Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, vol. II, Plates (Dumbarton Oaks Studies 20.2)

DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES

xx THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PONTOS

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

PONTOS ANTHONY,BRYER and DAVID WINFIELD With Maps and Plans by

RICHARD ANDERSON and Drawings by JUNE WINFIELD

Volume Two PLATES

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.

© 1985 DUMBARTON OAKS TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON. D.C.

All correspondence and orders should be addressed to

Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office 1703 32nd Street, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20007

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bryer, Anthony. The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos.

(Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Trebizond Empire-Antiquities, Byzantine. 2. Pontus

-Antiquities, Byzantine. 3. Trebizond Empire-Description and travel. 4. Pontus-Description and travel. 5. Names, Geographical-Trebizond Empire. 6. Names, Geographical-Turkey-Pontus. 7. Names, GeographicalByzantine. I. Winfield, David. II. Title. III. Series. DF609.B78 1985 ISBN 0-88402-122-X

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List of Plates

la-25c. Sinope la. Tomb of the Ghazi Qelebi b. Inscription 3 Inscription 4 2a. Tower 29, NE. Face, Position of Inscription 5 b. Inscription 5 3a. Towers 1-4 (Types, B, C, and G), with Acropolis in Background, from Tower 7 b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from E. 4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from E. b. Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork (Type M) 5a. Wall near Tower 22, Int. (Type M) b. Wall bet. Towers 22 and 23, Int. (Type M), showing Blocked Archway 6a. Wall near Tower 23, Int., showing Catwalk and Entrance to Tower (Type M) b. View from Tower 24, looking W., showing Towers 25, 26, 40, and 29 7a. View from Tower 43, looking E., showing Tower 42 (Types A and *C), and Towers 27-23 (Type M) b. View from Tower 29, looking E., showing Towers 28-23 8a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork (Type M) b. Tower 30 from S. (Types A, B, C, E, and G) 9a. Acropolis, N. Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly Type A) (note V-shaped Towers, Type *C) b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28 10a,b. Tower 29, Gate

a. Interior b. Exterior l la. Tower and Gate 29 from W. (Types A, B, C, E, L, and M) b. Citadel, S. Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea Gate (mostly Types B and G) from Site of Submerged Mole 12a-16b. "Palace," Balat 12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening bet. Areas XVII and XVIII at T, det. b. Area VIII, S. Arm, showing Springing of Vault 13. Area X, N. Wall, looking NE. 14a. Area X, N. Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters bet. Blind Arches

b. Area II, W. Wall from W. 15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault b. Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo, Reused over Church Entrance, det. 16a. Wall at Q, N. of Area IX, showing Discontinued

Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in Building b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core and Continuous Brick Bonding Courses 17-24a. Balat Kilise 17a,b. Looking NE. toward-Church Entrance a. General View b. Note Springing of Cross Vault near Reused Marble Sculpture 18. Vault, E. Side. Evangelist Symbols 19-20b. S. Wall. 19. Sacrifice of Isaac 20a. Maccabees Abelbous and Ourias b. Sacrifice of Isaac and Annunciation 21a,b. Wide W. Arch, Reveal a. St. Panteleimon

b. St. Barbara 22a. S. Wall. Visitation b. Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene 23. S. Door, Int., Tympanum. Inscription 24a. Ext., S. Door, Lunette. Koimesis 24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels 25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. Ismael b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church SW. of Walled City c. Balat Kilise, Ext., W. Wall, S. Side, Niche. Archangel 26a,b. Amisos (Samsun) a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course Bunker of Military Base. Head of Spring b. Erkek Sanat Enstitusii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic Figure 27a,b. Oinaion a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of Causeway 28. Kekirkalesi, near Jerphanion's Kainochorion 29. caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb and Summit from NE. 30a-40b. Neokaisareia 30a. Unidentified Ruin SW. of Town, possibly Pilgrim Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgos b. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone Courses 31a,b. General Views a. Looking SW. from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi b. From E. (ca. 1890)

32a-34a. Castle "Church" 32a. Looking E-NE. b. Ruins of Lateral Chambers, S. Side, from SE. 33a. Int., looking N.

LIST OF PLATES b.Int., looking NE. 34a. Int., Corbel at NE. Angle and Earthenware Jar built into Masonry 34b. Arch, possibly of S. Gate to Inner Citadel 35a,b. Citadel, S. Bailey a. Wall at SW. Corner b. SW. End with "Church." 19th-cent. Police Station in foreground 36. Looking NE. toward Inner Citadel from S. Bailey 37a-c. Citadel a. Inner Citadel, E. Wall b. Inner Wall, SW. Corner c. Inner Wall, NW. Corner 38a,b. Citadel, Wall bet. Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel Bailey

a. General View b. Wooden Beam Work, det. 39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on E. Side

b. Town Wall, E. Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower 40a. Citadel, Wall bet. N. and Inner Citadel Baileys, showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and later Repair above b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine capital 41a,b. Evkaf Koyii Kale a. Castle on Wooded Hill E. of Fatsa Dere overlooking Road S., View from W. b. SE. Bastion 42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription 43a-c. Boloman Kale a. General View from E. b. Cruciform Church, Exposed N. Wall and Door c. Cruciform Church, SW. Pendentive 44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurens for Hell, 1846) 45a,b. Boloman Kale a. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik, from SE.

b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting through E. Wall of Castle 46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking NE., with Arrow marking Yukari Kale 47-48c. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale 47. Looking N., with Ruin of N. Gate in r. foreground 48a. Citadel b. N. Side, Outer Bailey c. Looking S. from Citadel to Lykos River 49a,b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 1868 49c. Bayadl Koyii, Wall 50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from W. 50b. Hoynat Kale from S. 51 a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore bet. Bulancak and Piraziz 51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Spring-head or Cistern on Summit

52-61. Kerasous 52. Looking E. from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper Gate and Keep at 2. and Island of Ares below: E. Harbor and Suburb at c.; Castle and Twin Peaks of Gedik Kaya at r. (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

53. View from N-NE., with Walled Town below Acropolis and Keep to W., Dikmen Tepe behind E. Suburb at c., and Gedik Kaya to E. (after Tournefort, 1701) 54a. View from E., with Ridge Wall and Keep at top 1. (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared (ca. 1893)

b. View from E. 55a,b. E. Ridge Wall a. Int. looking S. with Cat-walk of Classical Masonry b. Looking N. toward Keep with Monument to Topah Osman Aga at 1. 56a. "To the east ... the ancient walls may be traced almost the whole way from the castle to the sea, where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway, blocked up with masonry of the same style, as shown in the accompanying woodcut; beyond which was a high tower overgrown with ivy" (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The (apparently Northern) classical gate no longer survives.

b. NE. Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares 57a,b. Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor a. View from Int. b. Det., Masonry on N. Side 58a. Classical Gateway through E. Ridge Wall, N. Side b. E. Ridge Wall, Int., with Cat-walk of Classical Masonry below 59a-60b. Citadel Keep 59a. Int., N. Wall and Rock-cut Features b. Part of Window and possible Gate in NW. Wall, Int. 60a. Niche in N. Wall b. S. Entrance, Int. 61. Mosaic Floor 6la-63. Gedik Kaya Kilise 62a. General View, looking W. b. Foundations of Church, General View c. Foundations of Church 63. Rock-cut Tomb 64a,b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi a. General View, looking N b. SW. Tower, Ext. 65a-67b. Giresun Adasi 65a. N. Walls, Int., General View b. N. Walls, Interior Masonry, det. c. SW. Tower, Int., with Kerasous at 1. and Dikmen Tepe at c. background d. Niche in W. Wall, Int. 66. NW. Tower 67a. Keep, Int. b. Keep, Ext., from S. 68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from N., with Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at I., Ford across Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at c., and Castle on Peak beyond 68b. Kalecik-Hisarustii (Kenchrina?), General View from W., with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind Rock Promontory 69a-73. Tripolis

