Araeca MrcNr, Pbtrologia Latina

Fuller bibliographical informationis found in note l.

I

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Ersed chieflv on the works. of Plato and Aristotle, along with the commentators.' --lIwoulAi-Ave been therefore in the impressionableyears of youtl-r th

of rt was tne commen

=ffiEne

nofing

US,

S IITS

e

the Theologian. monasticlife. Ma-

ximuswas to attainone of the highestpositionsat the imperialcourt - namelytlpt ql first secretaryto Heraclius.who came imof his schoolingand in 610. li mars ------;-.-,-

p.rA-.tUea *ftt.

t"rnf

tn"r.

perryitsus the court that his later co..q-spondence ---Flis-Time of service with the emperor was not long. Probably abo s-(n6w-Fritari) tic shore across from Con-

SlenEnopiE. Eis biographeris probablyright in saying for the life of solitude(the hesychastIife) prompted him to leave the court.

In this life too he madequick progress.By the year618 he alwith him*-

ready to the end.

Theologicalposition at the outset. had becomehis disciple Only some 6 or 7 yearsafterAnastasius (in rs earlrerwnar Lyzrcus(now tings, with but one possibleexception(ep6),areto be assignedto this stay. lt was from here that he wrotethe first survivingletters 2 On this general education (eghuhliospaideusisl see KouxourEs, Ph€don, We et civilisation Byzantinas(Athens 1948)t. I, I pp. 105-37;on the schools at Constantinoplesee DvoRNtx, F. Photius et la rfiorganisationde I'Acaddmiepatriarcale,AB 68 (1950)108-19,especially110f. In both the imperial and patriarchal schoolsthe generaleducationwas given,in the formerhoweverno theology. 8Seeitems16,l9 and my articlein the .,{m.Benedictine Review1 (1950)347- 56.

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Part I

one would be iustifiedin nantlyOrigenistic,in the

so the CnosticCenturies,t ht of this structure.In fact

n that von

fess iisenistic crisis in thq in 633 Alexandria at stay s--supposed

a ctures con t and

the occasionof this

s. ----Now

the texture of Maximus' refutationof origen in the An' coherent.we maythenpointout some to me sufficiently biguaseems in questionand of the retationsthat obtainbetweenthe 2 centuries the other works of Maximus' t o b e a literaryunitY,not the First of all the 2 centurieq Arr-Von Balthasarhasdra d"ffentionto the many work ofl ions to T, centunesan similarities tween ar atten t n1 mptu;.-llor and to ml-imtterelationswhich are

tnlila

ur: of ten.

ul summary

This ten is

e most noy a unlt

antroflgenl

Origenist of the 200 predominantly tn x i m u s ,b a s t n gh l m s e l o n metaphysi the i t ln ,lSB are S and Ev therr ood in the context he gives, not that tobeu glnal autnors.-Iffin interpretationof Maxjmus be tenable,he then appears no

chaptersis

I See item 37. e In voN BnttnlslRts analysisof these centuries94 are given as of origemotifs, nistic motif,36 Evagrian,a totai oI 130 against70 assignedto opposed others. and Mystic the Denis from drawn to KL 42140. rt Die On. Cent. p.23. 1! See item 37' r! I hope at a later date to give delailedsubstantiationof what I am here asserting. rr St. Thomas Aquinas has done somethingsimilar for Aristotle'sdoctrine hrs beenretainedand transposed of substance.The doctrineand its terminology is primordial' intact to a context in which the distinctionof essenceand existence 160-62' also 166' (Toronto 1949) See Otrcox, Being and SomePhilosoplrrs

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ueeq 0n'

3 lsPe

anuqlsnu !l _uollernpeqgs Io ueoqf11un1ce slq 'snurxuw pup doqsrqor.lluee^rlaqSu;ufi1qo]slzn Io suollelareql pue arrf,l?u/Hedlill-l_uetxeeql uor 5u

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lq5noql s.ralsuuruiupuexely aql ul sluauale a1qu1@eq1 ann ii UoA puo afi7 ,snta1xo141,

turt"1 o_fepistle8, as publishedby Devreesse,tr makesit clearthat he was at Carthageat leastby Pentecostof 632. I think,however,his actual arrivalshould be set back a few vearsbeforethat date. How before dependson Maximus' relationswith Sophronius.l{ow it is known that Sophronius ria in lune was elecriarch of Jerusalemin 634. Hence the relationswhich boun wo men ther have to have been for onius and Maximus dwelt in the sameAfrican monas Sergius the pal is f_ellows(among w

were fabricatingMonenergism."@ calledEucra?;-----.<.los," Sophronius-TfiifrEffi'e.E :nrs communrty Of this comm Sopnronruswas

{r "ll

htmffi that a sense

lus was

inlluencewas, is still to the relations master and spi

ly responsiblefor awa ffiined.'o In any case

fim-usgivesto Sophroniusin his own regarddemandsomelengthof timefor their formation. Tentativelythen let us assignMaximus'arrival in Africa to the years 628-30. The sroup of lettersto the bishop of Cyzicus,28-31,B, all expressMaximus'desireto be res tot s commun ps the group of 4 werewritten-in first yearsof his exile and epistle8 when the masterhe hadfound in Sophroniuswas alreadyon his way to the east. In any caseat the end of epistle8 he still praysto be broughtback" thoughdoubt less with the samereadinessto bear the separation, with the help of their prayers,as he expressesin letter31.s8 Howeverabout this time, 632-33,I supposethat Maximuscame 2t See note 16. 22 TP t2 - l42A4ff. 23 ep 12 - 461A8ff. John Moschus was also surnamed Eucratas (Drlenlvr, AB 45 U9271 6). The Sophronius of Maximus is certainly the patriarch; this surname connects him with Moschus. DeLenAvE (loc. cit.) apparently does not consider this in declaring the identity of the Sophronius of Moschus and the patriarch as still uncertain. ta The ms inscriptions to ep 8; see item 19. t5 ep 13 - 533A. rG See voN BALrnlslR, Die Gn. Cent. p. 1581. f?ep8-445L. 18 ep 31 - 625C ult,

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'ra1a.1 ,

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Part I The referenceis doubtless to Cyrus of Alexandria,and Peteris still or again in that town. Finally we find Peter again in Africa where he had occasionto be concernedover the title accorded there to the expatriarch Fyrrhus, most holy. Maximus' reply is an impassioned review of the / v whole Monothelite question.s2

Maximus'relationswith Ceorgewereperhapscloser;at leastwe know more about them becauseof the disasterin which his term to George,a letterof as eparchended.Only one letteris addressed in time of trial.ssThis wholeaffairMaximusreports encouragement to his friend at court,John the Chamberlain.'nThe storybrieflyis this. George had endearedhimself to the who& populationby his ns, by his qolicitudefor the care ot wldows an the Chalplacedby the Mohammedanconquest his zeal he least was solici zantines and for the ex

vember 641 a certainTheodorearrived at Carthage,bearing

me for orthodoxy was gravely c heiTdpA1a[ion and to quiet ximus. declaredthe I

to havine consulted er this inciden

Shor Georgewas recalledto Constantinople. This recallcan scarcelybe a result of the Theodoreincident; there is not the time for a courierto havegoneto Constantinople and to havereturned. lf suchwerethe case,Martina'sfall from po' wer, autumn641,would certainlyhavebeenknown in Africa and seekingGeorge'sreturn; but reflecteditself in the correspondence thereis no such reflection. lt seemsthereforemuch moreprobable that Georgeand Maximuswere right in declaringthe Martinaletters spurious. However that may be, the Africans,especiallythe Byzantines,

32TP 12 - 141-46. lt may be that Peter was sent again to Africaafter the recall of Oeorge. ttepl-364ff. 8. ep 12. The sequenceof eventsis not too clear. Asidefrom ep 12,ep 18, 1,44, C (Ertn.luovlrcH p. 84f.), 45 pertainto this affair. Seeitems 66,67,69-72.

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-seluo] aql LuoJl Jllrlaqlououglued1 eql s lueunJop lsrl eq (w-wq uellrr/r\ ellll Jellet e /sou .sn InoqB 'rusrlrloqlouow lue ul mols fran sBAl SnUITXSW lsutBdpslstl eql u! 3ql se^rElerunro taqleJ 'sels

lBrll uo

-oo .snulx oslr eql sEu Io ruslqord 0r{l rll!1r\ 'rusrlrleqlouow puBurs euo -.Ens crualodluelsuocsrql lnoqlrmqJnsse usrllsr{qdouo14y 1sule.8u ',,soqdasr1 aqq :rfstatalftoJ ,,

?ilpqlouow

'rusr1rs,{qdouow o}'flanrsnlcxa }sotxtB npre8a.i ur dxopoql:o ralll loJ snolrrrlos su llu enoqe puu iollesunoJ reql sp sreeddesnulxuw slurJr1Jo crlqnd qlt/r\ suollulal slq lle ul 'qc:uda pa^oleq Jreql rol lleJer slql lo auoclno eql ol se flurelracun ;ear8 u! lJsl are/h

subsequent but a little to Cvrus' Pact of Union and to udsement is is the first evidencecome down to ts; it is amply suffi-

which glu

clent. Of these documents the letter to Pyrrhus is of greater impor, tance.tt Pyrrhus had written Maximus relati the action of Sergius in regard to the o isticPact Alexandria ng nls s or the

The judgemenl(psephos)of Sergius,to which Maximusrefers,{' nas come oown ro us. Ljrulllet nas gtven as the text ot thrs pse--e seems,however, to have overlooked a same letter whic tex in the Ecthesis \t \ h\l \ It

e ,f/ ,// t//

it is kno s was nrore than the mulgatedover the tm rial sisnature.n'I ave xt of the saseiust indicated. Ih nron admittedone operation. hoi one or two operations

tl

divine far so

ding from the one ; in this there is nothing

overtly ox. But why this restriction?Ths-,p:gpltos goeson: Some are scandalizedbecauseto speak of on seemsto

v

la

- an two natureswhich our Lord possesses

ion scarceworthy of attention. On the manv ate use i wo operattonsts not found in the

fathersand impliestwo contrarywills in our This latterpart S clearlytendentious;but as these

pros and consare presented not as a matterol preceptbut only as a matter of accessoryopinion, one could let them pass.

What then is Maximus'attitude towardthis document?Sophroin tris svnodicon had a icribed terminolog[,whTlEforcefullycombattingthe under doctrinaltendencu 'l The moie so that Maximus assuresus of its completeorthodoxy(TP I l32Ce). ar ep 19 - 592C5. '8 EO 27 (1928)13; the text is takenfrom Meusl lt,536E - 537A. .r See item 42. 15 RM l0 - 126A8.

6

\A

'9969de oe '9'lB€69 9t 6I oa o 'lZVt69 ' de 6l sr 'J6?€ . gZ 'snr4r(d qga a1ndqq ! gg€g , .snpouog tsNvw o1 snr8.re5 dL t t ,, 'LJ-5269 6I da se

snulxsw paurnlflgalqc aql Fulueaueql uo suoglesranrE 1uq; lll^r tro -ra; enoqese/r\ 'lutod eql dlaslca:d s! s!rlJ ,snr5rag llu ll IEa/Y\ xe sr eql ssalunelquldeJcEdlac:ecssl eloA ll o s p r o ^ Pa q : l aql Fur^rasqo elrq/!\ 'uollsanb slql ul IIls euulcopxopoquo3ql sruJIJedlualxap tlll/\\ u JeqlJnJIses ol lnJeluJ s! 0e'suotlBuBldxa snurxsw qJlq/n lnoqs pue soqdasdeql Jo ssausnotluepuoleql ol uorl -EJrJllsn[ snorJadsOAeEqJlq/v\,f8o1ou[ural Jo uotsn]uoJ leeJ u sp^.h areql esneroq sduqrod i(palldrur dllr"..ateu .l l!) perrll areqlou sl suolleladolo uo!lcullslpar{I .Fu!oparll ul lou auop lroryr 'sramod . oql u! puno; sl {11u1-1 luanbesuoaeql Jo leq} es!/!\o{ll lnq aJaH 6r'4r0lltra;Furs u ;o uo4a1d -.gr ar{}JoJ sramod paqslutru!pun (luralas) Jraql se^lasuoc puB luauoduroc / padu?I{JunsaJnleuluauodruocJtaq}sa^laserdqloq ,uorun Io puoq I IE.lnlEu ,tq 'ueql .durxtuJlnoqltlr s5urq1 esra^tp 5o dn apuur sr qctq^\ lEql i u

-anb e;oqm eql Euture^o8aldlr

: uorls gpulue eq lBql uo requnJ

s - a u r l / n e l E A l u o s t l l e r { . ' u P l u n st IPU/!t

luqrvrdluuun uBqcxe

ELI

:

ro.Ern

aryouolpl o4

s3

llcroJxeqlt/r\ sssseJlseq Jellol

U0q/vr

eql ol uollerqqq11uf15u1

saJJoJueql

euolBlsHqJ Io ^l! el

uol

- r ps r qu r ' s n

ol durlrJAl u t ' s n r ol seuoJ eq uoq/il

aq 'uorlsuJ?3ul

I

1q J srr{l st }eql\ a}B}so1 spaaco.rdu e q l e H ;

'llr!

'eurJlJop

Jasl

I iqnu J 3qi 3qi surslutsLu surEluls'Lu soil-Uesd srq.1 .uoru1^1 1o 1re.1or1srfi eql s! leqy'd1lerouuurrpuexalyaqffi

'srq1dlasl -JelurlsuH

st snl lo esrejd l?eJtsslq loJ uosBeJ u/v\o stq ol butplo3JP lnq puo afi'f

II

Part I

t2

his of Maximus on the against him.'r This testi in the it e opposition to Sergiusis trustwor obiect to any misstatement was tn a or exaggeration.Now the deathof Sergius(Dec. 9, 638) foll tion of the Ecthesis.Maximus a couDle ot months on by inaugurating thereforemust have taken his stand, but not quite from the open apart us' doctrine an actrve ocument. ication of t the controversy iFmore than mere surmise. \Ve have still a letter of Maxi-

mus written after Honorius'death(O -

this tonre t,r Marinus of gyprus " a!il*consideration of iil-d}-as:inetofavorffi sages frcim the fath ius' letterto rus. roborateshis own interpretation of onustn a ort and dyothelite sense with the reports of the

r that his

Anastasius 6i*Eifr-in Rome.un can no cloubt be whatsoever that a lettersuchas this was 7-There intended for more a numerous recipient. audience thanits immediate I can Nor there be any doubt, in view of the final reference to MariI u nus' bishoptu as a defenderof the one spotless, orthodox faitho, i I that Maximuswas quite awarethat he was taking sidesin a conI trovertedquestion. In the easttherefore, and consequently alsofor Maximus,theissue was well joined before the Ecthesis.BetweenRomeand Constantinoplehoweverit was the Ecthesisthat brought the questionto a head.

5r See TP 28 - 330C-33282, where 6 interpretationsare attributed to Sergius. Perhapsall ofthem arenot Sergius'own personalinterpretations, they would at least be of his entourage. 52See note 57. 53TP 20 - 245C. 51TP 20 - 344cff. 55TP 20 - 245C. Who nright this bishop be? CombefissuggestsArcadius. Maximus refers to this Arcadius,in his letter to Peter(TP 12 - t43B), as already dead. This letter was written probablyin the latter part of 643; we know Sergius and other bishops of Cyprus wrote pope Theodore a joint-letter May 29, 643 (Mlttst 10, 913-16). As this l-tter doesnot appearto be a synodicalletteron the occasionof Sergius'election,we are left with no sure determinationof the date ol Arcadius'death or of Sergius'election.

'('Jtlg '0t 'OZt palurrd osle u! :'tq€89 tsNvw fa) snrs?lsBuv flauopailoJeql ur pa^rasr;d uorsrenulls'I eql dluo aleq a41 lo ,,n '9 'u 'g aq73g7 ?p ulotslH ,Nudv141 eHf,t-rJur ,Nrvuorv .U eeS 00t la ss 'aldourluelsuol lE saussuJodeeq1Jo uorlualopeql ol enp uaao eneqdluo plnor uotlerlesuorur {u1epeq1 'c}Bpsl1l salr8 (tr6 rawnug OZ ,, [OgOt] 63) '('l 'lrcur)) '01 IsNvW zrOt SS US rs 39966

puu eql urorl Eurgep'aFtoag ltg lo lle; lo ll?rar eql ol Furulelrad pelep,dlarns'1xau aq1 esoql arp eneq eA{ sJal}el dnoJ8 lur4} Jo uolssltu n aql slunoJeJaq r{Jlqll\ ul deiit / ,ltll Jo lueuqsrlcltuocce,seuBsrrJoclu Surnorddeoql ruorJralur ,{1uo uec e^\ uetp s?saqpJ aq} ol uollJeer 'sesod lsJrl snulxew 6e'snJoJ riloql elrese;d a;o;araql lou plp aq -:nd ,snlsulseuvaAJOslou plp s?saqpgaql uo slueuuoJ .snutxuw .snlssul !ra11a1 eql UBd lsll aql fluo sur?ueJ eleql dleleunlroJun Io 'a1dou11ue1suo3 -BrlI ol rotlel .snurxuw urotJlt1uosrql lo uruel e/N llol peq srop?ssBqueeurps ssaql rel]u ,{1uoluauncop eql ;o fdoc e ulq luas pue sauesr:codus,adod aql qll/n Sururu5;eqpolclruellu eql llB Io ulq peurroluraldourluelsuo]lE spuerr}slH 'snuue^ass? eurl eues eql slsaqpf eql Jo eEpalmoul pa^reJatsnutxuw tnoqe 'Z lou sr (1Vg lsn8ny) JaIBIsr{luoru 8s'urulreJ /!reJ B ql?ap strl arolaq slsaqpf aql pauuepuoJ snuue^es lsql 'gZ dery fluo paleJJesuoJ sBA\ snutJanas JoJ ! ststtlpT aq1 ,j019 qlr/rr euog ol peurnFr faql gtg Sulrclseql sE^\ ll 1uq1 lou to llll 'slsaryz?aql ol urq SurlllruruoJ 'eurl snutJeAeS }noq}l/rit {oo} srql ro; ;enordde lelradul urulqo ol olnlsp f11uarcl1;ns eJa/n setresr.rcode aseql 'ees uurlou aql ol uollJelastq lenoldde leuadut eql urelqo Jo o1 alclourluelsuo3ol sauesr.nocle lues ,snuuanesJo uJnleJaql uo serlrJoqln?upurod aql Jo a8pelmou>1 eql ol eupJ lueulncop sull eul^tp aql puB ernlBu usunq eq] u$/]Uaq ]cllluoJ Io aJuBtll f ,;pror[ ,, lslrq3 snsaf po9 anJl pue pJo-I rno Io lp/!\ euo \ ou eq eroql lerll 'uo sseluoc sn sooF aql eJoJeleql 'll!/,tAJo filluapr lol,, luerxnJop I 'suos o/r/U a4ods eq !snr'to1seN Sur.rupaq1 puofaq Jo Jo I lo osle ;nq /, paluesa:da: sr sllrlrr oinl Jo 5ul>1ueds su d.ranaq1 'ustltlaqlouow asuas eql ul luaLudo;anepJeel?B slsaltuuruJelluruSuldueduoc I lo -ce eq1 sotr'nuolsqnsutr 'a;n1eu.8rs s,-roJadua eql la^o aut] stql lnq | 'paqsrlqncler ttg 1o soqdasdaql lnq aJuplsqns u! sB/rls?saqpEeql | \,: qnqpuow 't.s?saqpq

,, aqt :iilaAupoC

l4

Part I

early 642.60The l2th letter only need detainus here. Why does this letter enter into detail about the Monophysitismof Severus while giving no indicationof the Monothelitecontroversy?One as we havejust seen,that Maximuswas unaware cannotsuppose, of the controversyor failedto seeits importance.The explanations which called7 in the peculiarcircumstances mustbe soughtelsewhere, v forth this letter. Severus.urBut now trrewhole The Ecthesishad anathematized lenor of the letterbrought by Theodoremanifesteda decidedfavor.ingof the Severians.Even supposingTheodoreto be an impostor,the suspicionnecessarily hangson that the dangerat Constantinoplewas not from the defenders of the Ecthesis, whosethen chief,Pyrrhus,Maximusmay havealreadyknown to havebeendeposed (September29, 6411,but from SeverianMonophysitism. In a word, this was definitelynot the occasionfor speakingof the Ecthesisand its doctrine. Crisis: the affair of Pyrrhus. The year following Heraclius'death(February11,641)was one of changeat Constantinople.At RomeJohnlV took definiteaction yet it was not he but his successorTheoagainstthe Ecthesis,'ut dore who was to bring the matterfinally to a head. u3of Theodore Therehave come down to us three documents which inform us of this affairat the outsetof his pontificate (conu0ep 12 relatesthis atfair to John the Chamberlain,with a refutationof thc Monophysiteposition of Severus;ep I to George at his departure,ep 44,45again to John, commendingGeorge to him; ep Bto Stephenat Constantinople to insure the correcttransmissionof an important document. 6r MANsr 70, 996D ult. oz John wrote in defenseof Honorius and for the removal of the Ecthesis to Heraclius'son constantine,who died in May 641 (the letter is in Mexsr 10, 682-86and PL 129,561).BnEnreRseemsto haveslipped(Fucne et MeRrlN,f/rbL de fEglise 5, 143 n. 5) in gatheringfrom this letter that Pyrrhuswas alreadyno longer patriarch.He was deposedonly September29,641 (see Bnooxs, Byz. Zeitschr.6 [1897153f.),severalmonths after Constantine'sdeath. 6! Lettersto Paul of Constantinoplein responseto his synodicalletters,to the consecrators of Paut, and a short statementagainstthe innovationsof pyr. rhus and the Ecthesis. They are to be found in Mnnsl 10,?02-09and pL 129, 57711.They must date from the end of 642or the beginningof 643,as paul had been patriarchof constantinoplefrom october l, o4r, a full year before Theo. doretsconsecration.

