IPOLAR FFECTIVE ISORDER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84256-6 1. Bipolar Affective Disorder-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on bipolar affective disorder. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER ............................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Bipolar Affective Disorder ............................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 Academic Periodicals covering Bipolar Affective Disorder.......................................................... 57 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER...................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Bipolar Affective Disorder ........................................................... 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 62 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER ............................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 65 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER ............................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Bipolar Affective Disorder...................................................................... 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS..................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 86 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES .................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 97 BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER DICTIONARY................................................................. 99 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with bipolar affective disorder is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about bipolar affective disorder, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to bipolar affective disorder, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on bipolar affective disorder. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to bipolar affective disorder, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on bipolar affective disorder. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on bipolar affective disorder.
Federally Funded Research on Bipolar Affective Disorder The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to bipolar affective disorder. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to bipolar affective disorder. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore bipolar affective disorder. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for bipolar affective disorder: ·
Project Title: 1999 WORLD CONGRESS ON PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Delisi, Lynn E.; Professor; Internatnl Society Psychiatric Genetics Psychiatric Genetics New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2002
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG, a non- profit professional research society) is the sponsor of annual World Congresses of Psychiatric Genetics which are held alternating years between North America and Europe. It is a four day meeting with invited plenary speakers, freely submitted oral and poster presentations, as well as various workshops. These meetings have as their goal the education of researchers, students and the public about the latest research findings in the neurogenetics of all major psychiatric conditions. The work reported at these sessions ranges from epidemiological to molecular topics. An international program committee is assembled from senior researchers in the field to invite approximately 12 plenary speakers to present timely reviews of new and exciting advances in genetic technology or other topics relevant to a wide range of research in psychiatric genetics. However, the major portion of the program is devoted to the free submissions from investigators interested in attending. Graduate students and post-doctoral fellows are particularly encouraged to participate and present new data. Travel fellowships are provided for as many young investigators as possible, usually 15- 20. The meeting is generally held in the Fall and a public call for abstracts to be submitted in the May prior to the meeting is solicited by the internet, journal advertising and a mailing list of over 8000 professionals. It is hoped that this annual meeting will facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge pertinent for rapid advancement and progress toward finding genes for major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, unipolar depressions, and autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: AMINE N-OXYGENATION BY FMO3 AND FMO4 Principal Investigator & Institution: Cashman, John R.; Senior Scientist; Human Biomolecular Research Institute 5310 Eastgate Mall San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Variation in neurotransmitter transporters, receptors and abnormal levels of neurotransmitters potentially are involved in neurological diseases including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, autism, affective disorder, late onset Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and others. Fundamental information characterizing human neurotransmitter metabolism associated with neurodegenerative diseases could provide new approaches to understanding the pathology and developing new therapeutics. Our central hypothesis is that lack of detoxication of endogenous or xenobiotic amines underlies the pathological condition of some CNS diseases. The human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is one of the major human enzyme systems that contribute to the detoxication of endogenous, environmental and dietary nitrogen-containing substances. The overall goal of our work is to understand the details of FMO-mediated N-oxygenation of amines and hydroxylamines. Accumulation of hydroxylamines in the CNS may lead to cytotoxicity or apoptosis. To test this, fundamental information about human brain FMO N-oxygenation is required. The overall goal will be accomplished by addressing five Specific Aims including: Aim 1: cDNA-express the major forms of human brain FMO; Aim 2: Chemically synthesize amine metabolites of human brain FMO; Aim 3: Determine the kinetics and mechanism of human brain FMO amine N-oxygenation; Aim 4: Test the effects of human brain FMO amine metabolites on neuronal cell function including cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and Aim 5: Investigate the mechanism of amine metabolites on human neurotransmitter function. The significance is that fundamental biochemical information will result in new insight about the way endogenous and xenobiotic and dietary amines are metabolized in human brain. Such fundamental information will be useful in the
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development of safer drugs, the prevention of adverse drug reactions and the protection of humans from disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER GENOME DATA Principal Investigator & Institution: Finch, Stephen J.; Mellon Pitts Corporation (Mpc Corp) Pittsburgh, Pa 152133890 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER CANDIDATE GENES ON CHROMOSOME 18Q22 23 Principal Investigator & Institution: Prathikanti, Sridhar; Psychiatry; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chromosome 18q 22-23 has been linked to bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in several studies. We have identified in our sample pedigrees that define a strongly linked 6 MB region on 18q22 with a lod score of 4.85. The Specific Aims of this research training proposal are to 1) Identify candidate genes in and around the BPAD linkage region on 18q22-23 by screening sequence data from the Human Genome Project; 2) To identify single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP?s) in and near these candidate genes in and near these candidate genes by mining the public databases and by re-sequencing PCR products in our laboratory; 3) To genotype selected SNP?s in 2-4 positional candidate genes using single base extension and other high throughput methods; 4) To test each gene for association with BPAD in a sample of 400 triads, using family based statistical methods. This project will offer me a complete experience in positional candidate gene research, forming the basis for my future career. Identification of the genes that predispose to BPAD would offer novel and powerful insights into the etiology and ultimately the treatment of BPAD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIPOLAR ILLNESS THERAPY, FAMILY BURDEN, COSTS & HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Perlick, Deborah A.; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bipolar affective disorder is a severe, disabling mental disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania, which impact adversely on the health, emotional and economic well-being of the family members that help care for the patient. The proposed research is an ancillary study to Systematic Treatment Enhancement Project for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), which aims to test the effectiveness of the family vs. individually-based psychosocial treatments employed in this clinical trial to alleviate the emotional burdens and adverse health and economic effects of caring for relative with acute mania or depression. It also claims to examine the effects of reductions in burden over the course of treatment on the patients' clinical outcomes. The primary family caregivers (PC's) of 300 patients with SCIDdiagnosed Bipolar or II Disorder selected to participate in the Randomized Clinical Pathways (RCP's) for Acute Depression or Relapse Prevention will be evaluated on
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Bipolar Affective Disorder
measures of family burden, health and coping: 1) pre-treatment; 2) post-treatment; and 3) six months later. Random effects regression models will be used to test the hypothesis of a differential effect of treatment with family-focused therapy (FFT) vs. treatment with individual intensive psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral or Interpersonal Social Rhythms Therapy), or individual nonintensive psychoeducation on: 1) the degree of burden reported by the family members of patients with bipolar disorder overtime, and 2) the resource costs associated with informal care. The results of the study will examine an important source of variance in clinical outcome not included in the STEP-BD protocol. They will help us understand how family burden and coping impact on the health and health practices of caregivers of person with bipolar illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: BRAIN MIDLINE MALFORMATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Deutsch, Curtis K.; Research Scientist; Psychiatry; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): The impetus for this project is an embryological model of brain maldevelopment deriving from our craniofacial dysmorphology studies of schizophrenia. In both an initial study and a recent replication, we have found excessive frontonasal-maxillary junctural dysmorphology among schizophrenic patients and their relatives. How might these findings relate to brain dysmorphogenesis? Because the brain and face arise from shared embryonic origins, genetic deviations or environmental insults during embryogenesis can manifest themselves both in the brain and craniofacial formations. Thus, delineating a region of craniofacial dysmorphology may circumscribe brain regions where development has gone awry. Embryologic fate-maps predict that the frontonasal-maxillary junctural region implicated in schizophrenia corresponds to the interface of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. Based on our craniofacial findings, we predicted that brain maldevelopment in schizophrenia might arise at this interface. Our preliminary studies of schizophrenia have borne out this prediction, revealing a marked deviation of the anterior-posterior brain midline above the diencephalic-mesencephalic border. Notably, the brain midline deviation and frontonasal-maxillary junctural dysmorphology are significantly correlated within subjects, further corroborating this model. We have also observed marked brain midline deviations among siblings of these probands which if confirmed, raises the possibility that these forms of dysmorphology are tapping a pathogenic process that is transmissible. In this project, we propose to: (1) determine the extent to which the brain midline, imaged by magnetic resonance, is deviant in schizophrenia and (2) establish the specificity of these findings to schizophrenia, employing a contrast group with bipolar affective disorder. (3) Further, we will ascertain whether midline deviation is over-represented among non-psychotic siblings of schizophrenic probands, and determine if these deviation scores are positively correlated with thought disorder and other clinical variables among probands and their siblings. (4) Finally, we will document the degree to which brain and face dysmorphology coheres within subjects, as predicted by the embryological model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COLLABORATIVE GENOMIC STUDY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Reich, Theodore; Professor of Psychiatry and Genetics; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Bipolar affective disorder is a severe heritable condition affecting about one percent of the population. The mode of inheritance is poorly understood and probably involves multiple loci of small to moderate effect. Genetic linkage studies have not been robust although some reports of linkage have been replicated several times. The NIMH began a national archival database for search of linked genes in this condition in 1988. Its purpose was to collect a large sample of interviews and cell line from families suitable for linkage and association studied. Four centers participated in the initiative: Indiana University, John Hopkins University, Washington University of St. Louis, and the NIMH Intramural Program. A new structured polydiagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), was developed and field-tested. Ascertainment was begun in 1992 to identify Bipolar I (BPI) probands with a BPI or Schizoaffective, Bipolar type (SA/BP) first degree relative. Two hundred and forty=three families have been enrolled int he program including 1025 affected subjects. Twenty one hundred sixty five structured interviews have been given and 2097 immortalized cells lines have been cryopreserved. A genomic survey has been completed on 540 subjects selected from 97 families and eight candidate areas for linkage have been identified, some supporting previous findings. These cell lines and related clinical information has been publicly released. A follow-up sample is presently being genotyped, with particular attention to areas of interest identified in the original survey. It is proposed to extend the present study through families identified by a BPI-BPI sib pair at eight sites (Indiana, Washington University of St. Louis, Johns Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, San Diego University of Utah, University of Chicago, and University of Iowa). A total of 450 new families and 2500 cell lines and interviews over the next four years will be added. This sample will be used to confirm and extend present findings of linkage, to narrow the implicated regions, and to test candidate genes. Genotypes will be shared with a consortium of investigators studying linkage in bipolar illness. Cell lines and interview data will be made freely available to the scientific community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF LITHIUM ON CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jope, Richard S.; Psychiatry; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Lithium is the mainstay treatment for bipolar affective disorder, with 0.1 percent of the population being treated. Understanding lithium's complex mechanisms of action will help reveal causes of mood disorders and development of targeted drugs. This project focuses on specific hypotheses concerning lithium's actions, in conjunction with studies of basic neuronal signaling mechanisms. Also, valproate and carbamazepine are therapeutic for bipolar disorder, so biochemical actions common to lithium and these two drugs would strengthen the link to their therapeutic effects. The prime actions of these drugs appear to alter signaling activities which impact on neural plasticity, encompassing regulation
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of signals leading to transcription factor activation and to regulation of the cytoskeleton. Specific Aim-1 will test the hypotheses that lithium, valproate, and carbamazopine modulate signaling activities associated with the receptor-coupled phosphoinositide signal transduction system, using muscarinic receptor-expressing human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as a model system. There are three components to this aim. Component I will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation increases protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including Gq/11, and protein complex formation, (b) tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for phosphoinositide signaling and activation of AP-1 and Egr-l, (c) these processes are modulated by anti-bipolar drugs. comDonent 2 will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation increases Gq/11 pahnitoylation, (b) pahnitoylation is necessary for optimal signaling, (c) palmitoylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of Gq/11 regulate one another, (d) palmitoylation is modulated by the therapeutic drugs. Component 3 will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation of signaling is modulated by RGS2 (Regulators of G-protein Signaling), (b) association of RGS2 with Gq/11 is regulated by specific mechanisms, (c) RGS2's action is modulated by the therapeutic drugs. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypotheses that lithium causes alterations in neuronal cytoskeletal organization and function through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3p (GSK3~) resulting in decreased tau and MAP-1B phosphorylation and increased ,B-catenin and Tcf/Lef DNA binding in SH-SY5Y cells. There are three components to this aim.Component I will test the hypotheses that (a) lithium site-specifically reduces phosphorylation of tau and MAP-1B, (b) this is evident at therapeutic lithium concentrations, (c) valproate and carbamazepine affect phosphorylation, (d) these drugs alter localization of tau and MAP-1B, (e) and microtubule stability. Component 2 will test the hypotheses that (a) lithium increases pcatenin levels, (b) this increases cadherin binding (mediates cell adhesion), (c) lithium increases p-catenin-dependent Tcf/Lef transcription factor activation, (d) valproate and carbamazepine have similar effects. Component 3 will test the hypotheses that (a) in postmortem human bipolar brain, tau and MAP-1B have increased site-specific phosphorylation and other alterations opposite those in lithium-treated cells, (b) overexpressed GSK3p in SH-SY5Y cells will model the bipolar condition and will demonstrate enhanced effects of lower concentrations of lithiurn. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MOLECULAR TARGETS OF LITHIUM AND VALPROATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Miriam L.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Bipolar affective disorder is a severe, chronic and disabling illness that affects 1-2 percent of the population and is a leading cause of hospitalization. Recurring bouts of mania and depression devastate family relationships and impair career progress. Approximately 15 percent of affected people commit suicide. Only two drugs are currently approved by the FDA for treatment of this disorder, lithium and valproate. While lithium has revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder and remains one of psychiatry's most important therapies, 20-40 percent of all patients fail to show an adequate antimanic response to lithium. Similarly, valproate has limited efficacy. There is evidence that lithium and/or valproate affect the phosphoinositide second messenger signal transduction system, protein kinase C, glycogen synthase kinase, transcription activation by AP-1, and B-cell Iymphoma protein 2 (bc1-2). However, the therapeutic mechanisms of action of these drugs have not been elucidated. Although lithium and valproate are structurally dissimilar and may
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not exert their effects in exactly the same manner, identification of genes regulated by both drugs may provide insight into common mechanisms of action. We are utilizing the yeast model system to elucidate molecular mechanisms of action common to lithium and valproate. Yeast is currently the only eukaryote in which we can combine genetic, molecular, and functional genomic approaches to identify lithium and VPA targets. We have identified genes that are affected by both lithium and valproate in pathways for phosphoinositide metabolism (INOI and IN02), secretion and exocytosis (SEC14 and SCS2), fatty acid metabolism (PDC5), and transcription activation (DOT6). The goal of the proposed experiments is to determine how lithium and valproate affect activity and expression of these genes. The specific aims are: 1) Targets in inositol metabolic pathway: Determine how lithium and valproate affect expression of INOI and other genes regulated by the transcriptional activator IN02. 2) Targets in other pathways that are affected by inositol: Characterize lithium and valproate targets in secretion, the unfolded protein response, fatty acid synthesis and transcription activation. 3) Targets not affected by inositol: Genome-wide expression analysis to identify all yeast genes regulated by lithium and valproate. Ultimately, an understanding of target gene function may provide insight into the molecular basis of the disease process, and may assist in the identification of biochemical and/or genetic predictors of drug responsiveness. The yeast model system may also be utilized in future testing of safer and more effective treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: POPULATION BASED MAPPING OF SCHIZOPHRENIA GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Escamilla, Michael A.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis has been shown to be an ideal method for mapping complex disease genes in isolated founder populations. This proposal is designed to collect a sample of patients with schizophrenia who are descended from the founder population of Costa Rica, with the goal of mapping and identifying schizophrenia predisposition genes in this country. The Costa Rican population is ideal for this study, because it is a large population descended over 20 generations from a small group of founders, and predisposition genes for bipolar affective disorder have already been mapped in this country. The investigators' sample consists of Costa Rican patients with multiple hospitalizations for acute schizophrenic episodes and with early age of onset. Diagnostic procedures include a blinded interview by a bilingual psychiatrist, using the DIGS (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies), as well as a family history interview, semi-structured collection of medical records, and a best-estimate process. Genealogic workup is done for each proband to document birthplace of ancestors in the great-grandparents' generation. The initial goal of this study is to recruit 400 schizophrenic probands who meet the following criteria: 1) DSM-IV consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia; 2) two or more psychiatric hospitalizations; 3) ancestry from central valley of Costa Rica; and 4) age of onset prior to age 40. The investigators' hope is to collect information on several subtypes of schizophrenia, such as paranoid, undifferentiated and schizoaffective types. DNA samples will be collected from probands and parents, to allow for haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analyses. In the fifth year, a complete genome screen will be performed at 5 cM intervals, and ancestral haplotype recombination statistics will be used to map
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schizophrenic predisposition loci. Fine mapping at 1 cM density will be performed across schizophrenic candidate regions identified in this or other populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS AND FAMILY STUDIES--ROBUST METHODS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hodge, Susan E.; Professor; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1992; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: In recent years, psychiatric genetics has eagerly appropriated the techniques of mathematical and statistical analysis. But methods are not static, and understanding of their strengths and weaknesses keeps evolving. Investigators are wrestling with issues of robustness, power, and appropriateness of new complex analysis methods. The human gene map is here, and scientists working in psychiatric genetics are ready to use the map, but it is not always clear how best to take advantage of this new information. Past work supported by this grant has not only developed new methods for genetic analysis but has tested and characterized those methods in rigorous theoretical analyses, supplemented by realistic computer simulations. The research focuses on linkage and segregation analysis, two of the major tools available for understanding complex diseases. Problems and complications will be quantified, and new methods to solve these problems will be developed. Results from this project will assist the genetic analysis of common psychiatric diseases with genetic components, such as autism, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and panic disorder.Greater understanding of the genetic contributions to psychiatric disease will lead, in turn, to improved counseling, treatment, and prevention. Research will proceed in four areas: I. Power and robustness of parametric and nonparametric linkage methods: Rigorously compare competing methods in this controversial area. II. Sex differences and linkage analysis: Quantify effects of sex differences in recombination fraction and/or in penetrance on a linkage analysis, as well as how imprinting will influence a linkage analysis. 111. Ascertainment: Develop and test good approximations for intractable ascertainment problems, particularly in the context of sequential sampling. IV. Anticipation: Develop and test accurate statistical methods for circumventing ascertainment and other biases. The project will not be restricted to the problems detailed above but is designed to be flexible and move rapidly to address new problems of pressing importance as they arise during the grant period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING IN PSYCHOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearlson, Godfrey D.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1988; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: This competing renewal uses quantitative structural MRI to address several fundamental questions regarding the status of morphometric brain alterations in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. The initial grant gathered samples of subjects with schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder as well as healthy control subjects. The current proposal focuses on six major inter-related questions spanning the origin and progression of the brain alterations, whether they are inherited, and their relation to symptom classes and to disease outcome. The major questions concern the following: 1. Which brain changes in schizophrenia are specific to the disorder, as opposed to shared