LIST OF PLATES 69a. View from E-NE., with Kilise Burunu (r. background) and Ottoman Quruk Kale below, Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (r.c.), Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), and perhaps Petroma (Rock at I.) with Halkavala below (after Tournefort, 1701) b. Quruk Kale, Site of W. Castle 70a-72b. Kuruca Kale 70a. View from SE., after building of New Coastal Road b. View from S., before building of New Coastal Road 71a. Pointed Projections E. of Entrance b. Remains of Quay SW. of Kuruca Kale 72a. Battery at NW. Corner b. Steps to Entrance 73. Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking NW., from Vantage Point at SE. Round Projection (Entrance at bottom 1.), and Tower at c. I. replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a-75. Petroma 74a. Castle, Steps to S. Entrance b. Castle, Int., looking E. to Vaulted Tunnel 75. Rocky Peak at 1, from W. Bank of Philabonites, looking E-NE. 76-77b. Suma Kale 76, From E. 77a. N. Wall, showing Beams at Base b. View from W. 78a-83a. $ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia 78a. View from SW. b. E. Section of Castle Walls from S. 79a. Castle Walls from W., showing Position of Blocked Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at I.) and Present Gate (bet. Round Towers at r.) b. Int. of Castle, General View from S., showing Ext. of Present Gate (bottom l.), Church Site (foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Citadel and Keep (top r.) 80a,b. Blocked Former Gate

a. Exterior b. Interior 81a,b. Citadel Entrance a. Ext. from S. b. Int. from N. 82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at I.) to N. Tower of Present Gate (at r.) b. Present Gate, Ext., with N. Tower at 1. 83a. Cistern Entrance 83b. $ebinkarahisar, Birogul, Byzantine Wall 84a-87b. Koralla 84a. General View from S-SE, before building of New Coastal Road 84b-85b. Inner Bailey 84b. From SW. 85a. Walls, SE. Corner 85b. Walls, NW. Corner 86. Middle and Inner Baileys from S. 87a. Oil or Wine Press on W. Side b. Loopholes bet. Inner and Middle Baileys

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88a-89b. Gelida Kale 88a. Ce5me Onii Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from E.

b. Yoros Burunu Kale from W. before building of New Coastal Road 89a. S. Wall, Ext., looking W. b View from W. 90a-92b. Kordyle 90a. From S-SE. (ca. 1890) b. From S-SE., General View 91a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Ext., looking NE. toward Projecting Tower b. Castle, Int. looking toward Westernmost Corner, showing Break in Wall at r. indicating Projecting Tower, and Window in Wall at 1. above Hidden Door to Projecting Keep. 92a. Keep, Ext. from SW. b. Keep, Int., Middle and Upper Storey Windows 93a-d. Fol Maden, Church a. From SW. b. Apses, Ext. c. Apses, Int. d. N. Conch. Traces of Painting 94-96b. Trikomia 94. Central Kalenima Dere, looking W. from near Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe (Horovi) at 1., and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at top r. 95a. Visera, Church from SE. (1929) b. Visera, Church from SW. (1959) c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from W. 96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), E. Wall b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse. Ropework Decoration, det. 97-99a. Mumya Kale 97. Walls, Int., looking S. down Cheriana (SSiran) Valley to Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in far distance, with at upper 1. 98a. View from S. b. Structure on Summit 99a. Looking SW. to Nor5un, at least Two Walls, Ext. 99b-100. Tarsos (A§agi Tersun, now Giilceker) 99b. Fortified Church 100. Fortified Church, N. Wall Painting, Martyr (I.) and Military Saint (r.) 101a,b. A§agi Akcah (formerly Hayduruk), Saraycik lOla. N. Piece of Masonry, det. b. Basilica, looking SE. 102a,b. Kelora (Kalur, now Qakirkaya) a. View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit) River

b. Kalur Kale, Fort 103a-104b. Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle 103a. Looking E. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of Vicus Settlement.

b. Looking E., General View 104a. Looking W. down Lykos (Kelkit) River b. N. Wall, Masonry

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105a. Trebizond from E. (after Tournefort, 1701) 105b-106. Daphnous 105b. From Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking W. toward St. Eleutheri6s and Leontokastron. Original Drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp. p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., Upper Slaughter Manor, inscribed: "The quarantine at

Trebizond, from a ruined chapel, to the N.E.1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill. The high building on the rocky point, is an old palace, now made use of, as the quarantine." 106. From W. (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (c. foreground) and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, Frankish Cemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz Tepe (r. background), and Mouth of Pyxites (l. background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond 107-192b. Trebizond 107. SE. Suburb from N. (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of Panagia Theoskepastos in r. background 108. Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with Daphnous Harbor (I. foreground), Meydan (dark square at upper r.): at r. New Coastal Road which destroyed E. Foreshore, although Former Greek Frontisterion survives in r. foreground 109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus Aurelius Apolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris b. Lower City, E. Wall. Malediction of 1302, and Regulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen (now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul), photographed in situ (ca. 1890) 110a. Middle City, Foot of NW. Wall, Classical Masonry b. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at 1.) from SW. 11 la. Exedra bet. Middle City and Citadel, Classical Masonry, from E. b. Zagnos Koprusu, S. Side, Classical Masonry (arrows) 112a,b. Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4 a. View from S-SW. (ca. 1940) b. View from SW. 113. Lower City, W. Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related to Tower (double exposure, 1893) 114. Relief Blocks 115a-116b. Lower City 11 5a. Molos Kapisi from N. b. Tower E. of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Int. 116a,b. Sea Tower at NE. Corner (now destroyed) from NW.

a. From NW. b. From SE. (Hunter, 1899) 117a-118b. Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu I17a. S. Side, Masonry, det. b. S. Side, Masonry I18a. Ravine Stream, S. Side b. Ravine Stream, N. Side 119a,b. Middle City, W. Wall a. S. of Zagnos Koprusu b. N. of Zagnos Koprusu

120-121a. Middle City 120. Tabakhane Koprusu and E. Wall from N. (ca. 1893), showing Complete N. Curtain Wall of Citadel, Top of Tower of John IV at 1. and Structure Encasing Exedra at r. 121a. Byzantine Wall and Window N. of Chrysokephalos 121b-124a. Citadel 121b. N. Wall Feature 3, Masonry E2 122. General View from SE., with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in Foreground and Giilbahar Hatun Camii beyond Citadel (telephoto lens distorts scale) 123a,b. N. Wall (Feature 5) showing Ottoman Gate G. attached to Wall E2 a. View from NE. b. View from NE. Corner 124a. N. Wall, Int. bet. Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2, with Traces of Earlier Foundations 124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine of St. Athanasios the Exorcist 125a-148b. Citadel 125a. NE. Corner, Ext. (Feature 8), showing Curve at r. mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3 on D3, with Blocked Crenellations Midway up Wall, on about Five Courses of A at 1. on corner b. NE. Corner, Int., looking along Feature 8 toward Feature 13, showing Crenellations Unblocked since 1893

126. View from E. Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower of John IV at 1. (s.) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading to Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and Buttress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to r. of Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost), including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at 1. (NE. Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at r.: Masonry A Base, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations, surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with Crenellations unblocked 127a. View from E. Ravine (before 1914) b. View from E. Ravine (1963) 128a-130b. East Wall 128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, det., showing Water Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from S., showing Position of Two Christian Reliefs 129. View from Feature 13, looking N. toward Feature 8 130a,b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques a. Expulsion from Garden of Eden

b. Elijah and the Raven 131a. View from S., showing "Theodora's Bedchamber" (Feature 22) at I., and Tower of John IV (Feature 16) at r.

b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Int. from W., with St. Eugenios in Background 132. Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from SE. (1916), showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost

LIST OF PLATES Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry E3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60 (top lost bet. 1893-1916) above 133a,b. SE. Corner, Inner and Outer Walls a. View from W., showing Feature 22 (with Overhang of "Theodora's Bedchamber") at 1. and Masonry A below b. View from E., showing Feature 22 ("Theodora's Bedchamber") above Courses of E3, Six or Seven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall in Masonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A 134a,b. Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from S. a. General View (1971) b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, especially on Outer Wall bet. Features 19 and 18 (1916)

135a. SW. Buildings from NE., showing Features 21 (foreground), 22 (1. background), and 23 (r. background) b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Int. 136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from SW. b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration of Feature 24 at r. 137a. Features 26 and 27, looking N. from Feature 25, showing Modern Facing over Masonry types 137b. NW. Hall (Feature 28) from S-SE. 138a-139a. Feature 28 138a. Masonry C, Lower E. Facade, Window at 1. b. N. Face, Windows in Lower Register (r.-hand Window refaced) 139a. NE. Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 (above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three Stone Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman Times 139b-144. W. Wall 139b. Ext., Face of Feature 28 bet. Features 27 and 29, showing Later D or E Work 140a. Ext. (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry D2 (telephoto view) b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost Crenellations bet. Masonry D3 and E3 at r. and D2 at 1.

141. View of Features 19 to 27 142. Bastion 26, Ext. 143. View of Features 24 to 32 144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of Exedra (Feature 1), and Section bet. 30 and 32 (at 1.) pitted with Windows of Later Private Houses and much refaced in H 145a. N. and W. Walls from Zagnos Kopriisii b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom 1. 146a. Join bet. Masonry D3 and E3 NW. of Bastion 19, det. (telephoto view) b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3 147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base b. Bastion 26, S. Face, showing possible E3 Work on

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One or More Types of Earlier Indeterminate Masonry 148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Door from S.

b. Bastion 30 from S., showing possible Masonry El and E3 above Earlier Footing 149. Leontokastron from W. (ca. 1893), with Church B in foreground 150a,b. Bedesten a. View from E-SE. (ca. 1893)

b. N. Facade 151a. Leontokastron, SW. Structure and Gate, with Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below b. Tomb of Alexios IV from S-SE. (1916), with Kulakli bet. Tomb and N. Apse of Chrysokephalos 152a. E. Seaboard, looking W. from Leontokastron (before 1923). In foreground W. Wall of Leontokastron (No. 14), then Venetian Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19thCentury Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21 and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from Frontisterion and SE. (1958) 153a,b. Soguksu, Church L. (No. 39) a. View from SE. b. View from SW. 154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893), with Belfry at 1., "Milk Fountain" below, and W. Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at r. 155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and Cifte Hamami (No. 42) from SW., with Chapel M (No. 40) NW. of cifte Hamami 155b-157b. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery 155b. In 1959, showing Main Church (and Lost Zhamatun) at I., and Chapel of 1421 and Monastic Buildings of 1688 at r. 156. Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel 157a,b. Main Church, Pentagonal Apse

a. From E-NE. b. Int., before reroofing (1929) 158a,b. Main Church a. W. Wall. Painting above Central Door, Hetoimasia (1959) b. Zhamatun, E. Wall, N. Side. Painting, Crucifixion (ca. 1893)

159a. Khach'k`ar near Lintel of Smaller Chapel b. Khach`k`ar in Main Church 160a-d. Manglavita (No. 49) a. Upper Chapel, from NE. b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, det. c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform S. of Rock-cut Chapel d. Rock-cut Chapel from S. 161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39 m, depth 0.08 m) from St. George Kourtza (No. 82) probably originally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with

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Inscription 162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Int., looking W., showing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, and Katechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, where Emperor and Empress appeared for Coronation Acclamations, above 163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and N. Porch from

E-NE. 164. St. Anne (No. 61) from S. (ca. 1893) 165a,b. St. Andrew (No. 60) a. Chapel from NE. (1963) b. Arch over N. Door, Ext. (1963) 166a-167b. St. Anne 166a. S. Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after 1893

b. Relief, Warrior at I.; Winged Figure (Head at top, Wings behind, Legs below at r.); and Inscription 167a. Reused Capital, from SE. b. Reused Capital, from NE. 168a,b. St. Basil (No. 66) a. View from S. b. Reused Classical Block over W. Door, with Supposed Justinianic Inscription 169-170c. St. Eugenios (No. 77), N. Gallery, W. End Wall Painting, details 169. Painting, exposed in 1973 170a. Angel b. Head of Christ c. Left Hand of Christ 171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 from SE. (photo of ca. 1893) 172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) from N-NE. (ca. 1893) 173a-c. St. Philip (No. 108) a. First Church, N. Wall, Ext., Molding b. Apse and Drum from NE. c. N. Capital and Moldings around Former W. Door 174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), E. Cave Chapel. Sts. Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893) 175. Possible Remains of W. Extension of "Sea Wall" near S. Croce (?), E. of Molos (1932) 176a-191. Hagia Sophia (No. 112) 176a,c. Views of Tower a. From E-SE. (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan) b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s and immediately before Restoration of 1961-62 c. From E-SE. (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of 1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits 177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893) 178a. Tower, Base of E. Wall. Inscription: 'ETous ,; kr' (i)v(6tinU vos) e' ijpxOt (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)

b. Tower, E. Face, Ext. Panel. Painted Inscription of John IV: ... (3)aatA,e6S xai a6TOxpfTwp `P(wµai)wv xai HepocTeiag 6 (Me)yas Ko tv(rl)vbc xai 6(t)6s Tou e66eI3e6T&Tou

(0a)at? o)(S) xup(i)ou Akc4iou 179a-191. Tower, Chapel 179a. Apse, Conch

b. E. Wall, S. Side 180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of S. Wall b. E. Wall, S. Side, det. 181. E. Wall, N. Side 182a. W. Wall. Dormition 182b-d. Dormition, details b. Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephonias c. Head of Mourner d. Head of Mourner 183-184b. S. Door 183. Keystone of Arch 184a. E. Side. Baptism b. W. Side. Transfiguration 185a-188b. S. Wall 185a. Annunciation b. Annunciation, det., the Virgin 186a-c. Nativity, dets.

a. Detail b. Sheep c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child 187. Presentation 188a-b. Pentecost, dets. a. Cosmos b. Ears and Tongues 189. N. Window, Arch. Pattern in top c. 190a-191. N. Wall 190a. Crucifixion b. Epitaphios Threnos c. Anastasis 191. Base at E. End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other Graffiti on Robe 192a,b. Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125) a. S. Apse b. C. and N. Apses 193a-c. Phantak (cakilca Koyii) a. Chapel from SE. b. Apse. Wall Painting c. S. Wall. Painting 194a-197. Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B 194a. S. Wall. Large Figure b. N. Wall. Inscription c. N. Wall. Two Female Saints 195-196. W. Wall. 195. Narthex, Two Martyr Saints 196. Ext. Mounted Saint 197. S. Wall, Ext. Warrior Saints 198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota $im5irli) from N. 199a-204c. Sarma5ikh (Geyikli), Upper Church 199a. General View from S., showing Dark Line of Bushes marking Buried Church b. Nave and Main Apse, looking NE., showing Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God (hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below on Archway 200a. N. Door and Ruined Porch, Ext., Looking SE.

b. N. Door, Int. 20 Ia. W. Door, Int. b. Nave, N. Side, before Destruction of Painting of

LIST OF PLATES Mother of God 202a. N. Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier b. N. Apse, Archangel Gabriel 203a. N. Wall, E. End. Lower Register b. NE. Pier, W. Face. Foliated Cross 204a. SW. Pier, E. Face. St. Theodore Stratelates, after Mutilation b. SW. Pier, E. Face, looking SW. from Center of Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay, S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena c. Center Bay. S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, after Mutilation 205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakh), Church from SE. 206. Angurga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from NW. 207a-c. Doubera (Libera, Yazhk)

a. Castle b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist c. Grotto. St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt 208-210b. Soumela (Meryemana) 208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from NE. 209. Monastery (1929) 210a,b. Katholikon a. S. Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and Andronikos (1929) b. N. Wall. Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in 1970)

