Applied WPF 4 in Context

!PPLIED 70&  IN #ONTEXT

■■■ 2AFFAELE 'AROFALO

!PPLIED 70&  IN #ONTEXT #OPYRIGHT Ú  BY 2AFFAELE 'AROFALO !LL RIGHTS RESERVED .O PART OF THIS WORK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING RECORDING OR BY ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER AND THE PUBLISHER )3".  PBK       )3".  ELECTRONIC       0RINTED AND BOUND IN THE 5NITED 3TATES OF !MERICA          4RADEMARKED NAMES LOGOS AND IMAGES MAY APPEAR IN THIS BOOK 2ATHER THAN USE A TRADEMARK SYMBOL WITH EVERY OCCURRENCE OF A TRADEMARKED NAME LOGO OR IMAGE WE USE THE NAMES LOGOS AND IMAGES ONLY IN AN EDITORIAL FASHION AND TO THE BENEFIT OF THE TRADEMARK OWNER WITH NO INTENTION OF INFRINGEMENT OF THE TRADEMARK 4HE USE IN THIS PUBLICATION OF TRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICE MARKS AND SIMILAR TERMS EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT IDENTIFIED AS SUCH IS NOT TO BE TAKEN AS AN EXPRESSION OF OPINION AS TO WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE SUBJECT TO PROPRIETARY RIGHTS 0RESIDENT AND 0UBLISHER 0AUL -ANNING ,EAD %DITOR *ONATHAN (ASSELL 4ECHNICAL 2EVIEWER $AMIEN &OGGON %DITORIAL "OARD 3TEVE !NGLIN -ARK "ECKNER %WAN "UCKINGHAM 'ARY #ORNELL *ONATHAN 'ENNICK *ONATHAN (ASSELL -ICHELLE ,OWMAN *AMES -ARKHAM -ATTHEW -OODIE *EFF /LSON *EFFREY 0EPPER &RANK 0OHLMANN $OUGLAS 0UNDICK "EN 2ENOW #LARKE $OMINIC 3HAKESHAFT -ATT 7ADE 4OM 7ELSH #OORDINATING %DITOR *ENNIFER , "LACKWELL #OPY %DITORS 3HARON 4ERDEMAN AND +IM 7IMPSETT 0RODUCTION 3UPPORT 0ATRICK #UNNINGHAM )NDEXER *ULIE 'RADY !RTIST !PRIL -ILNE #OVER $ESIGNER !NNA )SHCHENKO $ISTRIBUTED TO THE BOOK TRADE WORLDWIDE BY 3PRINGER 3CIENCE"USINESS -EDIA ,,#  3PRING 3TREET TH &LOOR .EW 9ORK .9  0HONE   302).'%2 FAX    E MAIL ^aSTab]h/b_aX]VTabQ\R^\ OR VISIT fffb_aX]VTa^][X]TR^\ &OR INFORMATION ON TRANSLATIONS PLEASE E MAIL aXVWcb/P_aTbbR^\ OR VISIT fffP_aTbbR^\ !PRESS AND FRIENDS OF %$ BOOKS MAY BE PURCHASED IN BULK FOR ACADEMIC CORPORATE OR PROMOTIONAL USE E"OOK VERSIONS AND LICENSES ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR MOST TITLES &OR MORE INFORMATION REFERENCE OUR 3PECIAL "ULK 3ALESnE"OOK ,ICENSING WEB PAGE AT fffP_aTbbR^\Qd[ZbP[Tb 4HE INFORMATION IN THIS BOOK IS DISTRIBUTED ON AN hAS ISv BASIS WITHOUT WARRANTY !LTHOUGH EVERY PRECAUTION HAS BEEN TAKEN IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK NEITHER THE AUTHORS NOR !PRESS SHALL HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO ANY PERSON OR ENTITY WITH RESPECT TO ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED OR ALLEGED TO BE CAUSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK 4HE SOURCE CODE FOR THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE TO READERS AT fffP_aTbbR^\ 9OU WILL NEED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS PERTAINING TO THIS BOOK IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY DOWNLOAD THE CODE

Contents !BOUT THE !UTHOR  XII !BOUT THE 4ECHNICAL 2EVIEWER  XIII !CKNOWLEDGMENTS XIV )NTRODUCTION XV ■#HAPTER  )NTRODUCING 70& AND 8!-, The XAML Syntax ............................................................................................................... 2 Namespaces and Root Elements .............................................................................................................. 2 Objects and Common Elements................................................................................................................ 3 The Code Behind....................................................................................................................................... 6 Attached Properties .................................................................................................................................. 8

Introduction to WPF ........................................................................................................... 8 WPF Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 13 WPF 4 Tools ............................................................................................................................................ 17

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 23 ■#HAPTER  3AMPLE !PPLICATION /VERVIEW AND 'ETTING 3TARTED  Requirements .................................................................................................................. 25 Tools and Software ................................................................................................................................. 25 Icons and Templates .............................................................................................................................. 26 Third-Party Library and Controls ............................................................................................................ 26

Application Overview ....................................................................................................... 27 Application Architecture ......................................................................................................................... 27 User Stories ............................................................................................................................................ 31

V

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Domain Model......................................................................................................................................... 32 Database Schema................................................................................................................................... 34

Application Configuration ................................................................................................ 35 Visual Studio Solution ............................................................................................................................. 35 Resources and Third-Party Components ................................................................................................ 38

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 41 ■#HAPTER  -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND  Overview .......................................................................................................................... 43 Blend Workspace ............................................................................................................. 45 Workspace Panels .................................................................................................................................. 46

Drawing ........................................................................................................................... 48 Shapes and Objects ................................................................................................................................ 49 Text and Text Effects .............................................................................................................................. 50

Animations ....................................................................................................................... 51 Styling and Templating Controls ...................................................................................... 53 Modifying Properties .............................................................................................................................. 54 Creating Styles ....................................................................................................................................... 55

Design-Time Data ............................................................................................................ 57 SketchFlow and the Mockups ......................................................................................... 59 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 60 ■#HAPTER  #REATING THE 6IEWS  Overview .......................................................................................................................... 61 Creating a Mock-up and Prototyping ............................................................................... 62 The Main Screen..................................................................................................................................... 64 The List Views ........................................................................................................................................ 66 The Details Views ................................................................................................................................... 69

VI

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The View Models.............................................................................................................. 70 Base ViewModel Implementation ........................................................................................................... 70 Details ViewModel .................................................................................................................................. 73 List ViewModel ....................................................................................................................................... 74

Navigation Between the Views ........................................................................................ 77 The App.xaml File ................................................................................................................................... 77

Wrapping Up with IoC ...................................................................................................... 79 Inversion of Control ................................................................................................................................ 79 A Classic Implementation, Navigation Service ....................................................................................... 79

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 85 ■#HAPTER  !DDING #ONTROLS TO THE 6IEWS Resources and Styles ...................................................................................................... 87 Differences Between Static and Dynamic Resources ............................................................................ 88 The Resource Dictionary......................................................................................................................... 88 Controls’ Styles....................................................................................................................................... 91

Creating the Views ........................................................................................................... 97 Login View .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Details View .......................................................................................................................................... 100 List View ............................................................................................................................................... 104 User Controls for the Dashboard .......................................................................................................... 107 The Dashboard (MainView) ................................................................................................................... 109

Add Features to the Application..................................................................................... 110 Custom Effects ..................................................................................................................................... 110

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 111 ■#HAPTER  4HE %NTITY &RAMEWORK  Object Relational Mappers ................................................................................................................... 113 Active Record Pattern ........................................................................................................................... 115 Code First Development ....................................................................................................................... 117

VII

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The TimeTracker Domain............................................................................................... 121 Mapping the Domain Model.................................................................................................................. 121

The TimeTracker Data Layer.......................................................................................... 135 The Unit of Work ................................................................................................................................... 135 The Repository ...................................................................................................................................... 151

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 158 ■#HAPTER  $ATA "INDING WPF Data Binding Engine .............................................................................................. 159 The INotifyPropertyChanged Interface .................................................................................................. 160 Binding Direction .................................................................................................................................. 162 The IValueConverter Interface .............................................................................................................. 162 DataTemplate ....................................................................................................................................... 166 UI Validation.......................................................................................................................................... 168 Binding Syntax...................................................................................................................................... 170

ViewModels ................................................................................................................... 171 A Generic ViewModel Validator............................................................................................................. 171 Employee ViewModels.......................................................................................................................... 173 Additional ViewModels and Properties ................................................................................................. 184

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 187 ■#HAPTER  #OMMAND (ANDLING AND %VENT 2OUTING Introduction to Commands ............................................................................................ 190 The Command Pattern .......................................................................................................................... 190 Command in WPF ................................................................................................................................. 191 Interactive Command, Listen for Changes............................................................................................ 198

TimeTracker Commands ................................................................................................ 204 The EmployeeListView.......................................................................................................................... 204

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 208

VIII

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■#HAPTER  4ESTING WITH 4$$   Test Driven Development .............................................................................................. 209 Code Coverage. .................................................................................................................................... 210 TDD with MSTest . ................................................................................................................................ 212 Code Coverage with Visual Studio . ...................................................................................................... 216

TDD: the TimeTracker Application . ............................................................................... 219 Test the Business (Domain) Layer . ...................................................................................................... 220 Testing the Data Layer. ........................................................................................................................ 221 Testing the UI. ...................................................................................................................................... 223

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 225 ■#HAPTER  2EPORTS WITH -ICROSOFT 2EPORTING 3ERVICES   SQL Server Reporting Services ..................................................................................... 228 Configure SQL Server Reporting Services ............................................................................................ 228

TimeTracker Reports . ................................................................................................... 231 First Report: EmployeeListReport . ....................................................................................................... 231 EmployeeDetailsReport . ...................................................................................................................... 237 Additional Reports . .............................................................................................................................. 241

Hosting the Reports in a WPF Control . .......................................................................... 241 Display the Report in a WPF View. ....................................................................................................... 242 Load a List of Employees Report . ........................................................................................................ 244 Load a Detailed Report . ....................................................................................................................... 246

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 248 ■#HAPTER  $EPLOY THE !PPLICATION 5SING #LICK/NCE   ClickOnce Deployment .................................................................................................. 251 ClickOnce Security. .............................................................................................................................. 252

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Publishing Options ......................................................................................................... 254 Updates ................................................................................................................................................ 254 Application Files and Prerequisites ...................................................................................................... 255 Additional Options ................................................................................................................................ 256

Deploy the TimeTracker Application .............................................................................. 257 Create a Temporary Certificate............................................................................................................. 258 Security ................................................................................................................................................ 259 Publish TimeTracker ............................................................................................................................. 259

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 260 ■#HAPTER  $ESIGN 0ATTERNS IN 70& Patterns for the UI .......................................................................................................... 261 Model View Presenter........................................................................................................................... 262 Model View ViewModel ........................................................................................................................ 268

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 273 ■#HAPTER  70& AND -ULTITHREADING Writing Multithreading Code in .NET .............................................................................. 276 The Thread Object ................................................................................................................................ 276 Asynchronous Operations ..................................................................................................................... 280 The Task Object .................................................................................................................................... 283 The Background Worker Component .................................................................................................... 285

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 287 ■#HAPTER  )NTERACTING WITH 7#& Introduction to WCF ....................................................................................................... 290 Brief Overview of WCF Architecture ..................................................................................................... 291

A Sample WCF Project ................................................................................................... 292 The WCF Test Client Utility ................................................................................................................... 294 Customize the Sample Service ............................................................................................................. 295

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Test the Sample Service ....................................................................................................................... 300 Conclusion and Considerations ............................................................................................................ 304

Integrate WCF into the TimeTracker Application ........................................................... 304 WCF Data Service ................................................................................................................................. 304 Navigate the Data Using oData Queries................................................................................................ 306 Integrate the WCF Data Service in WPF................................................................................................ 307

WCF Security ................................................................................................................. 308 Security Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 309 Bindings................................................................................................................................................ 309 Provide the Credentials ........................................................................................................................ 310 Authenticate and Authorize the Code ................................................................................................... 310

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 311 )NDEX  

XI

About the Author ■2AFFAELE 'AROFALO IS A .%4 SOFTWARE ARCHITECT WHO BUILDS LINE OF BUSINESS ,/" APPLICATIONS FOR A LIVING (E WORKS FOR A HEDGE FUND IN "ERMUDA WHERE HE AND HIS WIFE $EBBIE MOVED THREE YEARS AGO (E IS ORIGINALLY FROM )TALY AND IN HIS FREE TIME HE LOVES TO TRAVEL AROUND %UROPE WITH HIS WIFE 2AFFAELE IS PASSIONATE ABOUT .%4 AND 70& AND SPENDS HIS FREE TIME WRITING ARTICLES AND BLOG POSTS ABOUT 70& AND THE -66- (E IS -ICROSOFT #ERTIFIED -#!$ -#3$ -#43 31, 3ERVER AND 3HARE0OINT AND HE HOSTS ARTICLES AND BLOG POSTS ABOUT 70& AND -66- ON HIS BLOG 9OU CAN VISIT HIS BLOG AT Wcc_)Q[^VaPUUPTdR^\ 4HIS IS 2AFFAELE SECOND BOOK (IS FIRST ONE WAS "UILDING %NTERPRISE !PPLICATIONS WITH 7INDOWS 0RESENTATION &OUNDATION AND THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL 0ATTERN -ICROSOFT 0RESS  ABOUT ,/" APPLICATIONS AND THE -66- PATTERN

XII

Acknowledgments 4HIS IS ACTUALLY MY SECOND BOOK AND ) AM REALLY HAPPY AND PROUD TO BE AN !PRESS WRITER ) BUILT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF MY SKILLS READING !PRESS BOOKS AND THE IDEA OF BEING PART OF THE !PRESS BOOKSHELF THRILLS ME
/F COURSE WRITING A BOOK IS NOT AN EASY TASK AND IT TAKES A TEAM EVEN IF MY NAME IS THE ONLY ONE ON THE COVER OF THIS BOOK
&IRST OF ALL ) HAVE TO THANK MY EDITOR *ONATHAN (ASSELL FOR TRUSTING ME AND GIVING ME THIS OPPORTUNITY 7ITHOUT HIM THIS BOOK WOULD PROBABLY NEVER HAVE BEEN WRITTEN -Y TECHNICAL REVIEWER $AMIEN &OGGON HAS BEEN AN AMAZING VOLCANO OF IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS AND )M GRATEFUL FOR HIS HELP !ND MY COORDINATING EDITOR *ENNIFER "LACKWELL WAS THE ONE WHO MADE SURE WE GOT THE BOOK DONE IN TIME
4HANKS *ENNY
&INALLY ) WANT TO THANK THE ENTIRE !PRESS TEAMˆTHEY ARE TRUE PROFESSIONALS ) HOPE ) WILL BE ABLE TO WRITE ANOTHER BOOK WITH THEM SOMETIME SOON
,AST BUT NOT LEAST ) THANK MY WIFE $EBBIE FOR HER SUPPORT AND DEDICATION 3HE IS MY PERSONAL PROJECT MANAGER AND IF ) HAVE COMPLETED TWO BOOKS IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ) HAVE A WONDERFUL AND UNDERSTANDING PARTNER WHO ALLOWS ME TO SPEND MUCH OF OUR FAMILY TIME ON THESE PROJECTS !LSO ) WANT TO THANK MY SWEETIE DOG -ORGANA WHO AFTER TEN YEARS LEFT ME JUST BEFORE ) FINISHED THIS BOOK )LL ALWAYS REMEMBER THE NIGHTS ) SPENT WITH HER ON THE SOFA GETTING THE BOOK DONE

XIV

Contents at a Glance !BOUT THE !UTHOR  XII !BOUT THE 4ECHNICAL 2EVIEWER  XIII !CKNOWLEDGMENTS XIV )NTRODUCTION XV ■#HAPTER  )NTRODUCING 70& AND 8!-, ■#HAPTER  3AMPLE !PPLICATION /VERVIEW AND 'ETTING 3TARTED  ■#HAPTER  -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND  ■#HAPTER  #REATING THE 6IEWS  ■#HAPTER  !DDING #ONTROLS TO THE 6IEWS ■#HAPTER  4HE %NTITY &RAMEWORK  ■#HAPTER  $ATA "INDING ■#HAPTER  #OMMAND (ANDLING AND %VENT 2OUTING ■#HAPTER  4ESTING WITH 4$$  ■#HAPTER  2EPORTS WITH -ICROSOFT 2EPORTING 3ERVICES  ■#HAPTER  $EPLOY THE !PPLICATION 5SING #LICK/NCE  ■#HAPTER  $ESIGN 0ATTERNS IN 70& ■#HAPTER  70& AND -ULTITHREADING ■#HAPTER  )NTERACTING WITH 7#& )NDEX  

IV

Introduction 7INDOWS 0RESENTATION &OUNDATION 70& IS A GRAPHICAL COMPUTER PLATFORM BUILT AND DISTRIBUTED BY -ICROSOFT TO CREATE RICH CLIENT APPLICATIONS FOR 7INDOWS SYSTEMS 7ITH 70& YOU CAN BUILD RICH INTERFACES WITH ANIMATIONS AND AMAZING GRAPHICAL EFFECTS AS EASILY AS YOU CAN BUILD MINIMALIST AND CORPORATE USER INTERFACES FOR LINE OF BUSINESS ,/" APPLICATIONS 5NFORTUNATELY BECAUSE 70& IS SUCH A POWERFUL AND COMPLEX TECHNOLOGY IT REQUIRES SOME INITIAL EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND ITS MECHANISMS -OREOVER FOR A NEWBIE THE 8!-, MARKUP USED TO CREATE THE USER INTERFACES CAN BE TOUGH TO COME TO GRIPS WITH #REATING A 70& APPLICATION AND MORE GENERALLY CREATING ANY TYPE OF APPLICATION WITH A USER INTERFACE IS A RATHER CONVOLUTED TASK IT COMPRISES A NUMBER OF PHASES AND THE FINAL RESULT IS LIKELY TO BE OF A CERTAIN COMPLEXITY ! STANDALONE APPLICATION BUILT USING 70& IS USUALLY MADE UP OF VARIOUS hCOMPONENTSv THAT ARE USED TO ENCAPSULATE THE hMODULESv OF THE SOFTWARE 9OU MIGHT HAVE FOR INSTANCE A COMPONENT TO ACCESS THE DATA A COMPONENT TO INCLUDE A LOGICAL FUNCTION A COMPONENT TO RENDER THE USER INTERFACE AND SO ON )N THIS BOOK ) WILL SHOW YOU HOW TO CREATE AND IMPLEMENT 70& USING BEST PRACTICES TO CREATE A REAL WORLD APPLICATION !T THE SAME TIME )LL ALSO SHOW YOU HOW TO STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECT A 70& APPLICATION MADE UP OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS THAT YOULL BE ABLE TO RECYCLE FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS "Y THE END OF THE BOOK YOU SHOULD HAVE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF 70& AND KNOW HOW TO ARCHITECT A 70& APPLICATION USING THE TOOLS PROVIDED BY -ICROSOFT SUCH AS 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS %DITION THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK 7INDOW #OMMUNICATION &OUNDATION 7#& AND MORE

7HO 4HIS "OOK IS &OR 4HIS BOOK IS FOR 7INDOWS APPLICATION DEVELOPERS WHO WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH 70& SITS AND THE STANDARDS AND BEST PRACTICES THAT CAN BE EMPLOYED TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF THEIR PROJECTS

(OW 4HIS "OOK IS 3TRUCTURED 4HE BOOK IS DIVIDED INTO CHAPTERS BUT THE OVERALL STRUCTURE FOLLOWS A SPECIFIC LOGIC SO ) SUGGEST YOU READ THE CHAPTERS SEQUENTIALLYˆESPECIALLY IF THE TOPIC IS NEW TO YOU 4HE BOOK EXPLAINS HOW TO BUILD A 70& APPLICATION FROM BEGINNING TO END 9OU WILL START BY ANALYZING THE USERS REQUIREMENTS BEFORE SETTING OUT TO CREATE THE APPLICATION AND THEN YOULL LEARN HOW TO WORK WITH -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND TO LAY OUT THE USER INTERFACE THAT IS THE ESSENCE OF THE APPLICATION /N THE WAY YOULL LEARN ABOUT !GILE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS SUCH AS $OMAIN $RIVEN $ESIGN /BJECT 2ELATIONAL -APPERS THE BUSINESS LAYER AND 3ERVICE /RIENTED !RCHITECTURE 4HERE IS EVEN ONE CHAPTER DEDICATED TO MULTITHREADING AND PARALLEL PROGRAMMING IN 70& AND MORE GENERALLY WITH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK AND ) HAVE ALSO DEDICATED A CHAPTER TO THE REPORTING TOOL OFFERED FOR FREE WITH -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS EDITION 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES !T THE END OF THE BOOK YOULL BE ABLE TO DEPLOY THE APPLICATION USING #LICK/NCE AND ))3 AND YOULL UNDERSTAND HOW 70&S DISTRIBUTION MECHANISM WORKS

XV

■ ).42/$5#4)/.

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#ONTACTING THE !UTHOR 9OU ARE WELCOME TO CONTACT THE AUTHOR 2AFFAELE 'AROFALO AKA 2AFFAEU WITH QUESTIONS 9OU CAN REACH HIM AT aPUUPTd/aPUUPTdR^\ OR YOU CAN CONTACT HIM BY VISITING Wcc_)Q[^VaPUUPTdR^\ &OLLOW HIM ON TWITTER /APUUPTd

XVI

CHAPTER 1 ■■■

Introducing WPF and XAML $EVELOPED BY -ICROSOFT 7INDOWS 0RESENTATION &OUNDATION 70& IS A GRAPHICAL SUBSYSTEM FOR RENDERING USER INTERFACES IN A 7INDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM 70& IS BASED ON A MARKUP LANGUAGE ALSO KNOWN AS 8!-, 8!-, WHICH IS AN ACRONYM FOR %XTENSIBLE !PPLICATION -ARKUP ,ANGUAGE IS A DECLARATIVE MARKUP LANGUAGE AVAILABLE IN THE .%4 &RAMEWORK DESIGNED TO SIMPLIFY THE 5) CREATION 8!-, IS APPLIED TO DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IT IS AVAILABLE FOR 7INDOWS 0RESENTATION &OUNDATION 3ILVERLIGHT AND 7INDOWS 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION 7&  4HE PRINCIPAL REASON OF HAVING A MARKUP LANGUAGE FOR THE 5) CREATION IS TO DECOUPLE THE 5) CODE FROM THE PRESENTATION LOGIC THAT CAN STILL BE WRITTEN IN ONE OF THE AVAILABLE .%4 LANGUAGES SUCH AS # OR 6" .%4 5SING THIS APPROACH YOU CAN ASSIGN THE 5) DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TO A DEVELOPERDESIGNER MORE SPECIALIZED IN THE 5) CREATION WHO WILL PROBABLY USE %XPRESSION "LEND AND YOU CAN LEAVE THE CORE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TO A .%4 DEVELOPER WHO WILL PROBABLY ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK USING 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 5SUALLY BUT NOT ALWAYS A 8!-, FILE WILL HAVE AN EXTENSION OF TYPE gP\[ AND AN ENCODING OF TYPE 54&  ,ISTING   SHOWS THE 8!-, CODE TO CREATE A 70& CONTROL 4HIS SPECIFIC CODE IS DECLARING A BcPRZ?P]T[ CONTROL THAT HAS A ;Xbc1^g CONTROL INSIDE THE ;Xbc1^g THREE ITEMS ARE DEFINED EACH ONE USING A ;Xbc1^g8cT\ ELEMENT ,ISTING   3AMPLE 8!-, #ODE 5SED TO #REATE A "UTTON #ONTROL +BcPRZ?P]T[+;Xbc1^g+;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,>]T +;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,Cf^ 8bBT[TRcTS,CadT +;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,CWaTT +;Xbc1^g+BcPRZ?P]T["EFORE STARTING TO LEARN HOW 70& WORKS YOU SHOULD ANALYZE IN MORE DETAIL THE 8!-, SYNTAX WHICH IS PART OF THE 70& TECHNOLOGY



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

■ .OTE %SPECIALLY IF YOU HAVE ALREADY WORKED IN THE PAST WITH 8!-, YOU MAY FIND THIS INTRODUCTION REPETITIVE 4HIS IS NOT BECAUSE ) HAD THE INTENTION OF WRITING A VERBOSE INTRODUCTION BUT BECAUSE THE 8!-, TECHNOLOGY AND SYNTAX ARE UNIQUE ACROSS DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES SO IF YOU EVER WORKED IN THE PAST WITH A 8!-, TECHNOLOGY LIKE 3ILVERLIGHT OR 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION YOU MAY ALREADY UNDERSTAND THE MATERIAL IN THE NEXT SECTIONS

The XAML Syntax 4HE 8!-, LANGUAGE IS A COMPLEX AND VERY FLEXIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE APPLIED TO DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES BY USING DIFFERENT REFERENCES IN THE 8!-, FILE SO THAT YOU CAN REFER TO DIFFERENT OBJECTS THAT PROVIDE DIFFERENT 8!-, ELEMENTS AND ATTRIBUTES ,IKE ANY OTHER 8-, FILE A 8!-, FILE MUST HAVE A VALID STRUCTURE AND MUST FOLLOW SOME SPECIFIC RULES ONE OF THESE RULES IS THE PRESENCE OF A VALID ROOT ELEMENT

.AMESPACES AND 2OOT %LEMENTS )N 8!-, YOU DEFINE A ROOT ELEMENT AS THE ROOT OF YOUR 8!-, DOCUMENT THIS IS A MANDATORY REQUIREMENT FOR THE 8!-, FILE AND FOR THE 8-, VALIDATION )N A 70& CONTEXT THE ROOT ELEMENT OF A 8!-, FILE WILL BE A ?PVT DbTa2^]ca^[ OR FX]S^f IF YOU ARE CREATING A 5) CONTAINER OR A SIMPLE ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah IF YOU ARE CREATING A COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FOR YOUR APPLICATION WHICH IS ANOTHER VALID ROOT ELEMENT FOR A 70& APPLICATION AND WHICH IS ALSO A STANDARD FILE CREATED BY THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROJECT  4HESE ROOT ELEMENTS ARE ONLY SOME OF THE AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR A 70& 8!-, FILE

■ .OTE )F YOU ARE CREATING A 8!-, FILE FOR ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY LIKE 3ILVERLIGHT OR 7ORKFLOW YOU WILL PROBABLY USE DIFFERENT ROOT ELEMENTS PROVIDED BY THESE TECHNOLOGIES

,ISTING   SHOWS THE STRUCTURE OF A FX]S^f OBJECT WHICH CONSTITUTES A NORMAL WINDOW 5) IN 70& AND IS REPRESENTED BY THE ROOT ELEMENT FX]S^f ,ISTING   8!-, 2OOT .AMESPACES +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,2WP_cTa 


#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

4HE ROOT ELEMENT IN THE ,ISTING   CONTAINS THE ATTRIBUTES g\[]b AND g\[]b)g 4HESE ATTRIBUTES INDICATE TO A 8!-, PROCESSOR WHICH 8!-, NAMESPACES CONTAIN THE TYPE 4HE g\[]b ATTRIBUTE SPECIFICALLY INDICATES THE DEFAULT 8!-, NAMESPACE 4HE g\[]b)g ATTRIBUTE INDICATES AN ADDITIONAL 8!-, NAMESPACE WHICH MAPS THE 8!-, LANGUAGE NAMESPACE WHICH IS Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[  4HE NAMESPACE DECLARATION ALWAYS APPLIES TO ALL THE DESCENDANT ELEMENT OF A 8!-, DOCUMENT JUST AS THEY DO FOR AN 8-, DOCUMENT FOR THIS REASON YOU WONT NEED TO DECLARE THE SAME NAMESPACE TWICE IN A 8!-, DOCUMENT IN ORDER TO USE ITS TYPES BUT YOU WILL NEED TO DECLARE THOSE TYPES PRECEDED BY THE CORRESPONDING ELEMENT PREFIX 9OU MAY ALSO NEED TO REFERENCE A CUSTOM TYPE PROVIDED BY A NAMESPACE THAT YOU HAVE PREVIOUSLY CREATED AND THAT IS ALREADY REFERENCED IN YOUR 8!-, APPLICATION TO DO THAT YOU SHOULD USE THE KEYWORD g\[]b FOLLOWED BY YOUR CUSTOM PREFIX AND THEN ADD A REFERENCE TO THE NAMESPACE CONTAINING THE CLASSES YOU WANT TO USE ,ISTING   8!-, FILE WITH CUSTOM REFERENCES +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,2WP_cTa 
/BJECTS AND #OMMON %LEMENTS ,IKE WHEN USING 8-, IF YOU WANT TO DECLARE A NEW TYPE IN 8!-, YOU SHOULD ENCAPSULATE THE TYPE IN AN ELEMENT OBJECT THAT IS DENOTED BY AN OPENING BRACKET + FOLLOWED BY THE TYPE NAME AND THEN A CLOSING BRACKET -  4HE ELEMENT CAN BE CLOSED BY AN ADDITIONAL ELEMENT OF THE SAME TYPE STARTING WITH THE BRACKET + OR CAN BE SIMPLY SELF CLOSED USING THE SYNTAX - AT THE END OF THE ELEMENT DECLARATION + R[^bTS fXcW P]^cWTa T[T\T]c +1dcc^] ]P\T,


#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

The Attribute Syntax )F YOU CREATE AN OBJECT WITH A .%4 LANGUAGE LIKE # OR 6" .%4 YOU CAN ACCESS AND MODIFY A PROPERTY OR A VISIBLE FIELD OF THAT OBJECT USING THE DOT SYNTAX LIKE THIS ONE \h>QYTRc?a^_Tach , \hEP[dT )N THE SAME WAY AFTER YOU DECLARE AND INSTANTIATE A TYPE IN 8!-, YOU CAN ACCESS AND MODIFY THE PROPERTIES AVAILABLE FOR THAT TYPE BUT IN A DIFFERENT FASHIONˆUSING THE 8!-, ATTRIBUTES &OR EXAMPLE THE FOLLOWING CODE IS DECLARING A 1dcc^] AS A 8!-, TYPE AND THEN YOU ARE MODIFYING ITS PROPERTIES USING THE 8!-, ATTRIBUTES +1dcc^] 7TXVWc,# FXScW, ! 2^]cT]c,|7T[[^ F^a[S| 9OU ARE ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH THE SAME TASK USING # 1dcc^] Qdcc^] , ]Tf 1dcc^]* Qdcc^]2^]cT]c , BPeT 4]cXch* Qdcc^]FXScW , * Qdcc^]7TXVWc , * 4HE FIRST DIFFERENCE YOU MAY NOTICE IS THAT IN 8!-, YOU DONT PROVIDE A VALUE FOR A PROPERTY BASED ON ITS DATA TYPE WHILE YOU HAVE THIS DISTINCTION IN # AND 6" .%4 &OR EXAMPLE THE PROPERTY FXScW OF A 1dcc^] HAS AN 8]c"! DATA TYPE BUT IN 8!-, YOU MUST SPECIFY ITS VALUE BETWEEN TWO QUOTATION MARKS SO ANY VALUE IS SPECIFIED AS A BcaX]V VALUE TYPE 4HIS IS NOT REALLY A 8!-, REQUIREMENT BUT IT IS INHERITED FROM THE 8-, STRUCTURE WHICH REQUIRES A VALUE FOR AN ATTRIBUTE BETWEEN TWO QUOTATION MARKS 4HE CONVERSION IS THEN APPLIED USING A Ch_T2^]eTacTa0ccaQdcT WHICH IS EXPLAINED IN THE NEXT SECTION

The TypeConverterAttribute !NY VALUE USED IN AN ATTRIBUTE IN 8!-, IS OF TYPE BcaX]V WHEN IT IS INSERTED IN THE 8!-, MARKUP THIS VALUE NEEDS THEN TO BE TRANSLATED BY THE 8!-, PROCESSOR TO THE REAL VALUE USED BY THAT ELEMENT &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN SET THE FXScW OF A ?P]T[ WHICH IS AN INTEGER VALUE TO  THE 8!-, PROCESSOR WILL NEED THEN TO CONVERT THIS STRING INTO AN INTEGER VALUE )F THE VALUE IS A PRIMITIVE THAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THE 8!-, PARSER A DIRECT CONVERSION OF THE STRING IS ATTEMPTED IF THE VALUE IS NEITHER A PARSER UNDERSTOOD PRIMITIVE NOR AN ENUMERATION THEN THE TYPE HAS TO PROVIDE A TYPE CONVERTER CLASS ,ETS USE FOR THIS EXAMPLE THE 1PRZVa^d]S PROPERTY OF A COMMON 70& CONTROL LIKE A 1dcc^] CONTROL 7HEN YOU DECLARE THE VALUE FOR THE 1PRZVa^d]S YOU HAVE TO PASS AN ACCEPTABLE VALUE OF TYPE 1adbW BECAUSE 1adbW IS THE VALUE TYPE FOR THE 1PRZVa^d]S PROPERTY AND YOU WRITE A 8!-, MARKUP LIKE THIS +1dcc^] 1PRZVa^d]S,ATS - 4HE Ch_T2^]eTac FOR A 1adbW VALUE TYPE IS COMPOSED BY A 1adbW2^]eTacTa THAT IS ASSOCIATED TO THE 1adbW CLASS USING SYNTAX LIKE THE FOLLOWING JCh_T2^]eTacTach_T^U1adbW2^]eTacTaL _dQ[XR R[Pbb 1adbW j  R^ST dbTS U^a cWT R^]eTabX^] l



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

4HE 8!-, MARKUP USED TO DEFINE A BACKGROUND COLOR CAN THEN BE TRANSLATED IN THE FOLLOWING # CODE 1dcc^] Q , ]Tf 1dcc^]* Q1PRZVa^d]S , ]Tf 1adbW2^]eTacTa2^]eTac5a^\BcaX]VATS* )F YOU PLAN TO CREATE A CUSTOM TYPE CONVERTER FOR YOUR CUSTOM TYPES THESE ARE THE STEPS YOU NEED TO FOLLOW #REATE A CUSTOM CLASS THAT REPRESENTS YOUR NEW CONVERTER THE CLASS MUST INHERIT FROM Ch_T2^]eTac AND MUST IMPLEMENT THE METHODS 2P]2^]eTac5a^\ 2P]2^]eTacC^ 2^]eTac5a^\ AND 2^]eTacC^ $ECORATE THE CLASS THAT REPRESENTS YOUR CUSTOM VALUE WITH YOUR CUSTOM CONVERTER USING THE DECORATION ATTRIBUTE JCh_T2^]eTacCh_T>U2^]eTacL

Property Element Syntax 3OMETIMES YOU MAY FIND IT DIFFICULT TO REPRESENT A COMPLEX TYPE AS A BcaX]V VALUE FOR AN ELEMENT PROPERTY VALUE SO THE VALUE SHOULD BE DECLARED USING A DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE &OR EXAMPLE A 1dcc^] HAS A 2^]cT]c PROPERTY THAT REPRESENTS THE CONTENT OF THE 1dcc^] )N 8!-, THE CONTENT CAN BE SIMPLE LIKE A BcaX]V OR COMPLEX LIKE A ?P]T[ WITH NESTED 5) CONTROLS )F YOU WANT TO ADD SUCH A KIND OF CONTENT IN A 1dcc^] YOU MAY NEED TO USE THE PROPERTY SYNTAX ELEMENT DEFINITION WHERE THE PROPERTY OF AN ELEMENT IS SPECIFIED AS AN ADDITIONAL ELEMENT A CHILD ONE 4HE FOLLOWING CODE SHOWS A 1dcc^] WITH A COMPLEX TYPE FOR ITS 2^]cT]c PROPERTY )N THIS EXAMPLE YOU ARE REPRESENTING THE CONTENT OF A 1dcc^] USING A BcPRZ?P]T[ THAT INCLUDES TWO CONTROLS AN 8\PVT THAT WILL DISPLAY THE BUTTONS ICON AND A CTgc1[^RZ THAT WILL DISPLAY THE BUTTONS CAPTION +1dcc^] 7TXVWc,# FXScW, !+1dcc^]2^]cT]c+BcPRZ?P]T[ >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[+8\PVT B^daRT,W^\TNV^N"!_]V <PaVX],$ +CTgc1[^RZ ETacXRP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa CTgc,7^\T?PVT+BcPRZ?P]T[+1dcc^]2^]cT]c+1dcc^]4HE PROPERTY ELEMENT SYNTAX IS REPRESENTED BY THE NAME OF THE PARENT ELEMENT FOLLOWED BY A DOT THAT IS FOLLOWED BY THE NAME OF THE PROPERTY )N THIS WAY THE PROPERTY ELEMENT BECOMES A COMPLETE 8!-, ELEMENT THAT CAN INCLUDE A CHILD STRUCTURE 9OU CAN USE THE SAME TECHNIQUE TO DECLARE A COLLECTION OF VALUES )F THE PROPERTY ELEMENT YOU ARE WORKING WITH IS OF TYPE R^[[TRcX^] YOU CAN DECLARE A SET OF SEQUENTIAL CHILD ELEMENTS INSIDE IT LIKE IN THE FOLLOWING CODE WHICH IS DECLARING A SET OF CHILD ITEMS FOR A ;Xbc1^g ELEMENT +;Xbc1^g+;Xbc1^g8cT\b+;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,>]T +;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,Cf^ 8bBT[TRcTS,CadT +;Xbc1^g8cT\ 2^]cT]c,CWaTT +;Xbc1^g8cT\b+;Xbc1^g-



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

!S YOU CAN SEE THE 8cT\b PROPERTY HAS A COLLECTION OF ITEMS OF TYPE ;Xbc1^g8cT\ DECLARED SEQUENTIALLY IN THE PROPERTY ELEMENT

The Content Property )N 8!-, THERE IS A PARTICULAR PROPERTY AVAILABLE FOR ANY ELEMENT WHICH IS THE DEFAULT PROPERTY THAT IS DEFINED BY 2^]cT]c?a^_Tach0ccaXQdcT IF THE ELEMENT REPRESENTS A CLASS DERIVED FROM 2^]ca^[b 2^]cT]c2^]ca^[ THE DEFAULT PROPERTY IS OF TYPE 2^]cT]c?a^_Tach FOR OTHER ELEMENTS LIKE THE CTgc1[^RZ THE DEFAULT PROPERTY IS THE 8][X]Tb PROPERTY AND SO ON !NY CLASS REPRESENTED BY 8!-, CAN HAVE ONE AND ONLY ONE CONTENT PROPERTY THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS THE DEFAULT PROPERTY FOR THAT CLASS "ECAUSE THIS PROPERTY IS THE DEFAULT PROPERTY OF A CLASS YOU CAN TOTALLY OMIT ITS DECLARATION IN 8!-, IN ORDER TO USE IT IN THIS WAY YOU SHOULD SIMPLY ADD CONTENT INSIDE THE CLASS ELEMENT /F COURSE NOT EVERY CONTENT PROPERTY IS THE SAME FOR EXAMPLE YOU MAY HAVE A CONTENT PROPERTY OF TYPE BcaX]V AND A CONTENT PROPERTY OF TYPE >QYTRc ,ISTING   SHOWS HOW YOU CAN IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY DECLARE THE CONTENT VALUE OF A CTgc1[^RZ IN 8!-, ,ISTING   8!-, )MPLICIT AND %XPLICIT #ONTENT $ECLARATION +BcPRZ?P]T[+ 8
4HE #ODE "EHIND %VERY TIME YOU CREATE A NEW 8!-, FILE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IT WILL CREATE FOR YOU A CODE BEHIND FILE BASED ON THE LANGUAGE OF YOUR PROJECT SO IF YOU ARE WORKING ON A 70& APPLICATION USING # AFTER YOU CREATE A FILE CALLED


#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

CODE BEHIND BASED ON THE NAME IN THE g)2[Pbb ATTRIBUTE IN THE SAME WAY IF YOUR 8!-, FILE DOESNT HAVE A CODE BEHIND FILE THE g)2[Pbb ATTRIBUTE WILL NOT BE USED 7HEN YOU WORK ON A 70& APPLICATION YOU WILL ALWAYS HAVE A CODE BEHIND FILE FOR EACH 8!-, FILE CREATED IN YOUR SOLUTION IN THIS FILE YOU WILL SAVE THE # CODE RELATED TO THE 8!-, FILE AND ALL THE EVENTS AND DELEGATE ASSOCIATED WITH THAT DbTa2^]ca^[

Events in XAML )F YOU HAVE EVER WORKED WITH 70& OR WITH ANOTHER CLIENT TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS 7INDOWS &ORMS YOU ALREADY KNOW THAT FOR EACH CONTROL THERE IS A SPECIFIC EVENT RAISED IN ORDER TO INFORM THE 5) THAT THE USER DID SOMETHING &OR EXAMPLE WHEN YOU CLICK A 1dcc^] THE 5) RAISES AN EVENT 2[XRZ ASSOCIATED TO THAT BUTTON )N 70& AND IN 8!-, IN GENERAL YOU CANT WRITE THE PROCEDURAL CODE FOR THAT EVENT IN THE 8!-, FILE BUT YOU NEED TO WRITE THE CORRESPONDING EVENT HANDLER IN A # FILE ,ISTING   SHOWS A 8!-, 1dcc^] WITH A METHOD ASSOCIATED TO ITS 2[XRZ EVENT 4HE METHOD IS REGISTERED IN THE 8!-, CODE BUT ITS DECLARED EXPLICITLY IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE ,ISTING   # %VENT ON A #ODE "EHIND &ILE  G0<; 5X[T +1dcc^] 2[XRZ,|2[XRZN4eT]c|-7T[[^ F^a[S+1dcc^] 2 2^STQTWX]S _aXePcT e^XS 2[XRZN4eT]c^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j 2^]b^[TFaXcT;X]T{7T[[^ F^a[S|* l

■ #AUTION )N 8!-, YOU CAN ALSO INCLUDE THE PROCEDURAL CODE IN THE 8!-, FILE BY USING THIS SYNTAX +g)2^ST-+J230C0J  h^da R^ST WTaT q LL-+g)2^ST-

) SUGGEST YOU AVOID THIS TECHNIQUE BECAUSE ONE OF THE AIMS OF 8!-, IS TO SEPARATE THE 5) MARKUP FROM THE PRESENTATION LOGIC

%VENTS ARE FUNDAMENTAL IN 70& AND YOU WILL SEE IN THIS BOOK HOW EVENTS ARE HANDLED IN 70& USING COMMANDS AND ROUTED EVENTS



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

!TTACHED 0ROPERTIES 8!-, IS A POWERFUL LANGUAGE THAT CAN BE EASILY EXTENDED USING THE ELEMENT PREFIX OR THE ATTACHED PROPERTIES 9OU ALREADY SAW THAT AFTER YOU DECLARE AN ADDITIONAL NAMESPACE IN A 8!-, ROOT ELEMENT USING A PREFIX ALIAS YOU GET A SET OF NEW ELEMENTS AVAILABLE IN THAT NAMESPACE 7ITH THE ATTACHED PROPERTIES YOU ATTACH ELEMENT ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES PROVIDED BY THE PARENT ELEMENT IN THE FORM OF REAL PROPERTIES 5SUALLY SOME ELEMENTS PROVIDE AN ATTACHED PROPERTY TO THEIR CHILD ELEMENTS BECAUSE THEY WANT TO KNOW SOMETHING FROM THEM IN ORDER TO REACT IN THE PROPER WAY &OR EXAMPLE 70& PROVIDES A CONTAINER CONTROL CALLED 3^RZ?P]T[ THAT ALLOWS YOU TO PILE THE CHILD CONTROLS OF THIS PANEL USING THE DOCK POSITION 4HE AVAILABLE DOCK POSITIONS ARE LEFT RIGHT TOP AND BOTTOM &OR EACH CHILD ELEMENT OF A 3^RZ?P]T[ YOU CAN AND SHOULD SPECIFY A DIFFERENT DOCK LOCATION YOU MAY HAVE A LABEL AT THE TOP A TEXT BOX IN THE MIDDLE AND A BUTTON AT THE BOTTOM 4O ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK THE 3^RZ?P]T[ ATTACHES A PROPERTY CALLED 3^RZ TO EACH CHILD ELEMENT "ECAUSE THE PROPERTY IS NOT PROVIDED BY THE CHILD ELEMENT YOU NEED TO USE THE SYNTAX ?PaT]c?a^_Tach ,ISTING   SHOWS A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF AN ATTACHED PROPERTY ,ISTING   !TTACHED 0ROPERTY IN 8!-, +3^RZ?P]T[ FXScW,!+CTgc1[^RZ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_-5Xabc =P\T)+CTgc1[^RZ+CTgc1^g 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_ +1dcc^] 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\-BPeT+1dcc^]+3^RZ?P]T[4HE ATTACHED PROPERTIES ARE NOT THE ONLY AVAILABLE EXTENSION IN 8!-, PROVIDED BY THE PARENT ELEMENT FOR EXAMPLE SOME ELEMENTS CAN PROVIDE TO THE CHILDREN AN ATTACHED EVENT THAT HAS THE SAME LOGIC OF AN ATTACHED PROPERTY BUT ITS AN EVENT

■ .OTE )N THIS SHORT INTRODUCTION YOU SAW HOW 8!-, WORKS AND HOW 8!-, IS STRUCTURED )N THE NEXT CHAPTERS YOU WILL LEARN HOW 8!-, IS STRUCTURED AND HOW IT CAN BE USED FOR A 70& APPLICATION )F YOUR INTENTION IS TO ANALYZE MORE IN DEPTH SPECIFIC TOPICS RELATED TO THE 8!-, TECHNOLOGY OR TO THE 8!-, SYNTAX ) SUGGEST YOU VISIT THE FOLLOWING 52, Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\T]db[XQaPah\b&''&!"Pb_g

Introduction to WPF 70& IS THE -ICROSOFT 8!-, TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIENT APPLICATIONS HOSTED ON A 7INDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM 4HE CURRENT VERSION OF 70& IS THE  WHICH IS DELIVERED WITH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  70& IS A VECTORIAL 5) TECHNOLOGY THAT USES 8!-, AS A MARKUP LANGUAGE TO DEFINE THE 5) AND USES # OR 6" .%4 FOR THE PRESENTATION LOGIC ! 70& APPLICATION CAN BE BUILT WITH A SIMPLE TEXT EDITOR AND THE # COMPILER CARRIED WITH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK ITS A TOUGH JOB BUT IT CAN BE DONE  WITH ONE OF THE AVAILABLE VERSIONS OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  OR WITH %XPRESSION "LEND WHICH REQUIRES BOTH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK RUNTIME 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IS FOR A MORE DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED AUDIENCE AND %XPRESSION "LEND IS FOR A MORE DESIGNER ORIENTED AUDIENCE



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

!S YOU ALREADY SAW IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION A 70& APPLICATION AND IN GENERAL A 8!-, FILE MAY BE COMPOSED BY A 8!-, MARKUP FILE THAT DEFINES THE 5) STRUCTURE OF A CONTROL AND A CODE BEHIND FILE IN # OR 6" .%4 THAT DEFINES THE BEHAVIORS OF THE CONTROL 2IGHT NOW THE .%4 &RAMEWORK ALLOWS YOU TO BUILD TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF 70& APPLICATIONS THE FIRST ONE IS IDENTIFIED AS A STAND ALONE APPLICATION AND IT IS COMPOSED OF THE CLASSIC TgT FILE THAT CONTAINS ALL THE EXECUTABLE CODE AND RUNS ON A 7INDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM 4HE SECOND ONE IS AN IN BROWSER APPLICATION AND HAS AN gQP_ EXTENSION THAT CAN BE EXECUTED IN )NTERNET %XPLORER &IGURE   SHOWS A SCHEMATIZED VERSION OF HOW 70& CAN ACT AS A STAND ALONE APPLICATION OR AN IN BROWSER APPLICATION 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS IN THE PROJECT TYPE AND IN THE CONTAINERS YOU WILL USE TO DISPLAY THE 5) !LTHOUGH A STAND ALONE APPLICATION DISPLAYS WINDOWS AN IN BROWSER APPLICATION DISPLAYS PAGES

&IGURE   %XAMPLE OF 3TAND!LONE AND "ROWSER APPLICATION

UI Controls in WPF !LTHOUGH 70& IS A VERY FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGY YOU MAY STILL HAVE THE NEED A DEFAULT SET OF CONTROLS AND CONTAINERS WHILE YOU ARE WRITING YOUR APPLICATIONS AND 70& COMES WITH A DEFAULT SET OF CONTROLS AND CONTAINERS THAT CAN SATISFY MOST OF YOUR NEEDS )N ADDITION TO THESE CONTROLS YOU MAY FIND IT USEFUL TO VISIT THE OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY AT #ODE0LEX fffR^ST_[TgR^\ WHERE YOU CAN FIND HUNDREDS OF FREE CONTROLS AND CONTAINERS FOR YOUR 70& APPLICATIONS )N THIS BOOK YOU WILL USE SOME OF THESE CONTROLS TO BUILD AN /FFICE STYLE APPLICATION 9OU CAN ADD 70& CONTROLS TO THE VIEW USING THE 8!-, MARKUP LANGUAGE OR AT RUNTIME USING THE CODE BEHIND FILE YOU MAY NEED TO CREATE A PARTICULAR DbTa2^]ca^[ THAT WILL NEED TO CREATE CHILD CONTROLS ON THE FLY WHILE THE APPLICATION IS RUNNING AND YOU MAY NEED TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK USING THE PROCEDURAL CODE # OR 6" .%4 



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

#ONTROLS #ONTAINERS 4HE FIRST THING YOU MAY NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHEN YOU WRITE A 70& APPLICATION OR ANY 5) APPLICATION IS HOW TO POSITION YOU CONTROLS IN THE VIEW SEE THE FOLLOWING NOTE  70& IS A VECTORIAL TECHNOLOGY WHICH MEANS IT IS ABLE TO ADAPT THE SCREEN RESOLUTION WITHOUT LOSING QUALITY IN THE 5) )N 70& THE TERM FRAMEWORK ELEMENT MEANS A THEORETICAL RECTANGLE THAT REPRESENTS A PORTION OF THE 5) %ACH COMPONENT OF THE 5) IS A RECTANGLE AND EACH CHILD COMPONENT IS AN ADDITIONAL RECTANGLE 4HE ALLOCATION ALLOWED FOR A RECTANGLE IN THE 5) IS AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF ADDITIONAL CONTROLS IN THE SAME CONTAINER FOR EXAMPLE YOU MAY HAVE A BcPRZ?P]T[ THAT CONTAINS ONLY A CTgc1^g )N THIS CASE THE CTgc1^g WILL COVER THE ENTIRE SPACE PROVIDED BY THE BcPRZ?P]T[ IF IN THE BcPRZ?P]T[ YOU POSITION AN ADDITIONAL CTgc1^g THE SPACE WILL BE COVERED NOW BY THE TWO CHILD CONTROLS &IGURE   SHOWS A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

Hello World Nr.1 Hello World Nr.2 Hello World Nr.3

&IGURE   70& BcPRZ?P]T[ WITH THREE CTgc1^g CONTROLS !S YOU CAN SEE IN THIS CASE EACH CTgc1^g IS OCCUPYING THE ENTIRE WIDTH OF THE PARENT CONTROL CONTAINER BECAUSE IT IS USING A VERTICAL FLOW WITH ANOTHER CONTAINER THE BEHAVIOR MAY RESULT IN SOMETHING DIFFERENT

■ .OTE 7ITH THE TERM VIEW WE DEFINE ANY 5) CONTAINER SUITABLE TO OFFER A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE DATA AND AN INTERACTION BETWEEN THE APPLICATION AND THE USER )N 70& A VIEW CAN BE A WINDOW A MODAL DIALOG OR A SIMPLER USER CONTROL

7ITH 70& YOU HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS OF PILING THE CONTROLS IN A CONTAINER AND DIFFERENT WAYS OF RESIZING THE CONTROLS IN THE CONTAINER WHEN THE CONTAINER SIZE CHANGES OR WHEN THE SCREEN RESOLUTION SIZE CHANGES 4HE INTERESTING NEWS IS THAT WITH 70& YOU DONT NEED ANYTHING ELSE TO PROVIDE THE CODE FOR THE RESIZING PROCESS BECAUSE THE CONTROLS CONTAINER IS IN CHARGE OF THAT ,AYOUT CONTAINERS HAVE DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS



v

2P]ePb $EFINES AN AREA WHERE EACH CHILD CONTROL IS POSITIONED BY PROVIDING AN ABSOLUTE COORDINATES VALUE 4HIS IS THE SAME BEHAVIOR YOU HAD IN 7INDOWS &ORMS AND IT SHOULD NOT BE USED IF YOU DONT HAVE A VERY SPECIFIC NEED FOR IT

v

3^RZ?P]T[ $EFINES AN AREA WHERE THE POSITION OF A CONTROL IS RELATIVE TO THE POSITION OF ANOTHER CHILD CONTROL IN THE SAME CONTAINER 4HE POSSIBLE DOCK POSITIONS ARE 4OP 2IGHT "OTTOM AND ,EFT )N 70& THERE IS NOT A 5X[[ POSITION LIKE IN 7INDOWS &ORMS

#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

!LL THESE STEPS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED USING THE 8!-, MARKUP OR BY WRITING CODE BEHIND THE 8!-, IT DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU ARE DOING AND HOW YOU ARE DOING IT )N THIS SECTION YOU WILL SEE THE AVAILABLE CONTROLS PROVIDED BY 8!-, AND IN THE NEXT CHAPTERS YOU WILL SEE HOW YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE THE DEFAULT APPEARANCE AND THE DEFAULT BEHAVIORS OF A CONTROL

Control Composition %ACH CONTROL THAT INHERITS FROM THE BASE CLASS BhbcT\FX]S^fb2^]ca^[b2^]ca^[ IS COMPOSED BY A DEFAULT SET OF COMPONENTS THAT YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE AND CHANGE USING THE Bch[TCT\_[PcT OR THE 3PcPCT\_[PcT 4HE CLASS 2^]ca^[ IS COMPOSED BY A 2^]ca^[CT\_[PcT WHICH REPRESENTS THE DEFAULT TEMPLATE FOR THE APPEARANCE OF THE CONTROL IN THE 5) WHEN YOU CUSTOMIZE THE 3PcPCT\_[PcT OF A CONTROL YOU CHANGE HOW THE 2^]ca^[CT\_[PcT SHOULD BEHAVE 4HE 2^]ca^[CT\_[PcT MAY DISPLAY A SINGLE ITEM A COLLECTION OF ITEMS LIKE A ;Xbc1^g OR A 7TPSTa OF AN ITEM FOR THIS REASON IN 70& YOU HAVE CONTROLS THAT ARE OF TYPE 2^]cT]c2^]ca^[ 8cT\b2^]ca^[ OR 7TPSTa2^]ca^[ BASED ON HOW THE 2^]ca^[CT\_[PcT SHOULD BE STRUCTURED 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  PROVIDE A SET OF DEFAULT CONTROLS DETAILED IN THE FOLLOWING LIST )F YOU WANT TO GET A MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION OF EACH CONTROL REFER TO Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\ T]db[XQaPahbhbcT\fX]S^fbR^]ca^[bPb_g IN PARTICULAR TO THE SECTION h3YSTEM7INDOWS#ONTROLSv WHERE YOU WILL FIND THE COMPLETE LIST OF AVAILABLE CONTROLS 4HE FOLLOWING ARE THE CATEGORIES OF AVAILABLE CONTROLS IN .%4  THEY REPRESENT ONLY PART OF THE FULL SET OF CONTROLS DELIVERED WITH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  v

"UTTONS 4HIS REPRESENTS A 1dcc^] WITH A LABEL OR COMPLEX CONTENT

v

)NPUTS CTgc1[^RZ AND CTgc1^g ARE PART OF THE AVAILABLE INPUT CONTROLS THE FIRST CONTROL CAN BE USED AS A ;PQT[ WHILE THE SECOND CONTROL IS USED TO RETRIEVE OR DISPLAY TEXT IN THE 5)

v

,IST 6aXSEXTf ;Xbc1^g 2^\Q^1^g AND 8cT\b2^]ca^[ ARE CONTROLS ABLE TO DISPLAY AND SELECT ITEMS IN A LIST OF ITEMS

v

,AYOUT 4HIS SECTION CONSISTS OF ALL THE CONTROLS DESIGNED TO CONTAIN AND PROVIDE LAYOUT TO CHILD CONTROLS SUCH AS BcPRZ?P]T[ 3^RZ?P]T[ AND SO ON

v

$OCUMENTS 4HESE ARE CONTROLS DESIGNED FOR INTERACTING WITH DOCUMENTS SUCH AS 803 DOCUMENTS

!S ) SAID PREVIOUSLY EVERY ONE OF THESE CONTROLS CAN BE ADDED TO THE 5) USING TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES YOU CAN DECLARE THE CONTROL BY USING 8!-, OR BY WRITING # CODE AND ADDING THE CONTROL TO THE CONTROLS COLLECTION OF THE PARENT CONTAINER ,ISTING   SHOWS THE TWO METHODS ,ISTING   %XAMPLE OF #REATING A #ONTROL WITH 8!-, OR WITH # + dbX]V G0<; +BcPRZ?P]T[ =P\T,_][+1dcc^] =P\T,Qc]5Xabc 2^]cT]c,5Xabc +BcPRZ?P]T[-



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

REDIRECT THE CALL TO THE 5) THREAD 4HE 3Xb_PcRWTa PROVIDED IN THIS NAMESPACE IS IN CHARGE OF SOLVING THIS PROBLEM BhbcT\FX]S^fb3T_T]ST]Rh>QYTRc IS ANOTHER CLASS FUNDAMENTAL IN 70& IT ENABLES THE TRACKING PROCESS OF THE DEPENDENCIES OF A PROPERTY OF A 8!-, OBJECT &OR EXAMPLE WHEN YOU DATA BIND AN OBJECT TO A VIEW IN 8!-, 3T_T]ST]Rh>QYTRc ACTS AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE VIEW AND THE 1X]S OBJECT AND NOTIFIES THE TWO ACTORS WHEN SOMETHING CHANGES BhbcT\FX]S^fb
Technologies )N THE PREVIOUS SECTION YOU SAW THAT 70& SHIPS WITH A SET OF ASSEMBLIES AND EACH ONE PROVIDES ONE OR MORE 70& RELATED TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS STYLES DATA BINDING COMMANDING AND MORE )N THIS SECTION YOULL GET AN OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDED WITH THIS SET OF ASSEMBLIES AND HOW TO USE THEM AND MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE WHY THEY ARE USEFUL

3TYLES )F YOU EVER WORKED IN THE PAST WITH ANY WEB TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS !30.%4 0(0 *30 OR EVEN A SIMPLE (4-, WEB PAGE YOU MAY KNOW THAT EVERY PART OF A WEB PAGE CAN BE STYLED USING #ASCADING 3TYLE 3HEETS #33  )N THIS WAY YOU CAN CREATE A 5) STYLE TO REPRESENT A CTgc1^g IN A PARTICULAR WAY AND THIS STYLE WILL BE SPREAD ALL OVER YOU WEB APPLICATION )F YOU EVER WORKED BEFORE WITH A CLIENT TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS 7INDOWS &ORMS OR *AVA &ORMS YOU MAY KNOW THAT THIS IS AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK TO ACHIEVE USING THE BASIC TOOLS PROVIDED BY THESE TWO FRAMEWORKS 7HAT ) MEAN IS THAT IN 7INDOWS &ORMS YOU CANT DEFINE A STYLE FOR A 5) CONTROL YOU NEED TO CREATE A SPECIFIC 5) CONTROL THAT HAS THE STYLE HARD CODED IN THE BASE CLASS &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU WANT A NICE CTgc1^g WITH A SPECIFIC BORDER COLOR AND A SPECIFIC BORDER SHAPE IN 7INDOWS &ORMS YOU HAVE TO CREATE A CUSTOM CTgc1^g )N 70& YOU HAVE THE STYLES LIKE YOU HAVE ON THE 7EB BUT PROBABLY WITH A LOT MORE POWER AND CONTROL )N A STYLE YOU CAN SET STATIC VALUES OR DYNAMIC VALUES USING TRIGGERS FOR EXAMPLE YOU MAY HAVE A CTgc1^g STYLE THAT DEFINES THE BACKGROUND COLOR TO WHITE BUT WHEN THE CTgc1^g GETS THE FOCUS THE BACKGROUND BECOMES YELLOW ,ISTING   SHOWS HOW YOU SET UP SOME PROPERTIES ON A CTgc1^g USING THE CTgc1^g ELEMENT ITSELF OR USING AN EMBEDDED STYLE IN THE ATb^daRT PROPERTY OF THE PARENT ELEMENT



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

,ISTING   #OMPARISON "ETWEEN %MBEDDED 3ETTER OR 3TYLE +BcPRZ?P]T[ =P\T,_][+BcPRZ?P]T[ATb^daRTb+ CTgc1^g bch[T +Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,CTgc1^g g):Th,CgcBch[T+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^]c5P\X[h EP[dT,ETaSP]P +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,1PRZVa^d]S EP[dT,HT[[^f +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,FXScW EP[dT,! +Bch[T+BcPRZ?P]T[ATb^daRTb+ CTgc1^g fXcW T\QTSSTS bch[T +CTgc1^g FXScW,! 7TXVWc,!$ 5^]c5P\X[h,CPW^\P 5^]cBXiT, ! + CTgc1^g fXcW Pbb^RXPcTS bch[T +CTgc1^g Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CgcBch[Tl +BcPRZ?P]T[)N THE SECOND CASE YOU CAN EASILY RECYCLE AND APPLY THE PROPERTY Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CgcBch[Tl TO ANY CTgc1^g AND SPREAD YOUR STYLE ALL OVER THE APPLICATION 4HE ONLY CONSTRAINT YOU HAVE WHEN YOU PREPARE A STYLE FOR A SPECIFIC CONTROL IS THAT THE STYLE MUST BE FOR A SPECIFIC CONTROL AND TO DO THAT YOU MUST PROVIDE A VALUE FOR THE PROPERTY CPaVTcCh_T OF THE Bch[T ELEMENT IN THIS PROPERTY YOU HAVE TO SPECIFY THE CONTROL YOU ARE STYLING !DDITIONAL CONSIDERATION HAS TO BE DONE TO THE g):Th ATTACHED PROPERTY )F YOU SPECIFY A KEY YOU MUST PROVIDE THAT KEY ON EVERY CONTROL THAT HAS TO USE THE STYLE OTHERWISE YOU CAN AVOID SPECIFYING A VALUE FOR THE g):Th PROPERTY SO THAT ANY CONTROL OF THAT TYPE WILL USE THE STYLE

$ATA 4EMPLATES !NOTHER WAY TO CUSTOMIZE THE LAYOUT OF YOUR CONTROLS IS USING THE 3PcPCT\_[PcTb ! $ATA4EMPLATE IS THE TEMPLATE THAT REPRESENTS THE DATA EXPOSED BY YOUR CONTROL 5SUALLY YOU WORK WITH A $ATA4EMPLATE WHEN YOU WANT TO CUSTOMIZE HOW AN 8cT\b2^]ca^[ DISPLAYS ITS ITEMS AT RUNTIME BUT YOU CAN USE THE $ATA4EMPLATE ALSO TO CUSTOMIZE A CONTROL THAT DISPLAYS A SINGLE ITEM 5SUALLY AN 8cT\b2^]ca^[ LIKE A ;Xbc1^g DISPLAYS THE C^BcaX]V METHOD OF THE ITEMS BOUND TO IT IN THE 5) SO WHEN YOU TRY TO BIND A LIST OF OBJECTS TO A ;Xbc CONTROL YOU WILL GET A WEIRD RESULT AND THE ONLY PROPERTY AVAILABLE TO CUSTOMIZE THE DATA YOU ARE DISPLAYING IS THE 3Xb_[Ph


#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

&IGURE   $IFFERENCES BETWEEN ,IST"OX WITH AND WITHOUT A $ATA4EMPLATE ,IKE WITH STYLES YOU CAN ADD A DATA TEMPLATE INSIDE AN ELEMENT LIKE IN THE FOLLOWING CODE +3PcPCT\_[PcT+BcPRZ?P]T[ <PaVX]," >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[+CTgc1[^RZ + 1X]S cWT 5Xabc]P\T _a^_Tach dbX]V cWT BcaX]V5^a\Pc \TcW^S cWPc fX[[ SXb_[Ph =P\T) J5Xabc=P\TL CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\T BcaX]V5^a\Pc,=P\T) jll <PaVX],$ +CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\Tl <PaVX],$ +CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacW BcaX]V5^a\Pc,1XacW) j)Sll +BcPRZ?P]T[+3PcPCT\_[PcT/R YOU CAN ADD THE $ATA4EMPLATE IN A RESOURCE FILE A TOPIC THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED IN #HAPTERS  AND  WHEN ) TALK ABOUT THE 5) COMPOSITION AND USE IT ALL OVER YOUR APPLICATION



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

■ .OTE /F COURSE IF YOU BELIEVE THAT THE $ATA4EMPLATE WILL BE USED IN THE FUTURE BY ANOTHER CONTROL ) KINDLY SUGGEST YOU CREATE FROM THE BEGINNING A RESOURCE DICTIONARY FILE IN YOUR APPLICATION WITH ALL THE $ATA4EMPLATES YOU WILL USE 4HIS WILL SAVE A LOT OF TIME


$ATA"INDING 3PcP1X]SX]V IS ANOTHER POWERFUL FEATURE OF 70& AND ITS PROBABLY THE MOST DESIRABLE FEATURE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY WHICH MAKES 70& SO POWERFUL AND FLEXIBLE )N 70& AND ALSO IN 3ILVERLIGHT $ATA"INDING IS THE PROCESS THAT ALLOWS THE 5) TO BE BOUND TO THE APPLICATION DATA AND MAKE BOTH THE 5) AND THE PRESENTATION LOGIC AWARE OF CHANGES IN THE ORIGINAL DATA OR IN THE 5) )N 70& MOST OF THE AVAILABLE 5) CONTROLS HAVE AN IN PLACE BINDING MECHANISM THAT ALLOWS YOU TO BIND DYNAMIC DATA TO THE 5) )F YOU THINK FOR A MOMENT ABOUT A NORMAL LINE OF BUSINESS ,/" APPLICATION YOU WILL FIND THAT THE MAIN PROCESS IS COMPOSED OF THREE SIMPLE STEPS RETRIEVE THE DATA FROM THE DATABASE DISPLAY THE DATA IN THE 5) AND UPDATE THE DATA BASED ON ACTIONS THE USER DID IN THE 5) !LL THESE STEPS CAN BE EASILY ACCOMPLISHED IF YOU WRITE THE CORRECT PRESENTATION LOGIC AND BIND IT TO A 70& CONTROL 4HIS TOPIC IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE h3TYLES AND 4EMPLATESv SECTION WILL BE ANALYZED IN DEPTH IN THIS BOOK IN #HAPTERS  AND  WHERE YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO CREATE A COOL 5) AND HOW TO APPLY STYLES AND $ATA4EMPLATE TO THE 5)

70&  4OOLS 70& IS A NICE TECHNOLOGY BUT IT IS BASED ON A COMBINATION OF TWO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESˆ8!-, MARKUP AND THE LANGUAGE YOU CHOOSE FOR THE CODE BEHIND FILE WHICH # # OR 6" .%4 7ITH SOME EFFORT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO WRITE AND COMPILE AN ENTIRE 70& APPLICATION JUST BY USING THE CLASSIC .OTEPAD APPLICATION AND THE PROPER COMPILER IN A #OMMAND 0ROMPT WINDOW BUT AT THE SAME TIME ) CAN GUARANTEE YOU THAT IT WILL BE A VERY CHALLENGING EXPERIENCE FOR EVEN THE MOST EXPERT 70& DEVELOPER &ORTUNATELY -ICROSOFT PROVIDES A SET OF TOOLS TO DEVELOP 70& APPLICATIONS WHICH WILL MAKE YOUR LIFE MUCH EASIER THESE TOOLS ARE TARGETED TO DIFFERENT AUDIENCES SO YOU SHOULD FIND ONE TO WRITE THE PRESENTATION LOGIC AND ONE THAT IS MORE FEASIBLE FOR A DESIGNER -OST OF THESE TOOLS ARE UNDER LICENSE SO YOU WILL NOT FIND THEM FOR FREE ON THE )NTERNET BUT -ICROSOFT OFFERS A BASIC SET OF THESE TOOLS CALLED EXPRESS EDITIONS WHICH ARE AVAILABLE FOR FREE BUT WITH A LIMITED SET OF FUNCTIONALITIES &INALLY THERE ARE ALSO FREE TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR 70& DESIGNERS WHICH CAN MAKE YOUR LIFE MUCH EASIER IF YOU NEED TO TEST YOUR 70& RESULT IN THE 5) WITHOUT RUNNING A 70& APPLICATION THESE TOOLS ARE USUALLY USED TO TEST TEMPLATES AND STYLES BEFORE TOUCHING THE PRODUCTION CODE



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

Visual Studio 2010 -ICROSOFT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  IS BUILT ON THE 70& TECHNOLOGY SO ITS PROBABLY THE MOST FEASIBLE TOOL TO BUILD 70& APPLICATIONS )T IS DELIVERED IN THREE VERSIONS v

0ROFESSIONAL 4HE PERFECT VERSION IF YOU ARE STARTING TO DEVELOP 70& APPLICATION AND YOU ARE STILL NOT SURE IT WILL BE YOUR FINAL CHOICE

v

0REMIUM 4HE RICHER VERSION IF YOU ARE ALREADY WORKING WITH 70& AND YOU ALSO NEED TO SHARE THE CODE ON YOUR TEAM AND TEST IT

v

5LTIMATE 4HE RICHEST VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO USED USUALLY BY SENIOR DEVELOPER SOFTWARE ARCHITECTS AND 1!

v

4EST 0ROFESSIONAL !N INTEGRATED TESTING TOOLSET VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO

9OU CAN DOWNLOAD EACH ONE OF THESE VERSIONS ON YOUR COMPUTER AND TRY IT FOR  DAYS WITHOUT BUYING THE FINAL PRODUCT )F YOU CANT AFFORD A LICENSE OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO THERE IS STILL THE OPTION OF DOWNLOADING AND USING THE EXPRESS VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AVAILABLE AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbb 4HE EXPRESS EDITIONS OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO ARE DIVIDED BY TOPIC SO YOU WILL FIND AN EXPRESS EDITION FOR 6ISUAL # ONE FOR 6ISUAL # ONE FOR 6" .%4 ONE FOR WEB DEVELOPMENT AND ONE FOR 7INDOWS PHONE DEVELOPMENT 7HEN YOU OPEN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND YOU CHOOSE TO CREATE A NEW 70& APPLICATION YOU WILL BE PROMPTED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO TO CHOOSE FROM ONE OF THE AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS v

70& !PPLICATION 4HIS IS THE CLASSIC STAND ALONE APPLICATION THAT WILL RESULT IN A FINAL TgT FILE THAT CONTAINS ALL THE CODE GENERATED IN THE PROJECT THIS APPLICATION CAN BE EXECUTED IN ANY 7INDOWS /3 THAT HAS THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  OR .%4  OR 

v

70& "ROWSER !PPLICATION 4HIS IS THE WEB VERSION OF 70& WHICH WILL PRODUCE AN gQP_ FILE THAT CONTAINS ALL THE CODE GENERATED IN THE PROJECT THIS APPLICATION CAN BE EXECUTED IN )NTERNET %XPLORER

v

70& #USTOM #ONTROLS LIBRARY 4HIS IS A SEPARATE ASSEMBLY S[[ WHICH CONTAINS CUSTOM CONTROLS #USTOMS CONTROLS ARE USUALLY ENHANCEMENT OF EXISTING 70& CONTROLS

v

70& 5SER #ONTROLS ,IBRARY 4HIS IS A SEPARATE ASSEMBLY S[[ WHICH CONTAINS USER CREATED CONTROLS IN THIS LIBRARY YOU WILL CREATE CONTROLS THAT DO NOT EXIST IN 70&

&IGURE   SHOWS THE .EW 0ROJECT DIALOG BOX OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

&IGURE   .EW 0ROJECT DIALOG BOX IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  !FTER YOU CHOOSE WHICH SOLUTION YOU WANT TO CREATE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND SELECT A NAME AND A DESTINATION FOLDER 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE FOR YOU A FOLDER WITH THE NAME OF YOUR SOLUTION A SOLUTION FILE b[] THAT CONTAINS ALL THE CODE THAT DESCRIBES THE SOLUTION FOLDER STRUCTURE AND A PROJECT FILE THAT WILL DESCRIBE THE CURRENT PROJECT IN MY CASE A 70& APPLICATION &IGURE   SHOWS A 70& APPLICATION OPEN WITHIN AN INSTANCE OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  IN THIS SCREENSHOT THERE SOME NUMBERED PANELS THAT )LL EXPLAIN



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

&IGURE   70& APPLICATION IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  6ISUAL 3TUDIO IS COMPOSED BY A SET OF DOCKABLE PANELS DOCKABLE MEANS YOU CAN DRAG AND DROP ANY PANEL OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND DECIDE WHERE TO STICK IT IN THE )$% )F YOU DRAG A PANEL IN A SECTION THAT CONTAINS ALREADY OTHER PANELS THE PANEL BECOMES A TABBED PANEL &IGURE   SHOWS A 70& APPLICATION OPEN IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO THERE ARE FIVE MAJOR SECTIONS WHICH SHOW YOU HOW 6ISUAL 3TUDIO HANDLES THE DOCKABLE PANELS v

 THE TOOLBAR AND MENU BAR )N THIS SECTION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU WILL FIND ALL THE AVAILABLE COMMANDS AND MENUS 5SING THE RIGHT CLICK MENU YOU CAN CHOOSE WHICH MENU TO SHOW IN THE )$%

v

 LEFT SIDE "Y DEFAULT THE LEFT SIDE OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SHOWS THE 4OOLBOX OF AVAILABLE 70& CONTROLS AND THE 3ERVER %XPLORER PANEL

v

 CENTER PANEL 4HE CENTER PANEL SHOWS THE OPEN FILES IN A TABBED STYLE 5)

v

 RIGHT SIDE )N THE RIGHT SIDE OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU USUALLY HAVE THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER WHICH DISPLAYS THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR APPLICATION AND A PANEL WHICH SHOWS THE PROPERTIES OF THE CURRENT OBJECT SELECTED IN THE CENTER PANEL

v

 SPLIT PANEL )N 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU CAN USE ONE SECTION OF THE 5) TO SPLIT PANELS SO THAT YOU CAN HAVE A STACK OF PANELS ALL IN ONE PART OF THE )$%

4HE LAST CONSIDERATION IS HOW YOU CAN INTERACT WITH YOUR 8!-, FILES IN A 70& PROJECT %ACH 8!-, FILE IS COMPOSED BY TWO PARTS THE CODE BEHIND IN OUR CASE # AND THE 8!-, MARKUP 4HE 8!-, MARKUP CAN BE VIEWED IN TWO WAYS ONE IS BY LOOKING DIRECTLY AT THE MARKUP AND THE OTHER IS BY LOOKING AT THE FINAL 5) RESULT DESIGNER  4HE TWO VIEWS 8!-, AND DESIGNER CAN BE VIEWED SPLIT OR IN TWO



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

SEPARATE 5)S 4HESE TWO VIEWS CAN BE SWITCHED IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND AS SOON AS YOU MAKE A CHANGE IN ONE OF THEM THE OTHER ONE NEEDS TO BE REFRESHED IN ORDER TO SHOW YOU THE FINAL RESULT )F YOU WANT TO VIEW THE CODE BEHIND YOU SIMPLY NEED TO RIGHT CLICK ANY PART OF THE 8!-, FILE AND SELECT 6IEW #ODE

Expression Blend %XPRESSION "LEND IS ONE OF THE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN SET OF TOOLS CALLED %XPRESSION AND ITS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbbX^] %XPRESSION "LEND IS DELIVERED IN A PACKAGE THAT IS COMPOSED OF VARIOUS TOOLS USED BY DESIGNERS TO CREATE IMAGES WEB SITES VIDEO AND 5)S FOR 70& OR 3ILVERLIGHT %XPRESSION "LEND CAN BE CONSIDERED THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO FOR 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT DESIGNERS ALTHOUGH %XPRESSION "LEND IS STILL A GOOD TOOL FOR CODING BECAUSE IT ALLOWS YOU TO EDIT 8!-, CODE AND # OR 6" .%4 CODE BEHIND FILES ITS AUDIENCE IS MORE A DESIGNER AUDIENCE THAN A DEVELOPER AUDIENCE 9OU CAN OPEN AND EDIT AN EXISTING 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  SOLUTION USING "LEND SO THAT YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE AND TEST YOUR 5) STYLES AND THEN REOPEN THE SOLUTION IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO TO FOCUS MORE ON THE PRESENTATION LOGIC IN THE SAME WAY YOU CAN OPEN PART OF YOUR FILES IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO DEVELOPER AND PART IN "LEND DESIGNER SO THAT TWO PEOPLE CAN WORK ON THE SAME PROJECT AND FOCUS ON DIFFERENT AREAS LIKE THE DESIGN AND THE PRESENTATION LOGIC 7HEN YOU OPEN %XPRESSION "LEND &IGURE   YOU ARE PROMPTED TO CREATE A NEW PROJECT &IGURE   OR TO WORK WITH AN EXISTING TEMPLATE PROVIDED BY -ICROSOFT BY DEFAULT IN "LEND

&IGURE   %XPRESSION "LEND START PAGE %XPRESSION "LEND OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF WORKING ON TWO MAJOR DIFFERENT TYPE OF PROJECTS THAT YOU CAN CALL MOCKUP PROJECTS AND PRODUCTION PROJECTS 4HE FIRST TYPE OF PROJECTS CAN BE CREATED USING AN EXTENSION DELIVERED WITH THE "LEND 5LTIMATE EDITION CALLED 3KETCH&LOW WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE POWERFUL AND DYNAMIC MOCKUPS THAT CAN ACT AS A REAL APPLICATIONS AND WORK WITH REAL DATA THIS IS USEFUL WHEN THE DESIGNER IS STILL FOCUSING ON THE 5) STRUCTURE 4HE SECOND TYPE OF PROJECT ARE THE PROJECTS AVAILABLE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SO YOU CAN CREATE APPLICATIONS AND CONTROLS LIBRARIES



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

&IGURE   %XPRESSION "LENDS .EW 0ROJECT WINDOW 4HE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROJECTS YOU CAN CREATE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND THE ONES YOU CAN CREATE IN "LEND IS THE NEW 70& $ATABOUND !PPLICATION WHICH IS A 70& APPLICATION THAT USES THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW -ODEL -66- PATTERN TO SEPARATE THE 5) LOGIC FROM THE PRESENTATION LOGIC 9OU WILL SEE THIS PATTERN IN DETAIL IN #HAPTER  %XPRESSION "LEND IS AN AWESOME TOOL TO CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE RICH 5)S FOR 70& AND IT IS A GREAT TOOL TO LEARN THE 8!-, SYNTAX WHILE YOU DRAG AND DROP CONTROLS AND STYLES IN THE "LEND )$% YOU CAN SWITCH TO THE 8!-, CODE AND TAKE A LOOK ON HOW THE STYLES YOU ARE CREATING WORK IN 8!-,

Additional Tools 3OMETIMES YOU MAY NEED TO TWEAK JUST A PIECE OF 8!-, CODE AND YOU DONT WANT OR YOU CANT OPEN AND CREATE A NEW SOLUTION IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IN ORDER TO DO THAT )N OTHER SITUATIONS YOU ARE EXPERIMENTING WITH A NEW SETUP OF A VIEW OR USER CONTROL BUT YOU DONT WANT TO SCREW UP THE CURRENT PROJECT SO YOU NEED A QUICK AND FAST WAY TO CREATE A NEW 70& APPLICATION AND PLAY WITH A DUMMY 8!-, FILE &OR THESE AND OTHER REASONS YOU CAN FIND ON THE 7EB SOME PRETTY COOL TOOLS TO CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE 8!-, FILES WITHOUT NEEDING TO OPEN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 4HE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF SOME OF THE AVAILABLE TOOLS TO CUSTOMIZE 8!-, FEEL FREE TO DOWNLOAD AND TRY THEM



#(!04%2  ■ ).42/$5#).' 70& !.$ 8!-,

v

8!-,0!$ 4HIS 8!-, EDITOR IS DELIVERED WITH "LEND AND 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 3$+ ITS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD AT Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\T]db[XQaPah \b&#!"('e,eb(Pb_g  )T IS A GREAT TOOL TO EDIT AND STYLE 8!-, FILES BUT IT DOESNT ALLOW YOU TO EDIT CODE BEHIND FILES

v

+!8!-, 4HIS IS AN ALTERNATIVE 8!-, EDITOR THAT YOU CAN DOWNLOAD FOR FREE AT fffZPgP\[R^\ )T HAS MORE OR LESS THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS OF 8!-,0AD

!NOTHER INTERESTING TOOL THAT COMES WITH THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 3$+ IS 5)3PYEXE WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO SPY ON RUNNING APPLICATIONS IN ORDER TO VIEW WHETHER THEIR STRUCTURE IS CONFORMING TO YOUR REQUIREMENTS 8!-, 0OWER 4OYS ARE A 6ISUAL 3TUDIO EXTENSION THAT ENABLES A MORE CONTEXT SENSITIVE 8!-, )NTELLI3ENSE WHILE YOU ARE WORKING WITH YOUR 70& APPLICATIONS )T ALLOWS YOU TO SEARCH AND FILTER SPECIFIC KEYWORDS WHILE YOU ARE WORKING IN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )$% WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH THE DEFAULT )NTELLI3ENSE

Summary 8!-, IS A POWERFUL MARKUP LANGUAGE AVAILABLE IN THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  TO CREATE RICH INTERFACES AND APPLICATIONS )T IS USED BY THREE DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE IN THE .%4 &RAMEWORK 7INDOWS 0RESENTATION &OUNDATION 70& 3ILVERLIGHT 3, AND 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION 7&  )T IS STRUCTURED USING THE 8-, DEFINITION AND IT REFLECTS THE 8-, SPECIFICS WHERE ONLY ONE ELEMENT CAN DEFINE THE ROOT ELEMENT OF THE FILE AND WHERE YOU CAN EDIT PROPERTIES USING ATTRIBUTES OR CHILD ELEMENTS )N A CODE FILE YOU CAN FIND THE PROCEDURAL CODE WHICH CAN BE 6" .%4 OR # IN A FILE CALLED A CODE BEHIND FILE THAT HAS THE SAME NAME AS YOUR 8!-, FILE PLUS A FILE EXTENSION BASED ON THE .%4 LANGUAGE THE APPLICATION IS DONE IN SUCH AS Rb FOR # AND eQ FOR 6" .%4  70& IS THE CLIENT SIDE TECHNOLOGY PROVIDED BY THE .%4 &RAMEWORK IT IS BUILT ON TWO MAJOR ASSEMBLIES ?aTbT]cPcX^]2^aT AND ?aTbT]cPcX^]5aP\Tf^aZ )T IS A VECTORIAL 5) TECHNOLOGY WHICH MEANS IT IS ABLE TO ADAPT TO THE DIFFERENT SCREEN RESOLUTIONS WITHOUT LOSING QUALITY AND CAN BE EXECUTED AS A STAND ALONE APPLICATION OR AS A BROWSER APPLICATION WITHIN )NTERNET %XPLORER 70& PROVIDES TWO POWERFUL TECHNOLOGIES WITH IT ONE IS THE STYLE AND TEMPLATE WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO TOTALLY CUSTOMIZE HOW YOUR 5) BEHAVE AND ONE IS THE $ATA"INDING WHICH IS A POWERFUL DATA BINDING ENGINE PROVIDED IN ALMOST EVERY 5) CONTROL &INALLY YOU CAN EDIT YOU 70& APPLICATIONS BY USING ONE OF THE AVAILABLE VERSIONS OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  BY USING %XPRESSION "LEND OR BY USING ONE OF THE AVAILABLE OPEN SOURCE TOOLS



CHAPTER 2 ■■■

Sample Application: Overview and Getting Started 4HIS BOOK IS PART OF THE !PRESS SERIES CALLED )N #ONTEXT IN THIS SPECIFIC CASE YOU WILL SEE HOW 70&  CAN BE APPLIED IN CONTEXT "UT WHAT DOES IN CONTEXT MEAN 4HE SERIES FOCUSES ON DELIVERING A COMPLETE GUIDE TO A TECHNOLOGY IN THIS CASE 70&  BY BUILDING A REAL WORLD APPLICATION VIA TUTORIALS ) BELIEVE THAT TRYING A TECHNOLOGY IS THE BEST WAY OF LEARNING AND MASTERING IT 4HE APPLICATION YOU WILL DEVELOP IN THIS BOOK IS A TIME TRACKING APPLICATION THAT WILL BE USED TO TRACK THE TIME SPENT BY !#-% #ONSULTING ,TD EMPLOYEES !#-% #ONSULTING ,TD IS A FAKE )4 CONSULTING COMPANY THAT WILL BE YOUR CUSTOMER "Y THE END OF THE BOOK YOU WILL HAVE A COMPLETE TIME TRACKING APPLICATION DEVELOPED IN 70&  THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO DEPLOY AND RELEASE OR THAT YOU CAN USE AS A ROAD MAP FOR ANY FUTURE CLIENT APPLICATION YOU DEVELOP USING 70&  )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXECUTING THE CODE AND SAMPLES IN THIS BOOK AND WHAT SOFTWARE TOOLS YOU MAY NEED TO WRITE A MORE FASHIONABLE 5) EVERYTHING NEEDED IN THE BOOK IS AVAILABLE THROUGH DOWNLOADS 9OULL FIND THE SOURCE CODE AT !PRESSCOM THE REST OF THE DOWNLOADS LINKS WILL BE PROVIDED INSIDE THE BOOK

Requirements !PRESS 4IME4RACKER !44 IS A 70&  CLIENT APPLICATION THAT USES AN ))3 WEB SERVER AND A 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS DATABASE SERVER AS ITS DATASTORE )N !44 YOU WILL USE ALSO SOME ROYALTY FREE 5) CONTROLS AND ICONS WHICH YOU MAY WANT TO PURCHASE IF YOUR FINAL RESULT WILL BE A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT ) HAVE DIVIDED THE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS INTO TWO SECTIONS 4HE FIRST ONE IS A LIST OF SOFTWARE AND THIRD PARTY TOOLS USED IN THIS BOOK THAT MAY NOT BE FREE AND THE SECOND PART INCLUDES OPEN SOURCE PROJECTS FREE OF CHARGE THAT YOU MAY WANT TO USE IN YOUR PROJECT

4OOLS AND 3OFTWARE 4HE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF SOFTWARE AND CONTROLS USED IN THIS BOOK THAT ARE NOT NECESSARILY FREE !N EVALUATION VERSION OF EACH ONE CAN BE DOWNLOADED AT THE RELATED WEB LINK



#(!04%2  ■ 3!-0,% !00,)#!4)/. /6%26)%7 !.$ '%44).' 34!24%$

v

-ICROSOFT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  4HE VERSION OF 63  USED IN THIS BOOK IS THE %XPRESS VERSION )F YOU WANT TO BE ABLE TO OPEN AND MODIFY THE FILES THAT ACCOMPANY THIS BOOK INCLUDING 5-, DESIGN FILES AND SCHEMA YOU MAY CONSIDER DOWNLOADING THE %XPRESS EDITION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  FOR 6ISUAL # AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbb3^f][^PSb! EXbdP[2B 9OU CAN ALSO DOWNLOAD A TRIAL VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  5LTIMATE OR 0REMIUM VERSION OR PURCHASE A LICENSE ! TRIAL VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  IS ALSO AVAILABLE AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\ eXbdP[bcdSX^T]db

v

-ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS EDITION IS AVAILABLE IN A LOT OF DIFFERENT VERSIONS THE ONE USED IN THIS BOOK IS THE %XPRESSION 6ERSION WITH !DVANCED 3ERVICE WHICH IS AVAILABLE FOR FREE AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbbSPcPQPbT )T INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO BUILD A ROBUST DATABASE INCLUDING 2EPORTING 3ERVICES

)CONS AND 4EMPLATES 9OU CAN FIND A LOT OF FREE ICONS AND 70& TEMPLATES ON THE 7EB *UST TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE IN THIS APPLICATION ) USED ICONS AND IMAGES FOUND VIA THE ICON SEARCH ENGINE fffXR^]UX]STaR^\ IF YOU PLAN TO USE GRAPHICAL IMAGES IN A COMMERCIAL APPLICATION YOU MUST VERIFY THE PERMISSIONS AND ANY POTENTIAL ROYALTY PAYMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE USE OF THOSE IMAGES BEFORE INCLUDING THEM IN YOUR APPLICATIONS 4HE THEMES USED ON THIS BOOK ARE AVAILABLE FOR FREE AT fffR^ST_[TgR^\ WHICH IS THE BIGGEST OPEN SOURCE PORTAL FOR .%4 APPLICATIONS THE THEMES ARE DOWNLOADABLE FROM Wcc_)f_UcWT\Tb R^ST_[TgR^\

4HIRD 0ARTY ,IBRARY AND #ONTROLS 9OU CAN ALSO USE SOME THIRD PARTY TOOLS AND LIBRARY WHICH WILL MAKE YOUR JOB EASIER 0ARTS OF THESE LIBRARIES ARE OPEN SOURCE AND THEY ARE NOT THE ONLY ONES AVAILABLE THROUGH THE INTERNET &EEL FREE TO USE THEM OR TO DOWNLOAD A DIFFERENT ONE AS SUGGESTED IN THE BOOK



v

%NTERPRISE ,IBRARY  4HE %NTERPRISE ,IBRARY IS A HUGE .%4 APPLICATION FRAMEWORK THAT GIVES YOU ADDITIONAL CAPABILITIES WHEN WORKING WITH YOUR CODE )T INCLUDES AN )NVERSION OF #ONTROL FRAMEWORK VALIDATION BLOCK LOGGING EXCEPTION HANDLER AND MORE )T IS AVAILABLE AT Wcc_)T]c[XQR^ST_[TgR^\

v

!UTO-APPER !UTO-APPER IS AN OPEN SOURCE FRAMEWORK BUILT ON .%4  THAT IS VERY USEFUL IF YOU PLAN TO FLATTER A GRAPH OF CLASSES INTO A SINGLE $ATA 4RANSFER /BJECT CLASS 9OU WILL USE THIS FRAMEWORK IN THE LATER CHAPTERS OF THE BOOK )T IS AVAILABLE FOR FREE AT Wcc_)Pdc^\P__TaR^ST_[TgR^\

v

-AJOR -66- 4OOLKITS )N THE #HAPTER  YOU WILL SEE SOME TOOLKITS THAT ALLOW YOU TO WRITE FLEXIBLE AND REUSABLE CODE USING THE -66- PATTERN FOR 70& )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL USE ALSO SOME OPEN SOURCE FRAMEWORKS FOR -66-

v

70& 4OOLKIT &INALLY YOU SHOULD DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL THE 70& 4OOLKIT FROM Wcc_)f_UR^ST_[TgR^\ 4HE TOOLKIT INCLUDES ADDITIONAL 5) CONTROLS CHARTS AND THEMES FOR 70& THIS OPEN SOURCE PROJECT IS KEPT ALIVE BY -ICROSOFT AND ITS A REQUIREMENT FOR ANY COOL 70& APPLICATION 4HE VERSION USED IN THIS BOOK IS THE LATEST AS OF &EBRUARY 

#(!04%2  ■ 3!-0,% !00,)#!4)/. /6%26)%7 !.$ '%44).' 34!24%$

Application Overview 4HE APPLICATION YOU WILL BUILD IN THIS BOOK IS CALLED !PRESS 4IME4RACKER -ANY CONSULTING COMPANIES ESPECIALLY IN )4 NEED TO TRACK THE TIME THEIR EMPLOYEES CONSULTANTS SPEND EVERY DAY AT A CUSTOMERS OFFICE IN ORDER TO MANAGE THE RESOURCES AND TO INVOICE THE EXPENSES TO THE CUSTOMERS ! TIME TRACKING APPLICATION IS A GOOD EXAMPLE FOR A REAL WORLD 70& APPLICATION IT HAS SPECIFIC 5) AND LOGICAL REQUIREMENTS THAT CAN BE EASILY DESIGNED WITH 70& AND A LAYERED ARCHITECTURE 4HE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR !PRESS 4IME4RACKER ARE AS FOLLOWS v

)T MUST PROVIDE A RICH 5) THAT WILL EXPOSE THE DATA USING COMPLEX 5) CONTROLS AND DYNAMIC CHARTS

v

)T SHOULD IMPLEMENT AN /FFICE nSTYLE 5) THEME AND ICONS

v

)T SHOULD PERSIST AND RETRIEVE THE DATA TO A 31, 3ERVER DATABASE THROUGH A UNIFIED WEB DATA SERVICE

v

)T SHOULD BE EASY TO MAINTAIN AND TESTED

v

)T SHOULD BE EASY TO DEPLOY AND IT SHOULD BE EASY TO GET A NEW VERSION WHEN AVAILABLE

!PPLICATION !RCHITECTURE 4HE PROCESS OF DESIGNING APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE CONSISTS OF DEFINING HOW YOU WILL STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECT THE APPLICATION HOW IT WILL BE COMPOSED AND STRUCTURED AND HOW YOU WILL OPTIMIZE THE CODE IN ORDER TO HAVE A SECURE MAINTAINABLE AND MANAGEABLE APPLICATION 4HE BIGGEST RISK YOU CAN INCUR IF YOU DESIGN AN APPLICATION WITH A POOR ARCHITECTURE IS THAT THE APPLICATION WILL NOT BE EASY TO MAINTAIN AND PROBABLY WILL NOT BE EASY TO BE EXTENDED OR TO BE TESTED 7HEN YOU START TO ARCHITECT A NEW SOLUTION YOU SHOULD FOCUS PRIMARILY ON THREE MAJOR AREAS THAT USUALLY COMPOSE ANY APPLICATION THE USERS REQUIREMENTS THE BUSINESSS REQUIREMENTS AND THE SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS "ETWEEN THESE THREE REQUIREMENTS THERE SHOULD BE ALWAYS A BALANCE MEANING YOU SHOULD FOCUS ON THE USERS REQUIREMENTS BUT THAT THEY SHOULDNT AFFECT THE INFRASTRUCTURES REQUIREMENTS /THER CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE STARTING TO DESIGN THE APPLICATION ARE MORE RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SOLUTION AND TO THE PRINCIPLES YOU WILL FOLLOW WHILE DEVELOPING THE APPLICATION /NE OF THE FIRST CONCEPTS YOU SHOULD FOLLOW IS THE SEPARATION OF CONCERNS IN OTHER WORDS YOU SHOULD FIND A BALANCED WAY OF SEPARATING FEATURES AND CONCEPTS INTO DIFFERENT MODULES SO THAT YOU WILL MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF DUPLICATED CODE AND SO YOU CAN KEEP THE MODULES DECOUPLED BETWEEN EACH OTHER 9OU SHOULD ALSO FOLLOW BASIC //0 PRINCIPLES SUCH AS SINGLE RESPONSIBILITY WHERE EACH COMPONENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ONLY A SPECIFIC TASK AND THE PRINCIPLE OF LAST KNOWLEDGE WHERE A COMPONENT OR MODULE DOESNT KNOW THE INTERNAL DETAILS OF OTHER MODULES 3AYING THAT UNDERSTAND THAT A COMPLEX APPLICATION DOESNT MEAN A WELL DONE APPLICATION YOU SHOULD ALWAYS FIND THE RIGHT BALANCE BETWEEN A COMPLEX APPLICATION AND AN OVER ENGINEERED APPLICATION THAT MAY RESULT IN A HARD TO MAINTAIN APPLICATION

Layered Applications 7HEN YOU ARCHITECT AN APPLICATION YOU WILL HAVE TO DECIDE WHICH TYPE OF STYLE YOU WILL APPLY TO THE ARCHITECTURE FOR EXAMPLE YOU MAY FIND IT USEFUL TO DEFINE A DOMAIN MODEL COVERED IN #HAPTER  THAT



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REPRESENTS YOUR BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS YOU MAY ALSO FIND IT USEFUL TO SEPARATE THE VARIOUS MODULES OF THE APPLICATION INTO DIFFERENT LAYERS AND TO SEPARATE SOME COMPONENTS OF THE APPLICATION INTO DIFFERENT TIERS 4HE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF A LAYERED ARCHITECTURE IS TO SEPARATE THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONALITY OF YOUR APPLICATION INTO LAYERS THAT ARE STACKED VERTICALLY INTO THE APPLICATION SO THAT THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THEM IS CLEAR AND LOOSELY COUPLED 5SUALLY WITH THIS TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE THE COMPONENT OF A SPECIFIC LAYER IS ABLE TO COMMUNICATE ONLY WITH THE COMPONENT OF A LOWER LAYER 3OMETIMES BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF THE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE THE LAYERS MAY RESIDE ON A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM N TIER WHICH WILL FORCE YOU TO APPLY TO YOUR ARCHITECTURE THE PRINCIPLES OF N TIER ARCHITECTURE COVERED NEXT  7HEN YOU DESIGN A LAYERED ARCHITECTURE YOU SHOULD BE FIRM ABOUT SOME PRINCIPLES THAT APPLY TO THIS DESIGN v

+EEP THE LAYERS ABSTRACT WHILE YOU FOCUS ON THE PRIMARY ROLE OF EACH LAYER THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A LAYER IS TO BE INDEPENDENT AND FOCUSED ON A SPECIFIC TASK

v

#ONSIDER THE FUNCTIONALITY OF EACH LAYER HOW IT WILL COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER LAYERS AND WHERE IT WILL BE POSITIONED IN THE APPLICATION LAYERS STACK

N-tier Applications 4HE STRUCTURE OF AN N TIER ARCHITECTURE IS SIMILAR TO THE STRUCTURE OF A LAYERED APPLICATION THE N TIER SOLUTION CAN BE CONSIDERED A MORE COMPLEX DESIGN OF A LAYERED APPLICATION )N ADDITION A TIER CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A LAYER PLACED INTO DIFFERENT PHYSICAL MACHINES /F COURSE IF YOU PLAN TO MOVE INTO THIS TYPE OF SOLUTION YOU MAY COME UP WITH A MORE COMPLEX DESIGN AND MORE INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS HIGH AVAILABILITY HIGH SCALABILITY AND HIGH MANAGEABILITY 4HE MOST USED AND MOST KNOWN N TIER ARCHITECTURE IS THE THREE TIER APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE WHICH IS COMPOSED BY THE FOLLOWING TIERS v

! PRESENTATION TIER THAT EXECUTES ON THE CLIENT SIDE MADE UP OF THE '5) PART OF THE APPLICATION WHICH IS COMPOSED OF A GRAPHIC INTERFACE AND A PRESENTATION LOGIC LAYER

v

! BUSINESS LAYER DISTRIBUTED THROUGH A 3ERVICE /RIENTED !RCHITECTURE 3/! THAT CAN BE A WEB SERVICE OR A 7INDOWS #OMMUNICATION &OUNDATION 7#& LIBRARY

v

! DATA TIER THAT RESIDES ON THE DATABASE SERVER AND THAT IS IN CHARGE OF DISTRIBUTING THE DATA ACROSS THE VARIOUS CLIENTS

!N N TIER APPLICATION IS AN ADVANCED SOLUTION BECAUSE IT REQUIRES MORE CODE MORE COMPLEXITY AND MORE TESTS 5SUALLY THIS TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE IS ADOPTED DURING THE REFACTORING PROCESS WHEN THE SIMPLEST LAYERED ARCHITECTURE IS NOT ABLE TO SATISFY THE BUSINESS DEMAND ANYMORE ! TIERED APPLICATION IS ANY COMPUTER SOFTWARE THAT IS COMPOSED OF MORE THAN ONE LOGICAL BLOCK OR LAYER DISTRIBUTED OVER DIFFERENT LOCATIONS USUALLY THE APPLICATION IS DEFINED BY THE NUMBER OF TIERS THAT COMPOSED IT SO YOU MAY HAVE THE CLASSIC THREE TIER APPLICATION TWO TIER APPLICATION AND SO ON 4HE REASON YOU WANT TO SEPARATE LOGICAL CODE BY AFFINITY IN SEPARATE LAYERS IS BECAUSE YOU WANT TO MAKE YOUR LOGICAL BLOCK MORE LOOSELY COUPLED BECAUSE YOU WANT TO MAKE YOUR CODE EASY TO MAINTAIN AND UPGRADE AND YOU WANT TO COVER WITH TESTS AS MUCH CODE SURFACE AS YOU CAN )F YOU HAVE EVER WORKED WITH A STAND ALONE APPLICATION OR WITH A WEB APPLICATION YOU MAY HAVE ALREADY ENCOUNTERED A TWO TIER APPLICATION WHERE THE FIRST TIER WAS THE CLIENT APPLICATION AND THE SECOND TIER WAS THE REMOTE DATABASE )F THE APPLICATION WAS INTERACTING WITH A MIDDLE TIER COMPOSED BY A 7#& OR A WEB SERVICE THEN THE APPLICATION WAS A THREE TIER ONE



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TimeTracker Architecture 9OU SAW THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES AND WHAT TYPE OF CONSIDERATIONS ARE BEFORE ADOPTING A SPECIFIC ARCHITECTURE &IGURE   SHOWS THE OVERALL ARCHITECTURE OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND HOW IT WILL BE COMPOSED "EFORE STARTING TO WRITE THE CODE FOR YOUR 70& APPLICATION YOU SHOULD ARCHITECT THE STRUCTURE OF THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AND THINK ABOUT HOW YOU WILL SEPARATE THE CODE USING DIFFERENT LAYERS

■ .OTE !N APPLICATION LAYER IS A GROUP OF OBJECTS IN THIS CASE A GROUP OF CLASSES AND STRUCTURES THAT HAVE A SIMILAR MEANING OR THAT ARE REUSABLE IN SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES

7HEN YOU WRITE AN APPLICATION USING AN //0 TECHNOLOGY LIKE .%4 OR *AVA YOU HAVE THE OPTION OF ARCHITECTING THE SOLUTION IN DIFFERENT WAYS BASED ON THE COMPLEXITY YOU WANT TO ADD TO THE SOLUTION AND BASED ON THE CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE !RCHITECTING A 70& APPLICATION CAN BE EASY IF YOU KNOW ALREADY WHAT THE AVAILABLE SOLUTIONS ARE AND WHEN YOU SHOULD USE A SPECIFIC ARCHITECTURE INSTEAD OF ANOTHER ONE )N THIS SECTION YOU WILL SEE WHAT TYPE OF LAYERED APPLICATIONS CAN BE BUILT USING 70& AND THE .%4 &RAMEWORK AND WHICH ONE YOU WILL USE TO ARCHITECT THE !PRESS 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

5SER 3TORIES ! USER STORY IS A SENTENCE THAT DESCRIBES A SPECIFIC BUSINESS PROCESS IT IS USUALLY REPRESENTED BY A DEFAULT SENTENCE LIKE h!S AN ACTOR ) WANTDESIRE SOMETHING SO THAT ) CAN GET THIS BENEFITv )N THE CONTEXT OF THE AGILE METHODOLOGIES A USE CASE IS THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN A SYSTEM AND ONE OR MORE ACTORS 4HE MAIN PURPOSE OF DESIGNING USE CASES BEFORE STARTING TO ARCHITECT AN APPLICATION IS TO IDENTIFY THE KEY SCENARIO THAT WILL DRIVE THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE APPLICATION AND THAT WILL HELP YOU MAKE CRITICAL DECISIONS ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY YOU WILL USE AND THE TECHNIQUES YOU WILL APPLY TO THE APPLICATION 7ITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  YOU CAN LAY OUT THE USER STORIES USING THE USE CASE DIAGRAM AVAILABLE IN THE -ODEL PROJECT 9OU CAN DESIGN A MACRO USE CASE THAT REPRESENTS THE OVERALL PROCESS OF 4IME4RACKER PLUS A MORE DETAILED USE CASE THAT WILL ANALYZE IN DEPTH EVERY SINGLE BUSINESS PROCESS DESCRIBED IN THE MAIN USE CASE 4HE FOLLOWING LIST REPRESENTS A SET OF POTENTIAL USE CASES YOU MAY ENCOUNTER ON THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION /F COURSE THEY CAN BE CONSIDERED AS USE SCENARIOS AND NOT SIMPLY USE CASES &OR EXAMPLE IN A USE SCENARIO YOU WILL HAVE A SET OF USE CASES THAT CONSIST OF THE SCENARIO FOR EXAMPLE THE EDITING PROCESS OF AN EMPLOYEE IS A USE SCENARIO WHERE YOU HAVE VARIOUS USE CASES SUCH AS CREATING A NEW EMPLOYEE EDITING AN EXISTING ONE AND SO ON v

!S A MANAGER ) WANT TO BE ABLE TO MANAGE THE EXISTING EMPLOYEES OF THE COMPANY SO THAT ) CAN ADD UPDATE OR REMOVE EMPLOYEES FROM THE DATABASE

v

!S A MANAGER ) WANT TO BE ABLE TO ADMINISTER THE APPOINTMENTS FROM THE EMPLOYEES AND THE CUSTOMERS



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4HE SECOND REQUIREMENT IS TO HAVE A LIST OF #USTOMERS THAT YOU CAN CONTACT SO YOU WILL HAVE A #USTOMER ENTITY 9OU HAVE AN !DDRESS ENTITY AS BOTH BECAUSE AN %MPLOYEE AND ALSO A #USTOMER MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE ADDRESS &INALLY YOU NEED TO SCHEDULE APPOINTMENT BETWEEN A #USTOM AND AN %MPLOYEE AND MONITOR THE TIME SPENT DURING THE APPOINTMENT SO YOU WILL HAVE AN !PPOINTMENT ENTITY THAT WILL REFERENCE AN %MPLOYEE AND A #USTOMER AND THAT WILL CARRY SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SUCH AS THE TIME DATE AND SO ON &IGURE   REPRESENTS THE DOMAIN MODEL FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION IN THIS MODEL ) USED THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK CLASS DIAGRAM DESIGNER BECAUSE THROUGH THIS DESIGNER YOU CAN GENERATE THE 31, CODE AND THE # CODE IN ONE SHOT

&IGURE   4IME4RACKER DOMAIN MODEL 5SING THE DOMAIN DRIVEN DESIGN APPROACH $$$ YOU CAN MAKE THE APPLICATION READABLE BY A NON 70& DEVELOPER FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU PASS THE PREVIOUS 5-, DIAGRAM TO AN ANALYST OR TO A NON )4 EXPERT YOU ARE STILL GIVING THEM A READABLE MAP OF YOUR APPLICATION IN THIS CASE IT IS VERY EASY TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE PREVIOUS %NTITY &RAMEWORK MODEL REPRESENT A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN %MPLOYEE #USTOMER AND !PPOINTMENTS



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■ .OTE 4HIS TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT IS CALLED DOMAIN FIRST DEVELOPMENT OR DOMAIN DRIVEN DESIGN THE DOMAIN IS IN THE FIRST PLACE AND THE APPLICATION IS DEVELOPED AROUND THE DOMAIN 5-, 4HE DOMAIN IS THE BLUEPRINT OF THE APPLICATION AND REPRESENTS THE BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS OF THE APPLICATION

$ATABASE 3CHEMA 4HE DATABASE IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE APPLICATION AND IN OUR CASE IS A VERY IMPORTANT COMPONENT BECAUSE IT REPRESENTS THE DATA STORE WHERE YOU WILL SAVE AND RETRIEVE THE DATA )N THIS BOOK YOU WILL USE 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS WHICH CAN BE ADMINISTERED AND DEVELOPED USING 31, 3ERVER -ANAGEMENT 3TUDIO OR SIMPLE 4 31, CODE !S YOU SAW IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER THE APPLICATION WILL USE THE DOMAIN FIRST APPROACH SO YOU WILL BUILD THE DATABASE SCHEMA BASED ON THE DOMAIN DESIGN THANKS TO THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK YOU CAN BUILD THE DOMAIN USING # OR 6" .%4 DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF LANGUAGE YOU CHOSE WHEN YOU CREATED THE PROJECT AND THEN LEAVE THE ARDUOUS TASK OF CREATING THE DATABASE SCHEMA TO THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK ENGINE !NOTHER APPROACH MAY BE TO HAVE A DATABASE FIRST APPLICATION WHERE THE APPLICATION WILL BE DRIVEN BY THE DATABASE DESIGN THIS MAY HAPPEN IN APPLICATIONS WHERE THE DATABASE HAS BEEN CREATED BEFORE THE APPLICATION OR IN ARCHITECTURE WHERE THE DATABASE ALREADY EXISTS AND CANT BE MODIFIED ! DATABASE IS USUALLY A SET OF OBJECTS THAT INTERACTS AND PROVIDES A WAY OF SAVING RETRIEVING AND QUERYING DATA IN ORGANIZED CONTAINERS 4HE DATABASE IS COMPOSED BY SPECIFIC OBJECTS v

4ABLE 4HE TABLE IS THE CONTAINER OF DATA IN THE DATABASE 5SUALLY IT IS ORGANIZED IN ROWS AND COLUMNS WHERE A COLUMN DESCRIBES A DATA TYPE WITH A SPECIFIC NAME AND A ROW IS A SET OF DATA %ACH ROW USUALLY IS A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF VALUES ! TABLE CAN HAVE A VIRTUALLY INFINITE NUMBER OF ROWS BUT A PREDEFINED NUMBER OF COLUMNS

v

6IEW !S THE NAME SAYS THE VIEW IS A VIRTUAL TABLE COMPOSED BY THE RESULT OF A QUERY OVER ONE OR MORE TABLES OR VIEWS 4HE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THIS OBJECT IS TO PROVIDE A SPECIALIZED VIRTUAL CONTAINER OF DATA

v

3TORED PROCEDURE ! STORED PROCEDURE IS A SET OF 4 31, COMMANDS EXECUTED AGAINST ONE OR MORE DATABASE OBJECTS )T CAN BE AN 8=B4AC STATEMENT OR A MORE COMPLEX QUERY TO FILTER DATA

v

+EY CONSTRAINT 4HE DATABASE CONTAINS DATA IN TABLES IN THE FORM OF UNIQUE ROWS ! ROW CAN BE UNIQUE BECAUSE IT HAS A SINGLE COLUMN THAT IS UNIQUE IN THE ENTIRE TABLE PRIMARY KEY OR BECAUSE IT IS COMPOSED BY A SET OF COLUMN THAT HAS A COMBINATION OF VALUES THAT IS UNIQUE IN THE ENTIRE TABLE COMPOSITE KEY  4HE DATABASE MAY ALSO BE FORCED TO CONTAIN A SPECIFIC SET OF VALUE OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OF VALUE IN ONE OR MORE COLUMNS CONSTRAINT 

4HE DATABASE GENERATED FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION HAS A SIMPLE SCHEMA THAT REFLECTS IN A RELATIONSHIP OF ONE TO ONE THE DOMAIN MODEL GENERATED WITH THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK )N #HAPTER  YOU WILL ANALYZE IN DEPTH THE 4 31, CODE GENERATED WITH THIS TOOL AND YOU WILL ANALYZE ALSO THE DATABASE STRUCTURE USED BY 4IME4RACKER



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Application Configuration )N THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO STRUCTURE AN APPLICATION INTO DIFFERENT LAYERS HOW TO TRANSFORM THE CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS IN USER STORIES THAT WILL BE THEN TRANSFORMED IN REAL CODE AND HOW TO DESIGN AND STRUCTURE THE DATA STORE USED BY THE APPLICATION )N THIS PART OF THE CHAPTER YOU WILL PREPARE THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  SOLUTION FOR THE 4IME4RACKER SOFTWARE INCLUDING THIRD PARTY RESOURCES AND COMPONENTS "Y THE END OF THE CHAPTER YOU SHOULD HAVE A WORKING 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  SOLUTION THAT WILL INCLUDE A SET OF PROJECTS AND A MAIN 70& STAND ALONE APPLICATION "UT BEFORE STARTING TO WRITE CODE YOU NEED TO PREPARE THE ENVIRONMENT FOR YOUR APPLICATION

6ISUAL 3TUDIO 3OLUTION 4HE FIRST THING YOU NEED TO DO IS TO OPEN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  AND CREATE A NEW APPLICATION IN THIS CASE A 70& APPLICATION THAT WILL BE THE REPOSITORY FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 4HE APPLICATION NAME IS !02%334IME4RACKER AND IT WILL BE THE STARTUP PROJECT OF THE 63 APPLICATION 4HE SECOND STEP IS TO SEPARATE THE CODE FROM THE RESOURCES AND THE TESTS RIGHT CLICK YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AND CHOOSE !DD ➤ .EW 3OLUTION &OLDER THIS COMMAND WILL CREATE A NEW FOLDER IN THE ROOT OF YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION 9OURE CREATING A REPOSITORY STRUCTURE IN YOUR SOLUTION SO THAT THE APPLICATION CODE WILL CONTAINED IN ONE FOLDER THE RESOURCES IN ANOTHER ONE AND THE TESTS AND THE DOCUMENTATION IN ANOTHER #REATE THE FOLDERS !PPLICATION ,IB 4EST AND $OCUMENTATION 4HESE TYPES OF FOLDERS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS SOLUTION FOLDERS AND THEY ARE VIRTUAL CONTAINERS THAT WILL HELP YOU KEEP THE SOLUTION TREE ORGANIZED !T THE END YOU SHOULD HAVE A 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION WITH ONE 70& !PPLICATION PROJECT NAMED !02%334IME4RACKER INSIDE THE FOLDER !PPLICATION AND THREE ADDITIONAL FOLDERS

Layers in TimeTracker !S ) SAID PREVIOUSLY THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION WILL BE COMPOSED OF SOME LAYERS THAT YOU HAVE ALREADY ANALYZED THE 5) LAYERS THAT ARE THE 70& APPLICATION A PRESENTATION LAYER THAT IS A CLASS LIBRARY PROJECT A BUSINESS LAYER A 7#& SERVICE AND AN %NTITY &RAMEWORK DATA ACCESS LAYER !LL THESE LAYERS WILL BE COVERED BY A UNIT TEST PROJECT ! MODELING PROJECT WILL THEN BE USED TO ANALYZE THE USER REQUIREMENTS AND TO DRAW THE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE 4ABLE   REPRESENTS THE ADDITIONAL PROJECTS YOU NEED TO ADD TO THE 70& SOLUTION INCLUDING THE NAME OF THE PROJECT THE PROJECT TYPE AND THE FOLDER THAT WILL CONTAIN THE PROJECT 4HE CODE USED IN THIS BOOK AND IN THE SAMPLE APPLICATION IS # SO REMEMBER THAT WHEN YOU REFER TO ANY PROJECT IN THE SOLUTION LIKE #LASS ,IBRARY 7#& 3ERVICE ,IBRARY AND 70& !PPLICATION YOU ALWAYS REFER TO THE PROJECT TEMPLATE UNDER THE TREE OF THE 6ISUAL # PROJECTS



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4ABLE   70& !PPLICATION 3TRUCTURE

Project name

Project Type

Folder

Layer Type

;!02%334IME4RACKER= "USINESS,AYER

# #LASS ,IBRARY

!PPLICATION

",,

;!02%334IME4RACKER= $ATA,AYER

# #LASS ,IBRARY

!PPLICATION

$!,

;!02%334IME4RACKER= 3ERVICE,AYER

7#& 3ERVICE ,IBRARY

!PPLICATION

",,

;!02%334IME4RACKER= 4EST

4EST 0ROJECT

4EST

4$$

;!02%334IME4RACKER= !RCHITECTURE

-ODELING 0ROJECT

$OCUMENTATION

5-,

%ACH LAYER HAS SOME SPECIFIC REFERENCES TO OTHER LAYERS AND COMPONENTS 4O ADD A NEW REFERENCE TO A PROJECT YOU SHOULD SELECT THE SOURCE PROJECT RIGHT CLICK THE PROJECT ICON AND CHOOSE !DD .EW 2EFERENCE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL OPEN THE !DD 2EFERENCE WINDOW THAT ALLOWS YOU CHOOSE A REFERENCE AN EXISTING PROJECT A THIRD PARTY $,, OR A .%4 ASSEMBLY INSTALLED ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE 7HEN YOU CHOOSE THE CONTEXT MENU ITEM !DD 2EFERENCE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL OPEN A TABBED WINDOW WITH THREE TABS 0ROJECTS #/- AND !SSEMBLIES "ASED ON THE TYPE OF COMPONENT YOU WANT TO REFERENCE YOU WILL HAVE TO CHOOSE ONE OF THESE TABS /N THE FIRST ONE 0ROJECTS YOU WILL ADD A REFERENCE TO ANOTHER PROJECT AVAILABLE IN THE SOLUTION AND ON THE SECOND ONE #/- YOU WILL ADD A REFERENCE TO A #/- OBJECT 7ITH THE THIRD ONE !SSEMBLY YOU WILL ADD A REFERENCE TO A .%4 ASSEMBLY COMPILED WITH THE SAME VERSION OF THE .%4 &RAMEWORK OR WITH A PREVIOUS VERSION &IGURE   SHOWS THE !DD 2EFERENCE WINDOW /N THE LEFT SIDE YOU CAN CHOOSE THE LOCATION OF YOUR REFERENCE WHILE ON THE RIGHT SIDE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SHOWS THE AVAILABLE REFERENCES BY LOCATION )F THE REFERENCE IS A THIRD PARTY $,, YOU CAN CLICK THE "ROWSE BUTTON AND LOCATE THE $,, FILE



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&IGURE   !DD 2EFERENCE WINDOW 4HE REFERENCE MAP SHOULD BE CREATED IN THE FOLLOWING WAY !02%334IME4RACKING 70& APP !02%334IME4RACKING7#& !02%334IME4RACKING"USINESS,AYER !02%334IME4RACKING$ATA,AYER !02%334IME4RACKING7#& !02%334IME4RACKING"USINESS,AYER !02%334IME4RACKING$ATA,AYER !02%334IME4RACKING$ATA,AYER .OTHING !02%334EST !02%334IME4RACKING !02%334IME4RACKING"USINESS,AYER !02%334IME4RACKING7#& !02%334IME4RACKING$ATA,AYER !DDITIONAL THIRD PARTY REFERENCES WILL BE ADDED BY THE DEVELOPER DURING THE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE &IGURE   DISPLAYS THE FINAL SOLUTION



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&IGURE   !PRESS APPLICATION LAYERS IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO

■ .OTE 4HE NAMING CONVENTION USED IN THIS BOOK MAY LOOK A LITTLE BIT VERBOSE 4HIS NAMING CONVENTION FOLLOWS THE )3/ STANDARD WHERE A NAMESPACE OR A PACKAGE *AVA SHOULD CONTAIN THREE PARTS DIVIDED BY A DOT THE COMPANY NAME THE APPLICATION NAME AND THE SPECIFIC LAYER NAME 4HIS CONVENTION IS USEFUL IF YOU WORK IN A BIG PROJECT THAT MAY HAVE  TO  LAYERS ! NAME LIKE !02%334IME4RACKING"USINESS,AYER IS MORE READABLE THAN !044",,

2ESOURCES AND 4HIRD 0ARTY #OMPONENTS )N 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  YOU CAN INCLUDE IN THE SOLUTION THE THIRD PARTY $,,S OR THE RESOURCES USED BY THE APPLICATION 4HIS MAY BE REALLY USEFUL ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE GOING TO MOVE THE SOLUTION TO A DIFFERENT LOCATION IN THE FILE SYSTEM OR IF YOU WANT TO TAKE THE SOLUTION WITH YOU ON A REMOVABLE DEVICE



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!DDING AN EXISTING FILE TO THE SOLUTION ROOT USING THE SOLUTION FOLDER DOESNT GUARANTEE YOU THAT THE FILE WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE SOLUTION FOLDER CREATED IN THE FILE SYSTEM &OR EXAMPLE IF IN THE SOLUTION IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO THERE IS A SOLUTION FOLDER CALLED LIB AND IN THIS FOLDER YOU ADDED AN EXISTING ITEM FROM THE FILE SYSTEM YOU WILL NOT FIND THE ITEM IN THE SAME LOCATION IN THE SOLUTION FOLDER IN THE FILE SYSTEM 4HEREFORE YOU WILL ADD THE NECESSARY THIRD PARTY REFERENCES TO YOUR SOLUTION BUT YOU WILL ALSO SAVE A COPY OF THEM IN THE FILE SYSTEM SO THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO CARRY WITH YOU ALL THE NECESSARY FILES RELATED TO THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION 2IGHT CLICK YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AND CHOOSE /PEN &OLDER IN 7INDOWS %XPLORER THIS COMMAND WILL OPEN THE ROOT FOLDER IN THE FILE SYSTEM THAT CONTAINS THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION !DD A FOLDER AND CALL IT ,IB INSIDE THIS FOLDER CREATE THREE ADDITIONAL FOLDERS RD0ARTY -ICROSOFT AND 2ESOURCES )F YOU HAVE ALREADY DOWNLOADED THE FILES MENTIONED IN THE h4OOLS AND 3OFTWAREv SECTION YOU SHOULD ALREADY HAVE ALL THE FILES AVAILABLE IN THE FILE SYSTEM OTHERWISE YOU SHOULD DOWNLOAD THEM NOW OR COPY THEM FROM THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AVAILABLE AT !PRESSCOM SIMPLY SEARCH FOR THE BOOK USING TITLE AUTHOR OR )3". THEN LOOK FOR THE "OOK 2ESOURCES TAB  -OVE THE %NTERPRISE ,IBRARY $,,S AVAILABLE IN THE INSTALLATION FOLDER YOU CREATED DURING THE SETUP OF THE %NTERPRISE ,IBRARY TO THE -ICROSOFT FOLDER MOVE !UTO-APPER AND 70&4OOLKIT TO THE RD0ARTY FOLDER AND MOVE THE ICONS OF YOUR APPLICATION TO THE 2ESOURCES FOLDER )F YOU OPEN NOW 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU WILL NOT FIND ANYTHING IN THE ,IB FOLDER AVAILABLE IN YOUR ROOT BECAUSE IT DOESNT POINT TO THE SAME LOCATION 4O REFLECT THE FILE SYSTEM STRUCTURE YOU SHOULD USE THE RIGHT CLICK MENU IN YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AND USE THE !DD 3OLUTION &OLDER COMMAND IN ORDER TO REFLECT THE SAME STRUCTURE YOU HAVE IN THE FILE SYSTEM 7HEN YOU ARE SET UP WITH THE STRUCTURE SELECT ONE OF THE CREATED FOLDERS RIGHT CLICK AND CHOOSE !DD %XISTING )TEM LOCATE THE $,, YOU WANT TO ADD TO YOUR 63 FOLDER AND CLICK !DD !T THE END OF THIS PROCESS THE STRUCTURE WILL LOOK LIKE &IGURE  

&IGURE   %XTERNAL ASSEMBLIES USED IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

How WPF Uses the Resources 2IGHT NOW YOU HAVE JUST ADDED SOME FILE TO A SOLUTION FOLDER BUT THIS DOESNT MEAN YOU CAN ACCESS THESE FILES DIRECTLY FROM YOUR 70& APPLICATION AS EXTERNAL RESOURCES )N THIS SPECIFIC CASE BECAUSE THEY ARE AN ASSEMBLYS FILES IN ORDER TO USE THEM YOU SHOULD ADD A REFERENCE TO THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROJECT THAT POINTS TO THE CORRESPONDING PHYSICAL $,, FILE )N OTHER SITUATIONS LIKE WITH THE IMAGES OR WITH THE ICONS USED IN A 70& APPLICATION YOU NEED TO USE A DIFFERENT APPROACH BECAUSE YOU WANT TO BE ABLE TO LOCALIZE THESE GRAPHIC FILES AS RESOURCES AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE APPLICATION



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4HE FIRST THING TO DO IS TO CREATE AN IMAGES FOLDER IN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROJECT CALLED !02%334IME4RACKING WHICH IS THE ROOT PROJECT OF THE APPLICATION AND WHICH IS ALSO THE 70& STAND ALONE PROJECT !FTER YOU CREATE THE FOLDER YOU NEED TO DRAG ALL THE DESIRED IMAGES AND ICONS INSIDE THIS FOLDER FROM THE FILE SYSTEM RIGHT CLICK EACH ONE SELECT 0ROPERTIES AND MARK THEM AS 2ESOURCES 4HE IMAGES USED IN THE APPLICATION ARE COMPOSED BY A SET OF FREE ICONS CALLED WOOFUNCTION AVAILABLE AT ffff^^cWT\TbR^\!((f^^Ud]RcX^] &'P\PiX]VfTQSTbXV]XR^]b THEY ARE JUST ONE OF THE HUNDREDS OF AVAILABLE ICONS SET ON THE 7EB 3TARTING FROM NOW YOUR 70& APPLICATION WILL BE ABLE TO LOCATE THEM USING THE UNIQUE PATH CONVENTION JU^[STaLJX\PVT ]P\TL &IGURE   SHOWS THE TWO STEPS DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY

&IGURE   !DDING RESOURCES IMAGES TO THE 70& APPLICATION !T THIS POINT YOU MAY BE WONDERING WHY YOU CREATED A FILE IN THE FILE SYSTEM ADDED THE FILE IN THE ROOT FOLDER OF YOUR APPLICATION WHEN YOU CREATED THE THIRD PARTY ASSEMBLY FOLDER AND THEN DRAGGED THE IMAGES TO A PROJECT FOLDER AND MARKED THEM AS RESOURCES 7ELL THE PROCEDURE IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE PREVIOUS ONE WHEN YOU ADD A FILE TO A ROOT FOLDER WHICH MEANS TO A SOLUTION FOLDER THE FILE WILL NOT DEPLOYED WITH THE APPLICATION JUST BECAUSE THAT FILE DOESNT REALLY EXIST ITS JUST A SHORTCUT TO THE PHYSICAL ONE )N THE OTHER METHOD WHEN YOU ADD A FILE TO A 70& PROJECT AND YOU MARK THE FILE AS RESOURCE THE FILE WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE FINAL COMPILED $,, OR %8% FILE 4HIS APPROACH IS USEFUL ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU DEPLOY YOUR APPLICATION BECAUSE YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT HOW TO MOVE THE EXTERNAL RESOURCES SUCH AS IMAGES AND ANIMATION USED BY YOUR 70& APPLICATION 4HESE TYPES OF RESOURCES CAN BE ACCESSED USING BOTH 8!-, OR # FILE 9OU CAN USE THE CODE IN ,ISTING   TO ACCESS RESOURCES AND IMAGES FROM THE SAME ASSEMBLY OR FROM A REFERENCED ASSEMBLY ,ISTING   (OW TO 5SE 2EFERENCED 2ESOURCES IN 70& + 5a^\ G0<; X] cWT bP\T _a^YTRc +8\PVT B^daRT,8\PVTb


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+ 5a^\ G0<; X] P] TgcTa]P[ _a^YTRc +8\PVT B^daRT,ATUTaT]RTS0bbT\Q[h*e  *R^\_^]T]c8\PVTb
■ .OTE 2ESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN 70& IS A COMPLEX TOPIC THAT WILL BE COVERED IN LATER CHAPTERS 9OU CAN USE RESOURCES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES AND ONE OF THEM IS TO REFERENCE PHYSICAL RESOURCES SUCH AS IMAGES AND VIDEOS 4HERE IS NOT REALLY A BEST PRACTICE ON HOW TO USE THE RESOURCES USUALLY IT IS PREFERRED TO USE THE RESOURCES IN A SEPARATE ASSEMBLY SO THAT THE STYLE OF THE APPLICATION CAN BE EASILY EXCHANGED WITH ANOTHER ONE

Summary "EFORE STARTING TO BUILD A 70& APPLICATION YOU SHOULD CONSIDER SOME FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES NEEDED IN THE APPLICATION AND SO ON 9OU CAN EASILY ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK USING THE 5-, TOOLS INTEGRATED WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  4HE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION WILL BE DESIGNED AS A THREE TIER APPLICATION THE FRONT END TIER IS COMPOSED OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC AND THE 5) IN 70& THE MIDDLE TIER IS COMPOSED OF A BUSINESS LAYER A 7#& 3ERVICE LAYER AND A DATA LAYER WITH THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK AND THE DATA TIER IS COMPOSED OF A 31, 3ERVER DATABASE



CHAPTER ■■■

Microsoft Expression Blend -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND IS AN APPLICATION PROVIDED BY -ICROSOFT TO OVERCOME THE SHORTCOMINGS OF 70& AND THE 3ILVERLIGHT DESIGNER INTEGRATED IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 4HE CURRENT VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  HAS A WELL DONE 70& INTEGRATED DESIGNER BUT THE PREVIOUS VERSION  LACKED A LOT OF FUNCTIONALITY !NOTHER REASON WE HAVE AN ADDITIONAL 70& DESIGNER IN "LEND IS BECAUSE 6ISUAL 3TUDIOS AUDIENCE IS MORE DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED WHILE "LENDS AUDIENCE IS MORE DESIGNER ORIENTED IN FACT THE TARGET AUDIENCE OF "LEND IS NOT THE APPLICATION DEVELOPER BUT THE APPLICATION DESIGNER 70& IS COMPOSED OF TWO LANGUAGES THE 8!-, MARKUP CODE WHICH IS USED TO CREATE THE 5) GRAPHICS AND EFFECTS AND THE CODE BEHIND CODE WHICH CAN BE # OR 6" .%4 4HE 5) AND TOOLS AVAILABLE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO ARE MORE DESIGNED FOR DEVELOPERS WHILE THE 5) AND THE WAY "LEND WORKS MAKES FOR A BETTER EXPERIENCE WITH 8!-, 7ITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IT IS EASIER TO MESS UP THE 8!-, MARKUP IF YOU START TO DRAG CONTROLS HERE AND THERE IN THE 5)ˆMAINLY BECAUSE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO THE 70& DESIGNER IS JUST ONE OF THE AVAILABLE TOOLS WHILE IN "LEND THE 70& IS THE MAIN TOOL AND HAS MORE FUNCTIONALITIES FROM A DESIGNER STANDPOINT )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL SEE HOW "LEND IS STRUCTURED HOW YOU CAN SWITCH A PROJECT FROM "LEND TO 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND VICE VERSA AND WHAT "LEND OFFERS TO PROVIDE A BETTER DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE FOR A 70& APPLICATION

Overview -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND  IS AVAILABLE AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbbX^]_a^SdRcb Q[T]SN^eTaeXTfPb_g YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE TRIAL VERSION AND USE IT FOR  DAYS FOR FREE OR YOU CAN BUY IT THROUGH THE -ICROSOFT WEB SITE %XPRESSION "LEND IS AVAILABLE IN THE 5LTIMATE VERSION OF -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION 3TUDIO WHICH ALSO INCLUDES THE 3KETCH&LOW PLUG IN IT IS NOT SOLD SEPARATELY ANYMORE AND IT IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE 0ROFESSIONAL EDITION )T IS ALSO PART OF THE -3$. 5LTIMATE SUBSCRIPTION WHICH GIVES YOU AN AWFUL LOT OF EXTRA STUFF %XPRESSION "LEND IS A GRAPHICAL TOOL THAT USES THE 0# HARDWARE RESOURCES SUCH AS THE MEMORY AND GRAPHIC CARD EXTENSIVELY FOR THIS REASON IT COMES WITH CERTAIN HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AS DESCRIBED IN 4ABLE  



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

4ABLE   %XPRESSION "LEND (ARDWARE 2EQUIREMENTS

Hardware

Minimum

/3

7INDOWS 80 30

#05 

'(Z

2!- 

'B

'05

$IRECT X  -B

%XPRESSION "LEND  HAS BEEN RELEASED WITH A LOT OF NEW FEATURES THAT MAKE IT THE PERFECT TOOL FOR 8!-, DESIGNERS WHO WANT TO LEARN QUICKLY HOW TO MAKE COOL 8!-, 5) EFFECTS OR HOW TO BUILD COMPLEX 8!-, 5) LAYOUTS 4HE FOLLOWING LIST HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS OF "LEND  AS PER THE "LEND WEB SITE v

3KETCH&LOW 4HIS IS A PLUG IN FOR "LEND THAT ALLOWS YOU TO BUILD DYNAMIC MOCK UP APPLICATIONS FOR 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT THAT LOOK LIKE THEYRE HAND DRAWN

v

)MPORT "LEND  CAN IMPORT FILES FROM GRAPHIC SOFTWARE SUCH AS !DOBE 0HOTOSHOP OR !DOBE )LLUSTRATOR WITHOUT LOSING THE STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL FILE IN OTHER WORDS THE LAYERS AND STYLES 

v

"EHAVIORS 4HESE ARE A NEW CONCEPT IN "LEND BEHAVIORS REPRESENT GRAPHIC ANIMATION AND BEHAVIORS THAT ARE EASY TO USE BUT THAT BRING COOL FEATURES TO YOUR 5)

v

3AMPLE DATA "LEND  IS ABLE TO PROVIDE SAMPLE DATA TO YOUR 5) WHICH WILL REFLECT THE STRUCTURE OF THE FINAL 3PcP2^]cTgc IN THIS WAY THE DESIGNER IS ABLE TO VIEW THE FINAL RESULT AT DESIGN TIME WITHOUT NEEDING TO EXECUTE THE 5) CONTROLS THROUGH A 70& APPLICATION

v

4RANSITIONS "LEND ALLOWS YOU TO BUILD COOL TRANSITIONS TO MOVE FROM ONE VIEW TO ANOTHER WITH AN INTEGRATED SET OF DEFAULT TRANSITIONS

v

)NTELLI3ENSE "OTH 8!-, AND # CAN BE EDITED IN "LEND WITH THE HELP OF THE WELL CRAFTED )NTELLI3ENSE FEATURE

v

3TYLING AND TEMPLATES 9OU CAN NAVIGATE THROUGH THE CONTROL TEMPLATE AND CHANGE ITS LAYOUT BY CREATING NEW TEMPLATES AND STYLES WITHOUT WRITING ANY 8!-, MARKUP

%XPRESSION "LEND WOULD NEED AN ENTIRE BOOK JUST TO EXPLAIN HOW IT WORKS AND HOW MANY THINGS YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH WITH IT IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET AN OVERVIEW OF THE 70& FEATURES AVAILABLE IN THIS TOOL AND YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO START USING ITS )$% ) SUGGEST YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THE TONS OF ONLINE TUTORIALS AVAILABLE ON THE )NTERNET AND CHECK OUT THE !PRESS BOOK 0RO %XPRESSION "LEND  IF YOU PLAN ON LEARNING MORE ABOUT THIS AMAZING TOOL



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

Blend Workspace %XPRESSION "LEND HAS AN INTERESTING DARK GRAY )$% THAT IS ENTIRELY BUILT IN 70& BEHIND THE SCENES ALL THE PANELS TOOLBOXES AND TAB CONTROLS AVAILABLE IN "LEND ARE NOTHING MORE THAN 70& CONTROLS ORCHESTRATED WITH THE -ANAGED %XTENSIBILITY &RAMEWORK -%& BIND USING THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL -66PATTERN !S SOON AS YOU OPEN %XPRESSION "LEND FOR THE FIRST TIME YOU WILL BE PROMPT BY A SMALL START PAGE WITH THREE TABS 0ROJECTS (ELP AND 3AMPLES AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   %XPRESSION "LEND STARTUP PAGE 4HE 0ROJECT TAB CONTAINS THE LATEST PROJECTS YOU WORKED ON PLUS TWO SHORTCUTSˆONE TO OPEN A NEW PROJECT AND ONE TO OPEN AN EXISTING PROJECT NOT LISTED IN THE RECENT ITEMS LIST /N THE (ELP TAB YOU CAN FIND SHORTCUTS TO THE HELP SYSTEM INTEGRATED IN "LEND AND LINKS TO THE ONLINE TUTORIALS AND COMMUNITY -3$.  &INALLY THE 3AMPLES TAB HAS A LIST OF LINKS TO THE SAMPLE PROJECTS INSTALLED ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE AND BUILT USING 3KETCH&LOW 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT 4HESE PROJECTS SHOW YOU MOST OF THE COOL FEATURES AVAILABLE IN "LEND YOU CAN OPEN ANY SAMPLE AND RUN IT BY SIMPLY CLICKING & )F YOU CHOOSE TO CREATE A NEW PROJECT "LEND WILL OPEN A .EW 0ROJECT WINDOW THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CHOOSE FROM A VARIETY OF 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT PROJECTS DEPENDING ON THE PLUG IN OR 3$+ INSTALLED ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE YOU MAY OR MAY NOT ABLE TO SEE SOME SPECIFIC PROJECT TEMPLATES SUCH AS THE 70& 2IBBON PROJECT TEMPLATE OR THE 7INDOWS 0HONE  PROJECT TEMPLATE &IGURE   SHOWS THE .EW 0ROJECT WINDOW



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&IGURE   %XPRESSION "LENDS .EW 0ROJECT WINDOW

7ORKSPACE 0ANELS 4HE WORKSPACE AREA OF "LEND IS COMPOSED OF PANELS TOOLBARS DESIGN AREAS AND STORYBOARDS 4HESE ENTIRE PANELS CAN MOVED AROUND THE WORKSPACE CLOSED OR TEMPORARY HIDDEN BASED ON THE WORK YOU ARE DOING SUCH AS DESIGNING A COMPONENT OR WRITING CUSTOM 8!-, MARKUP 4HE "LEND WORKSPACE ALSO HAS FOUR MAJOR REGIONS THAT CAN BE RESIZED AND HIDDEN INDEPENDENTLY !S SOON AS YOU RESIZE A SPECIFIC REGION ALL THE PANELS INSIDE THE REGION WILL BE RESIZED TOO &IGURE   SHOWS HOW THIS CONCEPT WORKS IN THE "LEND WORKSPACE



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

&IGURE   "LEND WORKSPACES RESIZABLE REGIONS 7HEN A PANEL IS DRAGGED OR ADDED TO A SPECIFIC REGION THE PANELS SHAPE CHANGES AND BECOMES A TABBED PANEL SHAPE ! TABBED PANEL DIFFERS FROM A FLOATING PANEL BECAUSE THE HEADER OF THE PANEL IS DISPLAYED IN A DIFFERENT WAY BY HIDING THE PIN ICON )F YOU DRAG A PANEL OUTSIDE THE REGION IT IS CONTAINED IN IT WILL TAKE ON A RECTANGULAR SHAPE AND STILL INCLUDE THE TABBED HEADER BUT IT WILL HAVE THE CLOSE AND PIN ICONS IN THE RIGHT CORNER INSTEAD OF HAVING THEM ON THE TAB HEADER !S SHOWN IN &IGURE   THERE IS A REGION OF "LEND THAT HAS A PANEL GROUP CONTAINING A SET OF PANELS THE SECOND RECTANGLE SHOWS A REGION GROUP WHICH IS FLOATING IN THE "LENDS WORKSPACE 9OU CAN MAKE A GROUP OR PANEL FLOAT BY SIMPLY DRAGGING IT SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE THE CONTAINING REGION

&IGURE   4ABBED PANEL AND FLOATING PANEL WITH PANEL GROUP



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9OU CAN MOVE AND CHANGE THE "LEND PANELS USING SOME SIMPLE )$% SHORTCUTS v

$OUBLE CLICK A PANELS HEADER TO MAKE THE PANEL FLOATING OR TABBED DEPENDING ON ITS POSITION IN THE WORKSPACE

v

4URN OFFON THE AUTOHIDE OPTION OF A PANEL BY CLICKING THE PIN ICON

v

0RESS & TO SHOW OR HIDE ALL THE PANELS LOADED IN THE WORKSPACE

v

$RAG PANELS AROUND THE WORKSPACE UNTIL A BLUE BORDER IS VISIBLE THAT BLUE BORDER REPRESENTS THE REGION OR PANEL GROUP THAT WILL INCLUDE YOUR CURRENT PANEL

v

$RAG THE TABS WITHIN THE SAME PANEL GROUP TO RE ORDER THE TABS

■ .OTE 4HE WORKSPACE OF %XPRESSION "LEND IS COMPOSED OF A VERY RICH SET OF TOOLBOXES AND PANELS THAT WILL NOT BE EXAMINED IN THIS CHAPTER BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THE PRIMARY TOPIC OF THIS BOOK 9OU CAN SEE A MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION OF EACH OF THESE PANELS BY READING THE ARTICLES AT THE %XPRESSION "LEND WEB SITE Wcc_)Tg_aTbbX^]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah 

Drawing 7HEN YOU BUILD A NEW 70& APPLICATION YOU MAY NEED TO DRAW CUSTOM SHAPES OR IMPORT EXISTING ART THAT WILL MAKE UP THE FINAL 5) OF YOUR APPLICATION %XPRESSION "LEND IS THE GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR 8!-, 5) APPLICATIONS SUCH AS 70& 3ILVERLIGHT OR 7INDOWS 0HONE  FOR THIS REASON IT MAKES IT EASIER FOR YOU TO DESIGN 8!-, ELEMENTS IN THOSE APPLICATIONS 9OU SHOULD KEEP IN MIND THAT "LEND IS NOT FOR VECTOR GRAPHIC IMAGES SO IF YOU HAVE TO CREATE COMPLEX GRAPHIC IMAGES USING VECTOR GRAPHICS YOU MAY CONSIDER USING SOFTWARE SUCH AS !DOBE )LLUSTRATOR OR %XPRESSION $ESIGN

■ .OTE 6ECTOR GRAPHICS ARE IMAGES COMPOSED OF A SET OF LINES POINTS AND CURVES WHILE RASTER IMAGES ARE IMAGES COMPOSED OF SQUARE PIXELS ! CLASSIC RASTER TYPE IS THE BITMAP FOR EXAMPLE 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TYPES OF IMAGE IS IN HOW THEY ARE DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN ! VECTOR IMAGE WILL APPEAR THE SAME WITHOUT LOSING QUALITY AT ANY SCREEN RESOLUTION WHILE A RASTER IMAGE WILL LOSE QUALITY AS SOON AS YOU TRY TO RESIZE IT

)N %XPRESSION "LEND YOU HAVE TWO OPTIONS TO DESIGN A NEW SHAPE YOU CAN USE ONE OF THE AVAILABLE PREDEFINED SHAPES OR YOU CAN CREATE YOUR OWN SHAPE BY DEFINING ITS PATH OR MODIFYING THE PATH OF A PREDEFINED SHAPE



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

3HAPES AND /BJECTS 4O DRAW A SHAPE OR PREDEFINED OBJECT IN "LEND YOU NEED TO OPEN THE !SSET PANEL AND FIND THE 3HAPE NODE !FTER YOU SELECT THIS NODE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PANEL "LEND WILL SHOW YOU A PREDEFINED SET OF SHAPES AMONG WHICH YOU CAN FIND COMMON GEOMETRICAL SHAPES SUCH AS ARROWS SQUARES RECTANGLES AND LINES 3TARTING FROM THIS SET OF BASIC SHAPES YOU CAN EASILY CREATE ANY GEOMETRICAL OBJECT &IGURE   SHOWS A SESSION OF "LEND WITH THE (EXAGON SHAPE THAT HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A $ CUBE IN THREE EASY STEPS

&IGURE   $ CUBE CREATION PROCESS USING SIMPLE SHAPES )F THE SHAPE YOU ARE WORKING WITH DOESNT SATISFY YOUR REQUIREMENTS YOU CAN TRANSFORM THE SHAPE BY MODIFYING THE POINTS OF THE PATH IN ORDER TO CREATE A NEW SHAPE 4HE PATH CAN BE CONSIDERED PART OF THE SHAPE OR A NEW SHAPE



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

7HEN YOU PLAY WITH THE PATHS YOU CAN OBTAIN DIFFERENT RESULTS DEPENDING ON WHAT YOU DO WITH THE PATHS THE FOLLOWING LIST REPRESENTS THE AVAILABLE RESULTS YOU CAN OBTAIN BY COMBINING TWO OR MORE PATHS v

5NITE 4HE RESULTING SHAPE IS THE UNION OF THE TWO ORIGINAL SHAPES

v

$IVIDE 4HE RESULTING SHAPE IS A SET OF SHAPES COMPOSED OF THE COMMON PART OF THE SHAPES AND THE REMAINING PARTS

v

)NTERSECT 4HE RESULTING SHAPE IS COMPOSED ONLY OF THE OVERLAPPING AREA OF THE ORIGINAL SHAPES

v

%XCLUDE /VERLAP 4HIS SHAPE IS THE OPPOSITE RESULT OF AN )NTERSECT OPERATION

v

%XTRACT 4HIS OPERATION CUTS OUT THE LAST SELECTED SHAPE FROM THE FIRST SELECTED SHAPE

4O EXECUTE ONE OF THESE COMMANDS YOU MUST SELECT ONE OR MORE OBJECT IN THE DESIGNER SURFACE THEN SELECT /BJECT ➤ #OMBINE AND SELECT THE COMMAND YOU WANT TO EXECUTE

4EXT AND 4EXT %FFECTS %XPRESSION "LEND OFFERS A SET OF PREDEFINED CONTROLS TO DISPLAY TEXT IN A 70& APPLICATION THESE CONTROLS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE 8!-, MARKUP AND ARE COMPOSED OF READ ONLY CONTROLS EDITABLE CONTROLS AND OTHER TYPE OF TEXT CONTROLS 4HE MOST COMMONLY USED CONTROLS ARE CTgc1^g FOR EDITING TEXT CTgc1[^RZ AND ;PQT[ TO DISPLAY READ ONLY TEXT AND AXRWCTgc1^g AND 3^Rd\T]c?PVTEXTf TO DISPLAY COMPLEX FORMATTED TEXT )F YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED WITH AN EXISTING CONTROL LAYOUT OR STYLE YOU CAN ALWAYS EDIT THE CONTROL AND CHANGE THE CURRENT TEMPLATE OR YOU CAN CREATE A NEW CONTROL THAT WILL DISPLAY THE TEXT IN A FASHION CLOSER TO YOUR DESIGN NEEDS

■ .OTE )N THE )$% OF %XPRESSION "LEND YOU CAN MODIFY THE TEXT CONTENT OF ANY CONTROL ON THE FLY BY SIMPLY PRESSING & WHEN THE CONTROL IS SELECTED 4HE SAME SHORTCUT APPLIED IN 7INDOWS TO A SELECTED FILE OR FOLDER WILL ALLOW YOU TO RENAME THAT OBJECT

3OME CONTROLS SUCH AS THE CTgc1^g OR ?Pbbf^aS1^g CONTROL CAN BE MODIFIED AT RUNTIME BY USER INTERACTION IN %XPRESSION "LEND YOU CAN AVOID THIS BEHAVIOR BY CHANGING THE READ ONLY PROPERTY OF THE CONTROL TO cadT



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

7ITH %XPRESSION "LEND YOU CAN CONTROL HOW THE TEXT IS DISPLAYED IN YOUR 70& APPLICATION AND ALSO HOW IT WILL BEHAVE AND REACT TO THE USER ACTIVITY 4HE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON OPERATIONS YOU CAN DO WITH A TEXT OBJECT USING "LEND v

9OU CAN EMBED FONTS AND STYLE "LEND CAN HELP YOU INCLUDE A CUSTOM FONT IN YOUR 70& APPLICATION

v

9OU CAN FORMAT TEXT IN VARIOUS STYLES &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN FORMAT A PARAGRAPH CREATE BULLETED AND NUMBERED LISTS AND MAKE THE TEXT BOLD ITALICS UNDERLINED AND MORE (OWEVER THIS DEPENDS ON THE CONTROL TYPE FOR INSTANCE YOU CANT UNDERLINE A ?Pbbf^aS1^g CONTROL

v

9OU CAN CHOOSE TWO SOLUTIONS WITH PATHS 9OU CAN TRANSFORM YOUR TEXT AS A VECTOR PATH OR MAKE YOUR TEXT GO AROUND AN EXISTING PATH

!S YOU CAN SEE "LEND ALLOWS YOU TO EASILY CUSTOMIZE YOUR TEXT IN A VARIETY OF WAYS WITHOUT NEEDING TO WRITE CUSTOM 8!-,

Animations !N OBJECT ANIMATION IS COMPOSED OF A SEQUENCE OF IMAGES WITH EACH INTERPOLATED TO THE NEXT ONE THAT WHEN PLAYED SEQUENTIALLY CREATES THE ILLUSION OF ANIMATION %XPRESSION "LEND USES THE CONCEPT OF STORYBOARD WHICH IS A PREDEFINED SEQUENCE OF STEPS %ACH STEP CAN BE IDENTIFIED AS A KEYFRAME 4O EXECUTE AN ANIMATION YOU WILL NEED AT LEAST TWO KEYFRAMES ON YOUR TIMELINE AND WILL NEED TO DEFINE WHAT IS GOING TO CHANGE ON AN OBJECT BETWEEN THESE TWO KEYFRAMES THEN "LEND WILL INTERPOLATE THE CHANGES IN THE TIMELINE IN ORDER TO MAKE THE ANIMATION MORE REALISTIC %XPRESSION "LEND IN ORDER TO SAVE MEMORY AND KEEP THE ANIMATION SMALL IN SIZE DOESNT SAVE AN INTERPOLATED IMAGE OF THE CHANGE IN EVERY FRAME 5NLIKE OTHER COMPLEX ANIMATION SOFTWARE "LEND SIMPLY ASKS YOU FOR THE KEYFRAMES WHERE THE ANIMATION WILL HAPPEN AND WHAT PROPERTIES WILL BE CHANGED IT WILL THEN SMOOTH THE CHANGES BY SPREADING THE CHANGE OVER ALL THE AFFECTED FRAMES )N "LEND YOU CAN CREATE AN ANIMATION BY USING A STORYBOARD AS SHOWN IN &IGURE   BY USING THE 8!-, CODE OR BY SIMPLY USING THE NEW CONCEPT OF BEHAVIORS WITH A PREDEFINED ANIMATION



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

&IGURE   4RIGGER CREATED IN %XPRESSION "LEND )F YOU PLAN TO USE ANIMATIONS IN YOUR 70& APPLICATION YOU MAY NEED TO CONSIDER SOME DESIGN FACTORS &OR EXAMPLE IT MAY NOT LOOK PROFESSIONAL TO HAVE AN ACCOUNTING APPLICATION THAT EXPOSES BUTTON WITH FANCY ANIMATIONS OR IT MAY BE WEIRD TO HAVE A CLASSIC DATA ENTRY APPLICATION THAT EXECUTES CUSTOM ANIMATIONS "EFORE CREATING A CUSTOM ANIMATION YOU SHOULD LOOK AT TRANSITIONS 9OU CAN PLAY TRANSITIONS BETWEEN SCREENS BY USING THE VISUAL STATE MANAGER

Styling and Templating Controls )N 70& YOU HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CHANGING THE WAY A CONTROL LOOKS YOU CAN START BY MODIFYING THE PROPERTIES OF A CONTROL BUT THE PROBLEM WITH THIS SOLUTION IS THAT YOU WOULD HAVE TO REPEAT THE SAME STEPS FOR EVERY CONTROL OF THE SAME TYPE 4HE NEXT WAY WOULD BE TO CREATE A STYLE AND APPLY IT TO A SPECIFIC CONTROL BUT THAT MAY STILL NOT BE ENOUGH YET FOR YOU TO CREATE THE LOOK YOU WANT 4HE FINAL AND MOST



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

ADVANCED SOLUTION OF CREATING A CUSTOM CONTROL IS TO MODIFY THE TEMPLATE OF AN EXISTING ONE 9OU CAN EASILY ACCOMPLISH EACH OF THESE STEPS USING THE %XPRESSION "LEND 5)

-ODIFYING 0ROPERTIES %VERY TIME YOU SELECT AN OBJECT IN %XPRESSION "LEND THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL ADAPTS TO THE CURRENT SELECTED ITEM IN THE DESIGNER )N THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL YOU HAVE ACCESS TO THE MOST COMMON PROPERTIES OF THE SELECTED OBJECT YOU CAN MODIFY THESE PROPERTIES TO CHANGE HOW THE SELECTED OBJECT LOOKS &IGURE   SHOWS THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL FOR A 1dcc^] CONTROL SELECTED IN THE DESIGNER

&IGURE   4HE 0ROPERTIES PANEL



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4HE 0ROPERTIES PANEL IS CONTEXT SENSITIVE )N OTHER WORDS BASED ON THE CONTROL YOU SELECT THE PANEL WILL DISPLAY A SPECIFIC SET OF GROUP PANELS EACH ONE CONTAINING A SPECIFIC SET OF VISUAL PROPERTIES GROUPED BY CATEGORY )N THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL YOU CAN MODIFY ALMOST EVERY PROPERTY OF AN OBJECT 4HE FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST COMMON PROPERTIES THAT CAN BE MODIFIED IN THIS PANEL v

4HE NAME OF THE CONTROL

v

"RUSHES COLOR BORDER COLOR FILLING GRADIENT FILLING AND PATTERN FILLING

v

!PPEARANCE BORDER AND VARIOUS EFFECTS SHADOW BLUR AND MORE

v

,AYOUT POSITION ON THE SCREEN AND ALIGNMENT

v

4EXT

v

4RANSFORM SCALE AND ROTATION

v

-ISCELLANEOUS

v

#OMMON PROPERTIES

!LL THE PROPERTIES EXPOSED IN THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL CAN BE ALSO MODIFIED USING 8!-,

#REATING 3TYLES 4HE PROCESS OF CREATING A CUSTOM CONTROL CAN BE VERY COMPLEX IT CAN REQUIRE A LOT OF STEPS WHICH CAN BE TIME CONSUMING IF YOU HAVE TO APPLY ALL THESE CHANGES TO ANOTHER CONTROL OF THE SAME TYPE ,ETS ASSUME FOR EXAMPLE THAT YOU WANT TO CUSTOMIZE THE CLASSIC 1dcc^] CONTROL OF A 70& APPLICATION BY ADDING A CUSTOM SHADOW A CUSTOM FONT A CUSTOM BORDER AND A CUSTOM BACKGROUND COLOR !FTER YOU FIGURE OUT WHAT THE CONTROL WILL LOOK LIKE YOU HAVE TO APPLY THE SAME STYLE TO ALL THE 1dcc^] CONTROLS AVAILABLE IN YOUR APPLICATION 3O THE FIRST YOU NEED TO DO TO CREATE A STYLE FOR A SPECIFIC CONTROL TYPE IS TO DRAG THE CONTROL YOU WANT TO EDIT SUCH AS A 1dcc^] INTO THE DESIGNER !FTER YOU PLACE THE CONTROL IN THE DESIGNER YOU NEED TO MODIFY THE CONTROL TEMPLATE BY CREATING YOUR CUSTOM CONTROL TEMPLATE AND THEN DECIDE WHERE TO STORE IT THE BEST PLACE IS USUALLY A CUSTOM DICTIONARY OR THE APPLICATION RESOURCES SO THAT YOU CAN EASILY GRAB THE NEW STYLE TO USE IN ANOTHER CONTROL !T THIS POINT AS SHOWN IN &IGURE   YOU CAN START CREATING YOUR CUSTOM STYLE



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

&IGURE   3TANDARD "UTTON AND "UTTON WITH A CUSTOM TEMPLATE 4HE FIGURE SHOWS THAT THE CUSTOM TEMPLATE IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE CURRENT 8!-, WINDOW BECAUSE YOU HAVE TOLD "LEND TO SAVE IT IN A GLOBAL RESOURCE DICTIONARY THAT WILL BE USED ACROSS THE 70& APPLICATION &INALLY IF YOU WANT TO APPLY THE SAME STYLE TO THE SECOND CONTROL YOU CAN USE THE CODE DISPLAYED IN &IGURE   CT\_[PcT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 1dcc^]Bch[Tl WHERE 1dcc^]Bch[T IS THE NAME OF THE NEWLY CREATED STYLE !LTERNATIVELY YOU CAN SELECT THE NEW CONTROL CHOOSE %DIT 4EMPLATE ➤ !PPLY 2ESOURCE FROM THE "LEND MENU AND SELECT THE NEWLY CREATED STYLE #REATING NEW STYLES OR NEW CONTROL TEMPLATES IS A VERY USEFUL TASK IN "LEND BECAUSE YOU CAN EASILY CREATE A SET OF CUSTOM STYLES FOR YOU CONTROLS SAVE THEM IN A CUSTOM DICTIONARY AND HAVE A NEW THEME FOR YOUR APPLICATION 9OU CAN THEN SWITCH TO A DIFFERENT THEME RESOURCE DICTIONARY AND CHANGE THE WHOLE 5) LOOK IN A FEW LINES OF CODE



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

■ .OTE #REATING STYLES AND CONTROL TEMPLATES CAN BE TIME CONSUMING AND IT REQUIRES A DEEP KNOWLEDGE OF HOW THE CONTROLS ARE STRUCTURED IN 70& IF YOU DONT HAVE TIME OR YOU HAVENT MASTERED THE 70& CONTROLS SET YOU CAN ALWAYS GO TO THE "LEND COMMUNITY WEB SITE AND DOWNLOAD ONE OF THE AVAILABLE STYLES FOR 70& Wcc_)VP[[Tah Tg_aTbbX^]\XRa^b^UcR^\ 

Design-Time Data /NE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING ASPECTS OF WORKING WITH 70& AND OTHER 5) TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS 3ILVERLIGHT 7INDOWS &ORMS AND !30.%4 IS GETTING A PREVIEW OF HOW THE DATA WILL APPEAR AT RUNTIME BY THE APPLICATION 7ELL IF YOU DRAW A SET OF PREDEFINED 5) CONTROLS IN A PANEL SUCH AS CTgc1^g AND ;PQT[ CONTROLS THE FINAL RESULT WILL BE PRETTY OBVIOUS BUT AS SOON AS YOU START TO WORK WITH TEMPLATES AND CUSTOM VISUAL STYLES THE TASK WILL BECAME MORE CHALLENGING %XPRESSION "LEND HAS A FEATURE CALLED BLENDABILITY AND THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE A CUSTOM 3PcP2^]cTgc SPECIFICALLY A DESIGN 3PcP2^]cTgc WHICH REFLECTS THE REAL DATA BUT CAN BE DISPLAYED BY "LEND OR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WHILE YOU ARE DESIGNING YOUR 5) SO THAT YOU CAN VIEW RIGHT AWAY HOW THE FINAL 5) WILL LOOK )F YOU WANT TO CREATE A CUSTOM DATA SOURCE THE PANEL YOU ARE INTERESTED IN IS THE $ATA PANEL DISPLAYED IN &IGURE   7ITH THIS PANEL YOU CAN CREATE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA SOURCES THAT WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT USER CONTROL WINDOW OR APPLICATION v

8-, DATA SOURCE 9OU CAN CREATE THIS TYPE OF DATA SOURCE BY BINDING THE 5) TO AN EXISTING 8-, FILE THAT CONTAINS STRUCTURE DATA

v

/BJECT DATA SOURCE !N OBJECT DATA SOURCE IS A DATA SOURCE THAT EXPOSES AN EXISTING OBJECT AVAILABLE FROM A # OR 6" .%4 CLASS

v

3AMPLE DATA SOURCE ! SAMPLE DATA SOURCE IS AN OBJECT THAT YOU CREATE ON THE FLY WITHIN THE "LEND APPLICATION AND THAT WILL BE POPULATED WITH DUMMY DATA BY "LEND FOR YOU IN A CUSTOM FILE ATTACHED TO THE APPLICATION



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

&IGURE   #USTOM SAMPLE DATA SOURCE WITH DESIGN TIME RENDERING !FTER YOU CREATE YOUR CUSTOM DATA SOURCE WITH THE $ATA PANEL YOU CAN START DRAGGING THE DATA INTO THE DESIGNER SURFACE OF YOUR 70& APPLICATION AND LIKE MAGIC %XPRESSION "LEND WILL DO THE REST FOR YOU "LEND ALLOWS YOU TO DEFINE SPECIFIC TYPES OF DUMMY DATA SUCH AS A SET OF PREDEFINED STRINGS #OMPANY .AME !DDRESS %MAIL OR A SET OF OTHER DATA TYPES 0RICES !MOUNT 0ERCENTAGE  THAT WAY YOU DONT NEED TO STRUGGLE BY GENERATING CUSTOM DATA JUST TO DESIGN YOUR CONTROLS

■ .OTE $ESIGN DATA IS A VERY COOL FEATURE OF %XPRESSION "LEND IF YOU ARE WORKING WITH OTHER DEVELOPERS ON A 70& APPLICATION AND YOUR PRIMARY ROLE IS TO DEVELOP THE 5) OF THE APPLICATION YOU WILL NOT NEED TO WAIT FOR OTHER DEVELOPERS UNTIL THE REAL DATA IS AVAILABLE IN ORDER TO TEST YOUR 5) THE ONLY CONSTRAINT YOU WILL HAVE IS THAT YOUR SAMPLE DATA STRUCTURE MUST MATCH THE FINAL DATA STRUCTURE PROVIDED BY THE PRESENTATION LAYER



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

SketchFlow and the Mockups "UILDING A 5) APPLICATION IS A TIME CONSUMING TASK AND OFTEN YOU DONT HAVE THE TIME TO PROTOTYPE YOUR ENTIRE APPLICATION BEFORE MEETING WITH THE CUSTOMER WHO REQUESTED THE APPLICATION !T THE SAME TIME CREATING THE ENTIRE 5) BEFORE MEETING THE CUSTOMER CAN BE A BIG RISK ESPECIALLY IF THE CREATION WILL KEEP YOU BUSY FOR WHILE /THER TIMES YOU MAY NOT KNOW YET HOW THE 5) WILL LOOK BUT YOU STILL NEED TO PRESENT THE CUSTOMER WITH A MOCK UP 5) THAT REPRESENTS THE SKELETON OF THE REAL APPLICATION 7HEN YOU PURCHASE THE FULL PACKAGE OF %XPRESSION 3TUDIO 5LTIMATE YOU WILL GET -ICROSOFT %XPRESSION "LEND WITH AN ADDITIONAL PLUG IN CALLED 3KETCH&LOW WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE A FULLY FUNCTIONAL 70& OR 3ILVERLIGHT APPLICATION WITH MOCK UPS THAT LOOK PENCIL DRAWN &IGURE   SHOWS A SAMPLE 70& APPLICATION BUILT IN 3KETCH&LOW THAT IS AVAILABLE IN ONE OF THE SAMPLE APPLICATIONS DELIVERED WITH "LEND 

&IGURE   -OCK UP 70& APPLICATION WITH 3KETCH&LOW



#(!04%2  ■ -)#2/3/&4 %802%33)/. ",%.$

7ITH 3KETCH&LOW YOU CAN DO ALMOST EVERYTHING YOU DO IN A NORMAL 70&3ILVERLIGHT APPLICATION 9OU WILL BE ABLE TO DELIVER A MOCK UP OF YOUR APPLICATION IN A FEW HOURS TO THE CUSTOMER AND RECEIVE DYNAMIC FEEDBACK FROM THE CUSTOMERS INTERACTION WITH THE 3KETCH&LOW MOCK UP 3KETCH&LOW  ALLOWS YOU TO DO THE FOLLOWING v

9OU CAN CREATE AN APPLICATION FLOW COMPOSED OF A SET OF VIEWS THAT INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER USING CUSTOM TRIGGERS OR OTHER TYPES OF INTERACTIONS

v

9OU CAN ADD ALMOST ANY OF THE AVAILABLE 70& CONTROLS BUT WITH A FANCY DRAW STYLE APPLIED TO THEM WHICH WILL RESULT IN A MOCKED UP 5) APPLICATION

v

9OU CAN DISPLAY IN THE MOCK UP REAL DATA OR DUMMY DATA USING THE SAMPLE DATA CREATION PROCESS YOU WOULD USE FOR A NORMAL 70& APPLICATION

v

9OU CAN PROVIDE A SAMPLE PLAYER TO THE CUSTOMER THAT WILL ADD FEEDBACK NOTES AND EDITS OVER YOUR MOCK UP

v

9OU CAN EXPORT AND TRANSFORM IN A FEW CLICKS THE CREATED MOCK UP INTO A REAL 70& APPLICATION

Summary )N THIS CHAPTER YOU GOT AN OVERVIEW OF HOW "LEND WORKS AND HOW IT CAN HELP YOU PRODUCE FASTER AND MORE RELIABLE 8!-, CODE JUST BY DRAGGING CONTROLS INTO A DESIGNER SURFACE -ICROSOFT "LEND IS COMPOSED OF A PLUGGABLE )$% THAT CAN BE EASILY CUSTOMIZED DEPENDING ON WHAT YOU ARE DOING SUCH AS DESIGNING CONTROLS CUSTOMIZING 5) WRITING 8!-, AND CREATING ANIMATIONS %XPRESSION "LEND IS A VECTOR TOOL THAT TRANSLATES WHATEVER YOU ARE ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH WITH ITS DESIGNER INTO 8!-, CODE COMPATIBLE FOR 70& 3ILVERLIGHT AND 7INDOWS 0HONE  APPLICATIONS 7ITH %XPRESSION "LEND YOU CAN CREATE CUSTOM CONTROL STYLES CHANGE PROPERTIES AND THE GRAPHICAL ASPECT OF AN EXISTING CONTROL OR CREATE A NEW CUSTOM CONTROL )T ALLOWS YOU TO DRAW VECTOR PATHS AND TEXT AND IT ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO TREAT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS LIKE TEXT 9OU CAN ALSO CREATE CUSTOM ANIMATION BY WORKING WITH A STORYBOARD KEYFRAME AND TIMELINE LIKE YOU WOULD IN ANY OTHER ANIMATION SOFTWARE 4HE INTERFACE FOR CREATING ANIMATIONS IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND IT ALSO PLUGS EASILY INTO EXISTING CONTROLS BY USING TRIGGERS AND BEHAVIORS &INALLY -ICROSOFT ADDED A MOCK UP PLUG IN TO %XPRESSION "LEND FOR 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE DYNAMIC AND PROTOTYPED 5) APPLICATION 4HIS TOOL IS CALLED 3KETCH&LOW AND IS AVAILABLE ONLY WITH THE %XPRESSION 3TUDIO 5LTIMATE EDITION



CHAPTER ■■■

Creating the Views 4HE PROCESS OF CREATING THE VIEWS OF A 70& APPLICATION MAY LOOK SIMPLE BUT IT IS PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS YOU CANT SIMPLY DRAG CONTROLS ONTO A WINDOW OR USER CONTROL ADD SOME FANCY STYLES ON IT AND PRETEND THAT THE USER WILL LEARN HOW TO USE THE 5) 4HERE ARE SOME CONCEPTS IN THE 5) DESIGN PROCESS THAT ARE FUNDAMENTAL FOR A SUCCESSFUL PRODUCT &OR EXAMPLE IT DOESNT MATTER IF THE PRODUCT IS A COMPLEX ENTERPRISE RESOURCES PLANNING %20 APPLICATION OR A SIMPLE TIME TRACKER IT HAS TO SATISFY THE USER REQUIREMENTS AND IT HAS TO BE EFFECTIVE AND EASY TO USE )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL SEE HOW YOU CAN CREATE DYNAMIC PROTOTYPES IN 70& USING %XPRESSION "LEND AND HOW YOU CAN MOVE FORWARD FROM THESE PROTOTYPES AND CREATE THE SKELETON OF YOUR APPLICATION THAT CONSISTS OF THE VIEWS THE VIEW MODELS AND THE NAVIGATION BETWEEN THE VIEWS !T THE END OF THE CHAPTER YOU WILL BE READY TO ADD CUSTOM CONTROLS TO THE VIEWS IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

Overview 7HEN YOU START TO DEFINE THE GRAPHICAL ASPECT OF AN APPLICATION THE FIRST CONSIDERATION IS ABOUT THE USER WHO WILL BUY OR USE YOUR APPLICATION 9OU SHOULD ASK YOURSELF QUESTIONS SUCH AS THE FOLLOWING 7HY WOULD A USER BUY MY APPLICATION INSTEAD OF ANOTHER ONE (OW WILL MY APPLICATION BE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE SAME KIND 7HAT ARE THE DAILY STEPS THAT THE USER WILL TAKE WITH THE APPLICATION (OW CAN MY APPLICATION MAKE THE USERS DAILY TASKS EASIER AND FASTER /F COURSE IT IS NOT EASY TO PROVIDE AN ANSWER FOR EACH OF THESE QUESTIONS &IRST YOU MUST KNOW THE USER TYPE THE TARGET OR THE AUDIENCE OF YOUR APPLICATION 3ECOND YOU NEED TO FOCUS ON THE TASKS THAT WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED IN YOUR APPLICATIONS 5) &OR EXAMPLE IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU WILL NEED A BIG MAIN SCREEN THAT ) WILL CALL THE DASHBOARD 4HIS WILL PROVIDE TO THE USER AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT IS GOING ON WITH THE APPLICATION 4HEN MOVING FORWARD YOU SHOULD PROVIDE THE USER WITH AN EASY WAY OF EDITING AND MONITORING THE AVAILABLE DATA BY BEING ABLE TO OPEN ADDITIONAL VIEWS FROM THE DASHBOARD

 u

#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

4HE FOLLOWING ARE THE POTENTIAL TASKS THAT A USER WILL DO WITH A TIME TRACKER APPLICATION v

!FTER LOGGING IN THE USER WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A MAIN OVERVIEW OF THE WHOLE SITUATION

v

7ITH FEW CLICKS THE USER SHOULD BE ABLE TO MODIFY CREATE OR DELETE NEW APPOINTMENTS

v

7ITH FEW CLICKS THE USER SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRINT INVOICES RELATED TO A SPECIFIC CUSTOMER

v

&INALLY WITH A FEW CLICKS THE USER SHOULD BE ABLE TO EDIT CUSTOMERS AND EMPLOYEES DATA

.OW THAT YOU KNOW WHAT THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 5) ARE YOU CAN START TO PROTOTYPE THE 5) USING %XPRESSION "LENDS 3KETCH&LOW AND PROPOSE THE PROTOTYPED 5) TO THE CLIENT "Y DOING THAT YOU WILL NOT BLOCK THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE CORE LAYERS BECAUSE THE PROTOTYPE APPLICATION DOESNT NEED THEM )N ADDITION YOU CAN OFFER THE CUSTOMER THE OPPORTUNITY OF CUSTOMIZING AND COMMENTING ON THE PROTOTYPED 5) BEFORE YOU START THE HARD WORK OF DEVELOPING THE APPLICATION

Creating a Mock-up and Prototyping )N THE SAMPLE PROVIDED WITH THIS BOOK THE %XPRESSION "LEND PROTOTYPE APPLICATION IS A PROJECT CREATED AND MANAGED IN "LEND YOU MAY HAVE IT INSIDE THE PRODUCTION SOLUTION WHICH WILL INCLUDE TWO DIFFERENT PROJECT TYPES FOR 70&ˆTHE PRODUCTION 5) AND THE 3KETCH&LOW 5) APPLICATION ) PREFER TO KEEP THESE TWO TYPES OF PROJECTS SEPARATE BECAUSE ) DONT LIKE TO MIX THE PROTOTYPE WITH THE PRODUCTION APPLICATION &IRST YOU NEED TO OPEN %XPRESSION "LEND AND CREATE A NEW APPLICATION OF TYPE 70& 3KETCH&LOW !PPLICATION THIS IS AVAILABLE IN THE 70& APPLICATION TEMPLATES LIST IF YOU HAVE THE 5LTIMATE VERSION OF "LEND IF YOU HAVENT ALREADY YOU CAN STILL DOWNLOAD THE  DAY TRIAL VERSION OF "LEND 7HEN YOU CREATE A NEW 70& PROTOTYPE APPLICATION "LEND WILL CREATE TWO PROJECTS FOR YOU IN ONE SOLUTION 4HE FIRST PROJECT IS OF TYPE 70& APPLICATION AND IT IS JUST A BOOTSTRAPPER FOR A 3KETCH&LOW PLAYER 4HE SECOND PROJECT IS A CLASS LIBRARY THAT CONTAINS ALL THE AVAILABLE VIEWS THAT WILL BE DISPLAYED BY THE 3KETCH&LOW PLAYER IN OUR CASE YOU WILL GIVE IT THE NAME OF CX\TCaPRZTa?a^c^ch_T 4HE BOOTSTRAPPER PROJECT HAS ONLY ONE CLASS THE 0__gP\[ CLASS WHICH IS AVAILABLE IN ANY 70& APPLICATION AND IS USED TO BOOTSTRAP THE 5) )N THE CODE OF THE 0__[XRPcX^]gP\[Rb FILE YOU WILL FIND A SIMPLE CALL TO THE 3KETCH&LOW 70& PLAYER AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   !PPLICATIONXAMLCS IN A 3KETCH&LOW !PPLICATION JPbbT\Q[h) <XRa^b^Uc4g_aTbbX^]?a^c^ch_X]VBTaeXRTbBZTcRW5[^f;XQaPaXTb« CX\TCaPRZTa?a^c^ch_TBRaTT]bL ]P\Tb_PRT CX\TCaPRZTa?a^c^chNT j  +bd\\Pah 8]cTaPRcX^] [^VXR U^a 0__gP\[  +bd\\Pah-



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 0__ ) 0__[XRPcX^] j _dQ[XR 0__ j cWXbBcPacd_ , cWXb0__NBcPacd_* l _aXePcT e^XS 0__NBcPacd_^QYTRc bT]STa BcPacd_4eT]c0aVb T j cWXbBcPacd_DaX , ]Tf DaX/_PRZ)P__[XRPcX^])<XRa^b^Uc4g_aTbbX^]« ?a^c^ch_X]VAd]cX\T*2^\_^]T]cF?5F^aZb_PRT?[PhTaFX]S^fgP\[* l l l !S YOU CAN SEE THE APPLICATION HAS A REFERENCE TO THE CLASS LIBRARY PROJECT THAT ) CALLED CX\TCaPRZTa?a^c^ch_T AND THE REST IS DONE BY CALLING THE 3KETCH&LOW PLAYER AVAILABLE IN THE <XRa^b^Uc4g_aTbbX^]?a^c^ch_X]V NAMESPACE .OW FOR THE REST OF YOUR TIME YOU WILL WORK IN THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL WHICH YOU CAN OPEN BY CHOOSING IT FROM THE MENU OR BY PRESSING 3HIFT& &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT OF THE PROTOTYPE APPLICATION WHICH WILL HAVE SIX VIEWS

&IGURE   3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL 2IGHT NOW JUST DELETE ALL THE VIEWS PROVIDED BY THE SOLUTION TEMPLATE OF "LEND SO THAT THE SURFACE OF THE 3KETCH&LOW MAP IS EMPTY 9OU CAN ALSO RIGHT CLICK EACH VIEW IN THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL AND SELECT THE $ELETE COMMAND 9OU WILL THEN CREATE THE VIEWS AND THE ANIMATION TO INTERACT BETWEEN THE VIEWS



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

4HE -AIN 3CREEN 4HE FIRST SCREEN YOU ARE GOING TO CREATE IS THE MAIN SCREEN 4HIS IS THE SCREEN THAT THE USER WILL SEE WHEN RUNNING THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION /N THIS SCREEN YOU WANT TO GIVE TO USERS AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT IS GOING ON AND GIVE THEM THE ABILITY TO ACCESS THE #USTOMERS OR %MPLOYEES VIEW OR TO MANAGE THE APPOINTMENTS 9OU ALSO WANT TO SHOW USERS A COUPLE OF CHARTS SO THAT THEY CAN SEE WHO IS BUSY AND WHO IS NOT 4O ADD A NEW SCREEN YOU CAN SIMPLY GO TO THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL RIGHT CLICK THE DESIGNER AND SELECT #REATE A 3CREEN AS SOON AS YOU DO THAT "LEND WILL ADD A NEW LABEL IN THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL PLUS A CORRESPONDING gP\[ FILE IN THE SCREENS PROJECT FOR YOU WHICH REPRESENTS THE NEW VIEW SCREEN  9OU CAN RENAME THE LABEL IN THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL AND THE CORRESPONDING gP\[ FILE WILL HAVE ITS LABEL RENAMED BUT PAY ATTENTION BECAUSE IT WONT RENAME THE gP\[ FILE AND YOU HAVE TO DO IT MANUALLY .OW TO DRAG ELEMENTS ONTO THE SCREEN OR VIEW YOU NEED TO KEEP THE !SSETS PANEL OPEN AND POINT TO THE 3KETCH&LOW CONTROLS THIS SET OF CONTROLS IS NOTHING MORE THAN A 70& CONTROL LIBRARY WITH SOME SPECIAL 5) STYLES APPLIED ON IT &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT OF THIS VIEW

&IGURE   $ASHBOARD VIEW PROTOTYPE 9OU CREATE THE FOUR PANELS BY DRAGGING A SIMPLE ATRcP]V[TBZTcRW CONTROL WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN 3KETCH&LOW ➤ 3KETCH 3HAPERS OR 3HAPES ➤ 3KETCH 3HAPES INTO THE 5) WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THAN A 1^aSTa 8!-, ELEMENT WITH A 3KETCH STYLE APPLIED ON IT 4HE REAL 8!-, ELEMENT IS CALLED BZTcRWATRcP]V[TD2 /VER THIS ELEMENT YOU APPLY A NEW EFFECT BY ADDING IT THROUGH THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL OF THE ATRcP]V[T CONTROL AND BY CHOOSING THE 3a^_BWPS^f EFFECT )VE CHANGED THE SHADOW A LITTLE BIT BY CHOOSING A GRAY COLOR INSTEAD OF THE DEFAULT BLACK AND BY DECREASING THE SHADOW SIZE AND OPACITY ,ISTING   SHOWS THE FINAL 8!-,



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

,ISTING   3KETCH&LOW 2ECTANGLE WITH $ROP 3HADOW +_R)BZTcRWATRcP]V[TD2 Bch[T,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT ATRcP]V[TBZTcRWl APSXdb,$ 1PRZVa^d]S,FWXcT+_R)BZTcRWATRcP]V[TD24UUTRc+3a^_BWPS^f4UUTRc 2^[^a,55'1'1'1 BWPS^f3T_cW,! >_PRXch,&+_R)BZTcRWATRcP]V[TD24UUTRc+_R)BZTcRWATRcP]V[TD29OU CAN MAKE THIS A NEW STYLE SO THAT YOU DONT HAVE TO REMEMBER THE SETTINGS FOR EACH RECTANGLE YOU WILL DRAW ON THE 5) 4HE REMAINING CONTROLS ARE A COMBINATION OF 1dcc^] CTgc1[^RZ ;Xbc1^g AND ?XT SHAPE PROVIDED WITH THE DEFAULT SET OF CONTROLS FOR 3KETCH&LOW IN "LEND UNDER 3KETCH&LOW ➤ 3TYLES ➤ 3KETCH 3TYLE OR 3TYLES ➤ 3KETCH 3TYLES !LL THE AVAILABLE CONTROLS PROVIDED BY 3KETCH&LOW ARE THE 70& CONTROLS AVAILABLE IN 70& BUT WITH A DIFFERENT STYLE THE 3KETCH STYLE APPLIED TO THEM SO THAT THEY LOOK HAND DRAWN 4HE 4OP  PANEL REPRESENTS A HYPOTHETICAL LIST OF TOP CUSTOMERS AS YOU CAN SEE IN &IGURE   THE LIST IS FILLED WITH DUMMY DATA WHICH IS PROVIDED BY "LEND

Dummy Data #REATING DUMMY DATA WITH "LEND IS VERY EASY &OLLOW THESE STEPS TO CREATE A DUMMY DATA LIST IN YOUR VIEW 1.

,OCATE THE $ATA PANEL AND CLICK THE 0ROJECT NODE

2.

#LICK THE PLUS BUTTON ON THE $ATABASE ICON AND CHOOSE TO ADD NEW SAMPLE DATA 4YPE A NAME FOR THE SAMPLE DATA LIKE BP\_[T3PcPB^daRT

3.

)N THE DATA SOURCE CLICK THE PLUS BUTTON AND ADD A NEW COLLECTION PROPERTY #ALL IT C^_ ;Xbc

4.

.OW IN THE COLLECTION PROPERTY DELETE THE TWO PROPERTIES ADDED BY DEFAULT BY "LEND ADD A NEW SAMPLE PROPERTY AND RENAME IT TO =P\T PROPERTY 3ELECT THE LITTLE ARROW ON THE RIGHT OF THE PROPERTY AND IN THE SECOND FIELD CHOOSE h.AME TEMPLATE DATAv IN THE &ORMAT DROP DOWN LIST THIS WILL INFORM "LEND TO CREATE A LIST OF SAMPLE OBJECTS SO THE PROPERTY YOU CALLED =P\T WILL BE POPULATED BY A SET OF DUMMY NAMES

5.

.OW DRAG THE COLLECTION 4OP OVER THE ,IST"OX AND "LEND WILL POPULATE THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF THE ;Xbc1^g WITH THE DUMMY DATA

.OW YOU CAN MOVE FORWARD TO THE ,ISTS SCREENS ,ATER YOU WILL RETURN TO THIS VIEW AND CONNECT THE 1dcc^] CONTROLS TO THE CORRESPONDING VIEWS BY USING THE "LEND BEHAVIORS BUT FOR NOW LETS JUST FOCUS ON THE NEXT VIEWS



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

4HE ,IST 6IEWS 7HEN THE USER CLICKS THE %MPLOYEES OR #USTOMERS BUTTON THE APPLICATION WILL LOAD A VIEW CONTAINING A LIST OF EXISTING OBJECTS A SEARCH CTgc1^g TO FILTER THE RESULTS AND A SET OF COMMANDS IN A COMMAND BARS STYLE PANEL )F THE USER SELECTS AN EXISTING OBJECT IN THE GRID OR CREATES A NEW ONE AN ADDITIONAL $ETAILS VIEW WILL BE LOADED BY THE APPLICATION ,OCATE THE 3KETCH&LOW -AP PANEL AND CLICK THE FIRST SMALL ICON ON THE LEFT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE MAIN SCREEN DASHBOARD LABEL THIS COMMAND WILL CREATE A NEW SCREEN IN THE PROJECT AND LINK IT TO THE MAIN SCREEN &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT OF THE %MPLOYEES ,IST VIEW THE SAME LAYOUT AND CONCEPTS WILL BE APPLIED FOR THE #USTOMERS ,IST VIEW

&IGURE   %MPLOYEES ,IST PROTOTYPE SCREEN )N THIS SCREEN YOU HAVE A TOP 3KETCH&LOW ATRcP]V[T WITH THE SAME STYLE USED IN THE MAIN SCREEN SHADOW AND BORDER WIDTH WHICH IS YOUR TOOLBAR IN 70& YOU WILL USE A COMMON TOOLBAR AND STYLE IT IN ORDER TO GET A NICE BOLD STYLE 9OU ALSO INCLUDE IN THE TOOLBAR A CTgc1^g WHICH IS USED TO SEARCH FOR SPECIFIC EMPLOYEES IF THE USER TYPES A VALUE INSIDE THE SEARCH CTgc1^g YOU WILL FILTER THE CONTENT OF THE GRID 4HE SECOND PART OF THE PROTOTYPE IS COMPOSED BY A 3PcP6aXS STYLED FOR 3KETCH&LOW THE DATA IS A COLLECTION OF DUMMY DATA CREATED USING THE SAME TECHNIQUE EXPLAINED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION BUT JUST WITH SOME MORE PROPERTIES .AME #OMPANY AND % MAIL 



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

■ .OTE "Y DEFAULT %XPRESSION "LEND  DOESNT PROVIDE A 3KETCH&LOW STYLE FOR THE 3PcP6aXS CONTROL IN 70& BUT YOU CAN EASILY CIRCUMVENT THIS ISSUE BY DOWNLOADING THE 3KETCHABLE CONTROLS TOOLKIT FROM THE BLOG OF ITS CREATOR 0HILIPP 3UMI fffWPaSR^STc]Tc! $P]]^d]RX]VbZTcRWPQ[Tb  !N ADDITIONAL SOLUTION THATS MORE COMPLICATED WOULD BE TO CREATE YOUR OWN 3KETCH&LOW STYLE FOR THOSE CONTROLS SUCH AS THE 70& 3PcP6aXS WHICH DONT HAVE A MOCK UP STYLE IN "LEND

.OW THAT THE VIEW IS READY YOU NEED TO ENABLE THE NAVIGATION IN FACT ONE OF THE AMAZING FEATURES OF 3KETCH&LOW THAT MAKES IT DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER 5) MOCK UP SOFTWARE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF INTEGRATING ANIMATIONS AND NAVIGATION FEATURES IN THE APPLICATION 4HESE FEATURES ARE AVAILABLE IN "LEND AND ARE KNOWN AS BEHAVIORS

Behaviors for SketchFlow "EHAVIORS ARE A KIND OF OBJECT AVAILABLE IN "LEND THAT CAN BE ATTACHED TO ANY ELEMENT OF THE 5) A BEHAVIOR CAN BE A 70& ELEMENT OR A 3ILVERLIGHT ELEMENT 4HESE OBJECTS BEHAVIORS CAN PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES AND METHODS TO THE ELEMENT AND MAKE IT INTERACTIVE &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN USE A BEHAVIOR THAT WILL ENABLE DRAG AND DROP ON A 1dcc^] OR YOU CAN ADD A BEHAVIOR ON A 1dcc^] THAT WHEN CLICKED WILL OPEN A DIFFERENT VIEW 4HE BEHAVIORS IN "LEND ARE INTERACTIVE BEHAVIORS IN THE FORM OF AN OBJECT THAT CAN BE ATTACHED TO AN OBJECT BY SIMPLY DRAGGING THEM FROM THE %XPRESSION "LEND TOOLBOX OR BY USING 8!-, 7ITH "LEND YOU CAN USE A SET OF BEHAVIORS THAT ARE SHIPPED WITH THE SOFTWARE OR YOU CAN CREATE YOUR OWN BEHAVIORS AND DISPLAY THEM INSIDE THE %XPRESSION "LEND 5) YOU CAN ALSO DOWNLOAD BEHAVIORS FROM THE %XPRESSION 'ALLERY WEB SITE 4HE CONCEPT OF THE BEHAVIORS IS THE SAME OF THE ATTACHED PROPERTY BECAUSE THEY WORK USING THE ATTACHED PROPERTY TECHNOLOGY OF 70& 7HEN YOU DRAG A BEHAVIOR TO THE 5) IT SIMPLY CREATES AN ATTACHED PROPERTY TO THE CORRESPONDING ELEMENT THAT IS COMPOSED BY THE BEHAVIOR OBJECT ITSELF "EHAVIORS IN "LEND ARE OF TWO TYPES ACTION BEHAVIORS AND FULL BEHAVIORS 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TYPES OF BEHAVIORS IS THAT WITH THE ACTION BEHAVIOR YOU SIMPLY ASSOCIATE AN ACTION TO A TRIGGER THAT CAN BE FIRED BY AN ELEMENT EVENT 4HE ACTION CAN BE A SIMPLE STEP LIKE PLAYING A SOUND 7ITH THE FULL BEHAVIOR YOU CAN ATTACH TO AN ELEMENT A MORE COMPLEX BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE <^dbT3aPV4[T\T]c1TWPeX^a THAT PROVIDES DRAG AND DROP FUNCTIONALITIES TO ANY ELEMENT OF THE 5) !DDING A BEHAVIOR ON AN ELEMENT IN "LEND IS VERY EASY &OLLOW THESE STEPS TO ADD A NAVIGATION BEHAVIOR ON A 1dcc^] IN THE 5) &IGURE   SHOWS THE BEHAVIOR 0ROPERTIES PANEL  1.

/PEN THE MAIN VIEW DASHBOARD SCREEN AND LOCATE THE 1dcc^] LABELED WITH %MPLOYEES

2.

#LICK THE !SSETS PANEL IN "LEND AND LOCATE THE "EHAVIORS NODE 9OU WILL SEE THAT THIS NODE HAS AN ADDITIONAL CHILD NODE CALLED 3KETCH&LOW WHICH CONTAINS BEHAVIORS SPECIFIC FOR A 3KETCH&LOW PROTOTYPE APPLICATION

3.

,OCATE THE =PeXVPcTC^BRaTT]0RcX^] AND DRAG IT OVER THE %MPLOYEES 1dcc^]

4.

.OW THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL HAS CHANGED TO BE A "EHAVIOR PROPERTY PANEL ,OCATE THE CPaVTcBRaTT] GROUP BOX AND SELECT THE %MPLOYEES VIEW AS YOUR TARGET



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

&IGURE   "EHAVIOR CONTEXTUAL 0ROPERTIES PANEL ! BEHAVIOR CAN BE TRIGGERED BY ANY TYPE OF EVENT IN THIS CASE YOU ASSOCIATED THE 2[XRZ EVENT OF THE %MPLOYEES 1dcc^] WITH THE OPEN VIEW BEHAVIOR 9OU CAN ALSO ADD CONDITIONS TO THE BEHAVIOR BEFORE IT CAN BE EXECUTED 9OU WILL LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC LATER IN THIS CHAPTER AND IN #HAPTER  !T THIS POINT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRESS & $EBUG AND 2UN OR #TRL& 2UN WITHOUT $EBUG IN "LEND AND EXECUTE YOUR PROTOTYPED APPLICATION !S SOON AS YOU CLICK THE %MPLOYEES BUTTON IT SHOULD OPEN THE %MPLOYEES VIEW FOR YOU 2EMEMBER ALSO THAT WHATEVER YOU DO IN "LEND IS ALWAYS TRANSLATED INTO 8!-, CODE SO A =PeXVPcTC^BRaTT] BEHAVIOR IN 8!-, CORRESPONDS TO THE CODE IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   .AVIGATE4O6IEW "EHAVIOR IN 8!-, +1dcc^] 2^]cT]c,4\_[^hTTb Bch[T,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 1dcc^]BZTcRWl+X)8]cTaPRcX^]CaXVVTab+X)4eT]cCaXVVTa 4eT]c=P\T,2[XRZ+_X)=PeXVPcTC^BRaTT]0RcX^]« CPaVTcBRaTT],CX\TCaPRZTa?a^c^ch_TBRaTT]b4\_[^hTTb+X)4eT]cCaXVVTa+X)8]cTaPRcX^]CaXVVTab+1dcc^]-



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

■ .OTE "EHAVIORS ARE NOT AVAILABLE WHEN ADDED TO THE 5) IN THE OWNERS PROPERTY PANEL FOR EXAMPLE THE PREVIOUS BEHAVIOR IS NOT VISIBLE BY DEFAULT IN THE PROPERTY PANEL OF THE %MPLOYEES BUTTON 4O ACCESS IT LATER YOU HAVE TO OPEN THE /BJECTS AND 4IMELINE PANEL AND LOCATE THE BEHAVIOR IN THE 5) TREE !S SOON AS YOU SELECT IT IN THE TREE VIEW THE PROPERTY PANEL CONTEXT WILL CHANGE AND REFLECT THE CORRESPONDING BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES

9OU SHOULD APPLY THE SAME CONCEPT TO THE "ACK BUTTON IN THE %MPLOYEES VIEW IN THIS CASE THE BEHAVIOR SHOULD LINK YOU BACK TO THE -AIN3CREEN VIEW 2EPEAT THESE STEPS FOR THE #USTOMERS VIEW BY ADDING A NEW SCREEN LINKING THE VIEW TO THE DASHBOARD AND VICE VERSA USING THE NAVIGATION BEHAVIORS AND CREATING A #USTOMERS DUMMY DATA LIST THAT WILL BE BOUND TO THE 3PcP6aXS CONTROL

4HE $ETAILS 6IEWS 4HE LAST TASK THE USER WILL EXECUTE WITH THE PROTOTYPED APPLICATION WILL BE TO EDIT A SPECIFIC OBJECT SUCH AS A CUSTOMER AN EMPLOYEE OR AN APPOINTMENT OR TO ADD A NEW ONE /F COURSE BASED ON A CONTEXTUAL PROPERTY THAT YOU WILL ADD TO THE $ETAILS VIEW IF THE ITEM PASSED TO THE VIEW IS AN EXISTING ONE YOU WILL SHOW THE VIEW IN %DIT MODE /THERWISE YOU WILL SHOW THE VIEW IN #REATE .EW MODE 4HESE TWO OPTIONS OF THE $ETAILS VIEW ARE NOT PART OF THE PROTOTYPE REQUIREMENTS SO YOU WILL NOT SEE RIGHT NOW HOW TO ADD THIS INTERACTIVITY BUT LETS SEE HOW A $ETAILS VIEW IS COMPOSED FOR THE %MPLOYEES ,IST VIEW REPRESENTED BY &IGURE   ! $ETAILS VIEW WILL DISPLAY ALL THE AVAILABLE PROPERTIES OF THE OBJECT SELECTED IN THE ,IST VIEW SO FOR AN EMPLOYEE SELECTED IN THE %MPLOYEES VIEW YOU WILL SHOW A $ETAILS VIEW WITH ALL THE AVAILABLE PROPERTIES OF THE %MPLOYEE OBJECT

&IGURE   %MPLOYEE PROTOTYPE $ETAILS VIEW



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

)N THIS CASE THE DUMMY DATA HAS BEEN CREATED BY USING A COMPLEX PROPERTY INSTEAD OF USING A COLLECTION PROPERTY 4HE DIFFERENCE FOR "LEND IS THAT WHEN YOU CREATE A COLLECTION PROPERTY YOU CHOOSE THE SIZE OF THE COLLECTION AND "LEND WILL RANDOMLY GENERATE DATA FOR YOU BY FILLING UP THE COLLECTION 4HE COMPLEX PROPERTY REPRESENTS JUST A SINGLE OBJECT IN THE 5) LIKE A SELECTED EMPLOYEE 7HEN YOU ARE DONE WITH THE GENERATED DATA YOU CAN SIMPLY DRAG EACH PROPERTY OF THE COMPLEX OBJECT TO THE CORRESPONDING CONTROL IN THE 5) FOR EXAMPLE SUPPOSING THAT THE 4\_[^hTT OBJECT WILL HAVE A =P\T PROPERTY YOU WILL DRAG THIS PROPERTY TO THE CORRESPONDING CTgc1^g IN THE VIEW 7HEN YOU ARE DONE WITH THIS STEP YOU HAVE TO ASSIGN THE BEHAVIORS FOR THE NAVIGATION ALSO IN THIS VIEW IN THE "ACK BUTTON AND IN THE %MPLOYEES VIEW IN THE .EW AND %DIT BUTTONS .OW YOU CAN CREATE THE SAME VIEWS ALSO FOR THE 2dbc^\Ta OBJECT AND AT THE END YOU WILL HAVE A NAVIGATION TREE SIMILAR TO THE ONE IN &IGURE   EARLIER IN THIS CHAPTER

The View Models 7HEN YOU CREATE AN APPLICATION IN 70& LIKE THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU WILL HAVE A PROJECT THAT HAS SOME VIEWS AND EACH VIEW WILL DISPLAY SOME DATA 9OU CAN DECIDE TO DISPLAY THIS DATA IN A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS SOME OF THEM WILL REQUIRE MORE EFFORT THAN OTHERS )N ANY CASE YOU WILL NEED TO PRESENT TO EACH VIEW A SPECIFIC SET OF VALUES TO BE DISPLAYED AND A SPECIFIC PRESENTATION LOGIC THAT WILL BE APPLIED TO THE 5) )N 70& YOU PROVIDE THIS INFORMATION TO THE VIEW BY USING AN OBJECT THAT TAKES THE NAME OF 3PcP2^]cTgc )N 70& YOU CAN THINK OF THE 3PcP2^]cTgc DEPENDENCY PROPERTY OF AN ELEMENT AS A CONTAINER OF DATA MORE PRECISELY IT IS THE CONTAINER FOR THE DATA BOUND TO THAT SPECIFIC ELEMENT "ECAUSE THE 3PcP2^]cTgc PROPERTY IS A DEPENDENCY PROPERTY WHEN YOU SET IT TO A SPECIFIC OBJECT SUCH AS AN 4\_[^hTT OBJECT IN THE ROOT ELEMENT OF YOUR VIEW 8!-, TREE ALL THE DESCENDANTS ELEMENTS WILL REFER AUTOMATICALLY TO THAT OBJECT 9OU WILL BUILD A SPECIFIC VIEW MODEL FOR EACH VIEW IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION STARTING FROM THE MAIN SCREEN AND GOING DEEP INTO THE ,IST AND $ETAILS VIEWS 9OU WILL THEN COMPLETE THE VIEW MODEL LATER IN THIS BOOK FOR NOW YOU WILL JUST SEE WHAT THE BASE CONCEPTS OF THESE VIEW MODELS ARE AND HOW YOU CAN THEN BIND THE 6IEW-ODEL TO THE VIEWS

"ASE 6IEW-ODEL )MPLEMENTATION &OR THIS PART OF THE CHAPTER YOU NEED TO CLOSE THE PROTOTYPE APPLICATION BUILT WITH 3KETCH&LOW AND RE OPEN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION YOU CREATED IN #HAPTER  9OU WILL WORK INSIDE THE 5) LAYER ON THE 70& APPLICATION CALLED 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa WHICH CONTAINS THE VIEWS THE VIEW MODELS AND THE RESOURCES USED BY THE 5) )F YOU DONT HAVE ONE YET CREATE A NEW PROJECT FOLDER AND CALL IT 6IEW-ODELS THEN CREATE ANOTHER FOLDER IN THE ROOT AND CALL IT 6IEWS &INALLY CREATE ANOTHER FOLDER AND CALL IT 5TILITIES !T THIS POINT YOU SHOULD HAVE A 70& APPLICATION PROJECT COMPOSED OF FOUR FOLDERS AND AN 0__gP\[ FILE AND THE
The INotifyPropertyChanged 7HEN YOU BIND A VIEW MODEL TO A 3PcP2^]cTgc THE VIEW MODEL MUST IMPLEMENT THE 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS INTERFACE PROVIDED BY THE .%4 &RAMEWORK 9OU WILL SEE IN #HAPTER  WHY AND HOW THIS INTERFACE IS USED BY THE 70& BINDING ENGINE &OR NOW JUST ADD A NEW CLASS CALLED >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc IN YOUR 6IEW-ODELS FOLDER AND MARK IT AS ABSTRACT BY USING GENERICS AS EXPLAINED IN ,ISTING   YOU WILL IMPLEMENT 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS IN THIS OBJECT



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

,ISTING   /BSERVABLE/BJECT4 DbX]V BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[* DbX]V BhbcT\;X]`4g_aTbbX^]* DbX]V BhbcT\ATU[TRcX^]* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+C- ) 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS j aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS  +bd\\Pah >RRdab fWT] P _a^_Tach eP[dT RWP]VTb  +bd\\Pah_dQ[XR TeT]c ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c7P]S[Ta ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS* T]SaTVX^]  +bd\\Pah 2P[[TS fWT] J_a^_Tach RWP]VTSL  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,_a^_Tach-CWT _a^_Tach+_PaP\_dQ[XR e^XS >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4g_aTbbX^]+5d]R+C ^QYTRc-- _a^_Tach j ePa _a^_Tach=P\T , 6Tc?a^_Tach=P\T_a^_Tach* XU ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS , ]d[[ j ePa WP]S[Ta , ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS* WP]S[TacWXb ]Tf ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c0aVb_a^_Tach=P\T* l l  +bd\\Pah 6Tcb cWT ]P\T ^U cWT _a^_Tach  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,Tg_aTbbX^]-CWT Tg_aTbbX^]+_PaP\ +aTcda]b-+aTcda]b_aXePcT bcaX]V 6Tc?a^_Tach=P\T4g_aTbbX^]+5d]R+C ^QYTRc -- Tg_aTbbX^] j XU Tg_aTbbX^] ,, ]d[[ j cWa^f ]Tf 0aVd\T]c=d[[4gRT_cX^]_a^_Tach4g_aTbbbX^]* l



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

ePa \T\QTa4g_aTbbX^] , Tg_aTbbX^]1^Sh Pb ]?a^_Tach2WP]VT ,- cWXbEXTfCXc[T

BaseViewModel .OW THAT YOU HAVE A BASE CLASS TO IMPLEMENT 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS YOU NEED THE BASE CLASS FOR THE VIEW MODEL IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL NOT IMPLEMENT ALL THE FEATURES FOR THIS CLASS BUT YOU NEED IT IN ORDER TO PREPARE THE BASE PRESENTATION MODEL ,OCATE THE 6IEW-ODELS FOLDER IN THE 0RESENTATION PROJECT !DD A NEW ABSTRACT CLASS AND CALL IT 1PbTEXTf<^ST[ THIS CLASS WILL REPRESENT THE BASE OBJECT FOR ANY VIEW MODEL YOU HAVE IN THE APPLICATION ,ISTING   CONTAINS THE FULL CODE OF THIS CLASS ,ISTING   "ASE6IEW-ODEL4 #LASS DbX]V BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[* DbX]V BhbcT\;X]`4g_aTbbX^]* DbX]V BhbcT\ATU[TRcX^]*



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+C- ) >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+Cj  +bd\\Pah EXTfCXc[T _aXePcT PRRTbb^a  +bd\\Pah_aXePcT bcaX]V eXTfCXc[T*  +bd\\Pah 6Tcb ^a bTcb cWT eXTf cXc[T  +bd\\Pah +eP[dT-CWT eXTf cXc[T+eP[dT_dQ[XR bcaX]V EXTfCXc[T j VTc j aTcda] eXTfCXc[T* l bTc j XU eXTfCXc[T ,, eP[dT j aTcda]* l eXTfCXc[T , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- cWXbEXTfCXc[T* l l l l 4HE 1PbTEXTf<^ST[ IS A VERY SIMPLE OBJECT IT INHERITS >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+C- AND EXPOSES JUST ONE PROPERTY THE TITLE OF THE VIEW &OR NOW THIS IS ENOUGH FOR YOU TO CREATE A BASE EXTf<^ST[ GRAPH THAT YOU WILL DECORATE AND COMPLETE IN THE NEXT CHAPTERS WITH MORE PROPERTIES AND METHODS

$ETAILS 6IEW-ODEL )N THE APPLICATION 4IME4RACKER EXCEPT FOR THE DASHBOARD -AIN3CREEN VIEW YOU HAVE TWO DIFFERENT TYPE OF VIEWS IN THE APPLICATIONˆA ,IST VIEW THAT IMPLEMENTS A CLASSIC MASTER DETAILS VIEW WHERE THERE ARE A LIST OF OBJECTS AND A CURRENT OBJECT AND A $ETAILS VIEW THAT EXPOSES ONLY ONE OBJECT USUALLY THE SELECTED ONE OF A ,IST VIEW 9OU WILL HAVE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BASE VIEW MODEL THAT YOU WILL USE TO CREATE THE CONCRETE VIEW MODELS ONE IS THE BASE VIEW MODEL THAT YOU CREATED PREVIOUSLY AND THE SECOND ONE IS THE VIEW MODEL FOR A $ETAILS VIEW THAT YOU ARE GOING TO CREATE NOW 4HE THIRD ONE IS THE ,IST VIEW MODEL 4HE $ETAILS VIEW MODEL IS A VIEW MODEL THAT EXPOSES AN OBJECT THROUGH SOME PROPERTIES ,ISTING   SHOWS THE FINAL CLASS USED FOR 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

,ISTING   "ASE$ETAILS6IEW-ODEL #ODE ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch- ) 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXchj  +bd\\Pah 8]XcXP[XiTb P ]Tf X]bcP]RT ^U cWT R[Pbb  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,RdaaT]c4]cXch-CWT RdaaT]c T]cXch+_PaP\_a^cTRcTS 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[C4]cXch RdaaT]c4]cXch j 2daaT]c4]cXch , RdaaT]c4]cXch* l  +bd\\Pah 6Tcb cWT RdaaT]c T]cXch  +bd\\Pah +eP[dT-CWT RdaaT]c T]cXch+eP[dT_dQ[XR C4]cXch 2daaT]c4]cXch j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l  +bd\\Pah 5a^\b cWT \^ST[ c^ eXTf  +bd\\Pah_a^cTRcTS PQbcaPRc e^XS 5a^\<^ST[C^EXTf*  +bd\\Pah 5a^\b cWT eXTf c^ \^ST[  +bd\\Pah_a^cTRcTS PQbcaPRc e^XS 5a^\EXTfC^<^ST[* l l !S YOU CAN SEE FROM THE PREVIOUS CODE FOR NOW IN THE $ETAILS VIEW MODEL YOU WILL EXPOSE AN ENTITY THAT YOU DIDNT DEFINE YET BUT THAT COULD BE A DOMAIN ENTITY SUCH AS AN EMPLOYEE OR A CUSTOMER OR ANOTHER VIEW MODEL THINK ABOUT A COMPOSED VIEW MODEL  %ACH CONCRETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS VIEW MODEL WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE TWO METHODS THAT ARE MARKED AS ABSTRACT 5a^\EXTfC^<^ST[ AND 5a^\<^ST[C^EXTf WHICH WILL BE USED TO MOVE THE INFORMATION BACK AND FORWARD FROM THE 5) TO THE DOMAIN ENTITY BIND INTO THE VIEW MODEL 9OU WILL SEE IN #HAPTER  WHY YOU SHOULD NOT EXPOSE DIRECTLY THE MODEL IN THE VIEW MODEL YOU SHOULD EXPOSE ONLY THE INFORMATION YOU NEED TO USE IN THE 5)

,IST 6IEW-ODEL 4HE LAST CLASS YOU ARE GOING TO CREATE IN THE BASE VIEW MODEL SET IS THE ONE IN CHARGE OF DISPLAYING A SET OF OBJECTS 4HIS TYPE OF VIEW MODEL EXPOSES A LIST OF $ETAILS VIEW MODEL AND A CURRENT $ETAILS VIEW MODEL WHICH IS THE ONE SELECTED IN THE GRID 4HIS APPROACH REFLECTS THE CLASSIC LOGIC OF THE MASTER DETAILS VIEW WHERE YOU HAVE A LIST OF OBJECTS AND A SELECTED ONE ,ISTING   CONTAINS THE CODE OF THE 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ CLASS



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

,ISTING   "ASE,IST6IEW-ODEL #LASS BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b>QYTRc<^ST[ ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch- ) 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXchj  +bd\\Pah 6Tcb ^a bTcb cWT R^[[TRcX^]  +bd\\Pah +eP[dT-CWT R^[[TRcX^]+eP[dT_dQ[XR >QbTaePQ[T2^[[TRcX^]+1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch-- 2^[[TRcX^] j VTc*« _aXePcT bTc* l  +bd\\Pah 6Tcb ^a bTcb cWT bT[TRcTS  +bd\\Pah +eP[dT-CWT bT[TRcTS+eP[dT_dQ[XR 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch- BT[TRcTS j VTc* bTc* l  +bd\\Pah 8]XcXP[XiTb P ]Tf X]bcP]RT ^U cWT +bTT RaTU,1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[[c*C4]cXchVc*-« R[Pbb  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,R^[[TRcX^]-CWT R^[[TRcX^]+_PaP\_a^cTRcTS 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[;Xbc+1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch-- R^[[TRcX^] j 2^[[TRcX^] , ]Tf >QbTaePQ[T2^[[TRcX^]+1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C4]cXch--R^[[TRcX^]* l l l 4HE FOLLOWING ARE A COUPLE OF NOTES FOR THIS CLASS v

4HE VIEW MODEL EXPOSES A BT[TRcTS PROPERTY WHICH REPRESENTS A BT[TRc8cT\ IN THE VIEW IT DOESNT MATTER IF THE VIEW WILL EXPOSE THESE ITEMS USING A ;Xbc1^g OR A 3PcP6aXS USING THE BINDING ENGINE OF 70& YOU WILL BE ABLE TO BIND THIS OBJECT TO THE BT[TRcTS8cT\ OF THE 5) CONTROL

v

4HE LIST OF VIEW MODELS IS ENCAPSULATED INSIDE >QbTaePQ[T2^[[TRcX^]+C- WHICH IS A SPECIFIC COLLECTION PROVIDED BY .%4 FOR THE 70& BINDING ENGINE



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

■ .OTE 4HE >QbTaePQ[T2^[[TRcX^]+C- IS A SPECIALIZED COLLECTION AVAILABLE IN THE NAMESPACE BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b>QYTRc<^ST[ WHICH REPRESENTS A DYNAMIC DATA COLLECTION THAT PROVIDES NOTIFICATIONS WHEN ITEMS GET ADDED WHEN ITEMS GET REMOVED OR WHEN THE WHOLE LIST IS REFRESHED )T IS SPECIFIC FOR THE BINDING ENGINE OF 70& AND IT WORKS PERFECTLY WITH IT

.OW THAT YOU ARE DONE WITH YOUR BASE VIEW MODEL OBJECTS YOU SHOULD HAVE IN YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROJECT A SMALL GRAPH LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   #OMPLETE GRAPH FOR THE BASE VIEW MODEL CLASSES 4HE DASHBOARD WILL HAVE A VIEW MODEL THAT INHERITS FROM THE 1PbTEXTf<^ST[ CLASS BECAUSE OF ITS COMPLEXITY WHILE THE ,IST AND $ETAILS VIEWS WILL INHERIT RESPECTIVELY FROM 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ AND 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ 9OU WILL ADD MORE INFORMATION TO THESE CLASSES IN THE NEXT CHAPTER WHEN YOU START TO ADD CONTROLS TO THE VIEWS THAT YOU HAVE PROTOTYPED WITH 3KETCH&LOW 9OU WILL ALSO CREATE THE SPECIFIC VIEW MODELS FOR EACH VIEW



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

Navigation Between the Views 3OME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF A 70& APPLICATION ARE HOW YOU WILL NAVIGATE FROM ONE VIEW TO ANOTHER ONE HOW YOU WILL COMMUNICATE BETWEEN THE VIEWS AND HOW YOU WILL KEEP TRACK OF THE CHANGES AND PROPAGATE THEM TO THE OTHER VIEWS &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY NEED TO CREATE A NEW CUSTOMER AND WHEN YOU ARE DONE YOU UPDATE THE #USTOMERS ,IST VIEW WHICH IS BEHIND THE .EW #USTOMER VIEW THAT YOU JUST USED 4O ACCOMPLISH THIS AND MORE COMPLEX TASKS IN A STAND ALONE 70& APPLICATION THE -ICROSOFT COMMUNITY HAS RELEASED SOME SPECIFIC DESIGN PATTERNS FOR 70& THAT YOU WILL ANALYZE IN #HAPTER  THERE ARE ALSO SOME USEFUL TOOLS AND THIRD PARTY FRAMEWORKS THAT WILL MAKE YOUR WORK EASIER 4HE POINT ) WANT TO FOCUS NOW IS HOW YOU CAN EASILY ORCHESTRATE A NAVIGATION BETWEEN THE VIEWS OF A 70& APPLICATION AND HOW THIS PROCESS SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT HAVING A THIRD PARTY FRAMEWORK OR A SPECIFIC DESIGN PATTERN YOU WILL SEE LATER THAT USING A FRAMEWORK OR A SPECIFIC DESIGN PATTERN WILL MAKE THE WORK EASIER

4HE !PPXAML &ILE 7HEN YOU CREATE A NEW 70& STAND ALONE APPLICATION BY DEFAULT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO CREATES A NEW 70& PROJECT WHICH CONTAINS A 70& WINDOW CALLED FX]S^f gP\[ AND AN APPLICATION FILE CALLED 0__gP\[ )F YOU LOOK INSIDE THE CODE BEHIND FILE OF THE 0__gP\[ FILE YOU WILL FIND THE CODE IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   !PPXAML #ODE "EHIND &ILE #ONTENT  +bd\\Pah 8]cTaPRcX^] [^VXR U^a 0__gP\[  +bd\\Pah_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 0__ ) 0__[XRPcX^] j l )F YOU TAKE A LOOK INSIDE THE 8!-, MARKUP OF THE 0__gP\[ FILE YOU WILL DISCOVER THAT THE APPLICATION STARTUP PROCESS IS ALL THERE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   !PPXAML -ARKUP #ODE +0__[XRPcX^] g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa0__ g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ BcPacd_DaX,


#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

Custom Startup Process 4HE 0__gP\[Rb FILE EXPOSES A CLASS CALLED 0__ THAT INHERITS FROM THE BhbcT\FX]S^fb0__[XRPcX^] OBJECT THAT REPRESENTS A 70& APPLICATION OBJECT 7ITH THIS OBJECT APPLICATION YOU CAN EASILY CONTROL THE STARTUP AND CUSTOMIZATION OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION )N THIS OBJECT YOU CAN DEFINE A NAVIGATION ENGINE WHICH IS AN APPLICATION CONTROLLER THAT WILL DRIVE THE FLOW OF THE VIEWS OR A SIMPLE SPLASH SCREEN 4HE APPLICATION OBJECT EXPOSES SOME METHODS THAT YOU CAN OVERRIDE IN ORDER TO CUSTOMIZE THE STARTUP PROCESS 4HE FIRST ONE YOU ARE GOING TO ANALYZE IS THE BcPacd_ METHOD WHICH IS CALLED EVERY TIME THE USER RUNS A NEW INSTANCE OF THE APPLICATION SEE ,ISTING    )NSIDE THIS METHOD YOU MAY WANT FOR EXAMPLE TO SHOW A NEW VIEW THAT WILL BE THE -AIN3CREEN VIEW OF THE APPLICATION ,ISTING   $ISPLAY A 6IEW IN THE !PPLICATION?3TART5P -ETHOD _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 0__ ) 0__[XRPcX^] j  +bd\\Pah APXbTb cWT +bTT RaTU,4)BhbcT\FX]S^fb0__[XRPcX^]BcPacd_- TeT]c  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,T-0 +bTT RaTU,C)BhbcT\FX]S^fbBcPacd_4eT]c0aVb- cWPc R^]cPX]b cWT« TeT]c SPcP+_PaP\_a^cTRcTS ^eTaaXST e^XS >]BcPacd_BcPacd_4eT]c0aVb T j QPbT>]BcPacd_T*  X]Xc cWT =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT R[Pbb ePa \PX]EXTf , ]Tf
$RAG THE IMAGE FROM A FOLDER INTO THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION TREE

v

#LICK THE 70& PROJECT CHOOSE h!DD EXISTING ITEM v AND LOCATE THE 0.' FILE ON YOUR FILE SYSTEM

!T THIS POINT YOU HAVE TO SET THE FILE TO B_[PbWBRaTT] IN THE "UILD ACTION FIELD OF THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL THIS WILL INFORM THE 70& ENGINE TO DISPLAY THIS IMAGE BEFORE THE 0__[XRPcX^]Ad] METHOD IS CALLED BY THE 3TACK4RACE IN THIS CASE UNTIL YOU CALL THE \PX]EXTfBW^f METHOD



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

4HE FOLLOWING ARE OTHER INTERESTING METHODS IN THE 0__gP\[ FILE v

!PPLICATION!CTIVATED AND !PPLICATION$EACTIVATED 4HESE METHODS ARE CALLED EVERY TIME THE APPLICATION IS ACTIVATED OR DEACTIVATED BY THE USER OR BY ANOTHER PROCESS THAT WILL TAKE THE FOCUS IN THE OPERATING SYSTEM 9OU CAN FOR EXAMPLE REFRESH THE 5) EVERY TIME THE APPLICATION IS ACTIVATED AND CLOSE THE CONNECTIONS TO THE DATABASE EVERY TIME THE APPLICATION IS DEACTIVATED

v

!PPLICATION3HUT$OWN 4HIS METHOD IS CALLED WHEN THE USER CLOSES THE APPLICATION USING THE #LOSE BUTTON LOCATED IN THE TOP RIGHT CORNER OF A 7INDOWS APPLICATION OR WHEN THE METHOD BWdcS^f] IS CALLED 9OU CAN CONTROL HOW TO SHUT DOWN 70& APPLICATIONS BY USING THE BWdcS^f]<^ST PROPERTY OF THE 0__[XRPcX^] OBJECT

Wrapping Up with IoC )NTEGRATING AN INVERSION OF CONTROL )O# CONTAINER INSIDE THE 70& APPLICATION WILL PROVIDE MORE POWER AND CONTROL OVER THE APPLICATION FLOW "EFORE SHOWING HOW TO INTEGRATE )O# IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION )LL GIVE YOU AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT THE )O# PATTERN IS HOW IT WORKS AND HOW IT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED

)NVERSION OF #ONTROL 4HE CONCEPT OF INVERSION OF CONTROL ALSO KNOWN AS DEPENDENCY INJECTION $) WAS INTRODUCED BY -ARTIN &OWLER IN  WHILE DISCUSSING ENTERPRISE PATTERNS AND ARCHITECTURES FOR THE *AVA TECHNOLOGY 4HE SAME CONCEPT APPLIED LATER TO THE .%4 WORLD BECAUSE THE TWO SYSTEMS ARE VERY CLOSE AND USE THE SAME CONCEPT A BASE FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTED USING AN OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING //0 LANGUAGE 4HERE ARE A LOT OF DISCUSSIONS ABOUT WHAT INVERSION OF CONTROL AND DEPENDENCY INJECTION ARE AND HOW YOU SHOULD IMPLEMENT THEM ) WILL USE THE CONCEPTS MENTIONED BY &OWLER IN HIS BOOK 0ATTERNS OF %NTERPRISE !PPLICATION !RCHITECTURES 4HE TERM )O# REFERS TO THE MORE GENERIC IMPLEMENTATION YOU APPLY )O# TO YOUR CODE WHEN YOU INVERT THE FLOW OF THE CONTROL OF THE APPLICATION )N OTHER WORDS RATHER THAN A CALLER DECIDING HOW TO USE AN OBJECT IN THIS TECHNIQUE THE OBJECT CALLED DECIDES WHEN AND HOW TO ANSWER THE CALLER SO THE CALLER IS NOT IN CHARGE OF CONTROLLING THE MAIN FLOW OF THE APPLICATION !CCORDING TO &OWLER YOU CAN IMPLEMENT THIS PATTERN USING TWO DIFFERENT AND MORE SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES DEPENDENCY INJECTION OR A SERVICE LOCATOR 7ITH DEPENDENCY INJECTION YOU LEAVE THE TASK OF POPULATING THE DEPENDENCIES TO A CONTAINER WHICH KNOWS HOW TO RESOLVE THESE DEPENDENCIES WITH A SERVICE LOCATOR A GLOBAL CONTAINER USUALLY A CONTAINER THAT IMPLEMENTS THE 3INGLETON PATTERN IS ABLE TO RESOLVE DEPENDENCIES GLOBALLY 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS THAT WITH $) YOU HARD CODE THE DEPENDENCY AS A PROPERTY OR IN THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE CALLED OBJECT WHILE WITH THE SERVICE LOCATOR YOU RESOLVE THE DEPENDENCY USING THE LOCATOR WHEN ITS NEEDED 4HE RESULT IS THE SAME

! #LASSIC )MPLEMENTATION .AVIGATION 3ERVICE )N THIS SECTION ) WILL DIVE A LITTLE BIT INTO THE )O# TECHNIQUE IT FORMS THE BASE OF A GOOD 70& IMPLEMENTATION BECAUSE IT PROVIDES A GOOD WAY OF CHAINING ALL THE PIECES TOGETHER 9OU SAW ALREADY IN THE SECTION h4HE !PPXAML &ILEv THAT THE ENTIRE APPLICATION LIFE CYCLE IN 70& IS MANAGED BY THIS FILE UNFORTUNATELY BY DEFAULT 70& DOESNT PROVIDE A GREAT NAVIGATION SERVICE THAT CAN HELP YOU DISPLAY VIEWS



#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

OR MESSAGES TO THE USER !NOTHER ISSUE YOU CAN SOLVE USING THE )O# APPROACH IS TO PROVIDE A SPECIFIC FLOW FOR THE APPLICATION &IRST DOWNLOAD THE LATEST VERSION OF -ICROSOFT 5NITY VERSION  WHICH IS AVAILABLE FROM THE #ODE0LEX WEB SITE AT Wcc_)d]XchR^ST_[TgR^\ 5NITY IS A $) CONTAINER PROVIDED BY THE -ICROSOFT 0ATTERNS AND 0RACTICES TEAM AND ITS AN OPEN SOURCE STABLE PROJECT 5NITY COMES WITH A LOT OF FEATURES THAT YOU WILL NOT SEE IN THIS BOOK BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THE PRIMARY TOPIC OF THE BOOK ) KINDLY SUGGEST YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THE PROJECT AND HOW IT WORKS BY READING THE DOCUMENTATION ASSOCIATED WITH IT YOU WILL DISCOVER THAT 5NITY IS NOT ONLY AN )O# CONTAINER "EFORE STARTING TO PLAY WITH THE )O# CONTAINER YOU NEED SOME SAMPLE CODE YOU WILL USE TWO SERVICES FOR THIS EXAMPLE 4HE FIRST SERVICE IS CALLED 83XP[^VBTaeXRT AND PROVIDES UTILITY METHODS TO OPEN A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE 5) AND THE USER 


#(!04%2  ■ #2%!4).' 4(% 6)%73

_dQ[XR Q^^[ 2^]UXa\2[^bT j aTcda] 3XP[^VBTaeXRT 0bZ2^]UXa\PcX^]2[^bT CX\TCaPRZTa 3^ h^d fP]c c^ R[^bT CX\TCaPRZTa.* l T]SaTVX^] l 4HE CODE IN ,ISTING   CREATES A 83XP[^VBTaeXRT INTERFACE THAT CAN BE USED ANYWHERE IN THE APPLICATION IN ,ISTING   ) ADDED A DEPENDENCY TO THE NAVIGATION SERVICE BY CREATING A PUBLIC PROPERTY AND BY DECORATING THE PROPERTY WITH THE J3T_T]ST]RhL ATTRIBUTE )N ORDER TO DO THAT YOU NEED TO REFERENCE D]XchS[[ IN YOUR APPLICATION IT IS LOCATED IN THE -ICROSOFT 5NITY INSTALLATION FOLDER 9OU ALSO NEED TO ADD A REFERENCE IN YOUR CODE TO THE <XRa^b^Uc?aPRcXRTbD]Xch NAMESPACE .OW BECAUSE YOU USED THIS ATTRIBUTE YOU HAVE INFORMED 5NITY THAT WHEN A NEW INSTANCE OF THE NAVIGATION SERVICE IS CREATED 5NITY IS IN CHARGE OF RESOLVING THE 83XP[^VBTaeXRT DEPENDENCY

■ .OTE $) CAN BE ACHIEVED IN DIFFERENT WAYS USING 5NITY /NE WAY IS TO MARK A PUBLIC PROPERTY WITH THE J3T_T]ST]RhL ATTRIBUTE !NOTHER WAY IS TO PASS THE DEPENDENCY IN THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE CALLED OBJECT AND A THIRD WAY IS TO DECORATE A METHOD THAT RESOLVES THE DEPENDENCIES USING THE J3T_T]ST]Rh
.OW THAT YOU HAVE SET UP THE CHAIN IN THE PROJECT YOU SHOULD COME UP WITH A SIMPLE GRAPH LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE   !S YOU CAN SEE BECAUSE ) DELIBERATELY LEFT THE DEPENDENCIES OPEN USING A PUBLIC PROPERTY THE DEPENDENCIES ARE CLEAR IN THE 5-,

■ .OTE )N 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU CAN CREATE A SIMPLE GRAPH IN THE SOLUTION EXPLORER BY CHOOSING THE COMMAND !DD .EW )TEM AND SELECTING THE #LASS $IAGRAM ITEM 4HIS WILL CREATE BY DEFAULT A NEW FILE CALLED 2[Pbb3XPVaP\ RS 9OU CAN DRAG AND DROP CLASSES ENUMERATION INTERFACES AND OTHER OBJECTS FROM THE SOLUTION EXPLORER TO THE CLASS DIAGRAM DESIGNER OR VICE VERSA )F YOU CREATE A NEW OBJECT IN THE CLASS DIAGRAM IT WILL BE ALSO CREATED IN THE SOLUTION TREE



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&IGURE   &INAL DEPENDENCIES GRAPH 4HE FINAL STEP IS TO CONFIGURE THE 5NITY CONTAINER 9OU CAN DO THIS BY CHANGING THE CODE IN THE 0__gP\[Rb FILE WHICH IS THE BOOTSTRAPPER 4HE FOLLOWING IS THE CODE TO CREATE 3XP[^VBTaeXRT dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V BhbcT\FX]S^fb* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VBTaeXRTb j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 3XP[^VBTaeXRT ) 83XP[^VBTaeXRT j aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 83XP[^VBTaeXRT  +bd\\Pah BW^fb cWT X]U^  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,cXc[T-CWT cXc[T+_PaP\ +_PaP\ ]P\T,\TbbPVT-CWT \TbbPVT+_PaP\_dQ[XR e^XS BW^f8]U^bcaX]V cXc[T bcaX]V \TbbPVT j :


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 +bd\\Pah BW^fb cWT Taa^a  +bd\\Pah +_PaP\ ]P\T,cXc[T-CWT cXc[T+_PaP\ +_PaP\ ]P\T,\TbbPVT-CWT \TbbPVT+_PaP\_dQ[XR e^XS BW^f4aa^abcaX]V cXc[T bcaX]V \TbbPVT j : :
■ .OTE 4HE CODE PRESENTED IN THE FOLLOWING SAMPLE IS A MORE COMPLEX SOLUTION OF THE NAVIGATION SERVICE PRESENTED PREVIOUSLY &OR REASONS OF SPACE ) AM NOT PRESENTING ALL THE CODE OF THE NAVIGATION SERVICE IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL JUMP BACK TO THIS SERVICE IN THE NEXT CHAPTER

4HE FIRST THING YOU NEED TO DO IS TO CONFIGURE THE )O# CONTAINER YOU WILL DO THIS IN THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE 0__gP\[ FILE



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_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 0__ ) 0__[XRPcX^] j  ]TTS P aTUTaT]RT c^ <XRa^b^Uc?aPRcXRTD]Xch _aXePcT 8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta R^]cPX]Ta* _aXePcT 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT ]PeXVPcX^]* _dQ[XR 0__ j 2^]UXVdaT2^]cPX]Ta* l _aXePcT e^XS 2^]UXVdaT2^]cPX]Ta j R^]cPX]Ta , ]Tf D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+83XP[^VBTaeXRT 3XP[^VBTaeXRT-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+]BcPacd_BcPacd_4eT]c0aVb T j QPbT>]BcPacd_T*  PSS P cX\Ta U^a cWT b_[PbW bRaTT] CWaTPSB[TT_!*  X]Xc cWT =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT R[Pbb ePa \PX]FX]S^f , ]PeXVPcX^]BW^f]BTbbX^]4]SX]VBTbbX^]4]SX]V2P]RT[4eT]c0aVb T j QPbT>]BTbbX^]4]SX]VT* T2P]RT[ , ]PeXVPcX^]2^]UXa\2[^bT* l 4HAT WAS PRETTY EASY WASNT IT )N THE NEXT CHAPTER YOU WILL SEE HOW TO BUILD THE PRODUCTION VIEWS BY FOLLOWING THE PROTOTYPES YOU DESIGNED WITH "LEND AND THE SUGGESTIONS YOU RECEIVED FROM THE CUSTOMER !FTER THAT YOU WILL PLUG ALL THE VIEWS INTO THE NAVIGATION SERVICE AND YOU WILL BUILD A CONTROLLER CLASS THAT WILL HELP YOU KEEP A LOGICAL FLOW IN THE APPLICATION AND ALSO MANAGE THE LIFE CYCLE OF OBJECTS AND VIEWS



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Summary )N THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW IMPORTANT THE PROTOTYPING PROCESS OF THE 5) IS )T CAN SAVE A LOT OF TIME AND MAKE THE CUSTOMER MORE INTERACTIVE WITH THE PROJECT /F COURSE A PROTOTYPE 5) HAS TO BE DYNAMIC AND IT HAS TO INCLUDE SOME DUMMY DATA THAT SIMULATES THE REAL FINAL DATA 7ITH 3KETCH&LOW YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK EASILY IN FACT WITH THE BEHAVIORS EFFECTS AND OTHER COOL FEATURES DELIVERED WITH "LEND  YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH THE TASK WITH JUST A FEW STEPS 4HE BINDING ENGINE OF 70& IS THE CORE OF THIS 5) TECHNOLOGY AND IT WILL ALLOW YOU TO BIND VERY COMPLEX OBJECTS TO THE 5) )LL TALK ABOUT THE DATA BINDING ENGINE OF 70& IN #HAPTER  AND THE -66PATTERN IN #HAPTER  BUT IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE VIEW MODEL THE DATA THAT YOU WILL DISPLAY IN THE 5) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF A 70& APPLICATION &INALLY YOU SAW HOW A 70& APPLICATION IS BOOTSTRAPPED AND CONTROLLED USING A SINGLE FILE CALLED 0__gP\[ THIS OBJECT BY DEFAULT DOESNT PROVIDE A RICH NAVIGATION FRAMEWORK HOWEVER WITH A CUSTOM SERVICE AND AN )O# CONTAINER LIKE -ICROSOFT 5NITY YOU CAN ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK AND MAKE THE APPLICATION MORE CONTROLLABLE



CHAPTER ■■■

Adding Controls to the Views !T THIS POINT IN YOUR APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS YOU SHOULD HAVE ALREADY RECEIVED SOME FEEDBACK FROM THE CUSTOMER ON THE PROTOTYPED 5) YOU CREATED BY USING THE 3KETCH&LOW APPLICATION IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER 9OU PROBABLY RECEIVED FEEDBACK IN THE FORM OF ANNOTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL SEE HOW TO PUT TOGETHER ALL OF THIS INFORMATION HOW TO DEFINE A COMMON STYLE FOR THE APPLICATION AND HOW TO MAKE A COMPOSITE 5) BY USING USER CONTROLS AND VIEWS "Y THE END OF THE CHAPTER YOU WILL APPLY TO THE 5) SOME COOL NAVIGATION EFFECTS SO THAT IT WILL BE READY TO RECEIVE THE REAL DATA FROM THE BUSINESS TIER

Resources and Styles 70& IS ABLE TO STORE CUSTOM RESOURCES SUCH AS STRINGS IMAGES STYLES AND CUSTOM DATA TEMPLATES USING A RESOURCE DICTIONARY BY USING THIS APPROACH YOU CAN STORE A CUSTOM STYLE OR AN IMAGE IN ONE PLACE IN THE APPLICATION THAT IS VISIBLE AND ACCESSIBLE FROM ALL THE 5) COMPONENTS 4HE RESOURCES IN 70& CAN BE USED CREATED AND MODIFIED BY USING EITHER # OR THE 8!-, MARKUP BECAUSE THE RESOURCE DICTIONARY IS NOTHING MORE THAN A 8!-, FILE YOU CAN ACCESS THIS SPECIAL CONTAINER USING THE 8!-, MARKUP 4HIS CHOICE IS JUST A DESIGN CHOICE AND DOESNT MEAN YOU SHOULD NOT ACCESS A RESOURCE USING # CODE 4HE RESOURCES ARE AN ATTACHED PROPERTY OF EVERY 8!-, FRAMEWORK ELEMENT STARTING FROM THE ROOT ELEMENT %VEN IF YOU CAN DEFINE THE RESOURCE PROPERTY IN ANY ELEMENT OF THE 5) YOU WOULD USUALLY DEFINE IT IN THE ROOT CONTAINER ELEMENT SUCH AS THE ?PVT FX]S^f OR DbTa2^]ca^[ ELEMENT OF A 70& APPLICATION 2ESOURCES ARE USUALLY IDENTIFIED BY USING A UNIQUE KEY THAT IS AVAILABLE BY THE 8!-, ATTRIBUTE g):Th IT IS USED BY THE CONTROLS THAT WILL USE THE RESOURCE TO IDENTIFY THAT SPECIFIC RESOURCE &OR EXAMPLE ,ISTING   IS APPLYING A SPECIFIC STYLE TO A BUTTON BY USING THE g):Th ATTRIBUTE OF THAT STYLE ,ISTING   "UTTON 3TATIC 3TYLE + 3TUX]T cWT Bch[T +FX]S^fATb^daRTb+Bch[T g):Th,1dcc^]Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,1dcc^]+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,1PRZVa^d]S EP[dT,0[XRT1[dT +Bch[T+FX]S^fATb^daRTb-



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+ 0__[h cWT Bch[T +1dcc^] 7TXVWc,  FXScW,  Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 1dcc^]Bch[Tl!FTER YOU DEFINE BIND THE VALUE OF A PROPERTY TO A SPECIFIC RESOURCE THE 70& ENGINE WILL GO OVER THE 8!-, TREE AND SEE WHETHER THAT RESOURCE g):Th IS AVAILABLE IN THE CALLING ELEMENT IF THE RESOURCE IS NOT AVAILABLE THE ENGINE WILL TRAVERSE THE ENTIRE 8!-, TREE UNTIL IT DOES FIND THE RESOURCE )F THE RESOURCE IS NOT AVAILABLE 70& WILL THROW AN ERROR IN THE TRACE STACK BUT IT WILL NOT RAISE AN EXCEPTION


$IFFERENCES "ETWEEN 3TATIC AND $YNAMIC 2ESOURCES )N ,ISTING   YOU ASSOCIATED THE STYLE TO THE 1dcc^] USING THE BcPcXRATb^daRT VALUE BEFORE THE g):Th ATTRIBUTE VALUE THIS IS A NEW 8!-, VALUE THAT YOU HAVENT SEEN BEFORE )N 70& YOU NEED TO KNOW WHEN AND HOW TO USE A BcPcXRATb^daRT AND WHEN TO USE A 3h]P\XRATb^daRT THE PERFORMANCES OF THE APPLICATION ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT BASED ON THE TYPE OF RESOURCE IN YOUR 8!-, MARKUP SO IT IS BETTER TO UNDERSTAND WHEN YOU SHOULD USE ONE INSTEAD OF THE OTHER ONE 4HE FOLLOWING IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TYPES OF RESOURCES v

! STATIC RESOURCE IS ACCESSED AND EVALUATED BY THE 70& ENGINE ONLY ONE TIMEˆ BEFORE THE APPLICATION STARTS 4HAT SAID IF YOU CHANGE THE VALUE OF A STATIC RESOURCE AT RUNTIME THE CHANGE WILL NOT AFFECT THE 5) BECAUSE A STATIC RESOURCE IS EVALUATED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE IN THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE OF THE APPLICATION

v

! DYNAMIC RESOURCE IS A RESOURCE THAT IS EVALUATED BY 70& EVERY TIME IT REQUIRES EVALUATING THAT RESOURCE

4HE AMOUNT OF RESOURCES USED BY A STATIC RESOURCE IS PRETTY DIFFERENT FROM THE AMOUNT USED BY A DYNAMIC ONE WHICH IS REEVALUATED BY THE 5) MANY TIMES 3O YOU MAY NOW BE ASKING h7HEN SHOULD ) USE A DYNAMIC RESOURCEv 7ELL YOU SHOULD USE A DYNAMIC RESOURCE ONLY IF YOU BELIEVE THAT THE RESOURCE WILL CHANGE AT RUNTIME AND THE CHANGE WILL AFFECT THE 5) ,ETS LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE OF A 5) THAT HAS MULTIPLE STYLES APPLIED TO IT A SKINNABLE 5)  IF YOU PLAN TO ALLOW THE USER TO CHANGE THE STYLE SKIN ON THE FLY WITHOUT REBOOTING THE APPLICATION THE 5) WOULD HAVE TO USE DYNAMIC RESOURCES BECAUSE THEY WILL CHANGE AT RUNTIME /N THE OTHER HAND IF THE APPLICATION WILL NOT ALLOW THE USER TO CHANGE THE SKIN ON THE FLY IT WOULD MAKE MORE SENSE TO LEAVE THE RESOURCES AS STATIC BECAUSE THEY WILL BE LESS HEAVY FOR THE CLIENT MACHINE SINCE THEY ARE EVALUATED ONLY ONE TIME

4HE 2ESOURCE $ICTIONARY 2ESOURCES CAN BE CONTAINED WITHIN THE ATb^daRT PROPERTY OF A CONTAINER ELEMENT OR CAN BE STORED IN A SEPARATE FILE CALLED A RESOURCE DICTIONARY ! RESOURCE DICTIONARY CAN CONTAIN OR REFER TO OTHER DICTIONARIES AND THIS DESIGN CAN MAKE YOUR 5) STRUCTURE PRETTY FLEXIBLE BUT AT THE SAME TIME VERY COMPLICATED TO DEBUG ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHY A CONTROL IS NOT GETTING THE SPECIFIC 5) STYLE YOU HAVE DEFINED 4O CREATE A NEW DICTIONARY YOU HAVE TO OPEN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND ADD A NEW RESOURCE DICTIONARY IN THE 70& PROJECT MORE PRECISELY IN THE 2ESOURCES FOLDER THAT YOU CREATED EARLIER )N THIS PROJECT YOU WILL HAVE FOUR DICTIONARIES TWO FOR THE ICONS YOU WILL PROVIDE TO THE APPLICATION ONE FOR THE BASIC CONTROLS STYLES AND ONE FOR THE 5) CUSTOMIZATION EFFECTS BRUSHES AND MORE 



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4HE AVAILABLE DICTIONARIES IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION ARE AS FOLLOWS v

3MALL)MAGES$ICTIONARYXAML 4HIS REFERS TO ¯ PIXEL IMAGES

v

"IG)MAGES$ICTIONARYXAML 4HIS REFERS TO ¯ PIXEL IMAGES

v

"ASIC#ONTROLS$ICTIONARYXAML 4HIS REFERS TO THE BASIC STYLES APPLIED TO COMMON CONTROLS SUCH AS CTgc1^g CONTROLS 1dcc^] CONTROLS AND MORE

v

#USTOM#ONTROLS$ICTIONARYXAML 4HIS REFERS TO CUSTOM CONTROLS DATA TEMPLATES AND PARTICULAR STYLES

Embed Images in a Dictionary 4HE FIRST THING YOU ARE GOING TO DO IS TO DOWNLOAD A SET OF ICONS ON YOUR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT MACHINE AND INCLUDE THESE IMAGES IN THE 70& PROJECT 9OU WILL EMBED THE IMAGES AS A LOCAL RESOURCE IN THE APPLICATION SO THAT YOU WILL NOT NEED TO REFER DIRECTLY TO THE IMAGES INSTEAD YOU WILL BE ABLE TO REFER JUST TO THE g):Th ATTRIBUTE USED IN THE DICTIONARY TO REFER TO A SPECIFIC IMAGE )N MY EXAMPLE ) AM INCLUDING TWO IMAGES ONE IS ¯ AND IT WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE B\P[[8\PVTb3XRcX^]PahgP\[ FILE WHILE THE OTHER ONE IS A ¯ PIXEL IMAGE AND IT WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE 1XV8\PVTb3XRcX^]PahgP\[ "EFORE STARTING TO WORK IN THE DICTIONARY YOU HAVE TO CREATE A NEW FOLDER )MAGES IN YOUR 2ESOURCES FOLDER AND ADD TWO ADDITIONAL CHILD FOLDERS 3MALL AND "IG .OW THAT YOU HAVE THE FULL STRUCTURE AVAILABLE ON YOUR 70& PROJECT YOU HAVE TO DRAG ONE IMAGE INTO THE SPECIFIC FOLDER 3MALL OR "IG BASED ON THE IMAGE SIZE AND CHANGE ITS PROPERTIES AS SHOWN HERE v

"UILD !CTION 2ESOURCE

v

#OPY TO OUTPUT $O NOT COPY

)F YOU CONFIGURE THE IMAGE IN THIS WAY IT WILL BE DIRECTLY EMBEDDED INTO THE ASSEMBLY SO THAT YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT THAT WHEN YOU RELEASE THE APPLICATION .OW YOU CAN OPEN B\P[[8\PVTb3XRcX^]Pah AND START REFERRING TO THE IMAGES YOU HAVE ADDED TO THE PROJECT BY USING AN 8\PVTB^daRT ELEMENT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   )MAGE3OURCE IN A $ICTIONARY &ILE +ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[+ 1468= 8<064B +8\PVTB^daRT g):Th,0SSB\P[[ATb^daRTb8\PVTbB\P[[PSSN %_]V +8\PVTB^daRT+8\PVTB^daRT g):Th,BTPaRWB\P[[ATb^daRTb8\PVTbB\P[[bTPaRWNQdcc^]N %_]V



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+8\PVTB^daRT+ 4=3 8<064B +ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah4HE SECOND STEP IS TO REFER TO THE DICTIONARY IN THE APPLICATION OR IN THE FRAMEWORK ELEMENT THAT WILL USE IT &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN REFER TO THIS DICTIONARY EVERY TIME YOU NEED IT BY MERGING IT INTO AN ELEMENT RESOURCE LIKE THE CODE IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   $ICTIONARY 2EFERENCED IN A &RAMEWORK %LEMENT 2ESOURCE + 3XRcX^]Pah T\QTSSTS X] P 5aP\Tf^aZ T[T\T]c +FX]S^f+FX]S^fATb^daRTb+ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah B^daRT,ATb^daRTbB\P[[8\PVTb3XRcX^]PahgP\[ +FX]S^fATb^daRTb+6aXS+8\PVT B^daRT,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 0SSB\P[[l 7TXVWc, % FXScW, % +6aXS+FX]S^f+ 3XRcX^]Pah X] cWT 0__gP\[ +0__[XRPcX^]+0__[XRPcX^]ATb^daRTb+ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah+ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah


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■ .OTE 7HEN YOU EMBED IMAGES IN AN ASSEMBLY YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT THEIR SIZE )F YOU EMBED -" OF IMAGES IN YOUR ASSEMBLY THE ASSEMBLY WILL BE AT LEAST -" WHICH COULD BE A VERY BIG PROBLEM #ONSIDER ALSO THAT YOU MAY ABLE TO CREATE AN ADDITIONAL #LASS ,IBRARY PROJECT ONLY TO CONTAIN RESOURCES SUCH AS IMAGES AND VIDEOS YOU MAY THEN BE ABLE TO REFERENCE THE RESOURCES USING THE SYNTAX IN 4ABLE  

4ABLE   SHOWS THE SHORTCUTS YOU SHOULD KEEP ON YOUR DESKTOP TO REFER TO A RESOURCE IN A DICTIONARY FROM THE SAME FILE FROM A DIFFERENT FILE AND FROM A DIFFERENT ASSEMBLY 4ABLE   $IFFERENT 7AYS OF !CCESSING A $ICTIONARY 2ESOURCE

Location

Syntax

Example

,OCAL

J_PcWLJSXRcX^]Pah ATb^daRTb
$IFFERENT ASSEMBLY

JPbbT\Q[hL*R^\_^]T]cJSXRcX^]PahL 
#ONTROLS 3TYLES )N THE SAME WAY YOU REFER TO A RESOURCE YOU CAN REFER AND USE A STYLE THAT IS DEFINED IN A RESOURCE DICTIONARY OR IN A RESOURCE ELEMENT OF ANY FRAMEWORK ELEMENT /F COURSE LIKE YOU DO IN A WEB APPLICATION WITH #ASCADING 3TYLE 3HEETS #33 IN A 70& APPLICATION IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU KEEP STYLES IN A COMMON DICTIONARY SO THAT YOU CAN REFER THE STYLES THROUGHOUT THE 5) )N 70& THE STYLES THAT ARE CLOSEST WIN &OR EXAMPLE IF AN ELEMENT SAYS IT IS RED AND THE STYLE SAYS IT IS BLUE THEN THE ELEMENT WINS )N THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS ) WILL GIVE YOU AN OVERVIEW OF HOW STYLES WORK IN 70& 5NFORTUNATELY THIS TOPIC IS PRETTY COMPLEX ) HIGHLY RECOMMEND YOU STUDY IT IN MORE DETAIL BY REFERRING TO Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahQQ% "$&Pb_g

Basic Style Concepts 7HEN YOU START TO USE THE STYLES IN 70& AND MORE IN GENERAL IN 8!-, 70& 3ILVERLIGHT AND 7INDOWS 0HONE  YOU SHOULD CONSIDER A STYLE AS A SHORTCUT TO CUSTOMIZE THE PROPERTIES AND THE CONTENT OF A SPECIFIC CONTROL )N FACT WHEN YOU WRITE A STYLE FOR A CONTROL YOU DONT DO ANYTHING MORE THAN APPLY CHANGES TO PROPERTIES VALUES )N THE EXAMPLE APPLICATION YOU HAVE A DICTIONARY THAT YOU CALLED 1PbXR2^]ca^[b3XRcX^]Pah IN THIS DICTIONARY YOU WILL DEFINE ALL THOSE STYLES THAT WILL AFFECT BASIC CONTROLS SUCH AS THE CTgc1^g ;PQT[ 1dcc^] AND MORE 9OU WILL ALSO DEFINE IN THIS DICTIONARY SOME ADDITIONAL STYLES SUCH AS 4ITLE 3UBTITLE AND SO ON !T THE END THE 1PbXR2^]ca^[b3XRcX^]Pah SHOULD LOOK LIKE A THEME OR SKIN FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION



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7HEN YOU START TO DEFINE A STYLE THE FIRST ATTRIBUTE YOU HAVE TO USE IS THE CPaVTcCh_T ATTRIBUTE WHICH WILL SPECIFY FOR WHICH CONTROL YOU ARE WRITING THE STYLE 4HIS ATTRIBUTE IS MANDATORY BECAUSE THE 70& DESIGNER NEEDS TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO RESOLVE THE SETTERS AND TRIGGERS YOU ARE DEFINING IN THE STYLE )F YOU DO NOT DEFINE AN g):Th ATTRIBUTE FOR THE STYLE IT WILL BE APPLIED TO ALL THE CONTROLS OF THAT TYPE AVAILABLE IN YOUR APPLICATION IN THOSE VIEWS THAT ARE REFERENCING THE STYLE )N THIS WAY YOU CAN DEFINE A BASE STYLE FOR A SPECIFIC TYPE OF CONTROL LIKE A ;PQT[ AND THEN OVERRIDE IT WITH SOME SPECIFIC CUSTOMIZATIONS 9OU CAN INHERIT FROM ANOTHER STYLE BY USING THE ATTRIBUTE 1PbTS>] ,ISTING   DEFINES THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STYLE FOR A ;PQT[ CONTROL WHILE TWO OF THEM INHERIT FROM THE BASE ONE 4HE SETTER PROPERTY ELEMENT IS A SPECIAL PROPERTY OF OBJECT THAT INHERITS FROM THE BhbcT\FX]S^fbBTccTa1PbT CLASS AND IS USED TO APPLY A PROPERTY VALUE )T REQUIRES TWO PROPERTIES THE PROPERTY NAME AND THE VALUE APPLIED TO THE PROPERTY ,ISTING   3TYLES FOR A 70& ,ABEL + 2[PbbXR ;PQT[ +Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,;PQT[+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^]c5P\X[h EP[dT,BTV^T D8 +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^aTVa^d]S EP[dT,BcTT[1[dT +Bch[T+ 4aa^a ;PQT[ +Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,;PQT[ g):Th,4aa^a;PQT[ 1PbTS>],jBcPcXRATb^daRT jg)Ch_T ;PQT[ll+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^aTVa^d]S EP[dT,ATS +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^]cFTXVWc EP[dT,1^[S +Bch[T+ ;PQT[ U^a P 2^]ca^[ +Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,;PQT[ g):Th,2^]ca^[;PQT[ 1PbTS>],jBcPcXRATb^daRT jg)Ch_T ;PQT[ll+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^aTVa^d]S EP[dT,1[PRZ +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^]cFTXVWc EP[dT,1^[S +Bch[T&IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT AVAILABLE AT DESIGN TIME IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO

&IGURE   ,ABEL STYLES APPLIED ON A 70& WINDOW



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■ .OTE 7HEN YOU START TO DEFINE A SET OF STYLES FOR A SPECIFIC SKIN YOU ARE BUILDING FOR YOUR 70& APPLICATION IT IS BETTER THAT YOU CREATE A TEST WINDOW THAT CONTAINS ALL THE AVAILABLE CONTROLS AND THAT YOU APPLY THE STYLES TO THESE CONTROLS 7HEN YOU ARE READY THE WINDOW WILL ACT AS A BLUEPRINT FOR YOU AND FOR THE OTHER DEVELOPERS WHO WILL NEED A REFERENCE FOR THE APPLICATION 5) STYLES 4HIS IS HOW -ICROSOFT PRESENTS THE 70& THEMES ON #ODE0LEX BY USING A BIG WINDOW THAT INCLUDES ALL THE AVAILABLE STYLES FOR A SPECIFIC THEME

Triggers 4RIGGERS ARE ANOTHER INTERESTING AND POWERFUL OBJECT AVAILABLE IN THE 70& STYLE 4HEY ARE A SORT OF METHOD THAT IS ABLE TO CHANGE ONE OR MORE PROPERTIES OF A CONTROL BASED ON WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS IN THE 5) A PROPERTY IS CHANGED AN EVENT IS FIRED OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH HAPPENS 4HE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRIGGER ARE AS FOLLOWS v

! PROPERTY TRIGGER GETS OR SETS THE PROPERTY THAT RETURNS THE VALUE THAT IS COMPARED WITH THE EP[dT PROPERTY OF THE TRIGGER 4HE COMPARISON IS A REFERENCE EQUALITY CHECK

v

!N EVENT TRIGGER REPRESENTS A TRIGGER THAT APPLIES A SET OF ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO AN EVENT

&OR EXAMPLE THE CTgc1^g CONTROL IN 70& DOESNT HAVE A DISABLED 5) STYLE BY DEFAULT SO YOU MAY WANT TO CREATE A CUSTOM STYLE THAT WILL CHANGE THE BACKGROUND COLOR OF A CTgc1^g WHEN ITS 8b4]PQ[TS PROPERTY IS SET TO UP[bT !NOTHER TASK YOU MAY WANT TO ACCOMPLISH WITH A TRIGGER WOULD BE TO CHANGE THE BACKGROUND COLOR OF A CTgc1^g WHEN IT HAS FOCUS OR DISPLAY A WATERMARK IF THE CTgc1^g CONTENT IS EMPTY ,ISTING   SHOWS THIS TYPE OF STYLE AND &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT AT RUNTIME ,ISTING   0ROPERTY 4RIGGER FOR A 4EXT"OX + BcP]SPaS CTgcQ^g +Bch[T CPaVTcCh_T,CTgc1^g+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^]c5P\X[h EP[dT,BTV^T D8 +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,5^aTVa^d]S EP[dT,1[PRZ +Bch[TCaXVVTab+CaXVVTa ?a^_Tach,8b5^RdbTS EP[dT,cadT+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,1PRZVa^d]S EP[dT,;XVWcHT[[^f +CaXVVTa+CaXVVTa ?a^_Tach,8bATPS>][h EP[dT,cadT+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,1PRZVa^d]S EP[dT,454545 +CaXVVTa+Bch[TCaXVVTab+Bch[T-



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&IGURE   3TYLE TRIGGERS APPLIED TO A 4EXT"OX )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL SEE HOW TO CUSTOMIZE THE 5) AND THE 5) BEHAVIORS USING STYLES AND TRIGGERS ONE IMPORTANT THING YOU NEED TO KEEP IN MIND IS THAT THE TRIGGERS AND IN GENERAL THE STYLES SHOULD BE USED TO CUSTOMIZE THE 5) APPEARANCE OR THE 5) BEHAVIORS THEY SHOULD NEVER BE USED TO CUSTOMIZE BUSINESS BEHAVIORS SUCH AS VALIDATION LOGIC FOR EXAMPLE

Image Button 3OMETHING THAT ) REALLY MISS IN 70& IS A SIMPLE BUTTON THAT IS ABLE TO DISPLAY AN IMAGE AND SOME TEXT MAYBE WITH THE ABILITY OF RETRIEVING THE IMAGE AND THE TEXT USING SOME BINDING REFERENCES 7HEN YOU TRY TO CREATE A NEW CONTROL TEMPLATE THAT HAS A COMPLEX 5) IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO TRY TO ACCOMPLISH THE SAME RESULT BY USING A COMBINATION OF BASIC 70& CONTROLS THEN WHEN YOU GET THE DESIRED RESULT YOU CAN START TO TRANSLATE IT IN A 70& STYLE OR CONTROL TEMPLATE &OR EXAMPLE FOR AN IMAGE BUTTON YOU NEED A BcPRZ?P]T[ WITH A HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION THAT INCLUDES A CTgc1[^RZ AND AN 8\PVT ELEMENT 4HE CODE SHOULD BE SOMETHING LIKE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   )MAGE "UTTON 7ITHOUT 3TYLES +1dcc^]+BcPRZ?P]T[ 7TXVWc," FXScW,' >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[+8\PVT B^daRT,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 0SSB\P[[l 7TXVWc, % FXScW, % +CTgc1[^RZ <PaVX],$ ETacXRP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa-0SS =Tf+CTgc1[^RZ+BcPRZ?P]T[+1dcc^]-



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(ERE YOU HAVE DEFINED A BcPRZ?P]T[ WITH A FIXED SIZE ¯ SO THAT THE CONTENT WILL NOT OVERFLOW AND SO THE BUTTON WILL HAVE THE RIGHT SIZE THEN YOU ASSIGNED A HORIZONTAL ORIENTATION TO THE BUTTON SO THAT YOU WILL HAVE THE 8\PVT AND THE CTgc1[^RZ STACKED HORIZONTALLY 4HEN YOU ADDED AN IMAGE AND A TEXT BLOCK 4HE CTgc1[^RZ HAS THE LEFT MARGIN SET TO  PIXELS SO THAT IT WILL NOT BE ATTACHED TO THE IMAGE !T THIS POINT ITS PRETTY CLEAR THAT THE 2^]cT]c PROPERTY OF THE ELEMENT IS THE TRICKY PART OF THE STYLETEMPLATE CONTROL YOU WANT TO BUILD )N THIS CASE YOU HAVE TWO DIFFERENT CONTENT PROPERTIES ONE THAT DEFINES THE TEXT DISPLAYED IN THE CTgc1[^RZ AND ONE THAT DEFINES THE IMAGE DISPLAYED IN THE 8\PVT ELEMENT 4O ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK THERE ARE PROBABLY FOUR OR FIVE SOLUTIONS WHAT ) WILL DO IS CREATE A SIMPLE USER CONTROL THAT WILL EXPOSE TWO DEPENDENCY PROPERTIES THAT WILL BE AVAILABLE THROUGH THE 8!-, MARKUP THE PROPERTIES ARE CTgc AND 8\PVT 4HE CONTROL SHOULD BE STORED IN A #ONTROLS FOLDER IN THE 70& PROJECT YOU SHOULD CREATE THIS FOLDER BEFORE CREATING THE CONTROL  ,ISTING   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT ,ISTING   )MAGE"UTTON 5SER#ONTROLS 8!-, AND # #ODE "EHIND + G0<; +DbTa2^]ca^[ g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa8\PVT1dcc^] g)=P\T,8\PVT1dcc^]2^]ca^[ 7TXVWc,Pdc^ FXScW,Pdc^+1dcc^]+BcPRZ?P]T[ 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,BcaTcRW >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[+8\PVT B^daRT,j1X]SX]V 4[T\T]c=P\T,8\PVT1dcc^]2^]ca^[ ?PcW,8\PVTl FXScW, % 7TXVWc, % <PaVX]," ETacXRP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa +CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V 4[T\T]c=P\T,8\PVT1dcc^]2^]ca^[ ?PcW,CTgcl <PaVX],$ ETacXRP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa +BcPRZ?P]T[+1dcc^]+DbTa2^]ca^[ R^STQTWX]S UX[T _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 8\PVT1dcc^] ) DbTa2^]ca^[ j _dQ[XR 8\PVT1dcc^] j 8]XcXP[XiT2^\_^]T]c* l _dQ[XR bcaX]V CTgc j VTc j aTcda] bcaX]V6TcEP[dTCTgc?a^_Tach* l bTc j BTcEP[dTCTgc?a^_Tach eP[dT* l l



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_dQ[XR bcPcXR aTPS^][h 3T_T]ST]Rh?a^_Tach CTgc?a^_Tach , 3T_T]ST]Rh?a^_Tach ATVXbcTaCTgc ch_T^UbcaX]V ch_T^U8\PVT1dcc^] ]Tf D8?a^_Tach
&IGURE   5SER#ONTROL )MAGE"UTTON ON A 70& WINDOW

■ .OTE 4HE MOST IMPORTANT THING WHEN YOU DEFINE A STYLE FOR A SPECIFIC CONTROL LIKE A BUTTON FOR EXAMPLE IS TO KNOW EXACTLY HOW TO STRUCTURE THE CONTROL TEMPLATE )F YOU ALREADY KNOW THE 8!-, STRUCTURE OF THE CONTROL YOU ARE GOING TO STYLE CONSIDER THAT  PERCENT OF THE JOB IS ALREADY DONE -Y SUGGESTION IS TO LOCATE THE 8!-, DEFAULT CONTROL TEMPLATE AT Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahPP(&&&"Pb_g AND START FROM THERE 9OU CAN ALSO DO THIS BY EDITING THE CONTROL TEMPLATE IN "LEND AND LOOKING AT THE 8!-, PRODUCED BY "LEND



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WPF Themes ! GOOD ALTERNATIVE OF CUSTOMIZING EACH CONTROL PROVIDED BY 70& IN ORDER TO SATISFY YOUR CUSTOMERS REQUIREMENTS IS TO CREATE A THEME ! THEME OR SKIN IS A SET OF STYLES TRIGGERS AND CUSTOMIZATION APPLIED TO THE ENTIRE 70& APPLICATION AS SOON AS YOU APPLY A CUSTOM THEME ON A 70& APPLICATION THE ENTIRE 5) WILL CHANGE TO USING THE NEW 5) STYLE )N 70& THERE IS NO REAL THEME FILE SO THE EASIEST WAY TO CREATE A THEME IS BY ADDING A NEW ATb^daRT3XRcX^]PahgP\[ FILE THAT ENCAPSULATES ALL THE REQUIRED STYLES TRIGGERS AND DATA TEMPLATE TO CUSTOMIZE THE 5) OF YOUR APPLICATION /N THE )NTERNET THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF 70& THEMES READY TO BE USED SOME OF THEM ARE PRODUCED BY THIRD PARTY COMPANIES AND SOME OF THEM ARE AVAILABLE FOR FREE 9OU CAN TRY FOR EXAMPLE THE SET OF THEMES AVAILABLE FOR 70& AT Wcc_)f_UR^ST_[TgR^\ 4HIS IS THE OFFICIAL OPEN SOURCE PROJECT MAINTAINED BY -ICROSOFT FOR SUPPORTING 70& ON THIS WEB SITE YOU WILL FIND MANY THEMES AND CUSTOM CONTROLS UPDATED EVERY MONTH AND YOU WILL FIND MANY OTHER UTILITIES USEFUL FOR YOUR 70& APPLICATION !S YOU CAN SEE IN &IGURE   ) HAVE CREATED A SIMPLE WINDOW WITH A 6a^d_1^g AND SOME BASIC CONTROLS *UST BY CHANGING THE THEME OF THE WINDOW THE ENTIRE 5) TAKES ON THE NEW 5) STYLE 4HIS SOLUTION CAN SAVE YOU TIME ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE PLANNING TO BUILD A SET OF PLUG INS FOR A SPECIFIC 70& APPLICATION

&IGURE   3AME WINDOW WITH DIFFERENT THEME APPLIED

Creating the Views .OW THAT YOU KNOW HOW YOU CAN EASILY CUSTOMIZE THE 5) OF 4IME4RACKER YOU NEED TO ADD THE VIEWS TO THE APPLICATION BY USING THE PROTOTYPED 3KETCH&LOW APPLICATION AND THE SUGGESTIONS RECEIVED FROM THE CUSTOMER 9OU WILL START FROM THE $ETAILS VIEW BECAUSE IT IS THE SIMPLEST ONE AND THEN YOU WILL MOVE FORWARD BY CREATING THE ,IST VIEWS AND THE DASHBOARD



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,OGIN 6IEW "EFORE STARTING TO CREATE THE VIEWS OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU NEED TO DEFINE THE ENTRY POINT OF THE APPLICATION AND THAT IS A ,OGIN VIEW !S SOON AS THE APPLICATION STARTS YOU WANT TO DISPLAY A ,OGIN SCREEN BASED ON THE USER ACCESSING THE APPLICATION YOU WILL DISPLAY SOME CONTROLS IN THE DASHBOARD )N THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL ONLY DESIGN THE VIEWS THEN IN THE NEXT CHAPTERS YOU WILL RETRIEVE THE DATA FROM THE DATABASE AND YOU WILL BIND THE DATA TO THE VIEWS &IRST YOU HAVE TO LOCATE THE 6IEWS FOLDER IN THE 70& PROJECT RIGHT CLICK IT AND ADD A NEW WINDOW 4ABLE   SHOWS THE SET OF SPECIFIC PROPERTIES YOU WILL DEFINE FOR THE ,OGIN VIEW WINDOW 4ABLE   ,OGIN 6IEW 7INDOW 0ROPERTIES

Property

Value

Description

FX]S^fBch[T

C^^[ FX]S^f

4HIS WINDOW STYLE DOESNT PROVIDE THE -INIMIZE AND 2ESIZE BUTTONS

FX]S^fBcPacd_;^RPcX^] 2T]cTaBRaTT]

4HE WINDOW IS DISPLAYED IN THE CENTER OF THE SCREEN

ATbXiT<^ST

=^ATbXiT

4HE WINDOW CANT BE RESIZED

C^_<^bc

CadT

4HE WINDOW IS THE TOPMOST VISIBLE WIDGET ON THE SCREEN

"Y SETTING THESE PROPERTIES YOU CAN GUARANTEE THAT THE ,OGIN WINDOW WILL STAY ON TOP OF ANY OTHER OPEN APPLICATION AND THAT IT IS NOT RESIZABLE HOWEVER YOU EASILY USE A CANVAS PANEL AND PLACE THE CONTROLS USING AN ABSOLUTE POSITION &OR THIS WINDOW YOU NEED THE FOLLOWING v

! ;PQT[ WITH A SPECIAL STYLE FOR THE WINDOW TITLE

v

! CTgc1^g FOR THE USER NAME

v

! ?Pbbf^aS1^g FOR THE PASSWORD

v

! ;PQT[ WITH A SPECIAL STYLE TO DISPLAY ERRORS DURING THE AUTHENTICATION

v

4WO 8\PVT1dcc^] CONTROLS A #ANCEL BUTTON AND A ,OGIN BUTTON

4HE FINAL RESULT SHOULD LOOK LIKE &IGURE  



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&IGURE   ,OGIN VIEW FINAL RESULT 4HE LAST STEP YOU NEED TO DO IS TO CHANGE THE BOOTSTRAP PROCESS YOU WANT THAT AT THE STARTUP OF THE 4IME4RACKER SO YOU DISPLAY A ,OGIN SCREEN AND YOU WAIT UNTIL THE LOGIN IS EXECUTED PROPERLY SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   ,OGIN "OOTSTRAP  0__gP\[Rb  X\_^ac cWT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTfb _aXePcT e^XS 2^]UXVdaT2^]cPX]Ta j R^]cPX]Ta , ]Tf D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+83XP[^VBTaeXRT 3XP[^VBTaeXRT-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+;^VX]EXTf-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+]BcPacd_BcPacd_4eT]c0aVb T j QPbT>]BcPacd_T* ]PeXVPcX^]BW^f;^VX]FX]S^f* l  =PeXVPcX^] bTaeXRT _dQ[XR FX]S^f BW^f;^VX]FX]S^f j ePa fX]S^f , 2^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+;^VX]EXTf-* fX]S^fBW^f3XP[^V* aTcda] fX]S^f* l



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7HEN YOU ADD THE VIEW MODEL FOR THIS VIEW YOU WILL ALSO INCLUDE THE BUSINESS LOGIC TO LOAD THE APPLICATION OR TO CLOSE IT IF THE USER CANT BE AUTHENTICATED 4O BE CONSISTENT WITH WHAT YOU WROTE IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER YOU NEED TO MODIFY THE 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT INTERFACE BY DECLARING A NEW METHOD CALLED BW^f;^VX]FX]S^f 2EGARDING THE 2^]cPX]Ta PROPERTY YOU EXPOSED IN ,ISTING   THIS PROPERTY IS AVAILABLE IN THE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT CONCRETE CLASS BY USING THE DEPENDENCY INJECTION TECHNIQUE 7HEN YOU CREATE A NEW INSTANCE OF A =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT OBJECT USING THE 5NITY )O# CONTAINER IT WILL INJECT THE CORRESPONDING INSTANCE OF THE CONTAINER IN THE SERVICE 9OU CAN ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK BY ADDING A PROPERTY OF TYPE 8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta DECORATED WITH THE J3T_T]ST]RhL ATTRIBUTE LIKE SO J3T_T]ST]RhL _dQ[XR 8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta 2^]cPX]Ta j VTc* bTc* l

$ETAILS 6IEW 4HE $ETAILS VIEW CONTAINS THE DETAILED INFORMATION OF A SELECTED VIEW MODEL 9OU WILL HAVE TWO DIFFERENT $ETAILS VIEWSˆONE FOR A SELECTED EMPLOYEE AND ONE FOR A SELECTED CUSTOMER )N THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION THE VIEW IS A SIMPLE CONTAINER FOR INFORMATION AND DOESNT HAVE ANY PRESENTATION LOGIC &OR THIS REASON THE VIEWS DONT REALLY KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE PRESENTATION LOGIC PROVIDED BY THE VIEW MODELS THEY ARE ONLY IN CHARGE OF DISPLAYING THE INFORMATION &OR THIS TYPE OF VIEW ) PREFER TO USE A 6aXS CONTAINER INSTEAD OF USING A BcPRZ?P]T[ OR A 3^RZ CONTAINER BECAUSE WITH THE 6aXS ) HAVE MORE CONTROL OVER THE LAYOUT BUT ALSO CAN STILL HAVE MY CONTROLS RESIZABLE )F YOU DO NOT DEFINE A


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&IGURE   %MPLOYEE $ETAILS VIEW WITH A 4AB#ONTROL ,ISTING   "ASE 8!-, -ARKUP FOR THE %MPLOYEE $ETAILS 6IEW +FX]S^f+3^RZ?P]T[ ;Pbc2WX[S5X[[,CadT+CTgc1[^RZ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CXc[T1[^RZl-CX\TCaPRZTa 4\_[^hTT 3TcPX[b+CTgc1[^RZ+BcPRZ?P]T[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,AXVWc 6aXS2^[d\],  6aXSA^f," 6aXS2^[d\]B_P],"+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,BPeT 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT BPeTB\P[[l+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,2P]RT[ 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 2[^bTB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[+CPQ2^]ca^[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ <PaVX],$+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,4\_[^hTT+CPQ8cT\+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,2^]cPRcb+CPQ8cT\+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,0__^X]c\T]cb-



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+CPQ8cT\+CPQ2^]ca^[+3^RZ?P]T[+FX]S^f-

User Controls 9OU CAN CONSIDER A DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROL LIKE A WINDOW OR PAGE FRAMEWORK ELEMENT IT CAN CONTAIN ANY CONTROL AND CAN ACT LIKE A 70& WINDOW OR PAGE )T HAS A 3PcP2^]cTgc PROPERTY AND CAN BE REUSED IN OTHER CONTROLS PAGES AND WINDOWS 4O CREATE A NEW DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROL RIGHT CLICK THE 6IEWS FOLDER OF THE 70& APPLICATION SELECT THE COMMAND !DD .EW 5SER#ONTROL AND GIVE IT A NAME OF %MPLOYEE$ETAILS5SER#ONTROL "Y DEFAULT WHEN YOU ADD A NEW CONTROL PAGE OR WINDOW IN A 70& APPLICATION THE MAIN CONTAINER ROOT ELEMENT ADDED TO THE VIEW IS OF TYPE 6aXS THIS TYPE OF CONTAINER IS COMPOSED BY A SET OF A^f3TUX]XcX^] AND 2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] PROPERTIES LIKE AN (4-, TABLE 9OU CAN SET UP THE ROW HEIGHT OR THE COLUMN WIDTH TO BE A SPECIFIC SIZE SUCH AS PX OR AUTOMATIC AUTO OR TO FILL UP THE REMAINING SPACE   !NOTHER EASY WAY TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK CREATING NEW ROW AND COLUMNS ON A GRID IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO OR "LEND IS TO RIGHT CLICK THE 6aXS CONTAINER IN THE DESIGNER AND SELECT THE PROPERTY 'RID 2OW OR 'RID #OLUMN 7ITHIN THESE COMMANDS YOU CAN CHOOSE TO ADD REMOVE OR RESIZE THE ROWS AND COLUMNS !FTER YOU HAVE SET UP ALL THE ROWS AND COLUMNS IN THE 6aXS CONTAINER YOU CAN SIMPLY DRAG A CONTROL SUCH AS A ;PQT[ OR A CTgc1^g IN THE DESIGN SURFACE OF THE USER CONTROL AND SPECIFY THE ATTACHED PROPERTIES 6aXSA^f AND 6aXS2^[d\] 7HEN YOUR USER CONTROL IS DONE YOU CAN REFERENCE IT IN ANY OTHER VIEW OR CONTROL USING THE CODE IN ,ISTING   OR SIMPLY DRAG IT FROM THE TOOLBOX SO THAT THE 70& DESIGNER WILL CREATE A NEW REFERENCE TO THE CORRESPONDING NAMESPACE IN YOUR 8!-, CODE ,ISTING   $ETAILS 5SER#ONTROL 2EFERENCED IN THE $ETAILS 6IEW + 8] cWT a^^c T[T\T]c g\[]b)\h,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaEXTfb +CPQ2^]ca^[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ <PaVX],$+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,4\_[^hTT+\h)4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bDbTa2^]ca^[ ?PSSX]V,$ +CPQ8cT\+CPQ2^]ca^[5SING THIS APPROACH YOU WILL BUILD A MAIN VIEW MODEL THAT WILL BE ABLE TO CARRY ALL THE DATA NEEDED BY THE $ETAILS VIEW AND BY EVERY SINGLE TAB $ETAILS #ONTACTS AND !PPOINTMENTS  THEN USING THE )O# CONTAINER AND THE DATA BINDING ENGINE OF 70& YOU WILL BIND THE DATA IN THE 8!-, TREE STRUCTURE OF THE $ETAILS VIEW &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT OF THE $ETAILS VIEW INCLUDING THE USER CONTROLS IN THE FIGURE YOU CAN SEE HOW EACH PART OF THE 5) IS CARRYING ITS OWN 3PcP2^]cTgc VIEW MODEL 



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4HE VALIDATION PROCESS OF A VALUE INSERTED IN A CONTROL IN 70& IS STRICTLY RELATED TO THE BINDING ENGINE OF 70& A TOPIC YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT IN #HAPTER  IN THIS SECTION YOU WILL SEE HOW THE %RROR4EMP[ATE WORKS AND HOW IT CAN BE SET UP IN A CTgc1^g BY DISPLAYING A C^^[CX_ AND BY MARKING WITH A RED BORDER THE CTgc1^g CONTROL 4HE PROPERTY THAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR IN 70& IS CALLED EP[XSPcX^]7Pb4aa^a AND IT IS AN ATTACHED PROPERTY THE PROPERTY IS TRIGGERED BY THE VALIDATION PROCESS OF THE VIEW AND IT WILL BE COVERED IN DEPTH IN #HAPTER  &IGURE   SHOWS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW YOU CAN STYLE A CTgc1^g TO DISPLAY A RED BORDER AND A C^^[CX_ WITH AN ERROR MESSAGE THAT SAYS THE DATE OF A SPECIFIC OBJECT BEING INVALID

&IGURE   6ALIDATION ERRORS IN 70& ,ISTING   SHOWS THE 8!-, STYLE APPLIED TO THE CTgc1^g CONTROL ,ISTING   8!-, 6ALIDATION %RROR 3TYLE +CaXVVTa ?a^_Tach,EP[XSPcX^]7Pb4aa^a EP[dT,cadT+BTccTa ?a^_Tach,1^aSTa1adbW EP[dT,ATS +BTccTa ?a^_Tach,C^^[CX_ EP[dT,j1X]SX]V AT[PcXeTB^daRT,jg)BcPcXR AT[PcXeTB^daRTBT[Ul ?PcW,EP[XSPcX^]4aa^abJL4aa^a2^]cT]cl+CaXVVTa-

,IST 6IEW 4HE ,IST VIEW IS A SIMPLE VIEW )T DOESNT REALLY EXPOSE A LOT OF CONTROLS )N THIS CASE IT EXPOSES A BAR AT THE TOP OF THE VIEW THAT CONTAINS A SET OF 8\PVT1dcc^] CONTROLS AND A 70& 3PcP6aXS CONTROL THAT CONTAINS THE AVAILABLE EMPLOYEESCUSTOMERS OBJECT RETRIEVED FROM THE DATABASE &IRST YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW VIEW THIS TIME THE NAME IS 4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf AND IT WILL BE PLACED INSIDE THE 6IEWS FOLDER 4HIS VIEW IS COMPOSED OF A 3^RZ?P]T[ CONTAINER THAT HAS THE FOLLOWING SEQUENCE A TITLE CTgc1[^RZ A BcPRZ?P]T[ WITH A SEARCH CTgc1^g A 3PcP6aXS AND ANOTHER PANEL WITH THE #REATE 2EAD 5PDATE AND $ELETE #25$ BUTTONS &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT AND ,ISTING   SHOWS THE 8!-, MARKUP



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&IGURE   %MPLOYEES ,IST VIEW ,ISTING   8!-, -ARKUP 5SED FOR THE %MPLOYEES ,IST 6IEW +FX]S^f+3^RZ?P]T[+CTgc1[^RZ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CXc[T1[^RZl-CX\TCaPRZTa 4\_[^hTTb ;Xbc+CTgc1[^RZ+BcPRZ?P]T[ <PaVX],$ <X]7TXVWc," 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_+;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l-BTPaRW 4\_[^hTTb) +;PQT[+CTgc1^g <PaVX],"-+CTgc1^g+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] CTgc,BTPaRW 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT BTPaRWB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[+BcPRZ?P]T[ <PaVX],$ <X]7TXVWc," 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,AXVWc >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] CTgc,=Tf 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT =TfB\P[[l+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] CTgc,4SXc 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 4SXcB\P[[l +2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] CTgc,3T[TcT 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 2[^bTB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[-



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+3PcP6aXS <PaVX],$ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\+3PcP6aXS2^[d\]b+3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 7TPSTa,5Xabc =P\T FXScW, ! +3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 7TPSTa,;Pbc =P\T FXScW, ! +3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 7TPSTa,4
The DataGrid 4HE 70& 3PcP6aXS WAS INTRODUCED IN THE DEFAULT SET OF 70& CONTROLS IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  AND .%4  "EFORE IN ORDER TO USE THIS CONTROL YOU WERE FORCED TO DOWNLOAD THE 70& 4OOLKIT AN OPEN SOURCE PROJECT HOSTED ON fffR^ST_[TgR^\ AND SUPPORTED BY -ICROSOFT IN ORDER TO FILL THE GAPS LEFT BY THE DEFAULT SET OF CONTROLS PROVIDED WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  4HE 3PcP6aXS CONTROL IN 70& IS A VERY POWERFUL CONTROL AND CAN BE USED AS IS JUST BY DRAGGING A GRID ON A 70& SURFACE AND BY ASSIGNING ITS 8cT\bB^daRT TO A BINDABLE COLLECTION OF OBJECT OR MANUALLY SETTING THE BIND AND STYLES )F YOU PLAN TO MANUALLY SET THE COLUMNS OF YOUR 3PcP6aXS FIRST SET THE 0dc^6T]TaPcT2^[d\]b PROPERTY OF THE 6aXS TO UP[bT OTHERWISE THE COLUMN WILL AUTOMATICALLY GENERATE A COLUMN FOR EACH AVAILABLE PROPERTY OF THE OBJECT BOUND TO IT 4HE CURRENT VERSION OF THE 70& 3PcP6aXS OFFERS FOUR BASIC COLUMN TYPES v

CTgc1^g2^[d\] USED TO DISPLAY STRING VALUES

v

2WTRZ1^g2^[d\] USED TO DISPLAY "OOLEAN VALUES

v

2^\Q^1^g2^[d\] USED TO DISPLAY SELECTABLE OR ENUMERABLE VALUES

v

7h_Ta[X]Z2^[d\] USED TO DISPLAY HYPERLINKS VALUES

v

CT\_[PcT2^[d\] USED TO DISPLAY CUSTOM STYLES

4HE COLUMNS CAN BE ADDED AND CREATED BY USING THE 8!-, MARKUP OR THE 70& DESIGNER PROVIDED WITHIN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO

■ .OTE 4HE 3PcP6aXS CONTROL IN 70&  HAS A LOT OF FEATURES FOR EXAMPLE IT ALLOWS YOU TO GROUP COLUMNS BY USING SPECIFIC GROUP CRITERIA )T ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO EXECUTE SPECIFIC CUSTOM CELL AND ROW SELECTION AND TO DEFINE COMPLEX 5) STYLES 4HE 3PcP6aXS IS NOT A CONTROL THAT YOU WILL ANALYZE IN DETAIL IN THIS CHAPTER BUT IT WILL BE USED IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 9OU WILL SEE IN THE NEXT CHAPTERS HOW TO BIND DATA TO THIS CONTROL AND HOW YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE SELECTION AND SORTING &OR DETAILS PLEASE REFER TO Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah bhbcT\fX]S^fbR^]ca^[bSPcPVaXSPb_g



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5SER #ONTROLS FOR THE $ASHBOARD )N 70& YOU CAN CREATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIEWS FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU ARE BUILDING A NAVIGATION APPLICATION THAT WILL BE DISPLAYED ON )NTERNET %XPLORER gQP_ YOU WILL CREATE SOME PAGE CONTAINERS ON THE OTHER HAND IF YOU ARE BUILDING A STAND ALONE TgT APPLICATION LIKE 4IME4RACKER YOU WILL HAVE TO USE THE WINDOW CONTAINERS 4HERE IS THEN A THIRD TYPE OF CONTROL CONTAINER THAT IS CALLED DbTa2^]ca^[ WHICH CANNOT BE HOSTED BY ITSELF BUT HAS TO BE INCLUDED IN A ?PVT OR FX]S^f CONTROL 9OU HAVE ALREADY CREATED A COUPLE OF DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROLS WHEN YOU CREATED THE $ETAILS VIEWS FOR THE EMPLOYEE AND CUSTOMER OBJECTS 4HE TRICK OF USING DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROLS IS THAT YOU CAN TOTALLY RECYCLE THE 5) OF YOUR VIEWS AND THE ONLY THING YOU NEED TO DO IS TO PASS A VALID VIEW MODEL TO THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF THE DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROL

Charts with WPF 4HE MAIN WINDOW OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION IS COMPOSED OF A SET OF PANELS THAT CONSIST OF NOTHING MORE THAN FOUR DIFFERENT DbTa2^]ca^[ CONTROLS ARRANGED ON THE DASHBOARD 5) USING A 6aXS CONTROL CONTAINER 4O EACH DbTa2^]ca^[ YOU SIMPLY APPLY AN ADDITIONAL SHADOW EFFECT IN ORDER TO MAKE THE 5) COOLER )N THE 70& PROJECT LOCATE THE 6IEWS FOLDER AND CREATE A NEW DbTa2^]ca^[ THAT YOU WILL CALL 4\_[^hTTBcPcXbcXRbDbTa2^]ca^[ IT WILL CONTAIN A COUPLE OF CUSTOM CHARTS THAT WILL DISPLAY GENERAL PERFORMANCES OF THE EMPLOYEES OF THE !#-% ,TD #OMPANY 4O USE CHARTS IN 70& IF YOU HAVENT PURCHASED A THIRD PARTY CHART COMPONENT YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE 70& 4OOLKIT FROM Wcc_)f_UR^ST_[TgR^\aT[TPbTbeXTf!( & 4HIS PROVIDES A RICH SET OF 70& CONTROLS INCLUDING BAR CHARTS GRAPHS PIE CHARTS AND MORE )N &IGURE   ) AM SHOWING TWO DIFFERENT CHARTS SO ) HAVE DIVIDED THE LAYOUT OF THE DbTa2^]ca^[ USING A 6aXS LAYOUT CONTAINER BY CREATING TWO COLUMNS AND FIVE ROWS IN ORDER TO SEPARATE THE CHARTS AND VIEW TITLES

&IGURE   %MPLOYEES OVERALL 5SER#ONTROL



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9OU CAN START TO DESIGN YOUR 5) BY DRAGGING A COUPLE OF 2WPac CONTROLS FROM THE 4OOLKIT TOOLBAR TO YOUR 5) APPLICATION 4HE TOOLKIT WILL PROVIDE SOME FAKE DATA THAT IS DISPLAYED AT DESIGN TIME 9OU WILL THEN BIND THE CHARTS WITH SOME REAL DATA DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER  )N THIS WAY YOU CAN VIEW THE FINAL RESULT RIGHT AWAY WITHOUT NEEDING TO PROVIDE REAL DATA TO THE CHART

■ .OTE 4HE 70& 4OOLKIT IS A THIRD PARTY CONTROL LIBRARY FOR 70& CONTAINING A SET OF CONTROLS INCLUDED IN ONE OR MORE ASSEMBLY S[[ FILE  9OU CAN USE THESE CONTROLS IN TWO WAYS THE FIRST WAY WHICH IS THE EASIEST IS TO CREATE A NEW TAB IN YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 4OOLBOX AND SELECT THE CONTROLS BY USING THE RIGHT CLICK COMMAND h!DD CONTROLSv !FTER YOU HAVE ADDED THE CONTROLS TO THE 4OOLBOX YOU HAVE TO SIMPLY DRAG AND DROP THE CONTROLS INTO THE 5) 4HE SECOND OPTION IS TO EMULATE WHAT THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO DESIGNER WILL DO FOR YOU WHEN YOU DRAG SOMETHING FROM THE 4OOLBOX AND THAT IS TO ADD A REFERENCE TO THE PROJECT THAT POINTS TO F?5c^^[ZXcS[[ AND REFERENCE THE NAMESPACE IN THE 8!-, MARKUP USING THE FOLLOWING SYNTAX g\[]b)RWPacX]VC^^[ZXc,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)BhbcT\FX]S^fb 2^]ca^[b3PcPEXbdP[XiPcX^]2WPacX]V*PbbT\Q[h,BhbcT\FX]S^fb2^]ca^[b3PcPEXbdP[XiPcX^] C^^[ZXc 4HEN USE THE NEW ELEMENT PREFIX RWPacX]VC^^ZXc IN YOUR 8!-, MARKUP

Drag and Drop (Appointments Control) !NOTHER INTERESTING CONTROL IN THE DASHBOARD IS THE APPOINTMENT CALENDAR CONTROL WHICH DISPLAYS THE APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE FOR TODAY AND ALLOWS YOU TO DRAG AND DROP THESE APPOINTMENTS AROUND THE 5) 4HERE ARE A LOT OF SOLUTION TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK AND ) BELIEVE THAT THE MOST FUNCTIONAL IS STILL WHAT IS DONE IN THE /FFICE /UTLOOK SOFTWARE WHICH IS CALLED THE $AILY 3CHEDULER )T IS NOTHING MORE THAN A GRID WITH A SET OF ROWS ONE FOR EACH HOUR OF THE DAY WHERE YOU CAN DRAG OVER SHAPES THAT REPRESENT APPOINTMENTS ) HAVE FOUND SOME SCHEDULE CONTROLS PROVIDED BY THIRD PARTY COMPANIES SUCH AS )NFRAGISTICS 4ELERICK AND $EV%XPRESS IN THIS DEMO ) HAVE INCLUDED AN OPEN SOURCE CONTROL THE 70& 3CHEDULE #ONTROL CREATED BY 2UDI 'LOBER AND AVAILABLE AT fffadSXVa^Q[Ta]Tc1[^VcX\Tb[^c_P]T[ )T ALLOWS YOU TO ACCOMPLISH THE TASK BUT YOU MAY ALSO CONSIDER PURCHASING A PROFESSIONAL ONE OR CUSTOMIZING THE OPEN SOURCE ONE PROVIDED WITH THIS BOOK 4HE OPEN SOURCE CONTROL IS A BASIC DAILY SCHEDULE CONTROL AND CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM Wcc_)f_UbRWTSd[TR^ST_[TgR^\ &IGURE   SHOWS THE FINAL RESULT IN THIS CASE ) HAVE JUST INCLUDED THE SCHEDULE CONTROL INSIDE A BcPRZ?P]T[ SO THAT THE CONTROL WILL FILL THE ENTIRE SPACE OF THE CONTAINER



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&IGURE   $AILY SCHEDULE CONTROL

4HE $ASHBOARD -AIN6IEW 4HE LAST COMPONENT OF THE DASHBOARD IS THE ;Xbc1^g THAT CONTAINS A SET OF EMPLOYEES )N THIS CASE YOU WILL QUERY FROM THE DATABASE THE TOP TEN EMPLOYEES BASED ON THE PERFORMANCE THEY HAVE EVERY MONTH 9OU WILL SEE THIS CONTROL IN #HAPTER  WHEN YOU BIND THE DATA RETRIEVED FROM THE DATABASE 4HE DASHBOARD CONTROL HAS A VERY SIMPLE LAYOUT )T IS A GRID LAYOUT THAT SPLITS THE SCREEN IN FOUR SECTIONS LIKE YOU DID IN #HAPTER  WITH 3KETCH&LOW IN EACH CELL OF THE GRID YOU HAVE A BRa^[[EXTfTa CONTROL SO THAT YOU CAN EASILY DISPLAY A SCROLLBAR IF THE CONTENT IN THE CELL OVERFLOW THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER )F YOU PRESS #TRL3HIFT" 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL REBUILD THE ENTIRE APPLICATION FOR YOU AFTER YOU REBUILD THE APPLICATION YOU CAN FIND IN THE 4OOLBOX A NEW TAB THAT CONTAINS ALL THE USER CONTROLS AVAILABLE FROM YOUR APPLICATION 9OU DONT HAVE TO DO ANYTHING MORE THAN DRAGGING THE CONTROLS INSIDE THE 5) &IGURE   REPRESENTS THE RESULT A 70& WINDOW COMPOSED OF FOUR 70& USER CONTROLS READY TO BE CUSTOMIZED BY A THEME AND TO BE BOUND WITH SOME REAL DATA



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&IGURE   &INAL DRAFT OF THE DASHBOARD

Add Features to the Application 9OU CAN LEAVE THE 5) AS IS FOR NOW BECAUSE YOU ALREADY HAVE A NICE 5) STYLE THAT CAN BE EASILY CUSTOMIZED /R YOU CAN START TO LOOK AT THE AMAZING EFFECTS YOU CAN OBTAIN ON ANY 70& CONTROLS BY USING FEW SIMPLE LINES OF 8!-, MARKUP OR BY PLAYING A LITTLE BIT WITH %XPRESSION "LEND -Y PERSONAL CHOICE IS TO USE THE 8!-, MARKUP BECAUSE ) WANT TO LEARN AND UNDERSTAND EXACTLY HOW A SPECIFIC EFFECT OR BEHAVIOR WORKS HOWEVER FEEL FREE TO OPEN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION IN %XPRESSION "LEND AND DO SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE 5) IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A CUSTOM STYLE THAT YOU CAN APPLY TO YOUR VERSION OF THE 4IME4RACKER

#USTOM %FFECTS 7HEN YOU WANT TO OPEN A VIEW BECAUSE YOU CHOSE TO USE THE )NVERSION OF #ONTROL YOU DO NOT HAVE A LOT OF POWER OVER HOW TO OPEN IT &OR EXAMPLE YOU DONT HAVE A FRAMEWORK THAT ALLOWS YOU WITHIN THE $) CONTAINER TO OPEN A VIEW WITH SOME KIND OF ANIMATION )F YOU REMEMBER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW THAT THE 70& STYLES PROVIDE A POWERFUL OBJECT CALLED A TRIGGER THAT IS A SET OF EVALUATION RULES APPLIED TO A STYLE !NY FRAMEWORK ELEMENT IN 70& HAS A CaXVVTab PROPERTY ELEMENT THAT CAN BE USED BY SIMPLY DECLARING THE ELEMENT USING THE SYNTAX JUaP\Tf^aZT[T\T]cLJcaXVVTabL AND WRITING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRIGGER INSIDE THIS ELEMENT )N THIS CASE YOU WANT TO CREATE AN EVENT TRIGGER IN OTHER WORDS A TRIGGER THAT IS FIRED WHEN A SPECIFIC EVENT OCCURS 3O YOU MAY WONDER WHICH EVENT WHEN FIRED WILL TRIGGER AN ANIMATION IN THE VIEW 7ELL THE ANIMATION SHOULD OCCUR WHEN THE WINDOW IS OPEN SO THE EVENT



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SHOULD BE THE >];^PS EVENT ,ISTING   SHOWS HOW YOU CAN OPEN A WINDOW AND USE A SIMPLE ANIMATION WITH A STORYBOARD TO CHANGE THE OPACITY OF THE WINDOW )TS LIKE CREATING A FADE EFFECT ,ISTING   7INDOW ,OAD %VENT WITH !NIMATION +FX]S^fCaXVVTab+4eT]cCaXVVTa A^dcTS4eT]c,FX]S^f;^PSTS+4eT]cCaXVVTa0RcX^]b+1TVX]Bc^ahQ^PaS+Bc^ahQ^PaS+3^dQ[T0]X\PcX^] Bc^ahQ^PaSCPaVTc=P\T,CaP]b_PaT]cBc^_ Bc^ahQ^PaSCPaVTc?a^_Tach,>UUbTc 1h,  3daPcX^],))  +3^dQ[T0]X\PcX^] Bc^ahQ^PaSCPaVTc=P\T,1[PRZBc^_ Bc^ahQ^PaSCPaVTc?a^_Tach,>UUbTc 1h,  3daPcX^],))  1TVX]CX\T,))$ +Bc^ahQ^PaS+1TVX]Bc^ahQ^PaS+4eT]cCaXVVTa0RcX^]b+4eT]cCaXVVTa+FX]S^fCaXVVTab-

-

)N THIS EXAMPLE YOU ARE USING A 3^dQ[T0]X\PcX^] ELEMENT TO CREATE AN INTERPOLATION BETWEEN TO VALUES OF A PROPERTY IN THIS CASE THE CaP]b_PaT]cBc^_ PROPERTY IS USED TO RE CREATE A FADE EFFECT !S YOU SAW IN THE #HAPTER  YOU CAN EASILY ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK BY USING ONE OF THE PREDEFINED ANIMATIONS AVAILABLE IN "LEND OR YOU CAN CREATE YOUR CUSTOM ANIMATION 4HE BASE CONCEPT WITH THE ANIMATION IS TO CREATE A STORYBOARD AND THEN ATTACH THE STORYBOARD TO A TRIGGER THAT WILL PLAY IT WHEN ITS REQUIRED BY THE APPLICATION ! FEW NOTES ON USING ANIMATION WITH 70& ARE NECESSARY v

70& ANIMATION REQUIRES CERTAIN HARDWARE 4HE MORE COMPLEX THE ANIMATION IS THE MORE POWER THE '$) ENGINE WILL REQUIRE

v

(AVING THE POWER OF RUNNING STAND ALONE APPLICATIONS USING A STORYBOARD DOESNT MEAN THAT EVERY SINGLE COMPONENT OF THE APPLICATION SHOULD BE ANIMATED

v

(AVING A WINDOW THAT TAKES  SECONDS TO BE ANIMATED AND OPENED IS PROBABLY NOT REALLY USER FRIENDLY

$URING THE NEXT CHAPTERS YOU WILL ADD SOME MORE ANIMATIONS TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION BUT THEY WILL NOT BE ANALYZED IN DEPTH BECAUSE THEY ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS BOOK )F YOU ARE INTERESTED IN LEARNING 70& ANIMATION ) SUGGEST YOU REFER TO Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah\b&$!" !Pb_g !LSO LOOK AT %XPRESSION "LEND WHICH CAN BE A VERY USEFUL TOOL TO LEARN IN A VISUAL WAY HOW TO WRITE 8!-, ANIMATIONS

Summary /NE OF THE MORE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN 70& IS HOW YOU CAN STYLE THE 5) OF THE APPLICATION AND WHERE YOU CAN STORE THESE CUSTOMIZATIONS 4HANKS TO THE STRUCTURE OF 70& YOU CAN CREATE VARIOUS 8!-, FILES THAT CAN BE USED AS A RESOURCE DICTIONARY WHICH IS A DICTIONARY OF INFORMATION STORED USING THE 8!-, MARKUP



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7ITHIN A RESOURCE DICTIONARY YOU CAN STORE THE LOCATION PATH OF A GRAPHICAL RESOURCE SUCH AS AN IMAGE OR AN ANIMATION OR YOU CAN STORE A 5) STYLE THAT WILL BE USED TO CUSTOMIZE THE GRAPHICAL APPEARANCE OF A 5) CONTROL 5SING STYLES YOU CAN REVOLUTIONIZE THE 5) APPEARANCE OF A CONTROL STARTING FROM MODIFYING BASIC PROPERTIES SUCH AS THE BORDER COLOR OR THE FONT FAMILY 4HEN YOU CAN GO DOWN TO THE CORE TEMPLATE CONTROL AND DRASTICALLY CHANGE THE APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOR OF ANY CONTROL 5SING THIS APPROACH YOU CAN EMBED A SET OF STYLES IN A RESOURCE DICTIONARY AND SHARE IT ACROSS THE 70& APPLICATION LIKE IT IS AN APPLICATION THEME OR SKIN 4HE PROCESS OF CREATING A VIEW WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IS PRETTY SIMPLE AFTER YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED THE LAYOUT THAT WILL COMPOSE THE VIEW YOU CAN CHOOSE FROM WRITING THE 8!-, MARKUP OR SIMPLY DRAG THE CONTROL INTO THE DESIGNER FROM THE 4OOLBOX 9OU CAN USE AND DRAG THE PREDEFINED SET OF CONTROLS PROVIDED BY 70& OR YOU CAN ADD CUSTOM CONTROLS DOWNLOADED FROM OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITIES SUCH AS fffR^ST_[TgR^\ OR PURCHASED FROM THIRD PARTY COMPANIES 9OU ALSO SAW HOW YOU CAN CREATE A 5) WITH A COMPLEX VIEW COMPOSED OF SEVERAL LITTLE VIEWS THIS TASK CAN BE ACHIEVED BY CREATING USER CONTROLS &INALLY YOU GOT A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF HOW TO ATTACH AN ANIMATION TO A COMPONENT OF A VIEW OR TO THE VIEW EVENTS SUCH AS THE VIEW LOAD PROCESS



CHAPTER ■■■

The Entity Framework 3OFTWARE IS TYPICALLY DEVELOPED TO SOLVE A PARTICULAR PROBLEM SET THAT ARISES FROM AND COMPRISES VARIOUS BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS 9OU CAN GROUP THOSE REQUIREMENTS TOGETHER INTO SOMETHING KNOWN AS A DOMAIN AND IN THIS DOMAIN MODEL THE BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS ARE CALLED DOMAIN ENTITIES %ACH DOMAIN ENTITY IS A UNIQUE BUSINESS OBJECT IN THE DOMAIN SPACE AND IT IS ABLE TO INTERACT AND TO HAVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE OTHER DOMAIN ENTITIES OF THE SAME DOMAIN MODEL ! DOMAIN ENTITY REPRESENTS A SPECIFIC PROBLEM OF THE DOMAIN MODEL 4HESE CONCEPTS ARE THE BASIS OF $OMAIN $RIVEN $ESIGN $$$ INTRODUCED BY -ARTIN &OWLER IN HIS BOOK 0ATTERNS FOR %NTERPRISE !PPLICATION !RCHITECTURES !DDISON 7ESLEY   7ITH $$$ YOU TRY TO RATIONALIZE THE SOLUTIONS FOR COMMON PROBLEMS BY BUILDING A FRAMEWORK COMPOSED OF OBJECTS AND THEIR BEHAVIORS 4HE $$$ APPROACH ALLOWS THE TEAM ANALYSTS ARCHITECTS DEVELOPERS AND SO ON TO BUILD A SHARED LANGUAGEˆA DOMAIN SPECIFIC LANGUAGE $3,  4HIS IS A UNIFIED LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDABLE BY ALL MEMBERS OF THE TEAM WHICH EASES COLLABORATION AMONG TEAM MEMBERS AND HELPS THEM FIND GAPS AND ERRORS IN THE DOMAIN /F COURSE THIS ADDS ANOTHER LAYER OF ABSTRACTION TO THE SYSTEM BY KEEPING THE BUSINESS LOGIC OF THE APPLICATION LOOSELY COUPLED FROM THE REST OF THE APPLICATION CODE IT FORCES THE DEVELOPERS TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL LEVEL OF ISOLATION TO THE DOMAIN AND THIS REQUIRES MORE EFFORT AND MORE CODE (OWEVER THERE ARE ALSO ADVANTAGES /NE OF THE ADVANTAGES IS THE AMOUNT OF TESTABLE SURFACE YOU CAN COVER 4HE LOOSELY COUPLED APPROACH PRODUCES LAYERED APPLICATIONS AND EACH LAYER CAN BE TESTED SEPARATELY FROM THE OTHER LAYERS SO THE TESTABLE SURFACE IS MUCH HIGHER THAN WITH AN APPLICATION COMPOSED OF A SINGLE LAYER !N ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE IS THE EXTENSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION IF THE BUSINESS LOGIC IS TOTALLY SEPARATE FAR LESS CODE IS REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT A NEW FEATURE IN THE BUSINESS TIER THAN IN A SINGLE LAYER APPLICATION 5SING THIS APPROACH ALSO MEANS THE WAY YOU PERSIST AND RETRIEVE THE DATA FROM THE DATABASE WILL BE DIFFERENTˆYOU WANT TO KEEP THE DOMAIN UNAWARE OF THE PARTICULAR PERSISTENCE TECHNIQUE !PPLYING THIS CONCEPT CAN BE TOUGH ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE A JUNIOR DEVELOPER AND HAVE NEVER WORKED ON A LAYERED APPLICATION BEFORE )N THIS CHAPTER WE ARE GOING TO TAKE A LOOK AT HOW TO PERSIST A DOMAIN MODEL ON A DATABASE WITHOUT SPENDING A LOT OF TIME WRITING COMPLEX STORED PROCEDURES OR CREATING CLASSES TO MAP THE DOMAIN ENTITIES AGAINST THE DATABASE TABLES 7E WILL ALSO EXPLORE THE VARIOUS $$$ TECHNIQUES AND HOW TO TIE EVERYTHING TOGETHER USING THE -ICROSOFT %NTITY &RAMEWORK

/BJECT 2ELATIONAL -APPERS 4HE FIRST CHALLENGE WHEN YOURE WORKING WITH A SET OF OBJECTS THAT NEED TO BE PERSISTED ON A DATABASE IS CREATING SPECIFIC DATABASE CODE USING A PARTICULAR DATABASE LANGUAGE LIKE 4 31, FOR 31, 3ERVER THAT WILL TELL THE DATABASE HOW TO PERSIST OR RETRIEVE THE OBJECTS 9OU MAY FOR EXAMPLE NEED TO INFORM 31, 3ERVER



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THAT A SPECIFIC OBJECT CALLED 2dbc^\Ta SHOULD BE PERSISTED IN A DATABASE TABLE CALLED cQ[N2dbc^\Tab AND THAT THE PROPERTY 5Xabc=P\T SHOULD BE PERSISTED IN A FIELD OF THE TABLE CALLED U[SNUXabcN]P\T AND SO ON !NOTHER CHALLENGING TASK MAY BE TO PERSIST OR RETRIEVE A COMPLEX GRAPH COMPOSED OF A SET OF OBJECTS TIED TOGETHER BY SOME RELATIONSHIPS &OR EXAMPLE THE 2dbc^\Ta OBJECT MAY HAVE A COLLECTION OF CHILD 0SSaTbb OBJECTS THAT ARE PERSISTED IN A DIFFERENT TABLE IN THE DATABASE AND LINKED BY A FOREIGN KEY HOW WOULD YOU PERSIST AND RETRIEVE THEM USING PROCEDURAL 4 31, CODE 0ROBABLY YOUD COME UP WITH A COMPLEX HARD TO MAINTAIN STORED PROCEDURE THAT WOULD EXECUTE A SPECIFIC 8=B4AC OR D?30C4 COMMANDS FOR EACH OBJECT THAT HAS TO BE SAVED OR MUCH BETTER A SEPARATE STORED PROCEDURE FOR EACH OBJECT THAT NEEDS TO BE SAVED OR UPDATED 5SUALLY ALL THE CODE AND PROCEDURES ARE TIED TOGETHER AND ORCHESTRATED BY A SET OF COMPONENTS AND CLASSES EXPOSED BY THE $ATA !CCESS ,AYER $!,  !N OBJECT RELATIONAL MAPPER /2- IS A FRAMEWORK THAT CAN MAP AND PERSIST A DOMAIN MODEL OR MORE GENERALLY A GRAPH OF OBJECTS INTO A RELATIONAL DATABASE 4HE TASK IS ACCOMPLISHED VIA A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS AND MAPPING FILES THAT TELL THE /2- HOW TO PERSIST A SPECIFIC OBJECT OF THE MODEL ON A SPECIFIC OBJECT TABLE OF THE DATABASE /NE OF THE VERY USEFUL FEATURES OF MOST /2-S IS THE CAPACITY TO EITHER AUTOGENERATE A DATABASE SCHEMA OR ADAPT TO AN EXISTING DATABASE SCHEMA )N THE FIRST CASE THE /2- LETS YOU AUTOGENERATE THE $ATA $EFINITION ,ANGUAGE $$, SCRIPTS THAT WILL CREATE OR UPDATE THE CORRESPONDING DATABASE SCHEMA IN THE SECOND CASE THE /2- WILL ADAPT MAP THE STRUCTURE OF THE DOMAIN MODEL TO AN EXISTING SCHEMA THAT CANT BE MODIFIED BECAUSE OF SOME BUSINESS REQUIREMENT THE DATABASE IS LEGACY THE DATABASE CONTAINS PRODUCTION DATA THE SCHEMA IS USED BY OTHER APPLICATIONS AND SO ON  4HE FIRST APPROACH IS KNOWN AS #ODE &IRST DEVELOPMENTˆTHE DOMAIN MODEL DRIVES THE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 4HE SECOND APPROACH IS KNOWN AS $ATABASE &IRSTˆWHEN THE DOMAIN MODEL DESIGN IS BASED ON A PRE EXISTING DATABASE SCHEMA WHERE USUALLY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DATABASE TABLES AND DOMAIN ENTITIES IS ONE TO ONE !T THE TIME OF THIS WRITING THE .%4 COMMUNITY MOSTLY USES TWO /2-S %NTITY &RAMEWORK AND .(IBERNATE %NTITY &RAMEWORK IS THE /2- PROVIDED WITH THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  AND LATER $EPENDING ON THE .%4 &RAMEWORK VERSION YOURE USING YOU WILL ABLE TO WORK WITH ONE OF THE AVAILABLE #40S 9OU CAN DOWNLOAD #40  RELEASED AT THE END OF  AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\S^f][^PSbT]STcPX[b Pb_g.5P\X[h83,"$PSQ%''U'P&#S!''%Q Q%!"$"'$"'(S .(IBERNATE IS AN OPEN SOURCE /2- THAT IS A PORTING OF THE WELL KNOWN *AVA /2- (IBERNATE FOR THE .%4 &RAMEWORK 4HE .(IBERNATE COMMUNITY IS VERY ACTIVE AND IN $ECEMBER  RELEASED A MAJOR NEW VERSION  WHICH YOU CAN DOWNLOAD FROM Wcc_)]WU^aVT^aV3TUPd[cPb_g .(IBERNATE IS OPEN SOURCE AND ITS A MORE MATURE AND COMPLEX /2- THAN THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK 5NFORTUNATELY IT DOESNT PROVIDE DIRECT INTEGRATION WITH THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )$% LIKE THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK DOES &OR THIS AND OTHER REASONS IN THIS BOOK WE WILL DEVELOP OUR $!, USING %NTITY &RAMEWORK #40  AS OUR /2- 7ELL USE THE #40 BECAUSE FOR NOW IT IS THE ONLY ONE THAT ALLOWS BUILDING A #ODE &IRST VERSION (ERE ARE THE MINIMUM FEATURES A CUSTOM $!, AND AN /2- SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE TO BE CONSIDERED A GOOD AND REUSABLE DATA ACCESS MODULE



v

$ATABASE INDEPENDENCE AN /2- SHOULD BE DATABASE INDEPENDENT 4HIS MEANS THAT A DOMAIN MODEL MAPPED WITH A SPECIFIC /2- SHOULD BE ABLE TO BE PERSISTED ON DIFFERENT DATABASES WITHOUT ANY HUGE RECONFIGURATION ON THE /2- SIDE

v

!UTOGENERATED SCRIPTS AN /2- SHOULD BE ABLE TO AUTOGENERATE THE $ATA -ANIPULATION ,ANGUAGE $-, USED TO PERSIST OR RETRIEVE THE DOMAIN FROM THE DATABASE 4HE $-, SHOULD BE SPECIFIC FOR EACH DATABASE CONFIGURED WITH THE /2-

v

1UERIES AN /2- SHOULD PROVIDE A SET OF !0)S THAT ALLOW YOU TO QUERY THE MODEL AND TRANSLATE THE !0) SO ITS UNDERSTANDABLE BY THE DATABASE

#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

v

4RANSACTIONS AN /2- SHOULD PROVIDE AN INTERFACE FOR MANAGING TRANSACTIONS LIKE A DATABASE DOES ! TRANSACTION IS A SET OF COMMANDS THAT ARE EXECUTED SEQUENTIALLY IF ONE OR MORE OF THESE COMMANDS FAILS THE ENTIRE SET OF COMMANDS IS CANCELLED ROLLED BACK AND NO CHANGES AFFECTS THE DATABASE

v

#ONCURRENCY AN /2- SHOULD BE ABLE TO MANAGE CONCURRENCY 4HIS MEANS THAT IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO RETURN THE CORRECT RESULT WHEN CONCURRENT OPERATIONS ARE EXECUTED AGAINST IT

!CTIVE 2ECORD 0ATTERN /NE OF THE AVAILABLE PATTERNS THAT CAN BE USED WITH AN /2- AND A DOMAIN MODEL IS THE !CTIVE 2ECORD !2 PATTERN 4HE PRINCIPAL REQUISITES OF THIS PATTERN ARE THE DOMAIN ENTITY REPRESENTS A TABLE OF THE DATABASE WITH A ONE TO ONE RELATIONSHIP THE DOMAIN ENTITY EXPOSES THE PROPERTIES OF THE CORRESPONDING DATABASE TABLE AND THE #REATE 2EAD 5PDATE AND $ELETE #25$ COMMANDS AND FOREIGN KEYS RELATIONSHIP ARE EXPOSED WITH OBJECT REFERENCES ,ISTING   SHOWS A PSEUDO CODE VERSION OF THE !CTIVE 2ECORD IMPLEMENTATION ,ISTING   3AMPLE !CTIVE 2ECORD 0ATTERN #ODE 2dbc^\Ta Rdbc^\Ta , ]Tf 2dbc^\Ta* Rdbc^\Ta5Xabc=P\T , APUUPT[T* Rdbc^\Ta;Pbc=P\T , 6Pa^UP[^* Rdbc^\TaBPeT* 4HE CODE CREATES A NEW OBJECT !2 OF TYPE 2dbc^\Ta THEN ASSIGNS SOME VALUES TO THE PROPERTIES EXPOSED BY THIS OBJECT 5Xabc=P\T AND ;Pbc=P\T &INALLY THE 2dbc^\Ta OBJECT SAVES ITSELF TO THE DATABASE BY CALLING THE !2 METHOD BPeT EXPOSED BY THE OBJECT 4HE !2 PATTERN WAS DESCRIBED BY &OWLER IN THE BOOK MENTIONED EARLIER AS A PATTERN MORE FOR A DATA SOURCE THAN FOR A DOMAIN MODEL BECAUSE IT EXPLAINS THE BEHAVIOR AND PROPERTY AN OBJECT SHOULD EXPOSE IF IT IS TO ACT AS A DATA SOURCE )N FACT AN OBJECT EXPOSED BY A DOMAIN THAT IMPLEMENTS THE !2 PATTERN CAN ACT AS A DATA SOURCE AND EXPOSE METHODS TO PERFORM #25$ OPERATIONS !N OBJECT THAT IMPLEMENTS THE !2 PATTERN IS USUALLY SPECIFIC TO THE ROW OF THE TABLE THAT THE OBJECT REPRESENTS AND IT SHOULD USUALLY BE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE REAL STRUCTURE OF THE DATA ROW REPRESENTED 5SUALLY AN OBJECT THAT IMPLEMENTS THE !2 PATTERN HAS THREE PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS v

)T EXPOSES ALL THE FIELDS OF THE CORRESPONDING TABLE IN THE FORM OF PROPERTIES

v

)T EXPOSES A SET OF METHODS TO ACCOMPLISH THE #25$ OPERATIONS

v

)T EXPOSES A SET OF STATIC METHODS TO EXECUTE GLOBAL #25$ OPERATIONS WITH ALL THE RECORDS OF THE TABLE

&IGURE   SHOWS A CLASS DIAGRAM OF A HYPOTHETICAL !2 ENTITY



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

&IGURE   #LASS DIAGRAM OF AN !2 OBJECT 4HE !2 PATTERN IS A PRETTY SIMPLE AND COMPACT IMPLEMENTATION OF A PERSISTENCE OBJECT PATTERN AND LIKE ANY OTHER DESIGN PATTERN HAS PROS AND CONS SOME BASIC /2-S LIKE ,).1 TO 31, AND ,).1 TO $ATA3ET ARE DESIGNED TO IMPLEMENT THIS PATTERN WHILE OTHERS LIKE %NTITY &RAMEWORK AND .(IBERNATE ARE DESIGNED TO IMPLEMENT A DIFFERENT TYPE OF PERSISTENCE PATTERN ONE THAT WE WILL EXPLORE IN A BIT

Pros and Cons of the Active Record Pattern 0ROS v

)T FORCES YOU TO KEEP THE DOMAIN SIMPLE )N FACT THE FIRST REQUIREMENT OF THE !2 IMPLEMENTATION IS h+EEP IT SIMPLEv

v

)T DOESNT REQUIRE LENGTHY EXPERIENCE WRITING A CUSTOM $!, BECAUSE USUALLY THE !2 IS SUPPORTED BY A MATURE FRAMEWORK LIKE ,).1 4O 31, #ASTLE !CTIVE 2ECORD AND SO FORTH

v

4HE OBJECT IS INDEPENDENT IT CARRIES ALL THE REQUIRED CODE FOR #25$ AND FOR TABLE OPERATIONS SEARCH COUNT AND MORE 

#ONS



v

)T POLLUTES THE DOMAIN ENTITIES WITH METHODS RELATED TO THE PERSISTENCE LAYER THIS RESULTS IN A DOMAIN MODEL THE BUSINESS LOGIC LAYER OR ",, THAT INTERACTS DIRECTLY WITH THE /2- $!, 

v

4HE CONSTRAINT BETWEEN TABLE AND ENTITY FORCES YOU TO KEEP BOTH UP TO DATE BECAUSE IT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT OF THE PATTERN

v

)T FORCES YOU TO EXPOSE STATIC METHODS IN THE DOMAIN ENTITY TO PERFORM SPECIFIC $!, OPERATIONS SEARCH COUNT ETC THAT CANT BE TESTED PROPERLY AND THAT ARE NO LONGER LOOSELY COUPLED

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#ODE &IRST $EVELOPMENT #ODE &IRST DEVELOPMENT IS THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF $OMAIN $RIVEN $ESIGN WHERE THE FLOW OF THE APPLICATION IS DRIVEN BY THE DOMAIN AND NOT BY THE DATABASE 5SUALLY THIS TYPE OF APPROACH IS ACCOMPLISHED WHEN THE DATABASE HASNT BEEN DESIGNED YET OR ISNT LEGACY SO THAT THE DATASTORE HAS SOME FLEXIBILITY THAT ALLOWS YOU TO MODEL THE DOMAIN IN A BETTER WAY !S NOTED EARLIER THE $$$ APPROACH REQUIRES A GRAPH OF OBJECTS THAT IS BUSINESS CENTRIC -OREOVER WITH $$$ THE DOMAIN IS TOTALLY UNAWARE ABOUT THE PERSISTENCE TECHNIQUES 3O IN CONTRAST TO THE PREVIOUS !2 PATTERN WITH THE DOMAIN FIRST APPROACH YOU WORK ON THE DOMAIN WITHOUT CARING ABOUT THE DATASTORE !T THE END OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS WHEN THE DOMAIN IS READY YOU MAP THE DOMAIN TO THE DATABASE USING AN /2- IN ORDER TO MAKE THE JOB A LITTLE BIT EASIER !S YOU CAN SEE THE FIRST BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE !2 AND THE $$$ APPROACH IS THAT THE !2 IS DATABASE DRIVEN AND IS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY CHANGES THAT MAY OCCUR IN THE DATABASE THE $$$ ON THE OTHER HAND IS DOMAIN DRIVEN AND IS DEVELOPED COMPLETELY INDEPENDENTLY OF THE PERSISTENCE ASPECT 4HEORETICALLY A $$$ APPLICATION CAN BE PERSISTED OVER DIFFERENT DATABASE TYPES SIMPLY BY CHANGING THE CONNECTION STRING OF THE $!, )MPLEMENTING THE $$$ TECHNIQUE CAN MAKE AN APPLICATION MORE COMPLEX EASILY AND IT FORCES YOU TO INTRODUCE ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS IN THE $!, IN ORDER TO ORCHESTRATE THE PERSISTENCE OF ONE OR MORE DOMAIN ENTITIES THESE COMPONENTS ARE THE 2EPOSITORY AND THE 5NIT OF 7ORK ,ETS TAKE A LOOK AT THEM NOW

The Repository Pattern 7HEN YOU WORK WITH A DOMAIN MODEL YOU GENERALLY TRY TO INCLUDE IN THE DOMAIN ENTITIES ONLY THE BUSINESS LOGIC ASSOCIATED WITH THE RELATIONSHIPS AND BEHAVIORS OF THE ENTITIES 9OU TRY TO AVOID ANY LOGIC RELATED TO THE PERSISTENCE LAYER BECAUSE THE DOMAIN MUST STAY AGNOSTIC AGAINST THE DATASTORE ITS NOT ITS ROLE TO KNOW HOW TO PERSIST THE DATA OR HOW TO RETRIEVE IT 3O WITH THE $$$ YOU NEED TO SEPARATE THIS LOGIC INTO TWO LAYERS 4HE BUSINESS LOGIC LAYER WILL CONTAIN THE DOMAIN SPECIFIC LOGIC WHILE THE DATA ACCESS LAYER WILL CONTAIN THE LOGIC SPECIFIC TO THE PERSISTENCE PROCESS )N HIS BOOK ABOUT DESIGN PATTERNS &OWLER EXPLAINS HOW THIS LOGIC SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN A COMPONENT CALLED 2EPOSITORY 4HIS COMPONENT MEDIATES BETWEEN THE DOMAIN ENTITY AND THE MAPPING OBJECT ACTING LIKE AN IN MEMORY COLLECTION OF ENTITIES &URTHERMORE THE REPOSITORY IS THE COMPONENT THAT CONTAINS THE CODE RELATED TO THE DATABASE TRANSACTIONS THE /2- CALLS AND ALL THE OTHER DATA LAYER SPECIFIC OPERATIONS SO THAT THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTION BETWEEN THE $!, AND THE REST OF THE APPLICATION &IGURE   DIAGRAMS THIS STRUCTURE



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&IGURE   3AMPLE 2EPOSITORY PATTERN CLASS DIAGRAM ,ISTING   SHOWS SAMPLE CODE IN WHICH THE REPOSITORY IS IN CHARGE OF RETRIEVING A SET OF ENTITIES OF TYPE ?Tab^] 7HEN A CHANGE OCCURS TO ONE OF THESE OBJECTS THE SAME REPOSITORY THEN SAVES THE CHANGES TO THE DATABASE ,ISTING   3AMPLE #ODE FOR THE 2EPOSITORY 0ATTERN 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah aT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah* 8;Xbc+2dbc^\Ta- Rdbc^\Tab , aT_^bXc^ah6Tc0[[2dbc^\Tab* 2dbc^\Ta UXabc2dbc^\Ta , Rdbc^\Tab5Xabc* UXabc2dbc^\Ta;Pbc=P\T , =Tf ;Pbc=P\T* aT_^bXc^ahD_SPcTUXabc2dbc^\Ta* 4HE POINT OF THIS CODE IS TO RETRIEVE A LIST OF OBJECTS OF TYPE 2dbc^\Ta 4O DO SO IT FIRST CREATES A NEW INSTANCE OF THE 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah OBJECT WHICH IS A REPOSITORY SPECIFICALLY FOR THE ?Tab^] ENTITY )T THEN CALLS THE METHOD 6Tc0[[2dbc^\Tab WHICH TELLS THE REPOSITORY TO GET ALL THE AVAILABLE PERSONS FROM THE DATA LAYER .EXT A ,).1 EXTENSION RETRIEVES THE FIRST OBJECT OF THE LIST BY USING THE EXTENSION METHOD 5Xabc &INALLY THE CODE CHANGES THE LAST NAME OF THE OBJECT AND CALLS THE D_SPcT METHOD OF THE REPOSITORY TO UPDATE THE CHANGE INTO THE DATABASE !S YOU CAN SEE WITH THIS APPROACH THE LOOSELY COUPLED DOMAIN DOESNT KNOW HOW IT HAS TO BE PERSISTED OR RETRIEVED FROM THE DATABASE AND THE $!, THE REPOSITORY IS ACTING AS THE PERSISTENCE LAYER



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7ITH THIS APPROACH THE FIRST IMPORTANT AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT IS THAT h4HE BUSINESS LOGIC HAS TO STAY IN THE DOMAIN MODEL WHILE THE DATABASE LOGIC HAS TO STAY IN THE DATA ACCESS LAYERv 9OU SHOULD GENERALLY HAVE A REPOSITORY COMPONENT FOR EACH DOMAIN ENTITY OF THE DOMAIN MODEL AND THIS CLASS SHOULD IMPLEMENT AT LEAST THE BASIC #25$ METHODS PLUS METHODS THAT ALLOWS YOU TO EXECUTE THE COMMON QUERY OPERATIONS LIKE SEARCH COUNT AND SO ON )TS A GOOD PRACTICE BUT NOT MANDATORY TO USE THE APPROACH PROVIDED BY THE .%4 &RAMEWORK TO CREATE A GENERIC 8AT_^bXc^ah+CCONTRACT THAT EXPOSES THESE METHODS AND THEN IMPLEMENT THE SPECIFIC METHODS ONLY IN THE SPECIFIC REPOSITORY 4AKE A LOOK AT &IGURE   AGAIN AND NOTICE AT THE TOP RIGHT CORNER AN INTERFACE ALSO KNOWN AS CONTRACT IN //0 THAT EXPOSES SOME GENERIC METHODS THAT CAN BE USED BY ANY REPOSITORY )N FACT A REPOSITORY SHOULD BE ABLE TO 8]bTac A NEW ENTITY D_SPcT AN EXISTING ENTITY OR 3T[TcT AN EXISTING ENTITY ! REPOSITORY SHOULD ALSO BE ABLE TO PROVIDE 0[[ THE AVAILABLE ENTITIES AND A SPECIFIC ENTITY BY 8S THE UNIQUE KEY THAT IDENTIFIES THE ENTITY IN THE DATABASE SO WE HAVE A UNIQUE CONSTRAINT ON THE DATABASE FOR ALL THE TABLES TO IDENTIFY A NEW ROW  4HE SHAPE TO THE RIGHT IN &IGURE   REPRESENTS THE BASE REPOSITORY CLASS A CLASS THAT IMPLEMENTS THE CODE EXPOSED IN THE 8AT_^bXc^ah CONTRACT 4HIS CLASS IS MARKED AS ABSTRACT MEANING IT CAN BE USED AS A BASE CLASS BUT IT CANT BE USED DIRECTLY 4HIS IS THE CASE BECAUSE WE DONT WANT A GENERIC REPOSITORY FOR ALL THE ENTITIES BUT RATHER A SPECIFIC REPOSITORY FOR EACH ENTITY OF THE DOMAIN !S YOU CAN SEE THE BASE REPOSITORY CLASS IS STILL HOLDING THE GENERIC SIGNATURE BECAUSE IT DOESNT YET KNOW WHICH ENTITY IT WILL EXPOSE 4HE SHAPE AT THE BOTTOM REPRESENTS THE REPOSITORY CLASS FOR A SPECIFIC ENTITY IN THIS CASE AN ENTITY CALLED 4\_[^hTT 4HIS CLASS EXPOSES ONLY THE ADDITIONAL METHODS USUALLY QUERY METHODS SPECIFIC TO THE ENTITY THAT CANT BE PROVIDED BY THE GENERIC REPOSITORY HERE THE 5X]S1h5Xabc=P\T AND 5X]S1h;Pbc=P\T METHODS 9OU WILL SEE IN THE NEXT SECTIONS HOW YOU CAN PROVIDE A GENERIC REPOSITORY PATTERN TO THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK IN ORDER TO ADD A FURTHER ABSTRACTION BETWEEN THE /2- AND THE OTHER LAYERS OF THE APPLICATION

■ .OTE )N THE DESCRIPTION OF THE 2EPOSITORY PATTERN &OWLER SAYS h! 2EPOSITORY MEDIATES BETWEEN THE DOMAIN AND DATA MAPPING LAYERS ACTING LIKE AN IN MEMORY DOMAIN OBJECT COLLECTIONv 4HIS CONCEPT IS NOT REALLY APPLIED TO OUR REPOSITORY COMPONENT BECAUSE THE /2- IN OUR CASE THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK IS ALREADY ACTING AS AN IN MEMORY CONTAINER OF ENTITIES 4HIS CONTAINER ALSO KNOWN AS THE $ATA#ONTEXT IS IN CHARGE OF KEEPING THE ENTITIES ALIGNED BETWEEN THE IN MEMORY CONTAINER AND THE DATABASE STORE

The Unit of Work 4HE REPOSITORY IS A GOOD TECHNIQUE FOR ADDING AN ABSTRACTION LAYER BETWEEN THE /2- AND THE OTHER LAYERS BUT IT DOESNT INDICATE HOW TO HANDLE OPERATIONS AGAINST THE DATABASE OR AGAINST A BUSINESS TRANSACTION -OREOVER UNLIKE THE !2 APPROACH IT LACKS TRANSACTION AND CONCURRENCY MANAGEMENT (OW DO YOU KNOW THAT A SET OF OPERATION EXECUTED BY A REPOSITORY OBJECT IS SUCCESSFUL AND HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT AN IN MEMORY OBJECT OF THE REPOSITORY HAS BEEN UPDATED IN THE DATABASE 4O HAVE MORE CONTROL OF THESE TYPES OF OPERATIONS &OWLER PRESENTED THE CONCEPT OF A 5NIT OF 7ORK 5O7 WHICH HE DEFINED LIKE THIS h4HE 5NIT OF 7ORK MAINTAINS A LIST OF OBJECTS AFFECTED BY A BUSINESS TRANSACTION AND COORDINATES THE WRITING OUT OF CHANGES AND THE RESOLUTION OF CONCURRENCY PROBLEMSv



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4HIS PATTERN IS NOT SPECIFICALLY REQUIRED BY $$$ DEVELOPMENT AND GENERALLY ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU WORK WITH AN /2- IT IS ALREADY PROVIDED IN THE FRAMEWORK YOU ARE WORKING WITH )N FACT THE /2-S MOST OFTEN USED IN THE .%4 WORLD ARE ALL BASED ON THIS PATTERN &IGURE   EXPOSES THE 5NIT OF 7ORK PATTERN IN THE FORM OF AN INTERFACE THE CONTRACT IS COMPOSED OF THREE STANDARD #25$ METHODS <PaZ=Tf INSERT <PaZ3Xach UPDATE AND <PaZ3T[TcTS DELETE  4HESE OPERATIONS WILL INTERACT WITH THE $ATA#ONTEXT OF THE /2- TO MARK THE ENTITIES USING THE SPECIFIED STATE NEW DELETED DIRTY  )N ADDITION THE 5O7 MUST PROVIDE THE METHODS TO MANAGE THE TRANSACTION BEGIN COMMIT CONFIRM AND ROLLBACK CANCEL 

&IGURE   4HE 5NIT OF 7ORK CONTRACT EXPOSED BY AN INTERFACE 4HE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF USING A 5O7 IS TO PROVIDE AN ABSTRACTION BETWEEN THE DATABASE TRANSACTION AND THE BUSINESS STEPS THAT WILL ACCOMPLISH THE TRANSACTION SO THAT THE BUSINESS LAYER CAN EXECUTE THE VARIOUS STEPS WITHIN A SINGLE TRANSACTION ,ETS LOOK AT THE PSEUDOCODE IN ,ISTING   4HE GOAL IS TO CREATE A NEW 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY ADD AN 0__^X]c\T]c AND SAVE THEM BOTH ALL WITHIN A SINGLE TRANSACTION ,ISTING   -ULTIPLE 3TEPS OF A "USINESS 4RANSACTION 5SING THE 5NIT OF 7ORK  aTcaXTeT cWT cWaTT R^\_^]T]cb 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ* d^f1TVX]CaP]bPRcX^]* 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah Rdbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ahd^f* 0__^X]c\T]cAT_^bXc^ah P__^X]c\T]cAT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf 0__^X]c\T]cAT_^bXc^ahd^f*  RaTPcT P Rdbc^\Ta P]S bPeT Xc 2dbc^\Ta Rdbc^\Ta , ]Tf 2dbc^\Ta* Rdbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah8]bTacRdbc^\Ta*  RaTPcT P] P__^X]c\T]c U^a P Rdbc^\Ta 0__^X]c\T]c P__^X]c\T]c , ]Tf 0__^X]c\T]cRdbc^\Ta* P__^X]c\T]cAT_^bXc^ah8]bTacP__^X]c\T]c*  R^\\Xc TeTahcWX]V d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*



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4HIS CODE TAKES A DIFFERENT TYPE OF APPROACH TO USING THE REPOSITORY PATTERN (ERE THE TWO REPOSITORIES ARE DEPENDENT ON THE UNIT OF WORK IN FACT THEY REQUIRE AN ACTIVE UNIT OF WORK IN THEIR CONSTRUCTOR !FTER CREATING A NEW CUSTOMER THE CODE HAS THE REPOSITORY INSERT IT THEN DOES THE SAME WITH THE APPOINTMENT )N REALITY WHAT THE REPOSITORIES ARE DOING HERE IS CALLING THE METHOD d^f<PaZ=Tf FOR EACH ENTITY BUT THEY ARE NOT ACTUALLY SAVING THE ENTITIES 4HE SAVE IN THIS CASE X]bTac METHOD IS CALLED ONLY AT THE END OF THE SCRIPT WHEN ITS TIME FOR THE UNIT OF WORK TO COMMIT THE WHOLE TRANSACTION !S YOU CAN SEE THIS ADDITIONAL STEP LOOSELY COUPLES THE BUSINESS LOGIC FROM THE DATABASE LOGIC LEAVING BOTH ACTIVE AND INDEPENDENT 9OU COULD CREATE A NEW APPOINTMENT USING THE APPOINTMENT BUSINESS LOGIC FOR EXAMPLE YOU MIGHT CHECK THAT THE CUSTOMER DOESNT HAVE ALREADY ANOTHER APPOINTMENT AT THE SAME TIME AND YOU COULD ORCHESTRATE THIS PROCESS USING A UNIT OF WORK TRANSACTION THAT IS ABLE TO ROLL BACK ALL THE CHANGES IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG /F COURSE THE MORE COMPONENTS YOU ADD TO THE PROJECT THE MORE COMPLEX AND TIME CONSUMING THE PROJECT BECOMES 3TILL THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE TWO FUNDAMENTALS PATTERNS REPOSITORY AND UNIT OF WORK IN YOUR $!, ALLOWS YOU TO KEEP THE DOMAIN MODEL INTACT AND TOTALLY UNAWARE OF THE PERSISTENCE MECHANISM

The TimeTracker Domain "EFORE STARTING TO CREATE THE APPLICATION YOU NEED TO CONSIDER THE DOMAIN OF THE APPLICATION AND YOU CAN DO THIS BY READING AND INTERPRETING THE USE CASES DISCUSSED WITH THE CUSTOMER OR WITH THE PERSON WHO REQUESTED THE APPLICATION (ERE ARE SOME OF THE DOMAIN ENTITIES IDENTIFIED IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION v

%MPLOYEE THE EMPLOYEE ENTITY REPRESENTS A UNIQUE EMPLOYEE IN THE DOMAIN )T CONSISTS OF A SET OF PROPERTIES THAT IDENTIFY AN EMPLOYEE AND IT ALSO CONTAINS A COMPONENT FOR THE EMPLOYEE LOGIN CREDENTIALS AND AN ADDRESS 4HE ENTITY HAS A LIST OF ROLES THAT GRANT IT RIGHTS TO THE APPLICATION

v

2OLE A ROLE REPRESENTS A SPECIFIC GROUP AN EMPLOYEE ENTITY CAN BE MEMBER OF THAT GRANTS ACCESS TO SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF THE APPLICATION

v

!DDRESS THE ADDRESS VALUE OBJECT IS A COMPONENT THAT REPRESENTS THE ADDRESS OF AN EMPLOYEE ENTITY OR A CUSTOMER ENTITY

v

#USTOMER THE CUSTOMER DOMAIN ENTITY REPRESENTS A UNIQUE CUSTOMER IN THE DOMAIN )T CONTAINS A RELATIONSHIP WITH AN ADDRESS AS WELL AS A LIST OF APPOINTMENTS THAT ARE THEMSELVES ENTITIES

v

!PPOINTMENT THE APPOINTMENT ENTITY REPRESENTS A UNIQUE APPOINTMENT IN THE DOMAIN AND CONSISTS OF AN EMPLOYEE A CUSTOMER AND A SET OF PROPERTIES THAT IDENTIFY THE APPOINTMENT

4HE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION IS BRAND NEW AND DOESNT HAVE A DATABASE YET AND IT IS GOING TO USE $$$ &OR THESE REASONS LETS BUILD A CODE FIRST APPLICATION WHERE THE DOMAIN WILL DRIVE THE DESIGN OF THE DATABASE 4HE %NTITY &RAMEWORK WILL BE OUR /2- AND WE WILL USE THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK $ESIGNER THAT COMES WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  TO DESIGN THE 4IME4RACKER DOMAIN MODEL



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-APPING THE $OMAIN -ODEL &IRST OPEN THE 4IME4RACKER SOLUTION AND IN THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER PANE LOCATE THE SOLUTION ROOT 2IGHT CLICK ON THE !PPLICATION SOLUTION FOLDER AND CHOOSE !DD .EW 0ROJECT &ROM THE 0ROJECT MENU UNDER 6ISUAL # CHOOSE #LASS ,IBRARY AND NAME THE LIBRARY 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa1dbX]Tbb;PhTa AND PRESS /+ 9OU NOW HAVE A NEW EMPTY PROJECT IN YOUR SOLUTION THAT CONTAINS JUST A DEFAULT FILE CALLED 2[Pbb Rb WHICH YOU CAN DELETE 4HIS IS OUR DOMAIN MODELˆTHE BUSINESS LOGIC LAYER

The Entity Framework .OW CREATE A NEW %NTITY &RAMEWORK $ESIGNER FILE SO YOU CAN DESIGN THE DOMAIN MODEL ENTITIES ON THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SURFACE 2IGHT CLICK ON THE ",, PROJECT AND CHOOSE !DD .EW )TEM )N THE LEFT PANEL CLICK ON THE $ATA GROUP AND SELECT !$/.%4 %NTITY $ATA -ODEL 4HEN CHOOSE THE NAME 4IME4RACKER-ODEL AND PRESS /+ A NEW WINDOW WILL APPEAR .OW YOU CAN CHOOSE EITHER 'ENERATE MODEL FROM $ATABASE $ATABASE &IRST DEVELOPMENT OR %MPTY -ODEL #ODE &IRST DEVELOPMENT  #HOOSE THE LATTER AS THIS WILL BE A $$$ APPLICATION 9OULL SEE A NEW FILE IN THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER UNDER THE 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa 1dbX]Tbb;PhTa PROJECT CALLED CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[TS\gˆAN ENTITY DATA MODEL FILE )F YOU DOUBLE CLICK THIS FILE IT WILL BE OPENED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WITH THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK $ESIGNER COMPONENT WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THAN AN ADVANCED CLASS DESIGNER WITH SOME ADDITIONAL FEATURES !N ADDITIONAL FILE ATTACHED TO THIS ONE IS THE DESIGNER FILE WHICH IS CALLED Jh^da 45 UX[TL3TbXV]TaRb OR IN THIS CASE CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[ 3TbXV]TaRb 4HIS FILE CONTAINS THE # CODE THAT THE %& $ESIGNER WILL GENERATE EVERY TIME YOU ADD OR CHANGE SOMETHING IN THE MODEL USING THE DESIGN SURFACE

The Role Domain Entity )T IS ABSOLUTELY RECOMMENDED THAT YOU DO NOT MANUALLY CHANGE THIS CODE BECAUSE IT WILL ALWAYS BE REGENERATED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO LATER YOULL SEE HOW TO CUSTOMIZE THE CODE GENERATED BY %& 4O START LETS CREATE THE A^[T ENTITY WHICH REPRESENTS A SPECIFIC SECURITY GROUP IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 4O CREATE A NEW ENTITY IN YOUR DOMAIN MODEL DRAG THE SHAPE CALLED 4]cXch FROM THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 4OOLBOX TO THE %& DESIGN SURFACE .OW YOU HAVE A NEW CLASS SHAPE ON THE DESIGN SURFACE THAT YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE USING THE DESIGNER AND THE PROPERTIES PANE (ERE ARE THE STEPS TO FOLLOW TO GET THE A^[T ENTITY CLASS READY



1.

7ITH THE A^[T SHAPE SELECTED RIGHT CLICK WITH THE MOUSE AND CHOOSE ?a^_TacXTb

2.

%NTER 2OLE FOR THE =P\T AND 2OLES FOR THE 4]cXch BTc =P\T SEE .OTE BELOW 

3.

2IGHT CLICK ON THE SHAPE AND ADD A NEW 3CALAR 0ROPERTY AND CALL IT .AME 7ITH THE =P\T PROPERTY SELECTED GO TO THE ?a^_TacXTb PANE AND CHANGE THE
4.

2IGHT CLICK ON THE SHAPE AND ADD A NEW 3CALAR 0ROPERTY AND CALL IT $ESCRIPTION 7ITH THE 3TbRaX_cX^] PROPERTY SELECTED GO TO THE ?a^_TacXTb PANEL AND CHANGE THE
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■ .OTE 7HEN YOU CREATE A NEW DOMAIN ENTITY WITH THE %& $ESIGNER IT ASKS YOU FOR TWO PROPERTIES 4HE ONE CALLED .AME REPRESENTS THE NAME OF THE OBJECT THE ONE CALLED %NTITY 3ET .AME REPRESENTS THE NAME OF THE COLLECTION OF THIS TYPE OF ENTITY STORED BY THE /2- 4YPICALLY THIS NAME IS THE PLURAL OF THE NAME PROPERTY 7HEN YOU QUERY THE DATABASE USING %& IT RETURNS A COLLECTION OF TYPE >QYTRcBTc+h^daNT]cXch-

.OW YOU SHOULD HAVE THE DOMAIN ENTITY A^[T READY TO GO LIKE THE ONE DISPLAYED IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   4HE 2OLE DOMAIN ENTITY 9OU PROBABLY NOTICED THAT THERES AN ADDITIONAL PROPERTY ON THE A^[T ENTITY CALLED 8S OF TYPE INTEGER THIS PROPERTY IS REPRESENTED BY AN ICON WITH A SMALL KEY ON IT INDICATING THAT THE PROPERTY IS THE PRIMARY KEY OF THE DOMAIN ENTITY )N AN /2- AND MORE IN GENERALLY IN A DATABASE THE PRIMARY KEY IS A KEY CONSISTING OF ONE OR MORE FIELDS THAT REPRESENT THE UNIQUENESS OF THE ROW IN TABLE AND THE UNIQUENESS OF THE DOMAIN ENTITY IN THE DOMAIN MODEL )N THIS CASE LETS GENERATE THE UNIQUE )$ USING THE INTEGER VALUE )N 31, THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING THE X]c XST]cXch   DATA TYPE TO ADD AN INCREMENTAL SCALAR INTEGER VALUE TO EVERY ROW THATS ADDED TO THE TABLE 9OU COULD ALSO DO THIS BY SETTING THE DATA TYPE OF THE 8S PROPERTY TO BhbcT\6dXS FOR EXAMPLE AND CHANGE THE Bc^aT6T]TaPcTS?PccTa] TO 2^\_dcTS OR =^]T )F YOU SET THE VALUE TO =^]T YOUD HAVE TO PROVIDE A NEW UNIQUE VALUE EVERY TIME YOU ADDED A NEW ENTITY TO THE %& >QYTRc2^]cTgc 4O AVOID EXTRA UNNECESSARY COMPLEXITY LETS LEAVE OUR ENTITIES PRIMARY KEYS AS THE INTEGER IDENTITY

Autogenerated Code ) NOTED EARLIER THAT THE %& $ESIGNER IS ESSENTIALLY A SHORTCUT FOR GENERATING # OR 6".%4 CODE THAT CREATES CLASSES MAPPED TO A 31, DATABASE )N FACT AFTER YOUVE CREATED THE A^[T ENTITY YOU CAN NAVIGATE IN THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER PANE TO THE CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[3TbXV]TaRb FILE WHICH IS JUST BELOW THE CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[TS\g FILE AND DOUBLE CLICK IT 4HIS FILE CONTAINS THE # GENERATED CODE THAT REPRESENTS AN %& >QYTRc2^]cTgc WITH THE RELATED A^[T ENTITY MAPPED 4HE >QYTRc2^]cTgc IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE /2- SESSION IT PROVIDES ALL THE METHODS AND FUNCTIONALITY TO QUERY AND EXECUTE #25$ OPERATIONS AGAINST THE DATABASE FOR THE MAPPED ENTITIES 4HIS SECTION IS IN THE 2^]cTgcb REGION OF THE GENERATED CODE WHILE THE ENTITIES CODE IS IN THE 4]cXcXTb REGION ,ISTING   SHOWS 4IME4RACKERS >QYTRc2^]cTgc



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

■ .OTE &OR SPACE REASONS ) HAVE REMOVED ALL THE COMMENTS AND REGION CODE GENERATED BY THE %& $ESIGNER SO IF YOU OPEN YOUR %& $ESIGNER CODE BEHIND FILE IT MAY LOOKS A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM ,ISTING  

,ISTING   4HE 4IME4RACKER /BJECT#ONTEXT  fT PaT bZX__X]V cWT ST_aTRPcTS R^ST WTaT _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta ) >QYTRc2^]cTgc j aTVX^] 2^]bcadRc^ab _dQ[XR CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta ) QPbT]P\T,CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta« CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta j cWXb2^]cTgc>_cX^]b;Pih;^PSX]V4]PQ[TS , cadT* >]2^]cTgc2aTPcTS* l _dQ[XR CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]TabcaX]V R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V ) QPbTR^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V« CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta j cWXb2^]cTgc>_cX^]b;Pih;^PSX]V4]PQ[TS , cadT* >]2^]cTgc2aTPcTS* l _dQ[XR CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta4]cXch2^]]TRcX^] R^]]TRcX^] ) QPbTR^]]TRcX^]« CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta j cWXb2^]cTgc>_cX^]b;Pih;^PSX]V4]PQ[TS , cadT* >]2^]cTgc2aTPcTS* l T]SaTVX^] _PacXP[ e^XS >]2^]cTgc2aTPcTS* _dQ[XR >QYTRcBTc+A^[T- A^[Tb j VTc j



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XU NA^[Tb ,, ]d[[ j NA^[Tb , QPbT2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T-A^[Tb* l aTcda] NA^[Tb* l l _aXePcT >QYTRcBTc+A^[T- NA^[Tb* l 4HE CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta IS A CLASS THAN INHERITS FROM THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc CLASS WHICH PROVIDES METHODS AND BEHAVIORS FOR INTERACTING WITH THE DATABASE AND THE ENTITIES GENERATED BY THE %& $ESIGNER 3O FAR YOU HAVE JUST ONE ENTITY GENERATED SO IT EXPOSES ONE PROPERTYˆTHE >QYTRcBTc PROPERTY OF THE A^[T OBJECT SET IN THE DESIGNER WHEN YOU ASSIGNED A NAME TO THE 4]cXchBTc PROPERTY THIS SPECIAL COLLECTION REPRESENTS A TYPED ENTITY SET THAT IS USED TO PERFORM CREATE READ UPDATE AND DELETE OPERATIONS 4HE REMAINING CODE PROVIDES DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTORS SO YOU CAN PASS A CUSTOM CONNECTION STRING OR PROVIDE AN EXISTING %& CONNECTION OBJECT ,ISTING   SHOWS PART OF THE GENERATED CODE FOR THE A^[T ENTITY &OR REASONS OF SPACE WE WONT SHOW ALL OF THE GENERATED CODE ,ISTING   4HE 2OLE %NTITY  +bd\\Pah =^ QYTRc j aTVX^] 5PRc^ah


#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

T]SaTVX^] aTVX^] ?aX\XcXeT ?a^_TacXTb  +bd\\Pah =^ ]8S2WP]VX]VeP[dT* AT_^ac?a^_Tach2WP]VX]V8S* N8S , BcadRcdaP[>QYTRcBTcEP[XSEP[dTeP[dT* AT_^ac?a^_Tach2WP]VTS8S* >]8S2WP]VTS* l l l _aXePcT V[^QP[))BhbcT\8]c"! N8S* _PacXP[ e^XS >]8S2WP]VX]VV[^QP[))BhbcT\8]c"! eP[dT* _PacXP[ e^XS >]8S2WP]VTS*  +bd\\Pah =^ ]=P\T2WP]VX]VeP[dT* AT_^ac?a^_Tach2WP]VX]V=P\T* N=P\T , BcadRcdaP[>QYTRcBTcEP[XSEP[dTeP[dT UP[bT* AT_^ac?a^_Tach2WP]VTS=P\T* >]=P\T2WP]VTS* l l



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

_aXePcT V[^QP[))BhbcT\BcaX]V N=P\T* _PacXP[ e^XS >]=P\T2WP]VX]VV[^QP[))BhbcT\BcaX]V eP[dT* _PacXP[ e^XS >]=P\T2WP]VTS* T]SaTVX^] l !N ENTITY GENERATED FOR THE %& HAS TO INHERIT FROM THE 4]cXch>QYTRc CLASS WHICH INFORMS THE %& THAT THIS CLASS IS AN ENTITY GENERATED USING THE %& TOOL !LSO WITH THE _PacXP[ KEYWORD ADDED TO THE CLASS YOU CAN SPLIT THE DECLARATION OF A CLASS OR INTERFACE IN TWO OR MORE FILES AS THE -3$. DEFINITION AT \bS] \XRa^b^UcR^\T]db[XQaPahfP'g#''Pb_g SAYS h)T IS POSSIBLE TO SPLIT THE DEFINITION OF A CLASS OR A STRUCT AN INTERFACE OR A METHOD OVER TWO OR MORE SOURCE FILES %ACH SOURCE FILE CONTAINS A SECTION OF THE TYPE OR METHOD DEFINITION AND ALL PARTS ARE COMBINED WHEN THE APPLICATION IS COMPILEDv )N THIS WAY YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE YOUR DOMAIN ENTITY WITH METHODS AND OTHER PROPERTIES NOT RELATED TO THE /2- SO YOU WONT HAVE TO WORRY THAT THEY WOULD BE BLOWN AWAY BY THE %& $ESIGNER TOOL EVERY TIME THE CODE IS REGENERATED ,ETS HAVE A LOOK NOW AT ONE OF THE PROPERTIES AVAILABLE TO THE A^[T ENTITYˆTHE )$ PROPERTY WHICH REPRESENTS THE UNIQUE IDENTITY OF THE ENTITY IN THE DATABASE )TS AN 8]c"! PROPERTY MARKED WITH TWO SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES v

J4S\BRP[Pa?a^_Tach0ccaXQdcT4]cXch:Th?a^_Tach,cadT 8b=d[[PQ[T,UP[bTL WHERE 4]cXch:Th?a^_Tach INDICATES THAT THIS PROPERTY ACTS AS THE PRIMARY KEY FOR THE ENTITY AND 8b=d[[PQ[T INDICATES THAT NULL IS NOT AN ACCEPTABLE VALUE

v

J3PcP
■ .OTE 4HE ANALYSIS OF THE CODE GENERATED BY THE %& &RAMEWORK ENDS HERE AS WE WILL ACCOMPLISH ALL TASKS USING ONLY THE %& $ESIGNER TOOL &EEL FREE TO OPEN THE CODE BEHIND FILE EVERY TIME YOU ADD A NEW ENTITY TO THE DOMAIN SO YOU CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW THE %& WORKS BEHIND THE SCENE 2EMEMBER AN ENTIRE DOMAIN OF MEDIUM COMPLEXITY CAN BE MAPPED USING ONLY THE %& $ESIGNER SO YOU DONT HAVE TO KNOW HOW IT WORKS BEHIND THE SCENE )N MY OPINION HOWEVER IT IS A GOOD PRACTICE TO AT LEAST BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE CODE

The Employee Domain Entity .OW LETS ADD AN 4\_[^hTT DOMAIN ENTITY WHICH WILL HAVE A STRICT RELATIONSHIP WITH THE A^[T ENTITY $RAG A NEW ENTITY SHAPE TO THE DESIGN SURFACE AND SET THE 4]cXch BTc =P\T TO %MPLOYEES AND THE =P\T TO %MPLOYEE !DD THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES TO THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY USING THE RIGHT CLICK MENU COMMAND !DD ➤ 3CALAR 0ROPERTY AND THE PROPERTIES PANEL AS WITH THE A^[T ENTITY !DD THE PROPERTIES AS SHOWN IN 4ABLE  



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

4ABLE   %MPLOYEE 0ROPERTIES

Property name

Type

Nullable

Max Length

&IRST.AME 3TRING

&ALSE



,AST.AME 3TRING

&ALSE



4ITLE 3TRING

4RUE



$ATE/F"IRTH $ATE4IME

&ALSE



5SERNAME 3TRING

&ALSE



0ASSWORD 3TRING

&ALSE



.OW YOU SHOULD HAVE AN ADDITIONAL SHAPE IN THE %& $ESIGNER CALLED 4\_[^hTT WITH ALL THE PROPERTIES LISTED IN 4ABLE   4HE NEXT STEP IS TO MAKE SOME OF THESE PROPERTIES INTO WHAT %& CALLS A COMPLEX TYPE AND $$$ CALLS A VALUE OBJECT ! COMPLEX TYPE IS AN OBJECT THAT IS CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE PROPERTIES LIKE &IRST.AME AND ,AST.AME THAT ARE REPRESENTED AS A UNIQUE PROPERTY IN THE DOMAIN ENTITY 4HE PURPOSE OF USING A COMPLEX TYPE IS TO GROUP SOME INFORMATION TOGETHER INTO A SINGLE COMPONENT AND TO RECYCLE THIS COMPONENT OVER OTHER DOMAIN ENTITIES IN THE SAME DOMAIN MODEL 4O CREATE A NEW COMPLEX TYPE HOLD DOWN THE #TRL KEY AND SELECT THE 5Xabc=P\T AND ;Pbc=P\T PROPERTIES OF THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY THEN RIGHT CLICK AND CHOOSE 2EFACTOR INTO NEW #OMPLEX TYPE .OW THE ENTITY HAS A NEW SINGLE PROPERTY CALLED 2^\_[Tg?a^_Tach )NSTEAD OF THE TWO ORIGINAL PROPERTIES 7ITH THE COMPLEX PROPERTY SELECTED START TYPING A NEW NAME LIKE 5d[[=P\T AND THE PROPERTY NAME WILL BE CHANGED BY THE %& 9OU ALSO HAVE TO MANUALLY CHANGE THE Ch_T=P\T VALUE AS IT WILL NOT BE UPDATED BY THE %& $ESIGNER .OW YOU CAN EDIT THE PROPERTY USING THE FOLLOWING SYNTAX  W^f cWT R^\_[Tg _a^_Tach Xb Tg_^bTS X] cWT T]cXch 4\_[^hTT T\_[^hTT , ]Tf 4\_[^hTT* T\_[^hTT5d[[=P\T5Xabc=P\T , 9^W]* T\_[^hTT5d[[=P\T;Pbc=P\T , B\XcW* 4HIS COMPLEX TYPE IS AVAILABLE THROUGH THE -ODEL "ROWSER PANEL WHICH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO OPENS AUTOMATICALLY WHEN YOU ARE WORKING WITH THE %& $ESIGNER (ERE YOU CAN EDIT NOT ONLY THE SHAPES AVAILABLE ON THE %& $ESIGNER SURFACE BUT ALL THE OBJECTS RELATED TO THE TS\g FILE &OR EXAMPLE SUPPOSE YOUVE CREATED A DOMAIN ENTITY AND THEN ACCIDENTALLY DELETED IT FROM THE $ESIGNER 4HE ENTITY MAY STILL BE AVAILABLE THROUGH THE -ODEL "ROWSER PANEL

The First Relationship, Role and Employee ! DOMAIN MODEL IS COMPOSED NOT ONLY OF A SET OF DOMAIN ENTITIES AND VALUE OBJECTS BUT ALSO BY BEHAVIORS AND RELATIONSHIPS &OR EXAMPLE TO ENABLE AN 4\_[^hTT ENTITY TO BE MEMBER OF ONE OR MORE A^[T ENTITIES YOU NEED TO CREATE A MANY TO MANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE A^[T AND THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITIES 4HE REASON TO CREATE THE RELATIONSHIP AS MANY TO MANY IS BECAUSE AN EMPLOYEE CAN BE IN MANY ROLES AND A ROLE WILL HAVE SEVERAL PEOPLE IN IT



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

7ITH THE %& YOU CAN CREATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ASSOCIATIONS RELATIONSHIPS DEPENDING ON HOW YOU WANT TO CONNECT TWO ENTITIES TOGETHER 9OU CAN USE THE Pbb^RXPcX^] OBJECT AVAILABLE IN THE %& $ESIGNER AND DEPENDING ON HOW YOU CONFIGURE IT IT WILL CREATE A DIFFERENT RELATIONSHIP v

/NE TO ONE THIS IS THE SIMPLEST RELATIONSHIP AND CONSISTS OF ONE AND ONLY ONE ENTITY ON EITHER SIDE OF THE RELATIONSHIP

v

-ANY TO -ANY THERE MAY BE SEVERAL ENTITIES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE ASSOCIATION AND BOTH SIDES ARE MAPPED TO A LINK TABLE THAT KEEPS TRACK OF THE REFERENCES

v

/NE TO -ANY THIS IS THE CLASSIC PARENTCHILD RELATIONSHIP WHERE THE CHILD TABLE HAS A REFERENCE TO THE PARENT TABLE PRIMARY KEY

v

3ELF REFERENCE THIS IS A RELATIONSHIP WHERE AN ENTITY HAS A REFERENCE TO ITSELF

4HIS LIST COVERS THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT CAN BE CREATED ON A DATABASE USING THE PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY OBJECTS SO BY USING THE Pbb^RXPcX^] OBJECT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO HANDLE ALL THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS IN YOUR DOMAIN .OW LETS CREATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE A^[T AND THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITIES 1.

'OING BACK TO THE %& $ESIGNER LOCATE THE Pbb^RXPcX^] SHAPE IN THE TOOLBOX AND SELECT IT NOW YOUR MOUSE CURSOR HAS THE SHAPE OF A 3

2.

3TARTING FROM THE A^[T SHAPE HOLD DOWN YOUR LEFT MOUSE BUTTON AND DRAG A LINE FROM THE A^[T ENTITY TO THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY THIS WILL CREATE A ONE TO MANY RELATIONSHIP THAT IS REPRESENTED BY A STRAIGHT LINE THAT WILL KEEP THESE TWO ENTITIES TOGETHER

3.

3ELECT THE ASSOCIATION LINE RIGHT CLICK ON IT AND CHOOSE ?a^_TacXTb %DIT THE ?a^_TacXTb PANEL AS SHOWN IN 4ABLE  

4ABLE   2OLE %MPLOYEE !SSOCIATION

Property

Value

!SSOCIATION3ET.AME

2OLE%MPLOYEE

%ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OR 2OLE

%ND 2OLE .AME

2OLES

%ND .AVIGATION %MPLOYEES %ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OF %MPLOYEE

%ND 2OLE .AME

%MPLOYEES

%ND .AVIGATION

2OLES

.AME

2OLE%MPLOYEE



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

4HE RESULT SHOULD LOOK LIKE &IGURE   WHICH NOW SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP AS MANY TO MANY RATHER THAN THE ONE TO MANY ASSOCIATION CREATED BY DEFAULT BY THE %& $ESIGNER !S YOU CAN SEE THE RELATIONSHIP IS NOW REPRESENTED USING THE 5-, NOTATION



&IGURE   4HE MANY TO MANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 2OLE AND %MPLOYEE ENTITIES

The Address Entity 7HEN YOU WRITE A NEW DOMAIN MODEL IT MAY BE SIMPLE OR IT MAY BE COMPLEX AND YOU MAY OFTEN DEBATE THE NATURE OF SOME OBJECTS LIKE 0SSaTbbˆWHETHER THEY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AN ENTITY A VALUE OBJECT OR SOMETHING ELSE )N MY EXPERIENCE IF YOU HAVE AN 4\_[^hTT A 2dbc^\Ta OR A ?Tab^] ENTITY THESE WILL ALWAYS REQUIRE MORE THAN ONE 0SSaTbb AND MORE THAN ONE 2^]cPRc AND YOULL PROBABLY NEED TO STORE THE INFORMATION IN A SEPARATE TABLE &OR THIS REASON IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION THE 0SSaTbb AND THE 2^]cPRc ENTITIES ARE GOING TO BE TWO SEPARATE AND DISTINCT ENTITIES AND NOT A SIMPLE VALUE OBJECT $RAG A NEW SHAPE TO THE %& $ESIGNER SURFACE NAME IT 0SSaTbb AND ADD THE PROPERTIES SHOWN IN 4ABLE   TO THE NEW ENTITY 4ABLE   !DDRESS 0ROPERTIES

Property name



Type

Nullable

Max Length

!DDRESS,INE 3TRING

&ALSE



!DDRESS,INE 3TRING

4RUE



4OWN 3TRING

4RUE



#ITY 3TRING

&ALSE



3TATE 3TRING

&ALSE



#OUNTRY 3TRING

&ALSE



:IP#ODE 3TRING

&ALSE



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

7ITH THE 0SSaTbb ENTITY ON THE DESIGN SURFACE LOCATE THE ASSOCIATION SHAPE ON THE TOOLBOX AND DRAG A NEW RELATIONSHIP FROM THE 4\_[^hTT SHAPE TO THE 0SSaTbb SHAPE THIS WILL CREATE A NEW ASSOCIATION THAT HAS TO BE AGAIN OF TYPE MANY TO MANY 4ABLE   SHOW HOW TO SPECIFY THE RELATIONSHIP 4ABLE   2OLE %MPLOYEE !SSOCIATION

Property

Value

!SSOCIATION3ET.AME

%MPLOYEE!DDRESS

%ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OR %MPLOYEE

%ND 2OLE .AME

!DDRESSES

%ND .AVIGATION

%MPLOYEES

%ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OF !DDRESSES

%ND 2OLE .AME

%MPLOYEES

%ND .AVIGATION

!DDRESSES

.AME

%MPLOYEE!DDRESS

!T THIS POINT THE DOMAIN SHOULD CONSIST OF THREE SHAPES THE A^[T THE 4\_[^hTT AND THE 0SSaTbb ENTITIES )F YOU PLACE THE 4\_[^hTT SHAPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DESIGN SURFACE YOUR RESULT SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE ONE SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   %MPLOYEE ENTITY WITH TWO RELATIONSHIPS ROLES AND ADDRESSES



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

The Contact Entity .OW LETS CREATE THE 2^]cPRc ENTITY 4HIS OBJECT IS VERY SIMPLE IT HOLDS ONLY TWO PROPERTIES THE CONTACT NUMBER AND THE CONTACT TYPE AS SHOWN IN 4ABLE   4ABLE   #ONTACT 0ROPERTIES

Property name

Type

Nullable

Max Length

.UMBER 3TRING

&ALSE



#ONTACT4YPE 3TRING

&ALSE



4HE 2^]cPRcCh_T PROPERTY IS A STRING BUT YOU HAVE TO PROVIDE AN T]d\ IN ORDER TO ADD SOME CONSTRAINT TO THE USER INTERFACE UNFORTUNATELY RIGHT NOW %& #40  DOESNT YET DIRECTLY SUPPORT THE T]d\ TYPE )T IS NOT A GOOD IDEA TO POLLUTE THE DOMAIN ENTITIES WITH STRANGE CODE TRICKS SO LETS LEAVE THE PROPERTY DATA TYPE AS BcaX]V AND FORCE THE DATA ENTRY AT THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc LEVEL 4HE 2^]cPRc ENTITY HAS A RELATIONSHIP OF MANY TO MANY WITH THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY AND 4ABLE   SHOWS HOW THIS RELATIONSHIP SHOULD BE HANDLED 4ABLE   %MPLOYEE #ONTACT !SSOCIATION

Property

Value

!SSOCIATION3ET.AME

%MPLOYEE#ONTACT

%ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OR %MPLOYEE

%ND 2OLE .AME

#ONTACTS

%ND .AVIGATION

%MPLOYEES

%ND -ULTIPLICITY

#OLLECTION OF #ONTACT

%ND 2OLE .AME

%MPLOYEE

%ND .AVIGATION

#ONTACTS

.AME

%MPLOYEE#ONTACT

4HE 4\_[^hTT SUBDOMAIN IS NOW READY SO LETS TRY TO GENERATE THE DATABASE SCHEMA THAT WILL BE USED BY THE APPLICATION AS THE MAPPED SCHEMA



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

Generating the Database Schema "EFORE STARTING TO GENERATE THE DATABASE SCHEMA YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW DATABASE USING THE 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS %DITION YOU PREVIOUSLY INSTALLED ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE )F YOU HAVENT YET INSTALLED 31, 3ERVER NOW IS THE TIME TO DO SO AS WELL BE USING IT AS A REFERENCE DATASTORE FOR THE %& GENERATED MODEL 4O GENERATE A NEW DATABASE YOU DONT NECESSARILY NEED TO OPEN 31, 3ERVER -ANAGEMENT 3TUDIO 33-3 BUT YOU CAN DO THAT FROM THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )$% ,OCATE THE 3ERVER %XPLORER IF YOU DONT HAVE IT OPEN JUST PRESS THE SHORTCUT KEYS #TRL7 , AND EXECUTE THE FOLLOWING STEPS 1.

,OCATE THE $ATABASE CONNECTION ROOT NODE RIGHT CLICK ON IT AND CHOOSE #REATE NEW 31, 3ERVER DATABASE

2.

4HE 31, #ONNECTION WINDOW POPS UP 4HIS IS WHERE YOU INSERT THE SERVER NAME THE DEFAULT IS KB@;4G?A4BB AND CHOOSE THE AUTHENTICATION SCHEME THE DEFAULT IS 7INDOWS !UTHENTICATION  4HEN YOU CAN CLICK THE 4EST #ONNECTION BUTTON TO BE SURE THAT THE CONNECTION IS WORKING

3.

)NSERT 4IME4RACKER$ATABASE AS THE NAME OF THE DATABASE AND PRESS /+ 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE A NEW 31, 3ERVER DATABASE AND STORE THE CONNECTION IN THE 3ERVER %XPLORER TREE

.OW RIGHT CLICK ON THE %& DESIGN SURFACE NOT ON A SHAPE AND SELECT THE COMMAND 'ENERATE $ATABASE FROM -ODEL ! 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WINDOW WILL APPEAR PROMPTING YOU TO CHOOSE A CONNECTION STRING 9OU SHOULD BE ABLE TO LOCATE THE CONNECTION YOU JUST CREATED IN THE COMBO BOX AT THE TOP CHOOSE AND TICK BOTH OPTIONS THE OPTION GROUP AND THE CHECK BOX 4HE NEXT WINDOW WILL JUST ASK FOR A NAME FOR THE 31, SCRIPT FILE THAT %& GENERATED 0RESS /+ CONFIRM EVERYTHING AND AT THE END OF THE WIZARD 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL OPEN A b`[ FILE THAT CONTAINS THE 4 31, CODE NECESSARY TO GENERATE THE DATABASE 0RESS #TRL3HIFT% OR RIGHT CLICK AND CHOOSE %XECUTE SCRIPT AND THE DATABASE SCHEMA WILL BE POPULATED IN THE 31, 3ERVER DATABASE 9OU CAN ALSO ADD THE TOOLBAR AT THE TOP OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO BY RIGHT CLICKING AN EXISTING TOOLBAR AND CHOOSING THE 4RANSACT 31, %DITOR TOOLBAR .OW REFRESH THE DATABASE CONNECTION IN THE 3ERVER %XPLORER PANE AND LOOK AT THE 4ABLES FOLDER OF THE 4IME4RACKER$ATABASE CONNECTION AND YOULL FIND TABLES CREATED BY THE %& GENERATED 4 31, SCRIPT 9OU COULD ALSO OPEN 33-3 AND BROWSE THE DATABASE OBJECTS 9OULL FIND SOME TABLES YOU MAY NOT HAVE EXPECTED THESE ARE THE TABLES USED TO ESTABLISH THE MANY TO MANY RELATIONSHIPS

The Customer Entity !S YOUD EXPECT THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY IS THE DOMAIN ENTITY THAT REPRESENTS A 2dbc^\Ta )T CONTAINS ALL THE PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR A CUSTOMER AND IT IS VERY MUCH LIKE THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITYˆIT HAS A COLLECTION OF TYPE MANY TO MANY OF 0SSaTbbES AND A COLLECTION OF TYPE MANY TO MANY OF 2^]cPRcS #REATE THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY USING THE SAME PROCESS AS FOR THE OTHER ENTITIES DRAG A NEW ENTITY SHAPE TO THE DESIGN SURFACE OF %& AND PROVIDE THE PROPERTIES LISTED IN 4ABLE  



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

4ABLE   #USTOMER 0ROPERTIES

Property name

Type

4ITLE 3TRING #OMPANY 3T

RING

&ULL.AME #OMPLEX4YPE

&ULL.AME

Nullable

Max Length

&ALSE



&ALSE



&ALSE



.OW YOU NEED TO CREATE ASSOCIATIONS FROM THE 4\_[^hTT SHAPE TO THE 0SSaTbb AND 2^]cPRc SHAPES 4O DO THIS JUST FOLLOW THE SAME PROCEDURE AS YOU DID EARLIER USING THE PROPERTIES LISTED IN 4ABLES   AND   BUT USING THE END POINT NAMES OF 2dbc^\Ta AND 2dbc^\Tab INSTEAD OF 4\_[^hTT AND 4\_[^hTTb

The Appointment Entity 4HE LAST ENTITY TO ADD IS 0__^X]c\T]c WHICH HAS A STRICT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN 4\_[^hTT AND A 2dbc^\Ta 4HE 0__^X]c\T]c NEEDS TO HAVE INFORMATION LIKE v

4IME OF THE APPOINTMENT

v

$URATION OF THE APPOINTMENT

v

0LACE OF THE APPOINTMENT

v

!CTIVITY TO BE EXECUTED DURING THE APPOINTMENT

v

#USTOMER AND EMPLOYEE INVOLVED IN THE APPOINTMENT

,ETS DRAG THE LAST SHAPE OF OUR DOMAIN MODEL TO THE %& DESIGN SURFACE AND CALL IT 0__^X]c\T]c 4ABLE   SHOWS THE PROPERTIES TO ADD TO THE 0__^X]c\T]c ENTITY 4ABLE   !PPOINTMENT 0ROPERTIES

Property name

Type

Nullable

Max Length

4IME $ATE4IME

&ALSE



$URATION )NT

&ALSE



!CTIVITY 3TRING

&ALSE

-!8

0LACE 3TRING

&ALSE



.OW YOU NEED TO CREATE TWO DIFFERENT RELATIONSHIPS THAT WILL GO FROM THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY TO THE 0__^X]c\T]c ENTITY AND FROM THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY TO THE 0__^X]c\T]c ENTITY 4HE ASSOCIATION THIS TIME WILL BE A ONE TO MANY BECAUSE BOTH 4\_[^hTT AND 2dbc^\Ta CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE APPOINTMENT ASSOCIATED WITH IT BUT AN 0__^X]c\T]c WILL HAVE ONLY ONE 2dbc^\Ta AND ONE 4\_[^hTT 4O ACCOMPLISH THIS DRAG THE



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

RELATIONSHIP FROM THE 4\_[^hTT TO THE 0__^X]c\T]c AND FROM THE 2dbc^\Ta TO THE 0__^X]c\T]c 4HE RESULT OF THIS PART OF THE DOMAIN MODEL IS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   !PPOINTMENT ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS .OW YOU CAN AGAIN GENERATE THE DATABASE SCHEMA TO OBTAIN THE FINAL DATABASE SCHEMA THAT WILL BE ACCESSED AND USED BY THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK AND THE CORRESPONDING $ATA !CCESS ,AYER

The TimeTracker Data Layer 3O FAR WEVE CREATED WITH THE AID OF THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK A SIMPLE DOMAIN MODEL AND THE CORRESPONDING 31, 3ERVER DATABASE SCHEMA .OW IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE TYPICAL  TIER APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE WE NEED TO CREATE AN ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTION LAYER THAT WILL HIDE THE METHODS AND PROPERTIES EXPOSED BY THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK TO THE OTHER LAYERS AND THAT WILL PROVIDE A SET OF CUSTOMIZED QUERY AND #25$ METHODS 4O DO THIS CREATE A NEW CLASS LIBRARY PROJECT WITH THE NAME OF 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa 3PcP;PhTa IF YOU DIDNT CREATE IT ALREADY IN THE INTRODUCTORY STEPS 4HIS NEW LAYER WILL HOLD THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SIMPLE 5NIT OF 7ORK AND FOUR DIFFERENT REPOSITORY CLASSES A^[TAT_^bXc^ah 4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah 2dbc^\TaAT_^bXc^ah AND 0__^X]c\T]cAT_^bXc^ah 9OU DONT HAVE TO CREATE A REPOSITORY SPECIFICALLY FOR THE 0SSaTbb AND THE 2^]cPRc ENTITIES AS THEY ARE STRICTLY RELATED AND MANAGED BY THE 2dbc^\Ta AND THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITIES

4HE 5NIT OF 7ORK 4HE FIRST OBJECT TO ADD TO THE DATA LAYER IS THE 8D]Xc>UF^aZ INTERFACE AND THE CODE IS SHOWN IN ,ISTING  



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

,ISTING   )5NIT/F7ORK dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V BhbcT\3PcP>QYTRcb* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa3PcP;PhTa j _dQ[XR X]cTaUPRT 8D]Xc>UF^aZ ) 83Xb_^bPQ[T j >QYTRc2^]cTgc BTbbX^] j VTc* l e^XS <PaZ3Xach+C-C T]cXch* e^XS <PaZ=Tf+C-C T]cXch* e^XS <PaZ3T[TcTS+C-C T]cXch* e^XS 1TVX]CaP]bPRcX^]* e^XS 2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* e^XS A^[[QPRZCaP]bPRcX^]* l l 9OU SAW THIS OBJECT IN THE h4HE 5NIT OF 7ORKv SECTION 4HE ONLY ADDITION TO THE CODE HERE IS THE 83Xb_^bPQ[T INTERFACE 4HIS INTERFACE IMPLEMENTS A 3Xb_^bT METHOD THAT TELLS THE .%4 &RAMEWORK HOW TO DISPOSE OF THE RESOURCES USED BY THE IMPLEMENTER 5NIT OF 7ORK AND IT ALSO MEANS YOU CAN WORK WITH THE dbX]V CONVENTION AS WELL SEE SHORTLY .OTE THAT THE CONTRACT EXPOSES A READ ONLY PROPERTY OF TYPE >QYTRc2^]cTgc THAT IS EXPOSED BY THE UNIT OF WORK THIS IS THE CURRENT INSTANCE OF THE %& CONTEXT 4HE NEXT CLASS IS A CONCRETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 8D]Xc>UF^aZ THATS ABLE TO WORK WITH THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK #40  AND MORE PRECISELY WITH THE 4IME4RACKER >QYTRc2^]cTgc COMPONENT !DD A NEW CLASS FILE AND NAME IT D]Xc>UF^aZ 4HIS CLASS WILL CONTAIN THE CODE THAT ) HAVE SPLIT INTO MULTIPLE SECTIONS TO MAKE IT EASIER TO GRASP 4O CREATE THE D]Xc>UF^aZ CORRECTLY YOU NEED TO ADD A REFERENCE BETWEEN THE DATA TIER AND THE BUSINESS TIER PROJECTS MORE PRECISELY YOU NEED TO ADD A REFERENCE IN THE DATA LAYER THAT POINTS OUT TO THE BUSINESS LAYER PROJECT &IRST OF ALL YOU NEED TO PROVIDE THE CONSTRUCTORS OF THE D]Xc>UF^aZ AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   #ONSTRUCTORS OF THE 5NIT OF 7ORK #LASS dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\3PcP* BhbcT\3PcP4]cXch2[XT]c* BhbcT\3PcP>QYTRcb* 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa1dbX]Tbb;PhTa*

]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa3PcP;PhTa j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb D]Xc>UF^aZ ) 8D]Xc>UF^aZ 83Xb_^bPQ[T j _aXePcT >QYTRc2^]cTgc bTbbX^]*



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

_dQ[XR >QYTRc2^]cTgc BTbbX^] j VTc j aTcda] bTbbX^]* l l _dQ[XR D]Xc>UF^aZ j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta* l _dQ[XR D]Xc>UF^aZ4]cXch2^]]TRcX^] R^]]TRcX^] j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]TaR^]]TRcX^]* l _dQ[XR D]Xc>UF^aZbcaX]V R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]TaR^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V* l l l !S YOU CAN SEE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CLASS ) DECLARED A PRIVATE FIELD OF TYPE >QYTRc2^]cTgc THAT ) INITIALIZE IN EVERY CONSTRUCTOR WITH THE CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta OBJECT WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc CREATED BY THE %& $ESIGNER FOR OUR DOMAIN MODEL ) LEFT THE DATA TYPE AS >QYTRc2^]cTgc SO WE CAN USE THE D]Xc ^U F^aZ IN A MORE GENERIC WAY 4HE NEXT STEP IS TO MAKE THE OBJECT DISPOSABLE BY IMPLEMENTING THE 83Xb_^bPQ[T INTERFACE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE )$ISPOSABLE )NTERFACE aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 83Xb_^bPQ[T _dQ[XR e^XS 3Xb_^bT j XU bTbbX^] , ]d[[ j XU bTbbX^]2^]]TRcX^]BcPcT , 2^]]TRcX^]BcPcT2[^bTS j bTbbX^]2^]]TRcX^]2[^bT* l bTbbX^]3Xb_^bT* l 62Bd__aTbb5X]P[XiTcadT* l T]SaTVX^] 4HE DISPOSE INTERFACE IS USED TO FREE THE RESOURCES USED BY A SPECIFIC COMPONENT OR OBJECT )N THIS CASE WE ARE SURE THAT THE DATABASE RESOURCES USED BY THE UNIT OF WORK AS WELL AS BY THE %& INSTANCE ARE PROPERLY DISPOSED OF SO WE DONT KEEP REFERENCES ALIVE FOR NO REASON 4HE GARBAGE COLLECTOR PROVIDED BY



#(!04%2  ■ 4(% %.4)49 &2!-%7/2+

THE .%4 &RAMEWORK IS ABLE TO RECYCLE AND FREE THE RESOURCES IF THEY ARE NOT IN USE ANYMORE 5NFORTUNATELY THIS PROCESS IS NOT PREDICTABLE 5SING THE 3Xb_^bT METHOD FORCES THE OBJECT TO FREE THE RESOURCES AND TO BE DISPOSED WHEN YOU WANT 4HE 62Bd__aTbb5X]P[XiT CALL TELLS THE 'ARBAGE #OLLECTOR NOT TO DISPOSE THE OBJECT BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN ALREADY DISPOSED

Set Up the First Test Fixture .OW THAT YOUVE CREATED A COMPONENT IN THE DATA LAYER YOU NEED TO START TESTING THE CODE TO BE SURE IT WORKS CORRECTLY 4O FOLLOW THE 4EST $RIVEN $EVELOPMENT APPROACH YOU WRITE TEST CASES THAT SATISFY THE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF YOUR COMPONENTS THAN TEST THE CODE AGAINST THE COMPONENTS )N YOUR SOLUTION STRUCTURE YOU SHOULD HAVE A PROJECT OF TYPE CTbc CALLED 0?A4BBCTbc IF YOU DONT HAVE IT ADD A NEW PROJECT OF TYPE CTbc TO THE 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa SOLUTION AND NAME IT T 7HEN YOU ARE DONE FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO PREPARE THE TEST PROJECT 1.

2EMOVE THE DEFAULT D]XcCTbc Rb CLASS CREATED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO

2.

!DD A NEW REFERENCE THAT POINTS TO THE PROJECT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa3PcP;PhTa

3.

!DD A NEW REFERENCE THAT POINT TO THE PROJECT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa1dbX]Tbb;PhTa

4.

!DD A REFERENCE TO THE FOLLOWING ASSEMBLIES

5.

v

BhbcT\3PcP

v

BhbcT\3PcP4]cXch

!DD A NEW FILE OF TYPE 2^]UXVdaPcX^] UX[T AND NAME IT P__R^]UXV .OW OPEN THE P__R^]UXV FILE AND CHANGE ITS CONTENT USING THE CODE IN ,ISTING  

,ISTING   4HE P__R^]UXV &ILE IN THE 4EST 0ROJECT +.g\[ eTabX^],  T]R^SX]V,dcU'.+R^]UXVdaPcX^]+R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]Vb+PSS ]P\T,CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V,\TcPSPcP,aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[RbS[k aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[bbS[k aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[\b[* _a^eXSTa,BhbcT\3PcPB`[2[XT]c* _a^eXSTa R^]]TRcX^] bcaX]V,`d^c*3PcP B^daRT,KB@;4G?A4BB* 8]XcXP[ 2PcP[^V,CX\TCaPRZTa3PcPQPbT* 8]cTVaPcTS BTRdaXch,CadT*


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.OW THAT THE TEST PROJECT IS SET UP YOU CAN START TO CREATE THE FIRST UNIT TEST THE FOLLOWING STEPS TELL HOW TO CREATE THE TEST FIXTURE FOR THE UNIT OF WORK 1.

#REATE A NEW FOLDER IN THE TEST PROJECT AND NAME IT &IXTURES

2.

2IGHT CLICK AND CHOOSE THE COMMAND .EW 4EST

3.

.AME THE TEST D]Xc>UF^aZ5XgcdaT

4.

-AKE THE TYPE "ASIC 5NIT 4EST

.OW YOU HAVE A NEW CLASS MARKED WITH THE ATTRIBUTE JCTbc2[PbbL THAT REPRESENTS A SET OF UNIT TESTS 4HE CONCEPT HERE IS THAT ALL THE TEST METHODS EXPOSED IN A TEST CLASS UNIT TEST ARE CONSIDERED A SINGLE UNIT AND THEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO RUN INDEPENDENTLY FROM OTHER COMPONENTS )F THE TEST NEEDS ADDITIONAL DEPENDENCIES THESE DEPENDENCIES SHOULD BE RESOLVED USING A MOCKUP A FAKE CONCRETE DEPENDENCY 4HE FIRST THING TO TEST IS THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE UNIT OF WORK YOU WANT TO BE SURE YOU CAN CREATE A NEW UNIT OF WORK AND THAT IT IS NOT NULL SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   5NIT 4EST FOR #REATING A .EW 5NIT OF 7ORK dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa3PcP;PhTa* dbX]V <XRa^b^UcEXbdP[BcdSX^CTbcC^^[bD]XcCTbcX]V* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCTbc5XgcdaTb j JCTbc2[PbbL _dQ[XR R[Pbb D]Xc>UF^aZ5XgcdaT j JCTbcUF^aZ j cah j dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^f* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^fBTbbX^]* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^fBTbbX^]2^]]TRcX^]* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l l l



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4O RUN THE TEST YOU CAN v

2IGHT CLICK ON THE TEST FILE AND SELECT 2UN 4ESTS

v

/PEN THE TEST PANEL AND RUN THE SPECIFIC TEST

4HE TEST SHOULD PASS AND ASSERT THAT THE UNIT OF WORK HAS BEEN CREATED SUCCESSFULLY THAT THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc PROPERTY IS NOT NULL AND THAT IT HAS A CONNECTION STRING

■ .OTE 4HE STATIC CLASS 0bbTac USED IN ,ISTING   IS PROVIDED BY THE
Transaction Management 4HE SECOND PART OF THE UNIT OF WORK CONSISTS OF TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT ! UNIT OF WORK SHOULD BE ABLE AT ANY TIME TO ROLL BACK ALL THE CHANGES INCLUDED IN A TRANSACTION OR TO COMMIT ALL OF THEM IN ONE SHOT 7ITH THE %& TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT IS TAKEN CARE OF BY THE FRAMEWORK AND IT HAPPENS WHEN YOU CALL THE BPeT2WP]VTb METHOD OF THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc SESSION  5NFORTUNATELY WHAT THE %& DOES IS TO OPEN A TRANSACTION EXECUTE ALL THE 31, COMMANDS AND COMMIT THE TRANSACTION IN THE BPeT2WP]VTb METHOD 7E NEED HIGHER LEVEL MANAGEMENT OF THE CHANGES AND THE ONLY WAY TO ACCOMPLISH THIS IS TO REBUILD THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc EVERY TIME YOU WANT TO DISCARD ALL THE CHANGES &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU ADD A NEW A^[T ENTITY IN THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc AND YOU WANT TO ROLL BACK THE CHANGE YOU HAVE TO RE CREATE THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc SO THAT THE A^[T ENTITY WILL BE DETACHED FROM THE %& SESSION 4HE FIRST STEP IS TO ADD IS A NEW READ ONLY PROPERTY IN THE 8D]Xc>UF^aZ INTERFACE THAT WILL LET YOU KNOW IF IT IS ALREADY IN A TRANSACTION OR NOT LIKE THIS _dQ[XR X]cTaUPRT 8D]Xc>UF^aZ ) 83Xb_^bPQ[T j   R^ST ^\XccTS Q^^[ 8b8]CaP]bPRcX^] j VTc* l l .OW LETS START TO WRITE THE CODE TO IMPLEMENT THE TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   D]Xc ^U F^aZ 4RANSACTION -ANAGEMENT _aXePcT Q^^[ Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] , UP[bT* _dQ[XR Q^^[ 8b8]CaP]bPRcX^] j VTc j aTcda] Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^]* l l



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_dQ[XR e^XS BcPacCaP]bPRcX^] j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta* Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] , cadT* l _dQ[XR e^XS A^[[QPRZCaP]bPRcX^] j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta* Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] , UP[bT* l _dQ[XR e^XS 2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^] j cah j XU Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] ,, UP[bT j cWa^f ]Tf 4]cXch4gRT_cX^]CWT D]Xc ^U F^aZ * l bTbbX^]BPeT2WP]VTbBPeT>_cX^]b0RRT_c0[[2WP]VTb0UcTaBPeT* Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] , UP[bT* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j bTbbX^] , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta* Xb8]CaP]bPRcX^] , UP[bT* cWa^f ]Tf 4]cXch4gRT_cX^] 0] Taa^a ^RRdaaTS SdaX]V cWT 2^\\Xc ^U cWT caP]bPRcX^] TgRT_cX^]* l l %VERY TIME YOU START A NEW TRANSACTION YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW >QYTRc2^]cTgc SO THAT ANY EXISTING SESSION WILL BE DROPPED BY THE CODE THEN YOU MARK THE 5NIT OF 7ORK AS IN TRANSACTION )N THE #OMMIT YOU VERIFY THAT YOURE IN A TRANSACTION AND IF NOT YOU THROW AN EXCEPTION AND THEN RE CREATE THE OBJECT CONTEXT )F YOU ARE IN A TRANSACTION YOU TELL %& TO ACCEPT ALL THE CHANGES AND SAVE THEM INTO THE DATABASE AND ONLY IF THE OPERATION IS SUCCESSFUL YOU MARK THE TRANSACTION TO FALSE 4HE ROLLBACK SIMPLY RE CREATES A NEW >QYTRc2^]cTgc SO THAT ALL THE CHANGES IN THE SESSION ARE DISCARDED ,ETS TEST THE CODE FOR THE TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   5NIT OF 7ORK 4RANSACTION 4EST JCTbcUF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j



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0bbTac8b5P[bTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l JCTbcUF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j 0bbTac8b5P[bTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* d^fA^[[QPRZCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8b5P[bTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l JCTbcUF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8b5P[bTd^f8b8]CaP]bPRcX^]* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l



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7HAT THIS DOES IS VERIFY THAT THE TRANSACTION PROPERTY 8b8]CaP]bPRcX^] IS HANDLED PROPERLY WHICH MEANS THAT THE UNIT OF WORK IS MANAGING THE TRANSACTION IN THE CORRECT WAY .OW LETS VERIFY THAT WE CAN COMMIT CHANGES TO THE DATABASE

Add, Update, and Remove Objects 4HE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE UNIT OF WORK IS TO MARK ONE OR MORE ENTITIES AS NEW MODIFIED OR DELETED THIS DOESNT MEAN THAT THE UNIT OF WORK HAS TO PROCESS THEM BY ADDING MODIFYING OR DELETING THE ENTITIES FROM THE DATABASE )T HAS JUST THE ROLE OF MARKING THE STATUS OF THE ENTITIES )N FACT THE %& PROXY CLASSES DOMAIN ENTITIES CREATED WITH THE %& $ESIGNER ARE MARKED USING THE PROPERTY 4]cXchBcPcT WHICH IS AN ENUMERATION TYPE WITH THE FOLLOWING VALUES v

!DDED THE ENTITY IS NEW IT PRODUCES AN 8=B4AC STATEMENT IN 31,

v

$ELETED THE ENTITY WILL BE REMOVED IT PRODUCES A 34;4C4 STATEMENT IN 31,

v

$ETACHED THE ENTITY IS NOT ATTACHED TO A SESSION >QYTRc2^]cTgc  THERES NO 31,

v

-ODIFIED THE ENTITY HAS BEEN MODIFIED IT PRODUCES AN D?30C4 STATEMENT IN 31,

v

5NCHANGED THERE ARE NO CHANGES

4HE TRANSACTION SUDDENLY HAS THE ROLE OF PROCESSING THESE ENTITIES WHEN YOU COMMIT THE CHANGES WHICH HAPPENS IN %& WHEN YOU CALL >QYTRc2^]cTgcBPeT2WP]VTb  "ASED ON THE STATUS OF THE ENTITY THE %& WILL EXECUTE THE SPECIFIC 31, STATEMENT 4HE UNIT OF WORK PATTERN SAYS THAT THE UNIT OF WORK HAS TO PROVIDE THREE METHODS MARK NEW MARK DIRTY AND MARK DELETED

!DD A .EW /BJECT ,ETS START WITH THE MARK NEW METHOD EXPOSED IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE <PaZ=Tf -ETHOD _dQ[XR e^XS <PaZ=Tf+C-C T]cXch fWTaT C ) R[Pbb j bTbbX^]0SS>QYTRcch_T^UC=P\T  b T]cXch* l 4HE CODE IS PRETTY SIMPLE BY DEFAULT THE %& CREATES FOR EACH DOMAIN ENTITY AN >QYTRcBTc+C- PROPERTY THAT EXPOSES THE IN MEMORY COLLECTION OF THAT PARTICULAR ENTITY BY USING THE NAMING CONVENTION OF JT]cXch=P\TL  b 4HIS WOULD BE TRANSLATED IN A^[Tb AS AN ENTITY OF TYPE A^[T 4HE >QYTRc2^]cTgc COMPONENT EXPOSES A GENERIC METHOD 0SS>QYTRc THAT REQUIRES THE NAME OF THE >QYTRcBTc COLLECTION AND THE CURRENT ENTITY WHAT IT DOES IS ADD THE ENTITY TO THE COLLECTION AND MARK IT WITH THE STATUS 0SSTS THE FIRST TIME YOU CALL THE BPeT2WP]VTb METHOD THE ENTITY WILL BE PERSISTED IN THE DATABASE



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■ .OTE 4HIS APPLICATION DECLARES THE >QYTRcBTc+C- NAMES USING A FINAL hSv TO IDENTIFY THE PLURAL NAME )N PRODUCTION YOUD PROBABLY USE A BETTER APPROACH TO BE SURE THINGS WILL WORK EVEN IF THE >QTYRcBTc+C- NAME DOESNT CONFORM TO THIS CONVENTION &OR EXAMPLE YOU MIGHT USE SOMETHING LIKE THIS 8U ch_T^UC Xb 4]cXch>QYTRc j bcaX]V bTc=P\T , 4]cXch>QYTRcT]cXch4]cXch:Th4]cXchBTc=P\T* bTbbX^]0SS>QYTRcbTc=P\T T]cXch* l

,ISTING   SHOWS THE CORRESPONDING TEST FOR THIS METHOD ,ISTING   4$$ FOR THE 5NIT OF 7ORK <PaZ=Tf -ETHOD JCTbcUF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* X]c RdaaT]c2^d]c , d^fBTbbX^]2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T-2^d]c*  RaTPcT P] T]cXch P]S eTaXUh Xb bcX[[ ]Tf XS ,  ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , A^[T U^a cWT 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab l* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT3TcPRWTS* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T8S ,, *  PccPRW cWT T]cXch Pb ]Tf d^f<PaZ=Tfa^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT0SSTS*  bPeT cWT RWP]VTb P]S eTaXUXTS cWT T]cXch Xb ]^f bPeTS XS -  d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* X]c Tg_TRcTS2^d]c , d^fBTbbX^]2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T-2^d]c* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcTD]RWP]VTS* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T8S - * 0bbTac0aT=^c4`dP[RdaaT]c2^d]c Tg_TRcTS2^d]c* l l



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RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l )N THE TEST OF THE ADD METHOD YOU WANT TO BE SURE THAT THE ENTITY IS MARKED AS NEW AND AFTER COMMITTING THE TRANSACTION YOU WANT TO VERIFY THAT THE NUMBER OF ENTITIES OF TYPE A^[T IS EQUAL OF THE PREVIOUS COUNT PLUS ONE AS YOU ADDED A NEW ENTITY IN THE DATABASE 4HE METHOD 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+C- IS USED AT RUNTIME TO RETRIEVE THE COLLECTION OF TYPE 4 FROM THE DATABASE YOULL SEE THIS METHOD IN DEPTH IN THE 2EPOSITORY PATTERN SECTION OF THIS CHAPTER

$ELETE AN %XISTING /BJECT 4HE SECOND METHOD PROVIDED BY THE UNIT OF WORK PATTERN IS <PaZ3T[TcTS WHICH INFORMS THE UNIT OF WORK THAT A SPECIFIC OBJECT HAS TO BE DELETED WHEN THE NEXT TRANSACTION IS COMMITTED ) PREVIOUSLY SAID THAT THE CONCEPT OF 4$$ IS THAT A SINGLE TEST SHOULD BE TOTALLY INDEPENDENT OF THE REST OF THE TESTS SO IN ORDER TO TEST THE DELETE METHOD IN THE TEST STEPS YOU FIRST NEED TO ADD A NEW ENTITY AND THEN ASSERT THAT THE ENTITY HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE DATABASE 4HEN YOU CAN TEST THAT THE ENTITY CAN BE DELETED BY THE UNIT OF WORK AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE -ARK$ELETED -ETHOD 4EST JCTbcQYTRc j cah j dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j  PSS ]Tf ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , A^[T U^a cWT 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab l* d^f<PaZ=Tfa^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaTXeT ^QYTRc ePa Tg_TRcTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T*  ST[TcT cWT ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* d^f<PaZ3T[TcTSTg_TRcTSA^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTTg_TRcTSA^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT3T[TcTS* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  eTaXUh cWT ^QYTRc S^Tb]c TgXbc ePa UX]P[4g_TRcTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^]

 n

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2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=d[[UX]P[4g_TRcTSA^[T* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l 4HE CODE FIRST CREATES A NEW A^[T ENTITY AND ADDS IT TO THE DATABASE THEN TRIES TO RETRIEVE IT USING THE ,).1 SYNTAX BY BUILDING A F74A4 31, STATEMENT 9OU WILL SEE EXACTLY HOW THIS WORKS IN THE 2EPOSITORY SECTION  &INALLY AFTER VERIFYING THAT THE ENTITY HAS BEEN RETRIEVED FROM THE DATABASE THE CODE DELETES IT AND THEN TRIES TO RETRIEVE IT AGAIN /F COURSE THE SECOND TIME YOU SHOULD GET BACK A NULL OBJECT AS THE ENTITY HAS BEEN NOW DELETED FROM THE DATABASE .OTE THE TWO NEW METHODS IN THE CODE v

#REATE/BJECT3ET4 CREATES A NEW >QYTRcBTc+C4]cXch- INSTANCE THAT IS USED TO QUERY ADD MODIFY AND DELETE OBJECTS OF THE SPECIFIED TYPE AND WITH THE SPECIFIED ENTITY SET NAME

v

,).1 TO %NTITIES PROVIDES ,ANGUAGE )NTEGRATED 1UERY ,).1 SUPPORT THAT ENABLES DEVELOPERS TO WRITE QUERIES AGAINST THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL MODEL USING 6ISUAL "ASIC OR 6ISUAL #

-ODIFY AN %XISTING /BJECT 7HEN YOU WANT TO MODIFY AN EXISTING OBJECT USING THE %& YOU MUST BE SURE THAT THE OBJECT IS CONSIDERED AS SUCH BY THE %& &OR EXAMPLE EVERY TIME YOU START A NEW TRANSACTION THE UNIT OF WORK CREATES A NEW >QYTRc2^]cTgc 7HEN THAT HAPPENS AN EXISTING OBJECT MAY BE DETACHED FROM THE %& SESSION AND NOT BE CONSIDERED ATTACHED ANYMORE 4HE %& ALLOWS YOU TO VERIFY THAT THE OBJECT IS ALREADY ATTACHED )F IT IS NOT YOU HAVE TO ATTACH IT AND CHANGE ITS STATE TO MODIFIED SO THAT THE NEXT TIME YOU CALL BPeT2WP]VTb THE OBJECT WILL BE UPDATED IN THE DATABASE /F COURSE IF YOU STAY IN THE SAME UNIT OF WORK WHILE RETRIEVING AND UPDATING AN OBJECT YOU DONT NEED TO DO THAT !NOTHER CONSIDERATION IS THAT EVERY TIME YOU CHANGE AN OBJECT PROPERTY BY DEFAULT AN %NTITY &RAMEWORK OBJECT RAISES AN >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT THAT CHANGES THE STATE OF THE ENTITY TO MODIFIED ,ISTING   SHOWS THE <PaZ3Xach METHOD ,ISTING   4HE 5NIT OF 7ORK -ARK AS $IRTY _dQ[XR e^XS <PaZ3Xach+C-C T]cXch fWTaT C ) R[Pbb j ePa \^SXUXTS4]cXch , T]cXch Pb 4]cXch>QYTRc* XU \^SXUXTS4]cXch ,, ]d[[ j cWa^f ]Tf 4]cXch4gRT_cX^]CWT RdaaT]c T]cXch Xb ]^c ^U ch_T 4]cXch>QYTRc* l



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XU bTbbX^]8b0ccPRWTSC^T]cXch j bTbbX^]0ccPRWC^ch_T^UC=P\T  b T]cXch* l XU \^SXUXTS4]cXch4]cXchBcPcT , 4]cXchBcPcT<^SXUXTS j bTbbX^]>QYTRcBcPcTQYTRcBcPcTT]cXch 4]cXchBcPcT<^SXUXTS* l l %VERY ENTITY GENERATED BY THE %& $ESIGNER INHERITS FROM THE CLASS 4]cXch>QYTRc SO THE FIRST STEP IS TO BE SURE IN THIS CASE THAT THE OBJECT PASSED TO THE <PaZ3Xach METHOD IS OF TYPE 4]cXch>QYTRc SO THAT YOU CAN CAST IT BACK AND PLAY WITH THE PROPERTY 4]cXchBcPcT 4HE CODE FIRST VERIFIES THAT THE OBJECT IS NOT NULL )F IT IS NULL AN EXCEPTION IS THROWN .EXT IT VERIFIES THAT THE OBJECT IS NOT ALREADY ATTACHED )F IT IS NOT ATTACHED THE CODE ATTACHES IT AND THEN CHANGES ITS STATE TO MODIFIED USING THE HELPER CLASS >QYTRcBcPcTQYTRc2^]cTgc SESSION  5NFORTUNATELY THE %& DOESNT PROVIDE A METHOD FOR DISCOVERING IF AN ENTITY HAS BEEN DETACHED OR NOT FROM A SPECIFIC SESSION SO YOULL NEED TO EXTEND THE FRAMEWORK BY CREATING AN EXTENSION METHOD

■ .OTE %XTENSION METHODS ENABLE YOU TO ADD METHODS TO EXISTING TYPES WITHOUT CREATING A NEW DERIVED TYPE RECOMPILING OR OTHERWISE MODIFYING THE ORIGINAL TYPE %XTENSION METHODS ARE A SPECIAL KIND OF STATIC METHOD BUT THEY ARE CALLED AS IF THEY WERE INSTANCE METHODS ON THE EXTENDED TYPE &OR CLIENT CODE WRITTEN IN # AND 6ISUAL "ASIC THERE IS NO APPARENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALLING AN EXTENSION METHOD AND THE METHODS THAT ARE ACTUALLY DEFINED IN A TYPE

)N ORDER TO ADD AN EXTENSION METHOD YOU NEED A STATIC CLASS SO ON THE $!, PROJECT ADD A NEW STATIC CLASS AND CALL IT 4]cXch5aP\Tf^aZ4gcT]bX^]b )N THIS CLASS YOU WILL ADD THE FIRST EXTENSION METHOD USING THE SIGNATURE SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   %NTITY &RAMEWORK %XTENSION -ETHOD _dQ[XR bcPcXR R[Pbb 4]cXch5aP\Tf^aZ4gcT]bX^]b j _dQ[XR bcPcXR Q^^[ 8b0ccPRWTSC^cWXb >QYTRc2^]cTgc R^]cTgc ^QYTRc T]cXch j >QYTRcBcPcT4]cah T]cah* Q^^[ Xb0ccPRWTS , UP[bT* XU R^]cTgc>QYTRcBcPcTQYTRcBcPcT4]cah R^]cTgc2aTPcT4]cXch:ThT]cXch6TcCh_T=P\T  b T]cXch ^dc T]cah j Xb0ccPRWTS , T]cahBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT3TcPRWTS* l



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T[bT j Xb0ccPRWTS , cadT* l aTcda] Xb0ccPRWTS* l l 4HE SIGNATURE cWXb IN THE METHOD TELLS THE COMPILER THAT YOU ARE EXTENDING AN OBJECT OF TYPE >QYTRc2^]cTgc WITH A METHOD CALLED 8b0ccPRWTSC^ 7HAT THE CODE IS DOING IS CALLING THE METHOD 2aTPcT4]cXch:Th OF THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc TO INDICATE WHETHER THE ENTITY IS A NEW ENTITY OR AN EXISTING ONE )T DOES THIS BY READING THE )$ PROPERTY OF THE ENTITY WHICHIS EQUAL TO  ONLY IF THE OBJECT IS BRAND NEW )N THIS CASE THERE WILL BE TWO TESTS /NE WILL VERIFY THAT IT CAN EXECUTE AN UPDATE AND THE SECOND ONE WILL VERIFY THAT IT CAN UPDATE A DETACHED ENTITY FROM ANOTHER UNIT OF WORK 4HE FIRST TEST SHOWN IN ,ISTING   VERIFIES THAT IN THE SAME SESSION THE OBJECT IS SUCCESSFULLY UPDATED ,ISTING   ! 4EST 4HAT 6ERIFIES 4HAT AN /BJECT (AS "EEN 5PDATED JCTbcQYTRc j cah j dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j  PSS ]Tf ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , A^[T U^a cWT 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab l* d^f<PaZ=Tfa^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaXTeT Xc ePa Tg_TRcTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T*  RWP]VT Xc Tg_TRcTSA^[T=P\T , ?^fTaDbTab* d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* d^f<PaZ3XachTg_TRcTSA^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTTg_TRcTSA^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT<^SXUXTS* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaXTeT Xc PVPX]



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ePa RWP]VTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T* 0bbTac0aT4`dP[RWP]VTSA^[T=P\T ?^fTaDbTab* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l 4HE CODE INSERTS A NEW A^[T ENTITY IN THE DATABASE THEN RETRIEVES THE ENTITY USING THE 8S PROPERTY WHICH SHOULD NOW NOT EQUAL  THUS VERIFYING THAT THE ENTITY EXISTS .EXT THE CODE MODIFIES THE ENTITY BY CHANGING THE =P\T PROPERTY AND THEN VERIFIES THAT THE ENTITY HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY UPDATED BY EXECUTING ANOTHER QUERY AGAINST THE %& SESSION )F THE PROPERTY HAS BEEN CHANGED THE =P\T PROPERTY SHOULD NOW BE EQUAL TO ?^fTaDbTab 4HE SECOND TEST EXECUTES THE SAME STEPS USING TWO DIFFERENT UNIT OF WORK IN THIS WAY YOU CAN BE SURE THAT THE ENTITY IS DETACHED WHEN YOU TRY TO SAVE IT ,ISTING   SHOWS CODE THAT UPDATES A DETACHED ENTITY ,ISTING   5PDATING A $ETACHED %NTITY JCTbcQYTRc j cah j A^[T ^aXVX]P[A^[T , ]d[[* A^[T d_SPcTbA^[T , ]d[[* dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j  PSS ]Tf ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ^aXVX]P[A^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , A^[T U^a cWT 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab l* d^f<PaZ=Tf^aXVX]P[A^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaXTeT Xc d_SPcTbA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, ^aXVX]P[A^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d_SPcTbA^[T* l



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dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j  RWP]VT Xc d_SPcTbA^[T=P\T , ?^fTaDbTab* d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* d^f<PaZ3Xachd_SPcTbA^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTd_SPcTbA^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT<^SXUXTS* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaXTeT Xc PVPX] ePa RWP]VTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, ^aXVX]P[A^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d_SPcTbA^[T* 0bbTac0aT4`dP[RWP]VTSA^[T=P\T ?^fTaDbTab* l l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l

Final Consideration for the Unit of Work 9OU SAW HOW TO CREATE A UNIT OF WORK FOR THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK USING THE 4$$ APPROACH THAT CONSISTS OF CONSTANTLY TESTING THE CODE YOU ARE WRITING BY VERIFYING THE CODE AGAINST THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 7E CREATED THESE TESTS USING THE A^[T ENTITY JUST BECAUSE ITS THE SIMPLEST ENTITY IN THE DOMAIN MODEL AND BECAUSE WE NEED A REAL 4]cXch>QYTRc TO TEST THE EFFICIENCY OF THE UNIT OF WORK /F COURSE EVERY TIME WE RUN A TEST WE POLLUTE THE DATABASE WITH A MOCKUP A^[T ENTITY THAT IS PROBABLY NOT NECESSARY &OR THIS REASON ) SUGGEST YOU CREATE BOTH AN )NITIALIZE AND A #LEAN5P METHOD IN EVERY TEST CLASS BY MARKING THEM WITH THE ATTRIBUTES JCTbc8]XcXP[XiTL AND JCTbc2[TP]d_L SO THEY WILL BE EXECUTE BEFORE AND AFTER ALL THE TESTS OF THAT TEST CLASS ARE RUN SEE ,ISTING    )N THIS WAY YOU CAN CLEAR UP THE POLLUTION FROM THE DATABASE CAUSED BY THE TEST AND LEAVE A NEW BLANK DATABASE ,ISTING   #LEAN5P 4EST -ETHODS JCTbc8]XcXP[XiTL _dQ[XR e^XS CTbc8]XcXP[XiT j dbX]V ePa d^f , ]Tf CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta j  aT\^eT P[[ cWT \^RZd_b a^[Tb Ua^\ cWT SPcPQPbT U^aTPRW A^[T a^[T X] d^fA^[Tb j d^f3T[TcT>QYTRca^[T* l d^fBPeT2WP]VTbBPeT>_cX^]b0RRT_c0[[2WP]VTb0UcTaBPeT* l l



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JCTbc2[TP]d_L _dQ[XR e^XS CTbc2[TP]d_ j l

4HE 2EPOSITORY !T THE BEGINNING OF THIS CHAPTER ) MENTIONED THAT THE REPOSITORY PATTERN IS USED TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTION LAYER TO THE $!, SO THAT THE OTHER LAYERS WONT HAVE DIRECT ACCESS TO THE %& SESSION BUT WILL BE FORCED TO USE THE REPOSITORY CLASSES EXPOSED BY THE $!, ! REPOSITORY CLASS SHOULD PROVIDE AT LEAST A SET OF METHODS THAT ALLOW YOU TO EXECUTE THE BASIC #25$ OPERATIONS PLUS A BASIC SET OF QUERIES LIKE THE INTERFACE IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE 8AT_^bXc^ah )NTERFACE dbX]V BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b6T]TaXR* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa3PcP;PhTa j _dQ[XR X]cTaUPRT 8AT_^bXc^ah +C- fWTaT C ) 4]cXch>QYTRc j e^XS 8]bTacC T]cXch* e^XS D_SPcTC T]cXch* e^XS 3T[TcTC T]cXch* 8;Xbc+C- 6Tc0[[* C 6Tc1h8SX]c XS* l l )N THIS CASE YOU ARE GOING TO IMPLEMENT THE CODE IN AN ABSTRACT AT_^bXc^ah1PbT CLASS THAT WILL BE USED AS A BASE CLASS FOR EACH CONCRETE REPOSITORY SEE ,ISTING    9OU WANT TO MAKE THE BASE CLASS ABSTRACT BECAUSE YOU DONT WANT IT TO BE USED DIRECTLY 5NFORTUNATELY BY DOING THAT YOU CANT TEST THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASE REPOSITORY OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF A CONCRETE REPOSITORY BECAUSE AN ABSTRACT CLASS CANT BE TESTED ,ISTING   'ENERIC 2EPOSITORY #LASS _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb AT_^bXc^ah1PbT+C- ) 8AT_^bXc^ah+C- fWTaT C ) 4]cXch>QYTRc j _aXePcT aTPS^][h 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d]Xc>UF^aZ* _dQ[XR AT_^bXc^ah1PbT8D]Xc>UF^aZ d]Xc>UF^aZ j cWXbd]Xc>UF^aZ , d]Xc>UF^aZ* l l



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4HIS CODE USES THE $EPENDENCY )NJECTION PATTERN TO INJECT A CURRENT UNIT OF WORK INTO THE REPOSITORY .OW YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE METHODS EXPOSED BY THE 8AT_^bXc^ah INTERFACE AND TEST THEM "ECAUSE YOU CANT TEST AN ABSTRACT CLASS YOU WILL HAVE TO CREATE AN ADDITIONAL CLASSˆA^[TAT_^bXc^ahˆ WHICH OF COURSE IS A REPOSITORY FOR THE A^[T ENTITY SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   2OLE 2EPOSITORY _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb A^[TAT_^bXc^ah ) AT_^bXc^ah1PbT+A^[Tj _dQ[XR A^[TAT_^bXc^ah8D]Xc>UF^aZ d]Xc>UF^aZ ) QPbTd]Xc>UF^aZ j l l 4HE FINAL OBJECT IS THE CTbc FIXTURE SO IN THE 4EST PROJECT YOU HAVE TO CREATE A NEW UNIT TEST CLASS AND CALL IT A^[TAT_^bXc^ahCTbc5XgcdaT THEN ADD INITIALIZE AND CLEANUP METHODS AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   A^[TAT_^bXc^ah 4EST &IXTURE JCTbc2[PbbL _dQ[XR R[Pbb A^[TAT_^bXc^ah5XgcdaT j _aXePcT 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f* JCTbc8]XcXP[XiTL _dQ[XR e^XS 8]XcXP[XiT j d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ* l JCTbc2[TP]d_L _dQ[XR e^XS 2[TP]D_ j  R[TP] d_ cWT SPcPQPbT  d^f3Xb_^bT* l l

Add a New Role 7HEN YOU WORK WITH THE REPOSITORY PATTERN YOU HAVE TO MANAGE THE OPERATION BY USING A UNIT OF WORK SO THAT IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG YOU STILL HAVE THE POWER TO ROLL BACK EVERYTHING OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THE REPOSITORY OBJECT 4HE CODE IN ,ISTING   IS IN TWO PIECES THE FIRST IS IN THE AT_^bXc^ah1PbT OBJECT AND IT IS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 8]bTac+C- METHOD THE SECOND IS IN THE A^[TAT_^bXc^ah5XgcdaT TEST CLASS AND IS USED TO TEST THE METHOD

 u

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,ISTING   4HE 8]bTac+C- -ETHOD  1PbT aT_^bXc^ah _Pac _dQ[XR e^XS 8]bTacC T]cXch j d]Xc>UF^aZ<PaZ=TfT]cXch* l  C33 JCTbc
Delete an Existing Role 4HE DELETE METHOD IS PRETTY STRAIGHTFORWARD YOU DONT HAVE TO DO ANYTHING MORE THAN CALL THE UNIT OF WORK <PaZ3T[TcTS+C- METHOD INSIDE THE AT_^bXc^ah1PbT CONTEXT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   AT_^bXc^ah1PbT 3T[TcT+C- -ETHOD AND 4$$  AT_^bXc^ah1PbT R^ST _dQ[XR e^XS 3T[TcTC T]cXch j d]Xc>UF^aZ<PaZ3T[TcTST]cXch* l  C33 JCTbc


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cah j  PSS cWT T]cXch d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ePa aT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf A^[TAT_^bXc^ahd^f* ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j=P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , 0S\X]XbcaPc^a 6a^d_l* aT_^bXc^ah8]bTaca^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T8S - *  ST[TcT cWT T]cXch d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* aT_^bXc^ah3T[TcTa^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT3T[TcTS* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  cah VTc Xc ePa Tg_TRcTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l ,ISTING   CREATES A NEW A^[T AND SAVES IT IN THE DATABASE )T THEN DELETES THE A^[T USING THE 2EPOSITORYS METHOD AND COMMITS THE TRANSACTION &INALLY IT TRIES TO RETRIEVE THE A^[T TO MAKE SURE IT DOESNT EXIST ANYMORE IN THE DATABASE

Update an Existing Role 4HE D_SPcT METHOD FOLLOWS THE SAME PATTERN AS THE 8]bTac AND THE 3T[TcT METHODS )T CALLS THE UNIT OF WORK METHODS AND WAITS FOR A TRANSACTION TO BE COMMITTED IN ORDER TO PERSIST THE CHANGES TO THE DATABASE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE D_SPcT %NTITY -ETHOD AND 4$$  AT_^bXc^ah1PbT \TcW^S _dQ[XR e^XS D_SPcTC T]cXch j d]Xc>UF^aZ<PaZ3XachT]cXch* l  C33 JCTbc


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cah j  PSS cWT T]cXch d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ePa aT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf A^[TAT_^bXc^ahd^f* ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , 0S\X]XbcaPc^a 6a^d_ l* aT_^bXc^ah8]bTaca^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T8S - *  \^SXUh cWT T]cXch d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* a^[T=P\T , ?^fTaDbTab* aT_^bXc^ahD_SPcTa^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  cah VTc Xc ePa Tg_TRcTSA^[T , d^fBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac0aT=^c4`dP[Tg_TRcTSA^[T=P\T 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab* 0bbTac0aT4`dP[Tg_TRcTSA^[T=P\T ?^fTaDbTab* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l 4HE PRECEDING CODE CREATES A NEW A^[T AND COMMITS IT TO THE DATABASE )T THEN UPDATES THE ROLES =P\T PROPERTY AND VERIFIES THAT THE CORRESPONDING RECORD IN THE DATABASE HAS THE UPDATED VALUE

GetAll Roles 4HE 6Tc0[[ METHOD IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM THE PREVIOUS METHODS )T REQUIRES AN >QYTRcBTc+CCOMPONENT IN ORDER TO CREATE A NEW ,).1 QUERY THAT WILL RETURN ALL THE AVAILABLE ENTITIES OF THAT TYPE FROM THE DATABASE SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   4HE 6Tc0[[ -ETHOD  AT_^bXc^ah1PbT _dQ[XR 8;Xbc+C- 6Tc0[[ j aTcda] d]Xc>UF^aZBTbbX^]2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+C-C^;Xbc* l  C33 JCTbc


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cah j ePa R^d]c , d^fBTbbX^]2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T-2^d]c* ePa aT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf A^[TAT_^bXc^ahd^f* ePa Tg_TRcTS2^d]c , aT_^bXc^ah6Tc0[[2^d]c* 0bbTac0aT4`dP[R^d]c Tg_TRcTS2^d]c* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l 7HATS NEW HERE 9OU ALREADY SAW THE 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+C- METHOD AND NOTED THAT IT RETURNS A NEW INSTANCE OF AN >QYTRcBTc+C- OBJECT THAT PROVIDES A SET OF ,).1 METHODS TO QUERY THE OBJECTS IN THE %& CONTEXT ,).1 IS AN INTEGRATED QUERY LANGUAGE TRANSLATED IN # 7HEN USED AGAINST %& IT IS ABLE TO TRANSLATE THIS 31, LIKE SYNTAX INTO A REAL 31, STATEMENT CALL TO THE DATABASE 4HE CODE HERE USES THE ;8=@ c^ 4]cXcXTb ,).1 FOR %& EXTENSION METHOD CALLED 2^d]c THAT CAN BE TRANSLATED TO B4;42C 2>D=C 5A>< A>;4B 4HE TASK TO ACCOMPLISH HERE IS PRETTY SIMPLE 9OU WANT TO BE SURE THAT THE NUMBER OF ENTITIES RETURNED BY THE REPOSITORY METHOD 6Tc0[[ IS THE SAME AS WHATS PROVIDED BY THE DEFAULT >QYTRcBTc+A^[TAVAILABLE THROUGH THE 4IME4RACKER >QYTRc2^]cTgc COMPONENT

Get a Role by Id &INALLY THE 6Tc1h8S METHOD RETURNS ONE AND ONLY ONE ENTITY OF THE TYPE SPECIFIED IN THE GENERIC SIGNATURE BY USING THE 8S PROPERTY THAT IS UNIQUE IN THE DATABASE TABLE 4HE CODE IN ,ISTING   IMPLEMENTS A NEW WAY OF QUERYING THE OBJECTS IN THE %& THAT USES THE 4]cXch:Th OBJECT ,ISTING   4HE 6Tc1h8S -ETHOD  AT_^bXc^ah1PbT _dQ[XR C 6Tc1h8SX]c XS j ePa Ud[[@dP[XUXTS=P\T , bcaX]V5^a\Pcjlj lb d]Xc>UF^aZBTbbX^]3TUPd[c2^]cPX]Ta=P\T ch_T^U C=P\T* ePa ZTh , ]Tf 4]cXch:ThUd[[@dP[XUXTS=P\T 8S XS* aTcda] C d]Xc>UF^aZBTbbX^]6Tc>QYTRc1h:ThZTh* l  C33 JCTbc


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ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , 0S\X]XbcaPc^ab 3TbRaX_cX^] , 0S\X]XbcaPc^a 6a^d_ l* aT_^bXc^ah8]bTaca^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* 0bbTac8bCadTa^[T8S - *  cah VTc Xc ePa Tg_TRcTSA^[T , aT_^bXc^ah6Tc1h8Sa^[T8S* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T* 0bbTac0aT4`dP[Tg_TRcTSA^[T8S a^[T8S* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j 0bbTac5PX[TgRT_cX^]C^BcaX]V* l l 4HE FIRST PART OF THE CODE IN ,ISTING   USES A NEW OBJECT CALLED 4]cXch:Th 4HE 4]cXch:Th CLASS REPRESENTS THE KEY OF AN ENTITY OBJECT 4HIS OBJECT NEEDS THREE PIECES OF INFORMATION IN ITS CONSTRUCTOR METHOD THE FIRST IS THE FULLY QUALIFIED NAME OF THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc WHICH IN OUR CASE IS CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]TaA^[Tb 4HE OTHER TWO PARAMETERS ARE THE KEY NAME AND THE KEY VALUE 4HE TEST SIMPLY VERIFIES THAT THE REPOSITORY IS ABLE TO RETURN THE SAME A^[T ENTITY THAT WAS SAVED USING THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc BY QUERYING IT USING THE 8S PROPERTY

Additional Methods 9OU SAW HOW TO CREATE A REPOSITORY AND HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE BASIC #25$ METHODS BUT YOU HAVENT YET SEEN HOW TO IMPLEMENT CUSTOM QUERIES !S NOTED PREVIOUSLY THE AIM OF THIS PATTERN IS TO HIDE THE /2METHODS FROM THE OTHER LAYERS SO IT WOULD BE GOOD TO PROVIDE A CUSTOM QUERY FOR EACH CUSTOM METHOD OF EACH REPOSITORY &OR EXAMPLE SUPPOSE YOU WANT TO BE ABLE TO QUERY THE ROLES IN THE DATABASE USING A ;8:4 CLAUSE TO RETURN ALL THE ROLES THAT MATCH THE STRING YOU ARE PASSING 4O DO THAT YOU SHOULD CREATE A CUSTOM METHOD IN THE A^[TAT_^bXc^ah LIKE THE ONE IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE 6Tc1h=P\T -ETHOD OF A^[TAT_^bXc^ah _dQ[XR 8;Xbc+A^[T- 6Tc1h=P\TbcaX]V ]P\T j aTcda] d]Xc>UF^aZBTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a=P\T2^]cPX]b]P\T C^;Xbc* l )N ORDER TO MAKE THE 5NIT/F7ORK FIELD VISIBLE FROM A CONCRETE REPOSITORY YOU NEED TO CHANGE THE FIELD IN THE AT_^bXc^ah1PbT CLASS FROM PRIVATE TO PROTECTED ,ISTING   USES THE 2^]cPX]b METHOD OF THE STRING CLASS THAT IS TRANSLATED BY ,).1 TO %NTITIES TO B4;42C  5A>< A>;4B F74A4 =0<4 ;8:4 ]P\T ,).1 TO %NTITIES EXPOSES A LOT OF METHODS TO QUERY YOUR %& OBJECTS AND WE CANT DISCUSS ALL OF THEM IN THIS BOOK AS IT WOULD PROBABLY TAKE AN ENTIRE BOOK FOR JUST THAT TOPIC $URING THE BUILDING OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION WE WILL MODIFY THE BASE REPOSITORIES CLASSES OF THE PROJECT AND YOU WILL SEE



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SEVERAL ADDITIONAL METHODS ) SUGGEST YOU VISIT THE -3$. SECTION ON ,).1 TO %NTITIES AT Wcc_)\bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\T]db[XQaPahQQ"'%(%#Pb_g TO LEARN HOW POWERFUL THIS TOOL IS ) LEAVE TO YOU THE CREATION OF THE OTHER REPOSITORIES WHICH WOULD BE VERY SIMILAR TO WHAT YOU DID FOR THE A^[TAT_^bXc^ah OBJECT

Summary $OMAIN $RIVEN $ESIGN WAS INTRODUCED IN THE EARLY S IN SOFTWARE ARCHITECT COMMUNITIES TO SOLVE SPECIFIC BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS USING THE MOST ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING $$$ CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN DIFFERENT WAYS STARTING FROM THE SIMPLEST !CTIVE 2ECORD PATTERN THROUGH THE MORE COMPLEX AND FLEXIBLE $OMAIN $RIVEN APPROACH 9OU CAN ACHIEVE THE DESIGN BY CREATING THE CODE BEFORE THE DATABASE EXISTS #ODE &IRST OR BY CREATING A DOMAIN THAT WILL FOLLOW THE DESIGN OF AN EXISTING LEGACY DATABASE $ATABASE &IRST  4HE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION USES THE $OMAIN $RIVEN $ESIGN TECHNIQUE WITH THE #ODE &IRST APPROACH SO THE DOMAIN MODEL WILL DRIVE THE WAY WE DESIGN THE APPLICATION LOGIC AND THE DATABASE STRUCTURE )N ORDER TO STEER THE APPLICATION FLOW IN THE PROPER WAY THE DOMAIN NEEDS AN ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTION LAYER FOR CONTROLLING HOW THE ENTITIES IN THE DATABASE WILL BE PERSISTED 4HIS REQUIREMENT IS ACCOMPLISHED VIA A DATA LAYER THAT INCLUDES ALL THE COMPONENTS USED TO PERSIST THE DATA UNIT OF WORK REPOSITORIES PLUS THE /2- USED BY THE APPLICATION TO GENERATE THE 4 31, STATEMENTS 9OU ALSO SAW HOW EASY AND SMOOTH THE CREATION OF SUCH A COMPLEX ARCHITECTURE CAN BE IF YOU INCLUDE IN YOUR CODE A FULL SET OF UNIT TESTS



CHAPTER ■■■

Data Binding 4HE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF 70& IS TO PROVIDE A DYNAMIC POWERFUL WAY TO BUILD STANDALONE CLIENT USER INTERFACES USING 8!-, MARKUP ! USER INTERFACE CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTROLS SUCH AS BUTTONS TEXTBOXES AND DATAGRIDS %ACH CONTROL EXPOSES DATA AND BEHAVIORS THE DATA WILL BE DISPLAYED ONSCREEN AND EDITED BY THE USER WHILE THE BEHAVIORS WILL MAKE THE 5) INTERACTIVE 4YPICALLY THE MOST CHALLENGING TASKS WHEN DEVELOPING A 5) ARE BINDING THE DATA TO THE 6IEW AND KEEPING THE DATA SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN THE 6IEW AND THE -ODEL UP TO DATE AT ALL TIMES &OR EXAMPLE IF THE USER MODIFIES THE DATA IN THE 6IEW YOU MUST UPDATE THE CORRESPONDING -ODEL AND IF THE -ODEL CHANGES THE CORRESPONDING 6IEW NEEDS TO BE UPDATED 70& EXPOSES A POWERFUL MECHANISM FOR KEEPING THE DATA IN THE -ODEL AND THE 6IEW UP TO DATE 4HIS MECHANISM IS KNOWN AS DATA BINDING AND IT PROVIDES A WAY TO SYNCHRONIZE THE DATA SHARED BY THE 6IEW AND THE -ODEL !S WITH ANY 5) TECHNOLOGY YOU MAY WANT TO UPDATE THE DATA ONLY ON ONE SIDE OF THE RELATIONSHIP THIS IS KNOWN AS UNIDIRECTIONAL DATA BINDING &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY WANT TO UPDATE THE -ODEL IF SOMETHING CHANGES IN THE 6IEW BUT YOU MAY NOT WANT TO UPDATE THE 6IEW IF THE -ODEL CHANGES )F YOU WANT TO KEEP THE DATA UPDATED ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RELATIONSHIP YOU USE BIDIRECTIONAL DATA BINDING 4HE MOST POWERFUL FEATURE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IS THAT THE DATA BINDING TO A 70& CONTROL CAN BE STYLED SO THAT THE LAYOUT OF THE CONTROL IS CHANGES COMPLETELY DEPENDING ON THE DATA YOU ARE BINDING TO IT 7ITH 70& YOU CAN BIND THE DATA TO JUST ABOUT ANY 8!-, ELEMENT OR DEPENDENCY PROPERTY SO THAT YOUR 6IEW CAN BE TOTALLY DYNAMIC

WPF Data Binding Engine $ATA BINDING IN 70& IS ALWAYS COMPRISES TWO OBJECTS THE BINDING SOURCE AND THE BINDING TARGET WHERE THE SOURCE REPRESENTS THE OBJECT THAT PROVIDES THE DATA AND THE TARGET REPRESENTS THE 5) ELEMENT OR PROPERTY THAT EXPOSE THE DATA VALUE &IGURE   SHOWS A BASIC REPRESENTATION OF THIS MECHANISM



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?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c7P]S[Ta WP]S[Ta , ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS* XU WP]S[Ta , ]d[[ j ?a^_Tach2WP]VTScWXb ]Tf ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c0aVb_a^_Tach=P\T* l l  cWTaT PaT \^aT _a^_TacXTb Qdc cWTh PaT ]^c  bW^f] U^a bT\_[XRXch l l  _a^_Tach X]bXST cWT ?Tab^] R[Pbb _aXePcT bcaX]V UXabc=P\T* _dQ[XR bcaX]V 5Xabc=P\T j VTc j aTcda] UXabc=P\T* l bTc j XU eP[dT ,, UXabc=P\T j aTcda]* l UXabc=P\T , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTS5Xabc=P\T* l l 4HE CODE FIRST SHOWS A FAKE ?Tab^] CLASS THAT IMPLEMENTS THE 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS INTERFACE 4HE CODE PROVIDED BY THE INTERFACE CONSISTS OF A ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT THAT REQUIRES A ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c0aVb ARGUMENTˆA STRING PARAMETER THAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROPERTY CHANGED .EXT IS THE METHOD USED TO RAISE THE ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT 4HE ONLY THING TO NOTE HERE IS THE CHECK THATS DONE BEFORE RAISING THE EVENT )F THE ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT IS NULL IT MEANS NOBODY IS LISTENING TO THE EVENT SO IT DOESNT NEED TO BE RAISED )F IT IS RAISED THE .%4 &RAMEWORK THROWS AN UGLY =d[[ATUTaT]RT4gRT_cX^] ERROR 4HE SECOND PART OF THE CODE SHOWS A PROPERTY WITH A PRIVATE FIELD ACCESSOR THAT IMPLEMENTS THE NOTIFY EVENT WHEN YOU SET THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY )F THE VALUE HAS CHANGED FROM THE PREVIOUS ONE YOU CALL THE METHOD >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTS

■ .OTE 9OU MAY WONDER h7HY DO ) HAVE TO IMPLEMENT THIS INTERFACE ON AN OBJECT THAT IS BOUND TO A 70& CONTROLv 4HE ANSWER IS PRETTY SIMPLE 70& NEEDS TO DETECT THE CHANGES IN ORDER TO TRIGGER THE BINDING ENGINE AND UPDATE THE TARGET DEPENDENCY PROPERTY ANDOR THE SOURCE )F YOU IMPLEMENT THIS INTERFACE IN YOUR BIND OBJECT 70& HAS AN IN PLACE MECHANISM TO DETECT THE CHANGES AND YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY OR TO IMPLEMENT ANY ADDITIONAL MECHANISM



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"INDING $IRECTION 4HE BINDING FLOW IN 70& REPRESENTS THE DIRECTION OF DATA BINDING BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS )N 70& YOU CAN USE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BINDING AS EXPLAINED IN THE FOLLOWING LIST 4HE LIST IS AN ENUMERATION AVAILABLE FROM BhbcT\FX]S^fb3PcP1X]SX]V<^ST v

/NE7AY 4HIS IS THE CLASSIC BINDING JUST ONE DIRECTION FROM THE SOURCE -ODEL TO THE TARGET 6IEW  4HE -ODEL UPDATES THE 6IEW BUT THE 6IEW DOESNT UPDATE THE -ODEL 4HIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS READ ONLY BINDING BECAUSE A CHANGE IN THE 6IEW DOESNT AFFECT THE UNDERLYING -ODEL

v

/NE4IME !S THE NAME INDICATES THIS BINDING MECHANISM BINDS THE DATA JUST ONCE THE FIRST TIME AND WILL NOT KEEP EITHER THE SOURCE OR THE TARGET UPDATED

v

4WO7AY 7ITH TWO WAY BINDING A CHANGE IN THE -ODEL AFFECTS THE 6IEW AND A CHANGE IN THE 6IEW AFFECTS THE -ODEL

v

/NE7AY4O3OURCE )N THIS CASE THE BINDING GOES IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION FROM ONE WAY BINDING SO ITS THE 6IEW THAT UPDATES THE -ODEL BUT NOT VICE VERSA 4HIS TYPE OF BINDING IS HARDLY USED

!S PREVIOUSLY NOTED WHEN BINDING THE -ODEL TO THE 6IEW YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE ACTUAL CHANGE NOTIFICATION MECHANISM IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO USE THE NOTIFY MECHANISM PROVIDED BY THE 70& BINDING ENGINE )N ORDER TO BE NOTIFIED THAT SOMETHING HAS CHANGED IN THE SOURCE OR IN THE TARGET OF THE BINDING EXPRESSION YOU NEED TO SPECIFY IN 70& THE BEHAVIOR THAT WILL SET OFF THE CHANGE THIS BEHAVIOR IS REPRESENTED IN 70& BY THE PROPERTY D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa WHICH HAS THREE DIFFERENT VALUES AVAILABLE FROM THE ENUMERATION BhbcT\FX]S^fb3PcPD_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa v

,OST&OCUS THIS OCCURS WHEN THE AFFECTED CONTROL LOSES THE FOCUS 4HIS USUALLY HAPPENS WHEN ANOTHER CONTROL IN THE 5) GETS THE FOCUS 4HIS IS THE DEFAULT VALUE FOR THE CTgc PROPERTY OF ANY CONTROL

v

0ROPERTY#HANGED THIS HAPPENS AFTER THE PROPERTY VALUE IS CHANGED AND IT IS FIRED EVERY TIME THE VALUE CHANGES

v

%XPLICIT THIS HAPPENS ONLY ON DEMAND WHEN THE CODE ASKS THE BINDING SOURCE TO UPDATE THE VALUE

)TS WORTH NOTING THAT SOME CONTROLS LIKE CTgc1^gES NEED TO BIND USING THE ;^bc5^Rdb MECHANISM DUE TO THE HIGH NUMBER OF CHANGES THEIR CTgc PROPERTIES CAN RECEIVE AND THAT MAY REDUCE THE 5) PERFORMANCE OVERALL

4HE )6ALUE#ONVERTER )NTERFACE 7HEN YOU BIND A PROPERTY OF AN OBJECT TO A DEPENDENCY PROPERTY OF A 8!-, ELEMENT YOU ALWAYS USE A LITERAL EXPRESSION LIKE THOSE SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   3AMPLE "INDING %XPRESSIONS IN 8!-, +CTgc1^g CTgc,|j1X]SX]V ?PcW,?Tab^]5Xabc=P\Tl| +CTgc1^g CTgc,|j1X]SX]V 5Xabc=P\T D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa , ;^bc5^Rdbl| -



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"Y DEFAULT THE 70& ENGINE IS ABLE TO CONVERT ALMOST ALL THE PRIMITIVE VALUES BASED ON THE VALUE TYPE OF THE PROPERTY YOU ARE BINDING 3O FOR INSTANCE IN ,ISTING   THE 5Xabc=P\T PROPERTY IS CONVERTED USING A STRING CONVERTER WITH THE DEFAULT Ch_T2^]eTacTa COMPONENT AS BOTH THE 5Xabc=P\T AND THE CTgc PROPERTIES ARE OF TYPE BhbcT\BcaX]V !NOTHER EXAMPLE IS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,OOK AT THE PROPERTY VALUES USED TO CUSTOMIZE THE ;PQT[ CONTROLˆTHERE USING FOUR PROPERTIES WITH THREE DIFFERENT VALUE TYPES AN INTEGER FOR THE WIDTH A STRING FOR THE 5^]c5P\X[h AND A COLOR FOR THE 5^aTVa^d]S PROPERTY ,ISTING   "ACKGROUND #OLOR 6ALUE #ONVERTER +;PQT[ FXScW,  7TXVWc,!$ 5^]c5P\X[h,BTV^T D8 5^aTVa^d]S,BcTT[1[dT-BP\_[T ;PQT[+;PQT[5NFORTUNATELY SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO FORMAT IE CONVERT THE DATA BINDING TO THE 5) USING A SPECIFIC APPROACH A FORMAT EXPRESSION OR SOME MORE COMPLICATED PRESENTATION LOGIC 9OU MAY ALSO NEED TO RECYCLE THE CODE USED FOR THE CONVERSION ALL OVER THE 70& APPLICATION 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK PROVIDES AN INTERFACE CALLED 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa THAT FORCES YOU TO IMPLEMENT A TWO WAY CONVERSION OF A SPECIFIC VALUE TYPE 2^]eTac AND 2^]eTac1PRZ ,ISTING   SHOWS A SAMPLE CONVERTER THAT CONVERTS A 3PcTCX\T OBJECT TO A SPECIFIC VALUE IN A STRING FORMAT ,ISTING   $ATE4IME #ONVERTER FOR 70& dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\6[^QP[XiPcX^]* BhbcT\FX]S^fb* BhbcT\FX]S^fb3PcP*

]P\Tb_PRT EP[dT2^]eTacTa j JEP[dT2^]eTabX^]ch_T^U 3PcTCX\T ch_T^U BcaX]VL _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 3PcTCX\T2^]eTacTa ) 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa j aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa _dQ[XR ^QYTRc 2^]eTac^QYTRc eP[dT Ch_T cPaVTcCh_T ^QYTRc _PaP\TcTa 2d[cdaT8]U^« Rd[cdaT j ePa SPcT , 3PcTCX\T eP[dT* aTcda] SPcTC^BW^ac3PcTBcaX]V* l



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_dQ[XR ^QYTRc 2^]eTac1PRZ^QYTRc eP[dT Ch_T cPaVTcCh_T ^QYTRc _PaP\TcTa« 2d[cdaT8]U^ Rd[cdaT j ePa bcaEP[dT , bcaX]VeP[dT* 3PcTCX\T aTbd[c3PcTCX\T* XU 3PcTCX\TCah?PabTbcaEP[dT ^dc aTbd[c3PcTCX\T j aTcda] aTbd[c3PcTCX\T* l aTcda] 3T_T]ST]Rh?a^_TachD]bTcEP[dT* l T]SaTVX^] l l 4HIS CONVERTER IMPLEMENTS THE INTERFACE 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa WHICH PROVIDES THE METHODS SIGNATURE TO TRANSLATE THE TYPES FROM THE ORIGINAL TO THE FINAL 4HE FIRST THING TO NOTICE IS THE ATTRIBUTE EP[dT2^]eTabX^] ON THE CONVERTER CLASS WHICH INFORMS THE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS SUCH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO OR "LEND ABOUT THE TYPE OF CONVERSION THAT WILL OCCUR USING THIS CONVERTER 4HE SECOND THING IS THE 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa IMPLEMENTATION THAT CONSISTS OF TWO METHODS v

2^]eTac THIS IS THE METHOD USED TO CONVERT THE ORIGINAL VALUE INTO THE FINAL VALUE DISPLAYED IN THE 5)

v

2^]eTac1PRZ THIS METHOD IS CALLED WHEN THE SOURCE TRIES TO GET THE VALUE MODIFIED VIA THE 5) SO THE FINAL VALUE NEEDS TO BE CONVERTED BACK TO THE ORIGINAL FORMAT

4HE FIRST PART OF THE CONVERTER SIMPLY USES ONE OF THE 3PcTCX\T METHODS TO CONVERT THE DATE VALUE INTO A SHORT FORMAT MMDDYYYY  4HE SECOND METHOD BECAUSE IT RECEIVES A STRING AS AN INPUT NEEDS FIRST TO VERIFY THAT THE VALUE CAN BE CONVERTED BACK TO A 3PcTCX\T )F IT CANT THE 3T_T]ST]Rh?a^_TachD]bTcEP[dT OBJECT RETURNS A DEFAULT NULLABLE VALUE .OW YOU CAN ADD A REFERENCE IN THE 8!-, 6IEW AND DECLARE THE CONVERTER BY SIGNING IT WITH AN g)ZTh ATTRIBUTE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   6ALUE #ONVERTER 8!-, $ECLARATION +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,EP[dT2^]eTacTa


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/NCE YOUVE ATTACHED A NEW CONVERTER INSTANCE TO THE WINDOW RESOURCES YOU CAN USE IT IN THE DATA BIND BY USING THE KEY 3PcT2^]e WHICH IDENTIFIES THAT SPECIFIC CONVERTER &IRST OF ALL YOU TRY TO BIND THE ?Tab^] CLASS BUILT PREVIOUSLY IN THE WINDOWS 3PcP2^]cTgc BY WORKING IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   !TTACHING AN /BJECT OF 4YPE 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS TO THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF A 7INDOW _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb U1XacW , ]Tf 3PcTCX\T! l* l l

    

&INALLY YOU ADD THREE CONTROLS TO THE WINDOWS 6aXS ELEMENT WHICH WILL EXPOSE THE THREE PROPERTIES OF THE DATA BIND OBJECT SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   "INDING THE 3PcP2^]cTgc TO THE 8!-, #ONTROLS +6aXS+;PQT[ 2^]cT]c, 5Xabc =P\T ) +;PQT[ 2^]cT]c,;Pbc =P\T ) +;PQT[ 2^]cT]c,5d[[ =P\T ) +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\Tl +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\Tl +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacW 2^]eTacTa,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 3PcT2^]ell +6aXS4HE RESULT WILL BE A WINDOW WITH THREE LABELS AND THREE TEXTBOXES 4HE ONE BOUND TO THE 3PcT>U1XacW PROPERTY WILL EXPOSE A DATETIME VALUE USING A SHORT FORMAT AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   #USTOM VALUE CONVERTER FINAL RESULT



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$ATA4EMPLATE /NE OF THE MOST POWERFUL CHARACTERISTICS OF 70& IS THE WAY IT ALLOWS YOU CUSTOMIZE THE LAYOUT OF THE 5) SO THAT A SIMPLE ;XbcQ^g CONTROL CAN LOOK LIKE A GRID JUST BY CUSTOMIZING THE WAY THE CONTROL WILL RENDER THE DATA "Y USING A DATA TEMPLATE IN 70& YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE THE LAYOUT OF A CONTROL BASED ON THE DATA YOU ARE BINDING TO IT &IGURE   SHOWS THE SAME CONTROL A ;XbcQ^g BOUND TO A LIST OF ?Tab^] CLASSES BUT RENDERED WITH TWO DIFFERENT 3PcPCT\_[PcTS !S YOU CAN SEE THE CONTROL AND THE DATA ARE THE SAME BUT THE RESULT IS TOTALLY DIFFERENT

&IGURE   ! ;XbcQ^g WITH DIFFERENT 3PcPCT\_[PcTS APPLIED !S &IGURE   SHOWS A COLLECTION OF TYPE ;Xbc+?Tab^]- IS BOUND TO THESE TWO LISTBOXES !S YOU CAN SEE THE FIRST LIST USES THE DEFAULT DATA TEMPLATE PROVIDED BY THE ;XbcQ^g CONTROL )N THIS CASE THE DATA TEMPLATE RENDERS THE ;Xbc1^g8cT\ AS A CTgc1[^RZ FILLED BY THE RESULT OF THE C^BcaX]V METHOD OF THE BIND CONTROL "ECAUSE WE DIDNT IMPLEMENT A CUSTOM C^BcaX]V METHOD IN THE ?Tab^] CLASS THE LIST DISPLAYS THE 5d[[=P\T OF THE OBJECT TYPE ?Tab^] USING REFLECTION )N THE SECOND LIST A CUSTOM DATA TEMPLATE HAS BEEN DEFINED FOR AN ITEM OF THE ;XbcQ^g WHICH IS CONSISTS OF A SET OF CTgc1[^RZ AND OTHER 5) ELEMENTS THAT ARE BOUND TO THE PROPERTIES OF THE ?Tab^] CLASS 4HE ;XbcQ^g IS A CONTROL THAT IS BOUND TO A COLLECTION OF ITEMS SO IT EXPOSES A DEPENDENCY PROPERTY OF TYPE 8cT\CT\_[PcT WHICH EXPOSES THE DATA TEMPLATE ELEMENT FOR EACH ITEM IN THE LIST 7ITHIN THIS DATA TEMPLATE YOU CAN DEFINE THE LAYOUT OF THE ;XbcQ^g ITEMS AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   $EFINING A $ATA 4EMPLATE FOR A ;XbcQ^g +X] cWT G0<; QT[^f fT PaT bZX__X]V cWT D8 bch[T R^ST X] ^aSTa c^ \PZT cWT G0<; \^aT« aTPSPQ[T +;Xbc1^g 8cT\bB^daRT,j1X]SX]Vl+;Xbc1^g8cT\CT\_[PcT+3PcPCT\_[PcT+BcPRZ?P]T[+CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\Tl -



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+CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\Tl +CTgc1[^RZ CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacWl +BcPRZ?P]T[+3PcPCT\_[PcT+;Xbc1^g8cT\CT\_[PcT+;Xbc1^g4HE CODE IN ,ISTING   TELLS THE ;XbcQ^g THAT THE SOURCE OF THE DATA IS PROVIDED BY THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF THE PARENT CONTAINER YOU BIND A ;Xbc+?Tab^]- TO THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF THE WINDOW  )T THEN SPECIFIES THAT THE 8cT\CT\_[PcT WILL BE COMPOSED OF A BcPRZ?P]T[ WITH THREE CTgc1[^RZS INSIDE EACH ONE BOUND TO A SPECIFIC PROPERTY OF THE ?Tab^] CLASS 4HIS EXAMPLE IS THE FIRST TYPE OF APPROACH TO BIND A SPECIFIC CLASS TO A SPECIFIC DATA TEMPLATE 5NFORTUNATELY IN THIS CASE YOU CANT RECYCLE THIS CODE SO EVERY TIME YOU NEED TO BIND A CLASS OF TYPE ?Tab^] TO A CONTROL YOU WILL NEED TO SPECIFY A DATA TEMPLATE FOR THE CONTROL (OWEVER IF YOU PUT THE DATA TEMPLATE IN THE WINDOWS RESOURCES OR IN A ATb^daRT3XRcX^]Pah YOULL BE ABLE TO REFERENCE THE RESOURCE IN THE CONTROL WITHOUT HAVING TO REWRITE THE DATA TEMPLATE SCHEMA EVERY TIME 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   $ATA4EMPLATE FOR THE ?Tab^] #LASS AS A 2ESOURCE +ATb^daRTb ^U P FX]S^f +FX]S^fATb^daRTb+EP[dT2^]eTacTa)3PcTCX\T2^]eTacTa g):Th,3PcT2^]e +3PcPCT\_[PcT 3PcPCh_T,jg)Ch_T EP[dT2^]eTacTa)?Tab^]l g):Th,?Tab^]CT\_[PcT+BcPRZ?P]T[+6aXS+ ^\XccTS VaXS X\_[T\T]cPcX^] +CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f, 6aXS2^[d\], CTgc,5Xabc =P\T ) 5^]cFTXVWc,1^[S+CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f, 6aXS2^[d\],  CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\Tl +CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f,  6aXS2^[d\], CTgc,;Pbc =P\T ) 5^]cFTXVWc,1^[S+CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f,  6aXS2^[d\],  CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\Tl +CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f,! 6aXS2^[d\], CTgc,1XacW 3PcT ) 5^]cFTXVWc,1^[S+CTgc1[^RZ 6aXSA^f,! 6aXS2^[d\],  CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacW 2^]eTacTa,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 3PcT2^]ell +6aXS-



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+BcPRZ?P]T[+3PcPCT\_[PcT+FX]S^fATb^daRTb+ ;XbcQ^g dbX]V cWT BcPcXRATb^daRT +;Xbc1^g 8cT\bB^daRT,j1X]SX]Vl 8cT\CT\_[PcT,jBcPcXRATb^daRT ?Tab^]CT\_[PcTl 7^aXi^]cP[2^]cT]c0[XV]\T]c,BcaTcRW!S YOU CAN SEE THE CODE USED TO BIND A ?Tab^] CLASS TO AN 8cT\CT\_[PcT IS PRETTY SIMPLE AND SPECIFIC TO THE ?Tab^] CLASS AND IT CAN BE REUSED BY THE WHOLE APPLICATION THOUGH YOU MAY NEED TO ADD IT IN A SHARED APPLICATION RESOURCE FILE OR IN A DICTIONARY #REATING A DATA TEMPLATE FOR A SPECIFIC OBJECT IS AN ADDITIONAL STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS BUT IT ALLOWS YOU TO v

0ROVIDE A STANDARD LAYOUT FOR A SPECIFIC OBJECT SO THE OBJECT WILL APPEAR IN THE SAME WAY THROUGHOUT THE APPLICATION

v

2ECYCLE THE 8!-, MARKUP TO STYLE A SPECIFIC ITEM OF A CONTROL

4HE DATA TEMPLATE CAN BE USED TO DISPLAY THE ITEMS OF AN 8cT\b2^]ca^[ LIKE A ;XbcQ^g OR A 2^\Q^1^g BUT IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO DISPLAY THE CONTENT OF A 2^]cT]c2^]ca^[ LIKE A ?P]T[ 9OU CAN ALSO CREATE PERSONALIZED BEHAVIORS SO THAT THE 8cT\CT\_[PcT WILL CHOOSE A SPECIFIC DATA TEMPLATE DEPENDING ON A SPECIFIC VALUE IN THE BIND OBJECT OR ON THE STATUS OF THE 8cT\CT\_[PcT SELECTED OR NOT SELECTED  9OULL FIND MORE DETAILS ABOUT THIS TECHNOLOGY AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah\b&#!$! Pb_g ,ATER IN THIS CHAPTER AND OTHERS YOULL SEE HOW TO CREATE CONDITIONAL DATA TEMPLATES

5) 6ALIDATION 70& INTRODUCES A MECHANISM FOR VALIDATING THE DATA BOUND TO A SPECIFIC CONTROL AND THIS IN COMBINATION WITH THE DATA TEMPLATE AND THE STYLE MECHANISMS LETS YOU CUSTOMIZE THE 5) SO THAT IT WILL INFORM THE USER ABOUT BAD INPUT OR MISSING INFORMATION 9OU CAN USE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO VALIDATE AN OBJECT IN .%4 9OU CAN WRITE A CUSTOM VALIDATION CLASS THAT INHERITS FROM THE EP[XSPcX^]Ad[T CLASS AND IMPLEMENTS THE VALIDATION BUT THE DOWNSIDE OF THIS APPROACH IS THAT YOU END UP WITH A HUGE NUMBER OF CUSTOM VALIDATION CLASSES 9OU CAN ALSO USE THE BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b ATTRIBUTES WHICH PROVIDE AN IN PLACE MECHANISM FOR DATA VALIDATION 4HE VALIDATION MECHANISM FOR 70& IS STRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS v

!SSOCIATE ONE OR MORE VALIDATION RULES TO A BINDING OBJECT THE VALIDATION RULES IMPLEMENT ATTRIBUTES TO CHECK IF A SPECIFIC OBJECT OR PROPERTY IS VALID

v

! VALIDATION RULE CAN BE OVERRIDEN BY CREATING A NEW CLASS THAT INHERITS FROM THE EP[XSPcX^]Ad[T CLASS

v

#REATE A CUSTOM 2^]ca^[CT\_[PcT FOR THE ATTACHED PROPERTY EP[XSPcX^]7Pb4aa^a IN ORDER TO DISPLAY A SPECIFIC LAYOUT IF THE BIND OBJECT HAS ERRORS

,ISTING   SHOWS A SIMPLE VALIDATION TEMPLATE FOR A CTgc1^g



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,ISTING   ! 3IMPLE 6ALIDATION 4EMPLATE FOR A 4EXT"OX +CTgc1^g =P\T,5Xabc=P\T+CTgc1^gCTgc+1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\T D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,?a^_Tach2WP]VTS+1X]SX]VEP[XSPcX^]Ad[Tb+4gRT_cX^]EP[XSPcX^]Ad[T +1X]SX]VEP[XSPcX^]Ad[Tb+1X]SX]V+CTgc1^gCTgc+CTgc1^g)N THIS CASE THE CODE SAYS THAT IF THE PROPERTY CHANGE RAISES AN EXCEPTION LETS SAY THAT IF 5Xabc=P\T IS NULL THE ?Tab^] CLASS RAISES AN EXCEPTION THE ERROR WILL RENDER IN THE CTgc1^g

■ .OTE )N THE 70&S VALIDATION MECHANISM IF THE SOURCE OBJECT 6IEW-ODEL BOUND TO THE 6IEW IMPLEMENTS THE 83PcP4aa^a8]U^ INTERFACE IT IS ABLE TO PROVIDE VALIDATION FEEDBACK FOR EACH PROPERTY BOUND TO THE 6IEW 4HE BUILT IN 3PcP4aa^aEP[XSPcX^]Ad[T COMPONENT CAN BE USED TO CHECK THE ERRORS POTENTIALLY RAISED BY THE BOUND OBJECT 6IEW-ODEL  !N ALTERNATIVE WAY IS TO EXPLICITLY SET EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^a TO TRUE IN THE BOUND PROPERTY 9OULL FIND MORE INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC IN #HAPTER  WHEN WE DISCUSS THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL IN DEPTH

"Y DEFAULT 70& RENDERS A VALIDATION ERROR USING A RED BORDER AROUND A CONTROL BUT WITH FEW SIMPLE STEPS YOU CAN COME UP WITH A COOL RESULT AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   5SING A CUSTOM ERROR TEMPLATE 4HE VALIDATION OF A BOUND OBJECTS PROPERTY CAN HAPPEN AT DIFFERENT TIMES &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN VALIDATE THE DATA ENTERED INTO A CTgcQ^g ONLY WHEN THE USER LEAVES THE CONTROL ;^bc5^Rdb OR EVERY TIME THE PROPERTY VALUE CHANGES ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS  9OU MAY THEN DECIDE TO VALIDATE THE DATA USING A VALIDATION RULE OR USING THE EXCEPTION APPROACH WHICH ) DONT SUGGEST  )N THE 6IEW-ODEL SECTION WELL TAKE A LOOK AT AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONˆHOW TO CREATE A CUSTOM VALIDATOR CLASS THAT WILL VALIDATE THE DATA ENTERED IN THE 6IEW USING THE 3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b ATTRIBUTES



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"INDING 3YNTAX 4HE DATA BINDING PROCESS CONSISTS OF A SYNTAX THAT LETS YOU SPECIFY THE ITEM YOU ARE BINDING THE PATH TO REACH THE ITEM IN THE OBJECT TREE AND THE TYPE OF BINDING YOU ARE USING 4ABLE   IS A SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL BINDING PATH EXPRESSIONS YOU CAN USE WHEN YOU BIND A PROPERTY OR AN OBJECT TO A 8!-, ELEMENT 4ABLE   $ATA "INDING #HEAT 3HEET

Binding Syntax

Description

["INDING]

"IND TO CURRENT $ATA#ONTEXT

["INDING .AME]

"IND TO THE .AME PROPERTY OF THE CURRENT $ATA#ONTEXT

["INDING .AME,ENGTH]

"IND TO THE ,ENGTH PROPERTY OF THE OBJECT IN THE .AME PROPERTY OF THE CURRENT $ATA#ONTEXT

["INDING %LEMENT.AME3OME4EXT"OX 0ATH4EXT]

"IND TO THE 4EXT PROPERTY OF THE ELEMENT 8!-, ELEMENT WITH NAME3OME4EXT"OX OR X.AME3OME4EXT"OX

4HIS TABLE SHOWS THE CLASSIC BINDING PATH TO USE WHEN YOU CREATE SIMPLE BINDING ASSOCIATIONS 4ABLE   SHOWS SOME LESS COMMON MORE COMPLEX BINDING PATHS THAT YOU MAY NEED TO USE WHEN YOU HAVE TO BIND A DIFFERENT ELEMENT THAN THE CLASSIC OBJECT PROPERTY 4ABLE   2ELATIVE 3OURCE "INDING #HEAT 3HEET



Binding Path

Description

["INDING 2ELATIVE3OURCE[2ELATIVE3OURCE 3ELF]]

"IND TO THE TARGET ELEMENT

["INDING 2ELATIVE3OURCE[2ELATIVE3OURCE 3ELF] 0ATH.AME]

"IND TO THE .AME PROPERTY OF THE TARGET ELEMENT

["INDING 2ELATIVE3OURCE[2ELATIVE3OURCE &IND!NCESTOR !NCESTOR4YPE[X4YPE 7INDOW]] 0ATH4ITLE]

"IND TO THE TITLE OF THE PARENT WINDOW USING THE !NCESTOR4YPE TO FIND THE CORRECT TYPE

["INDING 2ELATIVE3OURCE[2ELATIVE3OURCE &IND!NCESTOR !NCESTOR4YPE[X4YPE )TEMS#ONTROL] !NCESTOR,EVEL] 0ATH.AME]

"IND THE NAME OF THE ND PARENT OF TYPE )TEMS#ONTROL 4HE !NCESTOR,EVEL TALKS ABOUT HOW FAR YOU BACK YOU GO ON THE TREE

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Binding Path

Description

["INDING 2ELATIVE3OURCE[2ELATIVE3OURCE 4EMPLATED0ARENT] 0ATH.AME]

)NSIDE A CONTROL TEMPLATE BIND TO THE NAME PROPERTY OF THE ELEMENT THE TEMPLATE IS APPLIED TO

[4EMPLATE"INDING .AME]

3HORTCUT FOR THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE

4ABLES   AND   ARE ADAPTED FROM fff]QScTRWR^\5aTTF_U1X]SX]V_SU +EEP THEM HANDY FOR WHEN YOU WILL HAVE TO WRITE BINDING EXPRESSIONS

ViewModels 4HE 6IEW-ODEL IS AN OBJECT INTRODUCED BY THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL -66- PATTERN A SPECIFIC PRESENTATION PATTERN DESIGNED FOR 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT AND RIGHT NOW USED ALSO IN 7INDOWS 0HONE   4HE CORE OF THIS PATTERN IS THE -ODEL FOR 6IEW IE THE 6IEW-ODEL 7E WILL ANALYZE THIS AND OTHER CONCEPTS IN MORE DETAIL IN THE CHAPTER DEDICATED TO 5) PATTERNS FOR 70& BUT RIGHT NOW LETS JUST IDENTIFY THIS OBJECT AS THE 6IEW-ODEL AND CREATE ONE FOR EACH 6IEW OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 3O WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT AND WHAT SHOULD IT IMPLEMENT 4HE 6IEW-ODEL SHOULD IMPLEMENT THE 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS INTERFACE SO IT CAN BE BOUND DYNAMICALLY TO A 6IEW )T SHOULD ALSO PROVIDE A MECHANISM FOR VALIDATION AND IT SHOULD EXPOSE THE COMMANDS AND THE BEHAVIORS EXECUTED BY THE 6IEW )N #HAPTER  YOU CREATED THE BASE 6IEW-ODELS FOR THE DETAILS AND THE LIST VIEWS NOW LETS ADD VALIDATION TO THE 6IEW-ODELS AND BIND THEM TO THE ENTITY OBJECTS CREATED IN #HAPTER  7E WILL ALSO MODIFY HOW THE 6IEW-ODELS ACT AS NOW WE HAVE AN ADDITIONAL COMPONENT FOR THE APPLICATIONˆTHE DOMAIN MODEL THAT WE WILL BIND TO THE 6IEW THE DATA LAYER THAT WILL RETRIEVE THE DATA FROM THE DATABASE AND WE KNOW HOW TO USE DATA BINDING 4HE MAIN REASON TO HAVE A EXTf<^ST[ OBJECT INSTEAD OF BINDING THE BUSINESS ENTITY DIRECTLY TO THE 6IEW LIKE THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY FOR THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf IS THAT v

9OU WANT TO KEEP THE PRESENTATION LOGIC LOOSELY COUPLED FROM THE BUSINESS LOGIC

v

9OU WANT TO KEEP 5) OBJECTS LIKE COMMANDS BEHAVIORS AND EVENTS LOOSELY COUPLED FROM THE BUSINESS ENTITY

v

9OU WANT TO MAKE THE PRESENTATION LOGIC TESTABLE

! 'ENERIC 6IEW-ODEL 6ALIDATOR 7HEN WE CREATED THE 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C- IN #HAPTER  WE DIDNT INCLUDE ANY INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO VALIDATE THE DATA ENTERED BY A USER BECAUSE WE HADNT YET LOOKED AT THE 70& VALIDATION RULE MECHANISM .OW WEVE SEEN THAT THE BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b ASSEMBLY PROVIDES A SIMPLE USEFUL WAY OF VALIDATING AN OBJECT BY DECORATING IT WITH DATA ANNOTATIONS ATTRIBUTES 7HAT WE ARE GOING TO DO IS TO DECORATE THE 6IEW-ODELˆAND NOT THE BUSINESS ENTITYˆWITH THE VALIDATION RULES THAT WILL BE DISPLAYED ON THE CORRESPONDING 6IEW 7HY ARE WE VALIDATING THE 6IEW-ODEL AND NOT THE DOMAIN ENTITY OBJECT DIRECTLY 4YPICALLY WITH AN N TIER APPLICATION YOU RECYCLE THE DOMAIN OBJECTS SO THE VALIDATION RULES MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM APPLICATION TO APPLICATION -OREOVER THE SAME DOMAIN ENTITY SHOULD BE VALIDATED IN DIFFERENT WAYS FROM ONE 6IEW TO ANOTHER 9OU MAY ALSO FIND A DIFFERENT POINT OF



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VIEW WHERE THE DOMAIN MODEL DRIVES THE VALIDATION RULES SO YOU DONT NEED TO ADD THEM IN THE PRESENTATION LOGIC

■ .OTE 4HE DEBATE ABOUT WHETHER TO PLACE THE VALIDATION ON THE BUSINESS ENTITIES OR ON THE 6IEW MODELS IS STILL OPEN IN THE SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE COMMUNITY NOT ONLY FOR 70& TECHNOLOGY BUT FOR ALL THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT INVOLVE A 5) LAYER AND ONE OR MORE BUSINESS AND PRESENTATION LAYERS 4HE VALIDATION RULES WE ARE USING IN THIS APPLICATION ARE RELATED MORE TO THE DATA ENTRY DONE BY THE END USER AND THIS IS ANOTHER REASON FOR SAVING THE VALIDATION IN THE 6IEW-ODEL 9OU CAN MOVE THE VALIDATION TO THE BUSINESS ENTITY IF YOU BELIEVE IT IS MORE CORRECT AND VALIDATE THE -ODEL INSTEAD OF THE 6IEW-ODEL BUT ) BELIEVE THAT THIS APPROACH WILL END UP POLLUTING THE DOMAIN WITH PRESENTATION VALIDATION RULES

,ETS OPEN THE 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+C- CLASS AND REFACTOR IT TO PROVIDE DIRECT SUPPORT TO THE 83PcP4aa^a8]U^ INTERFACE WE WILL USE REFLECTION TO READ cWT3PcP0]]^cPcX^] ATTRIBUTES AND VALIDATE THE EXTf<^ST[ PROPERTIES )N ORDER TO USE IT YOU HAVE TO ADD A NEW ASSEMBLY REFERENCE TO THE PROJECT THE BhbcT\ 2^\_^]T]c<^ST[3PcP0]]^cPcX^]bS[[ 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   $ATA 6ALIDATION 5SING 3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b AND 83PcP4aa^a8]U^ dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b6T]TaXR* BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[* BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b* BhbcT\;X]`* BhbcT\ATU[TRcX^]*

]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR PQbcaPRc R[Pbb 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+C- ) >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+C- 83PcP4aa^a8]U^ j _aXePcT bcaX]V eXTfCXc[T* _dQ[XR bcaX]V EXTfCXc[T j VTc j aTcda] eXTfCXc[T* l bTc j XU eXTfCXc[T ,, eP[dT j aTcda]* l eXTfCXc[T , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- EXTfCXc[T* l l



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aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 83PcP4aa^a8]U^ _dQ[XR bcaX]V cWXbJbcaX]V R^[d\]=P\TL j VTc j ?a^_Tach8]U^ _a^_ , 6TcCh_T6Tc?a^_TachR^[d\]=P\T* 84]d\TaPQ[T+EP[XSPcX^]0ccaXQdcT- eP[XSPcX^]
2ETRIEVE THE ?a^_Tach8]U^ OBJECT CORRESPONDING TO THE CURRENT VALIDATED PROPERTY USING THE REFLECTION

2.

2ETRIEVE A LIST OF EP[XSPcX^]0ccaXQdcTS OF THE CURRENT PROPERTY

3.

&OR EACH ATTRIBUTE USED TO DECORATE THE PROPERTY VALIDATE THE PROPERTY AND IF THERE ARE ERRORS RETURN THEM

.OW EVERY PROPERTY OF A ;XbcEXTf<^ST[ OR A 3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ CAN VALIDATED

%MPLOYEE 6IEW-ODELS 4HE FIRST ENTITY TO TACKLE IS THE 4\_[^hTT DOMAIN ENTITY WHICH IS DISPLAYED BY THE DIFFERENT VIEWS 4HE MAIN 6IEW PRESENTS A LIST OF THE FIRST  EMPLOYEES DISPLAYED IN A ;XbcQ^g CONTROL 4HE 4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf



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DISPLAYS ALL THE EMPLOYEES USING A 3PcP6aXS CONTROL AND A COMPOSITE 6IEW THE %MPLOYEE$ETAILS6IEW SHOWS DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT A PARTICULAR EMPLOYEE AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   %MPLOYEE MASTER DETAILS VIEWS 4HE BACKGROUND SCREEN IN &IGURE   IS A SIMPLE FX]S^f OBJECT CONSISTING OF A CTgc1^g CONTROL AND A 1dcc^] FOR SEARCHING THE EMPLOYEES AS WELL AS A 3PcP6aXS WITH A LIST OF RESULTS AND THREE 1dcc^]b FOR ADDING REMOVING OR EDITING AN ITEM 7HEN THE USER PRESSES THE NEW OR EDIT 1dcc^] A DETAILS 6IEW OPENS THAT IS COMPOSED OF A SET OF CPQ?PVTb IN A CPQ2^]ca^[ WHERE EACH ONE CONTAINS A SPECIFIC DbTa2^]ca^[ THAT BINDS TO A SPECIFIC PART OF THE EMPLOYEE ENTITY %ACH 6IEW IS BOUND TO A 6IEW-ODEL THAT IS THE MODEL FOR THE 6IEW )F YOURE WORKING WITH A DETAILS 6IEW THE 6IEW-ODEL WILL BE A DETAILS 6IEW-ODEL IF IT IS A LIST 6IEW THE 6IEW-ODEL WILL BE A LIST 6IEW-ODEL 7HEN THE 6IEW CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS LIKE THE EMPLOYEE DETAILS 6IEW IT WILL BE COMPOSED OF ADDITIONAL 6IEW-ODELS DETAILS OR LIST ONE FOR EACH COMPONENT OF THE 5) 4HE 6IEW-ODEL SHOULD EXPOSE THE PROPERTIES THAT ARE DISPLAYED IN THE CORRESPONDING 6IEW BY HIDING THE PROPERTIES EXPOSED DIRECTLY FROM THE -ODEL THIS APPROACH ALLOWS YOU TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL ABSTRACTION FROM THE 6IEW AND THE -ODEL AND IT ALSO ADDS ANOTHER LAYER OF SECURITY TO THE -ODEL THAT OTHERWISE WOULD BE DIRECTLY EXPOSED IN THE 6IEW



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Employee Details 4HE FIRST 6IEW-ODEL YOULL CREATE IS THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ SEE ,ISTING   WHICH WILL EXPOSE THE FOLLOWING OBJECTS v

!LL THE PROPERTIES EXPOSED BY THE 4\_[^hTT CLASS WRAPPED AROUND

v

4WO 82^\\P]S COMMANDS ONE FOR THE 3AVE COMMAND AND ONE FOR THE #ANCEL COMMAND

2EMEMBER IF YOU DIDNT YET TO ADD A REFERENCE IN THE 70& PROJECT THAT POINTS TO THE "USINESS,AYER PROJECT IN ORDER TO HAVE THE DOMAIN MODEL VISIBLE IN THE 6IEW-ODEL OBJECTS ,ISTING   4\_[^hTT3TcPX[b 6IEW-ODEL dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\FX]S^fb8]_dc* BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b6T]TaXR* BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b* BhbcT\3PcP>QYTRcb3PcP2[PbbTb* BhbcT\;X]`* 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V1dbX]Tbb;PhTa*

]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ ) 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+4\_[^hTTj _dQ[XR 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[4\_[^hTT RdaaT]c4]cXch ) QPbTRdaaT]c4]cXch j l JAT`dXaTS0[[^f4\_chBcaX]Vb , UP[bT 4aa^a]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- 5Xabc=P\T* l l JAT`dXaTS0[[^f4\_chBcaX]Vb , UP[bT 4aa^a


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bTc j 2daaT]c4]cXch5d[[=P\T;Pbc=P\T , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- ;Pbc=P\T* l l JAT`dXaTS4aa^aU1XacW j VTc j aTcda] 2daaT]c4]cXch3PcT>U1XacW* l bTc j 2daaT]c4]cXch3PcT>U1XacW , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- 3PcT>U1XacW* l l JAT`dXaTS0[[^f4\_chBcaX]Vb , UP[bT 4aa^a]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- CXc[T* l l JAT`dXaTS0[[^f4\_chBcaX]Vb , UP[bT 4aa^a]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- DbTa]P\T* l l JAT`dXaTS0[[^f4\_chBcaX]Vb , UP[bT 4aa^a


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bTc j 2daaT]c4]cXch?Pbbf^aS , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- ?Pbbf^aS* l l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S BPeT2^\\P]S j VTc* bTc* l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S 2P]RT[2^\\P]S j VTc* bTc* l l l ,ISTING   CREATES THE FIRST PART OF THE DETAILS 6IEW-ODEL THAT YOULL USE TO DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEE INFORMATION %ACH PROPERTY OF THE EMPLOYEE DOMAIN ENTITY HAS BEEN WRAPPED AROUND A NEW PROPERTY THE ONE THAT YOU WILL BIND IN THE 70& DbTa2^]ca^[ USED TO DISPLAY THE DATA %ACH PROPERTY HAS ALSO BEEN DECORATED WITH THE 3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b ATTRIBUTES SO THAT THE 6IEW WILL VALIDATE THE INFORMATION ENTERED BY THE USER &OR MORE INFORMATION ON THE 3PcP0]]^cPcX^]b RULES TAKE A LOOK AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\ [XQaPahbhbcT\R^\_^]T]c\^ST[SPcPP]]^cPcX^]bPb_g 4HE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE EXPOSES METHODS AND PROPERTIES USED TO IMPLEMENT THE COMMAND PATTERN THATS ALSO USED BY THE 70& BINDING ENGINE WELL LOOK AT THIS PATTERN AND AT OTHER OBJECTS LIKE THE A^dcTS2^\\P]S IN MORE DEPTH IN THE NEXT CHAPTER &OR NOW JUST CREATE A PROPERTY IN THE 6IEW-ODEL FOR EACH COMMAND AND BIND IT !S YOUVE SEEN THERE ARE THREE ADDITIONAL TABS IN THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf BUT WELL CREATE THESE PROPERTIES LATER AS WE NEED THE CORRESPONDING 6IEW-ODELS BEFORE DOING SO 4HE NEXT STEP NOW IS TO EDIT THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bDbTa2^]ca^[gP\[ OBJECT THAT CONTAINS ONLY THE INFORMATION EXPOSED BY THE 4\_[^hTT DOMAIN ENTITY AND THE LIST OF A^[Tb SEE ,ISTING    4HE TAB CONTROL IN THE DETAILS 6IEW CONTAINS ONLY THE REFERENCE TO THE SPECIFIC USER CONTROL EXPOSED BY THE 6IEW BUT THE BINDING WILL HAPPEN IN THE DbTa2^]ca^[ DIRECTLY )N THIS WAY THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf WILL REMAIN CLEAN WITHOUT ANY REFERENCE TO THE SPECIFIC BINDING OBJECT ,ISTING   4HE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf +FX]S^f g\[]b)\h,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfb g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfb4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ g\[]b)2^]ca^[b,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V2^]ca^[b CXc[T,4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf 7TXVWc,"## FXScW,$$& ATbXiT<^ST,2P]ATbXiTFXcW6aX_ FX]S^fBch[T,CWaTT31^aSTaFX]S^f FX]S^fBcPacd_;^RPcX^],2T]cTaBRaTT]+3^RZ?P]T[ ;Pbc2WX[S5X[[,CadT+CTgc1[^RZ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CXc[T1[^RZl-CX\TCaPRZTa« 4\_[^hTT 3TcPX[b+CTgc1[^RZ-



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+BcPRZ?P]T[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,AXVWc 6aXS2^[d\],  6aXSA^f," 6aXS2^[d\]B_P],"+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,BPeT 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT BPeTB\P[[l+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,2P]RT[ 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 2[^bTB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[+CPQ2^]ca^[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ <PaVX],$+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,4\_[^hTT+\h)4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bDbTa2^]ca^[ ?PSSX]V,$ +CPQ8cT\+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,0SSaTbbTb+\h)0SSaTbb;XbcDbTa2^]ca^[ ?PSSX]V,$ +CPQ8cT\+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,2^]cPRcb+\h)2^]cPRc;XbcDbTa2^]ca^[ ?PSSX]V,$ +CPQ8cT\+CPQ8cT\ 7TPSTa,0__^X]c\T]cb+\h)0__^X]c\T]cb;XbcDbTa2^]ca^[ ?PSSX]V,$ +CPQ8cT\+CPQ2^]ca^[+3^RZ?P]T[+FX]S^f.OW LETS BIND THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY INFORMATION TO THE DETAILS USER CONTROL AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   "INDING THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bDbTa2^]ca^[ +DbTa2^]ca^[ g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfb4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bDbTa2^]ca^[ g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ g\[]b)\R,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb^_T]g\[U^a\Pcb^aV\PaZd_R^\_PcXQX[Xch!% g\[]b)S,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\Tg_aTbbX^]Q[T]S!' \R)8V]^aPQ[T,S S)3TbXV]7TXVWc,"$! S)3TbXV]FXScW,$!+6aXS+6aXSA^f3TUX]XcX^]b+A^f3TUX]XcX^] 7TXVWc," +A^f3TUX]XcX^] 7TXVWc," +A^f3TUX]XcX^] 7TXVWc," +A^f3TUX]XcX^] 7TXVWc," +A^f3TUX]XcX^] 7TXVWc, +6aXSA^f3TUX]XcX^]b+6aXS2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^]b-



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+2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW, $ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW,Pdc^ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW,$ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW, +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW,$ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW,Pdc^ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW,$ +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW, +2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^] FXScW, $ +6aXS2^[d\]3TUX]XcX^]b+;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,CXc[T ) 6aXS2^[d\], +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,CXc[T <^ST,Cf^FPh D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,;^bc5^Rdb EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^ab,CadT EP[XSPcTb>]4gRT_cX^]b,CadTl 6aXS2^[d\]," +;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,1XacW SPcT ) 6aXS2^[d\],$+3PcT?XRZTa CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacW <^ST,Cf^FPh D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,;^bc5^Rdb EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^ab,CadT EP[XSPcTb>]4gRT_cX^]b,CadTl 6aXS2^[d\],& +;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,;Pbc =P\T ) 6aXSA^f, « 6aXS2^[d\], +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\T <^ST,Cf^FPh D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,;^bc5^Rdb EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^ab,CadT EP[XSPcTb>]4gRT_cX^]b,CadTl 6aXSA^f, « 6aXS2^[d\]," +;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,5Xabc =P\T ) 6aXS2^[d\],$« 6aXSA^f,  +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\T <^ST,Cf^FPh D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,;^bc5^Rdb EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^ab,CadT EP[XSPcTb>]4gRT_cX^]b,CadTl 6aXS2^[d\],&« 6aXSA^f,  +;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,DbTa]P\T ) 6aXS2^[d\], « 6aXSA^f,! +CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,DbTa]P\T <^ST,Cf^FPh D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,;^bc5^Rdb EP[XSPcTb>]3PcP4aa^ab,CadT EP[XSPcTb>]4gRT_cX^]b,CadTl 6aXS2^[d\],"« 6aXSA^f,! +;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l 2^]cT]c,?Pbbf^aS ) 6aXS2^[d\],$« 6aXSA^f,! +CTgc1^g



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Employee List 4HE NEXT 6IEW-ODEL TO CREATE IS THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ SEE ,ISTING   WHICH WILL EXPOSE THE FOLLOWING OBJECTS



v

! SEARCH STRING THAT WILL CONTAIN THE SEARCH TEXT ENTERED BY THE USER

v

&OUR 82^\\P]S OBJECTS THAT WILL EXPOSE THE FOUR COMMANDS AVAILABLE IN THIS 6IEW

v

!N 8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta INTERFACE THAT WILL BE USED TO RESOLVE THE DEPENDENCIES OF THE 6IEW-ODEL

#(!04%2  ■ $!4! ").$).'

,ISTING   4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ &IRST 0ART dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b6T]TaXR* BhbcT\;X]`* BhbcT\FX]S^fb8]_dc* 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V1dbX]Tbb;PhTa* 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V3PcP;PhTa* 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VBTaeXRTb* <XRa^b^Uc?aPRcXRTbD]Xch*

]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR R[Pbb 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ ) 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[+4\_[^hTTj  ST_T]ST]RXTb aTb^[eTS fXcW cWT 8^2 R^]cPX]Ta _aXePcT aTPS^][h 8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta R^]cPX]Ta* _aXePcT aTPS^][h 83XP[^VBTaeXRT SXP[^VBTaeXRT* _aXePcT 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT ]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT* _aXePcT 4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah aT_^bXc^ah* _aXePcT bcaX]V bTPaRW2aXcTaXP , bcaX]V4\_ch* _dQ[XR 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[8D]Xch2^]cPX]Ta R^]cPX]Ta ) QPbT]Tf ;Xbc+1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+4\_[^hTT-- j cWXbR^]cPX]Ta , R^]cPX]Ta* ATb^[eT3T_T]ST]RXTb* 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb* l _dQ[XR bcaX]V BTPaRW2aXcTaXP j VTc j aTcda] bTPaRW2aXcTaXP* l bTc j bTPaRW2aXcTaXP , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- BTPaRW2aXcTaXP* l l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S BTPaRW2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S =Tf2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S 4SXc2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S 3T[TcT2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l



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_aXePcT e^XS ATb^[eT3T_T]ST]RXTb j aT_^bXc^ah , R^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah-* ]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT , R^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT-* l _aXePcT e^XS 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb j  X] cWT ]Tgc RWP_cTa fT fX[[ X\_[T\T]c cWT  R^ST c^ RaTPcT cWT R^\\P]Sb WTaT l l l 4HE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ HAS THREE DEPENDENCIES THE 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT SERVICE THE 83XP[^VBTaeXRT SERVICE AND THE 4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah CLASS THEY CAN BE ALL RESOLVED USING THE UNITY CONTAINER THATS ALREADY SET UP IN THE APPLICATIONS P__gP\[Rb FILE "ECAUSE THE 6IEW-ODEL IS CREATED BY THE )/# CONTAINER TOO YOU CAN SIMPLY INJECT IN ITS CONSTRUCTOR AN INSTANCE OF THE INTERFACE 8d]Xch2^]cPX]Ta WHICH WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY INJECTED AND RESOLVED AT RUNTIME 7HEN THE CONSTRUCTOR RECEIVES THE )/# CONTAINER INSTANCE IT TRIES TO RESOLVE THE DEPENDENCIES AND ASSIGN A VALUE TO THE PRIVATE FIELDS THAT EXPOSE THE SERVICES AND THE REPOSITORY 4HE OTHER FIVE PROPERTIES ARE A STRING THAT REPRESENTS THE SEARCH CRITERIA WHICH WILL BE BOUND TO THE CTgc1^g EXPOSED IN THE 6IEW AND FOUR 82^\\P]S OBJECTS WHICH WE WILL EXPLORE IN THE NEXT CHAPTER &OR NOW YOU JUST NEED TO KNOW THAT THEY REPRESENT THE COMMANDS EXECUTED IN THE 5) 4HE FINAL STEP IS TO MOVE BACK TO THE P__gP\[Rb FILE AND MODIFY THE CODE FROM ,ISTING   4HE REASON FOR DOING THIS IS TO TEST THE CHANGESˆWE WANT TO MAKE THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf THE STARTUP 6IEW AND TO CHANGE THE WAY THE 6IEW-ODEL IS INJECTED IN THE 6IEW SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   0__gP\[Rb #HANGES TO "OOTSTRAP THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTfgP\[  0__gP\[Rb _aXePcT e^XS 2^]UXVdaT2^]cPX]Ta j   ]Tf aTVXbcaPcX^]b R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+8D]Xc>UF^aZ D]Xc>UF^aZ-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah-* R^]cPX]TaATVXbcTaCh_T+4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf-* ]PeXVPcX^] , R^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT-* l _a^cTRcTS ^eTaaXST e^XS >]BcPacd_BcPacd_4eT]c0aVb T j QPbT>]BcPacd_T*  X]Xc cWT =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT R[Pbb FX]S^f T\_[^hTTbEXTf , ]PeXVPcX^]BW^f4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf* l



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 =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRTRb _dQ[XR FX]S^f BW^f4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf j ePa fX]S^f , 2^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf-* ePa EXTf<^ST[ , 2^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[-* fX]S^f3PcP2^]cTgc , EXTf<^ST[* fX]S^fBW^f* aTcda] fX]S^f* l .OW IF YOU PRESS & THE APPLICATION WILL START UP SHOWING YOU THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf WINDOW WITH AN EMPTY 3PcPVaXS AND A SEARCH CTgc1^g "UT FIRST LETS BIND THE 6IEW-ODEL PROPERTIES TO THE 6IEW SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   "INDING THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfb4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ g\[]b)2^]ca^[b,R[a« ]P\Tb_PRT)0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V2^]ca^[b CXc[T,4\_[^hTTb;XbcEXTf 7TXVWc,"! FXScW,$$+3^RZ?P]T[+CTgc1[^RZ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT CXc[T1[^RZl-CX\TCaPRZTa« 4\_[^hTTb ;Xbc+CTgc1[^RZ+BcPRZ?P]T[ <PaVX],$ <X]7TXVWc," 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,2T]cTa« >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,C^_+;PQT[ Bch[T,jBcPcXRATb^daRT 2^]ca^[;PQT[l-BTPaRW 4\_[^hTTb) +;PQT[+CTgc1^g <PaVX],"-+CTgc1^g+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,AXVWc ?PSSX]V," <PaVX]," CTgc,BTPaRW 2[XRZ2^\\P]S,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,BTPaRW2^\\P]Sl 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT BTPaRWB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[+BcPRZ?P]T[ <PaVX],$ <X]7TXVWc," 7^aXi^]cP[0[XV]\T]c,AXVWc« >aXT]cPcX^],7^aXi^]cP[ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,=Tf 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT =TfB\P[[l+2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," 2[XRZ2^\\P]S,>_T] CTgc,4SXc 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 4SXcB\P[[l +2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,3T[TcT 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT 2[^bTB\P[[l +BcPRZ?P]T[-



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+3PcP6aXS <PaVX],$ 3^RZ?P]T[3^RZ,1^cc^\ 8cT\bB^daRT,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,2^[[TRcX^]l BT[TRcTS8cT\,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,BT[TRcTSl| 0dc^6T]TaPcT2^[d\]b,5P[bT+3PcP6aXS2^[d\]b+3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 1X]SX]V,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,CXc[Tl 7TPSTa,CXc[T FXScW,$ +3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 1X]SX]V,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,5Xabc=P\Tl 7TPSTa,5Xabc =P\T FXScW, ! +3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 1X]SX]V,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,;Pbc=P\Tl 7TPSTa,;Pbc =P\T FXScW, ! +3PcP6aXSCTgc2^[d\] 1X]SX]V,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,3PcT>U1XacW BcaX]V5^a\Pc,jlj)<<<SShhhhll 7TPSTa,3PcT ^U 1XacW FXScW, ! +3PcP6aXS2^[d\]b+3PcP6aXS+3^RZ?P]T[+FX]S^f! 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ EXPOSES ONLY TWO PROPERTIES THE COLLECTION OF 3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+C- THATS REPRESENTED BY THE PROPERTY 2^[[TRcX^] AND THE CURRENT ITEM THATS EXPOSED BY THE PROPERTY BT[TRcTS YOU BIND BOTH PROPERTIES TO THE 3PcP6aXS AND EVERY TIME YOU SELECT A NEW ROW IN THE GRID THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ RECEIVES A NOTIFICATION FROM THE 6IEW AND UPDATES THE CURRENT SELECTED ITEM

!DDITIONAL 6IEW-ODELS AND 0ROPERTIES 4HE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf REQUIRES OF COURSE ADDITIONAL EXTf<^ST[b &OR EXAMPLE YOU NEED A ;XbcEXTf<^ST[ FOR THE LIST OF CONTACTS AND ONE FOR THE LIST OF ADDRESSES AND YOU ALSO NEED TO SHOW A LIST OF APPOINTMENTS %ACH 1PbT;XbcEXTf<^ST[+C- ALSO REQUIRES A CORRESPONDING DETAIL 1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ 9OUVE SEEN HOW TO CREATE DETAILS AND LIST 6IEW-ODEL CLASSES 5NFORTUNATELY FOR REASONS OF SPACE WE CANT SHOW THE CODE FOR CREATING EACH 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT IN THIS BOOK (OWEVER IF YOU UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS USED TO CREATE THE COMBINATION DETAILSLIST 6IEW-ODEL YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO CREATE THE REMAINING 6IEW-ODELS BY YOURSELF (ERE ARE THE ADDITIONAL 6IEW-ODELS YOULL NEED TO CREATE v

v



#ONTACT ENTITY v

#ONTACT$ETAILS6IEW-ODEL

v

#ONTACT,IST6IEW-ODEL

!DDRESS ENTITY v

!DDRESS$ETAILS6IEW-ODEL

v

!DDRESS,IST6IEW-ODEL

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,ISTING   !GGREGATE &UNCTION 5SED TO 4RANSFORM A #OLLECTION OF /BJECTS _dQ[XR 0SSaTbb;XbcEXTf<^ST[ 0SSaTbbTb j VTc j aTcda] ]Tf 0SSaTbb;XbcEXTf<^ST[ 2daaT]c4]cXch0SSaTbbTb0VVaTVPcT ]Tf ;Xbc+1PbT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[+0SSaTbb-- [Xbc XcT\ ,j [Xbc0SS]Tf 0SSaTbb3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[XcT\* aTcda] [Xbc* l* l bTc j 2daaT]c4]cXch0SSaTbbTb , eP[dT2^[[TRcX^]0VVaTVPcT ]Tf 4]cXch2^[[TRcX^]+0SSaTbb- [Xbc XcT\ ,j [Xbc0SSXcT\2daaT]c4]cXch* aTcda] [Xbc* l* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- 0SSaTbbTb* l l 4HIS CODE USES THE 0VVaTVPcT EXTENSION METHOD TO TRANSFORM A LIST OF 4]cXch2^[[TRcX^]+0SSaTbb- TO AN 0SSaTbb;XbcEXTf<^ST[ THE 0VVaTVPcT FUNCTION WORKS BY USING A DELEGATE THAT ITERATES OVER EACH ITEM OF THE COLLECTION AND RETURNS A NEW TYPE OF COLLECTION WHICH MUST BE SPECIFIED IN THE 0VVaTVPcT METHOD )N THE SET PART OF THE PROPERTY YOU DO THE INVERSE OPERATION )N THIS CASE YOU SIMPLY ASSOCIATE THE LIST OF EXTf<^ST[S BACK TO THE 0SSaTbb COLLECTION USING THE 0VVaTVPcT FUNCTION WITH A DIFFERENT SIGNATURE ! SAMPLE RESULT IS SHOWN IN &IGURE   .OW YOU CAN CREATE A DbTa2^]ca^[ FOR EACH OF THESE COLLECTION PROPERTIES IN THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf BIND THE COLLECTION TO A ;XbcQ^g FOR EXAMPLE AND CREATE A CUSTOM 3PcPCT\_[PcT 2EMEMBER ALSO THAT IN ,ISTING   FOR EXAMPLE YOU ARE ASSOCIATING A ;XbcEXTf<^ST[ OF CHILD OBJECTS TO THE EXTf<^ST[ SO YOU CAN BIND NOT ONLY THE COLLECTION OF CHILD OBJECTS BUT ALSO THE CURRENTLY SELECTED CHILD ITEM



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&IGURE   $ATA "IND 2ESULT FOR THE 0SSaTbb #OLLECTION

Summary 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT EXPOSES A NEW WAY OF DISPLAYING THE DATA AND BEHAVIORS OF OBJECTS TO THE 5) BY USING A TECHNOLOGY KNOWN AS DATA BINDING 7ITH THIS TECHNOLOGY YOU CAN BIND COMPLEX OBJECTS TO THE 5) AND SPECIFY TEMPLATES AND BEHAVIORS IN THE 5) USING RULES AND STYLES )N ORDER TO MAKE AN OBJECT BINDABLE TO A 70& 5) YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS INTERFACE WHICH EXPOSES AN EVENT ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS THAT IS ABLE TO INFORM AND UPDATE THE 70& 6IEW WHEN SOMETHING HAPPEN BETWEEN THE 6IEW AND THE OBJECT BOUND TO IT 4HE 70& ENGINE IS ABLE TO TRANSLATE A VALUE USING DIFFERENT DATA TYPES BASED ON THE VALUE CONVERTER APPLIED TO THE BOUND OBJECT YOU CAN ALSO SPECIFY A CUSTOM VALUE CONVERTER IN THE BINDING EXPRESSION AND CREATE A CUSTOM ONE BY IMPLEMENTING THE INTERFACE 8EP[dT2^]eTacTa 4O USE ALL THE POWER OF THE DATA BINDING EXPOSED BY 70& YOU HAVE TO IMPLEMENT 3PcPCT\_[PcT OBJECTS WITH THESE OBJECTS YOU CAN RADICALLY CHANGE THE WAY A SPECIFIC 5) ITEM WILL APPEAR AND BEHAVE IN THE APPLICATION DEPENDING ON THE OBJECT AND THE VALUES BOUND TO IT )N THE SECOND PART OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO CREATE A SPECIFIC EXTf<^ST[ HIERARCHY AND HOW TO MAKE EXTf<^ST[S INTERACTIVE WITH OTHER RELATED EXTf<^ST[S 9OU SAW HOW TO DO THAT SPECIFICALLY FOR THE 4\_[^hTT VIEWS YOU CAN TRY TO DO THE SAME WITH THE 2dbc^\Ta VIEWS AND TEST THE RESULTS BY TWEAKING THE CODE IN THE 0__gP\[Rb FILE



CHAPTER ■■■

Command Handling and Event Routing )F YOUVE EVER WORKED WITH A CLIENT TECHNOLOGY LIKE 7INDOWS &ORMS OR *AVA &ORMS YOU MAY ALREADY KNOW HOW THE MECHANISM OF REACTING TO A USER REQUEST IS ACHIEVED YOU CREATE A CONTROL IN THE 5) THE CONTROL EXPOSES SEVERAL 4eT]cb AND YOU LISTEN THESE EVENTS BY CREATING AN EVENT HANDLER WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THAN A METHOD WITH SOME CODE INSIDE TO HANDLE INPUT TO THE PROGRAM 4HE DOWNSIDE OF USING THIS APPROACH IS THAT YOU CANT RECYCLE AND TEST THE CODE EXECUTED IN AN EVENT HANDLER AND YOU CANT MAKE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 5) ELEMENT AND THE CORRESPONDING EVENT HANDLER METHOD DYNAMIC 70& EXPOSES A NUMBER OF PREDEFINED EVENTS SO FOR EVERY 5) ELEMENT YOU CAN USE A SET OF EVENTS AVAILABLE THROUGH THE %VENTS TAB OF THE 0ROPERTIES PANEL IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   %VENTS TAB ON 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 



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)N THIS CASE YOU CAN ASSOCIATE AN EVENT HANDLER TO A 1dcc^] CONTROL FOR WHEN THE USER PRESSES THE BUTTON )N THE METHOD YOU THEN EXECUTE SOME SPECIFIC CODE /F COURSE THE SEPARATION OF CONCERNS IN THIS CASE IS NOT SATISFIED BECAUSE THE CODE THAT INCLUDES THE EXECUTION LOGIC OF THE EVENT IS STORED IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE OF THE 70& 8!-, FILE AND THE OBJECT THAT INVOKES THE METHOD THROUGH AN EVENT CANT BE SEPARATED FROM THE EVENT ITSELF 4HIS EXAMPLE FOR INSTANCE FORCES 70& TO ASSOCIATE THE 2[XRZ EVENT OF THE 1dcc^] CONTROL TO A 2[XRZN1dcc^] METHOD

Introduction to Commands 4HE #OMMAND PATTERN WAS NOT INTRODUCED WITH 70& OR 3ILVERLIGHT )NSTEAD THE COMMAND HANDLING TECHNIQUE IS A BEHAVIORAL PATTERN FIRST PRESENTED IN THE h'ANG OF &OURv BOOK $ESIGN 0ATTERNS %LEMENTS OF 2EUSABLE /BJECT /RIENTED 3OFTWARE BY %RICH 'AMMA 2ICHARD (ELM 2ALPH *OHNSON AND *OHN 6LISSIDES !DDISON 7ESLEY   )T DESCRIBES HOW THE LOGIC OF A REQUEST SHOULD BE ENCAPSULATED IN A SEPARATE OBJECT 4HE GOAL IS TO SEPARATE THE SEMANTICS AND OBJECT THAT INVOKE A COMMAND FROM THE LOGIC THAT EXECUTES THE COMMAND SO THAT THE SAME COMMAND CAN BE USED OVER DIFFERENT 5) ELEMENTS WITHOUT HAVING TO REWRITE THE EXECUTION LOGIC &OR EXAMPLE THE CLASSIC COMMANDS YOU MAY FIND IN A WORD PROCESSING APPLICATION ARE 2^_h 2dc AND ?PbcT )N -ICROSOFT /FFICE 7ORD YOU CAN CALL THESE COMMANDS IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS v

&ROM THE 4SXc MENU

v

&ROM THE 2^]cTgc MENU

v

5SING KEYBOARD COMBINATIONS SUCH #TRL8 #TRL6 AND SO ON

7HAT IT IS IMPORTANT HERE IS THAT YOU WOULD NOT WANT TO HAVE TO WRITE THE LOGIC OF EXECUTING A #UT COMMAND MORE THAN ONCE SO ALL OF THESE METHODS ACTUALLY EXECUTE THE SAME CODE !N OBJECT OF TYPE 2^\\P]S CAN TELL YOU WHEN IT CAN BE EXECUTED AND WHEN IT CANT &OR INSTANCE IN -ICROSOFT /FFICE 7ORD THE COMMAND 2dc IS DISABLED UNTIL YOU SELECT SOME TEXT BUT AS SOON AS YOU SELECT SOME TEXT THE APPLICATION TRIGGERS THE COMMAND SAYING SOMETHING LIKE h(EY #UT COMMAND LOOK
.OW THERES SOME TEXT SELECTED SO YOU CAN BE EXECUTED !LSO YOU 5) ELEMENT YOU CAN BE ENABLEDv /F COURSE THIS IS A FUNNY INTERPRETATION OF HOW 7ORD WORKS BEHIND THE SCENE BUT IN THE END THIS IS WHAT IS HAPPENING

4HE #OMMAND 0ATTERN 4HE #OMMAND PATTERN IS A BEHAVIORAL DESIGN PATTERN THIS MEANS ITS PURPOSE IS TO DESCRIBE HOW TO SOLVE A SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH AN OBJECTˆIN THIS CASE HOW TO SEPARATE A REQUEST BY CREATING A SPECIFIC OBJECT THAT REPRESENTS THE REQUEST AND THE INFORMATION NEEDED BY THE REQUEST 4HE COMMAND PATTERN IS TYPICALLY USED WHEN THE REQUEST CAN BE INVOKED BY A DIFFERENT CLIENT AND RECEIVED BY A DIFFERENT RECEIVER &IGURE   SHOWS THE CLASS DIAGRAM OF A COMMAND DESIGN PATTERN IMPLEMENTED USING 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND #



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&IGURE   #LASS DIAGRAM OF A #OMMAND PATTERN IMPLEMENTATION 4HE 2^\\P]S IS INVOKED BY AN 8]e^ZTa THROUGH A STANDARDIZED METHOD 4gTRdcT2^\\P]S )NSIDE THE METHOD THE 8]e^ZTa VERIFIES THAT THE COMMAND CAN BE EXECUTED BY CALLING THE 2P]4gTRdcT METHOD OF THE COMMAND OBJECT )F THE METHOD RETURNS TRUE THE 8]e^ZTa THEN CALL THE 4gTRdcT METHOD OF THE 2^\\P]S 4HE 2^\\P]S INSIDE THE 4gTRdcT METHOD IMPLEMENTATION CALLS THE ATRTXeTa4gTRdcT0RcX^] METHOD SO THAT THE RECEIVER METHOD IS NOT STANDARDIZED AS A GLOBAL COMMAND LOOSELY COUPLED FROM THE RECEIVER OBJECT )N THE ORIGINAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE #OMMAND PATTERN THE 2P]4gTRdcT METHOD WAS NOT INTRODUCED AND THE EXECUTION LOGIC WAS INSIDE THE 2^\\P]S OBJECT ITSELF )N 70& THE #OMMAND PATTERN HAS BEEN REINTERPRETED TO SATISFY THE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF HAVING A COMMAND OBJECT THAT IS ABLE TO NOTIFY ABOUT ITS ABILITY TO BE EXECUTED IN A SPECIFIC CONTEXT

#OMMAND IN 70& )F YOU ARE NOT USING ANY SPECIFIC DESIGN PATTERNS APPLIED TO 70& SUCH AS -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL -66- OR -ODEL 6IEW 0RESENTER -60 YOU CAN STILL USE THE CORE STRUCTURE OF 70& TO IMPLEMENT A 70& COMMAND ALSO KNOWN AS A A^dcTS2^\\P]S 4HE A^dcTS2^\\P]S IS A CUSTOM COMMAND CLASS AVAILABLE IN THE BhbcT\FX]S^fb8]_dc NAMESPACE AND IT DEFINES A COMMAND OBJECT THAT IMPLEMENTS THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE AND THAT IS ROUTED THROUGH THE ENTIRE 70& ELEMENT TREE 82^\\P]S IS A .%4 INTERFACE THAT EMULATES THE COMMAND PATTERN BY EXPOSING METHODS SUCH AS 4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT AND BY PROVIDING A 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS EVENT THAT IS TRIGGERED TO RE EVALUATE THE EXECUTION OF THE COMMAND ,ISTING   SHOWS THE DECOMPILED # CODE FOR THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE



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,ISTING   82^\\P]S AND A^dcTS2^\\P]S /BJECTS _dQ[XR X]cTaUPRT 82^\\P]S j  4eT]cb TeT]c 4eT]c7P]S[Ta 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS* 
&IGURE   2OUTED #OMMAND 5) FLOW

The RoutedCommand Class 70& CAN HELP YOU USE THE COMMANDS BECAUSE IT PROVIDES A SET OF PREDEFINED COMMANDS EXPOSED BY THE 0__[XRPcX^]2^\\P]Sb CLASS %ACH OF THESE COMMANDS IS A A^dcTS2^\\P]S TYPE AND CAN BE USED IN ANY 5) ELEMENT THAT SUPPORTS THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE ! A^dcTS2^\\P]S OBJECT EXPOSES THE 4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT METHODS WHICH DONT CONTAIN THE APPLICATION LOGIC FOR THE COMMAND !S YOU WOULD DO WITH AN 82^\\P]S OBJECT IMPLEMENTATION THESE METHODS RAISE EVENTS ABLE TO TRAVERSE THE ELEMENT TREE LOOKING FOR AN OBJECT WITH A 2^\\P]S1X]SX]V IN ORDER TO FIND THE CORRESPONDING BINDING )N THE BINDING YOU DEFINE THE IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR 4gTRdcT AND



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2P]4gTRdcT 4HE 4gTRdcT METHOD RAISES THE ?aTeXTf4gTRdcTS AND 4gTRdcTS EVENTS 4HE 2P]4gTRdcT METHOD RAISES THE ?aTeXTf2P]4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT EVENTS 9OU CAN DEFINE A A^dcTS2^\\P]S FOR A 70& ELEMENT IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS )N THE FIRST WAY YOU HAVE TO EXPLICITLY DECLARE AND BIND THE 4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE COMMAND IN THE 8!-, AND IN THE CODE BEHIND AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   %XPLICIT )MPLEMENTATION OF 4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT 


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+1dcc^] 2^\\P]S,jg)BcPcXR \h)
■ .OTE 7ITH THE ANONYMOUS DELEGATE TECHNIQUE INTRODUCED IN .%4  YOU CAN PASS A PIECE OF CODE TO AN OBJECT AS A DELEGATE PARAMETER 7ITH THIS TECHNIQUE YOU CAN CREATE ON THE FLY A DELEGATE METHOD WITHOUT NEEDING TO DECLARE THE DELEGATE METHOD ITSELF 4HE FOLLOWING CODE SHOWS TWO DIFFERENT WAYS OF CREATING A DELEGATE METHOD WITH AND WITHOUT THE ANONYMOUS DELEGATE TECHNIQUE  fXcW^dc cWT P]^]h\^db ST[TVPcT Qdcc^]2[XRZ , 2[XRZN3T[TVPcT* _dQ[XR e^XS 2[XRZN3T[TVPcT^QYTRc bT]STa 4eT]c0aVb PaVb j  Rdbc^\ R^ST l  fXcW cWT P]^]h\^db ST[TVPcT Qdcc^]2[XRZ , bT]STa PaVb ,- j  Rdbc^\ R^ST l*

)N THIS CASE LETS USE ONE OF THE AVAILABLE 0__[XRPcX^]2^\\P]Sb A^dcTS2^\\P]S SO YOU DONT NEED TO DECLARE A A^dcTS2^\\P]S OBJECT IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE SEE ,ISTING    4HIS DOESNT MEAN THAT THE CUSTOM IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE IS USELESS /N THE CONTRARY THE CUSTOM IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS INTERFACE LETS YOU HAVE MORE LOOSELY COUPLED CONTROL OVER THE COMMAND IMPLEMENTATION RATHER THAN BEING FORCED TO USE THE A^dcTS2^\\P]S CLASS



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,ISTING   "UTTON 5SING 0__[XRPcX^]2^\\P]Sb +1dcc^] 2^\\P]S,|0__[XRPcX^]2^\\P]Sb2^_h| 2^]cT]c,|2^_h cTgc| 4HEN YOU CREATE A NEW 2^\\P]S1X]SX]V IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE BY USING THE ANONYMOUS DELEGATE IN THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE WINDOW OBJECT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   2^\\P]S1X]SX]V WITH !NONYMOUS $ELEGATE _dQ[XR
Implement the ICommand Interface 7HILE A GOOD APPROACH TO USING A COMMAND IN A 70& APPLICATION IS TO RECYCLE THE EXISTING A^dcTS2^\\P]Sb OBJECTS EXPOSED BY THE 0__[XRPcX^]2^\\P]Sb CLASS OR TO CREATE A NEW INSTANCE OF A A^dcTS2^\\P]S SOMETIMES YOU MAY NEED TO CREATE A MORE GENERIC AND FLEXIBLE COMMAND OBJECT THAT CAN EXECUTE AND INCLUDE BUSINESS LOGIC CODE NOT AVAILABLE FROM A COMMON A^dcTS2^\\P]S OBJECT &IGURE   SHOWS HOW THE 82^\\P]S CUSTOM OBJECT WILL BE INTEGRATED IN THE 70& COMMAND MECHANISM



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&IRST YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE CUSTOM LOGIC TO EVALUATE AND EXECUTE A COMMAND )N THE <ee\2^\\P]S YOU NEED TO PROVIDE THE METHOD TO HANDLE THE 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS EVENT AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 4gTRdcT AND 2P]4gTRdcT BY USING GENERIC AND LAMBDA EXPRESSIONS SO THAT THE <ee\2^\\P]S IMPLEMENTATION CAN REMAIN GENERIC 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   <ee\2^\\P]S #ONCRETE )MPLEMENTATION _aXePcT 0RcX^]+^QYTRc- TgTRdcT , ]d[[* _aXePcT 5d]R+^QYTRc Q^^[- RP]4gTRdcT , ]d[[* _dQ[XR <ee\2^\\P]S0RcX^]+^QYTRc- TgTRdcT 5d]R+^QYTRc Q^^[- RP]4gTRdcT j cWXbTgTRdcT , TgTRdcT* cWXbRP]4gTRdcT , RP]4gTRdcT* l _dQ[XR e^XS >]2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS j 4eT]c7P]S[Ta WP]S[Ta , 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS* XU WP]S[Ta , ]d[[ j 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTScWXb 4eT]c0aVb4\_ch* l l 4HE 0RcX^]+C- REPRESENTS A GENERIC DELEGATE THAT WILL CONTAINS THE CODE TO EXECUTE THE 5d]R+C Q^^[- REPRESENTS A "OOLEAN FUNCTION THAT CONTAINS THE CODE TO ENABLEDISABLE THE COMMAND AND THE ASSOCIATED 5) ELEMENT >]2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS IS THE METHOD USED TO RAISE THE 2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS EVENT 4HE LAST STEP IS TO ASSOCIATE THE 0RcX^]+C- AND THE 5d]R+C Q^^[- TO THE CORRESPONDING 82^\\P]S METHODS AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   !SSOCIATING 0RcX^]+C- AND 5d]R+C Q^^[- TO 82^\\P]S _dQ[XR e^XS 4gTRdcT^QYTRc _PaP\TcTa j XU cWXbTgTRdcT , ]d[[ j cWXbTgTRdcT_PaP\TcTa* l l _dQ[XR Q^^[ 2P]4gTRdcT^QYTRc _PaP\TcTa j XU cWXbRP]4gTRdcT ,, ]d[[ j aTcda] cadT* l aTcda] cWXbRP]4gTRdcT_PaP\TcTa* l



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4HE FIRST PART OF ,ISTING   SIMPLY CALLS 0RcX^]+C- BY PASSING THE PARAMETER IF AVAILABLE OF THE COMMAND AND EXECUTING THE METHOD 4HE SECOND PART OF THE CODE VERIFIES WHETHER 5d]R+C Q^^[- IS NULL AND IF IT IS NULL SIMPLY ENABLES THE COMMAND OR VERIFIES THAT THE EXPRESSION IS SATISFIED ,ISTING   SHOWS HOW YOU CAN CREATE THE <ee\2^\\P]S COMMAND IN A 8!-, WINDOW ,ISTING   <ee\2^\\P]S #ODE BEHIND )MPLEMENTATION  R^STQTWX]S UX[T _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb
)NTERACTIVE #OMMAND ,ISTEN FOR #HANGES 7HAT YOUVE DONE SO FAR IS PRETTY COOL FLEXIBLE AND TESTABLEˆYOU CREATED A GENERIC <ee\2^\\P]S EXPOSED IT AS AN 82^\\P]S INTERFACE OBJECT AND DECLARED THE CODE TO EXECUTE AND TO EVALUATE THE EXECUTION USING THE ANONYMOUS DELEGATE WHICH IS ALSO FANCY AND PRETTY READABLE !T THIS POINT YOU CAN PROBABLY TRY TO CREATE A BASIC 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT THAT EXPOSES A COUPLE OF PROPERTIES AND AN 82^\\P]S PROPERTY LIKE THE ONE IN ,ISTING   AND BIND THESE PROPERTIES TO A 6IEW 7HAT YOU WANT TO DO IS TO ENABLE THE 5^a\Pc2^\\P]S PROPERTY ONLY IF THE TEXT IN THE CTgc1^g IS NOT NULL ,ISTING   SHOWS THE 6IEW-ODEL CREATED FOR THIS EXAMPLE 9OU KNOW ALREADY WHAT AN >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+C- IS AND WHAT AN <ee\2^\\P]S IS ,ISTING   5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[ /BJECT _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[ ) >QbTaePQ[T>QYTRc+5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[j _aXePcT bcaX]V U^a\PccTSCTgc* _aXePcT bcaX]V ^aXVX]P[CTgc*



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_dQ[XR 5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[ j 5^a\Pc2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,- j 5^a\PcCTgc* l _PaP\TcTa ,- j aTcda] bcaX]V8b=d[[>a4\_ch>aXVX]P[CTgc* l* l _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S 5^a\Pc2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l _dQ[XR bcaX]V >aXVX]P[CTgc j VTc j aTcda] ^aXVX]P[CTgc* l bTc j ^aXVX]P[CTgc , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- e\>aXVX]P[CTgc* l l _dQ[XR bcaX]V 5^a\PccTSCTgc j VTc j aTcda] U^a\PccTSCTgc* l bTc j U^a\PccTSCTgc , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSe\ ,- e\5^a\PccTSCTgc* l l _aXePcT e^XS 5^a\PcCTgc j 5^a\PccTSCTgc , bcaX]V5^a\Pc5^a\PccTS) jl >aXVX]P[CTgc* l l 4HIS EXTf<^ST[ OBJECT IS PRETTY SIMPLE )T PROVIDES TWO STRING PROPERTIESˆORIGINAL TEXT AND RESULT TEXT FORMATTED 4HE 82^\\P]S IS ENABLED ONLY IF THE >aXVX]P[CTgc PROPERTY IS NOT NULL OR EMPTY ,ISTING   IS THE CORRESPONDING 8!-, MARKUP THAT BINDS THE 5) ELEMENTS TO THE EXTf<^ST[ PROPERTIES ,ISTING   5^a\PcEXTfgP\[ AND 5^a\PcEXTfgP\[Rb + 5^a\PcCTgcgP\[ +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,2^\\P]S7P]S[X]V5^a\PcCTgc g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ CXc[T,5^a\PcCTgc 7TXVWc,!!% FXScW,!&!+BcPRZ?P]T[+;PQT[ <PaVX],$ 2^]cT]c,>aXVX]P[ CTgc ) -



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+CTgc1^g <PaVX],$ FXScW,! CTgc,j1X]SX]V >aXVX]P[CTgc D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,?a^_Tach2WP]VTSl +;PQT[ <PaVX],$ 2^]cT]c,5^a\PccTS CTgc ) +CTgc1^g <PaVX],$ FXScW,! CTgc,j1X]SX]V 5^a\PccTSCTgc D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,?a^_Tach2WP]VTSl +1dcc^] <PaVX],$ FXScW,  2^\\P]S,j1X]SX]V 5^a\Pc2^\\P]Sl 2^]cT]c,5^a\Pc cWT CTgc +BcPRZ?P]T[+FX]S^f 5^a\PcCTgcgP\[Rb dbX]V BhbcT\FX]S^fb* dbX]V 2^\\P]S7P]S[X]V<ee\* ]P\Tb_PRT 2^\\P]S7P]S[X]V j  +bd\\Pah 8]cTaPRcX^] [^VXR U^a 5^a\PcCTgcgP\[  +bd\\Pah_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb 5^a\PcCTgc ) FX]S^f j _dQ[XR 5^a\PcCTgc j 8]XcXP[XiT2^\_^]T]c* 3PcP2^]cTgc , ]Tf 5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[* l l l )F YOU PRESS & THE APPLICATION STARTS AND THE FORMAT COMMAND IS DISABLED AS EXPECTED !FTER YOU INSERT SOME TEXT IN THE FIRST CTgc1^g YOU DISCOVER THAT <ee\2^\\P]S HAS A BUGˆIT STAYS DISABLED AS IT DOES AS WELL IF THERES TEXT IN THE >aXVX]P[CTgc PROPERTY 7HY DOES THIS HAPPEN 4HE 2P]4gTRdcT METHOD OF AN 82^\\P]S OBJECT IS EXECUTED ONLY WHEN THE DATA BINDING ENGINE CREATES THE BINDING BETWEEN THE 5) ELEMENT AND THE COMMAND THEN THE COMMAND EXECUTION IS RE EVALUATED ONLY IF SOMETHING CHANGES AND THE 2^\\P]S


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&IRST LETS LOOK AT HOW THE EVENT MODEL WORKS IN # AND MORE GENERALLY IN .%4 7HEN USING A NORMAL EVENT REGISTERING AN EVENT HANDLER CREATES A STRONG REFERENCE FROM THE EVENT SOURCE TO THE LISTENING OBJECT AND THIS STRONG REFERENCE CAN CAUSE A MEMORY LEAKˆESPECIALLY WHEN THE SOURCE OBJECT HAS A LONGER LIFETIME THAN THE LISTENER 4HE ONLY WAY TO AVOID THIS BEHAVIOR IS TO MANUALLY UNSUBSCRIBE THE LISTENER FROM THE SOURCE OBJECT SO THAT THE RESOURCES ARE FREE )N # YOU CAN DO THIS BY USING THE , SYNTAX "UT THERES ANOTHER INTERESTING SOLUTION ONE THAT USES THE FTPZ4eT]c A SPECIAL TYPE OF EVENT MANAGER THAT IS ABLE TO AUTOMATICALLY FREE UNUSED RESOURCES 4HE CODE IN ,ISTING   USES A FTPZ4eT]cQYTRc bT]STa 4eT]c0aVb T j C4eT]c0aVb aTP[0aVb , C4eT]c0aVbT* cWXbaTP[7P]STabT]STa aTP[0aVb* aTcda] cadT* l l l ,ISTING   CREATES A NEW GENERIC FTPZ4eT]c;XbcT]Ta THAT CAN LISTEN FOR ANY EVENT THAT INHERITS FROM THE BhbcT\4eT]c0aVb CLASS WHICH IS THE BASE CLASS FOR ANY EVENT HANDLERS ARGUMENT OBJECT IN .%4 )T THEN MANUALLY IMPLEMENTS THE 8FTPZ4eT]c;XbcT]Ta INTERFACE WHICH EXPOSES A SINGLE METHODˆ ATRTXeTFTPZ4eT]c 4HIS METHOD SIMPLY INTERCEPTS THE EVENT AND FIRES THE CORRESPONDING HANDLER



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METHOD ASSOCIATED WITH THE EVENT 4HE INTERFACE HAS TO BE MANUALLY IMPLEMENTED IN ORDER TO BE USED PROPERLY IN 70& WITH THE FTPZ4eT]c]2P]4gTRdcT2WP]VTS* l RaTPcT P ]Tf R^]bcadRc^a cWPc fX[[ PSS P [XbcT]Ta _dQ[XR <ee\2^\\P]S 0RcX^]+^QYTRc- TgTRdcT 5d]R+^QYTRc Q^^[- RP]4gTRdcT 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS b^daRT bcaX]V _a^_Tach=P\T ) QPbTTgTRdcT RP]4gTRdcT j ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]ca4\_ch>aXVX]P[CTgc* l 0SS;XbcT]Ta+5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- g>aXVX]P[CTgc 0SS;XbcT]Ta+5^a\PcEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- g5^a\PccTSCTgc*



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 X]bXST cWT <ee\2^\\P]S fT aTcda] cWT RdaaT]c R^\\P]S ^QYTRc  Qh S^X]V cWXb fT RP] RWPX] \d[cX_[T RP[[b c^ 0SS;XbcT]Ta c^VTcWTa _dQ[XR <ee\2^\\P]S 0SS;XbcT]Ta+C4]cXch-8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS b^daRT« 4g_aTbbX^]+5d]R+C4]cXch ^QYTRc-- _a^_Tach j bcaX]V _a^_Tach=P\T , 6Tc?a^_Tach=P\T_a^_Tach* ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c_TaP]S Pb
TimeTracker Commands )N THIS CHAPTER YOUVE SEEN HOW THE A^dcTS2^\\P]S WORKS IN 70& AND WHAT 70& PROVIDES OUT OF THE BOX WITHOUT ANY NEED TO IMPLEMENT A CUSTOM CLASS 5NFORTUNATELY THE A^dcTS2^\\P]S IS NOT FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO BE USED IN AN -66- APPLICATION LIKE 4IME4RACKER WHERE THE PRESENTATION LOGIC IS DRIVEN AROUND THE 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT )N THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER YOU STARTED TO CREATE THE 6IEW-ODELS FOR EACH VIEW AND ADDED AN 82^\\P]S PROPERTY FOR EACH COMMAND AVAILABLE IN THE 6IEW 7ITH THAT FOUNDATION YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO COMPLETE THE %MPLOYEE,IST%MPLOYEE$ETAILS COMBINATION AND MAKE THIS FIRST PART OF THE APPLICATION FULLY FUNCTIONAL )T WILL BE THEN UP TO YOU TO CONTINUE THE APPLICATION BY IMPLEMENTING THE SAME LOGIC FOR THE #USTOMER ,IST$ETAILS COMBINATION OR YOU CAN SIMPLY TAKE A LOOK AT THE SOURCE CODE TO VIEW THE FULLY FUNCTIONAL PROJECT )N #HAPTER  WE WILL LOOK AT THE EXTf<^ST[ CLASS IN MORE DEPTH AT HOW IT WORKS AND HOW IT SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED &OR NOW LETS JUST FOCUS ON THE 82^\\P]S OBJECT THAT WILL BE EXPOSED BY A EXTf<^ST[

4HE %MPLOYEE,IST6IEW &IRST OF ALL YOU NEED TO REPLICATE THE 82^\\P]S IMPLEMENTATION FROM THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION )F YOU CREATED A CUSTOM APPLICATION FOLLOWING THE FIRST PART OF THE CHAPTER AND YOU DONT WANT TO REWRITE THE TWO CLASSES INVOLVED <ee\2^\\P]S AND THE GENERIC



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6T]TaXRFTPZ4eT]c
&IGURE   <ee\2^\\P]S IMPLEMENTATION WITH 6T]TaXRFTPZ4eT]c
Search for an Employee 4HE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ OBJECT HAS A METHOD CALLED 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb WHERE YOU WILL INITIALIZE THE FOUR COMMANDS 4HE FIRST ONE IS THE BTPaRW2^\\P]S THAT SHOULD BE ENABLED ONLY IF THERE IS SOME TEXT IN THE SEARCH CTgc1^g SO THAT THE USER WILL NOT ACCIDENTALLY FIRE A FULL SEARCH ON THE ENTIRE DATABASE 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   3EARCH#OMMAND AND 3EARCH-ETHOD  BTPaRW2^\\P]S X]XcXP[XiPcX^] X]bXST cWT 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb \TcW^S BTPaRW2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,j cWXbBTPaRW4\_[^hTTb* l _PaP\TcTa ,j aTcda] bcaX]V8b=d[[>a4\_chcWXbBTPaRW2aXcTaXP* l  0SS;XbcT]Ta+4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- gBTPaRW2aXcTaXP* BTPaRW4\_[^hTTb \TcW^S _aXePcT e^XS BTPaRW4\_[^hTTb j ;Xbc+4\_[^hTT- aTbd[c , aT_^bXc^ahBTPaRW4\_[^hTTbBTPaRW2aXcTaXP*



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XU aTbd[c ,, ]d[[ kk aTbd[c2^d]c ,,  j SXP[^VBTaeXRTBW^f0[Tac=^ 4\_[^hTTb U^d]S CWTaT PaT ]^ 4\_[^hTTb dbX]V« cWT U^[[^fX]V RaXcTaXP* aTcda]* l 2^[[TRcX^]2[TPa* U^aTPRW ePa T\_[^hTT X] aTbd[c j 2^[[TRcX^]0SS]Tf 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[T\_[^hTT* l l 4HE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SEARCH METHOD IS PRETTY SIMPLE YOU ATTACH A FTPZ4eT]c TO THE BTPaRW2^\\P]S SO THAT IF THE CTgc1^g IS NOT EMPTY THE BTPaRW1dcc^] WILL BE ENABLED 4HE SEARCH METHOD IS CALLING THE 4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah OBJECT TO SEARCH FOR ANY EMPLOYEE THAT MATCHES THE SEARCH CRITERIA )F THERE ARE NO SUCH EMPLOYEES YOU ADVISE THE USER BY POPPING UP A
Select and Edit an Employee 4HE NEXT STEP IS TO SELECT AN EMPLOYEE FROM THE GRID AND EDIT THE ENTRY USING THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf )N THIS CASE THE 4SXc2^\\P]S SHOULD BE ENABLED ONLY WHEN A ROW IN THE GRID IS SELECTED )F THE GRID DOESNT HAVE ANY ROW THE 4SXc2^\\P]S SHOULD BE DISABLED AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4SXc4\_[^hTT #OMMAND )MPLEMENTATION  8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb 4SXc2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,j cWXb4SXc2daaT]c4\_[^hTT* l _PaP\TcTa ,j aTcda] cWXbBT[TRcTS , ]d[[* l  0SS;XbcT]Ta+4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- gBT[TRcTS , ]d[[*  4SXc2daaT]c4\_[^hTT \TcW^S _aXePcT e^XS 4SXc2daaT]c4\_[^hTT j ]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRTBW^f4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bFX]S^fBT[TRcTS* l )N THIS CASE YOU ARE CHECKING THAT NO EMPLOYEE IS SELECTED IN THE GRID )F THATS THE CASE YOU SHOULD DISABLE THE EDITING PROCESS AS THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf WILL RECEIVE A NULL EXTf<^ST[ 4HE TRIGGER FOR THE COMMAND IS THE BT[TRcTS PROPERTY THAT IS BOUND TO THE BT[TRcTS8cT\ PROPERTY OF THE 3PcPVaXS



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Delete an Employee 4HE LAST STEP IS TO DELETE AN EMPLOYEE IN THE GRID IF ONE IS SELECTED AND IF THE USER ALSO PRESSES YES IN THE CONFIRMATION MESSAGE HE RECEIVES SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   $ELETE A 3ELECTED %MPLOYEE  8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb 3T[TcT2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,- j 3T[TcT2daaT]c4\_[^hTT* l _PaP\TcTa ,- j aTcda] BT[TRcTS , ]d[[* l 0SS;XbcT]Ta+4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- gBT[TRcTS*  3T[TcT fXcW 2^]UXa\PcX^] _aXePcT e^XS 3T[TcT2daaT]c4\_[^hTT j XU BT[TRcTS ,, ]d[[ j SXP[^VBTaeXRTBW^f0[Tac=^ 4\_[^hTT bT[TRcTS CWTaT PaT ]^ T\_[^hTTb bT[TRcTS* aTcda]* l Q^^[ RP]3T[TcT , SXP[^VBTaeXRT0bZ2^]UXa\PcX^]3T[TcT 4\_[^hTT 3^ h^d fP]c c^ ST[TcT cWT RdaaT]c« T\_[^hTT.* XU RP]3T[TcT j cah j d]Xc>UF^aZBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* aT_^bXc^ah3T[TcTBT[TRcTS2daaT]c4]cXch* d]Xc>UF^aZ2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]* BTPaRW4\_[^hTTb* l RPcRW 4gRT_cX^] TgRT_cX^] j d]Xc>UF^aZA^[[QPRZCaP]bPRcX^]* SXP[^VBTaeXRTBW^f4aa^a3T[TcT Taa^a 0] Taa^a ^RRdaTS SdaX]V cWT 3T[TcT« R^\\P]S* l l (ERE THE CODE IS A LITTLE BIT MORE COMPLEX &IRST YOU NEED TO VERIFY THAT AN EMPLOYEE HAS BEEN SELECTED THEN YOU NEED TO ASK THE USER TO CONFIRM THE DELETION AS YOU WANT TO BE SURE HE WANTS TO DROP THE CURRENT EMPLOYEE RECORD )F YOU GET A CONFIRMATION MESSAGE FROM THE USER YOU NEED TO START A TRANSACTION WITH THE UNIT OF WORK AND DELETE THE RECORD WITH THE 4\_[^hTTAT_^bXc^ah OBJECT THAT IS CREATED USING THE CURRENT UNIT OF WORK )F THE OPERATION IS SUCCESSFUL YOU CAN COMMIT THE TRANSACTION BUT IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG YOU NEED TO ROLL BACK THE OPERATION AND ADVISE THE USER



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Suggested Steps 9OU SHOULD NOW BE PRETTY CONFIDENT ABOUT CREATING A EXTf<^ST[ AND AN 82^\\P]S OBJECT THAT HAS ONE OR MORE TRIGGERS (ERES WHAT YOU NEED TO ACCOMPLISH TO COMPLETE THE #25$ STEPS OF THE %MPLOYEE ,IST$ETAILS 6IEWS v

#REATE TWO COMMANDS FOR THE 3TcPX[bEXTf ONE FOR CONFIRMATION AND ONE FOR CANCELLATION "ASED ON THE COMMAND SELECTED BY THE USER YOU PERSIST THE CHANGES OR CANCEL THEM

v

7HEN THE USER SELECTS THE =Tf2^\\P]S IN THE ;XbcEXTf YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW 4\_[^hTT ENTITY ATTACH IT TO THE REPOSITORY AND PASS IT TO THE 3TcPX[bEXTf

v

&OLLOWING THE SAME LOGIC YOU NEED TO PROVIDE THE 6IEWS FOR CREATING OR MODIFYING EXISTING 2^]cPRc 0SSaTbb AND 0__^X]c\T]c AND OF COURSE DO THE SAME FOR THE 2dbc^\Ta

Summary )N THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW THE EVENT HANDLING APPROACH HAS BEEN CHANGED IN 70& WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF A^dcTS2^\\P]SS AND FTPZ4eT]c


CHAPTER ■■■

Testing with TDD /NE OF THE MAIN REASONS FOR WRITING A LOOSELY COUPLED APPLICATION THAT USES THE LATEST DESIGN PATTERNS AND LAYERING TECHNIQUE IS ARE TO INCREASE AS MUCH POSSIBLE THE TESTABILITY SURFACE OF THE APPLICATION TO MAKE THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE APPLICATION SEPARATE AND INDEPENDENT AND SO MORE TESTABLE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  PROVIDES OUT OF THE BOX A SET OF TOOLS AND ASSEMBLIES THAT ALLOW YOU TO WRITE TESTABLE APPLICATIONS WHICH MEANS WRITING APPLICATIONS THAT CAN BE TESTED EVEN OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THE 5) THAT THE USER WILL INTERACT WITH 4O GET STARTED YOU NEED TO LOOK AT 4EST $RIVEN $EVELOPMENT 4$$ PART OF THE !GILE APPROACH WHICH SUPPORTS THE hTEST FIRSTv PRINCIPLE OF %XTREME 0ROGRAMMING 80  (OWEVER 4$$ CAN BE USED INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHER !GILE 80 APPROACHES )N THE COMPANY WHERE ) WORK FOR EXAMPLE WE APPLY 4$$ TO EVERY PROJECT BUT WE DONT USE OTHER !GILE 80 TECHNIQUES 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND -34EST ARENT THE ONLY UNIT TEST FRAMEWORKS FOR .%4 /N THE 7EB YOULL FIND MANY OTHERS MOST OF THEM OPEN SOURCE THAT ARE ALSO SUITABLE FOR WRITING UNIT TESTS LIKE THE FOLLOWING v

N5NIT fff]d]Xc^aV

v

X5NIT.%4 Wcc_)gd]XcR^ST_[TgR^\

v

MB5NIT fff\Qd]XcR^\

"EFORE USING THE 4$$ APPROACH THE ONLY WAY OF TESTING A SPECIFIC SET OF CODE COMMANDS WAS TO BUILD AND EXECUTE THE APPLICATION AND DEBUG INSIDE THE APPLICATION CODE "Y DEBUG ) MEAN THAT PROCESS USED TO FIND AND FIX THE NUMBER OF BUGS IN A SPECIFIC APPLICATION 7ITH THIS APPROACH YOU HAVE TO FIRST IDENTIFY THE BUG THAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM AND AFTER IT IS IDENTIFIED YOU STEP THROUGH THE CODE THAT IS CAUSING THE BUG AND YOU TRY TO FIX IT 4HEN YOU RE EXECUTE THAT PIECE OF CODE IN ORDER TO BE SURE THAT THE BUG IS FIXED AND THAT THE CHANGE YOU MADE DID NOT AFFECT OTHER PARTS OF THE APPLICATION /F COURSE THE TWO APPROACHES ARE DRASTICALLY DIFFERENT BUT THEY CAN EASILY COEXIST IN THE SAME APPLICATION )T IS VERY GOOD TO WRITE YOUR APPLICATION FOLLOWING 4$$ PRINCIPLES BUT IT IS STILL NECESSARY SOMETIMES TO STEP INTO THE CODE AND IDENTIFY THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM )N THIS CHAPTER WE WILL EXPLORE HOW TO WRITE THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES OF 4$$ AND HOW 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  CAN HELP APPLY THESE PRINCIPLES TO EVERY LAYER OF THE APPLICATION 7E WILL THEN LOOK AT THE BASIC CODE COVERAGE PRINCIPLES THAT COME FROM 4$$ AND FINALLY WE WILL SEE HOW TO TEST THE VARIOUS LAYERS OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

Test Driven Development )F YOU LOOK AS A PURIST AT THE 4$$ PRINCIPLES YOUD SAY THAT 4$$ IS A TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING SOFTWARE BASED ON A SET OF SMALL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES WHERE EACH CYCLE CONSISTS OF A TEST CASE THAT DEFINES THE CODE



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

REQUIREMENTS AND THE CODE THAT WILL SATISFY THESE REQUIREMENTS 4$$ IS ALSO KNOWN AS RED GREEN REFACTOR BECAUSE THE LIFECYCLE OF A TEST INCLUDES THREE SIMPLE STEPS v

7RITE THE TEST AND THE ASSERTIONS AND FAIL THEM RED 

v

)MPLEMENT THE CODE TO PASS THE ASSERTIONS GREEN 

v

2EFACTOR THE CODE AND TEST IT AGAIN

4HIS TYPE OF APPROACH MAY LOOK STRANGE TO YOU AT THE BEGINNING BUT YOU WILL REALIZE THAT IF YOU WRITE THE CODE THAT IDENTIFIES AN APPLICATION REQUIREMENT BEFORE THE REQUIREMENT HAS BEEN WRITTEN IN CODE THE TEST SHOULDNT PASS AT THAT POINT THE CODE IMPLEMENTATION SHOULD JUST SATISFY THE REQUIREMENT NOTHING MORE 4HE FINAL REFACTORING STEP IS ACCOMPLISHED TO CLEAN UP THE CODE WRITTEN TO PASS THE ASSERTIONS 4$$ IS NOT A PATTERN BUT A DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY SO YOU MAY FIND SOME PEOPLE POSITIVE ABOUT THIS APPROACH AND OTHERS THAT DONT LIKE TO DEVELOP USING 4$$ (ERE ARE SOME PROS OF USING THE 4$$ TECHNIQUE AS WE WILL FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION v

)T FORCES YOU DEVELOP ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT AND TO REFINE THE CODE TO RESPECT AND HONOR THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS

v

)T FORCES YOU TO WRITE CODE THAT IS LOOSELY COUPLED AS THE CODE MUST BE QUICK AND EASY TO TEST

v

)T ALLOWS YOU TO TEST THE CODE YOU WRITE IN AN INCREMENTAL PROCESS WITHOUT HAVING A GRAPHICAL LAYER TO EXECUTE THE CORE CODE

v

)T FORCES YOU TO WRITE A LOT OF SINGLE TESTS IN ORDER TO COVER AT LEAST   OF THE CODE WITH TESTS AND THIS APPROACH HELPS MAKE YOU AND OTHER DEVELOPERS CONFIDENT ABOUT THE QUALITY OF THE CODE AND THE NUMBER OF DEFECTS COVERED BY TESTS

4$$ CANT BE USED EVERYWHERE ESPECIALLY IF THE REQUIREMENTS ARISE FROM CODE THAT CANT EASILY BE TESTED WITH AUTOMATION LIKE A 70& 6IEW )N THE CASE OF A '5) OBJECT YOU SHOULD INTRODUCE IN YOUR TESTING ENVIRONMENT A MORE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF 5) AUTOMATION AND A 5) MACRO THAT WILL GUARANTEE THE CORRECTNESS OF THE TEST EXECUTION 4$$ MAY ALSO NOT FIT PROPERLY WHEN THE REQUIREMENTS HAVE SOME DEPENDENCIES THAT ARE CANT BE EMULATED IN THE TEST ENVIRONMENT FOR EXAMPLE TESTING A DATA LAYER AGAINST A BACKUP COPY OF A PRODUCTION DATABASE /NE GOOD WAY TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF CODE COVERED BY THE TEST IS THE #ODE #OVERAGE APPROACH ,ETS TAKE A LOOK AT THAT NOW

#ODE #OVERAGE /NE OF THE METRICS USED IN 4$$ IS CALLED #ODE #OVERAGE BECAUSE IT REPRESENTS THE AMOUNT OF CODE COVERED BY A SPECIFIC TEST OR SET OF TESTS IE THE AMOUNT OF CODE EXECUTED BY THE TESTS WHILE THE TESTS ARE RUNNING ,ISTING   SHOWS A SIMPLE CLASS THAT EXPOSES A METHOD TO EXECUTE A CALCULATION BETWEEN TWO INTEGERS 4HE CODE USES SOME 6ISUAL 3TUDIO FEATURES THAT WE WILL ANALYZE IN THE NEXT SECTION FOR NOW LETS JUST FOCUS ON THE CODE COVERAGE CONCEPT



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

,ISTING   #ODE #OVERAGE %XAMPLE dbX]V BhbcT\* ]P\Tb_PRT 2P[Rd[Pc^a j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 4]VX]T j _dQ[XR X]c Bd\X]c P X]c Q j XU P ,,  kk Q ,,  j cWa^f ]Tf 0aVd\T]c=d[[4gRT_cX^] CWT PaVd\T]cb P P]S Q \dbc QT VaTPcTa cWP] * l aTcda] P  Q* l l l .OW LETS WRITE A TEST FOR THIS CLASS SO THAT WE CAN TEST THAT A SUM OF TWO INTEGERS BOTH GREATER THAN  WILL COVER THE CLASS 4]VX]T SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   5NIT 4EST FOR THE Bd\ -ETHOD dbX]V <XRa^b^UcEXbdP[BcdSX^CTbcC^^[bD]XcCTbcX]V* ]P\Tb_PRT 2P[Rd[Pc^aCTbc j JCTbc2[PbbL _dQ[XR R[Pbb 4]VX]TCTbc j JCTbc
 u

#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

&IGURE   #ODE COVERAGE WINDOW IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  "ECAUSE ,ISTING   DIDNT COVER THE OCCURRENCE WHERE ONE OF THE PARAMETER CAN BE EQUAL OR LESS THAN  -34EST THE 4$$ FRAMEWORK INTEGRATED INTO 6ISUAL 3TUDIO TELLS YOU THAT YOU DIDNT COVER ALL THE CODE 4HE NEXT TEST SHOWN IN ,ISTING   WILL COVER THAT PART OF THE Bd\ METHOD ,ISTING   #OVERING AN %XCEPTION JCTbc
&IGURE   #ODE COVERAGE  FOR THE Bd\ METHOD )N THIS CASE FOR A SINGLE METHOD WE WROTE TWO TEST METHODS SO THAT THE AMOUNT OF CODE USED TO TEST THE REQUIREMENT WAS MORE THAN THE AMOUNT OF CODE USED TO SATISFY THE REQUIREMENT #ODE COVERAGE DOESNT ALWAYS INDICATE QUALITY OF THE 4$$ PROCESS ESPECIALLY WHEN THE CODE AND THE TESTS ARE WRITTEN BY THE SAME DEVELOPER )N ANY CASE SETTING YOUR MINIMUM CODE COVERAGE REQUIREMENT TO   IS A GOOD STARTING POINT AND SHOULD GUARANTEE A CERTAIN CODE QUALITY LEVEL 4HE MORE COVERAGE THE BETTER

4$$ WITH -34EST 7HEN YOU DEVELOP AN APPLICATION USING THE 4$$ APPROACH YOU NEED AN ENVIRONMENT THAT LETS YOU RUN THE TESTS IN A CONTEXT DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE REPRESENTED BY THE APPLICATION )N 6ISUAL 3TUDIO YOU CAN DO THIS BY CREATING IN THE SAME SOLUTION YOU ARE TESTING A NEW PROJECT OF TYPE h4ESTv THAT WILL CONTAIN THE METHODS AND TESTS FOR YOUR TESTING



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

■ .OTE 5NFORTUNATELY THE %XPRESS EDITIONS OF 6ISUAL # OR 6ISUAL 6".%4 DONT ALLOW YOU TO INSTALL OR RUN PLUG INS AND SINCE THE -34EST ENGINE AVAILABLE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO ANY VERSION EXCEPT %XPRESS IS A SORT OF PLUG IN IN ORDER TO FOLLOW THE EXAMPLES PROVIDED IN THIS CHAPTER YOU NEED A DEMO VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  0ROFESSIONAL 0REMIUM OR 5LTIMATE AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\eXbdP[bcdSX^T]dbS^f][^PS

,ETS EXPLORE THE -34EST ENGINE BY CREATING A SIMPLE PROJECT THE PROJECT YOU SAW IN THE h#ODE #OVERAGEv SECTION WHICH IS COMPOSED OF A CLASS LIBRARY THAT CONTAINS A SIMPLE #ALCULATOR ENGINE THAT CAN EXECUTE SUMS ONLY OF INTEGERS GREATER THAN 

Calculator Example /PEN A NEW INSTANCE OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND CREATE A NEW 0ROJECT UNDER 6ISUAL # ➤ 7INDOWS ➤ #LASS ,IBRARY 'IVE THE 3OLUTION THE NAME 2P[Rd[Pc^a AND PRESS /+ .OW YOU SHOULD HAVE A BLANK CLASS LIBRARY PROJECT THAT CONTAINS ONLY A FILE CALLED 2[Pbb Rb $ELETE THIS FILE AND CREATE A NEW CLASS WITH THE NAME OF 4]VX]T 4HIS CLASS WILL CONTAIN THE SAME CODE USED IN ,ISTING   .OW THAT YOUVE CREATED THE CLASS TO TEST LETS WRITE THE TWO REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TEST v

!SSERT THAT 4]VX]T CAN CALCULATE THE SUM OF TWO INTEGER GREATER THAN 

v

!SSERT THAT 4]VX]T WILL THROW AN EXCEPTION IF ONE OF THE NUMBERS IS EQUAL TO 

4O CREATE A NEW TEST YOU CAN EITHER CREATE A TEST PROJECT IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND REFERENCE THE #ALCULATOR PROJECT OR YOU CAN RIGHT CLICK IN THE 4]VX]TRb CLASS FILE CONTENT ANY PLACE IN THE CODE EDITOR AND CHOOSE THE COMMAND #REATE 5NIT TESTSx4HIS COMMAND POPS UP A NEW DIALOG LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   #REATE UNIT TEST DIALOG



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

4HE DIALOG LETS YOU SELECT THE METHODS AND PROPERTIES YOU WANT TO TEST SO SELECT THE CONSTRUCTOR AND THE Bd\ METHOD OF THE CLASS 4]VX]T 4HE NEXT WINDOW ASKS FOR A NAME FOR THE NEW # PROJECT #ALL IT 2P[Rd[Pc^aCTbc SO YOU KNOW THAT IT REPRESENTS THE TEST CTbc FOR THE 2P[Rd[Pc^a ASSEMBLY !T THIS POINT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE TWO DIFFERENT METHODS AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   #ONSTRUCTOR 4EST JCTbc3>) 8\_[T\T]c R^ST c^ eTaXUh cPaVTc* l )T WILL ALSO CREATE THE METHOD REPRESENTED IN ,ISTING   .OTICE THAT AT THE END OF THE TEST METHOD IN ,ISTING   6ISUAL 3TUDIO ADDED AN 0bbTac CALL TO THE 8]R^]R[dbXeT METHOD 4HIS METHOD IS ADDED TO LET YOU KNOW THAT A TEST SKELETON HAS BEEN CREATED BUT NOW YOU HAVE TO WRITE THE CORRECT TEST ASSERTIONS 9OU CAN DO THIS USING THE 0bbTac CLASS WHICH EXPOSES A LIST OF METHODS TO VERIFY A LOT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ASSERTIONS 9OU CAN FIND A DETAILED LIST OF ASSERTIONS VERIFIABLE WITH THE 0bbTac CLASS AT \bS]\XRa^b^Uc R^\[XQaPah\XRa^b^UceXbdP[bcdSX^cTbcc^^[bd]XccTbcX]VPbbTacPb_g .OW WHAT YOU WANT TO VERIFY IN THIS METHOD IS THAT THE OBJECT IS NOT NULL "ECAUSE YOU ARE TESTING THE CONSTRUCTOR OF THE ENGINE CLASS THE CORRECT IMPLEMENTATION OF ,ISTING   WOULD BE SOMETHING LIKE WHATS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4$$ #LASS #ONSTRUCTOR JCTbcUCh_TcPaVTc ch_T^U4]VX]T* l 9OU WANT TO VERIFY THAT THE OBJECT IS NOT NULL AND THAT IT IS OF TYPE 4]VX]T 2IGHT CLICK THE JCTbc
&IGURE   4EST RESULTS WINDOW IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

4HE WINDOW IN THE &IGURE   SHOWS THAT YOU CAN ACCESS ALL THE FEATURES OF THE -34EST ENGINE USING THE 4EST 2ESULTS PANEL 9OU CAN LOOK AT THE TEST RESULTS THE TEST EXECUTION STATISTICS AND MORE 9OU CAN ALSO SELECT ANY TEST AND RERUN IT OR RUN THEM WITH THE DEBUG OPTION 4HE OTHER TWO TESTS WERE SHOWN ALREADY IN ,ISTING   AND ,ISTING   ,ISTING   VERIFIES THAT 4]VX]T CAN EXECUTE A NORMAL OPERATION WITH TWO INTEGER NUMBERS GREATER THAN  WHILE ,ISTING   IS USED FOR VERIFYING THE EXCEPTION /F COURSE THE TWO TESTS HAVE BEEN CHANGED FROM THE ORIGINAL ONES THAT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROVIDES 4HE METHOD IN ,ISTING   USES THE ATTRIBUTE J4g_TRcTS4gRT_cX^]L AVAILABLE FROM THE <XRa^b^UcEXbdP[BcdSX^CTbcC^^[b NAMESPACE 4HE ATTRIBUTE IS USED TO TEST WHETHER AN EXPECTED EXCEPTION IS THROWN 4HE TEST METHOD WILL PASS IF THE EXPECTED EXCEPTION IS THROWN OF COURSE FOR IT TO PASS THE TEST YOU CANT INCLUDE IN YOUR TEST METHOD A TRYCATCH BLOCK THAT WILL CATCH THE EXCEPTION !NOTHER OPTION FOR CREATING A NEW 4EST IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IS TO RIGHT CLICK IN 3OLUTION %XPLORER ON A TEST PROJECT AND SELECT !DD .EW 4EST 4HIS BRINGS UP IN A DIALOG ALL THE TESTS THAT 63 PROVIDES YOULL SEE THE SAME LIST IN THE CONTEXT MENU WHEN YOU RIGHT CLICK ON A 4EST PROJECT SEE &IGURE    4HE NEXT SECTION GIVES IS A SHORT OVERVIEW OF WHAT EACH OF THESE TEST OBJECTS IS USED FOR

&IGURE   !DD .EW 4EST DIALOG



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

Available Tests v

"ASIC 5NIT 4EST ! CLASS MARKED WITH THE ATTRIBUTE JCTbcL WHICH CAN INCLUDE VARIOUS TEST METHODS

v

#ODED 5) 4EST ! SPECIAL TEST THAT CAN RECORD USER ACTIONS IN A 5) TO TEST A GRAPHICAL COMPONENT SUCH AS A FX]S^f ?PVT OR DbTa2^]ca^[

v

$ATABASE 5NIT 4EST ! SPECIAL TEST USED TO VERIFY OBJECTS IN A DATABASE SUCH AS STORED PROCEDURES TABLES AND MORE

v

'ENERIC 4EST ! GENERIC PROGRAM OR S[[ WRAPPED TO WORK AND ACT AS A TEST

v

,OAD 4EST !N AGGREGATION OF TESTS THAT CAN RUN TOGETHER

v

/RDERED 4EST ! WAY TO EXECUTE A SET OF TESTS IN A SPECIFIED ORDER

v

5NIT 4EST 4HE CLASSIC UNIT TEST LIKE THE ONE CREATED IN THIS SECTION

v

5NIT 4EST 7IZARD ! WAY TO BRING UP THE !DD.EW 4EST WIZARD SHOWN IN &IGURE  

v

7EB 0ERFORMANCES ! WAY TO TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF 7EB APPLICATIONS SUCH !30.%4

)N THIS BOOK YOULL LEARN HOW TO CREATE A UNIT TEST AND THEN SEE HOW MUCH CODE WAS COVERED WITH THE TEST )F YOU PLAN TO COVER YOUR APPLICATION BY TESTING ALL THE LAYERS AND COMPONENTS AND TO DEVELOP USING THE 4$$ APPROACH YOU WILL PROBABLY ALSO USE THE ,OAD AND THE /RDERED TESTS SO YOU CAN TEST AN ENTIRE COMPONENT OR AN ENTIRE LAYER BY SEQUENTIALLY RUNNING A SET OF UNIT TESTS THAT WILL COVER ALL YOUR APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 4HE ONLY TEST THAT YOU WILL NEVER USE FOR A 70& APPLICATION IS THE 0ERFORMANCES TEST FOR A 7EB APPLICATION

#ODE #OVERAGE WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )N THE PREVIOUS SECTION YOU SAW THAT AN IMPORTANT MEASURE OF THE CORRECTNESS OF YOUR TESTS IS THE #ODE #OVERAGE METRIC THAT IS A CORE PART OF THE 4$$ METHODOLOGY BUT YOU HAVENT SEEN YET HOW TO USE THIS TECHNIQUE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )N 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  THE CODE COVERAGE FEATURE WAS PRECONFIGURED SO THAT AFTER YOU RAN A UNIT TEST YOU COULD IMMEDIATELY VERIFY THE TESTS COVERAGE )N THE  VERSION THE CODE COVERAGE IS NOT ENABLED BY DEFAULT AND TO ENABLE IT YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  CONFIGURES THE TEST ENVIRONMENT &IGURE   SHOWS THE DEFAULT LAYOUT OF THE #ALCULATOR PROJECT AFTER THE FIRST SET OF UNIT TESTS WAS CREATED



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&IGURE   3OLUTION %XPLORER VIEW OF THE #ALCULATOR PROJECT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO CREATED TWO ADDITIONAL FILES AND ONE FOLDER IN THE ROOT OF THE APPLICATION 4HE FOLDER IS CALLED B^[dcX^] 8cT\b AND THE FILES ARE 2P[Rd[Pc^aeb\SX AND ;^RP[cTbcbTccX]Vb 4HE FILE WITH THE EXTENSION eb\SX IS USED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )F YOU DOUBLE CLICK IT YOULL SEE A PANEL SHOWING ALL THE AVAILABLE TESTS IN THE SOLUTION 4HE FILE WITH THE cTbcbTccX]Vb EXTENSION INCLUDES ALL THE INFORMATION THE TESTS REQUIRE TO RUN 9OU CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE cTbcbTccX]Vb SO YOU CAN SPECIFY DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS FOR YOUR TESTS ,ETS SAY THAT IN YOUR TESTS YOU REFERENCE AN ASSEMBLY LOCATED IN 2)K


#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

&IGURE   6ISUAL 3TUDIO TEST SETTINGS 9OU CAN ACCESS EACH SECTION IN THE DIALOG USING THE LIST ON THE LEFT THE OPTION YOU NEED TO MODIFY IS THE ONE LABELED $ATA AND $IAGNOSTICS WHICH CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT THE TOOLS YOU WANT TO ADD TO YOUR TEST .OTE THOUGH THAT THIS SECTION IS AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE 5LTIMATE AND 0REMIUM VERSIONS OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SO IF YOU HAVE A LOWER VERSION LIKE 0ROFESSIONAL YOU WONT BE ABLE TO ACCESS THIS SECTION OF THE TEST CONFIGURATION 3ELECT THE #ODE #OVERAGE TOOL AND THEN CLICK THE #ONFIGURE BUTTON AT THE TOP OF THE $ATA AND $IAGNOSTICS LIST 9OULL THEN SEE ANOTHER WINDOW WITH A LIST OF ASSEMBLIES YOU CAN INSTRUMENT )N THIS WINDOW YOU SELECT THE !SSEMBLY YOU WANT TO TEST SO CHOOSE 2P[Rd[Pc^aS[[ 7HAT DID YOU DO IN THIS STEP 6ISUAL 3TUDIO NEEDS TO KNOW WHAT CODE YOU ARE EXECUTING AND COVERING IN YOUR TESTS SO IT CAN MODIFY THE CORRESPONDING ASSEMBLY CODE IN ORDER TO INSTRUMENT IT SO THAT WHEN YOU RUN THE CODE -34EST WILL BE ABLE TO MONITOR IT AND GIVE YOU BACK A CODE COVERAGE RESULT .OW IF YOU RUN YOUR TESTS AGAIN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO TEST ENGINE SHOULD ALSO CREATE CODE COVERAGE STATISTICS THAT YOU CAN EXPLORE AFTER ALL THE TESTS ARE EXECUTED 4HE CODE COVERAGE IS CALCULATED ONLY AFTER A SPECIFIC TEST IS EXECUTED AND ITS ASSERTS ARE ALL SUCCESSFUL )F THE TESTS FAIL 63 WILL NOT CALCULATE THE CODE COVERAGE 9OU CAN VIEW THE CODE COVERAGE WINDOW IN DIFFERENT WAYS v

&ROM THE MENU SELECT 4EST ➤7INDOWS ➤ #ODE #OVERAGE 2ESULTS

v

2IGHT CLICK A TEST RESULT IN THE 4EST 2ESULTS WINDOWS AND SELECT 6IEW #ODE #OVERAGE

,OOK BACK AT &IGURE   WHICH SHOWS THE #ODE #OVERAGE PANEL IN ACTION FOR EACH METHOD OR PROPERTY EXPOSED BY THE INSTRUMENTED ASSEMBLY CODE COVERAGE SHOWS YOU THE NUMBER OF BLOCKS OF CODE THAT CAN BE COVERED BY TESTS THE NUMBER ALREADY COVERED AND A PERCENTAGE



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

&ROM THIS WINDOW YOU CAN DOUBLE CLICK ONE OF THE TESTED METHODS OR PROPERTIES AND VERIFY THE AMOUNT OF CODE COVERED "UT BEFORE DOING THAT YOU SHOULD ENABLE THE CODE COLORING FEATURE #ODE COLORING CAN BE SWITCHED ON AND OFF BY CLICKING ON THE FOURTH ICON IN THE TOOLBAR OF THE #ODE #OVERAGE PANEL !FTER YOU ENABLE CODE COLORING AND YOU CLICK FOR EXAMPLE ON THE Bd\ METHOD OF THE 4]VX]T CLASS IT WILL APPEAR AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   #ODE COLORING 9OU CAN CONFIGURE THE COLORS IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO BY OPENING THE COLOR PREFERENCES AVAILABLE THROUGH THE MENU 4OOLS ➤ /PTIONS ➤ &ONTS AND #OLORS ) ASSIGNED RED TO THE NONCOVERED REGIONS GREEN TO THE COVERED REGIONS AND ORANGE TO THE PARTIALLY COVERED REGIONS &IGURE   SHOWS THE Bd\ METHOD MODIFIED FROM ITS ORIGINAL IMPLEMENTATION JUST TO SHOW YOU HOW THE CODE COVERAGE COLORING WORKS IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 

TDD: the TimeTracker Application .OW THAT YOUVE SEEN HOW THE 4$$ METHODOLOGY CAN BE APPLIED TO A PROJECT AND THE TOOLS THAT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROVIDES TO IMPLEMENT 4$$ LETS TAKE A LOOK AT THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND SEE HOW TO TEST THE VARIOUS LAYERS OF THE APPLICATION 9OU MAY ALREADY UNDERSTAND FROM READING THIS CHAPTER THAT EVEN THOUGH THE 4$$ TECHNIQUE IS VERY HELPFUL IT IS ALSO VERBOSE AND TIME CONSUMING IN FACT THE COMMON RULE OF 4$$ IS THAT YOU WILL END UP WRITING  CODE MORE IN THE TESTS THAN IN THE PRODUCTION CODE 3O FOR INSTANCE IF YOUR PRODUCTION CODE CONSISTS OF  LINES YOU WILL PROBABLY END UP WITH  LINESˆ LINES OF PRODUCTION CODE   LINES OF TESTING CODE /F COURSE THIS EXAMPLE IS PURELY THEORETICAL )N ANY CASE LETS TAKE A LOOK AT HOW TO TEST EACH OF THE EXISTING LAYERS $!, ",, 5) OF THE APPLICATION AND HOW TO DO THIS USING THE COMMON 4$$ BEST PRACTICES )T IS NOT THE GOAL OF THIS SECTION TO SHOW YOU THE FULL TESTING CODE OF THE ENTIRE APPLICATION 7HEN YOU WRITE A LAYERED APPLICATION LIKE THE 4IME4RACKER 70& APPLICATION YOU USUALLY CREATE AN ADDITIONAL TEST PROJECT FOR EACH LAYER SO YOU CAN KEEP THE TESTS OF ONE LAYER SEPARATE AND LOOSELY COUPLED TO THE TESTS OF ANOTHER LAYER



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

4HE ORDER IN WHICH YOU TEST YOUR LAYERS IS USUALLY DEVELOPMENT DRIVEN SO YOU SHOULD EXPECT TO CREATE A TEST PROJECT FOR THE DOMAIN LAYER THEN CREATE THE DOMAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE TEST AND ONE BY ONE CREATE THE CORRESPONDING CODE IN THE DOMAIN ASSEMBLY 7HEN THE DOMAIN IS READY YOU SHOULD CREATE THE DATA LAYER PART AND THEN THE PRESENTATION LAYER 6IEW-ODELS 6IEWS 

4EST THE "USINESS $OMAIN ,AYER "ECAUSE WE CREATED ALL THE 4IME4RACKER CODE BEFORE WRITING THE TESTS IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE WE ARE NOT REALLY WRITING 4$$ BUT SIMPLY WRITING TESTS FOR THE EXISTING CODE 3INCE THE PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK IS TO CREATE A LAYERED 70& APPLICATION AND NOT TO LEARN 4$$ THE IDEA IS JUST TO SHOW YOU HOW TO IMPLEMENT 4$$ )N THE REAL WORLD OF COURSE THE APPROACH SHOULD BE OPPOSITE TO THE ONE USED IN THIS BOOKˆYOU SHOULD CREATE THE TESTS FIRST AND THEN THE CORRESPONDING CODE )N 3OLUTION %XPLORER RIGHT CLICK THE 4IME4RACKER SOLUTION NODE AND ADD A NEW SOLUTION FOLDER CALLED 4ESTS 4HIS FOLDER WILL KEEP THE TEST PROJECTS SEPARATE FROM THE REST OF THE APPLICATION 9OU MAY HAVE ALREADY CREATED THIS IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTERS WHEN YOU CREATED THE UNIT TESTS FOR THE DATA LAYER )M REPEATING IT HERE JUST TO BE SURE YOU HAVE EVERYTHING IN PLACE )N THE 4$$ SYNTAX A TEST IS CALLED &IXTURE BUT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO CALLS THEM 4EST )N THIS BOOK ) USE THE 4EST NAMING CONVENTION JUST TO STAY IN LINE WITH THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SYNTAX BUT IT MAY HAPPEN THAT YOU SEE A PROJECT WHERE THE TESTS ARE CALLED USING THE PREFIXSUFFIX &IXTURE INSTEAD OF THE 4EST ONE .OW RIGHT CLICK ON THE 4ESTS FOLDER AND CREATE A NEW PROJECT OF TYPE 4EST $OCUMENT ➤ 4EST 0ROJECT .AME IT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V1dbX]Tbb;PhTaCTbc AND PRESS /+ 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE A NEW TEST PROJECT WITH A DEFAULT UNIT TEST CALLED D]XcCTbc Rb THAT YOU HAVE TO DELETE .OW CHOOSE TO ADD A NEW TEST TO THE PROJECT AND SELECT THE 5NIT 4EST FILE TYPE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO OPENS A DIALOG SHOWING ALL THE AVAILABLE PROJECTS IN THE APPLICATION NAVIGATE THROUGH THE "USINESS ,AYER PROJECT AND SELECT THE A^[T DOMAIN ENTITY WITH ALL ITS PROPERTIES AND METHODS AND PRESS /+ 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL NOW ADD ALL THE REQUIRED REFERENCES AND IT WILL ALSO CREATE A NEW FILE CALLED A^[TCTbcRb CONTAINING ALL THE REQUIRED TEST 4ESTS FOR THE A^[T OBJECT 9OU CAN SIMPLY RIGHT CLICK ON THE A^[TCTbc JCTbc2[PbbL ATTRIBUTE AND SELECT THE 2UN TEST COMMAND AND EXECUTE ALL THE RELATED TESTS 9OU WILL RECEIVE A FAILURE FOR SOME TESTS AND A QUESTION MARK FOR OTHERS THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT 63 ADDS AT THE END OF EACH TEST THE 0bbTac8]R^]R[dbXeT METHOD WHICH INFORMS 63 THAT YOUR TESTS ARE INCONCLUSIVE AND THAT YOU HAVE TO VERIFY THE FINAL RESULT 7HAT YOU CAN DO NOW IS TO REMOVE ALL THE 0bbTac8]R^]R[dbXeT METHODS AND RERUN ALL THE TESTS 4HEN READ THE #ODE #OVERAGE TO UNDERSTAND HOW MUCH AMOUNT OF CODE THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WIZARD HAS ALREADY COVERED FOR YOU 9OU SHOULD GET  COVERAGE AS THE CODE IMPLEMENTED BY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IN YOUR TESTS IS JUST THE STARTING POINT &OR A DOMAIN ENTITY CREATED BY %NTITY &RAMEWORK YOU SHOULD TEST THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS AND METHODS v

4EST THE CONSTRUCTOR AND VERIFY THAT THE PROPERTIES ARE INITIALIZED CORRECTLY

v

7RITE A TEST FOR EACH PROPERTY BY ADDING A MOCKUP VALUE TO THE PROPERTY AND VERIFY THAT THE VALUE IS PROPERLY INJECTED

v

7RITE A TEST FOR EACH METHOD EXPOSED BY THE ENTITY AND A CORRESPONDING TEST TO ALSO VERIFY THE WELL KNOWN EXCEPTIONS IT MAY THROW

&OR THE DOMAIN MODEL YOU SHOULD COVER ALMOST  AS IT DOESNT HAVE ANY DEPENDENCIES AND IT REPRESENTS THE CORE OF THE APPLICATION



#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

4ESTING THE $ATA ,AYER 4ESTING THE $!, OF AN APPLICATION CAN BE A MORE CHALLENGING TASK BECAUSE IT HAS A DIRECT DEPENDENCY ON THE DATABASE 7HEN YOU WORK WITH AN /2- THE TESTING YOU DO USING THE DATA LAYER IS TO BE SURE THAT THE DATA CAN BE PERSISTED AND RETRIEVED AS EXPECTED USING THE /2- AND THE DATA LAYER THAT IS WRAPPING IT AROUND 3O HOW CAN YOU TEST A DATA LAYER PROPERLY &IRST CREATE A NEW TEST PROJECT BUT THIS TIME NAME THE PROJECT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V3PcP;PhTaCTbc AS IT WILL INCLUDE TESTS FOR THE $!, OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 4HE FIRST COMPONENT TO TEST IS THE D]Xc>UF^aZˆNOT THE 8D]Xc>UF^aZˆAS IN THE 4$$ METHODOLOGY YOU TEST THE IMPLEMENTATION AND NOT THE CONTRACT 3O AS YOU DID FOR THE A^[T ENTITY IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION USING THE 4EST CREATION WIZARD CREATE A NEW TEST PROJECT THIS TIME FOR THE D]Xc>UF^aZ COMPONENT OF THE $!, "UT DONT SELECT ANY METHOD THIS TIME SO THAT THE TEST WILL BE CREATED WITH ALL THE CORRESPONDING REFERENCES BUT WITHOUT ANY METHOD INSIDE 4HE SECOND STEP IS TO ADD A NEW FILE OF TYPE h#ONFIGURATION FILE APPCONFIG v IN THE TEST PROJECT AND PROVIDE A CONNECTION STRING LIKE YOU DID IN THE 70& APPLICATION SO THAT THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK WILL BE ABLE TO READ THE CONFIGURATION SECTION AND RUN AGAINST A DATABASE 3EE ,ISTING   7EVE ACTUALLY DONE THIS ALREADY IN #HAPTER  BUT NOW WERE ALSO TAKING A CLOSER LOOK THE 4$$ TECHNIQUE ,ISTING   #ONFIGURATION &ILE FOR THE $!, 4EST 0ROJECT +.g\[ eTabX^],  T]R^SX]V,dcU'.+R^]UXVdaPcX^]+R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]Vb+PSS ]P\T,CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta R^]]TRcX^]BcaX]V,\TcPSPcP,aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[RbS[k aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[bbS[k aTb)CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[\b[* _a^eXSTa,BhbcT\3PcPB`[2[XT]c* _a^eXSTa R^]]TRcX^] bcaX]V,`d^c* 3PcP B^daRT,KB@;4G?A4BB* 8]XcXP[ 2PcP[^V,CX\TCaPRZTa3PcPQPbT* 8]cTVaPcTS BTRdaXch,CadT*


#(!04%2  ■ 4%34).' 7)4( 4$$

,ISTING   5NIT 4EST FOR THE #REATION OF A D]Xc >U F^aZ JCTbcUF>aZ j dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^f* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^fBTbbX^]* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[d^fBTbbX^]2^]]TRcX^]* l l 4HEN YOU SHOULD TEST THE PROPERTIES SUCH AS TO VERIFY THAT THE TRANSACTION CAN BE STARTED AND CAN BE COMMITTED AND ROLLED BACK 9OU SHOULD ALSO TEST THAT IF YOU TRY TO START A TRANSACTION TWICE IN A ROW WITHOUT COMMITTING THE FIRST ONE THE 5O7 WILL THROW AN EXCEPTION )N ORDER TO TEST THE <PaZ=Tf+C- <PaZ3T[TcT+C- AND <PaZ3Xach+C- METHODS YOU NEED TO PROVIDE A DOMAIN ENTITY AND SAVE DELETE OR UPDATE IT USING THE %& SESSION (OWEVER BECAUSE THIS STEP HAS ALREADY BEEN ACCOMPLISHED IN EVERY REPOSITORY TEST YOU CAN SKIP THIS IN THE 5O7 TEST AS THE CODE WILL BE COVERED IN THE REPOSITORY TEST &OR EACH REPOSITORY YOU SHOULD DO THE SAME ADDING A NEW TEST CLASS AND COVERING ALL THE METHODS EXPOSED BY THE BASE PLUS THE CONCRETE REPOSITORY BECAUSE FOR EACH REPOSITORY THE CORRESPONDING DOMAIN ENTITY IS DIFFERENT ,ISTING   SHOWS AN EXAMPLE TEST FOR THE A^[TATb_^bXc^ah DELETE METHOD ,ISTING   4EST THE A^[TATb_^bXc^ah DELETE METHOD JCTbcQYTRc j dbX]V 8D]Xc>UF^aZ d^f , ]Tf D]Xc>UF^aZ j  PSS ]Tf ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]* ePa aT_^bXc^ah , ]Tf A^[TAT_^bXc^ahd^f* ePa a^[T , ]Tf A^[T j =P\T , <^RZd_A^[T 3TbRaX_cX^] , A^[T U^a cWT CTbc l* d^f<PaZ=Tfa^[T* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  aTcaTXeT ^QYTRc dbX]V cWT D^F A^[T Tg_TRcTSA^[T , d^f BTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[Tg_TRcTSA^[T*  ST[TcT cWT ^QYTRc d^fBcPacCaP]bPRcX^]*



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aT_^bXc^ah3T[TcTa^[T* 0bbTac8bCadTTg_TRcTSA^[T4]cXchBcPcT ,, 4]cXchBcPcT3T[TcTS* d^f2^\\XcCaP]bPRcX^]*  eTaXUh cWT ^QYTRc S^Tb]c TgXbc A^[T UX]P[4g_TRcTSA^[T , d^f BTbbX^] 2aTPcT>QYTRcBTc+A^[T- FWTaTa ,- a8S ,, a^[T8S 5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* 0bbTac8b=d[[UX]P[4g_TRcTSA^[T* l l 4HE PURPOSE OF THIS CODE IS TO VERIFY THAT THE 5O7 IS ABLE TO DELETE AN EXISTING OBJECT "ECAUSE THE 4$$ REQUIRES THAT THE TESTING ENVIRONMENT BE ROLLED BACK TO ITS INITIAL STATE WHEN THE TEST IS DONE YOU SHOULD ALWAYS LEAVE THE TEST DATABASE EMPTY AND PREPARE IT BASED ON THE TEST YOU ARE RUNNING )N THIS CASE YOU NEED AN ENTITY IN THE DATABASE BEFORE YOU CAN DELETE ONE SO THE FIRST THING TO DO IS TO CREATE A NEW ENTITY AND VERIFY THAT IS HAS BEEN CREATED PROPERLY IN THE DATABASE 4HEN YOU DELETE IT USING THE REPOSITORY AND FINALLY RETRIEVE IT AGAIN USING THE 5O7 4HE CREATION OF A NEW ENTITY SHOULD BE A TEST ON ITS OWN AS WELL BUT TO KEEP THINGS SIMPLE IN THIS BOOK WE JUST ASSEMBLED THE TWO TESTS TOGETHER )F YOU ARE WONDERING WHY WE ARE NOT USING THE REPOSITORY TO INSERT AND RETRIEVE THE ENTITY THE ANSWER IS VERY SIMPLE )TS BECAUSE THIS TEST CLASS IS USED TO TEST THE REPOSITORY ITSELF AND THIS METHOD IS USED SPECIFICALLY TO TEST THE DELETE METHOD !T THIS POINT YOU STILL DONT KNOW IF THE INSERT METHOD IS WORKING SO YOU SHOULDNT ADD ADDITIONAL DEPENDENCIES TO TEST 4HE SAME PROCESS SHOULD BE DONE FOR THE REMAINING REPOSITORIES OF THE DATA LAYER

4ESTING THE 5) 4HE PROCESS OF TESTING THE 5) CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED WITH TWO DIFFERENT STEPS &OR EXAMPLE THE 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa 70& PROJECT CONSISTS OF A SET OF SERVICES AND 6IEW-ODEL OBJECTS THAT CAN BE TESTED USING THE NORMAL APPROACH OF CREATING A NEW UNIT TEST AND ASSERTING THE CORRESPONDING REQUIREMENTS )N CONTRAST SOMETHING LIKE THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTfgP\[ OBJECT CAN BE TESTED ONLY BY HAVING A USER THAT INTERACTS WITH THE VIEW ,ETS CREATE A NEW TEST PROJECT AND CALL IT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaCTbc )T WILL INCLUDE TESTS FOR THE SERVICES TESTS FOR THE 6IEW-ODELS AND TESTS FOR THE 5) 9OU CAN USE THE 7IZARD TEST TO TEST ALL THE 6IEW-ODELS THE 3ERVICES AND THE COMMAND OBJECTS IN THE SAME WAY AS WITH THE DOMAIN ENTITY 3O FOR INSTANCE IF A 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT HAS SOME PROPERTIES AND METHODS YOU NEED TO VERIFY THAT THEY ARE ALL CREATED AND INSTANTIATED AS EXPECTED )N THIS CASE WITH A 6IEW-ODEL YOU WANT TO VERIFY THAT THE VALUE EXPOSED BY THE 6IEW-ODEL IS THE SAME AS THAT OF THE CORRESPONDING PROPERTY IN THE CORRESPONDING MODEL AS IN ,ISTING  



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,ISTING   4ESTING THE 0SSaTbb3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[ /BJECT JCTbc
&IGURE   2ECORDING ACTIONS IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 5) TESTING )N THIS CASE WE INSERT A hSEARCH TEXTv STRING IN A CTgc1^g SO THE CORRESPONDING TEST SHOULD VERIFY THAT THE 6IEW-ODEL PROPERTY HAS THAT SAME VALUE 7RITING TESTS FOR THE 5) IS NOT AS EASY AS WRITING TESTS FOR NON 5) OBJECTS AS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER ADDITIONAL FACTORS LIKE ALL THE POSSIBLE OPTIONS OFFERED BY THE 5) ELEMENTS THE USER INTERACTIONS AND MORE &INALLY WITH THE 5) TESTING YOU CANT GET REAL CODE COVERAGE AS YOU ARENT TESTING THE CODE COVERAGE OF THE APPLICATION BUT THE 5) BEHAVIOR REQUIREMENTS



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Summary 4EST $RIVEN $EVELOPMENT IS AN AGILE METHODOLOGY USED TO INVERT THE ORDER IN WHICH YOU DEVELOP AND TEST AN APPLICATION )NSTEAD OF WRITING THE CODE AND THEN DEBUGGING IT WITH 4$$ YOU WRITE THE TEST TO VERIFY THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS AND THEN YOU WRITE THE CODE TO SATISFY THESE TESTS AND CONSEQUENTLY ALSO THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 7RITING A 4$$ APPLICATION MAY REQUIRE TIME AND WHEN IT IS YOUR FIRST 4$$ APPLICATION IT MAY REQUIRE DOUBLE THE TIME YOU NORMALLY NEED TO WRITE AN APPLICATION 4HE ADVANTAGE OF USING 4$$ IS REALLY DISCOVERED IN THE FUTURE WHEN YOU MOVE FROM THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE OF THE APPLICATION TO THE MAINTENANCE PHASE )N THIS PHASE YOU TYPICALLY SPEND A LOT OF TIME TESTING DEBUGGING AND TRYING TO FIX AND SORT OUT BUGS DISCOVERED BY YOUR 1! DEPARTMENT )F YOUVE ADOPTED 4$$ METHODOLOGY THIS PHASE WILL BE MUCH EASIER BECAUSE YOU WILL ALREADY HAVE A SET OF TESTS THAT CAN VERIFY WHETHER THE APPLICATION IS STILL STABLE AND COVERED AND IF A NEW FEATURE MIGHT COMPROMISE THE EXISTING STRUCTURE OF THE SOFTWARE 7HEN YOU TEST A LAYERED APPLICATION LIKE 4IME4RACKER YOU NEED TO PROVIDE A TEST PROJECT FOR EACH LAYER AND USE A DIFFERENT APPROACH BASED ON THE TYPE OF CODE YOU ARE TESTING &OR INSTANCE THE TESTING CODE YOU WRITE FOR A DOMAIN ENTITY IS TOTALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE CODE YOU WRITE TO TEST A USER INTERFACE LIKE A 70& 6IEW 4$$ CAN BE MEASURED USING CODE COVERAGEˆTHE AMOUNT OF CODE COVERED BY A SPECIFIC SET OF UNIT TESTS #ODE COVERAGE IS ONE METRIC FOR 4$$ BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED THE ONLY METRIC BECAUSE SOMETIMES IT DOESNT REALLY PROVIDE AN ABSOLUTE MEASURE OF CODE QUALITY 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  PROVIDES A SET OF PANES TOOLS AND ASSEMBLIES THAT CAN MAKE THE CREATION OF A 4$$ APPLICATION FAST AND EASY 7ITHIN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )$% YOU CAN ACCESS ALL THE ASPECTS OF THE 4$$ AND CONTROL CODE QUALITY AND CODE COVERAGE 5NFORTUNATELY ALL THESE NICE FEATURES ARE NOT AVAILABLE IN THE %XPRESS EDITION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO



CHAPTER ■■■

Reports with Microsoft Reporting Services 'IVING THE USER A WAY TO PRINT OUT THE DATA HES WORKING WITH IS A VERY COMMON APPLICATION REQUIREMENT ESPECIALLY WHEN THIS DATA IS USED FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES )N THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION ONE OF THE TASKS THE USER CAN ACCOMPLISH IS TO ORGANIZE APPOINTMENTS BETWEEN AN EMPLOYEE AND A CUSTOMER AND THIS REQUIRES A SET OF REPORTS THAT SHOULD BE DISPLAYED AND PRINTED WITHIN THE 5) USING A REPORT VIEWER COMPONENT ! REPORT IS A DIGITAL DOCUMENT THAT DISPLAYS INFORMATION RETRIEVED FROM A DATABASE IN THE FORM OF ORDERED DATA TYPICALLY AS A GRID OR MATRIX OR GRAPHICALLY AS IN A CHART 4HE REPORT BECOMES MORE USEFUL TO THE USER WHEN IT CAN BE PRINTED AND WHEN IT CAN BE EXPORTED FROM THE APPLICATION AND USED WITH DIFFERENT SOFTWARE FOR EXAMPLE IF IT CAN BE EXPORTED AS A 0ORTABLE $IGITAL &ORMAT 0$& AND SAVED TO THE LOCAL FILE SYSTEM OR SENT WITH AN E MAIL 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  OFFERS TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPORTING YOU CAN USE IN YOUR APPLICATIONS /NE IS THE -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES SOFTWARE A SUBSET OF THE REPORTING TECHNOLOGY IN -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 THE SECOND IS A THIRD PARTY TECHNOLOGY THAT IS NOW PROVIDED FOR FREE WITHIN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO ENVIRONMENTˆTHE FAMOUS #RYSTAL 2EPORTS #2  4HE -ICROSOFT REPORTING TECHNOLOGY CAN BE HOSTED USING YOUR 31, 3ERVER  2 7INDOWS 3HARE0OINT 3ERVICES IF YOU HAVE THAT OR DIRECTLY WITHIN YOUR 70& APPLICATION USING THE 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL 2EPORT6IEWER THAT 63 PROVIDES )T PRODUCES A FILE WITH EXTENSION aS[R WHICH CAN BE EDITED IN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO )$% )T LETS YOU HAVE A PREVIEW OF THE FINAL RESULT BY SIMPLY QUERYING THE DATA AVAILABLE IN THE DATABASE AND BY SHOWING YOU A PREVIEW OF THE FINAL RESULT 3!0 #RYSTAL 2EPORTS FOR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  IS A SUBSET OF THE 3!0 #RYSTAL 2EPORTS ENGINE AVAILABLE FROM 3!0 WHICH BOUGHT THE #RYSTAL 2EPORTS COMPANY A FEW YEARS AGO 4HOUGH #2 WAS INTEGRATED IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IT WAS NOT FREE YOU HAD TO PURCHASE A DEVELOPMENT LICENSE -OREOVER THE INTEGRATION WITH 7INDOWS &ORMS WAS NOT EASY AT ALL .OW HOWEVER 3!0 #RYSTAL 2EPORTS HAS RELEASED A VERSION FOR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  THAT IS COMPLETELY FREE AND EASY TO REDISTRIBUTE 9OU JUST NEED TO REGISTER YOUR VERSION AND DOWNLOAD THE RUNTIMES FROM THIS WEB SITE IN ORDER TO HAVE A FULL WORKING VERSION fffbP_R^\ b^[dcX^]bbP_RahbcP[b^[dcX^]b`dTahaT_^acX]VP]P[hbXbbP_RahbcP[aT_^acb eXbdP[bcdSX^X]STgT_g )N THIS CHAPTER WE WILL CONFIGURE THE -ICROSOFT REPORTING TECHNOLOGY AND BUILD SOME REPORTS SO YOULL GET A NICE OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCT 7E WILL HOST THE REPORTS IN OUR 70& APPLICATION OR ON A 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICE WEB SITE



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■ .OTE )N ORDER TO FOLLOW THE NEXT TUTORIALS YOUR DATABASE SHOULD BE POPULATED WITH SOME DUMMY DATA SO THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO VIEW THE DATA DISPLAYED IN THE REPORTS AND VERIFY THAT ITS CORRECT )N CASE YOU HAVENT COMPLETED THE 5) OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU CAN EDIT THE DATA IN THE 4IME4RACKER DATABASE BY OPENING -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER -ANAGEMENT 3TUDIO RIGHT CLICKING ON A TABLE AND SELECTING THE COMMAND h%DIT ALL ROWSv 4HIS OPENS THE TABLE IN EDIT MODE AND YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ADD REMOVE OR MODIFY THE DATA

SQL Server Reporting Services 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  PROVIDES A TOOL FOR CREATING aS[R REPORTS WHICH CAN BE HOSTED IN A 7INDOWS &ORMS OR 70& APPLICATION THE SECOND OPTION USES A SIMPLE APPROVED WAY OF EMBEDDING THE 7INDOWS &ORMS 2EPORT6IEWER CONTROL IN 70& OR BY DEPLOYING THEM TO A 3HARE0OINT 31, 2EPORT 3ERVER TO BE DISPLAYED USING A WEB BROWSER $URING THE WRITING OF THIS BOOK ) OMITTED SOME STEPS LIKE CREATING THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY DATA ENTRY VIEWS AS ) BELIEVE THAT AS PART OF THE LEARNING PROCESS THE READER SHOULD EMULATE THE STEPS DESCRIBED IN THE BOOK TO GENERATE NEW FEATURES IN THE APPLICATION &OR THIS REASON THE BOOK INCLUDES THE ENTIRE CODE TO SEARCH FOR AN 4\_[^hTT ENTITY AND TO EDIT CREATE OR DELETE AN 4\_[^hTT ENTITY )N THE SAME WAY WE WILL BUILD REPORTS FOR THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY AND THEN YOU CAN FOLLOW THE STEPS TO BUILD REPORTS FOR THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY ON YOUR OWN 7E WANT TO PRODUCE THREE DIFFERENT REPORTS FOR AN 4\_[^hTT DOMAIN ENTITY 4HE FIRST ONE IS A SIMPLE LIST OF ALL THE AVAILABLE EMPLOYEES ORDERED BY FIRST NAME AND LAST NAME WITH A SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF THE EMPLOYEE INFORMATION 4HE SECOND ONE IS A MORE DETAILED REPORT THAT SHOWS ALL THE INFORMATION AND ALL THE ACTIVITIES OF A SINGLE EMPLOYEE AND IT WILL BE SHOWN FROM THE $ETAILS 6IEW 4HE THIRD REPORT IS A LIST OF APPOINTMENTS FOR EACH EMPLOYEE

#ONFIGURE 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES 7HEN YOU INSTALL 31, 3ERVER  2 WITH ADVANCED SERVICES AND YOU CHOOSE TO INSTALL THE 2EPORTING 3ERVICES FEATURE THE SETUP WILL CREATE AND INSTALL ALL THE REQUIRED COMPONENTS AND SERVICES FOR RUNNING 23 FROM YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE OR FROM WHEREVER YOUVE INSTALLED SUCH SERVICE 5NFORTUNATELY THE SETUP DOESNT PREPARE THE SERVER SO YOULL HAVE TO CONFIGURE IT MANUALLY USING THE WIZARD AVAILABLE THROUGH 3TART ➤ !LL 0ROGRAMS ➤ -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 ➤ #ONFIGURATION 4OOLS ➤ 2EPORTING 3ERVICES #ONFIGURATION -ANAGER !S SOON AS YOU OPEN THE WIZARD IT ASKS YOU TO IDENTIFY THE SERVER NAME IN THE FIRST CTgc1^g AND THE 31, 3ERVER INSTANCE IN THE SECOND ONE WHICH BY DEFAULT SHOULD BE B@;4G?A4BB 7HEN YOU HAVE LOCATED THE CORRECT SERVER PRESS /+ AND THE WIZARD WILL START SEE &IGURE   



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&IGURE   31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES #ONFIGURATION -ANAGER 4HE CONFIGURATION WIZARD CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF STEPS THAT ARE INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER EACH STEP ALLOWS YOU TO CONFIGURE A SPECIFIC FUNCTIONALITY OF THE 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES 3323  !FTER YOU SET UP THE CONFIGURATION IN ONE STEP PRESS THE !PPLY BUTTON BEFORE MOVING ON TO A NEW ONE 4HE FIRST STEP IS SIMPLY VERIFYING THAT 3323 IS UP AND RUNNING 4HEN YOU FOLLOW THESE STEPS 1.

3ERVICE !CCOUNT )N THIS STEP YOU SELECT A SPECIFIC 7INDOWS ACCOUNT TO RUN THE 3323 SERVICE YOU CAN JUST LEAVE IT TO THE DEFAULT .ETWORK 3ERVICE SO YOU DONT NEED TO PRESS !PPLY

2.

7EB 3ERVICE 52, 4HIS STEP CONFIGURES THE WEB APPLICATION IN ))3 THAT WILL HOST THE 3323 WEB SITE 9OU CAN LEAVE THE SETTINGS AS PROPOSED BY THE WIZARD AND CLICK !PPLY THEN CLICK THE LINK IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DIALOG THAT POINTS TO THE CURRENT 3323 52, )F YOU ALREADY HAVE OTHER WEB SITES RUNNING ON ))3 PORT  CONSIDER INSTALLING 3323 ON A DIFFERENT PORT

3.

$ATABASE )N THIS STEP YOU NEED TO TELL 3323 WHERE TO SAVE THE REPORTS YOULL CREATE 3ELECT #HANGE DATABASE AND FOLLOW THE WIZARD TO CREATE A NEW 3323 DATABASE )N THE $ATABASE SERVER SECTION BE SURE TO SUBSTITUTE THE DATABASE NAME WITH KB@;4G?A4BB IF YOU INSTALLED 3323 ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE 4HEN SET UP CREDENTIALS AND AUTHENTICATION AND CREATE THE DATABASE FOLLOWING THE WIZARD 4HIS STEP CREATES TWO DATABASES ONE USING THE NAME YOU INSERTED AND ONE WITH THE SUFFIX 4EMP$B

4.

2EPORT -ANAGER 52, 4HIS STEP CREATES AN ADDITIONAL ))3 WEB APPLICATION THAT YOU WILL USE TO ADMINISTER THE REPORTS 0RESS !PPLY AND VERIFY THAT THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN CREATED



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5.

% MAIL 3ETTINGS 4HIS IS USED TO CONFIGURE E MAIL SETTINGS IF YOU PLAN TO DEPLOY REPORTS THROUGH AN E MAIL SERVICE LIKE -ICROSOFT %XCHANGE 3ERVER 4HIS STEP IS NOT MANDATORY

6.

%XECUTION !CCOUNT )N THIS STEP YOU CAN CHANGE THE ACCOUNT THAT IS USED TO PROCESS THE REPORTS IF YOU NEED TO APPLY ADDITIONAL SECURITY

7.

%NCRYPTION +EYS 4HIS STEP ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE AND BACK UP AN ENCRYPTED KEY FOR KEEP YOUR DATA SAFE )F YOU PLAN TO USE THIS OPTION REMEMBER TO BACK UP THE ENCRYPTION KEY AND SAVE IT AS IT WILL BE THE ONLY WAY TO RESTORE OR CHANGE THE 3323 CONFIGURATION IN THE FUTURE

/NCE YOUR MACHINE IS SET UP YOU NEED TO RESTART IT TO ALLOW 3323 TO PROPERLY RECONFIGURE ))3 AND USER ACCESS CONTROL SO YOU CAN NAVIGATE THE 3323 PORTAL

■ .OTE )F YOU HAVE A MACHINE THAT IS RUNNING 7INDOWS  OR 7INDOWS 6ISTA YOULL HAVE TO DISABLE 5!# IN ORDER TO ALLOW THROUGH THE BROWSER TO AUTHENTICATE IN THE 3323 PORTAL 9OU CAN FIND INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO DISABLE 5!# FOR 7INDOWS 6ISTA AND 7INDOWS  AT Wcc_)fX]S^fb\XRa^b^UcR^\T]DBfX]S^fbeXbcPCda]DbTa 0RR^d]c2^]ca^[^]^a^UU

.OW TRY TO ACCESS THE REPORT PORTAL WHICH SHOULD BE LOCATED AT Wcc_)Jh^dabTaeTaL AT_^acbNB@;4G?A4BBE THE BROWSER SHOULD DISPLAY A PROJECT PORTAL PAGE LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   3323 PORTAL PAGE WITH DEFAULT SETTINGS



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.OW ON THE 3323 HOME PAGE ADD A NEW FOLDER AND CALL IT 4IME4RACKER 4HIS FOLDER IS WHERE YOULL CREATE THE REPORTS FOR THE APPLICATION

TimeTracker Reports !S NOTED EARLIER WE ARE GOING TO USE -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES 3323 IN THIS CHAPTER 5NFORTUNATELY IF YOU WANT TO CREATE A NEW REPORT FOR 3323 RIGHT NOW YOU CANT USE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  AS -ICROSOFT HASNT YET PROVIDED INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE TWO PRODUCTS 4HE ONLY WAY YOU CAN CREATE A NEW 3323 REPORT IS TO OPEN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  SHELL INSTALLED WITH 3323 AND CREATE A NEW REPORT PROJECT FROM THERE 4HEN YOU CAN PUBLISH YOUR REPORTS AND DISPLAY THEM WITHIN YOUR 70& APPLICATION

&IRST 2EPORT %MPLOYEE,IST2EPORT 4HE FIRST REPORT YOULL CREATE IS THE LIST OF EMPLOYEES THAT WILL BE USED TO PRINT A SUMMARY LIST OF THE EMPLOYEES IN THE DATABASE 4HEN YOULL APPLY SOME STYLE AND LAYOUT TO THE REPORT 4O START LOCATE THE 63  "USINESS )NTELLIGENCE SHORTCUT ON YOUR COMPUTER THAT THE 31, 3ERVER  2 %XPRESS %DITION SETUP INSTALLED )F YOU DIDNT INSTALL IT YOU CAN RUN THE SETUP AGAIN AND ADD MORE FEATURES TO THE CURRENT INSTALLATION /R YOU CAN GO TO 3TART ➤ !LL 0ROGRAMS ➤ -ICROSOFT 31, 3ERVER  2 ➤ 31, 3ERVER "USINESS )NTELLIGENCE $EVELOPMENT 3TUDIO !FTER YOU OPEN THIS YOULL SEE THE 63  )$% BUT WITH FEWER FEATURES AND PROJECT TEMPLATES AS THIS VERSION OF 63  JUST USES THE 63 SHELL TO HOST THE 2EPORT $ESIGNER AND OTHER FEATURES PROVIDED BY 31, 3ERVER .OW GO TO THE &ILE MENU AND CREATE A NEW PROJECT BY SELECTING "USINESS )NTELLIGENCE 0ROJECTS ➤ 2EPORT 3ERVER 0ROJECT .AME THE NEW PROJECT CX\TCaPRZTaAT_^acb AND CLICK /+ 63 CREATES A NEW EMPTY SOLUTION THAT WILL HOST REPORTS AND DATA SOURCES FOR 3323 &IGURE   SHOWS THE DEFAULT STRUCTURE IN 3OLUTION %XPLORER AFTER YOU CREATE A NEW 2EPORT 3ERVER 0ROJECT "BY DEFAULT 63 ADDS THREE DIFFERENT FOLDERS IN YOUR PROJECTS v

3HARED $ATA 3OURCES )N THIS FOLDER YOULL CREATE THE DATA SOURCES SHARED BY THE REPORT PROJECT AND HOSTED IN 3323

v

3HARED $ATASET 4HIS FOLDER WILL HOLD THE DATASETS YOU CREATE THAT WILL PROVIDE THE DATA FOR YOUR REPORTS

v

2EPORTS 4HIS FOLDER SHOULD BE USED TO STORE YOUR REPORTS



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&IGURE   $EFAULT LAYOUT OF A 2EPORT PROJECT IN 63 9OU CANT CHANGE THE NAMES AND THE STRUCTURE OF THIS LAYOUT BECAUSE IT IS USED BY 63 TO DEPLOY THE OBJECTS TO THE 3323 PORTAL AND ALSO TO PROVIDE A CONTEXT MENU FOR EACH FOLDER TYPE

Create a DataSource "EFORE EVEN STARTING TO CREATE THE FIRST REPORT YOU NEED TO SET UP THE DATA SOURCE FOR THE PROJECT AND HOST IT ON 3323 SO THAT THE REPORTS YOU PUBLISH CAN RETRIEVE THE DATA IN THE SAME WAY AS IN THE 63 )$% 4O CREATE A NEW DATASOURCE RIGHT CLICK ON THE CORRESPONDING FOLDER IN THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER TREE AND SELECT !DD .EW $ATASOURCE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO BRINGS UP A DIALOG THAT ASKS FOR A NAME AND CREDENTIALS FOR THE CONNECTION STRING AND OF COURSE THE CONNECTION STRING THAT POINTS TO THE 4IME4RACKER DATABASE YOU ARE USING .AME THE DATASOURCE CX\TCaPRZTa3PcPb^daRT PROVIDE A CONNECTION TO THE DATABASE BY PRESSING THE %DIT BUTTON AND VERIFY THAT THE CONNECTION IS WORKING 0RESS /+ AND SAVE THE NEW DATASOURCE 2EMEMBER TO ALSO SELECT A DATABASE IN THE CONNECTION WINDOW AND TO PRESS THE 4EST BUTTON TO VERIFY THAT THE CONNECTION IS PROPERLY CONFIGURED )F YOU WANT YOU CAN ALSO PROVIDE DIFFERENT CREDENTIALS IN THE DATASOURCE THAT WILL BE USED BY THE REPORT ENGINE FOR EXAMPLE TO LET AN ORDINARY USER ON THE NETWORK RUN THE REPORTS .OW YOU SHOULD SEE THE NEW DATASOURCE IN THE CORRESPONDING FOLDER OF 63 READY TO BE DEPLOYED 4HE NEXT STEP IS TO CONFIGURE THE 63 SOLUTION TO BE DEPLOYED IN THE 3323 PORTAL 4O DO THIS SELECT THE 3OLUTION NODE ROOT IN 3OLUTION %XPLORER AND THEN SELECT 0ROPERTIES FROM THE CONTEXT MENU ! PROPERTIES DIALOG WILL BE DISPLAYED AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  



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&IGURE   3323 0ROJECT CONFIGURATION &IGURE   SHOWS THE DIALOG USED TO CONFIGURE 3323 PROJECT PROPERTIES 9OU SHOULD CHANGE THE INFORMATION TO MATCH WHATS IN &IGURE   0AY ATTENTION TO THE CPaVTcBTaeTaDA; WHICH IN YOUR CASE SHOULD BE Wcc_)Jh^daBBABLJaT_^acbTaeTada[L .OW ALL THE REPORTS DATASOURCES AND DATASETS WILL BE DEPLOYED TO THE CORRESPONDING FOLDERS IN THE 4IME4RACKER ROOT FOLDER OF THE 3323 WEB SITE 9OU CAN TRY THIS BY APPLYING THE CHANGES IN THE 0ROPERTIES DIALOG AND THEN RIGHT CLICKING THE REPORT SOLUTION AND CHOOSING THE $EPLOY COMMAND )F YOUVE PROPERLY CONFIGURED THE SOLUTION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE IN THE 3323 ROOT A NEW FOLDER CALLED $ATA3OURCES AND IN IT THE SHARED DATASOURCE OBJECT

Create the Dataset 4HE NEXT STEP CONSISTS OF CREATING YOUR FIRST REPORT USING THE SHARED DATASOURCE 2IGHT CLICK ON THE REPORT FOLDER OF THE 63 3OLUTION AND CHOOSE !DD ➤ .EW )TEMx 3ELECT THE 2EPORT ITEM CALL IT 4\_[^hTT;XbcAT_^ac AND PRESS /+ )F YOU SELECT !DD .EW 2EPORT FROM THE FOLDER MENU INSTEAD OF !DD .EW )TEM 63 WILL BRING UP THE REPORT CREATION WIZARD WHICH WE WONT USE IN THIS PROJECT WE WANT TO CREATE A MORE COMPLEX REPORT  4HE NEXT STEP IS TO PROVIDE A DATASET FOR THE REPORT AND THIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS 9OU CAN CREATE A NEW DATASET IN THE SOLUTION FOLDER AND SHARE IT WITH OTHER REPORTS IN THE FUTURE OR YOU CAN USE THE 2EPORT $ATA PANEL ON YOUR LEFT AND ADD A NEW REPORT DATASET THAT IS VISIBLE ONLY TO THE CURRENT REPORT AND OF COURSE IS NOT RECYCLABLE ) PERSONALLY CREATE ONLY SHARED DATASETS SO ) CAN RECYCLE THEIR QUERIES IN THE FUTURE 5NFORTUNATELY THE %XPRESS VERSION OF 31, DOESNT ALLOW SHARING DATASETS SO LETS POINT TO THE 63 2EPORT $ATA PANEL AND ON THE .EWx MENU CLICK AND ADD A NEW DATASET 63 WILL SHOW A DIALOG FOR CREATING THE NEW DATASET &IGURE   SHOWS THE 3HARED $ATASET 0ROPERTIES DIALOG WHERE YOU CAN CREATE A NEW DATASET 4HE DIALOG HAS A SET OF PANELS THAT YOU CAN NAVIGATE USING THE LIST ON THE LEFT )N THE FIRST PANEL YOU CAN SET UP THE QUERY THAT WILL RETRIEVE THE DATA YOU WANT TO DISPLAY IN THE REPORT 9OU CAN GENERATE THE QUERY BY SIMPLY WRITING IN THE 1UERY TEXT BOX THE 4 31, STATEMENT IF YOU HAVE IT ALREADY OR YOU CAN USE A DATASET



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CREATED PREVIOUSLY IN THE REPORT OR AVAILABLE THROUGH THE SHARED DATASETS THIS OPTION ISNT AVAILABLE FOR 31, 3ERVER %XPRESS EDITION 

&IGURE   #REATE NEW DATASET DIALOG 7HAT WE ARE GOING TO DO IS TO GENERATE A NEW QUERY USING THE QUERY GENERATOR PROVIDED WITH THIS DIALOG WINDOW 4O DO THAT CLICK THE h5SE DATASET EMBEDDED IN THIS REPORTv OPTION AND THE LAYOUT OF THE DIALOG WILL CHANGE ALLOWING YOU TO TYPE IN SOME 4 31, CODE OR TO SELECT A SPECIFIC TABLE OR STORED PROCEDURE 9OU WILL BE TYPING IN THE 4 31, CODE SO SELECT THE FIRST OPTION AND PRESS THE .EW COMMAND ON THE DATASOURCE COMBOBOX 4HIS COMMAND LETS YOU SELECT A DATASOURCE FOR THE DATASET OR CREATE A NEW ONE 3ELECT THE SECOND OPTION h5SE SHARED DATASOURCE REFERENCEv AND CHOOSE THE DATASOURCE YOU JUST CREATED THEN PRESS /+ .OW YOU CAN CLICK THE 1UERY $ESIGNER COMMAND AND THE WIZARD WILL BRING UP A NEW DIALOG THAT YOU CAN USE TO BUILD THE QUERY &IGURE   



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&IGURE   4HE 1UERY $ESIGNER WINDOW 7ITHIN THE WINDOW SHOWN IN &IGURE   YOU CAN CREATE A QUERY TO RETRIEVE THE DATA FOR THE REPORT 5SING THE COMMANDS AVAILABLE ON THE TOOLBAR YOU CAN EDIT THE QUERY USING THE CUSTOM QUERY DESIGNER OR BY TYPING 4 31, CODE 9OU CAN SELECT TABLES AND VIEWS CREATE JOINS BETWEEN THE TABLES SELECT FIELDS AND CRITERIA AND TEST THE RESULT BY SIMPLY RUNNING THE QUERY USING THE h
v COMMAND FROM THE TOOLBAR 7HEN YOU ARE ALL SET CLICK /+ AND THE GENERATED 4 31, CODE WILL APPEAR IN THE PREVIOUS WINDOW &OR THIS REPORT YOU WANT TO SELECT THE 4\_[^hTT THE CORRESPONDING A^[T AND THE 0__^X]c\T]cS HE HAS SCHEDULED 4O BE ABLE TO DO THAT BY PRESSING THE  COMMAND YOU NEED TO ADD THE FOUR TABLES SHOWN IN &IGURE   4HE QUERY DESIGNER WILL RENDER THE JOINS USING THE FOREIGN KEYS CREATED BY THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK WHEN YOU CREATED THIS DATABASE .OW SELECT THE FIELDS FOR THE 4\_[^hTT EXCEPT THE 8S AND THE ?Pbbf^aSˆYOU DONT WANT TO SHOW A PASSWORD IN A REPORT AND SELECT THE .AME AND $ESCRIPTION FIELDS FROM THE #OLUMN LIST 4HE FINAL RESULT SHOULD ALSO USE BD< AND 2>D=C FUNCTIONS TO AGGREGATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF APPOINTMENTS FOR EACH EMPLOYEE DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS ONLY THE 4 31, CODE IS POSTED IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   ,IST %MPLOYEES 0LUS #OUNT !PPOINTMENTS B4;42C 4\_[^hTTbCXc[T 4\_[^hTTb5d[[=P\TN5Xabc=P\T 4\_[^hTTb5d[[=P\TN;Pbc=P\T« 4\_[^hTTb3PcT>U1XacW 4\_[^hTTbDbTa]P\T 2>D=C0__^X]c\T]cb8S 0B 0__^X]c\T]cb A^[Tb=P\T A^[Tb3TbRaX_cX^] 5A>< A^[Tb A867C >DC4A 9>8= A^[T4\_[^hTT >= A^[Tb8S , A^[T4\_[^hTTA^[TbN8S A867C >DC4A 9>8= 4\_[^hTTb >= A^[T4\_[^hTT4\_[^hTTbN8S , 4\_[^hTTb8S ;45C >DC4A 9>8= 0__^X]c\T]cb >= 4\_[^hTTb8S , 0__^X]c\T]cb4\_[^hTTN8S



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6A>D? 1H 4\_[^hTTbCXc[T 4\_[^hTTb5d[[=P\TN5Xabc=P\T 4\_[^hTTb5d[[=P\TN;Pbc=P\T« 4\_[^hTTb3PcT>U1XacW 4\_[^hTTbDbTa]P\T A^[Tb=P\T A^[Tb3TbRaX_cX^] )F YOU NEVER WORKED WITH THE 6A>D? 1H AND 2>D=C FUNCTIONS OF 4 31, YOU CAN FIND A NICE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HOW THEY WORK AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah\b &&%&"Pb_g &OR NOW JUST PRESS /+ IN THE QUERY DESIGNER AND YOU SHOULD HAVE THE 4 31, CODE AVAILABLE IN THE TEXT BOX )F YOU DONT HAVE THE SAME AS THE BOOK YOU CAN SIMPLY WRITE THE 4 31, IN THE CODE SPACE OF THE QUERY DESIGNER AND CLICK IN THE DESIGN SURFACE TO SEE THE FINAL RESULT #LICK /+ IN THE FIRST DIALOG AND 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE A DATASET NODE IN THE 2EPORT $ATA PANEL CONTAINING THE FIELDS YOU SELECTED FROM THE DATABASE

Design the Report "EFORE STARTING TO DRAG THE FIELDS FROM THE DATASET TO THE REPORT DESIGN SURFACE YOU NEED TO DEFINE A HEADER AND FOOTER FOR THE REPORT SO THAT EVERY PAGE OF THE REPORT WILL LOOK ALMOST THE SAME AND THE FINAL RESULT WILL LOOK MORE PROFESSIONAL 4O EDIT THE HEADER AND FOOTER OF A REPORT YOU NEED TO MAKE THEM VISIBLE 2IGHT CLICK ON THE REPORT DESIGN SURFACE INSIDE THE REPORT AREA AND FROM THE MENU SELECT )NSERT ➤ (EADER AND )NSERT ➤ &OOTER AND 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL ADD TWO NEW HORIZONTAL LINES TO THE REPORT AREA SHOWING YOU THAT THERES A HEADER THE CONTENT OF THE REPORT AND A FOOTER )N THE HEADER RIGHT CLICK AND SELECT A CTgc1^g FROM THE CONTEXT MENU AND INSERT THE CONTENT h%MPLOYEES ,IST REPORTv 4HEN FROM THE TOOLBAR SELECT THE FONT 3EGOE 5) WITH A SIZE  AND A COLOR OF 3TEEL"LUE $RAG THE CTgc1^g TO THE TOP LEFT CORNER OF THE REPORT AND RESIZE IT SO THE ENTIRE TEXT IS VISIBLE AND IT LOOKS LIKE &IGURE   .OW ITS TIME FOR THE FOOTER ,OCATE ON THE 2EPORT $ATA PANEL THE "UILT IN &IELDS FOLDER AND EXPAND IT SELECT THE 0AGE.UMBER FIELD AND DRAG IT TO THE BOTTOM LEFT CORNER $O THE SAME FOR THE %XECUTION TIME FIELD BUT MOVE IT TO THE OPPOSITE CORNER &OR BOTH SELECT THE 3EGOE 5) FONT AND RESIZE THEM 9OU SHOULD END UP WITH A RESULT LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE   NOTE THAT IN THE FIGURE ) ADDED FEW MORE CONTROLS LIKE THE LINE 

&IGURE   0REVIEW OF THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcAT_^ac FIRST DRAFT



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.OW YOU NEED TO CREATE A CPQ[T OBJECT IN THE REPORT THAT WILL DISPLAY THE DATA YOU EXTRACTED FROM THE TABLE USING THE DATASET )N THIS CASE LETS GROUP THE DATA INTO DIFFERENT GROUPS EACH ONE FOR A A^[T EXISTING IN THE DATASET #LICK INSIDE THE DESIGN AREA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE REPORT AND ADD A NEW CPQ[T OBJECT FROM THE )NSERT MENU AND RESIZE IT SO IT COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE IN WIDTH .OW FOR EACH COLUMN SELECT A CORRESPONDING FIELD BY CLICKING ON THE MENU AVAILABLE IN THE DETAILS CELL $OUBLE CLICK THE HEADER CONTENT THEN USE THE TOOLBAR TO SELECT THE CELLS AND CHANGE THE FONT TO 3EGOE 5) AND THE COLUMN HEADER TO "OLD 2IGHT CLICK ON THE $ATE OF "IRTH COLUMN THE CELL VALUE AND SELECT 4EXTBOX 0ROPERTIES AND THEN SELECT THE .UMBER PANEL THE $ATE SECTION AND FORMAT THE DATE IN THE SHORT DATETIME FORMAT DDMMYYYY  2ENAME THE COLUMN HEADERS USING THE NAMES SHOWN IN &IGURE   .OW IF YOU SELECT THE 0REVIEW TAB YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE THE REPORT WITH A TABLE POPULATED WITH THE DATA YOUVE EXTRACTED 4HE LAST STEP IS TO GROUP THE DATA USING THE TABLE GROUP FUNCTION 4O DO THAT SELECT THE GRAY SQUARE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TABLE ROW BEFORE THE FIRST CELL 2IGHT CLICK ON IT AND SELECT !DD GROUP ➤ 0ARENT GROUP THEN SELECT THE ;.AME= FIELD FROM THE DIALOG AND THEN !DD GROUP HEADER AND PRESS /+ 2ENAME THE .AME LABEL TO 'ROUP AND SWITCH AGAIN TO THE 0REVIEW TAB 9OU SHOULD SEE NOW THE ROW GROUPED BY THE 'ROUP NAME AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   &INAL REPORT RESULT .OW LETS DESIGN THE DETAILED REPORT FOR A SELECTED EMPLOYEE 7E WILL CREATE A GENERIC DETAIL REPORT WITH A QUERY THAT WILL REQUIRE A PARAMETER THE %MPLOYEE )D &ROM 3OLUTION %XPLORER SELECT THE $EPLOY COMMAND ON THE CONTEXT MENU AND VERIFY THAT THE MENU IS UPLOADED PROPERLY INTO THE 3323 FOLDER ON THE REPORT PORTAL

%MPLOYEE$ETAILS2EPORT 4HE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION HAS TWO VIEWS THAT ALLOW YOU TO INTERACT WITH THE REGISTERED EMPLOYEES 4HE FIRST ONE IS A LIST OF EMPLOYEES AND YOU JUST CREATED THE CORRESPONDING REPORT 4HE SECOND IS THE DETAILED VIEW FOR THE EMPLOYEE SO LETS CREATE THE REPORT FOR THAT VIEW )N 3OLUTION %XPLORER SELECT THE 2EPORTS FOLDER AND CLICK !DD ➤ .EW )TEM ➤ 2EPORT NAME IT 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bAT_^ac AND PRESS /+ #REATE A HEADER AND A FOOTER USING THE SAME SETTINGS AS FOR THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcAT_^ac BUT CHANGE THE TITLE OF THE REPORT TO $ETAILS INSTEAD OF ,IST AND SAVE IT )T SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE REPORT IN THE &IGURE   EXCEPT FOR THE TITLE



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.OW YOU NEED TO CREATE A DATASET FOR THIS REPORT SO IN THE 2EPORT $ATA PANEL SELECT .EW AND CREATE A NEW DATASET #HOOSE THE OPTION OF CREATING A NEW DATASET EMBEDDED IN THE REPORT AND OPEN THE QUERY DESIGNER AS YOU DID FOR THE PREVIOUS REPORT

Create a Query with a Parameter 4HIS TIME YOU WANT TO SELECT ALL THE TABLES THAT PROVIDE INFORMATION RELATED TO THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY AND YOU DONT NEED TO RUN ANY AGGREGATE FUNCTION BECAUSE YOU JUST WANT TO DISPLAY ALL THE INFORMATION RELATED TO A SPECIFIC EMPLOYEE IN A FORM STYLE REPORT &IGURE   SHOWS THE INFORMATION AND THE TABLES TO SELECT FROM THE DATABASE

&IGURE   $ATABASE QUERY FOR THE %MPLOYEE$ETAILS2EPORT 4HE LAST STEP IS TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL LINE OF 4 31, AT THE END OF THE GENERATED 4 31, CODE LIKE THIS F74A4

4\_[^hTTb8S , /8S

0RESS /+ AND LOOK AT THE 0ARAMETERS SECTION OF THE #REATE $ATASET DIALOG 9OU SHOULD SEE THAT THE REPORT NOW HAS A PARAMETER THAT REQUIRES THE CURRENT %MPLOYEE )D IN ORDER TO DISPLAY THE EMPLOYEE INFORMATION !FTER YOU CONFIRM THIS THE 2EPORT DATA PANEL WILL HAVE TWO NEW OBJECTS THE NEW DATASET AND IN THE 0ARAMETERS FOLDER THE NEW PARAMETER .OW YOU NEED TO PROVIDE A 2^\Q^1^g IN THE REPORT SO WHETHER THE USER WANTS TO RUN THE REPORT FROM THE 3323 WEB SITE OR FROM 70& HE WILL BE ABLE TO SELECT THE EMPLOYEE FROM A 2^\Q^1^g AND RUN THE REPORT #REATE A NEW DATASET AND CALL IT 0ePX[PQ[T4\_[^hTTb 4HIS REPORT WILL SHOW THE LIST OF EMPLOYEES USING THE FOLLOWING QUERY



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B4;42C 8S CXc[T     5d[[=P\TN5Xabc=P\T     5d[[=P\TN;Pbc=P\T 0B 5d[[=P\T 5A>< 4\_[^hTTb >A34A 1H 5d[[=P\T 0RESS /+ AND SAVE THE NEW DATASET )T WILL PROVIDE A LIST OF EMPLOYEE NAMES IN THIS FORM h-R &IRST.AME ,AST.AMEv AND THE CORRESPONDING )D )N THE 0ARAMETERS FOLDER OF THE 2EPORT $ATA PANEL LOCATE THE /8S PARAMETER AND DOUBLE CLICK IT TO OPEN A NEW DIALOG THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CONFIGURE THE PARAMETER VALUES 3ELECT THE !VAILABLE 6ALUES SECTION USING THE ,ISTBOX ON THE LEFT AND CLICK THE OPTION h'ET VALUES FROM A QUERYv .OW SELECT THE NEWLY CREATED DATASET AND SPECIFY THE 8S FOR THE VALUE AND THE 5d[[]P\T FIELD FOR THE LABEL 0RESS /+ AND SAVE THIS SETTING .OW YOU CAN TEST THE REPORT BY SWITCHING TO THE 0REVIEW TAB YOU SHOULD SEE A HEADER THAT WILL PROMPT YOU TO SELECT AN EMPLOYEE FROM THE LIST

Create the Details )N THE PREVIOUS REPORT YOU USED A COMPONENT CALLED CPQ[T THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE A LIST OF ROWS USING FEATURES LIKE 'ROUP "Y 3UM AND MORE .OW LETS CREATE A SIMPLE DETAILS VIEW SO YOU DONT NEED TO EMBED THE DATA INTO A SPECIFIC CONTAINER 9OU CAN SIMPLY DRAG THE FIELDS FROM THE DATASET IN THE 2EPORT DATA PANEL DIRECTLY INTO THE REPORT 5NFORTUNATELY 3323 DOESNT HAVE A FEATURE THAT IF YOU DRAG A FIELD OF A DATASET TO A REPORT SURFACE IT WILL ADD A LABEL SO YOU NEED TO CREATE A LABEL FOR EACH PROPERTY OF THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY LIKE 5Xabc=P\T ;Pbc=P\T AND SO ON 7HEN YOU ARE DONE WITH THE FIRST PART OF THE REPORT WHICH IS THE %MPLOYEE DETAILS SECTION YOU NEED TO CREATE THREE DISTINCT TABLES ONE FOR THE #ONTACTS ONE FOR THE !DDRESSES AND ONE FOR THE !PPOINTMENTS *UST RIGHT CLICK ON THE DESIGN SURFACE OF THE REPORT SELECT )NSERT ➤ 4ABLE AND THEN SPECIFY IN THE TABLE TO USE THE DATASET THAT PROVIDES THE DATA AND NOT THE DATASET THAT PROVIDES THE LIST OF EMPLOYEES 7HEN YOU ARE DONE YOUR RESULT SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  



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&IGURE   &INAL %MPLOYEE DETAILS REPORT !FTER YOU ADD THE TABLES TO THE REPORT THEY WILL BE DYNAMICALLY FILLED WITH ALL THE ROWS COMING FROM THE DATASET FILTERED BY %MPLOYEE )D 4HE LAST STEP IS TO 'ROUP "Y EVERY TABLE FOR THE SPECIFIC )D YOURE SHOWING &OR EXAMPLE THE TABLE THAT SHOWS ALL THE CONTACTS SHOULD BE GROUPED BY THE #ONTACTS )D FIELD 4HIS PROCESS HAS TO BE DONE BECAUSE THE B4;42C WE ARE USING IS RETURNING ADDITIONAL ROWS BECAUSE OF EXTRA 9>8=B BEING EXECUTED THIS TYPE OF B4;42C WILL RETURN DUPLICATE ROWS FOR THE JOINED TABLES !DDRESSES #ONTACTS AND !PPOINTMENTS  4O GROUP A TABLE WITHOUT SHOWING THE GROUP ON THE DESIGN SURFACE YOU HAVE TO EXECUTE THE FOLLOWING STEPS 1.

3ELECT A TABLE YOU WANT TO GROUP

2.

)N THE 2OW 'ROUPS PANEL POSITIONED BELOW THE REPORT DESIGN SURFACE AREA SELECT THE LITTLE ARROW ON THE RIGHT OF THE LINES CALLED $ETAILS

3.

3ELECT THE LAST MENU ITEM 'ROUP 0ROPERTIES

4.

)N THE 'ROUP "Y DIALOG SELECT !DD AND CHOOSE THE CORRESPONDING )D FIELD OF THE TABLE

.OW THE REPORT SHOULD BE FINE AND READY TO BE DEPLOYED TO THE REPORT SERVER FOLDER SO THAT IT CAN BE USED BY THE USERS AND BY THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION



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!DDITIONAL 2EPORTS )N THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO CREATE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPORTS A SIMPLE LIST OF INFORMATION RETRIEVED FROM THE DATABASE WITHOUT ANY FILTERING BUT USING A 'ROUP "Y FUNCTION TO AGGREGATE SOME INFORMATION SPECIFICALLY THE NUMBER OF APPOINTMENTS PER EMPLOYEE 4HE SECOND TYPE OF REPORT IS ONE THAT REQUIRES A PARAMETER WHICH MEANS THAT THE DATA DISPLAYED IN THE REPORT IS FILTERED BY A SPECIFIC CRITERION THAT CAN BE DECIDED ON THE FLY BY THE USER OR BY THE APPLICATION THAT IS RUNNING THE REPORT )N THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOULL PROBABLY NEED A LOT MORE REPORTS &OR EXAMPLE ALL THE REPORTS WE CREATED FOR THE 4\_[^hTT ENTITY SHOULD BE CREATED FOR THE 2dbc^\Ta ENTITY AND YOU SHOULD CREATE A REPORT FOR THE !PPOINTMENTS INCLUDING ITS DETAILS AND THE INVOICE THAT HAS TO BE SENT TO THE CUSTOMER &OR SPACE REASONS WE CANT CREATE ALL THESE REPORTS IN THIS CHAPTER BUT YOU CAN USE THE TWO PREVIOUS REPORTS AS A PATH TO FOLLOW TO CREATE NEW REPORTS FILTERED OR NOT FILTERED )F YOU WANT TO TAKE A MORE IN DEPTH LOOK AT 3323 AND LEARN MORE ABOUT THE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPORTS YOU CAN CREATE HERE ARE A FEW VERY USEFUL RESOURCES v

0RO 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES !PRESS 

v

&OUNDATIONS OF 31, 3ERVER  2 "USINESS )NTELLIGENCE !PRESS 

v

h31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES v \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah\b $( %Pb_g

+EEP IN MIND THAT THE BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE PART OF 31, 3ERVER  2 COMPRISES A VERY BIG AREA AND IN THIS CHAPTER YOU ARE SEEING HOW TO CREATE ONLY SOME VERY SIMPLE REPORTS AND HOW TO INTEGRATE THEM IN YOUR 70& APPLICATION USING THE -66- PATTERN AND THE 7INDOWS (OST CONTROL 4HIS IS ONLY A SMALL PART OF WHAT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH THIS VERY POWERFUL TOOL

Hosting the Reports in a WPF Control 3323 PROVIDES A COMPONENT CALLED AT_^acEXTfTa THAT CAN BE USED TO HOST DISPLAY A REPORT INSIDE A 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL 5NFORTUNATELY THE CONTROL FOR 70& HASNT BEEN CREATED YET SO TO DISPLAY A REPORT IN 70& USING THE 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL YOU NEED TO RUN THE CONTROL IN A SPECIAL CONTAINER THAT CAN PROVIDE FORWARD COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN 7INDOWS &ORMS AND 70& )N 70& YOU CAN USE A CONTROL OF TYPE FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc WHICH IS AVAILABLE FROM THE FX]S^fb5^a\b8]cTVaPcX^]S[[ ASSEMBLY PROVIDED WITH .%4  4HIS CONTROL IS A FULL RICH 70& CONTROL THAT PROVIDES TONS OF METHODS EVENTS AND PROPERTIES TO FULLY INTEGRATE AND HOST A 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL IN A 70& CONTROL 4HE CONTROL CAN BE USED IN YOUR 70& 8!-, MARKUP TO INSTANTIATE AND CREATE ADDITIONAL CONTROLS IN IT THAT DERIVE FROM THE BhbcT\FX]S^fb5^a\b NAMESPACE )N ORDER TO USE THE CONTROL YOU NEED TO ADD THE FOLLOWING REFERENCES TO THE 70& APPLICATION THAT WILL HOST THE CONTROL v

BhbcT\FX]S^fb5^a\b

v

FX]S^fb5^a\b8]cTVaPcX^]

4HEN YOU CAN INTEGRATE THE CONTROL IN YOUR 8!-, MARKUP AS IN THE EXAMPLE IN ,ISTING  



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,ISTING   3AMPLE TO 3HOW A 7INDOWS &ORMS #ONTROL IN A 70& 7INDOW +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfbAT_^acEXTf g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ g\[]b)fU,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)BhbcT\FX]S^fb5^a\b*PbbT\Q[h,BhbcT\FX]S^fb5^a\b CXc[T,AT_^acEXTf 7TXVWc," FXScW,"+6aXS+FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc+fU)?P]T[+fU)?P]T[2^]ca^[b+fU);PQT[ CTgc,
$ISPLAY THE 2EPORT IN A 70& 6IEW 4HE AT_^acEXTfTa IS A 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL USED TO DISPLAY LOCAL AND REMOTE REPORTS IN A 7INDOWS &ORMS APPLICATION 4HE CONTROL IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE DEFAULT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO INSTALLATION SO YOU NEED TO DOWNLOAD IT SEPARATELY 9OU CAN FIND THE DOWNLOAD FOR THE -ICROSOFT 2EPORT 6IEWER  2EDISTRIBUTABLE 0ACKAGE AT fff\XRa^b^UcR^\S^f][^PSbT]STcPX[bPb_g.5P\X[h83,P(# R%Q!%#SS#S"(RP& # &PS %#US !FTER YOUVE INSTALLED IT ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE YOULL FIND SOME NEW ASSEMBLIES IN THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO !DD REFERENCE WINDOW v

-ICROSOFT2EPORT6IEWER#OMMON 6 AND 6

v

-ICROSOFT2EPORT6IEWER7EB&ORMS 6 AND 6

v

-ICROSOFT2EPORT6IEWER7IN&ORMS 6 AND 6

4O DISPLAY A REPORT IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU HAVE A FEW TASKS TO ACCOMPLISH BUT NOTHING REALLY COMPLICATED



v

0REPARE A 6IEW-ODEL FOR THE REPORT VIEW THAT WILL SET UP THE REPORT VIEWER COMPONENT

v

0REPARE A SIMPLE 70& 7INDOWS THAT WILL HOST THE REPORT 6IEW-ODEL

v

-ODIFY THE 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT TO LOAD THE AT_^acEXTf

v

-ODIFY THE 4\_[^hTT;Xbc AND 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[b 6IEWS AND 6IEW-ODELS TO LOAD THE REPORTS

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4HE FIRST STEP IS TO PREPARE IN THE 4IME4RACKER 70& PROJECT A NEW 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT SPECIFICALLY FOR THE REPORT VIEWER YOUVE INSTALLED ON YOUR MACHINE SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V BhbcT\FX]S^fb5^a\b8]cTVaPcX^]* dbX]V <XRa^b^UcAT_^acX]VFX]5^a\b* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTf<^ST[b j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ ) 1PbTEXTf<^ST[+AT_^acEXTf<^ST[j _aXePcT FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc eXTfTa* _dQ[XR AT_^acEXTf<^ST[bcaX]V aT_^ac?PcW j eXTfTa , ]Tf FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc* ePa aT_^acEXTfTa , ]Tf AT_^acEXTfTa* aT_^acEXTfTa?a^RTbbX]V<^ST , ?a^RTbbX]V<^STAT\^cT*  WTaT h^d WPeT c^ _^X]c c^ h^da \PRWX]T DA; aT_^acEXTfTaBTaeTaAT_^acAT_^acBTaeTaDa[ , ]Tf DaXWcc_)aPUUPT[TVPaS#AT_^acbTaeTaNB@;4G?A4BB* aT_^acEXTfTaBTaeTaAT_^acAT_^ac?PcW , aT_^ac?PcW* aT_^acEXTfTaATUaTbWAT_^ac* eXTfTa2WX[S , aT_^acEXTfTa* l _dQ[XR FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc EXTfTa j VTc j aTcda] eXTfTa* l bTc j eXTfTa , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSg ,- gEXTfTa* l l l l 4HIS CODE EXPOSES A FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc CONTROL AS A PROPERTY THAT YOU WILL BIND TO THE 8!-, VIEW 4HE REPORT PATH MUST BE IN THE CONSTRUCTOR IN THIS CASE IT WILL BE SOMETHING LIKE CX\TCaPRZTa\haT_^ac &INALLY THE CODE BINDS THE REPORT TO THE REPORT VIEWER REFRESHES AND GENERATES THE REPORT AND THEN BINDS THE REPORT VIEWER TO THE FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc CONTROL .OW YOU HAVE THE EXTf<^ST[ WHICH WILL HOST THE REPORT VIEWER IT HAS TO BE CREATED IN THE 6IEWS FOLDER AND IT IS A 7INDOWS COMPONENT ,ISTING   CREATES THE EXTf THAT WILL HOST THE REPORT VIEWER AND USES A 2^]cT]c?aTbT]cTa 70& CONTROL TO PUT A PLACEHOLDER IN THE VIEW 4HIS PLACEHOLDER WILL BE FILLED USING THE EXTfTa PROPERTY OF THE 3PcP2^]cTgc WHICH IN OUR CASE IS THE FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc CONTROL EXPOSED BY THE EXTf<^ST[



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,ISTING   2EPORT6IEW 70& 7INDOW +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]VEXTfbAT_^acEXTf g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ CXc[T,AT_^acEXTf 7TXVWc," FXScW,"+6aXS+2^]cT]c?aTbT]cTa 2^]cT]c,j1X]SX]V EXTfTa D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,?a^_Tach2WP]VTSl +6aXS+FX]S^f.OW LETS MODIFY THE NAVIGATION SERVICE AND THE CORRESPONDING INTERFACE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   -ODIFICATION ON THE 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT )NTERFACE AND #ONCRETE #LASS  8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT e^XS BW^fAT_^ac3XP[^VbcaX]V aT_^ac*  =PeXVPcX^] BTaeXRT _dQ[XR e^XS BW^f?aX]c3XP[^VbcaX]V aT_^ac j ePa fX]S^f , 2^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+EXTfbAT_^acEXTf-* AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ e\ , ]Tf AT_^acEXTf<^ST[aT_^ac* fX]S^f3PcP2^]cTgc , e\* fX]S^fBW^f3XP[^V* l 4HE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT CLASS CREATES A NEW AT_^acEXTf USING THE 5NITY )O# CONTAINER 9OU DONT NEED TO PREREGISTER THE AT_^acEXTf IN THE CONTAINER BECAUSE THE CONTAINER WILL RESOLVE IT USING THE DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR OF THE VIEW .EXT THE CODE CREATES A NEW EXTf<^ST[ FOR THE REPORT BY INJECTING THE REPORT PATH RECEIVED FROM THE BW^fAT_^ac3XP[^V METHOD AND FINALLY IT BINDS THE EXTf<^ST[ TO THE EXTf AND THEN DISPLAYS THE EXTf AS A DIALOG SO THAT THE USER CANT DO ANYTHING UNTIL THE REPORT IS CLOSED

,OAD A ,IST OF %MPLOYEES 2EPORT 4HE FIRST VIEW TO MODIFY IS THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf 9OU NEED TO ADD A NEW 1dcc^] THAT WILL DISPLAY THE REPORT ASSOCIATE A ?aX]c2^\\P]S TO THE 1dcc^] AND CREATE THE DELEGATE THAT WILL BE USED TO CALL THE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT FROM THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ 4O START OPEN THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ AND CREATE A NEW COMMAND AND THE CORRESPONDING IMPLEMENTATION AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING  



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,ISTING   4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[  PSS P ]Tf _a^_Tach _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S ?aX]c2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l  \^SXUh cWT 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb \TcW^S Qh PSSX]V cWXb ^]T ?aX]c2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,- j ?aX]c4\_[^hTTb* l _PaP\TcTa ,- j aTcda] cadT* l*  \TcW^S c^ SXb_[Ph cWT aT_^ac _aXePcT e^XS ?aX]c4\_[^hTTb j cWXb]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRTBW^f?aX]c3XP[^VCX\TCaPRZTa4\_[^hTT;XbcAT_^ac* l 4HE FIRST PART OF THIS LISTING CREATES A NEW COMMAND IN THE EXTf<^ST[ AND MODIFIES THE EXISTING 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb METHOD BY ADDING AN ADDITIONAL INITIALIZATION THE ONE USED FOR THE ?aX]c2^\\P]S OBJECT .EXT IT ASSOCIATES A DELEGATE TO THE ?aX]c2^\\P]S THAT WILL SIMPLY CALL THE 8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT METHOD TO DISPLAY THE REPORT BY PASSING THE REPORT PATH 4HE FINAL STEP IS TO CREATE THE 0RINT BUTTON IN THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf AND VERIFY THAT EVERYTHING WORKS AS EXPECTED 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   -ODIFICATION OF THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf  PSS P ]Tf 1dcc^] X] cWT c^^[QPa +2^]ca^[b)8\PVT1dcc^] ?PSSX]V," CTgc,?aX]c 2[XRZ2^\\P]S,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,?aX]c2^\\P]S D_SPcTB^daRTCaXVVTa,?a^_Tach2WP]VTSl 8\PVT,j3h]P\XRATb^daRT ?aX]cB\P[[l 4HE FINAL RESULT SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE ONE DISPLAYED IN &IGURE  



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&IGURE   %MPLOYEE ,IST REPORT WITH NEW PRINT BUTTON

,OAD A $ETAILED 2EPORT 4HE CODE TO LOAD A SINGLE EMPLOYEE IS ALMOST THE SAME YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW 1dcc^] IN THE 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf AND ASSOCIATE A COMMAND IN THE CORRESPONDING EXTf<^ST[ THEN MODIFY THE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT AND CREATE A NEW METHOD THAT WILL ASK ALSO FOR THE ?aX\Pah:Th OF THE RECORD YOU WANT TO PRINT OUT AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT -ETHOD TO 3HOW A $ETAILS 2EPORT _dQ[XR e^XS BW^f3TcPX[b?aX]c3XP[^VbcaX]V aT_^ac X]c XSe j ePa fX]S^f , 2^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+EXTfbAT_^acEXTf-* AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ e\ , ]Tf AT_^acEXTf<^ST[aT_^ac XS* fX]S^f3PcP2^]cTgc , e\* fX]S^fBW^f3XP[^V* l .OW YOU NEED TO MODIFY THE AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ BY CREATING A NEW CONSTRUCTOR THAT WILL REQUIRE THE 8S AS A PARAMETER WHICH YOULL INJECT INTO THE CORRESPONDING REPORT SEE ,ISTING    2EMEMBER TO ADAPT THE =PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT CLASS FOR THESE NEW METHODS AND THE CORRESPONDING INTERFACE



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,ISTING   .EW #ONSTRUCTOR OF THE AT_^acEXTf<^ST[ _dQ[XR AT_^acEXTf<^ST[bcaX]V aT_^ac?PcW X]c XS j eXTfTa , ]Tf FX]S^fb5^a\b7^bc* ePa aT_^acEXTfTa , ]Tf AT_^acEXTfTa* aT_^acEXTfTa?a^RTbbX]V<^ST , ?a^RTbbX]V<^STAT\^cT*  aT\T\QTa c^ RWP]VT cWT PSSaTbb c^ cWT DA; h^d WPeT aT_^acEXTfTaBTaeTaAT_^acAT_^acBTaeTaDa[ , ]Tf« DaXWcc_)aPUUPT[TVPaS#AT_^acbTaeTaNB@;4G?A4BB* aT_^acEXTfTaBTaeTaAT_^acAT_^ac?PcW , aT_^ac?PcW* AT_^ac?PaP\TcTaJL _PaP\TcTab , ]Tf AT_^ac?PaP\TcTaJ L* _PaP\TcTabJL , ]Tf AT_^ac?PaP\TcTa8S XSC^BcaX]V* aT_^acEXTfTaBTaeTaAT_^acBTc?PaP\TcTab_PaP\TcTab* aT_^acEXTfTaATUaTbWAT_^ac* eXTfTa2WX[S , aT_^acEXTfTa* l 4HE ONLY DIFFERENCE HERE IS THE AT_^ac?PaP\TcTa ARRAY AN ARRAY OF PARAMETERS YOU CAN PASS TO THE REPORT SERVER TO FILTER THE DATA OF THE REPORT WITHOUT REQUIRING USER INTERACTION 3O IN THIS CASE THE USER WILL NOT NEED TO SELECT A SPECIFIC EMPLOYEE FROM THE REPORT COMBOBOX &INALLY YOU NEED TO DEFINE THE REPORT COMMAND FOR THE DETAILS VIEW AND OF COURSE YOU NEED TO ADD A NEW "UTTON ALSO IN THE $ETAILS VIEW AS YOU DID FOR THE LIST VIEW ,ISTING   SHOWS THE ?aX]c2^\\P]S ,ISTING   0RINT#OMMAND FOR THE %MPLOYEE $ETAILS 6IEW-ODEL _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S ?aX]c2^\\P]S j VTc* bTc* l _aXePcT e^XS 8]XcXP[XiT2^\\P]Sb j ]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT , R^]cPX]TaATb^[eT+8=PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT-* ?aX]c2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\TcTa ,- j ?aX]c4\_[^hTT* l _PaP\TcTa ,- j aTcda] cadT* l* l _aXePcT e^XS ?aX]c4\_[^hTT j cWXb]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT BW^f3TcPX[b?aX]c3XP[^V CX\TCaPRZTa4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bAT_^ac cWXb2daaT]c4]cXch8S* l &INALLY THE CODE CALLS THE NEW METHOD ON THE NAVIGATION SERVICE AND PASSES THE CURRENT ENTITY ID AND THE NAME OF THE REPORT 4HE FINAL RESULT LOOKS LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  



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&IGURE   %MPLOYEE $ETAILS 6IEW AND 2EPORT .OW YOU CAN REFACTOR THE CODE USED PREVIOUSLY AND PASS A 3XRcX^]Pah+bcaX]V bcaX]V- INSTEAD OF A SIMPLE X]c AS THE REPORT PARAMETER SO THAT YOU CAN USE THE METHOD TO DISPLAY ANY REPORT WITH OR WITHOUT PARAMETERS (ERE IS A POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF HOW YOU CAN CALL IT  2aTPcT cWT _PaP\TcTab 3XRcX^]Pah+bcaX]V bcaX]V- _PaP\TcTab , ]Tf 3XRcX^]Pah+bcaX]V bcaX]Vj 8S   l cWXb]PeXVPcX^]BTaeXRT BW^f3TcPX[b?aX]c3XP[^V CX\TCaPRZTa4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bAT_^ac _PaP\TcTab*

Summary )N THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO CONFIGURE 31, 3ERVER 2EPORTING 3ERVICES 3323 A POWERFUL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE REPORTING SYSTEM PROVIDED WITH 31, 3ERVER  2 AND ALSO AVAILABLE WITH THE %XPRESS EDITION OF COURSE WITH SOME ARCHITECTURAL LIMITS  3323 WORKS BY CREATING A 7INDOWS 3HARE0OINT 3ERVER PORTAL THAT YOU CAN USE TO SHARE AND RUN THE REPORTS DEPLOYED ON IT )N ORDER TO CREATE A REPORT FOR 3323 YOU NEED TO OPEN THE SPECIAL VERSION OF 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  INSTALLED WITH THE 3323 TOOLS WHICH IS CALLED 31, 3ERVER "USINESS )NTELLIGENCE $EVELOPMENT 3TUDIO 4HIS VERSION OF 63 LETS YOU CREATE RUN AND DEPLOY DATASOURCES DATASETS AND REPORTS OF ANY TYPE



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9OU SAW HOW TO CREATE A SIMPLE LIST OF RECORDS AND HOW YOU CAN CREATE A MORE COMPLEX REPORT OF TYPE MASTER DETAIL AND HOW TO FILTER THE DATA BY USING REPORT PARAMETERS 9OU CAN PROVIDE A SET OF VALUES FOR A REPORT PARAMETER SO THAT THE USER WILL NOT BE FORCED TO REMEMBER FOR EXAMPLE THE )D OF THE EMPLOYEE HE WANTS TO SHOW IN THE REPORT &INALLY YOU SAW HOW TO HOST A 7INDOWS &ORMS CONTROL IN 70& AND MORE PRECISELY HOW TO EXECUTE THE AT_^acEXTfTa COMPONENT TO LOAD AND RUN REMOTE REPORTS ALL USING THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL PATTERN SO THAT THE 6IEW STAYS LOOSELY COUPLED AND UNAWARE OF THE AT_^acEXTfTa CONTROL



CHAPTER ■■■

Deploy the Application Using ClickOnce 7HEN THE APPLICATION IS COMPLETE AND READY TO BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE FINAL USER WHETHER IN YOUR ORGANIZATION OR AN EXTERNAL CUSTOMER YOU NEED TO PREPARE A PACKAGE OR A DEPLOYMENT SOLUTION THAT LETS THIS USER INSTALL AND RUN THE APPLICATION IN FEW EASY STEPS )N THIS PHASE OF THE DEPLOYMENT PROCESS ITS REALLY IMPORTANT THAT YOU FOCUS ON THE SIMPLICITY OF THE END RESULT 2EMEMBER THAT THE USER WILL PROBABLY BE COMPLETELY UNAWARE OF THE TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE APPLICATION AND YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO GIVE HIM EVERYTHING HELL NEED TO INSTALL AND RUN THE APPLICATION &OR EXAMPLE IF THE USERS COMPUTER DOESNT HAVE THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  RUNTIME FILES AND YOUR APPLICATION HAS BEEN DEVELOPED USING .%4  YOU HAVE TO PROVIDE AN EASY WAY TO INSTALL THESE MANDATORY FILES WITHOUT TOO MANY HASSLES 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK PROVIDES DIFFERENT WAYS TO INSTALL AND DISTRIBUTE AN APPLICATION TO THE END USER 9OU CAN DISTRIBUTE A SETUP PACKAGE MSI THAT THE USER CAN DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL BUT WITH THIS SOLUTION THE APPLICATION WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE A MECHANISM TO BE hUPGRADABLEv ! GOOD ALTERNATIVE IS #LICK/NCE A TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE IN THE .%4 &RAMEWORK FOR DISTRIBUTING PACKAGES ACROSS THE )NTERNET THAT ARE SAFE AND AUTO UPGRADABLE

ClickOnce Deployment 7HEN YOU DEPLOY AN APPLICATION YOU HAVE TO SATISFY THREE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS v

-AKE THE SETUP PROCESS SAFE ESPECIALLY IF IT IS DISTRIBUTED THROUGH THE )NTERNET

v

-AKE THE INSTALLATION PROCESS EASY THE USER SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS AND PREREQUISITES AND SHOULD BE ABLE TO RUN A SETUP AND GET THE APPLICATION RUNNING

v

-AKE THE APPLICATION AUTO UPGRADABLE OR EASILY UPGRADED AND THERE SHOULD BE A WAY TO NOTIFY THE USER OF NEW UPDATES

4HE #LICK/NCE TECHNOLOGY IS DESIGNED TO BE DISTRIBUTED USING THE )NTERNET A FILE SHARE OR MEDIA SUCH AS A #$ 2/- OR 53" DRIVE 9OU SIMPLY SET UP THE DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION AND THEN DEPLOY THE APPLICATION AND #LICK /NCE WILL DO THE REST



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7ITH #LICK/NCE YOU CAN MAKE THE APPLICATION SELF UPGRADABLE USING DIFFERENT OPTIONS THAT WE WILL DISCUSS IN THIS CHAPTER 9OU CAN ALSO SIGN AND CERTIFY THE APPLICATION AND YOU CAN INCLUDE PREREQUISITES LIKE THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  OR OTHER REDISTRIBUTABLE PACKAGES 4HE WEB DISTRIBUTION OF #LICK/NCE RIGHT NOW WORKS WITH ANY VERSION OF )NTERNET %XPLORER AND -OZILLA &IREFOX IT ALSO WORKS WITH #HROME BUT THIS BROWSER IS NOT YET INCLUDED IN THE OFFICIAL LIST ON -3$. )N THE NEXT SECTIONS WE WILL TAKE A LOOK AT DISTRIBUTION SECURITY CERTIFICATES AND UPDATES THEN WE WILL APPLY THE KNOWLEDGES TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

#LICK/NCE 3ECURITY #LICK/NCE PROVIDES A COMPLETE MECHANISM FOR SECURING YOUR DISTRIBUTABLE PACKAGE USING TECHNOLOGIES LIKE CERTIFICATES CODE ACCESS SECURITY POLICIES #!3 AND AUTHENTICATION )F YOU PLAN TO DISTRIBUTE YOUR APPLICATION USING #LICK/NCE THE FIRST STEP IS TO USE THE 7INDOWS !UTHENTICODE CERTIFICATE TO SIGN YOUR PACKAGE AND MAKE IT SAFE 7HEN THE USER DOWNLOADS THE PACKAGE HE WILL SEE THE CERTIFICATE AND BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY YOU AS THE AUTHOR OF THE PACKAGE

Certificates and Authenticode 4HERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CERTIFICATES YOU CAN USE IN 7INDOWS 9OU CAN USE CERTIFICATES TO SIGN THE CONTENTS OF AN E MAIL CERTIFICATES TO SIGN ACCESS TO A WEB SITE AND CERTIFICATES TO SIGN AN APPLICATIONS CODE 4HE LATTER ARE CLASSIFIED AS CODE SIGNING CERTIFICATES AND CAN BE OBTAINED IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS v

0URCHASE A CERTIFICATE ONLINE FROM ONE OF THE WELL KNOWN COMPANIES THAT SELL CERTIFICATES LIKE fffeTaXbXV]R^\R^STbXV]X]V

v

'ET A CERTIFICATE FROM YOU COMPANY OR YOUR COMPANYS NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR

v

#REATE A CERTIFICATE OF YOUR OWN USING THE
4HE TYPE OF CERTIFICATE YOU NEED DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF APPLICATION YOURE PUBLISHING &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU ARE PUBLISHING THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AS A SOFTWARE VENDOR AND YOU WANT TO DISTRIBUTE IT USING A PUBLIC WEB SITE YOUR AUTHORITY SHOULD BE CERTIFIED USING A TRUSTED PUBLISHER LIKE 6ERI3IGN /N THE OTHER HAND IF YOU ARE PUBLISHING THE APPLICATION TO YOUR COMPANY INTRANET USING THE


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4O GENERATE A CERTIFICATE WITH THIS TOOL TO RUN IT USING OPTIONS LIKE THE FOLLOWING  bX\_[T RTacXUXRPcT \PZTRTac cTbc2TacRTa  RaTPcT P RTacXUXRPcT fXcW P ZTh \PZTRTac bZ GHI ] 2=,GHI 2^\_P]h cTbcGHIRTa

■ .OTE 4HE #LICK/NCE DEPLOYMENT PANEL IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  IN THE PROJECT PROPERTIES UNDER THE 3IGNING PANEL LETS YOU CREATE A TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE THAT CAN BE USED TO DEPLOY YOUR #LICK/NCE APPLICATION WITHIN YOUR INTRANET )F YOU ARE WORKING FOR A COMPANY THAT HAS AN INTERNAL )4 INFRASTRUCTURE ASK YOUR NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR ABOUT CERTIFICATES (E SHOULD BE ABLE TO CREATE ONE USING THE #ERTIFICATE !UTHORITY SERVER ON YOUR NETWORK

Code Access Security #ODE !CCESS 3ECURITY IS A #LICK/NCE OPTION USED FOR LIMITING THE ACCESS OF THE #LICK/NCE APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC RESOURCES AND COMPONENTS OF THE CLIENT RUNNING THE APPLICATION &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY WANT TO DISABLE ACCESS TO THE LOCAL FILE SYSTEM OR YOU MAY NEED TO INCREASE THE APPLICATIONS RIGHTS TO ACCESS A LOCAL FILE SYSTEM FOLDER ON THE CLIENT IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO WRITE FOR EXAMPLE A CUSTOM LOG FILE "Y DEFAULT #LICK/NCE INSTALLS THE APPLICATION WITH FULL TRUST RIGHTS AND THIS TYPE OF CONFIGURATION CAN BE HARMFUL FOR THE CLIENT -OREOVER IF THE CLIENT COMPUTER HAS SOME RESTRICTED CONFIGURATION THE FULL TRUST PROVIDED BY #LICK/NCE MAY NOT WORK AND THE USER MAY BE FORCED TO GRANT ADDITIONAL PERMISSIONS TO THE APPLICATION 4HE ONLY WAY TO CONFIGURE THE SECURITY ACCESS IS TO USE THE SECURITY PAGE AVAILABLE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO &IGURE   SHOWS AN EXAMPLE OF THE SECURITY PAGE OPTIONS

&IGURE   3ECURITY OPTIONS FOR #LICK/NCE



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7HEN YOU SET UP THE SECURITY YOU NEED TO ALSO CONSIDER THE DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE YOULL USE FOR THE APPLICATION &OR INSTANCE IF YOU PLAN TO GRANT FULL TRUST AND DISTRIBUTE THE APPLICATION USING AN )NTERNET 52, #LICK/NCE WILL ASK THE USER TO GRANT ADDITIONAL PERMISSIONS BECAUSE AN )NTERNET SETUP DOESNT HAVE FULL TRUST PERMISSION BY DEFAULT

Publishing Options 7HEN YOU SET UP THE #LICK/NCE OPTIONS FOR THE APPLICATION YOU CAN SPECIFY ANY PREREQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION HOW TO UPDATE THE APPLICATION OR ONE OF ITS COMPONENTS WHERE TO PUBLISH THE APPLICATION AND WHAT COMPONENTS WILL INCLUDED IN THE DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE 9OU CAN SPECIFY ALL THIS INFORMATION USING THE 0UBLISH OPTION PANEL AVAILABLE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IN THE PROPERTIES WINDOW OF THE 70& PROJECT YOU ARE CONFIGURING

5PDATES /NE OF THE MOST INTERESTING FEATURES THAT MAKE #LICK/NCE A HANDY WAY OF DISTRIBUTING APPLICATIONS IS THE ABILITY TO PROVIDE A SELF CHECKING MECHANISM FOR UPDATES 9OU CAN CONFIGURE #LICK/NCE SO THAT THE APPLICATION CAN MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT UPDATES AND FORCE THE USER TO INSTALL THE LATEST VERSION OR TAKE DIFFERENT ACTIONS 4HE OPTIONS RELATED TO THE UPDATE STRATEGY USED BY YOUR #LICK/NCE DEPLOYMENT ARE AVAILABLE IN THE 0UBLISH PANEL OF THE 0ROJECT PROPERTIES WINDOW )N THE FIRST CTgc1^g OF THE 0UBLISH PANEL YOU CAN SET UP WHERE YOU WANT TO DEPLOY THE APPLICATION FILES WHICH CAN BE A 5.# PATH IE KK\h\PRWX]TK\hbWPaTSU^[STa A 52, OR AN &40 ADDRESS )F YOU PRESS THE BROWSE BUTTON NEXT TO THE CTgc1^g YOULL SEE A DIALOG THAT WILL HELP YOU CHOOSE THE DESTINATION FOLDER 9OU CAN USE THE DIALOG TO LOCATE A LOCAL ))3 WEB SITE A REMOTE &40 FOLDER OR A FILE SYSTEM LOCATION )N THE SECOND CTgc1^g YOU CAN CHOOSE A DIFFERENT PATH FOR THE INSTALLATION )T COULD FOR EXAMPLE BE A WEB SITE ADDRESS LIKE Wcc_)\hfTQbXcTR^\X]bcP[[Wc\[ !FTER YOUVE DECIDED WHERE TO DEPLOY THE APPLICATION FILES YOU NEED TO CONFIGURE THE UPDATE STRATEGY YOU PLAN TO USE AND YOU CAN DO THIS BY CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE OPTIONS IN THE !PPLICATION 5PDATES DIALOG SHOWN IN &IGURE  



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&IGURE   4HE !PPLICATION 5PDATES DIALOG &OR EXAMPLE IF THE UPDATES YOU WILL RELEASE ARENT CRITICAL YOU CAN ALLOW THE USER TO RUN THE APPLICATION WITHOUT THE LATEST UPDATE AND CHECK FOR UPDATES WHEN THE APPLICATION IS SHUT DOWN /R YOU CAN FORCE THE APPLICATION TO LOOK FOR UPDATES AT STARTUP AND YOU CAN ALSO FORCE THE USER TO RUN A SPECIFIC VERSION NUMBER SO THAT ANY PREVIOUS VERSION WILL BE INVALID %VERY UPDATE OF THE APPLICATION CAN OVERRIDE THESE SETTINGS 4HESE SETTINGS CAN ALSO BE CHANGED USING THE CORRESPONDING DEPLOYMENT MANIFEST FILE WHICH CAN BE EDITED USING A TEXT EDITOR OR THE
0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTa0__[XRPcX^] THE APPLICATION MANIFEST FILE USED TO SPECIFY HOW THE APPLICATION WILL BE DEPLOYED

v

0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaTgT\P]XUTbc THE MANIFEST FILE THAT DESCRIBES THE APPLICATION SETTINGS AND REQUIREMENTS

4HESE FILES CAN REPLACE THE ONE PUBLISHED BY THE #LICK/NCE WIZARD SO YOU CAN CONTROL THE DEPLOYMENT PROCESS WITH MORE GRANULAR SETTINGS

!PPLICATION &ILES AND 0REREQUISITES !NOTHER SECTION IN THE 0UBLISH TAB IS RELATED TO THE APPLICATIONS FILE DEPENDENCIES &OR EXAMPLE THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION USES SOME EXTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SOME .%4 ASSEMBLIES THAT MUST BE DEPLOYED WITH THE APPLICATION OTHERWISE THE CLIENT WHO RUNS THE INSTALLATION PACKAGE WONT BE ABLE TO EXECUTE THE SOFTWARE BECAUSE THE DEPENDENCIES ARENT AVAILABLE



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)F YOU PRESS THE !PPLICATION &ILES BUTTON YOULL GET A DIALOG SHOWING YOU ALL THE DEPENDENCIES 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IDENTIFIES FOR THE APPLICATION 4HIS WINDOW IS DIVIDED IN FOUR COLUMNS THE FIRST ONE SHOWS YOU THE NAME OF THE FILE DLL NEEDED BY THE APPLICATION THE SECOND ONE SHOWS YOU THE CURRENT STATUS IN THE DEPLOYMENT PROCESS WHICH CAN BE INCLUDE PREREQUISITE ALREADY INSTALLED OR EXCLUDE 4HE THIRD COLUMN SHOWS YOU THE GROUP TO WHICH THE ITEM WILL BE PUBLISHED AND THE FINAL COLUMN SHOWS THE HASH RESULT OF THE ASSEMBLY AND ASKS YOU IF YOU WANT TO PUBLISH THIS AS WELL )N THE PREREQUISITES WINDOW ALSO ON THE 0UBLISH TAB YOU CAN USE THE CORRESPONDING BUTTON TO FORCE THE #LICK/NCE DEPLOYMENT TO CHECK FOR SOME SPECIFIC PREREQUISITES THAT THE CLIENT MUST HAVE INSTALLED IN ORDER TO RUN YOUR APPLICATION 9OU CAN THEN SPECIFY THAT THE SETUP WILL UPDATE THE MISSING COMPONENTS OR IT WILL FAIL THE INSTALLATION &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY WANT TO CHECK THAT THE CLIENT HAS INSTALLED 31, 3ERVER  2 THE .%4 &RAMEWORK  AND THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  2EPORT 6IEWER COMPONENTS )F THEY ARE NOT INSTALLED YOU CAN FORCE THE CLIENT TO DOWNLOAD THEM FROM A LOCATION OR YOU CAN INCLUDE THEM IN THE DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE

■ .OTE #LICK/NCE TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN INTRODUCED TO HELP DEVELOPERS DISTRIBUTE AND UPDATE THEIR APPLICATIONS WITH LESS EFFORT AND PAIN )F YOU PLAN TO DEPLOY YOUR APPLICATION ON A NETWORK FOLDER OR WEB SITE AND TO DISTRIBUTE IT USING ONLY THIS TECHNIQUE YOU SHOULD BE CAREFUL ABOUT THE APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS &OR EXAMPLE THE .%4 &RAMEWORK PLUS THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO 2EPORT 6IEWER PACKAGES CAN EASILY AMOUNT TO -" OF DATA THAT THE CLIENT WILL HAVE TO INSTALL THE FIRST TIME /N A SLOW NETWORK LINK A DOWNLOAD OF -" CAN TAKE QUITE A WHILE SO YOU SHOULD KEEP SUCH APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS IN MIND WHEN YOU DESIGN THE #LICK/NCE PART

!DDITIONAL /PTIONS 4HE FINAL SECTION OF THE 0UBLISH TAB CONTAINS SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT YOU CAN PROVIDE TO THE INSTALLATION PACKAGE TO BETTER DESCRIBE YOUR COMPANY AND THE APPLICATION 4HE OPTIONS DIALOG WINDOW CONSISTS OF FOUR DIFFERENT SECTIONS v

$ESCRIPTION 4HIS SECTION ALLOWS YOU TO INSERT MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE APPLICATION THE PUBLISHER AND THE LANGUAGE 9OU CAN ALSO PROVIDE A 52, FOR SUPPORT AND ANOTHER 52, IN CASE THE APPLICATION SETUP ENCOUNTERS AN ERROR

v

$EPLOYMENT )N THIS SECTION YOU CAN SPECIFY THE DEPLOYMENT WEB PAGE OR LEAVE IT BLANK SO THAT 63 WILL CREATE A DEFAULT ONE FOR YOU 9OU CAN OPEN THE DEPLOYMENT PAGE WHEN THE BUILD AND PUBLISH PROCESS IS COMPLETE AND YOU CAN ALSO CONFIGURE THE SETTINGS FOR THE #$ 2/- VERSION OF #LICK/NCE

v

-ANIFESTS )N THIS SECTION YOU CAN ADD MORE GRANULAR CONTROL OF THE SETUP PROCESS

v

&ILE !SSOCIATIONS 4HIS SECTION CAN BE USED TO ASSOCIATE A FILE EXTENSION OF A PARTICULAR TYPE TO THE APPLICATION 9OU CAN ALSO SPECIFY A UNIQUE )D AND AN ICON FILE THAT WILL BE USED BY 7INDOWS TO IDENTIFY THE FILE EXTENSION 4HE UNIQUE )D IS A ?a^V83 USED BY 7INDOWS

#LICK/NCE TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES ADDITIONAL SETTINGS AND SETUP CONFIGURATIONS FOR MORE ADVANCED USE THAT WE WONT ANALYZE HERE )F YOU PLAN TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF #LICK/NCE FOR MORE ADVANCED USE ) SUGGEST YOU LOOK AT THE EXHAUSTIVE GUIDE TO #LICK/NCE AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahc& P&""SPb_g



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Deploy the TimeTracker Application )N THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO SIGN A #LICK/NCE APPLICATION USING AN !UTHENTICODE CERTIFICATE HOW TO SET UP THE CODE ACCESS SECURITY #!3 FOR THE APPLICATION AND HOW TO PREPARE ))3 TO DISTRIBUTE THE APPLICATION .OW LETS APPLY ALL THESE CONCEPTS TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION SO YOU WILL HAVE A FULL WORKING EXAMPLE OF A REDISTRIBUTABLE APPLICATION THAT CAN BE HOSTED IN ))3 &IRST YOU NEED TO OPEN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 2IGHT CLICK ON THE 4IME4RACKER 70& PROJECT IN 3OLUTION %XPLORER AND SELECT ?a^_TacXTb THIS OPENS THE 70& PROJECT PROPERTIES WINDOW SHOWING A SET OF TABS THAT IDENTIFY ALL THE INFORMATION RELATED TO THE APPLICATION 4HE !PPLICATION TAB PROVIDES INFORMATION RELATED TO THE APPLICATION )N THE )CON AND -ANIFEST SECTIONS YOU NEED TO PROVIDE AN ICON THE SIZE DEPENDS ON YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM USUALLY A PX IS PRETTY GOOD FOR THE APPLICATION THAT WILL BE USED BY #LICK/NCE TO CREATE A CUSTOM SHORTCUT ON THE DESKTOP AND ON THE APPLICATION FOLDER ,EAVE THE SETTINGS AS IS FOR THE MANIFEST .EXT YOU NEED TO GET ALL THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO SIGN AND IDENTIFY THE 70& APPLICATION 9OU CAN ACCOMPLISH THIS BY CLICKING ON THE !SSEMBLY INFORMATION BUTTON WHICH WILL BRING UP A DIALOG THAT REQUIRES THE INFORMATION USED TO SIGN AND IDENTIFY THE ASSEMBLY &IGURE   SHOWS THE INFORMATION FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

&IGURE   !SSEMBLY PROPERTIES WINDOW .OW YOU CAN PRESS /+ SAVE THE FILE IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND MOVE TO THE 3IGNING TAB WHICH WILL BE USED TO CREATE A CERTIFICATE FOR THE APPLICATION



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#REATE A 4EMPORARY #ERTIFICATE )N THIS BOOK WE CANT USE A #ODE 3IGNING CERTIFICATE FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION BECAUSE WE DIDNT PURCHASE ONE FROM AN AUTHORIZED COMPANY NOR HAVE WE A NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR WHO CAN PROVIDE A #ODE 3IGNING CERTIFICATE 4HIS MAY BE THE SAME SITUATION YOU HAVE ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE BUT YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO TEST AND DEPLOY THE #LICK/NCE APPLICATION ANYWAY SO WHAT CAN YOU DO )F YOU GO TO THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROJECT PROPERTIES 3IGNING PANEL YOU WILL SEE A SET OF INFORMATION THATS GRAYED OUT BY DEFAULT 4O ENABLE THIS INFORMATION SELECT 3IGN THE #LICK/NCE MANIFESTS .OW YOU HAVE THREE OPTIONS TO PROVIDE A #LICK/NCE CERTIFICATE YOU CAN SELECT ONE AVAILABLE ON A CERTIFICATE STORE YOU CAN SELECT ONE FROM A FILE SYSTEM OR YOU CAN CREATE A TEST CERTIFICATE ,ETS USE THE THIRD OPTION 4HE ONLY INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE DIALOG USED TO CREATE A TEMPORARY CERTIFICATE IS A PASSWORD FOR THE CERTIFICATE WHICH WILL BE USED BY !UTHENTICODE TO SIGN A TEMPORARY KEY FILE "ECAUSE THIS IS A TEMPORARY TEST CERTIFICATE YOU CAN LEAVE THE PASSWORD BLANK AND PRESS /+ 4HE RESULT IS A CUSTOM CERTIFICATE THAT #LICK/NCE WILL USE TO IDENTIFY YOU AS THE CREATOR OF THE APPLICATION AS &IGURE   SHOWS 9OU CAN ALSO CLICK THE -ORE $ETAILS BUTTON TO VIEW THE STANDARD CERTIFICATE DIALOG SHOWING THAT THE CERTIFICATE IS UNTRUSTED

&IGURE   4EST CERTIFICATE CREATED USING 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  4HE CERTIFICATE HAS BEEN CREATED AS A FILE WITH THE EXTENSION _Ug AND YOU CAN NOW CHOOSE TO SIGN THE ASSEMBLY AND CERTIFY IT USING YOUR CUSTOM CERTIFICATE .OTE THAT AS SOON AS YOU MARK THE ASSEMBLY WITH THE CERTIFICATE THE APPLICATION WILL NOT BUILD ANYMORE BECAUSE THE 1dbX]Tbb;PhTa AND THE 3PcP;PhTa ASSEMBLIES ARE NOT SIGNED WITH THE SAME CERTIFICATE 4O FIX THIS PROBLEM YOU NEED TO OPEN THE PROPERTIES PANEL OF EACH 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION PROJECT AND SIGN THE ASSEMBLY USING THE SAME CERTIFICATE WHICH IS AVAILABLE FROM THE 3IGN THE !SSEMBLY COMBOBOX OPTION



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3ECURITY 4HE SECURITY SETTINGS FOR THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION ARE PRETTY SIMPLE AS YOULL BE RUNNING THE APPLICATION FROM THE DEVELOPMENT MACHINE )F YOU PLAN TO DISTRIBUTE THE APPLICATION OVER YOUR COMPANY NETWORK YOU CAN EASILY CHANGE THESE SETTINGS LATER 'O TO THE 3ECURITY TAB OF THE 4IME4RACKER PROPERTIES PAGE AND SELECT THE OPTION h4HIS IS A &ULL TRUST APPLICATIONv AND THEN SAVE THE SETTINGS 4HIS CONFIGURATION WILL NOT CAUSE ANY SECURITY ISSUE WHILE YOU ARE TESTING YOUR DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE

0UBLISH 4IME4RACKER .OW ITS TIME TO PUBLISH THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND VERIFY THE INSTALLATION PROCESS SO CLICK ON THE 0UBLISH TAB &IRST YOU NEED TO DECIDE WHERE TO PUBLISH THE APPLICATION ,ETS USE THE LOCAL )NTERNET )NFORMATION 3ERVICE ))3 ALREADY CREATED BY THE 3323 SETUP IN THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER /N YOUR # DRIVE CREATE A NEW FOLDER AND CALL IT 4IME4RACKER$EPLOYMENT 4HIS FOLDER IS WHERE YOULL SAVE THE DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE )F YOU HAVE 7INDOWS  OR 7INDOWS 6ISTA SIMPLY TYPE ))3 IN THE SEARCH CTgc1^g OF THE 3TART MENU AND SELECT )NTERNET )NFORMATION 3ERVICES )F YOU HAVE 7INDOWS 80 OR 7INDOWS 6ISTA OR 7INDOWS  YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO LOCATE ))3 IN #ONTROL 0ANEL ➤ !DMINISTRATIVE 4OOLS ➤ )NTERNET )NFORMATION 3ERVICES )N THE ))3 PANEL LOCATE THE 3ITES FOLDER AND EXPAND IT 9OU SHOULD HAVE A $EFAULT 7EB 3ITE NODE EXPAND IT RIGHT CLICK ON IT AND SELECT !DD !PPLICATION 5SE THE SETTINGS SHOWN IN THE DIALOG IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   ))3 WEB APPLICATION SETTINGS



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)N THE PREVIOUS STEP YOU CREATED A NEW WEB APPLICATION CALLED 4IME4RACKER$EPLOYMENT WHICH WILL BE REACHABLE FROM YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE AT Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTa3T_[^h\T]c WHERE YOULL PUT THE DEPLOYMENT FILES .OW GO BACK TO THE 0UBLISH TAB AND SET THE 0UBLISH FOLDER LOCATION TO 2)KCX\TCaPRZTa3T_[^h\T]cK AND THE )NSTALLATION FOLDER 52, TO Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTa3T_[^h\T]c AND SAVE THE SETTINGS 9OU CAN TRY TO PUBLISH THE APPLICATION AS IS NOW BY RIGHT CLICKING ON THE 70& APPLICATION PROJECT IN THE SOLUTION FOLDER AND CHOOSING 0UBLISH OR BY PRESSING THE 0UBLISH BUTTON ON THE 0UBLISH TAB 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL BUILD THE APPLICATION AND PUBLISH IT TO THE DESTINATION FOLDER )T WILL THEN OPEN YOUR DEFAULT BROWSER BY POINTING TO THE 52, Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTa3T_[^h\T]c_dQ[XbWWc\ 4HE _dQ[XbWWc\ PAGE IS A STATIC PAGE CREATED BY THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PUBLISHING TEMPLATE WHICH INCLUDES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION PACKAGE THAT CAN BE ENRICHED BY USING THE /PTIONS PAGE 4HAT PAGE INCLUDES AN )NSTALL BUTTON FOR INSTALLING THE APPLICATION ON YOUR MACHINE )T WILL ALSO CREATE A SHORTCUT ICON AND A 0ROGRAM MENU ITEM .OW BASED ON THE 5PDATE SETTINGS YOU HAVE CONFIGURED EVERY TIME YOU RUN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION IT WILL OR WILL NOT CHECK FOR UPDATES AND ADDITIONAL VERSIONS OF THE APPLICATION

■ .OTE 4HE #LICK/NCE TECHNOLOGY IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  HAS A WELL KNOWN BUG THAT SOMETIME HAPPENS WHEN YOU PRESS THE 0UBLISH BUTTON ON THE 0UBLISH TAB )T DISPLAYS A GENERIC ERROR SAYING THAT THE APPLICATION CANT BE DEPLOYED BECAUSE ONE OF THE PROJECTS CANT BE BUILT )F THIS HAPPENS YOU CAN FIX THE PROBLEM BY CALLING THE 0UBLISH COMMAND FROM THE CONTEXT MENU OF THE 70& PROJECT 4HIS SOLUTION HAS BEEN EXHAUSTIVELY DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING -ICROSOFT #ONNECT THREAD Wcc_b)R^]]TRc\XRa^b^UcR^\EXbdP[BcdSX^UTTSQPRZSTcPX[b$$ %&# eb! ac\aTcda]bTaa^aRP]]^c_dQ[XbWQTRPdbTP_a^YTRcUPX[TSc^QdX[STeT]cW^dVW b^[dcX^]QdX[SbUX]T

Summary 7ITH #LICK/NCE YOU CAN DISTRIBUTE THE APPLICATION YOU ARE PRODUCING WITHOUT THE HASSLES OF CREATING COMPLICATED DISTRIBUTION PACKAGES AND WORRYING ABOUT APPLICATION UPDATES AND DEPENDENCIES #LICK/NCE IS A PROVEN TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCED WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  AND NOW TESTED AND EXTENDED TO SATISFY ALL THE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS AN APPLICATION SETUP PACKAGE MAY HAVE 9OU CAN CREATE A SHORTCUT ON THE CLIENT DESKTOP AN APPLICATION MENU ITEM IN 7INDOWS AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF MANY OTHER FEATURES LIKE PROVIDING A HELP 52, OR AN ERROR 52, #LICK/NCE ALSO LETS YOU CERTIFY YOUR PACKAGES BY SIGNING THE CODE WITH THE !UTHENTICODE TECHNOLOGY USING A CUSTOM GENERATED CERTIFICATE OR A THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATE LIKE THE ONES PROVIDED BY 6ERI3IGN FOR EXAMPLE 7ITH #LICK/NCE YOU CAN CARRY WITH YOUR APPLICATION DEPLOYMENT PACKAGE ALL THE DEPENDENCIES REQUIRED BY THE APPLICATION AND IF YOU BELIEVE THE DEPENDENCIES ARE TOO HEAVY YOU CAN JUST FORCE THE CLIENT COMPUTER TO CHECK IF THE PREREQUISITES ARE SATISFIED OR PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE WAY OF OBTAINING THEM FOR EXAMPLE BY USING A DOWNLOAD 52, #LICK/NCE IS FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO USE AND WITH THE HELP OF ))3 IT LETS YOU CREATE AND DEPLOY AN APPLICATION SETUP FILE IN FEW MINUTES AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO YOUR ENTIRE COMPANY NETWORK JUST BY SHARING A STATIC ))3 WEB SITE



CHAPTER

2

■■■

Design Patterns in WPF 4HE MAIN PURPOSE OF CREATING A LAYERED APPLICATION AND LOOSELY COUPLING PRESENTATION LOGIC TO BUSINESS LOGIC IS TO HAVE A LARGER TESTABLE SURFACE AREA AND TO REMOVE AS FAR AS POSSIBLE CODE DEPENDENCIES SO THAT EACH LAYER OF THE APPLICATION CAN BE TESTABLE AND INDEPENDENT 0ROBABLY THIS CONCEPT CAN BE APPLIED FROM A PURIST POINT OF VIEW ONLY IN A PERFECT WORLD WHERE THE MODEL IS COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF ANYTHING ELSE AND THE 5) DOESNT KNOW ANYTHING OF THE DATA MODEL THAT IS RENDERING ON THE SCREEN 4HROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BOOK WEVE APPLIED DESIGN PATTERNS TO EVERY COMPONENT OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION 7E CREATED A DOMAIN MODEL USING THE DOMAIN DRIVEN DESIGN TECHNIQUES WE CREATED A DATA LAYER USING THE 5NIT/F7ORK AND THE 2EPOSITORY PATTERNS AND WE APPLIED SOME 4EST $RIVEN $EVELOPMENT CONCEPTS TO THESE COMPONENTS 4HE ADVANTAGE OF USING THESE TECHNIQUES IS AMAZING 9OU CAN CHANGE SOMETHING IN THE DOMAIN MODEL AND BY TESTING UNDERSTAND RIGHT AWAY IF THE CHANGE WILL OR WILL NOT AFFECT THE REMAINING COMPONENTS OF THE APPLICATION 9OU CAN ALSO VERIFY THE IMPACT OF SUCH CHANGE AND UNDERSTAND IF THE APPLICATION CAN BE DEPLOYED WITH THE NEW CHANGES OR NOT /F COURSE THIS PROCESS IS COVERED BY A COMPLEX SET OF TESTS AS SOON AS YOU TACKLE ONE LAYER SAY THE DATA LAYER YOU SHOULD EXECUTE ALL THE UNIT AND INTEGRATION TESTS FOR ALL THE LAYERS TO MAKE SURE THAT THE CHANGES WILL NOT AFFECT INDIRECTLY A DIFFERENT LAYER THAT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED AGAIN 5NFORTUNATELY THOUGH WE ADDED ALL THIS FLEXIBILITY TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION WE DIDNT COMPLETELY ISOLATE AND LOOSELY COUPLED THE 5) LOGIC FROM THE REST OF THE APPLICATION LOGIC )N SHORT WE DIDNT APPLY A DESIGN PATTERN SPECIFICALLY FOR THE PRESENTATION LOGIC TO MAKE THE PRESENTATION PART MORE TESTABLE 4O BE HONEST ALTHOUGH YOUVE ALREADY SEEN A WHOLE LOT ABOUT THE -66- PATTERN WE HAVENT REALLY ANALYZED IT IN DEPTH OR LOOKED AT THE AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES ,ETS DO THAT NOW

Patterns for the UI 4HE POINT OF APPLYING A DESIGN PATTERN TO THE GRAPHICAL LAYER OF AN APPLICATION IS TO LOOSELY COUPLE THE BUSINESS LOGIC TO THE PRESENTATION LOGIC SO THAT FOR EXAMPLE YOU CAN RECYCLE THE SAME COMPONENTS FOR A DIFFERENT 6IEW (OWEVER WITH PRESENTATION PATTERNS THE IDEA IS NOT TO APPLY THEM IN ORDER TO LOOSELY COUPLE THE -ODEL TO THE 6IEW )N THE FIRST PLACE ALL THE INFORMATION CARRIED FROM THE MODEL IS EXPOSED BY THE 6IEW AND THERES NO REASON TO HIDE IT -OREOVER THE AMOUNT OF EFFORT YOU HAVE TO PUT IN AND THE AMOUNT OF CODE YOU HAVE TO WRITE TO TOTALLY LOOSELY COUPLE THE VIEW TO THE MODEL IS TOO MUCH TO GAIN ANY OTHER ADVANTAGE



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)F YOU LOOK AT ALL THE OTHER PRESENTATION PATTERNS NOT JUST FOR 70& THEY ALL INCLUDE THE WORD MODEL -ODEL 6IEW #ONTROLLER -6# -ODEL 6IEW 0RESENTER -60 0RESENTATION -ODEL 0-  AND -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL -66- SO IT SEEMS CLEAR THAT YOU SHOULDNT BE AFRAID OF EXPOSING THE MODEL TO THE VIEW TO DISPLAY THE INFORMATION YOU NEED TO DISPLAY 7HAT YOU SHOULD BE MORE AFRAID OF IS STICKING BUSINESS LOGIC IN THE VIEW AND MIXING LOGIC CODE FOR THE VIEW WITH LOGIC CODE FOR THE MODEL &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU HAVE A MODEL THAT IS NOT VALID THERES NO DATA YOU SHOULDNT WRITE THIS LOGIC IN THE VIEW JUST BECAUSE THE VIEW IS IN CHARGE OF NOTIFYING THE USER WITH A VALIDATION ERROR )NSTEAD YOU SHOULD USE A MIDDLE COMPONENT LIKE A PRESENTER TO ORCHESTRATE BETWEEN THE VIEW AND THE MODEL SO THAT THE VIEW REQUIREMENTS DONT AFFECT THE MODEL REQUIREMENTS )N THIS BOOK WE USE THE -66- PATTERN A DESIGN PATTERN DESIGNED FOR 70& AND SUBSEQUENTLY APPLIED AS WELL TO 3ILVERLIGHT AND 7INDOWS 0HONE  (OWEVER -66- IS NOT THE ONLY DESIGN PATTERN APPLICABLE TO 70& SO LETS TAKE A SHORT TOUR OF THE DESIGN PATTERNS THAT CAN BE EASILY APPLIED TO 70&

■ .OTE 9OU MAY NOTICE THAT IN DISCUSSING DESIGN PATTERNS FOR 70& WE SKIP SOME OF THE MOST WELL KNOWN PRESENTATION PATTERNS LIKE -6# 4HIS IS QUITE DELIBERATE BECAUSE ) BELIEVE THAT THE -6# PATTERN IS NOT PRACTICALLY APPLICABLE TO 70&ˆEVEN IF IT IS THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE TO BUILD AN -6# 70& APPLICATION &IRST OF ALL -6# REQUIRES AN ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK BEHIND THE SCENES THAT IS NOT EASY TO BUILD AND NOT FEASIBLE WITH CLIENT TECHNOLOGIES LIKE 70& OR 7INDOWS &ORMS 3ECOND AND MORE IMPORTANT WITH THE -6# PATTERN YOU CANT USE A NUMBER OF 70&S POWERFUL FEATURES LIKE DATA BINDING COMMANDS AND DELEGATES BECAUSE THE -6# PATTERN IS DRIVEN BY THE #ONTROLLER AND NOT BY THE 6IEW

-ODEL 6IEW 0RESENTER 4HE -ODEL 6IEW 0RESENTER -60 PATTERN HAS BEEN AROUND DEVELOPER COMMUNITIES SINCE  WHEN IT WAS FIRST USED BY 4ALIGENT AND )"- )T WAS INTRODUCED BECAUSE THE PARENT -ODEL 6IEW #ONTROLLER -6# PATTERN LACKED A MIDDLE COMPONENT TO TAKE CARE OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC 4HE -60 PATTERN HAS THREE COMPONENTS THE -ODEL THE 6IEW AND THE 0RESENTER THE LAST ONE IS IN CHARGE OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC )N THIS PATTERN THE MAIN ROLE IS GIVEN TO THE 0RESENTER WHICH IS IN CHARGE OF LISTENING FOR THE 6IEWS EVENTS AND REACTING APPROPRIATELY TO THESE EVENTS 4HE 0RESENTER ALSO MAKES LOGICAL DECISIONS BASED ON THE 6IEW STATE 3INCE ITS DEVELOPMENT THIS PATTERN HAS BEEN EXAMINED ESPECIALLY BY -ARTIN &OWLER A SOFTWARE ARCHITECT WHO ANALYZED THIS AND OTHER PRESENTATION PATTERNS IN DEPTH )F YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THE TOPIC YOU MAY FIND HIS BOOK 0ATTERNS OF %NTERPRISE !PPLICATIONS !RCHITECTURE !DDISON 7ESLEY  VERY USEFUL  .OW LETS TAKE A LOOK AT THE -60 PATTERN ALSO KNOWN AS 0ASSIVE 6IEW AND AT A VARIANT CALLED 3UPERVISING #ONTROLLER

■ .OTE 4HE NEXT SECTIONS USE SOME SAMPLE CODE THAT CAN BE EASILY DOWNLOADED FROM THIS BOOKS PAGE ON THE !PRESS WEB SITE 4HE SAMPLE CODE DOES NOT REFER DIRECTLY TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND IS USED JUST TO EXPLAIN THE DESIGN PATTERN



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X]c =d\QTa1 j VTc* bTc* l e^XS 2P[Rd[PcT^QYTRc bT]STa 4eT]c0aVb PaVb* l l 4HE VIEW HAS TWO PROPERTIES OF TYPE INTEGER =d\QTa0 AND =d\QTa1 AND A METHOD THAT WILL BE USED AS A DELEGATE FOR THE 2P[Rd[PcT BUTTON .OW WE NEED TO CREATE A 70& VIEW WITH TWO CTgc1^gES AND A 1dcc^] AND IMPLEMENT THE INTERFACE IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   )MPLEMENTATION OF THE 82P[Rd[PcTEXTf dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V BhbcT\FX]S^fb* ]P\Tb_PRT D8?PccTa]b?PbbXeTEXTf j  +bd\\Pah 8]cTaPRcX^] [^VXR U^a ?PbbXeTEXTfgP\[  +bd\\Pah_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb ?PbbXeTEXTf ) FX]S^f 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf j _dQ[XR ?PbbXeTEXTf j 8]XcXP[XiT2^\_^]T]c* Qc]2P[Rd[PcT2[XRZ , 2P[Rd[PcT* l aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf _dQ[XR X]c =d\QTa0 j VTc j aTcda] 2^]eTacC^8]c"!cgc0CTgc* l bTc j cgc0CTgc , eP[dTC^BcaX]V* l l _dQ[XR X]c =d\QTa1 j VTc j aTcda] 2^]eTacC^8]c"!cgc1CTgc* l bTc j cgc1CTgc , eP[dTC^BcaX]V* l l _dQ[XR e^XS 2P[Rd[PcT^QYTRc bT]STa 4eT]c0aVb PaVb j  cWT X\_[T\T]cPcX^] fX[[ QT P]P[hiTS [PcTa X] cWXb bTRcX^] l T]SaTVX^] l l



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!S YOU CAN SEE THE CODE IMPLEMENTS THE 6IEW BY MANUALLY BINDING THE PROPERTIES OF THE 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf TO THE OBJECTS OF THE 70& 6IEW AND ALSO ATTACHES THE 2P[Rd[PcT METHOD TO THE CORRESPONDING #LICK EVENT OF THE Qc]2P[Rd[PcT "UTTON .OW WE JUST NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE 0RESENTER AND BIND IT TO THE 6IEW AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE 0RESENTER AND )TS 2EFERENCE IN THE 6IEW  ?aTbT]cTa R[Pbb ]P\Tb_PRT D8?PccTa]b?PbbXeTEXTf j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTa j _aXePcT aTPS^][h 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf eXTf* _dQ[XR 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTa82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf eXTf j cWXbeXTf , eXTf* l _dQ[XR e^XS 2P[Rd[PcT j 2P[Rd[PcX^]<^ST[ \^ST[ , ]Tf 2P[Rd[PcX^]<^ST[eXTf=d\QTa0 eXTf=d\QTa1* \^ST[2P[Rd[PcT* l l l  ATUTaT]RT X] cWT F?5 EXTf _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb ?PbbXeTEXTf ) FX]S^f 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf j _aXePcT 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTa _aTbT]cTa* _dQ[XR ?PbbXeTEXTf j 8]XcXP[XiT2^\_^]T]c* cWXb_aTbT]cTa , ]Tf 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTacWXb* Qc]2P[Rd[PcT2[XRZ , 2P[Rd[PcT* l _dQ[XR e^XS 2P[Rd[PcT^QYTRc bT]STa 4eT]c0aVb PaVb j cWXb_aTbT]cTa2P[Rd[PcT* l  ^\XccTS R^ST l )N THIS CASE THE 6IEW NOTIFIES THE 0RESENTER THAT THE USER HAS REQUESTED A CALCULATION THE 0RESENTER WILL PROCESS THE NUMBERS ENTERED IN THE 6IEW AND EXECUTE THE CALCULATION !S YOU CAN SEE THE 6IEW IS TOTALLY AGNOSTIC AND UNAWARE OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC WHICH IS LEFT COMPLETELY TO THE 0RESENTER



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!ND THE IMPLEMENTATION IN THE 70& 6IEW WILL USE THE BINDING ENGINE OF 70& TO KEEP THE -ODEL ALIVE SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   70& )MPLEMENTATION OF THE 6IEW dbX]V BhbcT\* dbX]V BhbcT\FX]S^fb* ]P\Tb_PRT D8?PccTa]bBd_TaeXbX]V2^]ca^[[Ta j  +bd\\Pah 8]cTaPRcX^] [^VXR U^a Bd_TaeXbX]V2^]ca^[[TagP\[  +bd\\Pah_dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb Bd_TaeXbX]V2^]ca^[[Ta ) FX]S^f 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf j _aXePcT aTPS^][h 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTa _aTbT]cTa* _dQ[XR Bd_TaeXbX]V2^]ca^[[Ta j 8]XcXP[XiT2^\_^]T]c* cWXb_aTbT]cTa , ]Tf 2P[Rd[Pc^a?aTbT]cTacWXb* l aTVX^] 82P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf


#(!04%2  ■ $%3)'. 0!44%2.3 ). 70&

When to Use the MVP )F YOU ARE WORKING WITH 70& THERE SHOULDNT BE ANY PARTICULAR REASON TO USE -60 INSTEAD OF -66- BUT IF YOURE NOT BUILDING A BRAND NEW APPLICATION AND ARE SIMPLY MIGRATING AN EXISTING APPLICATION DESIGNED WITH THE -60 PATTERN TO 70& YOU MAY WONDER WHEN TO USE THE -60 0ASSIVE 6IEW AND WHEN THE 3UPERVISING #ONTROLLER VERSION ,ETS START WITH THE 0ASSIVE 6IEW IN THIS VERSION OF -60 YOU CAN TEST ALMOST THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC BECAUSE THE 6IEW IS A PURE ABSTRACT CONTAINER OF INFORMATION FOR THE 5) AND NOTHING MORE 4HE TESTABILITY OF THE APPLICATION IS VERY HIGH AND ALL THE PRESENTATION LOGIC CAN BE TESTED WITHOUT THE NEED OF MOCKING THE 5) PART BECAUSE ALL THE HARD WORK IS LEFT TO THE 0RESENTER 4HE DOWNSIDE OF USING THE 0ASSIVE 6IEW IS THAT IT REQUIRES A LOT OF ADDITIONAL CODE ESPECIALLY ON THE 6IEW SIDE BECAUSE YOU PROBABLY WONT EXPOSE THE -ODEL DIRECTLY INTO THE 6IEW 4HIS ADDITIONAL CODE CAN MAKE A HUGE DIFFERENCE IF THE 6IEW YOU ARE BUILDING IS COMPLEX AND RICH IN INFORMATION /N THE OTHER HAND THERE MAY BE SOME SITUATIONS WHERE THE TESTABILITY OF THE PRESENTATION LOGIC IS NOT THE ONLY CONCERN OR REQUIREMENT AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THE -ODEL YOU ARE EXPOSING TO THE 6IEW IS SO GREAT THAT IT MAY TURN OUT TO BE VERY DIFFICULT TO CREATE AN ABSTRACT 6IEW THAT REPRESENTS THE CORRESPONDING -ODEL )N THAT CASE YOU MIGHT CONSIDER USING THE 3UPERVISING #ONTROLLER -60 VERSION /F COURSE IF YOU PLAN TO USE THIS VERSION OF THE -60 YOU HAVE TO BEAR IN MIND THAT YOU ARE FORCING THE APPLICATION TO LOSE FLEXIBILITY BECAUSE THE 6IEW IS STRICTLY BOUND TO THE CORRESPONDING -ODEL AND THIS WILL PROBABLY REMOVE ABSTRACTION FROM THE 6IEW

-ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL )N  WHEN RICH 5) TECHNOLOGIES LIKE 70& AND 3ILVERLIGHT WERE JUST IN BETA -ARTIN &OWLER INTRODUCED A NEW PRESENTATION PATTERN CALLED 0RESENTATION -ODEL 0-  )N THIS PATTERN &OWLER PRESENTED SOME OF THE FEATURES THAT ARE NOW IN 70& BUT IN SIMPLER WAY 4HE 0- PATTERN CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS THE 0RESENTATION-ODEL AND THE 6IEW THAT IS BOUND TO IT 4HE 0- IS IN CHARGE OF PROVIDING THE INFORMATION AND THE PRESENTATION LOGIC USED BY THE 6IEW AND THE 6IEW IS BOUND TO IT USING A BINDING ENGINE WHICH IN OUR CASE IS THE 70& BINDING ENGINE )N  *OHN 'OSSMAN 70& SOFTWARE ARCHITECT AT -ICROSOFT REVISED THE 0- PATTERN A LITTLE BIT INTRODUCING A NEW SPECIALIZED VERSION MORE SPECIFIC TO 70& THE -ODEL 6IEW 6IEW-ODEL PATTERN 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS PRESENTATION PATTERN AND THE -60 IS THAT -66- LIKE 0- DOES NOT NEED A REFERENCE TO THE 6IEW WHILE IN -60 YOU HAVE TO REFERENCE THE 6IEW IN THE 0RESENTER 4HIS DIFFERENCE CAN HAVE A BIG ADVANTAGE IN TERMS OF FLEXIBILITY AS WITH THE -66- PATTERN YOU RECYCLE THE 6IEW-ODEL OVER DIFFERENT 6IEWS 4HE -66- PATTERN CONSISTS OF THREE MAJOR OBJECTS THE -ODEL THE 6IEW AND THE 6IEW-ODEL THE STRUCTURE OF THE -66- IS SHOWN IN &IGURE  



#(!04%2  ■ $%3)'. 0!44%2.3 ). 70&

,ISTING   )MPLEMENTATION OF THE ).0# )NTERFACE dbX]V BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[* ]P\Tb_PRT D8?PccTa]b<EE< j _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[ ) 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS j aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS _dQ[XR TeT]c ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c7P]S[Ta ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS* T]SaTVX^] _dQ[XR e^XS >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTSbcaX]V ]P\T j ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c7P]S[Ta WP]S[Ta , ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS* XU WP]S[Ta , ]d[[ j ?a^_Tach2WP]VTScWXb ]Tf ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS4eT]c0aVb]P\T* l l l l 4HE 70& BINDING ENGINE IS DESIGNED TO LISTEN FOR THE ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT EXPOSED BY THIS INTERFACE IF THE OBJECT DATABOUND TO THE 3PcP2^]cTgc OF THE 6IEW IS IMPLEMENTING THE 8=?2 INTERFACE &OR MORE INFORMATION SEE #HAPTER  WHICH HAS AN ENTIRE SECTION DEDICATED TO THIS MECHANISM &OR THE 2P[Rd[Pc^a MODEL THE SECOND STEP IS TO INJECT THE -ODEL INTO THE 6IEW-ODEL AND REPLICATE THE -ODEL PROPERTIES IN THE 6IEW-ODEL THEN RAISE A ?a^_Tach2WP]VTS EVENT FOR EACH AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   )MPLEMENTATION OF THE -ODEL IN THE 6IEW-ODEL _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[ ) 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS j _aXePcT 2P[Rd[Pc^a<^ST[ \^ST[* _dQ[XR 2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[2P[Rd[Pc^a<^ST[ \^ST[ j cWXb\^ST[ , \^ST[* l



#(!04%2  ■ $%3)'. 0!44%2.3 ). 70&

_dQ[XR X]c =d\QTa0 j VTc j aTcda] cWXb\^ST[=d\QTa0* l bTc j 8U cWXb\^ST[=d\QTa0 , eP[dT j cWXb\^ST[=d\QTa0 , eP[dT* >]?a^_Tach2WP]VTS=d\QTa0* l l l  8=?2 X\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^\XccTS l )N THIS LISTING THE -ODEL IS NOT DIRECTLY EXPOSED IN THE 6IEW BUT IS WRAPPED AROUND A 6IEW-ODEL PROPERTY SO YOU DONT HAVE TO POLLUTE THE DOMAIN ENTITY WITH THE 8=?2 INTERFACE .OW YOU CAN EASILY DATA BIND THE 6IEW-ODEL IN THE 6IEW USING ONLY PURE 8!-, MARKUP AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   $ATA "IND THE 6IEW-ODEL TO THE 8!-, 6IEW +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,D8?PccTa]b<EE<<^ST[EXTfEXTf<^ST[ g\[]b,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[_aTbT]cPcX^] g\[]b)g,Wcc_)bRWT\Pb\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]Ug!%gP\[ g\[]b)<EE<,R[a]P\Tb_PRT)D8?PccTa]b<EE< CXc[T,<^ST[EXTfEXTf<^ST[ 7TXVWc," FXScW,"+FX]S^f3PcP2^]cTgc+<EE<)2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[ +FX]S^f3PcP2^]cTgc+6aXS+CTgc1[^RZ-2P[Rd[Pc^a <EE<+CTgc1[^RZ+CTgc1[^RZ -2P[Rd[PcT cWT Bd\ QTcfTT] 0 P]S 1+CTgc1[^RZ+;PQT[-=d\QTa 0)+;PQT[+CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,=d\QTa0l-+CTgc1^g+;PQT[-=d\QTa 1)+;PQT[+CTgc1^g CTgc,j1X]SX]V ?PcW,=d\QTa1l-+CTgc1^g+1dcc^]-2P[Rd[PcT+1dcc^]+6aXS+FX]S^f-

■ .OTE 4HE PRECEDING EXAMPLE SHOWS ONE POSSIBLE APPROACH TO BINDING A -ODEL TO A 6IEW-ODEL 9OU CAN ALSO CONSIDER EXPOSING THE -ODEL DIRECTLY IN THE 6IEW-ODEL OR CREATING A 6IEW-ODEL THAT REFLECTS THE -ODEL PROPERTIES AND DATA BIND THE -ODEL TO THE 6IEW-ODEL BACKWARDS AND FORWARD 9OULL FIND MUCH DEBATE ABOUT WHICH TECHNIQUE IS THE BEST AND WHICH IS THE WORST ) PERSONALLY BELIEVE THAT IT ALWAYS DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU ARE DOING AND ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE -ODEL6IEW-ODEL STRUCTURE



#(!04%2  ■ $%3)'. 0!44%2.3 ). 70&

Exposing the Commands )N #HAPTER  YOU LOOKED AT HOW COMMANDS WORK IN 70& AND HOW THIS IS HANDLED BY THE DATA BINDING ENGINE 70& ITSELF EXPOSES THE A^dcTS2^\\P]S OBJECT WHICH IS NOTHING MORE THAN A CUSTOM IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE DESIGNED FOR THE 70& ENGINE )N -66- YOU EXPOSE THE COMMANDS AVAILABLE FOR THE 5) AS SIMPLE READ ONLY PROPERTIES OF TYPE 82^\\P]S THAT ARE IMPLEMENTED INSIDE THE 6IEW-ODEL OBJECT AS IN ,ISTING   0LEASE REFER TO #HAPTER  TO SEE HOW TO CREATE AN <ee\2^\\P]S OBJECT  ,ISTING   %XPOSING AN 82^\\P]S IN A 6IEW-ODEL _dQ[XR bTP[TS R[Pbb 2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[ ) 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS j _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S 2P[Rd[PcT2^\\P]S j VTc* _aXePcT bTc* l _aXePcT 2P[Rd[Pc^a<^ST[ \^ST[* _dQ[XR 2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[ j cWXb\^ST[ , ]Tf 2P[Rd[Pc^a<^ST[* cWXb2P[Rd[PcT2^\\P]S , ]Tf <ee\2^\\P]S _PaP\ ,- \^ST[2P[Rd[PcT _PaP\ ,- =d\QTa0 ,   =d\QTa1 ,  0SS;XbcT]Ta+2P[Rd[Pc^aEXTf<^ST[-cWXb g ,- g=d\QTa0* l l 4HIS LISTING CREATES A NEW 82^\\P]S THAT IS RE EVALUATED EVERY TIME THE PROPERTY =d\QTa0 OF THE 6IEW-ODEL IS CHANGED AND THIS EXECUTES THE 2P[Rd[PcT METHOD OF THE 6IEW-ODEL MODEL PROPERTY 4HE REASON FOR RE EVALUATING THE COMMAND EXECUTION IS THAT 70& BINDS IT TO THE 2^\\P]S DEPENDENCY PROPERTY OF THE 1dcc^] AND THIS RE EVALUATION PROCESS WILL ENABLEDISABLE THE BUTTON DEPENDING ON THE "OOLEAN RESULT RETURNED BY THE 2P]4gTRdcT METHOD OF THE 82^\\P]S IMPLEMENTATION 4HE MAIN CONCEPT HERE IS HOW TO USE THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE IN 70& DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY IN #HAPTER  THEN IN THE 6IEW-ODEL YOU JUST HAVE TO EXPOSE THE 82^\\P]S INTERFACE AND DATA BIND IT TO THE CORRESPONDING 8!-, ELEMENT OF THE 6IEW LIKE A BUTTON AS SHOWN IN ,ISTINGS   AND   ,ISTING   "INDING TO A "UTTON  bP\_[T EXTf<^ST[ _dQ[XR R[Pbb BP\_[TEXTf<^ST[ ) 8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS j  8=^cXUh?a^_Tach2WP]VTS X]cTaUPRT X\_[T\T]cPcX^]  WPb QTT] bZX__TS  82^\\P]S _aXePcT 82^\\P]S \h2^\\P]S* _dQ[XR 82^\\P]S


#(!04%2  ■ $%3)'. 0!44%2.3 ). 70&

bTc j 8U \h2^\\P]S , eP[dT j \h2^\\P]S , eP[dT*  ]^cXUh  l l l l ,ISTING   "INDING THE "UTTON OF ,ISTING   +1dcc^] 2^\\P]S,|j1X]SX]V ?PcW,
Summary ) WANT TO CLARIFY A COMMON MISUNDERSTANDING )VE SEEN IN THE .%4 COMMUNITIES IN THE PAST YEARS ABOUT USING AND WORKING WITH THE PRESENTATION PATTERNS IN GENERAL ! PRESENTATION PATTERN IS ADOPTED IN ORDER TO LOOSELY COUPLE THE 5) LOGIC FROM THE PRESENTATION LOGIC AND TO MAKE THE PRESENTATION PART OF THE APPLICATION MORE TESTABLE AND FLEXIBLE )T IS NOT USED TO SEPARATE THE DOMAIN FROM THE 5) THIS IS NOT THE PRIMARY REASON FOR ADOPTING PRESENTATION PATTERNS 0RESENTATIONS PATTERN SUCH -60 AND -66- ARE ONLY PART OF THE 5) THEY DONT REPRESENT THE OVERALL SOLUTION FOR 5) ARCHITECTURE 7ITH A PRESENTATION PATTERN YOU SHOULD SOLVE SOME SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE 5) LAYER BUT THIS DOESNT MEAN THAT YOU NEED A THIRD PARTY FRAMEWORK OR A PERSONAL SET OF FACILITIES THAT WILL ALLOW YOU TO BOOTSTRAP THE 5) AND ORCHESTRATE THE NAVIGATION AND THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE VIEWS LIKE WE DID IN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION USING 5NITY AND THE NAVIGATION PATTERN 4HERE IS NO SINGLE CORRECT PATTERN TO USE EACH ONE HAS PROS AND CONS AND BEFORE CHOOSING ONE INSTEAD OF ANOTHER YOU SHOULD EVALUATE THEM AND ASK YOURSELF QUESTIONS LIKE h$OES MY ARCHITECTURE NEED -60v OR h$O ) NEED TO FULLY TEST THE PRESENTATION SURFACE OF THE APPLICATIONv AND SO ON !LSO CONSIDER THAT IT IS NOT TRUE THAT ONE PRESENTATION PATTERN IS MORE COMPLICATED THAN ANOTHER THEY ARE SIMPLY DIFFERENT AND AS WITH ANY OTHER PATTERN YOU NEED TO TRY THEM OUT TO UNDERSTAND AND MASTER THEM 3PEND SOME TIME LEARNING THESE PATTERNS BEFORE MAKING A FINAL CHOICE



CHAPTER ■■■

WPF and Multithreading 7ITH THE COMPUTER HARDWARE CURRENTLY ON THE MARKET AND THE POWERFUL CONFIGURATIONS YOU CAN BUY FOR AN ACCEPTABLE PRICE YOU CAN HAVE IN YOUR HANDS A ROBUST MACHINE THAT IS ABLE TO EXECUTE MILLIONS OF CALCULATIONS PER SECOND 5NFORTUNATELY HAVING THIS KIND OF POWERFUL CALCULATOR DOESNT MAKE AN APPLICATION FASTER BY DEFAULT NOR DOES IT MAKE AN APPLICATIONS USER INTERFACE FASTER OR MORE RESPONSIVE )F YOU PLAN TO DESIGN AN APPLICATION TO BE RESPONSIVE AND TO EXECUTE TONS OF OPERATIONS IN PARALLEL YOU NEED TO WRITE CODE THAT IS ABLE TO DO THAT INSTEAD OF RELYING ON EXPENSIVE HARDWARE .OWADAYS THERE ARE MACHINES WITH MULTI CORE PROCESSORS #05S THAT CAN EXECUTE PARALLEL PROCESSES ALL AT THE SAME TIME )T USED TO BE THE CASE THAT PROCESSORS ONLY HAD A SINGLE CORE WHICH MEANT THEY COULD ONLY EXECUTE A SEQUENCE OF STEPS THEY WERE NOT ABLE TO EXECUTE PARALLEL OPERATIONS )F YOU HAD TO EXECUTE PARALLEL PROCESSES YOU HAD TO WRITE MULTITHREADED CODE "Y MULTITHREADING ) MEAN A SYSTEM PROGRAM OR COMPONENT THAT EXECUTES MORE THAN ONE PROCESS IN PARALLEL 4HE ADVANTAGE OF THIS IS THAT SOFTWARE CAN EXECUTE INSTRUCTIONS IN PARALLEL AND OFTEN DECREASE THE TOTAL TIME REQUIRED TO EXECUTE THOSE INSTRUCTIONS /F COURSE MULTI CORE AND MULTITHREADING ARE TWO TERMS THAT GO TOGETHER IN COMPUTER SCIENCE IF YOU PROGRAM YOUR SOFTWARE USING MULTITHREADING BUT YOU HAVE A MACHINE WITH A SINGLE CORE YOUR CODE WILL SHARE THE RESOURCE OF THE CORE AMONG ALL THE PARALLEL THREADS )F YOU HAVE A MULTI CORE PROCESSOR THOUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF YOUR hPARALLELv CODE SHOULD BE FASTER 4O APPLY THESE CONCEPTS TO 70& APPLICATIONS ONE OF THE PRIMARY ADVANTAGE OF USING A MULTITHREADING PROGRAMMING APPROACH IS TO HAVE A VERY RESPONSIVE USER INTERFACE BECAUSE ANY OPERATION CALLED BY THE 5) WILL BE EXECUTED IN THE BACKGROUND WHICH MEANS ON ANOTHER THREAD BY THE COMPUTER SO THAT THE THREAD INVOLVED IN KEEPING THE 5) RESPONSIVE THE 5) THREAD WILL NOT BE OCCUPIED BY THE EXECUTION OF THE BACKGROUND CALL 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK OFFERS DIFFERENT WAYS OF RUNNING PARALLEL CODE AND THERE ARE ALSO DIFFERENT PATTERNS TO SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS OF A PARALLEL PROGRAMMING APPROACH 70& PROVIDES A POWERFUL AND VERY EASY MECHANISM FOR RUNNING PARALLEL CODE THAT WILL KEEP THE 5) RESPONSIVE WITHOUT TOO MUCH EFFORT ON THE PROGRAMMING SIDE )N THIS CHAPTER WELL TAKE A LOOK AT SOME TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE USED WITH .%4 TO WRITE PARALLEL CODE AND ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATIONS (OWEVER THIS IS A HUGE TOPIC AND IF YOU PLAN TO LEARN ABOUT AND PROGRAM USING PARALLEL TECHNIQUES ) RECOMMEND YOU FOLLOW UP WITH A BOOK THAT FOCUSES MORE SPECIFICALLY ON THIS TOPIC LIKE !DAM &REEMANS 0RO .%4  0ARALLEL 0ROGRAMMING WITH # !PRESS   ) ALSO SUGGEST YOU EXAMINE THE DEDICATED SECTION OF -3$. AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah \b &" &'Pb_g



#(!04%2  ■ 70& !.$ -5,4)4(2%!$).'

Writing Multithreading Code in .NET )N THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER WELL LOOK WHAT SOLUTIONS .%4  PROVIDES FOR WRITING AND EXECUTING MULTITHREADED OPERATIONS 4O EXECUTE THE CODE WE WILL CREATE A DEMO 70&  PROJECT WITH 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  CALLED h70&-ULTI4HREADING v WHICH WELL USE TO EXECUTE THE VARIOUS EXAMPLES 9OU CAN DOWNLOAD THE CODE FROM THE !PRESS WEB SITE ALONG WITH THE CODE RELATED TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

4HE 4HREAD /BJECT 7HEN YOU TURN ON YOUR 0# AND START TO WORK IN YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM /3 YOU START TO EXECUTE PARALLEL PROCESSESˆAPPLICATIONSˆAND EACH ONE IS ON A DIFFERENT THREAD &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU HAVE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO AND .OTEPAD OPEN YOU ARE EXECUTING TWO DIFFERENT PROCESSES IN YOUR /3 EACH ON A DIFFERENT THREAD

■ .OTE 7INDOWS AND OPERATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL ARE ABLE TO MULTITASK MEANING THEY ARE ABLE TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PROCESSES AT THE SAME TIME 4HIS ABILITY GIVES USERS THE IMPRESSION THAT THE /3 IS RUNNING DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS IN PARALLEL WHICH IS NOT REALLY TRUE 4HE /3 HAS AN INTERNAL SCHEDULER THAT IS ABLE TO SPLIT THE TIME NEEDED BY EACH PROCESS TO BE EXECUTED BY GIVING PRIORITY TO ONE PROCESS INSTEAD OF ANOTHER )N THIS WAY THE /3 CAN SWITCH BETWEEN EXECUTING A PROCESS TO EXECUTING ANOTHER ONE BY GIVING A SPECIFIC LIMIT TO THE EXECUTION TIME

7HEN YOU WRITE # CODE USUALLY YOU EXECUTE ALL THE CODE WITHIN ONE SINGLE THREAD SO IF YOU PLAN TO EXECUTE THREE SEQUENTIAL STEPS EACH STEP HAS TO WAIT UNTIL THE PREVIOUS ONE IS COMPLETED 4HIS SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION CAN EASILY LOCK DOWN THE RESPONSIVENESS OF YOUR 5) WHEN THE SAME THREAD THAT IS RENDERING THE GRAPHIC INTERFACE IS ALSO IN CHARGE OF EXECUTING COMMANDS IN BACKGROUND )N SUCH SITUATIONS IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE 5) RESPONSIVE AND TO INFORM THE USER THAT A LONG RUNNING TASK IS EXECUTING AND THAT THE PROGRAM HAS NOT SIMPLY CRASHED 7HEN YOU WRITE AN APPLICATION WITH 70& YOU MAY ENCOUNTER THREE TYPES OF SITUATIONS WHERE YOU HAVE TO USE MULTITHREADING v

9OU WANT THE 5) TO REMAIN RESPONSIVE WHILE ANOTHER THREAD IS SENDING DATA TO THE 5)

v

9OU HAVE TO EXECUTE A LONG RUNNING TASK IN THE BACKGROUND AND NOTIFY ANOTHER THREAD WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETED

v

9OU ARE WORKING WITH REMOTE COMPONENTS LIKE A 7#& SERVICE OR A .%4 2EMOTING OBJECT THAT MAY LOCK THE CURRENT THREAD WHILE EXECUTING DUE TO SOME LATENCY IN THE RESPONSE

)N THESE CASES YOU MIGHT CONSIDER MOVING THE CODE THAT IS LOCKING DOWN THE APPLICATION TO A DIFFERENT THREAD AND EXECUTE IT IN PARALLEL /UR DEMO 70& APPLICATION CREATES A SIMPLE 8!-, FX]S^f THAT CONTAINS A CTgc1^g AND A 1dcc^] THE BUTTON #LICK EVENT IS HANDLED IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE ,ISTING   SHOWS THE 8!-, MARKUP USED TO CREATE IT



#(!04%2  ■ 70& !.$ -5,4)4(2%!$).'

,ISTING   70& 7INDOW 4HAT 2UNS -ULTIPLE 4HREADS +FX]S^f g)2[Pbb,CWaTPS2[Pbb


#(!04%2  ■ 70& !.$ -5,4)4(2%!$).'

_aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cWXbcgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l l l 4HE ONLY CODE THATS NEW HERE IS THE B[TT_ METHOD EXPOSED BY THE CWaTPS CLASS THIS METHOD IS USED TO PAUSE THE CURRENTLY EXECUTING THREAD "Y EXECUTING THIS CODE YOU ARE TELLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM THAT YOU WANT TO PAUSE THE CURRENT THREAD WHICH IS ALSO THE THREAD THAT IS RENDERING THE USER INTERFACE &OR THIS REASON THE 5) BECOMES UNRESPONSIVE 9OU CAN HOWEVER CREATE A LONG RUNNING TASK AND EXECUTE IT WITHOUT LOCKING DOWN THE 5) THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CREATING A NEW CWaTPS INSTANCE AND ASSOCIATING THE CODE OF THE LONG RUNNING TASK TO THIS THREAD OBJECT AND THEN UPDATING THE 5) WHEN THE OPERATION IS DONE SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   ,ONG 2UNNING 4ASK %XECUTED IN A $IFFERENT 4HREAD _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPS cWaTPS , ]Tf CWaTPS ,j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* cWaTPSBcPac* l /NE OF THE WAYS OF CREATING A NEW THREAD CLASS IS BY PASSING IN THE CONSTRUCTOR A DELEGATE THAT REPRESENTS THE BUTTON 4HE APPLICATION BECOMES RESPONSIVE RIGHT AWAY BUT AFTER  SECONDS YOU GET AN ERROR SAYING THE THREAD THAT IS TRYING TO ACCESS THE CTgc1^g OBJECT IS NOT THE SAME THREAD USED BY 70& TO CREATE THE CTgc1^g AS &IGURE   SHOWS

&IGURE   %XCEPTION THROWN WHEN THE 5) THREAD IS NOT IN SYNC



#(!04%2  ■ 70& !.$ -5,4)4(2%!$).'

4HE FIRST EASY WAY TO FIX THIS PROBLEM IS TO CALL THE 3Xb_PcRWTa CLASS EXPOSED BY THE 70& CTgc1^g 4HIS OBJECT AS YOU WILL SEE IN THE SECOND PART OF THE CHAPTER IS IN CHARGE OF DEALING WITH CONCURRENCY AND THREADING 4HE 70& DISPATCHER IS ABLE TO HANDLE MESSAGES BY AFFINITY AND IDENTIFY A MESSAGE THAT IS NOT COMING FROM THE SAME THREAD AS THE 5) AND DISPATCH IT TO THE 5) THREAD SO THAT IT CAN BE HANDLED PROPERLY ,ISTING   MODIFIES THE WAY THE THREAD IS INTERACTING WITH THE CTgc1^g SO THE 5) WILL REMAIN RESPONSIVE WHILE RUNNING THE CODE IN A DIFFERENT THREAD ,ISTING   3AMPLE 5SING THE 70& 3Xb_PcRWTa /BJECT _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPS cWaTPS , ]Tf CWaTPS ,j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT]Tf 0RcX^] ,- cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc ,« 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* cWaTPSBcPac* l 4HE 3Xb_PcRWTa OBJECT EXPOSED BY THE CTgc1^g CLASS AND ALSO BY ANY OTHER 70& COMPONENT HAS AN 8]e^ZT METHOD THAT CAN BE USED TO DISPATCH A MESSAGE A DELEGATE TO THE CORRECT 5) THREAD THE ONE USED BY THE CTgc1^g THAT IS CALLING THE 8]e^ZT METHOD -OST OBJECTS IN 70& DERIVE FROM 3Xb_PcRWTa>QYTRc WHICH PROVIDES THE BASIC CONSTRUCTS FOR DEALING WITH CONCURRENCY AND THREADING .OW IF YOU RUN THE PREVIOUS CODE YOU SHOULD HAVE A RESPONSIVE 5) AND AT THE SAME TIME YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRINT THE h(ELLO 7ORLD
v STRING IN THE CTgc1^g AFTER  SECONDS

Interacting with the Thread class 4HE CWaTPS CLASS IS A COMPLEX OBJECT EXPOSED BY A SPECIFIC NAMESPACE THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V NAMESPACE WHICH PROVIDES FACILITIES AND COMPONENTS TO WORK WITH MULTITHREADING 7HEN YOU WORK WITH A MULTITHREADED APPLICATION THE MOST CHALLENGING TASKS ARE WHEN YOU NEED TO SYNCHRONIZE THE VARIOUS THREADS WAIT FOR A SPECIFIC THREAD OR JUST NEED TO KILL A RUNNING THREAD !S YOU SAW IN ,ISTING   YOU CAN CREATE AND RUN A NEW THREAD SIMPLY BY CREATING A NEW INSTANCE OF THE CWaTPS CLASS AND THEN CALLING THE BcPac METHOD 4HE ONLY WAY TO STOP A RUNNING THREAD IS TO CALL THE 0Q^ac METHOD AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   3TARTING AND 3TOPPING A 2UNNING 4HREAD _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPS cWaTPS , ]Tf CWaTPS ,- cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,-



#(!04%2  ■ 70& !.$ -5,4)4(2%!$).'

j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* cWaTPSBcPac* cWaTPS0Q^ac* l )N THIS CASE AFTER THE CODE STARTS THE THREAD IT CALLS THE 0Q^ac METHOD WHICH WILL KILL THE EXECUTION AND THE THREAD SO THE cgc2daaT]cEP[dT 4EXT"OX WILL NOT BE SET USING THE ACTION DEFINED IN THE THREAD DECLARATION )N OTHER CASES YOU MIGHT NEED TO PAUSE THE THREAD FOR A WHILE AND THEN CONTINUE EXECUTION LIKE THE 0AUSE AND 0LAY COMMANDS ON A #$ PLAYER
)N ORDER TO PAUSE AND CONTINUE THREAD EXECUTION THE CWaTPS CLASS EXPOSES TWO METHODS Bdb_T]S AND ATbd\T WHICH CAN BE USED AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   0AUSE AND #ONTINUE A 4HREAD _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPS cWaTPS , ]Tf CWaTPS ,- cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc ,  KaK]* l* cWaTPSBcPac* cWaTPSBdb_T]S* cWaTPSATbd\T* l 2EMEMBER THAT USING METHODS LIKE Bdb_T]S AND ATbd\T WILL PAUSE AND CONTINUE THE CALLING THREAD AND MAKE THE 5) LESS RESPONSIVE !LSO THESE TWO METHODS HAVE BEEN DEPRECATED SINCE .%4  AND ARE USED HERE JUST TO INTRODUCE THREADING CONCEPTS )F YOU PLAN TO WORK WITH THE CWaTPS CLASS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER HOW YOU WILL KEEP MULTIPLE THREADS SYNCHRONIZED HOW YOU WILL MANAGE THREAD AFFINITIES AND HOW YOU WILL SHARE RESOURCES AMONG DIFFERENT THREADS

!SYNCHRONOUS /PERATIONS 4HE CWaTPS OBJECT EXPOSED BY THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V NAMESPACE IS NOT THE ONLY OBJECT AVAILABLE IN 70& TO WRITE CODE THAT KEEPS THE 5) RESPONSIVE WHILE IT IS EXECUTED IN THE BACKGROUND )N THE PREVIOUS SECTION YOU SAW THAT ONE SOLUTION FOR KEEPING THE 5) RESPONSIVE IS TO EXECUTE THE REQUIRED CODE IN A SEPARATE PROCESS BY CREATING A NEW CWaTPS OBJECT 9OU ALSO SAW THAT THE USE OF THE CWaTPS OBJECT MAY BRING ADDITIONAL HASSLES LIKE THE NEED TO ARCHITECT A SYNCHRONIZATION MECHANISM AND ADDITIONAL THOUGHT ABOUT KEEPING THE 5) THREAD SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE BACKGROUND THREAD 9OU MAY ALSO HAVE ADDITIONAL THREADS RUNNING IN THE BACKGROUND AND EACH ONE MAY HAVE THE SAME ISSUE OF NEEDING TO BE SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE MAIN THREAD



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!LSO IF YOU HAVE TO EXECUTE NOT ONE BACKGROUND PROCESS BUT LETS SAY  OF THEM AND YOU PLAN TO EXECUTE EACH ONE IN PARALLEL BY CREATING AN ADDITIONAL THREAD YOU CAN EASILY END UP OVERTAXING THE #05 WHICH CANT HANDLE SO MANY PARALLEL PROCESSES AT THE SAME TIME AND HAVING THE ENTIRE SYSTEM UNRESPONSIVE
!N ALTERNATIVE IS TO EXECUTE THE LONG RUNNING TASK OR THE CODE THAT IS BLOCKING THE 5) ASYNCHRONOUSLY 4HIS MEANS RUNNING THE CODE WITHOUT BLOCKING THE PRINCIPLE THREAD AND ADVISING THE MAIN THREAD OF THE COMPLETED EXECUTION USING A CALLBACK METHOD 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK BY DESIGN ALLOWS YOU TO CALL ANY METHOD CREATED USING # OR 6".%4 ASYNCHRONOUSLY BUT IN ORDER TO DO THAT YOU NEED TO PROVIDE A DELEGATE TO DO IT 3UPPOSE THAT THE 70& FX]S^f CREATED IN ,ISTING   IS EXECUTING FROM THE 1dcc^]2[XRZ EVENT A METHOD THAT WAITS FOR  SECONDS AND THEN WRITES SOMETHING IN THE CTgc1^g AS ,ISTING   SHOWS ,ISTING   -ETHOD 4HAT 5PDATES THE CTgc1^g #ONTENT _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j cWXbD_SPcTCTgc1^g* l _aXePcT e^XS D_SPcTCTgc1^g j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cWXbcgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l )F YOU RUN THE DEMO APPLICATION USING THIS IMPLEMENTATION THE 5) WILL BE LOCKED DOWN UNTIL THE CTgc1^g CTgc PROPERTY IS SET TO h(ELLO 7ORLD
v 7HAT YOU HAVE HERE IS THE SAME CODE INTRODUCED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CHAPTER BUT REFACTORED USING A DIFFERENT APPROACH .OW WHAT WE NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO KEEP THE 5) RESPONSIVE WHILE THE D_SPcTCTgc1^g IS EXECUTING THE REMAINING CODE IS TO CALL IT ASYNCHRONOUSLY 4HE ASYNCHRONOUS PATTERN IN # REQUIRES TWO METHODS ONE CALLED 1TVX]8]e^ZT THAT IS USED TO INITIALIZE THE ASYNC PROCESS AND ONE CALLED 4]S8]e^ZT THAT IS CALLED WHEN THE ASYNC PROCESS IS COMPLETED 4HE 1TVX]8]e^ZT METHOD HAS TO RETURN AN 80bh]RATbd[c INTERFACE OBJECT THAT CAN BE USED TO MONITOR THE EXECUTION OF THE CORRESPONDING ASYNCHRONOUS METHOD ,ISTING   SHOWS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PATTERN USING THE ,ISTING   SAMPLE CODE ,ISTING   !SYNCHRONOUS )MPLEMENTATION 0ATTERN IN #  bcT_  RaTPcT cWT Pbh]R bXV]PcdaT _aXePcT ST[TVPcT bcaX]V 0bh]RD_SPcTCTgc1^g* _aXePcT 0bh]RD_SPcTCTgc1^g Pbh]R*  bcT_ ! RaTPcT cWT RP[[QPRZ P]S cWT \TcW^S _aXePcT e^XS D_SPcT2P[[QPRZ80bh]RATbd[c aTbd[c j cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^],-



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j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , Pbh]R4]S8]e^ZTaTbd[c* l* l _aXePcT bcaX]V D_SPcTCTgc1^g j CWaTPSB[TT_"* aTcda] 7T[[^ F^a[S* l  bcT_ " WP]S[T TeTahcWX]V _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j Pbh]R , ]Tf 0bh]RD_SPcTCTgc1^gD_SPcTCTgc1^g* 0bh]R2P[[QPRZ RP[[QPRZ , D_SPcT2P[[QPRZ* Pbh]R1TVX]8]e^ZTRP[[QPRZ]d[[* l 4HIS LISTING PERFORMS FOUR STEPS TO MAKE THE METHOD D_SPcTCTgc1^g ASYNCHRONOUS 1.

)T DECLARES A DELEGATE AND AN INSTANCE OF THIS DELEGATE WHICH NEEDS TO BE GLOBAL IN ORDER TO BE USED IN THE 4]S8]e^ZT METHOD TO HANDLE THE ASYNC PATTERN IMPLEMENTATION OFFERED BY THE DELEGATE OBJECT OF .%4 )N THIS CASE THE METHOD TAKES NO PARAMETERS AND RETURNS A STRING RESULT

2.

)T CREATES A DELEGATE CALLBACK THAT WILL EXECUTE ASYNCHRONOUSLY WHEN THE DELEGATE FROM STEP  HAS COMPLETED AND THIS WILL POINT TO THE D_SPcTCTgc1^g METHOD

3.

)T ORCHESTRATES EVERYTHING IN THE 1dcc^]2[XRZ EVENT

4.

!T THE END 4]S8]e^ZT IS EXECUTED WHICH RETURNS THE VALUE FROM THE DELEGATE WHEN YOU PASS IN THE CORRECT 80bh]R OBJECT

The ThreadPool Component /NE OF MAJOR PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE ASYNCHRONOUS PATTERN IN # IS THAT YOU MUST PROVIDE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1TVX]8]e^ZT AND 4]S8]e^ZT METHODS THIS FORCES YOU TO MAKE THE CALLBACK PUBLIC OR AT LEAST INTERNAL BECAUSE IT WILL BE PROBABLY SHARED ACROSS DIFFERENT CLASSES THE CALLING AND THE CALLED 9OU ALSO HAVE TO REMEMBER TO CALL THE 4]S8]e^ZT METHOD IN ORDER TO CLOSE THE ASYNCHRONOUS PROCESS 9OU CAN REDUCE THE CODE USED IN THE PREVIOUS LISTING BY USING THE ASYNCHRONOUS PATTERN IMPLEMENTATION OFFERED BY THE CWaTPS?^^[ OBJECT SHOWN IN ,ISTING   THIS OBJECT SENDS THE CALLBACK IN THE BACKGROUND AND FORGETS IT x ,ISTING   4HREAD0OOL /BJECT _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CWaTPS?^^[@dTdTDbTaF^aZ8cT\RP[[QPRZ ,- D_SPcTCTgc1^g* l



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_aXePcT e^XS D_SPcTCTgc1^g j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* l 4HE CWaTPS?^^[ COMPONENT OFFERS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH WHICH CAN EXECUTE ASYNCHRONOUS CODE IN A hCALL AND FORGETv MANNER )T MEANS YOU CAN USE THIS COMPONENT TO FIRE A METHOD AND THEN FORGET ABOUT IT 9OU ARE GUARANTEED THAT CWaTPS?^^[ WILL POOL THE METHOD AND EXECUTE IT AS SOON AS IT HAS A FREE THREAD AVAILABLE TO HANDLE IT 7HEN THE METHOD IS DONE THE 4]S8]e^ZT METHOD WILL BE CALLED AND EXECUTED BY THE CWaTPS?^^[ OBJECT GIVING YOU THE POWER OF FIRING AND FORGETTING THE ASYNCHRONOUS CODE


■ .OTE 9OU MAY WONDER AFTER READING THIS SECTION WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS BETWEEN CREATING YOUR OWN THREAD AND RUNNING ASYNCHRONOUS CALLS IN A NEW THREAD USING THE CWaTPS?^^[ 4HE CWaTPS?^^[ IS ABLE TO HANDLE THE RESOURCES OF YOUR MACHINE AND DOES NOT OVERLOAD THE #05 AS YOU MIGHT DO BY SIMPLY CREATING AND FIRING PARALLEL THREADS USING THE CWaTPS OBJECT /N THE OTHER HAND IF YOU HAVE A LONG RUNNING TASK THAT SHOULD BE CONTROLLED AND MONITORED PAUSE KILL MONITOR OR YOU HAVE TO CREATE AN ASYNCHRONOUS THREAD THAT WILL LOCK THE PROGRAM EXECUTION NOT THE 5) BUT THE LOGICAL EXECUTION YOU MAY WELL FIND A BETTER SOLUTION IN USING THE CWaTPS OBJECT WHICH OFFERS A GREATER DEGREE OF CONTROL

4HE 4ASK /BJECT 4HE LAST .%4  COMPONENT FOR RUNNING MULTITHREADED CODE IS PROVIDED BY THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]VCPbZb NAMESPACE A NEW SECTION OF THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V NAMESPACE INTRODUCED BY .%4  !T FIRST THE 4ASK 0ARALLEL ,IBRARY WAS AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT CONDUCTED BY -ICROSOFT 2ESEARCH A SPECIAL DEPARTMENT OF -ICROSOFT THAT EXPERIMENTS WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND PATTERNS 7ITH THE RELEASE OF .%4  -ICROSOFT DECIDED TO INCLUDE THE 4ASK 0ARALLEL ,IBRARY IN THE CORE OF THE .%4  4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN USING THE CWaTPS OBJECT AND THE CPbZ OBJECT AVAILABLE IN THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]VCPbZb NAMESPACE IS THAT THE CPbZ OBJECT IS CONTROLLED BY THE CWaTPS?^^[ OBJECT SO THE CONCURRENCY AND THE OVERALL USE OF RESOURCES RESULT IN A BETTER PRODUCT 4HE CPbZ OBJECT ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO v

3CHEDULE A TASKS EXECUTION

v

#HAIN TOGETHER CHILD AND PARENT TASKS RESULTING IN A SORT OF PARALLEL WORKFLOW

v

(ANDLE EXCEPTIONS AND PROPAGATE THEM TO THE PARENT AND CHILD TASKS

)F YOU WANT TO CREATE A TASK AND RUN IT YOU CAN USE THE STATIC OBJECT CPbZ5PRc^ah EXPOSED IN THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]VCPbZb NAMESPACE OR YOU CAN CREATE A NEW INSTANCE OF THE CPbZ OBJECT AND THEN START IT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING  



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,ISTING   #REATING A .EW 4ASK AND 3TARTING )T _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CPbZ cPbZ , ]Tf CPbZD_SPcTCTgc1^g* cPbZBcPac* l _aXePcT e^XS D_SPcTCTgc1^g j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* l "ECAUSE THE CPbZ CONSTRUCTOR REQUIRES AN ACTION OBJECT INSTEAD OF CREATING A SEPARATE DELEGATE FOR THE ACTION AND THEN ASSOCIATING IT TO THE PARAMETER OF THE CPbZ CONSTRUCTOR YOU CAN EASILY CREATE A DELEGATE ON THE FLY BY USING A LAMBDA EXPRESSION SEE ,ISTING    ,ISTING   CPbZ /BJECT 5SING ,AMBA AND AN !NONYMOUS $ELEGATE _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j CPbZ cPbZ , ]Tf CPbZ ,j CWaTPSB[TT_"* cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* l* cPbZBcPac* l 4HE CPbZ OBJECT AND THE 4ASK 0ARALLEL ,IBRARY OFFER A NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL METHODS AND FACILITIES THAT YOU CAN USE TO BETTER CONTROL YOUR ASYNCHRONOUS CODE AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN EXECUTE ADDITIONAL CODE WHEN THE ASYNCHRONOUS CODE HAS COMPLETED AND YOU CAN ALSO SPECIFY CODE TO BE EXECUTED IF AN EXCEPTION IS RAISED USING THE FLUENT INTERFACE LANGUAGE APPROACH ,ISTING   !DDITIONAL -ETHODS !VAILABLE ON THE CPbZ /BJECT _aXePcT e^XS 1dcc^]2[XRZ^QYTRc bT]STa A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb T j ]Tf CPbZ ,j CWaTPSB[TT_"*



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cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , 7T[[^ F^a[S* l* l 2^]cX]dTFXcW_Pa\ ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , KaK]2^\_[TcTS* l* l BcPac* l 4HIS LISTING CREATES A NEW CPbZ THEN SPECIFIES THE CODE TO BE EXECUTED ASYNCHRONOUSLY AND THE CODE TO BE EXECUTED AT THE END USING THE 2^]cX]dTFXcW METHOD AND FINALLY IT STARTS THE CODE 4HE 2^]cX]dTFXcW METHOD ALLOWS YOU TO PASS IN THE PREVIOUS CPbZ SO THAT YOU CAN WORK WITH IT IF YOU NEED TO 4HE 4ASK 0ARALLEL ,IBRARY IS A NEW COMPONENT OF .%4  AND THOUGH IT IS VERY POWERFUL IT IS EASY TO USE )F YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT IT -3$. HAS A 0ARALLEL #OMPUTING SECTION AVAILABLE AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\T]dbR^]RdaaT]Rh &OR A DEEPER LOOK AT THE CPbZ OBJECT AND THE 0ARALLEL &RAMEWORK SEE \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\T]db[XQaPahSS#%%("Pb_g

4HE "ACKGROUND 7ORKER #OMPONENT 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK SINCE VERSION  EXPOSES A COMPONENT CALLED 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa IN THE BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[ NAMESPACE THAT IS IN CHARGE OF RUNNING AND CONTROLLING ASYNCHRONOUS CODE WITHOUT LOCKING THE USER INTERFACE )TS PURPOSE IS SPECIFIC TO THIS ROLE AND IT SHOULD ONLY BE USED IN A 70& OR 7INDOWS &ORMS APPLICATION 4HE CONCEPT OF THE 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa COMPONENT IS PRETTY STRAIGHTFORWARD IT EXPOSES EVENTS AND METHODS YOU CAN USE TO RUN A SPECIFIC SET OF COMMANDS ASYNCHRONOUSLY AND GET UPDATES AND FEEDBACK FROM THEM WITHOUT LOCKING THE 5) )N ORDER TO ADD A NEW 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa COMPONENT TO YOUR 70& WINDOW YOU HAVE TO CREATE ONE IN THE CODE BEHIND FILE $ESIGN SUPPORT FOR THIS COMPONENT IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO IS ENABLED ONLY WITH THE 7INDOWS &ORMS TECHNOLOGY ,ISTING   SHOWS HOW TO DECLARE A NEW 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa COMPONENT IN A 70& WINDOW ,ISTING   #REATING A 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa #OMPONENT dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\2^\_^]T]c<^ST[* BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V* BhbcT\FX]S^fb*

]P\Tb_PRT CWaTPS2[Pbb j _dQ[XR _PacXP[ R[Pbb


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_aXePcT 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa f^aZTa* _dQ[XR


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4HE EVENT HANDLER FOR THE 3^F^aZ EVENT CARRIES WITH IT A A^dcTS4eT]c0aVb ARGUMENT TYPE THAT CAN BE USED TO CARRY PARAMETERS IN THE METHOD &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN CALL Ad]F^aZTa0bh]R BY PASSING IN A CUSTOM STRING AND READ THE STRING IN THE 3^F^aZ EVENT HANDLER AS THE 0aVd\T]c PROPERTY OF 3^F^aZ4eT]c0aVb AS IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   0ASSING 0ARAMETERS IN THE "ACKGROUND7ORKER  aTPSX]V cWT _PaP\TcTa X] cWT 3^F^aZ TeT]c WP]S[Ta \TcW^S cgc2daaT]cEP[dT3Xb_PcRWTa8]e^ZT ]Tf 0RcX^] ,j cgc2daaT]cEP[dTCTgc , T0aVd\T]cC^BcaX]V* l*  _PbbX]V cWT _PaP\TcTa eP[dT Ua^\ cWT Ad]F^aZTa0bh]R \TcW^S f^aZTaAd]F^aZTa0bh]R7T[[^ F^a[S* &INALLY THE 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO INTERACT WITH IT &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY NEED TO SEND NOTIFICATIONS BACK TO THE 5) WHILE YOU ARE EXECUTING THE LONG RUNNING TASK )N THIS CASE THE 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa EXPOSES SOME EVENTS YOU CAN USE TO TRACK THE EXECUTION PROCESS OF THE WORKER v

Ad]F^aZTa2^\_[TcTS IS RAISED WHEN ALL THE CODE IN THE 3^F^aZ EVENT HANDLER IS SUCCESSFULLY EXECUTED

v

Ad]F^aZTa2^\_[TcTS4eT]c0aVb PROVIDES DATA FOR THE
v

?a^VaTbb2WP]VTS IS RAISED EVERY TIME THE AT_^ac?a^VaTbb METHOD IS CALLED IN THE WORKER THIS EVENT CARRIES WITH IT THE PROGRESS hAMOUNTv AS AN X]c VALUE THAT IS PASSED USING THE ?a^VaTbb2WP]VTS4eT]c0aVb ARGUMENT

)F YOU NEED TO CANCEL A PROCESS THAT IS RUNNING ASYNCHRONOUSLY USING THIS COMPONENT YOU HAVE TO CALL THE 2P]RT[0bh]R METHOD EXPOSED BY THE 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa INSTANCE

Summary 4HIS CHAPTER PROVIDES A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES THAT CAN BE USED TO RUN ASYNCHRONOUS CODE IN A 70& APPLICATION USING # 4HE .%4 &RAMEWORK SUPPLIES A COMPLETE SET OF COMPONENTS AND FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V NAMESPACE THAT CAN BE USED TO CREATE PARALLEL CODE AND ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATIONS AND TO MONITOR THEM 4HE FIRST COMPONENT YOU SAW WAS THE CWaTPS OBJECT A POWERFUL OBJECT USED TO CREATE NEW THREADS THAT WILL RUN AS ISOLATED PARALLEL PROCESSES "EFORE USING THIS OBJECT TO RUN PARALLEL CODE YOULL NEED TO CONSIDER SOME MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES LIKE THREAD SYNCHRONIZATION AND THREAD RESOURCES SHARING !NOTHER WAY OF RUNNING CODE THAT DOESNT BLOCK THE MAIN PROCESS OF THE APPLICATION IS TO USE THE ASYNCHRONOUS PATTERN OFFERED BY THE .%4 &RAMEWORK DELEGATE OBJECT !NY DELEGATE IN # CAN BE CALLED ASYNCHRONOUSLY USING THE 1TVX]8]e^ZT AND 4]S8]e^ZT METHODS EXPOSED BY THE DELEGATE OBJECT 7ITH THIS APPROACH ANY CODE WILL RUN ASYNCHRONOUSLY IN A SEPARATE THREAD WITHOUT BLOCKING THE CURRENT 5) AND WILL CALL A CALLBACK METHOD WHEN THE ASYNCHRONOUS EXECUTION IS COMPLETED !N EASIER WAY TO EXECUTE ASYNC CODE IS TO USE THE CWaTPS?^^[ OBJECT A COMPONENT EXPOSED IN THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]V NAMESPACE THAT CAN BE USED TO hCALL AND FORGETv PARALLEL CODE 5NFORTUNATELY THIS COMPONENT IS EASIER TO USE BUT PROVIDES LESS CONTROL SO IT SHOULDNT BE USED FOR COMPLEX SOLUTIONS



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9OU ALSO HAD A LOOK AT THE NEW CPbZ THAT IS PART OF THE 0ARALLEL ,IBRARY SECTION OF THE BhbcT\CWaTPSX]VCPbZb NAMESPACE INTRODUCED IN .%4  AND YOU SAW A NEW THREAD OBJECT HANDLER CALLED CPbZ THAT ALLOWS YOU TO WRITE MULTITHREADED CODE WITH THE SAME CONTROL AS THE CWaTPS OBJECT BUT WITH A MORE UNDERSTANDABLE SYNTAX AND EASIER MANAGEMENT PROVIDED BY THE CWaTPS?^^[ COMPONENT &INALLY YOU SAW THAT THE 1PRZVa^d]SF^aZTa COMPONENT CAN BE USED IN 70& AND IT IS THE EASIEST WAY TO RUN ASYNCHRONOUS CODE IN A 70& WINDOW WITHOUT THE NEED TO USE ANY OTHER MORE COMPLICATED MULTITHREADING APPROACH



CHAPTER ■■■

Interacting with WCF $URING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION YOU HAVE SEEN HOW TO CREATE A LAYERED 70& APPLICATION AND HOW TO SEPARATE THE CODE INTO DIFFERENT COMPONENTS AND LAYERS +EEP IN MIND THOUGH THAT YOU STILL HAVE TO v

EXPOSE ALL THE COMPONENTS TO THE CLIENT COMPUTER

v

REDISTRIBUTE THE COMPONENTS EVERY TIME YOU RELEASE A NEW VERSION

)N #HAPTER  YOU SAW HOW EASY THE PROCESS OF REDISTRIBUTING UPDATED COMPONENTS CAN BE BUT IN THE END YOU STILL HAVE TO ENSURE THAT EVERY CLIENT IS USING THE LATEST VERSION AND YOU ARE STILL hEXPOSINGv THE COMPONENTS TO THE CLIENT SIDE 9OU ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DOMAIN LAYER OR ANY OTHER OF 4IME4RACKERS LAYERS IN A DIFFERENT APPLICATION ,ETS SAY THAT THE ABSTRACT DATA LAYER YOU BUILT FOR 4IME4RACKER IS TO BE REUSED BY A NEW 70& APPLICATION NOW YOU HAVE TWO DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS THAT NEED TO BE REDISTRIBUTED EVERY TIME YOU MODIFY THE $!, ASSEMBLY BECAUSE IT IS SHARED BETWEEN THEM !N ALTERNATIVE WAY OF REDISTRIBUTING COMPONENTS IS TO USE 3ERVICE /RIENTED !RCHITECTURE 3/!  )N THE 3/! WORLD COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SERVICES IS ACCOMPLISHED USING 8-, MESSAGES THAT ARE SENT AND RECEIVED BY THE CLIENT AND THE SERVER 5SING 8-, MESSAGES ENCODED WITH A STANDARD COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL SUCH AS 3IMPLE /BJECT !CCESS 0ROTOCOL 3/!0 YOU CAN REDISTRIBUTE YOUR COMPONENTS NOT ONLY TO VARIOUS 70& APPLICATIONS BUT ALSO TO OTHER TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS LIKE *AVA 4HE BASIC PLAYERS IN 3/! ARE v

!N ENDPOINT THE ENTRY POINT TO ACCESS THE ARCHITECTURE

v

/NE OR MORE SERVICES THAT EXPOSE METHODS FOR THE CLIENT TO USE

v

-ESSAGES THAT ARE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE CLIENT AND THE SERVER SOMETIMES ALSO KNOWN AS HOST AND CONSUMER 

)N EARLY  -ICROSOFT ALONG WITH )"- AND SOME OTHER COMPANIES INTRODUCED A WEB TECHNOLOGY KNOWN AS WEB SERVICES THAT HAS BEEN ADOPTED IN THE WEB COMMUNITY 4HIS TECHNOLOGY STILL ALIVE IS USED TO DISTRIBUTE MESSAGES THROUGHOUT THE 7EB USING THE 3/!0 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL 4HE BIG DIFFERENCE WITH THIS APPROACH IS THAT WEB SERVICES INTERACT WITH THE 7EB PROGRAMMATICALLY IN CONTRAST TO THE OLD APPROACH THAT TYPICALLY INVOLVED A USER AT A TERMINAL )N  WITH VERSION  OF THE .%4 &RAMEWORK -ICROSOFT INTRODUCED 7INDOWS #OMMUNICATION &OUNDATION 7#& A NEW WEB TECHNOLOGY MORE POWERFUL THAN THE STANDARD WEB SERVICES 4HIS TECHNOLOGY IS A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING SERVICE ORIENTED APPLICATIONS AND IT IS AN ENTIRE SET OF SERVICES FOR CREATING 3/! APPLICATIONS



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

)N THIS CHAPTER WE ARE GOING TO EXPLORE THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST WITH AN OVERVIEW OF HOW IT WORKS AND THEN WELL SEE HOW EASY IT CAN BE USED TO TRANSFORM THE 4IME4RACKER 70& APPLICATION INTO A DISTRIBUTED SERVICE APPLICATION

Introduction to WCF 7INDOWS #OMMUNICATION &OUNDATION 7#& IS HOSTED ON )NTERNET )NFORMATION 3ERVICES ))3 AND IT USES THE 3/!0 PROTOCOL AMONG OTHER PROTOCOLS THAT WE WONT LOOK AT IN THIS CHAPTER TO DISTRIBUTE MESSAGES BETWEEN THE ENDPOINTS 7#& CAN BE USED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES )T CAN BE USED TO SEND AND RECEIVE SIMPLE DATA OR A COMPLEX GRAPH REPRESENTED BY AN 8-, STRUCTURE IT CAN BE USED TO ENABLE LIVE COMMUNICATIONS AMONG VARIOUS CLIENTS OR IT CAN BE USED SIMPLY TO SHARE A BUSINESS LAYER WITHOUT THE TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS BECAUSE IT DOESNT REQUIRE A REDISTRIBUTION PROCESS LIKE THE TYPICAL .%4 ASSEMBLY DLL REQUIRES 7#& OUT OF THE BOX OFFERS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES v

3ERVICE ORIENTATION 7#& LETS YOU CREATE SERVICE ORIENTED APPLICATIONS THAT OFFER AN EASY WAY TO IMPLEMENT LOOSELY COUPLED SERVICES THAT CAN BE USED BY DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES AND PLATFORMS

v

-ULTIPLE MESSAGES PATTERNS 7ITH 7#& YOU CAN SEND AND RECEIVE MESSAGES IN DIFFERENT WAYS &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY HAVE A SERVICE THAT SENDS AND RECEIVES MESSAGES OR A SERVICE THAT JUST RECEIVES MESSAGES AND PROCESSES THEM

v

3TANDARD METADATA 7#& IS DESIGNED TO USE COMMON COMMUNICATION METADATA STANDARDS BEYOND THOSE USED BY THE .%4 &RAMEWORK 7#& SUPPORTS 73$, 8-, AND 73 POLICY WHICH CAN ALSO BE USED BY NON .%4 TECHNOLOGIES

v

$ATA CONTRACTS 7#& PROVIDES A METHOD OF ENCAPSULATING INTO SERIALIZABLE CONTRACT OBJECTS THE INFORMATION EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE MESSAGES AND THE SERVICES

v

2%34 SUPPORT 7ITH 7#& YOU CAN CREATE PLAIN 8-, MESSAGES THAT ARENT WRAPPED IN A 3/!0 ENVELOPE THAT CAN BE ACCESSED FROM ANY TYPE OF DEVICE

7#& IS NOT ONLY A TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTING 3/!0 OR PLAIN 8-, MESSAGES )N .%4 THERE ARE OTHER TECHNOLOGIES LIKE 7INDOWS 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION 77& OR 7& OR "IZ4ALK OR 7INDOWS !ZURE !PP&ABRIC THAT RELY ON THIS POWERFUL 3/! TOOL )N THIS CHAPTER YOULL SEE HOW TO INTEGRATE %NTITY &RAMEWORK AND 70& WITH 7#& BUT YOU MAY ALSO WANT TO LOOK AT HOW 7#& WORKS IN CONJUNCTION WITH v

7INDOWS 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahQQ!%%&(Pb_g

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"IZ4ALK \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahQQ(&"! $Pb_g

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7INDOWS !ZURE !PP&ABRIC fff\XRa^b^UcR^\fX]S^fbPidaT0__5PQaXR>eTaeXTfSTUPd[cPb_g



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

!N ENDPOINT CONSISTS OF THREE COMPONENTS v

4HE ADDRESS OF AN ENDPOINT IS USUALLY A PHYSICAL NETWORK ADDRESS OR A 52) OBJECT )N COMPLEX SCENARIOS THE ADDRESS CARRIES ADDITIONAL INFORMATION STORED IN THE HEADERS AND IN THE IDENTITY

v

4HE BINDING IDENTIFIES THE SERVICE METADATA TYPE )N THE BINDING ELEMENT YOU SPECIFY HOW THE DATA WILL BE TRANSPORTED TO THE EXTERNAL WORLD 4#0 (440 ETC AND HOW THE COMMUNICATION FOR THAT SPECIFIC BINDING WILL BE ORCHESTRATED

v

4HE DESCRIPTION IS HANDLED BY THE 2^]caPRc3TbRaX_cX^] CLASS IN WHICH YOU DESCRIBE THE SERVICE OPERATIONS AND THE SERVICE MESSAGES 7ITH THE BEHAVIORS COLLECTION YOU CAN EXTEND THE SERVICE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR BY OVERRIDING THE DEFAULT SETTINGS

The Service and the Client 4HE SERVICE IN ORDER TO BE VISIBLE HAS TO BE EXPOSED BY AN ENDPOINT WHICH DESCRIBES THE WAY THE MESSAGES WILL BE SENT AND THE WAY THE SERVICE WILL BEHAVE /F COURSE AN ENDPOINT NEEDS A HOST SOMETHING THAT CAN MAKE THE ENDPOINT VISIBLE AND ACCESSIBLE TO THE EXTERNAL WORLD )N THE BTaeXRT3TbRaX_cX^] CLASS YOU CAN DESCRIBE THE ENDPOINTS THAT WILL BE USED BY THE SERVICE AND THE SERVICE BEHAVIORS 4HIS INFORMATION CAN BE MANUALLY ADDED TO A SERVICE USING THE beRdcX[TgT .%4 UTILITY OR BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONFIGURATION FILE OF THE APPLICATION THAT IS HOSTING THE 7#& SERVICE )F YOU DONT SUPPLY THIS INFORMATION THE 7#& RUNTIME WILL DO IT WITH SOME DEFAULT VALUES )N THE SAME WAY THE 2WP]]T[BTaeXRT CLASS IS USED TO DESCRIBE ENDPOINTS BEHAVIORS AND TYPES USED AND HOSTED BY THE CLIENT 7#& COMPONENT 4HE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS THAT A BTaeXRT CAN HOST MORE THAN ONE ENDPOINT CHANNEL WHILE A 2WP]]T[BTaeXRT IS ABLE TO EXPOSE ONLY ONE ENDPOINT THAT WILL BE USED FOR THE COMMUNICATION 9OULL FIND MORE INFORMATION ABOUT SERVICE AND CHANNELS AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPah \b&!('#Pb_g

A Sample WCF Project .OW LETS CREATE A SIMPLE 7#& APPLICATION IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW TO WORK WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY /PEN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  AND SELECT .EW 0ROJECT ➤ 6ISUAL # ➤ 7#& 9OULL SEE A DIALOG LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

&IGURE   7#& PROJECT TYPES IN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  9OU CAN CHOOSE FROM FOUR DIFFERENT PROJECT TYPES v

7#& 3ERVICE ,IBRARY 7ITH THIS PROJECT TYPE YOU CAN CREATE AN ISOLATED ASSEMBLY DLL THAT CONTAINS A SET OF 7#& SERVICES THAT CAN BE HOSTED IN A 7#& WEB APPLICATION OR IN A 7INDOWS 3ERVICE

v

7#& 3ERVICE !PPLICATION 4HIS TEMPLATE CREATES A NEW !30.%4 WEB APPLICATION THAT ALLOWS YOU TO HOST AND DISTRIBUTE 7#& SERVICES WITHIN THE PROJECT OR IN AN EXTERNAL 7#& SERVICE LIBRARY PROJECT

v

7#& 7ORKFLOW 3ERVICE !PPLICATION 7ITH THIS PROJECT TYPE YOU CAN CREATE NEW 7#& SERVICES THAT CAN INTERACT WITH 7INDOW 7ORKFLOW &OUNDATION  7&  

v

3YNDICATION 3ERVICE ,IBRARY 4HIS TEMPLATE CREATES SERVICES TO HOST SYNDICATION FEEDS IN STANDARD FORMATS LIKE 233 !4/- AND SO ON

)N THE DIALOG BOX SELECT THE SECOND OPTION 7#& 3ERVICE !PPLICATION .AME THE PROJECT 3AMPLE!PPLICATION AND PRESS /+ 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE A NEW !30.%4 WEB SITE TO HOST BY DEFAULT 7#& SERVICES 4AKE A LOOK AT THE PROJECT STRUCTURE THAT THE 7#& APPLICATION TEMPLATE CREATES YOULL SEE THREE FILES IN THE ROOT FOLDER v

8BTaeXRT Rb REPRESENTS THE BTaeXRT2^]caPRc INFORMATION USED BY 7#& TO HOST THE SERVICE

v

BTaeXRT beR IMPLEMENTS THE 8BTaeXRT INTERFACE AND CONTAINS THE CONCRETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SERVICE CONTRACT INTERFACE

v

FTQR^]UXV DESCRIBES THE ENDPOINT AND THE BEHAVIORS AVAILABLE IN THIS 7#& WEB APPLICATION



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

4HE 7#& 4EST #LIENT 5TILITY .OW IF YOU PRESS & 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL BUILD THE PROJECT AND OPEN THE BROWSER POINTING TO THE PROJECTS DEFAULT SERVICE ADDRESS USING A WEB ADDRESS LIKE Wcc_)[^RP[W^bc) %&BTaeXRT beR WHICH WILL SHOW AN INFORMATION PAGE USED BY 7#& TO DESCRIBE THE DEFAULT BEHAVIOR OF A 7#& SERVICE )F YOUR BROWSER IS NOT SHOWING THIS PAGE YOU CAN CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE WEB APPLICATION BY RIGHT CLICKING THE 7#& PROJECT AND SELECTING ?a^_TacXTb THEN CHANGING THE SETTINGS AS SHOWN IN &IGURE  

&IGURE   7EB SETTINGS FOR A 7#& PROJECT )F YOU PRESS & AGAIN YOU SHOULD SEE A NEW APPLICATION CALLED F25CTbc2[XT]c WHICH IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM THE .%4 BY TYPING F25CTbc2[XT]cTgT IN THE COMMAND PROMPT WINDOW 7ITHIN THIS 7#& CLIENT APPLICATION YOU CAN RUN AND TEST YOUR SERVICES WITHOUT HAVING TO CREATE A CUSTOM CLIENT APPLICATION &IGURE   SHOWS YOU HOW THE F25CTbc2[XT]c 5) SHOULD APPEAR AFTER YOU RUN THE BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^] PROJECT FOR THE FIRST TIME



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

&IGURE   4HE F25CTbc2[XT]cTgT APPLICATION RUNNING IN A 7#& PROJECT )F YOU DOUBLE CLICK ONE OF THE METHODS EXPOSED BY THE DEFAULT ENDPOINT AND AVAILABLE IN THE LEFT SIDE TREEVIEW THE TEST CLIENT APPLICATION WILL CREATE A NEW TAB ON THE RIGHT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO INVOKE THE METHOD AND SEE THE RESULTS &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN ENTER A NUMBER LIKE  AND THE SERVICE WILL RETURN THE MESSAGE h9OU ENTERED v 9OU CAN USE THIS 5) TO TEST THE MAJOR PARTS OF YOUR SERVICES /F COURSE YOU CANT USE THIS TO TEST COMPLEX 5) SERVICES WHERE ONE METHOD REQUIRES A COMPLEX 3PcP2^]caPRc AS AN INPUT PARAMETER FOR EXAMPLE

#USTOMIZE THE 3AMPLE 3ERVICE .OW YOU HAVE A SERVICE THAT RUNS AND THAT EXPOSES TWO DEFAULT METHODS SO ITS TIME TO CREATE YOUR OWN SERVICE AND TRY TO EXPOSE SOMETHING FOR EXAMPLE A SMALL OBJECT THAT INCLUDES SOME DATA 4O START DELETE THE EXISTING 8BTaeXRT Rb AND BTaeXRT beR FILES FROM THE CURRENT PROJECT THEN SELECT !DD .EW )TEM FROM THE PROJECT CONTEXT MENU AND CHOOSE TO CREATE A NEW 7#& 3ERVICE FROM THE 7EB SECTION .AME THE SERVICE ?Tab^]BTaeXRTbeR AND PRESS /+ 4HE CONFIGURATION FILE HAS NOT BEEN TOUCHED YET BECAUSE WITH 7#&  YOU CAN USE THE DEFAULT CONFIGURATION THAT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROVIDES WHICH ALLOWS US TO RUN THE SERVICE 9OU SHOULD NOW HAVE TWO NEW FILES IN THE ROOT FOLDER OF YOUR 7#& APPLICATION ONE NAMED 8?Tab^]BTaeXRTRb AND ONE NAMED ?Tab^]BTaeXRTbeR 4HE FIRST WILL CONTAIN THE CONTRACTS METHODS YOULL EXPOSE WITH 7#& AND THE SECOND WILL CONTAIN THE CONCRETE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE CONTRACTS "EFORE EVEN STARTING TO WRITE AND IMPLEMENT THE SERVICES METHODS YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW OBJECT THAT WILL BE SERIALIZED TRANSLATED INTO AN UNDERSTANDABLE 8-, MESSAGE BY THIS SERVICE )N THE PROJECT ROOT CREATE A NEW FOLDER AND CALL IT 3ERVICES THEN CREATE ANOTHER ROOT FOLDER AND CALL IT $ATA#ONTRACTS .OW MOVE THE 8?Tab^]BTaeXRTRb AND ?Tab^]BTaeXRTbeR FILES INTO THE 3ERVICES FOLDER AND ADD A NEW CLASS CALLED ?Tab^]2^]caPRc TO THE $ATA#ONTRACTS FOLDER 4HE SOLUTION SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE ONE IN &IGURE  



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

&IGURE   4HE BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^] PROJECT STRUCTURE

Working with DataContracts )F YOU PLAN TO SHARE AN OBJECT BETWEEN THE SERVICE AND THE CLIENT LIKE THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc CLASS YOU NEED TO EXPLAIN TO 7#& HOW THIS OBJECT SHOULD BE TRANSLATED INTO AN 8-, MESSAGE AND MORE PRECISELY HOW IT SHOULD BE SERIALIZED &OR EXAMPLE THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc CLASS MAY EXPOSE SOME PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS THAT CANT BE SERIALIZED WHILE IT MAY HAVE SOME PROPERTIES THAT MUST BE SHARED BETWEEN SERVICE AND CLIENT ,ISTING   SHOWS THE FINAL ?Tab^]2^]caPRc FILE ,ISTING   4HE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc #LASS dbX]V BhbcT\Ad]cX\TBTaXP[XiPcX^]* ]P\Tb_PRT BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]3PcP2^]caPRcb j J3PcP2^]caPRcL _dQ[XR R[Pbb ?Tab^]2^]caPRc j _dQ[XR X]c 83 j VTc* bTc* l J3PcP


#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

,ISTING   HAS A CLASS CALLED ?Tab^]2^]caPRc THATS DECORATED WITH A NEW ATTRIBUTE CALLED J3PcP2^]caPRcL YOU USE THIS ATTRIBUTE TO INFORM 7#& THAT THE CLASS CAN BE SHARED BETWEEN THE SERVICE AND THE CLIENT AND THAT IT CAN BE SERIALIZED IN THE DEFAULT WAY )F YOU PLAN TO ADD ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE SERIALIZATION PROCESS YOU CAN USE ONE OF THE PROPERTIES EXPOSED BY THE DATA CONTRACT CLASS AS IN THE CODE IN ,ISTING   )N THIS CASE THE CODE TELLS 7#& THAT WHEN THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc CLASS IS SERIALIZED IN THE CLIENT THE NEW CLASS NAME SHOULD BE ?Tab^] NOT ?Tab^]2^]caPRc AND THAT THE NEW NAMESPACE WILL BE BP\_[T=P\Tb_PRT ,ISTING   %XTENDED ?Tab^]2^]caPRc #LASS J3PcP2^]caPRc8bATUTaT]RT , UP[bT =P\T , ?Tab^] =P\Tb_PRT , BP\_[T=P\Tb_PRTL _dQ[XR R[Pbb ?Tab^]2^]caPRc j J3PcP
Add Methods to the Service .OW THAT YOU HAVE AN OBJECT YOU CAN SHARE YOU NEED TO CREATE A NEW METHOD IN THE SERVICE THAT WILL BE USED TO SHARE THIS INFORMATION FROM THE SERVICE TO THE CLIENT /PEN THE 8?Tab^]BTaeXRTRb INTERFACE FILE AND CHANGE IT AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   ?Tab^]BTaeXRT -ODIFICATION dbX]V BhbcT\BTaeXRT<^ST[* dbX]V BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]3PcP2^]caPRcb* ]P\Tb_PRT BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]BTaeXRTb j JBTaeXRT2^]caPRcL _dQ[XR X]cTaUPRT 8?Tab^]BTaeXRT j



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

J>_TaPcX^]2^]caPRcL e^XS 0SS?Tab^]?Tab^]2^]caPRc _Tab^]2^]caPRc* J>_TaPcX^]2^]caPRcL Q^^[ 7Pb?Tab^]?Tab^]2^]caPRc _Tab^]2^]caPRc* J>_TaPcX^]2^]caPRcL ?Tab^]2^]caPRc 6Tc?Tab^]X]c XS* l l 5SING THE JBTaeXRT2^]caPRcL ATTRIBUTE THE CODE DEFINES A NEW SERVICE THAT WILL BE EXPOSED BY 7#& 4HE ATTRIBUTE IS USED BY 7#& TO UNDERSTAND AND DESCRIBE THE SERVICE IN FACT THIS ATTRIBUTE ALSO EXPOSES ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES THAT CAN BE USED TO CUSTOMIZE THE WAY THE SERVICE SHOULD LOOK 4HE J>_TaPcX^]2^]caPRcL ATTRIBUTE IS USED TO DESCRIBE AN OPERATION THATS AVAILABLE IN THE SERVICE AND CAN BE CALLED BY THE CLIENT IF THE OPERATION DESCRIBED NEEDS A COMPLEX OBJECT LIKE THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc AS AN INPUT PARAMETER OR RETURNS ONE AS A METHOD RESULT THIS OBJECT HAS TO BE DECORATED WITH THE 3PcP2^]caPRc ATTRIBUTE IN ORDER TO BE USED BY THE 7#& RUNTIME 3IMPLE TYPES LIKE X]c 6dXS bcaX]V ETC ARE ALL KNOWN ENTITIES IN THE VARIOUS SPECIFICATIONS SO THEY DONT NEED TO BE MARKED AS A 3PcP2^]caPRc IN ORDER TO BE SERIALIZED WITH 7#& .OW LETS OPEN THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRcbeR FILE 9OU NEED TO IMPLEMENT THE PREVIOUS METHODS AS WELL AS TO INSTANTIATE A PRIVATE COLLECTION OF ?Tab^]2^]caPRc OBJECTS THAT WILL ACT AS A REPOSITORY FOR THE SAMPLE APPLICATION 3EE ,ISTING   ,ISTING   4HE ?Tab^]BTaeXRTbeR #USTOMIZATION dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V dbX]V

BhbcT\* BhbcT\2^[[TRcX^]b6T]TaXR* BhbcT\;X]`* BhbcT\BTaeXRT<^ST[* BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]3PcP2^]caPRcb*

]P\Tb_PRT BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]BTaeXRTb j JBTaeXRT1TWPeX^a8]bcP]RT2^]cTgc<^ST , 8]bcP]RT2^]cTgc<^STBX]V[TL _dQ[XR R[Pbb ?Tab^]BTaeXRT ) 8?Tab^]BTaeXRT j _aXePcT aTPS^][h ;Xbc+?Tab^]2^]caPRc- _Tab^]b , ]Tf ;Xbc+?Tab^]2^]caPRc-* aTVX^] 8\_[T\T]cPcX^] ^U 8?Tab^]BTaeXRT _dQ[XR e^XS 0SS?Tab^]?Tab^]2^]caPRc _Tab^]2^]caPRc j _Tab^]b0SS_Tab^]2^]caPRc* l _dQ[XR Q^^[ 7Pb?Tab^]?Tab^]2^]caPRc _Tab^]2^]caPRc j aTcda] _Tab^]b2^]cPX]b_Tab^]2^]caPRc* l



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

_dQ[XR ?Tab^]2^]caPRc 6Tc?Tab^]X]c XS j aTcda] _Tab^]bFWTaT_Tab^] ,- _Tab^]83 ,, XS5Xabc>a3TUPd[c* l T]SaTVX^] l l 4HE ONLY THING IN THIS CODE THAT YOU HAVENT SEEN BEFORE IS THE BEHAVIOR ATTRIBUTE USED IN THE CLASS DECLARATION TO DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF THIS SERVICES IMPLEMENTATION )N THIS CASE YOU WANT THE FIRST TIME THE SERVICE IS CALLED THE 7#& SERVICE RUNTIME TO HANDLE ONE AND ONLY ONE INSTANCE OF THIS CLASS FOR ALL THE SESSIONS THAT CALL IT )N THIS WAY THE COLLECTION OF PERSONS WILL BE ABLE TO HANDLE ALL PERSONS IN A SINGLE CONTAINER

■ .OTE /F COURSE THE CODE IS TRIVIAL 4HE IDEA IS JUST TO SHOW YOU HOW TO HANDLE A SINGLE COLLECTION OF PERSONS IN ONE PLACE )N A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT YOULL NEVER HAVE A SINGLETON 7#& SERVICE THAT WILL NEVER DISPOSE OF ITS RESOURCES
)N THE 3INGLETON PATTERN THE SERVICE INSTANCE IS ALWAYS ALIVE AND THE RESOURCES USED BY THE INSTANCE ARE NEVER DISPOSED )N TERMS OF PERFORMANCE MEMORY AND RESOURCES THIS CAN BE A VERY BAD APPROACH THAT ) DO NOT RECOMMEND

.OW BEFORE YOU CAN RUN THIS SERVICE YOU NEED TO CHANGE THE WEB PROJECT PROPERTIES YOU MODIFIED IN THE INITIAL PROJECT SETUP BY SPECIFYING THE NEW PATH FOR THE ?Tab^]BTeXRTbeR SERVICE CLASS !FTER THAT YOU CAN PRESS & AND YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RUN AND TEST THESE THREE NEW METHODS IN THE F25CTbc2[XT]c UTILITY 9OU CAN RUN THE FRUCTbc2[XT]cTgT UTILITY AND EDIT THE COMPLEX TYPE FROM THERE

Customize the Way the Service Will Behave )F YOU HAVE EVER WORKED WITH A .%4 WEB APPLICATION LIKE !30.%4 OR !30 7EB 3ERVICES YOU MAY HAVE ALREADY NOTICED THAT THE 7#& APPLICATION STRUCTURE IS VERY MUCH LIKE A NORMAL !30.%4 WEB APPLICATION /F COURSE THE DIFFERENCES ARE BIG IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY BUT THERES STILL A CONFIGURATION FILE CALLED FTQR^]UXV THAT YOU CAN USE TO CUSTOMIZE THE BEHAVIOR AND STRUCTURE OF THE SERVICE "UT IF YOU DONT ALREADY KNOW THE CORRECT 8-, STRUCTURE OF AN ENDPOINT A SERVICE CONTRACT AND A BEHAVIOR THIS STEP CAN BE VERY PAINFUL
.O WORRIES )F YOU PLAN TO MODIFY SOMETHING IN A 7#& APPLICATION YOU CAN SIMPLY RIGHT CLICK ON THE PROJECT FILE IN THE 3OLUTION %XPLORER PANEL AND SELECT 4SXc F25 2^]UXVdaPcX^] /R YOU CAN OPEN THE .%4 COMMAND PROMPT AND START beRR^]UXVTSXc^aTgT OR CALL IT FROM THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  4OOLS MENU BY SELECTING THE 7#& 3ERVICE #ONFIGURATION %DITOR OPTION /PEN THE APPROPRIATE FTQR^]UXV FILE IN THIS UTILITY AND YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ACCESS ALL THE FEATURES OF 7#& THAT CAN BE CONFIGURED &IGURE   SHOWS THE MAIN WINDOWS OF THE UTILITY USED TO CUSTOMIZE THE SERVICE BY CREATING NEW ENDPOINTS USING DIFFERENT CHANNELS 4#0 73 ETC OR BY ADDING NEW BEHAVIORS



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

&IGURE   #USTOMIZING A 7#& SERVICE !S SOON AS YOU ARE DONE WITH THE CHANGES JUST SELECT THE 3AVE COMMAND AND CLOSE THE FILE AND YOU WILL SEE RIGHT AWAY THE CHANGES IN THE FTQR^]UXV FILE 4HIS METHOD CAN BE ALSO A USEFUL WAY FOR YOU TO LEARN HOW THE 7#& BTaeXRT2^]caPRc ATTRIBUTES ARE PERSISTED IN THE FTQR^]UXV FILE

4EST THE 3AMPLE 3ERVICE 9OU CREATED THE SERVICE AND EXECUTED IT BY PRESSING & 4HE F25CTbc2[XT]c APPLICATION STARTS UP AND YOU CAN CALL THE SAMPLE METHODS EXPOSED BY THE SERVICE BUT THIS DOESNT MEAN YOUVE REALLY TESTED THE SERVICE 4O BE SURE THAT THE 7#& APPLICATION IS WORKING AS EXPECTED CREATE A NEW PROJECT OF TYPE CTbc IN THE SAME SOLUTION AND CALL IT BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]5XgcdaTb )N THIS UNIT TEST PROJECT YOU CAN VERIFY THAT THE PROJECT CAN BE HOSTED AND CALLED AS EXPECTED $ELETE THE EXISTING D]XcCTbc Rb FILE ADD A NEW BASIC UNIT TEST OBJECT AND CALL IT ?Tab^]BTaeXRT5XgcdaT 9OULL USE THIS UNIT TEST TO VERIFY THAT THE ENDPOINT WORKS CORRECTLY AND THAT THE 7#& SERVICE IS HOSTED PROPERLY ON ))3 &IRST YOU NEED TO DEPLOY THE SERVICE TO AN ))3 LOCATION AS YOU DID FOR THE REPORTING SERVICE APPLICATION IN #HAPTER  AND FOR THE #LICK/NCE DEPLOYMENT IN #HAPTER  9OU CAN DO THIS BY CLICKING ON THE ?a^_TacXTb CONTEXT MENU OF THE 7#& SAMPLE APPLICATION PROJECT FILE THEN CLICKING ON THE 7EB TAB AND CHOOSING TO RUN THE PROJECT ON A SPECIFIC ))3 SERVER 9OU CAN ALSO JUST DEPLOY THE PROJECT USING THE DEPLOY CONTEXT MENU EVERY TIME THE PROJECT IS READY TO BE DEPLOYED )N THIS CASE LETS KEEP THE PROJECT ON THE LOCAL ))3 AND USE THE 7EB TAB OF THE 6ISUAL 3TUDIO PROPERTIES PAGE 2EMEMBER THAT IF YOU ARE RUNNING 7INDOWS  OR 7INDOWS 6ISTA ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT MACHINE YOU MUST ALSO INSTALL THE ))3  COMPATIBILITY COMPONENT AND THE ))3  MANAGEMENT CONSOLE USING THE 7INDOWS #ONTROL 0ANEL .OTE THAT IF YOURE RUNNING 7INDOWS  YOU HAVE TO RUN 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WITH ADMINISTRATOR PRIVILEGES IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

DEPLOY A 7#& APPLICATION ON THE LOCAL ))3 9OU CAN DO THAT BY RIGHT CLICKING THE 63 ICON AND SELECTING 2UN AS !DMINISTRATOR 9OU CAN TEST THAT EVERYTHING HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY INSTALLED BY SELECTING THE #REATE 6IRTUAL $IRECTORY COMMAND ON YOUR 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WEB PANEL PAGE AND BE SURE THAT THE BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^] IS RUNNING ON THE LOCAL ))3 BY PRESSING & SEE &IGURE    9OU SHOULDNT SEE THE PORT NUMBER IN THE 52, ANYMORE

&IGURE   BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^] RUNNING UNDER LOCAL ))3 &IGURE   SHOWS THAT THE BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^] IS NOW RUNNING ON THE LOCAL ))3 AS THE PORT NUMBER HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM THE [^RP[W^bc PATH

Add Service Reference 9OU TELL THE 4EST PROJECT THAT IT WILL WORK WITH THE SAMPLE 7#& APPLICATION BY ADDING A SERVICE REFERENCE TO IT 4HIS STEP CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY RIGHT CLICKING THE 4EST PROJECT AND CHOOSING !DD 3ERVICE 2EFERENCE 4HIS BRINGS UP A DIALOG LIKE THE ONE SHOWN IN &IGURE   WHERE YOU CAN SEARCH FOR AND IDENTIFY 7#& SERVICES



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

&IGURE   4HE !DD 3ERVICE 2EFERENCE WINDOW 4HIS DIALOG LETS YOU ADD OR DISCOVER 7#& SERVICES AVAILABLE ON YOUR CURRENT NETWORK )F YOU DONT FIND THE SERVICE YOU NEED YOU CAN MANUALLY ADD A 52, IN THE !DDRESS CTgc1^g AND SPECIFY THE beR SERVICE PATH 9OU ALSO HAVE TO PROVIDE THE NAMESPACE THAT WILL BE USED IN THE CLIENT PROJECT AND THEN PRESS /+ 7HEN YOU DO 6ISUAL 3TUDIO WILL CREATE ALL THE NECESSARY CODE FOR INSTANTIATING THE PROXIES 7#& NEEDS TO RUN THE SERVICE LOCALLY 4HIS INFORMATION WILL BE RETRIEVED FROM THE beR SERVICE OBJECT BY READING THE ATTRIBUTES 3PcP2^]caPRc AND BTaeXRT2^]caPRc USED PREVIOUSLY TO CREATE THE SAMPLE SERVICE

Test the Endpoint ,ETS WRITE A SAMPLE TEST METHOD THAT WILL TRY TO OPEN THE CURRENTLY CONFIGURED ENDPOINT AND VERIFY THAT EVERYTHING IS ACTIVE AND WORKING ,ISTING   SHOWS THE TEST METHOD USED TO VERIFY THAT THE 7#& SERVICE IS WORKING PROPERLY ,ISTING   4EST THE 7#& 3ERVICE #ONNECTION dbX]V BhbcT\BTaeXRT<^ST[* dbX]V <XRa^b^UcEXbdP[BcdSX^CTbcC^^[bD]XcCTbcX]V* dbX]V BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]5XgcdaTb?Tab^]BTaeXRTATUTaT]RT*



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

]P\Tb_PRT BP\_[T0__[XRPcX^]5XgcdaTb j JCTbc2[PbbL _dQ[XR R[Pbb ?Tab^]BTaeXRT5XgcdaT j JCTbc_T]* 0bbTac8b=^c=d[[R[XT]c* 0bbTac8bCadTR[XT]cBcPcT ,, 2^\\d]XRPcX^]BcPcT>_T]TS* R[XT]c2[^bT* 0bbTac8bCadTR[XT]cBcPcT ,, 2^\\d]XRPcX^]BcPcT2[^bTS* l l l 4HIS LISTING CREATES A NEW INSTANCE OF THE ?Tab^]BTaeXRT2[XT]c OBJECT WHICH IS A PROXY THAT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO CREATES WHEN YOU ADD THE SERVICE REFERENCE .EXT THE CODE TRIES TO OPEN THE DEFAULT CHANNEL USING THE DEFAULT ENDPOINT THAT 6ISUAL 3TUDIO CREATED IN THE P__R^]UXV FILE WHEN YOU ADDED THE SERVICE REFERENCE TO THE TEST PROJECT 9OU WANT TO TEST THAT THE ENDPOINT CAN BE CREATED THEN THAT THE ENDPOINT CAN BE OPENED AND CLOSED AND FINALLY THAT THE METHODS EXPOSED CAN BE USED 9OU SHOULD TEST EACH METHOD AND BE SURE THAT THE RESULT IS WHAT YOURE EXPECTING &OR EXAMPLE THE METHOD IN ,ISTING   WILL TEST THAT THE SERVICE IS CORRECTLY ADDING A NEW ?Tab^]2^]caPRc OBJECT ,ISTING   4EST THE 0SS?Tab^] -ETHOD JCTbc_T]* ?Tab^] _Tab^] , ]Tf ?Tab^] j5Xabc=P\T , APUUPT[T ;Pbc=P\T , 6Pa^UP[^l* R[XT]c0SS?Tab^]_Tab^]* Q^^[ aTbd[c , R[XT]c7Pb?Tab^]_Tab^]* 0bbTac8bCadTaTbd[c* l l )N THIS CASE THE TEST WILL FAIL BECAUSE IN THIS TRIVIAL CODE YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT CUSTOM 4`dP[b AND 6Tc7PbW2^ST METHODS IN THE ?Tab^]2^]caPRc OBJECT OTHERWISE THE CODE WILL LOOK FOR A DIFFERENT REFERENCE TYPE OBJECT AND IT WILL ALWAYS RETURN FALSE 9OU CAN ALSO CONSIDER TESTING ALL THE OTHER METHODS IN ORDER TO BE SURE THAT THE CLIENT APPLICATION IS GETTING THE CORRECT RESULTS FROM THE 7#& SERVICE METHODS



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

#ONCLUSION AND #ONSIDERATIONS )N THIS FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW 7#& WORKS HOW IT CAN BE CONFIGURED AND HOW IT CAN BE TESTED AND USED IN A CLIENT APPLICATION 4HE TOPIC IS COMPLEX AND IT REALLY DESERVES AN ENTIRE BOOK TO ITSELF 3O IF YOUR PLAN IS TO MOVE YOUR 70& APPLICATION INTO THE 3/! WORLD ) RECOMMEND YOU READ ONE OR BOTH OF THE BOOKS MENTIONED IN THE FOOTNOTE EARLIER IN THIS CHAPTER !N ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION IS ABOUT THE DOMAIN YOULL HOST USING 7#& )F YOU PLAN TO WORK WITH 7#& YOU HAVE TO MAKE YOUR DOMAIN hSERIALIZABLEv 4HIS PROCESS IS PRETTY STRAIGHTFORWARD IF YOU ARE WORKING WITH %NTITY &RAMEWORK AS IT MAKES THE ENTITY SERIALIZABLE "UT YOU MAY STILL ENCOUNTER SOME ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES IN SERIALIZING YOUR DOMAIN MODEL FOR EXAMPLE SOME OF THE BUSINESS LOGIC CODE MAY NOT BE EASY TO TRANSLATE INTO 8-, 4HE DEBATE ABOUT SERIALIZING OR NOT SERIALIZING THE DOMAIN MODEL HAS BEEN EXERCISING THE 3/! COMMUNITY FOR A WHILE !CCORDING TO THE PURIST APPROACH YOU SHOULD HAVE TWO DIFFERENT DOMAINS ONE EXPOSED IN THE CLIENT AND ONE IN THE SERVER 4HIS APPROACH SHOULD BE USED BECAUSE THE DOMAIN SHOULD CONTAIN THE APPLICATION BUSINESS LOGIC AND AS ) ALREADY SAID IN .%4 YOU CANT SERIALIZE A METHOD SO YOU CANT SERIALIZE THE BUSINESS LOGIC

Integrate WCF into the TimeTracker Application .OW ITS TIME TO OPEN THE 4IME4RACKER 6ISUAL 3TUDIO SOLUTION AND INTEGRATE THE 7#& TECHNOLOGY INTO IT 4HE MAIN ROLE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IN 4IME4RACKER WILL BE TO ADD FURTHER AVAILABILITY TO THE 4IME4RACKER DOMAIN 9OU WILL DISTRIBUTE THE DOMAIN OVER THE NETWORK USING 7#& AND $ATA 3ERVICES A NEW COMPONENT IN .%4  AND 6ISUAL 3TUDIO  THAT WORKS WITH 7#& TECHNOLOGY /PEN THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND ADD TO THE SOLUTION A NEW 7#& WEB APPLICATION PROJECT WITH THE NAME 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRT;PhTa THEN CONFIGURE THE SERVICE TO RUN ON YOUR LOCAL ))3 USING THE SAME PROCESS AS IN THE FIRST PART OF THIS CHAPTER #ALL THE APPLICATION FOLDER IN ))3 CX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRT .OW DELETE THE DEFAULT 8BTaeXRT Rb AND BTaeXRTbeR FILES AND ADD A NEW 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE FILE NAME IT CX\TCaPRZTa3PcPBTaeXRTbeR AND PRESS /+ 4HE NEXT STEP IS TO ADD A REFERENCE TO THE %NTITY &RAMEWORK PROJECT IN THE 7#& WEB APPLICATION 9OU CAN DO THAT BY RIGHT CLICKING THE 7#& WEB APPLICATION AND SELECTING THE !DD 3ERVICE 2EFERENCE MENU ITEM THEN CHOOSING THE "USINESS ,AYER PROJECT FROM THE 0ROJECTS TAB

7#& $ATA 3ERVICE 4HE 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE IS AN EXTENSION OF 7#& THAT ALLOWS YOU TO EXPOSE YOUR DATA USING THE O$ATA PROTOCOL A PROTOCOL USED TO TRANSFORM OPERATIONS EXPOSED BY 7#& INTO A REPRESENTATIONAL STATE TRANSFER 2%34  9OU CAN THINK OF A 7#& DATA SERVICE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE CLASSIC AT_^bXc^ah OBJECT EXPOSED BY A 3/!0 SERVICE 4HE ADVANTAGE OF USING THE 7#& DATA SERVICE IS THAT THE SAME OPERATION FOR EXAMPLE A 6Tc0__^X]c\T]cb METHOD CAN BE USED BY BOTH A 70& APPLICATION AND A SIMPLE WEB BROWSER !N ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE IS THE ABILITY TO SHARE THE hCODEv OF THE DATA LAYER THE DOMAIN MODEL AND THE BUSINESS LOGIC IN ONE SINGLE BIG REPOSITORY /F COURSE A TECHNOLOGY LIKE THE 7#& DATA SERVICE COMES WITH A SIGNIFICANT RISK OF EXPOSING CRITICAL INFORMATION OVER THE 7EB AND FOR THIS REASON THE 7#& DATA SERVICE ALLOWS YOU TO FULLY CONTROL ACCESS TO ONLY SOME SPECIFIC ITEMS OF THE DOMAIN MODEL 4O CREATE A NEW 7#& DATA SERVICE YOU NEED TO MODIFY THE beR SERVICE YOU CREATED USING THE 7#& DATA SERVICE TEMPLATE AS IN ,ISTING  



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

,ISTING   5SING THE 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE TO %XPOSE !PPOINTMENTS dbX]V BhbcT\3PcPBTaeXRTb* dbX]V BhbcT\3PcPBTaeXRTb2^\\^]* dbX]V 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZX]V1dbX]Tbb;PhTa* ]P\Tb_PRT 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRT;PhTa j _dQ[XR R[Pbb CX\TCaPRZTa3PcPBTaeXRT ) 3PcPBTaeXRT+CX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Taj _dQ[XR bcPcXR e^XS 8]XcXP[XiTBTaeXRT3PcPBTaeXRT2^]UXVdaPcX^] R^]UXV j R^]UXVDbTETaQ^bT4aa^ab , cadT* R^]UXV3PcPBTaeXRT1TWPeX^a


#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

+bhbcT\fTQ+R^\_X[PcX^] STQdV,cadT cPaVTc5aP\Tf^aZ,# +bhbcT\fTQ+bhbcT\bTaeXRT<^ST[+QTWPeX^ab+bTaeXRT1TWPeX^ab+QTWPeX^a+bTaeXRT
.AVIGATE THE $ATA 5SING O$ATA 1UERIES 4HE DATA HOSTED BY AN O$ATA SERVICE CAN BE NAVIGATED USING THE O$ATA SYNTAX &OR EXAMPLE IF YOU WANT TO NAVIGATE THE LIST OF CURRENT EMPLOYEES YOU CAN TYPE THIS ADDRESS IN YOUR WEB BROWSER Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRTcX\TcaPRZTaSPcPbTaeXRTbeR4\_[^hTTb WHILE IF YOU PLAN TO RETRIEVE THE INFORMATION FOR THE EMPLOYEE WITH AN )$ EQUAL TO  YOU CAN TYPE THIS ADDRESS Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRTcX\TcaPRZTaSPcPbTaeXRTbeR4\_[^hTTb' )F IN THE METHOD EXPOSED IN THE ,ISTING   YOU ADD ADDITIONAL ENTITIES LIKE A^[T 0SSaTbb 0__^X]c\T]c AND SO ON YOU CAN FILTER THE INFORMATION USING O$ATA SO THAT WITH THE FOLLOWING CODE YOU CAN FOR EXAMPLE RETRIEVE ALL THE ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC EMPLOYEE Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRTcX\TcaPRZTaSPcPbTaeXRTbeR4\_[^hTTb'A^[Tb AND SO ON 7ITH O$ATA YOU CAN ALSO QUERY THE DATA AS IF YOU WERE USING ,).1 ,ETS SAY FOR EXAMPLE THAT YOU WANT TO RETRIEVE ALL THE A^[TS WITH THE 83 GREATER THAN  YOU CAN WRITE THIS ^3PcP 52, Wcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRTcX\TcaPRZTaSPcPbTaeXRTbeRA^[Tb.UX[cTa,8S Vc !



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

4HE SYNTAX FOR USING THE O$ATA QUERY ENGINE IS TO ADD THE .UX[cTa KEYWORD AFTER THE 52, )F YOU WANT A BETTER LOOK AT HOW THE O$ATA SYNTAX WORKS YOULL FIND A USEFUL PAGE AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\[XQaPahSS&!'!'"Pb_g 4HE PAGE EXPLAINS HOW TO CREATE SIMPLE QUERIES USING CLASSIC KEYWORDS THAT YOU CAN ALSO USE WITH ,).1 OR 4 31, TO QUERY THE DATA DIRECTLY FROM THE ENTITY FRAMEWORK CONTAINER

)NTEGRATE THE 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE IN 70& .OW ) WANT TO SHOW YOU HOW YOU CAN INTEGRATE THE 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE IN AN EXISTING APPLICATION LIKE 4IME4RACKER SO YOU CAN REMOVE ALL THE DEPENDENCIES FROM THE DATA LAYER AND BUSINESS LAYER COMPONENTS AND MAKE YOUR APPLICATION MORE LOOSELY COUPLED FROM THE BUSINESS LOGIC 4HE FIRST STEP IS TO ADD A REFERENCE IN THE 70& PROJECT TO THE 7#& DATA SERVICE JUST CREATED 4O DO SO YOU NEED TO ADD A NEW SERVICE REFERENCE TO THE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION AND POINT TO THE SPECIFIC beR SERVICE AS &IGURE   SHOWS

&IGURE   3ERVICE REFERENCE DIALOG FOR THE 7#& DATA SERVICE .OW THAT YOUVE ADDED THE REFERENCE TO THE 7#& DATA SERVICE YOU CAN HAVE FULL ACCESS DEPENDING ON THE READ AND WRITE SECURITY PERMISSIONS YOU PREVIOUSLY SET UP FOR THE ENTITIES TO THE DOMAIN MODEL FROM THE 7#& SERVICE 4HAT SAID YOU MAY WONDER NOW HOW YOU CAN ACCESS THE ENTITIES FROM 7#& INSTEAD OF ACCESSING THEM FROM THE BUSINESS LAYER 4HE SYNTAX IS VERY CLOSE TO WHAT YOU JUST SAW BECAUSE THE 7#& DATA SERVICE ALSO LETS YOU USE ,).1 SYNTAX TO QUERY THE ENTITIES "UT IN THE 6IEW-ODEL INSTEAD OF USING THE REPOSITORY OBJECT YOULL USE THE 7#& SERVICE



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

/PEN THE 4\_[^hTT;XbcEXTf<^ST[ AND CHANGE THE METHOD USED TO SEARCH THE EMPLOYEES AS SHOWN IN ,ISTING   ,ISTING   3EARCH THE %MPLOYEES 5SING 7#& ^3PcP 3ERVICE _aXePcT e^XS BTPaRW4\_[^hTTb j DaX beRDaX , ]Tf DaXWcc_)[^RP[W^bcCX\TCaPRZTaBTaeXRTcX\TcaPRZTaSPcPbTaeXRTbeR* 2^]cTgc R^]cTgc , ]Tf 2^]cTgcbeRDaX* ePa aTbd[c , Ua^\ T X] R^]cTgc4\_[^hTTb fWTaT T5d[[=P\T5Xabc=P\T2^]cPX]bBTPaRW2aXcTaXP kk T5d[[=P\T;Pbc=P\T2^]cPX]bBTPaRW2aXcTaXP bT[TRc TC^;Xbc* ;Xbc+4\_[^hTT- aTbd[c , aT_^bXc^ahBTPaRW4\_[^hTTbBTPaRW2aXcTaXP* XU aTbd[c ,, ]d[[ kk aTbd[c2^d]c ,,  j SXP[^VBTaeXRTBW^f0[Tac=^ 4\_[^hTTb U^d]S CWTaT PaT ]^ 4\_[^hTTb dbX]V cWT« U^[[^fX]V RaXcTaXP* aTcda]* l 2^[[TRcX^]2[TPa* U^aTPRW 4\_[^hTT T\_[^hTT X] aTbd[c j 2^[[TRcX^]0SS]Tf 4\_[^hTT3TcPX[bEXTf<^ST[T\_[^hTT R^]cPX]Ta* l l 7ITH THIS APPROACH YOU FIRST CREATE A NEW 52) OBJECT THAT CONTAINS THE FULL PATH TO THE beR DATA SERVICE FILE THEN YOU CAN CREATE A NEW INSTANCE OF THE DATA SERVICE CONTEXT OBJECT AND USE IT IN THE SAME WAY YOUD USE A CLASSIC %NTITY &RAMEWORK DATA CONTEXT OBJECT .OTE THAT THE POINT OF THIS CODE IS SIMPLY TO SHOW YOU HOW THE >QYTRc2^]cTgc CAN BE USED )N A REAL APPLICATION HOWEVER YOUD HIDE THE SERVICE PATH IN A CONFIGURATION VARIABLE TO MAKE THE APPLICATION MORE hCONFIGURABLEv 4HIS EXAMPLE ASSOCIATES THE CURRENT DATA SERVICE CONTEXT OBJECT WITH THE ALIAS 2^]cTgc THIS STEP CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY USING THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE VIEW MODEL CLASS FILE dbX]V 2^]cTgc , 0?A4BBCX\TCaPRZTaCX\TCaPRZTa3PcPBTaeXRTCX\TCaPRZTa<^ST[2^]cPX]Ta* )N THIS WAY WITH FEW LINES OF CODE YOU SWITCHED THE APPLICATION FROM USING THE DATA LAYER CREATED PREVIOUSLY TO USING A GLOBAL 7#& SERVICE LAYER

WCF Security )N THIS CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW YOU CAN DISTRIBUTE INFORMATION OVER THE NETWORK USING 7#& AND YOU SAW HOW POWERFUL BUT AT THE SAME TIME DANGEROUS IT CAN BE IF YOU EXPOSE THE WRONG COMPONENT OVER THE NETWORK USING 3/! )F YOU EXPOSE THE WRONG COMPONENT UNWANTED ACCESS TO YOUR 3/! SERVICE MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO YOUR INTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE &OR EXAMPLE AN INTRUDER ACCESSING YOUR 4IME4RACKER 7#& $ATA 3ERVICE COULD CAUSE A LOSS OF THE DATABASE DATA
)N THIS CHAPTER AS ALREADY POINTED OUT WE CANT ANALYZE 7#& IN DEPTH  "UT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT SECURITY AND HOW YOU CAN CREATE A SECURE SERVICE STRUCTURE USING 7#& 0LEASE USE THIS SECTION AS AN OVERVIEW OF HOW THE 7#& SECURITY MECHANISM WORKS BUT REMEMBER THAT IF YOU PLAN TO



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

WORK WITH 7#& YOULL HAVE TO EXPLORE THIS POWERFUL TECHNOLOGY IN A LOT MORE DEPTH
9OU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL RESOURCES RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY IN 7#& AT \bS]\XRa^b^UcR^\ [XQaPah\b&"#&"%Pb_g )N 7#& YOU CAN HANDLE SECURITY IN DIFFERENT WAYS &OR EXAMPLE YOU CAN v

3ECURE THE ENDPOINT THAT IS EXPOSING THE SERVICE METHODS BY INTRODUCING AN AUTHENTICATION PROCESS IN ORDER TO SHARE THE DATA ONLY WITH AUTHENTICATED USERS

v

6ERIFY THE INTEGRITY OF THE MESSAGE IN ORDER TO BE SURE THAT THE MESSAGE HAS NOT BEEN hHACKEDv DURING ITS TRANSMISSION

v

%NCRYPT THE MESSAGES OR TRANSMIT THEM THROUGH A SECURE CHANNEL (4403 USING A CERTIFICATE SO THAT THE SENDER AND THE RECEIVER WILL BE THE ONLY ONES ABLE TO TRANSLATE AND EXCHANGE THE MESSAGE

v

0ROVIDE AUTHORIZATION MECHANISMS FOR THE CODE SO THAT IT CANT BE USED FOR ATTACKS BY ARTFUL hBLACK HATSv

3ECURITY 2EQUIREMENTS "EFORE EVEN STARTING TO TACKLE THE SECURITY ASPECTS OF A 7#& SERVICE YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF YOUR APPLICATION ARE IN TERMS OF SECURITY AND HOW YOU WANT TO HANDLE THEM &OR EXAMPLE AN INTRANET 7#& SERVICE THAT WILL NEVER BE EXPOSED OUTSIDE THE COMPANY NETWORK CAN GENERALLY BE DEPLOYED WITH A LESS COMPLEX SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION THAN A SERVICE EXPOSED OVER THE 7ORLD 7IDE 7EB !FTER ALL IF THE SERVICE EXISTS ONLY hINSIDEv THE COMPANY NETWORK IT WILL BE MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOMEONE OUTSIDE THE NETWORK TO ACCESS THE SERVICE AND USE IT IN A HARMFUL WAY 7HEN YOU TACKLE SECURITY IN 7#& YOU SHOULD DIVIDE YOUR APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS INTO THREE DIFFERENT ASPECTS v

!UTHENTICATION 9OU NEED TO ANALYZE HOW YOU WANT TO AUTHENTICATE THE USERS AND THE EXTERNAL COMPONENTS THAT WILL ACCESS YOUR SERVICE &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY CONSIDER AUTHENTICATING THE SENDER AND RECEIVER SO THAT NOBODY hIN THE MIDDLEv OF THE TRANSMISSION PATH WILL BE ABLE TO SEE AND CHANGE MESSAGES

v

!UTHORIZATION 9OU CAN SPECIFY WHAT CAN BE EXECUTED IN THE SERVICE AND BY THE SERVICE AND WHAT CANT BE DONE 4HIS ADDS AN ADDITIONAL LAYER OF SECURITY IN CASE THE SERVICE IS HACKED

v

)NTEGRITY YOU CAN USE CERTIFICATES TO ENCRYPT THE CONTENT OF YOUR MESSAGES CREATING A MORE SECURE STRUCTURE

"INDINGS 4HE SECOND STEP IN DETERMINING YOUR SECURITY REQUIREMENTS IS TO UNDERSTAND WHERE THE MESSAGES WILL BE TRANSMITTED IN ORDER TO DECIDE WHAT TYPE OF ENDPOINT YOU WILL USE &OR THE 7EB 3/!0 IS PREFERRED OVER (440 DUE TO ITS STANDARDIZED STRUCTURE &OR AN INTRANET APPLICATION ) PREFER TO USE 4#0 WITH BINARY ENDPOINTS AS )VE FOUND THIS TO BE FASTER IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

%ACH BINDING IN 7#& CAN BE CONFIGURED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS v

.ONE 4URNS SECURITY OFF

v

4RANSPORT 5SES TRANSPORT SECURITY FOR MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION AND MESSAGE PROTECTION

v

-ESSAGE 5SES MESSAGE SECURITY FOR MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION AND MESSAGE PROTECTION

v

"OTH !LLOWS YOU TO SUPPLY SETTINGS FOR TRANSPORT AND MESSAGE LEVEL SECURITY ONLY -3-1 SUPPORTS THIS 

v

4RANSPORT7ITH-ESSAGE#REDENTIAL #REDENTIALS ARE PASSED WITH THE MESSAGE AND MESSAGE PROTECTION AND SERVER AUTHENTICATION ARE PROVIDED BY THE TRANSPORT LAYER

v

4RANSPORT#REDENTIAL/NLY #LIENT CREDENTIALS ARE PASSED WITH THE TRANSPORT LAYER AND NO MESSAGE PROTECTION IS APPLIED

%ACH BINDING TECHNIQUE HAS ITS OWN MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SECURITY OPTION YOUVE CHOSEN AND IT IS PART OF 7#& TO IMPLEMENT SECURITY IN ANY OF THE POSSIBLE BINDING COMBINATION

0ROVIDE THE #REDENTIALS )TS ALSO IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER HOW YOU PLAN TO TRANSPORT THE SECURITY CREDENTIALS FROM THE CLIENT TO THE SERVER $EPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION YOUVE DECIDED ON AND DEPENDING ON THE ENDPOINT YOU WANT TO USE TO EXPOSE THE SERVICE YOU MAY BE ABLE TO USE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CREDENTIALS TYPES v

.ONE

v

7INDOWS

v

5SER.AME

v

#ERTIFICATE

v

)SSUED4OKEN

!UTHENTICATE AND !UTHORIZE THE #ODE 4HE FINAL STEP IS TO AUTHENTICATE THE USER THAT IS CALLING THE SERVICE AND BE SURE IT IS AUTHORIZED TO EXECUTE A SPECIFIC STEP &OR EXAMPLE SUPPOSE YOU HAVE A SERVICE THAT EXPOSES A SET OF METHODS ONE OF WHICH IS USED TO DELETE DATA FROM A DATABASE 9OU WANT TO BE SURE THAT THE DELETE METHOD CAN BE EXECUTED ONLY BY AN AUTHENTICATED 7INDOWS USER WHOS RECOGNIZED BY THE REMOTE 31, 3ERVER DATABASE AS A USER WHO CAN DELETE DATA



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

!UTHENTICATION IN 7#& CAN BE OBTAINED IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS DEPENDING ON HOW IT HAS BEEN CONFIGURED v

0ROCESS )DENTITY 3ERVICE OPERATIONS ARE EXECUTED UNDER THE PROCESS IDENTITY OF THE SERVICE HOST &OR !30.%4 HOSTS THIS IS USUALLY THE !30.%4 ACCOUNT &OR SELF HOSTING IT MAY BE A DIFFERENT SERVICE ACCOUNT 4HE PROCESS IDENTITY IS THE 7INDOWS ACCOUNT THAT GOVERNS WHAT THE SERVICE CODE CAN DO AT RUNTIME WHEN ATTEMPTING TO ACCESS PROTECTED RESOURCES SUCH AS THE DATABASE REGISTRY OR FILE SYSTEM

v

4OKEN !UTHENTICATION 2UNTIME IDENTITIES SECURITY PRINCIPALS AND AUTHORIZATION POLICIES ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE 7#& SECURITY STORY

v

3ECURITY 0RINCIPAL )F YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH TRADITIONAL .%4 ROLE BASED SECURITY YOU KNOW THAT THERE IS A SECURITY PRINCIPAL ATTACHED TO EACH EXECUTING THREAD 4HAT SECURITY PRINCIPAL HOLDS THE CALLERgS IDENTITY WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE TIED TO A 7INDOWS ACCOUNT AND ITS ROLES 2OLES GOVERN WHICH OPERATIONS CAN BE EXECUTED BY THE AUTHENTICATED USER WHEN TRADITIONAL .%4 ROLE BASED SECURITY IS APPLIED

v

3ERVICE3ECURITY#ONTEXT 4HIS PROVIDES RUNTIME ACCESS TO OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE SECURITY CONTEXT FOR A SERVICE OPERATION 4HE BTaeXRTBTRdaXch2^]cTgc IS A RUNTIME TYPE THAT INCLUDES IDENTITIES A SET OF CLAIMS AND AUTHORIZATION POLICIES 4HIS INFORMATION CAN BE USED TO APPLY A MORE FINE GRAINED SECURITY STRATEGY SPECIFICALLY FOR SERVICES

&IGURE   ILLUSTRATES HOW 7#& PROCESSES A SECURE REQUEST BY APPLYING AUTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION ON A SPECIFIC IDENTITY

&IGURE   !UTHENTICATION AND AUTHORIZATION IN 7#&

Summary )N THIS FINAL CHAPTER YOU SAW HOW TO MAKE THE 70& 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION MORE LOOSELY COUPLED BY IMPLEMENTING A 3/! APPROACH WHICH WAS DONE IN OUR CASE USING 7INDOWS #OMMUNICATION &OUNDATION



#(!04%2  ■ ).4%2!#4).' 7)4( 7#&

7#& IS A FLEXIBLE WEB TECHNOLOGY USED TO DESIGN DISTRIBUTED ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS WHERE THE BUSINESS LOGIC AND MORE GENERALLY A SPECIFIC COMPONENT OR SET OF COMPONENTS NEED TO BE SHARED OVER THE NETWORK TO MANY CLIENTS AND DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS 4HE MECHANISM OF 7#& IS COMPLEX AND REQUIRES DEDICATED STUDY BUT THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT SUMMARIZES THE BASICS )N 7#& THERE ARE TWO MAJOR ACTORS /NE IS A HOST THAT IS IN CHARGE OF EXPOSING ONE OR MORE SERVICES USING ONE OR MORE ENDPOINTS THE ENDPOINT SPECIFIES HOW THE DATA SHOULD BE EXPOSED BY THE SERVICE 4HE SECOND ACTOR IS THE CLIENT OR RECEIVER A COMPONENT OR OTHER PIECE OF SOFTWARE ABLE TO OPEN A DIALOG WITH THE (OST AND CALL THE METHODS EXPOSED BY THE SERVICE )N CONCLUSION YOU CAN USE 7#& INSTEAD OF DISTRIBUTING THE DATA LAYER AND THE BUSINESS LAYER TO THE CLIENT BUT IF YOU PLAN TO DO THAT



v

9OU SHOULD ALWAYS CALL THE SERVICE USING A MULTITHREADING APPROACH AS YOU SAW IN #HAPTER  BECAUSE THERE MAY BE A SUBSTANTIAL LAG BETWEEN THE SERVICE CALL AND THE SERVICE ANSWER

v

)F YOU PLAN TO HOST YOUR DATA LAYER USING A 7#& SERVICE CONSIDER INCLUDING SOME SECURITY MECHANISM IN ORDER TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO AND POSSIBLY MODIFICATION OF YOUR DATA

v

"EAR IN MIND THAT THE BUSINESS LOGIC HOSTED BY THE DOMAIN MODEL WONT BE AVAILABLE ANY MORE IN THE PRESENTATION LAYER BECAUSE IT IS NOW HIDDEN BY THE 7#& DATA LAYER

Index ■

!PPLICATION &ILES BUTTON 

 SYNTAX 

APPLICATION LAYER 

$ CUBE CREATION PROCESS 

APPLICATION MANIFEST FILES  !PPLICATION 5PDATES DIALOG 

■A

!PPLICATION!CTIVATED METHOD 

!BORT METHOD n

!PPLICATION$EACTIVATED METHOD 

ACTION BEHAVIORS 

!PPLICATION2UN METHOD 

!CTIVE 2ECORD !2 PATTERN n

!PPLICATION3HUT$OWN METHOD 

!DD .EW 4EST DIALOG 

!PPLICATION#OMMANDS CLASS n

!DD 3ERVICE 2EFERENCE WINDOW 

APPLICATIONS

!DD.EW 4EST WIZARD 

CONFIGURATION n

!DD/BJECT METHOD 

DEPLOYMENT n

!DDRESS ENTITY n

PUBLISHING OPTIONS n

ADDRESS OF ENDPOINT 

REQUIREMENTS FOR n

!GGREGATE FUNCTION 

SECURITY n

!GILE DEVELOPMENT APPROACH 

4IME4RACKER APPLICATION n

ANIMATIONS n 

DEVELOPING

!PP CLASS 

DATABASE SCHEMA 

!PPXAML CLASS 

REQUIREMENTS n

!PPXAML FILE   

USING THIRD PARTY RESOURCES n

!PPXAML 2ESOURCE ELEMENT 

LAYERED n n

!PP?3TART METHOD 

LOOSLEY COUPLED 



■ ).$%8

N TIER n

ASYNCHRONOUS PATTERN n

UPDATES n

ATTACHED PROPERTIES 

APPOINTMENT CALENDAR CONTROL n

ATTRIBUTE SYNTAX 

!PPOINTMENT ENTITY n

AUTHENTICATION n

!PRESS 4IME4RACKER 3EE 4IME4RACKER APPLICATION

!UTHENTICODE 

!2 OBJECTS n ARCHITECTURE 7#& n

AUTHORIZATION n !UTO'ENERATE#OLUMNS PROPERTY  AUTOGENERATED CODE  n !UTO-APPER 

70& n ASSEMBLIES n TECHNOLOGIES 



■ BACKGROUND PROCESSES 

DATA TEMPLATES n

"ACKGROUND PROPERTY 

$ATA"INDING 

"ACKGROUND7ORKER COMPONENT n

STYLES n !SSEMBLY PROPERTIES WINDOW 

"ASE$ETAILS6IEW-ODEL CLASS n  

!SSERT CLASS  

"ASE,IST6IEW-ODEL CLASS n 

!SSERT)NCONCLUSIVE METHOD 

"ASE6IEW-ODEL CLASS n 

!SSET PANEL  

"EGIN)NVOKE METHOD 

ASSOCIATION OBJECT 

BEHAVIORS   n

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ENTITIES n

BIDIRECTIONAL DATA BINDING  

ASYNCHRONOUS CODE

BINDING 3EE DATA BINDING

"ACKGROUND7ORKER COMPONENT n 

"INDING CLASS 

4HREAD CLASS n

BINDING TARGET n

4HREAD OBJECT n

BINDINGS 

4HREAD0OOL COMPONENT 

BITMAPS 

ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATIONS n

"IZ4ALK 

BINDING SOURCE n

■ ).$%8

BLENDABILITY FEATURE 

SPLITTING DEFINITION OF 

"ORDER 8!-, ELEMENT 

#LEAN5P METHOD 

BOX MODEL TECHNIQUE 

#LICK EVENT 

"RUSH#ONVERTER 

#LICK/NCE DEPLOYMENT n

BUSINESS LAYER     

4IME4RACKER APPLICATION n

BUSINESS LOGIC   n 

PUBLISHING OPTIONS n

"UTTON CONTROL  

FILE DEPENDENCIES n

"UTTON#LICK EVENT  

UPDATES n SECURITY n

■C

CERTIFICATES n

# CODE 

#ODE !CCESS 3ECURITY n

#ANCEL!SYNC METHOD 

CLIENT TIER 

#AN%XECUTE EVENT 

CLOSING BRACKET  

#AN%XECUTE METHOD n 

#,2 n n

#AN%XECUTE#HANGED EVENT  

CODE

#AN%XECUTE2OUTED%VENT!RGS 

# 

#ANVAS 

ASYNCHRONOUS n

#ASCADING 3TYLE 3HEETS #33  

COLORING 

#ERTIFICATE !UTHORITY SERVER 

LOOSLEY COUPLED 

CERTIFICATES n 

SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION OF 

#HANNEL3ERVICE CLASS 

#ODE !CCESS 3ECURITY n

CHARTS n

#ODE #OVERAGE TOOL n n

#HECK"OX#OLUMN 

#ODE &IRST DEVELOPMENT  

CHILD CONTROLS 

CODE BEHIND FILE n  

CHILD 6IEW-ODELS n

CODED 5) TEST 

CLASS LIBRARY 

#ODE0LEX 

CLASSES

CODE SIGNING CERTIFICATES 

BINDING TO DATA TEMPLATE n

COLLECTION PROPERTY 



■ ).$%8

#OLUMN$EFINITION PROPERTY 

#ONTENT PROPERTY n 

#OMBO"OX 

#ONTENT0RESENTER 70& CONTROL 

#OMBO"OX#OLUMN 

#ONTINUE7ITH METHOD 

#OMMAND PATTERN n

#ONTRACT$ESCRIPTION CLASS 

#OMMAND PROPERTY 

CONTROLS

#OMMAND"INDING   

ADDING TO VIEWS n

#OMMAND-ANAGER n

CREATING STYLES FOR n

#OMMAND-ANAGER)NVALIDATE2EQUERY3UG GESTED METHOD 

CUSTOMIZING  n n

COMMANDS #25$  

DATA BINDING TO n DEFAULT 

DYNAMICALLY RE EVALUATING EXECUTION OF n

DEFINING DATA TEMPLATE FOR n

)#OMMAND INTERFACE n

DOCUMENT 

INITIALIZING 

STYLES n

INTERACTIVE n

#ONTROLS FOLDER 

INTRODUCTION TO n

#ONTROL4EMPLATE  

LISTENING FOR CHANGES 

#ONVERT METHOD n

2OUTED#OMMAND CLASS n

#ONVERT"ACK METHOD n

4IME4RACKER n

CORE CODE 

COMPLEX TYPES 

#/5.4 FUNCTION 

#OMPLEX0ROPERTY PROPERTY 

#REATE $ATASET DIALOG 

COMPONENTS REDISTRIBUTING 

#REATE 2EAD 5PDATE AND $ELETE #25$ COMMANDS  

COMPOSITE KEY  CONCURRENCY   #ONFIGURE#ONTAINER METHOD  #ONTACT ENTITY  #ONTAINER PROPERTY 



CUSTOMIZING LAYOUT OF n

#REATE%NTITY+EY METHOD  #REATE/BJECT3ET4 METHOD n CREDENTIALS  #RYSTAL 2EPORTS #2 

■ ).$%8

CUSTOM CONTROLS CREATING  n n  CUSTOM DATA SOURCE CREATING n CUSTOM EFFECTS n CUSTOM FONTS  CUSTOM REFERENCES  #USTOMER ENTITY n

TARGET n 5) VALIDATION n UNIDIRECTIONAL  5PDATE3OURCE4RIGGER PROPERTY  6IEW-ODELS n IN 70& n ;$ATA#ONTRACT= ATTRIBUTE  DATA CONTRACTS 

■ DASHBOARD

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