AZEOTROPIC
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.fw001
DATA Tables of azeotropes and nonazeotrope...
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AZEOTROPIC
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.fw001
DATA Tables of azeotropes and nonazeotropes compiled by L. H. Horsley and coworkers at the Dow Chemical Co. Included are a formula index, a bibliography, and three articles, "VaporLiquid Equilibrium Diagrams of Alcohol-Ketone Azeotropes as a Function of Pressure," "Graphical Method for Predicting Effect of Pressure on Azeotropic Systems," and "Graphical Method for Predicting Azeotropism and Effect of Pressure on Azeotropic Constants."
Number six of the Advances in Chemistry Series Edited by the staff of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Published June 1952 by AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 1155 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D. C.
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.fw001
Copyright 1952 by AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
All Rights Reserved
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Table of Azeotropes and Nonazeotropes L. H. HORSLEY
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
The Dow Chemical
Co., Midland,
Mich.
This table of azeotropes and nonazeotropes is a revision of the two previous tables published in Analytical Chemistry, August 1947 and July 1949 (167, 168), together with approximately 6000 new systems, bringing the total number of systems to over 14,000. The table is arranged in two parts: (1) table of binary systems and (2) table of ternary systems, followed by a formula index and bibliography. As in the previous tables, the individual systems are arranged according to empirical formula using the Chemical Abstracts system, except that inorganic compounds are listed first in alphabetical order, followed by organic systems in the order carbon, hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. For a given binary system the lower order compound according to formula is chosen as the A-component and under each A-component the B-components are likewise arranged according to empirical formula. For ternary systems the same arrangement is used, using the lowest order formula as A-component, the next lowest order as B-component, and the highest order formula as C-component. To facilitate finding all systems containing a given component a formula index is included at the end of the tables listing the systems containing a given component. The following abbreviations are used in the table: Min. b.p. V-l. Vol. Mm. ~ > <
Minimum boiling point azeotrope with no data given Vapor-liquid equilibrium data are given in the original reference Azeotropic concentration is given in volume per cent. Unless so indicated, all concentrations are weight per cent Pressure in mm. of mercury absolute Approximate Greater than Less than
For systems for which more than one literature reference is available, an attempt has been made to select those data that are most reliable and 1 In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
2
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
complete.
The auxiliary references for which no data have been given are
listed with an asterisk.
Where there is appreciable discrepancy in the data
of two references, both sets of data have been included. Because Lecat has published identical data on most of his systems in two or more journals, only his most recent reference is listed here, except where there are large discrepancies in his data, in which case both sets of
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
data have been included.
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In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
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In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch001
314 (412) (413) (414) (415) (416) (417) (418) (419) (420) (421) (422) (423) (424) (425) (426) (427) (428) (429) (430) (431) (432) (433) (434) (435) (436) (437)
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES Wallace a n d A t k i n s , J. Chem. Soc., 101, 1179 (1912). Ibid., p. 1958. Walls and D e a n , U. S. Patent 2,371,860 (1945). Welling, Ibid., 2,376,104 (1945). Ibid., 2,386,375 (1945). Ibid., 2,401,282 (1946). Wentworth, Ibid., 2,038,865, 2,041,668 (1936). W h i t e a n d Rose, J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards, 17, 943 (1936). Ibid., 21, 151 (1938). Willert, U. S. Patent 2,445,738 (1948). Williams, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 37, 157 (1941). Williams and Meeker, Anal. Chem., 20, 733 (1948). Williams, Rosenberg, a n d Rothenberg, Ind. Eng. Chem., 40, 1273 (1948). Wood, Am. Chem. Soc., 59, 1510 (1937). Woods, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London), 66, 26 (1947). W u y t s , Bull. soc. chim. Belg., 33, 178 (1924). W u y t s a n d Bailleux, Ibid., 29, 55 (1920). W u y t s and Docquier, Ibid., 44, 297 (1935). Y o u n g , J. Chem. Soc., 81, 707 (1902). Y o u n g and Fortey, Ibid., 81, 739 (1902). Ibid., 83, 45, 68, 77 (1903). Y o u n g and F o r t e y , J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 81, 717 (1902). Y o u n g a n d Nelson, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 4, 67 (1932). Yu a n d H i c k m a n , J. Chem. Education, 26, 207 (1949). Zhdanov, J. Gen. Chem. (U.S.S.R.), 11, 471 (1941). Z m a c z y n s k i , Roczniki Chem., 11, 449 (1931).