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking S., showing Beginning of Old Summer Road to Castle at Center Horizon 212a,b. Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)

a. Gate Tower b. Wall overlooking Valley 213a,b. Gantopedin (Labra), Castle a. View from W. b. Chapel from SE. 214-215b. Sachnoe (Kopruyani, "Kurt Boghan," the Taxiarchai Church (1929) 214. View from NE. 215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany b. N. Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, the Christ Child, and Mother of God with Donor (not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon of 1391) below 216a-225c. Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir) 216a. N. Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias from above b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from SE. 217a-225c. Chapel of St. Elias 217a. Ascension (2) b. Koimesis (4), det. 218. Heavenly Host (5), det. 219a. Annunciation (6), det. b. Annunciation and Nativity (7), dets. 220. Nativity 221. Presentation (7) 222. Baptism (8) 223a. Raising of Lazarus (9) b. Raising of Lazarus, det. 224a. Crucifixion (10)

xiii

b. Anastasis (11) 225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15), det. (note Graffiti) b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27) 225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30), and St. George (31) 226a. Pyxites, NW. Slope, General View, showing Panagia Kremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa (Sevimli) above b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro, looking N., with Krenasa, Giannakanton, Pontyla, and Giannanton at r., and Kounakalin to 1. of Prytanis River 227a,b. Palaiokastro a. On Spur, General View, looking N. from Chapsa (Hamsikoy) b. Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy) Kale, Dik Kaya from E. 228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from NE. 229a,b. Zigana (Kalkandere) a. View of Village on S. Side of Pass (above) and Ruined Han (below) from Castle b. Castle 230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from NW. (1893) 231,b. Nacarh (Mochora?), Yagh Dere Kale a. View from S. b. Upper and Lower Towers 232a-c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale) a. View from NW. b. NE. Wall, Crosses

c. From NE. 233a-d. Ardasa (Torul) a. View from NE. and Zigana Road, showing Castle at I., above Gorge where Philabonites becomes Kanis (Har5it) River b. Castle from N., showing Curtain Wall at 1. c. Castle, Curtain Wall, Int. d. Castle, Tower at Summit 234. Kirkilise, Chapel from SE. 235a-238. Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu) 235a. Double Church from SE., with Chapel B in foreground b. Chapel B, Apses 236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, S. Side b. Chapel A, E. End, in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu Kale) in background 237a. Chapel B, N. Wall (former Ext. S. Wall, Chapel A). Red and Black Decoration to I. of Door b. Chapel A, W. Wall, Head of Saint 238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from SW 239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle 240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, ed. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the Cheriana Road 241. Golacha (?) (Colo5ana), Castle from W.

242a-b. Sorogaina (Soruyana), Castle a. From S. b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate 243a-c. Bayana Kale

LIST OF PLATES

xiv

a. From NW. b. View from W. c. View from NE. 244a-248c. Tzanicha (Canca) 244a. Castle from W. b. Castle, W. Walls from E. 245. Chapel A from E. 246. Chapel B (I.) and Chapel A (r.) from W. 247a. Chapel B, View from S. b. Chapel B, Window Soffit, Acrostic 248a-c. Chapel A a. Apse, N. Side, Decoration b. W. Wall, N. Side. Two Standing Saints c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom) 249a-251c. Kog Kale 249a. View from E. b. View from S. 250a. View from SW. b. View from N. 251a. NW. Tower and Main Gate b. Int., Kitchen Wall and Fireplace c. Int., NE. Corner 252-255b. Kouazi (Kovans) 252. Central Cistern 253a. View from SW, showing Blocked Cave (below) and W. Tower (above) b. E. Entrance 254a. View from SW. b. View from S., showing Upper (I.) and Lower (r.) Fortifications 255a. W. Tower, Int., looking E. b. From S., showing Lower Fortifications in foreground 256a,b. Kovans K6 y6 a. From S. b. Chapel, Apse 257a-261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabaki y, Ayasofya Camii) 257a. W. Wall b. S. Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in foreground 258a. S. Wall, Blocked Door b. S. Door, Lintel c. S. Door, E. Jamb. Inscriptions 259. S. Wall, Window 260a. E. Wall b. Main Apse, Window, Ext. c. NE. Corner showing Blocked Pastophory 261. Int., looking SE. 262. Ho5mesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse 263a-d. Kalecik on Arakh Burunu a. View from W. b. View from E. c. View from S. d. View S. from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu, showing Attached Walled Site 264-265c. Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakh Burunu 264. General View from W., showing N. Gate at Edge of Slope

265a. N. Gate, Masonry with Cornice, det. b. N. Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Arch c. S. Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor 266a-c. Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Dere a. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m), with artificially enlarged Caves at 1. b. View from SE. c. Fortification at S. Entrance 267. R65i Kalesi, Of, from E. 268. Fetoka, Church, from W. 269. Fetoka, Inscription 270a-273. Rhizaion 270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking S. from Walled Town b,c. Upper Citadel b. SW. Tower, Ext. c. NW. Tower, Brick Arch 27 la-c. Lower Citadel, W. Wall a. Ext., Feature I (Bastion) and Tower 2 b. Int., looking S, Relieving Arches. c. Int., looking N, Relieving Arches and Tower 2 272a-c. Walled Town a. W. Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9 c. NW. End, Tower 8 273. Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled Town, with Modern Rize to E. in background 274. Bozuk Kale near Giindogdu, E. Wall 275. Kodyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from S. 276a-277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi 276a. General View from S. b. W. Wall, Gateway c. W. Wall, Second and Third Storeys 277a. N. Wall, First and Second Storeys b. N. Wall, Upper Storey 278a-279. Cihar-Kise Kale 278a. From N., showing Typical Housing and Barns b. Outer Walling 279. Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork 280a-c. Sapo-Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon a. Church from W. b. Door, Arch, Int. c. Door, Arch, Ext. 281 a-282c. Zil Kale 281a. General View from N. b. General View from S. c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches 282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from W. b. Keep, Window on N. Side c. Keep, Interior, E. Wall 283a-284. Varo§ Kale 283a. N.W. Side, Door b. View from Varo§ Kale, looking S. to Bas and Tatos Mountains c. General View, from S. 284. Possible Cistern 285. Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry 286. Apsaros, Castle from S. (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233) 287a-288c. Ispir Castle

LIST OF PLATES 287a. Church from SW. b. Castle and Akampsis (coruh) River from N. c. From NW, showing Church (top left) and Covered Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (top center) to River (below) 288a. View from W., showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at r.), Church (at 1.), and Lower Town (behind Citadel) b. Church, Main Apse from SE., showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed elsewhere)

xv

c. Sultan Melik Mescit. NW. Corner and Minaret Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse Yellow Stone above and Herringbone Work below

289a,b. Castle near Norgah, Ispir a. Entrance from NW. b. NE. Side, Masonry 290a,b. Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugril§ah a. View from W. b. Masonry and Inscription

List of Folded Maps I. Byzantine Pontos II. Hinterland of Trebizond (Indicated on Figure 1) III. Trebizond, Overall

Ic.

Ia. Tomb of the Ghazi celebi

lb. Inscription 3 Sinope

Inscription 4

2a.

Tower 29, Northeast Face, Position of Inscription 5 Sinope

2b.

Inscription 5

•

4

-

3a.

Towers 1-4 (Types B, C, and G), with Acropolis in Background, from Tower 7

3b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from East

Sinope

4a.

Tower 16 (Types G and L) from East

Sinope

4b.

Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork (Type M)

5a.

5b.