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with psychotic bipolar disorder. 2. Is there evidence of neuro-developmental brain changes in schizophrenia, and if so do these differ from those seen in psychotic bipolar disorder. 3. Are brain changes in schizophrenia progressive in some or all patients. 4. Are local brain alterations in schizophrenia related to clinical symptoms. 5. Do local brain alterations in schizophrenia predict social and occupational functioning 5 years later. 6. Do the types of brain changes seen in schizophrenia also occur in some or all of their siblings. There are several strengths to the application. Many of the patients and controls derive from large, well-characterized populations who are participants in ongoing, funded studies of the genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or a longitudinal study of normal aging who have already been MRI scanned using identical parameters. These subjects' origin in existing studies helps ensure ease of tracking, subject retention and willingness to be re-MRI scanned. This latter is important as a proportion of patients will be re-scanned 5 years after their initial, existing MRI studies. The investigators have developed state-of-the-art software methods for MRI display and measurement and have expertise in sophisticated, reliable volumetric quantification of many brain regions, including complex cortical areas. This latter ability is important, as preliminary evidence suggests that these same brain regions are disproportionately affected by the disorder. Preliminary data gathered with our new MRI methods show feasibility, and will allow us to further study these cortical areas, providing supportive evidence for a hypothesis of particular reduction of volume in, and disruption of normal asymmetries within heteromodal association cortical gray matter regions in schizophrenia. The overall project will allow a systematic investigation of related multisystem neural deficits. The circumstances of the proposed project are exceptional, in that they offer an opportunity to address a series of important and wide-ranging questions regarding brain abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in an integrated manner. The combination of advantages referred to above will help us to provide answers to hypotheses ranging from the level of inherited abnormalities to that of disease outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN BIPOLAR ILLNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Eitan; Professor and Director; Physiology and Pharmacology; City College of New York 138Th St and Convent Ave New York, Ny 10031 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is not well understood, although its symptoms can be effectively treated with lithium ion and other mood stabilizing agents. In both animal and human studies, we have observed that lithium impairs the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme that is stimulated by receptor-mediated formation of diacylglycerol and catalyzes the phosphorylation of many important neuronal proteins. In studies utilizing both platelets and postmortem brains from BAD subjects, we have noted increases in both membrane- associated PKC and in translocation of the enzyme in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors. As part of an attempt to understand the underlying mechanism for these changes, we examined receptor-mediated activation of membrane G proteins in BAD subjects. Enhanced coupling between serotonin receptors and G proteins was found in brains of BAD. These results suggest that the altered affect that characterizes BAD may be associated with an exaggerated transinembrane signaling in one or more neurotransmitter pathways and that lithium exerts its therapeutic action by suppressing receptor initiated transmembrane signal flow. The aim of the proposed
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investigation is to continue to test the hypothesis that BAD is related to enhanced G protein-mediated transmembrane signaling and that the mood stabilizing drugs elicit. t their therapeutic efficacy by reducing the transduction of signals initiated by G proteincoupled neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, in the proposed experiments we plan to (1) directly assess in postmortem brain regions of BAD subjects, the coupling of serotonin and a, adrenergic receptors to G proteins both under basal and receptor stimulated conditions and explore the potential mechanisms which may contribute to the altered coupling in BAD brains and (2) define the specific mechanisms which contribute to the elevation in membrane associated PKC activity BAD. To this end we plan to investigate RACK I protein expression as well as calpain and activated calpain levels in BAD brains. We will also (3) assess platelet G protein functions and PKC activity in BAD subjects before and during treatment with mood stabilizing drugs in an_attempt to further test these parameters as markers of therapeutic response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for bipolar affective disorder in the PubMed Central database: ·
A genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to mental health wellness in relatives at high risk for bipolar affective disorder among the Old Order Amish. by Ginns EI, St. Jean P, Philibert RA, Galdzicka M, Damschroder-Williams P, Thiel B, Long RT, Ingraham LJ, Dalwaldi H, Murray MA, Ehlert M, Paul S, Remortel BG, Patel AP, Anderson MC, Shaio C, Lau E, Dymarskaia I, Martin BM, Stubblefield B, Falls KM, Carulli JP, Keith TP, Fann CS, Lacy LG, Allen CR, Hostetter AM, Elston RC, Schork NJ, Egeland JA, Paul SM.; 1998 Dec 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28077
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with bipolar affective disorder, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for bipolar affective disorder (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·
A 6.9-Mb high-resolution BAC/PAC contig of human 4p15.3-p16.1, a candidate region for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Evans KL, Le Hellard S, Morris SW, Lawson D, Whitton C, Semple CA, Fantes JA, Torrance HS, Malloy MP, Maule JC, Humphray SJ, Ross MT, Bentley DR, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH, Porteous DJ. Source: Genomics. 2001 February 1; 71(3): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170748&dopt=Abstract
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A case report of obstructive sleep apnea in a patient with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Fleming JA, Fleetham JA, Taylor DR, Remick RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1985 October; 30(6): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4063941&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up linkage study supports evidence for a bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22. Author(s): Liu J, Juo SH, Terwilliger JD, Grunn A, Tong X, Brito M, Loth JE, Kanyas K, Lerer B, Endicott J, Penchaszadeh G, Gilliam TC, Baron M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 March 8; 105(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304836&dopt=Abstract
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A genetic link between bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis? Author(s): Perse T. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 August; 143(8): 1066. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3728731&dopt=Abstract
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A genome screen for genes predisposing to bipolar affective disorder detects a new susceptibility locus on 8q. Author(s): Cichon S, Schumacher J, Muller DJ, Hurter M, Windemuth C, Strauch K, Hemmer S, Schulze TG, Schmidt-Wolf G, Albus M, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, Franzek E, Lanczik M, Fritze J, Kreiner R, Reuner U, Weigelt B, Minges J, Lichtermann D, Lerer B, Kanyas K, Baur MP, Wienker TF, Maier W, Rietschel M, Propping P, Nothen MM. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2001 December 1; 10(25): 2933-44. Erratum In: Hum Mol Genet. 2002 July 1; 11(14): 1685. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741836&dopt=Abstract
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A genome screen of 13 bipolar affective disorder pedigrees provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosome 3 as well as chromosomes 9, 13 and 19. Author(s): Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Mitchell PB, Ewen-White KR, Rosso A, Donald JA, Adams LJ, Schofield PR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(8): 851-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232778&dopt=Abstract
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A genome screen of 13 bipolar affective disorder pedigrees provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosome 3 as well as chromosomes 9, 13 and 19. Author(s): Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Mitchell PB, Ewen-White KR, Rosso A, Donald JA, Adams LJ, Schofield PR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(6): 594-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140782&dopt=Abstract
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A genome screen of a large bipolar affective disorder pedigree supports evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 13q. Author(s): Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Mitchell PB, Ewen KR, Rosso A, Donald JA, Adams LJ, Schofield PR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 July; 6(4): 396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443523&dopt=Abstract
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A mannosyltransferase gene at 11q23 is disrupted by a translocation breakpoint that co-segregates with bipolar affective disorder in a small family. Author(s): Baysal BE, Willett-Brozick JE, Badner JA, Corona W, Ferrell RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Neurogenetics. 2002 March; 4(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030331&dopt=Abstract
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A possible susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in chromosomal region 10q25--q26. Author(s): Cichon S, Schmidt-Wolf G, Schumacher J, Muller DJ, Hurter M, Schulze TG, Albus M, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, Franzek E, Lanczik M, Fritze J, Kreiner R, Weigelt B, Minges J, Lichtermann D, Lerer B, Kanyas K, Strauch K, Windemuth C, Baur MP, Wienker TF, Maier W, Rietschel M, Propping P, Nothen MM. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 May; 6(3): 342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326307&dopt=Abstract
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A possible vulnerability locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 21q22.3. Author(s): Straub RE, Lehner T, Luo Y, Loth JE, Shao W, Sharpe L, Alexander JR, Das K, Simon R, Fieve RR, et al. Source: Nature Genetics. 1994 November; 8(3): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7874172&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Author(s): Lam DH, Watkins ER, Hayward P, Bright J, Wright K, Kerr N, Parr-Davis G, Sham P. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 February; 60(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578431&dopt=Abstract
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A transcript map encompassing a susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4q35. Author(s): Blair IP, Adams LJ, Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Morris JA, Ma L, Austin CP, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(8): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232780&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of a significant linkage between Na(+),K(+)-ATPase subunit (ATP1A3 and ATP1B3) genotypes and bipolar affective disorder in the old-order Amish. Author(s): Philibert RA, Cheung D, Welsh N, Damschroder-Williams P, Thiel B, Ginns EI, Gershenfeld HK. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April 8; 105(3): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353452&dopt=Abstract
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Age of onset in bipolar affective disorder and misdiagnosis as schizophrenia. Author(s): Joyce PR. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1984 February; 14(1): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6709780&dopt=Abstract
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Alcoholism, homosexuality, and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Turner WJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 February; 138(2): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7457661&dopt=Abstract
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Allelic association study between phospholipase A2 genes and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Meira-Lima I, Jardim D, Junqueira R, Ikenaga E, Vallada H. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 August; 5(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895207&dopt=Abstract
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Altered cAMP-dependent protein kinase subunit immunolabeling in post-mortem brain from patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Chang A, Li PP, Warsh JJ. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 February; 84(4): 781-91. Erratum In: J Neurochem. 2003 April; 85(1): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562522&dopt=Abstract
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An apparently dominant bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) locus on chromosome 20p11.2-q11.2 in a large Turkish pedigree. Author(s): Radhakrishna U, Senol S, Herken H, Gucuyener K, Gehrig C, Blouin JL, Akarsu NA, Antonarakis SE. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2001 January; 9(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11175298&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipation and CAG*CTG repeat expansion in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Fortune MT, Kennedy JL, Vincent JB. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2003 June; 5(2): 145-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685994&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipation in bipolar affective disorder: is age at onset a valid criterion? Author(s): Alda M, Grof P, Ravindran L, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Zvolsky P, Wilson J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 804-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121186&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipation in Swedish families with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Nylander PO, Engstrom C, Chotai J, Wahlstrom J, Adolfsson R. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 September; 31(9): 686-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7815436&dopt=Abstract
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Are patients with bipolar affective disorder socially disadvantaged? A comparison with a control group. Author(s): Abood Z, Sharkey A, Webb M, Kelly A, Gill M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190713&dopt=Abstract
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Association and linkage studies between bipolar affective disorder and the polymorphic CAG/CTG repeat loci ERDA1, SEF2-1B, MAB21L and KCNN3. Author(s): Meira-Lima IV, Zhao J, Sham P, Pereira AC, Krieger JE, Vallada H. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526470&dopt=Abstract
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Association between a polymorphism in the pseudoautosomal X-linked gene SYBL1 and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Muller DJ, Schulze TG, Jahnes E, Cichon S, Krauss H, Kesper K, Held T, Maier W, Propping P, Nothen MM, Rietschel M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 January 8; 114(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840509&dopt=Abstract
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Association between bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Schiffer RB, Wineman NM, Weitkamp LR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 January; 143(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942295&dopt=Abstract
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Association between the 5' UTR variant C178T of the serotonin receptor gene HTR3A and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Niesler B, Flohr T, Nothen MM, Fischer C, Rietschel M, Franzek E, Albus M, Propping P, Rappold GA. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2001 August; 11(6): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505217&dopt=Abstract
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Association study between novel promoter variants at the 5-HT2C receptor gene and human patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Gutierrez B, Arias B, Papiol S, Rosa A, Fananas L. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 August 24; 309(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502363&dopt=Abstract
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Autosomal dominant external ophthalmoplegia and bipolar affective disorder associated with a mutation in the ANT1 gene. Author(s): Siciliano G, Tessa A, Petrini S, Mancuso M, Bruno C, Grieco GS, Malandrini A, DeFlorio L, Martini B, Federico A, Nappi G, Santorelli FM, Murri L. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2003 February; 13(2): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12565915&dopt=Abstract
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Backward masking in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): McClure RK. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999 February; 23(2): 195-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368864&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral treatment in two cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder with concomitant bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Baer L, Minichiello WE, Jenike MA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 March; 142(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970279&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Bhandari S, Samellas D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 July; 62(7): 574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488375&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder and Parkinson's disease: a rare, insidious and often unrecognized association. Author(s): Cannas A, Spissu A, Floris GL, Congia S, Saddi MV, Melis M, Mascia MM, Pinna F, Tuveri A, Solla P, Milia A, Giagheddu M, Tacconi P. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 23 Suppl 2: S67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548347&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder and thalassaemia minor. Author(s): Brett A, Dunn P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 February; 32(1): 141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565201&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder and thalassemia minor. Author(s): Joffe RT, Horvath Z, Tarvydas I. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 July; 143(7): 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717440&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder following coronary bypass surgery. Author(s): Salinger R, Bond CA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1981 September; 42(9): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6792189&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder heralding cerebral demyelination in adreno-myeloleukodystrophy. Author(s): Gothelf D, Levite R, Gadoth N. Source: Brain & Development. 2000 May; 22(3): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10814902&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder in adolescence: a 10-year study. Author(s): Bashir M, Russell J, Johnson G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 March; 21(1): 3643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476107&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder in aged patients. Author(s): Spar JE, Ford CV, Liston EH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1979 December; 40(12): 504-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500573&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder in Down's syndrome. Author(s): McLaughlin M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1987 July; 151: 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2960412&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder in old age. Author(s): Shulman K, Post F. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1980 January; 136: 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7357218&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder, lithium carbonate and Ca++ ATPase. Author(s): Choi SJ, Derman RM, Lee KS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1981 June; 3(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6454714&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder, stress fractures, fungal dermopathy and 'tree frog fingers'. Author(s): Reuber M, Misch K, Patel V. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 February; 74(868): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9616500&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder. Suicide statistics were misleading. Author(s): Verberne TJ, Morriss R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 20; 324(7343): 976; Author Reply 976. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964350&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder: report of a case treated with carbamazepine (Tegretol). Author(s): Roach N, Murphy P. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1982 September; 83(9): 418-9, 423. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7130815&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder-left out in the cold. Too late for the national service framework but local initiatives may be possible. Author(s): Morriss R, Marshall M, Harris A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 January 12; 324(7329): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786436&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar affective disorder--techniques and results of treatment. Author(s): Clayton PJ. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1978 January; 32(1): 81-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=655308&dopt=Abstract
20 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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BPD2. An autosomal dominant form of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Turner WJ, King S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 January; 18(1): 63-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6830926&dopt=Abstract
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Burden experienced by care-givers of persons with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Perlick D, Clarkin JF, Sirey J, Raue P, Greenfield S, Struening E, Rosenheck R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 July; 175: 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621769&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium homeostasis in long-term lithium-treated women with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): El Khoury A, Petterson U, Kallner G, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 October; 26(6): 1063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452527&dopt=Abstract
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cAMP-Dependent protein kinase (PKA) subunit mRNA levels in postmortem brain from patients with bipolar affective disorder (BD). Author(s): Chang A, Li PP, Warsh JJ. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 2003 August 19; 116(1-2): 27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941458&dopt=Abstract
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Case report of de Clerembault syndrome, bipolar affective disorder, and response to lithium. Author(s): Remington G, Book H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 October; 141(10): 1285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6486270&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation. Author(s): Hammersley P, Dias A, Todd G, Bowen-Jones K, Reilly B, Bentall RP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 June; 182: 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777347&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal aberration and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Crow TJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 November; 165(5): 693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866691&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosomal aberrations and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Craddock N, Owen M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 April; 164(4): 507-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038940&dopt=Abstract
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Classification of bipolar affective disorder subtypes. Author(s): Dunner DL, Russek FD, Russek B, Fieve RR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1982 March-April; 23(2): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7067433&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical correlates of lateral ventricular enlargement in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Pearlson GD, Garbacz DJ, Tompkins RH, Ahn HS, Gutterman DF, Veroff AE, DePaulo JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 February; 141(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691489&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical importance of inter-episode symptoms in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Morriss R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 December; 72 Suppl 1: S3-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589898&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical prediction of outcome and lithium response in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mander AJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1986 July-August; 11(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2944926&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Zetin M, Freedman MJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 August; 143(8): 1055. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3728723&dopt=Abstract