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Diagrams of Alcohol-Ketone Azeotropes as a Function of Pressure E. C. BRITTON, H. S. NUTTING, and L. H. HORSLEY The Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
Mich.
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch002
Pressure
has a marked effect on the azeotropic composition and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams of alcohol-ketone systems (1). This is due to the fact that the slopes of the vapor pressure curves of alcohols are appreciably greater than for ketones; it results in an unusually larger change in the relative boiling points of the components of an alcohol-ketone system with change in pressure. As a result of the study of these systems, it has been found that the methanol-acetone azeotrope exhibits the unusual phenomenon of becoming nonazeotropic at both low and high pressures—that is, below 200-mm. pressure the system is nonazeotropic with methanol as the more volatile product, while above 15,000 mm. the system is nonazeotropic with acetone the more volatile component. Some of the equilibrium data for this system and two other alcohol-ketone azeotropes are shown in Figures 1 and 2 on the following pages. The similarity of the diagrams for the different systems at suitable pressures is of interest. For example, the diagram for methanol-acetone at 10,000 mm. corresponds approximately to the diagram for methanol-methyl ethyl ketone at 1000 mm. and for ethanol-methyl propyl ketone at 100 mm. Literature Cited (1) B r i t t o n , E. C., N u t t i n g , H. S., a n d Horsley, L. H. (to D o w Chemical C o . ) , U. S. Patent 2,324,255 (July 13, 1943).
315
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
316
METHANOLMETHYL ETHYL KETONE
METHANOLACETONE
200
200
200
ETHANOLMETHYL PROPYL KETONE
180
K Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch002
V
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WEIGHT PER CENT Figure 1.
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
ALCOHOL
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Diagrams of Alcohol-Ketone Systems at Various Pressures
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
100
317
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch002
EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS OF ALCOHOL-KETONE SYSTEMS
AVERAGE WEIGHT % A L C O H O L IN LIQUID AND VAPOR IN EQUILIBRIUM Figure 2.
Difference in Composition of Vapor and Liquid in Equilibrium As a function of corresponding average composition of vapor and liquid for alcohol-ketone systems
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Graphical Method for Predicting Effect of Pressure on Azeotropic Systems H. S. NUTTING and L. H. HORSLEY
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch003
The Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
Mich.
A rapid and easily applicable method has been found for indicating the effect of pressure on the composition and boiling point of an azeotropic system. The method is based on the use of the Cox vapor pressure chart (1) on which the log of vapor pressure is plotted as a function of 1/(t° C. + 230) to give a straight line over a wide range of pressures. Lecat (2) has considered the use of the vapor pressure curves of azeotropes to indicate the pressure at which a system would become nonazeotropic. However, he plotted in the conventional manner and could obtain the curves only by detailed experimental work. It has been found that the vapor pressure curves of azeotropes are straight lines when plotted on a Cox chart which permits determination of the complete vapor pressure curve from the data at two pressures.
AZEOTROPE DISAPPEARS AT P AND P<
AZEOTROPIC AT ALL PRESSURES
COX SCALE l/IT°C.+230)
Figure 1.