Wall near Tower 22, Interior (Type M)

Wall between Towers 22 and 23, Interior (Type M), showing Blocked Archway Sinope

6a. Wall near Tower 23, Interior, showing Catwalk and Entrance to Tower (Type M)

6b.

View from Tower 24, looking West, showing Towers 25, 26, 40, and 29 Sinope

7a. View from Tower 43, looking East, showing Tower 42 (Types A and *C),

and Towers 27-23 (Type M)

7b.

View from Tower 29, looking East, showing Towers 28-23 Sinope

8a.

Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork (Type M) Sinope

8b.

Tower 30 from South (Types A, B, C, E, and G)

9a.

Acropolis, North Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly Type A) note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)

9b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28 Sinope

10a.

Interior

lOb. Exterior

Sinope, Tower 29, Gate

I la. Tower and Gate 29 from West (Types A, B, C, E, L, and M)

lib. Citadel, South Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea Gate (mostly Types B and G) from Site of Submerged Mole

Sinope

12a.

12b.

Cisterns, Blocked Opening between Areas XVII and XVIII at T, detail

Area VIII, South Arm, showing Springing of Vault Sinope, "Palace," Balat

13.

Area X, North Wall, looking Northeast

14a.

Area X, North Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters between Blind Arches

14b.

Area II, West Wall from West

Sinope, "Palace," Balat

15b.

15a.

16a.

Remains of Brick Barrel Vault

Wall at Q, North of Area IX, showing Discontinued Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in Building

16b.

Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo, Reused over Church Entrance, detail

Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core and Continuous Brick Bonding Courses

Sinope, "Palace," Balat

21a. St. Panteleimon

St. Barbara Sinope, Balat Kilise, Wide West Arch, Reveal

21b.

22a.

South Wall. The Visitation 23.

t.

NAVA

Jays

I

South Door, Interior Tympanum. Inscription

!

Narrow West Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene

Sinope, Balat Kilise

22b.

24a.

Balat Kilise, Exterior, South Door, Lunette. The Koimesis

24b.

Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels Sinope

25a.

Balat Kilise, Narrow West Arch, Reveal.

25c.

Ismael

25b.

Balat Kilise, Exterior, West Wall, South Side, Niche. Archangel

Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church Southwest of Walled City Sinope

26a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course

Bunker of Military Base. Head of Spring

26b. Erkek Sanat Enstitiisii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic Figure

Amisos (Samsun)

27a.

Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall

27b.

Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of Causeway

Oinaion

28.

Kekirkalesi, near Akkus, Jerphanion's Kainochorion

29.

caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb and Summit from Northeast 30b.

30a.

Neokaisareia

Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone Courses

Unidentified Ruin Southwest of Town, possibly Pilgrim Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgos

31a.

31b.

Looking Southwest from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi

From East (ca. 1890)

Neokaisareia, General Views

0

cu

M M

34a.

34b.

Castle "Church," Interior, Corbel at Northeast Angle and Earthenware Jar built into Masonry

Arch, possibly of South Gate to Inner Citadel Neokaisareia

35a.

36.

Citadel, South Bailey, Wall at Southwest Corner

35b.

Looking Northeast toward Inner Citadel from South Bailey Neokaisareia

Citadel, South Bailey and Southwest End with "Church." Nineteenth-century Police Station in foreground

r .. 0 -o ... !

38a.

General View

38b.

Wooden Beam Work, detail

f

aM"

Neokaisareia, Citadel, Wall between Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel Bailey

39a.

Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on East Side

39b. Town Wall, East Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower

Neokaisareia

40a.

Citadel, Wall between North and Inner Citadel Baileys, showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and Later Repair above

40b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine Capital

Neokaisareia

41 a.

Evkaf Koyu Kale, Castle on Wooded Hill East of Fatsa Dere overlooking Road South, View from West

41b.

Evkaf Koyu Kale, Southeast Bastion

42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription

43a.

General View from East

43b. Cruciform Church, Exposed North Wall and Door

43c. Cruciform Church, Southwest Pendentive

Boloman Kale

44.

Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

45a.

Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik from Southeast

Boloman Kale

45b.

Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting through East Wall of Castle

46.

Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking Northeast, with Arrow marking Yukari Kale

47.

Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale, looking North, with Ruin of North Gate in right foreground

0

Q

49c.

Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 1868

Bayadi Koyu, Wall

49a.

49b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 1868

51a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore between Bulancak and Piraziz

50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from West

51b.

Hoynat Kale from South

Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Springhead or Cistern on Summit

50b.

52.

Looking East from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper Gate and Keep at left and Island of Ares below; Eastern Harbor and Suburb at center; Castle and Twin Peaks of Cedik Kaya at right (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

CiRASONTE.

53.

View from North-northeast, with Walled Town below Acropolis and Keep to West, Dikmen Tepe behind Eastern Suburb at center, and Gedik Kaya to East (after Tournefort, 1701)

Kerasous

54a.

View from East, with Ridge Wall and Keep at top left (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared) (ca. 1893)

54b.

View from East

Kerasous

55a.

55b.

Interior, looking South, with Catwalk of Classical Masonry

Looking North toward Keep, with Monument to Topah Osman Aga at left Kerasous, Eastern Ridge Wall

56a. "To the east . .. the ancient walls may be traced almost the whole way

from the castle to the sea, where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway, blocked up with masonry of the same style, as shown in the accompanying woodcut; beyond which was a high tower overgrown with ivy" (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The (apparently northern) classical gate no longer survives.

56b.

Northeast Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares Kerasous

57a.

View from Interior

Kerasous, Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor

57b. Detail, Masonry on North Side

58a. Classical Gateway through Eastern Ridge Wall, North Side

Kerasous

58b.

Eastern Ridge Wall, Interior, with Catwalk of Classical Masonry below

59a.

Interior, North Wall and Rock-cut Features

59b. Part of Window and possible Gate in Northwest Wall, Interior

Kerasous, Citadel Keep

60a. Citadel Keep, Niche in North Wall

61.

60b.

Citadel Keep, South Entrance, Interior

Mosaic Floor Kerasous

62a. General View, looking West

62c.

62b.

Foundations of Church

Gedik Kaya Kilise

Foundations of Church, General View

63.

Gedik Kaya Kilise, Rock-cut Tomb

64b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, Southwest Tower, Exterior

64a. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, General View, looking North

North Walls, Interior, General View

Southwest Tower, Interior, with Kerasous at left and Dikmen Tepe at center background

65a.

65c.

Giresun Adasi

65d.

65b.

Niche in West Wall, Interior

North Walls, Interior Masonry, detail

66.

Northwest Tower

67b.

67.

Keep, Exterior from South Giresun Adasi

Keep, Interior

68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from North, with Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at left, Ford

across Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at center, and Castle on Peak beyond

68b. Kalecik-Hisariistii (Kenchrina?), General View from West, with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind Rock Promontory

69a.

View from East-northeast, with Kilise Burunu (right background) and Ottoman curuk Kale below, Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (right center), Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), and perhaps Petroma (Rock at left) with Halkavala below (after Tournefort, 1701)

69b.

cur ik Kale, Site of Western Castle Tripolis

70a.

70b.

View from Southeast, after building of New Coastal Road

View from South, before building of New Coastal Road

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

71a.

71b.

Kuruca Kale, Pointed Projections East of Entrance

Remains of Quay Southwest of Kuruca Kale Tripolis

72a.

Battery at Northwest Corner

72b.

Steps to Entrance

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

73.

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking Northwest, from Vantage Point at Southeast Round Projection (Entrance at bottom left), and Tower at center left replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a. Steps to South Entrance

74b. Interior, looking East to Vaulted Tunnel

Petroma, Castle

75.

Petroma (Rocky Peak at left) from West Bank of the Philabonites, looking East-northeast

76.

Suma Kale from East

77a.

North Wall, showing Beams at Base

77b.

View from West

Suma Kale

78a.

78b.