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CNS monoamine metabolism in bipolar affective disorder. Evaluation using a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Author(s): Garfinkel PE, Warsh JJ, Stancer HC, Godse DD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1977 June; 34(6): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=869670&dopt=Abstract
22 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Cognitive impairment in bipolar affective disorder: implications for the bipolar diathesis. Author(s): Ferrier IN, Thompson JM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 April; 180: 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925348&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive impairment in remission in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Paykel ES, Sahakian BJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 September; 30(5): 1025-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027040&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of long-term monitoring methods for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Horn M, Scharer L, Walser S, Scherer-Klabunde D, Biedermann C, Walden J. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45 Suppl 1: 27-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893874&dopt=Abstract
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Computed tomographic scans in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Rieder RO, Mann LS, Weinberger DR, van Kammen DP, Post RM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 July; 40(7): 735-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6860075&dopt=Abstract
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Concurrent narcolepsy and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Trzepacz PT. Source: Psychosomatics. 1987 April; 28(4): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3432543&dopt=Abstract
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Continued impairment in persons at risk for bipolar affective disorder: results of a 19month follow-up study. Author(s): Klein DN, Depue RA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1984 August; 93(3): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6470321&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclic sialorrhea unrelated to lithium in a patient with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Alias AG, Shen WW, Parwatikar SD. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 November; 140(11): 1538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6414316&dopt=Abstract
Studies 23
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Cyclothymia in the adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Klein DN, Depue RA, Slater JF. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1985 May; 94(2): 115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3998280&dopt=Abstract
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Darier's disease associated with bipolar affective disorder: a case report. Author(s): Wang SL, Yang SF, Chen CC, Tsai PT, Chai CY. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002 December; 18(12): 622-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670038&dopt=Abstract
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Decreasing requirement for lithium carbonate therapy in bipolar affective disorders (hypomanic type) following the onset of chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Pandita-Gunawardena R, Donaldson D. Source: J R Soc Health. 1998 February; 118(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9724937&dopt=Abstract
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Deficient erythrocyte NaK-ATPase activity in different affective states in bipolar affective disorder and normalization by lithium therapy. Author(s): Hokin-Neaverson M, Jefferson JW. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1989; 22(1): 18-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2561682&dopt=Abstract
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Density of imidazoline receptors in platelets of euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder and in brains of lithium-treated rats. Author(s): Garcia-Sevilla JA, Escriba PV, Ozaita A, Walzer C, Guimon J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 April 15; 43(8): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564448&dopt=Abstract
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Depot antipsychotics in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): White E, Cheung P, Silverstone T. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 Summer; 8(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102150&dopt=Abstract
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Depot antipsychotics in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Littlejohn R, Leslie F, Cookson J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 December; 165(6): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7881787&dopt=Abstract
24 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Depressive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Dunner DL, Dwyer T, Fieve RR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1976 May-June; 17(3): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1277819&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatoglyphic analysis in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia-”continuum of psychosis” hypothesis corroborated? Author(s): Jelovac N, Milicic J, Milas M, Dodig G, Turek S, Ugrenovic Z. Source: Coll Antropol. 1999 December; 23(2): 589-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646232&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of expanded CAG repeats in bipolar affective disorder using the repeat expansion detection (RED) method. Author(s): Lindblad K, Nylander PO, De bruyn A, Sourey D, Zander C, Engstrom C, Holmgren G, Hudson T, Chotai J, Mendlewicz J, et al. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 1995 February; 2(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8980009&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of polymorphic triplet repeats in the genomes of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Eichhammer P, Walz A, Mengling T, Scholer A, Putzhammer A, Rohrmeier T, Aigner JM, Klein HE, Schlegel J. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 1998 June; 1(6): 989-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852636&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnoses in school-age children of bipolar affective disorder patients and normal controls. Author(s): Gershon ES, McKnew D, Cytryn L, Hamovit J, Schreiber J, Hibbs E, Pellegrini D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1985 May-June; 8(3): 283-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3160740&dopt=Abstract
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Different treatment modalities for recurrent bipolar affective disorders: an integrative approach. Author(s): Johnson FN. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1986; 46(1-2): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602337&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of ancestral secondary cases in bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Slater E, Maxwell J, Price JS. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1971 February; 118(543): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5576283&dopt=Abstract
Studies 25
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Disulfiram and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Nunes E, Quitkin F. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 August; 7(4): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3624520&dopt=Abstract
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Disulfiram and bipolar affective disorder: a case report. Author(s): Bakish D, Lapierre YD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1986 June; 6(3): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3711369&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine increases platelet intracellular calcium in bipolar affective disorder and controls. Author(s): Berk M, Bodemer W, van Oudenhove T, Butkow N. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 Winter; 9(4): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868852&dopt=Abstract
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Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Report of the NIMH Collaborative Study Group comparing lithium carbonate, imipramine, and a lithium carbonate-imipramine combination. Author(s): Prien RF, Kupfer DJ, Mansky PA, Small JG, Tuason VB, Voss CB, Johnson WE. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 November; 41(11): 1096-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6437366&dopt=Abstract
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Early- and late-onset bipolar affective disorder. A genetic study. Author(s): James NM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1977 June; 34(6): 715-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=869667&dopt=Abstract
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EEG abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Cook BL, Shukla S, Hoff AL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1986 September-October; 11(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2948988&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of low-dose clorgyline on 24-hour urinary monoamine excretion in patients with rapidly cycling bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Linnoila M, Karoum F, Potter WZ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982 May; 39(5): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6178382&dopt=Abstract
26 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Effects of bipolar affective disorder and lithium administration on the cholinergic system in human blood. Author(s): Jope RS, Wright SM, Walter-Ryan WG, Alarcon RD. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1986; 20(1): 9-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3712294&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of season and climate on the first manic episode of bipolar affective disorder in Korea. Author(s): Lee HJ, Kim L, Joe SH, Suh KY. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 December 15; 113(1-2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467954&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of short and long-term lithium treatment on serum prolactin levels in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Basturk M, Karaaslan F, Esel E, Sofuoglu S, Tutus A, Yabanoglu I. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 February; 25(2): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294478&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological and cognitive function in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): El-Badri SM, Ashton CH, Moore PB, Marsh VR, Ferrier IN. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 April; 3(2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333067&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated basal and thapsigargin-stimulated intracellular calcium of platelets and lymphocytes from bipolar affective disorder patients measured by a fluorometric microassay. Author(s): Hough C, Lu SJ, Davis CL, Chuang DM, Post RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 July 15; 46(2): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418700&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced protein kinase C activity and translocation in bipolar affective disorder brains. Author(s): Wang HY, Friedman E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 October 1; 40(7): 568-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886289&dopt=Abstract
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Erythrocyte membrane structure in bipolar affective disorder: a non-replication. Author(s): Nurnberger J Jr, Miller M, Bowman E, Sullivan J, Brittain H, Lawrence D, York C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 June; 28(2): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102624&dopt=Abstract
Studies 27
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Erythrocyte sodium pump activity in bipolar affective disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Hokin-Neaverson M, Jefferson JW. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1989; 22(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2561681&dopt=Abstract
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Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar affective disorder. Methods based on treatment with lithium. Author(s): Eastwood R, Stiasny S, Tice S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1981 January; 63(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234468&dopt=Abstract
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Ethnic differences in the presentation of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kirov G, Murray RM. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 1999 July; 14(4): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572348&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating the parent-of-origin effect in bipolar affective disorder. Is a more penetrant subtype transmitted paternally? Author(s): Kornberg JR, Brown JL, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Rapaport MH, Thompson PM, Kaul JB, Vrabel CM, Schommer SC, Wilson T, Pizzuco D, Jameson S, Schibuk L, Kelsoe JR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59(3): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854635&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 in a sample of 57 German families. Author(s): Nothen MM, Cichon S, Rohleder H, Hemmer S, Franzek E, Fritze J, Albus M, Borrmann-Hassenbach M, Kreiner R, Weigelt B, Minges J, Lichtermann D, Maier W, Craddock N, Fimmers R, Holler T, Baur MP, Rietschel M, Propping P. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 January; 4(1): 76-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089014&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of parent-of-origin effect in bipolar affective disorder relating to susceptibility loci on chromosome 18. Author(s): Lambert D, Gill M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479673&dopt=Abstract
28 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Evidence for a genetic association between alleles of monoamine oxidase A gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lim LC, Powell J, Sham P, Castle D, Hunt N, Murray R, Gill M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 August 14; 60(4): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485270&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for homogeneity of major depression and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Stancer HC, Persad E, Wagener DK, Jorna T. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1987; 21(1): 37-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3560006&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 16 in 12 Australian pedigrees. Author(s): Adams LJ, Salmon JA, Kwok JB, Vivero C, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 May 31; 74(3): 304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184315&dopt=Abstract
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Expanded trinucleotide CAG repeats in families with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mendlewicz J, Lindbald K, Souery D, Mahieu B, Nylander PO, De Bruyn A, Zander C, Engstrom C, Adolfsson R, Van Broeckhoven C, Schalling M, Lipp O. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 December 15; 42(12): 1115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426881&dopt=Abstract
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Familial analysis of bipolar affective disorder using logistic models. Author(s): Blangero J, Elston RC. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1989; 6(1): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731709&dopt=Abstract
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Family factors and the course of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH, Snyder KS, Mintz J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988 March; 45(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3341878&dopt=Abstract
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Fever and leukocytosis: physical manifestations of bipolar affective disorder? Author(s): Kronfol Z, Hamdan-Allen G, Black DW. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1988; 12(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3241871&dopt=Abstract
Studies 29
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Fluctuating high urinary phenylethylamine excretion rates in some bipolar affective disorder patients. Author(s): Karoum F, Linnoila M, Potter WZ, Chuang LW, Goodwin FK, Wyatt RJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1982 April; 6(2): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6953460&dopt=Abstract
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fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Yurgelun-Todd DA, Gruber SA, Kanayama G, Killgore WD, Baird AA, Young AD. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 2): 237-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249801&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency analysis of large CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Vincent JB, Klempan T, Parikh SS, Sasaki T, Meltzer HY, Sirugo G, Cola P, Petronis A, Kennedy JL. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1996 May; 1(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118324&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal-complex partial status epilepticus misdiagnosed as bipolar affective disorder in a 75-year-old man. Author(s): Pascualy M, Tsuang D, Shores M, Agustin C, Krause E, Spain W, Bird T, Peskind E. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1997 October; 10(4): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453682&dopt=Abstract
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Funeral mania in recurrent bipolar affective disorders: reports of three cases. Author(s): Ranga K, Krishnan R, Swartz MS, Larson MJ, Santoliquido G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 July; 45(7): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6735990&dopt=Abstract
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Further tests for linkage of bipolar affective disorder to the tyrosine hydroxylase gene locus on chromosome 11p15 in a new series of multiplex British affective disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Smyth C, Kalsi G, Brynjolfsson J, O'Neill J, Curtis D, Rifkin L, Moloney E, Murphy P, Sherrington R, Petursson H, Gurling H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 February; 153(2): 271-4. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 1997 January; 154(1): 139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561212&dopt=Abstract
30 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Gender differences in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Taylor MA, Abrams R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1981 September; 3(3): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6456292&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic association analysis of serotonin system genes in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Vincent JB, Masellis M, Lawrence J, Choi V, Gurling HM, Parikh SV, Kennedy JL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 January; 156(1): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892311&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic association between alleles of pancreatic phospholipase A2 gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Dawson E, Gill M, Curtis D, Castle D, Hunt N, Murray R, Powell J. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1995 Winter; 5(4): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750360&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic association between monoamine oxidase A microsatellite and RFLP alleles and bipolar affective disorder: analysis and meta-analysis. Author(s): Rubinsztein DC, Leggo J, Goodburn S, Walsh C, Jain S, Paykel ES. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1996 June; 5(6): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776592&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic associations with clinical characteristics in bipolar affective disorder and recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Author(s): Ho LW, Furlong RA, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 February 7; 96(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686549&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage analysis of bipolar affective disorder in an Old Order Amish pedigree. Author(s): Law A, Richard CW 3rd, Cottingham RW Jr, Lathrop GM, Cox DR, Myers RM. Source: Human Genetics. 1992 March; 88(5): 562-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1551659&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage and bipolar affective disorder: progress and pitfalls. Author(s): Baron M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 May; 2(3): 200-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9152984&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage studies of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Simpson SG, Folstein SE, DePaulo JR Jr. Source: Md Med J. 1990 April; 39(4): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333020&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a 2.3 Mb probable disease region associated with a bipolar affective disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 4q35. Author(s): Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Adams LJ, Kwok JB, Jones AM, Davison G, Evans MR, Kirkby KC, Hewitt JE, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 Feb15; 117B(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555231&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder in large families. Author(s): Blackwood DH, Visscher PM, Muir WJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S134-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450173&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Gutierrez B, Bertranpetit J, Collier D, Arranz MJ, Valles V, Guillamat R, Van Os J, Fananas L. Source: Human Genetics. 1997 October; 100(5-6): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341875&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Nurnberger JI Jr, Foroud T. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2000 April; 2(2): 147-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122948&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics of bipolar affective disorder: time for another reinvention? Author(s): Gelernter J. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 June; 56(6): 1262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762549&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics of early onset bipolar affective disorder: are we making progress? Author(s): Todd RD. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 April; 4(2): 141-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914176&dopt=Abstract
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Genome scans for susceptibility genes in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Prathikanti S, McMahon FJ. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2001 May; 33(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405547&dopt=Abstract
32 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Genome-wide search for linkage of bipolar affective disorders in a very large pedigree derived from a homogeneous population in quebec points to a locus of major effect on chromosome 12q23-q24. Author(s): Morissette J, Villeneuve A, Bordeleau L, Rochette D, Laberge C, Gagne B, Laprise C, Bouchard G, Plante M, Gobeil L, Shink E, Weissenbach J, Barden N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 October 15; 88(5): 567-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490718&dopt=Abstract
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Glucocorticoid receptor alpha and beta isoforms are not mutated in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Moutsatsou P, Tsolakidou A, Trikkas G, Troungos C, Sekeris CE. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 March; 5(2): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822349&dopt=Abstract
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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in bipolar affective disorder. Effects of longterm lithium treatment. Author(s): Manji HK, Chen G, Shimon H, Hsiao JK, Potter WZ, Belmaker RH. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 February; 52(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7848049&dopt=Abstract
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Hallucinations and delusions in 1,715 patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Black DW, Nasrallah A. Source: Psychopathology. 1989; 22(1): 28-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2657835&dopt=Abstract
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Head injury as a risk factor for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mortensen PB, Mors O, Frydenberg M, Ewald H. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 September; 76(1-3): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943936&dopt=Abstract
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High levels of Gs alpha in platelets of euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mitchell PB, Manji HK, Chen G, Jolkovsky L, Smith-Jackson E, Denicoff K, Schmidt M, Potter WZ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 February; 154(2): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9016271&dopt=Abstract
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hSKCa3: no association of the polymorphic CAG repeat with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Rohrmeier T, Putzhammer A, Schoeler A, Sartor H, Dallinger P, Nothen MM, Propping P, Knapp M, Albus M, Borrmann M, Knothe K, Kreiner R, Franzek E, Lichtermann D, Rietschel M, Maier W, Klein HE, Eichhammer P. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1999 December; 9(4): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697822&dopt=Abstract
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Human homolog of the mouse imprinted gene Impact resides at the pericentric region of chromosome 18 within the critical region for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kosaki K, Suzuki T, Kosaki R, Yoshihashi H, Itoh M, Goto Y, Matsuo N. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 January; 6(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244491&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in regulating bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Feinstein AD, Morgan RM. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 July; 29(1): 29-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3739960&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of polymorphisms within Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 and Disrupted in Schizophrenia 2, and an investigation of their association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Devon RS, Anderson S, Teague PW, Burgess P, Kipari TM, Semple CA, Millar JK, Muir WJ, Murray V, Pelosi AJ, Blackwood DH, Porteous DJ. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2001 June; 11(2): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525420&dopt=Abstract
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Illness behaviour and rehospitalization in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Joyce PR. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1985 August; 15(3): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4048314&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of bipolar affective disorder on family and partners. Author(s): Dore G, Romans SE. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 147-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869762&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of family burden and patient symptom status on clinical outcome in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Perlick DA, Rosenheck RR, Clarkin JF, Raue P, Sirey J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 January; 189(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206662&dopt=Abstract
34 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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In silico identification of transcripts and SNPs from a region of 4p linked with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Semple CA, Morris SW, Porteous DJ, Evans KL. Source: Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2000 August; 16(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099259&dopt=Abstract
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Incorporation of covariates into genome scanning using sib-pair analysis in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Greenwood CM, Bull SB. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433555&dopt=Abstract
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Increased association of brain protein kinase C with the receptor for activated C kinase-1 (RACK1) in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Wang H, Friedman E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 September 1; 50(5): 364-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543740&dopt=Abstract
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Increased cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in postmortem brain from patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Fields A, Li PP, Kish SJ, Warsh JJ. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1999 October; 73(4): 1704-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501218&dopt=Abstract
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Increased G alpha q/11 immunoreactivity in postmortem occipital cortex from patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mathews R, Li PP, Young LT, Kish SJ, Warsh JJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 March 15; 41(6): 649-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066988&dopt=Abstract
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Increased membrane-associated protein kinase C activity and translocation in blood platelets from bipolar affective disorder patients. Author(s): Wang HY, Markowitz P, Levinson D, Undie AS, Friedman E. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1999 March-April; 33(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221749&dopt=Abstract
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Increased platelet intracellular calcium concentration in patients with bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Dubovsky SL, Christiano J, Daniell LC, Franks RD, Murphy J, Adler L, Baker N, Harris RA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 July; 46(7): 632-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2735813&dopt=Abstract
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Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Author(s): Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Melbye M, Mors O, Ewald H. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 December; 60(12): 1209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14662553&dopt=Abstract
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Insertion/deletion variant (-141C Ins/Del) in the 5' regulatory region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene: lack of association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Short communication. Author(s): Stober G, Jatzke S, Heils A, Jungkunz G, Knapp M, Mossner R, Riederer P, Lesch KP. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1998; 105(1): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588764&dopt=Abstract
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Intracellular calcium signalling in peripheral cells of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Dubovsky SL, Thomas M, Hijazi A, Murphy J. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1994; 243(5): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172936&dopt=Abstract
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Intraperitoneal lithium administration for bipolar affective disorder in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Flynn CT, Chandran PK, Taylor MJ, Shadur CA. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1987 March; 10(2): 105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3583425&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a seasonal pattern of relapse in bipolar affective disorders? A dual northern and southern hemisphere cohort study. Author(s): Silverstone T, Romans S, Hunt N, McPherson H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 July; 167(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551610&dopt=Abstract
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Is there an inverse relationship between Down's syndrome and bipolar affective disorder? Literature review and genetic implications. Author(s): Craddock N, Owen M. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1994 December; 38 ( Pt 6): 61320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7881232&dopt=Abstract
36 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Lack of association between bipolar affective disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase DNA marker. Author(s): Inayama Y, Yoneda H, Sakai T, Ishida T, Kobayashi S, Nonomura Y, Kono Y, Koh J, Asaba H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1993 July 15; 48(2): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103293&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) functional polymorphism in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lachman HM, Kelsoe J, Moreno L, Katz S, Papolos DF. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1997 Spring; 7(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9264133&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of linkage between the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Stratakis CA, Sarlis NJ, Berrettini WH, Badner JA, Chrousos GP, Gershon ES, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 October-November; 2(6): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399692&dopt=Abstract
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Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Author(s): Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656937&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and onset of a new phase in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Christensen EM, Gjerris A, Larsen JK, Bendtsen BB, Larsen BH, Rolff H, Ring G, Schaumburg E. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 October; 5(5): 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525556&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and relapse in established bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): McPherson H, Herbison P, Romans S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 September; 163: 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8401970&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analyses of chromosome 18 markers do not identify a major susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Author(s): Pauls DL, Ott J, Paul SM, Allen CR, Fann CS, Carulli JP, Falls KM, Bouthillier CA, Gravius TC, Keith TP, et al. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 September; 57(3): 636-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668292&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis between bipolar affective disorder and markers on chromosome X. Author(s): Vallada HP, Vasques L, Curtis D, Zatz M, Kirov G, Lauriano V, Gentil V, Murray RM, McGuffin P, Owen M, Gill M, Craddock N, Collier DA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1998 Autumn; 8(3): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800220&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis of manic depression (bipolar affective disorder) in Icelandic and British kindreds using markers on the short arm of chromosome 18. Author(s): Kalsi G, Smyth C, Brynjolfsson J, Sherrington RS, O'Neill J, Curtis D, Rifkin L, Murphy P, Petursson H, Gurling HM. Source: Human Heredity. 1997 September-October; 47(5): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358015&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage disequilibrium analysis of G-olf alpha (GNAL) in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Tsiouris SJ, Breschel TS, Xu J, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 September 20; 67(5): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886169&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage mapping of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Baron M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121204&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 markers in a new pedigree series. Author(s): McMahon FJ, Hopkins PJ, Xu J, McInnis MG, Shaw S, Cardon L, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, Stine OC, Sherrington R, Meyers DA, DePaulo JR. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1997 December; 61(6): 1397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399888&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage studies in bipolar affective disorder with markers on chromosome 21. Author(s): Vallada H, Craddock N, Vasques L, Curtis D, Kirov G, Lauriano V, Gentil V, Passos-Bueno R, Murray RM, Zatz M, McGuffin P, Powell JF, Gill M, Owen M, Collier DA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 December 16; 41(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988454&dopt=Abstract
38 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Lithium and haloperidol treatments differently affect the mononuclear leukocyte Galphas protein levels in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Karege F, Golaz J, Schwald M, Malafosse A. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1999 May; 39(4): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343182&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium and recurrence in a long-term follow-up of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Coryell W, Winokur G, Solomon D, Shea T, Leon A, Keller M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1997 March; 27(2): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9089821&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium blocks 45Ca2+ uptake into platelets in bipolar affective disorder and controls. Author(s): Berk M, Kirchmann NH, Butkow N. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1996 February; 19(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8867516&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium prophylaxis of recurrent bipolar affective disorder: long-term outcome and its psychosocial correlates. Author(s): Kulhara P, Basu D, Mattoo SK, Sharan P, Chopra R. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 July; 54(1-2): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10403151&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium-induced hematologic changes in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Ozdemir MA, Sofuoglu S, Tanrikulu G, Aldanmaz F, Esel E, Dundar S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 February 1; 35(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173023&dopt=Abstract
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Low prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Ozeren A, Turkoglu C, Saygili R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1986 December; 74(6): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3825583&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose maintenance clozapine treatment in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Puri BK, Taylor DG, Alcock ME. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1995 November-December; 49(6): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8554965&dopt=Abstract
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MAOI-induced rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in an adolescent. Author(s): Mattsson A, Seltzer RL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 May; 138(5): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6786112&dopt=Abstract
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene variation is not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in the German population. Author(s): Marti SB, Cichon S, Propping P, Nothen M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 January 8; 114(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840505&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological problems in meta-analysis of association studies between bipolar affective disorders and the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Author(s): Bellivier F, Schurhoff F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Mallet J, Feingold J, Leboyer M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 July 10; 81(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674984&dopt=Abstract
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Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Trixler M, Tenyi T, Csabi G, Szabo R. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2001 December 1; 52(3): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705713&dopt=Abstract
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Misdiagnosis of bipolar affective disorder as personality disorder. Author(s): Tyrer SP, Brittlebank AD. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 November; 38(9): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8080501&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): McMahon FJ, Chen YS, Patel S, Kokoszka J, Brown MD, Torroni A, DePaulo JR, Wallace DC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 July; 157(7): 1058-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873911&dopt=Abstract
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Mitochondrial genetic analyses suggest selection against maternal lineages in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kirk R, Furlong RA, Amos W, Cooper G, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999 August; 65(2): 508-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417293&dopt=Abstract
40 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Monoamine oxidase A gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lim LC, Powell JF, Murray R, Gill M. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1994 June; 54(6): 1122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8018211&dopt=Abstract
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Mood-independent aberrancies in associative processes in bipolar affective disorder: an apparent stabilizing effect of lithium. Author(s): Pons L, Nurnberger JI Jr, Murphy DL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1985 April; 14(4): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3860884&dopt=Abstract
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Mood-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Gordon A, Rasmussen SA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1988 January; 49(1): 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3335487&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality in patients with primary unipolar depression, secondary unipolar depression, and bipolar affective disorder: a comparison with general population mortality. Author(s): Black DW, Winokur G, Nasrallah A. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1987; 17(4): 351-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3440707&dopt=Abstract
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MRI abnormalities in adolescent bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Botteron KN, Figiel GS, Wetzel MW, Hudziak J, VanEerdewegh M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 March; 31(2): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1564027&dopt=Abstract
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Mutational analysis of the Wolfram syndrome gene in two families with chromosome 4p-linked bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Evans KL, Lawson D, Meitinger T, Blackwood DH, Porteous DJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 3; 96(2): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893488&dopt=Abstract
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My twin has been diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. How likely am I to get it? Author(s): Richardson D, Gudex M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 34(3): 532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10881986&dopt=Abstract
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Negative association between T102C polymorphism at the 5-HT2A receptor gene and bipolar affective disorders in Singaporean Chinese. Author(s): Tut TG, Wang JL, Lim CC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 June; 58(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802129&dopt=Abstract
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Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Sigurdsson E, Fombonne E, Sayal K, Checkley S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 February; 174: 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211165&dopt=Abstract
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Neurodevelopmental aspects of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Nasrallah HA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 January 1; 29(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2001443&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Steiner W, Laporta M, Chouinard G. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990 May; 81(5): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1972608&dopt=Abstract
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Neurophysiological correlates of sibling pairs discordant for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Knott V, Waters B, Lapierre Y, Gray R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 February; 142(2): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970251&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotransmitters and signal transduction processes in bipolar affective disorders: a synopsis. Author(s): Ackenheil M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 January; 62(1-2): 101-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172877&dopt=Abstract
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New attempts to map genes for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Stewart A. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 1997 November; 3(11): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430779&dopt=Abstract
42 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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No allelic association between bipolar affective disorder and the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Author(s): McQuillin A, Lawrence J, Kalsi G, Chen A, Gurling H, Curtis D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 January; 56(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892263&dopt=Abstract
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No association between bipolar affective disorder and a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) polymorphism. Author(s): Mahieu B, Souery D, Lipp O, Mendelbaum K, Verheyen G, De Maertelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 May 5; 70(2): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9194200&dopt=Abstract
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No association of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar affective disorder, or suicidal behaviour in major affective disorder. Author(s): Furlong RA, Ho L, Rubinsztein JS, Walsh C, Paykel ES, Rubinsztein DC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 May 8; 81(3): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9603613&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for significant linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 18 pericentromeric markers in a large series of multiplex extended pedigrees. Author(s): Knowles JA, Rao PA, Cox-Matise T, Loth JE, de Jesus GM, Levine L, Das K, Penchaszadeh GK, Alexander JR, Lerer B, Endicott J, Ott J, Gilliam TC, Baron M. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 April; 62(4): 916-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529343&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence of association between dopamine D3 receptor gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Piccardi MP, Severino G, Bocchetta A, Palmas MA, Ruiu S, Del Zompo M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 April 18; 74(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129711&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence of association between dopamine D4 receptor variants and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lim LC, Nothen MM, Korner J, Rietschel M, Castle D, Hunt N, Propping P, Murray R, Gill M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 September 15; 54(3): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7810585&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence of increased risk for schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in persons with aneuploidies of the sex chromosomes. Author(s): Mors O, Mortensen PB, Ewald H. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 April; 31(3): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305850&dopt=Abstract
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Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kennedy SH, Kutcher SP, Ralevski E, Brown GM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1996 July 31; 63(2-3): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8878318&dopt=Abstract
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Nonlinkage of D6S260, a putative schizophrenia locus, to bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Adams LJ, Salmon J, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 September 20; 67(5): 485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886167&dopt=Abstract
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Nonparametric simulation-based statistical analyses for bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22.3. Author(s): Kwok JB, Adams LJ, Salmon JA, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 February 5; 88(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050976&dopt=Abstract
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Novel alternatives and supplements to lithium and anticonvulsants for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Dubovsky SL, Buzan RD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 May; 58(5): 224-42; Quiz 243-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184620&dopt=Abstract
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Novel polymorphisms in the somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) gene associated with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Nyegaard M, Borglum AD, Bruun TG, Collier DA, Russ C, Mors O, Ewald H, Kruse TA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(7): 745-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192619&dopt=Abstract
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Nuclear magnetic resonance in bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Rangel-Guerra RA, Perez-Payan H, Minkoff L, Todd LE. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1983 May-June; 4(3): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6410708&dopt=Abstract
44 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Obsessional personality traits and risk for bipolar affective disorder: an offspring study. Author(s): Klein DN, Depue RA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1985 August; 94(3): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4031226&dopt=Abstract
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Ongoing use of an affective rating scale in the treatment of a mentally retarded individual with a rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Wieseler NA, Campbell GJ, Sonis W. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 1988; 9(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3353542&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome in bipolar affective disorder after stereotactic tractotomy. Author(s): Lovett LM, Shaw DM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1987 July; 151: 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676607&dopt=Abstract
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Parental bonding in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Joyce PR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1984 December; 7(3-4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6241213&dopt=Abstract
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Parental sex effects in bipolar affective disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Donald JA, Salmon JA, Adams LJ, Littlejohn T, Maher A, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433551&dopt=Abstract
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Parental transmission and D18S37 allele sharing in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lin JP, Bale SJ. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433560&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of parental transmission and familial aggregation models in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Martinez M, Nothen MM, Propping P, Milea S, Mihailescu R, Marinescu E. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 September 7; 81(5): 397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754625&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): O'Shanick GJ, Ellinwood EH Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 April; 139(4): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6802004&dopt=Abstract
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Personal and social resources in children of patients with bipolar affective disorder and children of normal control subjects. Author(s): Pellegrini D, Kosisky S, Nackman D, Cytryn L, McKnew DH, Gershon E, Hamovit J, Cammuso K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 July; 143(7): 856-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3717425&dopt=Abstract
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Personality of recovered patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM, Klerman GL, Keller MB, Andreasen NC, Clayton PJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1986 July-August; 11(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2944932&dopt=Abstract
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Positive association of dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism with bipolar affective disorder in a European Multicenter Association Study of affective disorders. Author(s): Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Van Gestel S, Serretti A, Macciardi F, Smeraldi E, Kaneva R, Adolfsson R, Nylander PO, Blackwood D, Muir W, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Oruc L, Segman RH, Ivezic S, Aschauer H, Ackenheil M, Fuchshuber S, Dam H, Jakovljevic M, Peltonen L, Hilger C, Hentges F, Staner L, Milanova V, Jazin E, Lerer B, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 March 8; 114(2): 177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857579&dopt=Abstract
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Possible association between monoamine oxidase A gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kawada Y, Hattori M, Dai XY, Nanko S. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 January; 56(1): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880306&dopt=Abstract
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Possible involvement of the dopamine D3 receptor locus in subtypes of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Chiaroni P, Azorin JM, Dassa D, Henry JM, Giudicelli S, Malthiery Y, Planells R. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2000 March; 10(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10909128&dopt=Abstract
46 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Possible parent-of-origin effect of Dopa decarboxylase in susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Borglum AD, Kirov G, Craddock N, Mors O, Muir W, Murray V, McKee I, Collier DA, Ewald H, Owen MJ, Blackwood D, Kruse TA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 Feb15; 117B(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555230&dopt=Abstract
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Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Savas HA, Herken H, Yurekli M, Uz E, Tutkun H, Zoroglu SS, Ozen ME, Cengiz B, Akyol O. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45(2): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893860&dopt=Abstract
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Practice guidelines: therapeutic interventions aimed at assisting people with bipolar affective disorder achieve their vocational goals. Author(s): Tse S. Source: Work (Reading, Mass.). 2002; 19(2): 167-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454448&dopt=Abstract
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Premenstrual tension syndrome in rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Price WA, DiMarzio L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 August; 47(8): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2874129&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Giannini AJ, Price WA, Loiselle RH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 August; 141(8): 991-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6465378&dopt=Abstract
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Prodromes, coping strategies and course of illness in bipolar affective disorder--a naturalistic study. Author(s): Lam D, Wong G, Sham P. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 November; 31(8): 1397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722154&dopt=Abstract
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Protocols for the use of psychoactive drugs: Part III. Protocol for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder with lithium. Author(s): Johnston JA, Powers DA, Coleman JH, Eddlemon JK, May CN, Druff JH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1984 May; 45(5): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6725211&dopt=Abstract
Studies 47
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Proton MR spectroscopy in children with bipolar affective disorder: preliminary observations. Author(s): Castillo M, Kwock L, Courvoisie H, Hooper SR. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2000 May; 21(5): 832-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815657&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric diagnoses in the child and adolescent members of extended families identified through adult bipolar affective disorder probands. Author(s): Todd RD, Reich W, Petti TA, Joshi P, DePaulo JR Jr, Nurnberger J Jr, Reich T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 May; 35(5): 664-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935214&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosis as a predictor of response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Rosenthal NE, Rosenthal LN, Stallone F, Fleiss J, Dunner DL, Fieve RR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1979 December; 1(4): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=162485&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder and familial learning disability associated with temporal lobe (occipitotemporal gyrus) cortical dysplasia. Author(s): Raghavan R, Day KA, Perry RH. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1995 December; 39 ( Pt 6): 50919. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746738&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in people with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Author(s): Vanstraelen M, Tyrer SP. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1999 October; 43 ( Pt 5): 349-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546959&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade I hypothyroidism. Author(s): Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Winokur A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 May; 47(5): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2109970&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Author(s): Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 May; 47(5): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2184796&dopt=Abstract
48 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder: lack of relation to hypothyroidism. Author(s): Post RM, Kramlinger KG, Joffe RT, Roy-Byrne PP, Rosoff A, Frye MA, Huggins T. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 August 29; 72(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355813&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling in severely multidisabled children: a form of bipolar affective disorder? Author(s): Jan JE, Abroms IF, Freeman RD, Brown GM, Espezel H, Connolly MB. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1994 February; 10(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198670&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid cycling in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Wolpert EA, Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 June; 147(6): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2343914&dopt=Abstract
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Rational polypharmacy in the bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Post RM, Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, Denicoff K, George MS, Callahan A, Leverich G, Frye M. Source: Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1996; 11: 153-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9294735&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Misdiagnosis of bipolar affective disorder as personality disorder. Author(s): Paris J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1994 June; 39(5): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044751&dopt=Abstract
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Recent life events and completed suicide in bipolar affective disorder. A comparison with major depressive suicides. Author(s): Isometsa E, Heikkinen M, Henriksson M, Aro H, Lonnqvist J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 February 21; 33(2): 99-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759667&dopt=Abstract
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Receptor mediated effect of serotonergic transmission in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lin YM, Yang HC, Lai TJ, Fann CS, Sun HS. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 October; 40(10): 781-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14569129&dopt=Abstract
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Receptor-mediated activation of G proteins is increased in postmortem brains of bipolar affective disorder subjects. Author(s): Friedman E, Wang HY. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1996 September; 67(3): 1145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752121&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrence of mania after lithium withdrawal. Implications for the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Goodwin GM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 February; 164(2): 149-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173817&dopt=Abstract
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Red blood cell NMR proton relaxation times in ill and recovered patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Besson JA, Holland J, Wheeldon T, Ebmeier KP. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 February; 21(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1827644&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced brain 5-HT and elevated NE turnover and metabolites in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Young LT, Warsh JJ, Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykeiwicz O. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 January 15; 35(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7513191&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced cell membrane affinity for lithium ion during maintenance treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Mallinger AG, Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Dippold C, Knopf S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1990 April 1; 27(7): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2109641&dopt=Abstract
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Re-evaluation of the linkage relationship between chromosome 11p loci and the gene for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Author(s): Kelsoe JR, Ginns EI, Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Goldstein AM, Bale SJ, Pauls DL, Long RT, Kidd KK, Conte G, et al. Source: Nature. 1989 November 16; 342(6247): 238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2682265&dopt=Abstract
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Relevance of early age-of-onset in genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Strober M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 July; 31(4): 606-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1644721&dopt=Abstract
50 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Resistant bipolar affective disorder treated by stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy. Author(s): Poynton A, Bridges PK, Bartlett JR. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 March; 152: 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3167370&dopt=Abstract
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Response to Amar J. Klar: The chromosome 1;11 translocation provides the best evidence supporting genetic etiology for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Millar JK, Thomson PA, Wray NR, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH, Porteous DJ. Source: Genetics. 2003 February; 163(2): 833-5; Author Reply 837-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645576&dopt=Abstract
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Schizencephaly associated with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Relan P, Chaturvedi SK, Shetty B. Source: Neurology India. 2002 June; 50(2): 194-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134187&dopt=Abstract
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Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: perspectives for the development of therapeutics. Author(s): Sundram S, Joyce PR, Kennedy MA. Source: Current Molecular Medicine. 2003 August; 3(5): 393-407. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942993&dopt=Abstract
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Screening ABCG1, the human homologue of the Drosophila white gene, for polymorphisms and association with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kirov G, Lowry CA, Stephens M, Oldfield S, O'Donovan MC, Lightman SL, Owen MJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 November; 6(6): 671-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673795&dopt=Abstract
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Search for a shared segment on chromosome 10q26 in patients with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia from the Faroe Islands. Author(s): Ewald H, Flint TJ, Jorgensen TH, Wang AG, Jensen P, Vang M, Mors O, Kruse TA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 March 8; 114(2): 196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857582&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal cyclothymia to seasonal bipolar affective disorder: a double switch after stroke. Author(s): Kumar S, Jacobson RR, Sathananthan K. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 December; 63(6): 7967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416820&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Esterling LE, Yoshikawa T, Turner G, Badner JA, Bengel D, Gershon ES, Berrettini WH, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 February 7; 81(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514585&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin transporter gene and risk for bipolar affective disorder: an association study in Spanish population. Author(s): Gutierrez B, Arranz MJ, Collier DA, Valles V, Guillamat R, Bertranpetit J, Murray RM, Fanas L. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 June 1; 43(11): 843-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9611675&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism influences age at onset in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Bellivier F, Leroux M, Henry C, Rayah F, Rouillon F, Laplanche JL, Leboyer M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 December 6; 334(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431765&dopt=Abstract
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Significant linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 12q24. Author(s): Ewald H, Degn B, Mors O, Kruse TA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1998 Autumn; 8(3): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800214&dopt=Abstract
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Social adjustment and self-esteem in remitted patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder: a case-control study. Author(s): Shapira B, Zislin J, Gelfin Y, Osher Y, Gorfine M, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Lerer B. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1999 January-February; 40(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924873&dopt=Abstract
52 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention, and selfschema in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Lyon HM, Startup M, Bentall RP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 May; 108(2): 273-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369037&dopt=Abstract
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Spiritual beliefs in bipolar affective disorder: their relevance for illness management. Author(s): Mitchell L, Romans S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 August; 75(3): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880937&dopt=Abstract
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Stigma as a barrier to recovery: Adverse effects of perceived stigma on social adaptation of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Perlick DA, Rosenheck RA, Clarkin JF, Sirey JA, Salahi J, Struening EL, Link BG. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2001 December; 52(12): 1627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726754&dopt=Abstract
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Structural changes in the brain of patients with bipolar affective disorder by MRI: a review of the literature. Author(s): Norris SD, Krishnan KR, Ahearn E. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1997 November; 21(8): 1323-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9460095&dopt=Abstract
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Substance abuse and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Sonne SC, Brady KT, Morton WA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 June; 182(6): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201307&dopt=Abstract
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Sub-types of bipolar affective disorder with particular regard to bipolar II. Author(s): Dunner DL. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1983 Spring; 1(1): 75-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6425825&dopt=Abstract
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Suggestive evidence of a locus on chromosome 10p using the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar affective disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Foroud T, Castelluccio PF, Koller DL, Edenberg HJ, Miller M, Bowman E, Rau NL, Smiley C, Rice JP, Goate A, Armstrong C, Bierut LJ, Reich T, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Goldin LR, Badner JA, Guroff JJ, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ, Simpson S, MacKinnon D, McInnis M, Stine OC, DePaulo JR, Blehar MC, Nurnberger JI Jr. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 February 7; 96(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686547&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidal behaviour and bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Rihmer Z. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 November; 98(5): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9845183&dopt=Abstract
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Support for the possible locus on chromosome 4p16 for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Ewald H, Degn B, Mors O, Kruse TA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 September; 3(5): 442-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9774780&dopt=Abstract
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Symptoms predicting inpatient service use among patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Perlick DA, Rosenheck RA, Clarkin JF, Sirey J, Raue P. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 June; 50(6): 806-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10375151&dopt=Abstract
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The behavioral high-risk paradigm and bipolar affective disorder, VIII: Serum free cortisol in nonpatient cyclothymic subjects selected by the General Behavior Inventory. Author(s): Depue RA, Kleiman RM, Davis P, Hutchinson M, Krauss SP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 February; 142(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970242&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical picture of bipolar affective disorder in its depressed phase. A report from London and Chicago. Author(s): Brockington IF, Altman E, Hillier V, Meltzer HY, Nand S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1982 December; 141: 558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7159802&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Clayton PJ. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1981 January-February; 22(1): 31-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7460563&dopt=Abstract
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The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Author(s): McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 May; 60(5): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742871&dopt=Abstract
54 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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The missense mutation in the WKL1 gene not found in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Ewald H, Lundorf MD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(4): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986977&dopt=Abstract
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The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review. Author(s): Bearden CE, Hoffman KM, Cannon TD. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 June; 3(3): 106-50; Discussion 151-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465675&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacological treatment of bipolar affective disorder: practice is improving but could still be better. Author(s): Lloyd AJ, Harrison CL, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2003 June; 17(2): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870572&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between work impairment and diagnosis. Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder impair work performance more than other diagnostic entities. Author(s): Wold PN, Rosenfield AG, Dwight K. Source: R I Med J. 1982 April; 65(4): 161-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6951242&dopt=Abstract
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The Wellcome trust UK-Irish bipolar affective disorder sibling-pair genome screen: first stage report. Author(s): Bennett P, Segurado R, Jones I, Bort S, McCandless F, Lambert D, Heron J, Comerford C, Middle F, Corvin A, Pelios G, Kirov G, Larsen B, Mulcahy T, Williams N, O'Connell R, O'Mahony E, Payne A, Owen M, Holmans P, Craddock N, Gill M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(2): 189-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840312&dopt=Abstract
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Theory of mind deficits in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Kerr N, Dunbar RI, Bentall RP. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 February; 73(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547294&dopt=Abstract
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Thyroid abnormalities in lithium-treated patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Caykoylu A, Capoglu I, Unuvar N, Erdem F, Cetinkaya R. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921503&dopt=Abstract
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Thyrotoxicosis after complete or partial lithium withdrawal in two patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Carmaciu CD, Anderson CS, Lawton CA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 October; 5(5): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525561&dopt=Abstract
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Transition from bipolar affective disorder to intermittent Cushing's syndrome: case report. Author(s): Kathol RG, Delahunt JW, Hannah L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 May; 46(5): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988721&dopt=Abstract
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Treating bipolar affective disorder. ECT is effective. Author(s): Fink M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 10; 322(7282): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229383&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of bipolar affective disorder in clinical practice. Author(s): Ahmed Z, Anderson IM. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 15(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277609&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Young AH, Macritchie KA, Calabrese JR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 November 25; 321(7272): 1302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090500&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of intractable non-rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder with high-dose thyroxine: an open clinical trial. Author(s): Baumgartner A, Bauer M, Hellweg R. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994 May; 10(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7916915&dopt=Abstract
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Two genetically distinct forms of bipolar affective disorder? Author(s): Turner WJ, King S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1981 May; 16(5): 417-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7272373&dopt=Abstract
56 Bipolar Affective Disorder
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Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Borglum AD, Bruun TG, Kjeldsen TE, Ewald H, Mors O, Kirov G, Russ C, Freeman B, Collier DA, Kruse TA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 November; 4(6): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578236&dopt=Abstract
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Tyrosine hydroxylase polymorphism and phenotypic heterogeneity in bipolar affective disorder: a multicenter association study. Author(s): Souery D, Lipp O, Rivelli SK, Massat I, Serretti A, Cavallini C, Ackenheil M, Adolfsson R, Aschauer H, Blackwood D, Dam H, Dikeos D, Fuchshuber S, Heiden M, Jakovljevic M, Kaneva R, Kessing L, Lerer B, Lonnqvist J, Mellerup T, Milanova V, Muir W, Nylander PO, Oruc L, Mendlewicz J, et al. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 October 15; 88(5): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490711&dopt=Abstract
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Ultra-rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder following a closed-head injury. Author(s): Zwil AS, McAllister TW, Cohen I, Halpern LR. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1993 March-April; 7(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8095835&dopt=Abstract
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Unique design issues in clinical trials of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Post RM, Luckenbaugh DA. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 January-February; 37(1): 61-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482471&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary catecholamines and plasma hormones predict mood state in rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Joyce PR, Fergusson DM, Woollard G, Abbott RM, Horwood LJ, Upton J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 April 4; 33(4): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790677&dopt=Abstract
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Use of clonazepam for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 May; 51 Suppl: 31-4; Discussion 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1970815&dopt=Abstract
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Visual averaged evoked responses in patients with bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): von Knorring L. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1978; 4(5): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=673167&dopt=Abstract
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WFS1 gene mutation search in depressive patients: detection of five missense polymorphisms but no association with depression or bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Yoshikawa T, Arinami T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 April; 58(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760554&dopt=Abstract
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What helps people with bipolar affective disorder succeed in employment: a grounded theory approach. Author(s): Tse S, Yeats M. Source: Work (Reading, Mass.). 2002; 19(1): 47-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454350&dopt=Abstract
Academic Periodicals covering Bipolar Affective Disorder Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to bipolar affective disorder. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
59
CHAPTER 2. DISORDER
NUTRITION AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE
Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and bipolar affective disorder.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Bipolar Affective Disorder The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
60 Bipolar Affective Disorder
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “bipolar affective disorder” (or a synonym): ·
A molecular model for bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. Source: Lachman, H M Papolos, D F Med-Hypotheses. 1995 September; 45(3): 255-64 0306-9877
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Abnormal G protein alpha(s) - and alpha(i2)-subunit mRNA expression in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i Br, Germany. Source: Spleiss, O van Calker, D Scharer, L Adamovic, K Berger, M Gebicke Haerter, P J Mol-Psychiatry. 1998 November; 3(6): 512-20 1359-4184
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Addition of lamotrigine to valproate may enhance efficacy in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): University of Freiburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany. Source: Walden, J Hesslinger, B van Calker, D Berger, M Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 September; 29(5): 193-5 0176-3679
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Backward masking in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, USA. Source: McClure, R K Prog-Neuropsychopharmacol-Biol-Psychiatry. 1999 February; 23(2): 195-206 0278-5846
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Bipolar affective disorder and unilateral parkinsonism after a brainstem infarction. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain. Source: Kulisevsky, J Avila, A Berthier, M L Mov-Disord. 1995 November; 10(6): 799-802 0885-3185
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Carbamazepine in rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, Sunnyside Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Joyce, P R Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 1988 April; 3(2): 123-9 0268-1315
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism: frequency analysis in Han Chinese subjects and allelic association of the low activity allele with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Molecular Genetics, London, UK. Source: Li, T Vallada, H Curtis, D Arranz, M Xu, K Cai, G Deng, H Liu, J Murray, R Liu, X Collier, D A Pharmacogenetics. 1997 October; 7(5): 349-53 0960-314X
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Clinical and neurochemical effect of acute tryptophan depletion in unaffected relatives of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Service de Psychiatrie, Hopital Albert Chenevier et Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Creteil, France. Source: Quintin, P Benkelfat, C Launay, J M Arnulf, I Pointereau Bellenger, A Barbault, S Alvarez, J C Varoquaux, O Perez Diaz, F Jouvent, R Leboyer, M Biol-Psychiatry. 2001 August 1; 50(3): 184-90 0006-3223
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Depot antipsychotics in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Nutrition 61
Source: White, E Cheung, P Silverstone, T Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 1993 Summer; 8(2): 119-22 0268-1315 ·
Ethnic differences in the presentation of bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Neuropsychiatric Genetics Unit, Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF4 4XN United Kingdom. Source: Kirov, G Murray, R M Eur-Psychiatry. 1999 July; 14(4): 199-204 0924-9338
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Increased cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in postmortem brain from patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Section of Biochemical Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthClarke Division, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Fields, A Li, P P Kish, S J Warsh, J J J-Neurochem. 1999 October; 73(4): 1704-10 0022-3042
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Intracellular calcium signalling in peripheral cells of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262. Source: Dubovsky, S L Thomas, M Hijazi, A Murphy, J Eur-Arch-Psychiatry-ClinNeurosci. 1994; 243(5): 229-34 0940-1334
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Intraperitoneal lithium administration for bipolar affective disorder in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Source: Flynn, C T Chandran, P K Taylor, M J Shadur, C A Int-J-Artif-Organs. 1987 March; 10(2): 105-7 0391-3988
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Lack of association of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) functional polymorphism in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
[email protected] Source: Lachman, H M Kelsoe, J Moreno, L Katz, S Papolos, D F Psychiatr-Genet. 1997 Spring; 7(1): 13-7 0955-8829
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Lithium and haloperidol treatments differently affect the mononuclear leukocyte Galphas protein levels in bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Division of Neuropsychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Chene-Bourg, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Karege, F Golaz, J Schwald, M Malafosse, A Neuropsychobiology. 1999 May; 39(4): 181-6 0302-282X
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Lithium prophylaxis of recurrent bipolar affective disorder: long-term outcome and its psychosocial correlates. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
[email protected] Source: Kulhara, P Basu, D Mattoo, S K Sharan, P Chopra, R J-Affect-Disord. 1999 July; 54(1-2): 87-96 0165-0327
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Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in people with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Author(s): Child Development Centre, Poole Hospital Site, UK. Source: Vanstraelen, M Tyrer, S P J-Intellect-Disabil-Res. 1999 October; 43 ( Pt 5)349-59 0964-2633
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Rapid cycling in severely multidisabled children: a form of bipolar affective disorder? Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Source: January, J E Abroms, I F Freeman, R D Brown, G M Espezel, H Connolly, M B Pediatr-Neurol. 1994 February; 10(1): 34-9 0887-8994
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Rational polypharmacy in the bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1272, USA. Source: Post, R M Ketter, T A Pazzaglia, P J Denicoff, K George, M S Callahan, A Leverich, G Frye, M Epilepsy-Res-Suppl. 1996; 11153-80 0922-9833
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Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders: likenesses and differences. Author(s): New York State Psychiatric Institute, N.Y. 10032. Source: Klein, D F Hillside-J-Clin-Psychiatry. 1989; 11(1): 3-15 0193-5216
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Self-management in bipolar affective disorder. Source: Hastings, D Can-J-Psychiatr-Nurs. 1989 Apr-June; 30(2): 20-2 0008-4247
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Sex differences in bipolar affective disorder: neuroleptic dosage variance. Author(s): Michigan State University, East Lansing. Source: D'Mello, D A McNeil, J A Compr-Psychiatry. 1990 Jan-February; 31(1): 80-3 0010-440X
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Treatment of bipolar affective disorder in clinical practice. Author(s): Manchester Medical School, UK. Source: Ahmed, Z Anderson, I M J-Psychopharmacol. 2001 March; 15(1): 55-7 0269-8811
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
·
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
·
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
·
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
·
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
·
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
·
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
Nutrition 63
·
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
·
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
·
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
·
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
·
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
·
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
·
WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
·
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to bipolar affective disorder. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to bipolar affective disorder and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to bipolar affective disorder: ·
Bilateral electrodermal asymmetry in euthymic patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Iacono WG, Tuason VB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1983 March; 18(3): 303-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6838940&dopt=Abstract
·
Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11. Author(s): Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Pauls DL, Sussex JN, Kidd KK, Allen CR, Hostetter AM, Housman DE. Source: Nature. 1987 February 26-March 4; 325(6107): 783-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2881209&dopt=Abstract
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·
Electrodermal activity in euthymic unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. A possible marker for depression. Author(s): Iacono WG, Lykken DT, Peloquin LJ, Lumry AE, Valentine RH, Tuason VB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1983 May; 40(5): 557-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6838333&dopt=Abstract
·
Hypnosis in regulating bipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Feinstein AD, Morgan RM. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 July; 29(1): 29-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3739960&dopt=Abstract
·
Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Author(s): Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656937&dopt=Abstract
·
Spiritual beliefs in bipolar affective disorder: their relevance for illness management. Author(s): Mitchell L, Romans S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 August; 75(3): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880937&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
·
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
·
drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
·
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
·
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
·
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
·
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
·
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
·
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
·
WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
·
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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·
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to bipolar affective disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
General Overview Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “bipolar affective disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on bipolar affective disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Bipolar Affective Disorder As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to bipolar affective disorder:
8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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·
Cytokine antagonists for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders Inventor(s): Tobinick, Edward Lewis; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Ezra Sutton, ESQ.; Ezra Sutton, P.A.; Plaza 9; 900 Route 9; Woodbridge; NJ; 07095; US Patent Application Number: 20030049256 Date filed: October 9, 2002 Abstract: Methods for treating neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases or disorders in humans by administering to the human a therapeutically effective dose of specific biologics are presented. The biologics of consideration include antagonists of tumor necrosis factor or of interleukin-1. The administration of these biologics is performed by specific methods, most, but not all of which fall into the category of anatomically localized administration designed for perispinal use. Anatomically localized administration involving perispinal use includes, but is not limited to the subcutaneous, intramuscular, interspinous, epidural, peridural, parenteral or intrathecal routes. Additonally, intranasal administration is discussed as a method to provide therapeutic benefit.The clinical conditions of consideration include, but are not limited to the following: diseases of the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease; migraine headache; spinal radiculopathy associated with intervertebral disc herniation, post-herpetic neuralgia, reflex sympathethic dystrophy, neuropathic pain, vertebral disc disease, low back pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome; and neuropsychiatric diseases, including bipolar affective disorder, anorexia nervosa, nicotine withdrawal, narcotic addiction, alcohol withdrawl, postpartum depression, and schizoaffective illness. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/236,097, filed on Sep. 6, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/841,844, filed on Apr. 25, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/826,976, filed on Apr. 5, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,419,944, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/563,651, filed on May 2, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/476,643, filed on Dec. 31, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,077, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/275,070, filed on Mar. 23, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,557, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/256,388, filed on Feb. 24, 1999, now abandoned. The present invention relates to novel methods of use of specific cytokine antagonists for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders in humans. More particularly, these cytokine antagonists are used in a new treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurologic diseases and disorders, including, but not limited to affective disorders, including unipolar and bipolar affective disorders; schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia, autism, depression, anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorders, narcotic addiction, and smoking cessation/nicotine withdrawal; diseases and disorders of the brain; neurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease; spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; headache syndromes, including, but not limited to migraine headaches and cluster headaches; neurologic disorders associated with neuropathic pain, including, but not limited to lumbar and cervical radiculopathy, low back pain, vertebral disc disease, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy; and chronic fatigue syndrome; utilizing specific anatomic methods of administration of these specific biologics. The delivery of these cytokine antagonists is performed by specific methods, most of which fall into the categories of perispinal administration or intranasal administration. Perispinal administration involves an anatomically localized injection performed so as to deliver
Patents 71
the therapeutic molecule directly into the vicinity of the spine. Perispinal administration includes, but is not limited to the subcutaneous, intramuscular, interspinous, epidural, peridural, parenteral, or intrathecal routes, and may be perilesional or alternatively, particularly when treating diseases of the brain, remote from the ultimate site of pathology. Intranasal administration includes the delivery of these particular cytokine antagonists by instillation into the nasal passages, either by nasal spray or nasal inhaler. The cytokine antagonists of consideration are those designed to block the action of, inhibit, or antagonize the biologic effects of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF) or interleukin-1 (IL-1). These antagonists may take the form of a fusion protein (such as etanercept); a monoclonal antibody (such as infliximab); a binding protein (such as onercept; Serono); an antibody fragment (such as CDP 870, Pharmacia); or other types of molecules which are potent, selective, and specific inhibitors of the action of these proinflammatory cytokines and are capable of being used by parenteral injection. Localized administration for the treatment of localized clinical disorders has many clinical advantages over the use of conventional systemic treatment. Locally administered medication after delivery diffuses through local capillary, venous, arterial, and lymphatic action to reach the anatomic site of pathology, or, alternatively, to reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition local administration of a biologic in the vicinity of the spine (perispinal administration) has the key advantage of improved delivery of the agent to the central nervous system (CNS). Local intranasal administration of a biologic is another method to improve delivery of the biologic to the CNS, and is discussed here as a method to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, including disorders of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) utilizing TNF antagonists or IL-1 antagonists. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Proteins, genes and their use for diagnosis and treatment of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and unipolar depression Inventor(s): Herath, Herath Mudiyanselage Athula Chandrasiri; (Abingdon, GB), Parekh, Rajesh Bhikhu; (Near Wendlebury, GB), Rohlff, Christian; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Klauber & Jackson; 411 Hackensack Avenue; Hackensack; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20030032200 Date filed: February 23, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of BAD, for monitoring the effectiveness of BAD treatment, and for drug development. BAD-Associated Features (DFs), detectable by two-dimensional electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid, serum or plasma are described. The invention further provides BAD-Associated Protein Isoforms (DPIs) detectable in cerebrospinal fluid, serum or plasma, preparations comprising isolated DPIs, antibodies immunospecific for DPIs, and kits comprising the aforesaid. Excerpt(s): There are only a few psychiatric disorders in which clinical manifestations of the disorder may be correlated with demonstrable defects in the structure and/or function of the nervous system. The vast majority of psychiatric disorders, however, involve subtle and/or undetectable changes at the cellular and molecular levels of nervous system structure and function. This lack of discemable neurological defects distinguishes "neurospychiatric disorders" (for example, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder (ADD), schizoaffective disorder, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and unipolar affective disorder) from neurological disorders in which anatomical or
72 Bipolar Affective Disorder
biochemical pathologies are manifest. Hence, identification of causative defects in neuropathologies of neuropsychiatric disorders is needed so that clinicians may diagnose, evaluate and prescribe appropriate treatments for these disorders. Schizophrenia is one example of a particularly serious and debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Currently, individuals may be evaluated for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders using the criteria set forth in the most recent version of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Susceptability and resistance genes for bipolar affective disorder Inventor(s): Egeland, Janice A.; (Hershey, PA), Ginns, Edward I.; (Bethesda, MD), Paul, Steven M.; (Carmel, IN) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020192655 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: Chromosomal regions comprising loci associated with susceptibility and resistance to bipolar affective disorder have been identified. Methods and compositions are provided for determining the contribution of these chromosomal regions to bipolar affective disorder in an affected family, for determining in an affected family a genotype associated with increased or decreased susceptibility or resistance to bipolar illness, and for assessing an increased or decreased risk of developing bipolar illness for a tested individual from an affected family. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/062,924, filed Oct. 20, 1997. This application is related to Ser. No. 08/827,568, filed Mar. 28, 1997, and 60/014,334, filed Mar. 29, 1996. These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. This invention relates to the field of diagnosis and treatment of bipolar affective disorders. The most characteristic features of bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness) are episodes of mania (bipolar I, BPI) or hypomania (bipolar II, BPII) that are interspersed with periods of depression. If untreated, manic-depressive illness is associated with an approximately 20% risk of suicide. Even with treatment, this disorder constitutes a major public health problem, afflicting approximately one percent of the population. Goodwin et al., ManicDepressive Illness (Oxford University Press, New York, 1990). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with bipolar affective disorder, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the
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search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on bipolar affective disorder. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning bipolar affective disorder. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for bipolar affective disorder. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with bipolar affective disorder. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,
76 Bipolar Affective Disorder
etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to bipolar affective disorder: Benzodiazepines ·
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
79
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
·
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
·
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
·
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
·
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
·
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
·
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
·
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
80 Bipolar Affective Disorder
·
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
·
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
·
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
·
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
·
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
·
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
·
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
·
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
·
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
·
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
·
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
·
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
·
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
·
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
·
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
·
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
·
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
·
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
·
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
·
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
·
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
·
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
·
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
·
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
·
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
·
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
·
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
·
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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·
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
·
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 13 14
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more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
·
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on bipolar affective disorder can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to bipolar affective disorder. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to bipolar affective disorder. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.
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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to bipolar affective disorder. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
·
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
·
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
·
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
·
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
·
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
·
WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to bipolar affective disorder. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with bipolar affective disorder.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about bipolar affective disorder. For more
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information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “bipolar affective disorder” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “bipolar affective disorder”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “bipolar affective disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “bipolar affective disorder” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
·
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
·
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
·
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
·
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
·
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
·
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
·
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
·
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
·
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
·
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
·
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
·
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
·
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
·
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
·
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
·
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
·
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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·
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
·
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
·
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
·
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
·
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
·
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
·
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
·
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
·
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
·
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
·
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
·
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
·
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
·
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
·
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
·
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
·
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
·
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
·
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
·
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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·
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
·
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
·
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
·
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
·
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
·
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
·
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
·
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
·
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
·
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
·
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
·
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
·
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
·
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
·
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
·
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
·
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
·
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
·
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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·
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
·
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
·
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
·
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
·
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
·
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
·
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
·
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
·
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
·
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
·
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
·
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
·
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
·
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
·
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
·
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
·
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
·
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
·
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
·
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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·
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
·
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
·
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
·
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
95
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
·
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
·
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
·
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
·
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
·
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
·
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on bipolar affective disorder: ·
Basic Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder Bipolar affective disorder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001528.htm
·
Signs & Symptoms for Bipolar Affective Disorder Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Amnesia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Anxiety, stress, and tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm
96 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Memory loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Seizure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sleepiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tiredness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Weariness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Weight gain (unintentional) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm Weight loss (unintentional) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm ·
Diagnostics and Tests for Bipolar Affective Disorder ECT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm Electroconvulsive therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm
Online Glossaries 97
·
Background Topics for Bipolar Affective Disorder Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
·
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
·
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
·
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean
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intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]
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Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU]
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Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]
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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic
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weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids,
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proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] CHD: Coronary heart disease. A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often
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resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to pargyline. [NIH]
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in
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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c.
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villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclothymia: Manic-depressive insanity of mild type. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH]
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Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]
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Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH]
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Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.
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[NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g.,
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vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homosexuality: Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylamines: Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU]
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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues
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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Instillation: . [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH]
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Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries
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cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]
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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH]
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Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
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[NIH]
Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by
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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or
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other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peridural: Around or external to the dura mater. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH]
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Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]
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Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]
Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]
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Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been
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recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]
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Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sialorrhea: Increased salivary flow. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH]
128 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH]
Dictionary 129
Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Subthalamus: A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH]
130 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]
Dictionary 131
Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines
132 Bipolar Affective Disorder
and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]
Dictionary 133
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
135
INDEX A Abdomen, 99, 116, 122, 128, 129, 130 Abdominal, 99, 121, 122 Aberrant, 99, 106 Acetylcholine, 99, 105, 120 Adaptation, 52, 99, 123 Adjustment, 51, 99 Adolescence, 18, 99 Adrenal Cortex, 99, 108, 124 Adrenergic, 12, 99, 101, 109, 111, 129, 132 Adverse Effect, 99, 106, 123, 127 Affinity, 49, 99, 100, 102, 106, 128 Age of Onset, 9, 100 Agonist, 100, 109, 120 Agoraphobia, 100, 114, 122 Airway, 100, 127 Alimentary, 100, 122 Alkaline, 100, 103 Alkaloid, 100, 119, 120 Alleles, 28, 30, 100, 116 Allylamine, 100 Alternative medicine, 100 Amenorrhea, 100, 101 Amine, 4, 100 Amino acid, 100, 101, 102, 112, 120, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132 Amino Acid Sequence, 100, 101 Ammonia, 100 Anal, 100, 116 Anatomical, 71, 100, 102, 105, 114, 118, 126 Anemia, 101, 130 Anomalies, 39, 101 Anorexia, 70, 101 Anorexia Nervosa, 70, 101 Antagonism, 101, 106 Antibodies, 71, 101, 112, 123 Antibody, 71, 99, 101, 106, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 128 Anticoagulant, 101, 124 Anticonvulsant, 101, 104, 106, 123 Antidepressant, 101, 114 Antigen, 99, 101, 106, 113, 114, 117, 118 Antipsychotic, 101, 106, 120 Antiseptic, 101, 104 Anxiety, 95, 102, 121 Anxiety Disorders, 102, 122 Apathy, 102, 120 Apnea, 102
Apoptosis, 4, 102 Aqueous, 102, 103, 108 Arginine, 102, 120 Arrhythmia, 102, 118 Arterial, 71, 100, 102, 107, 114, 130 Arteries, 102, 103, 105, 108, 118, 125 Arterioles, 102, 103, 104 Artery, 102, 103, 108, 110, 132 Astringent, 102, 104 Astrocytes, 102, 118 Atrial, 102, 107, 131 Atrioventricular, 102, 107 Atrium, 102, 107, 118, 131, 132 Atrophy, 102, 120 Atypical, 102, 106 Autoimmune disease, 102, 119 B Bacteria, 101, 102, 103, 110, 118, 131, 132 Bacterial Physiology, 99, 103 Bacteriophage, 103, 131 Base, 5, 103, 109, 130 Benign, 103, 112 Biochemical, 4, 7, 9, 61, 72, 100, 103, 127 Bipolar Disorder, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 26, 27, 29, 36, 54, 55, 66, 67, 71, 103 Bladder, 103, 119, 132 Blood Coagulation, 103, 104, 130 Blood Platelets, 34, 103, 127 Blood pressure, 103, 114, 125, 128 Blood vessel, 103, 104, 105, 108, 110, 113, 116, 128, 129, 130, 132 Body Fluids, 103, 128 Bone Marrow, 103, 117, 119 Bone scan, 103, 126 Bradykinin, 103, 120 Branch, 62, 103, 120, 122, 125, 128, 130 Bypass, 18, 103 C Calcium, 20, 25, 26, 34, 35, 61, 103, 104, 106, 127 Callus, 104, 110 Calpain, 12, 104 Capillary, 71, 103, 104, 132 Carbamazepine, 7, 19, 60, 104 Carbohydrates, 104, 105 Carcinogenic, 104, 124, 129 Cardiac, 100, 104, 108, 111, 118, 119, 129 Cardiovascular, 104, 127
136 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Case report, 13, 20, 23, 25, 55, 104 Catechol, 36, 60, 61, 104 Catecholamine, 104, 109 Caudal, 104, 109, 114, 124 Cell Adhesion, 8, 104 Cell Death, 102, 104 Cell Differentiation, 104, 127 Cell Division, 102, 104, 105, 118, 127 Cell membrane, 49, 104, 109, 111, 123 Cell proliferation, 105, 127 Central Nervous System, 71, 99, 105, 106, 111, 112, 118, 119, 127 Central Nervous System Infections, 105, 112 Cerebral, 18, 105, 111, 125, 130 Cerebrospinal, 71, 105 Cerebrospinal fluid, 71, 105 Cerebrum, 105 Cervical, 70, 105 Cervix, 105 CHD, 61, 105 Chin, 105, 118 Cholesterol, 105, 129 Cholinergic, 26, 101, 105, 120 Chromatin, 102, 105, 117 Chromosomal, 12, 14, 20, 21, 72, 105 Chronic, 8, 23, 70, 105, 110, 114, 116, 125 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 70, 105 Chronic renal, 23, 105 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 55, 56, 106, 107, 125 Clonazepam, 21, 56, 106 Clonic, 106 Clorgyline, 25, 106 Clozapine, 38, 106 Cognition, 52, 106, 120 Cognitive Therapy, 15, 106 Collapse, 106, 127 Colloidal, 106, 110 Complement, 106, 107 Complementary and alternative medicine, 65, 67, 107 Complementary medicine, 65, 107 Complete remission, 107, 126 Compulsions, 107, 121 Computed tomography, 107, 126 Computer Simulation, 10, 107 Concomitant, 17, 107 Consciousness, 107, 109, 125, 128 Continuum, 24, 107 Contraindications, ii, 107 Contralateral, 107, 118 Control group, 16, 107
Controlled study, 15, 107 Coordination, 107, 119 Cor, 36, 107, 108 Coronary, 18, 105, 108, 118 Coronary Thrombosis, 108, 118 Cortex, 34, 108 Cortical, 11, 47, 108, 127 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 36, 108 Cortisol, 53, 108 Cranial, 108, 112, 119, 121, 122 Craniocerebral Trauma, 108, 112 Criterion, 16, 108 Crossing-over, 108, 126 Curative, 108, 120, 130 Cyclic, 22, 34, 61, 104, 108, 112, 120 Cyclothymia, 23, 51, 108 Cytokine, 70, 108 Cytoplasm, 102, 104, 108, 111, 112, 117, 119 Cytoskeleton, 8, 108 Cytotoxic, 108, 127 Cytotoxicity, 4, 100, 108 D Deamination, 108, 118 Deletion, 35, 102, 108 Delusions, 32, 109, 125 Density, 10, 23, 109, 121 Depersonalization, 109, 122, 126 Depolarization, 109, 127 Depressive Disorder, 30, 109, 116 Derealization, 109, 122 Diagnostic procedure, 9, 69, 109 Diathesis, 22, 109 Diencephalon, 6, 109, 111, 114, 124, 129, 130 Direct, iii, 75, 106, 109, 126, 129 Discrete, 109, 116 Discrimination, 29, 109 Dissociation, 99, 109 Dizziness, 109, 121 Dopamine, 25, 35, 42, 45, 101, 106, 109, 118, 120, 123 Dorsal, 110, 111, 124 Drug Interactions, 76, 110 Dura mater, 110, 122 Dysphoric, 109, 110 Dysplasia, 47, 110 Dyspnea, 110, 121, 125 Dystrophy, 70, 110 E Efficacy, 8, 12, 36, 60, 66, 110 Electrolyte, 110, 128
Index 137
Electrophoresis, 71, 110 Electroplating, 104, 110 Embolus, 110, 114 Embryo, 104, 110, 114 Embryogenesis, 6, 110 Endogenous, 4, 104, 109, 110, 111 Endorphins, 110, 120 Endothelium, 110, 120 Endothelium-derived, 110, 120 Endotoxin, 110, 132 End-stage renal, 106, 110 Enkephalins, 111, 120 Enzymatic, 100, 104, 106, 111 Enzyme, 4, 11, 111, 112, 118, 123, 127, 130, 131, 133 Epidemiological, 4, 111 Epidural, 70, 71, 111 Epinephrine, 99, 109, 111, 120, 121, 132 Epithalamus, 109, 111 Erythrocytes, 101, 103, 104, 111 Estrogen, 111, 124 Eukaryote, 9, 111 Excitation, 111, 120 Exocytosis, 9, 111 Exogenous, 110, 111 Extracellular, 102, 111, 128 Extrapyramidal, 101, 109, 111 F Family Relations, 8, 111 Fat, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 116, 119 Fatigue, 96, 105, 111, 113 Fibrosis, 100, 111, 125, 126 G GABA, 106, 111, 127 Ganglia, 99, 101, 111, 114, 119, 122 Gas, 100, 111, 113, 120 Gastrin, 111, 113 Gastrointestinal, 103, 111, 112, 127, 128, 129 Gastrointestinal tract, 112, 127, 128 Genotype, 5, 72, 112 Gland, 99, 112, 117, 121, 123, 126, 129, 130 Glucose, 112, 113, 115, 123 Glutamate, 39, 112 Glutamic Acid, 112, 120 Glycine, 100, 112, 120 Glycogen, 8, 112, 123 Glycogen Synthase, 8, 112 Glycoprotein, 112, 130, 131 Grade, 47, 112 Granulocytes, 112, 127, 132
Growth, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 118, 128, 130, 131 Guanylate Cyclase, 112, 120 H Haptens, 99, 112 Headache, 70, 112 Headache Disorders, 112 Heart failure, 113, 125 Hemoglobin, 101, 111, 113, 130 Hemolytic, 113, 130 Hemorrhage, 108, 112, 113, 129 Hemostasis, 113, 127 Hereditary, 113, 120, 130 Heredity, 37, 112, 113 Heterogeneity, 56, 99, 113 Homeostasis, 20, 113 Homogeneous, 32, 107, 113 Homologous, 100, 108, 113, 127, 129 Homosexuality, 15, 113 Hormone, 45, 108, 111, 113, 116, 124, 127, 128, 130 Hydrogen, 100, 103, 104, 113, 118 Hydroxylamines, 4, 113 Hydroxylation, 113, 131 Hypertension, 112, 114 Hypertrophy, 108, 114, 131 Hypokinesia, 114, 122 Hypomania, 72, 114 Hypothalamus, 108, 109, 114, 123, 128, 129 Hypothyroidism, 47, 48, 114 I Id, 63, 66, 114 Idiopathic, 17, 114 Imipramine, 25, 114 Immunoglobulin, 101, 114, 119 Immunology, 99, 114 Impairment, 22, 54, 114, 118, 125 Induction, 101, 114, 124 Infarction, 60, 108, 114, 118 Infection, 114, 117, 132 Inflammation, 111, 114, 123, 125 Innervation, 115, 121 Inositol, 9, 115 Inotropic, 109, 115 Insight, 4, 9, 115 Instillation, 71, 115 Insulator, 115, 119 Interleukin-1, 70, 71, 115 Interleukin-2, 115 Intermittent, 55, 115, 122 Intervertebral, 70, 115, 116
138 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 115, 116 Intoxication, 115, 133 Intracellular, 25, 26, 34, 35, 61, 114, 115, 120, 125, 127 Intramuscular, 70, 71, 115, 122 Intravenous, 115, 122 Intrinsic, 100, 115 Involuntary, 115, 119, 126, 128 Ions, 103, 109, 110, 113, 115 K Kinetics, 4, 115 L Lactation, 115, 124 Latent, 115, 124 Lethargy, 114, 115 Leukocytes, 103, 112, 115, 119, 131 Leukocytosis, 28, 115 Levothyroxine, 47, 116 Library Services, 116 Ligaments, 108, 116 Linkage, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, 49, 51, 116 Linkage Disequilibrium, 9, 116 Lipid, 116, 119 Lithium, 7, 8, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 32, 35, 38, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 54, 55, 61, 101, 116 Liver, 99, 104, 112, 116, 118, 126 Liver scan, 116, 126 Localization, 8, 116 Localized, 70, 114, 116, 118 Lod, 5, 116 Logistic Models, 28, 116 Longitudinal study, 11, 116 Low Back Pain, 70, 116 Lumbar, 70, 115, 116 Lutein Cells, 116, 124 Lymph, 105, 110, 116, 117 Lymph node, 105, 117 Lymphatic, 71, 110, 114, 116, 117, 128, 130 Lymphocytes, 26, 101, 115, 117, 128, 130, 132 Lymphoid, 101, 117 M Macrophage, 115, 117 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 117, 126 Mania, 5, 8, 29, 49, 72, 114, 117 Manic, 26, 37, 52, 72, 101, 103, 108, 116, 117, 125 Manic-depressive psychosis, 117, 125 Manifest, 6, 72, 117
Man-made, 104, 117 Maxillary, 6, 117 Mediate, 109, 117 Mediator, 115, 117, 127 Medical Records, 9, 117 Melanin, 117, 123, 132 Membrane, 11, 26, 34, 102, 104, 107, 109, 111, 117, 119, 123, 127 Memory, 96, 101, 117 Meninges, 105, 108, 110, 117 Mental, iv, 3, 5, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 33, 35, 36, 41, 44, 49, 50, 52, 53, 61, 72, 105, 106, 109, 111, 114, 117, 118, 125, 126 Mental Disorders, 72, 114, 118, 125 Mental Health, iv, 3, 12, 61, 118, 125 Mesencephalic, 6, 118 Meta-Analysis, 30, 39, 118 Methyltransferase, 36, 60, 61, 118 MI, 97, 118 Microbiology, 99, 102, 118 Microglia, 102, 118 Mitosis, 102, 118 Mitral Valve, 38, 46, 118 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 38, 46, 118 Molecule, 71, 101, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111, 118, 123, 125, 127, 132 Monoamine, 21, 25, 28, 30, 40, 45, 106, 118, 122, 132 Monoamine Oxidase, 28, 30, 45, 106, 118, 122, 132 Monoclonal, 71, 119 Monocytes, 115, 119 Mononuclear, 38, 61, 119, 131 Mood Disorders, 7, 119 Morphine, 119 Motility, 119, 127 Mucosa, 119, 124 Multiple sclerosis, 13, 17, 119 Muscular Dystrophies, 110, 119 Myelin, 119 Myocardium, 118, 119 Myofibrils, 104, 119 N Narcolepsy, 22, 119 Narcosis, 119 Narcotic, 70, 119 Nausea, 101, 119, 121 Need, 106, 112, 119, 131 Nerve, 99, 105, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 129, 131 Nervous System, 71, 97, 105, 117, 119, 120, 122, 129, 132
Index 139
Neural, 7, 11, 35, 118, 119, 124 Neuralgia, 70, 119 Neuroanatomy, 54, 119 Neuroblastoma, 8, 120 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 4, 70, 120 Neuroleptic, 41, 62, 101, 106, 120 Neurologic, 70, 120 Neuromuscular, 17, 99, 120, 121 Neuromuscular Junction, 99, 120, 121 Neuronal, 4, 7, 11, 119, 120 Neurons, 111, 120, 129 Neuropeptide, 108, 120 Neuropsychology, 54, 120 Neurotransmitter, 4, 11, 99, 100, 103, 109, 111, 112, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129, 132 Niacin, 120, 131 Nicotine, 70, 120 Nitric Oxide, 46, 120 Nitrogen, 4, 100, 120, 131 Nonverbal Communication, 121, 125 Norepinephrine, 99, 109, 120, 121 Nuclear, 43, 111, 117, 121, 130 Nuclear Family, 111, 121 Nucleic acid, 121 Nucleus, 102, 105, 108, 115, 117, 119, 121, 129 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 17, 70, 121 Ocular, 121 Oculomotor, 118, 121 Opacity, 109, 121 Ophthalmoplegia, 17, 121 Ovum, 121, 124 Oxygenation, 4, 121 P Palliative, 121, 130 Pancreas, 99, 121, 128 Pancreatic, 30, 121 Panic, 10, 114, 121 Panic Disorder, 10, 114, 121 Paralysis, 118, 121, 122 Parenteral, 70, 71, 122 Paresthesias, 122 Pargyline, 106, 122 Parkinsonism, 60, 101, 122 Partial remission, 122, 126 Parturition, 122, 124 Pathologic, 102, 108, 122 Pathologic Processes, 102, 122 Pathologies, 72, 122 Pathophysiology, 11, 122
Pedigree, 14, 16, 30, 32, 37, 122 Pelvis, 99, 116, 122, 132 Peptide, 100, 122, 124, 130 Peridural, 70, 71, 122 Peripheral Nervous System, 111, 120, 122, 128, 129 Peritoneal, 35, 61, 122 Peritoneal Cavity, 122 Peritoneal Dialysis, 35, 61, 122 Peritoneum, 122 Phenylalanine, 123, 132 Phenytoin, 104, 123 Phospholipases, 123, 127 Phospholipids, 111, 115, 123 Phosphorus, 104, 123 Phosphorylase, 104, 123 Phosphorylation, 8, 11, 123 Physiologic, 100, 114, 123, 125, 131 Pilot study, 36, 66, 123 Pituitary Gland, 108, 123 Plasma, 56, 71, 101, 104, 113, 123 Plasma cells, 101, 123 Plasticity, 7, 123 Platelet Activation, 123, 127 Platelet Aggregation, 120, 123 Platelets, 11, 23, 26, 32, 38, 104, 120, 123, 130 Pneumonia, 107, 123 Polymorphic, 16, 24, 33, 124 Polymorphism, 5, 16, 36, 41, 42, 45, 51, 56, 60, 61, 124 Posterior, 6, 100, 110, 111, 121, 124 Postsynaptic, 124, 127, 129 Potentiates, 115, 124 Potentiation, 124, 127 Precursor, 109, 110, 111, 121, 123, 124, 131, 132 Predisposition, 9, 124 Presynaptic, 120, 124, 129 Prevalence, 27, 38, 46, 124 Progesterone, 124, 129 Progression, 10, 124 Progressive, 11, 104, 105, 112, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125 Prolactin, 26, 124 Promoter, 17, 124 Prophylaxis, 23, 38, 61, 124 Prosencephalon, 109, 124 Prospective study, 116, 124 Protein C, 8, 100, 103, 124
140 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Proteins, 11, 32, 49, 71, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127 Protocol, 6, 46, 125 Psychiatric, 3, 4, 9, 10, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 56, 62, 71, 118, 125 Psychic, 118, 125, 127 Psychoactive, 46, 125, 133 Psychology, 22, 23, 44, 52, 107, 109, 120, 125 Psychomotor, 104, 120, 125 Psychophysiology, 120, 125 Psychosis, 24, 41, 47, 101, 125 Psychotherapy, 6, 19, 24, 60, 106, 125 Public Health, 72, 125 Pulmonary, 17, 103, 108, 125, 132 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 17, 125 Pulmonary hypertension, 108, 125 R Radiation, 117, 125, 126, 133 Radioactive, 103, 113, 116, 117, 121, 125, 126 Randomized, 5, 15, 110, 125 Reality Testing, 125 Receptor, 8, 11, 17, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 99, 101, 106, 109, 125, 127 Receptors, Serotonin, 125, 127 Recombination, 9, 10, 126 Recurrence, 38, 49, 103, 117, 126 Refer, 1, 106, 109, 110, 116, 120, 125, 126 Reflex, 70, 126 Refractory, 47, 126 Regimen, 110, 126 Regurgitation, 118, 126 Relapse, 5, 15, 35, 36, 126 Remission, 22, 103, 117, 126 Rigidity, 122, 126 Risk factor, 32, 35, 116, 124, 126 S Salivary, 126, 127 Scans, 22, 31, 126 Schizoid, 126, 133 Schizophrenia, 4, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 22, 24, 29, 33, 35, 39, 43, 50, 54, 62, 70, 71, 126, 133 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 109, 126, 133 Sclerosis, 70, 119, 126 Screening, 5, 50, 71, 106, 126 Secretion, 9, 114, 115, 118, 126 Sedative, 114, 127 Segregation, 10, 126, 127
Seizures, 104, 106, 123, 127, 128 Sequencing, 5, 127 Serotonin, 11, 17, 30, 42, 51, 101, 106, 118, 120, 125, 127, 131 Serum, 26, 53, 71, 106, 127, 131 Sex Characteristics, 99, 127 Shock, 127, 131 Sialorrhea, 22, 127 Side effect, 75, 99, 101, 127, 131 Signal Transduction, 8, 41, 115, 127 Signs and Symptoms, 126, 127 Skull, 108, 127, 130 Sleep apnea, 13, 127 Small intestine, 113, 128 Smoking Cessation, 70, 128 Smooth muscle, 100, 104, 119, 128, 129 Sodium, 27, 128 Somatic, 99, 110, 118, 122, 128 Somatostatin, 43, 128 Spasm, 118, 128 Specialist, 128 Species, 111, 118, 119, 128, 131 Specificity, 6, 99, 128 Sperm, 105, 128 Spinal cord, 70, 102, 105, 110, 111, 117, 119, 122, 126, 128 Spleen, 117, 128 Sporadic, 120, 128 Sprains and Strains, 116, 128 Staging, 126, 128 Status Epilepticus, 29, 128 Stereotactic, 44, 50, 129 Steroid, 108, 129 Stimulus, 111, 115, 122, 126, 129 Stomach, 99, 111, 112, 113, 119, 122, 128, 129 Stress, 19, 95, 96, 104, 108, 119, 124, 129 Stroke, 51, 129 Stupor, 115, 119, 129 Subarachnoid, 112, 129 Subcutaneous, 70, 71, 122, 129 Substance P, 126, 129 Subthalamus, 109, 129 Sympathomimetic, 109, 111, 121, 129, 132 Synapse, 99, 120, 124, 129, 131 Synaptic, 120, 127, 129 Synaptic Transmission, 120, 129 Synergistic, 124, 130 Systemic, 71, 76, 103, 111, 114, 130, 131 Systole, 118, 130 Systolic, 114, 118, 130
Index 141
T Temporal, 47, 113, 130 Temporal Lobe, 47, 130 Thalamus, 109, 111, 129, 130 Thalassemia, 18, 130 Therapeutics, 4, 50, 76, 118, 130 Thorax, 99, 116, 130 Thrombin, 123, 124, 130 Thrombocytes, 123, 130 Thrombomodulin, 124, 130 Thrombosis, 129, 130 Thrombus, 108, 114, 123, 130 Thymus, 117, 130 Thyroid, 45, 54, 114, 116, 130, 132 Thyroid Gland, 130 Thyrotropin, 114, 130 Thyroxine, 55, 116, 123, 130 Tissue, 101, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 130, 131 Tolerance, 106, 131 Tomography, 107, 126, 131 Tonic, 106, 131 Tooth Preparation, 99, 131 Torsion, 114, 131 Toxic, iv, 108, 120, 131 Toxicity, 110, 131 Trachea, 130, 131 Transduction, 12, 127, 131 Translocation, 11, 14, 26, 34, 50, 131 Transmitter, 99, 102, 109, 117, 121, 131, 132 Transplantation, 106, 131 Trauma, 20, 131 Tremor, 118, 122, 131 Tricuspid Atresia, 108, 131 Tricyclic, 114, 131
Trinucleotide Repeats, 29, 131 Tryptophan, 42, 60, 127, 131 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 42, 131 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 70, 71, 131 Tyramine, 118, 132 Tyrosine, 8, 29, 36, 39, 56, 109, 132 U Unconscious, 114, 132 Urinary, 25, 29, 56, 132 Urine, 103, 132 Uterus, 105, 124, 132 V Vaccine, 125, 132 Vascular, 100, 110, 113, 114, 120, 130, 132 Vasodilator, 103, 109, 132 Vector, 131, 132 Veins, 103, 132 Venous, 71, 131, 132 Ventricle, 102, 107, 111, 114, 118, 130, 131, 132 Ventricular, 21, 107, 131, 132 Venules, 103, 104, 132 Vertebrae, 115, 128, 132 Vertebral, 70, 132 Viral, 131, 132 Virus, 103, 105, 131, 132 Vitamin A, 115, 132 W White blood cell, 101, 115, 117, 123, 132 Windpipe, 130, 132 Withdrawal, 49, 55, 70, 133 X X-ray, 107, 117, 121, 126, 129, 133 Z Zymogen, 124, 133
142 Bipolar Affective Disorder
Index 143
144 Bipolar Affective Disorder