'(ononTPpu) :e11a1 slql Io slueul .Eer1anuqai!\luql uorsrel .snlselsuuvu1dluo s111 'Jq pupgvltt - Zl dJ sg .OI0l ,0I pus :Vtol rsNvw se V90l 'o?Ot '01 IsNvw re

-!xBW ruorl luaunJop elllaqlouor.uque dluado lsru 3r.lllou s! Jeled ol Jallellueueqe^ srql 'lqSrJBaJuep!^estql pBaJe^Bq e/y\ uaql Il 'aJuarlEd .snutxBw rirl ol q8noua ellno 'e[/(ls luqJrBrrtudeql Surlcedxe uorlrppe u! pup sB/n aq araql la/i !aaFn;aralqellsapun lsou e uJeq el?q lsnu snqJJf.l snrulxuyyrog 'fxopoqg:o Jo Japualeplear8 eql Jlasrurqse/rr snutxew eJeq/npJrJlV 'f3o1oaq1/lreu eql roJ JeuaqJS lur{l ol auoJ peq aq ,{11euulur.l} puE 'a8roag aql Jo erutl eql lB rast^pe s.uutl leal8 e sB/n aq 1zq1 Io JIBJJB -JBW uaeq peq snqr:fd ^\or{ llBJeJo} r{8noue st l! sseulsnq rellpl srql JoJ 'snqr/tcl ;o s4ueclseq qJtq,!\ r{ltly\eruaueqe^ eql pue rellal aloq^\ eql Io auol palulr8ueql rol punoJ aq ol uotl?uuldxauB 'raAe :/!\oq (sureruelaraql 'lallat eql ol po/!\olloJaq snqlf6 ol ua{e} oq ol opnlrilBoql u! pual esoqlr\ '1rnoo ueuro5 oql qll/tr qcnol ut sei!\ snuJrxpw 1eq1esoddns ol elq?uoseeJst 11'asec aql Fulaq srql ee'tlJlnq3 eloqnA 'f1 pue qllrn euog aql snql ;o adod aql qll/y\ aceed slq a{Bu o} po8ln 's! 'qJrnq3 aJolelaqls! eH 'ees uEtuod eql txorJ 'f11ue1enlnbe leql aql tuorJpalu:edassureual snqud.l se 3uo1 os alqecrlddeug ,{11oqa,r alyl E qons sorulJepaq uotlsanb s.Jaladol Ja/y\suelcetlp ul 'fsaraq aql to frolslq eloq^\ aql Fur^rer^a:'q13ua11u salldar snutxuw 'llsJ srq relle sraql auoc pBr{oq/n snq.r.r,{danr8 o1 ellll aql lnoq? 'eJulv fq pe{se ueoq per{ aH 'snulxuw lures ul oqJa ;o lcagatd'ra1a.1 Inlqllul B pull lsenbar puu suorlspoqxe leded aq1 leql s! l! ere[-l-

pasodap ,o leqcruuludeql ,(q qrrur:1ecl lsow :1oq1rcla

"J,'rl#X " ,snqld4 u! euo ller ol aculd1o 1no f1a:r1uas! ll leql (Z pue laruog ol luas aq snqr:f.; lsql ll ol eas plnoqs roradua eql leql (I :epuur oirrl aru s1u1od srq JoJ pasodapflpcruouzr aq aq Jercads ur'dso;aq 'tu11rol e{llslp s,eldoadeql lpql slsrsuroroJeraqlaropoaql lo lunoc 'pasoclepueeq suq usrllleql -J? fJeraru uo 1nq fsaraq srq JoI lou -ouow Joqlnu slql leql paqrnl:ad f11uer1s! alopoeql 'dlleuosrad Jo poreprsuocs1snqrr,{4req}rnJ '(pauorluau st sn|8ra5)snqr:d6 ;o lou 'r(q1.roma1ou s! lur{l slsaqpE eql Iro/rr ? sE pauolJer Furaq sl! lnq '(ZVg 'VZ JequenoN pelerJes ;o uorlcafa:eql qcnu os lou se/y\ll

Part I

l6

passes mus' pen, as Orumel supposes;otbut the first time when he question con'i the to from a purely theol.rgicalconsiderationof the crete arena of ecctesiasticallife and personalities' The first datable writing is Maxirnus' defenseoi Honorius in (640) antimonothelite Tp 20, which we have discussedabove.o', There are in addition a number of patently dyothelite opuscula which may only be dated from the fact that they expressly defend two wills in Christ.oe From the time of Maximus' letter to Peter about Pyrrhus (643) to the great dispute of July 645, between the monk and the expatriarch, we have no surely dated document. The dispute,however, entiretyas it was noted to us aTTomebefore c and discussion time of the prof n of faith.'o The sessionsof the di his patricianCregoryand were cdrriedon in the resenceof

merous

ps.

-=::--_. I ne rmpressronon the African bishops of the victory there obnot *o; tained and the impulse it gave to antimonothemeconlroversyls noI -Small.

-lhe

t O l l O W l n g y e a r t n r e e C O U n C I I SW e r e n e l u l I l A l l l u a r u t r t r ' t t

to@ PatriarchPaul.'r Maximus could scarcely have had anything to do with these councils as it was in that year that he reached Rome, as also Fyrrhus.t' About the time of this conferenceMaximus composedhis chref co 6?See n. 35. 68See item 49. is where 60I note someof theseopuscula(thecolumnnumberin parentheses ' 6 9 ( 7 7 D 1 ; 6 5 ; T P T P8'8S ? T P 6 t o b e f o u n d ) : w i l l i s e x p l i c i t m e n t i o fnt w o ( r d s o ) ; T P 1 4 - 1 4 9 ;T P 1 6 - 1 8 4 ;T P 2 4 ' 2 6 8 ;T P 2 5 - 2 6 9 ; T P 2 6 2 7 6 ' manuthrough us to ?0The text of this dispute(TP 28 287-3541 hascome (353All'84). indicates colophon scribe's scriptscopiedat Rome,as the is uncertainwhe?r Theselettersmay be foundin Mlt*st 10.919,925,929,It groups' ther there were actuallythree councilsor but one composedof the three Mauretania. from Numidia, Byzacenus, ?t There is, so far as I know, no direct proof of the time of Maximus' ar' rival in Romeor whetherhe camethere with Pyrrhus. Thereis only the inference Maximus recordedin RM 2 - l12clf. This supposes from fhe secondaccusation cailinto does not Maximus a supposition to havebeen in Rome9 yearsbefore by 646' in lf then Rome (or ?). only 647 646 is 655 years before 9 question.But with Pyrrhus' Maximuswas there contemporaneously

z -lu8sru eql eJedruoJ,purur o1 (lxal lno fluo mau4 lsurloqcs eql :uollepuaua .srleq -ruo3 ldeore lou plnoin I - uorun.raqlu.r) uonelclualuor pu"'uor""i L1 ."n1r,n ;o SuruErsseaqlqll/N\ .g,Ice6q-Lereclruor(9V6),.aurnpuuuoa,,ql!./X\ .uotlulnullu Io llul oql sB poluase;dar sr poo spunorrns 1eq1,t11u11ul eql ereqin JOZT1 _ gt quy erudruoc ,(gV6) ol arJsapdq1 uopour ,,,(llullu! eqf aurpu.l*, qllrtt 1o ,, ,, .61 uelr 3as se 'elsp elEl E qJns uorlsaSSnsdue sanr8 taqlrou,snul:v14; Jo ol pesserppu aru ;aq}eu !uol1s -anb olul euoc dlacrecs uuc .1nos aq1 Eugea4 qloq ,I pue g sJallol 1o !r 'lglgl 0I dI sr, 'IS't€t ' 0 I dJ. gr '€gI 'd 'lual .u0 ate iL '09 ru3ll a3s s,

eql puB lstue.SrJot]uB i(Fua slq slFJeJ f8o1oulru 6r's{roi![ leJlleJse -rel fre^ 3qI 'eutJlJop eloqm 3q} esuep lsJtls^rupue stleJsBs!r{ lo -uoJ ol se.SBupru snutxsw qdejSereclpe{3ucl_esolJ str{l ul .uol}JnpoJl -u! eql st lteJl elqelJeuar lsou eql sdeqrad 4ro/!\ JsllBl slql Io 'eurl a[r|BSaql lnoqu eq fltJBsseJaullt/\\ snutj?w ol lJo/vl ]eet8 eql 'os eq slql II sr'srpe/(Jalul eql Jol fllltq8qoJd JelBarF Llll/V.,\V-ZW ,pallc sreedeql uaa/lUeqpelep aq feur ,g1 cll lsnf alnJsncloeq1 rr'sJaldBrlc snolJpn euos qJtq^\ JalJprlnos eql Jo slJu eql Jo srsdluuBInJelEs aql llu lo lslJ purl alA lJeJ ut eJar.|I .snurrBw ol lJo/rr Jriuelod lBerF

poolsrepunaq ^!:ie uuJJruerelarslql raqlo ,r.*-Tr5Jaeqc pueInosoql e 1 , flnoqe-=rues / r s q II D s{ooqffi 4Lruqdluu,, dlll ol sJSJeJ snulx l,vyu , q o r ve^Bq

sJaH er'sntsBlsBuv {q paldracxa ,sntJouoH Jo {xopoquo 3q} pu3 | lsoqD dlog aq1Jo uolsseJordaq1uo allsrcleaql ol reler l .sn.rcl{3 ;o (snulJew auBs arll ol pesselppBJallal elqBecelclpue alqB]Bp lsar:d p ut sndo cruelod slql ol aJuaroJar luolecJdeeql s! uoseeJeql 'elndsrp eql Io

lnoqu (i eFBqlrEJ1e)ucrrgyur uelpr^\ sp/hlr luqt penFr? I 3q iitllAlqeuosBeJ :tlt ueJlt lcBJul 'eJnsssel JuJsr auou ut uollrJ^\seAl \ ';arerrroq'aruara;ureq1 .peuorlsenb eq llel\ louueJelup ? 1 l! l?rll 'a8eqpe3 s! lurll ,fs:ano;1uoc 1ealndsrpeql eroJeq padolalap{1 I UrnS .L -lnJar{leroJeq1oudlulul:ec: se pools.rgqurl eq ll I! ,.tTBiTuuLuodE eroJaqlou ^lutplJac_:.8ur;eps

oql ol slulEseqt slll^r rql orlt uollrsodxTln$.re; Jo lo Jo I9Ul", o slJs eul to ses^l 9ll puustql'sn o1unop aru l ilt^\ -uuelseutJaql aruosur peuesarduesq e^Bq lBql slueu Io eql

'/!\etn

1o sluldcf IUJaAOStuorJ €r.dutlrJ/v\ 1o acard elq?IJprueJB

LI

qro4 puo afi7 ,snwtxo141

Part I

l8

mainspringof all spiritualseekingis in full evidence- the insatiate on the unionof theoriaand desireof God;'o Iikewisethe insistence places he at the head of his chief anpraxis. This summarythen wilhout his feelingor withoutthere,in.,fact, treatise, timonothelite or discordbetweenthe introduction and the being any Ciscrepancy of treatise. This is body the as much to say that Maximus felt I as 1 his doctrine, and dogmatic,to be a coherentwhole. This I I "ascetic I connectionof the two aspectsof doctrineMaximushimselfindicates\ I in the secondparagraphin which he outlinesthe questionsto be \ I dealt with. After the disputeof July 645 or early the following year Maximus left Africa for the centerof Christianity.It maybe that he travelledthitherwith or aboutthe sametimeas Pyrrhus.\)flemay only gather from the Relatio MotionissLthat Maximus was in Rome in 7 |/ the year 646 along with Pyrrhus. It was not long, however,that Pyrrhusremainedin Rome or faithfulto Rome.His reversionto Monothelitism, whatevermay have beenits motive,8z was the occasionof not a littlebitterness.Shortly after this relapseMaximusreviewsand refutestheMonotheliteheresy in a letterto the Sicilianmonks,apparentlyduring a sojourn there. He felt it necessary to defendthe orthodoxyof his former correspondence wilh the expatriarch.8s Roman Activity. From this time on till his imprisonment Maximusremainedin mentlonstnrs penodas lnat KOmeor rts vrclnrty. l ne Drograpner of the generalmotionof the soul in Amb 10 - 1l12Dli.,lll3D. ficent development On the joining of virtue and contemplation togetherwith goodnessand truth compare Myst 6164, 677D. 80See the precedingnote,all of Thal 61 - 628Aff.;alsoKL 24127 and 127t/103. 8r RM 2 - ll2c7. Seenate72. To takethe interlocutors literallyat RM 6 - 120C, the discussionswith Pyrrhus would also have occurredat Rome. 8r DucnrsNr, L'Eglise au vie siicle (Paris 1925)439f., supposesthe whole of Pyrrhus'double changeof faceto be cbnnectedwith Gregorytsrevoltin Africa. The revolt a failure, Pyrrhusquicklyreconcileshimselfwith the imperialposition. BREntnn,in Fltcne et MlRtrN, Hist. de tEglise 5, 163 n. 3, reckonsthis mere conjecture. 83TP 9. The letter is addressedto the superiors...in Sicily here. The " " phrase," after the man's(Pyrrlrus)completedeviation" (132C9)seemsbestunderstood o{ his reversionto the imperial fold.

'uttraartoufr1sr':auauourluE uBo] pre'erqlrm

"r;:S,t:'frtt3o,[r:T1,,1toro .IOZ09oS 'ra$al slql u! uollsenbur dy.radord s1 rusr5.rauauow 1ou €t de ee 'V€€€' 8Z dI se 's:luueld ur pelquassB lBual?u eql eas 18 'gpg anp ol anutluocsroql '(OtZ -nB gg qnqttlol .7st17l puu.(77[eZOr]St gV) lno zue6 oslu lsow lftOtl pelulod ssq esseeuleq1sB'Ztg reqrualda5u1pale81nruo;d sem sod{2 eq1 ,,

'IItu euu'Br (826I)9t gv ,assarunaq {q palrpa ,.to"ul'g,!l:il gt ::

's1saq| clusrunsop rarlJBaeql slEedal qJ!q/!\ 'soqdasdeql -x7 eL{JIo eull eql le ulplqo lllls l! seoo lo e8snFuul eql u! pelJaller st lJeJ srr.ll 06'BrrpuExalv le asuos Jllsl8reuauou 3 u! euos rurll u/!\oqs peq snrd3 q5noql ,esuoscrlsrF:auadprtFuale e ;o se8essudctlsrJled acnpord ol elquun sBA\ snruolqclogpq1

,(tt{

'(y6g)snuouoll o

sru ur 'snr.3.r

-JBel .snruoJqdos asn ol uollupuarurxoceJ eql '1see11u .qpm,3uo1e lJedxe l! ol 3 'suor}e}tJ s)looq fq sesnJxe eLI allsr(qdori lo {JEI ;lesulq ,-orxllus Jeled pues ol elqeun sE/v\snulxew ttg ul ss.sEsJV Jo B lues eq 619 u! snllaqr[,paF ,,'euua14;

-roeo ol

-JOt eul u

se'wnldaltJo1l E

sBA\ SnldJSq s

lueplss!p r{llrrr saqcuoiddedlree aql ul 'padolanapfsaraq lelradut * eql ol yollc?eJ xopoquo 3rll rlclrl/lr rll!/1Asssu/lrols eql lo e^lluJ -lpu! aru sn!8ras puu snulxew lo sEullllm Jr{l ul p/f,ail,rol/ol sac Jo -ueJeIsJ/r\OJeql sn ulaJuoc lou op suotlssnb sseql 1ar('d11Calp r,si lJJunoJ uelels'I 3q1 Jo wntaaptoff rallnl pu? rolel aql qlr/!\ a^pll ll seop suollple{,rygAl1941 leuesrgg u^r.o .snur -lxe-w l! s?ra , -enb pelndslp aql ol e^tlelar bcrla.raqpuu i:aqleg eql Luer; suolld -rJ 6Z surBluocll 'All^tlJu.snutxBw eJuspr^est auol aq1 Jo ,r.sodt1 eql,LVg Jo lJtpa /v\eueql aloleq ,LV-gVgreaf aql Io eq ueql lsnu 'slsaqpf aq1 ll lsulu5e euou ut uelllr/!\ se/v\euol srql .eJoC Jo uaqdelg ol eutol or{l palou eq ol sr sllo/ll freralrl aq1 Fuoruy s8'soltlu8ole:dlelopracus paFelp s.Joledruaoql uo . ':o:aclua p aql ,{q }uas '.,{;oFaJCur€}.raf, q}l^r uot}us:a^uoo stq snq} 'slcu aql u! sn loJ panlasa:d uaaq aneq r{uls ueuoH slrll lo sluap -!cu! aql Io euos 'srallal fq .lo 'sastleerll(q ,suollus:anuoc[q reql_ -aqm'dxoporlpo Jo osualep ur ,rf;w1cu asuelur lsotu rsntrllxew Jo yb711pua a{t1 fww1xoy|

6I

Part I

20

Though a certain answer to this question cannot be given due to lack of evidence,it would seem that the orthodoxftorilegiumin this controversy took shape only after the dispute at Carthage. If therehad been one in circulationit would scarcelyhavebeen necessary for Maximus to send one to Stephen of Dora from Rome' But Maximus' activity at Rome was not merely concernedwith florilegia. These after all were gathered in support of a doctrine. His great work was in the formql4ljqn--gl ioctrine in regard to the two wills and operations. Now the canonsof the Laterancouncll' #

-

cEis verv-well founded then that these canons,10 and 11, were -redacted if not by the confessor himself, at leastby one who knew

@n,is:Christ..issuchineitherofHisnatures that he naturalty wills and effects our salvation".nr This is not the time and place to discuss the balance of this formulanor the Christological questions involved therein. Yet one should note that it is not an abstruse question of relations here considered,but one touching most closely each and every rnan salvation. Consequentupon the natures,the distinctionof wills and operations is preservedwithin the uniquenessof the person willing thus and operatingthe one work - man's salvation.The preeminence man's of conserved to the divine, the operator in Christ, in view salvation, is thoroughly characteristicnot only of S. Cyril but of the Monophysites who claimed him as their great authority.

Arrest and trials. Maximus'creativework was done. Nearly 70 when he assistedes

at the Lateiancouncil,thereremainedanother12 er The Oreek runs thus : Christ in both His natures is Se).1tarbv xa.iivegl'rlcrxbv c 1 e{ p r n v o u r e l p i a sS.e e T P 2 S - 3 2 0 C 1 3 ; c a n o n l 0 o f t h e L a t e r a n c o u n c i l , M e r . t s t l 0 '

ll5)$; see the latter text and discussionin Ptrnnrs p. 12*ff. (Dlg+trCSftc"-iCg!-qi scussedf or M aximus' contribution to thg I would not requ seem. nonachus similiter (MeNst 10, 910 -

the su

ons are

of the may

'3sEr._l9j:jjl?9p_9_r{}ueloguor _

'lI-9Wdse .pesnrrB

ueeq e^ErLlou plnoa s4./r//rrr2s eql

a q i l ' J a l J ? J e q J I E J t J e l J a q 1 d q p a 1 e 1 r s s ? 1 a r 1 p u ; e q'.qo.rurr1u,l'"q1 1uunq-11@ -=ocl ....fu dyara 1o uo,1.,prH -nf druurldrcsrp eql petlruruor seir\ ruoq/v\ol 'snt.royatns oqt 1o.d1eru luqc.reulucl -eu 1uq1'parrlaram snurrxpwpuu ulpsw qloq qrrq/lt alolag eql o] uoJl lpunqul ,lLl ,9asg7E7 .$/H .Nnuvw .uelle ,ualHgug s^relp,eLI ep le EHJt.tdu1 eu '('leg 'ttlxsflaz 'zrfgl ggg aunf lfOetl g -deq1'sxooug lsureFe('tgt [eZOl]6? gV) essesdAeqoS '79geunf-,(uryur auorq] eql papuarsuraled srrlJ .relad sr uollsanbur qcrer.lledaq1 'ggg dew ur aculd ,qlgI arl} {epung Iool eroJeraqlssarordelor{/!leql .gg9,gt r(ey1sr 1eq1(1soca1ua4 uo aceld qclel4udeql qll^\ sariusl.rcode esaqlJo uotunuruof,pa5alleeql lng 4oo1 'eldour;uulsuoJul (glzl - g srq se,(pgg,g1 WU) pelure 1sn[aleq seueslrcocle lsndny) eua8ntradod1o uorlulresuoraql {lurupar sr wanbTsodelep aqa nu '(tI'u 9I [EgOtlgS gV) €99lsniny olZgg requaldagruo"rlsr 1eq1.uorlcrpu! eql goruedqllI eql uoll snutxuw salqnorloql selpp uo4Tsauwodr$q aq1 Jo "u 6V9

uJ uorlrleosrql peu.d.l-5-oq-1ft-snsulsEuv luou eq] a snurxew lr sEA\ 's/rollo! sntsplsouvue leql elou ol

{ea

(dlarp aql spJeA\o1 snordrul Fulaq su pau8lleul ultq ruoqrn etuos Jo ,alnltsJ -los spuurl aql 3r{l ul se/v\ snulxew puoJes sFil r{}l/N Jo lJel 'adlfJ eql ol Euueqpp slq uorlrpuoJ elos eql uo rouoq snrurx Jo llu .JoJadueeql 'uotlBcltJtluB -BW /!\oqs ol Eurllliv\sr (lo^e/v\or{ InJecjoq ul spue qJlqilt uorssnostp eql u! sllena:d snutxew lLurq alu8o:rag 'JEef -ul ol sauoJ doqstq unoJ lxeu eql epuu sr llolJa srql v 'A\arnJeql ol punol? rutq Fuuq ol edoq 11rlsdaql .ro; 1ere.rq1q efzlg ol repxe dre.rodrualJo eaJcepB st loqscln eql nu'fceurlsqosrloJed -ue aql sr elJ4sqo q8noue euo aql rBols lealF l?qt lr salstu susrolJl -ud oA{}eq} qlln\ uotlpsJe^uo3 eq} q;noq}(lrEJslJoJJe eq1 .sup}suo3 lo ad{J eql pe8pali ou>loeoqs se 3uo1 os aldolrrluulsuo3 Jo aas eql ql!^r elBJrunuuoJ ol l?snlal slq s! luq1 ,seda4eql ul eurrJ luaJ ol euoJ ol fluEsseJeu x!l s?/v\lJoJle ,{rane ,{ew ut .'{1uoauruC uu,ggg qslq/!\'lBlrl sr pelsallB ss slql nop se^\ snu lu ll,aruus 'pelseJJB '(299)auus s31t\uruew t99 eunfJo qltt br{I aql Jo qluep eql l3 ua{El eq fluo plnoJ uorlJs a^rlJaJJesnrdudlot ;o uorlJeJepaql ol enc 'adu er$ acueldaof,eacroJ ol {?uus^uu Io 1o rlJJtsxoeql 'sntdudlo 3q eJuBlsur eql ul .euod lB sJtsJ luas lsjtJ -JuIo lusrudolaneps!ql ol o^tluelle su/v\(suslsuo] .JoJecluja aql 'qrrnq3 eql Jo dllun eq1 ur su lstrr{J Io suorleJeclopue sllt/v\ol\l aql ut alrlu qllul slq ssaJuocol sB/rAaq 'DaD

Part I

22

Mother of Cod. Yet here againthe Confessor won the peopleand the clerics to him so that they accompaniedhim so far as they might on the road of his exile. The place of this second exile was at Ferberis,like the first at Bizya, also in Thrace. Here Maximus remained 6 years. affair was the chief culprit in th For the em Martin. He had died

so long as other opponentsof his religiouspolicy the emperorwould not remaincontent.Thus in recalcitrant the discipleand 602 i\{aximusand the two Ana'stasius, a further to Con sa any no lon ent. is time the accu and punl

*-were

remaini'ng,most n

exponents ot the or-

thodoxdoctrinein the easTwere summone-dffi lcer over to t e sentence executionoi sentfor propoundedthedyolthelite doctrine.Their theyweie takEnabout therefore, tonguesand right handsarnputated the city, exposeCto the scorn of the populace,beforebeing shipped off to their exile in Lazica,on the southeastshoreof the Black anq Inen

Sea.tt

Arrivedtherethe 8th of June662, the confessorswere at once ted, eaih-Sj3patEhed to his

@th the 13th of

ffi templation.

I place of exile.

died age andl'busive treatment, remains a andlet n ffirii"fieTas still and of charity,of orthodoxyand of con-

e? The documentsfor the above accountare: t. depositionof Macariusof Antiochat the 6th council,68l,concerningtha MonothelitecouncilagainstMiximus, in MlNsl ll, 35?C; 2. Fragmentol this council,MANsI11,73 and PO 90' 169cff. of Oangres,PG 90' 171ff. to Theodosius the apocrisary 3. Letterof Anastasius 1, AB 53, (1935)67. 4. Hypomnesticon 38ff.); on the order and value of these documentsseeDevnresse(AB 46 [19281 for a succinctaccountoi the whole affair see the notice of PeereRSmentioned in note 1. sEThe death of Maximus is relatedin Anastasius'letterto Theodosius(PG 90, 174A12tf.)and in the lfyponnesticon5 (AB 53 [1935]75)'

'r{lloJ ;uuadrurpup uotl?uluuf,etst sl\olloJ , fs;alo.r;uoc!6p9 ut palllas3lu sansstcrluru8opaqf 1uq1 uorlrsodepsrq JaUBtt1ot1 Tsotuall -p,snq;$4 lqlu aq1:paurotd1;qsr dsralo.l;uoc aq; Jo sllt/h Jo sal;;aua o/!u Jo auo Jo uolssncsrpFurp -plqroJ(s1saq4cE eql ur pa/!\auat,soqclasd aq1 pru8arsrp ol su6aqsnturxuwpopadslql ul .pauro[f11n11af lou aJB_sJJloJ eql lnq 'a;dourluulsuo3puu auog uee^Ueg uado puu elllaqlouowf11n;saruocaqds.lalo4uoceq1 (gygl slsaqTtEaq11o a8palm;u4 ol (t€g) soqdasd,snl.Eragpue uorun {o ln I eq} uorl (ggg 't aunf) uolup {o pnrl eql ol pr?^\ro;8uqoo11nqluou4snfpe1o popad u ylUs luaurpnfpu1oporradu,dup uucrrly flrua aql seleJtpul i{e1ssncrzf3 aql Sur.lnpsureu dep sncrz(3 aql.alolaq su€eu

uo gpg [1n[ 9b'tbg

7,n-0w 0?''t9 t€-0€9 0t-829 929 Aq, qZ|VZqeroleq

: sivlollol sB paztJeturunseq feu ,anrlerreuFuroEaro; ,spol.rad .aln} aql ur pelseJtuuueAEq qJ!r{,1A JoJ suosssl aq1 eseql I -cafuoo ,{q pouad e o1 peuElssB eleq ,Furlep ou I 91 r{1uour pue eArE ol paJJol ueeq J aAEqsespJ 7 dluo ul suel 06 euos ul .es -uc f:ana ur eluJlpu! ol eJBJue4Bl a^Br.l qJlq^r spunot8 uo filnllce I .snurxew ;o polred urcUeJ B ol ualr relncr;ruclu Euru.Elssu dq sl 5ur1epJo sueau luenborJlsoru eql re^e^roH .pel;p flelrlular dqaraql eJBserJeseql Io steqlo aql ,pa1upJellol euo ,seues e 1o spucl uro;

srolloleuos '3u1mo11o1 eq1sl pa{o1duaaluq

Jauueu eql 'slsl Jo eJ3/vlsltBlep lesilolstq 'sarard,leJenes :durlEplteql.lsol a^8q sJsllsleql Io 1.lud.r aql lle Jo qluoru pue reaf ol Surl?p aslca:d B poolsJapunara/v\luql rtq 1l ernllel ol peuoop eq plno^\ s{Jo/v\.snutxew ;o Eullep y

S)UO1lfi.SNW|XVW JO 1SI1 . AIVC CAIVIONNV

II IUVd

Part II

24

The purpose of these notes is not to be a finished product,but provide a usable tool for others working with Maximus. Thereto fore I have not hesitatedto mention all the works, though for ma' ny of them I have nothing to say or nothing of my own to add. For the necessaryas well as the unnecessarydefectsof this essayI ask the indulgence of the readersl for its merits you have not so much myself to thank as Maximus himself who, for those who stay with him long enough to penetratean unaccustomedmanner of expression,still exercisesthat ascendancywhich led his wouldbe popular accusersto escort him with honor on the first stageof his journey to exile (DB 3l - 169A8). Moscow Gnostic Centu EprreNovrrcnpp 33-56). der the ol_qny proportion,passi This is the only dubious name of us. Ha ffis. Orientnlia Chr. Per.5 @ndlikelynot ju part ls only an optnlon ; of the o be sure the latter but the former should be well founded as he was then in searchof Evathi grian fragments._Von contrlry, think on the contrary, Von Balthasar, io mistaie: we lv committed to work of his pen

vagflan

he not vet made contact However-E€-may not be so the passagejust referred implies. In nrng oI nrs lrterary ac as well as Evasrius and Ori

the Areo tn tnrs senseas with

8 - 1 7o f That 1.6-15 in the " 500 Ca tS of ttresechaptersbe genuine(seebelow item 37 Qn. The examp

Gn. Cent.2,3)provon Balthasar of artisticcompositionset are a coherentgroupo he treats of which few chapters that those ves only who recognized not that the whole centuryis a literaryunit. Epifanovitch, the " 500 Capita" as a compilation,reckonsthis centuryto be of the same sort. (l owe my knowledgeof Epifanovitch'sintroductionto the kindness of the Rev. A. Raes,S. J.) ep 5. To Constantine.Date uncertain. might be,asidefrom There is no way of krrowingwho this personage of datingthis little no way there is Likewise being a noble acquaintance. the Sacelinscribed Constantine, 24 is to vices. ep treatmentof virtuesand the ChamtoJohn in ep 43 inscribed is found larius;but the identicalletter berlain. I

/-

{t\ l/

"\

'(IVZda :l 'urnuul d 'll!l BrJu! pE uenb . ,06 -l3J?sess?IoJ)unutluplsuo3 pE,, s3 uaAt.8s! lallel l od uD @ v-tz uosrTda eq (3 9z0l

salJuH-snrJrJqu.{ Jo eJr}ou e

tt' r d

-8W ruojl sauoc esrlBsjl elllr lBrll lJEe 'eJeqleuq eutos snul I lloJo

:!z/t] lo -3UOUl

'(4apr3)snl 3Uo[ sl 1r ro1 aql ol lues

'(979)sncrzf38u!^BaleroJag 'urul.reqruuq3 aqlT

q:ad 'ano1 uo sr H tro esEJarcleql

sf oq^\ (t€-gz d3) snr lE punoJ eq ol sB/r\ AreF

5 u ro; quuq] ur s! 0 L'g

oI

'b-z

'{.russacau ueas lou seop }l ;:atru1sruad xrs Jo e^rJ pe}Bp eq aJoJeJaq} '6AUil l!plnoqs luasa;d{puarle sl d8;aua lurnluu ;o ldacuor aq1 .(gV Zt?) +salluerudpea.rlusr'11onarqwy ur pud r a5lBl os delcl o1 'pog przrlr -oJ luauo^ou Jo uotlou eql 'm8o3o7st14y eql ur punoJ sauo eru (CC OZf) poo qll.in turq FuuudruoJ Io puu usof,oJctru Jo urru Jo suotlou eql '(S-VZS)sncrz,{3 o} lE^oru -aJsrq eloleq stql oJoJ^\snurxuw 1zq1s1se35nsJellal stq] ur .i(;alxueqrns i{uu 1o acuasqeaql 'uJn}et o} snorxuu f.lan rurq ^\oqs lle (19-97 da) snr;z -{3 uorl lqElll slq rege sra}laleq} sV 'eraq1i(qs (snutxuw re}IB Jo aloJeq aq lsnu rrllal eql'sncrzI3 1o doqslq aql eq uqof g1 TInrlJJlpsr Eurleg '1urod srq alo.rd o1 sursg8olldsJo serrasarul sarrrFap1 'OZtt\ uolpass? clleu8op 1ou ,frrnb -ue uB aloJeJaqlst :(VgZ') s1xalcllsuled ro arnlch.rcsol aJuarel eql llnsar -3J lnoql/Y\ truapuodsa;roJslq Jo pueruruoc aqJ lB selrJ..neJeq sntutxsw

pesserq rnosaql'eq1:uqofctoqsrqqc.ry ,Jflt;;:"i':rr

iT"tT]t

;

'uopecluq3puu ErcrN uo salrsdqdouolry q11ualnd celeql -srpauos ruorJsuorleltcZ Jo slsrsuoJll 'snrlullv ur 'Joradruaaq1o1 ,a;dou -rluglsuo3go qrruulud 'd;o8a:g uorpJo eql uoJJ :salou stJaqluo3 Jo '09L q Z - Z Td L t '(Zt

V fgq) sseJlsJo eull E u! uallu^r suaas ll

i uaq/N 'fruluauSurg 'ZV de t

'uaqdalg ''09 pLrE .:F loqqv ol Z0g 1e4 u1 'pu!l sl! ur passudrns eq uur l! I! lqnop 1 'Suqumlou roJ puet{ E seplqr fiur1aa1 enrl pu? dcucrlaplo lsouln aql qll/r\ snulxew alou lalrq slql ul 'ra^eoslEr{in acu3Je$rpou sa{Eu e}?p 3sor.l/r\sJsllal euos eJEejaql 'alquururelapul 'snquaxnvoI 'ZZ da Z

Part II

26 9 ep 10. To John the Chamberlain. By 626 or 630'34.

ohn asks why, sinceall men are of one r4d thC-qarnqnature an4 of

ternalevi. worth, someare subjectedto the rule of others. turn of thoughtfits well with Thal,the ce or referencefor dating. emafilia on the equal worth of men (449A)may be comparedwith PI\ (8938). (AlsocompareThOec 1. 1l (andDic On. Cent.29)- an Origenist theme.) It may come then from the Cyzicusperiod,before626,ot be conto John or referringto temporarywith Thal, 630-,*. Other lettersaddressed him are 2-4, 43,27, 12, 44, 45 (ep B). Life and 4 Centurieson Charity - 912. By 626. and along wi 55) dates Von Balt on ol Psalnt 59 in th (Centuries sur la de et traduction ; introduction nes") refu-

I ) between of a nu the centuriessupposes 618-25. labooks bn hand,as Peggnhimselfremarkg ckins in the exile after the Laterancouncil,Max . l3-533A,a. 633-4). lack of them in Africa in HowEveiTiaximuscould then have had the few asceticalcodicesneces' without having the far greaternumber of patristic sary for the Centuri.es for forrninga dogmaticflorilegium.I wouldprelerto date codicesnecessary them by 626,at QJZ[us. dist 2 Germanversions:U. Garbas,Breslau1925and dfJl-hlEeTA*ifrere Fr. Murawski in Fiihrer zu Aoft Mainz 1926and an ltalian version by Cantarella(seeitem 27). Of the Centuriesthere is the Latin version of Cerbanuspublishedby A. B. Terebessy(Budapest1944' see Rav.d hist. eccl.42 (1948)384),the Russianversionin the RussianPhilocaliaand the Frenchversion. above-mentioned 12 On Psahn59 - 856. By 626. early. This one may There is no way of improvingon von Balthasar's even understandof the time at Cyzicus. Cantarellagives an Italian version (see item 27). et Dubia - 785. By 626. A seriesof 79 questionsand l3 Quaestiones answers. It falls in the sameclassas Thal and Theop only that the questionsare more varied,theologicaland scriptural,and the answersoften as short as the question. Von Balthasar(155)classesit among the early works (before 626) and in fact any closer dating is impossible. tsardy art. cit. under Thal, item 36) studiesthis work as well. datebut 14 TP 17 - 212 On definingdistinctions.Of unascertainable probablyearly. By 626.

suq uqol doqsrg:(CEZ9){eme frls o1 pauSlsars; lnq s,a8roeD1S o} urnlar ol sluu/nsnulxuw :(3g7g),{llunuruoraq11o lopadns eql s1 a8roag s.raqlo:(3979) flarrlrutlap pepclaq1:(gtVEZq)puutl lB asolr aru ,(1qeqo.rd aql Io euo8 aq fuur puu (glVIZg) eru?lsrplrar8 u auoF aneq sno18t1al aruos1(3979)pasradsrpueeq sAEqa8roag'13 1o fralsuuou eql i(1p1radsa 'gar11unuruor aql splaldsrallallo dnor5 luas 8urmo11o1 snofllar :uotlBturoJul -ard aq1 'r{:alsuuotus,a8roag'lS ol luas q;6 rol ulullequeq3 aq1uqof puarJJsrll s{ueql snurxuw g da u1 '82 de u! su p3^leJareq ol uoqtlad ery dluo lllls sr araql gg cla u1 iseltxaauos 4req pa^lamr suq doqslq aq1 'peqrnFlpueaqe^Bqol sueassra$aleql Io rapro aql UltZq 67 da u1 'uqoI doqslq 'spa[qns dlapenr uo eql ql!/n '(glggt 'l quv) lucrEoloaql,{lletcadsa 1o 'snctzd3'd;alsuuoru qfual lB JaluoJol peuolsnJJesell\aq /rou{ e/tireJeqm s,a5roag 'lS luorJ lq5ll; slq ql!^\ op ol 3^3q puu alll .snulxuw ut eruo 'ifua1 eql 'allxa slq ldacru o1 parude:dlad lnq paHlra^eJBsaJuulstuncJ!) -seuoruui!\oslq ol ulnler o1 8ur:1sapflluapru 'suetruqruqaql arolaq 1q8t11 'Jepuu;o{1runeq} fq sn uodn pef,lo} ol enp'a11xa luerarB st Joqlnuaql SutraplsuorJo (sr'Z9l lsorulu s1 souarlziiy ;o uollcln:roJs sB solrltst.t,{y 'n'1aurnrgfq paldacru)uol1sa38ns 'pal 'uO atq ';r.sug11ug .sllaquo3 le1 'su slq u! punol snqoqd5u1pue.l aql su sol{ls aql se/nslql 'truapuodsauo? -ufy doqslq B elBJlpu!uotllpe rsusquo] u! o1rlllsjl} aql lo Elstuualeql q8noqllqnop Iuu i(q flac.rursuuJ eleqJqJtq^\ lo dno;E u turoJ asaql '(uqof)euts aql o1 '19 da 'Ztg 0Z '8 da 'ual! $au aql ees 6t '67 da 'ZE-gZg 8I {soqlsrrr(y) eu?s aql o1 ' 'uqof doqsrqotr 'gg da 'Zt'g1g Ll 'Zt-gzg . 'sor4rsgdydoqstqo1 '33 da I I 'luaunF;utuJtJou apllord uuJ lrql 1nq'on81qwyeql Jo au pap 'JapBJEqc -unuoJ sl! Jol alqlsuodsar .r€lncpred s11 Eulserqcl seq luJpeJeqllue 'ir\otls s! luauncop s qJns qclq^l JoJ nalllu aql 0t9 ,il1arqrs; pasoduroc - gl11guelluil\ rolecl puu sutusosol slailal aql sE a^lslJaplou sl srql laf aql lol uolssJJo Ue u :(cOt-gdI aes- lu9un?9gj!_!! tgg aroJaq plno/( alarS ul e}lleqlo ru 11,{srano4uoJ aql

su)quaualelsJelrq uel u! -rad

'ulBlroJun alr(l

ns 1o adfi s;

runs leparc altsdqdouotullue uE s! slql

'lsliqS s! sarn]8u o.4Aieq+ uo

eLlgzg a1ar3sduq '9tr-erd.lEl

'(qleappuB airl) selrolslpErluor puu (dpoqpur lnos)seltuJluoJuo qdu:8uredlauq u ;o dluo slslsuoJll

28

Part II

trrought back the community(621C)and hasalreadyreceiveda community of nuns,AbbessEudocia(6258). attackof Avars The dispersionwill be that causedby the simultaneous over the and Persians on CP in 626. The letterswill'then be scattered to add ep 8 to this group,the few following years. As it seemsnecessary term of this nostalgiafor St George'sCyzicusmay be given for 632, the date of ep 8. ep 3l will closethe group, as showing alreadya greater degreeof resignation,which will be completedafter the departureof Sophronius. This acceptance of exileI taketo be the purport of ep 25 (item45). ( l9) sq. ep S. Of the sameto the same.632. vDeur.esse (RevScrel17 haspublishedthe end of this letter 11937125-35) with its accountof forced baptism of Jews on Pentecost632. The date does not seemso certain. The thereforeis indubitable;the correspondent mss are quite uncertainas to the inscriptionof this letter. First observe that ep 7 and 8 follow one anotheronly in Paris.gr. 888. The longer version,with the conclusionon forced baptism,is generallyinscribedto SoplrroniusEukratas,the shorterto Jordanes;yet in 2 ntss (Barroc. 128, to John end of llth cent,and Marcian.136,l3th century)it is adCressed the priest. Somemss (Vat. gr. 504,507,Barberini587) give both recenthatto Jorsions. The inscriptionto Sophroniusseemsto me impossible, priest (understanding the bishop of that to John the danesproblematical, probable. Cyzicus)alone first what we know of Sophronius It will be worthwileto summarize pen; it will then be possibleto seeif the indications from MaximuS'own reconciled with the inscription.Maximusspeaksof of the epistlemay be disputewith Pyrrhus,ep 13. TP 12, the Sophroniusthreetimes, blame provokes is that the Monothelites Maximus things that One of the /. (TP 12 141C, doctrine forcing thern to enunciate their for I Sophronius goes him: Sophronius, who say of " He then on to 28 332Bff). I cf TP country Africans' stopped in the monks me and stranger all the " -l with I (142A). After severalother excerptshe comesto the affair ol the PactoJ June3, 633: \ Union at Alexandria, the greatand divine,arrivingtlrenat Alexandria, Sophroniustherefore, immediately on the first reading(for Cyrus had given him thosenine impious chapters for revision)dolefully,plaintivelycriedout,sheddingfoun' with him, prone expostulating tainsof tears,fervidlybegging,beseeching, at his feet,that he pronoulrcenone of thesethingsfrom the pulpitagainst we have the CatholicChurchof God (l43CD). (This is thesoleevidence that Maximuswas with Sophroniusat Alexandria,see items 76 and 44). It is shortly after this incidentthat Maximushas occasionto speakof Sophroniusto Peter(ep 13, item 44) in thesewords: The textsof the fatherscorroborativeof the Church'sfaith I havenot yet been able to insert in the treatise(that just sentto Peter in this ep 13)

qJnso/ru,passejpps a^EqsnutxBwplnoqs{qrN 'suluueJ.f1lnrlJ;tpaug '(tctzg ''iln (]wb) /"rrq^r.1. punoJ eql o1 parlcldu,,8ulqcua1Io aqnl,, lou puu luapuodsaJroJ 'esuqd euus eql 'parrrasqopuq i{pea:1est;aquo3 leqm 'puu'(61tZgtVWVI sa lolh ol aJuereJal 3uus aql uleraqlsJnJJoe;aql '67 da qltm asolcdpulnc -qrrcls; uouulareql {tg-gZ da) doqsrqluq} o} passarppu sratr1a1 ;o dnor5 eql ur punoJ'pe; u1'aru pue pauteldxar(llpuareJEsaJuqstunJJlJ .snu!xu!! sB ue{B} eq .re}}31aq} ' sncgzd3 urlol ol ;o 'JaqleSol eja^l

oq^\ eq lou snulxuw sl ll : eq'lruJu! 's! l! apBu pa^raf,araq ol seqJaasaqsn

IUoq^\

u epeurpnf

I

eql u!

oq^r snurxBw lou

lunoJJB uo n .{J8q

s8urrrr Supcalo.rd '7gg ul ua1 A\ .Q JA

Edl$ip puu xuoru srrJerueJaqeraql pue BJITIVu! snluorqd -oS rtou)l ol aueJ snulxuw lEql JaJu!AEUIa/!t uoll€luJoJu! slql uoJd uIelPSnJ r 'sn1F.tag / -af pue q]!d\ ueql qcrur4ud epuu sur!\ ]3 JalJuelaql{proqs d3 Io '&wlgV '91.9 sBi!\ snguorqdog u! EUpuExalV aunf Zl da - sape]Br4ng]o 'pe11eci(ltunruruoc autluez^(galtxa s4uoru)snguorqdog;a11e'ruaasplno^\ 1t uu ur rurq qtlllr pe^tl puu BctJJV ut snluorqdos /r\aDI ueql snulx?W

i(sv€es)PP -u?Js eq se/r\ueql ^\oq - lno 1nd llaltr puq 'a; slql aql os esnuJ B lear5 lo dloq aql luql srperaqJo sura] lql mauarol lou peqsrurlfpua:1e'sraq1u5 'pog-trslrtlf, s8uyragns 3utlt3-a1t1 aq; .SuuegoselJueJlua iurq paqsruorupe Io 3q} IP uiho srr{roJ puu luq aloJaqauo.ldFuldl 'actgo slq ol enp {1111unq qil/$ snluorqdogpessalquaql 'qunqc aq11o pud 1ea.l3u o1a.Seuepeuop puq snp:e5 uaq261 puq pue esueslp utto stq puorqupaqstlqnd,{;snotrYrr

J I I\

: sanu!l 'op ranaosluqin -uor Furqloupu9 snluorqdostlclqm qllm sn!8 o1 snurxuw -resJoslcusno!.ren Sunpoddou!uu Fuluolluaurauuuaql '(gzf,t)luaLuotu er:1ud

salEraua;osuollsanbaql dn lq8no.t

eu tuordruoc crleul8op r rol flrnrlru SI SI -e^3p lsjlJ aq1;o ,{.reruurnsFotIS u sn saltE snqr.lf4 qltrrr alndstp eq1 (.# ZIC ZS9) 'ltaaerBJ 'sEIn .Fop Sugnespuu eutltp aq11o aFpal^\oul alns puu alalduoc u allnble 111in 's8ulql aut^lp ulual ol luu/h_oq^rasoql nod rurq 8u4rsr,t ,(q'arns ruu 1 poo8 Surqcr.riridl5uripn pur s{ooq au!^rp Jo d1ualdaq1 u,!_t{plr's8u1qtr rerjlir ;1e ol uolltpps ut pue :dseJeIIdrane lsuteFe3ut13Fnr1slo plo^\ puu paap ,iq alqedec 'seu8op aut^lp aql Io ropueJappalEaJapunpuB qlrul eql 'JgZg -'s4ruurar lqJlq s.B Io elEJo^pEasr^\pue (79i9'aulqunztfq anbl'r{V,7 'ZBZ69 dJ isdofua snrurxuw und 1o pu!)t E - uorqdos) -luapnrd I lE da 'taqcee}puu raq1u5'lalseu passalq^ur a^Pq .{1n;1'snguo;qdog loqqu ralslur no.{ ';e.rtamoq'a;eq1 'eu q}tnt elsq s{ooq Jo 4JEl eJalas B lo asnuceq qnTtnlntat

similar lettersto the sameman? Ep 29, perhaps,camefirst; it is brief as the othersof its group. Ep 8 is moreelaborate, notethe applicationof Psalm 22 to the pastoral office (441CD),but has its own raison d'Etre manilest in the recentlypublishedconclusionon the forced baptismof 632, omitted by some scribes,as not being a " precioustitbit ". The intervalbetween the two letterswas likely enoughshort,a factthat would explainthe reminiscences of one in the other. That we haveheretwo correspondents, John and another,can hardly be admitted,inasmuchas the relationsbetween him and Maximusand the circumstances could scarcebe verifiedfor two men. ( 2l) ep 21. To the most holy bishopof Cydonia. 627-33? This is a prime exampleof the fineart of turninga conrpliment which has,notwithstanding, a solid theologicalcontent. The occasionof this note was a requestof the bishop. ApparentlyMaximusdid not satisfyit. Cydonia is a town in Creteof importanceafter Knossusand Gortyna (seePauly-Vissowa-Kroll ll 2306- Kydonia[l]).Maximusstopped in Crete, probablyon his way to Africa(TP 3-49C). Therehe madethe acquaintance of this bishop. The letter may datefrom the next few years(627-33). The term apeiria(6048 ll) occursfrequentlyin the Anbigua. 22 TP 18 - 213. Definitionsof unions. 626-33. Twelve typesof union are specifiedwith indicationof the uniting subjects. The first and secondas the eleventhand twelfth are definitionsof and hypostaticunions. The third definition(of habitual(katascheessential sin) union - 3ai c6v lvop.rirve?eEvS6).ripc)would seemto placethe whole group in the early period of ep 2 and Ambigua ll (seethe noteson these pieces). Leontius of Byzantiumhas a similar listing of unions (PC 86, 1925C).

{"f ell

t

23 TP 23 - 260. Chapterson ousia and nature,hypostasisand person. - --. #-

My numberingof the opusculahashereincludedthreedisparateitems, that had betterbeenassignedpropernumbers. The title and dateaboveapply only to the first item. Thiq first item consistsof l0 chapters(not numbered :red in the text: for other with the termsousia. enou zan- one lrom tium. ere follow two one lemma: definition n mrd-page

-wl

generally to separateone opusculum

from the next) the seconditem follows: 7 chaptersof Eulogiusof Alexandria on the 2 naturesof ou Lord and SaviorJesus Christ(264D-265C41.

'0t'829 arolu pelupeq louuEJBrlrIV u! lE^lrruaql 3lrllrB,l(u ees)dlaslJard "(ggglnoquBrlrJVu! Suptl.reuo 'zql 'YaJ'uo arcniltsot-lt nn&qwy 9z 'alnJeJol uo JaIBIa:uc 1ue:Esa4q aq uo11nq!4lruu'pro1 aql ol pelnqui 'Jgt1l -lBsr auouo CIZ1Sul 'V€t 'C8Z'l cll ur papil'ror '3969 - Z cla ';lt,rrauruseql puu auo u! 8uplo[ar uaru puu slaFue1o il quv u! s? qJnrl 'aurou8pug aq snqJ 'papaJroJeq Jalsl1eq1 llllr\ Sutu;acuol (qgZfg)s4uacls 'telentoq'a;ou deu au1.1 '&il ZuaC ,t8o1ou1rural asool eql dlas;cardeJotu 'aO aru\ taffisffilulJ po sauollsaonOaql qlliv\ salltu4l? uorllppe u1 3u11ou 'nnfl1quy pue qEo&o\st{y7aql ql!^\ slq} sdunl ,t1dtu!srBsBqllBguon '09-829 'ls!rq3 ol u re^ol Jo '7,L9- filtqoJ tno eql uO 9Z raqryJ ng

ntetd eql Jo uollrsodxeplrg

'11nn31q -uV eLfipuu g cla oi rulltuls ,{ren[ulr E ul lnos aq1;o s4tadsgvt€t 'ls!Jtl3 u! eq} ul luupod pue ,{5:euels^o sersJe^oJ}uoJ lllilA -rur os eulJlcopu 'satlraclo'td Flnluu !o luaualulsJcels8 saltF gy9g7 'l1lnt1cu llB tuojJ sasEal IUIJelul aql ul oql plaq oqa leql puB s! 1Y\oulI sB eJIl slql ol 3q ol uolpeJrnser lnos "ql s{uotu etuos Jo JoJJaeq} eln}a; sntulxuw }EI{} s4su luapuodseJloc eLlJ '3lq€q

-orcl arour 1nq alqlssocltlararu ]ou suaes 8Zq lnq 'uo11ctpu1 lsJlJ slql JoI 'sauupro[ ruorl 'pualJ; uolutuoc E g79 dluo satrouslJaquoJ Jo suuatu i(q uopuJlunruuor E pa^leJer snulxuw uollrlpu! lsJl; eql 1o lsn8ny Jo puz 'seuBp eql uO 'eesserpp"aql sB peleJtput uqof puno] ]ou a^Bq I luJ oS 'u -ro[ 1nq uqof 1ou sl ssu reqlo uazop ? Ilsq o] Fulprooce oslu ]nq (I 97' (2761) gz 0e'larun.rD) 06 Isro3 ol dluo lou Surproocu aassa;ppueql - *

rYlnat

-lelu! sil sulule.rlnos aqt qleep rC1lepq@

p7

'(eg'gzg)aluP ralpea uE lsaF8nspaclseuutluoe'Isll puu lrud lsrl; el{} Jo Joua}ai{l * ':!'^'@ < "l -ua[rfsf-uoqeltc u-1 ;o ranarrroquoll]auuoJeqJ qytr s.raldeqc ctlst.tlucl 'luatualS urorl uo!14!Jeql oslu5ulpn1cxa {t1vgz o1)pud }sr[ eq] '{1uosart8 '9J992 "{rnluac ql1l'b7l EJulreJ'pallluo sl snurlxBwes!^\-lleaql Io uotltulpp eql pua eql oI lqbgz ruor; sanl8 }02 tual! JoI pal?Jlpu!uols!^lpqns8 qlr^{rr\ 'rF'1e71 'stuell Z luase.ld'drn1 '1 'll1g1o] gZ 769 cll- sanlFgg7rue]!^9'l -ual qltl '80gpuu 'Vttl 'e '209 '.rF1u1 lsuraas1t os 'sstupalelareql qllA\ 'g0l 'u 'VOg't31vn 'uollsturo;u1 8u1no1loJ aql airt8ssur;o san8olele3 I puu ernl€upuu ElsnoJo : eptt aq] srsulsoddq (VeqZ-SCgq6) dlluutg qlr^\suotllulJap JauqI - IU3]!prlql eql seuoJ qsepreqlouBra11e q7.-IZ sUo/Il

{o lsfl'aloq.

Part II

32 in: Am. Bened.ReviewI (1950)349f.). It shouldbe wasall

position is to be placed in Africa,

is in theseA

at \'.

//

nd ot Am

cl

'l/ '

genlsts.

us acquatntance,

tn

, more

re must

that vear. I[FiVlaximus himselfwho numbersthe chaptersof the Ambigua. In TP I - 33A10 he refersto the 7th chapter (1076C). This however is only the 2nd chapterof the earlierAmbiguaof which we are herespeaking. to ThoMaximusmustthereforehimselfhavejoined theAmbiguaaddressed to John. The introductoryepistlesare mas to our presentones addressed 153f.). Therearethus not countedin the numeration(correctvon Balthasar 5 chaptersin Ambigua I and66(6-71)in Ambigua/L Cappuyns(/eanScot givesthe divisionsfoundin Scotus'version. ErigDne [Paris1933]pp.162-72) yet There is as no thorough analysisof thesechapters,yet it is here perhaps that one finds, alone in all Greek patristicliterature,a refutation of Originist error with a full understandingof the master(von Balthasar KL 97181).

I

t I \

I

27 Mystagogia-657.What thinssaresvmbolizedby the cermon chuich atThe time of the svnaxis 628-30. to von Balthasar'sdiscussion(Die An. Cent.154), that may be observed saveto note the affinities,especiallymicrocosmos, with ep 6. Versionshavebeenmadein French:Mme.MyrrhaLot-Borodine, Irenikon 13 (1936)466 and for the next two years;and in Italian Ls Mi' stagogia ed altri suitti Florence 1931(textand versionon oppositepages). There existsalso a Turkishversion(seeGrumel,DTC 10,452)anda Greek r6sum6done into Latin by Anastasiusthe Librarian (S. P6tridds,Rev.de f Orient chr. l0 (1905)289 and 350). 28 ep 43. To John the Chamberlain. ep 24.To ConstantineSacellarius,628-9.The two lettersareidenticalsave for the inscription. From the referenceto the world-wide peace(637C6, 608C12(Combefisdatesthem after the victory over Chosroes(628). Maximus improvesthe occasionof the announcedpeaceto exhort on the that this life is spirituallife. ln it occur some of the clearestexpressions one deriving from grace (640C2,609C11). He was far distant(637C2 was he alreadyin Africa? 608C9)from his correspondents; Combefis(607 note) prefersto supposethat scribesconfusedthe inthe sameletterto two men. scriptionsratherthan that Maximusaddressed 29 ep 27. To John the Chamberlain. 628,9? This letteris a recommendation of the bearer to the good ofices of John (620A12cf ep 44 - 644D8). 620A4ff.)plays The whole iirst part of this letter (617C - 620A, especially

g,uBrulo se^!l -ou '1saudpue snulxuw 'lseud snurxuw pu? sB^\snlssupql-r?ur sE^\ snlss?i?iil-lufirluatJtJlns :asuesFuls sl ll loqqg loqqu tuarf,rllnsq1 lr jasuos lcr.rls oql u! uelu]aq lou paauly6bn) snrssuluqJ-1o aldrrslppr:?luu^lasJlesutq .-.l l 6frFrtt rna^^1aq EqspuerrJJo uorl?laru sa@ ,{1 a1 sn

nb6r')z ds e.8eu8rorugl .UBJ

CJO ] aq plno/v\stql uu'uBrqfl? uoI}rs 'ec!.rJv Supup1o :-oddnseql uo .loqqu puu ,snlssuluql o1 '6 de suueu ou st elaql 4-AElgZg lser.rd Ig

'ace1d pnf qcns u uaaq .peeu a^?q plno^\ srlodosdrq3 dlalsuuoru eq] ur eraq; acuasarcl srq 1u lng ,dJ asoddnsfeur snrulxew q8noua tuau Eulnrl ur f;1en1 ]Eql lnq luaprsar -fquq lou auo se]€3rpurasurqd .(,orcr1gnL -.3o g,I7c1( Jo uln) srql 11y ^? 'ndnu) df,, ul a:u no{ uaqiu'srresaq'no^ de.rcr1 '(tt 'oi"ull gg'cr qclrl -oueltdE) JeqJ?alpuu (ssa.rppu - saloclsap)rals due ;o1 uoruruoJ lerluelo^al -Brusu ueql lrouadns pue su uaqdalg sesserppu lsaud (11 rual) g dg .aJtl JrlsBuor.ueql pe -uffal aq alaqm srlodosftq3 dlrunuuoJ eql aq flrpqeqorcllp ut ueql lslrl 1u 'sJeqlu] eseql plnom faql uos eq] Jlesutq suolJel snurx€W Io 1enlplcls 'dlr1runq snoagnof, uJal leql eluJrpur{uru areu B sB lunsnun q plftr 11 Jo wlel eql '.ror:adnsslt eq uar{} aq - uaqc.la}Sur pesselppu sr lq5nu ;1am d;runruuoc B ]BqJ saluJrput a^rlEJoA 1r.rn1cl eq1 .ayt1ts1ppuo (51e1t)pltqx Jfaql Jlasuf rl slluf, snurxew ayqn ,arcq{o statpual pun saTdpslp peuJal aJE ,taqJ 'sratllpJ pauaMr'(AlVSO9) a^rl?ro^ oql Jol uanalnoqFnorql pasn sr cla u1 .uaqclalgeruus aql aq llo/\r ,turu y1 1e:n1duos;ad puocas aq1 97 'Z ual! ees ';orrodns pallu] osl? sr eq aJeqi\\ ,g da ,1sa;rduaqclel5 r 1o lnq uorlueu Jeqlo auo dluo sr aleql snurxul4J1o .,{relolsrclaumou4 eq} ul '(62 ual! 'LZ cle ol alou aas) araqrrraslapunoJ sr fulcl euES aqJ 'uJtJlV ut sruad lsJt1.snutxuw o1 peu8lssu aq ol st Jalial slql ,acuesard1un1 -Utds puu seJuulsrp qilrtr i{e1daq} lo esnuJ 1ea.r8o1 enp aJuesqu 1urrs,(qcl -aq'sduqrad'a1epurepatun '1sar.rcl aql uaqclalgo1 .tZ cla 0t. JO i6/gz9 'VZlt de alepard 11am.{rru I,LZ de ug paclo;erapf11n1ar 'VZlw -ou sr aueqi eql sB de suorl?rrpul aq+ o] Furp;occe6lBZg eq lng Io ol uaas plno./t\srqJ 'BJrrJy ut stq JaIJB i{1poqs aq plno^\ [lquqord l?^HrE ,sncrzd3 u;or1 ,acuuls oJou elup aqJ ,(et cta : sJeilel punoJ uJ eJE tg-gZ -rp uo sluruld rulnurs) peuolsnoJeun pue i!\eu .Eurqlauos sl dO luoll eJ lllls -uelslp slql lBqt asoddns ot p?el sl euo '(oceoq 'zJLEg) vzlffi de sllErar 1uq1fum B ur eJuasoJdlenlr.llds puu uotluruc.lasyecrsdqclJo Bap! eql ql!^\

34

Part II

32 ep 26. To Thalassiuspriest. After 628. On pagankings sacrificing thetitle. Sathe wrath of God. The text supposes their sonsand appeasing lutationand farewellare wanting. Could this be from some" Quaestiones et responsa ". No indicationof date;yetasMaximusprobablycameto know only in Africa,afier 628. Thalassius 33 ep 20. To Marinusthe monk. Early African stay (628-30). This is a purely asceticletter written with a view to edificationagainst Maximus'own inclinationat the insistenceof the reveredsuperior(597D). Such a stateof mind suggestsan earlierratherthana laterdate. Africais Iikewisesuggestedon the suppositionthat in his flight Maximus passed throughCyprusand so madehis acquaintance. Combefishas raisedthe questionwhetherthis Marinus might not be identicalwith the other Marinus'sto whom Maximuswrote. Thetitlesof theseotherwritingsrun as follows: TP 7"69 Dogmatictome sent to Marinus deacon in Cyprus. c. 642. TP 20-228 Dogmatictome to the priest Marinus,by 640. TP 19'217 Repliesto the difficultiesof Theodoreaddressedto Marinus the priest. 642 or after. TP 10, l-3, 3'u" - 133,9. To Marinus the very pious priest. 645-6. No difficultyhindersthe identification as one personif Marinusmonk deaconand priest is so addressedin letters in chronologicalsequence. HoweverTP 7 in which there is meniion of the EcthesisI have datedas to Maric 642; it is addressed to Marinusthe deacon. TP 20, addressed nus the priest,I have datedearlierfor there is no referenceto the Ecthei;is. On the other hand this letter is a commandedletterwith setdifficulties; Maximusmay have thought to have done enoughby the Ectheskin TP 7. Furtherthere is no guarantee that the titlesarefreefrom error. Va: (l3th topedi 57 cent.)and Ferrara144 (l4th) give a fuller title to TP l: 'i On variouschapters,to Marinusthe priestof the church of Constantia in Cyprus". The latter ms calls him alsooeconzmus, an officialnot unlike the vicar generalin a modernwesterndiocese. Seethe incidentaldescription of the office in the acts of Chalcedon,SchwartzActa Conc. Oecum. 2, I [359]. priest and abbot. 630-34. (Die On. 34, 35 sq ep 40,41. To Thalassius, Cent. 152) The 40th is fragmentary;they both referto a commandwhich Maximuswill be able to fulfil in the courseof the winter. This apparentad Thalsssium. Abbot Thomassecondsthis ly would be the Quaestiones request. Seeep 9 (item 31) for considerations on Thalassius. 36 sq Thal ad between630 (the dateof Ambigua ll, refers to Amb 65 - 1 and iii Thal no referenceto Monenergism(Diz An. Cent. I

frnluar r{16aql Jo pue eql uorl ssrut[ u1 (",9g I egg 'Jo]dfr3) sraldcqr ',,8]!d 9I snutxBw ls auESeql Jo:JrrqnJ eql rapun auolurnccoi(aq1 -83 aQlIo sra;deqr9I lsrlJ3saqlrol snurxBw Jo rqluralBdpelrp eql 009,, Suri{uap loJ uosuelou aesI 'JaOqJJo arurl 'gCqBI | -V LLll ,erde3 egg 'urslua8

ns ssoql lueualBls Io cupd lecpoloaql uaqi!\ puB'J?sB

dtrutrd ,fuair aq qrlrur\ .{ran u q}r/!\ uaql suedo aq dlasnord snutx?w Jo Juunf,sqo aql Jo oslu

sB 'satJnlual o/!\

Io aJuaJaqoJ AJBlelll

uer aug 'snorqnpsr ?upuexelvtruunofos ulElurElrl 3r{l acuo l3 'aurog ro ?JrrJv'sncrz,{3 r3q}eq/r slq aql 'E-Zggul lu luauuoslrdrul llll ',firunruuocu! peltl snurxuw 'aluunFoJ^{ran 1ou aJBslslJJlstua8t:6 aq1 pw selrnluacesaql uo (jtlzh -l)) res?qll?guo^ ;o sarnlcafuoraql ..-..* 'sacualuas3u1mo11o1 aql pooi$epun eq u uaFgg ruorl r{ ol peqs!^\ pu8 pool$apun snrulxBw qclq/v\ J 3ql e^ noqsI{urtl}I sB B eunssEsecualues lBl]lul 0l 'pamolJueq sarrnlueco/hl_sleqm at11 ,{1trt1uaq1nu aq;'ra^al\oL{ 'Il '.tolta 1o

I ur uorlrsodpcr

puu ugEEgl 1srua"8r.16

-o

-oJ!qqos

aJuo aABI{IIe/\r

'd 't us slluY\ .{uur 0I-I reoqJ:99 q - qZ osls) sllll\, oml uo ual sraldeqrua] aql puu (tg?gz-ooz592 €Z dJ 'snulXEWdq flluanba;; .11 'salnleuoivuuo sacualu?s 0I EfI-tI cll eeS -urlou pesn dno;8 u qcns ifinluac eql Jo luurJ?A P sr soJug-]g lotl

u sBuesl^\

nu sruBseqJ 'apBtuaq o11a,is! t{Jlt{m's4rolr asaqtr aseql Jo lpnls qEnoroql v 'l

uuuq8noroqle uo ruv puB FqJ uo seFnlge?3sa

'uO 't-0fa--Tiellal ;uctpoud5,sntuorqdog - t€g aroJeqalllll B g9l TuaJ '002 'JJ?80IuotlBuJElulpuE dtsoiooq]uo sralc.lEqr 002 i s-F{ds[:)-t]souD Lt, 'qlua^ala eql 1o lq8noql aroJol ',{rnluar -aJaq qlual aql Io eJoJaJaq}alu EtloI{Jseq1 ;o ,ipoq ulutu sB 1ou asoql trdatxa IBqI roJ Bllotics eql sululuor (266 eq1 1ap518u1z1qdo.4sodu eroJeq'nl p g) sntulxew Jo stu Blsrrele]loJD eql ^\oN 'puutl rslul € ul lnq ' u o 1 1 o q r su u l a l l N s a s s e r p p e ( d r n l u a cq l z l - q l l l ) Z 0 9 l dI rol "t5'1u6'Z .,{pu1rurrg'a!!N sesserppB(901I 'y) }0

of

*-lo-€-t "qrvts peljBtu 3.1ts vlloq3s eq1 'pepaeu s! /\ {Jo^\ stql 1o stsdl / -uue (ggOl) qFno.roqly 'snulrxuwJo rllneuauleq aql uo (OA-zgC 1uu;.,1rop 'rra!r)fprug tro dpnp Jauq aq+ dluo s1 asaql't&ng7 llusoJ ry anbgqlq eq} uorl srr{ u! {ro^ luar5 s;q1Io se{Bu Jes?qlpguon esn slquJeplsuof,

36

Part II

to ihe 14 th (gth cent.:Pal. gr. 49 1232;lOthcent.:Cryptof.683, Marcian. 137; llth cent.:Marcian.570,Barroc.128; l2th cent.:Vat.gr.504fll6 a. 1105,Vat. gr. 1646a. 1118,Angelica120; l3th cent.:Pal.gr9l;Marcian. 494, Escorial270 Y III 3, Paris.gr.886f3l7v, l4th cent.:Ferraral44,Val. gr. 451 f 35v). DIsntnR(EC 30 (1931)i60-178)identifies our chapteri5 with PseudoMarkCapita de temperantia26 (PG 65, 1064C),but this Pseudo-Markis posteriorto Maximus(seethe mostrecentauthorI. A. KnlLIFE" L'inauthenticit6du De Temperantia de Marc I'Ermite" lVIdl.de I U. de S. Josephde Beyrouth28 (1949-50)6l-66);the borrowingis from Maximus. Our chapter5, generallybut a few lines are given, is ThOec 2.1. As to theMaximianqualityof thesechapters, comparecap.3 with Thal l3 - 296B,C. As there is no criterionof date,I join it, also for time, as do the mss in contiguity,'toThOec. 38 ep I7. To the Alexandrian scholastic Julian,aboutthe Church'sdoctrine on the Incarnationof the Lord. By 633. Maximusfirst of all congratulates ChristoJulianand anotherscholastic pemptusfor their steadfastness in the rigtrt doctrine. He thenaddsa brief position. This expositionof this doctrinein view of a purelyMonophysite would not have been possiblein writing to Alexandrians afterthe Monenergisticpactof Union of June 633. Is it possiblethat we are here dealingwith Alexandrianrefugees.Julian has forwardedby Maximusa petitionto the eparch(584C). The nuns mentionedas in Alexandriain the title of ep 18 are probably refugees (seemy note, item 67). 39 TP 2l-245. On quality,the proper and difference,to Theodorepriest in Mazaria(Sicily). 633? 646? Theodorehad requestedthis exposition(2488). After explainingthe above-mentioned terms(248,249), MaximusattacksSeverusfor supposing thesesanrethings to have existedin Christ as not in a substance and for his notion of a compositenature(252A - 256D). The concludingreferenceto drawingnearto God by ".knolvledge(epi- t steme)ol things" remindsone of the Ambiguaand the Centurieson Cha- l, rity. V The last suggestsa date by 633. However TP I begins with a passageon the spirituallife that standsin ctoseconnectionwith the earlyworks, yet its date is 645. The completelack of Monenergisticreferenceis likewiseno sign of an early date,as is seenin the correspondence with Cosmas. The addressee is in Sicily; was Maximus'visitthere 646-48(seeTP9) the occasionof Theodore'srequest?Nothing proves it. But why is this letteramong the opuscula? The opusculaaregenerally laterand deiinitely

( f I \

-ncqrBd'($tgg'lI tsuuw ur 1xal)uorun Io lrucl ar{l tuorJFursr.lesalndslp aq1Suraasuo pa:ucla:cl snr8;eg E sr snlf lsoqrlastlaql lng lualunJop 'pgg dlulepac lsolulu st aJoJeraqlelup sll .d1dar

'g uprew-aqJtlJur .snutx?w uI lsaJruEru rsrqgJgpue aql fitzl t€g Io 1u palup) uoctpouf5 a8papnou{ou eq ,snruo.tqdog o} suaas oJaql 1o ';no luaur5 pur slu d uY 'au sseupunos a Isluau nJ aql suessE :Llztt'lozt 6 .11) .rapa1qrtt roJ B ol pur{ snurxew .la1e1 s:ead 71 aruog='snontrd :runt.rO t"t

aql a;u oqlr 's4uoruJql spuauulocar uaffi11

owq&taua pue on&taua s xe

BJNJJE EqI UO S

esu3s aql uo r(1 1 5u;1prn lou JoI tlasurq sasnJxa

sluaurlldurotuaqlaH .(no1aqaas

aql uJ epuu: luJod ? sepnlrxa urocl reqJ?rpu? (g-lge6g e lr1}\aJnl8u 1o uorlcauuoc

usrlaqlodpJo?ldrcuud1e; snr{} pBq qJrqa aql Jo frruruns u sairr8uaql ag {isas 3euq lBr eq l€r.nqgllgJ g!l! :'-l uBxelv lE uor sgqlsldacresnurxuw (SZOE snqr:d.1 poluo^ui-lngy asrerd 3699) 1o 'uorluegB eJoru selo^3per{ rlJrr{/t\o1 ,(sotldascl) aeua| -zas,sn18rag;or(dor E pe^larara^uq lsnu eq sfql qll/N .(.1.gnyg6g puv ,(J6Zt aql uo uorurdo s;q I I3t69) aIUBS 8ur4se p) dF.raue 6 dI JO eurrl -Jopaql uo esllearlE snurrxBw- . llllurfcl-.le uorleJtunuluoJE ol sarlc.lar 'l?ql sB ssslc euus aqtr otr s8uolaq 1y .pe^Jesqolou e^Bq I FuUup JoJ sltrleq .paurulclxaeru qxal ;e:nldrJJs aaJqJ a €S-0€g ,t6tl - wn4clwadoarll po sauoqsapn\ W suol;aado ^ Z pur- I Io Julluads ur uotlulrsaq ou st ereql sE (ygg) sotldas/ eql e;o;aq oslB ^lq?qord :eluqop;o e5ulscrlsrFrauauol4l eql ol s8uoleq srql {pea13 'pelJaJJa sr uorlerado allsoduor auo se JuJosurJo luau -nJlsur ue se dlruurunq eql sasn dlrur^lp 3ql s3 JsJOSur ro ,uBrunq ar{} JsAo s;runa;d eut^rp eql sB Julosur uorleracloauo s! aJeql luql flauuu _ qst8 -Jauauow eql Jo struarun5;eo1 sasuodsar aaJql slsrsuor srqJ Uoqs Jo 'ttg ,tg 'vg - g ctl- 0t iPOIJ -ad 'la1r1eql Jo s{Jo/r\ Suoruu papnrJur dlleurF'o aloJarer{}pu' }rsr^ u'rrrJ -tS u/r\ou)J .snulxBw Suunp uailtJ1!\Jellol strll uaql s?/N .elrloqlouorutluB

LE

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{o 7s17-a7oq

38

Part II

Mansi larly at the instancesof Sophronius(letterof Sergiusto Honorius'in pyrrhus(Mansi11, from excerpt an to according it,'sgsgc). sophronius, a text SZig) haa obiectedaboveall to the 7th chapterof the Pact where tlrcandric one to operation theanclric new a of Denis had been alteredfrom use operation.Sergius,to avoid theologicalquarreling,simply forbadethe psephos purport the primary 9l the was This of the term oneor two energies. for which Maximuscould say that it undid the Pact' But have we the text of this psephosPGrumel, in his studieson the history of Monothelitism,gavean extractfrom Sergius'letter to Honorius (Eo 27 [1928]l3), reprintingfromMansi11,536E3- 537A as the psephos ult. But in fact this is but a summaryof the report on the affairthatthe patriarchsent Heraclius;naturallyenough it givesthe gist ot thepsephos' but not the text. Now accordingto MaximusHeracliusdeclaredthe Ecthesisto be the (i. e. in 633). work of Sergius,preparedfive yearsbefore his return to cP (The Ecthesis At Sergius'iequesthe signed and publishedthe document documentsshould of 638; RM ll - 125 AB). The text thereforeof both be the same.The Ecthesishas been preservedin the acts of the Lateran (thereforeEcthesis\ Council (Mansi 10, gg2B-g7A).It is a full exposition of two natures, doctrine of the faith. After expoundingthe chalcedonian thisdocumentproceedstoforbidspeakingofoneortwoenergies.N beginswith a passageof sergius' it is here that a verbatim correspondence paletter to Honorius, introduced by the words: \(e have written the of one speak to permit anyone that he no longer triarchof Alexandria... or two energiesin regardto Christ our God"' (Mansi11,533C8)' at the verbal ddjustments The textsare identicalsavefor the necessary portions The variations. verbal beginningand for half a dozeninsignificant Mansi 10,533C8- 533E10 paiallel a"re,for the letter to Honorius(psephos\, (: Mansi 11, 993E10-99687 EH 1070,l07l)' and, for the Ecthesis, S"rgiusin his letter to Honorius then goeson to commentand defend thoughagreeing the positionthus takenup, statingfinally that Sophronius, affairin writing' the of for an account not io speakof two energies,asked Thiswasgivenhim.HethereuponleftCP(Mansi10,536A-D7)' Likewisein lhe Ecthesisthere follows upon the paralleltext an expla' not only natory passage(Mansi ll, 996B7-Cl0 EH 1072,1073),which to fix the endeavors but done, had Honorius one will, as overtly confesses remainder The doctrine. dyothelite the of Nestorianismupon opproirium -th. do"u*ent is of slight interestsavethat Severusis includedamong oi the hereticsanathematized. we havethe acIt would seemthereforethat in theseparallelpassages in so far as it was an authoritativedecreein the tual text ol thepsepho.s, position dispute. A decreethat settlednothing, a withdrawing from the po' of ihe Pact of Union and all the while implying the rightnessof that Sergius framedby by Sophronius, and accepted sition. A decreenecessitated

'(vees -

czes) sr /hou eq aJaq^A'snruo;qdog uEJ Jelecl Wql uuql Jailaq lnq loqqv llnsuor 'sa5ussudt4sulud pepanbar aq1 flddns eq dru.lqrl B Jo {rsl JoJ louuur '(CZ6E)sdoqstq aqt puu sraqlq eql q]!EJeql sr qrns l?ql uorpassu luasard Jo aql ql!^\ Fulpua rusqlsdqdouol4J astlual] E s/u,olloJar3ql lsuru8e Uor{s (Cg ZtE) PaPad -xa ^llnJ peq snutxuw luql l3BJ E .JoJto laql ol salrsfqdouoyl pelra^uoJ -;;r ^{puace: ouos Io urn}er ar{} Io pue (qCOOS)palalcluror d1a1rsaFu.,{or Eas u lo ulq Sunu:o1ul Jalacl uoJJ Jallel E pe^reJal pnt seq snulxew 'b-etg 'snorrlsnlll eql reled o1 '91 da py 'll '92 rusl! nnfiqwy uo alou aasse4lnr{Ilp eql Jo uot}Braunu aql roJ .trclacce 1 alup slH '(paqcuo:q ueeq suq rusr5rauauoryluq] suoqeJlpur r?elr aru a;aq1 | 69 'uO ?!CI)uotssnrstpsrrrs?qlpg uo^ ol pp@ flpoqs ro ?tg 'aldgcsrp -091 TueJ

pue luumas fqilgtun_'lnJu pu? reqtu1pnlplds'pog Jo ]ue^res perJqrueseql oI

.ag1 -jffiflqaV

gp

'6 'Zl 'V da '02 dI dl dI ere usgrlaqlouow p;?rr\ol epnl4lu (snurxew 1o luaudolarrep eql ul sluaunoop 14gdec;aq1g {gOtCOZt 6 dl) dFraua Io aulr}rop aql olur f,rrnb -ua IlnJ u ^{lasrcerds?^\ qJtq^\ puu snutxBw ol luas puq eq qlrq^\ aIEJBJ} eql ul l! padoldura anrq ,,(ypalqnopunplno^\ snq.r.r[.1asec .{uu u1 (l3Ofg - 8Z dJ.) 9791o alndslq aql uI asn sI uoJJ JEaIJsr enssr qu;od aql 1e ;o euo seqrnol uolpu!]stp stql lBq] la^ '(peln sr uorlcurJsrpe^oqB er{} qJrq^r ruoJJ uorJuuuldxaluanbasuoJ eql eroJareql pu) soqdasd aql Jo d;uo 1xe1 eql tulq aroloq p?q snutxew teql lo papJBlrArol snq;rd.1 treqtrasoddns r(uut auo (lZV€69-61de) r(uurunqst leq^{ ,{laulnrppue ...sur^tps! }Eqi!\ilueunq spom (1spq3)ag,, :selrrm snurxew Furdlday {#zgSgE ,11 1surq1)euole peeqpoo aq1o1 (rilrnrlcu)d8;aua 'auole lsrrq3 3o ,{yuurunq eql ol paqucsu sr soqled uoqeuuldxaaql u1 'snqr.rd4 otr fldar srq ur alnJeJo1 d1;elnclped suaas snrurxBwl?ql lurod auo sr e-reqlsot|clasd aql Jo uollEuqdxa aqtr u1 'lll/!r auo r sruJtlJrIpuap sarFrauaqlri!\ slutauns Jo esn oql ol sE ueq eql Suluruluguru 's?saqpg 'sar8;auao/!\l Jo auo Jaqlta aq1 Jo IIEI Surpprq.rolo1 pa1 suq {3 -Jeueauo asuqd eql Jo esn eql lu l?purJs parypnlun aql fluo i uorlrpu4 pue sJaqlEJeq1 u1 l.roddns IBeJs?r{ 1uqt euulrop dluo aql sl rusr}tleq}ouow ro rustFreuauol4Jl?rll opuanuut luelsuoJ eql ul sB eulJlf,op peutJlJJBi{lpruro; eq] ut qJnu os lou st slueLuntop qloq u! uaql ssJulJolJBJStlESun eqJ '(Quoqtrnu lurrpoufs oslu puq sotldasdeql ]Bql FupsaS8ns snulxrw ut ^^oDI I f,rua-reJal dluo aq1 st qJrq^r'f,g?l-f gC:0ZI ,g u11 -rBW-aqJllJ ';alqgrg) 63 1upoudg luaueuled eql dq pairotddu ,sduqrad ,pue

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Part II

I f f r o r n a f a l s e a c c u s a t i o n ( R M l . l 1 2 A B ) o n e m a y a d d u cthe eevidenceto Egyptagainst Sa' Peterwas orderedin 633 to proceedfrom Africa was in Alexandriain June racens. It is known tftut 'qbUotSophronius (5l2BC) maywell ihen be that 633. The bastardunion "f""ed to above from Africa to Alexandria' of June 3, 633; ttre uoyageconsequentlythat voyageto CP' subsequent As Maximusao.. nol know ol Sophronius' 634' this letter must be dated633 or at the latestearly 45 ep 25. To Conon, priestand superior'- 633 or after' t*""e lor not coming as summoned This short letter servesut "n propersuperior'he (61388). Maximusseeis to regardthis Conon as his him his{atherin calls he coming' in not himselffor disobedience excuses of his comprayers the asking Ood, protector,and guide of his salvaticn,

m u n i t y . l f t h e n C o n o n i s t r u l y s u p e r i o r f o r M a x i m u s ' i t gotten c a n o nover lybeafter Maximus had iir. a.p"rtur. of sophroniusand likewiseafter basisthatI suggest633 the nostalgiaevidentin ep 28-31,8. It is on this or after. Maximus,excusewasbodilyillness.Elsewheretherearereference of weakeyes' In the his bodily condition. In TP fb (tfzCt) he speaks weakof TheodoreSpoudaeusspeaksof him as " smalland Hypomnesticon AB 53 [1935169s; PG 90, l95A ult')' .t'^iur." (Devreesse 46ep15.ToCosmasthedeacon,ofAlexandria.After634.(634-40) is apparentlythat reThis letter was requestedby Cosmas(576A7)and letteris simplvantimoferrJ to in ep 14 (537C5). T-hemain tone of the faith thereis a distinctly nophysite;yet in the final summaryexpositionof passag"(SZ:gZ-Sjthat is textuallyso similiar to and in antimonenergistic mutual relation part a vetbatimparalleioi ep 19 - 593A2-15that a close discernedwith ep 14 must be supposed(a less close parallel may be 537Aqff). Letter 19 is securelydatedfor 634' hassincebeenacquiThe library *"oting to Maximusin ep 13 (532D) red, to judge from the citations(545f)' 47 ep 14. To Peter the lllustrious' 634'40' Cosmas(theoeaconofAlexandria)isthebeareroftheletter(53 (536A2)' Peter is asked who is now returningto ttit family and friends pope " (536A4)who can to use his good offic-eswith the " Godhonored only be CYrus. of faith (536A-5378)' Therefollowsa brief r6sum6of cosmas'confession

Cosmashadaskedforabriefdogmaticexposition,whichMaximusha *"av*r"."him(537C5).Thismustbeep15asCombefissuggests.Pe isaskedtosupplyfromhisknowledgewhatthebriefexplanationco not makePlain.

'(vgez-gzz)5uF cqspraueuowfpcunstp asaql 'Jo7o4!qtvaq1 ,snuod ? puq snrsulsuuvxopoqpo aql ;o sa5ussud '01-699qrreu]Bd I{rorluv -ollrld uqof lsulu5e(OO-SOS lo I snls4s?uv}o ) auos uo luauuoJ o} pa4suuaeqsuq snulxsw sa8rssed {Jo^\ aql ruo.t1 '827,'0Z 'gtg fq 'snutre141 dI (it trsaudaq1ol auol epuuSoq 'lt puu 67 da 5o 1uq1flquunsards1e8.roags1q1 pa^.lesqo (s11lltro 'sat8toueJaqunu ol 'sorlclasrl aql Jo uoqtqrqorclaq1 loLI Ills sl puuq raqlo aql uO 'alup lsallrueue sB luql loJ spus]seloJa.leqluotldruns -ard aq1 'gl?tg eroJeqpaltp aq feur auou sluruncop eseqlIO '(CgI€ -gZ:1;1g:EZ puu VIgl-91 :CCtg'Z :eSEg-g:IVt9-l :ggr pu" get6-g71y911 - S cII) saup lq8ta lseel lB sntulx€Wdq piluaururoJ1xale 's11trvr ,{;urluoc 'gt 'O'd :71 [o1pgapl Jo eurrpop ,sn18;agJo ro^€I ug fl5ururaas(t)ttl 'rlj uazuurzuN,{roFarg Jo 1xelu uo saqJno}snulxuw llq u Ja}lV 0t

'(czre- NclJr :ztcoot

'Cg6€ - cla) uawouE qoq vsols 1o erlods JaI{}BJslltulxew s{Joi!\ ,{pea u1 7 'uollls : (J6V0g)ulsapql oloq s\ollleqer aq ol ples eru a/n ,fl\oq osp eloN -od a1rlaq;ouowotll .to; lnarun8.luluarF ,snt8rag st fiutq1 3 qJns 1o ,iltllqts -sodrureqllnq :]sutl3 ut sllti!\ 5urp1;1uoc5o uollsenb sl ereql Y09 ul 'cJO puu auop Jo lrrlluo3 paurol eql eroJaq pue (mg) soqdasdaq1 'leqd\etuosapeJ lelJu auq aql lns qJtq^ sosultldauos Je^a/!\oqaJtseJaql -er sluacJe cpuelocl aql aroJeleq; ld.lalsdru1uc6o1o1suqf,aql Io uolltsodxa praua3 u ro1 lsanba.ru ^i(qqFoI pelluJ ueeq a^eq ol suaas Jepel slql 'ov-v}g 'lslrqc dq ut s! lBql ,{re1s,{ureq} lnoqE 'le11a1 '99 palss orl/!\ .to;;adns puu lsatrd pale^al drair b5;oag o1 V dI 8?

'91 da puu'gl '71 cla uearrqeqeue^Jolulo1 pesoddns eq lsnu euq Jo asdel paultu -ralapun uB aroJereqJ 'qllu1 3ql ul sseulsuJpuels .sutusoJ 1o quads 91 da 'uorlJnJlsu!Jeql;n] peeu ut 'papanuoc ^{grrausl setusoC }Bq} tI de uorS Io e11nb1ou sl slqJ 'uolsJe^uoJ.s?tuso3 ol qloq tsut:ra1 Jrelc s! ll 'alBJnJO? -ar su 'aru1laIUBseql lnoqe Io sB peuolcar arB 9l puu tt Ot nl!r"u1L]9.-... ^lrr luql u! s! eJoJe;eqlJelad iurrpuuxaly o1 5u1u.ln1arsl sBuIsoOdlqurunsar.l

'(rv9'6'frr)rvg

'sm^(3 o] eJueJ Jaruruns aJoJOquJnlel ol lou 0t9 ul ullpuuxalv lJal oq/n -a;er eql dq palrerpul st 3]?p eues aql '(s1saq7tEaql Jo prsotl snulxrw uaqnn) 0?g eq plno^\ wanb a1uo snulwJal eql luapl^e sI usntleqlouow ol aJue;aJerou sV 'JalJEJo ?t9 palsp st'71 da o1 snolna;d fpqFlls'91 da '(urr{g ;o lsanbuocqery aq1) 9-t€9 rr}JEdlqeqo;d elolerrqi sr slvp eqJ 'sillaf fisrtq1-Poolq eq] Jo puu (6v0tg) u.^r\orleql lou spuul Eutuunr.lanoaldoad Uesep u 1o qeads all 'suolllpuor luasa;d ol (iJllg/tg) rapal aql Jo lser eql salo^3p sntulxuw

tv

6r:9, sqto6 .snulxow fo 7q1'a7nq

Part II

42

from the sameauthorwas his treatmentof.alocusrtor-1Another passage { sicusin Gregory Nazianzenthat tent itself to a Monotheliteinterpretation( ,/ (2338 237C). In third placecomesHonorius'letterto Sergiusof 634 (seei* EF{ 1058,59; Mansi ll,538f). This Maximusinterpretsin a quite orthodox sense,pointing out that Honorius was denying two morallycontradictory wills in christ (237c-2448).This interpretation he confirmsby the reports of Anastasius, then coming to Africa, who had madeinquiriesat Romeas to the senseof this letter. He found themdistressed and apologeticabout the affair; further John, the clerk who had preparedthe Latin textat Honorjus' command,affirmedthat in that text there was no mention oI one will nor of a human physicalwitt in our savior. The text then had suffered manipulationat the hands of the translators(244C-245A). This le is im t for the of the development of Maximus' attitu SC antimonothelite.

t

relative dating one

onry in the

is calmffip

, nor to I (Mans

!9_i likewise

ohn'sletterto Constanhne on

i); the refererrce tz,+icl to Ma-

rinus' then bishop is satisfiedmost probably by Arcadius,(seeArcadius, ll, in Dict. rtHist. et de adographieeccl.),who was deadwhen Sergiusof Cyprus (Arcadius'successor?) wrote to pope Theodore,May 29, 643(See Mansi 10, 916c4 and 9l6E ult.); this Arcadiuswas likewisedead at the writing of TP 12 (143H^7). The presenttome thereloremustprecedeboth theselatter documents,beforespring 643; it may easily have been written before Maximusknew of the Ecthesis,that is before640 and perhaps before Honorius' secondletter to Sergius(634/5-33). John, the secretaryand author of Honorius' letter,fulfilled tne same role for Pope John in his letter to constantine(Tp 2g - 32sc-32gA). 50 TP 14 - l4g. Various definitions.By 640. This containssome19 definitionsor termsusedin Trinitarianand christologicaldoctrine,especiallyas developedin the Monophysitecontroversies. Towards the end come definitionsof energy and will (physicaland gnomic will - l53A). As this latter distinctioncomesto the fore only later in the controversies (after 640), this collectionof definitions,as it now stands,must datefrom not much before that time. It may be that the definitions of energyand wilt were addedto a seriesalreadyformedfor Monophysitecontroversy.Yet the first definitionof relational(oxetrxrl)union, defining it as the bringing of differentopinions to one witt'(tszi), mat<es a date after knowledgeof the Ecthesishighly improbable. The distinction of gnomicand physicalwill I havenoted,by the way, in Tp 2 and 3 (44cD

-do 1o clnorF a11s,(qdouo141 ,(lluuulruopa;d u satructpuluolpnpo4ul eql ':apuu411r1 'l1s '6tg 'J 'lslJqf, u1 suollurado o^l uo 'snurlxe14J 1u1rsdq 'CI68 'doqslq perrus I dI I9 lsou eql ol passarppeapslda ue ;o '{do3 'snlsselEql Io e^?q ei!\ uoqueu lsBI eql sl slql 11 1o san6 snulxew i{rruuns IeHq eql ql!^\ JJos4?aJqeH 'luaunrop slt{l }o anbtlt'tc .snulxew ul pe}sere}ullou 'ssaxlpE aq1 'fdoc € qll^l raq1a5o1679 ;o surnrolchecxa aq1 ,(laleunlJoJun '(Cgfg) '6gq elEI s! lulll f1.lua u1st\au aql Santalar.'rcpJvul ll$s'snurtxul4J '979 stuo[ ol fpea elolaq ilal e^uq daql ra11u.{1uoaltrrrrspuelJJ.snulxew '(vz (og6t) 6z Oa Iatu peurnlar e^Eqlou plnor selruslnodu aq1 eroJarel{l -nr9) gig'82 ,(uWdluo palenasuof,sE1!\snulle^es 'slsaqPg 3ql pus salruslro 'dFrap aql urolJ 'sluapuodsa;rocuultlod -och ,snu1.taaas Jo JIBJIEeql eqlrJsap -oulluelsuoS .snrurxew 'OVg 'ggg Tuntata,{ ntustttoclo annb q1 ap unls ra i LLg '91 tsuul4JV da 09 -srtottJ uapqqD po oTrhns lulxow s o7o7s1da 'snpoq.1 o1 Surprorru pesss'tpp?sE^\ '(Ce?g'€0I OcI) Z6l xapoc stql snurxuw Jo rellel E uoq^\ o1 nTunf palpc sserolradns eq1 aq trq8ttu 'sunu ua}l!J1"\8l JoJ eI{} eFroag o1 elulsode lcalard 1uq1qsaF8ns sgaqruo3 se/Y\}l de '{t iltud Surpual u ,tu1clo1 uu5aq snulxew }Bq} Il€ o^oqe "elaq} 'atu!1 1o u31s ro; ',(ep uBJIJJVaql eJoJaqlou ra^e/!t\ol{11u5lssu plno',rt I ou lnq lfcraur spog uo suoll?Jeplsuorfuallalxa sul?luo3 lailel slql 'fu1s uucltlY 'Paluad 'll de - o J p u e l u e ^ u o J a q l l J e l p e qo q ^ \ u n u B l n o q u s s a l o p a d n su o 1 69 ,ggg .rF .srru.1ut dluo punol r?J os e^€q 1 d4or3 ;atr1u1 .drnluar nll 'snrtz{3 eq1 ;uosracl auBs eql ol pesselppu d11uarsclnor8 o^11aql 3JV aql uqof s4uuql t" lln..r^ aq elrqa (g cla) uran rulltuls e ul ulrlrequuqf, lou ssop sJlnls snulxtw ro; 'a1txa ueJlJJV Jo euq aq1 ,ildtul d1t'tussarau 'Jel{lBJ € o} s3 ue} pooJ ]o pesu aql ',{ltunruulor slq JoJs4eadssnulxEw '60-99 'dnorF -lu/h aJB'etEJIBlJelBupuu 1rnlt'ttclsJoJ slallel nod-4ueq1 Il8 puoJaseql 'ra]sutuu Jo ]Bql s! euol aq1 lrua'( poulurelepun uE Jo (CEZ9) 'pro1 eql qll^\ 3u1sp puu Fuldp uo 'r11arse'99 Jalsega:oJequelllJ/rl a'lan 'u^\ou4un esl^\Jeqlo st -69 cla lawrol aq1 'sclno.lFo/nl tu:oJ sapsldaaq1 '/g o. esoq^A'luapuodsanoJ aql 1o uo,li,rt.ut eq1ut dluo sJncco auuu

'el'pur'lraf,un'soluorqr,{1ocl eqr}o {.33: ?3i3 $E:ii }oqq'o} auBS

'0?g ^\ou ,(q spu8ls 1l su dnorE slql elsp sn la-I 'palltluo serullatuosEulaq aroru ro 'uolltpu'118ut,fuel E eleJlpu! sstu Io san8oletrzcaq1 suolluqap o^\l lsrl aq1 'gtg ol JotJoluuaq dlerrucsuBJ pue lsuqJ ul sll!/t\ ofl\l eql uo sslpeJl IlnI 'C981 'f,'a) gt af ul Il3 a^oqu pue (979 t{q slql '(3tlZ6I'g88I '(979 rua'{ aq} - (18? ".if."f - Jeez) 0Z cII ul'(7,vg'rua,(eql Io' (lI8) z clJ ul lo 19-09 sq.to/)\ Fnulxow {o lq7'aloq

44

Part II

ponents;the main body is concernedwith the Monenergists.yet the documentis openly dyophysite(2 physicalwills - 97c) and declaresthatthe argumentspresentedagainstMonenergismare equallyeffectiveagainstMonothelitism (109Cl0). where was this Nikanderbishop that a Monenergisticrefutationwas more urgent than a Monbtheliteone? The letter had been commanded (112A5). The date must be about 640. 62 TP 24 - 268. Th"t.lU{tpossibre to sqy3ng_rv{lof christ. Earryin the Monothelitesta othelitismseemsto standbut one remove from the first instanceswhen one will was clearly predicatedof the one christ. The'Monophysite problematic and textsie very closeto the surface. Addressedto some certainbut unnamedperson,it usesirony and dialecticalong with the innuendoof diverseheresies coritainedin the new doctrine. He provokeshis antagonistto estabrish his Monothelitismby pa. tristic teachineQ69cg). Has Maximusalreadycollectedpassages, suchas we see in TP 15,27? The term thelEtihosdoes not occur (see item 77, TP 27). The dateindicatedthereforeseemsto be about640.afterMaximus' knowledgeol the Ectheszs and his decisionto disregardthe preceptof not speakingof one or of two wills. 63 TP 25 - 269. Ten chapterson the two wills of our Lord and God and SaviourJesusChrist. They were written for the orthodox. c. 640 The differentdistinctionsof will thatare considered are physical,hypostatic,selective,gnomic. The matteris coveredin ten chaptersto which Maximusaddsa post-script (2738ll-D). In thishe toucheson the deceptivenessof like or identicaltermsfor diversethings,noting that the fathers concernedthemselves with things not words. And for that matterto write on this subjectone must know, besidesthe fathers'useof words,the meaning of choiceand opinion (proairesis;gnome). As to the time the caseis the sameas for the precedingopusculum(Tp 24). As to the form in ten chaptersseethe note on ThOec and the references there given. 64 TP 6 - 65. 640-2. A comment of Matthew: Father.if it be le let this cu rom me (Mt. -We have here to do with aE text in the MonotheTiTETE6ate. It occurs in Tp 3-48c: 7-80c; t6-196D; and aboveall in the tome to Stephenof Dora(Tp l5-160c, t64c,l65AB, l69c). This would itselfgivea probabredateto the opusculum. But there rs more. and operations.There 1L684 Maximusspeaksof two wills (theleseis) -

llr..r',.....'

rs no prerenilon tneretore ot observing either the psephos or the Ecthesis.

'{sareq uutJe^es eq} ,,.sopJaoeg Jo qloq ,, pa1;ec,fta1seuou aql Jo puu Bupuuxelv 5o seruueofisseqqv ;o fuapuuoru eql lo sunu eql Jo asualaraql Suuapro '(a8roeg) qcrudE aql ol passaJppu 'uenu1u4 'uur1.ru14J fq uagltllr s.raga1Sur8ur:q ,sanr't'tee:opoaqJ JollaJueqJ aql (ll9) uorluput luarnr aq15o;ra,( qlgl eql Jo raqrrra^oN ul (IIV6gt) 'suunlof, s,au5r14J asoql are sa;n8r1aq1 Jo 'padsu e^rleJJuu lteql ut srapal alFurs aq11o anbrlrn puu srrgtcJu Euriuasa;cl 'g,tt ,l ,[gl] ,ZI cla)sre]lal ;agu d;lur4aqludspalzarl aq (EV aseql ul IIIm 'aF:oag uodn paqcnol'BJIJJV qcredg lruJIE aql Jo uorlsanb aq1 ;o Jo 'l?9 'raq-'^oN .urelraqluprl3 aq1 uqo[ o1 .ZI cJebs gg 't8-Z8C (ZOet) et ayqnqcsa8uaqtn\ tn{ {r,n1tsga7 oql ut e{lBJg r{q paqsrlqnd ,, psllqc sBlt^ u}Jurf,Jnser;o1ouorqc,, eql pe} -drorxesu^\ (lZSZt puu gf,-6g6Vzl,6l Dcl : t€ puu 7g,1) snqnclwot leql '09-llZI'61 srql uorJ suill ll Dd,au8r141ur palurrda; sl uolllpa.s.nqecl '6 'duqc 'g pud ur uanr8 sl alup eql .BlrJV Fugqcuaribg ,t1 frenrqag) ql?ap {snrlJBJaHJo s/r\au aql puu (rua[ lslt .sntlculapl 5o EuruurFaq aql) gfg 'g raqolro uao^\lag 'r3lad uutJuled eq1o1 .snil$otsapxa nqndwo3 egg

'l)st8r '91 'utoq onrlrdo ep ussd51 vv od 1o dro5a.rg ldllenadsa 'an8o1oJd aes .sJ3$Erlrasaql u VZ€gpuBgz9-t9 :692-l : gg97 1qq1 noJ Issle^run eleJJuoJ aql sulBl N Io ArodJJD ur

s3/llo eq uoqt\

ol

sasfJrluJ' 6LZ (gq6l uopuo-l ?!|sylod u! poo'esqsard 'el?p E lsaFEns ol llaslr acald aql ur Furqldue eJaql st JoN ,uoquJqrl .tt13 -uepf reqloue a:n1ca[uoco] sselasnsruaas .(ggOtoruo5 ll /11 oTti1ouy 'tO - gLl 'cl uc11su1e.; ElJalEuV,,) slql strcefe.r duu4orq zuag .nqlteu Io ,, aropoeqJ q]!^r enll eql Jo eropoaql aql f;rluepr o1 sasodord s{equoO {Oqc) autl euES eql o} pauFlssuaq plnoi\\ qxel luesard aq1 10 SurlrdruoJ eql 'parSlraneq slql plnoqs '1ro/r\ 'uotsnrlul qrud euds eql ornl Surprnrp ue aq ueql plno/{ suot}rutJap ;o elqnop qdur8e.rud aql ol pual euo gZ cll Io (CCgfZ) ;o lcaclxe lqFrur alou SurpnlcuoJ qJrq/\^ aql patruud aq o1 a;aq runl8ayrrolJ eql sasodclns lpql (ttZ'lot'l alou) stlequo3 srql suor]tpa ,ilrsranlp aql uorJ lurod lB ;o '{JOi}r Uir\O .SnulxEW ruoJtr arr qrrqm g-rnl eql 'slxel unl8altjolJ Jo zl Jo lsul IIBrusu s^\olloJ ereql srql uO '*m7sodtt1 Jnnptdtpu-'otsno ,a.tnqn?.r loJ steqluJ eql lo pue sraqclos -o1rqdoq1 suollrul1apsutslrrorallil slq] .8urmo11o1 qclur.Ee;ecl aq1 Io 1s;t1 'eropoeql .9L7,- gz luolu eql ,iq urq pa{sBsFurqtraq; urou cll gg

i0'9

'z-0n9'uo;1;sod -do uedo tro popad lsJtJeql uorl FEal lu ueql elep plno^\ runlncsncloaq1

46

/ { I \ 1 / (

Part Il

Theodore brought no other dispatch from any other minister of Martina at CP. Maximus is consequently at a loss to know why John has not written him on this affair, especially as it clearly would be a scandalas damaging her reputationfor ortl.rodoxY. In order to avoid trouble already rising the eparch declared the letter forged and made a show against the chancellor and proceededagainst the agitating heretics from Alexandria and Syria, imprisoning some, beating o' thers for impugning the Patrician's good name and for asserting,on the basis of this letter,that she was of their opinion, eventhat(4614) one Thomas, said to be their bishop, was one of her entourage and her councilor. This most of all was a scandal to the people. To such an extent indeed that Maximus himself was called and had to interviewpersonallythosewho talked in this {ashion and assurehis auditorsthat neither she nor her departed husband had ever had any attachmentfor the heretics. Other monks of the Eucratadesmonasterydid likewise. All this to clear her name. (461 B) But still there remainsa doubt. Maximus knows the upbringing of the Patrician well, that it was nothing if not Catholic. Yet the said Theodore swore great oaths in vouching for the authenticity of the letter. If he is really ielling the truih, then John has committed grave sin in cooperating with error and heresy. One may on no account aid heretics as heretics, that is in their heresy (46485). In {act Ceorge had actedon this principlefrom the beginning. He had given them (the above-mentionednrtns) a houseand furnishings; but they had carried on active.Monophysitepropaganda,especiallywith young girls and would hear nothing of his remonstrances.Forseeingthe grave danger and scandal to the native Christians, he consulted the local bishop and notables,asked the emperor and the patriarchs of Rome and CP. Alike from the superior and the patriarchs he received the reply to drive all heretics, persisting in their evil opinion, from the country; and the nuns that accepted Catholic communion to leave in undisturbed possessionof their monasteries,those however that refused obedienceto the truth and the imperial regulation to divide up among orthodox convents, confiscatingtheir goods to the public treasury (465A). This he did with zeal. All the heretics from Syria, Egypt, Alexandria and Libya acceptedCatholiccommunion; the nuns of the monastery"Sacerdos" refusedto obey and were distributedamong orthodoxcommunities; later on however they were united to the Catholic church; the nuns of AbUessJoannias acceptedthe faith with joy. To them all (men and women) he returned their monasteries(465C-508C). There follows a long exposition of the right faith in view of the Severian doctrine. In conclusion he assuresJohn that he writes so on the faith, not as ignorant of his, John's, fidelity to it, but wrought up at the possibility of hereticalcouncils prevailing at CP.

purUEW'a.apa1ruou4 ,lBql uotl?Jrpur taqInJ saprlo.rclsrql -L rsnurxEw ol 'llBl sr?urlrEw q]!A\ aIII ]rnoJ Jo lno dorp plno./!raJoJeJaqleH luqacaoufg prradurl aq1 1o ,qcnuna .;alsru -gur'alqrsuodset ,uqof ,raqpq .ra*el plor{ utq uuJ snrutxBw sr J! lou trng slql ql uorleradoocs,uqo[ Jo s$usnorJ3s aq1 urulclxaosr^relrl .g IIIrr\ slql 'rellal eql 1o uorl.rod leut't]Jop aq] Io Ja]JuJeqcalrsdqclouoru -r1uef1arnd 'rusrlrsfqdouory aq1 suruldxa srql ueua^as fpro 1nq uotlurapts -uof, oluf relue ,rust11eq1ouory) aq1 ,rusr5.lauauo141 lou saop (s1saq4cE pau 'aur.rlcop -uapuoJ 1ad 1ou eq lsnru lI .g lupedrur eqt tzq] paztleel ,{y.rea1o 'l?^t^er a;rsdqdouolrl slql Jo llnsar u sr passerppust g1 da qJrrllr\ol dlrunuruoc aq1 asclule.raq1 scluq.ra4 .qrrnq3 1o auo aql o1 11uSur5uuq ut papaarcns pBq a.E;oag (gVEql) ,pecJpuocas aql ,sa1rs,(qclouow o1 Surp;orcu :og 'uru5e a;r1 ol euoo eql Jo Furlseoq puu .alrsdqdouoly upuuSudo.rd3^rlJB aql dq maas plno/r\ lr os alotu ue^e lnq sr BurUsW 1eq1uorlucrldu! aql ,iq fluo trou ,paq;npacl dlanu.r8eJE lnJr{lte} eqJ 'pa1ou dllcurlsrp .V erout plnoqs eq re]]ol s{eropoaqJ Jo slJaJJaeqJ .snre^as pezqBr.ueqlBuv gtg p slsaql -xE eql mo51 'aldrurspuu a;nd usutsfqdouow uBtra^as 1nq,rusr1r1aqtrouo141 50 uopsanb ou sr aJeq) eJeH 'snrlJBJaHruo.r1SurruoJ s3 elqBqoJclrur rap -Jo us qJns sr roN ';oraduaoc ,aul1uu1suo3uos slq ol uEr,ll Jar{l?J rutq o} eloJeJeql puu ,anl1e sE,ry\ sntlJuleH allqr\ epBr.u uaaq lltls e^Bq roJecr lsnu -ua eql ol luedduaql dlSurpuodsar;oo:(g-VtS) ur.rdggo strsanbuoc qErV oql ruo.r; sdeqrad'sruoi( I?JeAesJO esJnoJ aql Je^o paJrnc3o oAEq lsnu palElaJ snql sacuelstunolrJeqJ .(llggfSt) salrs{qdouow aa8nler aq} q}l^\ suot}Bler ,,(seraqEul s,a5.roag rharler ol seruoJ aq 'dlJrnF aq deru uqof qrrqrrr 5o -p!? Jo auo snorlaseql sr uorlsenb aq1 puu puJru (snrurxew ut lqnop llrls sl alaql esnBJaquaql : IEATJJB SJeropoaqJuo luunsueslus^e eql ua^rF sr 1s.rrg 'pelou eq ol sr apsrda slql Jo uoqrod e^rlurruu eql Jo a:nlf,nlls aql .t

eqrorsc,]or"u rr!r\srqr..,orecrua ";?::::iil"",lfuiLil,"jj,j'3,'#1"".:

Jo'flJtgt Jo r'ql sr snrrr'raH ol eruaraJerplroras v .(olvtsr) snrrr'reH 'puuqsnq papedap .Z sreutllew of st eJuaJaJaJ pcr8olouo,rqt leql Jeqlouv 'palr3ler eq ol sr aroJareql uorlgsoddnss.laurnJo .(O1ZO,001 OcJ - Ig .cI wn?nlAatg - sn.roqclaer5l) sroradruaJo leqlou aql Furaq Jo louotl eql Jeq :o1 ,srapsuqeql oq suu -oelJuJaHpu? euquqsuo3 .snaltsuq u?uo/h ou e^Bq plno^\ .{eql }uql ]el r?alr lr apuru dJ ;o aldoad oql lueuelsel slq Jo Furpua; aq1 1e 1nq ,ssard -ruo sB paJouoq aq ol Jaq peqsrl\ ,anJl ,snrlrurap; .(. sr Bssrlls?g 1r ,, sE lou pw (0IBt9?'lg0g') palcalordpog,, (.uBrf,rr]pcl se dluo raq ol i.,"3", aq osnsreq .llBJs(Eurlrury ^\eu4 snurxEW sasocldns ]o (OZ 1eq1 [tZOt) gZ OE) 'a8palrnou4 fuu peq snulxuw leunJg uorl?Jtpur ou st aJer{ls}ue^e luql '179-ll-6 tuo.r5.lamod egeql elos pleq JO suelsuoJ :JaqolJO ur pacu.r5 II -sfp ara/rrsuos req puB uutlJEW:tvg-o-oz aluqc.leuled aql pau8lsar pEr{ snqr -JId 'Itg Jaque^oN ,ualrF sr BJIJJVut lu^ill? s.elopoaql Io alep eql .I

48

Part II

two subsequentones was still in power; for not only is this epistle but return' to him to procure George's (44, 45\ "r" comment "dd."...d must be made. Theodore brought no other dispatch g. A final 'general way and immediaMaximus notes this (460810) in a *n^l.o.u"r. had not irlformed him of the affair that John teiy manifestshis 1:erplexity policy (to favor the irnplied of This, and change messenger. by the same presumptive is strong evidence that the letter was Severians), the outright a forgery. No modern historian has made this supposition;it seemsto me however the only hypothesisthat will allow for all the strandsof evidence. Nor have we the oaths and personality of Theodore before us to make us hesitate.Another subterfugein the history of Melkite-Monophysiterelations will surprise no one. 67 ep 18. Written in the name of George,the praiseworthyeparchof Africa,to nuns apostatefrom the Catholic Church at Alexandria. Dec. 641, Jan. 642 (584D-5BBB). George, through Maximus, briefly expounds the nature of the Catholic Communion and the doctrine of two natures. (588C) He affirms that he had written many, even emperors,about them. He is therefore all the more surprised at their secessionfrom the Church, at their return to their own vomit. He therefore,in view of their persistencein heresy,orders them to give up to his agent Theopernptusthe property he had given them. He will speak of them to the emperorsand patriarchson his proximatevisit, ready to accept their decision in the nuns' regard, However, should they return to the Catholic communion, he is ready and eager to restoreto them his gifts and do all in his power on their behalf. l. The title makes this community actually resident in Alexandria. The situation and the time is so similar to those of the communitiesmentioned in ep 12 (one of which was of Alexandrianorigin) that it is most tempting to suppose a scribe's error. 2. As for the time, there is referenceto the emperors(basileis)- the plural - 588C8, 58946 cf. ep 44, 45 - 645C2, 64987, ep B. Basileus was first assumedas official title in 629 when Heracliusand his son Constantinewere so called (Br6hier, Fliche-Martin 5, 1062).But we haveseen Maximus refer to the emperor in the singular (ep 12; item 66 $ 2). This with referenceto Heraclius. Here the situation most probably underlying the phrase is {he effective regency of Martina (from May, death of Constantine 25-5-641 to October 641). There is also referenceto the patriarchs. Now Cyrus was also in CP frorn 640 to summer 641. (ln disgrace with Heraclius,reinstated by Martina and returned to Alexandria,entering there 14-9-641). 3. Note particularly the expectation of a proximate interview with the ernperors and patriarchs (589A8t. He has thereforealready receivedorders to return, the reason for the recall is not divulged.

i

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50

Part II

in a letter of which Ceorge was the bearerthereshould occur a description of that sameGeorge'sdeparture(6488). Seethe corroborationof this view in ep B. 2. There is no hint of the affair of ep 12. \(rhy? 7l ep B. To Stephen,priestand superior(in Epifanovitchpp' 84ff)' As ep ' 44, winter 642. proficiencyin the ascetical .a,itera paragraphon his correspondent's his lord and teacher, point. Stephen, He wants life, MaXimuscomesto the or given to Theocharistos (document) that with when in cP to checkthis found be scribe of the some addition lest thdt sent to Johnthe Chamberlain, changingits whole purport (loc. cit. 85 line l0ff.) l. \flhat is this document? Seethe following item, $ 3. is clearlya name,also, in ep 44. 2. Theocharistos 72 ep 45. To John the Chamberlain. Eatly 642. (648D) Maximusspeaksof Georgestraight off ; thenbeginningonce more (as in ep 44) to enumeratehis virtueshe breaksoff with the remark that ali this (6a9A)is containedin the former letter and another writing. Again the requestto intercedefor Georgewith the emperors,urging them to give no heed to malicioustongues. The beareris a young but prudent man. t. Malicious tongues. This is the first hint at any causefor George's similaris indicatedat the beginningof ep 16,whereMarecall. Something grievedat the calumnywhich Georgesuffersfrom himself ximus declares not the Lord (576D). For that matterit seemsthe Africans thosewho fear generalty of evil gossipat CP. So Victor of Carthagecom' butt the were of which they may not even know (Mansi plains of the falseaccusalions 10,9508). of a causefor George'srecall. One supposes' 2. Therearetwo possibilities of the letterpurportingto comefrom rejection his that unthinkingly, rather for it requiresnewsof Georimpossible, is But this is its cause. Martina ge's rejection to reach CP and the return order of recall all before news ieachesAfrica of Martina'sdownfall, which occurredat CP a few weeks beforeTheodore'sarrival in Africa. There is left the fact of maliciouston' gues. s(rhattheir chargeswere there is no way of knowing. The affair for ceorge, if that. of Theodorewould only ag*r"uateapprehension 3. There can scarcelybe doubt that "the former letter" refersto ep 441 but what is this "other writing"? The reasonsjust given why Ceorge's rejection of Theodore'sletter from Martina cannot be causefor recall are equallycogenthere againstsupposingthat " other writing " to be ep 12. Htweuer this " other writing " was a sufficientlyimportantdocumentthat it be sent in tripticatewith piecautionagainstfalsification(ep B). This sup'

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Part II title. Paul ascendedthe throne of cP october l, 641. The term thelctito Maftos occurs(221D - see item 77, TP 27). The repliesareaddressed rinus the priest. This doubtlessis his cypriote priestfriend to whcm he severalworks,especiallyTP 1-3. One may supposetherefore acldresses that Marinusran acrossTheodore'sdifficultiesand forwardedthemto Maximus for a lull refutation. 76 TP 12 - l4l. Excerptsfrom a letter to Peter the lllustrious. 6434. the Librarian)wasinterestedchieflyin MaxiThe excerptor(Anastasius Even in its presenttruncatedform this See. to the witness Roman mus, of the chief eventsof the Monothegreat review as a interest is of letter lite controversyby one intimatetyfamiliar with the whole affair. Peter had evidentlyaskedMaximushow he shouldconducthimselfwith the expatriarchPyrrhus,especiallyas to the use of the patriarchaladdress most ioly (l44Ali). The letter must be datednot only after Pyrrhus'deposition (Sept.29, 641) but after Pope John'sdeath(Oct. ll, 6421as this pope is referredto as of holy memory (la3A). Tbere is furtheron an interestingcorrelation,as tg this title, with lettersof Pope Theodore(consecr. Nov. 24, 642)to Paul patriarchof CP (from Oct. l, 641)and to his consecrators.In each letter the pope not only makesPyrrhusresponsible for the heresybut is distinctlysurprisedthat he should still be termedby lhem most holy (Mansi 10, 704A & 707C). Now as Paul's consecrationprecededTheodore'sby a year, it is just to supposetheselettersamong.the first of the latter'spontificate. If further we acceptthe suppositionthat sergiusand the other bishopsof cyprus wrote to Theodoreas a result of his letters,we arriveat a similardate - the turn of the year 6a2B; for Sergius'letter is datedMay 29,643 (Mansi 10, 9l6E). pathywith the Romanattitude. Maximus' It , however,somewhatlater. Theoclorehad askedthe emperor rrhus-iint to Rome that he may there be synodicallyjudged to (letter to Paul - Mansi 10, 705A). But Maximus speaksol Pyrrhus as judgea (144A6)- though it may be elsewherethan at Rome. The date of this letterthen must be well on in 643 0r in 644. There can be no questionthat it was written beforethe disputeat Carthage(July 6a5). As to the letter'scontentI would only note that the descriptionof sophronius'interview with cyrusat Alexandriain June633 (143Cllff) is not that of an eye-witness.The tone of the whole letter is excited; necessarily arecommonByzantineceremonial. Furdescribed(prostration) the gestures ther, if my dating and interpretationof ep 13 be correct,Maximus could not have been an eye witness,as is.generallysupposed. 77 TP 27 - 280. Variousdefinitions,of our holy and Cod'bearingfa' thers,on the two energiesof our Lord and God and SaviorJesusChrist. Between640-6

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'(gt 'aoq elepu af 1o uaqdalgol euol aq1goalrp) gqgpue0t9 uee/r\laq qsa85nsuqsnf o1 peqrJJsu stql sE a5ussud? qcns ;o lelrducsa{BtuJoqlnu eql ler{} prg fran aql ]aA (OOS1)0Z nI) opllorpd ptxos eqt Io sasseu -lt,'lraueJruelue a{f Jo uotllpe s,lloH ur lx?} s,unsnfpunoJ]ou "n"q'4JO^\ -f crlsr8elrrog (snulxBw ;o fpnls srq ut unlnJsndo luasa.ldJno epnlJul lou saop ';aaa/noq'oq,l.r '(7,7,'Ll'71) sa.rrar.1dq pel1cse unl8aluolJ u?J3l?l eql .sd51.Fa.rg:gctgZlo asoql q11n sgdltul ar?qs (J?82 - lHff, :EVtgZ lls -Bg) pelrc slxel aql Io earql 'uorlsanb luereJ]lp ? s! raqlou? to snulxBw dq ;aqlaqm - ilal dn-padun.r1 u slcadsns]sorule euo leql luar8 os s! lxol eq] Jo s$uelrsodde aq1 '(IJ -tt 'd sa:rar.1aas)a8rp altlaqlouow d11n5 eq1 ul dluo ,(puarudde puu 'aluqap 1rcr5o1o1sr.rq3 aql ut suJal luJruqJel auuJ -aq 'rage1 aq1 dpulncq.recl 'asaq1 /lroN .soqqapql pue soqryadtauaf,11e11uas -sa eq ol poD soJBlJep11ro; 'eraq sn ol lserelur sr uog?llJ lsrrJaql Io 'suo!l 'S -eIJ snrtuoune u! susr8olyds pue s.trsBg f1pu1; ruorl lsure8e Zl II? uE4EJDol 4ooq puooas s.esoJquv urorl ';l.rf3 ruor; uru5e'ess,{1q ;o dro8 -aJO ruoJJ uluFu '(sueguoung eql lsutr5u) Irsug tuoJl puolas u '1rsug'g '19 -dC 'S 'ruolsosdrq3 'rss,{5q1o {.roFalg lo s}xe}/!\olloJ eJer{J 'sr;ocloud3;o doqslq uo131y ol suur.lv aqtr lsuru8u ranal srq ruorJ rapuuxalv Jo pJlrll E !4ronr aurus aql tuoJJ sr Uel puoJas V '5olgI g >otmdXp:sr lrdrcur asoq/h tslqdog aq1 sngsrrqdnEol r{lruJ puu eruepr^orcIuO:stq uorJ su:[pu61 'pue eq; u; 'pur raqdosolrq4 aq1 ullsnf o] pelnquile st ]xe] ]sJg eql

gB-U sqro/Xl.snulxDw {o try-alne

t9

54

Part II

TP l0 is an excerptedletter, dealing with two theologicalquestions (processionof the Spirit also from the Son and the sinlessness of Christ) objectedagainstthe then reigning pope, on the basisof his synodicalletbut not otthe ters(133D/in)" In 136D7thereis mentionof the Ecthesr's, TJtpe;lurthermorethis letter was written at Carthage(1378 ult). Which are pope? lVhat synodicals? ApparentlyPopeTheodore. His synodicals not known to be extant. Some have supposedthe Laterancouncil to be in question;butthis would force us to supposeMaximus'return to Africa after649. The time of the debatewith Pyrrhus,or the monthsbeforedeparturefor Rome,seemmost probable. TP l-3 are,accordingto von Balthasar(Die On. Cent. 153),not before the Romanstay. This seemsmore a way of saying" in the maturestage of the controversy",lhan a consideredjudgmentthat they wesewritten at Rome. In fact they may well have been written in Carthage. In TP l0 (1378)thereis reference to the notebookq"on the soul and the other chapof the powersof the ters" which admirablyfit TP I with its considerations soul and TP 2, 3, 3abc,which appearto be further chaptersof the same work, of which only thesefragmentshavesurvived. Epistles6 and 7 on the soul might be indicatedif it were not for their early dateand for the 'land the otherchapters". l4ck ol anythingconnectedwith themto represent Epifanovitch(p. 62ff.)prints three fragntentswith the following lemmata: of the same,of the propertiesof the two naturesof Christ, chapter qf 58 (TP3a);of the same,from that on the wills and selfdeterminations (TP3c). [n (TP3b); chapter of the same,from the 92 Christ, chapter59 pieces Dain found St as his introductionhe identifiesthesethree John mascene's Defideorthodoxa3.13, 14, l8 or, in the Creek numeration,5T, 10338(beginningof chapter)- 1036A5;1076D2 58,62(PG 94, 1033A3-14; -l077Al); and supposes elaborationon a MaxithattheyaretheDamascene's 273CD, to TP28 - 348C refers to TP 117 B, to TP 25 base. He 9 mian verbatim in Defide or' 289813-C8 is found TP 28 which especially to and are not numbers However chapter the 1033D3-1036A5. thodoxa3. 14 entire chapover Damascene took is it impossible that identical John ;nor ters from Maximus. Maximusis quite capableof cribbing from his own is known to have cribbedon a large scale,copying works; the Damascene the greaterpart of Pseudo-Cyril'sDe sacrosanctaTrinitate into the De Jide rel.3 (1912)356-68). The autorthodoxa(seeJ.de Guibert,Rech.de science horship of thesethree piecescanthereforebe finally determinedonly by a carefulstudy of the relationsof Maximusand the Damascene.A prima facie supposition,however,would seemto favor Maximus. Supposingthereforethese6 piecesto form part of a greaterwhole, the dateof the group will be 645-46,written befoteTP l0 and thereforebefore Maximusdeparture(with Pyrrhus?) from Africa for Rome sometime in the latter half of 645 or early 646. This is in fact the date giveu by lVagenman(Qealencycl. filr Theol.und Kirche 12, 464 line 48).

(€Z'gZ 'LZ ,lL aas)s8uttum srq Suoulu uaqlb ;ane,lror{aJe eJaqf 'snullxew ol enp urnr5aprog ellsuelxe '(8-9'9) asrcardssat (as?g?'71 aqul\ pun s! lsou aqt s! slql Toaql tVl 1c[c -uTtDaU)uuurua8e2tr: t-gVg oJBpeql sarr.8 sa;rar4 'serrard dq uorl4ressrp f?rolcop'€1opa[qns eq] uaaq dlluanbasqnssuq 111(191-9L(Ze6t) lg.qtsa7 -uaqut\'{utpE1a7 rudsu3'g dq unt5eluoll srr.ll o} u/!\Brp sur\ uor}u3}}V 'sFury;m 'sraq1elaqtr o1 fuertruoJeq ol auBS {sJpaJaqaql q1/!\ }uuuosuoJ aq1Fulrnoqs 's1sat11tE aq1lsuru8eeq ol ll sarelrap {ro^\ eq} Jo enq aql 'L-gng "'?roq io doqstq ,{1oq lsotu aq1ueqclolgol pesserppe"'eurol cgluur8oppuu pn1;lclg 'egl - gl cll- Lg 'u3as plno^\ l! sB'6tg Io uural?l aq1 Suraq tsEI aril'xrs suorlueruaq (CZ€I - lI cII) areq/!\aslaolpl^\ (tg831) spou,is l?JruaunJao e^rJ ol sra1al aq sB IlJunoJ uualel eql arolaq ssellqnoppuu 1.ra;;uro gVg ruoJl ueql selup rallal eql '('#.gt 'd sa;ra14 /e 'O8ZI- so4rya&taua'soq17a7aq7 dllunadsa),{3o1ounu.rel a1rpq1odppadolanapf 11n1 eql eloN ',{xopoqpo luuadur o1 asdelar sfreuEl 3q} Jall€ ,{Irussaoau ral 'sa!l -lal secugd a1a1duror,, arll ol eJuaJeleJ eql (6379I) ,,uopernap ,snqr;d4 -tuntuuoc Jrlsuuoru aql qlllA lculuoJ ur uaeq Surnuq ragr ',{11cgg ur e}oJ1K snurxBw 1eq1sreaddu1 qdu;Fe;ed Suluado puu uonducsut eql uoJJ 'GlCOZt) xoporlpo apnb sr re^o^\oq eulrpop eq1 '11slar8 -aJ /hou aq 'parylsn[ peuaes uaql (;a1py euus oql ugasgu.rd ;eu8rspaltaca.r oslr or{l\ sn6;ag uollueu aleq lou saop aq) snqli(.1 uo pa^\olsaq ereq} esrurdalrssacxaaq1q8noql 'pue ue$u1v\e^Eq ol sllrupu aq (61 da) snqr:d.1 o1 reqto eql :(VOZt) ualrJ/h a^Bq ol Je^au sarelJepaq 'slprrr aarql Sulpunodord snulJEW 01 'auo aq1 luagal slq Jo o^\l JoJ peJuurruu)ursr aq {1uurg 'aEruqr auES aql o1 uogsuccoa,,ru5 qrpl/v\'(f,921'glUI) sa8essudo^\l olsurnl eq ueql '(VtZt - ggtt) Ilrd3 5o palnleJ sl slqJ 'uorun JoJ euo pue eJnluu qrue JoJ auo 'sr 1rq1 'sat8 eql -Jeue puB sllr./v\aaJql pailasw snurxBw lBr-l}sE1r.\ uorlssnJJBJarqc eql '(gV Sl1) f8olodu slq e]rr/\\ ol ]no slas ll\ou puu i(11uroruaql eJoJaqJlasrxtq papuaJep.{puarlu puq aH 'paztlupu?3saq aldoad aq} lsel 'dxopoqpo JoI arueu poo8 srq pueJap oJ pauJaJuoJalaq s! snurlxuw 'g-gtg 'aldoad xopoqpo pu? f1;crg eql ol ul araq 5urno1-1suq3 Furllamp's4uoru's;orradns's:aq1ug aql oI 'ZII - 6 dI gg lqEnoql repl pu? d1;easgq u1 af,ueraqoJurs,ralgdruooJo aJ?/hBlou seiy\tsual 1z 'snrurxul4J 'ryor\ IEJ;IaJSB dpue aq1ql!^r,suolpauuoc fuuru Surmoqs 'a;rJ 1un1pldseql Io untpuaduoc asrruor {;an u sl (SgI 'trual 'uD 2?O JBSBq}lEguo1) ,, ued ,snurxew Jo pnpord Jlls?loqrslsoru puu lsallqns oHJ,, 'I dI ol uolpnpoJlu! oql '0t-6€I - slql uo elou 'lsoqo .slJaquo] eas flog aq1 lo.uolsseJord aq1 1o euulcop sll Jo asneJaq0t dI;o dlrcquaql -ntseql pelqnop a^Bqeuos :JapJo u! aJB selou om1 's1ua1uoJeql ol sV gttn

56

Date-listeof Maxinus' Works 88-91

88 TP ll-137. From the letterwritten at Rome.-649 This short excerptis a warm praiseof the RomanChurchandher doc' hinal authority. It seemswrittenshortlyafterthe Laterancouncil. The general tone suggeststhis as also the reference(137D7)to six holy synods (theiive oecumenicalplus the Lateran). This is alreadyCombefis'suggestion (l4l-2), acceptedby Crumel. 89 RM. May 655. 90 ep C. May 655. 9l DB Sept.656. . '., Documentsof the trial of Maximus. Sincethestudiesof Devreesse on ttEFdocuments(seethe bibliography) are listedin the first it is uselessto treat of them here. The six documents (AB (1928) ariicle 46 8f). Yet the Relatio Motionis ol May 655 with the letter to Anastasiusof \ the sametime (109-29;l32f) and the Disputeat Bizyaof August- Septemsourcesfor Maxi; ber 656(136-72)mustbe mentionedhereas indispensable ( over his fellow men. mus' maturethought and for his ascendancy For thosewho cannotlay handson the volumesof theAnalzctaBoltan' diana I shall only note the following: is vaIn the RM the passage of S 15 6 odlt dXer...Bnloxe{rv(129A10-14) g r a n t( A B 4 6 ( 1 9 2 84) 1 t ) ;i n D B , c a p 3 2 ( 1 6 9 8 ) i s a n a d d e d n o t e , l a cikni n g many mss (ibd. ggr); cap. 33 is a fragment of a Monothelitecouncil of 662, found also in Mansi 11, 74 (ibid. 39).

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I XECINI

Index I

60 260-68 23 268 24 269-73 25 26 276-80 27 280.85 28 Disputewith Pyrrhus288-353

626-33 c. 640 c. 640 640 640-46 645,July

23 62 63 65S v'I

+78

Epistolae (ep)

.43

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 10 1t 12 t3 t4 l5 16 t7 18 19 20 2l 22 23 24 25 ?6 27 28 29 30 31 32.35 36-39 40 4l 42 44 45

Po 91, 363.392 392-408 408.412 413-420 420-424 424-432 433-440 440-445 445-449 449-453 453-457 400-509 509-533 533-544 544-576 576-580 580-584 584-5BS 589.597 597-604 604-605 605 605.608 608-613 613 6t6-617 677-620 620-621 62r-624 624 624-625 625-629 b29-633 633-636 636 636-637 637-641 641-648 648-649

early 642 by 626 by 626 by 626 uncertain betore 624125 628 or 643 632 628-30 by 626 or 630-34? African stay 641, Nov.-Dec. 633-34 634-40 aftcr 634, 634-40 early 642 by 633 641, Dec.-642,Jan. 633 end-634begin. 628-30 627-33? indeterminable 628129? 628t29 633 or after 628 628129 626.32 626.32 626-32 626-32 uncertain uncertain 630-34 630-34 uncertain 628129 642 winter 642 earlv

{69sq 6 7 8 lSS 5S

+24 19sq

3ts 9

5es {66sq 44 47 46

+08 38

+67 42 33S 2l

25S 30 28 45 32S '29 16sq lSsq 17sq 20sq 5 r S-54$ 55S-58S 34sq 35sq 3SS 28 *70sq {72sq

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Index III

62 633-34 ep 13 44 633 or after ep 25 45 after 634' 034-40 ep 15 46 634-40 ep 14 47 634-40 TP 4 48 by 640 TP 20 49 by 640 TP 14 50 51-54$ep 32-35 uncertain 55-58$ep 36-39 uncertain Alrican stay 59S ep 11 640 ep A 60 c. 640 TP 8 61 TP 24 c. 640 62 c. 640 TP 25 63 TP 6 640-42 64 640 655 TP 26 eccl.640-41 65a Cornp. *66sq +67 +68 *69sq f70sq +71

ep ep ep ep ep ep

12 18 16 1 44 B

641, Nov.-Dec. 641-42,turn ol 642 early 642 early 642winter 642winter

*72sq

ep 45

642 early

73 74 75 +76 77

TP7 TP 16 TP 19 TP 12 TP 27

c. 642 after 643 642ar atter 643-44 64046

+78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

TP 28 TP 10 TPI TP2 TP3 TP 3a TP 3b TP 3c TP9 TP 15 TP 11

+8e +90 +el

RM ep C DB

645July 645-46 645-46 645-46 645-46 645-46 645-46 645-46 646-48 646-47 649 655May 655May 656Aug.-Sept.

INDEX

III

Contemporarypersonsmentionedby name in the inscrip' tions or text of Maximust writings and of the acta. Beingat first only, it has not been possible a list oI Maximus'correspondents to make the secondelementexhaustive.

Anastasiusthe apocrisarius: the monk: Anastasius Arcadius,bishop in Cyprus: Auxentius Conon, priest and superior Conslantine,sacellarius Cosmas,deaconof Alexandria Cydonia,bishop of (in Crete) Etpidius Epiphaniuspatrician Eudocia,superioress George,priest and superior

TP 2O-244C;Hyponnesticon, ep C; RM 4, 5. in TP 12-14388 ef. TP 20-2458Jin. note 32. ep 22 ep 25 ep 5,24 (cf. ep 43, to John) ep 15, 16 ep 2l LA, Char RM 2, 5; DB 25 ep 3l (62589) TP 4, in ep 29, 31

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Index III r-'rethe chanceltor

Theodorethe monk Theodorethe Byzantine,bynodikariosof Paul patriarch of Constantinople Theodore,son of John Candidatus,called Chiia Theodosiusbishopo{ Cesareain Bithynia Theodosiusconsul Theopemptosthe scholastic Theopemptos, agentof thc prefectGeo. Thomasabbot Thomas abbot ThomasSeverianbishop Troilos patrician

in ep 12 - 460A12 TP 26 TP 19 RM3 DB DB 2, 16 Theop in ep 18 (589A) Amb I, in ep 40 (636A) RM2 in ep 12 (461A) R M 6 , 1 1 ,1 3 , 1 4 ; D B 2 5