View from Southwest

Eastern Section of Castle Walls from South

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

79a. Castle Walls from West, showing Position of Blocked Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at left) and

Present Gate (between Round Towers at right)

J 79b.

Interior of Castle, General View from South, showing Exterior of Present Gate (bottom left), Church Site (foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Citadel and Keep (top right) Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

80a.

80b.

Exterior

Interior

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Blocked Former Gate

-

r'

'1

81a.

Exterior from South

V

_Th3fr

r

81 b.

,.

4

—

Interior from North

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Citadel Entrance

82a.

82b.

Present Gate, Exterior, with North Tower at left

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at left) to North Tower of Present Gate (at right)

83a.

Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Cistern Entrance SSebinkarahisar

84a.

General View from South-southeast, before building of New Coastal Road

84b. Inner Bailey from Southwest

Koralla

oc

86.

Koralla, Middle and Inner Baileys from South

7)

b

4w

0

0 Cd

00

88a. cqme Ond Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from East

88b.

Yoros Burunu Kale from West, before building of New Coastal Road

89a.

South Wall, Exterior, looking West

89b.

View from West Gelida Kale

90a.

(Ca. 1890)

90b.

General View

Kordyle from South-southeast

91 a.

Walls of Westernmost Corner, Exterior, looking Northeast toward Projecting Tower

91b. Castle, Interior, looking toward Westernmost Corner, showing Break in Wall at right indicating Projecting Tower, and Window in Wall at left above Hidden Door to Projecting Keep

Kordyle

92a.

93b.

Kordyle, Keep, Exterior from Southwest

Fol Maden, Church, Apses, Exterior

92b.

Kordyle, Keep, Interior, Middle and Upper Storey Windows

93a.

Fol Maden, Church from Southwest

93c.

Apses, Interior

93d.

North Conch. Traces of Painting

Fol Maden, Church

94.

Trikomia, Central Kalenima Dere, looking West from near Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe (Horovi) at left, and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at top right

95a.

Visera, Church from Southeast (1929)

95c.

95b.

Mimera (Sivri Kale) from West Trikomia

Visera, Church from Southwest (1959)

96a.

Mimera (Sivri Kale), East Wall

96b.

Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse. Ropework Decoration, detail

Trikomia

97.

Walls, Interior, looking South down Cheriana distance, with Ulusiran at upper left

Valley to Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in far

98a. View from South

Mumya Kale

98b. Mumya Kale, Structure on Summit

99b. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulreker), Fortified Church

99a. Mumya Kale, looking Southwest to Nor§un, at least Two Walls, Exterior

100.

Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulceker), Fortified Church, North Wall. Painting, Martyr (left) and Military Saint (right)

101a. A5agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik,

Northern Piece of Masonry, detail

101b.

A§agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik, Basilica, looking Southeast

102a.

View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit) River

102b.

Kalur Kale, Fort

Kelora (Kalur, now cakirkaya)

103a.

103b.

Fields in foreground bear Evidence of Vicus Settlement.

General View

Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle, looking East

zO O

r0

TREBIS ONDE.

105a.

Trebizond from East (after Tournefort, 1701)

105b.

Daphnous from Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking West toward St. Eleutherios and Leontokastron. Original drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp. p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., Upper Slaughter Manor, inscribed: "The quarantine at Trebizond, from a

ruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill. The high building on the rocky point, is an old palace, now made use of as the quarantine."

106.

Daphnous from West (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (center foreground) and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, Frankish Cemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz Tepe (right background), and Mouth of Pyxites (left background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond

107.

Trebizond, Southeast Suburb from North (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of Panagia Theoskepastos in right background

108.

Trebizond, Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with Daphnous Harbor (left foreground), Meydan (dark square at upper right); at right New Coastal Road which destroyed Eastern Foreshore, although Former Greek Frontisterion survives in right foreground

109a.

Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus Aurelius Apolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris

109b.

Trebizond

Lower City, East Wall. Malediction of 1302, and Regulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen (now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul), photographed in situ (ca. 1890)

110a.

Middle City, Foot of Northwest Wall, Classical Masonry Trebizond

110b.

Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at left) from Southwest

1 1 la.

Exedra between Middle City and Citadel, Classical Masonry, from East

l 1 lb.

Zagnos Koprusu, South Side, Classical Masonry (arrows) Trebizond

I 12a.

View from South-southwest (ca. 1940)

112b.

View from Southwest

Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4

113.

West Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related to Tower (double exposure, 1893)

Trebizond, Lower City

114.

Trebizond, Relief Blocks

115a.

Molos Kapisi from North

115b.

Tower East of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Interior

Trebizond, Lower City

I 16a.

1

I 6b.

Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner (now destroyed) from Northwest

Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner (now destroyed) from Southeast (Hunter, 1899)

117a.

Trebizond

Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu, South Side, Masonry detail

I 17b.

South Side, Masonry

118b.

118a.

Ravine Stream, North Side

Ravine Stream, South Side

Trebizond, Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu

119a.

South of Zagnos Koprusu

Trebizond, Middle City, West Wall

120.

Trebizond, Middle City, Tabakhane Koprusu and East Wall from North (ca. 1893), showing Complete North Curtain Wall of Citadel, Top of Tower of John IV at left, and Structure encasing Exedra at right

121a.

Middle City, Byzantine Wall and window North of Chrysokephalos

Trebizond

121b.

Citadel, North Wall, Feature 3, Masonry E2

122.

Trebizond, Citadel, General View from Southeast, with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in foreground and Gulbahar Hatun Camii beyond Citadel (telephoto lens distorts scale)

123a.

View from Northeast

View from Northeast Corner

Trebizond, Citadel, North Wall (Feature 5), showing Ottoman Gate G attached to Wall E2

123b.

124a.

Citadel, North Wall, Interior between Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2, with Traces of Earlier Foundations

124b.

Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine of St. Athanasios the Exorcist Trebizond

125a.

Exterior (Feature 8), showing Curve at right mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3 on D3, with Blocked Crenellations midway up Wall, on about Five Courses of A at left on Corner

125b.

Interior, looking along Feature 8 toward Feature 13, showing Crenellations Unblocked since 1893

Trebizond, Citadel, Northeast Corner

e

126.

View from East Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower of John IV at left (South) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading to Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and Buttress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to right of Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost), including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at left (Northeast Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at right: Masonry A Base, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations, surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with Crenellations unblocked

127a.

127b.

Trebizond, Citadel

View from East Ravine (before 1914)

View from East Ravine (1963)

128a.

129.

Feature 12, Masonry D1, detail, showing Water Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top

128b.

Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from South, showing Position of Two Christian Reliefs

View from Feature 13, looking North toward Feature 8 Trebizond, Citadel, East Wall

130a.

The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden

130b.

Elijah and the Raven

East Wall, Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

131 a.

View from South, showing "Theodora's Bedchamber" (Feature 22) at left, and Tower of John IV (Feature 16) at right

131b.

Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Interior from West, with St. Eugenios in Background Trebizond, Citadel

132.

Trebizond, Citadel, Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from Southeast (1916), showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry E3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60 (top lost between 1893-1916) above

133a.

133b.

View from East, showing Feature 22 ("Theodora's Bedchamber") above Courses of E3, Six or Seven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall in Masonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A Trebizond, Citadel, Southeast Corner, Inner and Outer Walls

View from West, showing Feature 22 (with Overhang of "Theodora's Bedchamber") at left and Masonry A below

134a.

General View (1971)

134b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, especially on Outer Wall between Features 19 and 18 (1916)

Trebizond, Citadel, Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from South

135a.

Southwest Buildings from Northeast, showing Features 21 (foreground), 22 (left background), and 23 (right background)

135b.

Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Interior Trebizond, Citadel

136a.

136b.

Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from Southwest

Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration of Feature 24 at right Trebizond, Citadel

137a.

Features 26 and 27, looking North from Feature 25, showing Modern Facing over Masonry Types

137b.