Schematic Diagram of Vapor Pressure Curves of Binary Azeotropes
Since an azeotrope by definition has either a higher or a lower vapor pressure than that of any of the components, the azeotropic vapor pressure curve will always lie above or below the curves of the components. This is indicated schematically in Figure 1 where A and B are vapor pressure curves of the components and C is the vapor pressure of the azeotrope. If curve C crosses either A or B, the azeotropic vapor pressure is no longer greater or less than any of the components and the system will become nonazeotropic at the point of intersection. On the other hand, if the azeotropic curve is parallel to the other curves the system will be azeotropic up to the critical pressure. The method has been successfully applied to numerous systems, four of which are shown in Figure 2. The azeotrope methanol-methyl ethyl ketone became nonazeotropic 318
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Ul
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Azeotropic Vapor Pressure Curves of Methanol-Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methanol-Acetone, Water-n-Propanol, and Water-Ethanol
40
40
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch003
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ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
320
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch003
at 3000 mm. of mercury after it was predicted that this would occur at 2000 to 4000 mm. The azeotrope methanol-acetone was studied in detail after it was predicted that the azeotropism would disappear at both low and high pressures. This system is nonazeotropic below 200 mm. of mercury and above 15,000 mm. compared to predicted limits of 200 to 500 mm. and 10,000 to 20,000 mm. While this is the only azeotropic system known to become nonazeotropic at both low and high pressures, there are indications that the phenomenon occurs in several other systems, contrary to the conclusions of Lecat that such systems probably do not exist (3). Caution should be used in extrapolating curves to very low pressures because of the possibility of curvature in the vapor pressure lines over a many fold range of pressures. In cases where only the normal azeotropic boiling point is known, it is possible to predict the effect of pressure on the system by drawing the azeotrope curve through the normal boiling point with a slope equal to the average slopes of the component vapor pressure curves. This procedure will permit a fairly accurate prediction of whether the azeotrope will cease to exist below the critical pressure.
Literature Cited (1) C o x , Ind. Eng. Chem., 15, 592 (1923). (2) Lecat, Ann. soc. sci. Bruxelles, 49B, 261-333 (1929). (3) Lecat, "Traité de C h i m i e O r g a n i q u e , " V o l . 1 , p. 139, Paris, Grignard, M a s o n et C i e . , 1935.
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
Graphical Method for Predicting Azeotropism and Effect of Pressure on Azeotropic Constants L. H. HORSLEY
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
The Dow Chemical
Co., Midland,
Mich.
Lecat (2) has devised an analytical method for determining azeotropic boiling points and compositions for certain related groups of binary systems. The method is based on the fact that the composition and boiling point of an azeotrope are related to the relative boiling points of the two components. Lecat thus obtained a series of equations of the form δ = a + \Δ\b+ Δ c C = d + Δe + Δ2f 2
where Δ = (boiling point of component A) — (boiling point of component B) |Δ| = difference in boiling point of A and B (absolute value of Δ) C = azeotropic composition in weight per cent A δ = difference in boiling point of azeotrope and the lower boiling component a, b, ....f = constants for a given series of related azeotropes such as methanol-hydrocarbons Note that Δ may be positive or negative; |Δ| is always positive. From a practical standpoint, for determining the azeotropic constants of a system, the plots of the above equations have been found more useful and are given in Figures 1 to 5 for forty-five systems for which data are available. Up to this time only the curve for ethanol-halide hydrocarbons has been published (1). Another use for this set of curves is for estimating the azeotropic boiling point and composition at pressures other than atmospheric. Consider the azeotrope methanol-benzene. Since the vapor pressure curves of methanol and benzene are known, the difference in boiling point, A , can be obtained at any pressure. From this value of A and the C - A curve for methanol-hydrocarbons the azeotropic concentration C at that pressure can be determined. For example, the effect of pressure on the methanol-benzene azeotrope is shown in Table I. Table I. Pressure, Mm. Hg 200 400 760 6,000 11,000
Boiling Point, ° C . Methanol Benzene 35 50 65 130 153
43 61 80 162 193
Effect of Pressure Azeotropic B o i l i n g P o i n t , ^_C. Found Calcd.
A >
° C.
23 39 55 125 150
-8 -11 -15 -32 -40
26 42 57 124 149
C, W e i g h t % Found Calcd. 30 33 39 54 64
34 36 40 55 63
A plot of A as a function of C from this table is shown in Figure 6. The experimental data are represented by the five points while the smooth curve is identical with the methanol-hydrocarbon curve in Figure 1. 321
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
rangeIN indicated areSERIES also 322 Similar curves and data for other systems over the pressure ADVANCES CHEMISTRY shown. In each case the curve is the same as the general curves of Figures 1 to 5, while the experimental points are for the particular system and for the pressure range indicated. In the same way, the 5-| A| curves of Figures 1 to 5 can be used to determine 5 and the azeotropic boiling point at any pressure from the value of | A| at that pressure. While the agreement between predicted and experimental values is far from perfect, the method has served as a valuable guide in estimating effect of pressure on azeotropic systems. It is recognized that it would be more convenient to be able to plot pressure instead of A as a function of C and 8. However, this would require a separate curve for each azeotrope, whereas the above method permits use of a single curve for a large group of systems.
Literature Cited
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
(1) Lecat, Ann. soc. sci. Bruxelles, 55B, 43 (1935). (2) Lecat, Compt. rend., 183, 880 (1926); 184, 816 (1927); 189, 990 (1929); Ann. soc. sci. Bruxelles, 47B, 39, 87 (1927); 48B, 1, 105 (1928); 49B, 28, 119 (1929); 55B, 43, 253 (1935); 56B, 41 (1936); Atti accad. nazl. Lincei, (6) 9, 1121 (1929); Z. anorg. allgem. Chem., 186, 119 (1930).
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING AZEOTROPISM
I I I I I I I I METHANOL - HYDROCARBONS
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Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
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C-A and 5-|A| Curves for Alcohol-Hydrocarbon, Glycol-Hydrocarbon, and Phenol-Hydrocarbon Systems C. Azeotropic composition in weight % first component 5. Boiling point of lower boiling component minus azeotropic boiling point |A|. Absolute difference in boiling points of components A . Boiling point of first component minus boiling point of second component
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
324
ADVANCIS IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
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Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
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C-A and 5-|A| Curves for Phenol-Hydrocarbon, Acid-Hydrocarbon, and Alcohol-Halide Hydrocarbon Systems
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING AZEOTROPISM
I I I I I I I I I I CYCLOHEXANOl • HALIDE T T
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Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
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Figure 3. C-A and 5-|A| Curves for Alcohol-Halide Hydrocarbon, Glycol-Halide Hydrocarbon, Phenol-Halide Hydrocarbon, and Acid-Halide Hydrocarbon Systems J
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
326
3
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Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
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Figure 4. C-A and 5-|A| Curves for Acid-Halide Hydrocarbon, Alcohol-Ester, Glycol-Ester, and Phenol-Ester Systems
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING AZEOTROPISM
111
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Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
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-30
1
HEXANOLS-ETHEUS MEPTANOLS-
50 ... 60
M
327
s. 40
60
M
60
tOO . 120
0
15
1 A
M 1
c
; SLYCOL - KETONES
M
M
M
20
25
( A t
30
M
ALCOHOLS •PHENOLS
v
-40
t
M
C
M
-20 M
1 M
1
ALCOHOLS - KETONES
s, 15 C
20
25
1 A 1
30
1 1 1 PHENOLS - KETONES
20 M
M
25
30
1
. ALCOHOLS-KETONES
60
\
40 0 -30
y -20
HO
<)
10
20
A
3
20
40
A
60
-60
-40
-20
Figure 5. C-A and 6-|A| Curves for Alcohols-Ethers, Glycols-Ethers, Water-Ethers, Acids-Ethers, Alcohols-Ketones, Glycol-Ketones, Alcohols-Phenols, and Phenols-Ketones
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
328
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SEMES
cl
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
~ METHANOL • HYDROCARBONs CHiOH—GH» 100 200—10,000 mm. V 60
\
Publication Date: June 1, 1973 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1952-0006.ch004
-CO
-60
\ -40
1!
1
el II II ETHANOL - HYDROCARBON GHsOH—GHt too 100—10,000 mm.
5
60
-120
-60
MO
120
1 I 1 1 PR IPl NOLS HYDROCARBON! C]H?OH—GHt 00—8,000 mn
r
100 60
H20
\
-60
Figure 6.
\
\
-40
-60 -40
c| 1
-20
1
\
s
80 . 120 A
1 1
1
~ ALCOHOLS • KETONES CH3OH—CH3COCH3 CH3OH—CH3CXXJH5 GHsOH—CH3COOH5 GHsOH—CH3COGH7" 100—14,000 mm. S.I 1 1 1 1 1 1 -40
-~
w
\
*
II1111 w
w
A '
C-A Curves for Alcohol-Hydrocarbons, Alcohol-
Halide Hydrocarbons, and Alcohols-Ketones Showing agreement with experimental data at various pressures C. Weight % alcohol hydrocarbon A. Boiling point of alcohol minus boiling point Vhalide hydrocarbon J ketone
In AZEOTROPIC DATA; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1973.