Northwest Hall (Feature 28) from South-southeast Trebizond, Citadel

138a.

138b.

Masonry C. Lower East Facade, Window at left

North Face, Windows in Lower Register (right-hand window refaced)

Trebizond, Citadel, Feature 28

139a.

139b.

Feature 28, Northeast Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 (above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three Stone Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman Times

West Wall, Exterior, Face of Feature 28 between Features 27 and 29, showing Later D or E Work Trebizond, Citadel

140a. Exterior (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry D2 (telephoto view)

140b.

View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost Crenellations between Masonry D3 and E3 at right and D2 at left Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall

141.

View of Features 19 to 27

142.

Bastion 26, Exterior Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall

143.

View of Features 24 to 32

144.

View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of Exedra (Feature 1), and Section between 30 and 32 (at left) pitted with Windows of Later Private Houses and much refaced in H

Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall

145a.

North and West Walls from Zagnos Koprusu

145b.

Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom left Trebizond, Citadel

146a.

Join between Masonry D3 and E3 Northwest of Bastion 19, detail (telephoto view)

Trebizond, Citadel

146b.

Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3

147a.

Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base

Trebizond, Citadel

147b.

Bastion 26, South Face, showing possible E3 Work on One or More Types of Earlier Indeterminate Masonry

148a.

Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Door from South

Trebizond, Citadel

148b.

Bastion 30 from South, showing possible Masonry El and E3 above Earlier Footing

149.

Trebizond, Leontokastron from West (ca. 1893), with Church B in foreground

150a.

View from East-southeast (ca. 1893)

150b. North Facade

Trebizond, Bedesten

15 I a.

151b.

Leontokastron, Southwest Structure and Gate, with Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

Tomb of Alexios IV from South-southeast( 1916), with Kulakli Cesme between Tomb and North Apse of Chrysokephalos Trebizond

152a.

Eastern Seaboard, looking West from Leontokastron (before 1923). In foreground West Wall of Leontokastron (No. 14), then Venetian Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19th-century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21 and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

152b.

Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from Frontisterion and Southeast (1958)

Trebizond

153a. View from Southeast

153b.

View from Southwest

Soguksu Church L (No. 39)

154.

Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893), with Belfry at left, "Milk Fountain" below, and West Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at right

Trebizond

155a.

Trebizond

Gate of St. Dynamis and cifte Hamami (No. 42) from Southwest, with Chapel M (No. 40) Northwest of cifte Hamami

155b.

Kaymakh, Armenian Monastery (1959), showing Main Church (and Lost Zhamatun) at left, and Chapel of 1421 and Monastic Buildings of 1688 at right

156.

Trebizond, Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery, Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel

157a.

From East-northeast

Trebizond, Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery, Main Church, Pentagonal Apse

157b. Interior, before reroofing (1929)

158a.

158b.

Zhamatun, East Wall, North Side. Painting, the Crucifixion (ca 1893)

Trebizond, Kaymakh, Armenian Monastery, Main Church

West Wall. Painting above Central Door, Hetoimasia (1959)

159b.

159a.

Khach`k`ar near Lintel of Smaller chapel

Khach`k`ar in Main Church

Trebizond, Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery

160a.

Upper chapel from Northeast

160c.

Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform South of Rock-cut Chapel

160b.

160d.

Trebizond, Manglavita (No. 49)

Upper Chapel, Masonry, detail

Rock-cut Chapel from South

161.

Trebizond

Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39m, depth 0.08 m) from St. George Kourtza (No. 82), probably originally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with Inscription

162.

Panagia Chrysokephalos, Interior, looking West, showing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, and Katechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, where Emperor and Empress appeared for Coronation Acclamations, above

163.

164.

St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and North Porch from East-northeast

St. Anne (No. 61) from South (ca. 1893) Trebizond

165a.

165b.

Chapel from Northeast (1963)

Arch over North Door, Exterior (1963)

Trebizond, St. Andrew (No. 60)

166a.

;'"' South Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after 1893

166b.

Relief, Warrior at left; Winged Figure (Head at top, Wings behind, Legs below at right); and Inscription

167a.

Reused Capital, from Southeast

167b.

Reused Capital, from Northeast

Trebizond, St. Anne

168a.

168b.

View from South

Reused Classical Block over West Door, with supposed Justimanic Inscription

Trebizond, St. Basil (No. 66)

169.

170a.

Wall Painting exposed in 1973

Wall Painting, Angel

Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End

170b.

170c.

Head of Christ

Left Hand of Christ Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End Wall Painting, details

171.

172.

St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 from Southeast (photo of ca. 1893)

St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) from North-northeast (ca. 1893) Trebizond

173a.

First Church, North Wall, Exterior, Molding

173c.

173b.

Apse and Drum from Northeast

Trebizond, St. Philip (No. 108)

North Capital and Moldings around Former West Door

174.

St. Sabbas (No. 111), East Cave Chapel. Sts. Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)

175.

Possible Remains of Western Extension of "Sea Wall" near S. Croce (?), East of Molos (1932) Trebizond

176a.

From East-southeast (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan)

From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s and immeditely before Restoration of 1961-62 Trebizond, Hagia Sophia (No. 112), Views of Tower

176b.

176c.

From East-southeast (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of 1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits

177.

178a.

Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)

Tower, Base of East Wall. Inscription: "Etovs,s'h.'XE' (I)v(btxtLwvos) E' jQX"1*L (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)

178b. Tower, East Face, Exterior Panel. Painted Inscription of John IV:... (3)MRXE-is xai ahtoxpdtwp `P(wµai)wv xat

FIEpatEtas 6 (M>`)yac Koµv(n)vds xai v(t)6S tov EvoE(3EOtdtov ((3a)aLXEw(S) xvp(t)ov

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia

179a.

Apse, Conch

179b.

East Wall, South Side Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of South Wall

180b.

East Wall, South Side, detail Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

181.

182a.

East Wall, North Side

West Wall. The Dormition

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

182b.

Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephonias

182c.

Head of Mourner

The Dormition, details

182d.

The Dormition, detail, Head of Mourner

183.

South Door, Keystone of Arch

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

184a. East Side. The Baptism

184b.

West Side. The Transfiguration

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South door

185a.

The Annunciation

185b.

The Annunciation, detail, the Virgin

186a. The Nativity, detail

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

186b.

Sheep

186c.

Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

Nativity, details

187.

The Presentation

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

188a.

188b. Ears and Tongues

The Cosmos

South Wall. The Pentecost, details

189.

North Window, Arch. Pattern in top center

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

190a.

The Crucifixion

190b.

Epitaphios Threnos

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

190c.

191.

The Anastasis

Base at East End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other Graffiti on Robe Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

192b.

192a.

South Apse

193a.

Chapel from Southeast

Center and North Apses

Trebizond, Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)

193b.

193c.

Apse. Wall Painting

South Wall. Painting

Phantak ((;akilca Koyu)

194a.

194b.

North Wall. Inscription

South Wall. Large Figure

194c.

North Wall. Two Female Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B

195.

Narthex. Two Martyr Saints

196.

Exterior. Mounted Saint

West Wall

197.

South Wall, Exterior. Warrior Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyii), Church B

198.

199a.

Monastery of St. George Peristereota (Ku5tul, Simsirli) from North

General View from South, showing Dark Line of Bushes marking Buried Church

199b.

Nave and Main Apse, looking Northeast, showing Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God (hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below in Archway

Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

200a.

North Door and Ruined Porch, Exterior, looking Southeast

200b.

201a.

West Door, Interior

201b.

North Door, Interior

Nave, North Side, before Destruction of Painting of Mother of God

Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

202a.

North Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier

202b.

203b.

North Apse. Archangel Gabriel

Northeast Pier, West Face. Foliated Cross

Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

204b. 204a. Southwest Pier, East Face.

St. Theodore Stratelates, after Mutilation

Southwest Pier, East Face, looking Southwest from Center of Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay, South Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena

Sarma§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

204c.

Sarm§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church, Center Bay, South Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, after Mutilation

205.

Spelia (Ispela, Ocakli), Church from Southeast

206.

AngUrga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from Northwest

207a.

Doubera (Libera, Yazlik), Castle

207c.

Grotto, St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt?

207b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist

Doubera (Libera, Yazlik)

208.

Monastery and Mt. Mela from Northeast

Monastery (1929) Soumela (Meryemana)

209.

210a.

210b.

South Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and Andronikos (1929)

North Wall, Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in 1970) Soumela (Meryemana), Katholikon

211.

212a.

View from Kipla Mahalle, looking South, showing Beginning of Old Summer Road to Castle at Center Horizon

Gate Tower

212b.

Wall overlooking Valley

Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)

9

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MP

214.

View from Northeast 215b.

215a.

North Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, the Christ Child, and Mother of God with Donor (not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon of 1391) below

Apse, Conch. Theophany Sachnoe (Kopriiyanm), "Kurt Boghan," The Taxiarchai Church (1929)

216a.

216b.

North Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias, from above

Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from Southeast Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)

217a.

217b.

The Ascension (2)

The Koimesis (4), detail Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

218.

The Heavenly Host (5), detail

219b.

The Annunciation and the Nativity (7), details

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

220.

The Nativity

221.

The Presentation (7)

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

222.

The Baptism (8)

223a. The Raising of Lazarus (9)

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

223b.

The Raising of Lazarus, detail

224a. The Crucifixion (10)

224b.

The Anastasis (11)

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

225a.

St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15), detail (note Graffiti)

225c.

225b.

Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30), and St. George (31) Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

226a.

226b.

Pyxites, Northwest Slope, General View, showing Panagia Kremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa (Sevimili) above

Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro, looking North, with Krenasa, Giannakanton, Pontyla, and Giannanton at right, and Kounakalin to left of Prytanis River

227a. Palaiokastro (on Spur), General View, looking North from Chapsa (Hamsikoy)

228.

227b.

Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from Northeast

Palaiokastro, Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy Kale, Dik Kaya Kale) from East

229a.

View of Village on South Side of Pass (above) and Ruined Han (below) from Castle

Castle

Zigana (Kalkandere)

229b.

230.

Imera, Monastery of St. John from Northwest (1893)

a

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231 a.

231b.

View from South

Upper and Lower Towers

Nacarli (Mochora?), Yagli Dere Kale

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232c.

Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale) from Northeast

Castle from North, showing Curtain Wall at left

233b.

Ardasa (Torul)

View from Northeast and Zigana Road, showing Castle at left, above Gorge where Philabonites becomes Kanis (Harsit) River

233a.

233c. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Curtain Wall, Interior

233d.

Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Tower at Summit

234. Kirkilise, Chapel from Southeast

235a. Double Church from Southeast, with Chapel B in foreground

235b.

Chapel B, Apses Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, South Side

Dipotamos (Ikisu KOyü)

236b. Chapel A, East End in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu Kale) in background

237a. Chapel B, North Wall (former Exterior South Wall,

Chapel A). Red and Black Decoration to left of Door

238.

237b.

Chapel A, West Wall. Head of Saint

Castle (Ikisu Kale) from Southwest

Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

239.

Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle

240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos,

ed. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the Cheriana Road

241.

Golacha (?) (Colo§ana), Castle from West

242b.

Sorogaina (Soruyana) Castle

Lower Gate from Upper Gate

242a. From South

243a.

Bayana Kale from Northwest

243b.

View from West

243c. View from Northeast

Bayana Kale

244a. Castle from West

244b.

Castle, West Walls from East

245. Chapel A from East

Tzanicha (Canca)

246.

Chapel B (left) and Chapel A (right) from West

247a. View from South

247b. Window Soffit, Acrostic

Chapel B

Tzanicha (Canca)

248a. Apse, North Side, Decoration

248c.

248b.

West Wall, North Side, Two Standing Saints

Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom) Tzanicha (Canca), Chapel A

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250a.

250b.

View from Southwest

View from North Kog Kale

25 I a.

Northwest Tower and Main Gate

251 c.

Interior, Northeast Corner

251b.

Kog Kale

Interior, Kitchen Wall and Fireplace

252.

Central Cistern

253b.

East Entrance

253a.

Kouazi (Kovans)

View from Southwest, showing Blocked Cave (below) and West Tower (above)

254a.

254b.

View from Southwest

View from South, showing Upper (left) and Lower (right) Fortifications

Kouazi (Kovans)

255b.

Kouazi (Kovans) from South, showing Lower Fortifications in foreground

255a. Kouazi (Kovans), West Tower, Interior, looking East

256b.

256a.

Kovans Koyu, Chapel, Apse

Kovans Koyu from South

257a.

257b.

West Wall

South Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in foreground

Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)

258a.

South Wall, Blocked Door

258b.

South Door, Lintel

259.

Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)

South Wall, Window

260a.

260b.

East Wall

Main Apse, Window, Exterior

260c.

Northeast Corner, showing Blocked Pastophory

Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)

261.

262.

Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii), Interior, looking Southeast

Hosmesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse

263d.

View from South

263c.

Kalecik on Arakli Burunu

263b.

View from West

263a.

View South from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu, showing Attached Walled Site

View from East

265a. North Gate, Masonry with Cornice, detail

264.

Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakli Burunu

265b. North Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Arch

General View from West, showing North Gate at Edge of Slope

265c.

South Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor

with artificially enlarged Caves at left

266a. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m),

View from Southeast

Fortification at South Entrance

Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Dere

266c.

266b.

-

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270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking South from Walled Town

270b.

270c.

Upper Citadel, Northwest Tower, Brick Arch Rhizaion

Upper Citadel, Southwest Tower, Exterior

271b.

Interior, looking South, Relieving Arches

271c.

Interior, looking North, Relieving Arches and Tower 2 Rhizaion, Lower Citadel, West Wall

271a. Exterior, Feature 1 (Bastion) and Tower 2, looking North

272a.

West Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting

272b.

Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9

272c. Northwest End, Tower 8

Rhizaion, Walled Town

273.

Rhizaion, Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled Town, with Modern Rize to East in background

274.

Bozuk Kale near Gundogdu, East Wall

275.

Kordyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from South

276a. General View from South

276b. West Wall, Gateway

276c. West Wall, Second and Third Storeys

Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi

278a.

Cihar-Kise Kale from North, showing Typical Housing and Barns

First and Second Storeys

277a. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi, North Wall,

278b.

277b.

Cihar-Kise Kale, Outer Walling

Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi, North Wall, Upper Storey

280b.

279.

Door, Arch, Interior

Cihar-Kize Kale, Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork 280c. Door, Arch, Exterior

280a.

Church from West

Sapo Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

28 I a.

281c.

General View from North

281b.

Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches Zil Kale

General View from South

282b.

Keep, Window on North Side 282a.

a

k

4'

c

-

Zil Kale

Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from West

ti;- •

I

a

282c.

Keep, Interior, East Wall

283a. Varos Kale, Northwest Side, Door 283c.

283b.

Varos Kale, General View from South

View from Varos Kale, looking South to Bas Hemsin and Tatos Mountains

286.

Varo§ Kale, possible Cistern

Apsaros, Castle from South (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)

284.

287a.

Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry

Ispir Castle, Church from Southwest

285.

287b.

Ispir Castle and Akampsis ((;oruh) River from North

287c.

Ispir Castle from Northwest, showing Church (top left) and Covered Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (top center) to River (below)

288a. View from West, showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at right), Church (at left), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)

288b.

Church, Main Apse from Southeast, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed elsewhere)

288c.

Ispir Castle

Sultan Melik Mescit, Northwest Corner and Minaret Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse Yellow Stone above and Herringbone Work below

289a.

Entrance from Northwest

289b.

Northeast Side, Masonry

Castle near Norgah, Ispir

290a. View from West

290b.

Masonry and Inscription

Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugrilsah