Career Opportunities in Transportation

Career

Opportunities in

Transportation

Career

Opportunities in

Transportation Richard A. McDavid Susan Echaore-McDavid

Career Opportunities in Transportation Copyright  2009 by Richard A. McDavid and Susan Echaore-McDavid All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without ­permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Ferguson An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDavid, Richard A. Career opportunities in transportation / Richard A. McDavid, Susan Echaore-McDavid. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-7401-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8160-7401-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Transportation—Vocational guidance. 2. Transport workers. I. Echaore-McDavid, Susan. II. Title. HD8039.T7M35 2009 2008042369 388.023—dc22 Ferguson books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Ferguson on the World Wide Web at http://ferguson.infobasepublishing.com Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage  10   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1 This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Dedicated to our mothers, Elizabeth W. McDavid and Frances D. Echaore

CONTENTS Introduction  ix Acknowledgments  xvii How to Use This Book  xix

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES Bicycle Shop Owner  2 Driving School Instructor  5 Driver’s License Examiner  8 Car Salesperson  11 Car Rental Agent  14 Parking Attendant  17 Tow Truck Driver  20 Automotive Technician  23 Motorcycle Mechanic  26 Highway Patrol Officer  29

GROUND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Local Bus Driver  34 Paratransit Driver  37 Intercity Bus Driver  40 School Bus Driver  43 Shuttle Driver  46 Taxicab Driver  49 Chauffeur  52 Transportation Dispatcher  55 Bus Mechanic  57 Transit Police Officer  60

DELIVERY SERVICES Courier  64 Bicycle Messenger  67 Air Courier (Freelance)  70 United States Postal Service (USPS) Mail Carrier  72

Armored Car Driver  75 Route Sales Driver  77

TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING Truck Driver  82 Hazmat Truck Driver  86 Van Operator (Moving Industry)  89 Truck Dispatcher  92 Shipping Clerk  95 Freight Broker  98 Truck Mechanic  101 Forklift Operator  104 Warehouse Worker  107 Warehouse Manager  110

RAIL TRANSPORTATION Subway Operator  114 Light-rail Operator  117 Locomotive Engineer  120 Railroad Conductor  123 Brakeman  126 Railroad Special Agent  129

RAILROAD OPERATIONS Trainmaster  134 Train Dispatcher  137 Yardmaster  140 Rail Yard Worker  143 Signalman  146 Track Worker  149 Railcar Repairer  152

AIR TRANSPORTATION Commercial Pilot  156 Airline Pilot  159

Flight Attendant  163 Federal Air Marshal  166 Air Traffic Controller  169 Aircraft Dispatcher  172 Aircraft Mechanic  175 Flight Instructor  178

Aerospace Engineer  261 Naval Architect  264 Machinist  267 Welder  270 Shipfitter  273 Assembly Line Worker  276

AIRPORT AND AIRLINES OPERATIONS

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Airport Manager  182 Fixed Base Operator (FBO) Owner  185 Transportation Security Officer (TSO)  188 Customer Service Agent (Airlines)  191 Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisor  194 Ramp Service Agent  197

Ship Captain  202 Deck Officer  205 Deckhand  208 Ship Engineer  211 Steward  215 Ship Pilot  218

Manager  280 Transportation Engineer  283 Transportation Planner  286 Landscape Architect  289 Transportation Specialist  292 Geographic Information System (GIS) Analyst  295 Transportation Inspector  298 Construction Engineer  301 Civil Engineering Technician  304 Heavy Equipment Operator  307 Highway Maintenance Worker  310 Bridge Tender  313

PORTS AND HARBORS OPERATIONS

SCENIC AND SIGHTSEEING TRANSPORTATION

Maritime TRANSPORTATION

Executive Port Director  222 Harbormaster  225 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Import Specialist  228 Customs Broker  231 Longshore Worker  234 Marina Manager  237 Motorboat Mechanic  240

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION Pipeline Engineer  244 Pipeline Inspector  247 Pipeliner  250

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Engineer  254 Automotive Engineer  258

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Charter Boat Captain  318 Travel Agent  321 Tourist Guide  324 Visitor Information Specialist  327

APPENDIXES I. Education and Training Resources on the Internet  332 II. The Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)  336 III. Professional Unions and Associations  338 IV. Resources on the World Wide Web  345 V. U.S. Departments and Agencies on the Internet  355 Glossary  357 Bibliography  361 Index  368

Introduction What are some of the reasons people need transportation? Think about people you know, such as your parents, friends, and neighbors. How do they get to and from work, schools, stores, and other places? How do you travel from place to place? Have you ever wondered how equipment and supplies are delivered to all the different workplaces in your community? How is it that gasoline is always ready to be pumped whenever you pull in for a fill-up? Just what do truck drivers haul around in their trucks all day? How did your MP3 player make it all the way over here from China, where it was made? Yes, when we think about it, we do not simply use transportation to move ourselves, for fun or for work, around our communities. People also use transportation for moving all kinds of goods to places all around the world. You name it: food, clothing, building materials, books, furniture, camping equipment, gasoline, and so on are all moved by ships, trucks, trains, vehicles, and pipelines. All these modes of transportation are built and supported by an entire industry. That is the transportation industry. There is more to the transportation industry than the movement of people and cargo. It also includes a wide range of areas that many people may not consider as being part of this industry. For example, the manufacturing of transportation equipment; the development of transportation infrastructure; the management and administration of transport systems and networks; the enforcement of transportation laws, regulations, policies, and procedures; and scenic and sightseeing transportation are also vital aspects of the transportation industry.

In Career Opportunities in Transportation, you will learn about some of the most common and notso-familiar careers that the transportation industry has to offer. This book presents 103 occupations that you will find in ground, air, rail, maritime, pipeline, and other diverse areas of transportation.

Development of Transportation From our studies of ancient societies, we know that even without the trappings of our modern civilizations, human beings by nature have sought ways to make themselves travel faster or to move their belongings from place to place. People rode on horses or camels. Humans dragged things across the ground on sledges that they pulled themselves or attached to animals. People who lived on the ice used sleds, a similar technology. Human beings in most cultures made boats or carts to sail on water or roll across the land. In our reckoning of history, our ancestors made steady progress in refining various modes of transportation. They made wheels larger, invented sails and oars for boats, and bred beasts of burden to run faster or haul more weight. In relatively recent times, humans made tremendous strides by inventing engines that helped propel vehicles and boats across rails, along roadways, and across the oceans. People developed ways to fly through the air in balloons and airplanes. Men and women now orbit the earth and have walked on the moon. Our transportation technology even takes cargo beyond the reaches of our solar system when scientists attach disks full of data to exploratory probes. In the United States, in particular, transportation played a key role in the development and ix

expansion of a new nation. Native Americans are commonly thought to have arrived on this continent by foot when they crossed the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska and points south. Scholars now suggest that these ancient peoples also arrived on these shores in boats and kayaks as they followed the migrations of sea mammals along the edges of ice packs in the far north of both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. During the 16th through 18th centuries, European colonists and missionaries and African slaves came to America aboard ships powered by sails. Some people brought horses to use as a fast mode of transportation. As the colonies and the emerging nation expanded westward in the late 18th and early part of the 19th centuries, explorers blazed trails by foot and on horseback. These trails were used later by settlers who crossed the continent in wagons pulled by oxen. A British invention, the railroad train, captured the imagination of Americans who soon used the new technology to travel quickly and move large quantities of goods back and forth across the vast distances. Steam engines powered riverboats and ocean-going vessels. Steam ships provided a means of travel across water without a dependence on wind or muscle power. This development helped to expand trade and allowed for greater numbers of immigrants to venture forth to the United States and help build our nation. The gold and silver rushes of the mid-19th century were fueled in part by the arrival of a new wave of immigrants from Asia and Europe, some of whom arrived aboard the new steam vessels. The immigrants also contributed to the building of railroads across the western United States until the entire nation could be traversed by train. Bicycles were soon invented and brought recreational fun and a cheap mode of transportation to millions of Americans. In the early part of the 20th century, the introduction of automobiles and airplanes inspired a leap in social and industrial progress. The advent of the assembly line ushered in an era of unprecedented mass production. Large-scale manufacturing of automobiles and airplanes helped Americans become a more mobile, urban, industrious, and prosperous people. To fuel the millions of vehicles as well as ships, railroads, and industries, another form of transportation, the pipeline, became stan

Career Opportunities in Transportation

dard for delivering petroleum and natural gas products across a wide delivery system network. Also during the 20th century, Americans entered the realm of space travel. Engineers designed compact, efficient means to orbit the Earth, travel to the moon, explore the far reaches of our solar system, and establish a permanent space station. Creating these satellites and space vehicles inspired the development of such technologies as calculators, personal computers, digital cameras, and magnetic resonance imaging medical devices. Today, transportation technologies and networks are the most complex and sophisticated in history. Our society is poised to enter a new era of alternative fuel technologies, which will help serve to resolve the question of what to do about diminishing supplies of petroleum. Many of us think about alternative energy in terms of our personal transportation. We live in a society in which most of us travel daily in our own cars. The price of gasoline is very much a major concern to all of us, even when we rely on public passenger transit. Rising fuel costs also impact transit patrons through higher bus, subway, and taxi fares. Changing fuel technology will affect cargo transportation even more because rising fuel costs are always passed along to consumers. Without the rapid, inexpensive distribution of goods to every city, town, and village, we would live in a very different, less comfortable world. This is an exciting time for young people to enter any of the 103 careers described in this book. As new technologies are introduced, so also will a multitude of career opportunities become available throughout all of the transportation industries.

Ground, Air, and Rail Transportation For most of us, our initial introduction to transportation was the automobile. Whether we were taken places in the family car or in taxicabs, as toddlers, riding in cars was an adventure. We were introduced to the sensation of moving rapidly and smoothly over great distances beyond our family home. As we peeped through the window, we saw all kinds of cars. We also saw a fascinating array of vehicles of all sizes, including trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and buses. Sometimes the car came to a stop, and we saw a train pass right in front of us. We

counted the cars and waved at the engineer in the locomotive. If we chanced to look up through the car window into the sky, we saw airplanes streaking across the blue and into clouds. We were told that there were people inside those airplanes. We wondered what it must be like to fly and dreamed of the day we might be able to ride in those flying machines. These types of transportation made early impressions in all our young minds and, as we grew older, we perhaps realized that air, rail, and roadway modes of transportation also have the most direct impact on our lives. As you read Career Opportunities in Transportation, you will find many descriptions of careers that are directly or indirectly pertinent to these transportation modes. Career profiles in several chapters serve to show how men and women work to design, manufacture, put in place, and sustain ground, air, and rail transportation systems as well as keep them running smoothly. These experts are engineers, factory workers, sales personnel, professional drivers, pilots, dispatchers, air traffic controllers, mechanics, law enforcement personnel, and many others.

Public Transportation Many individuals travel to and fro by using public transportation. They ride buses, subways, commuter trains, light-rail trains, and ferries to school, their jobs, and business meetings. People who live in congested areas often rely on public transportation where driving their own cars is impractical. Some of us are unable to drive cars for various reasons. Others use public transit to save on fuel costs. For all these reasons, public transportation is a vital sector of the transportation industry. Career Opportunities in Transportation provides information about some of the men and women who operate and coordinate these modes of transportation to run smoothly and efficiently for the convenience of public transit patrons.

Maritime Transportation The ocean covers almost 71 percent of the Earth. Other bodies of water—lakes, rivers, and artificial waterways such as canals—are often interconnected and empty into the ocean from their inland loca-

tions. Ships of all sizes that are used for many purposes sail on these waters to carry passengers or cargo to harbors and ports all around the world. Commercial vessels are ships that generate income for their owners. The fleet of American commercial ships is called the U.S. Merchant Marine. It is made up of over 6,000 vessels that sail in domestic and international waters. They include cruise ships, tankers, vessels on the Great Lakes, container ships, tugboats, ferries, and fireboats. The government-contracted ships of the U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command and Maritime Administration’s Ready Reserve Force are also part of the U.S. Merchant Marine. In this book, you will learn about some of the men and women who work aboard commercial vessels. On board these ships, merchant mariners keep the engines and mechanical systems running smoothly and efficiently. They also staff shipboard crews, administer shipboard activities, and provide for the comfort and well-being of passengers and crew members. Other mariners guide vessels into and out of ports and harbors.

Supporting Roles Many support occupations play vital roles in the field of transportation. Mechanics work hard to create, repair, and maintain our fleets of automobiles, trucks, buses, and motorcycles in prime operational conditions. Engineers design vehicles, roadways, railroads, ships, and aircraft. Sales personnel work in dealerships to bring vehicles from manufacturers to consumers. Dispatchers and air traffic controllers monitor, schedule, and coordinate the movements of trucks, trains, and airplanes to help them arrive safely at their destinations on time every day. Our ports, harbors, and marinas support the activities of all kinds of maritime transportation. One chapter in this book features occupation profiles for men and women who tend movable bridges, manage imports and collect tariffs, load and unload ships, provide safe havens for ships and small boats, repair boat engines, and more. Career Opportunities in Transportation covers many occupations that specifically support transportation in the air and over land via railroads. These include such experts as aircraft mechanics, flight instructors, federal air marshals, and flight Introduction

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attendants. There are also men and women who work in and around airports as customer service agents, fixed base operators, transportation security officers, and airport managers, among others. Subway operators, railroad special agents, locomotive engineers, rail yard workers, track workers, railcar repairers, and more are described in two chapters devoted to railroad careers.

A Network of Transporting Goods In Career Opportunities in Transportation, you will read how transportation is just as much about the movement of cargo as it is about moving human beings. Goods of all kinds are moved to every sector of our globe on ships, trains, and trucks. Different occupations are involved in making sure cargo reaches its destination safely and on time. During recent decades, cargo transportation experienced a major type of transition to a system called intermodal transport. This system coordinates several transportation methods together to ship cargo around the world. Some people call this system multimodal transport. The most prominent manifestation of intermodal transport is the use of container shipping. Cargo is increasingly shipped in large metal boxes called containers, which carry foodstuffs, building materials, furniture, clothing, and consumer items of all descriptions. Containers are very convenient and efficient because they can easily be filled and stacked on enormous ships to cross the ocean and just as easily be unloaded at destination ports. Huge cranes that lift these heavy containers onto and off ships characterize container-shipping ports. Once they are unloaded from ships, the containers are stacked in large staging areas to await further transport. When companies or individuals located at inland destinations are ready to accept delivery, the containers are then placed on railroad flatcars or on trucks to be transported.

Logistics One of the most important factors in the shipment, delivery, and distribution of cargo is the system of logistics. Logistics is a term that originated with the military. It is also a term used in industry. It refers to the planning and direction of the movement xii

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of goods through a system or organization. For example, a factory produces a thousand units of a product such as staplers. The factory or another company warehouses the staplers. The warehouse or another company that buys the staplers distributes them to customers all at once or over time. This entire process from production through final delivery is called logistics. Career Opportunities in Transportation contains several occupation profiles devoted to the vital logistics component of the transportation industry. Such experts as truck drivers, freight brokers, warehouse workers and managers, truck dispatchers, forklift operators, van operators, sales route drivers, couriers, postal workers, and bicycle messengers are some of the men and women who sustain the system of logistics.

Pipeline Transportation For many of us, our usual perception of transportation involves vehicles that roll on wheels, aircraft, or vessels that navigate the waters. Another form of transportation does not involve any vehicles, aircraft, or vessels. This form of transportation is called the pipeline. Pipelines transport petroleum and natural gas between various points. There are almost 2 million miles of pipelines in the United States, and many more in other nations. Pipelines crisscross our landscape to move petroleum and petroleum products to and from refineries as well as deliver natural gas to businesses and homes. Many pipelines transport fuels under short expanses of sea, and some of them are situated on land above the ground. Most pipelines, however, are buried beneath the ground. Various engineers engage in planning, designing, and operating these pipeline systems. In addition, specialists and technicians inspect, service, and repair them to keep them running at optimal efficiency and safety. This book will describe the work of a few of these pipeline experts.

Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry One sector of the transportation industry that serves to tie all the disparate industry sectors together is manufacturing. It is one of several support industries that are covered in this book.

Specifically, the chapter titled “Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry” describes what men and women do to create vehicles of all kinds. In this chapter, you will learn how aerospace engineers, machinists, welders, assembly workers, and other transportation experts work every day to produce and refit ships, airplanes, automobiles, and other vehicles. You will also learn how engineers work to design all sorts of road vehicles, railroad trains, watercraft, and aircraft as well as their engines and other components. You will learn what such tradespersons as machinists, welders, assembly workers, and shipfitters do to bring complex engineering designs to “life” by assembling everything from the smallest nuts and bolts to complex subassemblies, tools, and equipment to massive engines, locomotives, ship’s hulls, and railroad infrastructures. You will learn how the various manufacturing trades and professions within the larger equipment manufacturing sector help to sustain a highly integrated transportation network.

Planning, Building, and Maintaining Transportation Systems Many careers involving transportation are not commonly considered to be transportation careers as such. Such career endeavors as transportation planning, landscape architecture, highway maintenance, construction, and engineering also contribute to and help sustain transportation systems. This book offers career profiles of some professionals, technicians, tradespersons, and skilled laborers who are involved in ensuring the safety and efficiency of our transportation systems.

Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation Transportation is not simply a matter of moving cargo and people back and forth to support our daily educational and business endeavors. It also is a means for us to enjoy our recreational pastimes. In Career Opportunities in Transportation, you will find profiles about men and women who give tours through museums and other sightseeing locales and work in travel agencies to help travelers plan their vacation excursions. You will also find information about how various experts contribute to the travel industry by

offering buses, airplanes, and boats for hire. Their service is called chartering. Individuals and groups may charter a boat, for example, to enjoy such pastimes as whale watching, scuba diving, or deep-sea fishing. Or, they may charter a bus to visit sightseeing destinations with a more comfortable, intimate road trip experience than public transportation can offer. Airplanes are also available for similar purposes to private parties so they may travel together to faraway, perhaps off-the-beaten-path destinations. The men and women who own and operate these chartered vehicles provide a special set of amenities and utilize an equally specialized set of skills to perform their jobs. The profiles for some of these experts are found in several different chapters of Career Opportunities in Transportation.

Job Outlook The transportation industry is worldwide and impacts the life of every human being. It is such an important part of the global economy that millions of people make their living by working in some facet of the industry. They work in government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, nonprofit groups, and private enterprises throughout the United States and the world. Job opportunities in many of the different fields in transportation are currently favorable, and in the case of many occupations should remain favorable for years to come. The U.S. Department of Labor has identified the transportation industry as being one of the industries in which it is difficult to find qualified candidates to fill many of the available jobs. Employment of many of the occupations profiled in Career Opportunities in Transportation is expected to increase considerably through the 2006–16 decade, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. According to the Career Voyages Web site (http://www.careervoyages.gov), employment of civil engineers, tour guides, ship captains, deck officers (mates), and ship pilots is predicted to grow by 18 to 26 percent between 2006 and 2016. The Web site also reports the following occupations to grow by 9 to 17 percent during the 2006–16 decade: • aerospace engineers • aircraft mechanics and service technicians Introduction

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• aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers • airline and commercial pilots • bus and truck mechanics and diesel-engine specialists • cargo and freight agents • civil engineering technicians • deckhands (or sailors) • flight attendants • heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers • highway maintenance workers • railroad conductors and yardmasters • school, transit, and intercity bus drivers • taxi drivers and chauffeurs • transportation inspectors • urban and regional planners • first-line supervisors and managers of helpers, laborers, and material handlers • first-line supervisors and managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators In addition to job growth, employers will need to replace workers who advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

A Note to High School Students Now is the time to start preparing for your future career, whether it is in transportation or another field that interests you. You need a well-rounded background, whether you choose to enter the workforce after graduation or continue your education at a vocational school, trade school, college, or university. It is important that you have a strong foundation in English, mathematics, computer, science, and social studies. Also, be sure to develop your writing, public-speaking, critical-thinking, and problemsolving skills, which will be essential to performing well in college as well as in your future jobs. If you plan to major in a science or engineering discipline, take as many science and math classes as you can to help you handle a college curriculum. Let your high school counselor and teachers know about your interest in pursuing a career in transportation or other fields. They can help you choose appropriate courses, as well as advise you xiv

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on the various career options that are available. They can also help you learn about appropriate apprenticeship programs or postsecondary schools that can provide you with the proper training and education to enter different fields. You can also start exploring different apprenticeship programs, vocational schools, trade schools, colleges, or universities on your own. Check out pamphlets, catalogs, and other written materials on different programs and schools. You should be able to find such materials at your career guidance center, school library, or public library. In addition, you can learn about different postsecondary schools on the World Wide Web.

Start Exploring Your Options Career Opportunities in Transportation provides you with basic information about 103 professions. When you come across occupations that look intriguing, take the time to learn more about them. The references mentioned throughout the book and in the appendixes can help you further research careers that interest you. In addition, here are a few other things you might do to explore a profession or field in more depth: • read books about the profession or field • read professional and trade magazines, journals, newspapers, and other print and online periodicals • visit Web sites of professional societies, unions, trade associations, businesses, and other organizations related to your desired occupation • talk with professionals who work in those jobs that interest you • visit settings where professionals work • enroll in courses related to the profession • browse through career resources that are available at libraries and career centers • obtain part-time, seasonal, volunteer, or internship positions in the transportation areas that interest you As you explore various occupations, you will discover the kind of careers you might like—or those you would not like at all. You will also be gaining valuable knowledge and experience. Furthermore, you will be building a network of contacts who may

be able to help with your next steps—obtaining further education and training, as well as future jobs.

This Book Is Yours Career Opportunities in Transportation is your reference book. Use it to read about jobs you have

often wondered about, as well as to learn about professions you never knew existed. Use it to start your search for the career of your dreams. Remember, only you can make your career goals and dreams come true. Believe in yourself. You can do it. We, the authors, know you can. Good luck! —Richard McDavid and Susan Echaore-McDavid

Introduction

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We could not have written this book without the help of the many experts in their various fields. We especially would like to thank the following individuals and groups for taking the time out of their busy schedules to talk with us by phone or through e-mail: Alaska Association of Harbormasters and Port Administrators Chuck Anderson, Director of Communications, Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Andy Burton, Director, The National Academy of Railroad Sciences (NARS), an innovative partnership with education (Johnson County Community College (JCCC) and industry (BNSF Railway) Fred Clements, Executive Director, National Bicycle Dealers Association Andy Duncan, President, International Federation of Bike Messenger Associations Kim E. Jackson, CAPP, Executive Director, International Parking Institute

Linda G. McIntyre, Esquire, General Manager/ Harbormaster, Moss Landing Harbor District, California John Stone, President, Alaska Association of Harbormasters and Port Administrators John Wraga Jr., Executive Director, Independent Fixed Base Operators Association We also wish to extend our thanks to Gary Mangus, Owner, The UPS Store (Hollister, California) for his insight about logistics and delivery services, as well as to Nancy Hannaford and David Roemer for their input on transportation planning and GIS topics. In addition, we wish to extend our gratitude to the many owners—individuals, companies, government agencies, and other organizations—whose Web sites we visited. We could not have done this book without their being willing to share information about their professions and fields on the Internet. Foremost, our sincere thanks go to our editors at Ferguson Publishing for being so patient and understanding with us. Thank you, James Chambers and Sarah Fogarty!

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Career Opportunities in Transportation provides basic information about 103 occupations that are available in the different transportation and related fields including personal transportation, passenger transportation, trucking and warehousing, delivery services, rail transportation, air transportation, maritime transportation, pipeline transportation, and scenic and sightseeing transportation. Professions from the transportation equipment manufacturing industry are also represented. In addition, this book covers some occupations involved in the design, construction, and maintenance of transportation systems. This book will describe what the 103 occupations are like and what the requirements are for entering each profession. You will also get a general idea of the salaries, job markets, and advancement prospects for the different occupations.

Sources of Information The information presented in Career Opportunities in Transportation comes from a variety of sources. Books and periodicals related to the different occupations were read by the authors along with research reports, pamphlets, and other materials created by professionals, professional associations, federal agencies, businesses, and other organizations. Job descriptions, work guidelines, and other work-related materials for the different occupations were also studied by the authors. In addition, transportation experts, professional and trade associations, and others were consulted. The World Wide Web was also an essential information source. The authors visited a wide

range of Web sites to learn about each of the occupations that are described in this book. These Web sites included those belonging to government agencies, trade associations, professional societies, transit systems, railroads, private companies, academic departments, nonprofit organizations, online periodicals, and more.

How This Book is Organized Career Opportunities in Transportation is designed to be easy to use and read. Altogether there are 103 job profiles in fourteen sections. A section may have as few as three profiles or as many as 12 profiles, and the profiles are usually two or three pages long. All profiles follow the same format so that you may read the profiles or sections in whatever order you prefer. Section one describes opportunities in bicycle, motorcycle, and automobile services that consumers seek for their personal transportation needs. Section two discusses jobs that are available in passenger transportation in both the public and private sectors. Section three provides information about several opportunities in delivery services, while section four deals with careers in truck transportation and warehousing. Specific occupations in rail transportation are covered in sections five and six, air transportation in sections seven and eight, and maritime transportation in sections nine and 10. In section 11, a few pipeline transportation jobs are described. Job opportunities in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry are presented in section 12, while occupations in the design, construction, xix

and maintenance of transportation systems are described in section 13. Lastly, several occupations available in the scenic and sightseeing transportation field are discussed in section 14.

The Job Profiles Each of the 103 profiles starts with the Career Profile—a summary of the job’s major duties, salary, job outlook, and opportunities for promotion. A profile also sums up general requirements and special skills needed for the job, as well as personality traits that successful professionals may share. The Career Ladder section is a visual presentation of a typical career path. The rest of each occupational profile is divided into the following parts: • Position Description describes what an occupation is and its major responsibilities and duties. • Salaries presents a general range of the wages that professionals may earn. • Employment Prospects provides a general survey of the job market for an occupation. • Advancement Prospects discusses some options which individuals may pursue to advance in their careers. • Education and Training describes the educational qualifications for entering a profession. • Special Requirements covers licenses, certificates, or registrations that professionals, tradespersons, and others may be required to possess. This section also mentions any other special qualifications that individuals must fulfill to become employed. • Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits generally describes the job requirements needed for entry-level positions. It also talks about some basic employability skills that employers expect job candidates to have. In addition, this part describes some personality traits that successful professionals have in common. • Unions and Associations provides the names of some professional associations and labor unions that professionals are eligible to join. • Tips for Entry offers general advice for gaining work experience, improving employability, and

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finding jobs. In many profiles, it also gives suggestions for finding more information on the World Wide Web.

Additional Resources At the end of the book are five appendixes that provide additional resources for the occupations described in Career Opportunities in Transportation. Appendix I provides Web resources for you to learn about educational programs for some of the professions described in this book. Appendix II explains what the commercial driver’s license is and the requirements for obtaining it. Appendix III presents contact information for professional unions and associations that were mentioned in this book. Appendix IV gives a listing of resources on the World Wide Web, which can help you learn more about the various occupations in this book. Finally, in Appendix V, a list of Web sites is given for federal agencies that are concerned with transportation safety, enforcement of transportation laws, transportation research, and other various aspects of transportation systems. In addition, Career Opportunities in Transportation provides a glossary that defines some of the terms used in this book, and a bibliography that lists titles of periodicals, books, and other resources to help you learn more about the professions that interest you.

The World Wide Web Throughout Career Opportunities in Transportation, Web site addresses for online resources are provided so that you can learn more on your own. All the Web sites were accessible as this book was being written. Since its publication, Web site owners may have changed Web site addresses, removed the Web pages to which you have been referred, or shut down their Web sites completely. Should you come across a URL that is unavailable, you may still be able to find the Web site by entering its title or the name of the organization or individual into a search engine.

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

BICYCLE SHOP OWNER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate and manage retail store; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Bicycle Dealer Salary Range: Unavailable Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—Business management courses; on-the-job training Experience—Years of experience in the bicycle retail industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, management, problem-solving, organizational, customer-service, interpersonal, and communication skills; patient, friendly, considerate, caring, creative,

Bicycle Shop Owner (Experienced)

Position Description

Bicycle Shop Owners are business professionals who offer bicycle sales, repair, and support services to their community. They operate independent or franchise bicycle shops. Some of them own several shops in different cities or states. These shop owners are knowledgeable about bicycles, bicycle riding, and bicycle repair. They are longtime bicycle enthusiasts, and many of them are current or former racing cyclists. Bicycle Shop Owners typically stock their stores with bicycles for both children and adults. Just as there are many reasons for riding bicycles, there are many kinds of bicycles within the four basic bicycle types: single-speed cruisers, three-speed utility bikes, lightweight multi-speed bikes, and specialty bikes. Specialty bicycles include tandem bikes, folding bikes, mountain bikes, and racing bikes. Many bicycle shops feature specific brands of bicycles, while others carry several brands. Along with offering several types of bicycles for sale, Bicycle Shop Owners sell bicycle accessories including helmets, locks, seats, tires, repair kits, lights, air pumps, clothing, shoes, and more. Some Bicycle Shop Owners carry other non-cycling items in their stores that their customers may enjoy. Most Bicycle Shop Owners repair bicycles or hire one or more employees who perform such tasks. These

       

Career Opportunities in Transportation

Bicycle Shop Owner (Novice) Bicycle Shop Manager or Bicycle Enthusiast

flexible, detail-oriented, optimistic, persistent, bold, enterprising, and foresighted Special Requirements—Must comply with proper local, state, and federal laws regulating business operations; business licenses required

retail owners also provide other services to the bicycle enthusiasts in their community. For example, they might sponsor bicycle tours and races, teach beginners how to ride their bicycles, and conduct bicycle safety programs at local schools or recreation areas. Many Bicycle Shop Owners maintain Web sites for their shops to provide detailed information to their customers as well as to attract customers from beyond their shop’s immediate vicinity. Bicycle Shop Owners, like other business professionals, are well versed in business practices. They are also aware of the risks involved in running a retail business. Individuals who wish to own a bicycle shop conduct extensive research. They gather information to help them determine how to structure their business, what kind of facilities they would need, what kind of competition they may face, and how much it would cost to start up their business. They may further consult with attorneys, accountants, business advisers, and successful business owners for help and advice. Before they open their shop, they carefully plan their course of action, which they write into their business plan. They consider such factors as where to locate their shop, how to configure their shop’s floor plan, how best to incorporate a marketing plan to attract and maintain customers, and how to forecast their timeline for breaking even and realizing profit. Bicycle Shop Owners use their business plan as a guideline for running

their business. Furthermore, they present their business plan to bankers and investors to gain financial backing. Potential Bicycle Shop Owners obtain all licenses and permits required by local, state, and federal governments for their type of business. When they open their shop, Bicycle Shop Owners design their work space to accommodate areas for displays, assembly and repair facilities, and sales activities. They establish an area for an office to manage their paperwork. They also use their office space to meet with product salespersons or to communicate with others who lend continuing support to their business, such as bookkeepers, accountants, or attorneys. As business owners, Bicycle Shop Owners have several responsibilities. For example, they: • ensure that customers are satisfied with the products and services provided by their shop • plan and coordinate their daily activities and those of their employees, including marketing, financing, managing inventory, and maintaining their work areas • formulate standard operational procedures and work standard policies • keep up-to-date with all accounts payable and taxes • troubleshoot problems as they arise in any aspect of their business • maintain inventory and sales records • promote their business by joining and networking with trade associations, local chambers of commerce, and other organizations • stay abreast with new bicycle technologies and trends in bicycle marketing Bicycle Shop Owners work hard to build a successful business. They typically work long hours each day and often work six to seven days a week. Their work is often physical in nature. They may be required to lift moderate weights in the process of assembling, showcasing, and repairing bicycles.

Salaries

Formal income information for Bicycle Shop Owners is unavailable. In general, earnings for Bicycle Shop Owners vary from year to year, and depend on the success of their businesses. Their annual net profit is determined after subtracting the total operating expenses from gross annual sales. It is common for small business owners to be unprofitable during their first years in operation. Working Bicycle Shop Owners pay themselves a wage. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employ-

ment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most managers of retail sales workers ranged from $21,760 to $60,550.

Employment Prospects

Bicycles are very popular among a variety of people of all ages. They ride bicycles to fulfill a multitude of purposes including basic transportation, recreation, competitive sports, or exercise. The U.S. Department of Commerce states that the long-term prospects for the bicycle retail industry are positive because of favorable demographics, growing participation in biking by women, and more attention being paid to health and fitness. According to the National Bicycle Dealers Association, in 2008, there were approximately 4,600 bicycle shops in the United States, not including multi-sport stores and mass merchants. The number of independent bicycle shops has declined in recent years; however, bicycle sales remain stable. In general, it is difficult and hard work to run a bicycle shop and it is common for Bicycle Shop Owners to have an unprofitable business or go out of business within the first three years. Their success depends on various factors, such as their ambitions and abilities to run a business, the local demand for bicycles and bicycle services, competition, and the state of the economy.

Advancement Prospects

Bicycle Shop Owners advance according to their own ambitions and interests. Like many entrepreneurs, they measure their progress by achieving their business goals and objectives. For example, small business owners may attempt to earn certain annual incomes or to expand their business. Most, if not all, Bicycle Shop Owners measure their success by being able to make a living from their profits of their shops.

Education and Training

In general, Bicycle Shop Owners learn their small-business skills on the job. To be successful, they need basic business training in such areas as management, bookkeeping, accounting, finance, marketing, and sales. Their instruction may be formal or informal. For example, they can take small-business training courses offered by community colleges, university extension programs, or trade associations. They can also gain valuable knowledge by networking with colleagues, attending trade shows, and reading relevant books and trade journals about the bicycle industry and running small business operations.

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Special Requirements

Unions and Associations

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Tips for Entry

Bicycle Shop Owners must comply with appropriate local, state, and federal laws that regulate business operations. For example, business owners must register the names of their stores with the state to legally conduct business, hold the proper local and state business licenses, and obtain federal taxpayer identification numbers. For specific information about business licenses, contact the local (city or county) government administrative office that oversees the jurisdiction where you wish to operate your bicycle shop.

In general, individuals open bicycle shops because they are passionate bicyclists, who range from recreational riders to semi-professional racers. Bicycle Shop Owners normally start a business after many years of experience working in the bicycle industry as managers, salespeople, and repairpersons. They may have worked in independent bicycle shops, department stores, discount stores, or sporting goods stores. To enter the bicycle retail business, individuals must be highly knowledgeable about the products and services that they will offer to customers. To do well in their business, Bicycle Shop Owners must have excellent leadership, management, problemsolving, organizational, and customer-service skills. They also need superior interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to get along with many people from diverse backgrounds. Successful Bicycle Shop Owners are patient and friendly with customers, and are considerate and caring about customers’ needs. Additionally, thriving business owners are creative, flexible, detail-oriented, optimistic, persistent, bold, enterprising, and foresighted.



Career Opportunities in Transportation

Bicycle Shop Owners can join associations or other organizations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other types of services and resources. For example, some bicycle dealers belong to the National Bicycle Dealers Association. Many Bicycle Shop Owners belong to organizations that serve their specific bicycling interests, such as the Adventure Cycling Association, the Bikes Belong Coalition, the International Mountain Bicycling Association, or the League of American Bicyclists. For contact information to these organizations, see Appendix III. 1. Take advantage of local sources to help you develop a strong business plan. To find resources, start by contacting the local chamber of commerce, the public library, and the business department at a nearby community college. 2. Be sure you understand all the time, energy, and money investments you must put into starting a bicycle shop. Ask yourself if you have the dedication and nerve to do it and stick with it during the hard times. 3. Know what your customers want and need. Also, stay up-to-date with cycling trends and events as well as with the latest equipment, devices, and accessories. 4. Find a location for your store that has high visibility and where customers can find parking easily. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the retail bicycle industry. You might start by visiting the National Bicycle Dealers Association Web site at http://nbda.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

DRIVING SCHOOL INSTRUCTOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Teach students how to drive automobiles; provide classroom instruction and/or behind-the-wheel instruction; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Driving Teacher, Automobile Driving Instructor Salary Range: $19,000 to $66,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma, minimum; driving instructor training Experience—Previous teaching or driving school experience usually not required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, organi-

Senior Driving School Instructor or Driving School Owner

Position Description

Driving School Instructors teach adults and teenagers to operate automobiles safely, carefully, and responsibly. These professionals work for commercial driving schools where students enroll for private driving lessons. Many of their students are learning to drive for the first time and are seeking to pass state examinations for driver’s permits or licenses. Some students are brushing up on their driving skills. These instructors also teach students who wish to dismiss their traffic violations or to lower their insurance costs. Commercial driving schools offer two types of instruction to help students learn basic driving skills and the rules of driving. Driver education entails classroom instruction. Driver training is provided in automobiles in actual driving situations. Driving School Instructors may teach within the classroom, in cars, or both. In the United States, each state has established its own guidelines for instruction in driver education and driver training. Hence, Driving School Instructors teach a curriculum that covers state-required instructional objectives. They also use instructional materials that meet state requirements. In addition, instructors comply with state motor vehicle codes. For example, in some states, instructors may teach only students who have acquired a driving learner permit, which they obtain after completing a state-mandated driver education course.

Driving School Instructor Driving School Instructor (Entry-level)

zational, leadership, and self-management skills; patient, friendly, inspiring, flexible, and creative Special Requirements—Driver’s license; drivinginstructor license usually required

In driver education classes, Driving School Instructors usually teach groups of students. They help students become more familiar with automobiles and the driving environment by covering such topics as defensive driving methods, techniques for driving in emergencies, motor vehicle and insurance regulations, and basic mechanics and proper vehicle maintenance. Students also learn the meaning of signs and road markings, safe driving techniques, good driving attitudes, and everything they need to know to pass a driver’s license or learner permit examination. Driving School Instructors use lectures, group work, individual instruction, and other teaching methods in the classroom. They also utilize movies, slide shows, and computer multimedia presentations to enhance their instruction. For driver training sessions, Driving School Instructors use specially equipped cars. These vehicles have a second set of pedals on the passenger side and a second rearview mirror, which Driving School Instructors use to exercise control of the vehicle where necessary. Some of these cars may have a second steering wheel. Instructional cars also prominently display one or more signs that indicate student drivers operate them. Driving School Instructors usually provide instruction to one student at a time in automobile sessions.

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These instructors teach students to safely operate automobiles in a variety of locations and types of roads under varying traffic conditions while observing proper speed limits. Students learn to turn left and right, negotiate busy intersections, park, follow directions provided by road signs, safely change lanes, and maintain safe distances from other vehicles, for example. While a student drives, Driving School Instructors watch how the student reacts to traffic conditions and whether the student focuses on such things as road signs or the presence of emergency vehicles. In some driving schools, instructors have their students use driving simulators as part of driver training instruction. Driving simulators are machines equipped with steering wheels, foot pedals, dashboard gauges, and other controls. Students sit in the simulators and go through the motions of driving while watching videos of all kinds of traffic conditions from a driver’s vantage point. Driving School Instructors adapt their teaching methods and materials to the varying abilities and interests of their students. These professionals also provide students with continuous evaluation to help reinforce their learning. In the classroom, instructors assess students’ worksheets, reports, quizzes, homework assignments, and classroom participation. When students are behind the wheel, instructors provide students with verbal reviews as well as their checklists that document their students’ progress. Furthermore, Driving School Instructors typically provide students with practice examinations to prepare them for the written and driving portions of their license examination. Not all commercial Driving School Instructors are employees. Some are independent contractors. In other words, they work on a contractual basis and offer their courses to driving schools for a specific time frame. As independent contractors, these instructors are free from any company control and direction in how they execute their work. For example, these instructors are responsible for the development of the courses they teach. Self-employed instructors receive no company benefits, such as sick pay, health insurance, or vacation time. They are responsible for collecting their fees, paying self-employment taxes, and maintaining business records. Some instructors own their driving schools. Hence, they are responsible for running the various aspects of their businesses. They establish the maximum number of students they will teach, the criteria by which they will accept new students, their lesson fees and forms of acceptable payment, and whether they will allow make-up lessons for absent students. These educators



Career Opportunities in Transportation

routinely attend to such financial tasks as planning a budget, keeping track of finances, collecting fees from students or organizations, and paying taxes and bills. Driving school owners keep their business licenses up-to-date, prepare correspondence and invoices, care for their office and equipment, and maintain an inventory of their supplies. They also generate more business by advertising in newspapers or phone books. Some owners maintain Web sites to enhance their promotion efforts or to offer online driver education courses. All Driving School Instructors work in clean, welllit classrooms, as well as in safe cars. Driving School Instructors face on-the-job stress, particularly during on-the-road teaching. They are responsible for the safety of their inexperienced students, who learn to drive in heavy traffic in all types of weather. Driving School Instructors determine their own work schedules. Their hours are flexible to fit the needs of their driver training students, who may be available for instruction during mornings, afternoons, evenings, or weekends.

Salaries

Salaries for Driving School Instructors vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Depending on the employer, these teachers may receive a flat rate per student taught, earn hourly wages, or receive an annual salary plus a commission. Specific salary information for this occupation is unavailable, but their earnings are generally the same as self-enrichment instructors. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated hourly rate for most self-enrichment instructors ranged between $8.91 and $31.96. This agency also reported the estimated annual salary as ranging from $18,530 to $66,470.

Employment Prospects

Commercial driving schools are available nationwide. Employers hire Driving School Instructors for both full-time and part-time positions. Some instructors are self-employed and are owners of driving schools. Job opportunities are usually created to replace instructors who have transferred to other jobs or careers. Employers create additional positions as the demands for their services increase. According to the BLS, the employment of selfenrichment instructors, in general, is expected to increase by 23 percent through 2016.

Advancement Prospects

For many Driving School Instructors, advancement is realized by earning higher wages, by receiving higherlevel responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory and management positions are available, but limited. Entrepreneurial individuals can become selfemployed Driving School Instructors or driving school owners.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have earned college degrees or have some college background. Driving School Instructors must complete training programs to qualify for state driving instructor licenses. Many employers provide newly hired teachers with the required driver education, which includes classroom instruction and on-the-job training, to meet state licensing requirements. Trainees study such areas as motor vehicle laws and regulations, safety education, defensive driving, and methodology for teaching driver education and behind-the-wheel instruction. Some two-year colleges, four-year colleges, and universities offer courses to prepare students for becoming driving instructors. Throughout their careers, Driving School Instructors enroll in workshops, seminars, and courses to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

Applicants must possess a valid driver’s license and have a clean driving record. Most, if not all, states require that Driving School Instructors hold a driver-education instructor license. Usually, applicants for this license must have completed a minimum number of training hours in driver education. Many employers hire prospective teachers on the condition that they successfully obtain the proper license after completing the employers’ training programs.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers are willing to hire applicants without any driving school or teaching experience. Most Driv-

ing School Instructors have worked in other fields, such as education and law enforcement, before teaching driver education and giving behind-the-wheel instruction. To perform well at their job, Driving School Instructors need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with many people from diverse backgrounds. They also need organizational and leadership skills to handle teaching duties effectively. Additionally, these teachers must have strong self-management skills, such as the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, meet deadlines, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being patient, friendly, inspiring, flexible, and creative are some personality traits that successful Driving School Instructors share.

Unions and Associations

State and national associations are available to professional driving educators. These organizations provide their members with networking opportunities, professional certification, training programs, and other professional services and resources. For example, the American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association represents traffic safety educators, and the Driving School Association of the Americas serves the interests of driving school owners. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Many employers prefer to hire applicants who have several years of driving experience. 2. Volunteer or obtain a job as a tutor or teacher aide to gain teaching experience. 3. Are you proficient in a second language? Many schools seek instructors who have that capability, so be sure to highlight that on your résumé and application. 4. Contact driving schools directly about employment prospects. To find schools in your area, look in the yellow pages of your telephone directory. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the driving school industry. You might start by visiting the Driving School Association of the Americas Web site at http://thedsaa.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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DRIVER’S LICENSE EXAMINER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Administer driving tests to persons seeking driver’s licenses; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Motor Vehicle License Examiner Salary Range: $19,000 to $83,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; employer-training programs; on-the-job training Experience—One or more years of work experience in positions involving public contact Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, analytical, self-management, reading, writing, math, and com-

Senior Driver’s License Examiner or Driver’s License Supervisor

Position Description

In the United States, every state has a licensing agency that is responsible for regulating, testing, and licensing motor vehicle operators. These agencies have varying names such as the Department of Motor Vehicles or Bureau of Motor Vehicles. The government employees in these agencies who approve eligibility of vehicle operators to drive our nations’ roadways are called Driver’s License Examiners. These examiners are thoroughly knowledgeable about all laws and regulations pertinent to motor vehicle operation and licensing in their state. They are also familiar with the various requirements and rules for testing citizens who drive all types of vehicles. Additionally, these men and women are well versed in the methods and techniques for comprehensively administering such examinations. Driver’s License Examiners test license applicants for different types of licenses, including regular or general licenses that permit individuals to drive most cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans. Other types of licenses include commercial licenses that permit drivers to operate heavy trucks and buses as well as specialty licenses that enable drivers to operate motorcycles, scooters, limousines, or large recreational vehicles. Each motorist must past several examinations to qualify as a licensed driver. Driver’s License Examiners administer written (or oral) tests and behind-the-wheel driving tests to measure the license applicant’s knowl-

       

Career Opportunities in Transportation

Driver’s License Examiner Driver’s License Examiner (Entry-Level)

puter skills; fair, honest, trustworthy, ethical, courteous, cooperative, and detail-oriented Special Requirements—Driver’s license

edge of traffic laws, road signs, and safe driving techniques, as well as their ability to handle their vehicles in real traffic situations. Driver’s License Examiners score the examinations and provide feedback to applicants regarding their success or failure to pass the exams. If applicants fail a test, these examiners may suggest ways to improve their results in future examinations. Some Driver’s License Examiners also administer vision tests to applicants. These examiners evaluate the results of vision tests to determine whether applicants meet the standard requirements to operate motor vehicles. Examiners add a corrective lens restriction on license applications of those individuals who can pass these tests only by wearing glasses or contact lenses. This means that they must wear corrective lenses while operating a motor vehicle. If applicants do not pass the vision tests, examiners direct them to see an ophthalmologist or optometrist for an eye examination. Driver’s License Examiners perform other tasks in their agency offices. They field questions about driving applications, motor vehicle registration, and other matters from visitors or callers. They make appointments for driving tests. They collect and process licensing fees. They take fingerprints of licensed drivers and photograph their faces for placement on their driver’s licenses. Driver’s License Examiners also perform clerical duties such as processing forms or typing correspondence. They review vehicle registrations, driver’s

licenses, vehicle restoration certificates, and other documents to ensure their authenticity and destroy those that are proven fraudulent. Some Driver’s License Examiners inspect vehicles for compliance with their agency’s standards. In some states, Driver’s License Examiners handle voter registration. As they gain experience, Driver’s License Examiners assume additional responsibilities. For example, they may be assigned to: • interview applicants for examiner positions • supervise and train entry-level examiners • perform job evaluations on fellow examiners • review and consider complaints submitted by members of the public regarding their subordinates

available within each state is determined by state legislatures. Opportunities generally become available when examiners retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. Additional positions may be created by a department to meet its growing needs, if funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

For many Driver’s License Examiners, advancement is realized by earning higher wages, by receiving higherlevel responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory and management positions are available, but limited. As state employees, Driver’s License Examiners can pursue opportunities in other state agencies.

Driver’s License Examiners at the administrative level are responsible for learning and applying new policies and procedures for their agency. They visit agency offices throughout their state to settle internal problems that staffs may have regarding their day-to-day activities, such as testing or scheduling. Driver’s License Examiners continue to train and retrain during their careers. Vehicle codes are subject to periodic revisions. Furthermore, the technologies that Driver’s License Examiners use in the course of their work are upgraded from time to time. Driver’s License Examiners work indoors and outdoors in varying climate conditions. They may perform light to moderate lifting of office materials, equipment, and boxes of documents. Those who conduct driving tests may experience stress when dealing with inexperienced or aggressive drivers. They are also exposed to exhaust fumes and dust. These government employees work for 40 hours each week, but may put in extra hours to complete tasks. They may be required to work on Saturdays.

Education and Training

Salaries

Employers generally seek candidates who have one or more years of full-time work experience in responsible positions that involve constant public contact. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have previous experience working in the department of motor vehicles. Candidates must also be able to operate the various types of vehicles for those examinations they would conduct. To perform well at their job, Driver’s License Examiners need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with license applicants, colleagues, the public, and others who come from diverse backgrounds. They also

Salaries for Driver’s License Examiners vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, position, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information about this occupation is unavailable, but their earnings are similar to those of compliance officers. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most compliance officers ranged between $28,980 and $83,120.

Employment Prospects

All 50 states and the District of Columbia employ Driver’s License Examiners. The number of positions

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Novice examiners complete training programs provided by their employers that include courses in the administration of driver’s license examinations, driver’s education and safety, defensive driving, and the operation of motorcycles or other vehicles. Entry-level examiners also receive on-the-job training while working under the direction and supervision of experienced examiners.

Special Requirements

Employers require that applicants possess a valid driver’s license, granted by the state in which they work. Employers may prefer to hire candidates who have held their driver’s license for a few years before applying for the position of Driver’s License Examiner.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

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need analytical skills as well as self-management skills, such as the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, and prioritize multiple tasks. Furthermore, these examiners need adequate reading, writing, math, and computer skills. Some personality traits that successful Driver’s License Examiners share include being fair, honest, trustworthy, ethical, courteous, cooperative, and detailoriented.

Unions and Associations

Driver’s License Examiners may be members of labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions can also handle any grievances that examiners may have against their employers.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

Tips for Entry

1. Maintain a clean driving record. Evidence of reckless driving, moving violations, and alcoholor drug-related offenses may disqualify you from employment. 2. Some employers allow applicants to substitute a certain number of college credits for one or more years of work experience. 3. Most, if not all, state departments of motor vehicles maintain a presence on the Internet. You can find information about job vacancies as well as an agency’s job selection process. To find a specific department, enter its name in any search engine.

CAR SALESPERSON CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Sell new and used vehicles at automobile dealerships; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Auto Sales Associate, Auto Sales Consultant Salary Range: $15,000 to $39,000+ Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; sales training provided by employer Experience—Previous car sales experience may not be required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, problem-solving, self-management, interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills;

Senior Car Salesperson or Assistant Sales Manager

Position Description

Car Salespersons work for automobile dealerships, or auto dealers, which are retail companies that specialize in selling automobiles, trucks, vans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and other vehicles. They are well versed in the various aspects of buying, selling, and owning motorized vehicles, such as dealer warranties, financing, insurance, and laws and regulations governing vehicle ownership and trade. Their primary job is to match each customer with the desired vehicle and persuade the customer to make the purchase according to financial terms arranged by their dealership. Auto dealerships are different from other retail stores in that vehicle buyers may negotiate the terms of sales, whereas customers at other retail stores pay the price that stores post on each product. Some auto dealers sell either new or used vehicles, while others sell both new and used vehicles. Car Salespersons are part of dealership workforces that include personnel who work in the areas of management, financial services, office support, auto service and repair, and retail sales of vehicle parts and accessories. Some auto dealerships also employ rental agents and tow truck drivers. Car Salespersons are the first dealership employees who meet prospective vehicle buyers. These sales professionals follow a series of steps to complete a sale. They stand in the showroom or outside near the lot where the vehicles are displayed. They greet customers

Car Salesperson Car Sales Trainee

honest, reliable, patient, courteous, enthusiastic, competitive, and persistent Special Requirements—Car salesperson license may be required

and ask them questions about which vehicles interest them. These salespersons are able to describe the features and technical details of any car the dealer sells. Car Salespersons listen carefully to customers to determine what features, such as engine performance, gas mileage, and interior comfort, they are seeking in a vehicle. The salespersons also establish how much money customers wish to spend. They show one or more vehicle models to customers to inspect. They also persuade customers to take a test drive in the vehicle that they are interested in buying. Upon returning from a test drive, Car Salespersons discuss the terms of the sale with customers. Together, they negotiate the price of the vehicle, additional equipment or features, the cost of a trade-in, down payment on the new vehicle, monthly payments, and other terms. Car Salespersons often enlist the assistance of fellow salespeople, their manager, and the dealer’s financial officer to strike a deal that is both satisfactory to customers and profitable for the dealer. When the terms are settled, Car Salespersons draw up the sales contracts, accept a down payment, and arrange for a payment schedule for customers to follow. They may assist customers with registering their new vehicle with their state department of motor vehicles. Car Salespersons also deliver vehicles to customers, either from the dealer’s stock or after ordering from the manufacturer.

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

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Some Car Salespersons stay in touch with their customers to ensure their satisfaction with their purchase. They also encourage them to return to the dealership for maintenance on their vehicle or to purchase another vehicle one day. Car Salespersons work indoors at their desks or in the showroom. They also work outdoors showing cars in the dealership lot or taking customers for test drives. Car Salespersons work in all types of weather conditions and spend a lot of time on their feet. Their job can be stressful. Car Salespersons may go for several days without making a sale. They often deal with difficult customers, and the competition with other salespersons may create tension. These salespersons work long hours, generally in excess of 40 hours per week. They may be required to work evenings and weekends.

In recent years, increasingly more vehicles are being sold online through independent auto brokers and dealers. Some experts in the field say this trend could influence the way that vehicles are sold in the future.

Salaries

Education and Training

Salaries for Car Salespersons vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, geographic location, and the number of cars they sell. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, the estimated hourly mean wage for salespersons working in the automobile dealership industry was $21.52. The estimated annual mean wage for these professionals was $44,770. In general, the estimated annual salary for most retail salespersons, in all industries, ranged between $14,780 and $39,190. Some Car Salespersons earn a base salary in addition to receiving commissions or bonuses based on their car sales. (The commissions or bonuses usually make up a significant part of their income.) Other salespersons receive pay only in the form of commissions. Salespersons who sell expensive cars or popular car models typically earn higher incomes.

Employment Prospects

Car Salespersons are employed by new and used car dealerships. The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that auto dealers in the United States employed an estimated 282,380 salespersons. Opportunities for Car Salespersons are favorable due to high turnover. Job openings also become available as individuals transfer to other positions or retire, as well as when auto dealers create additional sales positions to meet their growing needs. Job prospects in the auto sales industry are dependent on the state of the economy; thus, opportunities vary year to year. In general, when the economy is in a downturn, fewer sales jobs are available.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

Advancement Prospects

Car Salespersons advance according to their own ambitions and interests. As they gain experience, these sales professionals may specialize by selling certain types of vehicles or by selling to a certain category of clientele. They may manage fleet sales or vehicle leasing. They may move up the career ladder to become managers or owners of their own dealerships. For many individuals, advancement is realized by earning higher wages, by receiving higher-level responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Minimally, applicants for car sales positions must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Men and women in this occupation learn on the job by associating and working with other salespersons, as well as with the financial, sales, and insurance managers in their dealership. Employers normally provide sales training to new employees, whether they are novices or experienced. They receive formal instruction and onthe-job training. Throughout their careers, Car Salespersons enroll in workshops, seminars, and courses to learn about the latest advances in automotive technology and to update their sales techniques.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers are willing to hire entry-level applicants without any auto sales experience, as long as they show an aptitude for selling and a willingness to learn. Strong candidates for entry-level positions should have one or more years of retail sales experience. In addition, they should be knowledgeable about or have a strong interest in automobiles. To perform well at their jobs, Car Salespersons must have strong organizational, problem-solving, and self-management skills. They also need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills to be able to work well with customers from diverse backgrounds. Being honest, reliable, patient, courteous, enthusiastic, competitive, and persistent are some personality traits that successful Car Salespersons share.

Unions and Associations

State and national associations are available to automobile dealers. These organizations provide their members with networking opportunities, professional certification, training programs, and other professional services and resources. Two national organizations that serve their interests include the National Automobile Dealers Association and the National Independent Automobile Dealers Association. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. As a student, start gaining experience working in retail sales. For example, you might get a parttime or summer job at a local retail shop, department store, or auto parts store.

2. Take courses to increase your knowledge and skills in selling products and services. Many community colleges and continuing education programs at colleges and universities offer sales training programs. 3. Contact car dealers directly. You might phone, e-mail, or go in person to ask about job openings. When you go in person, be prepared to fill out applications as well as be interviewed on the spot. 4. You can learn about the field of automotive sales on the Internet. You might start by visiting Showroom Today.com at http://www.showroomtoday. com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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CAR RENTAL AGENT CAREER PROFILE Duties: Assist customers with the rental and return of vehicles; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Automobile Rental Representative, Car Rental Clerk Salary Range: $14,000 to $39,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; employer’s training and on-the-job training Experience—Previous sales or customer-service experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, orga-

Position Description

People rent automobiles and other vehicles for a variety of purposes. For example, business travelers may rent cars to transport themselves from airports to conference locations; individuals may rent trucks to move from one home to another; vacationers may rent vans or recreational vehicles to take on camping trips; and automobile owners may rent cars to use while their own cars are being repaired. Car Rental Agents are the service professionals who provide vehicles on a short-time basis to drivers. They work for vehicle rental agencies that vary in size from small local independent agencies to large national or global organizations. Some agencies specialize in renting certain types of vehicles or target specific clientele such as business people, trades people, or the public. Rental agencies are located in airports, train stations, and automobile dealerships as well as in busy commercial and downtown areas of large cities. Some rental agencies work cooperatively with travel agencies, hotels and resorts, and corporations to arrange vehicle rentals as part of travel packages for their customers or personnel. Car Rental Agents are well versed in sales procedures and methods. They do not sell a product as much as they sell a service. They are also thoroughly knowledgeable about their agency’s operations and policies. Furthermore, these service professionals are familiar with computers and the appropriate software needed to run a vehicle rental business.

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Career ladder Assistant Manager or   Management Trainee Lead Car Rental Agent Car Rental Agent

nizational, self-management, writing, math, and computer skills; energetic, enthusiastic, patient, outgoing, courteous, and persuasive

Car Rental Agents interact directly with people who wish to rent or return vehicles. They speak with customers by phone or in person, and help them select the type of vehicle they wish to rent by providing information about the available vehicles. In turn, the customers provide their driver’s license information and indicate where and when they intend to pick up and return the rental vehicle. Car Rental Agents inform the customers how far they may drive the car. Some agencies do not permit their customers to drive rental vehicles to other states, for example. When customers pick up their rental car, agents first have them fill out the required forms and contracts. They go over the rental terms and make certain that customers understand them before signing contracts and making a deposit for payment. The agents take their customers to the car where they explain the features of the vehicle. In the presence of the customers, the agents inspect the vehicle to ensure that it is ready to drive. When customers return the rental vehicle, Car Rental Agents complete the transaction by accepting final payment for the remainder of the rental fee and any applicable mileage charges. They inspect the vehicle again to assess damages that may have occurred. They report such damages to their manager. These agents are responsible for completing a variety of general tasks during the course of their day. They may:

• answer telephones and respond to callers or redirect callers to appropriate associates • communicate with other agency employees regarding customer needs, the status and location of available vehicles within the fleet, and the coordination of shuttling customers to and from the rental agency • assist customers with driving directions, local lodging facilities, and other concerns • maintain files pertaining to rental transactions and activities • maintain a cash box and process receipts • deposit money in bank accounts or lock it in the agency safe • keep office areas clean and well maintained Car Rental Agents work in clean, well-lighted office environments and may spend part of their day outdoors in vehicle storage areas. They stand for long hours behind counters while they assist customers with processing rental agreements. Their work can be difficult when customers are stressed or angry. These service professionals work 40 hours per week, but may be required to work evenings, weekends or holidays. Some Car Rental Agents work part time.

Salaries

Salaries for Car Rental Agents vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most rental clerks ranged between $14,400 and $38,620. The estimated hourly wage ranged between $6.92 and $18.57. Rental clerks who worked in the automobile dealers industry earned the highest wages. The annual mean salary was $41,830, and the hourly mean wage was $20.11.

Employment Prospects

The car rental industry is a multi-billion dollar industry. Car Rental Agents are employed by the top nationwide car rental agencies (such as Enterprise, Hertz, and Alamo) as well as by independent car rental agencies, which usually serve a particular city, state, or region. The BLS characterizes job growth for rental clerks in general as being very good through 2016. Most job openings for rental clerks will become available as individuals advance to higher positions or leave the field. Employers will create additional jobs to meet growing demands for their rental services.

Advancement Prospects

Car Rental Agents can advance to lead positions, as well as seek managerial opportunities. There are generally more managerial opportunities in rental agencies that have several levels of management. In addition, individuals may pursue positions in other operational areas, such as commercial truck rentals, vehicle sales, or fleet management. As they gain experience in the car rental industry, individuals may move into positions in the training, marketing, human resources, or other departments in their company.

Education and Training

Minimally, entry-level candidates for rental agent positions need a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Employers typically provide trainees with formal instruction. Trainees also receive on-the-job training while working under the guidance of lead Car Rental Agents and managers.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates for entry-level positions who have previous sales or customer-service experience. Because they must be able to work with customers from diverse backgrounds, Car Rental Agents need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customerservice skills. Their job also requires that they have adequate organizational, self-management, writing, math, and computer skills. Being energetic, enthusiastic, patient, outgoing, courteous, and persuasive are some personality traits that successful Car Rental Agents have in common.

Unions and Associations

Some Car Rental Agents are members of a labor union. The union represents them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Large car rental agencies sometimes recruit for entry-level positions at college career fairs. 2. Large rental agencies offer a management trainee program for college graduates. 3. Many car rental companies maintain a presence on the Internet. You can usually find information about employment opportunities, job

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selection processes, and employee benefits at a company’s Web site. You may also be able to apply directly online. To find a specific Web site, enter the name of the car rental agency into a search engine.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

4. Use the Internet to learn more about the car rental industry. You might start by visiting Fleet Central, http://www.fleet-central.com, and Car Rental Express, http://www.carrentalexpress. com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

PARKING ATTENDANT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Issue claim tickets or permits to customers; collect parking fees; may park and retrieve vehicles for customers; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Parking Lot Attendant, Valet, Parking Cashier Salary Range: $14,000 to $27,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous parking or customer-service experience may be required; be able to drive manual and automatic transmission vehicles Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, self-management,

Lead or Supervisory Parking Attendant

Position Description

According to the International Parking Institute, approximately 105 million parking spaces are available in the United States each day. The number of off-street parking spaces is approximately two times more than on-street spaces. Parking Attendants help provide safe and convenient off-street spaces for motorists to park their vehicles in such locations as downtown centers, business districts, corporate office facilities, airports, college campuses, hospitals, shopping malls, theme parks, and hotels and resorts. These men and women work in parking lots and garages of varying sizes that are located either outdoors or indoors and may have multiple levels. Parking facilities may be either public or privately owned. Parking Attendants are responsible for completing several tasks, which vary depending on the type of parking facility they operate and according to the requirements of their particular employer. Perhaps their most familiar task is issuing claim tickets or permits and receiving parking fees. Parking Attendants sit or stand in a small booth near the parking lot entrance, or the exit, or both, from which they interact directly with vehicle drivers. On each claim ticket, they note the time of each vehicle’s entry and exit from the facility by hand or by using a time clock device. At the exit point, Parking Attendants collect parking fees based on the

Parking Attendant Parking Attendant Trainee

math, computer, teamwork, problem-solving, and time-management skills; friendly, courteous, energetic, reliable, honest, cooperative, and flexible Special Requirements—Possess a driver’s license

amount of time the vehicle occupied their facility. In some parking facilities, attendants may accept fees in advance at the point of entry. When patrons enter a parking facility, Parking Attendants may provide them with directions to the nearest available spaces. In crowded parking lots, attendants may confer with vehicle owners to determine when they will need their vehicles. For example, they might direct owners to park vehicles near the exit when owners will return shortly, and further away when owners will return much later. In some self-park facilities, Parking Attendants escort drivers to and from their cars to ensure their safety. Some Parking Attendants have the duty of patrolling parking facilities. They check that vehicles display their parking permits and have not suffered from vandalism or other acts of tampering. They make note of vehicles that seem out of place, stolen, or damaged and report the information to their supervisors or the local law enforcement agency. In some parking facilities, Parking Attendants provide simple vehicle maintenance, such as filling gas tanks, adding oil, or performing minor detailing work. Some parking facilities provide valet parking. Parking Attendants, also known as valets, park vehicles for their owners and retrieve them when the owners request them. Valets are skilled drivers who are able to drive

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any vehicle with either automatic or manual transmissions. They move quickly and may run to retrieve cars. Some valets accept payment for their services, while others direct motorists to the attendants that perform cashier duties. During slow periods or during the beginning and end of their shifts, Parking Attendants complete other duties. They perform facility maintenance tasks such as sweeping parking areas or moving barricades. They collect all receipts, cash register tapes, and claims tickets for accounting purposes. They also keep the contents of their cash drawers reconciled with recorded transactions. Operating parking facilities is physically demanding work. Parking Attendants spend long hours standing in one spot and are continually subject to exhaust fumes and loud noises. Additionally, those who work in open parking lots are exposed to all types of weather, including rain, wind, and extremes in temperature. On occasion, Parking Attendants’ work may be emotionally demanding when confronted by difficult, angry, or aggressive customers. Parking Attendants work full time or part time. Their schedules may fluctuate frequently. For example, they may be assigned to work as many as 10 hours in a day or six days a week. They may be required to work on weekends or during holidays and during nighttime shifts.

Salaries

Salaries for Parking Attendants vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Parking Attendants ranges between $14,380 and $26,790. The estimated hourly wage for this occupation ranges between $6.91 and $12.88. In addition to earning a basic salary, some Parking Attendants receive tips.

Employment Prospects

The parking industry in the United States is about a $26 billion-dollar industry, according to the International Parking Institute. The industry employs more than a million people as parking administrators, Parking Attendants, cashiers, maintenance staff, information management specialists, and many others. According to the BLS May 2007 OES survey, an estimated 131,860 Parking Attendants were employed in the United States.

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Parking Attendants work in parking lots and garages that are owned by airports, private companies, banks, hotels and resorts, theme parks, sports arenas, shopping centers, hospitals, government agencies, academic institutions, commercial parking operators, and various other establishments. Valet parking services also employ Parking Attendants to work at special events and functions on a permanent or temporary basis. Although more parking facilities are becoming automated, in which customers get tickets from machines and park their own cars, employment for qualified workers is available. The BLS projects a 7 to 13 percent increase in job growth for Parking Attendants during the 2006–16 period.

Advancement Prospects

Parking Attendants work in entry-level jobs. They can advance to lead and supervisory positions. The parking industry offers professional, managerial, and administrative opportunities for those who wish to pursue a long-time career in this field. For example, with additional education and experience, individuals can become architects, engineers, financial planners, parking facility managers, and parking industry consultants.

Education and Training

Minimally, entry-level applicants need a high school or general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have some college background. Novice employees receive on-the-job training. They work under the supervision and direction of experienced Parking Attendants. Some employers also offer brief in-house instruction on such topics as customer service, team building, conflict resolution, and record keeping.

Special Requirements

Employers hire applicants who hold a valid driver’s license. Employers typically review the driving records of potential job candidates as part of a pre-employment background check. They seek only applicants with clean driving records. Some employers require that new hires be at least 18 or 19 years old.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary from employer to employer. For example, some employers may hire applicants without any work experience, while others seek applicants who have six to 12 months of

work experience performing cashier or customer-service duties. Some employers require that applicants have a few years of driving experience with a valid driver’s license. Applicants should be able to drive manual and automatic transmission vehicles. To work well at their job, Parking Attendants need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customerservice skills, as they must be able to handle many people from diverse backgrounds. These attendants also need strong self-management skills, which include the ability to work independently, understand and follow instructions, prioritize multiple tasks, meet deadlines, and handle stressful situations. Additionally, these attendants need adequate math and computer skills as well as strong teamwork, problem-solving, and timemanagement skills. Some personality traits that successful Parking Attendants share include being friendly, courteous, energetic, reliable, honest, cooperative, and flexible.

Unions and Associations

Some Parking Attendants are members of labor unions, such as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. (For contact information, see Appendix III.). A union represents its members in contract negotiations with

their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Because they work with the public, Parking Attendants must have a professional appearance. Go to your job interview dressed the way you would if you were hired. Be neat, clean, and well groomed. 2. Be on time for your job interview. Prospective employers may not hire you if they think you would be tardy for work as well. 3. Many employers announce job vacancies on the Internet. They might post openings at their own Web sites or advertise them at such job sites as Craigslist.com and Monster.com. 4. Contact employers directly about job openings. Some employers are continually hiring for temporary, seasonal, or part-time positions. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the parking industry. You might start by visiting the International Parking Institute Web site. Its URL is http://www.parking.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TOW TRUCK DRIVER CAREER PROFILE Duties: Remove vehicles from roads, highways, parking lots, and other places and transport them to other locations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Tow Truck Operator Salary Range: $17,000 to $54,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Towing experience may be required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, customer-service, communication, writing, math, problem-solving, and self-management skills; respectful, courteous, patient, and dedicated

Position Description

Tow Truck Drivers operate heavy-duty trucks equipped with specialized machinery that they use to move vehicles from roads, highways, parking lots, and other locations. They remove illegally parked, abandoned, and disabled vehicles with or without the consent of vehicle owners. For example, Tow Truck Drivers might remove wrecked cars from the scenes of accidents, trucks from no-parking zones, tractor-trailers that have fallen into ditches, and motorcycles that have broken down on freeways. Some Tow Truck Drivers also repossess vehicles on which owners have defaulted payment or pick up those which are being seized during criminal investigations. Many Tow Truck Drivers work for gas stations, towing service firms, automobile dealerships, automobile wrecking yards, and other establishments. Some drivers have their own towing companies. Some of these men and women work for towing firms that are contracted by law enforcement agencies, which use tow trucks to impound abandoned or illegally parked vehicles. Larger towing concerns may manage a fleet of tow trucks. Tow Truck Drivers receive notification about disabled or impounded vehicles by telephone or by radios installed in their trucks. They respond to police radio calls or to dispatches from their company headquarters. Tow Truck Drivers may be required to tow vehicles

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Career ladder Tow Truck Supervisor or   Towing Service Owner Tow Truck Driver Tow Truck Trainee

Special Requirements—Hold a driver’s license; a commercial driver’s license may be required; obtain business licenses, if a towing service owner

over long distances beyond their local area. They tow vehicles directly to repair shops, to police department impound yards, or to other locations. These men and women are knowledgeable about their area’s layout of streets, roads, and highways and can quickly determine the most efficient routes to and from the locations of distressed vehicles. From time to time, Tow Truck Drivers may recover vehicles from unusual locations, such as from under bodies of water. They occasionally use their equipment to upright an overturned vehicle or recover a vehicle from a very steep hillside. They may be required to use their truck’s crane equipment to lift engines out of large trucks or buses. Tow Truck Drivers operate one or more kinds of tow trucks, which are also called wreckers or breakdown trucks. These trucks are categorized as being light-duty, medium-duty, or heavy-duty vehicles. Drivers of lightduty tow trucks generally transport cars, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. They operate medium-duty tow trucks when they need to transport loads up to 21,600 pounds and utilize heavy-duty trucks to transport greater loads. In addition, Tow Truck Drivers utilize different types of tow trucks to perform certain tasks or to recover certain types of vehicles. The main types of towing vehicles are:

• hook-and-chain trucks, which utilize a system of chains to loop around a vehicle’s axle and a winch to lift one end of the vehicle off the ground • wheel-lift trucks, which utilize a metal yoke device and a hydraulic lift to raise one end of a vehicle off the ground • integrated trucks, which combine the equipment of hook-and-chain trucks and wheel-lift trucks • flatbed trucks, which feature a hydraulically adjustable platform on which an entire vehicle may be driven or winched into place for transit • boom trucks, which utilize a winch mechanism to haul vehicles out of tight or inaccessible places from which they cannot be directly towed Tow Truck Drivers use additional equipment such as cables, steering locks, and lights to secure vehicles to their rigs, stabilize the vehicles’ motion, and enhance their visibility to other motorists. These drivers also carry various types of hooks and hitches, wrenches, hydraulic jacks, fire extinguishers, jumper cables, portable battery chargers, and other tools and accessories. In addition to providing towing services, Tow Truck Drivers are prepared to assist motorists in other ways. These towing professionals may perform basic repair tasks, such as jump-starting dead batteries, changing spark plugs, adjusting faulty wiring, changing tires, providing a small amount of gasoline, or replacing light bulbs on vehicle headlights or taillights. They may also unlock vehicles. Tow Truck Drivers are responsible for maintaining their trucks and equipment to keep them at optimum operating condition. They must report all damages to their company management. These men and women write and file reports of their daily activities in accurate and timely fashion. They attend safety meetings and training sessions whenever they are required. Towing company owners are responsible for running the various aspects of their business. For example, they establish towing fees, negotiate towing-service contracts with automobile clubs or law enforcement agencies, keep business licenses up-to-date, pay bills and taxes, and maintain financial records and invoices. If they hire staff, these owners are responsible for providing training, supervision, and direction of their work. They also pay wages, provide employee benefits, and comply with governmental employee laws and regulations. Furthermore, owners continually seek to generate more business. Tow Truck Drivers work in all types of climate conditions. Their job can be risky due to the heavy equip-

ment they use as well as the hazardous traffic conditions they face on fast-moving highways. They work either full time or part time, but usually put in 40 hours per week. Because towing services are needed around the clock, Tow Truck Drivers may be assigned to work the night or graveyard shift and work weekends or holidays. They also may work overtime. Tow Truck Drivers who run their own businesses put in longer hours, but often find that being their own boss is challenging and rewarding.

Salaries

Salaries for Tow Truck Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, the type of vehicles they handle, their employer, and their geographic location. Specific salary information for this occupation is unavailable. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary ranged between $17,370 and $53,640 for most transportation workers who were not listed in separate categories in the survey.

Employment Prospects

Opportunities for Tow Truck Drivers are found throughout the United States. The need for experienced drivers should be continually favorable, because of the constant demand for towing services. Job openings typically become available as drivers transfer to other jobs, retire, or leave the work force for various reasons. Employers will create additional positions to meet growing demands for their towing services.

Advancement Prospects

As they gain additional training, Tow Truck Drivers become skilled in driving and handling more sophisticated towing vehicles and equipment. With experience, these drivers receive higher levels of responsibilities. Drivers with supervisory and managerial ambitions can pursue such positions, which may require seeking employment with other towing services. Entrepreneurial individuals may pursue opportunities as independent tow truck operators or owners of towing companies or related businesses such as service stations.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions must have a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Tow Truck Drivers generally learn their skills and how to operate their equipment on the job. They

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receive their training while working under the supervision and direction of experienced towing professionals. Some employers also provide formal training programs to cover safety and other topics. For example, drivers might receive training in safe techniques for operating their rigs, such as handling controls from the side of the truck furthest from passing traffic. These towing professionals continually update their knowledge about all types of vehicle locks, electronics systems, and engine configurations in preparation to work on every kind of vehicle.

Special Requirements

Tow Truck Drivers must possess a valid driver’s license. Depending on the towing vehicles they operate, they may be required to hold a commercial driver’s license. Some states and cities require towing professionals to possess a tow-truck driver’s license or permit to operate towing services within their jurisdictions. Some government agencies also require that Tow Truck Drivers be certified by the Towing and Recovery Association of America. Towing service owners must comply with appropriate local, state, and federal laws that regulate the business operations. For example, business owners must register the name of their store with the state to legally conduct business, hold the proper local and state business licenses, and obtain a federal taxpayer identification number.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Qualifications for entry-level positions vary with the different employers. Some employers are willing to hire applicants without any towing experience, while others prefer to hire applicants who have at least one year of experience operating a tow truck.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

Tow Truck Drivers meet many people from diverse backgrounds on a daily basis; hence, they need excellent interpersonal, customer-service, and communication skills. They also need to have strong writing, math, problem-solving, and self-management skills. Being respectful, courteous, patient, and dedicated are some personality traits that successful Tow Truck Drivers have in common.

Unions and Associations

State and national trade and professional associations are available to towing professionals. These organizations provide their members with networking opportunities, professional certification, training programs, and other professional services and resources. One national association is the Towing and Recovery Association of America. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Learn how to perform basic automobile maintenance and repair work. 2. Employers typically seek candidates who have a clean driving record. In addition, candidates must successfully pass drug tests and background checks. 3. Contact towing services directly about job vacancies. 4. Talk with auto mechanics and other Tow Truck Drivers for leads to current or potential job openings. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the towing industry. You might start by visiting the Towing and Recovery Association of America Web site. Its URL is http://www.towserver.net. For more links, see Appendix IV.

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Maintain and repair automobiles, vans, trucks, and SUVs; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Automotive Service Technician, Auto Mechanic Salary Range: $19,000 to $58,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; formal or on-the-job training Experience—Previous experience working with vehicles usually required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Analytical, problem-solving, troubleshooting, interpersonal,

Senior Automotive Technician

Position Description

Automotive Technicians are the experts who repair and perform preventive maintenance on automobiles, vans, trucks, and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) for their owners. Their job is to inspect and diagnose a vehicle to determine what work needs to be done and then perform the job efficiently and quickly. For the last few decades, cars and other motorized vehicles have come equipped with computerized components. Onboard computers control just about everything, from engines, transmissions, ignitions, and braking systems under the hood to air conditioning systems, radios, steering systems, and global positioning systems in the driver and passenger compartment. Thus, in addition to basic principles of automobile maintenance and repair, today’s Automotive Technicians are knowledgeable about computers and electronics as well as how the various parts and components of motor vehicles act and interact with each other. The complex technologies in modern vehicles require regular monitoring and testing so that technicians can diagnose problems. Therefore, Automotive Technicians use equally complex and sensitive equipment to perform such tests. These technicians also continue to use traditional tools of their trade such as screwdrivers, pneumatic wrenches, hydraulic jacks, hammers, pulling tools, grinders, and lathes. Many Automotive Technicians work for service centers at automobile dealerships, franchise and indepen-

Automotive Technician Trainee

communication, reading, math, and computer skills; decisive, detail-oriented, persistent, cooperative, honest, ethical, innovative, and dependable

dent auto shops, and service stations. Many others work for companies and organizations such as car rental agencies, government offices, and educational institutions that maintain their own fleets of cars and trucks. Some technicians are self-employed. To keep vehicles in top condition as well as to prevent serious problems from developing, Automotive Technicians perform regularly scheduled maintenance on them. They carry out such routine tasks as changing oil, rotating tires, adjusting brakes, checking batteries, filling fluid levels, and replacing sparkplugs, radiator hoses, air filters, and fan belts. They check the engine, transmission, and other automobile systems to ensure that they are working correctly and effectively. They may also install vehicle accessories such as lights or windshield wipers. When problems occur with vehicles, Automotive Technicians confer with vehicle owners to hear their explanation of what seems to be wrong with their cars or trucks. These mechanics then narrow down the problem by using computerized diagnostic equipment that hooks directly to a vehicle’s computerized components and measures the performance of the engine, fuel line, ignition, and all other computerized components. By a process of elimination, Automotive Technicians test several components until the problem is identified. The diagnostic equipment displays information about each test, which Automotive Technicians check against standard results that indicate

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optimum running conditions specified by the vehicle manufacturer. When needed, these technicians drive the vehicle to observe how it behaves on the road. During such test drives, Automotive Technicians may use handheld diagnostic devices. These technicians also use computers to access manufacturer manuals, schematics, and procedural checklists, which aid them in diagnosing problems. These databases are updated frequently for new vehicles and for new repair techniques. Once the problem is isolated, these technicians make adjustments, repairs, or replace parts. Automotive Technicians perform a variety of routine tasks, such as: • inspecting diagnostic equipment and tools for damages • conferring with other technicians, foremen, and customers • planning work schedules and processes • estimating the cost of repairs or maintenance • completing paperwork • reading technical manuals and diagrams to keep abreast of new developments in automotive design • maintaining their work area • moving equipment and other heavy objects around their work area As Automotive Technicians gain experience, they may choose to specialize by working on certain vehicle makes or models. They may focus on specific aspects of vehicle maintenance or repair. For example, technicians might work solely on repairing or rebuilding transmissions or engines, working with brake systems or air conditioning systems, or by only performing tune-ups. Automotive Technicians work both indoors and outdoors. They stand for long periods and work in close quarters, both in and out of vehicles. They lift heavy objects and often work in uncomfortable positions to reach vehicle components. They may be required to wear protective equipment to decrease the risk of exposure to loud noises, fumes, and hazardous chemicals, including antifreeze, gasoline, and solvents. These technicians usually work 40 hours per week, but may put in additional hours during evening hours or on weekends to meet deadlines.

Salaries

Salaries for Automotive Technicians vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment

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Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated hourly wage for most of these technicians ranged between $9.25 and $27.72 per hour. The estimated annual salary for most automotive service technicians and mechanics ranged between $19,240 and $57,650. These technicians may earn an hourly wage, a flat rate per job, or a commission that is based on the labor cost that a customer is charged. Technicians who work on a commission basis may be guaranteed a minimum weekly salary.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 650,780 automotive service technicians and mechanics were employed in the United States. Nearly 70 percent of them worked in the automotive repair and maintenance industry and the automobile dealer industry. According to the BLS, the employment of automotive service technicians and mechanics is expected to increase by 14 percent through 2016. In addition, technicians will be needed to replace those who retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. In general, the demand for experienced Automotive Technicians is favorable. Opportunities for entry-level positions are stronger for applicants who have completed formal automotive training.

Advancement Prospects

Automotive Technicians can advance in various ways according to their interests and ambitions. As they gain experience, they can specialize in a particular type of vehicle (such as alternative-fuel automobiles) or specific kind of automotive repair (such as transmission or brakes). They can also advance by becoming customerservice advisers. Those with supervisory and managerial ambitions can be promoted to such positions as shop foreman or service manager. Entrepreneurial individuals can open their own repair shops. Automotive Technicians can also use their experience to move into sales, marketing, or business management. Some technicians become automotive instructors in high schools, community colleges, vocational schools, or technical schools. Many Automotive Technicians measure their success by earning higher incomes, by receiving greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers generally require that entry-level applicants possess a high school diploma or general equivalence diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who

have completed some postsecondary training, particularly in automotive technology. Individuals enter the field of automotive technology in various ways. Some start as technicians’ helpers or trainee technicians and learn their skills on the job. Others complete a formal training program in high school or earn a professional certificate or associate degree from a vocational school, technical school, or community college. Automotive service training programs typically provide both theory and practical experience to students. To stay competitive, Automotive Technicians must stay up-to-date with automotive technology, such as computer and electronic systems. Hence, many technicians enroll in workshops, seminars, and courses throughout their careers to update their skills and knowledge. Some employers send their employees— both trainees and experienced technicians—to manufacturer training centers to learn to repair components, such as air conditioners, or new car models.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have previous experience working on vehicles. They may have gained experience through on-the-job training, through automotive courses or training programs, or by personally working on cars as a hobby. To perform their work effectively, Automotive Technicians must have excellent analytical, problem-solving, and troubleshooting skills. They also need strong interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues, managers, and customers. In addition, these technicians must have strong reading, math, and computer skills. Being decisive, detail-oriented, persistent, cooperative, honest, ethical, innovative, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Automotive Technicians share.

of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. Unions represent their members in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. Professional organizations are also available to Automotive Technicians locally, statewide, and nationally. One national group is the International Automotive Technicians’ Network. By joining professional associations, individuals can take advantage of various professional resources and services, such as networking opportunities, training programs, and publications. For contact information for the above organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. As a high school student, start gaining experience working in the automotive industry. For example, you might obtain a part-time or summer job with a car dealer or a repair shop. Lower-level jobs, such as car washer, can lead to apprentice technician positions. 2. Many Automotive Technicians complete certification programs from manufacturers or the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence to enhance their employability. 3. First impressions are important when you meet prospective employers. Wear clean, neat, and appropriate clothing. Stand straight. Be polite. Talk clearly, properly, and avoid bragging about yourself. 4. Visit your state employment office for help in finding job openings. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about a career as an Automotive Technician. You might start by visiting the National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation Web site at http://www. natef.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

Unions and Associations

Some Automotive Technicians belong to labor unions, such as the UAW and the International Association

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MOTORCYCLE MECHANIC CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Service and repair motorcycles and perhaps other small-engine vehicles; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Motorcycle Service Technician Salary Range: $19,000 to $49,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; motorcycle technology training; on-the-job training Experience—Previous experience making basic motorcycle repairs usually preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, troubleshooting, self-management, team-

Senior Motorcycle Mechanic

Position Description

Motorcycle Mechanics are experts in the service and repair of motorcycles, or bikes. Their primary responsibilities are to inspect and diagnose motorcycles, determine what work needs to be done, and then perform the job efficiently and quickly. These technicians are typically passionate motorcycle enthusiasts. Because they are riders themselves, they understand the needs and desires of their customers who bring their bikes into shops for tune-ups, repairs, and overhauls. Motorcycle Mechanics have been trained to work on all kinds of machines and equipment that have small engines. Among bikes, different types (such as standard, sport, touring, and off-road) and brands (such as Honda, BMW, Suzuki, and Harley Davidson) are available on the market. Some mechanics choose to specialize in working with certain types or brands. Many Motorcycle Mechanics also work on other small-engine vehicles, such as scooters, mopeds, snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and jet skis. These small-engine mechanics are knowledgeable about all aspects of the motorcycle business including design, repair, maintenance, and sales. Motorcycle Mechanics are also familiar with the principles of providing excellent customer relations. Many of them work for service departments at motorcycle dealerships or independent service and repair shops. Some Motorcycle Mechanics have their own shops.

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Motorcycle Mechanic Trainee

work, interpersonal, communication, reading, writing, and math skills; honest, patient, detail-oriented, flexible, creative, and dependable

Bike tune-ups make up much of these mechanics’ work. Like with all small-engine machines, motorcycles need regularly scheduled maintenance to keep them running in top condition as well as to prevent the risk of major breakdowns. Motorcycle Mechanics use their knowledge and expertise to perform step-by-step maintenance routines. This involves inspecting and cleaning all motorcycle parts, such as the vehicle’s engine, carburetor, electrical system, fuel injection system, brakes, and drive chains. They also change oil, check fluid levels, and lubricate parts as well as adjust, repair, or replace parts. Motorcycle Mechanics test drive bikes to ensure that they are in good working order and run at optimum performance levels. These mechanics also troubleshoot and repair problems that customers have with their bikes. They talk with customers to determine the nature of a bike’s malfunction and the extent of its damage. They examine the bike and use the proper diagnostic tools and equipment to help them identify the source of a problem. They may also drive the motorcycle to observe firsthand how it behaves. In addition to maintenance and repair work, many Motorcycle Mechanics perform bodywork. They may remove dents or construct and install replacement body parts. These technicians also rebuild transmissions and engines. Experienced Motorcycle Mechanics are able to build a complete motorcycle from factory specifications or by using custom parts.

Mechanics make all adjustments, repairs, and replacements of parts on a bike according to the factory specifications for that particular motorcycle. They understand the principles and techniques of machine design and can prepare and read blueprints for various motorcycle components. They are also well versed in the use of computer diagnostic equipment and how to install, repair, and maintain a motorcycle’s electronic systems. Motorcycle Mechanics use a wide range of tools to ply their trade, from simple hand tools such as screwdrivers, wrenches, and pliers to such power tools as drills and grinders. These mechanics also use electronic and computerized engine analyzers, compression gauges, electric current measuring devices, and other testing instruments. Some shops provide these tools, particularly the expensive diagnostic equipment, but many Motorcycle Mechanics purchase their own hand and power tools, which may cost hundreds of dollars. Depending on the size of their employer, entry level Motorcycle Mechanics may work in other areas before assuming the full duties of mechanics. For example, in dealerships, they may work in the sales or parts department where they can utilize their technical knowledge to help customers buy new motorcycles or to assist more experienced mechanics by supplying parts or tools. Novice mechanics may learn more about motorcycle maintenance, repair, or assembly by working in repair shops or service departments at dealerships. These mechanics perform such tasks as cleaning and detailing new bikes in preparation for display, assisting with the assembly of new motorcycles, or writing service orders. As they gain experience and learn more about how their shop or dealership operates, they assume more responsibilities, such as performing scheduled maintenance on motorcycles or making increasingly complex repairs. Motorcycle Mechanics work on job orders either in teams or by themselves. These mechanics work in welllighted and ventilated but noisy environments. They are often exposed to dust and exhaust fumes. Motorcycle Mechanics work variable hours depending on their location and the time of year. In winter months, mechanics who live in colder climates may work less than 40 hours per week because people are less inclined to ride their motorcycles. On the other hand, during the warmer months or in warmer climates, Motorcycle Mechanics may work long hours including weekends. Full-time mechanics who work at dealerships put in 40 hours per week year round.

Salaries

Salaries for Motorcycle Mechanics vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geo-

graphic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Motorcycle Mechanics ranged between $19,070 and $48,770. The estimated hourly wage for most of these technicians ranged from $9.17 to $23.45.

Employment Prospects

Besides motorcycle dealerships, manufacturers, and independent repair shops, Motorcycle Mechanics work at gasoline service stations, in automobile repair companies, at motorcycle rental companies, and at motorcycle specialty shops. Some are employed by law enforcement agencies that have motorcycle fleets. Other mechanics work for shops that repair various types of small engines. Still others are self-employed Motorcycle Mechanics who work in their home garages. According to the BLS, about 16,800 were employed in the United States when the May 2007 OES survey was published. The BLS reports that employment of Motorcycle Mechanics is expected to increase by 12 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, technicians will be needed to replace individuals who retire, transfer to other jobs or careers, or leave the workforce for various reasons. The demand for Motorcycle Mechanics is dependent on the popularity of motorcycles. The more there is interest in motorcycles for recreational, transportation, and other purposes, the more jobs there are available for experienced Motorcycle Mechanics. According to the BLS, motorcycle sales have increased in recent years and should continue to grow through 2016.

Advancement Prospects

Mechanics can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, for which they may be required to move to other shops or dealerships. Entrepreneurial individuals can start their own motorcycle dealerships or service and repair shops. With their skills and experience, Motorcycle Mechanics can move into other related fields and become automobile mechanics, motorboat technicians, medical equipment repairers, bicycle repairers, and appliance repairers, among others.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire mechanics who have a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Small-engine mechanics receive their initial training in various ways, which may involve any of the following: self-study, vocational automotive training in high

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school, on-the-job training, and instruction at technical or community colleges. Some experts in the field report that many employers seek entry-level candidates who have completed certificate or associate degree programs in motorcycle technology at technical or community colleges. These programs are usually one to two years long. They teach students theory and provide practical hands-on experience to service, diagnose, and repair motorcycles. Individuals who are trained on the job take anywhere from two to five years to gain the skills and experience to competently service and repair motorcycle engines. Employers provide entry-level employees with training programs, which may include both formal instruction and on-the-job training. Many employers send entry-level and experienced mechanics to formal training programs sponsored by motorcycle manufacturers or distributors to learn how to work on particular types and brands of motorcycles.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers usually seek candidates for entry-level positions who have experience and knowledge about making basic motorcycle repairs. They may have gained their skills through formal instruction, on-the-job training, self-study, or a combination of all three. Employers also prefer that entry-level applicants be knowledgeable about the motorcycles or other vehicles (such as ATVs or scooters) on which they would work. Motorcycle Mechanics need excellent problem-solving, troubleshooting, and self-management skills to

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perform well at their job. They also must have strong teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. Having adequate reading, writing, and math skills is also important. Being honest, patient, detail-oriented, flexible, creative, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Motorcycle Mechanics share.

Unions and Associations

Motorcycle Mechanics may be members of labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. While in high school or in community college, take courses in small-engine repair, automobile mechanics, and mathematics. 2. Contact employers directly about trainee positions. 3. Talk to Motorcycle Mechanics, salespeople, and motorcyclists for job leads. 4. Motorcycle dealerships and repair shops sometimes seek additional part-time or temporary mechanics during warmer seasons to assist with increased workloads. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the motorcycle industry. You might start by visiting the Motorcycle Industry Council Web site at http:// www.mic.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

HIGHWAY PATROL OFFICER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Enforce criminal and traffic laws on highways and areas within state jurisdiction; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): State Trooper, State Police Officer Salary Range: $29,000 to $76,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; police academy training; on-the-job training Experience—Previous law enforcement experience may be required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Observational, problem-solving, interpersonal, communi-

Highway Patrol Sergeant

Position Description

Highway Patrol Officers, also known as state troopers, are law enforcement officers. In some states, the highway patrol is part of the state police department. In other states, the highway patrol is a separate entity. Highway Patrol Officers are responsible for enforcing laws, apprehending lawbreakers, protecting lives and property, preserving the peace, and providing community service on their state’s roads and highways as well as interstate freeways (or interstates). These uniformed officers are assigned geographic areas to routinely patrol. Their major duties are to enforce traffic and criminal laws on interstates as well as their state’s freeways, highways, turnpikes, roads, and streets. They also manage and monitor the traffic in all types of weather. These officers issue warnings or citations to motorists who break speed limits or other traffic laws as well as those who endanger lives by tailgating, weaving through traffic, or engaging in other forms of reckless driving. They conduct field sobriety tests on motorists suspected of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. If necessary, these officers arrest violators and escort them to headquarters for detainment. Highway Patrol Officers drive marked police cars that are designed for high-speed movement and efficient maneuverability. These vehicles are equipped with the latest communication equipment, computers, and such other high-tech law enforcement tools as cam-

Highway Patrol Officer Recruit

cation, and self-management skills; calm, tactful, patient, trustworthy, honest, dependable, and dedicated Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen; meet age requirements; hold a driver’s license; pass selection process

eras, radar, vascar (visual average speed computer and recorder), and devices for detecting intoxication. Some Highway Patrol Officers operate fully equipped command vehicles, which are used to respond to emergencies within their state. In addition, some of them fly airplanes or helicopters to monitor traffic or access trouble spots quickly. As part of their duties, Highway Patrol Officers assist motorists who request directions to their destinations or information about nearby restaurants, gas stations, and lodging. These officers may make calls to tow truck companies on behalf of motorists with car troubles. When an automobile accident or other emergency occurs, Highway Patrol Officers take command of the scene. They make sure that people are safe and unharmed. They provide first aid, summon ambulances and tow trucks, and offer appropriate assistance. They block off the scene with traffic cones or flares and direct vehicles around it. Highway Patrol Officers write reports describing the circumstances of the accident occurrence for further investigative purposes. These officers also participate in such investigations. On occasion, Highway Patrol Officers escort dignitaries or sensitive cargo shipments in protected motorcades. Their duties may include diverting traffic away from the motorcade route or slowing traffic behind the motorcade to ensure free-flowing movement along the route.

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Highway Patrol Officers also perform routine desk duty, such as preparing reports or correspondence and making entries into station records. They send and receive radio messages. They answer questions from the public about road conditions, weather conditions, directions, or other matters. Furthermore, these law enforcement officers perform additional duties as assigned. For example, they may: • check weights and dimensions of commercial vehicles and escort such vehicles to scale facilities when necessary • patrol areas that were devastated by fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, or other man-made or natural disasters • conduct criminal investigations • testify in court • execute search and arrest warrants • manage traffic during parades and special events • conduct drivers’ examinations • participate in the development of effective methods for patrolling and deterring traffic violations • present workshops on highway safety, crime prevention, and other topics to the public • serve on special committees, such as a governor’s safety task force Highway Patrol Officers work alone much of the time. However, they are in contact with a variety of people in the course of their work, including the public, other law enforcement personnel, attorneys and judges, representatives of the automobile industry, and various others who provide assistance to investigations. Highway Patrol Officers also assist members of other law enforcement agencies when needed. For example, in rural areas, Highway Patrol Officers might help local police and sheriff ’s departments to enforce both traffic and non-traffic laws. Most, if not all, Highway Patrol Officers carry firearms and are prepared to assert their authority whenever it is required to enforce traffic or criminal laws. In addition, they routinely drive at high speed, which puts them at risk of injury or death. Consequently, their job can be dangerous and stressful. They observe criminal acts, injuries, and death at various times during their careers, which may impact their emotional and personal lives. On the other hand, their job can be highly satisfying and rewarding because these law enforcement professionals help people and promote public safety. Although they work 40-hour weeks, Highway Patrol Officers are on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

They work rotating shifts that include nights, weekends, and holidays. These men and women spend most of their working hours driving their patrol cars in all weather and road conditions.

Salaries

Salaries for Highway Patrol Officers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, rank, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most patrol officers ranged between $28,820 and $75,650. The estimated annual mean wage for state government employees was $55,780. Recruits receive a salary while attending academy training. Highway Patrol Officers may also receive additional compensation for working overtime, performing hazardous duty, and volunteering on special details such as the canine, bomb squad, or aviation support units.

Employment Prospects

Forty-nine states have a law enforcement agency that is called either the state police or the highway patrol. Hawaii uses its county sheriff ’s departments to handle highway patrol duties. According to the May 2007 OES survey, an estimated 59,020 state police officers were employed in the United States. The BLS reports that job growth for police officers overall should increase by 11 percent through 2016. Job competition at the state level is keen. Opportunities become available when officers retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. Agencies will create additional positions to meet their needs as long as funding is available. State legislatures establish the budgets that determine the employment level for officers; thus, the number of job opportunities varies each year.

Advancement Prospects

Highway Patrol Officers can develop satisfying law enforcement careers according to their interests and ambitions. They can rise through the ranks as well as pursue supervisory, managerial, and administrative positions. The promotional process is generally based on job performance, education, and competitive examinations. Officers can also apply for various specialty units on their force. They can become criminal investigators or crash reconstructionists. Some state law enforcement officers use their positions as stepping-stones to opportunities in local and federal law enforcement agencies.

Highway Patrol Officers usually become eligible for retirement with a pension after 20 to 25 years in service. Many retired officers pursue a second career in law enforcement, private security, or another field that interests them.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary from employer to employer. Minimally, applicants must possess a high school or general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have completed an associate degree or a minimum number of college credits. Many Highway Patrol Officers have degrees or have completed courses in law enforcement, criminal justice, or police science. Highway patrol recruits must successfully complete basic training at their agency’s law enforcement academy, which generally lasts from three to six months or more, depending on the agency. They receive instruction in such areas as criminal law, motor vehicle codes, police procedures, crash investigations, patrol car procedures, traffic control, pursuit driving, use of firearms, emergency response, first aid, human behavior, physical conditioning, and self defense. Upon graduation, cadets are given their first assignment and continue to receive on-the-job training under experienced patrol officers. Throughout their careers, Highway Patrol Officers enroll in mandatory and voluntary training programs to maintain and update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

Applicants for highway patrol positions must be U.S. citizens. They must meet minimum and maximum age requirements, which vary from state to state. In addition, they must possess a valid driver’s license. Applicants go through a long selection process that involves any of the following steps: written civil service examination, oral interview, physical fitness test, drug screening, medical exam, polygraph examination, background investigation, and a psychological evaluation. Once applicants successfully pass a state’s selection process, they may be invited to attend the state’s law enforcement training academy.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Some agencies require no previous law enforcement experience of cadet applicants. Other agencies require that applicants have one or more years of experience. Applicants may be able to substitute a few years of mili-

tary duty or a certain number of hours of college training to meet requirements. To perform well at their job, Highway Patrol Officers must have strong observational, problem-solving, interpersonal, and communication skills. They also need excellent self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, prioritize multiple tasks, and understand and follow instructions. Being calm, tactful, patient, trustworthy, honest, dependable, and dedicated are some personality traits that successful Highway Patrol Officers share.

Unions and Associations

Highway Patrol Officers are usually members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better terms pertaining to pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. Many officers also belong to local, state, or national professional associations, such as the American Association of State Troopers, that serve their particular interests. (For contact information for this society, see Appendix III.) By joining such organizations, they can take advantage of networking opportunities, professional publications, educational programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. As a high school student, you might volunteer at a police department or sheriff ’s office to get an idea if law enforcement is a career for you. 2. State police agencies generally disqualify applicants who have a felony conviction, any misdemeanor conviction of domestic violence, a history of drug use, or a poor credit record. 3. Some states give preference to candidates who have military or law enforcement experience or a higher level of education. 4. For information about becoming a Highway Patrol Officer, contact a local patrol post. You can also visit the agency’s Web site. Links to the different state police agencies are available at The Official Directory of State Patrol and State Police Web site. The URL is http://www.statetroopersdirectory.com. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the law enforcement field. You might start by visiting Officer.com at http://www.officer.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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GROUND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

LOCAL BUS DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate buses in cities and towns along predetermined routes according to time schedules; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Local-Transit Bus Driver, Transit Operator, City Bus Driver Salary Range: $20,000 to $52,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Several years of driving experience; previous experience working with the public Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service,

Senior Local Transit Bus Driver

Position Description

Many cities in the United States have transit systems that provide bus services to the residents and visitors in their communities. People use public transit for various reasons. For instance, some people cannot drive, and others find it more convenient to ride a bus than to drive their own vehicles and find parking. Local Bus Drivers are the men and women who operate the transit buses that carry passengers along well-established routes within communities. It is their job to operate transit buses safely, efficiently, and in a timely manner. Transit buses vary in length from 30 to 40 feet to as much as 60 feet for articulated vehicles. Diesel or gasoline engines power most buses. Increasingly, more transit companies utilize newer technologies; hence, Local Bus Drivers may operate buses that run on batteries or alternative fuels such as biofuels or hydrogen. Local Bus Drivers provide several types of route services, depending on the needs of their customers, traffic patterns, and other factors. Most bus routes fall into the category of local service. Local service routes are several miles in length and are characterized by frequent stops every one or two blocks. Some bus operators drive shorter routes, which are called shuttle, circular, or neighborhood routes. These routes typically run along looped courses, which intersect with major routes or connect with central transit terminals. Express routes may follow local routes along major thoroughfares or

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Local Transit Bus Driver Local Transit Bus Driver (Entry-level)

self-management, critical-thinking, and problemsolving skills; courteous, friendly, patient, calm, and focused Special Requirements—Meet age requirement; possess a commercial driver’s license; pass job selection process

highways, stop less frequently near the start and end of the route, and travel longer distances without stopping. Limited-stop service falls between local and express services. Local Bus Drivers who drive on such routes stop at more bus stops than on express routes, but at fewer stops than on local routes. Local Bus Drivers begin each shift by reporting to the bus garage or bus terminal. There, they inspect their assigned buses to make certain that they are in optimum running condition, unless the maintenance staff completes the inspection task. Bus drivers check brakes, tires, windshield wipers, mirrors, and lights, as well as oil, fuel, and water levels. They make sure that their buses are equipped with safety reflectors, fire extinguishers, and first-aid kits. They also refill their supply of bus transfers, schedules, and refund forms to provide to passengers when requested. Furthermore, Local Bus Drivers confirm that the signs on the front of their buses indicate the proper route numbers and final route destinations. These bus operators drive their buses on assigned routes along busy streets several times during their shifts. As they drive, bus drivers observe all traffic laws. For example, they maintain posted speed limits and obey signals at intersections. Local Bus Drivers stop at each predetermined bus stop according to a strict schedule. The drivers are responsible for arriving at stops at the right times to

avoid missing passengers who are transferring from other buses. At each stop, bus drivers open the front doors and admit passengers, who pay their fares with cash, bus transfers, or prepaid bus passes. Passengers who wish to get off the buses do so through the exit doors, which the drivers release when needed. Local Bus Drivers are ready and able to answer questions that passengers may have about transfers to other bus routes, schedules, and other matters pertinent to riding buses. They occasionally deal with difficult passengers. If disorderly riders become impossible to manage, drivers alert the proper authorities. Drivers assist disabled passengers by operating special platforms that enable wheelchairs to roll onto the buses. Many drivers call out intersections and bus stop locations as they approach them for the benefit of visionimpaired passengers. At the end of their shifts, Local Bus Drivers return their buses to the garage or terminal. They complete reports that indicate where and when they experienced schedule delays, accidents, mechanical problems, difficulties with passengers, or other notable incidents. They also make note of how many fares they received during the course of their shifts. They may perform minor repairs on their buses. Local Bus Drivers spend most of their working day in a seated position. However, they must be in good physical condition to perform their bus inspections, for which they must bend, stoop, and reach. They must also be able to lift or push doors, windows, and rooftop emergency escape hatches. Local Bus Drivers are subject to occasional stressful work conditions. They must focus their attention to drive long hours in all weather and traffic conditions while adhering to a rigid schedule. These professional bus drivers are responsible for the safety and well-being of their passengers. They must endeavor to provide smooth, accident-free rides and avoid sudden stops or swerving motions. They must be continuously courteous and professional in their manner despite their passengers’ periodic rudeness or disorderly behavior. These uniformed transit employees usually work for 40 hours per week. They may work rotating shifts, which may include working nights, weekends, or holidays. Some Local Bus Drivers work split shifts during peak commute hours, wherein they drive for several hours, take a long break, and work another several hours.

Salaries

Salaries for Local Bus Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and

geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Local Bus Drivers ranged between $19,660 and $51,590. The survey reports that estimated hourly wages for most of these bus drivers ranged from $9.45 to $24.80 per hour.

Employment Prospects

An estimated 189,050 transit and intercity bus drivers were employed in the United States, according to the May 2007 OES survey by the BLS. This federal agency further states that employment of these bus drivers is expected to increase by 13 percent between 2006 and 2016. Furthermore, Local Bus Drivers will be needed to replace those who retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Transit agencies will create additional positions to meet growing demands for their services, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Local Bus Drivers can pursue supervisory and managerial positions, but they are limited. Many bus drivers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by receiving preferred bus routes and work shifts, and through job satisfaction. New drivers usually start as extra drivers who generally work on an on-call basis. For example, they may drive buses that have been added to morning or afternoon commute hours, or they may drive special runs for sports events. These drivers also substitute for regular drivers who are ill, on vacation, or absent for other reasons. It generally takes several years before these drivers work full time with regular routes.

Education and Training

Applicants must possess at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Trainees complete several weeks of classroom instruction that covers such topics as bus operations, company procedures, safe driving practices, traffic laws, record keeping, reading schedules, customer-service relations, first aid, and emergency procedures. They also receive behind-the-wheel instruction. Upon completion of their formal training, novice bus drivers observe experienced bus drivers as they complete their routes and then eventually drive trial runs under close supervision. Trainees first make trips without passengers. The training period of driving with passengers under supervision may last one or more months.

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Special Requirements

Age requirements for bus driver positions vary from employer to employer. For example, many employers require that applicants be at least 21 years old. All applicants must possess a driver’s license and a good driving record. They may be required to also hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL). Employers sometimes hire strong candidates without a CDL, as long as they obtain one within a certain time frame. CDLs are granted by the states in which drivers work. To qualify for a CDL license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and successfully pass a physical examination. All employers typically select candidates who have passed their job selection process, which includes a written exam, oral interview, driving test, drug and alcohol screening, and background check.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have several years of driving experience. They also seek candidates who have one or more years of work experience in positions in which they had direct contact with the public. Local Bus Drivers need outstanding interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills to be able to work well with the public on an everyday basis. They also must have excellent self-management skills, including the ability to meet strict deadlines, work independently, handle stressful situations, and follow and understand instructions. In addition, these professional bus drivers must have strong critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. Some personality traits that successful Local Bus Drivers share are being courteous, friendly, patient, calm, and focused.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

Unions and Associations

Many Local Bus Drivers are members of the Transport Workers Union of America, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and other labor unions. These unions represent their members in contract negotiations with employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. (For contact information to the above-mentioned unions, see Appendix III.)

Tips for Entry

1. You may be disqualified for a bus driver position if you have received several driving violations within a certain number of years of applying. You may also be disqualified if you have a criminal record or convictions for driving under the influence or possession of a controlled substance. 2. Having previous work experience as a shuttle bus driver, taxicab driver, or truck driver may enhance your employability. 3. Many employers will respond positively only to applicants whose qualifications match the requirements posted on a job announcement. So, be sure you write your skills, experience, and other qualifications that meet job requirements on your application and résumé. 4. Many public transit systems maintain a presence on the World Wide Web. Along with learning how a transit system works, you can find out about job opportunities and job selection processes. To find a specific Web site, enter the name of the transit system into a search engine.

PARATRANSIT DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Provide door-to-door transportation services to persons with disabilities who are unable to use regular transit services; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $15,000 to $33,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous experience transporting passengers preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Map-reading, math, computer, communication, interpersonal,

Lead Paratransit Driver or Paratransit Operations Supervisor

Position Description

Public transit systems are required by law to provide paratransit services to persons who are unable to use regular local transit buses. These passengers are generally the elderly and individuals with disabilities who cannot board or disembark from buses without assistance. Their companions may also accompany them on paratransit buses. Men and women known as Paratransit Drivers are responsible for the safe, efficient, and reliable transportation of the elderly and disabled persons. They operate vans and mini-buses that are usually less than 30 feet long, with the capacity to hold approximately 18 passengers. Paratransit vehicles feature two doors, one of which can be used for wheelchair access. These buses are also equipped with wheelchair lifts or ramps. Paratransit Drivers do not follow fixed routes or schedules. Their job is to provide door-to-door services. Passengers make reservations for their trips at least one day ahead. They tell transit staff where and at what time they wish to be picked up, their destination, and how many people will be traveling. Paratransit Drivers may pick up passengers at residences, workplaces, medical facilities, grocery stores, business offices, churches, and other locations. Paratransit Drivers help passengers to board and disembark from their buses. They sometimes escort passengers directly to the front doors of their homes,

Paratransit Driver Trainee

customer-service, and teamwork skills; courteous, friendly, patient, trustworthy, reliable, and efficient Special Requirements—Driver’s license; commercial driver’s license may be required

doctors’ offices, or other locations. They may also carry passengers’ packages and belongings for them. These drivers are specially trained to work with disabled passengers. They follow specific procedures and instructions to properly fasten seat belts on passengers, to position and secure wheelchairs in place, and to operate special lift devices to help passengers get on and off vehicles. Paratransit Drivers also follow set procedures for handling emergencies as they occur, including the evacuation of passengers from buses when needed. Paratransit Drivers perform various routine tasks each day. They conduct daily inspections of their vehicles to ensure that they are running properly and safely. They record and report any mechanical defects that need to be repaired. Drivers also make certain that their vehicles are fueled; tires are inflated; oil and other fluid levels are filled; and that lights, turn signals, and windshield wipers are working. In addition, they make sure that vehicles are clean at all times. They are also required to perform such tasks as: • collecting fares from passengers • maintaining contact with dispatchers via cell phones or two-way radios • complying with employer’s policies and procedures regarding the transport of passengers • keeping accurate logs and records of their trips • completing required forms and reports about accidents, incidents, vehicle maintenance, and other matters

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• providing information to the public about paratransit services • training new employees • attending meetings and in-service training • keeping required licenses up to date Paratransit Drivers work full time or part time. They may be assigned to work nights, weekends, or holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Paratransit Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information specifically for this occupation is unavailable. However, their earnings are similar to those of taxi drivers and chauffeurs. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most taxi drivers and chauffeurs ranged from $14,990 to $33,410.

Employment Prospects

In addition to public transit systems, Paratransit Drivers are employed by taxicab companies, hospitals, and nonprofit agencies. These drivers are also hired by private transportation outfits that offer paratransit services on a contractual basis to public and nonprofit organizations. In general, job openings become available as Paratransit Drivers transfer to other positions, move on to other occupations, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Opportunities for Paratransit Drivers are generally favorable nationwide because of federal legislation requiring transit services for persons with disabilities. Many employers experience a high turnover rate because they pay low wages for these positions. In addition, as some drivers gain professional experience, they move on to drive for local transit agencies, trucking companies, and delivery services, which pay higher wages.

Advancement Prospects

Many Paratransit Drivers measure advancement by earning higher wages, through better work benefits, and through job satisfaction, which may involve finding work with another employer. Supervisory and management opportunities are available, but limited. Entrepreneurial individuals can start their own limousine, taxicab, or paratransit services. Some Paratransit Drivers pursue other transportation occupations by becoming transit bus drivers or truck drivers.

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Education and Training

Many employers require applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Paratransit Drivers normally gain their skills through on-the-job training. Most employers also provide new employees with instruction in such areas as company policies and rules, traffic laws, vehicle orientation, equipment training, defensive-driving techniques, driver safety, first aid, and customer service.

Special Requirements

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions need a valid driver’s license and a clean driving record. Employers may require that each candidate also possesses a commercial driver’s license with a passenger endorsement. Some employers will hire candidates on the condition that they obtain the proper licenses within a certain time. To work for a government agency, applicants must pass a civil service exam. Most, if not all, employers require that applicants complete a selection process that includes an interview, a medical examination, a background check, and a drug screening.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. In general, applicants do not need previous work experience in paratransit services, although it is preferred. Applicants should have some experience transporting passengers, which they may have gained through volunteer work or employment. Employers seek candidates who are knowledgeable about the area where they would be assigned to drive. To perform well at their jobs, Paratransit Drivers must have proficient map-reading, math, and computer skills. They also need excellent communication, interpersonal, customer-service, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues, managers, patrons, and the public. Some personality traits that successful Paratransit Drivers have in common include being courteous, friendly, patient, trustworthy, reliable, and efficient.

Unions and Associations

Some Paratransit Drivers are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Having your CPR and First Aid certificates may enhance your employability. 2. Employers typically avoid hiring applicants who have a record of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 3. Many employers accept job applications although they do not have any current vacancies. If you submit applications to such employers, contact

them on a regular basis. Remind them that your application is on file and you are still interested in a position. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Paratransit Drivers and paratransit operations. To get a list of relevant Web sites, enter the keyword paratransit drivers, paratransit operations, or paratransit services into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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INTERCITY BUS DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Provide long-distance bus services to passengers on scheduled routes; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Coach Operator Salary Range: $20,000 to $52,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Several years of driving experience; previous experience working with the public Special Skills and Personality Traits—Criticalthinking, problem-solving, self-management, inter-

Senior Intercity Bus Driver

Position Description

Intercity Bus Drivers transport passengers to locations along long-distance routes according to regular schedules. They travel from city to city and may cross state lines. Intercity bus services are offered to the public by regional transit authorities or private bus companies. Travelers use these services to commute to and from jobs; visit relatives or friends; connect to airplanes, trains, or other intercity bus services; and for other purposes. Intercity Bus Drivers are responsible for ensuring that passengers arrive at their destinations safely, securely, and on time. Intercity Bus Drivers operate motor coaches that are between 40 and 45 feet long, with the capacity to generally carry from 35 to 60 passengers. These buses have only one door for entry and exit. They feature high-backed seats and have restroom facilities on board the buses. In addition, intercity buses include luggage compartments for storing passengers’ suitcases, packages, and other personal belongings. Intercity Bus Drivers perform routine tasks on their job. They begin their workday by picking up their buses at bus stations or bus garages. They conduct pre-trip inspections of their buses to make sure that they are in good running condition. They examine the tires, lights, brakes, windshield wipers, and mirrors and make certain that gas, oil, and water levels are sufficient. They doublecheck that safety flares or reflectors, first-aid kits, and fire extinguishers are on board and within easy reach.

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Intercity Bus Driver Intercity Bus Driver (Entry-level)

personal, and customer-service skills; calm, patient, focused, friendly, and courteous Special Requirements—Possess a commercial driver’s license; meet age requirement; pass job selection process

Depending on the length of their routes, Intercity Bus Drivers may make one or several runs on their shifts. They follow strict schedules in which they are expected to arrive at and depart from each bus station or stop at specific times. At each stop, Intercity Bus Drivers first have departing passengers disembark. Drivers retrieve passengers’ belongings that are stored in luggage compartments. Drivers then board new passengers. They take tickets from these new passengers, and place their suitcases, gear, and other bulky items into the luggage compartments. Intercity Bus Drivers answer questions that passengers may have about the trip ahead or other concerns. When needed, drivers assist disabled passengers to board and exit their buses. As they drive, Intercity Bus Drivers concentrate on highway and weather conditions. They drive in such a manner as to keep the trips as smooth and incident-free as possible. They avoid accidents, sudden stops, and swerving motions as they negotiate the open highways or congested traffic on thoroughfares or city streets. They observe traffic laws by staying within posted speed limits and obeying traffic signals. These Bus Drivers keep conversations with passengers to a minimum for safety purposes. By using public-address systems, they announce scheduled stops and, sometimes, points of interest. Intercity Bus Drivers may perform minor repairs on their buses while en route. They are trained to man-

age emergencies, which includes evacuating passengers from buses and leading them to safety. At the end of each run, Intercity Bus Drivers perform another inspection of their vehicles. They also complete inspection and incident forms, on which they report any mechanical malfunctions, accidents, or unusual incidents. In addition, these bus drivers record their work hours and activities in their logs. Intercity Bus Drivers may wear uniforms, depending on their company requirements. They sit for extended hours, but also climb onto and off buses and lift heavy objects such as suitcases and wheelchairs. These professional drivers are exposed to stressful situations such as driving in heavy traffic or dealing with the occasional difficult passengers. When they drive long routes, they may be away from home for several days at a time. On long trips, they may share driving duties with other Intercity Bus Drivers. Intercity Bus Drivers work according to variable schedules. Some drivers work on an on-call basis. These drivers often work seasonally to meet demands, which are higher during the warmer months of the year. Intercity Bus Drivers must adhere to federal regulations that stipulate their maximum hours. They may drive as many as ten hours at a time, but must take at least eight hours of rest before driving again. Furthermore, they are restricted to driving only 60 hours in seven days.

Salaries

Salaries for Intercity Bus Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated hourly wages for most of these bus drivers ranged between $9.45 and $24.80 per hour. The estimated annual salary for most Intercity Bus Drivers ranged between $19,660 and $51,590.

Employment Prospects

Many Intercity Bus Drivers find employment with private bus companies. Some are employed by public transit agencies that provide intercity bus services. According to the BLS, employment of bus operators who drive intercity and transit routes is expected to increase by 13 percent through 2016. Furthermore, opportunities for Intercity Bus Drivers will become available as bus drivers retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers will create additional positions to meet growing demands for their services, as long as funding is available.

Some experts in the field report that consumer use of intercity buses has increased in recent years, and it is expected to continue growing through the coming years.

Advancement Prospects

Promotional opportunities to supervisory and managerial positions are available but limited. Entrepreneurial Intercity Bus Drivers might start their own charter or tour bus companies. Many bus drivers measure advancement by earning higher wages, through job satisfaction, and by being assigned preferred bus routes and work shifts.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Trainees complete several weeks of formal training in which they learn about bus operations, company procedures, traffic laws, safe driving practices, customer-service relations, first aid, emergency procedures, and other pertinent topics. They also receive behind-the-wheel instruction. Some employers provide training to candidates who are studying for their commercial driver’s license. Upon completion of their formal training, novice bus drivers observe experienced bus drivers as they complete their routes and then eventually drive trial runs under close supervision. Trainees first make trips without passengers. The training period of driving with passengers under supervision may last one or more months.

Special Requirements

Intercity Bus Drivers must hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL) with a passenger endorsement from the state in which they live. To qualify for a CDL license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and successfully pass a physical examination. Age requirements for Intercity Bus Driver positions depend on such factors as employers and federal regulations. To operate motor coach buses within a state, drivers must be 18 years or older. They must be 21 years or older to operate buses across state boundaries. All employers typically select candidates who have passed their job selection process, which includes a written exam, oral interview, driving test, drug and alcohol screening, and background check.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers seek candidates for entry-level positions who have several years of experience driving buses

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or heavy trucks. They also prefer to hire applicants who have several years of experience working in positions in which they had direct contact with the public. To perform well at their jobs, Intercity Bus Drivers must have strong critical-thinking, problem-solving, and self-management skills. In addition, these drivers need excellent interpersonal and customer-service skills to be able to work well with the public from day to day. Being calm, patient, focused, friendly, and courteous are some personality traits that successful Intercity Bus Drivers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Intercity Bus Drivers belong to labor unions, such as the Transport Workers Union of America and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. (For contact information about these organizations, see Appendix III.) Unions represent their members in contract nego-

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tiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Employers sometimes hire strong candidates without a CDL, as long as they obtain one within a certain period. 2. Contact a local office of your state employment service agency for job leads. 3. Ask your family, friends, and colleagues to let you know about job openings that they hear or read about as soon as they can. 4. Many public transit systems and charter bus companies maintain a presence on the World Wide Web. To find a specific Web site, enter the name of the transit system or company into a search engine.

SCHOOL BUS DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Safely transport children between their schools and homes; enforce school regulations; conduct bus inspections; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $14,000 to $38,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete a school bus training program Experience—Driving experience required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, self-management, listening, communication, and interpersonal skills; trustworthy, reliable, calm, patient, perceptive, and flexible

Lead School Bus Driver

Position Description

In the United States, tens of thousands of School Bus Drivers transport millions of children and teenagers in buses to and from schools each year. It is the responsibility of these professional drivers to deliver students safely and on time to their schools and homes. School Bus Drivers are part of the classified staff at public and private elementary, middle, and high schools. They may be employed by schools or school districts or by the companies that provide student transportation services on a contractual basis. These bus drivers are knowledgeable about traffic laws and regulations. They have been trained to drive school buses in all types of traffic conditions as well as in various kinds of weather, including wind, fog, rain, and snow. These drivers are also trained to perform emergency procedures and provide first aid to students and others as needed. School Bus Drivers complete one or more routes each school day. They follow a strict schedule of picking up students at designated stops in the morning and bringing them back to those locations in the afternoon. Drivers usually escort children across streets. School Bus Drivers enforce school policies and rules on their buses. They deliver and wait for students at specified locations at their schools. They make sure that only authorized students ride on their buses. These drivers also maintain order among students and disci-

School Bus Driver Trainee

Special Requirements—Possess a commercial driver’s license with a passenger or school bus endorsement; school bus driver certification may be required; first aid and CPR certificates required

pline them when necessary. For example, drivers might settle arguments between students, assign misbehaving students to sit in specific seats, or refer students to school principals. Some School Bus Drivers transport special education students, who are children with physical, mental, or other disabilities that require special attention. These drivers operate small, specially designed buses that have passive restraint systems (such as seat belts) and can accommodate wheelchairs. Schools sometimes assign aides to help School Bus Drivers with caring for the passengers. On occasion, these bus drivers transport students, faculty, and other school staff on field trips, to athletic competitions, and to other school-related activities. They may drive passengers to another part of their community or to another city entirely. A trip may take place at night or on weekends. School Bus Drivers operate buses that run on gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas, or electricity. They perform a thorough inspection of their buses before each run. They make sure their buses are filled with gasoline, oil, and other fluids; the tires are fully inflated; and the brakes, lights, horns, steering system, and various other parts and systems are in working order. They make any minor repairs that may be needed. If any major work is required, they notify their supervisors immediately. School Bus Drivers are also responsible for keeping their buses clean, both inside and outside.

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Part of their job involves the completion of required forms and paperwork. Each day, they keep a record of their work hours, bus mileage, number of students per busload, and other matters. In addition, their job involves attending safety meetings and training sessions to update and maintain their driving skills. Their job can be stressful at times. They sit for long periods. They need to be continually alert to cope with traffic and weather conditions and to monitor students who are behaving improperly on the bus. They may be vulnerable to contagious diseases carried by schoolchildren. School Bus Drivers work a split shift, which consists of a few hours each in the morning and in the afternoon. For example, a driver’s work schedule may be from 6 a.m. to 10 a.m, and from 2:00 p.m. to 5 p.m. Some drivers hold other part-time positions (such as a bus mechanic, teacher’s aide, or cafeteria worker) at their schools or school districts during the time off between their shifts. School Bus Drivers work part time or full time. Most work for schools that are in session for 10 months out of the year. Some drivers work for schools with yearround sessions.

Salaries

Salaries for School Bus Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographical location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most of these drivers ranged between $14,480 and $38,290. The estimated hourly wage for most School Bus Drivers was from $6.96 to $18.41.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 461,590 School Bus Drivers were employed in the United States. More than half of those drivers worked for elementary and secondary schools, and about one-third were employed in the school-andemployee bus transportation industry. In general, most job openings become available as School Bus Drivers retire, move on to other occupations, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Opportunities are more favorable for part-time positions, which have a high turnover rate. School bus jobs are also stronger in growing suburban areas.

Advancement Prospects

Many School Bus Drivers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by receiving preferred school routes, and through job satisfaction.

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Drivers interested in supervisory and management positions can seek such positions, but they are limited. Dedicated individuals may pursue a career in administration by rising through the ranks to become transportation directors in public school districts or executive managers with school transportation contractors. With their experience, School Bus Drivers may pursue careers with public or private transportation systems.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions need a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. New employees usually complete a preservice school bus safety and training program. They receive classroom instruction in such subjects as current traffic laws and regulations, school district policies, driver-student relations, safe-driving practices, and emergency procedures. They also receive behind-the-wheel training.

Special Requirements

School Bus Drivers are required by federal law to possess a valid commercial driver’s license with a passenger or school bus endorsement. Employers sometimes hire entry-level candidates on the condition they obtain the required license within a certain period. Some employers provide recruits with the appropriate training to pass the written and driving tests for their licenses. In many states, School Bus Drivers are also required to possess a school bus driver certificate, which is granted after they successfully complete a preservice training program. Additionally, School Bus Drivers must hold valid first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certificates. Employers hire candidates who have passed all requirements of a thorough selection process, which includes a medical exam, a drug screening, and a criminal background check.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants for entry-level positions do not need any prior work experience as bus drivers. However, they need to have six months or more of driving experience. To perform well at their job, School Bus Drivers must have excellent leadership and self-management skills. They also need exceptional listening, communication, and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to handle many children and adults from diverse backgrounds. Being trustworthy, reliable, calm, patient, perceptive, and flexible are some personality traits that successful School Bus Drivers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many School Bus Drivers are members of labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations with their employers. Unions seek better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions for their members. Unions also handle any grievances that drivers may have against their employers. Some School Bus Drivers belong to local or state professional associations that offer opportunities for networking with colleagues, training programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. Maintain both a clean driving record and a clean police record.

2. Be willing to take a part-time driving position. It can sometimes lead to a full-time position. 3. Apply directly to employers for whom you would like to work. Be ready to complete a job application and possibly a job interview when you are at a prospective employer’s office. 4. Talk with School Bus Drivers and other school employees for leads to current or future vacancies. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about pupil transportation. You might start by visiting these Web sites: School Bus Information Clearinghouse, http://www.schoolbusinfo.org; and School Transportation News, http://www.stnonline.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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SHUTTLE DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Transport passengers in vans or small buses; drive fixed routes or provide transit services on demand; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Shuttle Bus Driver, Jitney Driver, Van Driver, Paratransit Driver Salary Range: $15,000 to $33,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous experience transporting passengers preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, customer-service, and

Senior Shuttle Driver

Position Description

Shuttle services make up another mode of passenger transportation that is used throughout the United States. Shuttle Drivers operate vans, mini-vans, or small buses to transport passengers safely, efficiently, and quickly through congested areas. Shuttle services are also utilized by many organizations to help preserve the environment or to minimize traffic and parking problems. Passengers use shuttle services for free or for a nominal fee. Shuttle Drivers work for a wide range of employers in the public and private sectors. For example, these professional drivers might work for: • municipal transit systems that use shuttle buses as another option to move passengers quickly around cities to such locations as major shopping centers and tourist attractions • private jitney services that pick up and drop off passengers on major city thoroughfares • airport shuttle companies that transport customers to and from airports and their residences, hotels, or workplaces • colleges or universities that carry students, faculty, and visitors around campuses • hotels or resorts that bring guests to shopping centers, local attractions, business areas, airports, or other localities

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Shuttle Driver Trainee

self-management skills; polite, friendly, patient, dependable, trustworthy, and dedicated Special Requirements—Driver’s license; a chauffeur license or endorsement may be required

• airport parking facilities that transport customers to airline terminals • car rental agencies that transfer customers between airports or agency offices and rental car lots • government agencies or large private companies that transport employees to and from public transit stations • national parks or other recreational areas that carry visitors to trail heads, vista points, museums, and other locations within the park boundaries • hospitals that bring patients, staff, and others to parking lots or medical buildings in remote locations • nonprofit agencies that utilize specially designed vehicles to transport elderly persons, individuals in wheelchairs, and others with special needs • outdoor shopping centers that take customers to the centers’ various buildings or sections • organizers of fund-raisers, concerts, or other special events that transport patrons between the entrances and parking lots or public transit stations Many Shuttle Drivers operate vehicles that can accommodate persons with physical disabilities, such as elderly persons or individuals in wheelchairs. Some shuttle operators drive scheduled routes with predetermined stops, over which they travel several times during their work shifts. Other drivers provide transit services on demand. Just as taxicab drivers do, these

Shuttle Drivers wait for requests from customers. For example, Shuttle Drivers with commercial airport shuttle services pick up and drop off customers at designated places as needed. These professional drivers are expected to be courteous and friendly to passengers. When requested, they help passengers board and disembark from the vehicles. They might also assist passengers with their packages and baggage. Some Shuttle Drivers operate vehicles that are wheelchair accessible. These drivers assist passengers in wheelchairs into the shuttle bus by way of a lift or a ramp and then make sure passengers are safely secured. Along with driving passengers, Shuttle Drivers may be assigned other driving duties. For instance, drivers with private companies might chauffer executives to meetings at clients’ offices; or, drivers with hospitals might deliver medical records or X-rays to physicians’ offices. Shuttle Drivers operate either automatic or standard transmission vehicles. They inspect their assigned vehicles at the beginning of their work shifts to ensure they are clean, fueled, and in proper working order. They notify supervisors or managers of mechanical problems or damages to the vehicles. Shuttle Drivers typically work alone, without any direct supervision. They communicate with dispatchers or supervisors via two-way radios or other modes of communication. They obey traffic laws as well as comply with the policies, procedures, and rules of their employers. They practice safe defensive driving techniques. They can handle all types of traffic conditions (such as gridlock and road construction) as well as drive in rain, snow, and other unfavorable weather. On occasion, they handle passengers who are angry, hostile, or emotionally distressed. These professional drivers work part time or full time. They have flexible work schedules, which may include working weekends and holidays. Depending on the operation hours of their employers, they may be assigned to day, evening, or night shifts.

Salaries

Salaries for Shuttle Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for this occupation is unavailable. Shuttle Drivers generally receive wages that are similar to those of taxi drivers and chauffeurs. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most taxi drivers and chauffeurs ranged from $14,990 to $33,410.

Employment Prospects

Shuttle Drivers find employment throughout the United States. Employers include public transit systems, private shuttle companies, hotels, resorts, hospitals, car rental agencies, airport facilities, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, private corporations, and colleges and universities, among others. In general, job openings become available when drivers transfer to other occupations or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers create additional full-time and part-time positions to meet growing needs.

Advancement Prospects

Opportunities for promotion to supervisory or management positions are available, but limited. Some drivers choose to pursue dispatcher positions. Some Shuttle Drivers use their experience as stepping-stones to other transportation occupations such as bus drivers, truck drivers, or taxicab drivers. Entrepreneurial individuals might start their own shuttle, limousine, or taxicab services.

Education and Training

In general, most employers prefer applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Shuttle Drivers learn their skills on the job while working under the supervision and direction of supervisors and other experienced drivers.

Special Requirements

Applicants for Shuttle Driver positions must possess valid driver’s licenses and clean driving records. Depending on the state and employer, they may be required to obtain commercial driver’s licenses or chauffeur’s licenses. Employers sometimes hire strong candidates on the condition that they obtain the proper license within a certain time. Most, if not all, employers require that applicants pass a selection process that includes an interview, a background check, a drug screening, and other steps.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. In general, applicants do not need previous work experience in shuttle services, although it is preferred. Many employers prefer that entry-level applicants have at least one year of general work experience. Shuttle Drivers need excellent communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills, as they must

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be able to handle meeting many people with different personalities and backgrounds. In addition, these drivers need strong self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, and understand and follow instructions. Some personality traits that successful Shuttle Drivers share include being polite, friendly, patient, dependable, trustworthy, and dedicated.

Unions and Associations

Some Shuttle Drivers belong to a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that drivers may have against employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Do you belong to a church, community, or social group? Volunteer to be a carpool driver to group

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functions or trips to gain experience in transporting passengers. 2. Having customer service experience may enhance your employability. 3. If no jobs are currently available at the place where you wish to work, ask if you can complete an application for future openings. Get the name, title, and phone number of the person who is responsible for hiring and call him or her on a regular basis. Remind that person of who you are and your interest to work for his or her company. 4. You can learn about different shuttle services on the Internet. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords shuttle services into a search engine.

TAXICAB DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Pick up passengers and deliver them to their destinations; collect fares and give back correct change; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Taxi Driver, Cab Driver Salary Range: $15,000 to $33,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous experience transporting persons preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, and

Senior Taxicab Driver

Position Description

Taxicabs are familiar sights everywhere in the world. The word taxi is painted on the sides of these yellow, black-and-white, or other colored vehicles, and sometimes posted on a small sign on top of them. The professional operators who drive this mode of public transportation on city streets, freeways, highways, and rural roads are called Taxicab Drivers. For a fee, Taxicab Drivers transport individuals, couples, and small groups to residences, office buildings, convention centers, restaurants, shops, hospitals, airports, hotels, theaters, and other places within a city or region. The passengers, also known as fares, may be local residents or visitors (such as tourists and business people) to the area. Unlike city buses or subways, taxicab passengers determine where they wish to be picked up and delivered. Taxicab services are run by private companies. Many drivers are employees of taxicab companies. Some drivers lease taxicabs from companies on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. They might pay the company a daily fixed fee or a percentage of the total fares that they receive during a shift. Other drivers are self-employed taxi operators. They own their taxicabs, make their own business decisions, and pay for all required licenses, permits, and insurance. Traditionally, Taxicab Drivers used sedans to transport passengers. In recent years, taxicab companies have added minivans and sports utility vehicles (SUVs)

Taxicab Driver Trainee

self-management skills; courteous, tactful, patient, respectful, honest, dependable, flexible, and selfmotivated Special Requirements—Driver’s license; a chauffeur’s license or endorsement; a local taxi driver permit

to their fleets to handle larger parties as well as greater amounts of luggage, packages, and other items. The minivans and SUVs also allow Taxicab Drivers to serve passengers in wheelchairs. Taxicab Drivers follow their company’s policies and procedures, as well as local regulations, for picking up passengers. They may be assigned by taxicab dispatchers to pick up and drop off passengers at specified locations. They may wait for passengers at taxi stands that are located in front of hotels, airports, railway stations, bus stations, and other places where large groups of people may need taxi services. In large cities, Taxicab Drivers may stop and pick up passengers who hail them from street corners and sidewalks. Taxicab Drivers are responsible for transporting passengers to their destinations safely. They follow traffic laws and drive carefully to prevent accidents as well as to avoid jolting passengers. Taxicab Drivers are familiar with the city or region that they serve, and generally know the most efficient routes to get to places. On occasion, they follow specific travel directions that passengers provide. To find unfamiliar locations, drivers may confer with dispatchers, check street maps or online map systems, or use a global positioning system (GPS) or other automotive navigation systems. Taxicab Drivers are responsible for collecting fares from passengers and giving them back correct change. Fares may be a flat rate or a metered rate that is automatically calculated by a device called a taximeter. If

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passengers request a receipt, Taxicab Drivers are prepared to present them with one. Taxicab Drivers perform a variety of other routine tasks each day. For example, they: • load and unload luggage and packages for passengers • complete required paperwork regarding their vehicles and fares • inspect their vehicles to ensure they are clean, fueled, and in proper working order • report any car trouble to dispatchers or mechanics Taxicab Drivers typically work alone, without any direct supervision. Taxicab Drivers usually communicate with dispatchers via two-way radios, computer terminals, or cellular phones. They sit for most of their workday. They drive in all types of traffic and weather conditions. Taxicab Drivers occasionally deal with passengers who are emotionally distressed, acting violently, or under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The nature of their job puts them at risk of being harassed, assaulted, or robbed. Most taxicab services operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Taxicab Drivers work part time or full time. Many part-time drivers are college students or individuals who hold down other full-time or part-time jobs. Taxicab Drivers have flexible work schedules, which may include working weekends and holidays. Full-time drivers typically put in more than 40 hours a week. Their work shifts may be eight to 12 hours long. Independent Taxicab Drivers set their own schedules, while employees and lease drivers are assigned to shifts.

Salaries

Earnings for Taxi Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, number of hours worked, tips from customers, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Taxicab Drivers ranged between $14,990 and $33,410.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that employment of Taxicab Drivers is expected to increase by 13 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, drivers will be needed to replace those who retire, transfer to other occupations, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Opportunities are constantly favorable for qualified drivers because of the high number of individuals who work temporarily as Taxicab Drivers until they move into occupations that they desire.

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Advancement Prospects

Advancement opportunities in taxicab companies are limited for drivers; they may become dispatchers, supervisors, or managers. Entrepreneurial individuals can become independent Taxicab Drivers or start their own taxicab or limousine services. Most Taxicab Drivers measure their success by earning higher wages, by being assigned to their choice of work schedule, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers generally prefer to hire applicants who possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Taxicab Drivers learn their skills and tasks on the job while working under the supervision and direction of supervisors and other experienced drivers. Essentially, employers train new drivers to operate the taximeter and communication equipment as well as perform proper procedures for completing paperwork. Some employers provide instruction on local geography, popular sightseeing destinations, the best routes, and driver safety.

Special Requirements

To become Taxicab Drivers, applicants must have a valid driver’s license and a clean driving record. Depending on the state, they may be required to obtain a chauffeur’s license or endorsement. For specific information, contact the local office of your state department of motor vehicles. Many cities require that Taxicab Drivers possess a local taxi driver permit, which may be issued by a police department, public safety department, or another public agency. Requirements vary with each municipal jurisdiction. For example, a city might require that prospective Taxicab Drivers complete a formal training program or pass an exam that tests their knowledge of motor vehicle laws, taxi regulations, safe driving practices, and local geography, among other topics. Most, if not all, employers require that applicants pass a selection process that includes a thorough background investigation of applicants’ criminal, credit, and driving records.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. In general, applicants do not need previous work experience in taxi services, although it is preferred. Applicants should have some experience transporting passengers, which they may have gained through vol-

unteer work or employment. Employers typically seek candidates who have a good driving record. Taxicab Drivers need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to handle various people of different personalities and backgrounds every working day. In addition, they need strong self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, follow and understand instructions, and handle stressful situations. Being courteous, tactful, patient, respectful, honest, dependable, flexible, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Taxicab Drivers share.

Unions and Associations

Many Taxicab Drivers are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Learn how to use and read street maps quickly. 2. Individuals who are willing to work flexible hours have greater chances of getting a job. 3. Have you driven people to doctor appointments, school, functions, stores, church, or other places on a regular basis? Be sure to count that as driving experience on your application. 4. Contact taxicab companies directly for job opportunities. Some companies maintain a Web site that allows applicants to apply online or send résumés to an e-mail address. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the taxicab industry. You might start by visiting the Taxicab, Limousine and Paratransit Association Web site at http://www.tlpa.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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CHAUFFEUR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Transport individuals or groups to and from locations; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Limousine Driver, Personal Driver Salary Range: $15,000 to $33,000+ Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous experience transporting passengers preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Driving, mapreading, interpersonal, communication, customer-

Senior Chauffeur

Position Description

Chauffeurs are professional drivers who transport individuals and groups anywhere and everywhere they wish to go. Their job is to drive passengers carefully, safely, and promptly to their destinations. These professional drivers are most commonly thought of as operating stretch limousines; however, they may operate executive sedans, luxury vans, sports utility vehicles, vans, or other vehicles, depending on the needs and wants of their passengers. Many Chauffeurs work for limousine companies that offer various types of personal transportation services to customers. These professionals, also known as limousine drivers, might transport customers between airports and their homes, hotels, office buildings, or other places. They might carry customers to and from special occasions, such as dates, school proms, or weddings. They might bring customers to business meetings, benefits, or other important functions. Some limousine drivers take customers on sightseeing tours or specialty tours (such as wine-tasting or retail outlet tours) within a city or region. Some Chauffeurs are employed by companies that offer personal-driver services to individuals on a contractual basis. These Chauffeurs may drive vehicles that are owned by the customers. Other Chauffeurs work for government agencies, foreign embassies, private corporations, hotels, and other organizations. Their job is to transport executives, managers, staff, clients (or customers), and others in company vehicles.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

Chauffeur Trainee

service, and self-management skills; friendly, patient, courteous, discreet, level-headed, and dependable Special Requirements—A driver’s license; a chauffeur’s license may be required; pass a selection process

Still other Chauffeurs work as private drivers to business executives, wealthy families, and celebrities. Some of them are employed as personal or executive assistants. In addition to driving their employers around, these Chauffeurs perform other tasks as required by employers. For example, they might deliver packages, walk pets, pick up clients, or transport family members to school, stores, and medical appointments. Some employers provide their private drivers with living quarters on their grounds. Chauffeurs are familiar with all state and local traffic laws and follow them accordingly. Their work can be tiring when they must drive for long periods. Chauffeurs are constantly alert to the conditions on the road, which often can be stressful, especially during bad weather or in traffic jams. These professional drivers are responsible for knowing the locations where clients or employers wish to go. Chauffeurs also determine the best route to take so that passengers reach their destinations on a timely basis. To find unfamiliar places or routes, Chauffeurs read maps, use global positioning systems, or consult with dispatchers. An important aspect of their job is customer service. Chauffeurs are expected to be knowledgeable about the geographic area in which they drive passengers. Limousine drivers, for example, can answer questions about restaurants, nightclubs, shopping areas, museums, and so forth about their city or region. Chauffeurs also provide such courtesies as opening doors for

passengers, helping them in and out of cars, and loading and unloading luggage. Chauffeurs are responsible for making sure that vehicles are ready for use. They check that the vehicles are clean, both on the inside and outside, at the beginning of their workday and maintain their cleanliness throughout their shift. They may personally vacuum the interior and wash the exterior of the vehicles, or take them to car wash services. Chauffeurs also perform routine maintenance. They fill vehicles with fuel, make sure that oil and other fluids are full, and check that the tires, lights, brakes, and windshield wipers are in working order. When vehicles need servicing or major repairs, Chauffeurs arrange for the work to be done by professional mechanics. These professional drivers are neatly groomed at all times. Many of them wear proper attire that may consist of a uniform, a dark suit, or a jacket and a tie. Chauffeurs may work full time or part time. They work irregular hours, which may vary daily. It is common for these professional drivers to work evenings, weekends, and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Chauffeurs vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, industry, and geographic location. The May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that the estimated annual salary for most Chauffeurs ranged between $14,990 and $33,410. The survey reports that the estimated hourly wage for most of these drivers ranged from $7.21 to $16.06. In limousine services, drivers may be paid an hourly rate or a commission that is a certain percentage of the fare. Limousine drivers also receive tips from customers.

through job satisfaction, which may involve finding work with another employer. Management opportunities are available, but limited. Entrepreneurial individuals can become self-employed to start their own limousine services. Some Chauffeurs pursue other transportation occupations by becoming taxi drivers, bus drivers, or truck drivers.

Education and Training

Many employers require applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Chauffeurs learn their occupation through on-thejob training. Limousine companies usually provide their drivers with training programs that cover job duties, defensive driving techniques, driver safety, and other subject matter.

Special Requirements

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions need a valid driver’s license and a clean driving record. Depending on the state or municipality, Chauffeurs may be required to hold a chauffeur’s license or endorsement. Licensing requirements vary with each jurisdiction. For specific information, contact the local office of your state department of motor vehicles. To work for a government agency, applicants must pass a civil service exam. Most, if not all, employers require that applicants pass a selection process that includes an interview, a background check, a drug screening, and other steps.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Openings for Chauffeurs typically become available as individuals transfer to other occupations or leave the workforce. Opportunities are generally favorable as many persons work as Chauffeurs for short periods. Opportunities are also dependent on the state of the economy. For example, when the economy is strong, more jobs are available. The BLS reports that the job growth for Chauffeurs is expected to increase by 13 percent through 2016.

Requirements for entry-level positions vary with the different employers. Many prefer that applicants have previous experience with transporting passengers through volunteer work or employment. Employers seek candidates who are knowledgeable about the areas in which they would be assigned to drive. Chauffeurs must have excellent driving and map-reading skills. In addition, they need exceptional interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to handle people from diverse backgrounds. Strong customer-service and self-management skills are also important to have for their line of work. Being friendly, patient, courteous, discreet, level-headed, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Chauffeurs share.

Advancement Prospects

Unions and Associations

Employment Prospects

Many Chauffeurs measure advancement by earning higher wages, through better work benefits, and

Professional associations at the local, state, and national levels are available to professional limousine drivers as

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well as to owners and managers of limousine services. By joining a society, individuals can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. Two national organizations for limousine owners and operators are the National Limousine Association and the Taxi, Limousine, and Paratransit Association. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) Some Chauffeurs are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. A willingness to work anytime may enhance your employability.

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

2. Many limousine services hire extra drivers on a temporary basis during holiday and tourist seasons. 3. Contact employers directly about job openings. 4. To find positions with private households, place an ad in local newspapers that your potential clientele read. 5. You can learn more about the limousine service industry on the Internet. You might start by visiting the National Limousine Association Web site at http://www.limo.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRANSPORTATION DISPATCHER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Make and coordinate driving assignments; monitor drivers in the field; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a particular job such as Bus Dispatcher or Taxicab Dispatcher Salary Range: $20,000 to $54,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience in industry required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Critical­thinking, problem-solving, self-management, com-

Lead or Senior Dispatcher

Position Description

Did you ever wonder who assigns fares to taxicab drivers? Or, who responds to requests for shuttle service? Or, who keeps track of bus drivers to ensure they stay on schedule? The men and women who are responsible for coordinating the movement of ground-passenger transportation services are Transportation Dispatchers. They work for transit systems, charter bus services, taxicab companies, shuttle bus services, and limousine companies, among others. They hold job titles that reflect the industry in which they work, such as bus dispatchers, taxicab dispatchers, and shuttle dispatchers. Transportation Dispatchers are responsible for assigning drivers to run particular routes, cover specific geographic areas, or to pick up customers at certain locations. These dispatchers also monitor the drivers in the field to ensure that they are providing services safely, effectively, and in a timely manner. In addition, Transportation Dispatchers provide drivers with support as needed. For example, dispatchers help drivers when they require directions, want alternative routes to avoid traffic jams, or have trouble with their vehicles. Some dispatchers (such as taxicab dispatchers) take calls from the public for requests for services and assign the requests to the appropriate drivers. These professionals are usually assigned to handle communications

Dispatcher Trainee

puter, clerical, map-reading, interpersonal, com­munication, and teamwork skills; focused, calm, positive, dependable, quick-witted, organized, selfmotivated, and flexible

within a particular area. In large companies, Transportation Dispatchers might work in teams, with one dispatcher taking incoming calls, while the other takes care of communicating with drivers. They are required to communicate information clearly to drivers, customers, and others. Dispatchers confirm addresses and other details from callers by repeating the information. These dispatchers constantly make decisions that affect others; hence, an error in judgment may cause harmful results. Dispatchers typically work in an office environment. They might operate telephones, two-way radios, and computers to communicate with drivers. Some of them also use global positioning systems (GPS) to monitor drivers and their vehicles in the field. In addition to their dispatch duties, these professionals perform administrative and clerical tasks. For example, they are responsible for keeping detailed logs and records of their daily work activities. Every day, Transportation Dispatchers are in constant contact with people, including callers, co-workers, drivers, managers, and others. On occasion, they deal with callers who are rude, angry, afraid, upset, or otherwise emotionally distressed. Dispatchers are expected to remain calm and impartial and to stay in control of disagreeable situations at all times. Their work can also become stressful when they must suddenly handle several calls at once.

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Transportation Dispatchers work part time or full time. Their work schedules are usually flexible, which may include working evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays. When workloads are heavy as well as during emergencies, dispatchers may be required to work extra hours.

Salaries

Salaries for Transportation Dispatchers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most dispatchers (not including public safety dispatchers) ranged between $20,410 and $54,360.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that the employment of dispatchers overall is expected to increase by 6 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, Transportation Dispatchers will be needed to replace those who transfer to other occupations, enter other careers, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Opportunities for Transportation Dispatchers are typically more favorable in metropolitan areas.

Advancement Prospects

Transportation Dispatchers can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, but opportunities are limited. Many Transportation Dispatchers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by being assigned greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Some dispatchers use their experience as steppingstones to pursue careers in transportation or non-transportation areas. For example, taxicab dispatchers might start their own taxi or limousine companies.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for dispatch positions must possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have earned an associate degree or have some college training. Novice dispatchers receive on-the-job training, which may be several days, weeks, or months long. They work under the supervision and direction of experienced Transportation Dispatchers, who teach them how to operate communications equipment as well as monitor and handle calls.

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Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements vary among employers as well as for the different types of dispatchers. Applicants for entry-level positions are not usually required to have previous dispatch experience. However, employers prefer to hire candidates who have several years of experience working in their industry. Many Transportation Dispatchers, for example, advanced to their positions after working as bus, taxicab, shuttle, or other types of professional drivers. Employers also seek candidates who are knowledgeable about the geographic area in which they would be dispatching drivers. To perform well at their job, Transportation Dispatchers must have excellent critical-thinking, problemsolving, and self-management skills. Having adequate computer, clerical, and map-reading skills is also essential. In addition, they need effective interpersonal, communication, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work well with various people from different backgrounds on a daily basis. Being focused, calm, positive, dependable, quick-witted, organized, self-motivated, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Transportation Dispatchers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Transportation Dispatchers belong to labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers. The unions seek better contractual terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. They also handle any grievances that their members may have against employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Knowing how to use radio equipment may enhance your employability. 2. Check state employment service offices for job announcements of dispatch openings in the area. 3. If you are a driver, let your supervisor know that you are interested in becoming a dispatcher. 4. Job seekers can apply directly to truck or bus companies. Newspaper classified ads and Internet job sites may provide employment leads. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Transportation Dispatchers. To get a list of Web sites, enter such keywords as transportation dispatchers, bus dispatchers, or taxicab dispatchers into a search engine.

BUS MECHANIC CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Maintain and repair school, transit, or other types of buses; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Diesel Mechanic, Diesel Service Technician, Transit Mechanic, Fleet Mechanic Salary Range: $25,000 to $57,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or formal training in diesel technology Experience—Previous experience performing maintenance and repairs on vehicles and equipment Special Skills and Personality Traits—Critical-thinking, problem-solving, troubleshooting,

Senior Bus Mechanic

Position Description

Bus Mechanics contribute to the safe transport of tens of thousands of young students, the elderly, commuters, and many others who ride buses every day throughout the United States. Their job is to make sure that school buses, local transit buses, intercity buses, charter buses, tour buses, and other buses run safely, efficiently, and reliably at all times. Many Bus Mechanics work for organizations where they are responsible for the preventive maintenance and repair work of their bus fleets. Some mechanics are self-employed, while others work for independent repair shops. Most buses have diesel engines, while some buses have gasoline or electric engines. Although Bus Mechanics are diesel-engine experts, they can work on all other kinds of engines as well. To keep buses running optimally and to prevent major problems, Bus Mechanics perform regularly scheduled maintenance on the vehicles. They follow a checklist of scheduled tasks to perform in order to complete their maintenance routines. For example, they change oil, rotate tires, replenish water and other fluids, inspect steering and braking systems, replace light bulbs, tighten loose nuts, perform engine tune-ups, and lubricate moving parts. From time to time, however, buses develop problems that necessitate major repairs, overhauls, or the replacement of parts. Bus Mechanics use computerized

Bus Mechanic Mechanic’s Helper, Trainee,   or Bus Mechanic (Entry-level)

self-management, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills; cooperative, positive, patient, detail-oriented, and dependable Special Requirements—Driver’s license; a commercial driver’s license may be required

diagnostic equipment, which they attach to engines or electrical systems to determine what or where problems exist. They also listen carefully to running engines and drive the buses to hear sounds that they associate with specific problems. Once they have determined the sources of the problems, they remove engines, transmissions, wheel assemblies, heating systems, or other large components. Bus Mechanics dismantle these components, thoroughly clean them, replace worn parts, repack them with grease, reassemble them, and reinstall them into the vehicles. They run the engines and drive the buses to make sure that the rebuilt components work efficiently and according to manufacturer standards. Bus Mechanics occasionally perform repairs on buses that break down on the road. They might change tires, recharge batteries, or perform other basic repairs that keep the buses running until they can work on them in their shops. Bus Mechanics are responsible for being completely familiar with the buses on which they work. Depending on the size of their companies and number of buses in their fleets, they may work on several different makes, models, and years of buses. Newer buses feature electronic components, such as fuel injection systems, emission controls, and computerized drive trains, which are controlled by computer chips. Bus Mechanics are well versed in how all such systems work and how to inter-

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pret what their diagnostic equipment or repair manuals tell them about their recommended performance. To perform maintenance, repair, and overhauling tasks, Bus Mechanics use such power tools as lathes, grinders, hydraulic jacks and hoists, welding equipment, and pneumatic wrenches, which their employer provides for their use. These mechanics also utilize traditional hand tools, such as pliers, screwdrivers, and wrenches. Bus Mechanics are usually required to provide their own hand tools. As Bus Mechanics gain experience, they sometimes specialize by working on individual parts or components, particularly if they work in large shops. For example, one mechanic may work specifically on brake systems while another works on engines and yet another works on steering systems. In small companies, Bus Mechanics may be responsible for doing all the maintenance and repair work on their buses. Bus Mechanics perform various other tasks besides maintaining and repairing buses. For example, they: • respond to manufacturer recalls and see that buses are delivered to the proper destination accordingly and on time • read job orders and manuals • interpret schematic diagrams • inspect tools and equipment and make repairs as needed • clean work areas of debris and put tools and equipment away after use • take inventory of parts and equipment and order replacements when stock is low Their duties may depend upon their level of expertise and their responsibilities become more complex as they gain experience. Senior Bus Mechanics may have leadership responsibilities, such as supervising and training newer employees. Bus Mechanics do a physically demanding job. They lift, push, or pull heavy objects. They stoop, bend, climb, reach, and lie on their backs to access confined or cramped work areas. They may work on ladders or raised platforms at heights of up to 12 feet. Bus Mechanics are exposed to loud noises as well as fumes from exhaust systems, fuels, or other substances in the course of their daily routine. They also risk injury from falling or lifting heavy objects. In addition, they may suffer cuts, bruises, or burns in the course of performing their tasks. These mechanics work indoors in well-lighted and ventilated repair facilities. They also work outdoors to perform roadside repairs in all kinds of weather. Bus Mechanics put in 40-hour weeks, but may work shifts

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Career Opportunities in Transportation

in repair facilities that operate around the clock. Selfemployed Bus Mechanics usually work longer hours.

Salaries

Salaries for Bus Mechanics vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated hourly wage for these mechanics ranged from $12.12 to $27.33. The estimated annual salary for most Bus Mechanics ranged from $25,210 to $56,850.

Employment Prospects

Bus Mechanics are employed throughout the United States. They work for public transit systems, school districts, charter bus companies, tour bus lines, and other organizations that own and operate bus fleets. According to the BLS, employment of bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists is predicted to increase by 11 percent through 2016. In the BLS May 2007 OES report, approximately 250,370 of these mechanics and technicians were employed in the United States. Furthermore, openings for Bus Mechanics will become available as individuals retire, transfer to other jobs, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Some experts say that a large number of Bus Mechanics will be retiring in the coming decade, which should create many job opportunities. Entry-level applicants who have completed educational programs in diesel mechanics have better chances of finding employment than those without formal training. Job opportunities are also better in cities and towns where there are large bus operations. With their skills, training, and experience, Bus Mechanics can find employment working on other diesel-powered vehicles and machinery such as heavy trucks, construction equipment, farm machines, locomotives, and oil well drilling equipment.

Advancement Prospects

Many Bus Mechanics measure their success by earning higher incomes, by receiving greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory and managerial positions are available, but limited.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for entry-level positions must have a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma.

Individuals can enter the field of diesel technology in various ways. They may fulfill an apprenticeship. They may also learn their skills on the job while working under the direction of experienced mechanics. It usually takes trainees three to four years to become journey-level mechanics. In addition, persons may enter this field by completing diesel technology programs at community colleges, technical schools, vocational schools, or trade schools. These formal programs, which may be several months or a few years long, typically lead to professional certificates or associate degrees. They prepare students for entry-level positions through classroom instruction and practical experience. Throughout their careers, Bus Mechanics enroll in workshops, classes, and programs to learn new skills and knowledge as well as to keep up with advancements in their field.

lines, follow and understand instructions, and prioritize multiple tasks. In addition, they need communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills to work well with colleagues, customers, and others. Some personality traits that successful Bus Mechanics share include being cooperative, positive, patient, detail-oriented, and dependable.

Special Requirements

Tips for Entry

Bus Mechanics must have a valid state driver’s license. Some employers also require that they possess a stateissued commercial driver’s license, if they will be taking buses on test drives on public streets, roads, and highways.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have two or more years of experience performing maintenance and repairs on vehicles and equipment. They may have gained experience through formal training programs, on-the-job training, or employment. To perform their job effectively, Bus Mechanics need excellent critical-thinking, problem-solving, and troubleshooting skills. They also must have strong selfmanagement skills, such as the ability to meet dead-

Unions and Associations

Many Bus Mechanics are members of a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers. Unions that represent Bus Mechanics include the Amalgamated Transit Union, the Transport Workers Union of America, and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. For contact information, see Appendix III. 1. High school courses in automotive repair, electronics, English, mathematics, and physics provide a strong educational background for a career as a diesel service technician or mechanic. 2. Some employers prefer to hire candidates for entry-level positions who have completed formal diesel technology programs. 3. Assemble a set of hand tools, as you may be required to provide your own tools for use on the job. 4. Some employers allow applicants to apply for jobs online at their Web sites. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Bus Mechanics and what they do. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keyword bus mechanics, transit bus maintenance, or school bus maintenance into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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TRANSIT POLICE OFFICER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Enforce laws, preserve peace, protect life and property, investigate criminal incidents, and apprehend criminals; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $32,000 to $76,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Excellent Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; police academy training; field training Experience—No law enforcement experience needed for recruit positions Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, analytical, self-management, teamwork,

Special Assignments, Detective, or Sergeant

Position Description

In many city and regional public transportation systems, police officers provide a regular presence to ensure a safe and secure environment for the millions of passengers who ride the various forms of public transit each day. These men and women are generally known as Transit Police Officers, and they enforce laws and regulations within the jurisdictions that they serve. They are responsible for enforcing transit policies and rules. Furthermore, these officers have the duty of protecting life and property, preserving the peace, preventing and detecting crime, and providing community service. In some public transportation systems, Transit Police Officers are part of a unit or bureau within a city police department or a county sheriff ’s department. Other public transit systems have their own police department, which have the same powers and authorities as any local law enforcement agency. Like all other law enforcement officers, Transit Police Officers are prepared to assist in major emergencies, critical incidents, and tactical responses. Transit Police Officers are assigned beats, or geographic areas, to patrol by foot, bicycle, or marked vehicles. Depending on the service area of a public transit system, their beats may encompass several cities, towns, or counties. They ride city buses, subways, or light-rail trains or drive police vehicles between stations. These officers patrol bus shelters, train platforms, bus or train stations, transit centers, and parking lots. Some Transit

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Patrol Officer Recruit

communication, interpersonal, writing, and computer skills; honest, trustworthy, fair, composed, courteous, detail-oriented, dependable, and flexible Special Requirements—Peace officer certification; meet certain requirements

Police Officers work at airports or harbors or on ferries, which are part of some public transportation systems. These officers are armed, and they may work alone or with a partner. Some perform their duties in uniform, while others do not. As they patrol their beats, they are constantly alert for suspicious activities. They investigate any potential trouble and, if necessary, call police dispatch for additional assistance. Transit Police Officers have the authority to stop and question people about their actions, as well as to arrest persons who are suspected of committing crimes. They may also detain individuals who are being public nuisances. Transit Police Officers investigate all types of crime. Many of their investigations involve such crimes as ticket fraud, assaults against passengers or transit employees, robbery of personal belongings, graffiti tagging on transit property, drug dealing, and trespassing on right-of-way rail lines. Their duties also include the enforcement of traffic laws and codes. Hence, they may issue warnings or citations to traffic violators. When an accident, fire, or other emergency occurs, Transit Police Officers take immediate control of the scene. They make sure all passengers, transit employees, and others on the scene are safe and unharmed. They call for emergency assistance, as well as provide first aid to persons who need it. In addition, these law enforcement officers respond to requests from passengers and transit employees for assistance with accidents, injuries, or illnesses. Transit

Police Officers handle fights and other disturbances on transit systems. They settle disputes between parties and help passengers, such as lost children who have been separated from their traveling companions. Furthermore, Transit Police Officers give information to passengers who seek directions to specific locations in the area. These officers also perform various other duties as needed. For example, they might be assigned to: • direct traffic around accidents or special events • escort citizens • guard officials, visiting dignitaries, or other very important people • assist in criminal investigations • collect and process evidence at crime scenes • testify at court trials • conduct security surveys • develop crime prevention measures On occasion, Transit Police Officers work on assignments with officers from other local, state, or federal law enforcement agencies. After serving one or more years of patrol duty, officers can usually volunteer for special details, which vary from agency to agency. For example, transit police bureaus or departments might have a bike patrol, canine unit, bomb squad, drug interdiction unit, gang suppression unit, or other special details. Transit Police Officers are required to keep meticulous notes and records about their daily activities. In addition, they are expected to complete accurate reports and paperwork regarding incidents that they encounter. Their notes and reports become permanent public records that can be used as evidence in trials. Transit Police Officers are assigned to day, evening, or night shifts, which may include working weekends and holidays. They work 40 hours a week, and put in additional hours as needed to perform their duties. They are on call 24 hours a day, every day of the year.

employed in the United States. This federal agency expects employment of these officers to increase by 6 percent through 2016. Job openings typically become available as officers advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs, or retire. Employers will create additional transit officer positions to meet demands, as long as funding is available. The job outlook in general for law enforcement officers is favorable, particularly in local law enforcement agencies.

Advancement Prospects

Transit Police Officers can develop a satisfying and diverse career, according to their interests and ambitions. They can rise through the ranks as corporals, sergeants, lieutenants, and so forth. To be promoted, they must have additional experience and education, as well as pass competitive exams and reviews. Transit officers can also seek supervisory and managerial positions. Many officers measure advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. They also apply for volunteer duty that interests them, such as with a bike patrol or canine patrol. Some Transit Police Officers use their experience as a stepping-stone to careers as detectives, criminal investigators, or other positions. Police officers may retire with a pension after serving 20 to 25 years on the force. Many officers retire while still in their 40s and 50s and pursue a second career in fields that interest them.

Education and Training

Salaries for Transit Police Officers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most transit police ranged between $31,770 and $76,180.

Educational requirements vary among employers. Minimally, applicants need a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer that applicants have an associate or bachelor’s degree in law enforcement, criminal justice, or another related field. Others require that applicants have completed some college course work. Recruits complete 12 to 14 weeks of training at a local, state, or regional police academy. They receive classroom instruction in such topics as law, investigative procedures, self-defense, use of firearms, first aid, and emergency response. After their academy training, recruits receive field training under the supervision and direction of experienced Transit Police Officers. Throughout their careers, Transit Police Officers enroll in courses, seminars, and workshops to increase their knowledge and update their skills.

Employment Prospects

Special Requirements

Salaries

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 5,530 transit and railroad police officers were

Transit Police Officers must possess a peace officer standards and training (POST) certificate, which is earned

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upon completion of training at a police academy. They must hold a valid driver’s license. Applicants for recruit positions must be U.S. citizens and meet a minimum age requirement, which varies with the different agencies. They must also meet minimum vision, weight, and height requirements. Candidates must also successfully pass every step of the selection process which includes, but is not limited to, the following: a written exam, an oral interview, a medical examination, a screening for drug use, a psychological review, a polygraph examination, and a background investigation.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements vary with the different agencies. Some agencies may require that applicants for transit police positions have several years of general patrol duty. Law enforcement experience is not required for individuals to apply for police recruit positions. To perform their work effectively, Transit Police Officers must have excellent problem-solving, analytical, self-management, and teamwork skills. They also need to have superior communication and interpersonal skills, as they must work well with colleagues, managers, transportation personnel, the public, and others. Having proficient writing and computer skills is essential as well. Being honest, trustworthy, fair, composed, courteous, detail-oriented, dependable, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Transit Police Officers share.

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Unions and Associations

Transit Police Officers are usually members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. Many Transit Police Officers also belong to professional associations that serve the interests of law enforcement officers in general. These societies are available at the local, state, and national level. Some of the various national organizations are the National Sheriffs’ Association, the American Federation of Police and Concerned Citizens, and the International Association of Women Police. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) By joining a professional association, officers can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. Are you in high school or college? Do volunteer work at a local law enforcement agency to gain experience working in the field. 2. Applicants for recruit positions must be in good physical condition. 3. Contact agencies directly about openings for recruit positions. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about different transit police agencies. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords transit police or transit police department into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

DELIVERY SERVICES

COURIER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Pick up and deliver packages by foot, bicycle, vehicle, or other mode of transportation; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Bicycle Messenger, Package Delivery Driver, or other title that reflects a specific occupation Salary Range: $16,000 to $35,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma Experience—Previous courier experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management, organizational, problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, customer-service, writing,

Senior Courier or Supervisor

Position Description

Couriers are key to the success of many enterprises. Companies frequently need to quickly send materials to other firms or to their own branch offices within their local area. Oftentimes, businesses need someone to deliver their materials at a moment’s notice, or at times that cannot fit the specific schedules offered by postal carriers or trucking companies. Couriers have the flexibility to accommodate such requirements. Couriers are delivery professionals who provide the transport of packages, letters, blueprints, cash, and other items on behalf of businesses or individuals. Couriers convey the kind of items that bulk-shipping services cannot or will not handle. Furthermore, Couriers are capable of delivering various items more conveniently. For example, they can pick up and drop off delicate or sensitive materials such as blood samples or confidential legal documents within 24 hours or at a certain time on a specific day. Couriers travel varying distances to make their deliveries, from down the hall in an office building to across town to another city to another country. Couriers utilize various modes of transportation to make their deliveries. Some walk, use public transit, or ride bicycles. Other couriers drive motorcycles, cars, vans, or trucks. Still others take airplanes to ensure that recipients receive their packages and items promptly.

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Courier Courier Trainee

computer, and map-reading skills; upbeat, friendly, tactful, calm, efficient, resourceful, flexible, and dependable Special Requirements—Driver’s license; commercial driver’s license may be required; independent contractors provide their own vehicle

Many Couriers work for courier service firms, which range in size from small local businesses to large international corporations. These companies specialize in several ways. They may work only within certain neighborhoods, cities, or regions. Others provide longdistance overnight deliveries. Some courier businesses work on contract for only one or a few companies or institutions. For example, a courier service may transport only biomedical materials between doctors’ offices and labs, while another courier business retains a client base only within the architectural profession. Other courier companies may specialize by the type of courier services they offer, such as air courier services or bicycle messenger services. Law firms, corporate offices, government agencies, and other enterprises and organizations hire Couriers to staff positions. These messengers make deliveries within their company headquarters and to their branch facilities. Many Couriers are self-employed. They work as independent contractors with courier service firms. These Couriers provide their own cell phones and vehicles or bicycles. They usually are required to carry and show proof of liability insurance. They are also responsible for collecting their own delivery fees, paying self-employment taxes, and maintaining their business records.

Self-employed Couriers maintain a level of independence and work without direct supervision. They may determine their own delivery routes, for example. Couriers are free to contract to several companies simultaneously. Couriers have basic tasks to perform regardless of whether they work independently or for courier firms. They pick up and deliver packages at certain times and designated locations specified by their employer or client. Couriers may handle several pick-up and delivery assignments simultaneously. Before leaving a pick-up point, Couriers review their assigned shipment form or list of items for completeness and make sure that they have the total number of packages in the shipment. Couriers plan their delivery routes and pack their vehicles to expedite deliveries. For example, items for their earliest deliveries are located closer to their seats or compartment doors. They take care to handle hazardous materials safely. At the delivery point, Couriers obtain a signature on the shipment form or a computerized tracking device. They retain records of their pick-up and delivery transactions and submit these records to dispatchers or other office personnel. Couriers work unsupervised. They keep in contact with dispatchers through cell phones or two-way radios. When they are not making deliveries, these couriers return to central locations that may be at or away from their employers’ offices. Some Couriers have routine office tasks to complete between delivery runs. Couriers need to be physically fit and have the strength and stamina to constantly move throughout their workday. They may be required to lift large parcels that may weigh as much as 100 pounds or use hand trucks to handle them. Bicycle messengers must be able to ride their bicycles in all types of weather, ride up and down hills, and deal with the stress of pedaling through congested traffic conditions. Couriers work both indoors and outdoors. They work part time or full time. They generally work during standard business hours, but may also work evenings or on weekends. Independent contractors have flexible work schedules, and determine the days and number of hours they wish to work.

Salaries

Annual earnings for Couriers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job status (independent contractor or employee), employer, and geographic location. Independent contractors receive commissions, while employees earn hourly wages or a combination of wages and commissions. A commission is a percent-

age of the delivery fee, which is based on such factors as weight, distance, and urgency of delivery. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most Couriers ranged between $15,660 and $35,120. This survey reports that the estimated hourly wage for couriers ranged from $7.53 to $16.89.

Employment Prospects

Couriers are employed by multinational corporations such as UPS and FedEx, as well as by locally owned courier, messenger, and delivery services. Most sameday delivery services are operated by small businesses. According to the BLS May 2007 OES survey, approximately 100,820 Couriers and messengers are employed in the United States. About 17 percent of them work in the courier industry and about 14 percent work in the local messenger and local delivery industry. These two industries combined employ the largest number of Couriers and messengers. Most job openings become available as Couriers transfer to other jobs or career fields or leave the workforce for various reasons. Companies create additional positions as needed to meet growing demands for their services.

Advancement Prospects

Couriers can advance to dispatch, supervisory, and managerial positions, but opportunities are limited. Promotional opportunities are greater in large companies. Most Couriers measure advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. Experienced individuals with entrepreneurial ambitions start their own delivery services. Some Couriers use their experience as a steppingstone to other transportation occupations such as long distance truck drivers, route sales drivers, logistics professionals, or warehouse workers.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants need a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Couriers learn their tasks on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced personnel. Depending on the complexity of their work, training may last several days or a few weeks.

Special Requirements

For driving positions, Couriers must have a valid driver’s license. If they will be operating heavy trucks on the job, they must possess a commercial driver’s license.

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Drivers who engage in interstate commerce must fulfill qualifications established by the U.S. Department of Transportation. They must be at least 21 years old, meet specific health requirements, and read and speak English proficiently. Drivers must also pass a written exam covering the federal motor carrier safety regulations as well as pass a physical exam. Independent contractors supply their own bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, vans, or pickup trucks. They must have the proper registration and insurance coverage for their vehicles.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have some experience performing courier or messenger duties. They are also knowledgeable about the area in which they travel and have a good sense of direction. To work effectively as Couriers, individuals need excellent self-management, organizational, problemsolving, communication, interpersonal, and customerservice skills. This job also requires that they have strong writing, computer, and map-reading skills. Being upbeat, friendly, tactful, calm, efficient, resourceful, flexible, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Couriers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Some Couriers belong to labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for

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better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Build up your physical stamina, as couriers need to be constantly on the go. 2. Develop excellent work habits, such as getting to work on time, following instructions, and working well with others. New employees must successfully serve a probationary period before they are offered permanent positions. 3. Contact law firms, banks, retail stores, mailorder houses, medical facilities, and other large employers in your area to see if they may need a permanent or on-call Courier for their business needs. 4. Dress appropriately and act professionally whenever you visit prospective employers, including times when you go in to query about job openings or to fill out an application. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the world of Couriers. To get a list of relevant Web sites, enter the keyword couriers or courier services into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

BICYCLE MESSENGER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Pick up and deliver documents, packages, and other small items within one or a few hours; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Bicycle Courier Salary Range: $16,000 to $35,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous courier experience preferred; cycling experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Mapreading, problem-solving, communication, inter-

Courier Services Owner

Position Description

Sometimes individuals as well as businesses, law firms, doctor’s offices, stores, and other establishments need to have items delivered to recipients in nearby city blocks or neighborhoods within a matter of hours. To ensure their packages are transported promptly and inexpensively, they contact delivery companies that offer bicycle courier services. Unlike couriers who drive cars and trucks, Bicycle Messengers can maneuver through dense city traffic quickly and almost effortlessly. These professional couriers work mostly in large cities for delivery companies that offer same-day courier services within business and downtown centers. Some of these companies offer customers one-hour delivery services; and some companies provide deliveries to neighborhoods outside of downtown boundaries. Courier companies usually take delivery orders from customers by phone. They then dispatch available Bicycle Messengers to pick up the items at customers’ workplaces or residences. These couriers convey various types of small items, including letters, business contracts, manuscripts, financial documents, passports, tickets, blueprints, CDs, equipment parts, medical specimens, merchandise, food, gifts, and so on. They carry packages and objects in backpacks, large shoulder bags, or baskets attached to their bicycles. These couriers may travel several blocks or miles to deliver packages to banks, corporate offices, government agencies, medical laboratories, residences, and

Bicycle Messenger Bicycle Messenger Rookie

personal, and self-management skills; energetic, positive, self-motivated, courteous, reliable, and efficient Special Requirements—Local bicycle-messenger license may be required

other locations. They encounter executives, managers, professionals, office staff, and the public; hence, they are expected to look neat and clean and to act professionally while on the job. Bicycle Messengers hand over packages to the appropriate individuals and may ask them to sign receipts. Upon completion of their deliveries, these couriers notify dispatchers at their employers’ offices. Bicycle Messengers also maintain records of their deliveries. Most of the time, Bicycle Messengers work unsupervised. They keep in contact with dispatchers through cell phones or two-way radios. When they are not making deliveries, these couriers return to central locations that may be at or away from their employers’ offices. The majority of Bicycle Messengers are selfemployed. They receive no company benefits, such as sick pay, health insurance, or vacation time, and they may not be covered by worker’s compensation insurance. As independent contractors, they can work for more than one company at a time. They are also free from any company control and direction in how they execute their deliveries. These couriers are responsible for collecting their fees, paying self-employment taxes, and maintaining business records. Bicycle Messengers, whether employees or independent contractors, supply their own bicycles, and are usually responsible for maintaining them and making proper repairs. They also furnish their own locks, helmets, and cell phones. In addition, they bring their

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own backpacks or shoulder bags to carry packages and other items. Bicycle Messengers also carry basic tools to handle mechanical problems, as well as a map of their city to help them determine the best routes. Many pedestrians and drivers have gazed at Bicycle Messengers as they sped by, envying their freedom and adventure. They sometimes romanticize the job, not realizing the hard work that Bicycle Messengers perform. On average, these couriers pedal about 30 to 35 miles per day, making as many as 30 to 45 deliveries, sometimes more. They ride in all types of weather, including sweltering heat, extreme cold, high winds, heavy rain, and snow. They pedal up steep hills, navigate around potholes, negotiate wet pavements, cross slick light-rail tracks, and cope with other obstacles on city streets. Most Bicycle Messengers choose this occupation because they are devoted cyclists or like to perform physical work outdoors. These professional couriers are at high risk of injury and fatal collisions. They are constantly alert to vehicles driving alongside or passing by them, for car doors suddenly opening into their passageway, for pedestrians unexpectedly crossing their path, and for other potential traffic hazards. On occasion, Bicycle Messengers must deal with angry drivers and pedestrians. Bicycle Messengers work part time or full time. Some work evening and weekend hours. Independent contractors have flexible work schedules, determining the days and number of hours they wish to work.

Salaries

Annual earnings for Bicycle Messengers vary, depending on such factors as their employer, experience, and job status (independent contractor or employee). Independent contractors receive commissions, while employees earn hourly wages or a combination of wages and commissions. A commission is a percentage of the delivery fee, which is based on such factors as weight, distance, and urgency of delivery. Commissions vary from employer to employer, and generally range from 30 to 80 percent. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most couriers, which includes Bicycle Messengers, ranged between $15,660 and $35,120. The estimated hourly wage for couriers ranged from $7.53 to $16.89.

Employment Prospects

Bicycle courier services are found in medium and large cities with busy downtown or business centers. San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Bos-

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ton, and other major cities offer the largest number of job opportunities. The turnover rate for Bicycle Messengers is high. Competition is strong for jobs at courier services that offer high hourly wages or commission rates. Job openings usually become available as messengers move to positions with other companies, transfer to other occupations or careers, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers also create additional positions to meet growing demands for their services. With the advancement of cell phones, fax machines, and other technology to transmit information quickly, the demand for bicycle couriers has decreased since the 1990s. Still, according to some experts in the field, Bicycle Messengers will continually be needed to quickly transport items that cannot be sent electronically, such as medicines, medical samples, legal documents, passports, artwork, and groceries.

Advancement Prospects

Advancement opportunities for Bicycle Messengers are limited and include dispatch, supervisory, and managerial positions. Entrepreneurial individuals can start their own courier services. In general, most Bicycle Messengers measure advancement by earning higher incomes and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Most employers prefer to hire applicants who hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Bicycle Messengers learn their tasks on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced couriers.

Special Requirements

In some cities, Bicycle Messengers must hold a valid bicycle courier license. For specific information, contact the city hall for the jurisdiction where you wish to work.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have some experience performing courier or messenger duties. They also seek candidates who have a good sense of direction and are knowledgeable about the areas in which they would work. Some employers are willing to hire applicants without previous experience, if they are experienced cyclists who demonstrate a strong work ethic. Along with superior biking skills, Bicycle Messengers must have strong map-reading, problem-solving,

communication, and interpersonal skills. They also need excellent self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, meet deadlines, and follow and understand instructions. Being energetic, positive, self-motivated, courteous, reliable, and efficient are some personality traits that successful Bicycle Messengers share.

Unions and Associations

Bicycle Messengers can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities and other professional services and resources. Local associations are available in San Francisco, New York, and other large cities.

Tips for Entry

1. Large companies are more likely to hire applicants who have little or no courier experience.

2. Talk with Bicycle Messengers for advice about job opportunities and potential employers. 3. Be ready to start work immediately. Your bicycle should be maintained and in top shape. You should already have a helmet, a lock, and a messenger bag. Employers may also require that you have a cell phone to use. 4. The majority of bicycle courier services hire independent contractors rather than employees. Be sure you understand what is involved in being an independent contractor. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Bicycle Messengers. You might start by visiting the International Federation of Bike Messenger Associations Web site at http://www.messengers.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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AIR COURIER (FREELANCE) CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Escort packages and documents to international destinations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Casual Courier, On-Board Courier Salary Range: Not Applicable Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—None required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management skills; adventurous, dependable, responsible, adaptable, and professional Special Requirements—U.S. passport; travel visas may be required; meet minimum age requirement

Air Courier Services Owner or Broker

Position Description

Oftentimes, individuals and businesses need to have goods delivered to recipients in other countries as soon as possible. Goods may be shipped as freight cargo on commercial air carriers; however, shipments can take days before they reach their recipients. Goods may also be shipped in baggage compartments that hold passengers’ luggage and packages but passengers must accompany them. Thus, many senders choose to use freelance Air Couriers to transport their goods on commercial flights. Freelance Air Couriers are also known as casual couriers or on-board couriers. These men and women are actually independent travelers. In exchange for lowcost airfare, they shepherd the shipments on scheduled commercial flights. Individuals and businesses use shipping firms and air courier companies to deliver their goods to international locations. These businesses are responsible for finding reliable Air Couriers, who are willing to give up their baggage allowance for their customers’ shipments. Freelance Air Couriers normally do not handle any of the shipments during the flights. Their primary duty is to carry shipping documents and make sure that the shipments have been delivered to the proper people at the destination airports. The procedures for being on-board couriers are simple and few. Shipping and air courier companies post schedules of flights on which they would need

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Air Courier Air Courier (Rookie)

on-board couriers. Travelers reserve seats on the courier flights that they wish to take. They may reserve their seats several weeks or months in advance. Their trips usually originate and end at gateway cities where international flights depart and arrive. In the United States, these gateway cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Las Vegas, and New York, among others. On their departure day, Air Couriers meet with a company representative at either the airport or a company office several hours before the flight is scheduled to leave. Shipments have already been packed and checked in by the company. The representative gives the couriers their airline tickets, delivery instructions, shipment manifests, and the baggage receipts for the cargo. Upon arriving at their destination, Air Couriers go through the process of checking in at the immigration counter. They then meet another company representative, to whom they hand over the shipping manifests. Air Couriers go with the company representative to retrieve the checked-in baggage and to take the baggage through customs. If Air Couriers are directed to take the baggage through customs themselves, they present shipping manifests to the customs officer, identify themselves as freelance couriers, and state the name of the company that they serve. Once the shipment and paperwork are delivered to the company representative, the freelance couriers’ job

is complete. They are now free to do their own traveling in the foreign country. Most travelers return home on the date specified on their round-trip tickets. Some travelers agree to provide courier services on the return trip home. Freelance Air Couriers may offer delivery services to one or more shipping companies and air courier services. Some seek courier assignments on their own, while others sign up with air courier brokers that represent various small companies around the world.

Salaries

Because they are volunteers, freelance Air Couriers receive no pay. Instead, they receive the benefit of getting low-cost airfare to international destinations. Airfare may be for one-way or round-trip fares. For some last-minute assignments, Air Couriers may receive free airfare. Experienced and reputable freelancers may be able to negotiate fees for their services with some shipping and air courier companies.

Employment Prospects

Air courier opportunities are available with shipping companies and air courier services that are located throughout the United States and world. Most, if not all, courier assignments are for foreign countries. Courier assignments for destinations within the United States are rare. Competition for on-board courier assignments is strong, particularly for popular destinations during high travel seasons.

Advancement Prospects

Entrepreneurial individuals may pursue ambitions to start their own air courier services. For many individuals, being an Air Courier offers the satisfaction of traveling to far-off lands at affordable prices.

Education and Training

Individuals do not need to meet any minimum educational requirements to become freelance Air Couriers. Rookie couriers learn their tasks on the job.

Special Requirements

U.S. citizens must hold a valid U.S. passport to travel to other countries. Depending on the foreign country, U.S. travelers may be required to obtain a visa before visiting a

country. The visa is a permit that allows travelers to enter that specific nation. Not all countries require U.S. travelers to have a visa. For specific information for a particular country, contact the nearest embassy or consulate for that country. Some shippers or air courier services require that applicants meet a minimum age requirement. For example, some companies hire candidates who are at least 21 years old.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants do not need any previous delivery experience to become on-board couriers. Many Air Couriers are retirees, students, and professionals (such as writers and travel agents) who have flexible work schedules. Air Couriers should have excellent self-management skills, which include the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, follow and understand instructions, and meet deadlines. Some personality traits that successful Air Couriers have in common include being adventurous, dependable, responsible, adaptable, and professional.

Unions and Associations

Some Air Couriers belong to organizations to take advantage of contact lists, postings for couriers, affordable flights, and other resources. Professional associations are available at the local, state, and national levels.

Tips for Entry

1. Research an air courier organization thoroughly before signing up with it. Be sure it is a reputable business. Ask for references to contact. 2. Where do you want to travel? What dates are you available to travel? What dates are you not available? How much money are you prepared to pay for airfare? Answer such questions before you apply to be an Air Courier. 3. Contact shipping companies and air courier services directly about their opportunities for Air Couriers. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Air Couriers. You might start by visiting the International Association of Air Travel Couriers Web site at http://www.courier.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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United States POSTAL SERVICE (USPS) MAIL CARRIER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Deliver mail to residences, businesses, government offices, and other places; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): City Letter Carrier, Rural Mail Carrier Salary Range: $35,000 to $52,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Two years of driving experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Memory, reading, interpersonal, and self-management skills; courteous, tactful, honest, trustworthy, reliable, accurate, and efficient

Senior Mail Carrier

Position Description

The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the federal government. It is responsible for collecting, processing, and distributing billions of mailed items—letters, bills, checks, magazines, catalogs, advertisements, packages, and so on—every year. From Monday to Saturday, hundreds of thousands of USPS Mail Carriers are entrusted with the duty of safely and securely carrying millions of pieces of mail directly to individuals and organizations throughout the United States. USPS Mail Carriers also make special deliveries on Sundays and holidays. USPS Mail Carriers deliver mail on assigned routes in cities, suburbs, and rural areas. The USPS classifies those who work in cities and suburbs as city letter carriers, while those in country settings are called rural mail carriers. USPS Mail Carriers wear a uniform or they dress in proper attire that is neat and clean. USPS Mail Carriers follow a similar daily routine, regardless of their work environment. Their morning starts at the post office where they work. There, they organize the mail that they will deliver on their routes. For about two hours, they sort and bundle the pieces of mail and arrange them in the order to be delivered. These carriers set mail aside for customers who have

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Full-time Mail Carrier Part-time Mail Carrier

Special Requirements—Be at least 18 years old, registered with the Selective Service, if applicable, and a U.S. citizen or permanent resident; pass all exams and background checks; driver’s license required

requested that their mail be placed on hold while they are away from their residences or businesses. USPS Mail Carriers are expected to sort mail accurately to assure that letters, bills, magazines, packages, and other items are being delivered to customers in a timely manner. After sorting the mail, carriers place the bundles of mail on trays and load them into postal cars or small trucks. For the next several hours, USPS Mail Carriers perform their main task of delivering mail to residences, apartments, stores, schools, hospitals, offices, and other establishments on their routes. They also collect any mail that customers wish to send, as long as the correct postage is attached to the letters or packages. In cities and suburbs, USPS Mail Carriers perform their duties on foot, by vehicle, or a combination of both. Carriers on foot carry mail in satchels, which weigh up to 35 pounds, or push mail along in a cart that has two to four pouches attached to it. Those who work in rural areas mostly cover their routes by vehicle. Some rural mail carriers drive their own cars or trucks. USPS Mail Carriers work with minimum supervision. They complete their routes in a quick and efficient manner. They are also expected to maintain a pleasant demeanor as they meet customers and the public on their routes. In general, USPS Mail Carriers have mini-

mal encounters with customers on their routes. They make contact with customers when they need to deliver certified, registered, or insured mail and to obtain their signatures on proof-of-delivery receipts. These carriers also speak to customers to collect cash-on-delivery (COD) fees or money for insufficient postage on mail that they are delivering. On occasion, they answer questions that customers may have about postal services and regulations. Rural mail carriers are responsible for providing other postal services to the customers on their daily route. These carriers are able to determine the cost of postage for letters and packages, as well as register, certify, and insure letters and packages. They are also equipped to sell stamps, money orders, and postal supplies. When they complete their routes, USPS Mail Carriers return to the post office. They hand over the mail as well as any receipts or money that they have collected from customers. Not all city letter carriers are assigned to perform daily deliveries. Some of them collect mail from letterboxes on streets and in office buildings. Others distribute only parcels, such as time-sensitive packages that are sent via next-day delivery services. Other carriers are responsible for transporting sorted and bundled mail to relay boxes, where regular carriers pick up the mail and deliver it on their routes. USPS Mail Carriers work mostly outdoors in all types of weather, including rainy, snowy, and extreme heat conditions. Many of them start their work early in the mornings; some begin before sunrise. They perform a physical job that involves a lot of standing, walking, bending, and reaching, which may put them at risk of injuring their joints and muscles. They also lift and carry loads weighing up to 70 pounds or more. USPS Mail Carriers are hired as full-time, part-time, or casual employees. Full-time carriers work five days a week, 8 hours a day. Part-time regular carriers work less than 40 hours a week, while part-time flexible carriers work when additional help is needed. Casual workers are temporary employees. They are hired for a few months during holiday seasons and periods when many permanent carriers go on vacation.

Salaries

Salaries for USPS Mail Carriers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, pay level, overtime, and other factors. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most USPS Mail Carriers ranged between $34,990

and $51,620. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $16.82 to $24.82.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that the USPS employs about 348,070 Mail Carriers. Most USPS Mail Carriers work in cities and suburban areas, while the rest work in rural areas. Competition for jobs is keen. Openings generally become available as USPS Mail Carriers retire or transfer to other occupations. Local post offices may hire additional part-time or casual workers to meet growing demands, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Entry-level USPS Mail Carriers usually begin as parttime flexible employees. As vacancies occur, they are appointed to regular part-time or full-time status. Many USPS Mail Carriers measure their success by earning higher wages, by receiving preferred work shifts and routes, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory positions are available on a competitive basis.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants should possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Entry-level USPS Mail Carriers receive on-thejob training while working under the supervision and direction of experienced carriers. Some post offices also offer formal instruction on defensive driving, safety, and other topics.

Special Requirements

Applicants must be at least 18 years of age. Male applicants under the age of 26 must be registered with the Selective Service System, the federal agency that maintains a list of men who are eligible to be drafted into the military. All candidates must be U.S. citizens or U.S. permanent residents. To be considered for employment with the USPS, candidates must successfully pass a standardized examination that tests reading and memory skills, a physical examination, a drug screening, and a background check. Furthermore, candidates for carrier positions must possess a valid driver’s license and a safe driving record, as well as pass a driving test.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

The USPS requires that applicants have at least two years of documented driving experience.

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To perform well at their work, USPS Mail Carriers must have strong memory, reading, and interpersonal skills. In addition, they need excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to work with minimal supervision, handle stressful situations, meet deadlines, and follow and understand directions. Being courteous, tactful, honest, trustworthy, reliable, accurate, and efficient are some personality traits that successful USPS Mail Carriers share.

Unions and Associations

Most, if not all, USPS Mail Carriers belong to a labor union, such as the National Rural Letter Carriers Association or the National Association of Letter Carriers. For contact information on these unions, see Appendix III. Unions represent USPS Mail Carriers in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

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Tips for Entry

1. Be physically fit, as you must be able to walk several miles a day in different types of weather. 2. Contact the post office where you wish to work for a job application. 3. If you are interested in becoming a city letter carrier, obtain a copy of Publication 60-A: Test 473 Orientation Guide for Major Entry-Level Jobs by the U.S. Post Office. This pamphlet provides an overview of the examination that applicants must take and gives examples of the types of questions that are asked on the test. You can get the pamphlet at a local post office. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the United States Postal Service. To visit this federal agency’s Web site, go to http://www.usps.com.

ARMORED CAR DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Transport and protect valuables between locations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Armored Truck Driver, Armored Driver/Guard Salary Range: $16,000 to $38,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; on the job training Experience—Have a solid work history; driving experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Reporting, communication, interpersonal, teamwork, self-man-

Senior Armored Car Driver

Position Description

Armored Car Drivers operate the specially designed bulletproof vehicles that are used to carry currency, jewels, important documents, and other valuables. Their job is to safely control armored vehicles as they transport cargo to banks, supermarkets, retail shops, government agencies, corporate offices, museums, medical laboratories, airports, and other institutions and facilities. Armored Car Drivers are assigned to cover daily routes, on which they pick up and drop off valuables at specific locations. They follow strict schedules, and are accountable for being late to any point on their routes. Along with their transportation duties, these professional drivers perform guard responsibilities. They protect cargo and people, enforce their employers’ policies and rules, and deter any criminal activity during the transport and delivery of cargo. Many Armored Car Drivers are trained to carry and use firearms on the job. Armored Car Drivers are part of either two- or threemember crews. All crews have a driver and a messenger, who is responsible for accepting shipments for transport and delivering them. The third member on some armored cars is a guard whose main responsibility is protecting cargo and the crew members. Messengers and guards sit in the cargo hold of armored vehicles, which is separate from the driver’s compartment. Crews follow specific security procedures at all times. At pick-up and drop-off locations, Armored Car Drivers remain with the vehicles at all times to provide

Armored Car Driver Armored Car Driver (Trainee)

agement skills; honest, trustworthy, patient, composed, focused, efficient, and dependable Special Requirements—Driver’s license; firearms certification

security on and around them. These drivers survey the area around their vehicles and inform other team members of suspicious situations or persons before they exit or enter the cargo hold. Drivers continually maintain contact with team members by sight or radio contact. They contact company dispatch staff or proper authorities for assistance when needed. Armored Car Drivers are responsible for performing various tasks. For example, they: • load and unload vehicles • prepare reports and forms about their work activities • maintain records of their deliveries • follow company policies, rules, and guidelines. • use radios or telephones to maintain contact with dispatch staff Armored Car Drivers are also responsible for making sure that their vehicles are in proper working order at all times. Each day, they inspect armored vehicles, determine whether maintenance or repair work is needed, and inform supervisors. These drivers also fill up gas tanks, put air in tires, maintain oil and other fluid levels, and perform other basic maintenance tasks. These professional drivers work under minimal supervision. They are expected to maintain a professional manner at all times. They wear uniforms or adhere to a strict dress code.

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Their jobs are stressful. They must deal with traffic problems as well as keep alert for trouble. They also work under deadlines. Their duties require them to sit for long periods. They often lift and carry heavy loads by hand or with the assistance of a hand truck or pallet jack. Full-time Armored Car Drivers work a 40-hour schedule, and put in additional hours as needed. They may be assigned to day or night shifts, which may include working on weekends and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Armored Car Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. In general, earnings for these drivers are similar to security guards. The estimated salary for most security guards ranged from $15,880 to $37,850, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

Employment Prospects

Most Armored Car Drivers work for armored transportation service companies. Job openings usually become available as drivers transfer to other jobs or fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers create additional positions as demands for their services grow. According to the BLS, employment of security guards, including armored guards, is expected to increase by 17 percent through 2016.

Advancement Prospects

Opportunities for supervisory and managerial positions are available, but limited. Armored Car Drivers generally pursue advancement through salary increases and job satisfaction. With their experience and skills, Armored Car Drivers can pursue other careers in such fields as transportation, security, law enforcement, and corrections. For example, they can become bus drivers, long-distance truck drivers, security guards, police officers, correctional officers, or casino surveillance officers. Additional education or training may be required for them to qualify for law-enforcement positions.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who have at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Armored Car Drivers typically learn their duties on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced staff members. They also receive

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formal instruction on company rules and policies, security procedures, report writing, first aid, and other topics. Those who carry firearms complete intense training in their use.

Special Requirements

Armored Car Drivers must hold a valid driver’s license granted by the state in which they live. Those who drive armored vehicles that carry more than 26,000 pounds must possess a commercial driver’s license. Armed drivers must have the proper local and state licenses to carry and use firearms. They may be required to complete annual training to maintain their firearms license.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers seek applicants for entry-level positions who demonstrate a steady and responsible work history. Employers also prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of experience driving vehicles. To perform well at their job, Armored Car Drivers need strong reporting, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills. They also need excellent selfmanagement skills, which include the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, prioritize multiple tasks, and follow and understand instructions. Being honest, trustworthy, patient, composed, focused, efficient, and dependable are some personality traits that successful drivers share.

Unions and Associations

Some Armored Car Drivers belong to labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Be sure you meet all basic qualifications for a position before applying for a job. For example, many employers have a minimum age requirement. 2. Have ready the names, titles, and contact information of individuals you can put down as character witnesses on your application. 3. Applicants must pass a thorough background check that includes an investigation of their driving record, credit record, and criminal history. 4. Many companies have a presence on the World Wide Web. To find a company’s Web site, enter its name in a search engine.

ROUTE SALES DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Deliver and sell products to customers; provide customer service; generate new sales accounts; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Driver/Sales Worker, Route Sales Representative Salary Range: $14,000 to $43,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Sales and truck driving experience required; delivery service experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, problem-solving, self-management,

Senior Route Sales Driver

Position Description

The men and women who deliver baked goods, milk, eggs, frozen food, soft drinks, beer, and other food and beverage products to grocery stores, restaurants, and other businesses are Route Sales Drivers. So are many of the delivery persons who drop off and pick up bottled water at residences and businesses, as well as those who stock the various types of vending machines at companies, schools, hotels, shopping centers, hospitals, airports, and other locations. These professional drivers carry all types of food and non-food products directly from wholesale and retail companies, distributors, and services (such as laundry or diaper services) to customers on a regular basis. Unlike other delivery drivers, Route Sales Drivers have the additional duty of establishing and maintaining sales accounts with customers on their routes. Route Sales Drivers operate vans or light trucks. They are assigned routes that may cover territory within a large city, a section of their state, or a region that includes nearby states. Customers may be scheduled to receive their deliveries daily, every several days, once a week, or twice a month. These drivers are responsible for managing their delivery routes in compliance with company policies and rules. They begin their shifts by reviewing orders for the day’s deliveries. They plan the most efficient way of loading orders onto their vehicles so they can be unloaded quickly and easily at customer locations.

Route Sales Driver Route Sales Driver Trainee

teamwork, customer-service, interpersonal, communication, math, and map-reading skills; friendly, courteous, patient, reliable, punctual, confident, and self-motivated Special Requirements—Commercial driver’s license; meet minimum age requirement

Route Sales Drivers are expected to complete their deliveries to customers accurately as well as in a safe and timely matter. They drop off items and, depending on their products, pick up used items as well. For example, Route Sales Drivers for laundry services would drop off clean items and collect soiled ones. Professionals who have vending machine routes replace old products with new ones as well as collect bills and coins from the machines. Route Sales Drivers who deliver products to grocery stores and retail shops may be responsible for arranging their goods on shelves or setting up displays. They pay attention to what items are selling and may recommend that storeowners or business managers change their orders accordingly. Because they are the primary link between customers and companies, Route Sales Drivers are trained to provide customer service. Their role is to maintain strong and positive relationships with customers. During deliveries, these drivers talk with customers about orders, price changes, and new products (or services) that are available. They also listen to problems that customers may have about the products and try to resolve them. Another major duty of these drivers is to develop new accounts on their routes. Through leads from existing customers, trade associations, chambers of commerce, and other sources, Route Sales Drivers seek out

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new customers. They meet with potential customers to introduce themselves and their company, as well as to present their products or services. They demonstrate how their company’s products or services can be beneficial for homes, businesses, or organizations. Route Sales Drivers also perform various administrative tasks on their job. They maintain records of deliveries, inventories, and customers’ needs. They complete paperwork such as sales contracts and purchase orders. They also keep logs of individuals and organizations they have visited for generating new business. In addition, these professionals obtain signatures from customers for deliveries, as well as place new orders with their employers. Some drivers are responsible for collecting money from customers for their orders. Furthermore, Route Sales Drivers are responsible for operating company vehicles in a safe manner. They properly load and unload products and equipment onto their truck by hand or with hand trucks, pallet jacks, or other mechanical devices. Before leaving warehouses and other locations, drivers make sure all objects are secure. They inspect their vans or trucks before starting their routes to ensure that their vehicles are in working order. They perform basic maintenance on their vehicles such as adding gasoline, inflating tires, and filling oil, brake, and other fluid levels. They report any malfunctions or damages to their supervisors. Some Route Sales Drivers are independent contractors, or self-employed drivers, who work on a contractual basis with companies. Like employees, independent contractors are assigned a particular route. In contrast, self-employed drivers own their trucks and have complete control over how they conduct their work. Independent contractors are responsible for collecting their fees, paying self-employment taxes, and maintaining business records. The job of Route Sales Drivers is physical and strenuous. They are continually loading and unloading their trucks as they make deliveries. Their work involves lifting and carrying loads that weigh up to 70 pounds or more. They also have to drive in difficult conditions such as bad weather, heavy traffic, and sometimes on mountain roads. Route Sales Drivers mostly work alone and with minimal supervision. When necessary, they consult with supervisors about account matters. These drivers generally have a set schedule of working 40 hours per week. They put in additional hours as needed to complete their routes and various tasks.

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Salaries

Salaries for Route Sales Drivers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, products, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most driver/sales workers ranged between $14,030 and $43,380. Route Sales Drivers may earn hourly wages, commissions, or both.

Employment Prospects

Route Sales Drivers work for various types of companies, including food distributors, vending machine operators, uniform supply services, or laundry services, to name just a few. Some of these drivers are independent contractors. According to the May 2007 OES survey, an estimated 382,360 driver/sales workers are employed in the United States. In general, openings become available as drivers transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers create additional positions to meet growing demands for their products. Job opportunities are usually affected by the state of the economy. For example, during downturns, employers hire fewer drivers and sometimes lay off drivers.

Advancement Prospects

Many Route Sales Drivers measure their success by earning higher incomes, by expanding their routes, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory and managerial positions are available but limited. Some drivers pursue careers as long-distance truck drivers. Entrepreneurial individuals may choose to become independent contractors or to start their own delivery services.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire Route Sales Drivers who possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Some employers seek candidates who have some college background. Entry-level Route Sales Drivers learn their duties on the job. New employees usually receive classroom instruction in job duties, company policies, the products they will sell and deliver, preparation of forms and records, sales techniques, operation of a company truck, defensive driving, and other topics. Novices then learn their routes and how to perform their tasks under the direction and supervision of experienced drivers.

Special Requirements

Applicants must hold a valid driver’s license and have a clean driving record. Applicants may need a commercial driver’s license (CDL) if they will be operating trucks that can carry more than 26,000 pounds. They also need a CDL if they will be transporting hazardous materials or delivering products to other states. For specific information about CDL requirements, contact your state department of motor vehicles. Drivers who engage in interstate commerce must fulfill qualifications established by the U.S. Department of Transportation. They must be at least 21 years old, meet specific health requirements, and read and speak English proficiently. Drivers must also pass a written exam covering the federal motor carrier safety regulations as well as pass a physical exam. Drivers must successfully pass the physical exam every two years to maintain their status as interstate truck drivers. Many employers have a minimum age requirement for applicants, which vary from 18 to 25 years old.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire entry-level candidates who have sales experience, as well as a few years of experience driving trucks. Applicants who have experience performing delivery jobs are also desirable. To perform well at their job, Route Sales Drivers need excellent organizational, problem-solving, selfmanagement, and teamwork skills. They must also have outstanding customer-service, interpersonal, and com-

munication skills, as they must be able to work well with customers and others on a daily basis. Having strong math and map-reading skills is also important. Being friendly, courteous, patient, reliable, punctual, confident, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Route Sales Drivers share.

Unions and Associations

Some Route Sales Drivers belong to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters or another union that represents them in contractual negotiations for better wages, benefits, and working conditions. A union also assists its members with grievances they may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Become proficient in using calculators and computers, which are tools you can mention on your job applications. 2. Some Route Sales Drivers begin as substitute drivers who fill in for regular employees who are sick, on vacation, or absent for other reasons. 3. Be sure you have written your phone number correctly on your résumé and job application. 4. Read the newspaper classified ads for job leads. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the company for which you would like to work. To find a company’s Web site, enter its name into a search engine. Remember: you can often find information about job vacancies at a company’s Web site.

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TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

TRUCK DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate medium or heavy trucks to transport cargo locally or over long distances; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Heavy Truck Driver, Tractor-Trailer Driver; a title that reflects a specialty such as Moving Van Operator or Hazmat Truck Driver Salary Range: $23,000 to $55,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; truck-driver training Experience—Previous truck-driving experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, interpersonal, communication, customer-

Senior Truck Driver

Position Description

Truck Drivers transport all kinds of goods over roads and highways. They make both local and nationwide trips ranging from hours to weeks at a stretch and from hundreds to thousands of miles in length. They represent the final link in a delivery chain that includes oceangoing vessels, airplanes, and overland trains. These behind-the-wheel experts make it possible for people everywhere, from isolated farms and ranches to small towns to large metropolitan areas, to acquire food, toiletries, furniture, building materials, gasoline, and other products and services. Truck Drivers operate all kinds of trucks, depending on what products they transport, how much their trucks can carry, and how far they need to travel. Local drivers mainly operate small trucks known as dry vans consisting of a cab (driver’s compartment) attached to a box container with a door on the back. Such vehicles are designed to haul pallets stacked with boxes or with furniture, small machine parts, or other items in small quantities. These smaller trucks may also feature a refrigeration unit for carrying food and other perishables. Smaller trucks may weigh as much as 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW). Local drivers may also drive larger trucks such as flatbed trucks, dump trucks, or trucks equipped with larger box containers.

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Truck Driver Trainee

service, and self-management skills; small-business skills for independent drivers; energetic, responsible, detail-oriented, and focused Special Requirements—Commercial driver’s license; pass federal examinations

The largest trucks, which may weigh from 26,000 to 80,000 pounds GVW, are mainly what long-distance Truck Drivers operate. Trucks designed for long routes generally consist of tractors that hook to one or more trailer rigs, including large tanks that contain fluids, long flatbeds, specialized trailers equipped to haul cars or livestock, or very large box containers. Some Truck Drivers drive trucks that carry containers designed to rest on railroad flatbed cars or to be transported across the ocean on large container cargo ships. Many tractors include a sleeping compartment in which the driver can rest overnight during long hauling assignments. Truck Drivers who operate these vehicles often drive in teams of two. While one team member drives, the other rests in the sleeping compartment. These drivers also make frequent rest stops en route. Truck Drivers work for various employers. Some drivers work for private carriers, which are manufacturing companies that ship their finished products with their own fleet of trucks. Some drivers work for contract carriers. These are trucking firms that hire out their trucks on contract to haul merchandise from a variety of locations. Other Truck Drivers work for common carriers, which are firms that deliver trucked merchandise to the public. Some Truck Drivers are selfemployed, or independent contractors. They operate their own tractors, which they hook up to trailer rigs

at warehouses and terminals. (These Truck Drivers are sometimes known as owner-operators.) Whether they are independent contractors or company employees, Truck Drivers perform various routine tasks. They begin each driving day by carefully examining their trucks. They make sure that all systems such as brakes, lights, and windshield wipers are in working order; that gas and oil levels are sufficient; and that safety equipment such as emergency flares and fire extinguishers are stored on board their rigs. They adjust their mirrors to ensure visibility while driving. When they pick up loads, they may assist warehouse or terminal workers with loading their cargo rigs. Truck Drivers make sure that the loads are securely placed and balanced to eliminate or minimize shifting in transit. While on the road, Truck Drivers keep in touch with their dispatchers and other Truck Drivers via radio, cell phones, or computers. Many trucks are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) devices that are linked to satellites. With these devices, dispatchers can keep track of each truck’s location. Furthermore, dispatchers can troubleshoot a truck’s mechanical problems at a distance and relay instructions, delivery schedules, travel directions, and other information to the Truck Drivers. At their destinations, Truck Drivers may assist in the off-loading of their cargo, particularly when they deliver sensitive merchandise or inventory with which they are familiar. This ensures that the cargo is handled correctly to avoid damage or loss. Truck Drivers carry documents called bills of lading that list all the items in their shipment. They obtain signatures from receiving parties upon delivery. Some drivers carry computerized inventory tracking equipment to assist them with monitoring their cargo as it is loaded, transported, and delivered. All Truck Drivers are required to carry travel logs, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations. After each trip, drivers complete these logs and indicate their precise route, the name of each driver, where they stopped, and the condition of the truck at the completion of each day. Other examples of tasks that Truck Drivers may perform during the course of their workday include: • packing or wrapping shipments and securing cargo to pallets and inside of trucks • backing their trucks into loading docks, which may be in narrow spaces • maintaining their trucks with oil, fuel, water, and other fluids, as well as performing minor emergency roadside repairs • connecting and disconnecting their tractors to trailers using special equipment

• driving trucks to weigh stations along their routes as well as before or after loading cargo • completing maintenance and repair logs • reporting any damage to their trucks and equipment • observing local traffic laws and driving according to safety procedures Truck Drivers work according to strict schedules mandated by DOT. They may work at all hours of the day and night. However, Truck Drivers may not work in excess of 60 hours per week. They also may not work more than 10 hours without taking an eight-hour rest period. Their work is physically stressful because they must sit in close quarters for hours at a time. Many Truck Drivers enjoy comfortable driving environments, as their cabs are equipped with televisions, beds, and refrigerators. Despite these comforts, these driving professionals spend long hours in solitude away from their homes and families. Driving large vehicles through narrow city streets and in heavy, noisy highway traffic is both risky and stressful.

Salaries Truck Drivers are paid in a number of ways. They may receive hourly wages, be compensated by the mile, or earn a commission that is a percentage of the amount charged for the load they transport. Drivers may also get bonuses for driving certain routes, achieving specific levels of productivity, or driving particular distances. Annual earnings for Truck Drivers vary, depending on their experience and employer, the size and type of truck they drive, the type of cargo they carry, the total number of miles they drive yearly, and other factors. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most heavy truck and tractor-trailer drivers ranged between $23,380 and $54,570.

Employment Prospects In addition to trucking firms, Truck Drivers find employment with various wholesale and retail companies, such as oil companies, auto parts stores, and food and grocery products distributors. Companies in the construction, manufacturing, services, and other industries also hire Truck Drivers. Some Truck Drivers are self-employed. According to the May 2007 OES survey by the BLS, nearly 1.7 million heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers are employed in the United States.

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Currently, the demand for Truck Drivers is greater than the number of qualified drivers available. The BLS states that the occupation of heavy and tractor-trailer Truck Drivers will experience the largest job growth during the 2006–16 decade. This federal agency predicts that employment of these Truck Drivers should increase by about 10 percent during this period. Furthermore, drivers are continually needed to replace individuals who transfer to other careers, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. During the coming decade, a large number of drivers will become eligible for retirement. Competition is generally higher for positions with local carriers, as well as for jobs that pay the highest wages and have the best working conditions.

equipment (such as tank trucks or double trailers). For specific information about CDL requirements, contact your state department of motor vehicles. Drivers who engage in interstate commerce must fulfill qualifications established by the U.S. Department of Transportation. They must be at least 21 years old, meet specific health requirements, and read and speak English proficiently. Drivers must also pass a written exam covering the federal motor carrier safety regulations as well as pass a physical exam. Drivers must successfully pass the physical exam every two years to maintain their status as interstate Truck Drivers.

Advancement Prospects

Employers prefer to hire applicants who have previous training and experience operating trucks. Requirements for entry-level positions vary with the different employers. For example, one employer may require that entry-level applicants have at least 6 months of experience driving trucks, while another employer may seek applicants with two or more years of experience. To perform well at their job, Truck Drivers need strong problem-solving, interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills. They also must have excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, follow and understand instructions, and meet deadlines. Independent Truck Drivers must have strong small-business skills to succeed. Being energetic, responsible, detailoriented, and focused are some personality traits that successful drivers share.

Truck Drivers advance according to their own interests and ambitions. For example, local drivers may pursue careers as long-distance drivers. Many Truck Drivers measure their success by earning higher incomes, by being able to choose their work assignments and schedules, and through job satisfaction. Some drivers pursue advancement by specializing in operating particular types of trucks, transporting specific cargo (such as hazardous materials or heavy equipment) or working in certain industries. Others seek opportunities to become supervisors, managers, truck dispatchers, or driver trainers. Entrepreneurial individuals may choose to buy trucks to become independent drivers or to start their own trucking firms.

Education and Training

Employers normally prefer to hire Truck Drivers who have earned a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. To become heavy or tractor-trailer truck drivers, individuals must complete truck-driver training programs. Some drivers obtained training on their own through truck driving programs offered at community colleges, vocational schools, or private truck-driving schools. Others were trained by their employers who provided on-the-job training, formal instruction programs, or both types of training. Some Truck Drivers received formal truck-driver training while serving in the military.

Special Requirements

Truck Drivers must possess a commercial driver’s license (CDL) issued by the state in which they live. They must also hold the appropriate endorsements to transport hazardous materials or to operate certain

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Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Unions and Associations

Truck Drivers can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. Professional associations for Truck Drivers exist in most, if not all, states. Special-interest societies, such as the Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association and the Women in Trucking Association, are also available to serve the particular interests of Truck Drivers. Many Truck Drivers belong to a union, such as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, that represents them in contractual negotiations for better wages, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers. For contact information for the organizations mentioned above, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Maintain a clean driving record. Employers may not hire you if you have too many moving violations or have received any driving-under-theinfluence (DUI) convictions. 2. If you decide to go to truck-driving school, carefully research the programs that interest you. Read their literature. Visit the different schools, check out classes, and talk with teachers and students there. Find out how schools would assist you with finding work after graduation.

3. Many companies maintain a list of substitute drivers to fill in for regular drivers who are unavailable due to illness or other personal reasons. Companies often offer permanent positions to substitute drivers. 4. Check out Internet job banks for job openings. 5. Learn more about the field of truck driving on the Internet. To start, visit the Web site of the American Trucking Associations at http://www. truckline.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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HAZMAT TRUCK DRIVER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate trucks that transport hazardous materials; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Truck Driver Salary Range: $23,000 to $55,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; completion of a hazardous materials training program Experience—Previous truck driving experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management, organizational, problem-solving, interper-

Senior Hazmat Truck Driver

Position Description

Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Truck Drivers are responsible for the safe transport of tens of thousands of shipments of hazardous materials every day. Hazardous materials are defined as substances or liquids that are harmful or poisonous to people, animals, and all other living matter and the environment. They include fuels, explosives, poisonous gases, medical wastes, flammable gases, and nonflammable liquids, among others. Hazmat Truck Drivers are specifically trained to load and unload hazardous materials as well as to safely transport them. Hazmat Truck Drivers operate trucks that range in size from vehicles that weigh up to 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW) to those that weigh from 26,000 to 80,000 pounds GVW. Their trucks are specially equipped to accommodate hazardous materials. For example, a truck may include special racks that securely hold compressed gas cylinders in an upright position. Hazmat Truck Drivers’ vehicles are also designed to prevent leaks or explosions. Two key congressional acts, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990, served to authorize the classification of hazardous materials and to regulate and enforce a consistent standard for the safe transfer of such materials within or between states and overseas, among other provisions. These authorities were granted to the Secretary of Transportation.

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Hazmat Truck Driver Trainee

sonal, and communication skills; energetic, focused, detail-oriented, and dependable Special Requirements—Commercial driver’s license with a hazardous materials endorsement; pass federal security threat assessment; pass federal examinations to be an interstate driver

Under the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, all hazardous materials must be meticulously packaged and clearly marked according to their classifications. Hazmat Truck Drivers are obligated to comply with all DOT regulations. These drivers are required to deliver hazardous materials to treatment plants or hazardous waste landfills without negatively impacting the environment en route. They also transport non-waste hazardous materials used for commercial purposes, such as chemicals or vehicle fuels that could damage the environment or seriously harm plants, animals, or humans if their safe transport is not ensured. Hazmat Truck Drivers perform tasks that are similar to other truck drivers. They begin each driving day by carefully examining their trucks. They make sure that all systems such as brakes, lights, and windshield wipers are in working order; that gas and oil levels are sufficient; and that safety equipment is stored on board their rigs. They ensure visibility for driving by adjusting their mirrors. Additionally, these men and women perform tasks unique to their position as Hazmat Truck Drivers. They are responsible for verifying that the shipper accurately specified and labeled a hazmat shipment. They determine which permits they need to carry with each type of hazmat freight. They also identify the best routes to take for particular shipments. As required by law, Hazmat Truck Drivers place at least four appropriate

placards on their trucks to indicate the class of hazardous materials that they are transporting. If their trucks stall on the road, Hazmat Truck Drivers must set reflective triangles around the trucks to warn other drivers to keep clear of the trucks. While on the road, Hazmat Truck Drivers keep in touch with dispatchers via radio, cell phones, or computers. Many trucks are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) devices that are linked to satellites. With these devices, dispatchers can keep track of each truck’s location. Furthermore, dispatchers can troubleshoot a truck’s mechanical problems at a distance and relay instructions, delivery schedules, travel directions, and other information to the Hazmat Truck Drivers. At their destinations, Hazmat Truck Drivers may assist in the off-loading of their cargo. This ensures that the cargo is handled correctly to avoid damage or loss. Hazmat Truck Drivers carry documents called bills of lading that list all the items in their shipment. They obtain signatures from receiving parties upon delivery. Some other tasks that Hazmat Truck Drivers perform include: • completing travel logs that precisely describe their routes, stops, conditions of their trucks at the end of each day, and other details • maintaining their trucks with oil, fuel, water, and other fluids throughout their trips • performing minor emergency roadside repairs • driving their trucks to weigh stations along their routes as well as before or after loading cargo • keeping maintenance and repair logs up to date • reporting accidents they experience as well as any damage to their trucks and equipment • observing local traffic laws and driving according to safety procedures • keeping their trucks equipped with safety gear, such as gas masks, fire extinguishers, and emergency kits Hazmat Truck Drivers work under conditions that are similar to those of other truck drivers. They work according to strict schedules mandated by DOT. They may work at all hours of the day and night. However, Hazmat Truck Drivers may not work in excess of a specified number of hours per week. Their work is physically stressful because they must sit in close quarters for hours at a time. These driving professionals spend long hours in solitude away from their homes and families. Driving large vehicles through narrow city streets and in heavy, noisy highway traffic, particularly while hauling flammable or explosive materials, is both risky and stressful.

Salaries

Annual earnings for Hazmat Truck Drivers vary, depending on their experience and employer, the size and type of truck they drive, the type of cargo they carry, the total number of miles they drive yearly, and other factors. The estimated annual salary for most heavy truck and tractor-trailer drivers ranged between $23,380 and $54,570, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey. Hazmat Truck Drivers may be paid by the hour, by the mile, or by a percentage of the total amount charged for each load they transport. Drivers may also receive bonuses for driving certain routes, achieving specific levels of productivity, or driving particular distances.

Employment Prospects

Currently, the demand for professional truck drivers is greater than the number of available qualified drivers. Many employers prefer to hire drivers who are licensed to haul hazardous materials because these drivers have no restrictions about what they can transport. The occupation of heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers is among the occupations in the United States with the largest job growth during the 2006–16 decade, according to the BLS. This federal agency predicts that employment of these truck drivers should increase by 10 percent through 2016. Furthermore, drivers are continually needed to replace individuals who transfer to other careers, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Supervisory and managerial positions are available, but limited. Hazmat Truck Drivers may advance by becoming truck dispatchers or driver trainers. Many Hazmat Truck Drivers measure their success by earning higher incomes, by being able to choose their work assignments and schedules, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers normally prefer to hire truck drivers who have earned a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Employers train all hazmat employees with the proper management of hazardous materials. Through formal instruction and on-the-job training, Hazmat Truck Drivers learn how to safely load and unload hazardous materials, as well as how to handle, store, and transport them. They also learn emergency procedures to follow during any accident or incident involving

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hazardous materials. Upon completion of their training, Hazmat Truck Drivers are issued a certification of completion by their employers.

Special Requirements

Hazmat Truck Drivers must possess a commercial driver’s license (CDL) with the Hazardous Materials Endorsement (HME), which is issued by the state in which they live. They must also hold appropriate endorsements to operate certain equipment (such as tank trucks or double trailers). For specific information about CDL requirements, contact your state department of motor vehicles. In order to be issued an HME, individuals must pass a threat assessment by the Transportation Security Administration, a federal agency in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. All applicants for the HME must provide their fingerprints, personal information, and proof of residency when they apply for an HME. Drivers who engage in interstate commerce must fulfill qualifications established by DOT. They must be at least 21 years old, meet specific health requirements, and read and speak English proficiently. Drivers must also pass a written exam covering the federal motor carrier safety regulations as well as pass a physical exam. Drivers must successfully pass the physical exam every two years to maintain their status as interstate truck drivers.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants who have previous training and experience operating trucks. They also prefer candidates who have some experience handling hazardous materials.

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Hazmat Truck Drivers need strong self-management, organizational, problem-solving, interpersonal, and communication skills for their job. Being energetic, focused, detail-oriented, and dependable are some personality traits that successful truck drivers share.

Unions and Associations

Professional associations for truck drivers exist in most, if not all, states. Special interest societies, such as the Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association and the Women in Trucking Association, are also available at the national level. By joining professional associations, truck drivers can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. Many Hazmat Truck Drivers belong to a union, such as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, that represents them in contractual negotiations for better wages, benefits, and working conditions. For contact information for the organizations mentioned above, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Be sure you understand what the minimum qualifications are for a job. Employers are usually not interested in talking with applicants who do not meet job requirements. 2. Talk to Hazmat Truck Drivers about possible job leads. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about the transportation of hazardous materials. You might start by visiting the Safety and Security Web page of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. The URL is http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safetysecurity/safety-security.htm. For more links, see Appendix IV.

VAN OPERATOR (MOVING INDUSTRY) CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate heavy or tractor-trailer trucks to transport household or commercial goods locally or over long distances; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Moving Van Driver Salary Range: $23,000 to $55,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training; formal truck-driving instruction Experience—Previous truck-driving experience usually required; experience in the moving industry preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, customer-service, self-man-

Senior Van Operator or Independent Contractor

Position Description

Van Operators drive trucks for moving companies, which are also known as moving and storage companies, or van lines. These moving professionals assist businesses, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, families, and individuals with their relocation needs. They may move their customers’ goods to local destinations, to nearby cities, or to locations across the nation. Moving trucks are referred to as vans or moving vans, regardless of their size. Many of these vehicles consist of a tractor (referred to as a power unit) and trailer. Moving vans are equipped with hydraulic lift gates that Van Operators can lower to loading dock or ground level to load cargo and then lift to truck level. Vans are also equipped with air suspensions and sealed floors that provide their cargo with an extra measure of protection from the elements and rough road conditions. Many Van Operators work for either moving carriers or moving agents. Moving carriers, or van lines, are independent companies that hold the proper state and federal licenses to move customers’ goods intrastate (within one state) or interstate (between states). Moving agents are companies that are contracted by moving carriers to provide transportation services. Some Van Operators are independent contractors who provide transportation services to moving carriers.

Van Operator Trainee

agement, and writing skills; hard-working, reliable, trustworthy, self-motivated, and detail-oriented Special Requirements—Commercial driver’s license; pass federal examinations

These moving professionals are self-employed. They own or lease their power unit and a trailer. (Some companies provide independent contractors with trailer equipment.) They are responsible for obtaining proper state and federal licenses and certificates, as well as collecting their fees, paying self-employment taxes, and maintaining business records. Because they are independent contractors, they receive no company benefits, such as sick pay, health insurance, or vacation time. Independent contractors hire their own assistants to help load or unload the van and to assist with driving the van. Regardless of whether they are employees or independent contractors, Van Operators receive moving assignments from dispatchers. With each job, Van Operators obtain a bill of lading from the carrier, which is both a contract and customer receipt for the items to be transported. Van Operators check the items on the bill of lading as they are loaded on the van. They may pack items for the customer before loading them onto the van. Once all items are loaded and secured on the van, Van Operators have the customer sign the bill of lading. Operators plan for the most direct and efficient route, and drive to the customer’s new location. At this destination, Van Operators and their assistants unload all

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items, and obtain another signature from the customer. They then send all pertinent paperwork and collected fees to the moving carrier. Van Operators may pick up several loads for each trip if there is room on their van, and also pick up loads for their return trip. Like other truck drivers, Van Operators begin each driving day by carefully examining their vans. They make sure that all systems such as brakes, lights, and windshield wipers are in working order; that gas and oil levels are sufficient; and that safety equipment such as emergency flares and fire extinguishers are stored on board their rigs. They ensure visibility for driving by adjusting their mirrors. While on the road, Van Operators keep in touch with moving carriers and other trucks via radio, cell phones, or computers. Many vans are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) devices that are linked to satellites. With these devices, moving carriers can keep track of each van’s location. Furthermore, moving carriers can troubleshoot a van’s mechanical problems at a distance and relay instructions, delivery schedules, travel directions, and other information to the Van Operators. Many Van Operators work on a seasonal basis, while some work year-round. Peak moving season is normally from May through September. Van Operators work according to strict schedules mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). These moving professionals may not work in excess of 60 hours per week. They also may not work more than 10 hours without taking an eight-hour rest period. Their work is physically stressful because they must sit in close quarters for hours at a time. Driving large vehicles through narrow city streets and in heavy, noisy highway traffic is both risky and stressful. Van Operators who drive long distances spend long hours in solitude away from their homes and families.

Salaries

Van Operators receive earnings in various ways. They may earn hourly wages, be compensated by the mile, or earn commissions that are based on a percentage of the total amount charged for transporting a load. Annual earnings for Van Operators vary, depending on their experience, employer, job status, geographic location, and other factors. Specific salary information for Van Operators is unavailable. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey, the estimated annual salary for most heavy truck and tractor-trailer drivers ranged between $23,380 and $54,570.

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Employment Prospects

Van Operators work for national as well as local moving and storage companies. Some are employed as company drivers, while others are hired as independent contractors. Opportunities generally become available as Van Operators find employment with other companies, retire, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Employers create additional positions to meet growing demands for their moving services. According to the BLS, employment of heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers, in general, is expected to increase by 10 percent through 2016. Currently, the demand for truck drivers overall is greater than the number of qualified drivers available.

Advancement Prospects

Many Van Operators measure their success by earning higher incomes, by choosing their assignments and schedules, and through job satisfaction. Supervisory and management positions are available, but limited, with moving and storage companies. Local drivers may pursue careers as long-distance drivers. Entrepreneurial individuals may choose to buy their own trucks to become independent drivers or to start their own trucking firms.

Education and Training

Employers normally prefer to hire Van Operators who have earned a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Van Operators learn their tasks on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced moving professionals. Individuals usually learn to operate heavy and tractor-trailer trucks through on-the-job training or formal instructional programs. Truck-driver programs are available through community colleges, vocational schools, and private truck-driving schools. Some employers have their own formal programs to train employees with little or no truck-driving experience.

Special Requirements

Van Operators must possess a commercial driver’s license (CDL) issued by the state in which they live. They must also hold the appropriate endorsements to haul hazardous materials or to operate certain equipment (such as double trailers). For specific information about CDL requirements, contact your state department of motor vehicles. Van Operators who haul household or industrial goods between states must meet specific qualifications

established by DOT. They must be at least 21 years old, meet specific health requirements, and read and speak English proficiently. Drivers must also pass a written exam covering the federal motor carrier safety regulations as well as pass a physical exam. Drivers must successfully pass the physical exam every two years to maintain their status as interstate truck drivers.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers usually seek candidates who have one or more years of heavy or tractor-trailer driving experience. Candidates who have experience in the moving industry are generally preferred. Some companies hire candidates without any previous experience for trainee positions, as long as they demonstrate a strong interest in a career in the moving industry. Van Operators need strong communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues and customers. They also must have excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, meet deadlines, handle stressful situations, and prioritize multiple tasks. In addition, they need adequate writing skills. Being hardworking, reliable, trustworthy, self-motivated, and detail-oriented are some personality traits that successful drivers share.

Unions and Associations

Van Operators can join professional associations that serve the general interests of truck drivers to take advantage of networking opportunities and various

professional services and resources. Professional associations for truck drivers exist in most, if not all, states. Two national societies that serve the interests of truck drivers are the Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association and the Women in Trucking Association. Some Van Operators belong to a union, such as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, that represents them in contractual negotiations for better wages, benefits, and working conditions. For contact information for the organizations mentioned above, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Applicants must have a clean driving record. 2. As a high school or college student, get experience working in the moving industry by applying for summer jobs. 3. Check out Web sites of moving companies for which you would like to work. You can often find job listings or information for applying for jobs. 4. Find someone—such as a job counselor or friend—to help you practice what you might say in a job interview. Go over such basic questions as: Why are you qualified for this job? What are your strengths as a worker? What are your weaknesses? Why should the company hire you? What do you see yourself doing five years from now? 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the moving industry. You might start by visiting the American Moving and Storage Association Web site at http://www.promover.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TRUCK DISPATCHER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Coordinate the transport of freight; make and coordinate driving assignments; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Transportation Dispatcher Salary Range: $20,000 to $54,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience in industry required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, customer-service, orga-

Senior Truck Dispatcher

Position Description

Trucks are the conveyances that bring goods to every place accessible by road. Our road systems are vast and very complex. Men and women who understand their complexity work daily to manage the efficient and rapid distribution of goods by carriers. These professionals are known as Truck Dispatchers. Truck Dispatchers are planners and communicators. They are responsible for coordinating freight delivery schedules and keeping track of the progress of deliveries. They stay in continual contact with customers and truck drivers to ensure that deliveries safely reach their destinations on time. These dispatchers work for all types and sizes of local and long-distance trucking companies. Some dispatchers work in companies that offer truck-dispatching services. Large companies employ several Truck Dispatchers who work in teams. Truck Dispatchers constantly make critical decisions throughout the day. They review requests from and requirements of customers and determine what types of trucks are needed to make certain deliveries, which drivers pick up which shipments, and which routes drivers should take. Truck Dispatchers also schedule pick-up and delivery times for truck drivers. These dispatchers affirm that drivers have the appropriate bill of lading or freight-charge bill to take with them. Truck Dispatchers provide drivers with delivery instructions and routes to follow. If drivers have addi-

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Truck Dispatcher Trainee

nizational, problem-solving, critical-thinking, teamwork, self-management, map-reading, clerical, and computer skills; flexible, focused, positive, calm, quick-witted, and reliable

tional room in their trucks, dispatchers may instruct them to pick up more cargo en route. If a client who is located near the final destination requests delivery of cargo back to a dispatcher’s location, the dispatcher will direct the truck driver to pick up that cargo for the return trip. Truck Dispatchers check in returning drivers and process their logs. Dispatch work is fast-paced and frenetic. For example, Truck Dispatchers may juggle more than a dozen truck drivers’ assignments at the same time. Dispatchers must be ready to make decisions quickly and keep track of several trucks simultaneously as their locations are displayed on control boards or computer screens. These dispatchers are required to keep this control information updated at all times. Truck Dispatchers are thoroughly knowledgeable about the geographic area in which they work. They are experts at reading maps and determining the shortest or fastest routes for truckers to take to quickly deliver goods and services. Truck Dispatchers also work with computers to assist them with coordinating cargo pickups and deliveries. Truck Dispatchers remain in contact with truck drivers via telephone, two-way radio, and computers. Dispatchers provide drivers with new route instructions, updates regarding the disposition of a shipment, road conditions, or schedule adjustments. In addition, Truck Dispatchers monitor traffic conditions and redirect drivers to avoid delays. These dispatchers also

handle emergency calls from drivers by immediately contacting appropriate police, fire, or other emergency agencies within the vicinity of those drivers. During the course of their workday, Truck Dispatchers complete a variety of tasks. A few examples include: • assigning drivers and trucks • calculating and optimizing load weights appropriate to the type of truck • reviewing shipping reports for accuracy • maintaining work orders, service requests, inventory records, expense records, and other documents, and filing them appropriately • keeping information about master and alternative trucking routes up to date • helping customers, company personnel, and drivers resolve problems • arranging for safety inspections to be performed on trucks • coordinating repairs for trucks between shipping assignments Truck Dispatchers work indoors. They remain seated in front of computer monitors or video display terminals for most of their day. As a result, they are subject to back and eye strain. Their work can be stressful and full of pressure, particularly when they deal with difficult situations. Truck Dispatchers often handle multiple tasks simultaneously while remaining cool, calm, and collected. Truck Dispatchers work 40 hours per week. They may be required to put in extra hours to ensure that dispatching services are provided around the clock, as well as to respond to emergencies. Truck Dispatchers may be assigned to work different shifts, which includes working nights, weekends, or holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Truck Dispatchers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most dispatchers (not including public safety dispatchers) ranged from $20,410 to $54,360.

Employment Prospects

In general, many job openings for Truck Dispatchers will become available as individuals transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. According to The 2008-09 Career Guide to Industries by the BLS, an estimated 38,000 dispatch-

ers work in the truck transportation and warehousing industry. Job growth for dispatchers is expected to increase slowly (by about 3 percent) through 2016. Job opportunities in the transportation and warehousing industry are dependent on the national economy. When the economy is facing a downturn, employers hire fewer workers and may lay staff off because demands for their services have decreased.

Advancement Prospects

Truck Dispatchers can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, but opportunities are limited. Many Truck Dispatchers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by being assigned greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants for dispatch positions must possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have earned an associate degree or have some college training. Novice dispatchers receive on-the-job training, which may be several days, weeks, or months long. They work under the supervision and direction of experienced Transportation Dispatchers, who teach them how to operate communications equipment as well as monitor and handle calls.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of experience working in dispatch or shipping environments. Many employers promote truck drivers, clerical workers, and warehouse workers to Truck Dispatcher positions. Truck Dispatchers must have excellent communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills, as they need to work well with truck drivers, customers, and others on a daily basis. They also need outstanding organizational, problem-solving, critical-thinking, teamwork, and self-management skills. Additionally, these dispatchers need strong map-reading, clerical, and computer skills. Being flexible, focused, positive, calm, quick-witted, and reliable are some personality traits that successful Truck Dispatchers share.

Unions and Associations

Many Truck Dispatchers belong to labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers. The unions seek better contractual terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. They

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also handle any grievances that their members may have against employers.

Tips for Entry

1. As a student, obtain a part-time job or a volunteer position in which you must deal with the public on a daily basis. 2. Dispatchers need to speak clearly, as well as be able to listen well. Take a class in public speaking to improve your communications skills.

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3. Apply directly to companies for which you would like to work. 4. Many companies maintain a presence on the World Wide Web. To find the Web site for a certain company, enter its name into a search engine.

SHIPPING CLERK CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Prepare orders for shipment; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Shipping/Receiving Clerk, Warehouse Worker, Material Handler Salary Range: $17,000 to $42,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience in shipping or warehousing operations Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, problem-solving, teamwork, customer service,

Senior Shipping Clerk

Position Description

Workers known as Shipping Clerks play a vital role in the overall process of moving goods from their points of origin to their destinations. The term shipping refers to the transport of goods across both short and long distances. This term hearkens back to the days when such transportation of goods was carried out by ships that traversed waterways from lakes to rivers to oceans. In today’s world, goods are transported across oceans on ships or on airplanes. However, most of the shipping that takes place today is done overland by way of trucks or trains. Shipping Clerks are part of teams that work in receiving-and-shipping departments, which are responsible for processing and keeping records of shipments of goods as they arrive or leave organizations. These departments may be found in manufacturing companies, distribution centers, wholesale or retail companies, government offices, publishing firms, nonprofit organizations, and so on. Shipping units may be located in office buildings or in separate warehouses equipped with loading docks as well as with pallet racks and shelves filled with stored goods. Shipping Clerks are responsible for ensuring that all shipments are accurate and complete before they are sent out to customers. The shipping process begins when Shipping Clerks receive an order for shipment. An order may be made up of one, several,

Shipping Clerk Shipping Clerk Trainee or Warehouse Worker

communication, interpersonal, writing, arithmetic, and computer skills; detail-oriented, analytical, methodical, dependable, and hardworking

or hundreds of items that may consist of one or a variety of items. Other workers gather items for an order from warehouses or other locations and bring them to where Shipping Clerks work. These clerks make certain that all items listed for an order are, in fact, included in the order. They note any items that were not included and provide that information to the customer. Shipping Clerks then prepare the order for shipping by packing all items in boxes. When a shipment includes several boxes, clerks stack and secure them on a pallet. Shipping Clerks weigh a shipment and calculate the cost according to current postal or freight rates. They prepare address labels and bills of lading for the shipment. They then move the order to the loading dock by using a hand truck, pallet jack, or forklift. Some clerks are also responsible for loading a shipment onto a truck or another conveyance. Shipping Clerks perform numerous routine tasks, which vary each day. For example, they maintain their work area; take inventory, order, and restock their shipping supplies; schedule pick-up time for trucks; and maintain an inventory database. Many Shipping Clerks perform additional tasks within their departments. Depending on the size of their organization, they may be responsible for fulfilling the duties of one or more of the following personnel:

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• receiving clerks, who receive and process incoming shipments • stock clerks, who fill shelves and pallet areas with received goods for storage • order pickers, who remove items from shelves and pallets according to order lists • packers, who double-check the accuracy of picked orders and pack them for safe and secure delivery • traffic clerks, who keep shipping records current and maintain files of damage claims • return clerks, who process merchandise returned from customers Shipping Clerks use computers and various types of equipment on their job. They use small scales for weighing individual packages and platform scales for weighing pallets. Many of them use computerized shipping machines that weigh items, calculate freight charges, and print labels and reports. Many Shipping Clerks also use inventory technologies, such as barcode readers that transmit inventory information directly to computers via a special radio frequency. Shipping Clerks mainly work indoors. They may perform some of their duties on or near outdoor loading docks. Some clerks work in refrigerated storage facilities and may be exposed to cold temperatures. Their work is physically demanding. They spend most of their day standing, bending, reaching, and walking. They routinely lift heavy objects that may weigh as much as 75 pounds. To minimize the risk of injury, Shipping Clerks follow strict safety procedures and wear protective clothing such as steel-toed shoes. Shipping Clerks generally work 40 hours a week, which may include weekends or evenings. They sometimes put in extra hours to complete their assignments.

Salaries

Salaries for Shipping Clerks vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, industry and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Shipping Clerks ranged between $17,390 and $41,950. The estimated hourly wage for these workers ranged between $8.36 and $20.17.

Employment Prospects

Altogether, over 760,000 shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks are employed in the United States. An estimated 45,000 of these clerks work in the truck transportation

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and warehousing industry, according to The 2008–09 Career Guide to Industries by the BLS. Many opportunities for Shipping Clerks will be created as clerks advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. In addition, jobs will become available due to job growth in this occupation. The BLS reports that employment of shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks is predicted to increase by about 26 percent during 2006–16.

Advancement Prospects

Shipping Clerks can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, which are limited. Candidates may be required to hold a college degree to reach managerial jobs. Promotional opportunities are generally better in large operations. Many Shipping Clerks measure their success through job satisfaction and by earning higher wages. Shipping Clerks can also obtain additional training or education to pursue other careers in other areas within their organizations. For example, they may become accountants, computer specialists, human resource specialists, marketing professionals, sales representatives, or logistical specialists.

Education and Training

Employers typically hire applicants for entry-level positions who possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Shipping Clerks learn their skills and tasks on the job while working under the supervision and direction of supervisors and experienced Shipping Clerks. Their initial training covers such topics as postal and freight rates, labeling packages, using tracking software, procedures for packing and unpacking boxes, and safety measures.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. Applicants may need six months to one or more years of work experience in shipping or warehouse operations. To perform their job effectively, Shipping Clerks must have excellent organizational, problem-solving, teamwork, and customer-service skills. They also need communication and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues, customers, and others. In addition, they must have strong writing, arithmetic, and computer skills. Being detail-oriented,

analytical, methodical, dependable, and hardworking are some personality traits that successful Shipping Clerks have in common.

Unions and Associations

2.

Shipping Clerks may belong to labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

3.

Tips for Entry

5.

1. While you are in high school, take advantage of work-employment programs that are available in your school. Try to get an office position

4.

in which you can learn basic clerical skills such as filing, record keeping, and operating office equipment. Develop excellent keyboarding and data entry skills. Find out whether prospective employers prefer you to apply in person or online at their Web site. Employers may allow you to combine your training and work experience to count for the minimum experience required for a position. Use the Internet to find shipping-clerk jobs. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keyword shipping clerks or shipping-clerk jobs into a search engine.

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FREIGHT BROKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Find and arrange trucking transportation for clients’ shipments; monitor delivery jobs; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: Unavailable Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—Years of experience in the truck transportation industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, management, problem-solving, organizational, negotiation, customer-service, interpersonal, and

Freight Broker

Position Description

Freight Brokers are logistics specialists in the trucking transportation industry. Logistics is the overall process of manufacturing, holding, transporting, and distributing goods in the most efficient and economic manner possible. Freight Brokers play a contributing role in expediting the shipping process. When companies are ready to ship goods to another location, they may use their own drivers and trucking fleet to do the job. However, some companies cut costs by outsourcing the work. Such companies enlist the services of Freight Brokers to arrange for independent drivers or trucking firms, also known as carriers, to handle the tasks of picking up, transporting, and delivering the goods. Freight Brokers are independent contractors. In other words, they own firms that offer freight brokerage services to companies on a contractual basis. Some brokers work alone or as solo practitioners. Other brokers employ one or more freight agents, who may be independent contractors themselves. Freight Brokers act as liaisons between their clients (who may be individuals or organizations) and carriers. These brokers do not deliver shipments, nor do they ever handle the items that their clients need to be shipped. Their sole job is to locate carriers that offer the best rates for delivering goods for clients within specified schedules. Freight Brokers are highly knowledgeable about the shipping industry. Many are former truck drivers, as

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Freight Broker Agent Freight Agent

communication skills; friendly, assertive, detail-oriented, persistent, bold, enterprising, and foresighted Special Requirements—Business licenses; meet requirements established by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

well as one-time freight agents and logistics specialists for shipping and trucking firms. These men and women utilize past employers and contacts (such as shipping companies, independent truck drivers, and trucking companies) as resources to assist them to make the best matches between shippers and motor carriers. Freight Brokers perform routine tasks with each job they receive. They talk with clients to determine their shipping needs—what items they are shipping, where they need to ship them, when shipments need to reach their destination, how much clients are willing to pay for shipping, and so forth. Brokers then identify the most appropriate carriers and contact them. Brokers negotiate freight rates with carriers to satisfy clients as well as to earn a profit for the carriers and themselves. When agreements are made between brokers and carriers, brokers complete necessary paperwork. Freight Brokers may either make appointments for pick up and delivery of shipments, or request that carriers be responsible for doing this task. Freight Brokers monitor deliveries and bill clients for shipping services when jobs are completed. Upon receiving payments from clients, brokers then pay carriers for their transportation services. As business owners, Freight Brokers are responsible for performing various duties to ensure the success of their businesses. For example, they establish client fees; develop standard contracts; obtain and maintain proper insurance and licenses; and pay taxes, bills, and carriers’

fees. Brokers also set aside time to generate new clientele for their business, as well as to develop additional resource contacts among independent truck drivers, trucking firms, and others. When their businesses grow sufficiently large, Freight Brokers hire employees to work as freight broker agents. These agents work for a percentage of the commissions that brokers earn. Freight Brokers work in office environments. Many brokers work from their homes. They set up their offices to include computers with high-speed Internet connections, copiers, fax machines, and telephones. They equip their computers with special software programs and databases containing contact information for truckers and carrier companies. Some of these professionals also build Web sites to attract clients to their business. As self-employed persons, Freight Brokers set their own schedule of hours. They generally put in 40 hours each week, but occasionally work extra hours to handle late deliveries or other unexpected circumstances.

Salaries

Freight Brokers receive commissions for their services. They earn a percentage on the total delivery fee for a shipment. Formal income information for Freight Brokers is unavailable. In general, their earnings vary annually, and depend on the success of their businesses. Their annual net profit is determined after subtracting the total operating expenses from their gross income. It is common for small business owners to be unprofitable during their first years in operation.

Employment Prospects

Experienced Freight Brokers are in demand. Some experts in the field report that freight brokering is a small but fast-growing segment in the transportation industry. In general, it is difficult and hard work to start a business, and it is common for new owners to have an unprofitable business or go out of business within the first three years. Their success depends on various factors, such as their ambitions, their ability to run a business, the local demand for their services, competition, and the state of the economy.

Advancement Prospects

Freight Brokers advance according to their own ambitions and interests. Like many entrepreneurs, they measure their progress by achieving their business goals and objectives. For example, small business owners may

aim to earn certain annual incomes or expand their business.

Education and Training

In general, Freight Brokers learn their skills as small business owners on the job. To be successful, Freight Brokers need basic business training in such areas as management, bookkeeping, accounting, finance, marketing, and sales. Their instruction may be formal or informal. For example, individuals can take small-business training courses offered at community colleges, at university extension programs, or through trade associations.

Special Requirements

Freight Brokers must meet several requirements to run their own businesses. They must comply with appropriate local, state, and federal laws that regulate business operations. For example, business owners must hold the proper local and state business licenses and obtain federal taxpayer identification numbers. In addition, Freight Brokers must meet certain requirements established by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), which is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation. They must obtain a Freight Broker authority granted by the FMCSA; post a surety bond worth $10,000; and file other required paperwork with the FMCSA.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Freight Brokers normally start a business after many years of working in the truck transportation industry as truck drivers, freight agents, shipping agents, and other logistics specialists. To do well in their business, Freight Brokers must have excellent leadership, management, problem-solving, organizational, negotiation, and customer-service skills. They also need superior interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to get along with many people from diverse backgrounds. Being friendly, assertive, detail-oriented, persistent, bold, enterprising, and foresighted are some personality traits that successful Freight Brokers share.

Unions and Associations

Freight Brokers can join associations or other organizations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other types of services and resources. For example, Freight Brokers are eligible to join the Transportation Intermediaries Association. For contact information, see Appendix III.

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Tips for Entry

1. Many Freight Brokers start as freight broker agents. They are self-employed individuals who work on a contractual basis with Freight Brokers. 2. Some professional associations and other reputable organizations offer short courses that introduce individuals to freight brokering. Contact Freight Brokers or organizations for information about classes that may be available in your area.

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3. Be sure you understand all the time, energy, and money you must invest into starting a business. Ask yourself if you have the dedication and resolve to do it and stick with it during the hard times. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the world of Freight Brokers. You might start by visiting the Transportation Intermediaries Association Web site at http://www.tianet.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRUCK MECHANIC CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Maintain and repair diesel-engine trucks; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Diesel Mechanic, Diesel Service Technician, Transit Mechanic, Fleet Mechanic Salary Range: $25,000 to $57,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; diesel-technology training Experience—Previous experience working with trucks usually required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Critical-thinking, problem-solving, troubleshooting, self-management, communication, interpersonal,

Senior Truck Mechanic

Position Description

Every day, tens of thousands of trucks crisscross our nation’s roads and highways to carry goods, materials, or equipment from one place to another. It is the job of Truck Mechanics to ensure that tractor trailers, refrigerated trucks, flatbed trucks, tankers, and other dieselpowered trucks run safely at optimum levels at all times. Truck Mechanics are diesel-engine experts. They are especially trained to maintain, repair, and rebuild diesel engines and the other components of dieselpowered vehicles. Most, if not all, trucks used for hauling freight have diesel engines, which are more powerful and efficient than gasoline engines. Diesel engines are internal combustion engines that use diesel fuel, an oil fraction that is heavier than gasoline. The heat from compressed air in the engine cylinders ignites diesel fuel, unlike in gasoline engines in which an electrical spark ignites the fuel. Many Truck Mechanics work for freight truck companies and other organizations where they are responsible for preventive maintenance and repair work on a fleet of diesel trucks. Some mechanics are selfemployed, while others work for independent repair companies. These mechanics may perform maintenance or repair on various types of light, medium, or heavy trucks that belong to different customers. They may also work on buses, tractors, bulldozers, and other vehicles powered by diesel engines.

Journey Truck Mechanic Entry-level Truck Mechanic Mechanic’s Helper, Apprentice, or Diesel Technology Student

teamwork, reading, writing, math, and computer skills; patient, positive, cooperative, methodical, well-organized, hardworking, and dependable

Truck Mechanics perform various tasks to prevent major problems in trucks from occurring. They inspect vehicles and complete routine maintenance tasks according to specific requirements listed on a maintenance checklist, such as adjusting brakes, replacing worn-out parts, changing oil, and restoring levels of fuel, water, or other fluids. They clean parts, tighten bolts, lubricate vehicles, and make mechanical adjustments where needed. Their work also involves diagnosing, troubleshooting, and resolving mechanical and electrical problems. They make repairs and test equipment according to manufacturers’ specifications and manuals. Truck Mechanics may also test drive vehicles to ensure the quality of their work. Truck Mechanics are assigned tasks according to their experience and level of expertise. Novice Truck Mechanics perform routine maintenance and repair tasks under the direction of experienced mechanics. As Truck Mechanics gain experience, they move on to perform repairs that are more complex. They first master engine work before progressing to other vehicle components such as transmissions or brake systems. Journey-level Truck Mechanics perform more detailed diagnostic and troubleshooting tasks to find and solve major mechanical or electrical problems. They dismantle engines and components to clean and repair or replace each piece before reassembling them. These advanced mechanics align front ends and sus-

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pension systems, replace steering systems, and perform other complex repair and maintenance tasks. They test the repaired systems to meet manufacturer performance guidelines. Truck Mechanics’ responsibilities also vary according to where they work. For example, they may specialize in one or more particular areas of maintenance and repair, such as engine overhauling, transmission adjusting, trailer maintenance, or electrical system troubleshooting. All Truck Mechanics perform a variety of general tasks. For example, they may: • diagnose problems with their machinery or equipment and effect repairs • perform safety inspections • maintain work areas • dispose of waste materials such as motor oil, lubricants, and solvents • read and follow blueprints, schematics, technical drawings, work orders, manufacturer manuals, and other written materials • estimate costs and the time needed for projects and prepare reports for customers • maintain vehicle maintenance and repair records • keep supply inventories current by ordering parts and tools • stay up to date with the knowledge needed to perform their job by attending classes and reading current technical literature • maintain their personal tools and purchase new ones when needed Truck Mechanics use special equipment and tools to perform their tasks. They use hoisting equipment to raise and lower heavy engines into place, and hydraulic lifting machines to lift vehicles in the air so that they can work underneath them. Truck Mechanics also use computerized diagnostic tools such as pressure gauges and engine analyzers, which they attach to components or parts. The gauges display information that indicates where a problem is located. Additionally, Truck Mechanics use computers to assist them with diagnostic work, as well as to perform such administrative tasks as filling in order forms or managing shop inventory. Furthermore, their work involves the use of both hand tools (such as wrenches, screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, and calipers) and machine tools (such as valve grinders, lathes, pneumatic wrenches, and welding equipment). Truck Mechanics work in machine shop environments that can be noisy and grimy. They also work

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outdoors in all weather conditions to make emergency repairs to stranded diesel vehicles. These mechanics must do a lot of heavy lifting as well as stoop, climb, and reach, often in tight places. Hence, they must be in optimum physical condition. They also need to possess manual dexterity to be able to handle tools, parts, and other objects. Because the risk of injury for Truck Mechanics is high, they follow strict safety rules. They also wear protective clothing such as hard hats and steel-toed boots. Truck Mechanics work 40 hours per week, but may put in extra hours to complete tasks. Some mechanics work evenings, nights, and weekends.

Salaries

Salaries for Truck Mechanics vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Truck Mechanics ranged between $25,210 and $56,850. The estimated hourly wage for most of these mechanics ranged from $12.12 to $27.33.

Employment Prospects

Many Truck Mechanics are employed by trucking companies, government agencies, and other organizations that maintain fleets of diesel trucks. Some mechanics work for independent repair shops. Some mechanics are self-employed. Opportunities are available nationwide, and most jobs are found in cities where companies locate their trucking operations. According to the BLS, job growth for diesel service technicians and mechanics is predicted to increase by 7 to 13 percent during 2006–16. Employment of these tradespersons fluctuate with the state of the trucking industry. The BLS reports that companies will continue to add trucks to their fleets to meet the growing volume of freight shipped locally and nationally. This in turn should increase the demand for additional Truck Mechanics. Furthermore, openings for mechanics will become available as individuals retire, transfer to other jobs, or leave the workforce for various reasons. The BLS states that replacements will be needed for the increasing number of mechanics who are retiring in this coming decade. Some experts in the field say that opportunities for entry-level positions will be favorable for individuals who complete formal training programs in diesel technology. Diesel mechanics and specialists can also utilize their training and skills to find employment repairing

and maintaining diesel engines of buses, construction equipment, farm machines, locomotives, ships, and equipment used in irrigation and oil well drilling.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many Truck Mechanics measure their success by earning higher incomes, by receiving greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction. Mechanics can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, for which they may be required to move to other employers. Entrepreneurial individuals can start their own repair shops. Truck Mechanics can use their experience to move into sales, marketing, or business management within their companies. Some mechanics seek a teaching career in diesel technology programs in community colleges, vocational schools, or technical schools.

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have one or more years of experience working on diesel trucks. They may have gained experience through formal training programs, on-the-job training, or employment. To perform well at their job, Truck Mechanics need excellent critical-thinking, problem-solving, troubleshooting, and self-management skills. In addition, they must have strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills to work well with colleagues, customers, and others. They also need to have adequate reading, writing, math, and computer skills. Being patient, positive, cooperative, methodical, well-organized, hardworking, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Truck Mechanics share.

Education and Training

Unions and Associations

Advancement Prospects

Employers generally require that entry-level applicants possess a high school diploma or general equivalence diploma. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who have completed formal diesel technology programs at community colleges, technical schools, vocational schools, or trade schools. These programs generally are between six months and two years long, and lead to either an associate degree or a professional certificate. They prepare students for entry-level positions through classroom instruction and practical experience. Individuals can also gain entry into the field of truck mechanics through apprenticeships, which are usually three to four years long. These programs consist of both classroom instruction and on-the-job training. Alternatively, individuals can become Truck Mechanics by learning on the job as mechanic’s helpers. While working under the supervision and direction of experienced mechanics, trainees learn how to repair and service trucks. After several years performing increasingly more difficult work, they can become journeylevel Truck Mechanics. Throughout their careers, Truck Mechanics enroll in workshops, classes, and programs to learn new skills and knowledge as well as keep up with advancements in their field. Manufacturers and vendors conduct many of these training courses.

Many Truck Mechanics belong to labor unions, such as the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) Unions represent their members in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Find out if mechanics is the right field for you. One way is to help someone restore a vehicle. 2. While in high school, take courses in mechanics and industrial arts to help you prepare for a career as a Truck Mechanic. 3. To enhance their employability, some Truck Mechanics acquire a commercial driver’s license, which is granted by their state department of motor vehicles. Many also obtain certification that is offered by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, which is recognized as the industry standard. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Truck Mechanics and their field. To get a list of Web sites, enter any of these keywords into a search engine: truck mechanics, diesel mechanics, diesel technology, or diesel engines. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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FORKLIFT OPERATOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Drive and control industrial trucks to move heavy materials around warehouses, storage yards, and other locations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Forklift Driver, Industrial Truck Operator, Material Handler, Warehouse Worker Salary Range: $20,000 to $44,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training and employer training program Experience—Previous experience working in warehouse operations; experience driving trucks or heavy equipment preferred

Senior Forklift Operator

Position Description

Forklift Operators are experts at moving heavy objects or heavy stacks of objects around factories, warehouses, and other indoor or outdoor facilities. They are also specialists at loading and unloading cargo from trucks, rail cars, and ships. The machines they use, forklifts, are small trucks on which workers sit or stand to operate. These machines are equipped with two flat arm-like extensions called forks, which are used to slide under loads, pick them up, move them from one location to another, and lift them as high as 20 or 30 feet. Forklift Operators make their living by driving and controlling these industrial trucks. Forklift Operators work with all kinds of forklifts that vary in size and load capacity. The two fundamental types of forklifts are characterized by their power source: battery-powered electric lifts or forklifts powered by gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane), or diesel. Some forklifts can carry heavier loads than others. Some can negotiate smaller spaces than others. These industrial truck operators use a control system consisting of levers to maneuver the forks of their machine back and forth, tilt them at an angle, and move them from side to side, as well as to propel the forklift forward or backwards. They lift loads to various heights by using a hydraulic system, also controlled by a lever. Forklift Operators use foot pedals to accelerate or brake their forklifts. They steer these industrial trucks with

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Forklift Operator Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management, reading, math, computer, teamwork, communication, and interpersonal skills; detail-oriented, organized, dependable, careful, and hardworking Special Requirements—Forklift Operator certificate

steering wheels or crank mechanisms. Some operators use forklifts that have such attachments as shovels, barrel holders, or cranes. Others attach trailers to their forklifts for hauling additional material. Some forklifts have lights and horns. Forklift Operators drive their forklifts across their work area to gather a load, which may be a pallet of stacked boxes, a bundle of lumber, or any large heavy object secured to a skid (a low solid pallet). When operators move without a load, they position the forks an inch or two off the floor. As they approach the load, operators guide the forks by positioning them forward and slowly sliding them under the load. They lift the load about six or eight inches off the surface, tilt the forks back, and drive the forklift to a new location to place the load onto a truck or into an available space. To place their load on an elevated location such as a pallet rack, Forklift Operators carefully raise the load to a few inches above the desired height. They maneuver the load into position by turning the forklift to face the open space, move the forks forward until the load is directly above the space, and gently lower the load into place. They tilt the load to the horizontal plane, lower the forks an inch or so, bring the forks back, and lower them to just above the floor. Then Forklift Operators drive off to gather another load. Before lifting each load, Forklift Operators make sure that it is not too heavy for their machine. They find out the weight and then mark or label the item accord-

ingly, if it is not already indicated. Forklift Operators move and set loads with great care to ensure proper balance. They are very careful to set the load down in precisely the right location, particularly on elevated racks. They do not leave a load until they are assured that it is securely in place and balanced correctly. After placing the load, they inform co-workers of its location and that it is ready for use or further processing. Forklift Operators are responsible for completing a variety of routine tasks, which may include: • reading purchase orders, requisitions, or other instructions to identify a load and determine where it needs to be moved • keeping accurate records of their activities • stacking and unstacking boxes • loading and unloading trucks • operating other material-moving machinery, such as high-lift platform order pickers, backhoes, or power shovels • using shrink-wrapping machines and pallet strapping devices • helping with receiving, filling orders, shipping, and taking inventory • seeking ways to more efficiently use space for placing heavy loads • maintaining their work area, particularly keeping floor areas clean and free of loose debris • performing routine maintenance on their forklifts, such as recharging batteries or refueling Forklift Operators perform a physically demanding job. They may lift heavy objects by hand and carry them. They may stoop, crawl, reach, and climb during the course of their day. They may work at elevated heights. They work either outdoors or indoors, including in warehouses that are not climate controlled. Hence, they are exposed to extremes in temperature and may work in inadequate lighting conditions. They may also be exposed to high levels of dust or fumes, as well as move quantities of hazardous materials. Forklift Operators operate heavy, potentially dangerous machines and consequently must wear such protective equipment as goggles, earplugs, hard hats, and steel-toed shoes while observing extraordinary, precautionary safety practices. They must be constantly alert to the presence of other people or objects that may be in the path of their forklifts, for example. These workers need excellent hand-eye coordination and must have the ability to judge distances and heights. Forklift Operators generally work a set schedule totaling 40 hours per week. They may work night

shifts, weekends, or holidays. They put in extra hours as needed to complete tasks.

Salaries

Salaries for Forklift Operators vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most industrial truck operators ranged between $19,510 and $43,600. The estimated hourly wage for these operators ranged between $9.38 and $20.96.

Employment Prospects

Forklift Operators work for various types of employers, including trucking companies, shipping companies, warehouses, storage companies, manufacturers, grocery wholesale companies, and building material and supply companies, among others. The BLS estimates that over 600,000 industrial truck and tractor operators are employed in the United States. Within the trucking and warehousing industry, approximately 105,000 of these operators are employed, according to The 2008–09 Career Guide to Industries by the BLS. The agency further states that employment of these operators should increase by 16 percent during the 2006–16 period. In addition to job growth, openings become available as Forklift Operators retire, transfer to other jobs or other career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Job opportunities in the transportation and warehousing industry are dependent on the national economy. When the economy is facing a downturn, employers hire fewer workers and may lay off staff because demands for their services have decreased.

Advancement Prospects

Supervisory and managerial opportunities are available but limited for Forklift Operators. Most of these industrial truck operators measure success through job satisfaction and by earning higher wages. With additional training, Forklift Operators can pursue other occupations such as airline ramp agent, crane operator, operating engineer, long-distance truck driver, or bus driver.

Education and Training

Employers generally require that Forklift Operators possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. To become Forklift Operators, individuals must complete a training program for every type of industrial

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truck that they will operate. Training programs are provided by employers and must meet requirements set by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency. These training programs cover such topics as forklift instrumentation, operating instructions, operating limitation, safety issues, vehicle inspection and maintenance, and handling workplace obstacles. Trainees also undergo on-the-job training to learn fundamental skills and tasks. For several weeks, they work under the supervision and direction of experienced Forklift Operators. Throughout their careers, Forklift Operators sign up for classes and workshops to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Special Requirements

Forklift Operators must be certified by their employer as having successfully completed a forklift operatortraining program for each type of industrial truck that they operate. (The training programs must meet federal regulations established by OSHA.) Forklift Operators must also pass an employer evaluation every three years.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers promote workers to become Forklift Operators. Depending on the employer, candidates may need one or more years of experience working in warehouse operations. Employers prefer candidates who

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also have experience driving light trucks or operating heavy equipment. Forklift Operators must have excellent self-management skills, including the ability to follow and understand instructions, prioritize multiple tasks, and meet deadlines. Having basic reading, math, and computer skills is also important. In addition, these industrial truck operators need teamwork, communication, and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to work well with others. Being detail-oriented, organized, dependable, careful, and hardworking are some personality traits that successful Forklift Operators have in common.

Unions and Associations

Forklift Operators can join labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions can also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Get a job as a warehouse worker. Let your supervisor know you are interested in becoming a Forklift Operator. 2. Check with union halls for job leads. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about Forklift Operators and the trucks they drive. To get a list of Web sites, enter any of these keywords into a search engine: forklift operators, forklift trucks, or industrial trucks. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

WAREHOUSE WORKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Handle goods and products that are received into and shipped from warehouses; perform duties as required of position Alternate Title(s): Warehouse Associate, Warehouse Operator; Forklift Operator, Shipping Clerk, or other title that reflects a particular occupation Salary Range: $15,000 to $44,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience in warehousing or related fields required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, problem-solving, troubleshooting, inter-

Warehouse Supervisor

Position Description

Warehouse Workers play a key role in the distribution of all kinds of goods. They help ensure that our food, electronic devices, clothing, furniture, lumber, auto parts, raw materials, and virtually everything else that can be bought and sold are stored in safe, secure locations until they are needed. These storage facilities are called warehouses, and the men and women who work in them are experts at safeguarding, handling, and keeping track of millions of inventory items every day. Most warehouses are large buildings that cover thousands of square feet of space. They often have high ceilings to accommodate two or more pallets stacked atop each other in metal racks. Some storage facilities retain inventory of refrigerated items or hazardous materials. Generally, Warehouse Workers receive goods by unloading trucks, railcars, or ships, depending on the location of their warehouse. They check the contents of the shipment against a document, which may be either a bill of lading or a packing list. Warehouse Workers mark each unit of the shipment with a label or a barcode and note any back orders on partial shipments. Then they store all of the received items in bins, shelves, on wooden pallets in larger spaces on the floor, or on pallet racks. They enter the total quantity of the item or items in the shipment into inventory records. All items

Warehouse Team (Crew) Leader Warehouse Worker Warehouse Worker (Entry-level)

personal, teamwork, computer, reading, math, and self-management skills; detail-oriented, positive, hardworking, dedicated, honest, and reliable

remain stored in the warehouse until someone needs to use them or purchase them. When Warehouse Workers receive orders for warehouse stock, they pull the items from shelves and prepare them for shipping. They make note of any unavailable items and file back-order documents for them. They pack items into boxes and stack the boxes on pallets. Warehouse Workers enclose packing lists and back-order documents in each shipment. They secure the pallets by wrapping them with strapping tape or shrink-wrap. They also prepare bills of lading for truck companies or other carriers. Warehouse Workers perform a variety of other tasks on a regular basis. They may: • restock shelves and pallets, observing the first-in firstout rule of stocking inventory • load and unload pallets onto trucks • assist customers with matters pertaining to receiving, stock availability, and shipping • conduct inventory counts of items on a regular basis • keep inventory records up to date • order new inventory as needed • drive small- to medium-sized trucks to make deliveries to nearby locations • assist managers with arranging and organizing warehouse space more efficiently

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• recharge batteries on electric equipment or refuel propane-powered equipment • inspect equipment and report damages • complete forms and other required paperwork • prepare mailing labels for individual boxes for shipments • maintain facilities by sweeping floors and discarding loose debris Warehouse Workers use a variety of hand-powered, electric, or gas-powered machines and equipment to perform their daily tasks. They use several types of wheeled devices to move materials within the facility or to load and unload cargo vehicles. They use hand trucks, flatbed carts, and pallet jacks to move heavy materials across the warehouse floor. They operate forklifts and platform lifters to stack pallets or boxes on metal racks or upper shelves that can be 15 feet or higher above the ground. They also use several sizes of ladders to access the different levels of the warehouse storage spaces. Some warehouses feature conveyor belts or roller racks with which workers move boxes or loose items back and forth. These workers also utilize small scales to weigh boxes and large platform scales to weigh entire pallets. In addition, many Warehouse Workers use computerized inventory systems that include barcode readers and barcode label makers. These workers track inventory by entering incoming and outgoing inventory data into spreadsheet programs or special inventory software. Depending on the size of their warehouse facility, Warehouse Workers may perform all or some of the general duties that are assigned to their occupation. For example, in large warehouses, some workers may only unload trucks, while others only fill orders, prepare shipments, or maintain inventory records. They may be known as stock clerks, record clerks, shipping clerks, or order fillers while fulfilling the obligations of these positions. Senior Warehouse Workers may assume the duties of team leaders, which include some supervisory duties and record keeping tasks. These lead persons report to a supervisor or warehouse manager. Warehouse Workers perform their tasks indoors, although they may be exposed to outdoor weather conditions while loading and unloading vehicles at an open loading dock. Warehouses are well lighted, but may not be air-conditioned or heated unless strict climate-controlled conditions are needed to protect certain types of inventory. These workers perform a physically demanding job. They spend the greater part of their day standing

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and walking. They routinely lift heavy objects that may weigh as much as 80 pounds. They also bend and stoop frequently and sometimes work in confined spaces. Safety is an important aspect of warehouse work. Workers participate in mandatory safety-training meetings on a regular basis. They observe strict safety regulations when handling hazardous materials. They also wear protective clothing and equipment such as steeltoed shoes and hard hats. Warehouse Workers may be hired to full-time, parttime, or temporary positions. These workers sometimes may put in extra hours to complete tasks.

Salaries

Salaries for Warehouse Workers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, position, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey, reports the following estimated annual salaries for most of these different Warehouse Workers: • stock clerks and order fillers, $15,080 to $34,190 • laborers and hand freight, stock, and material movers, $15,420 to $35,870 • shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks $17,390 to $41,950 • industrial truck and tractor operators, $19,510 to $43,600

Employment Prospects

Warehouse Workers find employment in both the public and private sectors. They work for manufacturers, wholesale and retail companies, shipping companies, trucking companies, public warehouses, and government agencies, among many other organizations and enterprises. Within the truck transportation and warehousing industry, opportunities for Warehouse Workers are favorable. Overall employment in this industry is expected to increase by 15 percent through 2016 as opposed to 11 percent for all industries combined in the United States, according to The 2008–09 Career Guide to Industries by the BLS. In 2006, the BLS estimated the following number of workers in the truck transportation and warehousing industry: • 61,000 stock clerks and order fillers • 253,000 laborers and hand freight, stock, and material movers • 45,000 shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks • 105,000 industrial truck and trailer operators

In addition to job growth, opportunities will become available as Warehouse Workers advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Warehouse Workers can advance according to their interests and ambitions. Many begin their careers in low-level positions as warehouse helpers, laborers, material movers, and stock clerks. As they gain experience, they can pursue opportunities in different areas of warehousing. For example, they may seek positions as industrial truck operators, truck drivers, shipping clerks, freight agents, dispatchers, and customer-service representatives. By obtaining the proper education or training, Warehouse Workers can pursue careers in any number of areas within the trucking and warehousing industry. Truck mechanics, service technicians, accounting clerks, sales representatives, logistics specialists, or information technologists are just a few examples. Furthermore, Warehouse Workers can rise through the ranks as supervisors and managers. Employers usually require that managers have college backgrounds.

Education and Training

Employers require applicants for entry-level warehouse positions to possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Warehouse Workers learn their tasks and skills on the job. They receive their initial training by working under the direction of supervisors and experienced Warehouse Workers. Employers provide formal instruction to those workers who will be operating industrial trucks or other machinery or equipment for moving heavy materials.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. Applicants may need six months to one year

or more of experience working in the areas of ordering, receiving, storing, or shipping of materials. To work effectively as Warehouse Workers, individuals must have strong organizational, problem-solving, troubleshooting, interpersonal, and teamwork skills. They also need basic computer, reading, and math skills. In addition, Warehouse Workers need excellent self-management skills, including the ability to meet deadlines, prioritize multiple tasks, and follow and understand instructions. Some personality traits that successful Warehouse Workers share include being detail-oriented, positive, hardworking, dedicated, honest, and reliable.

Unions and Associations

Many workers in this field are union members. Unions represent their members in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Read newspaper want ads for warehouse openings. 2. On your résumé and job application, highlight positions of responsibility, which may be paid or volunteer work. Call attention to jobs in which you performed office and mechanical skills or performed tasks that required paying close attention to details and being organized. 3. Employers may ask you for two or three professional references whom they can call to learn more about your work habits and job performance. Choose persons who would be willing to give an honest and objective assessment about you. Be sure to have all their contact information ready to give prospective employers. 4. Use the Internet to find warehouse jobs. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords warehouse worker jobs or warehouse employment into a search engine.

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WAREHOUSE MANAGER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee the daily management and administration of warehouse operations; plan, direct, and coordinate work activities of warehouse staff; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Warehouse Operations Manager, Storage Manager, Shipping Manager, Material and Stores Supervisor Salary Range: $45,000 to $126,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—College degree usually preferred Experience—Several years of experience in warehouse operations

Senior or General Manager

Position Description

Warehouses are one link in the enterprise chain of logistics, that is to say the overall process of manufacturing, holding, transporting, and distributing of goods. These storage facilities are key to the success of manufacturing companies, independent distributors, and businesses of all descriptions. They are designed for both permanent and temporary placement of all kinds of goods, from paper to food, from machine parts to finished products, from personal belongings to retail store items. Warehouse Managers are the men and women who oversee and manage the daily operations of warehouses and direct the work activities of the personnel who work in them. Warehouses range in size from small self-storage facilities to enormous distribution centers covering many thousands of square feet. Warehouse Managers may oversee one or several warehouse facilities, or administer a large corporation’s entire warehouse division. Warehouse Managers are experts in all aspects of warehouse operations and the technologies that their employees use. These managers understand the principles and procedures of inventory control, economical storage methods, the loading and unloading of trucks or railroad freight cars, and filling and shipping orders from their facility’s inventory. Warehouse Managers are sometimes hands-on participants in these activities. They use forklifts, pallet jacks, hand trucks, label mak-

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Midlevel Manager Supervisor or Assistant Manager

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, teamwork, self-management, interpersonal, communication, writing, and computer skills; organized, detail-oriented, flexible, quick-witted, trustworthy, respectful, inspiring, and foresighted

ers, and automated inventory systems as they work on the warehouse floor from time to time. Warehouse Managers have additional knowledge that they use to attend to their main occupational focus: management tasks. They are keenly aware of the need for good customer service, for example. They are also well versed in such areas as clerical procedures, personnel management, safety and security concerns, and management practices. In addition, Warehouse Managers know how to motivate their employees to perform their work enthusiastically and efficiently. Warehouse Managers are responsible for ensuring that their facility receives, stores, and distributes goods accurately and for maintaining accountability for all items that pass through their warehouse. They schedule activities and procedures for their staff to follow and guide them as they perform receiving, order picking, shipping, inventory control, record keeping, facility maintenance, and other activities. Warehouse Managers also review the paperwork—invoices, requisitions, back orders, shipping records, packing lists, and inventory records—that is generated during the course of each business day. Additionally, they compile productivity and statistical reports as well as make projections of future warehouse activities, which they submit to their company administrators. These managers’ responsibilities also include recruiting and hiring new workers as well as training

them. These managers continuously confer with their employees and provide evaluative feedback on their performance. If needed, managers exercise disciplinary measures, which includes firing. Warehouse Managers also regularly inspect their facilities to spot safety violations, to ensure that security systems work properly, to evaluate the condition of equipment and vehicles, and to spot-check inventory. Warehouse Managers confer with customers, vendors, corporate administrators, repair companies, and the public to discuss business issues, to talk about the disposition of inventory or inventory backlogs, to arrange for equipment maintenance, to coordinate incoming and outgoing shipments, to replenish inventory, or any of a variety of other work-related topics. Their job also entails keeping abreast of developments in the warehousing field to help them create and implement new and better work procedures as well as procure new equipment. Furthermore, Warehouse Managers frequently review safety procedures with their employees. They cover such topics as how to properly operate forklifts, how to use body mechanics to safely lift heavy objects by hand, and how to comply with federal laws and company safety guidelines. Warehouse Managers work mainly in a comfortable, quiet, office environment, located near the warehouse floor. When they spend time on the floor, however, they face a noisier, less comfortable environment that may be hot or cold, depending on the exterior weather conditions. Their job may be stressful at times. Every day, Warehouse Managers deal with a wide variety of people with various challenging problems and requests. These managers face the occasional risk of injury from falling objects or being run into by warehouse equipment. Warehouse Managers work a standard 40-hour week. They occasionally put in extra hours to complete tasks and meet deadlines.

Salaries

Salaries for Warehouse Managers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. The estimated annual salary for most transportation, storage, and distribution managers ranged between $44,900 and $126,440, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The estimated annual mean salary for managers working in the warehousing and storage industry was $77,580.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in The 2008–09 Career Guide to Industries that approximately 15,000 transportation, storage, and distribution managers are employed in the truck transportation and warehousing industry. This federal agency predicts that employment for these managers should increase by about 21 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, openings for Warehouse Managers will become available as individuals retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Job opportunities in the transportation and warehousing industry are dependent on the national economy. When the economy is facing a downturn, employers hire fewer workers and may lay staff off because demands for their services have decreased.

Advancement Prospects

Warehouse Managers can advance through the ranks from first-line supervisors to midlevel managers to senior managers. Advancement opportunities are generally better in large organizations that have several layers of management. Managers in small organizations typically move to large ones that offer higher salaries or offer greater challenges.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary among employers. Most employers require that managerial candidates possess a college degree. Depending on the employer, a candidate may need an associate, bachelor’s, or a master’s degree in business administration, management, logistics, or another related field. A master’s in business administration or another advanced degree is usually required to obtain top-level managerial positions. Throughout their careers, Warehouse Managers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers prefer to hire candidates who have five or more years of experience in warehouse operations, which includes performing supervisory and managerial duties. To perform well at their job, Warehouse Managers need superior leadership, teamwork, and self-management skills. Their work also requires that they have proficient interpersonal, communication, writing, and computer skills.

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Some personality traits that successful Warehouse Managers share include being organized, detail-oriented, flexible, quick-witted, trustworthy, respectful, inspiring, and foresighted.

Unions and Associations Warehouse Managers can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, professional certification, and other professional services and resources. Two national societies that serve the interests of these managers are the Warehousing Education and Research Council and the American Society of Transportation and Logistics. For contact information, see Appendix III.

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Tips for Entry

1. Get a warehouse job to determine if warehousing is the field in which you want to work. 2. Are you already working in warehousing? Learn as much as you can about the different areas in warehouse operations. Let your superiors know about your goal of pursuing a management career in warehousing. 3. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who possess forklift operator certification 4. Use the Internet to learn more about warehouse management. You might start by visiting the Warehousing Education and Research Council Web site at http://www.werc.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION

SUBWAY OPERATOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate electric trains to transport passengers through underground tunnels, as well as on elevated tracks; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Rapid Transit Operator Salary Range: $33,000 to $59,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete training program; on-the-job training Experience—Several years of experience as bus driver preferred

Full-time Subway Operator

Position Description

More than likely when people think about transit systems that run underground, the New York City or London subways come to mind. Subway systems, or rapid transit systems, are designed specifically to quickly transport great numbers of commuters in densely populated metropolitan areas. Every year, millions of passengers ride subway trains to and from their jobs, schools, and other destinations within cities, as well to nearby cities and towns, which may be in neighboring counties. The public transportation workers who operate rapid transit trains are usually known as Subway Operators. They work for public transit authorities, which are agencies of municipal or regional governments. These operators’ job is to ensure that these trains travel safely and efficiently along their routes, and according to their established time schedules. Subway trains run on electricity. They move along standard-gauge tracks. A third rail built into the tracks transmits electric current that powers the trains. Subway Operators control trains on surface and elevated tracks as well as on underground tracks. Typically, trains travel along underground tracks in busy downtown centers, whereas these trains are more likely to cross outlying areas along elevated or surface tracks. Subway Operators’ primary role is to drive their trains along assigned routes. They are very familiar with the routes they take, including the location and names of all the stations. These train operators are located in compartments in the lead cars of subway

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Part-time or Temporary Subway Operator Subway Operator Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, customer-service, problem-solving and selfmanagement skills; focused, alert, decisive, calm, reliable, and punctual

trains. There, they sit at consoles where they operate the controls for their trains. Their consoles also display warning lights, which Subway Operators watch continuously. The lights tell them about conditions on their train, such as whether brakes are working properly. Additionally, Subway Operators look out for signals located along the side of the tracks. These signals indicate where to accelerate or brake and how fast trains must travel, as well as the location of other trains on the tracks. At each station, Subway Operators control the passenger doors and monitor the movement of passengers onto and off subway cars. They may observe passengers entering and leaving their trains by looking out a window on the side of their compartment. Unlike other transit operators, Subway Operators rarely have direct contact with passengers. Their compartments are enclosed and separated from the passengers who might sit in the lead cars. These operators can communicate with passengers via intercom systems. They announce the names of subway stations as their trains approach them. Subway Operators also relay information about schedule delays, changes in service, safety reminders, and other important messages. Some intercom systems allow two-way communication between passengers and operators so that passengers may report problems to operators. These transit workers are responsible for the safety of their passengers and for ensuring that their travels are as uneventful as possible. Subway Operators are trained to respond appropriately in emergencies. When

a train is stalled during a power outage, for example, Subway Operators guide passengers through emergency procedures and assist them with leaving the train and with proceeding safely to the next station platform or emergency exit from the tracks. Subway Operators remain in constant contact with dispatchers and their supervisors through radios, phones, or radiotelephones. Operators convey any trouble they may be experiencing, such as mechanical difficulties, injuries, fires, or criminal activities. Part of these train operators’ job is to prepare written accounts about their work activities. They write summary reports about their shift and complete paperwork about accidents, emergencies, or other unusual occurrences that transpired during their shift. They also attend meetings to refresh their knowledge about driver and passenger safety. Subway Operators work in predominantly indoor environments. These uniformed workers sit for extended periods as they operate their trains. They may need to perform such physical activities as walking along sections of track, climbing ladders to access tracks, and occasionally lifting heavy objects or equipment. On occasion, they climb into and out of train cars from ground level when working in the train yards. Subway Operators may occasionally handle angry or distressed passengers. They also deal with the stress of being constantly alert and focused to ensure that trains move safely and smoothly along their scheduled routes. These rapid transit employees work standard 40hour weeks, but occasionally put in additional hours as required. Subway Operators may be scheduled to work early mornings, nights, weekends, or holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Subway Operators vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, seniority, employer, and geographic location. The estimated annual salary for most Subway Operators ranged between $32,830 and $58,850, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). This survey also reports that the estimated hourly wage ranged between $15.78 and $29.29.

Employment Prospects

As of 2008, New York City, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Atlanta, Miami, Cleveland, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco were the only U.S. cities that had a heavy-rail rapid transit system.

Opportunities for Subway Operators typically become available as individuals retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Public transit authorities may create additional positions to meet the growing demands of subway services, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Subway Operators usually begin their career as parttime or temporary employees. It may take several years before operators obtain full-time positions, as they are based on seniority. Supervisory positions are available, but limited. Most Subway Operators measure advancement by earning higher wages, by choosing their routes and work schedules, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers require that candidates hold at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Subway Operators learn their skills and tasks on the job. Trainees must successfully complete a training program that includes classroom instruction and field training before they are offered a position. The training program, which is provided by their employers, may last for several weeks or months.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have previous work experience as bus drivers. Alternatively, likely candidates have worked for several years in other positions, such as subway conductors, in the public transportation industry. Subway Operators must have excellent communication and customer-service skills, as they need to work well with employees, supervisors, and the public who come from diverse backgrounds. Additionally, they must have strong problem-solving and self-management skills. Being focused, alert, decisive, calm, reliable, and punctual are some personality traits that successful Subway Operators share.

Unions and Associations

Many Subway Operators join a labor union to represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Two unions that represent many public transit workers are the Amalgamated Transit Union and the Transport Workers Union of America. For contact information, see Appendix III.

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Tips for Entry

1. Maintain a clean driving record. 2. Every employer has a selection process that usually includes a written exam, an oral interview, a medical examination, a screening for drug use, and a background investigation. You will need to be able to successfully pass each step. 3. Some employers allow applicants to substitute a certain number of college credits for one or more years of work experience.

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4. Contact rapid transit systems directly for information about job vacancies. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about subway operations. To get a list of Web sites to read, enter the keywords subway systems or rapid transit systems into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

LIGHT-RAIL OPERATOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate electric trains to transport passengers in urban and suburban areas; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Train Operator, Light-rail Vehicle (LRV) Operator, Streetcar Operator, Trolley Operator Salary Range: $33,000 to $59,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete training program; on-the-job training Experience—Several years of experience as a professional driver

Senior Light-rail Operator

Position Description

Have you ever seen a short train of passenger cars moving down the center of a busy highway or alongside traffic on city streets? That train was part of a light-rail transit system. This is a type of public transportation that is available to commuters in many cities and metropolitan areas. The men and women who drive light-rail trains are called Light-rail Operators. Some of them are known as streetcar operators or trolley operators because of the particular type of light-rail vehicle that they control. Most light-rail trains are powered by electricity through pantographs, which are devices atop trains that connect to overhead electric wires. Many people confuse light-rail transit with subways, or rapid transit systems. Both mass transit systems run on rail tracks. However, subways run mostly underground, while light-rail trains travel primarily at ground level. Subways are long electrical trains that convey greater numbers of passengers more swiftly than light-rail trains. Light-rail Operators control trains that may be one to four rail cars in length. Depending on the vehicles they drive, these operators can transport a hundred passengers—and sometimes a few hundred—at a time. Light-rail Operators are government employees who work for local or regional transit authorities. They are assigned daily routes that have pre-determined and scheduled stops. A route may travel several miles within

Light-rail Operator Light-rail Operator Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management, problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills; tactful, courteous, focused, alert, decisive, calm, respectful, and reliable

a city or connect several cities and towns, including those in neighboring counties. These operators may drive their trains along streets and avenues amid automobile traffic, along the center divide on busy highway thoroughfares, and on elevated tracks. Some light-rail trains travel through underground tunnels. Light-rail Operators pick up and drop off passengers at stations along the elevated or underground tracks or at designated stops along surface streets. Unlike subway operators, Light-rail Operators are not separated from the passengers. They sit in the front of the lead cars of their trains and interact with passengers as needed. Light-rail Operators are ready and able to answer questions that passengers may have about routes and schedules. They may assist disabled passengers with securing their wheelchairs, and they may handle disputes among the passengers. Some Light-rail Operators are responsible for collecting fares from passengers as they board the trains. They also issue transfers, or tickets, to passengers who need to change to another transit line to continue their journey. (With a transfer, passengers do not need to pay an additional fare.) Using an on-board intercom system, Light-rail Operators make announcements to passengers about upcoming stops, transfer opportunities, schedule delays, or emergencies. These public transit employees operate controls to start, accelerate, slow, and stop their rail trains. They also work controls to open and close train doors as well

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as to lower and raise hydraulic floors or to convert steps to level floors. When their trains roll along street tracks, Lightrail Operators observe traffic laws. They stop at red lights, proceed cautiously through intersections, and maintain posted speed limits while remaining aware of vehicles and pedestrians that share their routes. Along underground, elevated, or center divide highway routes, Light-rail Operators watch for signals or signs alongside the tracks and follow the directions as indicated. These transit employees stay in contact with supervisors and dispatchers via radio throughout their shift. They report various problems they encounter en route, such as schedule delays, equipment malfunctions, trackside signal violations, medical emergencies, or violent incidents. Light-rail Operators handle some types of mechanical problems themselves. For example, they reconnect the pantograph atop their train when it disengages from the overhead electrical wire. Light-rail Operators may perform other duties in addition to their driving tasks, such as: • record the amount of money they collect while driving their routes • prepare required paperwork and reports • perform train inspections and report the need for repairs • prepare trains for service, including coupling cars together • operate trains on test tracks to verify that they are suitable for service • train new employees to drive light-rail trains • attend training sessions about passenger safety and other topics The conditions of a Light-rail Operator’s job can be stressful. They sit for long periods, and they sometimes need to lift objects that weigh as much as 50 pounds or more. They work in a constant state of heightened awareness and must occasionally deal with unpleasant or disruptive people while maintaining a positive and engaging attitude. Additionally, they are regularly exposed to loud noise levels and to hazardous electrical equipment. Light-rail Operators work standard 40-hour shifts but put in additional hours as required. They may be assigned to work early mornings, nights, weekends, or holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Light-rail Operators vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, job duties,

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employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most streetcar operators ranged between $32,830 and $58,850. This survey also reports that the estimated hourly wage ranged between $15.78 and $28.29.

Employment Prospects

Light-rail systems are part of local and regional public transit systems. As of 2008, approximately 30 light-rail systems existed in the United States. Five new systems are expected to open in the next few years, and nearly 50 light-rail projects are being proposed throughout the United States, according to Wikipedia.com. The BLS reports that employment of streetcar and subway operators is predicted to increase by 12 percent through 2016, which is mostly due to a demand for more light-rail transportation throughout the nation. Furthermore, Light-rail Operators will be needed to replace individuals who retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Public transit authorities may create additional positions to meet the growing demands of light-rail services, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Light-rail Operators usually begin their careers as parttime or temporary employees. It may take several years before operators obtain full-time positions, as they are based on seniority. Those operators interested in dispatch, training, supervisory, or management careers can pursue such positions. Many Light-rail Operators measure advancement by earning higher wages, by choosing their routes and work schedules, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers require that candidates hold at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Light-rail Operators learn their skills and tasks on the job. Trainees must complete a training program that includes classroom instruction and field training before they are offered a position. The training program, which is provided by their employers, may last for a few months. Upon completion of their program, trainees must pass written and practical examinations to qualify for a position.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of professional driving experience. They may have gained their experience as school bus drivers, truck drivers, transit bus drivers, or other related occupations. Light-rail Operators must have excellent self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, meet deadlines, and follow and understand instructions. In addition, they need to have outstanding problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills. Some personality traits that successful Light-rail Operators share include being tactful, courteous, focused, alert, decisive, calm, respectful, and reliable.

Unions and Associations

Many Light-rail Operators belong to a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Their union also handles any grievances that they may have against their employers.

The Amalgamated Transit Union and the Transport Workers Union of America are two unions that represent many public transit workers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Employers require that Light-rail Operators have the ability to speak, read, and write basic English. If you need to strengthen your speaking and writing skills, take a class in public speaking or English. To improve your reading skills, make a point of reading every day. 2. Get to your job interview at least 15 minutes before your appointment. Employers seek candidates who demonstrate the ability to be on time. 3. Talk to local bus drivers as well as Light-rail Operators for job leads. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about light-rail transit. To get a list of relevant Web sites, enter the keyword light-rail system into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate train locomotives to transport passengers or freight; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Railroad Engineer, Train Engineer, Trainmaster Salary Range: $37,000 to $98,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete locomotive-engineer training program Experience—Several years of experience in train operations Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, problem-solving, critical-thinking, teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and self-management

Locomotive Engineer

Position Description

Every day, railroad trains carry tens of thousands of passengers as well as hundreds of thousands of tons of freight to their destinations across the United States. Skilled men and women called Locomotive Engineers drive these railroad trains. They operate the large vehicles with powerful engines, known as locomotives, that pull or push heavy passenger or freight cars along railroad tracks. Locomotives have been around for over 200 years and were once fueled by burning coal, steam, or gas turbines. Today, Locomotive Engineers run mostly diesel-electric locomotives, which are powered by a combination of diesel fuel and electric transmissions. Locomotive Engineers are responsible for the safe and efficient operation of their trains. They are in charge of the mechanical function of their locomotives and trains. They also have complete control over the acceleration, speed, and braking performance of trains. Many Locomotive Engineers drive freight and passenger trains along regularly scheduled routes. They make sure that their trains arrive in and depart from each station on time and that their trains roll smoothly. Before and after each run, Locomotive Engineers carefully examine the mechanical state of their locomotives and conduct minor repairs or adjustments according to standards mandated by their employer

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Extra-Board (or Temporary)   Locomotive Engineer Locomotive Engineer Trainee

skills; manual dexterity and eye-hand coordination; decisive, focused, quick-thinking, dependable, and self-motivated Special Requirements—Locomotive Engineer certificate

and the Federal Railroad Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Locomotive Engineers also make certain that their locomotives are well stocked with fuel, oil, water, and the sand they use to keep train wheels from slipping on the tracks while stopping. Before starting a run, Locomotive Engineers go over the route instructions and pertinent information about their trains. They learn how much weight their locomotives are hauling, how many cars are empty, and which cars require special handling to best maintain stability during the run. During each run, Locomotive Engineers manipulate the controls of the locomotives to accelerate, maintain speeds, and brake appropriately. They control the trains in order to stay on schedule; to compensate for varying curves, inclines, and other track conditions; and to observe speed limits on certain portions of the tracks. They keep an eye on their instrument panels to check levels of fuel, electric current, and air pressure. Locomotive Engineers frequently look out the windows of their locomotives to watch for obstructions on the tracks ahead and, most importantly, to read the signals along their routes. These signals are lights and signs that direct Locomotive Engineers to increase or decrease their speed, to switch tracks, and to perform other tasks. They gain confirmation about these signals from other train crew members.

Locomotive Engineers utilize various ways to communicate with other railroad personnel. They stay in contact with train dispatchers and other traffic control professionals through radios, phones, radiotelephones, or computers to receive messages regarding updated instructions, current track conditions, and other information. Locomotive Engineers may communicate with other trains, railroad ground service crews, or their own train crews by blasting certain sequences on their trains’ horns. These train operators also use a system of hand, flag, and lantern signals to pass on messages to train or ground service crews who are too far away to hear them. Locomotive Engineers are fully aware of every detail of their routes. They anticipate every curve in the tracks as well as the various anomalies of the tracks along their routes. They also know the location of all switches, tunnels, and inclines. These railroad professionals are so in sync with their trains and the tracks, they can usually detect if a car has derailed or if a train is experiencing slackness between cars. Not all Locomotive Engineers drive passenger or freight trains. Some of these professionals work in the capacity of yard engineers. They operate locomotives in rail yards to connect them to or disconnect them from lines of cars. Other Locomotive Engineers work as hostlers who operate locomotives for storage and repair purposes. The work of Locomotive Engineers is both mentally and physically demanding. They maintain a high level of awareness and alertness throughout their entire shifts. They attend to multiple tasks simultaneously and are continuously ready to respond to changing conditions on their trains and along their routes. They walk long distances to reach their locomotives and climb ladders or steep steps to access them. They repeatedly move their arms to manipulate the throttles, brakes, and other locomotive controls. Their job often requires them to lift and carry objects weighing 50 pounds or more. Locomotive Engineers sit in hot, cramped quarters in the cabs of their locomotives, which are open to exterior climate conditions. They are also exposed to exhaust fumes, to vibrations and swaying motions, and to loud noises. Locomotive Engineers may be required to wear uniforms and protective gear, such as sturdy work boots and earplugs. Locomotive Engineers work long hours, often putting in 10- to 12-hour shifts. They must rest for a minimum number of hours between shifts, as required by federal law. They may be assigned to work nights, weekends, or holidays. Due to irregular scheduling for freight trains, these men and women work odd hours,

while Locomotive Engineers who drive passenger trains usually have regular work schedules. Those Locomotive Engineers who drive trains on long, cross-country routes spend a lot of time away from their homes and families.

Salaries

Salaries for Locomotive Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, position, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Locomotive Engineers ranged between $36,730 and $98,130.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 41,760 Locomotive Engineers were employed in the United States. In 2008, the largest freight railroads in the United States and Canada that employed Locomotive Engineers were the BNSF Railway, the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, the CSX Transportation, the Kansas City Southern Railway, the Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Union Pacific Railroad. Opportunities are also available with local and regional railroads that may offer passenger or freight services, or both. Amtrak, the only interstate passenger railroad within the United States, also employs Locomotive Engineers. According to the BLS, employment of Locomotive Engineers is expected to increase by 3 percent through 2016. Although the job growth is small, job opportunities should be highly favorable due to the large number of workers who will be retiring or leaving the field for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Locomotive Engineers usually begin their careers as temporary, or extra-board, employees. They fill in for regular engineers who are ill, on vacation, or absent for other reasons. It may take several years before engineers obtain permanent positions, as they are based on seniority. Supervisory positions are available, but limited. Most Locomotive Engineers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by choosing their routes and work schedules, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers require that candidates possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma.

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Some employers prefer that candidates have a college background. Employers provide candidates with training programs that include classroom and simulation instruction as well as field training. The training programs must be approved by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Throughout their careers, Locomotive Engineers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

The FRA certifies and licenses railroad employees to operate locomotives. Individuals are granted certification after successfully completing their employers’ training programs and passing locomotive-engineer exams. They must also pass physical examinations that include testing of vision and hearing. Locomotive Engineers must maintain their qualifications throughout their careers by passing regularly scheduled written tests, medical examinations, and job performance evaluations.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants for Locomotive Engineer trainee positions typically have years of experience working as railroad conductors, brakemen, or trainmen. To work effectively at their job, Locomotive Engineers need strong leadership, problem-solving, critical-thinking, teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. Additionally, they must have excellent self-management skills, including the ability to

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handle stressful situations, meet deadlines, work independently, and follow and understand instructions. In addition, they must have excellent manual dexterity and eye-hand coordination. Being decisive, focused, quick-thinking, dependable, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Locomotive Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Locomotive Engineers may be members of a labor union such as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) Their union represents them in contract negotiations with employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Talk with different Locomotive Engineers and other trainmen to get a better idea of what their work is like. 2. Some railroads hire trainmen, such as brake operators, with the goal of eventually training them for future conductor or locomotive engineer positions. 3. Check out Web sites of railroad companies for job announcements. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Locomotive Engineers. You might start by visiting the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Web site. The URL is http://www.ble.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

RAILROAD CONDUCTOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee and coordinate activities of crews to ensure safe operation of trains in service or in rail yards; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Freight Conductor, Passenger Conductor, Yard Conductor Salary Range: $37,000 to $93,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete employer’s training program Experience—Several years of experience in train operations Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, self-management, organizational, problem-solving,

Railroad Conductor

Position Description

As freight and passenger trains roll along the tracks that crisscross the landscape, men and women work hard every day and night to ensure that the trains arrive safely and on time at their destinations. Among these rail transportation professionals are Railroad Conductors. Their job is to direct the work activities of crews who work on railroad trains. Some Railroad Conductors perform the tasks of road conductors; that is, they work on freight and passenger trains during regularly scheduled runs. Others, called yard conductors, work in repair and storage yards where trains remain between runs. Wherever they work, these rail transportation professionals perform essential tasks that keep trains operating smoothly at all times. Road conductors work with locomotive engineers to make sure passenger and freight trains run safely and efficiently to each of their scheduled stops. Except for locomotive engineers and their assistants, Railroad Conductors supervise the work of train crew members, such as brakemen or assistant conductors. Railroad Conductors are responsible for making sure that all railroad cars assigned to scheduled routes are properly connected to trains before departure. They may walk the exterior length of the trains to inspect the cars and to verify that the correct cars are added or removed at appropriate points along the routes. They

Extra-Board (or Temporary)   Railroad Conductor Railroad Conductor Trainee

communication, customer-service, reading, and computer skills; courteous, calm, detail-oriented, enterprising, inspiring, and reliable

also examine every car to ensure that all operating mechanisms are working properly. Railroad Conductors signal to locomotive engineers to start trains at the beginning of runs and at every station along the routes. During trains’ runs, Railroad Conductors remain in continual contact with locomotive engineers regarding arrival and departure times and the status and condition of the trains. Conductors also communicate with other crew members as to the status and condition of each railroad car on the trains, which they then relay to engineers by radio. Railroad Conductors keep precise and accurate notes of all work activities during their runs. They record the arrival and departure times at every stop. They also write reports about each run, in which they indicate such information as unscheduled stops, accidents, number of passengers on board, or the condition of the cargo that was transported. Railroad Conductors also perform duties that are specific to the type of trains they manage. On passenger trains, Railroad Conductors often interact with the people who ride them. These conductors help passengers to board and exit from trains. They walk up and down the length of trains, through all the cars, to take tickets from the passengers. They also assist passengers by answering questions, solving problems, and pointing out interesting landmarks. As trains approach stations, Railroad Conductors announce the stations to the pas-

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sengers. Some passenger trains feature sleeping and dining facilities. On these trains, conductors coordinate the work of the on-board service staff, who prepare meals and sleeping berths for passengers. Freight train conductors manage the transport of goods, materials, and heavy equipment on board their trains. They receive instructions from dispatchers by phones, radios, or computers regarding which cargo their train will carry, the route their trains will take, and where trains must switch to other tracks. Railroad Conductors review these instructions with the trains’ crew. They oversee the correct placement of freight cars on trains, and maintain such records as waybills, shipping records, and the loading and unloading instructions pertaining to all the items carried in the cars. Railroad Conductors who work in the capacity of yard conductors supervise and work closely with locomotive engineers and other crew members to assemble and disassemble trains. They assign railroad cars to certain tracks for loading and unloading cargo. They also send railroad cars to different tracks to be attached to trains in preparation for new runs. Railroad Conductors have other tasks that they may perform whether they work on passenger trains, freight trains, or in train yards. For example, they may: • supervise the loading and unloading of cargo • watch for trackside signals and verify them with locomotive engineers • assist locomotive engineers with testing air-brake systems • operate track switches • operate coupling mechanisms to join or separate railroad cars • set and release hand brakes • change broken coupling mechanisms • use computers to prepare paperwork and reports • attend regularly scheduled training courses Railroad Conductors perform physically demanding work. They walk considerable distances in the course of their day. Freight trains, for example, may be as long as a mile in length. They also lift and carry heavy objects that weigh as much as 85 pounds or more. These railroad workers perform their duties indoors and outdoors in all kinds of weather conditions. Passenger train conductors work in air-conditioned passenger cars, whereas freight train conductors work in less comfortable cabooses. All conductors are exposed to loud sounds and contaminants from pollution or diesel exhaust. These uniformed men and women may be required to wear hard hats and other protective gear.

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Depending on their assignment as road or yard conductors, Railroad Conductors work set schedules, which may include nights, weekends, or holidays. Yard conductors generally work strictly for 40 hours each week, while road conductors put in longer hours. Railroad Conductors spend a lot of time away from home, particularly on long runs that may last for several days.

Salaries

Salaries for Railroad Conductors vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, job duties, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most conductors ranged from $37,490 to $92,550.

Employment Prospects

Job opportunities for experienced Railroad Conductors are favorable. According to the BLS, employment of Railroad Conductors is predicted to increase by 9 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, openings will become available as conductors retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Furthermore, a large number of rail transportation workers are expected to be retiring in the coming years, which will contribute to the demand for more qualified Railroad Conductors.

Advancement Prospects

Railroad Conductors usually begin their careers as temporary, or extra-board, employees. They fill in for regular conductors who are ill, on vacation, or absent for other reasons. It may take several years before conductors obtain permanent positions, as they are based on seniority. Railroad Conductors can advance in any number of ways. They can progress from yard conductor positions to become freight or passenger conductors. They may seek positions as locomotive engineers, trainmasters, train dispatchers, train inspectors, or trainers. Some Railroad Conductors measure advancement by earning higher wages, by choosing their routes and work schedules, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers require that candidates hold at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Railroad Conductors usually learn their skills and tasks on the job. Employers provide trainees with training programs that include classroom instruction and field training. Upon successfully completing the pro-

gram, trainees must pass a conductor exam that covers their knowledge of operating rules, timetables, signals, air brakes, and other areas. In recent years, some colleges throughout the United States and Canada have begun offering formal training programs that offer an associate degree or professional certificate in railroad operations. Some of these programs offer training that prepares students for entrylevel conductor positions. These programs may range anywhere from a few months to two years in length. Throughout their careers, Railroad Conductors enroll in courses, workshops, and seminars to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants for Railroad Conductor trainee positions typically have years of experience working as brakemen, trainmen, assistant conductors, or in other jobs. To work well at their job, Railroad Conductors must have outstanding leadership, self-management, organizational, and problem-solving skills. They also need effective communication and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with their co-workers, passengers, and various others on a daily basis. Additionally, conductors must have strong reading and computer skills. Being courteous, calm, detail-oriented, enterprising, inspiring, and reliable are some personality traits that successful Railroad Conductors share.

Unions and Associations

Some Railroad Conductors are members of a labor union, such as the United Transportation Union. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) Unions represent their members in contract negotiations with employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. As a temporary conductor, be flexible and willing to take almost any assignment. 2. Some employers hire trainmen and others in entry-level positions with the expectation that they will qualify for conductor positions after gaining several years of experience. 3. Read instructions on job applications carefully. Be sure you submit an application to the appropriate person by the specified deadline. Also, make sure you submit it in the proper manner. For example, an employer might accept applications only by fax or through e-mail. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about different railroads. To get a list of Web sites to visit, enter either of these keywords into a search engine: freight railroads or passenger railroads. For some links, see Appendix IV.

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BRAKEMAN CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Perform braking, switching, and other train operations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Brake Operator, Switchman/Brakeman, Trainman, Train Crew Member, Assistant Conductor Salary Range: $34,000 to $80,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete employer’s training program Experience—General work experience required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, problem-solving, teamwork, and self-

Railroad Conductor Trainee or Locomotive Engineer Trainee

Position Description

All railroad trains have a locomotive engineer and a railroad conductor on board to make sure trains run safely, efficiently, and on time from station to station. Many trains also have one or more other crew members to assist conductors with train operations. Some of these crew members are known as Brakemen, or brake operators. Brakemen perform a variety of duties that involve ensuring that trains operate properly and reach their destinations without incident. These rail transportation professionals help assemble and disassemble trains. They also make certain that trains can safely move from one track to another. Furthermore, Brakemen aid with the smooth flow of trains as they enter and leave train stations and rail yards. Their various tasks include: • raising levers to attach or detach railroad cars • removing and replacing coupling mechanisms • attaching air hoses and other coupling mechanisms securely to railroad cars • manipulating railroad track switches • setting and releasing hand brakes • verifying that air brakes function properly • inspecting brakes, hoses, air-conditioning systems and other equipment, mechanisms, and systems before each train run

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Brakeman Trainee

management skills; mechanical aptitude, manual dexterity, and hand-eye coordination; hardworking, dependable, and focused

• performing minor repairs to couplings, air hoses, and other equipment as needed • making sure that trains are equipped with required tools • monitoring track conditions • using hand signals, radios, or telephones to communicate with conductors, locomotive engineers, and other train crew members • observing, interpreting, and passing on signals to other crew members • reading instructions, timetables, switch lists, rule books, and other written materials • preparing reports and paperwork about such subjects as schedule delays, passenger complaints, or mechanical difficulties On passenger trains, Brakemen assist conductors by taking tickets or cash fares from passengers. They also operate the mechanisms that open and close doors, and they regulate the lighting and air-conditioning in passenger cars. Additionally, these trainmen help passengers to board and leave trains. They may also handle passengers’ luggage. Brakemen work under the direct supervision of railroad conductors. On passenger lines and commuter services, Brakemen may be known as assistant train conductors. On freight lines, Brakemen may be referred to by such job titles as trainman or train crew mem-

ber. They may also be given the job title Brakeman/ switchman on freight lines or in rail yards. Brakemen are entry-level workers. On most, if not all, railroads, Brakemen are groomed to become railroad conductors or locomotive engineers. Their job is physically demanding, and they are often at risk of injury. Brakemen walk long distances, including over uneven surfaces. They handle heavy objects and equipment, such as electrical cables, air hoses, and couplers, which may weigh 85 pounds or more. Brakemen board and leave slowly moving trains, as well as climb on and hang onto the sides of railroad cars while trains are in motion. Brakemen are also exposed to loud noises and fumes. Because of the nature of their work, Brakemen follow strict safety procedures. They also wear protective clothing and equipment, such as hard hats, steel-toed boots, safety goggles, and earplugs. These rail transportation workers work varied schedules, which may include nights, weekends, and holidays. They often put in more than 40 hours per week. Some Brakemen have on-call schedules, so they must be prepared to report to work within 90 minutes after being called to duty. Brakemen who work on interstate passenger lines and most freight lines frequently travel great distances on their runs. Consequently, many Brakemen spend several nights away from their homes and families each week.

highly favorable for all transportation workers due to the large number of workers who will be retiring over the coming decade. Openings for entry-level workers such as Brakemen are available. Depending on the employer, these workers may be known by other titles such as trainman or Brakeman/switchman.

Advancement Prospects

Brakemen are among the entry-level workers in train operations. Depending on their interests, they can advance to conductor or locomotive engineer positions. Promotions are determined by exam results and seniority.

Education and Training

Applicants for entry-level positions in train operations need at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Brakemen learn their skills and tasks on the job while they work under the supervision and direction of railroad conductors or other experienced trainmen. When newly hired, they must successfully complete their employer’s training program that includes both classroom instruction and field training.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Salaries for Brakemen vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, industry, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most brake operators ranged between $34,270 and $79,810.

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of general work experience. Brakemen need effective communication, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. They also must have strong self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, follow and understand instructions, and handle stressful situations. In addition, Brakemen must have a mechanical aptitude, manual dexterity, and excellent hand-eye coordination. Being hardworking, dependable, and focused are some personality traits that successful Brakemen share.

Employment Prospects

Unions and Associations

Salaries

On major freight railroads, known as Class 1 railroads, the position of Brakeman is being eliminated. The duties of this position are performed by conductors or entry-level workers known as trainmen. At Amtrak, the interstate passenger railroad, the Brakeman’s duties are performed by assistant conductors. Brakeman or switchman/Brakeman positions are available at regional and short-line railroads. The BLS reports that employment of rail transportation workers overall is predicted to increase by 3 percent through 2016 and, for Brakemen, to decline by 11 percent. However, job opportunities are expected to be

Brakemen may belong to a labor union such as the United Transportation Union or the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) Labor unions represent their members in contract negotiations with employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Get a part-time or summer job at a railroad yard to get an idea if this is the right field for you.

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2. Contact railroad union locals for leads to job openings. 3. Applicants must be able to pass a written exam, oral interview, medical examination (including hearing and vision tests), drug and alcohol testing, and a background investigation.

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4. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of rail transportation. You might start by visiting the Railroad Network at http://www.railroad.net. For more links, see Appendix IV.

RAILROAD SPECIAL AGENT CAREER PROFILE Duties: Enforce laws, preserve peace, protect life and property, investigate criminal incidents, apprehend criminals, and perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Railroad Police Officer Salary Range: $32,000 to $76,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Excellent Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; police academy training; on-the-job training Experience—Previous law enforcement experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, problem-solving, analytical, self-management, teamwork, computer, and writ-

Position Description

Railroad Special Agents are special police members whose jurisdiction covers freight and passenger railroads. Their mission is to protect and guarantee the safety of railroad property, employees, passengers, and cargo. These law enforcement officers enforce state and federal laws, preserve the peace, investigate crimes, apprehend suspects on railroad property, and provide community service. These police officers are permitted to perform their duties in areas apart from railroad property as long as their tasks pertain to railroad matters. In the United States, railroad police officers are employed by private entities—the railroad companies. However, they are commissioned as peace officers by state government agencies. Railroad Special Agents are given the authority to perform police officer duties throughout their state. When these law enforcement officers are assigned to ride trains that travel across state lines, they have the power to enforce state and federal railroad laws in any state in which they happen to be. Railroad Special Agents are uniformed police officers, but they sometimes perform their work as undercover plainclothes officers. They are assigned to patrol trains, train stations, rail yards, and other facilities on railroad property. As they patrol on foot or in police vehicles, they are constantly alert for suspicious activi-

Career ladder Special Assignments, Detective,   or Sergeant Railroad Special Agent Law Enforcement Officer   (in another agency)

ing skills; courteous, fair, honest, trustworthy, composed, detail-oriented, flexible, and dependable Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen; possess a peace officer certificate; meet certain requirements

ties. They investigate any potential trouble and, if necessary, call police dispatch for additional assistance. Railroad Special Agents have the authority to stop and question people about their actions, as well as to arrest persons who are suspected of committing crimes. Railroad police investigate all types of criminal activities that transpire on or near trains and other railroad property. Many railroad crimes involve graffiti on railcars and other types of vandalism, trespassing incidents, physical attacks on passengers, ticket fraud, drug dealing on railroad property, theft of freight or personal belongings, and terrorist threats against railroad facilities. Railroad Special Agents often perform undercover investigations in large urban areas where gangs or criminal individuals are more likely to commit vandalism or robberies around crowded train stations and rail yards. They also look into non-criminal incidents. For example, they are responsible for investigating train derailments, collisions, and hazardous spills. In some railroad companies, Railroad Special Agents study incidents of personal injury to employees or third parties. In addition, these law enforcement officers report any safety issues that they may observe, such as poor track conditions or broken railroad crossing signals. Their duties include responding to requests from railroad passengers and employees for assistance with accidents, injuries, or illnesses. These officers settle dis-

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putes between parties and handle other disturbances that occur on trains or railroad premises. In addition, Railroad Special Agents provide information to passengers who seek directions or advice for lodging or eating establishments at their destinations. Like other law enforcement officers, Railroad Special Agents interview suspects, victims, and witnesses at crime or accident scenes. They may assist at collecting physical evidence at incident scenes. Some officers assist or perform criminal investigations, which involve examining evidence and reviewing pertinent documents and records. Railroad Special Agents may be called to testify in court regarding cases they have investigated. Railroad Special Agents are responsible for keeping precise and accurate notes about their daily activities. They also complete paperwork regarding arrests, accidents, and other incidents, as well as write reports about their investigative findings. Railroad Special Agents perform various other duties, which vary with the different officers. For example, railroad police officers may be assigned to inspect cargo shipments; train security guards as well as oversee their work; oversee emergency response teams; or confer with railroad officials about ways to reduce crime and to improve security on railroad property. On occasion, Railroad Special Agents work on assignments with officers from other local, state, or federal law enforcement agencies. Like other law enforcement officers, Railroad Special Agents work in very dangerous situations. They often work alone in places where other officers are long distances away. Railroad Special Agents carry firearms and are expected to be prepared to exercise their authority whether they are on or off duty. These officers also must deal with working on and around heavy train equipment. Railroad Special Agents ordinarily work for 40 hours per week. They may be required to put in overtime hours, particularly during the course of extended investigations. Because law enforcement is needed around the clock, they work shifts, including evening, night, and early morning hours, as well as weekends and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Railroad Special Agents vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, industry and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most railroad police ranged from $31,770 to $76,180.

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Employment Prospects

Railroad Special Agents are employed by Class 1 railroads, which are categorized as the largest freight railroads according to their operating revenues. In 2008, the seven Class 1 railroads in the United States and Canada were the BNSF Railway, the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, the Kansas City Southern Railway, the Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Union Pacific Railroad. Amtrak, the only interstate passenger railroad in the United States, also employs railroad police. In addition, some Railroad Special Agents find employment with local or regional railroads, which may offer passenger or freight services, or both. Railroad policing is a small field. The BLS reports in its May 2006 OES survey that an estimated 1,000 police officers were employed in the rail transportation industry. In general, openings for Railroad Special Agents become available as officers retire or transfer to jobs with other law enforcement agencies. Railroad companies will create new positions from time to time to meet growing needs for additional police services. Job opportunities for law enforcement officers generally are favorable, particularly in local law enforcement agencies.

Advancement Prospects

Like other law enforcement officers, Railroad Special Agents can develop a satisfying and diverse career, according to their interests and ambitions. They can apply for a volunteer assignment that interests them, such as with the bike patrol or canine patrol. They can rise through the ranks as corporals, sergeants, lieutenants, and so forth. Railroad police officers can also seek supervisory and managerial positions. Many Railroad Special Agents measure advancement through higher wages and job satisfaction. Some officers use their experience as a stepping-stone to careers in other law enforcement agencies at the local, state, or federal level.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary among employers. Minimally, applicants need a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some employers require applicants to have completed a minimum number of units of college course work. Others prefer that applicants have an associate or bachelor’s degree in law enforcement, criminal justice, or another related field. Railroad Special Agents must have successfully completed a basic police training program at a local, state, or regional police academy, which is usually 12

to 14 weeks long. A police-training program includes instruction in such areas as law, patrol procedures, investigative procedures, self-defense, use of firearms, first aid, and emergency response. Railroad Special Agents learn their tasks on the job. New agents work under the direction and supervision of experienced railroad police officers. Throughout their careers, Railroad Special Agents enroll in courses, seminars, and workshops to increase their knowledge and update their skills.

Railroad Special Agents must have outstanding communication and interpersonal skills, as they need to work well with railroad employees, customers, the public, and others. Their job also requires that they have effective problem-solving, analytical, self-management, teamwork, computer, and writing skills. Being courteous, fair, honest, trustworthy, composed, detailoriented, flexible, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Railroad Special Agents have in common.

Special Requirements

Unions and Associations

Railroad Special Agents must be U.S. citizens. They must also be commissioned police officers in the state where they legally reside or primarily work. Commissioned officers possess a peace officer standards and training (POST) certificate, which is issued after they have met all requirements established by a state government. Employers require that applicants meet a minimum age requirement, which varies with the different agencies. They must also meet minimum vision, weight, and height requirements. In addition, applicants must hold a valid driver’s license. Candidates also must successfully pass every step of the selection process which includes, but is not limited to, the following: a written exam, an oral interview, a medical examination, a screening for drug use, a psychological review, a polygraph examination, and a background investigation.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have previous experience working as peace officers in a local, state, or federal law enforcement agency.

Railroad Special Agents may belong to labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that their members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Many railroad companies post job announcements at their Web sites. 2. Some employers accept job applications only online at their Web sites. 3. Employers may recruit for Railroad Special Agents to fill future vacancies. Candidates are placed on an eligibility list and considered for positions as they become available. 4. If you are willing to relocate, you may have greater chances of obtaining a position. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the world of railroad police. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords railroad special agent or railroad police into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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RAILROAD OPERATIONS

TRAINMASTER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Manage the daily train operations in an assigned territory; oversee the work of train crews, rail yard crews, and other railroad workers; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Train Operations Manager, Terminal Manager, Road Manager Salary Range: $45,000 to $126,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Educational requirements vary; training in railroad operations required; onthe-job training Experience—Several years of work experience in railroad operations

Senior Trainmaster

Position Description Trainmasters are frontline supervisors and managers for Class 1 railroads, short line and regional railways, and passenger railways. These transportation managers are charged with carrying out the goals and objectives established by their company’s senior managers and executive officers. Trainmasters are also responsible for overseeing the work of railroad employees and making sure that various workers keep trains properly maintained, assembled, and running on schedule. Trainmasters work in assigned territories over which they exercise their responsibilities. They supervise train, yard, and engine employees within their territory and schedule their work. These supervisors create work plans for train operations and trains’ switching procedures. They also conduct tests of systems and equipment. In addition, these managers keep aware of safety rules and regulations, company policies, and train schedules as they implement these plans. They keep track of the costs of running train and rail-yard operations. They investigate and study incidents such as train derailments, accidents, mechanical problems, schedule delays, and on-the-job injuries. They plan training programs on safety and other topics for employees. Trainmasters also create and implement long-term plans within which the daily plans made by yardmasters, dispatchers, and other lead employees can be

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Trainmaster Assistant Trainmaster

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, leadership, timemanagement, organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills; courteous, inspirational, consistent, logical, quick-witted, calm, efficient, and flexible

scheduled. Trainmasters work with these lead persons to resolve problems or adjust their short-term plans. Furthermore, Trainmasters perform general supervisory tasks during the course of their day, including: • coordinating the switching, coupling, and uncoupling activities of train crews in rail yards or industrial plants • delivering switching, coupling, or uncoupling instructions to locomotive engineers by way of radio, telephone, face-to-face conversation, or hand signals • reviewing train lists for accuracy to ensure that the correct cars are coupled together • matching the proper locomotives to scheduled trains • approving employee time sheets • completing accident or other incident reports • filing activity reports with senior managers and administrators • attending staff meetings Trainmasters work in offices that they share with managers and other office staff members. They leave their offices to confer with locomotive engineers and other train crew members in the railroad yards. While working outdoors, Trainmasters are vulnerable to a variety of weather conditions including extremes in temperatures. They are also exposed to loud noises, vibrations, and fumes in the rail-yard environment. They may be required to exert physical strength to lift equipment.

Trainmasters are assigned to shifts, which may include working nights, weekends, and holidays. Some Trainmasters may be on call to work at any hour.

Salaries

Salaries for Trainmasters vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for this occupation is unavailable. An idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at what transportation managers generally earn. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most transportation managers ranged between $44,900 and $126,440.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that job growth for transportation managers in general is expected to increase by 7 to 13 percent during 2006–16. Employment in the railroad industry rises and falls with the health of the economy. Most job openings for Trainmasters will become available as individuals retire, transfer to other positions, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Some experts in the field state that opportunities should be favorable for qualified railroad applicants, as many railroad employees are becoming eligible for retirement.

Advancement Prospects

Trainmasters can rise through the ranks from assistant trainmasters to trainmasters, to terminal trainmasters, and on up to superintendents. Promotions may involve relocating to another area. Individuals can also pursue higher levels of management in railroad companies. Some Trainmasters measure their success by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary among employers. Minimally, applicants must have a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. They may also need to hold an associate or bachelor’s degree in transportation, business administration, or another related field. Trainmasters usually gain initial training about railroad operations in one of two ways. They may have gained experience and training through their years working as train conductors, dispatchers, yardmasters, or other supervisory and leadership positions. Alternatively, they may have completed a formal transportation management trainee program through their employers. These programs may be more than one year long

and include both field and classroom training. Trainees learn about terminal operations, road train operations, crew management, labor relations, safety compliance, railroad laws, operations planning, communications and signals, and other topics. New Trainmasters receive on-the-job training. They work under the guidance and direction of experienced Trainmasters. Throughout their careers, Trainmasters enroll in training and continuing education programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers seek candidates for entry-level Trainmaster positions who have several years of experience with leadership and supervisory responsibilities in railroad operations as train conductors, yardmasters, and dispatchers. Employers may waive such railroad experience for candidates who have the proper educational background. Desirable candidates have also successfully completed formal trainmaster programs sponsored by railroad companies, colleges, or other recognized organizations. Trainmasters need excellent communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work well with senior managers, executive officers, and railroad officials as well as yardmasters, train conductors, and other railroad employees. They are also required to have effective leadership, time-management, organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. Some personality traits that successful Trainmasters share include being courteous, inspirational, consistent, logical, quick-witted, calm, efficient, and flexible.

Unions and Associations

Trainmasters can join local, state, or national societies that serve their interests. One such national society is the International Association of Railway Operating Officers, Inc. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) By joining a professional association, Trainmasters may take advantage of networking opportunities and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. Some experts suggest that high school students who are interested in a career in middle management should take college preparatory courses. 2. Talk with former and current Trainmasters for advice on how to gain entry into their field.

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Online forums that serve the interests of railroad employees are available for the public to ask questions about railroad jobs and careers. 3. Are you in college or about to graduate from college? Contact railroad companies directly about management training programs that they might have for college graduates.

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4. Use the Internet to learn more about working in the railroad industry. You might start by visiting these Web sites: Association of American Railroads, http://www.aar.org; and The Railroad Network, http://www.railroad.net. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRAIN DISPATCHER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Control railroad traffic; monitor trains in assigned territory; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $20,000 to $54,000+ Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—Educational requirements vary with employers; on-the-job training and formal instruction in train dispatching Experience—Have experience in the railroad industry; supervisory experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, organizational, problem-solv-

Senior Train Dispatcher

Position Description

Railroad trains are always on the move every day and every night. Railroads have tracks that carry trains in every direction. Sometimes several railroads have tracks in the same area or even share tracks. Each track may accommodate several trains simultaneously. Trains may roll across the same spot on a track only minutes apart from each other. Sometimes, trains going in opposite directions may have to use the same track. Train Dispatchers are men and women whose jobs are to make sure that trains can use tracks without colliding. Train Dispatchers work behind the scenes in control rooms, called central traffic control (CTC) units, at railroad companies. They manage and control railroad traffic to ensure that trains arrive at their destinations safely and on schedule. Although these dispatchers do not ride on the trains they control, they are thoroughly knowledgeable about: • how trains operate • the tracks over which they roll • railroad rules • the size and capacity of trains and locomotives • the territory through which the trains travel Train Dispatchers sit in their area’s CTC unit and continually watch the movement of trains as indicated on large display panels or computer screens. They may monitor several of these devices at the same time. Train

Train Dispatcher Trainee or Apprentice

ing, decision-making, and self-management skills; focused, calm, detail-oriented, quick-witted, flexible, honest, and reliable

Dispatchers keep abreast of which tracks are available, which trains are approaching switches, where speed limits change, the height and weight of locomotives and cars, and other factors that impact train movements or their safe passage through tunnels or over bridges. They consider all of these factors when monitoring and controlling all of the trains in their assigned areas or territories. Once a train leaves a dispatcher’s territory, another dispatcher assumes responsibility for that train. Depending on such factors as train schedules, the time of day, and the number of tracks in their territories, Train Dispatchers may handle as many as 20 trains simultaneously. These dispatchers speak to locomotive engineers and other train crew members by telephone to provide schedule updates, changing weather conditions, approaching switch points, or new instructions. Train Dispatchers also communicate by controlling track signals from the CTC unit. They use other controls to throw track switches so trains may transfer to other tracks. Train Dispatchers also manage the movement of railroad workers and their supplies to destinations along the tracks in coordination with the movement of trains. For example, Train Dispatchers ensure that track maintenance workers are able to perform their work while no trains are approaching their section of track. Train Dispatchers have various duties and responsibilities to which they regularly attend, including:

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• keeping up to date with current train schedules so that they know when trains arrive at and depart from each station • communicating with railroad employees and other dispatchers about accidents, schedule delays, and other unusual circumstances • designating portions of main tracks or sidings for inspection or maintenance purposes • using graphs to analyze the progress of train runs to estimate arrival times at stations and final destinations • keeping accurate, detailed records of all train movements • writing reports and completing various types of required paperwork • making announcements to broadcast in train stations • keeping up to date with all railroad regulations and safety rules • reporting violations of regulations and rules • assigning locomotive engineers and train crews to trains These dispatchers may specialize by performing their duties in railroad yards, managing electrical power distribution for electrically powered railroad systems, or supervising and training apprentice dispatchers. Train Dispatchers spend most of their day in an office environment. They use computers, telephones, radio equipment, signal controls, and switching controls, which are all situated within easy reach. They may experience back strain and temporary vision problems from sitting for extended periods and looking at computer screens. Train Dispatchers are frequently required to multitask. Handling phone calls while monitoring trains and making decisions about fast-moving, powerful equipment can be emotionally stressful. These railroad employees work 40 hours per week. Railroads operate around the clock, seven days per week; hence, Train Dispatchers are assigned to rotating shifts that may include working weekends and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Train Dispatchers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most dispatchers, in general, ranged between $20,410 and $54,360.

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Employment Prospects

Most Train Dispatchers work for private railroad companies. Approximately 3,150 dispatchers work in the railroad transportation industry, according to the BLS May 2007 OES survey. Job openings generally become available as dispatchers retire, transfer to other positions, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employment opportunities in the railroad industry are dependent on the health of the economy. During economic downturns, railroad companies usually hire fewer new workers and may lay off some employees.

Advancement Prospects

Train Dispatchers can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, but they are limited. Many Train Dispatchers measure advancement by earning higher wages, by being assigned greater responsibilities, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with different employers. Minimally, Train Dispatchers must have a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Most employers prefer to hire dispatchers who also have an associate degree or a bachelor’s degree in transportation, logistics, business administration, or another related field. New Train Dispatchers receive both formal instruction and on-the-job training. They learn such skills as monitoring traffic and using computer systems. Throughout their careers, Train Dispatchers enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have experience working in the railroad industry. Many employers also seek applicants who have supervisory experience. Train Dispatchers need excellent communication, interpersonal, organizational, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. They are also required to have effective self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being focused, calm, detail-oriented, quick-witted, flexible, honest, and reliable are some personality traits that successful Train Dispatchers share.

Unions and Associations

Train Dispatchers may join a labor union to represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that dispatchers may have

against their employers. One union that represents the interests of these railroad workers is the American Train Dispatchers Association. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Most railroads post job announcements at their Web sites. They also provide information about the job application process. Some companies also allow persons to apply online for available positions. 2. Be ready to give complete information about your employment and education and training histories. Have correct contact information about

your past and current employers and schools. Also, have your salary information as well as the dates of all diplomas, degrees, certificates, and licenses that you have received. 3. Some railroad companies offer an apprentice train dispatcher program in which candidates go through several months of intense training to learn the appropriate train dispatch skills. Contact employers directly to see if one is available and how you may apply for it. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Train Dispatchers. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords train dispatchers into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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YARDMASTER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Manage and coordinate the activities involved in making and breaking up trains and switching trains from track to track in railroad yards; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Yard Conductor Salary Range: $37,000 to $93,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete employer’s training program Experience—Several years of experience in train operations

Yardmaster

Position Description

We frequently see trains traveling along their rails. These trains travel back and forth through our communities, across our states, and from coast to coast and north to south across our nation. What most of us do not see is where trains and locomotives are stored, maintained, loaded, unloaded, and prepared for each new run. These behind-the-scenes activities take place in railroad yards where crews of workers complete such tasks. Yardmasters are the railroad employees who supervise these yard crews. Yardmasters work in different types of railroad yards. Some facilities are located in close proximity to industrial plants to accommodate the loading and unloading of raw materials or finished products before and after railroad cars are stored. Other yards are located at various points along railroad tracks. Yardmasters are in charge of managing how yard crews handle trains entering and leaving train yards. Railroad yards are characterized by a series of parallel tracks. Locomotives and railroad cars may switch from track to track where they are coupled or uncoupled. Some tracks are used for assembling or disassembling trains. Other tracks are used for storage where cars are placed until needed. These cars are stored according to various criteria, including: • what type of car they are, such as boxcars or tanker cars • which railroad company owns them

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Yardmaster Trainee Rail Yard Worker

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, communication, interpersonal, teamwork, reading, writing, organizational, problem-solving, and self-management skills; energetic, alert, respectful, patient, flexible, and resourceful

• whether they are scheduled to be loaded or unloaded • whether they need maintenance work • where their next assigned train is destined to travel Yardmasters plan how all the track space is utilized from day to day. They oversee and coordinate how railroad cars are moved from place to place within the yard. In large railroad yards, several Yardmasters supervise the crews who work there. On the other hand, a single Yardmaster may oversee the operations of several small yards. Within the railroad yard, specifically designed locomotives called line switchers are used to move railroad cars. Yardmasters give instructions about where to move the various cars to the engineers who operate these locomotives. Yardmasters also direct other railyard workers to perform such duties as operating rail switches, connecting and disconnecting cars, loading and unloading cars, or storing and maintaining cars. Yardmasters spend much of their time sitting in towers that overlook their railroad yards. Yard towers sit atop buildings and may be 30 or more feet above the ground. From these vantage points, these supervisors can observe all the movements of trains and other activities. Yardmasters communicate with railroad engineers and other workers via radio or telephones to tell them where to move trains or cars. They also monitor computer screens that indicate which tracks are in use. In some yards, Yardmasters manipulate

track switches with computerized electronic remote controls. These experts also consult train schedules and switching orders to guide their decisions about where and when to accommodate incoming trains, move train cars, recover them from storage, couple them to locomotives, and direct them to the correct outgoing tracks. Additionally, Yardmasters work outdoors to inspect freight railroad cars. They make sure that outgoing freight is properly sealed and verify that railroad cars are assembled to the appropriate trains. Yardmasters are well versed in all phases of railroad yard operations. They thoroughly understand the equipment that yard employees use to move trains and rail cars. They know how to respond to emergencies and are prepared to quickly make the right decisions to alleviate problems. Furthermore, they are knowledgeable about government regulations and their employers’ policies and procedures. These rail-yard supervisors are responsible for completing a number of specific tasks during the course of their workday, including:

work either full or part time. They may be required to work overtime in such situations as staff shortages and emergencies.

• communicating with employees to relay instructions or other information • coordinating rail traffic with railroad dispatchers • assigning tasks to employees, evaluating their performance, and providing them feedback • managing payroll • exercising employee discipline • maintaining inventory of all railcars stored in the rail yard • preparing reports about work activities, inspections, repairs, safety violations, or problems that arise during their shifts • keeping records of incoming and outgoing trains • staying current with the latest train movement regulations, tariff schedules, and hazardous material handling procedures

For many individuals, the Yardmaster position is their top career goal. They measure further advancement by earning higher wages, by getting work schedules of their choice, and through job satisfaction. Some Yardmasters pursue other railroad positions such as train inspectors, dispatchers, or trainers.

Yardmasters may be required to wear uniforms. They work in office settings that are equipped with computers, telephones, intercom systems, fax machines, and other office equipment. They also work in open-air conditions, which may make them vulnerable to hot and cold temperatures. On occasion, Yardmasters may be exposed to hazardous working conditions when dealing with heavy railcars. Therefore, they wear protective clothing and equipment such as hard hats. Yardmasters are assigned to shifts, as railroads operate around the clock every day. These experts

Salaries

Salaries for Yardmasters vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Yardmasters ranged from $37,490 to $92,550.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that job growth for both railroad conductors and yardmasters is expected to increase by 9 percent. Most job openings for Yardmasters will become available as individuals advance to higher positions, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Over the next several years, a large number of railroad workers will become eligible for retirement.

Advancement Prospects

Education and Training

Minimally, Yardmasters must possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Yardmasters learn their skills through on-thejob training, which generally lasts a year. Trainees work under the supervision and direction of senior employees. Many employers also provide trainees with classroom instruction in such areas as using railroad computer systems. Throughout their careers, Yardmasters enroll in training workshops and continuing education programs to update their skills and keep up with technological advancements.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

The yardmaster position is not an entry-level one. Employers typically hire candidates who have several years of experience in train operations with a solid job performance history. Most Yardmasters have worked their way up the ranks as switchmen, clerks, and in other railroad occupations.

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To perform well at their jobs, Yardmasters need excellent leadership, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work well with their crews. Yardmasters must also have strong reading, writing, organizational, and problem-solving skills. In addition, they need effective self-management skills, including the ability to prioritize multiple tasks, handle stressful situations, work independently, and follow and understand directions. Some personality traits that successful Yardmasters share include being energetic, alert, respectful, patient, flexible, and resourceful.

Unions and Associations

Railroad Yardmasters can join a union to represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working con-

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ditions. One such union is the Railroad Yardmasters of America, an affiliate of the United Transportation Union. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. As a high school or college student, try to obtain a part-time or summer job with a local railroad yard to get an idea if working in such a setting suits you. 2. Gain as much experience as you can in performing the different rail-yard activities as a rail-yard worker. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about railroads. You might start by visiting the Web site of the Association of American Railroads at http:// www.aar.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

RAIL YARD WORKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Assemble or disassemble railroad cars to make up or break trains; operate track switches; communicate with other railroad employees to coordinate activities; perform other duties Alternate Title(s): Brake Operator, Signal Operator, Switch Operator, or other title that reflects a particular job Salary Range: $34,000 to $79,000 Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job-training Experience—One or more years of general work experience; experience working with railroads preferred

Senior Rail Yard Worker

Position Description

Railroad yards are large outdoor areas that contain many parallel railroad tracks. These tracks are used for railcar storage or for assembling railcars into trains. Railroad yards accommodate both incoming and outgoing trains. These facilities may be as large as two miles long and hundreds of yards wide. Larger railroad yards can accommodate entire trains, which may be up to a mile long. Rail Yard Workers are the men and women who are employed by railroads to assist with moving railcars within the yards. They are responsible for assembling trains by coupling railcars to each other. Conversely, these employees separate railcars to disassemble trains. These rail yard experts also move railcars from one place to another by throwing track switches. All the while, these workers communicate with each other and locomotive engineers by way of electronic or mechanical signal systems. At some work sites, Rail Yard Workers perform specific roles and have particular job titles, such as brake operators, switch operators, or signal operators. Railroad yards may look like a confusing network of tracks. However, the arrangement of tracks and switches helps Rail Yard Workers to move railcars from point to point with great efficiency. Every track has one or more specific purposes. For example, some tracks might be

Rail Yard Worker Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Reading, computer, communication, teamwork, interpersonal, problem-solving, and self-management skills; decisive, detail-oriented, cooperative, flexible, and dependable

used to assemble trains, or load or unload cargo. Other tracks lead to repair and cleaning facilities, while still others are used to store cars between runs. Railroad yards all have one or more tracks to handle incoming and outgoing trains. Under the direction of the yardmaster, Rail Yard Workers move cars and assemble trains according to the yardmaster’s switch list. This document indicates each car’s position in the sequence for assembly into a complete train. The list also identifies the contents of each car and states on which track the car needs to be placed. Rail Yard Workers follow the yardmaster’s direction regarding which tracks need to be switched and which turntables need to be used to move the cars into their correct position. Rail Yard Workers work with locomotive engineers to move the cars onto the correct tracks. In some railroad yards, Rail Yard Workers use remote control devices to operate locomotives without the engineers. They also use similar controls to change the signals in the yards that provide directions to other workers. They may sit in towers that overlook the yards to operate such remote control equipment. Rail Yard Workers also ride on top of cars and turn wheel-operated brakes to slow or stop the cars. The work these experts do is a bit like solving an enormous puzzle. Rail Yard Workers are able to visual-

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ize where cars need to go and in which sequence. They anticipate and plan their movements to avoid moving the same car several times. They remember where they move cars from one track to another to make room for other cars before placing the original cars back on the first track. Rail Yard Workers may be required to make their own decisions about where to move cars. For example, they may have to decide to keep cars that contain hazardous waste away from cars that contain livestock or grains. Rail Yard Workers discuss their plans with each other as well as with train dispatchers, locomotive engineers, and yardmasters to coordinate their movements within the framework of what is required by the switch lists. As they move cars, Rail Yard Workers inspect them for damages and, if they have the appropriate tools and equipment, make repairs. It is their responsibility to decide whether repairs must be performed in the yard’s repair shop. Rail Yard Workers use radios, telephones, mechanical signals, and hand signals to communicate with other yard workers. Their hand signals are often necessary because the noise level of moving cars and locomotive engines is too high for vocal communications to be effective. Rail Yard Workers also communicate through written materials. They read various materials to enable them to understand their work processes and they write reports or fill out forms to document their daily activities. Rail Yard Workers read a variety of memos, bulletins, manuals, directional signs, and schedules that provide directions for their work and update them on changes in the arrival and departure of trains, for example. They write reports about unusual events that transpire during their shift and fill out safety report forms. They also complete work logs to help the next shift’s employees to continue with the yard’s activities. Rail Yard Workers work with many of these materials on computers. Rail Yard Workers are part of teams that range in number depending on the size of their railroad yards. When inspecting cars or when operating switches, these yard employees work in pairs. Together, they determine who will perform which task involving each car. However, Rail Yard Workers work alone much of the time while synchronizing their activities with others on their team. Rail Yard Workers may be called upon to assist other train workers with train derailments and other accidents. They perform such tasks as providing first-aid procedures, radioing for help, and controlling railroad directional signals.

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Their work is physically demanding. Rail Yard Workers lift coupling mechanisms, throw switches, and climb aboard railroad cars including slowly moving cars. They attach heavy cables and air brake hoses to cars as well as open and shut heavy doors. These railroad employees spend most of their working hours in outdoor environments. They work in all kinds of weather. They are also exposed to very loud noises. Rail Yard Workers are required to wear protective clothing or equipment, such as steel-toed boots, hard hats, and eye and ear protection. They may work during evening or late night shifts, on weekends, or during holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Rail Yard Workers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, seniority, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ranged between $34,270 and $78,810. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $16.48 to $38.37.

Employment Prospects

According to the May 2007 OES survey an estimated 23,120 railroad brake, signal, and switch operators were employed in the United States. The majority of these Rail Yard Workers are employed by the railroads. The BLS reports that the employment of railroad brake, signal, and switch operators is expected to decline through 2016. This is primarily due to the advancement of remote control locomotive technology. Most positions for Rail Yard Workers will become available as individuals transfer to other railroad jobs, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Rail Yard Workers can advance according to their interests and ambitions. Those interested in supervisory and management positions can pursue them, but those jobs are limited. As they gain additional training and experience, individuals can become remote control operators, yardmasters, train conductors, locomotive engineers, or other professionals in railroad operations.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Rail Yard Workers learn their skills through on-thejob training. They work under the direction and super-

vision of experienced employees. Railroad companies also provide trainees with formal classroom programs, which may last a few weeks or months, depending on the particular jobs they will be performing. For instance, workers who will work as brake operators go through longer training programs than those who will become signal operators.

ers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Their union can also handle any grievances that they may have against their employers. Two unions that serve the interests of Rail Yard Workers are the United Transportation Union and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Tips for Entry

Employers generally require that applicants have one or more years of general work experience. Having work experience in the railroad industry is preferred. Employers prefer to hire candidates who have experience working with hand and power tools. They also seek candidates who have manual dexterity and are able to perform physical labor. Rail Yard Workers must have fundamental reading and computer skills. In addition, they are required to have effective communication, teamwork, interpersonal, problem-solving, and self-management skills. Being decisive, detail-oriented, cooperative, flexible, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Rail Yard Workers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Rail Yard Workers may join a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations with their employ-

1. Develop your reading skills. Some employers require applicants to successfully pass an English reading comprehension exam before they are granted a job interview. If applicants fail the test, they may not be eligible to apply again. 2. Most, if not all, employers perform a background check on candidates whom they are interested in hiring. They look closely at an individual’s work history, crime record, driving record, and education records, among other aspects of their lives. Some employers will not hire applicants who have had convictions related to alcohol or drugs within the last few years of their application. 3. Contact employers directly for information about job openings. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about rail yards. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keyword rail yards into a search engine.

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SIGNALMAN CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Construct, install, maintain, and repair railroad signals and signal equipment; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Signal Repairer, Signal Maintainer, Signal Technician Salary Range: $40,000 to $65,000 Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training or apprenticeship Experience—Electrical maintenance experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Reading, computer, problem-solving, communication, inter-

Senior Signalman

Position Description

The men and women who operate railroad trains are able to do so safely in large part because various automated lighted or mechanical signals give them information regarding track conditions or the presence of other trains. These signals also instruct train operators to accelerate, slow down, stop, or switch tracks. Furthermore, where railroads and roads intersect, signals alert motorists about approaching trains and automatically lower mechanized crossing guards to block access to the tracks. A few of these signals are still operated locally by railroad personnel; however, increasingly more of them are electronic or computerized and are controlled remotely from centralized control facilities. Railroad employees known as Signalmen work daily to install, maintain, and repair all types of railroad signals. Signalmen contribute to the safe and efficient movement of a large number of railroad trains. These men and women work in crews to construct or install new signal equipment. On the other hand, Signalmen typically work alone when they perform maintenance and repair work on signals and signal systems. Their tasks vary according to whether they work on construction crews or as signal maintainers. The Signalmen who construct new signal systems perform physically demanding work. They dig holes, mix and pour concrete, and construct the poles or towers that support the signals. They cut and weld the metal

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Journey Signalman Assistant Signalman Trainee

personal, teamwork, and self-management skills; dependable, detail-oriented, flexible, honest, and persistent

pieces to assemble these structures. Signalmen also dig trenches to accommodate electrical cables and wires. These experts perform other duties, such as painting signal equipment, as well as loading and unloading supply vehicles. They work at elevated heights to install signal lights on towers and the overhead mast structures that hold signal lights. To fulfill maintenance responsibilities, Signalmen follow a schedule to regularly inspect signal equipment. They troubleshoot problems by using testing tools to check the mechanical and electronic components and to analyze their performance. Signalmen isolate malfunctions and repair or replace faulty lights, timers, meters, switches, circuit breakers, electric lines, moving parts, fiber optic communication cables, and other components of signal systems. They use circuit drawings to guide their maintenance activities. They test signals to make certain that they work properly. Signalmen utilize a variety of tools appropriate to their installation and maintenance tasks. They use both power tools and non-power tools such as drills, power saws, picks, shovels, and sledgehammers. They use wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, and other small hand tools. Maintenance Signalmen also employ precision measuring devices such as micrometers, amp meters, and voltmeters during the course of their inspection, maintenance, and testing duties.

Signalmen perform soldering and welding tasks to set up and maintain electrical connections on signal systems. They install and test remote control devices that are used to move switches, mechanical signaling devices, and crossing guards. They replace broken light lenses and keep signal equipment clean. They lubricate moving parts on mechanical signals, switches, and crossing guards. These experts also perform incidental tasks such as directing traffic and setting up safety barriers during construction or maintenance projects. They take inventory of their supplies and order new parts, tools, and other materials to replenish their stock. Signalmen receive and store new supplies. They maintain records of their installation, repair, maintenance, and testing tasks. Their records include data regarding the amount of track they cover as they progress along their scheduled maintenance routes. They take notice when testing specifications for or schematic drawings of the signal equipment are inconsistent or in error. Signalmen mostly work in outdoor settings except when they perform some of their repair work in shop environments. They often work in awkward positions to make repairs in small, cramped locations. They must climb on high signal towers. They may be required to wear safety gear such as hard hats and steel-toed boots. They work around high-voltage equipment. Signalmen must frequently contend with loud noises and be alert to the presence of moving equipment. Their job entails travel to wherever installation and maintenance work is needed. Signalmen mainly work 40-hour weeks and may occasionally put in overtime hours to complete tasks and meet deadlines. Signalmen may be on call 24 hours a day.

Salaries

Salaries for Signalmen vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, industry, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most signal repairers ranged between $39,740 and $64,850. The estimated hourly wage for these experts ranged from $19.10 to $31.18.

Employment Prospects

Signalmen are mostly employed by railroads. They also find employment with public transit systems. The BLS reports that employment of signal repairers is expected to decline through 2016. Most positions will become available as Signalmen transfer to other rail-

road jobs, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Signalmen usually begin their careers as trainees or apprentices. After reaching journey positions, they can advance to supervisory positions, which are limited. Many Signalmen measure success by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. With additional training or education and experience, Signalmen can pursue other railroad careers by becoming railroad engineers, yardmasters, or train crew members.

Education and Training

Minimally, Signalmen must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Signalmen learn their craft through both formal instruction and on-the-job training. Trainees and apprentices study federal regulations, electricity, electronics, mechanics, and computer technology. They work under the guidance and direction of experienced Signalmen. Throughout their careers, Signalmen enroll in continuing education programs to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their field.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers prefer to hire applicants who have electrical maintenance experience. They also seek candidates who are able to visually discriminate colors and can perform heavy physical labor. Signalmen need fundamental English reading skills, as they must be able to read and understand regulations and technical instructions. They must also have basic computer skills. Additionally, Signalmen need strong problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, teamwork, and self-management skills. Being dependable, detail-oriented, flexible, honest, and persistent are a few personality traits that successful Signalmen have in common.

Unions and Associations

Signalmen can join a labor union, such as the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen, to represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. (For contact information to the above organization, see Appendix III.)

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Tips for Entry

1. Some experts in the field say that possession of a valid driver’s license may enhance your employability. 2. If you have studied basic courses in electronics or computers, be sure to write that on your job application as well as bring it up in your interview. 3. Read job announcements carefully to make sure you meet the minimum requirements.

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4. Most employers require applicants to be U.S. citizens. If applicants are not citizens, they must have the proper paperwork that authorizes them to work in the United States. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about railroad signal repairers. You might start by visiting the Web site of the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen at http://www.brs.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRACK WORKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Lay and repair track for railroad systems; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Maintenance of Way (MOW) Worker, Track Laborer Salary Range: $26,000 to $56,000 Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience performing physical labor Special Skills and Personality Traits—Selfmanagement, problem-solving, communication,

Crew Leader

Position Description

There is one factor that makes railroad systems unique among all the modes of transportation: the tracks on which they roll. Railroad tracks stretch more than 300,000 miles in the United States alone. Worldwide, there are enough railroad tracks to circle the globe twice. All types of trains—subway trains, light-rail transit trains, or locomotive-driven freight and passenger trains—roll along these steel tracks. Railroad tracks may differ in various ways, but they all need to be regularly built, maintained, repaired, and replaced. Track Workers are the people who lay new tracks and perform the work of keeping tracks in good condition. Track Workers are familiar with how railroad tracks are designed and constructed. Basically, railroad tracks consist of steel rails that run parallel to each other. Their distance from each other is referred to as their gauge. Tracks’ gauges vary depending on which type of train rolls along them. These parallel steel rails are attached to a series of perpendicular crossties made of wood, steel, concrete, or composite materials. The rails and crossties in turn rest on ballast, a bed of chipped rocks. Rails are either welded together or connected by steel plates and are attached to the crossties with spikes or large screws. On some tracks or sections of tracks, the ballast and crossties are covered with concrete or asphalt. Railroad tracks are level for the most part. Bridges and tunnels are constructed to keep tracks level to cross over ravines or through mountains.

Track Worker Track Worker (Entry-level)

interpersonal, and teamwork skills; composed, cooperative, careful, detail-oriented, flexible, and persistent

Railroads are laid or constructed on land owned or leased by the railroad companies. This land is called the railroad right-of-way. Track Workers are responsible for maintaining this right-of-way. Hence, these rail employees are also known as maintenance-of-way (MOW) workers. Their work varies according to the types of tasks that need to be performed. Some Track Workers perform production tasks, which means that they construct railroad tracks. Others perform non-production track work, which entails inspection, maintenance, and repair tasks. Some of these MOW experts do either production or non-production work on bridges, in tunnel structures, and on buildings rather than on the tracks. Track Workers may also maintain trackside signals. Track Workers who perform maintenance or repair work may be called to service tracks that were damaged by either severe weather or extensive usage. Track Workers are assigned to crews, called gangs, ranging in size from two to more than 100 members, depending on the work they are assigned. Crews may work in populated or in isolated areas. They may be assigned to perform their duties in localized sections of track within short time spans, or they may cover many miles of track over a span of several days. Some crews deliver new rails to construction or maintenance sites. Other crews pick up and haul away old rails that have been replaced. Some crews remove and replace only

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rails, while some crews replace crossties and ballast. Other crews specialize by working on curved sections of track. Some crews grind track rails to make them smooth and still other crews weld sections of track together. Track Workers use both hand and power tools to dismantle, lift, carry, trim to size, and set rails in place, as well as to secure ballast, crossties, spikes, and rails. Their hand tools include picks, shovels, maul hammers, and pry bars. Air hammers, power drills, lifting jacks, power wrenches, power saws, and grinding and welding tools are among the power tools that these experts use. Besides building, maintaining, and repairing railroad tracks, Track Workers perform additional tasks. They may: • inspect rails for flaws, defects, or other factors such as problems with the terrain • load, unload, sort, and distribute tools and track materials from railroad supply cars • operate and maintain supply cars • make sure that tracks are properly gauged and crossties are placed the correct distance from each other • lubricate rails and switch mechanisms • perform flag person duties to signal other workers • ensure the availability of tools and spare parts • maintain and repair tools and equipment • attend safety meetings and retraining sessions • keep maintenance records up to date • prepare work reports Senior Track Workers train new employees and supervise the activities of their crews. They coordinate the movement of construction materials and tools to and from job sites. They coordinate their crews’ repair activities with those of other crews. Senior Track Workers consult railroad timetables and coordinate with train dispatchers to arrange for the best times to complete their work. Tracks in need of repairs must be free of train traffic while the work is being performed. Track Workers perform their job duties outdoors in all kinds of weather while being exposed to dust, noise, and vibrations. Their work is physically demanding; Track Workers are required to repeatedly lift heavy rails, equipment, and power tools weighing as much as 50 to 100 pounds. Track Workers put in 40 hours of work each week, but their schedules may include weekends and holidays. These experts often travel to distant and remote locations to perform their work. They may reside in mobile homes in railroad camps near their work assignment.

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Salaries

Salaries for Track Workers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, position, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators ranged between $26,230 and $56,110. The estimated hourly wage for these workers ranged between $12.61 and $26.98.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 14,050 rail track-laying and maintenance equipment operators were employed in the United States. Employment of these workers is expected to decline through 2016, according to the BLS. In general, job openings will become available as Track Workers are promoted, retire, or leave the field for other occupations or careers.

Advancement Prospects

Track Workers can advance in various ways, depending on their interests and ambitions. They can be promoted to supervisory and managerial positions. With additional training and experience, Track Workers can advance to become equipment mechanics, bridge and building carpenters, and welders. Track Workers can also seek positions in train service. Those interested in pursuing careers as engineering technicians or mechanical, civil, or other types of engineers can complete associate or bachelor’s degree programs.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who possess high school diplomas or general equivalency diplomas. Employers may waive the educational requirements for candidates who have qualifying experience. Track Workers learn their skills through on-the-job training. They work under the supervision and guidance of experienced Track Workers. In addition, Track Workers complete formal training programs, which are provided by their employers, to learn advanced skills such as soldering and using new equipment.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have previous work experience performing heavy physical labor. For example, they may have held warehouse or construction jobs.

Track Workers must have self-management skills, including the ability to work with minimal supervision, work independently, follow and understand directions, and prioritize multiple tasks. They also need strong problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills. Being composed, cooperative, careful, detail-oriented, flexible, and persistent are some personality traits that successful Track Workers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Track Workers belong to a union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. One such organization is the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. To learn about job openings, contact the human resources department of railroad companies and transit systems. You may also find information at local union halls. 2. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who possess a commercial driver’s license. 3. Some companies allow persons to apply for jobs online at their Web sites. 4. Applicants may be required to pass agility tests to qualify for jobs. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the maintenance of way of railroads and railways. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keyword maintenance of way into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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RAILCAR REPAIRER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Maintain, repair, and overhaul railroad cars; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Carman, Railcar Mechanic, Railroad Car Repairman Salary Range: $28,000 to $61,000 Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; formal or on-the-job training Experience—Previous experience working with equipment or vehicles preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Analytical, troubleshooting, interpersonal, communication,

Lead or Supervisory Railcar Repairer

Position Description

Railroad cars, whether they are used to transport freight or passengers, need frequent maintenance or repairs. Railcar Repairers are the railroad employees who work behind the scenes to ensure that these vehicles, also collectively known as rolling stock, perform at optimal levels at all times. There are many kinds of railroad freight cars, including boxcars, hoppers, auto carriers, refrigerator cars, tank cars, and flatcars, to name a few. Different organizations utilize railroad cars for various purposes. In railroad companies, freight and passenger railroad cars are both known as revenue cars; that is to say, they are used for commercial purposes. Railroad companies also use non-revenue cars for their own reasons. These include cabooses, track testers, maintenance-of-way cars, and others. The military branches have trains consisting of specialized cars designed specifically for military purposes. Mine companies and rapid transit systems also utilize their own types of railroad cars. Most railroad cars are equipped with similar equipment such as couplers, which are devices that enable cars to be linked together to form trains. Railroad cars also have brake systems. Some railroad cars are equipped with engines and can run independently of locomotives. Some of them have wheel-mounted electric generators. Passenger cars feature seats, restrooms, sleeping berths, dining facilities, and other interior appointments.

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Journey Railcar Repairer Apprentice Railcar Repairer

reading, math, and computer skills; disciplined, detail-oriented, persistent, cooperative, honest, and reliable

Railcar Repairers work on all rolling stock except for locomotives. They perform maintenance, repair, and fabrication duties. They clean and lubricate moving parts. They sandblast and paint railroad cars and components. They replace defective air brakes, wheel assemblies, air hoses, gaskets, and other railroad car parts. They install seats and other passenger car interior components. They weld steel parts such as couplers, ladders, and brackets. They construct all kinds of railroad car parts and equipment such as side sheets, under framing, interior walls, windows, and doorways. In addition to maintaining and repairing railroad cars, Railcar Repairers inspect and test them. Furthermore, these experts place derailed railroad cars back onto their tracks by using special equipment. They also assist with other trackside duties at the scenes of train wrecks. Railcar Repairers use hand, power, and machine tools to perform their fabrication, maintenance, and repair work. They utilize such hand tools as screwdrivers, hammers, and wrenches. They operate such power and machine tools as lathes, grinding machines, pneumatic wrenches, welding and flame-cutting equipment, as well as hydraulic jacks, cranes, and hoists. They also use computerized diagnostic equipment to help them to identify problems with electronic components. These experts are familiar with how railroad cars are constructed and how all their moving parts interact with each other. They are equally knowledgeable about the interior and exterior design and function of rail-

road cars. Railcar Repairers are also well versed in how Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations and American Association of Railways (AAR) rules apply to every aspect of their work. They fully understand and comply with safety standards mandated by the federal Occupational Health and Safety Act. Railcar Repairers also follow their own company policies regarding their work methods, safety procedures, and standards. In addition to FRA and AAR compliance documents, Railcar Repairers read and understand blueprints, schematic diagrams, drawings, manufacturers’ manuals, parts lists, and other documents to guide them with the tasks they need to perform. Many of these documents are on computer databases. During the course of their careers, they move from apprentice to journey-level positions. Depending on their experience, Railcar Repairers perform a variety of tasks that may include: • inspecting railroad cars and components for conformity to laws and regulations as well as company policies and rules • reporting defective equipment or components to supervisors and following their corresponding instructions for handling the problems • recording needed maintenance or repair tasks on special cards and attaching them to cars that need to be taken to the shop • deciding what sequence of repair or maintenance tasks are needed as well as the time, costs, and staffing that are needed to complete the tasks • inspecting completed repairs for regulatory compliance • testing repaired railroad cars for readiness for everyday use • performing required tests on air brake and other systems • attending meetings to discuss safety issues, review job procedures, and refresh knowledge about rules and regulations • inventorying and placing orders for supplies and equipment • restocking tool cars with needed equipment for performing trackside duties • maintaining shop and yard areas • filling out work reports, billing repair notices, inspection records, and other documents and entering such information into computer databases • supervising new Railcar Repairers Some Railcar Repairers may specialize by working only on passenger cars. They may specialize by per-

forming certain tasks such as building railroad cars, re-upholstering seats, repairing wheel assemblies, changing couplers, or painting railcars. Railcar Repairers’ work is physically demanding. They need to be able to stoop, kneel, bend, and reach to perform their tasks, which may involve working in confined spaces. These experts work indoors in shop settings and outdoors in all kinds of weather. They generally put in 40 hours each week, but may be required to work nights, holidays, and weekends. Railcar Repairers may need to work overtime during emergencies such as train derailments.

Salaries

Salaries for Railcar Repairers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most Railcar Repairers ranged between $28,220 and $60,890. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $13.57 to $29.27 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Railcar Repairers work for railroads, railcar manufacturers, and businesses that offer railcar repair services on a contractual basis. Public and private transit companies also employ Railcar Repairers. The May 2007 OES survey shows an estimated 23,190 Railcar Repairers were employed in the United States. Approximately 50 percent of these experts were employed in the rail transportation industry. Most opportunities will become available as individuals retire or transfer to other jobs or career fields. According to the BLS, the railroad industry is expected to grow due to increased demand, which in turn may create additional jobs for Railcar Repairers. In general, the BLS predicts that employment of Railcar Repairers will increase by 5 percent through 2016.

Advancement Prospects

After working for several years, trainees or apprentices become journey-level Railcar Repairers. Those with supervisory skills and ambitions can advance to those positions. Many experts in this field measure success through earning higher wages and job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers require applicants to hold at least a high school diploma or high school equivalency diploma. Individuals may gain entry into this field through apprenticeships or on the-job training, which is about

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three to four years long. Individuals can also learn their skills by completing formal heavy-equipment training programs at vocational schools or community colleges. Throughout their careers, Railcar Repairers attend workshops and courses to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have experience repairing and servicing equipment or vehicles. They may have gained their experience through classroom study, on-the-job training, or personally working on vehicles and equipment. To perform their work effectively, Railcar Repairers need analytical and troubleshooting skills. They also need strong interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues, managers, and customers. In addition, these technicians must have strong reading, math, and computer skills. Being disciplined, detail-oriented, persistent, cooperative, honest, and reliable are some personality traits that successful Railcar Repairers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Railcar Repairers can join a labor union to represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for

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better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. One union that serves Railcar Repairers is the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, a division of the Transportation Communications International Union. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. While in high school, try to obtain an informal apprenticeship or a part-time job with a local employer that offers railway equipment repair services. 2. Check with prospective employers about their residence requirement before applying for a job. Some employers require that you live in the area where you will be assigned to work. Be sure you are willing to relocate if that is a condition for being hired. 3. Contact railroad companies directly about apprentice or entry-level positions. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of railway car repairs. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords railway car repair or railway carmen into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

AIR TRANSPORTATION

COMMERCIAL PILOT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Fly chartered aircraft to transport passengers and cargo; may provide other flight services such as surveying or aerial firefighting; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a particular occupation such as Corporate Pilot, Air Taxi Pilot, or Emergency Medical Service Pilot Salary Range: $30,000 to $123,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma or college training; FAA-approved flight training program; employer’s training program Experience—Meet an employer’s requirements for flight experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, critical-thinking, self-

Chief Pilot

Position Description General aviation refers to all areas of aviation that do not include military aviation or commercial airlines. Aircraft pilots who are paid to provide flight services in general aviation are known as Commercial Pilots. These pilots operate and navigate helicopters, single-engine planes, multiple-engine planes, turboprop planes, or jet planes to transport passengers and cargo. Some Commercial Pilots are employed to fly aircraft to perform specific tasks such as monitoring traffic, towing advertising banners, carrying out aerial research, or conducting search-and-rescue missions. Commercial Pilots are responsible for safe and efficient flight operations. These pilots work alone or in teams of two. The pilots in command of flights are called captains. They have the authority to make all final decisions regarding a flight. They also provide supervision and guidance to all flight crew members. Commercial Pilots comply with all federal aviation regulations as well as with the policies and protocols of their employers. They perform various preflight, flight, and post-flight duties, such as:

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Pilot-in-Command or Captain Commercial Pilot Private Pilot

management, math, writing, and computer skills; calm, levelheaded, flexible, cooperative, focused, and self-reliant Special Requirements—Proper FAA pilot certificate with appropriate ratings; FAA medical certificate

• creating flight plans that outline their routes, departure and destination airports, and estimated times of departure and arrival • reviewing weather forecasts for routes and areas where they plan to fly, as well as monitoring weather conditions during their flights • calculating the amount of fuel needed for completing flights • performing standard preflight checks to ensure that the aircraft and all their systems are in proper working order • obtaining clearance and instructions from air traffic controllers for take-offs and landings • monitoring instruments, aircraft systems, and fuel during flights • preparing flight reports, pilot logbooks, and other required paperwork Commercial Pilots work for a wide range of industries, from private companies to nonprofit organizations to government agencies. Many Commercial Pilots, known as charter pilots, are employed by air charter or air taxi companies. These aviation services primarily

offer unscheduled and on-demand flight services to individuals, companies, and others for personal and business purposes. The customers determine the destinations and the departure times of their flights. Some pilots work for air taxi services that offer scheduled flights to communities that are not serviced by commercial airlines. Some Commercial Pilots are employed by individuals, businesses, and corporations to operate aircraft that private companies own and use for business transportation. They are also known as corporate pilots, and they fly executives, managers, staff, and customers to company facilities and other locations for meetings, conferences, and other purposes. These pilots also carry mail, packages, supplies, equipment, and other freight to different company locations. Some other piloting positions that Commercial Pilots may be hired to fill include: • agricultural pilots who apply fertilizer or pesticides to farmlands, or sow seeds in fields and forests • air tanker pilots who carry and drop hundreds or thousands of gallons of water, foam, or fire retardant on wildland fires to help suppress them • electronic news gathering (ENG) pilots who operate specially equipped helicopters from which live news reports can be broadcast • emergency medical service (EMS) pilots who transport critically ill and injured patients to hospitals, trauma centers, and other medical facilities • ferry pilots who fly new aircraft from manufacturing plants to customers’ home airports or to aviation dealers’ showrooms • pipeline pilots who patrol pipelines to check for signs of vandalism, damage, or other conditions that may require repair • photogrammetry pilots who take photographs of the earth’s surface for mapping and other purposes • tour pilots who fly tourists on sightseeing trips over cities, wilderness areas, or scenic attractions Some Commercial Pilots are also flight instructors. They provide ground and flight instruction to students who seek pilot certificates and aircraft ratings from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Flight instructors may be independent contractors or work for flight schools. Some Commercial Pilots own their businesses. They are required to follow the appropriate federal aviation regulations that govern their operations. They perform various business tasks, such as keeping records, paying

bills and taxes, ordering supplies, generating new business, and supervising and training staff. Commercial Pilots work part time or full time. Their jobs may require them to work nights, weekends, or holidays. Some flights may require a layover of one or more nights.

Salaries

Salaries for Commercial Pilots vary, depending on such factors as their position, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most Commercial Pilots ranged between $30,460 and $122,550.

Employment Prospects

Commercial Pilots are employed as staff members by businesses, companies, government agencies, and other organizations. They also find employment with aviation services that offer one or more types of flight services, such as air-charter services, sightseeing tours, crop dusting, and flight lessons. Some Commercial Pilots are self-employed as independent contractors. Job opportunities generally become available as pilots retire, transfer to other positions, or leave the work force. Employers will create additional positions to meet the demands of flight services, as long as funding is available. Employment in the aviation industry is strongly affected by the health of the economy. When the economy is on a downturn, fewer pilot jobs are available.

Advancement Prospects

At organizations that utilize two-pilot crews, Commercial Pilots can advance from copilot to captain positions. Those with supervisory and managerial ambitions can be promoted to become assistant chief pilots and chief pilots. Entrepreneurial pilots may choose to become self-employed pilots or business owners who offer aviation services. Some Commercial Pilots work at their jobs to gain sufficient flight experience to qualify for positions with commercial airlines.

Education and Training

Minimally, professional pilots must possess a high school diploma or a high school equivalency diploma. Depending on the employer, applicants may be required to have some college training. Some employers prefer to hire candidates with an associate or bachelor’s degree in aeronautics or another related field.

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Pilots are responsible for securing their own flight training that qualifies them for a commercial pilot certificate. They complete several weeks of ground school, simulator training, and hands-on flying lessons. Many pilots obtain flight training from FAA-certified flight instructors or through flight schools or college aviation programs that are approved by the FAA. Some pilots receive qualifying flight training through the military. Employers generally provide new hires with training programs that cover company policies, job procedures, federal aviation regulations, and other topics. They also provide ground and flight instruction on the type of aircraft the pilots would be operating. Throughout their careers, Commercial Pilots enroll in workshops, courses, and seminars to update their skills and knowledge. They also undergo formal training for every new aircraft they are assigned to fly.

Special Requirements

Minimally, Commercial Pilots must possess a commercial pilot certificate granted by the FAA. To qualify for this pilot certificate, individuals must meet the following requirements: • be at least 18 years old • read, write, and speak English fluently • possess an FAA instrument rating • hold a second-class FAA medical certificate • complete a minimum number of flight hours • pass FAA written and practical flight examinations In addition to their pilot certificate, Commercial Pilots must have an instrument rating as well as appropriate ratings for the category (airplane or helicopter), class (single-engine or multiple-engine), and type (make and model) of aircraft that they operate for their jobs. In addition, Commercial Pilots must also hold either a first-class or second-class FAA medical certificate. Individuals who plan to teach flying lessons must obtain an FAA flight instructor certificate.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers seek candidates who have appropriate flight experience for the position for which they apply. In other words, candidates must have completed their employers’ required minimum number of flight hours for operating the type of aircraft that they want to fly. For example, an air charter company might require

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that applicants have flown a total of 1,200 hours, which includes at least 50 hours flying multi-engine aircraft. Commercial Pilots must have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to work well with various people from diverse backgrounds. They also need effective critical-thinking and self-management skills. Having strong math, writing, and computer skills is also important. Some personality traits that successful Commercial Pilots share include being calm, levelheaded, flexible, cooperative, focused, and self-reliant.

Unions and Associations

Commercial Pilots can join local, state, and national professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, professional publications, and other professional services and resources. Some national societies that serve the diverse interests of Commercial Pilots include: • Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association • Associated Airtanker Pilots • National Agricultural Aviation Association • National Association of Flight Instructors • National EMS Pilots Association • National E-N-G Helicopter Association • Professional Helicopter Pilots Association • Women in Aviation, International For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. The minimum age you need to be to qualify for a student pilot certificate is 16 years old. 2. Many organizations offer scholarships to young people who are interested in a career in aviation. Talk with your high school guidance counselor or college career counselor for help with finding information. 3. To build up flight time for your commercial pilot certificate, you might volunteer your services to a community or non-profit organization. 4. Contact employers directly to learn about job vacancies. Be prepared to provide prospective employers with a résumé, to fill out a job application, and to be interviewed. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about general aviation. You might start by visiting these Web sites: General Aviation: Serving All Americans, http://www.gaservingamerica.org; and AOPA Online, http://www.aopa.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

AIRLINE PILOT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Serve as pilot on regularly scheduled commercial flights; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Airline Transport Pilot; Captain, Pilot-in-Command; Copilot, First Officer Salary Range: $38,000 to $174,000+ Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—College degree usually required; completion of FAA-approved flight training; completion of airline training program Experience—Meet an employer’s minimum flight experience requirements Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, leadership, orga-

Airline Pilot-in-Command (Captain)

Position Description

Airline Pilots are trained to fly complex and sophisticated aircraft over fixed routes at high speeds at such altitudes as 30,000 to 45,000 feet. These pilots are responsible for the overall safety of their crew, passengers, and cargo that their aircraft carries on scheduled commercial flights throughout the world. As emergencies occur, pilots must make critical decisions quickly and in a calm and professional manner. For example, pilots might have to handle such urgent problems as severe storms, violent passengers, and mechanical malfunctions. Commercial airlines include passenger and cargo air carriers. They operate under Part 121 of the federal aviation regulations, which are enforced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Part 121 air carriers are generally categorized as major, national, regional (or commuter), independent, or international airlines, depending on their volume of annual sales, the types of aircraft flown, the markets they serve, and other factors. For example, major airlines, which earn over a billion dollars each year, offer scheduled flights to large cities throughout the world. Commercial air carriers are crewed by a team of two pilots, who work closely together to ensure the overall safety and success of their flights. They sit in the cockpit, and each of them has the same set of controls to operate. The captain, or pilot-in-command, has the authority to make all final decisions and is in charge

Airline Copilot (First Officer) Commercial Pilot

nizational, critical-thinking, and customer-service skills; calm, level-headed, quick-witted, confident, enthusiastic, and self-motivated Special Requirements—Proper FAA pilot certificate with appropriate ratings; FAA medical certificate; be a U.S. citizen

of supervising and instructing the flight crew, including all flight attendants. The copilot (or first officer) assists the captain with executing all duties. Some aircraft require a third crew member in the cockpit. This is a non-pilot position known as the flight engineer (or second officer). This officer assists the pilots with performing various flight operation duties, such as conducting preflight inspections and monitoring aircraft systems during flight. Airline Pilots are responsible for ensuring that their flights are in compliance with federal regulations as well as with company policies and protocols. They perform a wide range of preflight, flight, and post-flight duties with each flight. For example, they: • review weather forecasts, advisories, and notices; navigational charts; and other essential flight information prior to a flight • conduct preflight inspections according to checklists to ensure the aircraft and all equipment and instruments are in working order • review the flight plan, prepared by an airline dispatcher, that outlines the route, the altitude, and speed at which to fly; emergency options; information about passengers and cargo on board; and other matters • brief flight attendants about the flight plan, flight conditions, and other important matters

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• communicate with air traffic controllers and airline dispatchers for aircraft departure and arrival instructions as well as for pertinent flight information (such as weather conditions) while in flight • steer aircraft along established route • monitor aircraft gauges, control panels, and warning devices during the flight for the condition of engines, fuel supply, and aviation systems • respond to emergencies and aircraft malfunctions that occur in flight • prepare detailed flight reports, pilot logbooks, and other paperwork at the end of each flight Some Airline Pilots are volunteer federal flight deck officers (FFDOs) for the Transportation Security Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. They are authorized to act as law enforcement officers on board a flight to defend the flight deck against any act of criminal violence or air piracy. FFDOs do not have any jurisdiction outside of aircraft flight decks. They also do not have the power to make arrests or execute warrants for arrest or seize evidence. FFDOs have undergone special training on the use of firearms, the use of force, and defensive tactics. Airline Pilots do not receive any compensation from the federal government for providing services as FFDOs. Airline Pilots are assigned to a home base (or domicile) where they usually begin and end their flight duty. Some pilots live in another city and commute by air to their home base. Each month, Airline Pilots receive new work schedules, which are based on such factors as their bids (or choices) for flights and their seniority. As pilots gain seniority, they are more likely to be assigned their first choices. Newly hired Airline Pilots start as reserve pilots. They substitute for pilots who are on vacation or leave, are ill, or are reassigned to other flights. Federal regulations limit Airline Pilots to perform no more than 100 flight hours in a month as well as to no more than 1,000 flight hours in a year. These pilots work irregular schedules, which may include nights, weekends, and holidays. They may be scheduled to take every few days off or a whole week off at a time. Their flight assignments also vary; for example, a pilot might be assigned to always fly scheduled flights to one destination, while another pilot might be assigned to fly different flights to different regions of the United States. Some flights require a layover of one or more nights. Depending on their flight schedules, pilots may be away from their homes for several days or weeks at a time. Airlines usually provide their flight crews with hotel accommodations and ground transportation between

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the airport and lodgings as well as an allowance for meals and expenses.

Salaries

Earnings for Airline Pilots vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, employer, and type of aircraft they operate. The highest salaries are paid by major airlines where senior captains may be able to earn up to $200,000 or more per year. According to a 2007 salary survey by Air Inc., the average annual salary pay for Airline Pilots ranged from $37,524 to $173,508. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most Airline Pilots ranged between $46,960 and $145,600.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 78,250 Airline Pilots were employed in the United States. The BLS projects that during the period of 2006 to 2016, job growth for aircraft pilots and flight engineers, in general, is expected to increase by 13 percent. Some experts in the field say that in recent years fewer pilots possess the qualifications traditionally sought after by airlines. That is, many applicants do not possess the minimum flight training and experience required to operate aircraft used by airlines. However, job competition for Airline Pilot positions continues to be fierce. Opportunities are generally better with the regional airlines. Some regional airlines have lowered their minimum flight hour requirements in order to find new pilots. Job prospects in the airline industry generally fluctuate with the health of the economy. For example, when the economy is experiencing a downturn, the demand for air transportation typically falls; therefore, fewer pilots are hired, and airlines may temporarily lay off (or furlough) some of their pilots.

Advancement Prospects

Airlines use a seniority system. Pilots move up on the seniority list as new pilots are hired and senior pilots retire or resign. All pilots, regardless of their position or experience when they are hired, begin at the bottom of the seniority list. With time, they build up their seniority, which results in their being promoted to a higher position, earning higher pay, receiving route assignments of their choice, being assigned to fly new aircraft, and other privileges. In general, Airline Pilots are hired to reserve positions as first officers or flight engineers. Individuals are promoted in rank as they gain experience and seniority.

Flight engineers may advance to become first officers in one to five years, and move up from first officers to pilots-in-command in five to 10 years. Federal law requires Airline Pilots to retire at age 65.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with the different airlines, ranging from a minimum requirement of a high school diploma to a bachelor’s degree, which may be in any field. Many major airlines require their candidates to hold a bachelor’s degree, while many regional airlines seek candidates with at least an associate degree. Employers hire candidates who have already completed flight training programs, which are approved by the FAA. They may have received their training through college aviation programs, flight training institutions, independent flight instruction, or the military. Some pilots obtained flight training through a combination of civil and military aviation programs. Airlines provide new hires with a formal training program that is based on an FAA-approved curriculum. The programs generally last several weeks, and provide instruction on aircraft systems, airline operations, company policies, federal aviation regulations, company policies, and other topics. Trainees also receive simulator training and practical instruction in the aircraft that they will fly. Throughout their careers, Airline Pilots enroll in workshops, courses, and seminars to update their skills and knowledge. They also undergo formal training for every new aircraft they are assigned to fly.

Special Requirements

All Airline Pilots must possess the proper FAA pilot certificate with appropriate ratings for each type of aircraft they operate. Pilots must also possess a first-class FAA medical certificate. Minimally, the FAA requires that pilots-in-command hold an air transport pilot (ATP) certificate, first officers have a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument ranking, and second officers possess a flight engineer certificate. Many airlines require that both pilots who crew a flight have an ATP certificate. To be eligible for an ATP certificate, individuals must meet the following qualifications: • be at least 23 years old • read, write, and speak English fluently • possess an FAA commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating • hold a first-class FAA medical certificate • complete a minimum of 1,500 flight hours, which includes having 75 instrument hours, 100 hours fly-

ing at night, 500 hours flying cross-country, and 250 hours performing as pilot-in-command • pass FAA written and practical flight examinations Airlines require that applicants be U.S. citizens or have the proper legal documents for working in the United States. Some airlines require that applicants hold a valid U.S. passport.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

All airlines seek candidates who have completed a minimum number of flight hours while operating specific types of aircraft. That minimum varies from company to company. Regional airlines usually require fewer hours of flight time than do the major airlines. For example, a regional airline may require that applicants have completed 600 hours of flight time, while a major airline may require 4,000 hours. It takes several years to build sufficient flight time to be eligible for airline positions. Many pilots have built up their flight hours through a succession of pilot jobs that may have included flying for air charter companies, air taxi services, freight companies, corporate flight departments, and the military. Many pilots also gained experience by performing various flight jobs in general aviation, such as teaching others to fly, crop dusting, aerial firefighting, carrying skydivers, and transporting medical patients. Airline Pilots need strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work well with crew members, air traffic controllers, the public, and others. These pilots also need excellent leadership, organizational, critical-thinking, and customer-service skills. Being calm, levelheaded, quickwitted, confident, enthusiastic, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Airline Pilots have in common.

Unions and Associations

Most Airline Pilots belong to a union that represents them in contract negotiations with their employers. The union seeks to get the best contract terms in regard to pay, benefits, and working conditions. It also handles any grievances that pilots have against their employers. Two such unions are the Air Line Pilots Association, International and the Allied Pilots Association. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. English, mathematics, aeronautics, meteorology, and physics are just a few courses that can help

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you prepare for a career as an Airline Pilot. Talk with professional pilots, flight instructors, aviation professors, and other experts to learn about other subjects you need to master. 2. To be hired as an Airline Pilot, you will need to be able to pass a psychological exam, drug screening, security check, and background investigation. 3. Be open to applying for positions at different airlines at the same time.

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4. Contact your friends, former coworkers, and others who may have leads to current or forthcoming pilot openings. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about a career as an Airline Pilot. You might start by visiting “Cleared to Dream,” http://www.clearedtodream. org. The Airline Pilots Association, International sponsors this Web site. For more links, see Appendix IV.

FLIGHT ATTENDANT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Make sure that passengers are safe and comfortable during flight; enforce federal safety regulations and company policies; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): In-Flight Crew Member, Purser Salary Range: $16,000 to $57,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; completion of employer’s training program Experience—One or more years of customer-service experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, teamwork, organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, and self-management skills; friendly, caring, poised, tactful, calm, efficient, resourceful, and dependable

Lead Flight Attendant

Position Description

Whenever we fly to another city, the first airline professional we usually encounter as we board the plane is a Flight Attendant, one of several on board each airplane. We continue to enjoy our flying experience with the assistance of these professionals until we arrive at our destination. These men and women work for commercial airlines, which range in size from small regional carriers to large international airlines. On each flight, the team of Flight Attendants is known as the cabin crew. Flight Attendants are mainly responsible for the safety and comfort of passengers. They are trained to handle different types of problems and emergencies that may occur during the flight, such as severe weather conditions, fires, mechanical failures, and emergency landings. They are also trained to deal with sick passengers and with disruptive passengers including hijackers. Flight Attendants are expected to perform their various tasks in compliance with federal aviation regulations as well as with the policies and protocols of their companies. Before each flight, the captain or lead Flight Attendant briefs the cabin crew about the flight, expected weather conditions they will encounter en route, safetyrelated issues, and any special needs for certain passengers. Flight Attendants also perform various preflight

Flight Attendant Reserve Flight Attendant Trainee

Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen or have proper work documents; meet age and height requirements; pass a background investigation; possess proper FAA certificate

tasks. They make sure that all first aid kits and emergency equipment are on board and in working order. In addition, they check that the cabin has sufficient supplies of blankets, pillows, food, beverages, headphones, and magazines for the passengers. When passengers board an airplane, Flight Attendants greet them, confirm their tickets, and direct them to their seats. Flight Attendants also help passengers stow their carry-on items in overhead bins or beneath seats. Flight Attendants review safety information with their passengers before the airplane takes off. They instruct and demonstrate the use of safety equipment, such as oxygen masks, in case of an emergency. Flight Attendants also perform final safety checks and make sure that all passengers have fastened their seat belts, that their carry-on items are properly stowed, and that all trays and seat backs are in an upright position. Flight Attendants provide various services to passengers while their airplane is in flight. On some flights, passengers are served complimentary refreshments or meals. Flight Attendants also distribute pillows, blankets, reading materials, and headphones for in-flight entertainment to passengers who want them. In addition, Flight Attendants handle emergency situations. For example, they assist passengers with using life jackets,

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flotation devices, or oxygen masks and help passengers leave the airplane after an emergency landing. At the end of a flight, Flight Attendants complete required paperwork. They also inform the appropriate personnel of any problems or concerns about the cabin, galley, safety equipment, or other matters. Flight Attendants work in tight and confined spaces. They stand, walk, kneel, and stoop for long periods of time. They maintain their balance during in-flight turbulence. Their work is frequently strenuous, and Flight Attendants must be physically fit to perform their job well. They lift items and handle equipment that may weigh as much as 50 pounds or offer resistance of as much as 125 pounds. They push beverage and meal carts that weigh as much as 250 pounds. Difficult passengers may present an emotional and stressful challenge to these airline professionals. Flight Attendants are expected to remain agreeable and professional at all times. Most Flight Attendants work for commercial airlines that offer scheduled flights along specific routes. They are assigned to a home base (also known as a domicile) that may be any one of the airports to which their airline provides services. Flight Attendants may live wherever they wish, but they report for duty at their home base airport. Some flights include layovers in another city. A layover may be several hours or several days. With layovers, airlines usually pay for Flight Attendants’ hotel accommodations, meals, and transportation to and from the airport. New hires at airlines are known as reserve Flight Attendants. They are on call and fill in for Flight Attendants when they are absent or are reassigned to other flights. Reserve Flight Attendants may be called upon at short notice for a job. They are expected to report for duty within a few hours. Flight Attendants have a flexible work schedule. They might work nights, weekends, or holidays. The number of trips they make per week or month depends on their flight assignments. The number of hours they work per shift and the number of days they work each month also vary. When delays or other problems occur, Flight Attendants can expect to be on duty for up to 10 to 14 hours. Flight Attendants receive new work schedules each month, which are based on their bids (or choices) for flights in the previous month. These airline employees are generally required to accept assignments consisting of 65 to 90 hours of flight time and up to 50 hours of ground duty per month. Those with the most seniority

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may choose their assignments and which home bases from which to work.

Salaries

Salaries for Flight Attendants vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, seniority, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Flight Attendants ranged between $16,130 and $57,140. Most airlines guarantee their Flight Attendants a monthly salary based upon a minimum number of flight hours. Some airlines offer additional compensation to employees who work holidays or on night or international flights.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 97,010 Flight Attendants were employed in the United States. The majority of Flight Attendants are employed by commercial airlines. Other employers include air charter companies and private companies and organizations that operate their own aircraft for business purposes. Most opportunities become available as Flight Attendants retire, transfer to other jobs or careers, or leave the workforce for various reasons. However, job competition for Flight Attendant positions is strong because of the popularity of the job and the travel opportunities that it offers. As with other occupations in the airline industry, job prospects fluctuate with the state of the economy. During downturns, the demand for air travel decreases, and airlines hire fewer Flight Attendants. They may also downgrade full-time positions to part-time ones and lay off staff.

Advancement Prospects

New employees begin their careers as reserve Flight Attendants. Reserves can expect to work at this level for several months or years. As full-time opportunities become available, they are offered positions according to their seniority. As they gain seniority, Flight Attendants can obtain promotions, earn higher salaries, and receive their choice of work schedules. Flight Attendants with managerial ambitions and interests can rise through the ranks as lead attendants, pursers, supervisors, managers, and executive officers. They can pursue opportunities as flight-attendant

recruiters or flight-attendant instructors. With additional education or training, Flight Attendants can seek careers in human resources, sales, marketing, public relations, or other areas within their companies.

Education and Training

To become Flight Attendants, applicants must hold at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some airlines prefer to hire candidates who have some college background or a college degree. Flight Attendants learn their skills and tasks through their airlines’ training programs, which are several weeks long. These formal programs cover such topics as flight regulations, job duties, aircraft terminology, company policies, personal grooming, emergency procedures, and the administration of first aid and CPR. Trainees also learn to handle unruly passengers, hijacking, and other stressful situations. In addition, trainees participate in practice flights.

Special Requirements

Applicants must be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. If they are aliens, they must hold the appropriate visas or permits to work in the United States. Airlines usually have a minimum age requirement for applicants. They also have a height requirement, in which applicants must be between specific heights or be able to reach up to a certain height. Candidates must undergo a thorough background investigation that includes a review of their work history and a criminal background check. They must also be willing to be fingerprinted. Additionally, candidates must pass a drug screening and medical exam. Flight Attendants must be certified by the FAA for the specific types of aircraft on which they work. This certification is granted after graduating from their employer’s training program. Flight Attendants must complete periodic training to maintain certification.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of customer service experience. They may have gained their experience through volunteer or paid jobs in which they had to deal with the public on a regular basis. Applicants seeking positions on interna-

tional flights usually need to be fluent in one or more foreign languages. To work effectively at their job, Flight Attendants must have excellent interpersonal, communication, and teamwork skills. They also need exceptional organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, and self-management skills. Some personality traits that successful Flight Attendants share include being friendly, caring, poised, tactful, calm, efficient, resourceful, and dependable.

Unions and Associations

Airline Flight Attendants are usually members of the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA, the Association of Professional Flight Attendants, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, or another union. A union represents its members in negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers. Flight Attendants may also join a professional association to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. For contact information to the above organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Many airlines allow individuals to submit their applications or résumés at their Web site. 2. Many airlines hold open-house interviews, or open-hiring sessions, in which they conduct job interviews with applicants on the spot. 3. Check out an airline’s Web site for hiring information. Along with listing job vacancies, airlines post information about their job selection process as well as dates and locations for upcoming open-house interviews. 4. Your chances of employment are stronger if you are willing to relocate to any of the domiciles in which an airline operates. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Flight Attendants. You might start by visiting Airline Career.com at http://www.airlinecareer.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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FEDERAL AIR MARSHAL CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Enforce U.S. laws aboard commercial airlines; protect passengers, flight crew, and aircraft from criminal and hostile actions; apprehend lawbreakers; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $38,000 to $87,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete a Federal Air Marshal training program Experience—Three years of responsible work experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, analytical, teamwork, communication, writing, and self-management skills; honest, trust-

Senior Federal Air Marshal

Position Description

Federal Air Marshals are law enforcement officers whose job is to make sure that commercial airlines and the passengers and flight crews aboard them are safe and secure from criminal and hostile actions. These special agents—men and women—handle any terrorist acts that might occur aboard U.S. air carriers. It is their duty to foresee such acts and prevent them from occurring. These officers also respond to other criminal incidents and in-flight emergencies. Additionally, they assist with land-based investigations involving suspected terrorists. Hence, in addition to aircraft, these agents may perform their duties on other forms of transportation, such as buses, ferries, and rail transit systems. Federal Air Marshals are sometimes known as sky marshals. In the early 1970s, these officers were part of the sky marshal program that was managed by the U.S. Marshal Service. It eventually became part of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which mostly deployed the Federal Air Marshals on international routes. There were few Federal Air Marshals until after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Following that fateful day, the Federal Air Marshal Service was greatly expanded, and many more agents were hired. The agency was transferred to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as a branch of Immigra-

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Federal Air Marshal Recruit

worthy, ethical, calm, observant, decisive, flexible, and level-headed Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen or U.S. national; meet age requirements; be eligible for top-security clearance and to carry firearms; meet selection process; possess a driver’s license and U.S. passport

tion and Customs Enforcement. In 2005, the Federal Air Marshal Service became part of the Transportation Security Administration, within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. At the time this book was written, this agency is known as the Office of Law Enforcement/ Federal Air Marshal Service. Federal Air Marshals work out of field offices that are located throughout the United States. Their job involves extensive travel. They may be assigned to commercial flights that travel to cities within a state, across state borders, or to another country. On international assignments, they are often required to travel to foreign countries that are politically or economically unstable. They may also stay in locations that present health hazards due to poor sanitation or unsafe drinking water. Federal Air Marshals perform their work undercover in the guise of everyday travelers. Only pilots and flight crew members are aware of their presence on board aircraft during flights. These law enforcement officers may work with a partner or alone without any backup. Federal Air Marshals are well trained in investigation methods and techniques for recognizing terrorist behavior. They are also highly skilled experts in marksmanship and explosives and are trained to use their weapons on board aircraft with the least amount of force. Additionally, they are specialists at using handto-hand combat techniques in close quarters.

Federal Air Marshals are authorized to carry firearms. They may make arrests without warrants for any criminal offenses committed in their presence. They may also arrest suspects who these officers have probable cause to believe are committing or have committed a felony under the laws of the United States. Federal Air Marshals employ all types of law enforcement techniques and tactics in the performance of their work, including:

Advancement Prospects

• interviewing suspects and witnesses • performing surveillance • making background checks on suspects • seeking and executing warrants for arrest or seizure of evidence • conducting searches and seizures • carrying out undercover and covert assignments • testifying in court

Minimally, applicants must hold a high school diploma or a high school equivalency diploma. Candidates who possess a bachelor’s degree, particularly in criminal justice, law enforcement, law, or another related field, have greater chances for employment. Recruits go through a training program that lasts nearly 15 weeks, in which they are required to reside at training centers. For the first half of their program, recruits train at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Artesia, New Mexico, where they receive instruction in federal law, arrest procedures, officer safety and survival, marksmanship, law enforcement defensive techniques, and other topics. Successful recruits then complete the second half of their training program at a training academy in Atlantic City, New Jersey. There, they receive aviation security training, including instruction in such areas as mission tactics and advanced marksmanship techniques. After successfully completing their training program, recruits are assigned to field offices where they continue learning on the job. They work under the supervision and direction of experienced Federal Air Marshals.

These law enforcement officers are responsible for maintaining their marksmanship skills and physical conditioning at top levels. They also keep up with new federal laws and regulations that govern civil aviation security. In addition, they are expected to pass random drug and alcohol screenings as well as annual physicals to meet and maintain medical standards. Federal Air Marshals work irregular hours and shifts. They work long days without breaks and are on call 24 hours a day. They must be prepared to accept assignments on short notice.

Salaries

Salaries for Federal Air Marshals vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, pay level, and geographic location. The pay levels for these federal law enforcement officers are from Pay Band G to Pay Band I on the TSA pay scale. In 2008, the basic annual pay for these officers ranged from $37,683 to $86,857. Those who live in areas with a higher cost of living typically receive higher wages.

Employment Prospects

Less than 100 Federal Air Marshals were employed before the terrorist attacks took place in the United States on September 11, 2001. Due to this event, their ranks expanded to several thousand. The exact number of Federal Air Marshals employed is unavailable for security reasons. In general, job openings become available as these law enforcement officers retire or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Additional positions are created to meet growing demands of aviation security, as long as funding is available.

Federal Air Marshals can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, but those opportunities are limited. Many officers realize advancement by earning higher pay and receiving assignments of their choice. Federal Air Marshals are eligible to retire at age 50 after completing 20 years of service. They may retire at any age after completing 25 years of service.

Education and Training

Special Requirements

To qualify for a Federal Air Marshal position, individuals must meet the following requirements: • be a U.S. citizen or a U.S. national • be at least 21 years old, and be no older than 36 years old, upon being appointed • be eligible for and maintain a top-secret security clearance • be eligible for and maintain eligibility to carry a firearm • pass all steps of the selection process, which includes an application, interviews, medical examination, physical fitness test, psychological assessment, background investigation, and drug screening All applicants must hold, or be able to possess, a valid driver’s license and a U.S. passport.

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Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits

Minimally, applicants need at least three years of general work experience. They must have at least one year of experience that shows their ability to analyze and solve problems, plan and organize their work, and communicate both orally and in writing. Applicants may have gained their experience through administrative, professional, technical, investigative, or any other responsible work. Applicants may substitute a bachelor’s degree in any field for this three-year work experience requirement. Candidates should have previous law enforcement experience, particularly in civil aviation security. Federal Air Marshals must have strong problemsolving, analytical, teamwork, communication, and writing skills to excel at their job. In addition, these officers need excellent self-management skills, including the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, and organize and prioritize multiple tasks. Being honest, trustworthy, ethical, calm, observant, decisive, flexible, and level-headed are some personality traits that successful Federal Air Marshals share.

Unions and Associations

Federal Air Marshals are eligible to join the Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association, which offers net-

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working opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. (For contact information for this organization, see Appendix III.) These federal law enforcement officers can also join a union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions.

Tips for Entry

1. Develop excellent marksmanship skills. 2. Applicants who have been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence are automatically disqualified. 3. Be sure to list all unpaid experience that demonstrates you qualify to be a Federal Air Marshal. 4. For job announcements, visit the federal government’s official online job site, USA JOBS, at http://www.usajobs.opm.gov. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Federal Air Marshals. To start, visit the U.S. Transportation Security Administration Web site at http://www. tsa.gov.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Manage air traffic so that it flows safely and efficiently; provide pilots with air traffic clearance, landing and take-off instructions, and advice about weather conditions, air traffic, and potential hazards; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Air Traffic Control Specialist, Certified Professional Controller; a title that reflects a particular position such as En Route Controller Salary Range: $47,000 to $146,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—College background or completion of an FAA-approved air traffic control program; recruits complete an air traffic control training program Experience—Three years of qualifying work experience or previous air traffic control experience

Certified Professional Controller

Position Description

Every day, thousands of airplanes, jets, and helicopters transport passengers and cargo to their destinations around the world. It is the job of Air Traffic Controllers to coordinate the safe and efficient movement of aircraft as they fly in and out of airports, as well as between airports. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Controllers are responsible for monitoring flights and providing air navigation services to pilots who travel within the national airspace system. FAA Air Traffic Controllers are stationed in air traffic control facilities located throughout the United States and its territories—Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. According to federal law, FAA monitors commercial, military, and general aviation flights in which pilots navigate their aircraft under instrument flight rules. From the time an aircraft backs away from terminal gates or hangars to the time it is parked at its destination, Air Traffic Controllers work together to keep track of the aircraft. Air Traffic Controllers perform varying duties, which depend on the facilities to which they are assigned. Most people are aware of the tower controllers who work in

Developmental Air Traffic Controller Air Traffic Control Recruit

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Concentration, critical-thinking, problem-solving, self-management, teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills; decisive, articulate, quick-witted, precise, calm, dependable, and self-confident Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen, be under 31 years old, and meet other specific minimum qualifications to apply

glass rooms at the top of control towers at airports. They are responsible for coordinating the orderly flow of aircraft on the ground. Their duties include: • reviewing flight plans and determining whether to give pilots permission to depart from an airport • overseeing all traffic—including aircraft, ground vehicles, and employees—on the airport ramps and taxiways • guiding aircraft to and from terminal gates or hangars and runways • managing aircraft as they arrive at or depart from an airport • giving final clearance and instructions for pilots to take off or land at their assigned runways Air Traffic Controllers in the terminal radar approach control (or TRACON) facilities direct air traffic below 17,000 feet. They work in radar rooms within the control tower or in a nearby building where they monitor aircraft during their departure from and arrival to airports. These controllers may serve one or several airports within a certain radius. TRACON controllers are responsible for:

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• managing aircraft upon take-off and until it leaves their airspace • instructing pilots on which direction, speed, and rate of ascent to take as they move along a departure route • separating and lining up aircraft for their final destinations • instructing pilots on which speed, altitude, and direction to fly to prepare for their landings, as well as on which runways to taxi En route controllers work in facilities known as air route traffic control centers (ARTCC), which are located across the United States. These Air Traffic Controllers monitor aircraft that fly at 17,000 feet and above as they travel through their assigned airspace. When necessary, ARTCC controllers communicate with pilots to advise them about bad weather conditions, airport conditions, nearby aircraft, status of military operating areas, and other potential hazards. They also instruct pilots to change speed or altitude in order to maintain a safe distance from other aircraft. The work of Air Traffic Controllers can be tiring and stressful. They continually observe aircraft or watch monitors to make sure that aircraft are at safe distances from each other. In addition, Air Traffic Controllers must give pilots clear, accurate, and precise instructions to ensure the safety of lives and property. Air Traffic Controllers usually work a 40-hour week, and work overtime as needed. They are assigned to rotating shifts, which may include nights, weekends, and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Air Traffic Controllers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, position, facility, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Air Traffic Controllers ranged between $47,290 and $145,600. The estimated annual mean wage for federal employees was $112,670. In 2008, the starting pay for recruits without any air traffic control experience was $17,046, and $33,100 for recruits with previous experience.

Employment Prospects

The FAA is the largest employer of Air Traffic Controllers. In 2006, the FAA employed 14,618 Air Traffic Controllers. Approximately 1,450 controllers worked for private firms that provide air traffic control services on a contractual basis to the FAA, and about 9,000 Air Traffic Controllers work for the U.S. military.

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The BLS predicts that employment of Air Traffic Controllers should increase by 10 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, the FAA and other employers will need to replace controllers as they retire, are promoted, advance to other positions, or leave their jobs for other reasons. In the coming decade, according to a 2007 FAA study, about 72 percent of FAA Air Traffic Controllers will become eligible to retire. Federally employed Air Traffic Controllers are required by law to retire at age 56. They are eligible for retirement at age 50 if they have 20 years of service, or at any age if they have 25 years of service. Opportunities are favorable for graduates from schools that offer air traffic control programs approved by the FAA. However, some experts in the field say that the competition is strong for entering these training programs.

Advancement Prospects

All Air Traffic Controllers are hired as recruits. Trainees with no previous work experience are called developmental controllers. After several years of successfully completing on-the-job training, they become certified as full performance–level Air Traffic Controllers, or certified professional controllers. Air Traffic Controllers can advance to supervisory and management positions within the air traffic control system as well as to top administrative jobs in the FAA. These employees can also advance to specialist positions in which they perform support roles (such as quality assurance specialists or automation specialists) for their facilities. Researcher and instructor positions with the FAA are also available to those who are interested in pursuing such careers. Many Air Traffic Controllers pursue career advancement by earning higher wages, receiving more responsibilities, or obtaining transfers to air traffic facilities of their choice.

Education and Training

Applicants may qualify for entry-level positions if they have completed military training as Air Traffic Controllers. They may also qualify if they have earned a bachelor’s degree with an emphasis in air traffic control from a college that offers FAA-certified air traffic control programs. Without previous air traffic control experience, individuals may meet educational qualifications in one of two ways. Applicants may complete a fouryear academic program to earn a bachelor’s degree. Alternatively, applicants may complete an Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative (AT-CTI) program, an FAA-approved program that teaches fundamental air

traffic control courses. With an associate or bachelor’s degree, AT-CTI graduates are qualified to apply for developmental Air Traffic Controller positions. All Air Traffic Controller trainees undergo an intensive program that begins with formal instruction at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City. Depending on their previous work experience, the length of training may last several weeks to several months. All recruits receive instruction in such areas as federal air regulations, the air traffic control system, equipment, job procedures, and aircraft performance. Recruits also receive instruction in the air traffic control area (terminal or en route) in which they will work. After graduation from the FAA Academy, trainees are assigned to an air traffic control facility as developmental controllers. For the next two to three years, they receive on-the-job training while working under certified professional controllers. Developmental controllers also continue their training in classroom and lab settings. Throughout their careers, Air Traffic Controllers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Special Requirements

To qualify for entry-level positions, applicants must be U.S. citizens and be 30 years old or younger when initially hired. Applicants must be able to speak English clearly enough to be understood over communications equipment (such as radios and intercoms). In addition, individuals must pass a selection process that includes a medical examination, psychological exam, drug screening, security check, and background investigation. Applicants without any previous air traffic control experience must also earn a passing score on the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) test. This is an FAA pre-employment test to determine whether applicants have the necessary skills to become Air Traffic Controllers.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Air traffic control experience is not necessarily needed for individuals to apply for entry-level positions. Inexperienced candidates may qualify by completing an ATCTI program or by having three years of progressively responsible work experience that demonstrates their capacity to become Air Traffic Controllers. For example, applicants may have gained experience through their work as pilots, navigators, or aircraft dispatchers. Experienced candidates may qualify for entry-level positions if they have at least 52 consecutive weeks of air

traffic control experience in a military or civilian air traffic control facility. These candidates are also knowledgeable about air traffic control laws, rules, and regulations. To perform their work well, Air Traffic Controllers need excellent concentration, critical-thinking, and problem-solving skills. Additionally, they need strong selfmanagement skills, such as the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, meet deadlines, and organize and prioritize tasks. They also must have effective teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. Some personality traits that successful Air Traffic Controllers share include being decisive, articulate, quickwitted, precise, calm, dependable, and self-confident.

Unions and Associations

Many Air Traffic Controllers belong to a union, such as the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, that represents them in negotiations for such contract terms as pay, benefits, and working conditions. The union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers. In addition, many Air Traffic Controllers join professional associations, such as the Air Traffic Control Association, to take advantage of networking opportunities and other professional resources and services. For contact information for the above organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. When you have completed your job application, go over it one more time. Be sure you have answered all questions and have followed all instructions precisely. Make sure you have attached all required documents with your application. 2. The FAA generally allows AT-CTI graduates to be placed on the eligibility list for three years from their graduation date or until they have reached 31 years of age. They may apply for oneyear extensions to stay on the eligibility list. 3. To learn about working for the FAA, visit the FAA Web site at http://www.faa.gov. Career information about Air Traffic Controllers can be found at the FAA Aviation Careers Division Web page at http://www.faa.gov/jobs/job_opportunities/airtraffic_controllers. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Air Traffic Controllers. You might start by visiting the Web site for the National Air Traffic Controllers Association. Its URL is http://www.natca.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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AIRCRAFT DISPATCHER CAREER PROFILE

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Duties: Control daily flight operations; prepare flight plans; monitor flights; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Flight Dispatcher, Flight Superintendent, Airline Dispatcher Salary Range: $20,000 to $66,000+ Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; flight dispatch training Experience—Several years of aircraft dispatch experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, organizational, and

Senior Aircraft Dispatcher

Position Description

Aircraft Dispatchers are known as the “captains on the ground.” Their job is to manage flights from operational control centers of commercial airlines as well as air charter companies, business aviation departments, and other organizations in general aviation. Like pilots, Aircraft Dispatchers ensure that flights run safely and smoothly every day. These dispatchers can decide to delay, cancel, or terminate flights, if they determine that poor weather, equipment malfunctions, or other conditions threaten the safety of passengers, crew, and aircraft. In commercial airlines, Aircraft Dispatchers and airline captains are required by law to be jointly responsible for scheduled flights. In the operational center, Aircraft Dispatchers oversee several flights at a time, which may be domestic or international flights. One of their major duties is to prepare flight plans for each of their assigned flights. This involves: • examining weather conditions, air traffic flow, and other data to determine the best routes and altitudes for pilots to fly aircraft • calculating the amount of fuel that aircraft need to complete flights • identifying alternate airports where planes may land in case of emergencies • making sure flight plans comply with federal aviation regulations and company policies and protocols

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Aircraft Dispatcher Assistant Aircraft Dispatcher

self-management skills; enthusiastic, quick-minded, calm, detail-oriented, flexible, decisive Special Requirements—FAA Aircraft Dispatcher certificate

Flight captains review the flight plans and discuss any concerns with the dispatchers. Upon finalizing the flight plans, captains and dispatchers cosign a dispatch release form, which is a legal document that authorizes the departure of a flight. Aircraft Dispatchers track the progress of flights from their points of departure to their destinations, including stops they may make in between. For example, a dispatcher might be assigned to track a flight that departs from Baltimore, makes stops in St. Louis and in Los Angeles, and then arrives at its final destination in San Francisco. Aircraft Dispatchers have control of their assigned flights until aircraft have landed or have gone beyond their jurisdiction. Dispatchers remain in contact with flights at all times, communicating with pilots via two-way radios, satellite communications, and computers. They provide pilots with updates of conditions that may affect the successful and safe completion of their flights. For example, they warn captains of sudden changes in weather, air traffic restrictions, or airport field conditions. Aircraft Dispatchers may recommend changes in the flight plans for safety and economic reasons, such as changing altitudes or landing at different ­airports. Aircraft Dispatchers also assist with flight emergencies. They have the authority to divert or terminate flights if they believe the flight cannot be completed safely. When flights are diverted to an alternate airport,

dispatchers must then make new flight plans to restore the flights to their original destinations. Aircraft Dispatchers work in an office environment. Their job involves contact with pilots, meteorologists, air traffic control specialists, maintenance controllers, load planners, aircraft maintenance crews, and others to obtain necessary information and support. Aircraft Dispatchers are responsible for keeping up with changing technologies, company policies, and FAA regulations. At small airlines, air charter companies, and corporate flight departments, Aircraft Dispatchers may be assigned other duties, such as handling crew schedules or flight reservations. Aircraft Dispatchers work a 40-hour week and put in additional hours as needed. They usually work rotating shifts, which may include weekends and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Aircraft Dispatchers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, employer, and geographic location. Major airlines typically pay the highest wages to dispatchers. Formal salary information specifically for Aircraft Dispatchers is unavailable. However, most airfield operations specialists (which include Aircraft Dispatchers) earned an estimated annual salary that ranged between $19,470 and $66,010, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. An informal search on the Internet found that annual salaries for Aircraft Dispatchers range from $28,000 to more than $100,000 per year.

Employment Prospects

Many Aircraft Dispatchers work for passenger airlines and air cargo carriers throughout the United States and the world. Some are employed by air charter companies that offer scheduled and on-demand flights. Some corporations that operate their own aircraft for business purposes also hire Aircraft Dispatchers. Job openings usually become available when dispatchers retire, are promoted, or transfer to other positions. Keep in mind that in the aviation industry, the job market fluctuates with the economy. During economic downturns, fewer opportunities are available.

Advancement Prospects

Aircraft Dispatchers advance according to their interests and ambitions. Some measure success by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. Some dispatchers pursue career growth by first working for regional airlines and then obtaining employment with a major airline. Those with administrative and man-

agement ambitions can seek such positions within the dispatch department; however, they are limited. Some Aircraft Dispatchers use their position as a stepping-stone to other careers by becoming air traffic controllers, airport directors, airline pilots, or other professionals.

Education and Training

Aircraft Dispatchers must have at least a high school diploma or high school equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who possess a college degree (in any field) or have two or more years of college training. New hires complete training programs that meet FAA guidelines. Their instruction includes company orientation and formal flight dispatcher training. Trainees also receive on-the-job training under the supervision of experienced Aircraft Dispatchers. Field training may last several weeks or months, depending on the employer. Throughout their careers, Aircraft Dispatchers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their field.

Special Requirements

Aircraft Dispatchers must possess the Aircraft Dispatcher Certificate, granted by the FAA. To qualify for this certificate, applicants must be at least 23 years of age and be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. In addition, FAA requires that applicants have at least two years of experience as a pilot, meteorologist, flight engineer, air traffic controller, or in another position specified by the agency. Applicants may have worked in a combination of qualifying positions. Individuals must also pass knowledge and practical examinations that include completing a flight plan. (These tests are equivalent to those that pilots take to earn their airline transport pilot certificate.)

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have previous dispatch experience. They may have gained their experience through internships or employment as dispatchers or assistant dispatchers. An airline may hire applicants without prior dispatch work experience if they completed FAA-approved training programs and hold FAA certification. To perform well at their job, Aircraft Dispatchers need excellent communication, interpersonal, and

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teamwork skills. They also must have effective organizational and self-management skills. Being enthusiastic, quick-minded, calm, detail-oriented, flexible, and decisive are some personality traits that successful dispatchers share.

Unions and Associations

Airline Dispatchers may belong to a union that represents them in contract negotiations with their employers. The union also handles any grievance that dispatchers have against their employers. Two unions that represent Airline Dispatchers are the Transport Workers Union of America and the Professional Airline Flight Control Association. Many dispatchers also join a professional society, such as the Airline Dispatchers Federation, to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, job listings, and other professional services and resources. For contact information to the above organizations, see Appendix III.

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Tips for Entry

1. Some airlines hire dispatchers from within the ranks of their company. 2. Some employers seek graduates from aircraft dispatch programs for entry-level positions. These programs are approved by the FAA and provide instruction in such areas as aircraft theory, meteorology, federal air regulations, aircraft systems, and dispatch procedures. 3. When you turn 21 years old, you are eligible to take the knowledge test for the FAA Aircraft Dispatcher certificate. If you pass, you will be issued a Letter of Aeronautical Competency and receive the Aircraft Dispatcher certificate upon reaching your 23rd birthday. 4. Learn more about Aircraft Dispatchers on the Internet. You might start by visiting the Web site of the Airline Dispatchers Federation at http:// www.dispatcher.org. To learn about more links, see Appendix IV.

AIRCRAFT MECHANIC CAREER PROFILE

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Duties: Perform aircraft maintenance and repairs; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Aviation Maintenance Technician; a title that reflects a specialty such as Airframe Mechanic or Helicopter Mechanic Salary Range: $32,000 to $67,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; aircraft mechanic training Experience—Previous experience with the type of aircraft or components on which they would work Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, teamwork, self-management, reading, writing, and communication skills; enthusiastic, hardworking,

Aircraft Inspector, Maintenance Controller, or Supervisor

Position Description

In the United States, all maintenance, inspections, and repairs of U.S. registered aircraft must be performed by Aircraft Mechanics who are certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Non-certified mechanics may perform limited duties while working under the supervision of certified Aircraft Mechanics. Aircraft Mechanics work on various aircraft, but usually focus on specific types of aircraft, such as fixed-wing airplanes, helicopters, seaplanes, turboprop airplanes, or jet aircraft. Their job is to maintain and repair aircraft and ensure that all their various complex parts and systems—such as engines, wings, landing gear, hydraulic systems, and navigational systems—are in safe, efficient, and reliable working condition. Furthermore, these mechanics make sure that their work complies with government regulations, company policies and protocols, and manufacturers’ specifications. These mechanics work on commercial, corporate, private, government, and military aircraft. They are employed by airlines, corporate flight departments, government agencies, air taxi operations, air ambulance services, fixed base operators, repair shops, aircraft maintenance and repair services, and so on. Aircraft Mechanics are also employed by manufac-

Lead Aircraft Mechanic Aircraft Mechanic Trainee or Apprentice Mechanic

careful, methodical, detail-oriented, reliable, cooperative, and self-motivated Special Requirements—An FAA mechanic certificate usually required

turing facilities where they are involved in the development and design of new aircraft, aircraft parts, or aircraft systems. Aircraft Mechanics work in different areas of aviation maintenance. Airframe mechanics focus on the parts and systems (such as wing, fuselage, and landing gear) that make up the aircraft’s structure. Powerplant mechanics work on aircraft engines, engine systems, and other systems related to the engine. They may also do some work on propellers. Some Aircraft Mechanics work in both airframe and powerplant areas, and are known as airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanics. Aircraft Mechanics are engaged in a variety of activities, including scheduled or unscheduled maintenance, inspections, diagnostic testing, troubleshooting, emergency repairs, major repairs, corrosion control, and alterations. Their duties and responsibilities vary, depending on their experience, specialization, position, and workplace. Most, if not all Aircraft Mechanics perform such similar tasks as: • examining components and making appropriate adjustments, replacements, or repairs of parts • interpreting diagnostic tests • making recommendations to supervisors, customers, or others for solving mechanical or electrical problems

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• reading manufacturers’ manuals, company maintenance manuals, blueprints, and other materials to determine what tools and equipment are needed and what job procedures must be followed • using various hand tools, power tools, machinery, and equipment to troubleshoot problems and complete work assignments • completing required paperwork and computer records • maintaining their tools, equipment, and working environment Aircraft Mechanics may work in hangars and other indoor areas to perform maintenance, inspection, and repairs on aircraft. Some mechanics work outdoors at airports where they mostly perform preventive services and repairs on aircraft between flights. Their job involves frequent physical activity. They work in high places as well as in confined spaces. They climb ladders; perch on scaffolds; crawl under wings; stoop, crouch, squat, and kneel; and lift or pull objects weighing up to 70 pounds or more. Their working conditions include exposure to dust, chemicals, fumes, and gases as well as to vibrating machinery and high levels of noise from power tools and aircraft. Those working outdoors also deal with varying temperatures and weather conditions. Aircraft Mechanics work a 40-hour week and put in additional hours as needed. Their work schedule may include nights and weekends. Some Aircraft Mechanics are on call 24 hours a day.

Salaries

Salaries for Aircraft Mechanics vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most aircraft mechanics and service technicians ranged between $32,160 and $66,950. The estimated hourly wage for this occupation ranged from $15.46 to $32.19 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Aircraft Mechanics find employment with commercial airlines, in general aviation, and with aerospace manufacturers. They also work for independent repair shops. Opportunities are available throughout the United States in both the public and private sectors. The U.S. Department of Defense also hires civilian Aircraft Mechanics. According to the BLS May 2007 OES survey, approximately 118,780 aircraft mechanics and service technicians were employed in the United States. The BLS

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reports that employment of these mechanics and technicians is expected to increase by 11 percent through 2016. In addition to the job growth factor, openings for Aircraft Mechanics will become available due to retirements, promotions, and transfers to other jobs. Competition for jobs with major airlines is strong. Opportunities are better with regional airlines and in general aviation. Some experts express concern that the number of qualified Aircraft Mechanics may be shrinking. Fewer students are entering technical schools to learn this skilled maintenance and repair trade. Job openings are expected to increase due to the large number of mechanics becoming eligible to retire within the coming years. Keep in mind that opportunities in the aviation industry in general fluctuate with the health of the economy. During economic downturns, for example, employers hire fewer people, and may lay off employees.

Advancement Prospects

Aircraft Mechanics advance according to their interests and ambitions. Some measure success by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. Some seek positions with major airlines. Some pursue supervisory and management positions and become lead mechanics, shop supervisors, aviation mechanic inspectors, aircraft maintenance controllers, and aircraft maintenance managers. Mechanics are more likely to obtain higher positions if they have an FAA mechanic certification with an aircraft inspector’s authorization. In airlines, Aircraft Mechanics advance according to their seniority. All mechanics, regardless of their prior position or experience, begin at the bottom of the seniority list. With time, they build up their seniority that leads to being promoted to higher positions, earning higher pay, or receiving assignments of their choice.

Education and Training

The minimum educational requirement for Aircraft Mechanics is a high school diploma or high school equivalency diploma. Individuals obtain their initial training as Aircraft Mechanics in different ways. Some learn on the job or through an apprenticeship. Some get training in aircraft maintenance while serving in the military. Most individuals complete aviation maintenance programs at a technical school, two-year college, four-year college, or university that is accredited by the FAA. These programs last between 12 and 24 months. Those attending colleges or universities may also earn associate or

bachelor’s degrees in avionics, aviation technology, aviation maintenance management, or another related field. Graduates of FAA-approved programs are eligible to apply for FAA mechanic certificates. Employers provide new hires with training programs, which may include both formal instruction and on-the-job training. Throughout their careers, Aircraft Mechanics enroll in training workshops and continuing education courses to update their skills and keep up with advancements in aircraft technology.

Special Requirements

Employers prefer to hire Aircraft Mechanics who possess an FAA mechanic certificate with an airframe (A), a powerplant (P), a combined airframe and powerplant (A&P), or repairman (R) rating. Certified mechanics can only work in the technical areas in which they are rated. Aircraft Mechanics who do not possess FAA certificates must work under the supervision of certified mechanics. To be eligible for FAA certification, applicants must be 18 years old and U.S. citizens or have the proper documents to work in the United States. Applicants must also be able to read, write, and understand English. To obtain a single airframe or powerplant rating, applicants must have 18 months of practical experience. To obtain a combined A&P rating, applicants must have 30 months of practical experience working in both airframe and powerplant areas. Individuals may also qualify for a single or A&P rating by graduating from an aircraft mechanic program approved by the FAA. To get a repairman rating, applicants must be recommended by their employers. Qualified applicants must successfully pass written, oral, and practical tests to earn their FAA mechanic certificate and rating.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers seek entry-level or experienced candidates who have previous maintenance experience with the type of aircraft, aircraft components, or aircraft systems on which they would be working. They may have gained their experience through employment, apprenticeships, the military, or FAA-approved mechanic training programs. Aircraft Mechanics must have effective organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, teamwork,

and self-management skills. They also need strong reading, writing, and communication skills, as they are required to understand various work-related materials, prepare reports and paperwork, and provide information and instructions clearly. Being enthusiastic, hard-working, careful, methodical, detail-oriented, reliable, cooperative, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Aircraft Mechanics have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Aircraft Mechanics join a professional association to take advantage of professional certification, continuing education, networking opportunities, and other professional resources and services. Two national societies that serve the interests of Aircraft Mechanics are the Professional Aviation Maintenance Association and the Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance. Many Aircraft Mechanics belong to a union that represents members in negotiations with their employers for contract terms relating to pay, benefits, and working conditions. Some unions that serve these experts are the Transport Workers Union of America, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. For contact information to the above organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. In high school, start gaining knowledge about the various aircraft and how they work. You might also obtain a part-time job as a line service worker at a local airport. 2. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who already have their set of tools. 3. Obtain two or more letters of reference from colleagues, former supervisors, instructors, and others who know your job performance and work habits personally. Attach copies of these letters with your job application or résumé, or bring them with you to a job interview. 4. Persons willing to relocate may have better chances of finding their ideal position. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Aircraft Mechanics. One Web site you might visit is for the Professional Aviation Maintenance Association. The URL is http://www.pama.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CAREER PROFILE

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Duties: Teach ground and flight lessons; develop curriculum and lesson plans; perform duties as required Alternative Title(s): Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) Salary Range: $25,000 to $50,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; flight-instructor training Experience—Be an experienced pilot Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, motivational, interpersonal, communication, and

Master Flight Instructor

Position Description

Flight Instructors play a valuable role in aviation because they provide the first flying lessons to future pilots. These men and women give the necessary ground and flight instruction that students must successfully complete to obtain pilot certificates and ratings granted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). These FAA-certified instructors offer lessons in the operation of airplanes, seaplanes, jet planes, helicopters, power-lift aircraft, and gliders. They teach essential concepts and skills that individuals must know and master in order to become safe and competent pilots. These instructors cover such topics as aerodynamics, aircraft construction, airport operations, navigation, weather, cockpit management, safety, and federal aviation regulations. In addition, they teach students specific procedures and maneuvers such as taxiing, takeoffs, landings, turns, instrument maneuvers, navigating by landmarks, and preflight and post-flight procedures. Flight Instructors also create simulated emergencies (such as becoming lost, tailspinning, or equipment malfunctioning) so that students can recognize problems and know what procedures to perform. Furthermore, instructors determine when students are ready to perform solo flights and to take their examinations for pilot certifications and ratings. Certified Flight Instructors teach first-time flyers who wish to obtain their private pilot certificates to operate aircraft for pleasure or business. They teach

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Flight Instructor Novice Flight Instructor

self-management skills; calm, patient, enthusiastic, respectful, dedicated, flexible, and creative Special Requirements—Hold certified flight instructor (CFI) certificate with appropriate aircraft and instrument ratings

students who are studying for certificates—commercial pilot, air transport pilot, or flight instructor certificates—to prepare for professional pilot careers. Flight Instructors also teach students to obtain instrument ratings and additional pilot ratings in a category (such as airplane), class (such as multi-engine), or type (a specific make and model of aircraft such as a Boeing 737). Flight Instructors work in different settings throughout the United States. Many of them are employed by private flight schools, which may be independent institutions or affiliated with fixed base operators (FBOs). Some Flight Instructors are staff members of aviation degree programs at colleges and universities. Some Flight Instructors are self-employed. These independent Flight Instructors usually work out of general aviation airports. Staff instructors follow the curriculum designed by their flight school or collegiate aviation program, while independent instructors develop their own course outlines. All lessons must adhere to strict guidelines and requirements set by the FAA. Certified Flight Instructors may perform ground instruction and simulator instruction in addition to giving flight lessons. Flight Instructors are similar to other teachers in that they prepare lesson plans, instructional activities, and study materials. They provide instruction at a pace that fits the individual abilities and learning styles of their students. They also use a variety of teaching methods to reinforce their students’ learning. Additionally,

Flight Instructors administer tests to evaluate their students’ comprehension and skills. Flight Instructors also perform various administrative tasks. For example, they prepare flight schedules for students, maintain student training records and logbooks, and complete required paperwork. In addition, they are responsible for ensuring that their students are meeting all course objectives, standards, and training requirements. These instructors also monitor the maintenance of training aircraft and report any problems to aircraft maintenance technicians. Self-employed Flight Instructors are responsible for various business tasks, such as collecting student fees, doing bookkeeping, paying bills and taxes, and overseeing the maintenance of training aircraft. They also set aside time to promote their businesses and to interview prospective students. Flight Instructors work part time or full time. Many of them hold flight lessons at times that are convenient for their students. In addition, their hours are dependent on the weather. They generally work more hours during the summer months and on any weekend when the weather is clear and calm for flying. Many part-time instructors also have jobs as commercial pilots. Some own aircraft repair shops, fixed base operators, or other aviation businesses.

Salaries

Salaries for Flight Instructors vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. Specific formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. Most Flight Instructors are paid on an hourly basis. According to the Aviation Career Guide Web site (http://www.aviationcareerguide. com), novice Flight Instructors generally earn between $12 and $20 per hour, and career Flight Instructors may earn an annual salary between $25,000 and $50,000.

Employment Prospects

Flight Instructors work in different settings throughout the United States. Many of them are employed by private flight schools. Some of these schools are independent institutions, while others are affiliated with fixed base operators (FBOs), which sell general aviation services and products. Some Flight Instructors are employed by colleges and universities and serve as staff members of aviation degree programs. Others are freelance (or independent) flight instructors who usually work out of general aviation airports. Job openings generally become available as Flight Instructors are promoted, retire, or transfer to other pilot occupations. Many pilots work as Flight Instruc-

tors to accumulate sufficient flight time and experience while teaching to qualify them for entry-level pilot positions with airlines, air charter services, and corporate flight departments. Hence, opportunities are steady and available for qualified Flight Instructors.

Advancement Prospects

Career Flight Instructors can advance according to their interests and ambitions. Those with management and administrative ambitions can pursue such positions by becoming chief flight instructors, flight school managers, or managers of airline training departments. With additional education and experience, they can teach academic courses in aviation degree programs. Flight Instructors with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent instructors or start their own flight schools.

Education and Training

Minimally, Flight Instructors must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Many Flight Instructors possess bachelor’s or advanced degrees in their fields of interest. Pilots must successfully complete a flight-instructor training program that is approved by the FAA. They receive instruction in such areas as teaching methods, student evaluation and testing, course development, lesson planning, and classroom training techniques. Throughout their careers, Flight Instructors enroll in seminars, workshops, and courses to advance their knowledge and skills.

Special Requirements

Flight instructors are required to hold a flight instructor certificate granted by the FAA. Additionally, they must possess the appropriate flight instructor rating for each type of instruction—such as instrument, multi-engine, glider, or helicopter—that they wish to offer, and they must have a third class (or higher) medical certificate. The following minimum qualifications are needed to apply for an FAA Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) certificate: • be at least 18 years old • read, write, speak, and understand the English language • possess either a commercial pilot certificate or an air transport pilot certificate with an instrument rating and an appropriate aircraft category and class rating • receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor for having completed all required instruction on the fundamentals of teaching flying to students • pass all required knowledge and practical tests

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Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally hire candidates who are experienced pilots with the appropriate knowledge and skills proficiency in the category, class, and type of aircraft that they teach. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have previous teaching experience, particularly flight instruction. Flight Instructors need effective leadership, motivational, interpersonal, and communication skills to work well with students of different backgrounds and with different learning abilities. These professionals must also have excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, to prioritize multiple tasks, and to handle stressful situations. Some personality traits that successful Flight Instructors share are being calm, patient, enthusiastic, respectful, dedicated, flexible, and creative.

Unions and Associations

Many Flight Instructors join professional pilot societies to take advantage of professional certification, continuing education, networking opportunities, and other professional resources and services. Various profes-

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sional associations are available at the local, state, and national levels, each devoted to the diverse interests of pilots. One national society that serves the interests of all types of Flight Instructors is the National Association of Flight Instructors. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Some flight schools and academic programs offer teaching jobs to successful graduates of their flight programs. 2. Let people in your flying network know that you are seeking a teaching job. Job opportunities are sometimes found through word of mouth. 3. Enroll in educational seminars, workshops, or courses that offer instruction in strategies and practices for teaching adults. Be sure to let prospective employers know that you have gained training in this area. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of flight instruction. One Web site you might visit is for the National Association of Flight Instructors, http://www.nafinet.org.

AIRPORT AND AIRLINES OPERATIONS

AIRPORT MANAGER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee the administration, operation, and maintenance of airports; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Airport Director, Airport Operations Officer Salary Range: $18,000 to $130,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—A bachelor’s degree usually required Experience—Years of work experience in airport operations; possess supervisory and managerial experience in airport settings Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, organizational, problem-solving, negotiation, cus-

Airport Director (larger airport)

Position Description

All private, commercial, corporate, charter, and other flights start and end at airports. In the United States, over 20,000 airports range in size from single grass airstrips to airports the size of small cities. It is the job of Airport Managers to ensure that all airport operations—from air traffic to ground traffic—flow safely and smoothly from day to day. Almost three-quarters of the airports in the United States are owned by municipal or state governments. The rest are owned by private individuals or groups. Airport Managers are responsible for enforcing the missions and objectives of their employers. This involves developing and implementing policies, procedures, and programs that are in compliance with airport master plans as well as with business plans and government laws and regulations. In the United States, civilian airports are categorized as either general aviation or commercial service airports. Managers of general aviation airports usually oversee small and medium-sized airports that serve one or more communities. These airports are primarily used by private pilots, corporate flight departments, and commercial pilots and operators who provide aviation services, such as crop dusting, flight instruction, air charter services, air ambulance services, aerial surveys, and aerial wildland firefighting.

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Airport Manager Assistant Airport Manager or Airport Department Manager

tomer-service, writing, computer, communication, and self-management skills; inspirational, diplomatic, patient, enthusiastic, and resourceful

Managers of commercial service airports are usually in charge of large facilities that provide for scheduled flights on a regional, nationwide, or international basis. These airports, also known as air carrier airports or hub airports, are used by commercial airlines that operate large jet aircraft to transport hundreds of passengers and thousands of pounds of baggage and cargo each day. Regardless of the size and types of their airports, Airport Managers have similar responsibilities. These management professionals are in charge of directing and coordinating all airport operations, such as aircraft handling services, terminal operations, cargo operations, airport security, and fire and emergency services. They coordinate regular inspections of buildings, grounds, runways, roads, and equipment to check for proper maintenance and needed improvements or repairs. They also plan and supervise airport emergency plans and safety programs. Furthermore, these managers make sure that airports comply with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations regarding airport operations and aviation safety. Additionally, they enforce all applicable government laws concerning the environment, the workplace, construction, and other factors that relate to their operations. For example, airports that handle international flights must comply with customs, agricultural, and immigration laws and regulations.

Airport Managers perform many other duties, which vary each day. For example, they may be involved in: • coordinating capital improvement projects, such as the renovation of a terminal building or the upgrade of approach lighting systems on airport runways • managing leases of airport tenants, such as pilots, airlines, charter companies, fixed base operators, air charter services, restaurants, retail shops, and car rental agencies • preparing and administering annual operating budgets • monitoring expenses and track revenues • handling or supervising the preparation, negotiation, and administration of contractual agreements with airport tenants, vendors, subcontractors, consultants, advertisers, and others • overseeing the planning for future needs for their airport and its facilities • preparing applications and proposals for grants and loans to fund capital improvement projects • researching and resolving problems as they occur; for example, responding to emergencies (such as bad weather or an airport security breach) • maintaining positive relations with airport users, civic groups, and surrounding communities • responding to questions from the media and the public about the airport and air transportation matters such as airport security, noise issues, or flight delays • coordinating efforts to promote the use of airport facilities through such activities as preparing press releases and making presentations to civic groups • keeping up to date with proposed projects (such as road construction) or regulations (such as zoning changes) by local communities which may affect aviation safety or the use of the airport Airport Managers are also responsible for providing direction and guidance to all airport personnel, including assistant managers, professionals, office support workers, and maintenance staff, among others. At large facilities, Airport Managers typically direct management teams that supervise the various airport departments. At some airports, Airport Managers participate in the negotiation of collective bargaining agreements. Airport Managers’ jobs involve performing a variety of administrative tasks. For example, these managers write correspondence, prepare required reports, supervise the maintenance of business management records, and conduct staff meetings. In addition, Airport Managers act as liaisons between the airport and government

agencies, including city councils, local law enforcement departments, state aviation departments, and such federal agencies as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the National Transportation Safety Board, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. At small general aviation airports, the Airport Manager may be the owner or manager of a fixed base operator (FBO). This is an airport-based firm that provides services such as flight instruction, ground handling services, air charter services, and aircraft repairs. In their capacity as FBOs, Airport Managers might provide flying lessons, perform aircraft maintenance, sell aircraft, or perform other tasks. Many Airport Managers put in more than a regular 40-hour workweek to complete tasks, meet deadlines, attend meetings, and handle emergencies.

Salaries

Salaries for Airport Managers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the AvScholars Web site (http://www.avscholars.com), the salary range for airport directors and managers is between $18,000 and $130,000.

Employment Prospects

According to the 2007-2011 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) by the U.S. Department of Transportation, 19,847 airports of national interest exist in the United States. (About an additional 5,000 small airports of state or regional interest were counted in the NPIAS report.) Nearly 3,500 of the airports cited by NPIAS are recognized by the FAA as being open to the public. The majority are general aviation airports. Nearly 400 are classified as primary airports that are defined as serving more than 10,000 passengers each year. Although employment opportunities in the aviation industry fluctuate with the economy, employment with airports tends to be stable through economic downturns. Opportunities become available as Airport Managers are promoted, accept a position with another employer, or retire. Job competition for management positions is strong.

Advancement Prospects

Airport Managers advance according to their own interests and ambitions. Some Airport Managers measure their success by earning higher salaries and through job

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satisfaction. Managers of small airports may advance to managing medium-sized or large airports. Airport Managers may also pursue senior aviation management positions with state aviation agencies or with such federal agencies as the FAA or the National Transportation Safety Board. Experienced individuals with entrepreneurial ambitions might become airport management consultants.

Education and Training

Minimally, many employers prefer to hire candidates who hold a bachelor’s degree in airport administration, aviation management, public administration, business administration, aeronautical engineering, or another related field. At smaller airports, employers may hire candidates with associate degrees or high school diplomas if they have qualifying work experience. Some academic institutions in the United States offer degree or certificate programs in airport administration. These programs specifically train students for entry into the field of airport management. Some programs offer internships or other types of practical work experience at airports. Throughout their careers, Airport Managers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

In general, candidates have extensive experience working in airport operations. They are familiar with the different areas of airport operations, including airport planning, legal contracts, airport security, airport safety, airport maintenance, public relations, marketing, and human resources, among others. In addition, candidates have several years of work experience performing management and supervisory duties in airport settings.

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Airport Managers need excellent leadership, organizational, problem-solving, negotiation, and customerservice skills to perform well at their job. Additionally, they must have effective writing, computer, and communication skills. They also need strong self-management skills, such as the ability to handle several projects at a time, prioritize multiple tasks, meet deadlines, and handle stressful situations. Being inspirational, diplomatic, patient, enthusiastic, and resourceful are some personality traits that successful Airport Managers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Airport Managers join state or regional associations that serve the professional interests of Airport Managers. Airport Managers may also join the American Association of Airport Executives, a national professional society. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) By joining professional associations, Airport Managers can take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, certification programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. Many employers allow applicants to substitute education for experience. For example, an employer may allow for a master’s degree in airport or aviation management to be substituted for one or two years of work experience. 2. To enhance their employability, some Airport Managers obtain professional certification from recognized organizations such as the American Association of Airport Executives. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about the airports where you might like to work. To find the Web site of a particular airport, enter its name in any search engine.

FIXED BASE OPERATOR (FBO) OWNER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Manage and operate a retail business at an airport; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: Unavailable Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—Business training Experience—Years of experience in the FBO industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, management, problem-solving, organizational, customer-service, interpersonal, communication, and

FBO Owner

Position Description

A fixed base operator (FBO) is a vendor that offers various aviation services and products for sale at airports. The FBO may be a franchise or it may be an independent operation. Its primary clientele is usually composed of commercial pilots, private pilots, air taxi services, recreational aviation outfits (such as skydiving companies), corporate flight departments, and air ambulance operations. An FBO might also offer its services to commercial airlines, government aviation operations, and the military. Historically, FBOs began as fuel stations for pilots. Today, they continue to offer fueling services, and many FBOs provide such services on a 24-hour basis. In addition, FBO Owners sell products and services that support the needs and demands of their customers, such as: • flying lessons, including ground and flight instruction • aircraft rentals or leasing to pilots for recreational, business, or training purposes • air taxi or air charter services • aircraft parking and storage • aircraft maintenance, the installation and repair of avionics, repair and overhaul services on propellers, or other technical services • ground handling services—which may include aircraft marshaling, towing, deicing, aircraft cleaning, and lavatory services

FBO Manager, Pilot, Aviation Mechanic, or another occupation

self-management skills; enterprising, foresighted, flexible, creative, and optimistic Special Requirements—Compliance with local, state, and federal laws regulating business operations

• passenger and crew services (for example, baggage handling and catering) • aircraft as well as aircraft parts, pilot books, and other pilot accessories • aircraft management services in which aircraft owners contract FBOs to operate and manage their aircraft Many FBOs have crew lounges for pilots to use while they wait or plan for trips. Some FBOs also offer courtesy services to pilots, air crew, and passengers. For example, an FBO might make arrangements for local tours, hotel accommodations, or car rentals for pilots. FBO Owners are entrepreneurs who are well versed in business practices and are aware of the risks involved in running a retail business. FBO Owners have several responsibilities in common with other business owners. They develop and implement standard operational plans, policies, and procedures. They make sure that their operations comply with all appropriate local, state, and federal laws and regulations. FBO ownership also involves maintaining inventory and sales records, as well as keeping up to date with all accounts payable and taxes. FBO Owners troubleshoot problems as they arise in any aspect of their business. In addition, they make sure their customers are satisfied with the products and services they sell. Furthermore, FBO Owners are continually

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promoting their business through advertising and sales promotions as well as by joining and networking with trade associations, local chambers of commerce, and other organizations. Many FBO Owners provide direct supervision and guidance to their employees. Depending on the size of the FBO and the activities they offer, the staff may consist of linepersons (also known as ramp service persons), aircraft mechanics, pilots, flight instructors, salespersons, customer-service representatives, and administrative personnel. In large organizations, FBO Owners rely on managers to oversee particular departments. Some FBO Owners continue to personally provide some or all of the services offered by their firms. For example, they might teach flight lessons, repair electrical equipment, sell aircraft, pilot a charter flight, or load baggage onto aircraft. FBO Owners work hard to build a successful business. They typically work long hours each day and often work six to seven days a week.

Salaries

Formal income information for FBO Owners is unavailable. In general, business owners’ earnings vary from year to year, and depend on the success of their operations. Their annual net profit is determined after subtracting the total operating expenses from gross annual sales. It is common for small business owners to be unprofitable during their first years in operation. FBO Owners pay themselves a wage. An idea of their earnings may be gained by looking at the salary information for general managers that is reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. According to its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey, the estimated annual salary for most general managers ranged between $43,990 and $145,600.

Employment Prospects

There are approximately 5,200 FBOs in the United States, which are located at public and private airports. Most FBOs are independently owned. Less than 10 percent are affiliated with a chain. FBO Owners choose to start up their business from scratch or buy an established FBO. It is not uncommon for ventures to be unprofitable or go out of business within the first three years in operation. The success of FBO Owners depends on a number of factors, including their ambitions and abilities to run a business, the local demand for FBO services, competition, and the state of the economy.

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Advancement Prospects

FBO Owners advance according to their own ambitions and interests. They measure their progress by achieving their business goals and objectives. For example, these entrepreneurs may attempt to make certain annual earnings or expand their businesses. Most, if not all, FBO Owners measure their success by being able to make a living from their shops’ profits.

Education and Training

FBO Owners generally learn their small business skills on the job. To be successful, they need basic business training in such areas as management, bookkeeping, accounting, finance, marketing, and sales. Their instruction may be formal or informal. For example, they can take small-business training courses offered at community colleges, at university extension programs, or through trade associations.

Special Requirements

FBO Owners must comply with appropriate local, state, and federal laws that regulate business operations. For example, business owners must register the name of their operations with the proper state agency, hold the proper local and state business licenses, and obtain a federal taxpayer identification number. For specific information about business licenses, contact the local (city or county) government office that oversees the jurisdiction where you wish to operate your FBO. FBO Owners who perform flight or aircraft maintenance duties must also hold the appropriate FAA certification.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

FBO Owners normally start a business after many years of experience working in the FBO industry as managers, pilots, aircraft mechanics, and customer-service agents. To start an FBO, individuals must be highly knowledgeable about the products and services that they will offer to customers. To do well in their business, FBO Owners need strong leadership, management, problem-solving, organizational, and customer-service skills. They also must have excellent interpersonal and communication skills, as they must be able to get along with many people from diverse backgrounds. In addition, they need highly developed self-management skills, such as the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, and organize and prioritize tasks. Some personality traits that successful FBO Owners share include

being enterprising, foresighted, flexible, creative, and optimistic.

Unions and Associations

FBO Owners can join trade and professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other types of services and resources. For example, some FBO Owners belong to such associations as the Independent Fixed Base Operators Association and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. For contact information to these organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

the years, gained experience in the different areas of FBO operations. Many of them also trained to become pilots and aircraft mechanics while working mostly in general aviation. 2. The U.S. Small Business Administration offers various resources online to help entrepreneurs start and run their businesses. To visit this agency’s Web site, go to http://www.sba.gov. 3. Use the Internet to learn about different FBOs and the various services they provide. To get a list of relevant Web sites to read, enter the keyword fixed base operator in any search engine. For some links, see Appendix IV.

1. Most FBO Owners worked their way up through the ranks by starting as linepersons and, through

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TRANSPORTATION SECURITY OFFICER (TSO) CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Prevent dangerous and deadly items from being brought onto commercial flights; operate equipment and machines to screen passengers, baggage, and cargo; monitor the flow of passengers through screening checkpoints Alternate Title(s): Transportation Security Screener, Airport Security Screener Salary Range: $24,000 to $37,000 for entry-level TSOs Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete a screener training program Experience—Work experience may not be required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, customer-service, communication, decision-

Lead Transportation Security Officer

Position Description

Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) play an essential role in providing security and protection at commercial service airports in the United States. Their job is to make sure that hundreds of scheduled flights that depart every day from these commercial airports do not transport dangerous and lethal items. They use screening equipment and machines to check passengers, baggage, and cargo before they go on board aircraft. In November 2002, the security screening services at U.S. commercial airports became the responsibility of the federal government. Today, the screener workforce is under the supervision and management of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), an agency within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Most TSOs are employees of the TSA. At a few commercial airports, TSOs work for private security companies that provide airport screening services on a contractual basis to the federal government. TSOs are stationed at various security checkpoints within commercial airports. They use standard security procedures as well as electronic and imaging technologies to look for firearms, knives, swords, explosives, and other objects that can be used as weapons for criminal or terrorist purposes aboard aircraft. They also keep an

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Transportation Security Officer Trainee

making, and self-management skills; courteous, calm, trustworthy, reliable, and alert Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen or U.S. national; be physically fit; be proficient in the English language; pass a selection process

eye open for flammable liquids and other hazardous materials that may cause fatal accidents during flights. TSOs at passenger checkpoints screen passengers and their carry-on baggage. They are also responsible for monitoring the flow of passengers through checkpoints. At these checkpoints, officers may be assigned to screen passengers, from babies to elderly persons, before they proceed to their gates. These TSOs monitor the metal-detector machine that travelers walk through. If the machine’s alarm goes off, TSOs perform a secondary screening by passing a metal-detector wand closely over passengers’ bodies. In addition, TSOs may perform pat down searches of passengers. Other TSOs at passenger checkpoints use X-ray machines to inspect passengers’ carry-on baggage. Passengers place purses, backpacks, briefcases, luggage, and other items on conveyor belts. As each item passes through the machine, screeners look for clues that indicate suspicious organic, metal, and other inorganic items. If they believe a closer inspection is needed, TSOs have the authority to open bags and examine their contents. TSOs at baggage checkpoints monitor passengers’ baggage and all other check-in items before they are loaded into the cargo section of an aircraft. These screeners operate various types of X-ray machines to

view the contents of all check-in items. Senior screeners may be assigned to operate equipment that detects explosives. TSOs work within a stressful environment, which involves the pressure of dealing with long lines of passengers and meeting deadlines. At all times, TSOs are expected to be alert for potentially threatening situations. They often lift objects weighing up to 70 pounds. They stand for long periods and deal with the constant noise of people and machinery as they perform their duties. TSOs are required to make effective decisions in routine and crisis situations. Additionally, they are expected to act in a calm and professional manner as they deal with the public. On occasion, TSOs handle individuals who are upset, angry, or disruptive. Besides their screening duties, TSOs maintain security logs, write incident reports and statements, attend meetings, and perform other tasks. They may assist with inquiries or investigations into security issues. TSOs may be required to work at another airport that needs additional help because of staff shortages or for other reasons. The TSA may also require TSOs to assist with screening services at other transportation facilities, such as mass transit stations, railroad stations, or ferry terminals. TSOs work full time or part time. They are assigned to work shifts, which may include working nights, weekends, and holidays. Some TSOs work split shifts, which are two shifts within a 24-hour period. Each shift is composed of a few hours, with a break of several hours between the two shifts.

Salaries

Salaries for TSOs vary, depending on such factors as their experience and geographic location. In 2008, the base annual salary for entry-level screeners ranged from $24,432 to $36,648. Those living in areas with a higher cost of living, such as San Francisco and Washington, D.C., earn higher wages. Private screening companies are required by law to provide their employees with compensation and employee benefits equivalent to those received by federal TSOs.

Employment Prospects

The TSA is constantly recruiting for full-time and parttime TSO positions at the approximately 450 commercial airports in the United States. The number of screeners employed at an airport depends on the needs of that airport. Job openings become available as TSOs are promoted, transfer to other careers, or leave the workforce

for various reasons. According to some experts in the field, the turnover rate for federal TSOs is high.

Advancement Prospects

Part-time TSOs are promoted to full-time positions as opportunities become available. After two years of satisfactory job performance, federal screeners can advance to journey, or full-performance, TSOs who earn higher wages. In addition, TSOs can advance through the ranks to become lead screeners and supervisory screeners. With additional training and experience, TSOs can also become technical experts, such as behavior detection officers or bomb appraisal officers. Some TSOs use their job as a stepping-stone to a career in law enforcement, security, airport administration, or another field.

Education and Training

Minimally, applicants must possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. As of June 2008, newly hired TSOs must complete 56 to 72 hours of classroom training and 112 to 128 hours of on-thejob training. Trainees receive instruction in security procedures and technologies for performing both passenger and baggage screening. Throughout their careers, TSOs are required to complete training programs on a regular basis to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

All applicants must be U.S. citizens or U.S. nationals (individuals who were born in U.S. territories such as American Samoa). Additionally, applicants must be physically fit and in good health. Applicants must also be proficient in speaking, listening, reading, and writing in the English language. Furthermore, applicants must undergo a rigorous selection process, which may take several weeks or months to complete. Applicants are required to do well on several examinations, including an English proficiency test, an aptitude test, a medical examination, and a physical ability test. They must also pass a drug and alcohol screening. In addition, employers complete a thorough background investigation and security check. Applicants are disqualified if they have committed certain crimes. They are also disqualified if they have financial delinquencies, such as unpaid federal tax liens or late child support payments.

Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants who do not possess the minimum educational requirements must have at least one year of full-

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time work experience in aviation security screening, private security, or X-ray technician work. TSOs need excellent interpersonal, customer-service, and communication skills, as they must be able to work well with members of the public who come from diverse backgrounds. Furthermore, they need strong decision-making skills as well as self-management skills, which include the ability to handle stressful situations, understand and follow directions, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being courteous, calm, trustworthy, reliable, and alert are some personality traits that successful TSOs have in common.

Unions and Associations

TSOs can voluntarily join a union to represent them in grievance and job safety matters, as well as advance their interests and rights in Congress and in the courts. According to federal law, a union cannot represent TSOs in collective bargaining with the TSA. As of 2008, the American Federation of Government Employees is the only union that represents the interests of TSOs. For contact information, see Appendix III.

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Tips for Entry

1. At some airports, opportunities for part-time positions may be more numerous than for fulltime positions. 2. Persons can apply for positions at different airports at the same time. Once candidates receive and accept job offers, their applications will be removed from consideration at the other airports to which they applied. 3. The TSA encourages persons to apply for jobs online at https://tsacareers.taleo.net. Individuals may also apply by phoning the TSA HR Help Desk at (877) 872-7990. Applicants with hearing impairments can call (877) 872-7992.  4. Use the Internet to learn more about the activities of the TSA. You might start by visiting the TSA Web site at http://www.tsa.gov. Also, check out Evolution of Security, a blog sponsored by the TSA, at http://www.tsa.gov/blog.

CUSTOMER SERVICE AGENT (AIRLINES) CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Provide customer service to airline passengers; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Customer Service Representative; a title that reflects a particular job such as Ticket Agent, Gate Agent, or Passenger Service Agent Salary Range: $14,000 to $58,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Hold a high school diploma; complete an employer’s training program Experience—Some entry-level jobs require no work experience, while others require one or more years of work experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, teamwork, interpersonal, customer-service, writing, computer, and self-management skills;

Supervisor

Position Description

Commercial airlines employ personnel to provide customers with proper and satisfactory assistance as they seek air passage for themselves or cargo space for their freight. These airline employees are generally known as Customer Service Agents. They perform such jobs as helping passengers with their luggage, issuing airline tickets, receiving orders for air cargo shipments, providing assistance to passengers with special needs, and resolving passengers’ issues. These agents may serve customers in person, over the phone, by mail, or through e-mail. Customer Service Agents work in airline offices or airport terminals. Many of them work under specific job titles that reflect their particular duties. Some of the more typical customer service personnel are described below. Reservations agents help customers complete their travel plans over the phone. These Customer Service Agents work from airline offices or call centers. They provide customers with information about flight schedules and describe special travel packages. They also take customers’ flight reservations and credit card information for payment of tickets. In addition, these Customer

Lead Customer Service Agent Customer Service Agent Trainee

energetic, cooperative, efficient, outgoing, calm, courteous Special Requirements—Be a U.S. citizen or hold authorized paperwork; meet age requirements; may need a driver’s license; pass a selection process

Service Agents confirm reservations and make changes to reservations as requested by customers. Ticket agents work behind airline ticket counters at the airport. They are responsible for selling and issuing tickets for scheduled flights. They also process passengers for their flights, which involves checking in passengers and their baggage, assigning seats, issuing boarding passes, and directing passengers to departure gates. Air cargo agents help customers with their shipments of freight items. They work at air cargo offices. These agents describe air cargo services to customers, weigh freight orders, quote rates, and take payment for orders from customers. These Customer Service Agents process all required documentation that goes with each shipment, as well as determine the best route and flight to send a shipment. They may also load and unload packages, mail, and freight on and off trucks and aircraft. Skycaps are stationed at airport curbsides, where they assist arriving travelers with their baggage. These Customer Service Agents load luggage onto carts and wheel them to the appropriate airline ticket counter. Some airlines allow skycaps to perform baggage checks.

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Skycaps may also drive passengers in electric carts or push them in wheelchairs to their departure gates or other destinations in the airport. Gate agents work at airport terminal gates where they coordinate the boarding and deplaning of passengers for their airlines. These Customer Service Agents also make boarding announcements, assign seats, handle standby passengers, and assist passengers with their questions, concerns, or needs. Passenger service agents are responsible for providing personal assistance to airline customers at airports. They answer questions about flights and airport services. They coordinate any special assistance for passengers such as those who may need wheelchairs or who are young children traveling alone. These Customer Service Agents also resolve any passenger problems or issues. These agents may also perform ticket, gate, and/or ramp duties. Baggage service agents are responsible for handling lost, missing, or damaged luggage or other items that were checked into baggage by passengers. These Customer Service Agents track baggage through computer systems and other resources and inform passengers of their whereabouts. They also complete required paperwork for reimbursements to passengers as well as discuss terms of settlement for their damaged or lost luggage. Ramp service agents work outdoors on the ramp, or apron, where aircraft are parked while passengers board or disembark. Most of these Customer Service Agents rarely have direct contact with passengers, but they play a valuable role in the quality of customer service that airlines offer their customers. Their duties include helping pilots enter and leave terminal gates; refueling and servicing aircraft before they depart; and loading and unloading passengers’ baggage, mail, and cargo on and off aircraft. Customer Service Agents work in a fast-paced and constantly changing environment. Airline agents must meet the challenge of completing their tasks quickly but accurately so that flights depart on schedule. Customer Service Agents work full time or part time. Some of them work rotating shifts, which may include working nights, weekends, or holidays.

Salaries

Salaries vary for the different customer service positions. Wages for a particular occupation also vary, depending on such factors as seniority, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment

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Statistics survey the following estimated annual salaries for most professionals working in these occupations: • baggage porters, $14,300 to $36,710 • cargo agents, $22,720 to $57,550 • customer service representatives, $18,490 to $47,220 • transportation attendants, $15,220 to $32,000 • reservation and transportation ticket agents, $18,290 to $46,670

Employment Prospects

In addition to commercial airlines, individuals may find similar customer-service positions with commercial airports, air charter companies, air taxi services, air cargo companies, and air courier companies. Customer Service Agents are also employed by firms that offer services, such as ramp or skycap services, to airlines or airports on a contractual basis. Customer-service jobs are available at the different types of airlines—regional, major, independent, and so on. Job openings generally become available as Customer Service Agents transfer to other positions, retire, or leave the workforce, but competition for jobs is stiff. According to the BLS, employment of customer-service representatives in the air transportation industry is expected to increase by approximately 22 percent through 2016. Job opportunities in the airline industry, however, are influenced by the state of the economy. During economic downturns, people take fewer trips; consequently, airlines and airports hire fewer people and often lay off personnel.

Advancement Prospects

In the airlines, Customer Service Agents earn higher wages and advance up the ranks as they gain seniority. Depending on their interests and ambitions, agents can seek managerial, administrative, or training specialist positions within their departments. With additional education and experience, Customer Service Agents can pursue other careers in aviation by becoming flight attendants, pilots, aviation mechanics, airport managers, air traffic controllers, or other professionals.

Education and Training

Employers require applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or a high school equivalency diploma. For some occupations, such as passenger service agents, employers prefer to hire candidates with some college training. Customer Service Agents learn their tasks on the job. They may receive formal instruction, on-the-job

training, or both. Agents complete recurrent training to maintain and learn new skills and job procedures.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements vary for the different occupations. Some employers require no previous work experience for entrylevel positions, while others may require that applicants have one or more years of related work experience. To perform their jobs effectively, Customer Service Agents need strong interpersonal, customer-service, writing, and computer skills. They also must have excellent self-management skills, which include the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, understand and follow directions, meet deadlines, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being energetic, cooperative, efficient, outgoing, calm, and courteous are some personality traits that successful Customer Service Agents share.

Unions and Associations

Many Customer Service Agents are members of a union, which represents them in contract negotiations with their employers. The union seeks to get the best contract terms in regard to pay, benefits, and working conditions. It also handles any grievances that agents have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. When filling out a job application or writing a résumé, be sure to describe all of your paid and volunteer jobs in which you worked directly with the public. 2. To gain work experience, you might get a seasonal or temporary job with an airline or airport. Many airlines and airports need extra help during holiday and summer seasons when people travel more. Be sure to call a few months ahead. 3. Employers typically look for candidates who are well groomed and physically fit. For positions dealing directly with the public, candidates should have a clear speaking voice and be able to communicate in the English language. 4. Do not assume that a job title refers to the same job in all companies. Always read each job announcement carefully. Make sure it is the job you want and that you meet the qualifications before applying for it. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about an airline where you are interested in working. Enter the name of the airline or airport in a search engine to find its Web site.

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AIRCRAFT CARGO HANDLING SUPERVISOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Direct and coordinate a ground crew in the loading and unloading of aircraft cargo; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Ramp Supervisor, Cargo Supervisor, Loadmaster, Ground Operations Supervisor Salary Range: $24,000 to $77,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Educational requirements vary Experience—Work experience in air cargo operations; leadership experience usually required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, organizational, decision-making, problem-solving,

Cargo Operations Manager

Position Description

Air cargo is generally defined as goods that are transported by very large aircraft for commercial purposes. Every year, millions of tons of packages, mail, and freight are carried throughout the world in cargo holds of passenger aircraft as well as in aircraft that are specifically designed to transport freight. Cargo loads may include perishable and nonperishable food, valuables such as gems or money, textiles, paper products, consumer products, engineering goods, chemical and pharmaceutical products, human remains, animals, livestock, office equipment, machinery, and so on. The overseers who make sure air cargo operations run safely, securely, and efficiently are generally known as Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors. These men and women are first-line managers. It is their job to direct and coordinate cargo handlers to properly and safely load or unload cargo on or off aircraft. These supervisors make sure that spaces within cargo holds are maximally utilized. They make certain that the weight of the cargo is evenly distributed throughout every aircraft. Furthermore, they ensure that workers have securely tied cargo down into place in the cargo holds. Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors execute work priorities, schedules, and plans, which are established

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Supervisor Crew Leader Air Cargo Handler

teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills; calm, tactful, honest, diligent, detail-oriented, flexible, and inspirational

by cargo operations managers. These supervisors are also responsible for providing sufficient direction and guidance to ground crews during their work shift. They assign subordinates to complete particular tasks, and instruct them as needed on how to perform tasks and use appropriate techniques or procedures. In addition, they provide appropriate training to staff members, such as employee safety workshops or on-the-job training for new employees. Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors perform a wide range of technical tasks every day. For example, they might: • load, place, secure, or unload cargo in a terminal or on an aircraft • calculate weights of cargo items in the different aircraft compartments • compute aircraft weight, balance, and limitations • plan placement of cargo items within aircraft, according to destination, priority, or other criteria • examine cargo for damage or other irregularities • check items being transported against invoices • make sure that incompatible cargo items (such as explosives) are not loaded in the same aircraft • determine how many personnel are needed for work assignments

• perform preflight checks of the aircraft cargo compartments, according to established checklists • resolve any issues that occur involving cargo, personnel, equipment, vehicles, facilities, or other matters • make sure that work is in compliance with government laws and regulations as well as company policies, standards, and procedures • prepare required reports and paperwork The work of Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors can be stressful. They are responsible for making sure that the work of all subordinates is accurate, precise, and complete. These supervisors work around aircraft and equipment, which means that they must be alert at all times. They also work outdoors in all kinds of weather. Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors normally work a 40-hour week, which may include working nights and weekends. They put in additional hours as required to complete tasks.

Salaries

Salaries for Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most of these professionals ranged between $24,030 and $76,750. The estimated hourly wage for most of these supervisors ranged from $11.55 to $36.90 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Commercial passenger airlines and air cargo carriers are major employers of Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors. Other employers include companies that offer air cargo handling services on a contractual basis, as well as air courier companies that have their own fleets of aircraft. The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 4,690 Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors were employed in the United States. According to the BLS, job growth for these professionals is expected to increase by approximately 22 percent from 2006 to 2016. In addition to the job growth factor, job openings become available as these operations supervisors transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce.

Advancement Prospects

Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors advance according to their own interests and ambitions. As they gain

further experience, they can pursue managerial positions in cargo operations. Some supervisors measure success by earning higher wages, by obtaining work assignments and shifts of their choice, and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary among employers. Minimally, Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors need a high school diploma or a high school equivalency diploma. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who have an associate or bachelor’s degree. Employers typically provide novice supervisors with appropriate training to learn their duties, which may be in the form of formal instruction, on-the-job training, or both. Throughout their careers, Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors enroll in training workshops and seminars as well as continuing education programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates who have a few years of experience in air cargo operations. They also have one or more years of experience in leadership positions. To perform well at their job, Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors need strong leadership, organizational, decision-making, and problem-solving skills. They must also have excellent teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills, as they must be able to work well with subordinates, managers, and others from diverse backgrounds. Being calm, tactful, honest, diligent, detail-oriented, flexible, and inspirational are some personality traits that successful Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors share.

Unions and Associations

Some Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors are members of labor unions, which represent them in contract negotiations with their employers. Unions seek to get the best terms in regard to pay, benefits, and working conditions. They also handle any grievances that members may have with their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. High school courses in mathematics, computer technology, science, and English can help prepare young people for a career in air cargo supervision and management.

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2. Some Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors learned their trade in the military while working in positions as aircraft loadmasters. 3. Contact airlines, air cargo carriers, and air cargo handling services directly to learn about job vacancies and their job selection process.

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4. Learn more about the air cargo industry on the Internet. You might start by visiting Air Cargo World Online at http://www.aircargoworld.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

RAMP SERVICE AGENT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Service aircraft; load and unload baggage, mail, and cargo on and off aircraft; marshal aircraft in and out of parking positions; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Ramp Clerk, Ramp Agent, Line Service Technician; a title that reflects a specific position such as Baggage Handler Salary Range: $33,000 to $48,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Hold a high school diploma; on-the-job training Experience—Previous experience in ramp services usually preferred

Lead Ramp Service Agent

Position Description

The apron, or ramp, of an airport is where aircraft are parked for boarding by crew and passengers. This area is also where aircraft are serviced, cleaned, and loaded with the correct baggage and cargo between flights. The men and women whose duties are to prepare aircraft for flight are called Ramp Service Agents. At general aviation airports, these experts may go by another general job title such as line service technician. Ramp Service Agents are responsible for a variety of servicing tasks, including: • refueling aircraft • washing cockpit windows • deicing aircraft to prevent ice from freezing on the surface of an aircraft during take-off • vacuuming, picking up trash, cleaning lavatories, and other light housekeeping duties in the passenger cabin • replenishing first-aid kits, drinking water, and other supplies in the passenger cabin • unloading and loading baggage, mail, and cargo on and off aircraft Airline Ramp Service Agents also sort and distribute unloaded baggage and cargo to connecting flights, to baggage claim areas, or to air cargo offices. Some airline

Ramp Service Agent Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—English language, teamwork, interpersonal, communication, problem-solving, and self-management skills; friendly, energetic, self-motivated, reliable, dedicated, and detail-oriented

agents position and secure loaded baggage, mail, and cargo in aircraft. Directing pilots as they enter or leave the apron area is another major duty that Ramp Service Agents perform. These agents marshal pilots into and out of parking positions on the apron or at airport terminal gates. When an aircraft has come to a complete stop, Ramp Service Agents place chocks in front and back of the wheels of the landing gear to ensure that the aircraft does not move. When pilots are ready to depart from an airport, Ramp Service Agents make sure that all aircraft doors and compartments are secured before removing the chocks from the wheels. They then guide the pilots to a position where they can begin their taxiing down the runway. At terminal gates, Ramp Service Agents use special equipment to push aircraft away from the gates. Ramp Service Agents handle various powered equipment and vehicles to perform their tasks. For example, airline agents may be assigned to operate mobile stairs for passengers to board or disembark from aircraft; baggage carts for transporting baggage and cargo to aircraft; belt loaders for loading and unloading cargo and baggage; fuel trucks and portable water trucks; deicing vehicles and tugs to push or tow aircraft; and buses to carry employees or passengers between terminals. Ramp Service Agents generally work in teams of two or more, depending on the size of ground crew

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operations. They may also be assigned to perform one particular task or several duties. Commercial airlines fly several scheduled flights each day. Getting an aircraft ready for the next flight is known as turning the aircraft around. Ramp Service Agents must work quickly, efficiently, and accurately to service, clean, and unload and load passengers, baggage, mail, and cargo. They repeat this same scenario several times a day; for example, a crew may turn around 12 flights in one work shift. It is not uncommon for the ramp crew to have only 15 to 45 minutes to turn an aircraft around in order for a flight to stay on schedule. Ramp Service Agents work mostly outdoors in all kinds of weather, including windy, rainy, icy, and high heat conditions. In addition, their work is physically demanding. They are constantly climbing, bending, kneeling, crawling, and stooping in their work. Ramp Service Agents are also under pressure to make deadlines. Airline agents feel additional stress when flights arrive late or several flights arrive at the same time because of bad weather or for other reasons. Ramp Service Agents are exposed to moving aircraft and equipment, aircraft engine noises, gas fumes, and hazardous materials. They also lift and move heavy items that often weigh from 75 to 100 pounds. Hence, these workers follow strict safety rules and standard work procedures at all times. Ramp Service Agents work part time or full time. They may be assigned to rotating work shifts, which may include working nights, weekends, and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Ramp Service Agents vary, depending on such factors as their experience, seniority, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to a salary survey by AVJobs.com (http://www.avjobs.com), the average salary for these agents was $40,523 per year, as of June 12, 2008. The minimum annual salary was $32,954 and the maximum was $48,092.

Employment Prospects

Ramp Service Agents mostly find employment with commercial airlines, air cargo companies, corporate flight departments, air charter companies, and fixed base operators. Some agents work for companies that offer aircraft ground-handling services on a contractual basis. Job openings generally become available as Ramp Service Agents transfer to other jobs or career fields, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers will create additional positions to meet the growing demands of their companies.

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Advancement Prospects

Ramp Service Agents advance according to their own interests and ambitions. As they gain additional experience and training, they can become baggage planners, ramp loaders, and operations agents. They can also pursue administrative and managerial positions by becoming crew leaders and supervisors. Some agents measure success by earning higher wages, by gaining seniority, and through job satisfaction. Some Ramp Service Agents use their job as a stepping-stone to any number of careers in aviation. For example, they can become aviation mechanics, passenger service agents, air traffic controllers, pilots, or airport managers. To enter many of these fields, individuals need to obtain appropriate formal training or education.

Education and Training

Employers require Ramp Service Agents to possess at least a high school diploma or a high school equivalency diploma. Ramp Service Agents generally learn their skills on the job. They receive supervision and direction from experienced agents, and they complete formal instruction provided by their employers. All agents receive training as they are assigned to new duties, new equipment is put into service, or new job procedures are instituted.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally prefer to hire candidates for entrylevel positions who have some experience performing ramp services at airlines or line services in general aviation settings. Some employers hire applicants without previous work experience who demonstrate a willingness to learn and have some mechanical aptitude, such as the ability to operate machinery. Ramp Service Agents must be fluent in speaking, reading, writing, and understanding the English language. They must also have strong teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. In addition, they need effective problem-solving skills and excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to meet deadlines, handle stressful situations, understand and follow directions, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being friendly, energetic, self-motivated, reliable, dedicated, and detail-oriented are some personality traits that successful Ramp Service Agents have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Ramp Service Agents, particularly those working for a commercial airline, belong to a union. The union

represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. It can also handle any grievances that its members have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Are you a high school student? Check out the fixed base operator at your local general aviation airport for part-time jobs washing planes and performing other line service tasks. 2. Many employers require Ramp Service Agents to be U.S. citizens or have the proper authori-

zation that allows them to work in the United States. 3. To enhance your employability, obtain a valid driver’s license and maintain a good driving record. 4. Contact potential airlines directly for job openings. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Ramp Service Agents. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keyword ramp agents or ramp services into a search engine.

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Maritime TRANSPORTATION

SHIP CAPTAIN CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Direct the safe and proper navigation of a vessel; manage all ship’s operations; oversee all crew members; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Master; a title that reflects a particular job such as Cargo Ship Captain or Cruise Ship Captain Salary Range: $30,000 to $99,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree may be required; combination of on-the-job training, formal instruction, and self-study Experience—Many years of work experience as a deck officer Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, organizational, decision-making, critical-thinking,

Ship Captain (Master)

Position Description

Practically every nation has a fleet of commercial ships that generate income for their owners. These vessels range in size and fulfill different purposes that range from carrying passengers to transporting various types of cargo. Some basic categories of commercial vessels include refrigerator ships, tankers, dry bulk carriers, general cargo ships, tugboats, barges, and passenger ships (such as yachts, ferries, and luxury liners). Collectively, commercial ships that operate under the U.S. flag compose the U.S. Merchant Marine. Men and women, known as merchant mariners, work on these vessels in small and large crews. Ship Captains, also called ships’ masters, oversee the activities of all the other officers and crew members aboard commercial vessels. All merchant mariners are certified and licensed by the U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Merchant mariners, however, are not members of the military. They are employees of private shipping companies. Ship Captains are different from the officers in the armed forces who hold a ranking of captain. Military captains are not the highest-ranking officers in their organizations. In contrast, Ship Captains are the highest-ranking officers on commercial ships. They are in

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Chief Officer (First Mate) Second Officer (Second Mate)

problem-solving, crisis-management, self-management, communication, and interpersonal skills; dedicated, inspirational, quick-witted, patient, focused, and flexible Special Requirements—Master (captain) license required

charge of everything that transpires on board their vessels. They make the decisions that guide the work that their crews perform. These leaders are responsible for the safe transport of the crew, cargo, and passengers on board their ships. Ship Captains are also responsible for ensuring that their crews comply with company policies and environmental laws and regulations. Additionally, Ship Captains must observe all U.S. and international maritime laws. Ship Captains decide which course their vessels shall take and how fast they must sail to complete smooth and safe voyages. They continuously consult charts (maps), navigational instruments, depth finders, radar equipment, weather reports, and their own visual observations to verify that their routes take their ships through deep waters, clear channels, and around violent storms. Ship Captains assign work to their crew members and supervise them as they perform maintenance duties, load and unload cargo, manage the ships’ engines, communicate with other ships, attend to the needs of passengers, and so on. These masters also inspect cargo and the cargo holds of their vessels to make sure that the cargo spaces are utilized correctly and are in compliance with regulations. Ship Captains keep records of these activities as well as logs regarding

their ships’ courses, cargo loads, and passengers. They also maintain reports describing the work performance of each of the merchant mariners aboard their vessels. Seafaring Ship Captains work different hours than people in other professions. While they travel on board their vessels they work seven days per week for the length of the voyage, which may be as long as several months. Their working conditions involve separation from their families, which may be alleviated through ship-to-shore radio, telephone, or e-mail communications. Ship Captains sometimes experience long periods of unemployment between voyages. On board their vessels, Ship Captains stand watch for four hours and are off for eight hours. They spend much of their time indoors below decks when attending to administrative tasks but also work outdoors in all types of weather conditions. Ship Captains endeavor to keep their vessels away from severe storms, but are nevertheless exposed to rain, wind, and extreme temperatures. Masters who command freshwater vessels work on board vessels only when lakes or rivers are free of ice. Ship Captains that work aboard commuter ferries enjoy year-round work with normal schedules.

Advancement Prospects

Salaries

Special Requirements

Salaries for Ship Captains vary, depending on their experience, employer, and other factors. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Ship Captains ranged between $29,530 and $99,330.

Employment Prospects

Ship Captains work for shipping companies, cruise lines, tugboat operations, ferryboat services, and offshore oil companies, among others. Their employers may be American or foreign companies. Opportunities for civilian mariners are also available with the Military Sealift Command, which is part of the U.S. Department of the Navy. The BLS predicts that employment of the occupational category that includes Ship Captains will increase by 18 percent through 2016. In addition to the job growth factor, opportunities will become available as Ship Captains retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. The BLS reports that job opportunities for mariners should increase in and around major seaports because of the ongoing growth in international trade. Opportunities are expected to increase with cruise ships within U.S. waters, as only U.S.-flagged vessels may sail between U.S. seaports.

The position of Ship Captain is the highest officer ranking on board a vessel. These masters usually measure advancement by earning higher pay, by commanding larger vessels or other types of vessels that appeal to them, and through continued job satisfaction. Entrepreneurial individuals may purchase their own vessels to become owner-operators. Some Ship Captains pursue a career as ship pilots, who guide commercial vessels into sea and inland ports. They must complete an apprenticeship, which may take two to five or more years.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with different employers. Minimally, Ship Captains need a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire mariners who possess a bachelor’s degree, particularly from a maritime academy. Individuals seeking to become Ship Captains learn the proper knowledge and skills through a combination of work experience, on-the-job training, formal instruction, and self-study. All Ship Captains are required to hold a master license that is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard. Their license is limited to the type of vessel they command (such as a tanker, cruise ship, or tugboat) and to the body of water on which they work (such as oceans or Great Lakes). License applicants must be U.S. citizens or U.S. permanent residents. They must have met all on-the-water experience and other requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard for the captain ranking. In addition, they must pass a written examination that covers general seamanship, piloting, aids to navigation, weather, first aid, and other topics. Furthermore, applicants must successfully pass a medical examination and a drug screening. To learn more about the licensing of merchant mariners, visit the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center Web site at http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Mariners typically have served on vessels for several years in the deck department before being fully qualified to become Ship Captains. The entry-level position for deck officers is third officer (or mate). In general, employers hire candidates who have a history of working in some aspect of their industry

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such as cruise lines, cargo, ferry service, or tugboat operations. To perform their work well, Ship Captains need excellent leadership, organizational, decision-making, critical-thinking, problem-solving, crisis-management, and self-management skills. They must also have effective communication and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to work well with mates, engineers, sailors, company managers, and various others from diverse backgrounds. Being dedicated, inspirational, quick-witted, patient, focused, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Ship Captains have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Ship Captains belong to labor organizations, which represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. These unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. The American Maritime Officers and the International Organization of Masters, Mates, and Pilots are two examples of unions that serve the interests of Ship Captains. Ship Captains may also join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. For example, a national society that serves this profession is the Council of American Master Mariners, Inc.

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See Appendix III for contact information to the above organizations.

Tips for Entry

1. Ship Captains gain knowledge and experience by serving aboard vessels in such positions as deckhands, stewards, boatswains, mates, and others. They are required to spend a specific amount of time working on board commercial vessels before qualifying to become captains. 2. Some experts in the field state that the written examinations for mariner licenses are difficult for candidates to pass without their having completed extensive self-study or formal training. Alternatively, individuals may have gained substantial knowledge through many years of work experience. 3. Without formal training in maritime academies, some experts estimate that it takes from 10 to 20 years for mariners to gain the necessary experience and knowledge to advance from ordinary seamen to Ship Captains. 4. Contact ship owners directly about vacancies. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the U.S. Merchant Marine. You might start by visiting the U.S. Maritime Administration Web site at http:// marad.dot.gov. For more links, see Appendix IV.

DECK OFFICER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Supervise the daily operations of vessels; direct and guide the work activities of crew members aboard vessels; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Mate; a title that reflects an officer ranking, such as Second Officer, or the type of vessel on which one works, such as Cargo Mate Salary Range: $30,000 to $99,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school degree; completion of a formal training program, or several years of training on the job Experience—Several years of work experience in the deck department, if formal training is not completed

Chief Officer (Mate)

Position Description

Deck Officers who work aboard U.S.-flag vessels are licensed officers of the U.S. Merchant Marine. These mariners assist ship captains in the safe navigation and operation of commercial ships that sail in domestic and international waters. In addition, Deck Officers oversee the activities of their ships’ deck departments, which consist of crews of deckhands, or seamen. Deck Officers are also known as mates. The topranking Deck Officers are called chief officers or chief mates. Chief officers oversee one or more Deck Officers ranked as first, second, and third officers (or mates). Deck cadets, or apprentices, perform the duties of officers under close supervision of experienced mates. Deck Officers’ duties vary according to their rank and to the size of their ships or crews. In general, Deck Officers supervise the work of deckhands. Deck Officers stand watch at their ships’ helms where they steer their vessels on a steady course. Their watch usually lasts for four hours, after which they take eight hours off before standing watch again. Deck Officers help ship captains to write logs, reports, and other documents that record their ships’ activities. In addition, these mates make sure that all shipboard machinery and equipment is maintained. They also regularly inspect cargo holds and other

Second Officer (Mate) Third Officer (Mate)

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, critical-thinking, decision-making, troubleshooting, interpersonal, teamwork, and communication skills; inspirational, cooperative, reliable, persistent, detailoriented, and flexible Special Requirements—Deck officer license required for jobs on seafaring and Great Lake vessels; license may be required on rivers and inland waterways

shipboard facilities, as well as manage the loading and unloading of freight and passengers. More specifically, each rank of Deck Officers has duties that pertain to certain aspects of shipboard activity. Chief officers are the second highest-ranking officers aboard their ships. (On freight vessels, chief officers are first mates whereas on passenger ships, the first mates are next in command to chief officers.) Chief officers fill in for captains when they are unable to command their vessels. Chief officers are responsible for the safety and stability of their ships and the supervision and well-being of the deck crew. They train their crews to follow safety procedures while performing their routine tasks as well as how to react and work appropriately to fight fires, conduct search and rescue missions, and respond to other emergency situations. These Deck Officers also manage their subordinate officers’ oversight of specific activities pertinent to the upkeep of their ships’ hulls, cargo facilities, crew and passenger quarters, lifeboats, and firefighting equipment. Second officers (or second mates) on board U.S.flag vessels customarily oversee navigation operations. These Deck Officers work with their ship captains to plan voyages. They also take turns standing watch on their ships’ bridges. These officers’ tasks include plotting their ships’ courses, maintaining the navigational

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equipment, and keeping nautical charts in order. When these Deck Officers work aboard tanker ships, they are also responsible for helping to clean the tanks. Furthermore, second officers share many of the duties that third officers perform. Third officers (or mates) usually oversee watches on the bridge and cargo areas. These Deck Officers are in charge of emergency systems including the lifeboats and firefighting equipment on board their ships. Third officers share responsibilities with second officers to navigate their vessels. They follow their ships’ plotted course and track their progress by using radar and radio equipment as well as nautical charts. These officers also regularly update navigational information. All Deck Officers perform specific tasks within the parameters of their responsibilities. For example, they may:

other inland waters. Civilian mariner opportunities are available with the Military Sealift Command, which is part of the U.S. Department of the Navy. In addition, tugboat operations, offshore oil and mineral companies, and ferryboat services hire Deck Officers. The BLS predicts employment of the occupational category that includes Deck Officers to increase by 18 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, opportunities will become available as Deck Officers retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. The BLS reports that opportunities should be favorable with cruise ships within U.S. waters, as only U.S.-flagged vessels may sail between U.S. seaports. Additionally, the growth in international trade should increase job opportunities in water transportation jobs in and around major seaports.

• use navigation equipment, such as sextants and compasses, the positions of stars, computers, and loran radio equipment to keep track of their ships’ positions • conduct regular inspections of safety and other onboard equipment • monitor the loading and unloading of cargo and equipment • schedule deckhands’ work assignments • complete and manage forms and records pertaining to onboard work activities • arrange for the stocking of supplies, repair work, and replenishment of fuel for their ships

Advancement Prospects

Deck Officers work indoors and outdoors in all types of weather conditions. They adhere to work schedules that vary according to the type of vessels they sail. Those who work on seafaring voyages may spend extended periods living and working on their vessels.

Salaries

Salaries for Deck Officers vary, depending on such factors as their rank, experience, and employer. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most Deck Officers ranged from $29,530 to $99,330. The estimated hourly wage for most of these professionals ranged between $14.20 and $47.75 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Merchant mariners find employment with private shipping companies that transport cargo or passengers overseas, in coastal waters, on the Great Lakes, and on

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Third officer positions are entry-level positions for Deck Officers. As they gain experience and pass required examinations, Deck Officers can advance through the ranks from third officer to ship captain. Some Deck Officers pursue advancement by seeking jobs that offer higher pay, greater levels of responsibility, or more job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Deck Officers must possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Most individuals follow one of two paths to obtain sufficient training to become Deck Officers. One path is to complete four years of study at a maritime academy that leads to a bachelor’s degree. Students may study at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in New York or at a state maritime academy located in California, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, or Texas. Upon graduation, Deck Officers are eligible to apply for a license as a third officer. Individuals can also undergo informal training through their experience working as deckhands on commercial vessels. This path generally takes several years for them to gain the required number of seafaring hours and experience to qualify for a third officer license.

Special Requirements

To work on commercial vessels that sail on the deep seas or on the Great Lakes, Deck Officers must possess the proper license for their ranking. Deck Officers on vessels traveling on rivers or inland waterways are also required to possess a license if they will be required to

steer the vessels. These mariner licenses are issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. License applicants must be U.S. citizens or U.S. permanent residents. They must have completed the required number of seafaring hours for the officer rank for which they are applying. They also need to meet any other regulatory requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard. In addition, they must successfully pass a written examination, a medical examination, and a drug screening. Alternatively, to qualify for the entrylevel ranking of third officer, individuals may have graduated from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy or a state maritime academy. To learn more about the licensing of merchant mariners, visit the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center Web site at http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Deckhands can qualify for entry-level positions as Deck Officers by working the required number of hours on seafaring vessels, as established by the U.S. Coast Guard. It generally takes between five and eight years to obtain the sufficient number of hours, because seamen normally work six or fewer months in a year. (The alternative path is to complete a formal training program.) Deck Officers need excellent leadership, criticalthinking, decision-making, and troubleshooting skills to be effective at their job. Because they must work well with fellow officers, deckhands, and others from differ-

ent backgrounds, Deck Officers must have strong interpersonal, teamwork, and communication skills. Being inspirational, cooperative, reliable, persistent, detailoriented, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Deck Officers have in common.

Unions and Associations

Deck Officers can join labor unions to represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Some unions that serve the interests of Deck Officers are the American Maritime Officers, the Seafarers International Union, and the International Organization of Masters, Mates, and Pilots. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Talk with different Deck Officers to learn about their work and how they entered the U.S. Merchant Marine. 2. The more willing you are to travel to different coastal or inland ports, the better chances you will have to find work. 3. Many unions offer training programs to help seamen gain the appropriate experience to become eligible for a third officer license. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the U.S. Merchant Marine. You might start by visiting the Web site of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy at http://www.usmma.edu. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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DECKHAND CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Assist with the safe navigation and operation of commercial vessels; perform general maintenance and repair of equipment, material, and areas in the deck department; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Sailor, Ordinary Seaman, Able Seaman Salary Range: $20,000 to $50,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—No previous experience needed Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, organizational,

Boatswain

Position Description

On merchant, or commercial ships, the crew members of the deck department are responsible for the safe navigation, operation, and maintenance of their vessels. The unlicensed mariners who work in this department are known as Deckhands. Their job is to help the ship captain and deck officers operate and maintain all parts of a vessel except for the engineering sections. All Deckhands perform such general tasks as steering the ship, standing watch to look for ships or buoys, loading or unloading cargo, cleaning deck equipment, chipping rust, painting walls, and carrying out mechanical work. Deckhands serve on all types of merchant vessels that transport cargo and passengers, including cargo ships, tankers, barges, cruise ships, and passenger ferries, among others. These mariners are assigned ranks according to their experience or expertise. Entry-level Deckhands are classified as ordinary seamen, while experienced sailors are designated as able seamen. Deckhands complete tasks that vary, depending on their rank and experience, on which kind of ships they sail, how many other crew members are on board, the weather conditions their vessels travel through, and other factors. Ordinary seamen perform routine tasks involved with the upkeep of their vessels and securing them for voyages. These entry-level sailors work under the direction and supervision of experienced Deckhands, as they learn and hone such skills as tying knots and

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Able Seaman Ordinary Seaman

problem-solving, and self-management skills; goodnatured, focused, persistent, and reliable Special Requirements—Seaman certification from the U.S. Coast Guard may be required

splicing ropes or wires; launching and recovering lifeboats; repairing and maintaining cargo-handling equipment; scraping rust from and applying sealant, primer, and paint to superstructures and decks; and securing cargo to the ship. Ordinary seamen may also learn how to steer their vessels and how the bridge equipment works. They learn how to stand watch, although they are not required to perform this task. These Deckhands may be taught how to handle specialized equipment or explosives on ships that are used to transport such materials. After fulfilling a minimum number of work hours, ordinary seamen are eligible to apply for a ranking as able seamen. Deckhands at this higher level can receive assignments to work as watchstanders or day workers. Some able seamen perform duties in both of these categories. Some watchstanders are posted at their vessels’ helms where they take rudder orders from ship captains or deck officers to steer their ship on a steady course. These Deckhands also utilize compasses and rely on visual references to help them guide their vessels. Other watchstanders are assigned to perform security watch tasks aboard their ships while in port. They stand watch at such locations as on gangways and near the anchors. Watchstanders also perform maintenance tasks such as cleaning and painting when not performing watch duty. These Deckhands may also be assigned to handle cargo by using such material handling equipment as forklifts.

Able seamen who are assigned to day worker duty mainly perform maintenance tasks. These Deckhands repair and maintain equipment and provide for the upkeep of deck department areas. They remove rust and old paint from their vessels’ hulls, smoke stacks, cargo equipment, and decks before cleaning and repainting them. Day workers also maintain lifeboats and other emergency equipment. In addition, these Deckhands share cargo-handling responsibilities with watchstanders. Many Deckhands wear uniforms. When needed, they put on protective clothing or safety equipment. For example, these shipboard employees are occasionally exposed to loud noise and so wear ear protection on the job. Although shipboard disasters such as collisions with other vessels or fires are rare, Deckhands face the possibility of having to abandon ship and must be prepared to handle such a circumstance. They also face some risk of injury or death by working with heavy equipment or hazardous cargo. Deckhands work indoors as well as outdoors in all kinds of weather conditions except when inland waterways are frozen. Their voyages may last from a few hours to several weeks. Their work hours aboard their vessels also vary. Deckhands who serve on seagoing vessels work seven days per week, but they may perform their duties for half a day and then be off duty for eight hours. Deckhands who work on freshwater vessels may work for 60 days and then take the next 30 days off. In warmer climates, Deckhands work all year, particularly if they work aboard tugboats, barges, or commuter ferries.

mineral companies, tugboat operations, dredging companies, and ferryboat services. The Military Sealift Command, which is part of the U.S. Department of the Navy, also hires civilian mariners to crew its fleet of ships. The BLS reports that employment of sailors in the American maritime industry is expected to increase by 16 percent through 2016. In addition to job growth, opportunities for Deckhands will become available as individuals advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or careers, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Job opportunities for qualified merchant mariners should remain steady due to the increase in international trade and the important support role the U.S. Merchant Marine plays in the defense of the United States. According to the BLS, increasing tourism and growth in offshore oil and gas production should also contribute to job growth in the water transportation industry.

Salaries

Salaries for Deckhands vary, depending on their rank, employer, and other factors. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most sailors (or Deckhands) ranged between $19,500 and $50,480. The estimated hourly wage for most of these sailors ranged from $9.37 to $24.27 per hour.

Entry-level Deckhands learn their skills on the job while working under the direction and guidance of experienced Deckhands and deck officers. Some employers also provide novices with formal instruction. Individuals can also learn how to become Deckhands by enrolling in a training program sponsored by a union. Alternatively, individuals might join the U.S. Navy or another military branch and get experience working aboard ships.

Employment Prospects

Special Requirements

Opportunities for merchant mariners are available on oceangoing ships, as well as on ships that sail in U.S. coastal waters and on the Great Lakes and other inland waters. American mariners find employment on both U.S.-flag and foreign-flag vessels. In addition to commercial companies that transport cargo and passengers, merchant mariners are employed by offshore oil and

Advancement Prospects

Deckhands start their careers in the merchant marines as ordinary seamen. After completing the required number of days of service on a seafaring, inland, or other type of vessel, they are eligible to take an examination to obtain an able seaman ranking. With additional experience and training, able seamen become qualified to obtain other rankings in unlicensed positions in the deck department. Deckhands can also accrue sufficient experience and training to pursue licensed positions as deck officers, ship captains, or ship pilots.

Education and Training

Deckhands who serve on U.S.-flag merchant vessels that weigh 100 gross tons or more must possess a valid Merchant Mariner Document (MMD). This document is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Entry-level Deckhands are not required to have previous sea service to obtain an MMD.

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The basic requirements for obtaining an MMD include U.S. citizenship (U.S. permanent residents may be qualified to work on certain types of vessels); being at least 16 years old (those between 16 and 18 years must have written permission from a parent or legal guardian); passing a drug screening and criminal background check; and completing a medical examination, if individuals wish to work on vessels weighing over 200 gross tons. Entry-level Deckhands receive unqualified ratings as ordinary seamen. As they gain experience, they become eligible for qualified ratings as able seamen. Depending on their experience and training, they become eligible for qualified ratings in such positions as lifeboatmen as well as for working on particular types of vessels. To obtain qualified ratings, Deckhands must meet specific requirements for each rating. Able seamen who wish to serve on oceangoing vessels must possess a Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping of Seafarers (STCW) Certificate. They are required to complete training in personal survival techniques, basic firefighting, first aid, and personal safety and social responsibilities. To learn more about MMDs, seaman ratings, and STCW certificates, visit the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center Web site at http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Some employers hire candidates without any previous work experience for entry-level positions, as long as they demonstrate a willingness to learn and work hard. Applicants should have some experience being around boats.

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Deckhands should have strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they must work well with various people from diverse backgrounds every day. These sailors also need effective organizational, problem-solving, and self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, follow and understand directions, handle stressful situations, and prioritize multiple tasks. Some personality traits that successful Deckhands share include being goodnatured, focused, persistent, and reliable.

Unions and Associations

Deckhands can join a union to represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that its members may have against their employers. Two organizations that serve the interests of these mariners include the Seafarers International Union and the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Deckhand work is physically demanding, so maintain excellent health and physical fitness. 2. Learn how to sail or operate boats. 3. Contact maritime companies and labor unions to learn about job opportunities. 4. Do you want to work on vessels that go to other countries? Get a passport, if you do not have one yet. This may give you an advantage over applicants who are not ready to sail immediately. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the shipping industry. To get a list of relevant Web sites, enter the keyword shipping industry into a search engine. For more links, see Appendix IV.

SHIP ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Manage and coordinate the activities involved in operating, maintaining, and repairing the engines, boilers, machinery, equipment, and systems on board vessels; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Marine Engineer, Operating Engineer; a title that reflects an officer ranking, such as Chief Engineer, or the type of vessel on which one works, such as Tugboat Engineer Salary Range: $34,000 to $96,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; completion of a formal training program or several years of training on the job Experience—Several years of work experience in the engineering department, if formal training is not completed

Chief Engineer

Position Description

Modern merchant ships are varied, from tugboats to cargo ships and tankers, to yachts and passenger cruise ships, to offshore oil platforms. Most, if not all, commercial vessels are like floating cities. Engines and turbines power them so that they can be self-contained and self-sufficient. Additionally, merchant ships have intricate and sophisticated electrical, plumbing, airconditioning, heating, refrigeration, structural, and mechanical systems (such as cargo handling equipment or elevators) that function in an interdependent relationship. The operation, maintenance, and repair of all these onboard systems are the responsibility of Ship Engineers, who are officers licensed by the U.S. Coast Guard. Ship Engineers are knowledgeable about engineering principles including design, mathematics, chemistry, and physics. These experts are familiar with such technologies as machines, pneumatics, electronics, and computers. They are also knowledgeable about weather patterns and how to adjust shipboard systems to changes in climatic conditions. Furthermore, Ship Engineers are thoroughly knowledgeable about how their ships’ onboard systems were designed and how to keep them running at optimal

First Assistant (or Second) Engineer Second Assistant (or Third) Engineer Third Assistant (or Fourth) Engineer

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, problem-solving, decision-making, time-management, interpersonal, teamwork, computer, reading, and report-writing skills; respectful, patient, calm, industrious, accurate, efficient, adaptable, and dedicated Special Requirements—Engineering officer license required for jobs on seafaring and Great Lake vessels

levels for the duration of each voyage. These experts work in all sections of each of their vessels, but the center of their activities is in the engineering control room, adjacent to the engine room located below decks in the rear of the ship. That is where they keep their monitoring equipment, with which they are able to determine where problems are happening with the engine as well as with the other systems aboard their vessel. Their primary job is to keep ship engines running, which involves performing routine maintenance and repair tasks. Ship engines range in size in proportion to the size of the vessels they power. For example, on container ships or passenger liners, the engines are the size of buildings with cylinders that measure several feet across. Ships often run on multiple engines. The engines power large generators that turn the propellers at the rear of the ships. Other equipment such as boilers, compressors, fuel or oil purifiers, electrical generators, and pumps are also located in engine rooms. Ship Engineers are responsible for keeping this machinery fueled, cleaned, and maintained around the clock. Ship Engineers work in crews that are part of the engineering department of ship operations. In addition to officers, crew members in engineering departments include unlicensed mariners, such as wipers, oilers,

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electricians, and mechanics. Engineering crews vary in number, depending on the size of their ships and the services their ships provide. Ship Engineers hold different officer positions and perform tasks according to their ranking. Chief Engineers (or Chiefs) are the highest-ranking officers in the engineering department. They are responsible for overseeing all the engineering systems and directing the work of all engineering employees on board their vessel. Chiefs also handle such tasks as deciding how much fuel and oil are needed for each voyage, determining how many spare parts will be needed, and preparing the engine room for U.S. Coast Guard inspections that are required at the end of every voyage. Chief Engineers report to ship masters (or captains). First Assistant (or Second) Engineers are second in command in their engineering departments. They act as supervisors who oversee all of the engine room activities including maintenance tasks and repairs. They train new employees. First assistants are also responsible for the operation of the main engines, refrigeration systems, and all other systems that their subordinates do not handle. Second Assistant (or Third) Engineers make up the next lower ranking of engineering officers. Their responsibilities include handling auxiliary engines, fuel systems, and boilers. They are also in charge of fuel transfer operations. Entry-level engineering officers are the Third Assistant (or Fourth) Engineers. They start with maintaining the electrical and sewage systems as well as the systems that separate oily water, for example. Engineering crews may also be composed of junior engineers (or engine cadets), who are apprenticing to become engineering officers. Ship Engineers perform a wide range of tasks, which vary daily and according to their rank and other factors. For example, they may: • follow directives issued by ship captains to regulate vessel speed • perform regular maintenance routines that are scheduled on daily, weekly, and monthly bases • fabricate spare parts for engines and other shipboard systems • install engine components including control systems • dismantle, overhaul, and reinstall machines and machine parts • test system performance of engines and other equipment • manage compliance with environmental regulations by keeping lifesaving and pollution control equipment up to date

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• manage and test drinking water supplies and enginecooling water supplies • fight onboard fires, administer first aid, and manage other emergency situations • keep engines and engine rooms clean • manage the availability of supplies such as spare parts, lubricants, oils, and other engine room necessities by taking inventory and ordering new stocks • make note of and enter data, such as gauge readings, test result information, and engine speed changes into logs and databases • keep written records of engineering department activities Ship Engineers are required to perform their duties with a high degree of precision and exacting attention to detail. They are experts at using hand, power, and machine tools, lifting equipment, precision measuring instruments, computers, and other electronic instruments. Ship Engineers perform their duties both above and below decks. Modern engine control rooms are usually air-conditioned and sound proof, while engine rooms can be very hot and noisy. These merchant marines are exposed to chemicals, electromagnetic waves, and fast-moving machines. They also run the risk of experiencing oil or gasoline fires. To ensure their safety, Ship Engineers wear necessary safety equipment and follow safety precautions. These experts need to be in top physical condition to handle heavy equipment, to deal with emergencies, and to climb stairs to access all levels of their ships. They frequently work in confined, cramped spaces. They also work in all kinds of weather. Their work schedules vary depending on which type of ships they sail. Inland and harbor vessels are less likely to travel for extended periods. Consequently, Ship Engineers who work on these commercial ships work for eight to 12 hours and go home. Seafaring Ship Engineers also work a regular work shift, but they often spend several weeks or months aboard their vessels. Chief Engineers are on call 24 hours a day.

Salaries

Salaries for Ship Engineers vary, depending on their rank, experience, employer, and other factors. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Ship Engineers ranged between $34,450 and $96,000. The estimated hourly wage for most of these professionals ranged from $16.56 to $46.15 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Employment opportunities for Ship Engineers are available with U.S. or foreign companies that transport passengers and cargo on vessels that operate on the deep sea, in coast waters, and on the Great Lakes and other inland waters. In addition, Ship Engineers work for tugging operations, offshore oil and mineral companies, and public or private ferryboat services. Furthermore, opportunities are available with the federal government. For example, the Military Sealift Command (MSC), under the U.S. Department of the Navy, hires civilian crews to man its merchant-type ships; and the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration requires crews for its research and survey vessels. According to the May 2007 OES survey, an estimated 13,710 mariners were employed as Ship Engineers. The BLS reports that employment of Ship Engineers should increase by 14 percent through 2016. In general, job growth in water transportation occupations will mostly result from increases in tourism and the production of offshore oil and natural gas. Also, due to the growth in international trade, job opportunities should increase in and around major American seaports. In addition to the job growth factor, opportunities become available as mariners retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields.

Advancement Prospects

Ship Engineers begin their careers as trainees or apprentices. With experience and additional training, Ship Engineers can advance through the ranks from third assistant to second assistant to first assistant to chief engineer. Some Ship Engineers realize advancement by obtaining jobs that offer higher pay, greater levels of responsibility, or more job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Minimally, Ship Engineers must hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Individuals can take two general paths to obtain the appropriate training to become Ship Engineers. One path is to begin as an ordinary seaman. After several years of work experience and training in ship engineering departments, individuals may qualify to apply for the test to become a licensed Ship Engineer. The other path is to graduate from a four-year bachelor’s degree program at either the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in New York or a state maritime academy, located in California, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, or Texas. These schools offer an academic program that covers such subjects as electric

power, marine engineering, propulsion, marine refrigeration and air conditioning, and safety.

Special Requirements

Ship Engineers must hold engineering officer licenses to work on commercial vessels that sail on the deep seas or on the Great Lakes. The U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, issues licenses for the following ranks: third assistant (fourth engineer), second assistant (third engineer), first assistant (second engineer), and chief engineer. Ship Engineers are licensed according to the type of vessel on which they serve, the propulsion means (such as gas turbine) of the vessel, route (such as oceans) that the vessels travel, and other restrictions. To qualify for any one of the engineering officer ranks, individuals must have completed a required number of hours at sea and meet other regulatory requirements. They must also successfully pass a written examination, a medical examination, and a drug screening. Alternatively, to qualify for the entry-level ranking of third assistant, individuals may have graduated from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy or a state maritime academy. The U.S. Coast Guard also requires that applicants be U.S. citizens or U.S. permanent residents. To learn more about the licensing of merchant marines, visit the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center Web site at http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Generally, it takes between five and eight years of working as seamen in ships’ engineering departments for candidates to obtain sufficient experience to qualify for entry-level positions as Ship Engineers. This is because seamen normally work for six months or less per year. The alternative path is to complete a formal training program. To perform well at their jobs, Ship Engineers need effective leadership, problem-solving, decision-making, time-management, interpersonal, and teamwork skills. They must also have strong computer, reading, and report-writing skills. Being respectful, patient, calm, industrious, accurate, efficient, adaptable, and dedicated are some personality traits that successful Ship Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Many Ship Engineers are members of unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, ben-

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efits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that their members may have against their employers. Some labor organizations that serve the interests of Ship Engineers are the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association, the American Maritime Officers, and the Seafarers International Union. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Some experts in the field suggest that high school students takes courses in mathematics, science, and computer science to prepare for a marine engineering career.

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2. Individuals can obtain appropriate training to become Ship Engineers through one of the U.S. military branches. Usually, the military requires that applicants have a bachelor’s degree to enter this occupation. 3. Major American seaports have union hiring halls. Contact these hiring halls for information about apprenticeship and job opportunities. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Ship Engineers. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords ship engineers or marine engineering into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

STEWARD CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: May be assigned to housekeeping, maintaining inventory of food, linen, and other supplies, planning and preparing meals, and/or other duties Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a specific job such as Steward’s Assistant Salary Range: $20,000 to $50,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—No previous experience needed Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, and self-manage-

Chief Steward

Position Description

On board commercial ships are three distinct departments that work together to ensure vessels run smoothly and efficiently during their voyages. Most people are familiar with the deck and engineering departments, which are responsible for the navigation, maintenance, and powering of the vessels. The third lesser-known unit is the steward department. It plays the valuable role of maintaining the well-being and morale of all crew members and passengers. This department is responsible for preparing and serving tasty and nutritious meals, performing housekeeping, and ensuring the sanitation of all the interior facilities. The men and women who work in this department are generally known as Stewards. Stewards serve aboard all types of commercial ships that transport cargo and passengers, including cargo ships, tankers, barges, cruise ships, passenger ships, and ferries, among others. Like deckhands, Stewards are unlicensed merchant mariners. In other words, they do not hold officer positions. Stewards have a wide range of responsibilities. In the area of food service, they work with cooks, who are also part of the steward department, to plan all meals for voyages. They also work with cooks to determine the amount of food and kitchen supplies they need to purchase for voyages. Stewards make sure that food, kitchen equipment, and other supplies are stored safely, properly, and in an orderly fashion. In the area of housekeeping, Stewards are responsible for cleaning galleys (or kitchens), dining rooms,

Steward or Cook Steward’s Assistant

ment skills; friendly, courteous, dependable, and trustworthy Special Requirements—Merchant marine certification from the U.S. Coast Guard may be required

common rooms, and crew and passengers’ cabins. These men and women handle laundry as well as take care of the storage and disposal of trash and food waste. Stewards are also in charge of ordering and maintaining inventories of linens, cleaning supplies, paper products, and other items. The number of crew members in a steward department varies according to the size and mission of the ships. Cargo ships usually employ a few Stewards, while cruise ships may hire up to 100 or more. Depending on the needs of their vessels as well as their experience and skill levels, Stewards may be responsible for a variety of food handling, housekeeping, and other duties or be assigned to perform specific functions. For example, different Stewards on cruise ships perform such jobs as busboys, buffet servers, waiters, bartenders, cabin stewards, and laundry staff. On small vessels, Stewards may perform the additional duties of cooks or bakers. Entry-level crew members in the steward department are called steward’s assistants, utility hands, or mess attendants. Their primary duties include food preparation, serving meals, cleaning, stocking shelves, and performing other routine tasks. As they gain experience, they are assigned tasks that are more difficult. The mariners responsible for the oversight of steward departments are known as chief stewards. They make sure department operations run smoothly and efficiently each day. They supervise and train crew members within their departments, assign them particular duties, and direct their work activities.

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Stewards work mostly indoors on ships. Their voyages may last from a few hours to several weeks. Their work hours aboard their vessels also vary. Stewards who serve on seagoing vessels work seven days per week, but they may perform their duties for half a day and then be off duty for eight hours. Those who work on freshwater vessels may work for 60 days and then take the next 30 days off. In warmer climates, Stewards may be employed year-round, particularly if they work aboard tugboats or commuter ferries.

Education and Training

Salaries

All merchant mariners, including Stewards, who serve on U.S.-flag merchant vessels that weigh 100 gross tons or more must possess a valid Merchant Mariner Document (MMD). This document is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Entry-level mariners are not required to have previous sea service to obtain an MMD. The basic requirements for obtaining an MMD include U.S. citizenship (U.S. permanent residents may be qualified to work on certain types of vessels); being at least 16 years old (those between 16 and 18 years must have written permission from a parent or legal guardian); passing a drug screening and criminal background check; and completing a medical examination, if individuals wish to work on vessels weighing over 200 gross tons. To serve on oceangoing vessels, Stewards must possess a Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping of Seafarers (STCW) Certificate. They are required to complete training in personal survival techniques, basic firefighting, first aid, and personal safety and social responsibilities. To learn more about MMDs and STCW certificates, visit the following U.S. Coast Guard Web site: National Maritime Center, http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Salaries for Stewards vary, depending on such factors as their experience, position, employer, and other factors. Specific salary information for these workers is unavailable. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most sailors ranged between $19,500 and $50,480. The estimated hourly wage for most of these sailors ranged from $9.37 to $24.27 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Opportunities for Stewards are available on oceangoing ships, as well as on ships that sail in U.S. coastal waters and on the Great Lakes and other inland waters. American mariners find employment on both U.S.-flag and foreign-flag vessels. The Military Sealift Command, which is part of the U.S. Department of the Navy, also hires Stewards to crew its fleet of ships. Job opportunities for merchant mariners, including Stewards, should remain steady due to the increase in international trade and the important support role all merchant marines play in the defense of the United States. According to the BLS, increasing tourism and growth in offshore oil and gas production should also contribute to job growth in the water transportation industry. The BLS predicts that employment of sailors, in general, in the American maritime industry is expected to increase by 16 percent from 2006 to 2016.

Advancement Prospects

Stewards are unlicensed personnel in the merchant marines. They begin their careers as mess attendants or utility hands. Depending on their interests and ambitions, they can pursue careers as cooks or stewards aboard commercial vessels. The highest position they may attain is that of chief steward. Many Stewards measure their success by being assigned tasks with greater responsibilities, by earning higher wages, and through job satisfaction.

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Many employers prefer to hire applicants who possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Entry-level Stewards learn their skills on the job while working under the direction and guidance of experienced staff. Throughout their careers, Stewards pursue continuing education offered by unions to increase their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

In general, applicants do not need any prior experience to apply for entry-level positions in steward departments. Applicants should demonstrate a willingness to learn and work hard. Stewards must have strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they need to work with many people from diverse backgrounds every day. They also need excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to work independently, follow and understand directions, handle stressful situations, prioritize multiple tasks, and meet deadlines. Being friendly, courte-

ous, dependable, and trustworthy are some personality traits that successful Stewards have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Stewards are members of a union that represents them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that its members may have against their employers. The Sailors’ Union of the Pacific and the Seafarers International Union are two organizations that serve the interests of merchant mariners. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. While in high school, obtain a part-time job as a waiter, housekeeper, janitor’s assistant, or another job that would give you experience similar to what Stewards do. 2. Applicants should have some experience being around boats. 3. Many cruise lines hire temporary help in their steward division during the summer. Check their Web sites for job postings and selection process.

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SHIP PILOT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Guide commercial vessels in and out of bays, harbors, rivers, and other inland waterways; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Maritime Pilot, Marine Pilot Salary Range: $30,000 to $99,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Completion of a pilot apprenticeship program; on-the-job training Experience—Several years of experience as a ship captain or senior deck officer Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, teamwork, communication, problem-solving, and

Ship Pilot

Position Description

Ship Pilots play an important role in the shipping industry. They guide commercial vessels that transport cargo or passengers into, through, and out of ocean and lake harbors. They pilot tankers, cargo ships, freighters, cruise ships and other vessels into and out of rivers so they may safely arrive at or sail out of inland ports. Commercial vessels are long and weigh hundreds of thousands of tons. They are designed to sail with relative ease through open seas. However, they are difficult to maneuver in other environments. Some ships may take as much as several miles to come to a complete stop. Moreover, large ships are difficult to turn or move around obstacles. Harbors and rivers contain reefs, sand bars, shallow channels, unique tide or wind conditions, traffic, and other barriers or circumstances that make navigation difficult for ships’ crews who are unfamiliar with these waterways. Hence, ports require Ship Pilots to direct domestic and international vessels to their anchorage to ensure the safety of the vessels and crews as well as of the port and the natural environment. Ship Pilots are expert mariners specifically trained to maneuver large vessels within their particular waterways. They know the hazards that exist and how to navigate commercial ships around them. Ship Pilots also know how to anticipate weather conditions to further ensure safe passage for large vessels. Ship Pilots are also called bar pilots, river pilots, bay pilots, or harbor pilots.

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Probationary Ship Pilot Apprentice

self-management skills; accountable, dependable, focused, decisive, and ambitious Special Requirements—State pilot license; U.S. Coast Guard Mate license

Such titles refer to the type of waterways on which they provide pilotage services. Ship Pilots and pilotage services are regulated by state pilot commissions. However, Ship Pilots are not government employees. Nor are they port employees. Ship Pilots are self-employed men and women who are part of organizations called pilot associations. For example, in the San Francisco area, pilots belong to the San Francisco Bar Pilots’ Association, named for the sand bars that create barriers to clear passage. Pilot associations manage the piloting activities at specific ports within a state. As members of their organization, Ship Pilots agree to work together rather than in competition with each other. They also share pilot boats, business operations, and other resources. These pilot associations operate independently of the U.S. Coast Guard. However, they work closely with this federal agency to observe pilotage and keep track of the ships that enter and leave harbors and rivers. Ship Pilots are dispatched to vessels that await passage into harbors or rivers. These ships anchor near the entrance to ports or near river mouths. Some pilots guide ships by using tugboats in procedures called ship assists, or escorts. Some pilots fly to ships in helicopters and land on their decks. Others approach the ships on tugboats or other vessels and climb aboard the ships by using rope ladders. Once they are aboard, they proceed to the ships’ bridges

where they either take over steering duties or provide steering instructions to the ships’ crew members. Usually, steering procedures are the responsibility of the ships’ crews. Ship Pilots share responsibility for navigation with the ships’ masters and crews, although the masters retain full command of their vessels. The pilots use pilotage methods and procedures to guide ships toward their destinations at docks. Ship Pilots observe landmarks or other reference points such as buoys. To guide vessels into harbors, they draw on their knowledge of local tide conditions, water depths, winds, weather patterns, and underwater reefs or sandbars that are not indicated on navigation charts. They may return to their tugboats to push ships into docking berths or notify tugboat crews that the ships need to be properly docked. Ship Pilots also assist with the recovery of distressed or stranded vessels, which may lack steering capability or have lost power. In these situations, these pilots operate tugboats designed for ocean navigation to bring such ships to safety. Ship Pilots must work with speed and precision. They need to quickly recognize hazards or barriers in the waters they navigate and provide precise course directions for ships’ crews to follow to avoid collisions. Errors in judgment on the part of these pilots could result in serious damage to the ships as well as pose a threat to the safety and health of the ships’ crew members and passengers. Furthermore, these pilots are entrusted to help transport cargo worth billions of dollars. In general, shipping companies carry insurance that covers damages caused by pilot error. Nevertheless, Ship Pilots may be held to limited liability for damages sustained during their piloting assignments, and they may be subject to disciplinary actions. Ship Pilots perform many general tasks every day, such as: • completing written records of their work activities • keeping abreast of the latest shipboard technologies • using radio equipment to acquire or exchange information regarding ship navigation or operations • referring to nautical charts, maps, navigation equipment, and the latest weather information during piloting assignments • drawing new charts • advising ships’ officers about local harbor regulations and customs processes • reporting violations of federal and state pilotage regulations to appropriate law enforcement agencies • maintaining and repairing boats used for pilotage

Ship Pilots work in both indoor and outdoor settings on vessels. They experience all kinds of weather and ocean conditions, including extremes in temperature. Their work environment may be uncomfortably noisy. They risk their own safety when climbing ships’ ladders to board vessels. Vessels arrive at ports at any time, and Ship Pilots must be prepared to accept assignments whenever the need arises. Hence, these pilots occasionally work long hours. They may work shifts or on an on-call basis.

Salaries

Ship Pilots receive set rates for the various services that they provide vessel owners. These rates are established and regulated by state pilot commissions. Pilotage rates vary from state to state. Annual earnings for Ship Pilots depend on various factors, such as the rates for their particular area. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most of these mariners ranged between $29,530 and $99,330.

Employment Prospects

Every state pilot commission determines the number of Ship Pilots to be employed at each port in a state. Pilot openings usually become available as Ship Pilots retire, transfer to other jobs, or leave the workforce for various reasons. New positions are created when ports request additional Ship Pilots. Pilot commissions also decide how many apprenticeships shall be made available in a pilotage district and when the recruitment for apprentice pilots shall open and close. The competition for apprenticeship positions is high. Because pilotage service is essential to the safety and welfare of our nation’s waterways, opportunities for Ship Pilots in the United States will be continually favorable. The BLS reports that employment of water transportation occupations, overall, should grow by 16 percent from 2006 to 2016. Part of this expected growth is due to the increase in tourism and the growth in international trade.

Advancement Prospects

Ship Pilots generally realize advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. For many mariners, becoming a ship pilot is their topmost career goal.

Education and Training

To become a Ship Pilot, individuals must complete a pilot apprenticeship program that lasts from two to five or

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more years, depending on a state’s requirements. The program includes classroom instruction, simulator training, and hands-on training aboard various types of vessels. State pilot commissions oversee pilot apprenticeship programs, which includes the selection of candidates for admission into the programs. Some states require that applicants possess a bachelor’s degree from a maritime academy. New Ship Pilots are appointed as probationary pilots at a port. Through the local pilot associations, they receive on-the-job training for one or more years.

Special Requirements

Ship Pilots must hold a license issued by their state pilot commission. Requirements for this license vary from state to state. For specific information, contact the state board that governs the jurisdiction in which you wish to work. Ship Pilots are also required to possess a master (or ship captain) license for operating seafaring vessels of any gross tonnage. This license is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard, a military branch that is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. To learn more about licensing, visit the U.S. Coast Guard National Maritime Center Web site at http://www.uscg.mil/nmc.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Candidates for pilot apprenticeships are usually highly experienced mariners who have worked for many years as ship captains or senior deck officers.

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Ship Pilots need strong leadership, teamwork, communication, problem-solving, and self-management skills to be effective at their job. Being accountable, dependable, focused, decisive, and ambitious are some personality traits that successful pilots have in common.

Unions and Associations

Some Ship Pilots are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. For example, Ship Pilots are eligible to join the International Organization of Masters, Mates, and Pilots. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Contact your local pilot association to learn more about the job of a Ship Pilot. 2. There is no specific path to become a Ship Pilot. For example, pilots may have had long careers working on seafaring or inland vessels, or both. 3. Learn more about Ship Pilots on the Internet. You might start by visiting these Web sites: Sandy Hook Pilots, http://sandyhookpilots.com; Southwest Alaska Pilots Association, http://www. swpilots.com; and San Francisco Bar Pilots, http://www.sfbarpilots.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

PORTS AND HARBORS OPERATIONS

EXECUTIVE PORT DIRECTOR CAREER PROFILE Duties: Oversee the administration, operation, and maintenance of a seaport or port on an inland waterway; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $65,000 to $146,000+ Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree required Experience—Years of work experience in port administration Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, planning, critical-thinking, problem-solving, self-

Position Description

Executive Port Directors are responsible for overseeing as well as serving to promote the daily operations and economic activities of maritime ports, which are located on oceans, rivers, lakes, or canals. Ports are areas in and around harbors that are used for transferring shiploads of cargo and passengers. They consist of facilities for loading and unloading ships. They also include the land adjacent to the harbor. Roads and railroads cross these land areas to access shipping terminals, docks, warehouses, and container facilities. Some ports are designed to accommodate either cargo or passenger ships, or both. Maritime ports range in size from small facilities designed to accommodate sailboats, houseboats, and small fishing vessels to medium-sized facilities that support passenger ferries or barges to enormous facilities that serve the largest ocean-going commercial cargo and passenger ships in the world. Some large harbors feature multiple ports of varying sizes that are used by all kinds of large and small vessels. Port areas may also include and support airports, bridges, tunnels, buildings, manufacturing plants, and other structures or facilities. Recreational facilities such as marinas or parks are also located within port boundaries. Such industries as shipbuilding, ship repairing, and dredging operations maintain their facilities in ports, as do importing and exporting companies. Maritime ports are the responsibility of state or local governing bodies called port authorities. Some of these

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Career ladder Executive Port Director   (Larger Port Authority) Executive Port Director Deputy Port Director

management, writing, and communication skills; inspirational, enthusiastic, patient, diplomatic, and resourceful

institutions are known by such terms as port navigation districts or municipal port departments. Executive Port Directors report to port authority commissions that create and establish the goals and objectives of port operations and the economic development of ports. The mission of port authorities is to promote economic development within their regions. Port directors help develop general policies that are enacted, approved, and set by their port authority commissions. They also create specific policies and plans as well as administer their implementation regarding the daily operations of ports, economic development programs, property sales and purchases within port districts, the management of trade centers, and the promotion of tourism, among other activities. For example, these executives plan development projects to improve facilities or establish new ones, and create marketing programs to promote their ports and attract businesses to their areas. Executive Port Directors are responsible for the overall supervision of staffs of management, professional, technical, and clerical personnel who assist them with implementing the plans. These chief executive officers provide direction and guidance to high-level managers who are in charge of finance, human resources, marketing, engineering, facilities, and other departments within their port operations. Port directors are accountable for the continuous flow of revenue from port users to the government. These executives communicate regularly with compa-

nies and individuals who use or lease space within their ports’ boundaries. They are also responsible for keeping their ports accessible to all kinds of vessels. Hence, port directors coordinate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to dredge their ports’ waterways. These executives also oversee the proper disposal of dredged materials in a manner that is beneficial to the environment. In addition, these directors administer all other improvements to their ports’ facilities and infrastructure according to the needs of port users and tenants. Executive Port Directors keep up to date with legislation, regulatory developments, and business trends that impact the health of their ports. They work as liaisons between their port commissions and the U.S. Coast Guard and other government agencies to ensure that all port activities comply with laws and regulations. As representatives of their ports, they attend local government meetings and various community events to promote port development and uses. Port directors complete various tasks that are similar to executives in other enterprises. They:

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most chief executive officers ranged from $64,530 to $145,600. Executive Port Directors at large seaports can earn salaries up to $300,000 or more.

Employment Prospects

The United States has more than 360 commercial ports, which include seaports and ports on inland waterways, according to the American Association of Port Authorities Web site (http://www.aapa-ports.org). Opportunities for port administrators generally become available as officers advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs, or retire.

Advancement Prospects

Executive Port Directors advance according to their interests and ambitions. They may seek jobs with other ports to earn higher salaries and to tackle responsibilities that are more challenging. Entrepreneurial individuals might become consultants.

• manage day-to-day activities and work routines • preside over staff meetings • develop budgets and bring them before their commissions for approval • estimate budget projections and allocate funds to various port departments • recruit and hire staff • attend to disciplinary and performance evaluation tasks regarding subordinates • inspect port facilities and determine needs for improvements or new projects • delegate tasks to appropriate staff members

Education and Training

Executive Port Directors work in office environments. They sometimes spend time in outdoor settings within their ports’ boundaries where they are exposed to all types of weather as well as to moderate to loud noise levels. These executives often put in more than 40-hour workweeks to complete tasks, meet deadlines, and attend meetings.

In general, applicants must have several years of progressively responsible experience in an executive or administrative capacity in port administration. To perform their jobs effectively, Executive Port Directors must have excellent leadership, planning, critical-thinking, problem-solving, self-management, writing, and communication skills. Being inspirational, enthusiastic, patient, diplomatic, and resourceful are some personality traits that successful Executive Port Directors have in common.

Salaries

Salaries for Executive Port Directors vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information for these administrators is unavailable. An idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at the earnings of chief executive officers in general. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by

Minimally, applicants need a bachelor’s degree in public administration, business administration, or another field that is related to the area in which they would work. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who possess an advanced degree in business administration or another related field. Throughout their careers, Executive Port Directors enroll in workshops, seminars, and courses to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Unions and Associations

Executive Port Directors can join various organizations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, and other services and resources. Many belong to associations that serve the interests of regional, state, or national port authorities. For example,

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the American Association of Port Authorities serves the interests of leading public port authorities in the United States. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Build up your leadership skills. Be willing to take on leadership positions in school, workplaces, community organizations, and other settings. 2. As a college student, obtain a part-time job or internship at a port authority to start gaining work experience.

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3. Many employers post job announcements at their Web sites. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about ports. You might start by visiting the Web site of the American Association of Port Authorities. Its URL is http://www.aapa-ports.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

HARBORMASTER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee daily harbor operations; enforce harbor laws, regulations, ordinances, and rules; assist boaters; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Harbor Administrator, General Manager/Harbormaster, Port Director Salary Range: $44,000 to $146,000+ Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Education requirements vary with employers Experience—Several years of experience in the management of harbor operations Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, critical-thinking, decision-making, prob-

Harbormaster of a larger jurisdiction

Position Description

Harbormasters manage and oversee the operations and activities that take place in harbors. These are small or large bodies of water that offer safe protection to vessels of all kinds from adverse weather conditions and heavy ship traffic. Harbors are located on oceans, lakes, or rivers. Natural harbors are inlets or coves surrounded by high land formations. Harbors may also be manmade. People create harbors by constructing levees, breakwaters, or sea walls, which may also involve dredging silt to increase water capacity. Harbors are not to be confused with ports and port facilities, which are areas in and around harbors. Ports consist of facilities and infrastructure that are used for loading and unloading ships, for industrial purposes, and for transporting cargo or passengers to and from inland destinations. In contrast, harbors are places where boat and ship owners may store their vessels when they are not using them. Harbors have facilities such as docks or piers where recreational and commercial vessels may be moored. Most Harbormasters are employed by municipal or state government agencies. They are appointed to their positions. Harbormasters may have jurisdiction over one marina or a set of piers, or they may be responsible for an entire harbor. Their job is to maintain the safety and security of their harbors as well as the proper use of harbor and port facilities. In addition, Harbormas-

Harbormaster Assistant (or Deputy) Harbormaster

lem-solving, interpersonal, customer-service, communication, and self-management skills; trustworthy, thorough, determined, quick-witted, thickskinned, and flexible Special Requirements—Varies among employers

ters enforce local, state, and federal laws, regulations, and ordinances as well as their employers’ policies and rules regarding waterways, operation of vessels, and the proper use of harbor facilities. Harbormasters routinely patrol their harbors in boats equipped with radios. During their patrols, they observe the condition of mooring facilities and the activities of people who use the harbor. Some Harbormasters are appointed as law enforcement officers. These Harbormasters have the power to detain or arrest criminal offenders. Their responsibilities may also include managing and supervising harbor patrol units of peace officers. Whether they hold peace officer or civilian posts, Harbormasters assist various local, state, and federal agencies. For example, they report violations to local law enforcement agencies, the U.S. Coast Guard, or U.S. Homeland Security authorities. Additionally, they contact the U.S. Coast Guard when vessels are disabled and need assistance to return to their moorings. Furthermore, Harbormasters may be asked to help investigate violations of the law in such areas as crime, nautical safety, immigration procedures, and environmental protection. Harbormasters provide assistance and information to boaters and other members of the public. They issue permits for boat owners to moor their vessels within their harbor. They inspect vessels. They may offer pilot-

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age services to guide vessels around navigational barriers. Harbormasters also provide immediate assistance such as towing services for distressed vessels or first aid when crew members or passengers are in life-threatening situations. Moreover, Harbormasters remind harbor users and visitors about harbor rules and regulations and advise boaters about current water and weather conditions. They post directional and informational signs around their marinas and harbors. Many of them also distribute newsletters, bulletins, or leaflets regarding such matters as local events, tips about the safe use of harbors, and updates about local environmental protection policies. Harbormasters are responsible for completing a wide range of administrative, management, law enforcement, and other types of tasks. During their workweek, they may, for example: • develop and implement harbor rules and policies, while working closely with government officials • record their observations about marina and harbor activities in reports and records • prepare budgets • plan and implement new harbor operations including improvement projects • assign mooring berths, which are locations on piers where boat owners are permitted to secure their vessels • provide assistance to the public regarding weather conditions, waterway activities, marina rules, enforcement of regulations and ordinances, and so forth • hire, train, supervise, evaluate, and discipline support staff • coordinate search and rescue efforts, emergency responses, and other safety procedures with public safety officials • oversee maintenance and repair tasks of harbor facilities Harbormasters work in both indoor and outdoor environments. They work in offices located at or near marinas to complete paperwork and perform other administrative tasks. They may travel to meet with government officials in their offices. Harbormasters regularly work outdoors around water and moving vessels, during which they are exposed to all types of weather. Their work may involve physical activity including climbing and balancing as well as lifting moderate weights. Many Harbormasters work for 40 hours per week but put in extra hours as needed to complete their tasks.

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Salaries

Salaries for Harbormasters vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. A general idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at salaries for general managers. The estimated annual salary for most general managers ranges between $43,990 and $145,600, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. According to one expert in the field, annual salaries for Harbormasters generally range from about $60,000 to about $300,000. High-end salaries are usually earned by Harbormasters who work at the larger ports such as the Port of Seattle.

Employment Prospects

Harbormasters are employed primarily by municipalities and state government agencies. The harbormaster office may be part of a park and recreation, law enforcement, or another department. Private yacht clubs also employ Harbormasters. In general, positions for Harbormasters become available as individuals retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Harbormasters advance according to their interests and ambitions. Becoming a Harbormaster is the ultimate objective for some individuals. Some Harbormasters realize advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. Some individuals may seek Harbormaster posts in desired locations or positions with higher salaries and responsibilities that are more complex. With their experience, Harbormasters can pursue higher management positions in harbor and port administration. Possession of a college degree may be required.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with the different employers. Some employers require applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Other employers prefer to hire applicants who hold a bachelor’s degree in an appropriate field, such as marine conservation, marine transportation, or criminal justice. Harbormasters typically learn their skills and basic duties as they gain experience working in support and supervisory positions in harbormaster and marina offices. They also complete appropriate training programs in boat safety, firefighting, and medical

emergency services (such as first aid, CPR, and firstresponder training). Some Harbormasters are appointed to their positions as police officers. Those individuals must have completed a police officer training program at a law enforcement academy. Throughout their careers, Harbormasters complete workshops, seminars, and courses to update their knowledge and skills.

Special Requirements

Applicants may need to possess specific certificates and licenses, depending on the requirements established by employers. For example, some employers require that candidates be certified as peace officers or be able to obtain certificates within a certain period.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers hire candidates who have several years of experience in the management and supervision of harbor operations. Candidates should be able to demonstrate their abilities to perform business administration, finance planning, human resource management, marketing, and public relations. Additionally, candidates must have a thorough knowledge and understanding of laws, regulations, ordinances, and rules that pertain to harbor management, boating, natural resources conservation, and other areas. To perform their work effectively, Harbormasters need excellent leadership, critical-thinking, decisionmaking, and problem-solving skills. They also need effective interpersonal, customer-service, and communication skills, as they must deal with public officials and managers, boat owners, law enforcement officers, and many others from diverse backgrounds every day.

Furthermore, Harbormasters must have strong selfmanagement skills, including the ability to work independently, handle stressful situations, meet deadlines, and prioritize multiple tasks. Some personality traits that successful Harbormasters share include being trustworthy, thorough, determined, quick-witted, thick-skinned, and flexible.

Unions and Associations

Many Harbormasters belong to regional, state, or national associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. A few associations that serve the interests of Harbormasters in the United States include the Pacific Coast Congress of Harbormasters and Port Managers, the New York Harbormaster and Bay Constable Association, and the Alaska Association of Harbormasters and Port Administrators. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. One expert in the field suggests that young persons can gain experience by working for a harbor in any capacity to become familiar with daily operations as well as the challenges that arise and how experienced harbor employees handle them. 2. Many employers prefer to hire applicants who can operate and properly maintain small craft. 3. Applicants may be able to fulfill an educational requirement with one or more years of appropriate work experience. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Harbormasters. To obtain a list of links, enter any of these keywords into a search engine: harbormaster office, harbormaster’s office, or harbormaster department. For some links, see Appendix IV.

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CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION (CBP) IMPORT SPECIALIST CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Enforce U.S. trade and other laws and regulations; determine whether imports may enter the United States; screen, classify, and appraise imported goods; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): None Salary Range: $27,000 to $63,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree; completion of CBP training program Experience—Three years of general work experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, analytical, critical-thinking, organizational, self-management, and teamwork

Senior or Supervisory CBP Import Specialist

Position Description

Each year, all kinds of goods ranging from food and beverages to raw materials and commodities to finished manufactured products are imported into the United States. These imports come from many countries around the world. They enter the United States through its major sea, air, and land ports. Import Specialists in the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) play a major role in monitoring and managing the flow of imported goods into the United States. CBP is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, which has the mission to respond to and protect against any threats and hazards to the United States. CBP makes sure that our borders and points of entry, such as seaports, are secure from the threat of terrorism, as well as enables the smooth flow of international trade and travel into and out of the United States. CBP also enforces U.S. laws and regulations regarding trade, immigration, and drugs. In addition, this federal agency collects taxes, fees, and tariffs from travelers and businesses that import or export goods into and out of our country. CBP Import Specialists work at over 300 ports of entry, including seaports, airports, and land ports.

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CBP Import Specialist Trainee

skills; alert, observant, accurate, reliable, and trustworthy Special Requirements—U.S. citizen; meet residency requirement; pass drug screening and background investigation

Although they are not law enforcement officers, these specialists assist with the enforcement of laws pertaining to imports. They work alongside CBP Officers as well as interact with law enforcement officers from other federal agencies. CBP Import Specialists are familiar with over 400 laws and regulations pertaining to tariffs and trade. They use this information to turn back contraband, illegal drugs, banned weapons, laundered money, counterfeit manufactured products, and all other merchandise items that by law cannot be imported. They also use their legal knowledge to determine the duties and tariffs to be collected on imported merchandise. CBP Import Specialists are experts about particular commodities or products. They work in teams to categorize and assess imported goods that pass through their assigned entry points. For example, one team of CBP Import Specialists may evaluate imported industrial machinery, while another focuses on imported food products. When they are unfamiliar with certain commodities or products, CBP Import Specialists rely on other experts regarding those goods for assistance.

These specialists also consult with personnel who work for international shipping companies, manufacturing concerns, and freight brokers. For example, CBP Import Specialists contact shipping companies’ representatives to discuss the disposition of their cargo or explain why their cargo was returned. In addition, these specialists confer with ship captains, attorneys, and various business leaders. CBP Import Specialists determine whether products are permitted in the United States before allowing their importation. Once they approve a product or merchandise category, they classify the merchandise for tariff assessment. They process the import documents for their accuracy and completeness. These specialists make certain that these documents comply with import laws and regulations. If any of the merchandise they examine is subject to boycott, CBP Import Specialists have the authority to refuse its admission into the country. Sometimes, these CBP employees travel with employees of other agencies to investigate various matters, such as violations of child labor laws or issues pertaining to the safety of products that may be imported into the United States. CBP Import Specialists are sometimes called upon to testify as expert witnesses in court cases involving imports. CBP Import Specialists work in office environments. They also visit shipping docks and cargo terminals to conduct inspections or to confer with company representatives. These CBP employees generally work for 40 hours per week. They may be required to work overtime to complete their duties. Their workweeks may include rotating shifts, which may involve working nights, weekends, and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for CBP Import Specialists vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, geographic location, and grade level. These professionals earn a yearly salary based on the General Schedule (GS), the pay schedule for most federal employees, which ranges from the GS-5 to GS-11 level. In 2009, the annual basic pay for these levels ranged from $27,026 to $64,403. CBP Import Specialists who live in metropolitan areas typically earn higher wages.

Employment Prospects

Hundreds of millions of dollars of imports enter the United States through seaports, airports, and land ports each year. Hence, the CBP will continually need to have qualified Import Specialists on staff. The number of

Import Specialists that CBP may hire depends on the funding allotted by the U.S. Congress each year. Job openings for CBP Import Specialists generally become available as individuals advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or careers, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Some experts in the field say that many CBP Import Specialists are becoming eligible for retirement within the next few years. Furthermore, the volume of imported goods into the United States increases each year, which may create a demand for additional CBP Import Specialists.

Advancement Prospects

Depending on their qualifications, CBP Import Specialists may be hired at the GS-5 to GS-11 levels. As they meet qualifications and eligibility requirements, they are promoted to the next grade level. These federal employees can advance to the GS-12 level. CBP Import Specialists can advance according to their own ambitions and interests. They can pursue supervisory and management positions. They can seek other positions in inspections or law enforcement within the CBP. They can also use their experience as import specialists to seek jobs in other agencies within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary for the different GSlevels. The minimum entry-level position for the CBP Import Specialist is the GS-5 level. To enter at this level, applicants must possess a bachelor’s degree, preferably in accounting, economics, business, or another related field. Recruits are required to successfully complete seven weeks of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. They study such subjects as import and export trends, commodities, industries, and international trade agreements. Throughout their careers, CBP Import Specialists complete workshops, seminars, and courses to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

To apply for a CBP Import Specialist position, individuals must be U.S. citizens. They must also meet specific residency requirements; for instance, applicants qualify if they have lived in the United States or its territories for at least three full years before applying for a job. In addition, applicants must successfully pass a drug screening and an intensive background investigation.

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Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants seeking employment at the GS-5 level, the minimum entry-level, must have completed three years of general work experience. CBP prefers to hire candidates who have a work history that demonstrates their ability to work well with people and to apply a body of facts to the tasks they perform. CBP Import Specialists need excellent interpersonal and communication skills, as they are required to meet and deal with many people from diverse backgrounds. These professionals also must have strong analytical, critical-thinking, organizational, self-management, and teamwork skills to perform the various aspects of their job well. Some personality traits that successful CBP Import Specialists share include being alert, observant, accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Unions and Associations

CBP Import Specialists may join a labor union to represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union also handles any grievances that its members may have against their employers.

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Tips for Entry

1. The federal government posts most, if not all, job vacancies for the various departments and agencies at the following Web site: USAJOBS, http://www. usajobs.opm.gov. This Web site is maintained by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management. 2. Read a CBP job announcement carefully to make sure you qualify for a position. CBP may limit its recruitment for positions to only one or two of these groups: the public, current or former federal employees, or employees who currently work in CBP. 3. Review your application after completing it. Make sure that you have followed all instructions precisely, that you have answered all questions accurately, and that you have attached any necessary documents to your application. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about working for CBP as well as about importing goods into the United States. Two Web sites you might visit are: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, http://www. cbp.gov; and Import Safety (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), http://www.import safety.gov. For more links, see Appendix IV.

CUSTOMS BROKER CAREER PROFILE Duties: Conduct customs transactions for clients; complete and file customs forms; comply with customs laws and regulations; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Ship Broker, Cargo Broker Salary Range: $23,000 to $58,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—Five to 10 years of work experience in customs and the logistics industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, customer-service, analytical,

Position Description

Customs Brokers assist importers and exporters with goods—raw materials and finished products—that they want to bring into or send out of countries for commercial purposes. These brokers help companies or individuals fulfill the tasks that a government requires, such as paying fees and completing documents. Customs Brokers are responsible for complying with the customs laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. They work to protect themselves and their clients by providing complete, consistent, and accurate information regarding their clients’ businesses to customs agencies. In the United States, goods enter and leave our country through seaports, across our borders, and through airports. Products that are brought into a country are called imports, while goods that are sent out of a country are called exports. Customs Brokers may specialize in one or more specific trade items and build a client base of individuals or companies that import or export those products. When importers receive products from other countries, they are required to pay fees known as duties or tariffs to their nation’s government. Likewise, exporters must pay duties or tariffs to other nations’ governments. Collectively, such fees are known as customs. In the United States, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, oversees customs activity, including the collection of customs fees.

Career ladder Senior Customs Broker or   Independent Contractor Customs Broker Customs Broker (Entry-level)

critical-thinking, problem-solving, math, and computer skills; enthusiastic, patient, dedicated, detailoriented, and trustworthy Special Requirements—Customs broker license may be required

When products are imported into the United States, they are held in bonded stores or warehouses until cleared, that is to say, processed through customs. To fulfill their customs obligations and clear the imported products, importers must complete and file many complicated forms and pay the appropriate duties. Importers may handle their customs responsibilities, or they may hire the services of Customs Brokers to perform such tasks on their behalf. These brokers also assist exporters to deal with customs processes in other nations. Customs Brokers may be independent contractors or employees of customs brokerages, freight carriers, or freight forwarders. These brokers are experts about customs regulations, as cited in such government documents as the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States. They also have knowledge about all types of the various goods that overseas entities wish to sell in the United States or that domestic companies want to sell overseas. These brokers are skilled at gathering pertinent business information about their clients’ enterprises and intentions, such as where they wish to sell their products, which suppliers are in the market for their goods, and how to classify their clients’ goods for tariff rates. Customs Brokers work with clients to help them cut costs, expand their markets, adjust to changing economic conditions, and learn to automate their customs procedures. These brokers also assist their clients by

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arranging for the shipment of cleared products to various destinations throughout the country. Customs Brokers ensure that all customs procedures they follow are correct and in compliance with the law. They make sure they quote accurate duty or tax rates to their clients. These brokers are bound by ethical restraints. For example, they must report any errors that their clients make during the customs process. They must determine if products are legal to admit into the country. They also cannot engage in the same type of importing or exporting business as their clients. Customs Brokers generally work in office environments. They use computers and telephones to communicate with clients and process forms. They may on occasion travel to visit clients. Customs Brokers may experience stress when dealing with clients who are anxious about the disposition of their goods. These brokers typically work standard 40-hour weeks. Some employers require their brokers to be available on an on-call basis around the clock.

The top goal for some Customs Brokers is to become successful freelance brokers or owners of customs brokerages.

Salaries

Special Requirements

Salaries for Customs Brokers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. A general idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at salaries of freight and cargo agents. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most freight and cargo agents ranged between $22,720 and $57,550.

Employment Prospects

According to the National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America, Inc., approximately 11,000 licensed Customs Brokers are actively working in the United States. Because international trade is essential to the American economy, opportunities for qualified Customs Brokers should be continually favorable. Employers hire Customs Brokers to replace those who have transferred to other jobs, advanced to higher positions, or retired. Employers create additional positions in their firms to meet growing demands for their services.

Advancement Prospects

Customs Brokers advance according to their ambitions and interests. As employees, they are assigned greater levels of responsibility as they gain experience and skills. Some employees pursue supervisory and management positions.

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Education and Training

Customs Brokers typically learn their duties on the job. Entry-level brokers work under the guidance and direction of experienced personnel. Entrepreneurs also learn their skills as small business owners on the job. To become successful business owners, Customs Brokers need basic business training in such areas as management, bookkeeping, accounting, finance, marketing, and sales. Their instruction may be formal or informal. For example, they can take small-business training courses offered at community colleges, at university extension programs, or through trade associations. Throughout their careers, Customs Brokers enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and knowledge. Customs Brokers may be required to possess a customs broker license, which is issued by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). This federal license is granted for life and is valid throughout the United States. To obtain a customs broker license, an applicant must meet the following requirements: • be a U.S. citizen • be at least 21 years old • not be an officer or employee of the U.S. government • be of moral character • get a passing score on the customs broker license examination that covers customs and related laws, regulations, and procedures, bookkeeping, accounting, and other matters regarding importing and exporting services • pass a background investigation

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

According to some experts in the field, individuals need between five and 10 years of experience in customs and the logistics industry to become Customs Brokers. Customs Brokers must be able to effectively handle clients, government employees, and others from diverse backgrounds on a regular basis. Thus, they need excellent communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills. In addition, these brokers must have strong analytical, critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as sound math and computer skills. Being

enthusiastic, patient, dedicated, detail-oriented, and trustworthy are some personality traits that successful Customs Brokers share.

Unions and Associations

Customs Brokers can join local, state, regional, or national associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, certification, and other professional services and resources. One national society that serves the interests of Customs Brokers is the National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America, Inc. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Talk with various licensed Customs Brokers to learn more about their work and how they gained entry into their field. 2. Get up-to-date information about the customs broker license examination. Find out the test fee,

the application process, application deadline, and when and where the examination will be administered. Your best source is the CBP service port where you wish to take the examination. You can also visit the CBP Web site at http://www.cbp.gov. 3. Before you go to a job interview, learn as much as you can about a prospective employer. Visit the business’s Web site, if one is available. You might go to a library and ask a reference librarian for assistance in finding information through written or online resources. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the work that Customs Brokers do. You might start by visiting the National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America, Inc. Web site at http://www.ncbfaa.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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LONGSHORE WORKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Load and unload cargo on and off ships; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Longshoreman, Dockworker Salary Range: Unavailable Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—None required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Self-management, teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills; quick-witted, analytical, reliable, hardworking, and persistent

Longshore Worker

Position Description

One of the central aspects of international trade is the existence and use of ports. These are large facilities situated on waterways such as rivers, lakes, seas, or oceans. Ships laden with goods of all kinds enter and leave ports where they pick up and deliver cargo. The men and women who perform the hard work of loading and unloading ships are called Longshore Workers. Longshore Workers are also known as longshoremen or dockworkers. Their trade is a very old occupation. As long as there have been cargo ships, there have been dockworkers who have loaded and unloaded them. Modern shipping differs from historical shipping technologically and in magnitude but humans—Longshore Workers—remain a continuing factor in moving cargo across the waters. For centuries, these workers lifted and carried cargo on and off ships or they raised and lowered large bundles of cargo with systems of ropes and pulleys. Today, most modern cargo is shipped in large enclosed containers that fit onto trucks or railroad flat cars. Longshore Workers load and unload such containers onto or off ships by using enormous cranes. Today’s ships accommodate hundreds of these large containers, each of which may weigh thousands of pounds. Ships also carry vast quantities of dry bulk or liquid items, such as oil or grains, which dockworkers load and unload by using mechanical means. Longshore Workers are sometimes mistakenly referred to as stevedores. Stevedores are individuals or

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Longshore Worker (Probationary) Casual Laborer

companies that administer the work that Longshore Workers perform. Stevedores may own the equipment that Longshore Workers use, but individuals called stevedores do not perform the work of dockworkers. Longshore Workers perform two basic types of work: manual handling and equipment handling. Manual handlers load and unload items from ships by hand or by using hand-powered equipment such as hand trucks or carts. Most dockworkers, however, are equipment handlers who operate complicated machines to perform several routine tasks. They operate the cranes that lift containers on and off ships. They use special equipment to secure containers in place, and control mechanical towers and hoses to transfer liquid and dry bulk cargo into or out of ships’ holds. Longshore Workers also drive industrial trucks to transfer cargo to and from the docks and storage areas. Longshore Workers perform physically demanding and dangerous work outdoors in all kinds of weather. They often work in cramped locations. For example, they stand on narrow catwalks in elevated positions to attach heavy lashing bars and turnbuckles to cargo containers. Some of the equipment they use to perform their tasks is powered by high-voltage electricity. These dockworkers risk injury from being struck by falling objects or by heavy moving equipment. They are also subject to exposure to loud noises and hazardous materials. Hence, Longshore Workers follow safety procedures, use hearing protection, and wear protective clothing such as hard hats, gloves, and steel-toed boots.

Casual laborers and registered union workers make up the longshore workforce. All Longshore Workers belong to a union. However, casual workers are designated as non-registered members who receive limited employee benefits, in contrast to full-time, union-registered Longshore Workers. Longshore Workers begin their careers as casual laborers. When they accrue a minimum number of hours, they become eligible for promotion in status to become registered union workers. Casual laborers perform the same work as established Longshore Workers. However, they are dispatched to work only when all the available registered Longshore Workers have been assigned jobs. Longshore Workers are not directly hired by employers. Instead, they obtain their jobs through the local union that represents the Longshore Workers at a port. These dockworkers gather at union halls and await the call to take an available job. They are usually hired to work for only one day. Longshore Workers may work part time or full time. They determine their own work schedules. Although they show up at union halls for assignments on a regular basis, casual laborers are not guaranteed work assignments. They may go several days or weeks before receiving a work assignment. Some casual laborers hold other jobs until they are able to obtain full-time registered status as Longshore Workers.

Salaries

Annual earnings for Longshore Workers vary, depending on their union status, seniority, hourly rate, total number of work hours, and other factors. Part-time casual laborers typically earn less than full-time, unionregistered Longshore Workers do. By working overtime, the more experienced of the latter may be able to earn a six-figure income. Formal salary information for Longshore Workers is unavailable.

Employment Prospects

Opportunities for casual laborers and registered longshoremen at a port depends on various factors, including the size of the port, the amount of cargo traffic that comes through the port, and the number of employees that are available. Openings for casual labor become available only when additional personnel is needed, which may be annually or every few years. Unions typically hire casual laborers to longshore positions as Longshore Workers retire, become injured, or transfer to other occupations or fields. The competition for openings of both casual labor and registered longshore positions is keen because of

the good wages and flexible work schedule. So is the competition for jobs, which are normally assigned daily. Work assignments are given to Longshore Workers according to their seniority.

Advancement Prospects

It often takes several years before casual laborers obtain union status as Longshore Workers. Registered Longshore Workers start as probationary union members. After working an established number of hours, they become eligible to be promoted to full-time union status. Eligibility usually takes from two to four years. Promotions are generally based on such factors as a worker’s seniority, job performance, and safety record. As Longshore Workers gain seniority, they have greater chances of being assigned work and receiving assignments of their choosing. Experienced Longshore Workers can apply for positions as maritime clerks, who track and record the movement of cargo to and from ships and dock areas. Those with supervisory talents and ambitions can seek positions as foremen, who oversee the cargo-hauling operations. Promotions to these two positions are limited.

Education and Training

Longshore Workers learn their duties on the job. Casual laborers receive on-the-job training under the supervision and direction of experienced Longshore Workers. Unions also provide their members with training workshops and programs to learn or update job skills, such as operating industrial trucks or other equipment.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Generally, applicants for casual labor positions do not need any previous work experience. They may be required to pass a written exam as well as tests to determine their physical strength, endurance, and agility to perform physically demanding tasks. Longshore Workers are expected to possess excellent self-management skills, such as being able to work independently, handle stressful situations, understand and follow directions, meet deadlines, and prioritize multiple tasks. Additionally, these workers need strong teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. Being quick-witted, analytical, reliable, hardworking, and persistent are some personality traits that successful Longshore Workers share.

Unions and Associations

Longshore Workers in the United States are represented by locals of two international unions. The International

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Longshoremen’s Association serves the interests of those who work in ports along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, on the Great Lakes and major U.S. rivers, and in Puerto Rico. The International Longshore and Warehouse Union represents Longshore Workers who work in ports along the Pacific Coast as well as in Hawaii and Alaska. For contact information to the headquarters of these two unions, see Appendix III. A union represents its membership in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, employee benefits, and working conditions. A union also handles grievance procedures for its members.

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Tips for Entry

1. To learn about the hiring process for casual laborers at a port, contact the local longshore union. 2. Visit or phone your state employment office on a regular basis to learn about job announcements for casual laborers. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about Longshore Workers. You might start by visiting the International Longshore and Warehouse Union Web site at http://www.ilwu.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

MARINA MANAGER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee daily operation and services of marina facilities; perform supervisory, financial, administrative, customer-service, maintenance, and various other duties Alternate Title(s): Marina Manager/Harbormaster Salary Range: $44,000 to $146,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—Several years of work experience in marina operations Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, leadership,

Marina Manager of larger facility

Position Description

Marinas are facilities where recreational boat owners may dock, or moor, their fishing boats, sailboats, houseboats, motorboats, and yachts. These facilities are located in harbors on oceans, lakes, rivers, bays, and other bodies of water. Marinas are owned by private yacht clubs, companies, or municipal governments. They vary in size and configuration. Furthermore, they feature amenities such as small stores, restaurants, fuel stations, boat repair services, dry storage facilities for boats, and parking lots. Men and women called Marina Managers oversee the day-to-day operation of these facilities as well as the various marina services and activities that their facilities offer. These managers make sure that marinas are organized and supervised properly to provide orderly and safe places where boat owners may keep their recreational vessels. Marina Managers are involved in the development and execution of policies, goals, objectives, and procedures for their facilities. They plan and coordinate various activities to promote the marina, such as boat racing events. They also ensure that their facilities comply with local, state, and federal laws and regulations regarding boating and boating safety, environmental protection, employment, and other areas. Every day, Marina Managers divide their activities among several categories of management work, including supervisory, financial, coordination,

Marina Manager Assistant Marina Manager

teamwork, organizational, critical-thinking, and selfmanagement skills; friendly, tactful, civil, patient, analytical, decisive, determined, and flexible Special Requirements—Varies among employers

administration, customer service, and maintenance, among others. Depending on the size of their marinas, these managers supervise staffs of one or more employees. They delegate and direct the work of their staffs to ensure that they provide quality services to marina customers. Additionally, these managers are involved in the recruitment, hiring, and training of new employees, and they perform regular evaluations of all of their employees’ work performance. As financial directors, Marina Managers develop and manage budgets. They take charge of the receipts of moorage fees, fuel sales, boat rentals, store sales, and all other monetary transactions. These managers keep financial records including those pertaining to inventory records, cash receipts, moorage fees, and so on, which they provide to financial officers of the marina company or municipality. Marina Managers handle a wide range of general administrative tasks, such as: • assigning mooring spaces, collecting fees, and handling moorage contracts • filling out time sheets for themselves and their staff members • placing orders for fuel stocks and for items sold at marina stores • preparing correspondence, reports, and other paperwork

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• attending meetings with staff, marina customers, marina owners, governmental officials, or others • making presentations to marina owners or higherlevel managers about marina improvements, expansion projects, and other activities • keeping up to date with new laws, regulations, and ordinances Most, if not all, Marina Managers are in daily contact with marina customers and the public. They patrol marinas and monitor parking areas as well as make sure that boats are secure. These managers provide information to customers and the public about marina services, events, policies, rules, and regulations. Managers may discuss these matters in person or publish and distribute newsletters to communicate such items of information. Some managers perform direct services to customers, such as fueling boats and helping boat owners moor their boats. They also assist customers by answering their questions or helping them resolve their problems. Managers may also present the concerns of marina patrons and boat owners to marina owners. In the area of maintenance, Marina Managers make sure that facilities and equipment are clean and in working order. They routinely inspect their marinas and arrange for repairs on structures or equipment as the need arises. They may delegate some of these responsibilities to members of their staffs. Some managers perform minor repairs, collect debris, and maintain landscaping on marina grounds. Marina Managers normally work for 40 hours per week. However, their work schedules may include weekends and holidays. They work in offices as well as work outdoors in all types of weather. They may face stressful situations when dealing with emergencies.

Salaries

Salaries for Marina Managers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for this occupation is unavailable. A general idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at salaries for general managers. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most general managers ranged between $43,990 and $145,600.

Employment Prospects

Marinas are found throughout the United States, along the coastlines as well as on lakes, rivers, and other

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inland waters. Marinas may be owned by small family operations, large corporations, private yacht clubs, and municipalities. Job openings for Marina Managers become available as individuals retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Occasionally, new marinas are built, thus creating new managerial positions.

Advancement Prospects

Marina Managers advance according to their interests and ambitions. Becoming a Marina Manager is the ultimate objective for some individuals. Some Managers realize advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction. Some individuals may seek Marina Manager posts in desired locations or those positions with higher salaries and responsibilities that are more complex. With their experience, Marina Managers can pursue higher management positions in harbor and port administration.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with the different employers. Some employers require applicants to possess at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Other employers prefer to hire applicants who hold a bachelor’s degree in business administration, public administration, or another related field. Marina Managers typically learn their skills and basic duties as they gain experience by working in support and supervisory positions for the management of marina operations. Throughout their careers, these managers complete workshops, seminars, and courses to update their knowledge and skills.

Special Requirements

Applicants may need to possess specific certificates and licenses, depending on the requirements established by their employers. For example, an employer may require that a candidate has all of the following: first-aid certificate, CPR certificate, state driver’s license, and Master (or captain) license that is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard. Employers may hire candidates who do not have the appropriate certificates and licenses on the condition that they obtain them within a certain period.

Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers seek candidates who have several years of experience in the management and supervision of marina operations and personnel. In addition, can-

didates have practical knowledge of boating and are familiar with appropriate maritime and boating laws, regulations, and ordinances. Because they deal with boat owners, marina visitors, businesses, government agencies, and many others of diverse backgrounds, Marina Managers must have excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills. They also need strong leadership, teamwork, organizational, critical-thinking, and self-management skills to perform their jobs effectively. Being friendly, tactful, civil, patient, analytical, decisive, determined, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Marina Managers share.

Unions and Associations

Marina Managers can join various types of associations relating to the marina industry, boating, and the recreational boating industry, which are available at the state, regional, and national levels. By joining such organizations, individuals can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. One national trade association that serves the interests of marina operators/managers is the Association of Marina Industries. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Are you a high school or college student? You can start gaining experience for a career in marina management by obtaining a summer job at a nearby marina. Be open to working in any entrylevel job that may be available, such as a busboy, store clerk, or yard assistant. 2. Some experts in the field say that persons applying or asking about work in person have better chances of getting a job than those who e-mail or call over the phone. 3. Often, you can find out about job opportunities through people you know. Hence, build and maintain a network of contacts from your jobs, professional memberships, social groups, and other activities. 4. Individuals may enhance their employability by obtaining professional marina management certificates through recognized organizations such as the Association of Marina Industries. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about marinas. You might start by visiting the Web site of the Association of Marina Industries. The URL is https://www.marinaassociation.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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MOTORBOAT MECHANIC CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Service and repair small-engine vessels; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Marine Mechanic, Marine Technician, Outboard Motor Mechanic, Diesel Engine Technician Salary Range: $21,000 to $53,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; motorcycle technology training; on-the-job training Experience—Experience performing basic motorboat service and repairs usually preferred

Senior Mechanic

Position Description

Each day, thousands of motorized boats travel on all kinds of waterways. Outboard or inboard motors power these yachts, fishing vessels, speedboats, sailboats, and other small vessels. The men and women who repair these types of engines are called Motorboat Mechanics. Some of them also maintain and repair engine starter mechanisms, steering systems, navigational systems, and electrical systems on board smaller craft. Outboard motors, which run on gasoline, are easily removed from the bodies of boats. Motorboat Mechanics repair these small engines in shop environments away from the marinas where boats are moored. On the other hand, inboard motors, which are mostly diesel-powered, are much more difficult to remove and are separated from boats only when major repairs are needed. Consequently, Motorboat Mechanics mainly work on these engines on board the boats while they are tied at their berths. Motorboat Mechanics may specialize by working specifically on outboard or inboard motors. Some of them work on certain brands of boat motors. Other Motorboat Mechanics specialize by working on other boat components such as propellers, plumbing systems, air-conditioning systems, and steering components. Some of these mechanics also carry out other tasks for boat owners, such as painting boats or patching leaks. Motorboat Mechanics execute work that is very similar to other small-engine mechanics. They diagnose problems by looking at or listening to engines or

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Motorboat Mechanic Motorboat Mechanic (Entry-level)

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, interpersonal, communication, customer-service, problem-solving, and self-management skills; ethical, flexible, meticulous, dedicated, and detail-oriented

by using computerized diagnostic equipment. These mechanics determine whether the motors’ problems are mechanical in nature or have something to do with fuel, cooling, or electrical systems. These mechanics perform routine maintenance as well as major overhauls of boat engines. They check points, adjust engine timing, correct air-to-fuel mixtures in the carburetor, and check for broken parts. They disassemble boat engines; clean, repair, or replace parts such as gears, piston rings, or sparkplugs; and reassemble the engines. They handle tools similar to those that other smallengine mechanics use to perform their tasks. For example, Motorboat Mechanics work with wrenches, hammers, screwdrivers, drills, grinders, and lathes. Like other small-engine mechanics, these motorboat experts follow checklists to guide them through maintenance routines. One major difference between Motorboat Mechanics and other small-engine mechanics is that Motorboat Mechanics test boat engines in water, either by using large tanks in their shops or by running them in the water on the boats. They remount repaired engines to boats and operate the boats around marinas or harbors at various speeds to make sure that the motors function properly in normal operating conditions. Another factor that separates Motorboat Mechanics from other mechanics is that the engines they work on are designed differently. For example, boat engines turn propellers to move boats through water. Further-

more, boat engines have components such as water pumps to protect them from water damage. Motorboat Mechanics service and repair these components as well. Likewise, steering mechanisms and throttle controls on small boats differ from those found on land vehicles or other machines powered by small engines. Motorboat Mechanics work in repair shops located near marinas. These shops provide a clean, welllighted environment for them to work on boat engines or other small engines and to complete routine tasks such as reviewing test results and compiling records or invoices. These mechanics also travel to work in outdoor settings when they work aboard boats, where they are exposed to all kinds of weather. They may also be exposed to loud noises when they test engine performance. Motorboat Mechanics must be physically fit and agile. They may routinely lift and carry motors or other objects that weigh as much as 50 pounds. They climb ladders and walk along narrow gangways to access boats. These mechanics may also work in confined spaces. Motorboat Mechanics may work either part time or full time. Some of their jobs are seasonal, particularly in areas where waterways are frozen during winter months.

Salaries

Salaries for Motorboat Mechanics vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most of these mechanics ranged between $21,430 and $52,510. The estimated hourly wage for most Motorboat Mechanics ranged from $10.30 to $25.25.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 19,610 Motorboat Mechanics were employed in the United States. These mechanics mostly find employment with boat dealers, boat rental companies, marinas, boatyards, and independent repair shops. Some Motorboat Mechanics are self-employed. Employment of Motorboat Mechanics is expected to grow by 19 percent through 2016, according to the BLS. Some demand will be due to the growing number of retirees in the United States who have disposable income and more leisure time to spend on motorboats. Sales in motorboats should, in turn, increase the demand for mechanics to maintain and repair these vessels. In addition to job growth, employers hire Motorboat Mechan-

ics to replace those who transfer to other jobs, retire, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Mechanics can advance to supervisory and managerial positions, for which they may be required to move to other shops or dealerships. Entrepreneurial individuals can start their own boat dealerships or service and repair shops. With their small-engine skills and experience, Motorboat Mechanics can move into other related fields. For example, they can become medical equipment repairers, bicycle repairers, appliance repairers, or motorcycle technicians. They can also become automobile or diesel engine mechanics after obtaining additional training.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some experts in the field report that many employers seek entry-level candidates who have completed formal training programs in motorboat technology at technical or community colleges. These programs are usually one to two years long. Formal training programs are still limited throughout the United States. Hence, many Motorboat Mechanics learn their trade through on-the-job training, in which they work under the direction and supervision of experienced Motorboat Mechanics. Individuals usually take from three to five years to become proficient to work independently on motorboat engines. Some employers send their mechanics to training workshops and courses sponsored by motorboat manufacturers. Throughout their careers, Motorboat Mechanics continually upgrade their skills and knowledge through self-study, training programs, and continuing education courses.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire candidates for entry-level positions who have some experience performing basic motorboat service and repairs. Candidates should be able to demonstrate the safe and proper use of hand and power tools. They may have gained their skills through formal instruction, on-the-job training, self-study, or a combination of all three. Motorboat Mechanics must have excellent teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and customerservice skills, as they need to work well with both colleagues and clients. They also need strong prob-

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lem-solving and self-management skills. Some personality traits that successful Motorboat Mechanics share include being ethical, flexible, meticulous, dedicated, and detail-oriented.

Unions and Associations

Motorboat Mechanics may be members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. If you are a high school student, you can gain experience by becoming a part-time helper at

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2. 3.

4. 5.

a boat repair shop or other small-engine repair shop. Let mechanics know of your interest to learn about maintaining and repairing small engines. Apply directly to employers for trainee positions. Do you need help finding job and training opportunities in your community or nearby communities? Contact the local office of your state employment service agency for help. Be prepared to relocate to find a job you want. Use the Internet to learn more about motorboat servicing and repairs. To get a list of relevant Web sites, enter either of these keywords into a search engine: motorboat services or motorboat repairs. For some links, see Appendix IV.

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

PIPELINE ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Plan, design, operate, and maintain pipeline transportation systems; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Design Engineer or another title that reflects a particular job Salary Range: $48,000 to $126,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in an engineering field; on-the-job training Experience—Previous work experience generally required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service,

Senior Pipeline Engineer

Position Description

An enormous, complex network of pipelines make up a mode of transportation, known as pipeline transportation, that is unfamiliar to many of us. Approximately 2 million miles of pipelines are used to transport natural gas, petroleum, and other fuels across the nation every day. Most of these pipelines are situated at least a yard or two under the surface of the ground, which allows for an efficient, economical, and safe method for transporting large volumes of these fluids over large expanses of land. Some pipelines also extend for short distances under water to supply oil or natural gas from offshore drilling platforms to refineries or other facilities on land. Men and women called Pipeline Engineers are responsible for the planning and design of pipeline transportation systems. They are also involved in the construction, operation, quality control, and maintenance of these systems. These professionals ensure the integrity of pipelines that transport oil from seaport terminals to refineries and petroleum products from refineries to fuel depots. They also ensure the quality of pipelines that transport natural gas through main distribution lines and service lines to homes and businesses. Pipeline Engineers work on various aspects of the planning, design, construction, operation, quality control, and maintenance of pipelines. Likewise, these engineers approach their work from the standpoint of several engineering disciplines, levels of expertise and

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Pipeline Engineer Junior Pipeline Engineer

self-management, teamwork, critical-thinking, troubleshooting, and writing skills; self-motivated, decisive, creative, meticulous, and cooperative Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license may be required

administrative authority, from technicians to consultants to supervisors to managers. Pipeline Engineers come from different engineering backgrounds. For example, some Pipeline Engineers are materials engineers. These experts study, test, and approve the materials needed to construct pipelines. They also recommend the tools needed to build pipelines and the instrumentation to be used to monitor pipeline operations. Civil engineers, mechanical engineers, structural engineers, and chemical engineers are a few other types of engineers who work in the field of pipeline engineering. Throughout their careers, Pipeline Engineers perform various engineering functions, or roles, in the different phases of their projects. Design engineers are mainly responsible for creating models for pipeline projects and developing construction plans. They work with other engineers and project managers to create the designs. These engineers use computer design programs to create their models. They also oversee the installation of the pipeline components they design. Field engineers perform a variety of engineering or technical functions. These Pipeline Engineers perform such duties as estimating, designing, and constructing pipelines. They also gather and analyze performance data regarding pipeline and measurement station operations. Operations engineers concern themselves with electrical power. They specify and obtain the appropriate

electrical equipment that is used for pipeline operations. They review how pipeline facilities utilize electrical power and work with technicians to improve the function of electrical systems and instrumentation. Some Pipeline Engineers work as project coordinators. They use computers to assess pipeline integrity and performance. With this information, they can spot anomalies or flaws in pipeline equipment and specify appropriate actions for other Pipeline Engineers to take to remedy those flaws through maintenance and repair activities. Management-level Pipeline Engineers, such as senior or chief engineers, oversee the work of engineers, technicians, and others. They review pipeline designs and analyze details such as the thickness of pipeline walls and the stability of the pipelines. They manage budget processes, design projects, construction activities, and maintenance operations. They attend meetings with company administrators to review projects for approval. Pipeline Engineers perform several general tasks, depending on their area of expertise or engineering discipline. For example, they may prepare cost estimates, follow compliance standards according to government regulations, write specifications for pipeline projects, submit bids for projects, procure materials, secure permits for construction projects, or inspect pipelines. Pipeline Engineers work in both indoor and outdoor settings. They work 40-hour workweeks, but may put in extra hours as needed to complete assignments.

Salaries

Salaries for Pipeline Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Specific formal salary information for these professionals is unavailable. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that the estimated annual salary for most engineers who are not listed separately in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey ranges between $47,630 and $126,180. The estimated annual mean wage for engineers working in the pipeline transportation (of crude oil) industry is $96,490.

Employment Prospects

Job opportunities for Pipeline Engineers are available worldwide. Pipeline companies, petroleum companies, natural gas companies, mining firms, and utilities are a few types of employers that hire Pipeline Engineers. In addition, engineering firms that offer pipeline engineering services on a contractual basis also employ Pipeline Engineers. The BLS reports that employment of engineers overall is expected to increase by 11 percent through 2016.

In general, opportunities for Pipeline Engineers become available as employers seek engineers to replace workers who retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Employers create additional engineering positions as their companies grow.

Advancement Prospects

Pipeline Engineers advance according to their own interests and ambitions. Those with managerial and administrative interests can become supervisory, project, and chief engineers. They can also be promoted to be executive officers of their organizations. Entrepreneurial engineers may become independent contractors or owners of firms that offer technical or consulting services. Pipeline Engineers can also choose to specialize in particular engineering functions such as design, research, or project management. Some engineers move into a business area, such as finance or marketing, within their organizations.

Education and Training

Minimally, Pipeline Engineers must possess a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, or another related field. A master’s or doctoral degree is usually required for candidates to advance to careers in management, consulting, research, or teaching at the college level. According to experts in the field, few engineering schools teach fundamental or introductory courses about pipeline engineering. Consequently, engineers primarily learn about pipeline engineering through onthe-job training. They receive training under the supervision and guidance of experienced Pipeline Engineers. Throughout their careers, Pipeline Engineers enroll in continuing education programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

All engineers are required to possess a professional engineer (P.E.) license if they are offering engineering services directly to the public. They also must be licensed if they perform work that affects the life, health, or property of the public. Every state, as well as Washington, D.C., and each U.S. territory, has its own licensing requirements. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers hire entry-level candidates who have experience related to the position for which they apply. They

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may have gained their experience through employment, internships, work-study programs, student research projects, or a combination of any of these activities. Employers also prefer to employ novice engineers who have some experience working in the pipeline industry. Pipeline Engineers need effective interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with various people from diverse backgrounds. To do well at their job, they also need strong self-management, teamwork, criticalthinking, troubleshooting, and writing skills. Being self-motivated, decisive, creative, meticulous, and cooperative are some personality traits that successful Pipeline Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Pipeline Engineers can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and

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resources. One national society that serves the particular interests of this profession is the Professional Institute of Pipeline Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. When you are researching engineering schools, ask recruitment coordinators or engineering professors what courses they have available that would provide you with a foundation in pipeline engineering. 2. A willingness to relocate may increase your job prospects. 3. Check out company Web sites for job postings. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about pipeline engineering. To obtain a list of relevant Web sites to visit, enter the keywords pipeline engineering or pipeline engineers in a search engine. For more links, see Appendix IV.

PIPELINE INSPECTOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Examine pipeline systems to ensure they comply with federal regulations and laws; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Pipeline Safety Inspector Salary Range: $29,000 to $83,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—Educational requirements vary among employers; on-the-job training Experience—Several years of work experience in pipeline construction and maintenance Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, interpersonal, teamwork, critical-think-

Senior Pipeline Inspector

Position Description

Approximately 2 million miles of pipelines that carry large volumes of oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas crisscross the United States. Pipelines are generally buried underground to facilitate the more efficient and safer transport of these products. They cross roadless landscapes and, by being underground, among other advantages, they are protected from the elements and are less likely to develop leaks. To ensure the safety of these large networks of pipelines, technical experts known as Pipeline Inspectors monitor pipelines on a regular basis. Pipelines are designed to serve three general purposes. Gathering pipelines bring oil and natural gas from wells to refineries. Transportation pipelines move refined products between cities. Distribution pipelines carry refined products to homes, businesses, or storage terminals. The pipes that carry fuels differ in size and composition according to which fuel they transport. For example, oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic and vary from four to 48 inches in diameter. Pump stations move oil through these pipes. In contrast, natural gas pipelines are made of carbon steel and range in size from two to 56 inches in diameter. Devices called compressor stations move natural gas through these pipes. Furthermore, pipelines consist of more than just pipes. Initial injection systems, partial delivery stations, block valve stations, regulator stations, and final delivery stations also serve to transport fuels and regulate their

Pipeline Inspector Pipeline Inspector Trainee

ing, self-management, writing, and computer skills; accurate, impartial, diplomatic, trustworthy, ethical, and dedicated

flow. All of these components and the facilities that house them are collectively called pipelines. Pipeline Inspectors use various technologies to examine the pipes before and after they are installed to determine their structural integrity. Pipelines must be able to withstand the pressure created by the fuels that flow within them. Despite the underground location of pipelines, these professionals can access them for inspection by using certain instruments. Pipeline Inspectors are often governmental employees, but they may also work for private companies. State governments oversee the inspection of intrastate pipelines that are situated within the boundaries of states. The federal government manages inspections of interstate pipelines, which cross state borders, unless a state has an agreement with the federal government to oversee inspections. Before pipelines are placed in their trenches and buried, Pipeline Inspectors ensure that they meet strict federal pipeline safety standards. They also make sure that pipelines comply with engineering design specifications and meet environmental safety standards. As part of their inspection, they oversee a hydrostatic pressure test, by which they may determine whether the pipes can withstand the pressure exerted by water. During the test, enough water is pumped through the pipe to exceed the recommended amount of pressure that would be exerted by normal operation. If a pipe leaks, it is repaired and the inspectors retest it.

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Pipeline Inspectors also use their expertise about pipeline materials and their particular strengths and weaknesses. They examine pipes by looking at them closely, using X-ray, magnetic particle, ultrasound, optical scanning, and other methods to reveal any flaws that need to be repaired before they are incorporated into the pipeline systems. In addition, these inspectors ensure the proper use of corrosion protection coatings. Pipeline Inspectors find leaks in installed pipelines by walking along their routes. They also use satellite imagery to help them locate weaknesses in pipeline systems. They more closely examine the interiors of buried pipelines by using devices called pigs, which they send through the pipes. Pigs are roughly the same size as the interior diameter of the pipes. They contain magnetic flux leakage and ultrasound technologies to detect minute cracks, metal blemishes, or other flaws inside the pipes that could weaken the pipe and develop leakage. Some of these devices also have small video cameras that provide visual signals as they travel through pipelines over long distances. They also contain computers that transmit data to the Pipeline Inspectors for analysis. Besides the actual pipes, Pipeline Inspectors examine all types of pipeline systems encompassing oil, refined petroleum, and natural gas pipelines. They inspect pipeline system components and the procedures that pipeline employees use to keep pipelines functioning properly. They inspect construction sites, pumping and compressor stations, metering systems, and storage tanks. Pipeline Inspectors perform general tasks. These inspectors review such documents as safety logs, current and historical operations records, design specifications, testing results, and repair and maintenance records. They visit construction sites and established pipeline facilities to observe workers performing construction, welding, emergency, and containment procedures so as to verify that they are performing tasks according to compliance standards. Pipeline Inspectors discuss employee performance with supervisory and management personnel to ensure their proper observation of procedural standards. These inspectors also take measurements, test valve systems, and check various equipment and instrument settings. Governmental inspectors may be assigned to investigate service failure occurrences, accidents, or incidents of tampering or vandalism. They take photographs of the scene of an incident, obtain statements from witnesses, and collect evidence from the scene. These inspectors may recommend appropriate legal action

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such as citations. They are sometimes asked to testify in courts as expert witnesses. Pipeline Inspectors revisit incident scenes to ensure that corrective measures have been implemented. Senior inspectors may supervise new inspectors. Experienced inspectors may also coordinate training programs, handle complaints, and conduct educational programs for legislative bodies and the public. All Pipeline Inspectors have the task of writing detailed reports describing their inspection and investigative activities. Pipeline Inspectors work in both indoor and outdoor settings. They perform their reviewing and reportwriting duties in offices. Many of their inspection and investigative tasks take them outdoors, where they may be exposed to all kinds of weather conditions. The nature of their job is such that they may be required to wear protective equipment such as respirators. Their jobs can also be physically demanding, as they must climb into and out of access holes, scale storage tanks, walk varying distances on rough terrain, and climb ladders or stairways. They sometimes lift objects weighing as much as 50 pounds or more. These inspectors work 40 hours per week. Some are on call around-the-clock to respond to emergencies. Pipeline Inspectors must travel to visit pipeline sites, some of which are located in remote areas.

Salaries

Salaries for Pipeline Inspectors vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Formal salary information about these professionals is unavailable. A general idea of their earnings can be gained by looking at the wages for compliance officers in general. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most compliance officers ranged between $28,980 and $83,120. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $13.93 to $39.96.

Employment Prospects

According to the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Web site (http://www.phmsa. dot.gov), the federal government employs more than 75 Pipeline Inspectors. State offices of pipeline safety also employ Pipeline Inspectors. In addition, Pipeline Inspectors work in the private sector, where they are employed by oil and natural gas companies as well as by technical firms that offer pipeline inspection services on a contractual basis. Overall, the workforce in the pipeline industry is small. In 2001, the BLS reported approximately 14,000 employees in this private industry.

Job openings for Pipe Inspectors become available as individuals advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers create additional positions to meet growing needs, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Pipeline Inspectors can advance to supervisory and managerial positions. Many inspectors pursue career growth by earning higher wages, by receiving work assignments of greater complexity, and through job satisfaction. Entrepreneurial individuals may choose to become independent contractors or owners of technical companies that offer pipeline inspection services.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with the different employers. Minimally, applicants must hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who possess an associate or bachelor’s degree in engineering technology, or a bachelor’s degree in engineering. Novice inspectors receive on-the-job training. They work under the guidance and supervision of experienced Pipeline Inspectors. Throughout their careers, Pipeline Inspectors enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

In general, employers prefer to hire applicants who have several years of work experience in pipeline construction and maintenance. Candidates should be familiar with federal and state laws regarding gas pipeline safety, pipeline safety practices, and the operation of pipeline test equipment. Pipeline Inspectors must work well with various people with different backgrounds from both the public and private sectors. Hence, they need effective com-

munication and interpersonal skills. These professionals also need strong teamwork, critical-thinking, and self-management skills, as well as strong writing and computer skills. Being accurate, impartial, diplomatic, trustworthy, ethical, and dedicated are some personality traits that successful Pipeline Inspectors share.

Unions and Associations

Pipeline Inspectors might join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources. For example, state inspectors are eligible to join the National Association of Pipeline Safety Representatives, which promotes pipeline safety in the United States. For contact information for this organization, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who possess a valid driver’s license with a clean driving record. 2. If you are interested in working for the U.S. Office of Pipeline Safety or a state office of pipeline safety, start learning as much as you can about the agency. Make an appointment for an information interview with a pipeline inspection manager or supervisor. 3. Some inspectors rise through the ranks in private companies. Let your supervisor or human resources manager know that you are interested in one day conducting pipeline inspections. Find out what skills, training, and experience you need to pursue to become ready for future inspection jobs. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about pipeline safety. You might start by visiting “Pipeline Safety Community,” which is part of the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Web site. The URL is http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/ pipeline. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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PIPELINER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Perform general maintenance and repair on pipelines and infrastructure such as pumping stations; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Pipeline Technician, Pipeline Maintenance Worker, Pipeline Walker Salary Range: $19,000 to $57,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Some work experience preferred

Senior Pipeliner

Position Description

The term pipeline transportation refers to a system of pipes that move petroleum and petroleum products to and from refineries as well as deliver natural gas to businesses and homes. Approximately 2 million miles of pipelines crisscross the United States, and many more in other nations, to transport oil and natural gas between various points. Many pipelines transport fuels under short expanses of sea, and some of them are situated on land above the ground. Most pipelines, however, are buried beneath the ground. Pumping stations, which are placed where pipelines begin and at intervals along pipelines, serve to push petroleum and petroleum products through pipelines. Compressor stations that pressurize gas are likewise positioned at various intervals along natural gas pipelines. Pipeline systems continually need to be serviced and repaired to keep them running at optimal efficiency and safety. The men and women who perform this type of technical work are called Pipeliners. They are also known as pipeline technicians. Pipeliners work on many types of pipelines as well as many pipeline components. Pipelines that supply petroleum products are constructed differently from natural gas pipelines. They are different sizes, for example, and made of different materials. In general, however, pipelines include injector stations that are located at the beginning of pipelines at seaports, oil fields, or natural gas deposits. These facilities introduce products into the pipeline from storage facilities. Block valve stations located at intervals along pipelines are used to

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Pipeliner Pipeliner (Trainee)

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, communication, interpersonal, teamwork, and self-management skills; positive, reliable, selfmotivated, precise, and flexible

stop the flow of fluids through the segments of pipeline so leaks in the segments can be repaired. Regulator stations along pipelines are another kind of valve station where operators can increase or decrease internal pipeline pressure as needed. Pipelines end at oil refineries or at final delivery stations, also known as terminals, from which pipeline products are distributed through more pipelines or by truck to the companies or consumers who use them. Pipeliners maintain and repair pipelines, storage tanks, pumping apparatuses, and other equipment associated with pipeline networks. They perform such tasks as removing rust from pipes, valves, and meters. They cover pipes with anti-rust paints or wrap them with anti-corrosive tapes to prevent leakage. They replace unusable pipe sections with new ones. They install scraping mechanisms that travel through pipes to clean them. They open the valves after replacing pipelines to resume the flow of fluids. Pipeliners also dig trenches, remove brush, and dismantle structures such as fences or water lines to make way for new pipelines. Pipeliners use hand tools, mechanized tools, and several types of equipment to perform these tasks. They operate sandblasters to remove rust and other encrusted substances from pipelines. They utilize wrenches and tools called pipe tongs to install sections of pipe and their connections. Pipeliners use backhoes and bulldozers to dig trenches and clear the land of brush or move obstructions. These experts also operate compressors and analysis equipment in their line of work.

Some Pipeliners are known as pipeline walkers. These men and women specialize by patrolling the pipeline routes to locate leaks or breaks in the pipeline as well as disabled telephone or electrical lines used by their pipeline company. They drive vehicles as well as walk along the pipeline routes. Their job may take them to very remote locations including wilderness areas. On their patrols, Pipeliners carefully examine the terrain for signs of leaks including dead vegetation, unusual odors, or oil stains on the soil. Pipeline walkers may repair minor leaks. They call the appropriate personnel to send out repair crews to fix major leaks or fallen electrical lines. Pipeline walkers perform most of their duties in solitude and are adept at living in wilderness locales. All Pipeliners perform general tasks, which vary by skill level and technical expertise. For example, they may sweep and maintain the grounds near company facilities and perform repair and maintenance tasks on motor vehicles or heavy equipment. Some Pipeliners are required to submit written reports regarding their pipeline maintenance tasks. Their reports may include written descriptions and sketches of the condition of pipelines and the steps they took to make repairs. Most Pipeliners assist other experts with performing welding tasks as well as with instrumentation installation and calibration tasks. Pipeliners primarily work in outdoor settings in all kinds of climates and weather conditions. Pipelines are located in all 50 states, and these experts must perform installations and repairs wherever they are needed. These men and women need to be in good physical condition to handle and carry objects weighing as much as 50 pounds or more. They sometimes perform tasks on high platforms or in confined spaces. These technicians are occasionally exposed to high-pressure gas, loud noises, and the dangers associated with working on rough terrain. Pipeliners are available to work shifts or on an oncall basis. Their hours may be extended during emergencies.

Salaries

Salaries for Pipeliners vary, depending on their experience, job duties, employer, and other factors. Formal salary information for these experts is unavailable. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that the estimated annual salary for most installation, maintenance, and repair workers who are not listed separately in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey range between $19,370 and $57,120. The estimated annual mean wage for these workers in pipeline transportation (of crude oil) is $55,330.

Employment Prospects

The pipeline workforce in the United States is relatively small. Approximately 14,000 employees were employed in the pipeline industry in 2001, according to the BLS. Pipeliners may find employment with oil and natural gas companies, which own pipeline systems. Firms that offer pipeline maintenance services on a contractual basis may also employ them. Job openings normally become available as Pipeliners advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Pipeliners can advance in any number of ways, depending on their interests and ambitions. With additional experience and training, they can become pipeline walkers, corrosion technicians, welders, pipe layers, pipeline inspectors, and so forth. Those with supervisory and managerial ambitions can pursue such positions. Some Pipeliners return to school and earn an engineering degree to become pipeline engineers. Pipeliners can also use their experience to gain entry into other fields within the oil and natural gas industry.

Education and Training

Minimally, Pipeliners must hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Pipeliners learn their duties and skills on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced Pipeliners. Many companies offer training programs to their employees to develop and update their skills so that they can advance to positions that interest them.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Requirements for entry-level positions vary among employers. In general, employers prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of work experience that demonstrates their ability to do physically demanding work. Because of the nature of the job, Pipeliners need to be in excellent physical condition. Their job also requires that they have strong problem-solving, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills. In addition, they need excellent self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, meet deadlines, handle stressful situations, and follow and understand instructions. Being positive, reliable, self-motivated, precise, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Pipeliners have in common.

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Unions and Associations

Pipeliners may be members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also may handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Develop strong reading skills while in high school. Working in the pipeline transportation industry involves reading and interpreting equipment manuals, codes, specifications, maps, and other technical materials. You will also need fun-

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damental writing skills to adequately complete documents, records, and reports. 2. Employers often hire applicants without any work experience if they show a willingness to learn and are quick learners. 3. Contact your local state employment office for assistance in finding work. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the pipeline transportation industry. You might start by visiting the Web site called Pipeline 101 at http://www.pipeline101.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Perform a particular engineering function, such as research, development, design, testing, production, or customer support; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects an engineering discipline (such as Mechanical Engineer), a specialty (such as Avionics Systems Engineer), or a function (such as Design Engineer) Salary Range: $44,000 to $130,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—A bachelor’s degree in an engineering discipline; a master’s or doctorate degree may be preferred for some positions Experience—Previous work experience generally required

Senior Engineer

Position Description

Bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, trucks, recreational vehicles, commercial vehicles, buses, rapid transit cars, railroad cars, airplanes, helicopters, spacecraft, boats, and ships are just a few examples of the types of transportation equipment manufactured in the United States and around the world. Engineers are among the many experts involved in the creation of the wide range of vehicles and vessels and their various parts and components. Engineers may work in the automotive, aerospace, shipping, railroad, or other transportation equipment manufacturing industry. Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics, as well as their engineering knowledge and skills, to create products and systems of all kinds that are useful for humanity. In manufacturing industries, they are involved in the research, development, and production of safe and reliable products for commercial purposes. These professionals are also concerned with designing the tools, machinery, processes, and facilities needed for producing products efficiently and economically. For example, Engineers may design robots for use in manufacturing processes. Engineers are trained in different engineering disciplines. The following are just a few engineering specialists who are employed within the transportation equipment manufacturing industries.

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Engineer Junior or Assistant Engineer

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, analytical, problem-solving, writing, self-management, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills; curious, creative, innovative, detail-oriented, determined, and flexible Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license may be required

• Mechanical engineers invent devices, machines, and mechanical systems such as engines, control devices, air-conditioning systems and hydraulic systems. • Electronic engineers create electronic devices, components, and systems. • Materials engineers determine the best materials (such as metals, plastics, and composites) to use for products; they also develop new or improved materials for specific uses. • Environmental engineers seek solutions to environmental problems (such as air quality, hazardous waste management, and noise pollution) that manufacturers must address. • Manufacturing engineers develop and maintain efficient and reliable manufacturing systems for producing products. • Industrial engineers apply engineering analysis and techniques to solve problems in the production process, such as those involving high costs for supplies, low productivity by employees, or poor product quality. Some Engineers are trained to work in particular fields. For example, aerospace engineers are experts in creating technologies for aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, and related parts. Other examples are automotive engineers, who specialize in the design, development, and produc-

tion of motor vehicles, and naval engineers, who focus on the design and construction of waterborne vessels. In addition to their particular engineering discipline, Engineers are hired to perform a specific engineering function in the area of research and development, design, testing, production, or maintenance. They perform duties that are particular to their roles. For example: • Research and development engineers seek ways to apply basic principles and knowledge of science, mathematics, and engineering to create new or improved commercial products or manufacturing processes. • Analytical engineers conduct in-depth assessments of proposed products and evaluate whether the design of each product meets customer requirements. • Design engineers develop designs of products that can be manufactured economically, as well as meet customers’ requirements and industry standards. • Test engineers conceive and perform a range of tests to determine whether products meet specifications. • Systems engineers ensure that all components of a product design interface correctly. • Production engineers oversee the daily operation of specific manufacturing processes and ensure that products are being made according to specifications. • Process design engineers develop new or improved manufacturing processes. • Quality engineers monitor production, processes, and finished products to ensure that they fulfill governmental regulations, industry standards, and customers’ requirements. • Sales engineers contact customers and make sales presentations to demonstrate how products or services can fulfill their particular needs. • Technical service engineers provide maintenance service and technical assistance to customers after products have been delivered to them. Various Engineers work closely together on projects, and each of them brings his or her particular engineering expertise to a project. Engineers also work with scientists, technicians, craftsmen, and production staff members in the different phases of research and development and production. Engineers may confer about their projects with staff from marketing, sales, and other company departments. There are several levels of expertise within the engineering profession. Junior engineers typically work under the guidance and supervision of senior engineers. Their focus is to develop their skills and their understanding of the rules, regulations, standards, and practices of their area of concern. Senior engineers are more

actively involved with the decision-making process and are more likely to be team leaders. They are more aware of program needs and work independently in response to those needs. Advanced to executive-level engineers are the primary engineers for project divisions. They are responsible for top-level project management and client management, as well as business development and administration. They also make policy decisions and consult with clients or government agencies. Engineers work in offices, laboratories, and production sites. They perform a variety of routine tasks each day. For example, they conduct research, review documents, prepare reports, complete forms and other paperwork, and attend meetings. Engineers also remain current with technological advancements in their fields through self-study, participating in professional conferences, and enrolling in continuing education. Most Engineers work a 40-hour-per-week schedule and put in additional hours as needed to complete tasks and to meet deadlines. In some companies, Engineers work shifts. Some Engineers are required to travel to meet with government officials, suppliers, or customers.

Salaries

Salaries for Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their field of expertise, education, experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports the following ranges of estimated annual salaries in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey for most of these types of engineers: • aerospace engineers, $60,760 to $129,770 • electronics engineers, $53,710 to $124,930 • environmental engineers, $44,090 to $108,670 • industrial engineers, $46,340 to $104,490 • marine engineers, $47,920 to $114,490 • materials engineers, $47,140 to $116,320 • mechanical engineers, $46,560 to $108,740 • all other engineers, $47,630 to $126,180

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that an estimated 1.5 million Engineers were employed in the United States in 2006. According to the BLS May 2007 OES survey, approximately 145,540 engineers were employed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry. The three largest groups of engineers in this industry were aerospace engineers (about 28 percent), industrial engineers (about 23 percent), and mechanical engineers (about 21 percent).

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Job opportunities overall are strong for qualified Engineers. In a 2008 survey by Manpower, Inc. (http:// www.manpower.com), engineering was ranked as the number one job classification in the United States for which employers have difficulty finding qualified workers. The BLS predicts that employment of Engineers is expected to increase by 11 percent during 2006–16. In addition to job growth, openings become available as Engineers retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. Experts in the field state that a large number of Engineers will become eligible for retirement within the coming years.

have gained their experience through internships, student research projects, employment, or other means. To work effectively at their jobs, Engineers must have excellent leadership, analytical, problem-solving, writing, and self-management skills. In addition, they must have strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they need to be able to work well with coworkers, managers, and various others from diverse backgrounds. Some personality traits that successful Engineers share include being curious, creative, innovative, detail-oriented, determined, and flexible.

Advancement Prospects

Many Engineers belong to professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, professional certification, continuing education, and other professional services and sources. Some of the various societies that serve the diverse interests of Engineers include:

Depending on their interests and ambitions, Engineers can advance their careers in various ways. For example, they can become technical specialists or specialize in particular functions such as design, technical support, or research. As they gain experience, Engineers can become supervisors and project managers. Those with administrative and management ambitions can rise through the ranks to executive officer positions. Entrepreneurial Engineers can become independent consultants or owners of engineering consulting firms. With their backgrounds, Engineers can obtain further education to pursue professional careers in such fields as medicine, law, politics, education, and business.

Education and Training

Minimally, Engineers must hold bachelor’s degrees in the engineering discipline of their choice. Employers may require that Engineers have master’s or doctoral degrees for some positions. For example, an automotive manufacturing firm might prefer to hire Engineers with advanced degrees. Engineers pursue continuing education throughout their careers to update their knowledge and skills.

Special Requirements

Engineers must be licensed as professional engineers (P.E.) if they offer engineering services directly to the public or perform work that affects the life, health, or property of the public. Requirements for P.E. licenses vary among the states, territories, and Washington, D.C. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Entry-level candidates should have work experience related to the position for which they apply. They may

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Unions and Associations

• American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics • American Society of Naval Engineers • ASM International • ASME International • IEEE • Institute of Industrial Engineers • National Society of Black Engineers • National Society of Professional Engineers • SAE International • Society of Manufacturing Engineers • Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers • Society of Women Engineers For contact information to the above organizations, see Appendix III. Some Engineers belong to a labor union that represents them in negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions.

Tips for Entry

1. As a high school student, you can prepare for an engineering career by taking courses in science and mathematics, such as physics, algebra, and calculus. 2. Get an idea of the requirements needed for the types of engineering positions you wish to obtain. You could talk with Engineers, request an information interview with employers, scan job ads, and read books about engineering. 3. When you are conducting a job search, take advantage of your college career center. In addition to offering job listings, it can help you learn

effective job search skills and formulate a career plan. 4. Network with colleagues, former professors and supervisors, and others to learn about job opportunities. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of engineering. Some Web sites that can provide you

with information are: National Engineers Week Foundation, http://www.eweek.org; Junior Engineering Technical Society, http://www.jets.org; and National Academy of Engineering, http:// www.nae.edu. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Perform a particular engineering function in the research and development or production phases of automobiles and other vehicles; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects an engineering discipline (such as Mechanical Engineer), an engineering function (such as Design Engineer), or specialty (such as Gasoline Engine Engineer) Salary Range: $47,000 to $109,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering or another engineering field; on-the-job training Experience—Previous work experience generally required

Senior Automotive Engineer

Position Description

Automobiles and other motorized vehicles are so much a part of our lives that we almost take them for granted. We often do not notice how well these complex machines are designed. Highly trained professional men and women called Automotive Engineers strive to make vehicles attractive to drivers in terms of appearance, ease of use, comfort, quality of performance, and reasonable cost, among other factors. Automotive Engineers are well versed in the areas of mechanical, software, safety, electronic, and electrical engineering as well as the areas of vehicle dynamics, stress analysis, and electronics. They apply their understanding of engineering science to researching, designing, developing, producing, and repairing all sorts of light and heavy vehicles including cars, trucks, buses, tractors, rail vehicles, motorcycles, and off-road vehicles. These engineers also work on all kinds of selfpropelled vehicles for use in or on the water, in the sky, and in outer space. Automotive Engineers help create vehicles through every stage of production from their earliest concepts until they are ready to roll off the assembly line. They essentially work in three fundamental categories of endeavor. The first is product engineering, in which they design vehicles and their individual components

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Automotive Engineer Junior Automotive Engineer

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Analytical, organizational, problem-solving, presentation, selfmanagement, leadership, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills; honest, dedicated, motivated, creative, and flexible Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license may be required

or systems, such as steering mechanisms, engines, fuel systems, and transmissions. These engineers engage in analyzing research data to create new design concepts for new vehicles as well as their various components. The second area is development engineering, in which Automotive Engineers make sure that all the different components and systems work in harmony with each other. They also provide design engineers with information that will help them incorporate desired characteristics or attributes into their designs. The third area is manufacturing engineering, in which Automotive Engineers plan the production and assembly of finished vehicles and their components. These engineers engage in such activities as developing new production standards, installing new factory tooling for assembly lines, testing finished products, and performing quality control and assurance tasks. Many Automotive Engineers specialize in specific aspects of the vehicle industry, such as engine design, body construction engineering, or welding. They may focus particular attention on such aspects of their work as calibration, safety, aerodynamics, electronics, and noise reduction, among others. Many Automotive Engineers further specialize by working on specific types of vehicles or in specific stages of the vehicle production process. For example, some Automotive Engineers are

involved in developing new fuel-efficient engines that emit fewer greenhouse gases. Additionally, Automotive Engineers engage in various engineering functions throughout their careers. They may be involved as designers, researchers, project managers, manufacturing engineers, test engineers, quality engineers, and so on. For example, some Automotive Engineers engage in conducting research to add new knowledge and understanding about automobiles and other vehicles, as well as to develop new and better products and methods for producing them. For instance, Automotive Engineers who are concerned with how their industry impacts the environment might devise methods of recycling the materials from old vehicles to make new ones or to use for other purposes. Regardless of their function or specialty, Automotive Engineers perform a wide range of duties, such as: • coordinating engineering activities with other organizational divisions to promote new projects or to assure needed funding • launching new vehicle manufacturing projects, overseeing the retooling needed for new vehicle production, and building vehicle prototypes prior to plant launching • ensuring that all work meets the objectives and mission of their organization • scheduling the progressive stages of the development process • making sure that parts can be procured from suppliers in time for large-scale production • coordinating with their manufacturing division to make certain that vehicles and parts are made according to specifications • conferring with production engineers to ensure that the production process flows smoothly and efficiently • developing new or innovative test methods • using testing procedures for the specific purpose of finding answers to questions posed by consumers, clients, or other engineers • analyzing research, testing, or technical data and interpreting their findings for reports or presentations • checking for systems or engineering problems in finished vehicle or component products • making certain that government regulations are followed in the production process • analyzing manufacturing costs and seeking ways to reduce them • participating in team meetings to update associates on developments within a project

Senior engineers have the additional responsibility to supervise and direct junior engineers, technologists, technicians, and other personnel. Automotive Engineers spend a large portion of their working lives in front of computers. For example, some engineers use computer software and other design methods to plan vehicles and parts from an initial basic concept to a final detailed design. Other engineers create computer simulations to observe or predict product performance in a variety of road or weather conditions. Still others use computerized simulations to verify that each part and component can be built within the specified parameters of cost, safety, and quality requirements. Automotive Engineers are required to work with a wide range of people on production lines, in design departments, in marketing units, and in management. They confer on a multitude of issues ranging from engineering concerns to costs, quality, and ergonomics, among others. Automotive Engineers also work with other engineers to design and produce needed components. In addition, they work with their customers to fulfill their design requirements. Automotive Engineers work in laboratories, offices, and factories. They are sometimes called upon to travel, depending on their position. For instance, Automotive Engineers may be assigned to work overseas in their organizations’ design centers. Automotive Engineers generally work between 35 and 40 hours per week. They typically work additional hours to meet deadlines and complete other duties. In production environments, engineers may be assigned to shift work or be required to be on call.

Salaries

Salaries for Automotive Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, position, and geographic location. Specific salary information for this profession is unavailable. However, their earnings are similar to those of mechanical engineers. The estimated annual salary for most mechanical engineers ranges between $46,560 and $108,740, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey.

Employment Prospects

Opportunities in the automotive industry are available in the United States as well as worldwide. Automotive Engineers may find employment with vehicle and vehicular parts manufacturers, tire companies, fuel companies, and auto racing teams. In addition, government laboratories, private and nonprofit research institutes, and academic institutions hire Automotive

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Engineers for research and teaching positions. Some engineers are self-employed consultants. Job opportunities in the automotive industry fluctuate with the health of the economy. During economic downturns, employers hire fewer workers and may lay off employees. In general, job openings become available as Automotive Engineers retire, transfer to other jobs, advance to higher positions, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Automotive Engineers may advance in any number of ways, depending on their ambitions and interests. Some become technical specialists. Some engineers choose to move into business areas, such as marketing or technical sales. Others pursue supervisory and managerial positions. Those with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent consultants or owners of firms that offer contractual or consulting services.

Education and Training

Minimally, Automotive Engineers must possess a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, or another related field. They may have earned their undergraduate degree with a concentration in automotive engineering. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who possess a master’s degree in automotive engineering, mechanical engineering, or another related field. To teach and conduct research in academic institutions, candidates must hold a doctorate. Entry-level engineers typically receive on-the-job training, while working under the supervision and direction of experienced engineers. Some employers also provide novices with formal classroom training. Throughout their careers, Automotive Engineers enroll in continuing education programs to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Special Requirements

Engineers who offer engineering services directly to the public must be licensed as professional engineers (P.E.) where they practice. An engineer must also be licensed if he or she or performs work that affects the life, health, or property of the public. Every U.S. state and territory, as well as Washington, D.C., has its own requirements for P.E. licensing. For specific information, contact the

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state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Entry-level candidates should have work experience related to the positions for which they apply. They may have gained their experience through internships, work experience programs, student research projects, or employment. To perform their jobs well, Automotive Engineers must have strong analytical, organizational, problemsolving, presentation, self-management, and leadership skills. In addition, they need strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills, as they must be able to work with many people from diverse backgrounds. Some personality traits that successful Automotive Engineers share include being honest, dedicated, motivated, creative, and flexible.

Unions and Associations

Automotive Engineers can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, and other professional services and resources. Societies are available at the local, state, and national levels. Some national organizations that serve the different interests of Automotive Engineers include SAE International, ASME International, and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. As a high school student, take advantage of opportunities to tinker with vehicles. For example, you might take an auto shop class if one is available. 2. Engineers with skills and experience in both the mechanical and the electronics engineering fields are highly desired by employers. So are those with skills in emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology, fuel cells, and gasoline-electric hybrids. 3. Engineers who are willing to relocate may have greater opportunities of finding the jobs that most interest them. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about automotive engineering. You might start by visiting the Web site of SAE International. Its URL is http://www. sae.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

AEROSPACE ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Research, design, develop, test, manufacture, or maintain aircraft, spacecraft, rocket, and missile engines, parts, components, and systems; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Aeronautical Engineer, Astronautical Engineer; a title that reflects a specialty, such as Avionics Engineer, or an engineering function, such as Design Engineer Salary Range: $61,000 to $130,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering or a related field; on-the-job training Experience—Previous work experience generally required

Senior Aerospace Engineer

Position Description

Aerospace Engineers are involved in the research, design, development, testing, and manufacturing of aircraft, spacecraft, rockets, and missile systems as well as of their engines, parts, components, and systems. They also assist with the design and implementation of space missions, which include selecting the appropriate launch vehicle, scheduling the launch time, analyzing and plotting missile trajectories and spacecraft routes, and determining which equipment and personnel are the best to complete the mission. Aerospace Engineers apply the principles of aerodynamics, aero-acoustics, astrodynamics, fluid dynamics, flight dynamics and structures, thermodynamics, propulsion, and energy conversion to their work. With this knowledge, they are able to design improved aircraft and spacecraft that can be propelled beyond Earth’s orbit. For example, they improve aircraft landing systems and select engine materials that withstand extreme temperature. They also apply this specialized knowledge to such earthbound activities as studying the impact of wind on buildings. Aerospace Engineers also help develop aviation and aerospace safety standards. Aerospace engineering consists of two basic divisions: aeronautics and astronautics. Aeronautical engineering is concerned particularly with aircraft and

Aerospace Engineer Junior Aerospace Engineer

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Analytical, problem-solving, teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and writing skills; creative, inquisitive, detail-oriented, articulate, dedicated, and flexible Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license may be required

systems that operate within the Earth’s atmosphere. Astronautical engineering, on the other hand, is specifically involved with designing missiles or launch vehicles as well as manned or unmanned spacecraft, such as the space shuttle or satellites. Aerospace Engineers specialize by focusing their expertise in a particular specialty of aerospace engineering. Some of these areas include stress analysis, aerodynamics, propulsion, fluid mechanics, structural design, celestial mechanics, navigational systems, flight tests, cost analysis, instrumentation, and guidance and control systems. They may also specialize in a specific kind of aircraft or spacecraft, such as commercial airliners, helicopters, fighter jets, satellites, or missiles and rockets. Additionally, Aerospace Engineers specialize in performing specific engineering functions in the process of designing and producing aerospace products. The following are just a few of the various types of positions that they might fill: • Research engineers develop new or improved products or manufacturing methods. • Analytical engineers conduct in-depth assessments of proposed products and evaluate whether the design of each product meets customer requirements.

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• Design engineers take the concept or working model of a product and create a design that meets production requirements in addition to such specifications as aerodynamics or astrodynamics, structure, and weight. • Test engineers design, conduct, oversee, and review the testing of aircraft in wind tunnels, as well as in actual flights. • Project engineers plan, direct, and coordinate activities of aerospace projects. • Sales engineers contact customers and make sales presentations to demonstrate how products or services can fulfill their immediate or future needs. • Field service engineers examine performance reports on products and make recommendations to solve problems. Aerospace Engineers also contribute in such areas as materials, systems, and manufacturing engineering. In addition, they perform tasks in the realms of cost analysis and customer services. Aerospace Engineers use computer-aided design (CAD) systems, robotics, advanced optics, and laser technologies in the course of their work. The technologies that they develop are used throughout the aerospace and aviation industries but are also used in everyday products such as Teflon, Velcro, handheld calculators, and freeze-dried foods. Many of the tasks that Aerospace Engineers perform are specific to their particular functions. Engineers commonly perform other general duties. For example, they might: • develop plans, procedures, and systems • review and evaluate data, plans, designs, documentation, specifications, or procedures • troubleshoot problems • provide estimates of cost, time, quantities, and materials • prepare correspondence, reports, proposals, and other documents • prepare blueprints and mathematical calculations for plans or designs • attend project and departmental meetings • provide advice and consultation to others • supervise technicians and other staff members Aerospace Engineers mostly work with other engineers within their organization or at other similar workplaces. They also interact regularly with other people in a wide range of occupations. Aerospace Engineers work in offices and laboratories as well as in machine shops

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and manufacturing plants. They usually work a 40-hour week but put in additional hours to complete tasks or to meet deadlines. Engineers sometimes travel to attend training sessions or professional conferences.

Salaries

Salaries for Aerospace Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Aerospace Engineers ranged between $60,760 and $129,770.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reported in its May 2007 OES survey that about 85,510 Aerospace Engineers were employed in the United States. Most Aerospace Engineers work for large aerospace companies as well as for government agencies like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) or for the military. Others find work in companies that provide such services as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, ship design, or civil engineering. Some Aerospace Engineers find employment in the automotive and computer industries. Some work in the areas of building design, robotics, power plant design, weapons design, or aerospace products and parts. Still others find work in academic environments as university professors or researchers. Employment of Aerospace Engineers is dependent on such factors as the state of the economy and the demand for products by the military and the federal government as well as by the airlines, corporations, private pilots, and other civilian consumers. Some experts in the field report that the number of aerospace companies has been decreasing over the years. Many companies have merged, for example. However, opportunities should continue to be favorable for experienced Aerospace Engineers. The BLS expects employment of Aerospace Engineers to increase by 10 percent between 2006 and 2016. Technology advancements for commercial aircraft as well as the growing number of military aviation projects should increase the demand for Aerospace Engineers. In addition to job growth, Aerospace Engineers will be needed to replace those who retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. The BLS also reports that fewer students have been entering the aerospace engineering field in recent years. This may lead to a shortage of applicants to meet the demand for Aerospace Engineers, especially since a

large number of Aerospace Engineers are becoming eligible for retirement in the coming years.

Advancement Prospects

Aerospace Engineers advance according to their ambitions and interests. They can become technical specialists and consultants. They can pursue supervisory and managerial positions. Aerospace Engineers can also use their experience and knowledge to segue into marketing, sales, or other careers within their companies. Engineers with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent consultants or owners of technical or consulting firms. Furthermore, those interested in academic teaching and conducting independent research can seek positions in such fields.

Education and Training

To obtain entry-level positions, individuals must possess at least a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, materials engineering, or another related field. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have a master’s or doctoral degree. An advanced degree is usually required for engineers to advance to careers in management, consulting, research, or teaching. Engineers must possess a doctoral degree to teach engineering in fouryear colleges and universities. Employers typically provide new employees with training programs, which may include on-the-job training and formal classroom training programs. Entrylevel engineers usually work under the supervision and guidance of senior engineers. Throughout their careers, Aerospace Engineers pursue continuing education to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

Aerospace Engineers who offer their services directly to the public or perform work that affects the life, health, or property of the public must be licensed as professional engineers (P.E.). Every state and territory, as well as Washington, D.C., has its own licensing requirements. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Entry-level candidates should have work experience related to the positions for which they apply. Having

experience in the aerospace industry is desirable. They may have gained their experience through internships, work-experience programs, student research projects, postdoctoral training, or employment. To perform their work effectively, Aerospace Engineers need strong analytical, problem-solving, teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and writing skills. Being creative, inquisitive, detail-oriented, articulate, dedicated, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Aerospace Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Some Aerospace Engineers are members of a labor union that represents them in negotiations with employers. The union seeks the best contractual terms relating to wages, benefits, and working conditions. Many Aerospace Engineers join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, and other professional services and resources. Some of the national societies that serve the diverse interests of these engineers include: • American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics • American Astronautical Society • Aerospace and Electronics Systems Society (part of the IEEE) • ASME International • Society of Flight Test Engineers For contact information to these organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Learn as much as you can about aerospace. For example, you can read books and visit Web sites related to aerospace; tour aviation and aerospace museums; or take up model rocketry as a hobby. 2. Some experts in the field recommend that students gain a basic understanding of physics. 3. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who earned their college degrees from engineering programs that are accredited by ABET, Inc. 4. To learn about working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), visit its Web site at http://www.nasa.gov. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about aerospace engineering. You might start by visiting the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Web site at http://www.aiaa.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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NAVAL ARCHITECT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Be involved in the research, design, and construction of commercial vessels, small craft, and maritime structures; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Marine Engineer, Ocean Engineer; a title that reflects a particular function, such as Project Manager Salary Range: $48,000 to $114,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in naval architecture or another related field; on-the-job training Experience—Previous work experience generally required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, teamwork, analytical, orga-

Senior Naval Architect

Position Description

Throughout human history, societies have relied on boats and ships to sustain economies and trade networks. Today, sailing vessels continue to be the most efficient means of transporting large amounts of cargo over vast distances. Even the most simple ship designs follow the physical laws of gravity and buoyancy to maintain their stability in all kinds of water and weather conditions. Shipbuilders have understood these principles for centuries. Modern ships of all sizes and purposes are very elaborate and sophisticated. They provide shelter to crew members and passengers as well as carry many tons of cargo as they sail waters that are often rough and dangerous. They contain powerful engines, navigational technologies, electrical and plumbing systems, weaponry, and other machines and equipment that must function efficiently and safely during long voyages. Many types of professionals work together to develop and implement the design and function of ships to ensure they are safe and reliable. Among these professionals are men and women known as Naval Architects. Naval Architects are the engineers who begin the process of designing ships, yachts, or other craft, including ferries, submarines, warships, fishing boats,

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Naval Architect Junior Naval Architect

nizational, problem-solving, writing, and computer skills; creative, logical-minded, inquisitive, thorough, and flexible Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license may be required; U.S. citizenship may be required

hovercraft, and many more. They establish a vessel’s size and shape and determine the form of the hull, structures, and compartments. They design the ship while accounting for such factors as the vessel’s stability and weight distribution as well as the location of various internal sections including bridges, engineering sections, and living quarters. Naval Architects work to ensure that the vessels they design can withstand harsh ocean environments and extreme climatic conditions. Naval Architects’ jobs involve creating precise drawings (or designs) of ships. They work with specifications that shipping companies, military organizations, and individuals desire in new vessels. These experts analyze such desired particulars as the vessels’ length, gross tonnage, depth, speed, maneuverability, and displacement to arrive at suitable design concepts. They use computer-aided design software to produce their drawings, which represent each vessel’s three dimensions in two-dimensional spaces. Hence, their drawings include specific details and dimensions of how a new ship will appear from every angle and provide information about how the ship will behave in the water with cargo, people, and equipment on board. These drawings serve as guides for the construction of models, which are tested in large tanks called towing basins to simulate sailing conditions.

Naval Architects may assist with conducting such model tests as well as provide continuing design input during the construction of the ships. They also participate in the testing of finished vessels at docks and on the water. These experts may specialize by focusing their careers on remodeling work, materials research, or the design of certain classifications of ships. Naval Architects are members of teams that work together on ship designs. They work with other engineers who specialize in various types of engineering such as mechanical, chemical, ocean, electrical, and civil engineering. Naval Architects have an understanding of these different engineering specialties as well as of mathematics and science. These experts are also well versed in the principals of hydrostatics, the study of how water responds to pressure exerted by a ship, and hydrodynamics, the study of how water responds to a ship as it moves. Naval Architects are responsible for performing such routine tasks as keeping records of their projects, attending to correspondence, traveling to towing basin and dock facilities, performing cost estimates, attending business meetings or seminars, and so on. These professionals usually work for 40 hours per week. They work in comfortable office settings unless they need to conduct model- and ship-testing tasks. At construction sites, they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals and endure extreme outdoor temperatures and loud noises. They may be required to do some lifting and other types of exertion such as walking or climbing stairs at construction and testing sites.

available as professionals advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs, or retire. International trade continues to grow as does public awareness of environmental protection, maritime security, and national defense. According to some experts in the field, there will continually be a demand for qualified Naval Architects to design seafaring vessels, small craft, and ocean structures.

Advancement Prospects

Naval Architects can advance in any number of ways, depending on their ambitions and interests. They can become technical specialists. Those with management and administrative interests and talents can seek positions as supervisors, project managers, and program managers. In addition, they can advance to executive officer positions within their organizations. Naval Architects can also pursue opportunities in business areas of their organizations, such as human resources, marketing, or sales. Entrepreneurial individuals can become independent consultants or owners of technical or consulting firms. Furthermore, Naval Architects can pursue research or teaching careers.

Education and Training

Salaries

Salaries for Naval Architects vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the November 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for most naval architects ranged between $47,920 and $114,490.

Employers seek candidates for entry-level positions who possess a bachelor’s degree in naval architecture, marine engineering, ocean engineering, civil engineering, or another related discipline. For engineers to advance to careers in management, consulting, research, or teaching, a master’s or doctoral degree is normally required. Entry-level Naval Architects usually receive on-thejob training while working under the supervision and guidance of experienced engineers. Some employers also provide novices with formal classroom instruction. Throughout their careers, Naval Architects enroll in continuing education to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Employment Prospects

Special Requirements

Naval Architects find employment with architectural and engineering firms, shipbuilding companies, ship designing firms, and government agencies, among others. Some of these professionals are employed by research institutes and academic institutions as researchers and instructors. The BLS reports that employment of Naval Architects and marine engineers together is expected to increase by 11 percent between 2006 and 2016. In addition, opportunities for Naval Architects will become

All engineers who offer engineering services directly to the public or perform work that affects the life, health, or property of the public must be licensed as professional engineers (P.E.). Every U.S. state and territory, as well as Washington, D.C., has its own requirements for licensing. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice. Many employers require that applicants be U.S. citizens.

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Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Entry-level candidates should have work experience related to the positions for which they apply. They may have gained their experience through internships, workstudy programs, student research projects, or part-time employment. Because they must work well with colleagues, managers, and others from diverse backgrounds, Naval Architects need excellent interpersonal, communication, and teamwork skills. They also must have strong analytical, organizational, problem-solving, writing, and computer skills. Being creative, logical-minded, inquisitive, thorough, and flexible are some personality traits that successful Naval Architects have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Naval Architects belong to professional associations to take advantage of continuing education, networking opportunities, and other professional services and resources. Some national societies that serve the interests of these professionals include the Society of

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Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and the American Society of Naval Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Some experts in the field recommend that high school students take such math and science courses as calculus, trigonometry, chemistry, and physics. Other useful courses are writing, computing, shop, and mechanical drawing. 2. As a college student, you might consider joining a professional society that opens its membership to students. Attend meetings and conferences the society offers to give you an opportunity to meet Naval Architects and other professionals. 3. Contact employers directly to learn about internships or job openings. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Naval Architects. You might start by visiting the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Web site. The URL is http://www.sname.org. To learn about other links, see Appendix IV.

MACHINIST CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Produce metal parts for products; operate lathes, drill presses, borers, and other machine tools; fabricate items according to job orders; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a specialty, such as Experimental Machinist or CNG Machinist, or a particular field, such as Aviation Machinist or Automotive Machinist Salary Range: $22,000 to $54,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—A high school diploma; complete formal or on-the-job training Experience—Experience working in a machine shop

Machinist (Journey-level)

Position Description

All vehicles including automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and bicycles are constructed with precision parts that are identical and can be interchanged. So too are other machines of transportation such as trains, ships, and aircraft. Likewise, the infrastructure that supports land transportation—bridges, highways, railroad tracks, and tunnels—are made in part with metal components that are precisely manufactured, many of which are identical to each other. The experts who make these parts for vehicle chassis, construction beams, engine parts, and more are called Machinists. Machinists fabricate metal parts according to exact specifications that range in size and shape from tiny and ultrathin to large and heavy. These experts are highly skilled craftspersons whose jobs involve operating large, sophisticated machine tools such as lathes, borers, grinders, shapers, drill presses, and milling machines. They also use modern computerized machines called Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machines that they program to automatically perform the work of traditional machine tools. Furthermore, Machinists apply their knowledge of mechanics, the properties of metals, mathematics, layouts, and machining procedures to produce finished parts. Machinists produce items or parts in either large or small quantities. They may also make one-of-akind items such as prototypes or custom-made articles. These experts use blueprints and engineering

Machinist Apprentice or Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, interpersonal, communication, self-management, analytical, problem-solving, and decision-making skills; calm, self-assured, precise, detail-oriented, focused, and reliable

sketches to guide their work. The drawings provide them with exact specifications of the size and shape of the object. Machinists work primarily with metals, but may occasionally cut objects from other materials such as wood or plastic. These men and women are knowledgeable about all kinds of metals, their ability to resist corrosion, and their appropriate use for creating various objects. Machinists mostly work with such metals as steel, brass, aluminum, copper, or alloys of these and other metals. For example, steel can be alloyed with vanadium, an elemental metal, which makes steel harder and more resistant to shock. Vanadium, when combined with steel alloyed with other metals, renders the new alloy more rust resistant. Machinists also make and utilize cutting tools from vanadium-alloyed steel in addition to those made with ceramics, diamonds, tungsten carbide, and Borazon, an artificial diamondhard crystal. These craftspersons engage in different types of work. Besides producing large quantities of particular items or single specialty prototype items, some Machinists are responsible for repairing and renovating machinery and other industrial equipment at manufacturing plants. When engines or machines break down, for example, Machinists may modify new parts, craft new ones, or replace broken ones. Other Machinists may write programs for CNC machines.

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When Machinists work with metal, they cut and shape it to very specific measurements, within 0.001 inch or .25 millimeter or even more precisely, for specialty projects. They use such tools as micrometers, various types of calipers, and electronic or laser measuring tools, along with rules and scales for measuring their work. CNC machines are digitally calibrated to drill, mill, turn, and grind according to these high standards of precision. By programming CNC machine tools, Machinists are able to set them up to perform several operations, thus allowing them to produce many different parts with the high degree of precision. Machinists also use vises and other holding devices, hand tools, and scribing tools, which they use to mark where they need to cut metal. Machinists carefully prepare and plan for each job by studying blueprints and instructions to understand how a finished piece will look. They decide which materials and machines they need to complete the job. They plan the sequence of all the steps of their work and create a layout on the metal stock to indicate where they must make cuts. Once they have completed these preliminary tasks, Machinists set up their machines and create one finished piece to make sure their work is accurate in accordance with the job order. As they work, these experts continuously monitor the feed and speed of their machines to make certain that they run properly and that the metal stock is well lubricated and cooled to the proper temperature. Their machines generate tremendous heat and vibrations, which can affect the precision of cutting or shaping. Machinists perform other tasks including cleaning, oiling, and maintaining their machine tools to keep them running optimally. These experts also inspect their equipment for flaws or functional problems and their finished work for quality. They repair or make new parts for their machine tools, as well. During the course of their workday, Machinists may maintain logs and records of their activities. Experienced Machinists train and supervise lower level Machinists. Machinists generally work in clean, well-lighted, and ventilated machine shops. They wear protective clothing, such as safety goggles, respirators, and earplugs. They also must decontaminate themselves of lubricant toxins whenever they are exposed to them. They may risk injury from contact with sharp cutting tools, high-speed machinery, dust, flying metal chips, or loud noises. Machinists are physically active on the job, which can be quite strenuous. They stand for long periods and perform such motions as lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying heavy objects. Machinists also bend, stretch,

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twist, reach out, and hold their arms and hands steady in one position. They repeat these movements throughout the day. Most Machinists work a 40-hour week. They sometimes work overtime to meet production deadlines or to perform emergency repairs on machinery. In some workplaces, Machinists are assigned to work shifts.

Salaries

Salaries for Machinists vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, the estimated annual salary for most Machinists, in all industries, ranged from $21,670 to $53,730. The estimated annual mean salary for those who worked in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry was $40,380. The estimated hourly mean wage for Machinists in this industry was $19.41.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 410,900 Machinists were employed in the United States. Approximately 57,120 Machinists were employed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry. Job growth for Machinists is expected to decline by 3 percent between 2006 and 2016, according to the BLS. This is generally due to technological advancements, which means that fewer Machinists are required to perform the same amount of work. However, opportunities for experienced Machinists remain favorable and should continue for years to come. In a 2008 survey by Manpower, Inc. (http://www.manpower.com), Machinists were ranked among the top 10 jobs in the United States for which employers have difficulty finding skilled workers. Machinists who have the ability to perform a wide range of tasks have the best opportunities.

Advancement Prospects

Machinists can advance in several ways. With additional training, Machinists can become CNC machinists, CNC programmers, mold makers, or tool and die makers. Machinists can also advance to supervisory or administrative positions in their firms. Experienced Machinists with entrepreneurial ambitions can start their own machine shops.

Education and Training

Minimally, Machinists are usually required to possess high school diplomas or general equivalency diplomas.

Machinists generally receive their initial training by completing an apprenticeship program, which lasts up to four years, or by completing a certificate or degree program from a vocational school, trade school, or twoyear college. Some Machinists learn their trade skills informally as they work as machine setters, operators, or tenders. Entry-level Machinists receive on-the-job training while working under the supervision and guidance of experienced Machinists. Throughout their careers, Machinists enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer that entry-level applicants have experience working in machine shops. They may have gained experience through formal training programs or in positions as machine setters, operators, or tenders. They should also have previous work experience in manufacturing settings. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have experience working in their industry. Because they must work well with coworkers, managers, and others, Machinists need teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills. In addition, Machinists must have excellent self-management, analytical, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.

Being calm, self-assured, precise, detail-oriented, focused, and reliable are some personality traits that successful Machinists have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Machinists belong to a union that represents its members in negotiations with their employers for contractual terms relating to pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle grievances that its members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Mathematics, general science, computer science, metalworking, blueprint reading, and mechanical drawing are some courses you might take in high school to prepare for a career as a Machinist. 2. To learn about apprenticeships, talk with your high school guidance counselor or a college career center. You can also find information from a local union hall or state employment office. 3. Many companies post announcements for job vacancies on their Web sites. Some companies also allow applicants to send résumés by e-mail or to complete a job application online. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about metalworking. You might start by visiting MMS Online at http://www.mmsonline.com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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WELDER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Use welding equipment to join metal components together; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Fabricator, Welder/Fitter; a title that reflects a certain welding process (such as MIG Welder) or a certain field (such as Aerospace Welder) Salary Range: $22,000 to $49,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; complete welding training through apprenticeship program, formal welding program, or on-the-job training Experience—Experienced in the particular welding processes to be performed

Welder (Journey-level)

Position Description

Have you ever wondered how large machines such as trucks or bulldozers are made? How is it that the enormous hull of a ship appears to be one seamless, continuous wall of steel? How do the wires and chips inside of computers and televisions keep from falling apart? The answer to these questions is this: The metal components and structures of machines, vehicles, household appliances, and buildings are welded together. Welding is a process whereby two pieces of metal, ceramic, polymer or other material are melted and permanently bound together to create one piece. Welding makes vehicles and buildings stronger and lighter than those constructed with the use of bolts or rivets. The men and women who are trained to perform welding tasks are called Welders. Welders are vital to the success of all industries, particularly to that of transportation industries. Transportation equipment manufacturing is one of the largest major manufacturing sectors that employ Welders. Cars, trucks and their trailers, buses, trains, boats, ships, airplanes, recreational vehicles, bicycles, bridges, railroad tracks and trestles, subway tunnels, and fuel pipelines are among the many everyday transportation products made in part by Welders. Engines, gear mechanisms, brake systems, and exhaust systems are among the components of vehicles that are assembled from smaller parts joined together, also by Welders. In

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Welder Apprentice or Welder’s Helper

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, teamwork, math, reading, and self-management skills; levelheaded, positive, honest, accountable, focused, detail-oriented, and self-motivated

addition, these craftspersons help to assemble ships by welding pipes and other fittings together to construct water and pneumatic systems. Different welding methods are used to perform welding jobs. A common form is called arc welding. This involves using large alligator clips that carry electrical current into metal components to which they are clamped. A Welder attaches one clip to the metal piece that is to be welded and attaches the other clip to a metal rod. When the rod and piece come into contact, they complete a circuit, which generates tremendous heat. The heat causes the rod and piece to melt together. Depending on the needs of the manufacturing or repair jobs, Welders perform other types of arc welding. For example, they frequently use a method called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. TIG welding is most commonly used when Welders work with aluminum or stainless steel. In this method, Welders use an electric torch to apply heat to the welding rod as it touches the main piece, which then causes the rod and piece to melt together. Another kind of arc welding is called metal inert gas (MIG) welding, in which the Welder uses a long section of wire from a spool instead of a rod to melt larger pieces of metal together. They use a gadget called a wire feeder, which provides current to heat the metal.

Other types of arc welding, such as gas metal arc welding, use electrodes to heat metals. These methods are used in various construction, precision, or repair projects. Another welding method is called resistance welding, wherein Welders utilize electrical resistance and pressure to bind metals together. Welders also use low-temperature forms of welding called brazing and soldering. In these methods, Welders melt only the metal that is added to a piece rather than melt both pieces together. These two welding methods are performed at lower temperatures than are needed to perform arc welding. Welders solder at a lower temperature than they use for brazing. Welders use the brazing method to create stronger bonds than with soldering. They also braze protective coatings of one metal onto another metal. Another task that Welders may perform is cutting metal to smaller sizes and fabricating the pieces to fit together to make larger pieces. Welders use electric arcs, plasma (ionized gas) streams, or burning gases to perform cutting jobs such as disassembling large ships or railroad cars. Welders may operate welding machines or robotic equipment that perform welding or cutting tasks automatically. Welders have extensive knowledge about different metals or other materials that can be welded. They work from blueprints, charts, work orders, engineer’s drawings, or other descriptive specifications that indicate what welding jobs need to be performed. These workers decide which materials and equipment to use to complete their assigned tasks. Welders use templates or other measuring tools such as rulers and squares to locate welding points, which they mark with scribe tools. They place pieces into position and secure them with guides or holding fixtures before welding them together. These craftspersons exert themselves physically to perform their tasks. They lift heavy objects, bend or stoop, and may work in confined spaces on overhead scaffolding or underneath machinery. Welders may be exposed to a number of hazardous materials and flammable materials in their line of work. Their equipment emits very bright light and they consequently must wear goggles or face shields with lenses that block the light. Welding involves the creation of toxic fumes when metals melt; thus, Welders wear respirators or make sure that their work areas are well ventilated. These experts are also exposed to loud noises and need to wear hearing protection. They wear steeltoed boots and heavy garments to protect them from flying sparks. Many of their assignments are in outdoor locations, in which they are exposed to extremes in temperature. Some welding is done underwater.

Welders generally put in 40 hours per week, and work longer hours as required. They may be assigned to evening or late-night shifts.

Salaries

Salaries for Welders vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Welders ranged between $21,680 and $49,010. The estimated annual mean salary for those who worked in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry was $34,430. The estimated hourly mean wage for Welders in this industry was $16.55.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 385,740 Welders were employed in the United States. Approximately 56,170 Welders were employed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry. They work for manufacturers, shipyard contractors, welding shops, fabrication shops, and other companies that are involved in the production or repair of motor vehicles of all types, ships and boats, and railcars and other rolling stock. A large number of Welders also find employment in the machinery manufacturing (agriculture, construction, and mining machinery) and architectural and structural metals industries. The BLS reports that job growth for Welders is expected to increase by only 5 percent between 2006 and 2016. However, job opportunities for these tradespeople are currently favorable and should remain strong for the coming years. According to experts in the field, the average age of the welding workforce is in the mid-50s, and many of these workers will be eligible for retirement in a few years. Also contributing to a lack of experienced Welders is the fact that fewer young people have been entering this trade over the last 20 years. Some experts believe that within the next several years the demand for Welders will be greater than the number of available qualified Welders.

Advancement Prospects

Welders can advance in numerous ways, depending on their interests and ambitions. Welders can specialize in performing certain types of welding or working in particular fields. They can become welding technicians or inspectors. They can also seek supervisory and managerial positions. Entrepreneurial Welders can start their own welding, fabrication, or repair shops. Welders can also return to

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school and earn a college degree in welding engineering or another field that interests them. Welders who have teaching interests may become welding instructors in high schools, trade or vocational schools, community colleges, and four-year colleges and universities.

work independently, meet deadlines, follow and understand instructions, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being levelheaded, positive, honest, accountable, focused, detail-oriented, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Welders share.

Education and Training

Unions and Associations

Individuals must hold at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma to enter the field of welding. They may obtain their initial training by completing a formal welding program at a vocational school, two-year college, private welding school, or another institution. Alternatively, individuals may complete an apprenticeship program, which includes classroom instruction and three to five years of onthe-job training. Entry-level Welders receive on-the-job training while working under the supervision and guidance of experienced Welders. Throughout their careers, Welders enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers hire candidates for entry-level positions who have completed either formal training programs or apprenticeships. Candidates are experienced in the particular welding processes that they would perform. Some employers prefer candidates who have experience working in their industry (such as automobile manufacturing). Welders need to work well with their fellow workers; hence, they need excellent interpersonal, communication, and teamwork skills. Welders also must have proficient math and reading skills. Additionally, they need strong self-management skills, including the ability to

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Many Welders are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. Welders can also join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, professional certification, and other professional services and resources. One national group that serves their particular needs is the American Welding Society. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Learn how to use a computer and to read and understand blueprints. Also, obtain a basic knowledge of metallurgy and chemistry, which can help you understand the welding processes. Be sure to mention your background in those subjects on your résumé and job application. 2. Welders need good eyesight, manual dexterity, and hand-eye coordination. They also need to be physically fit. 3. Become skilled at using a variety of welding tools and equipment. Also, become knowledgeable about different welding techniques. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the welding field. You might start by visiting the American Welding Society Web site. Its URL is http://www. aws.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

SHIPFITTER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Lay out and fabricate bulkheads and other metal structural parts; support structural parts to be joined together; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Fitter Salary Range: $21,000 to $56,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; apprenticeship or on-the-job training Experience—One or more years of general work experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, self-management, teamwork, mathematics,

Team Leader

Position Description

Ships of all sizes and purposes sail across oceans and inland waterways at all times. Luxury cruise ships, commercial container cargo ships, and aircraft carriers are among this wide variety of vessels that transport passengers, distribute manufactured goods, and move troops and equipment to war zones. These vessels are complex structures that contain multiple decks, power systems, plumbing, living quarters, cargo areas, and fuel tanks. They are equipped to provide self-sufficient operations for their crews who sail for extended periods. Many people work in the design and production of these floating cities, including architects, engineers, drafters, technicians, carpenters, plumbers, and electricians. Among these experts are men and women called Shipfitters. Shipfitters are essential to ship production. Most of ships’ structural components are made of steel, and Shipfitters are well versed at manipulating and shaping steel into parts and welding them together in a process called tack welding. This preliminary welding holds sections or components in place before more thorough welding is performed. Most Shipfitters work in shipyards, which are facilities where ships are built or repaired. These shipyards vary in size to accommodate the construction of a wide range of ships including yachts, cargo ships, fishing vessels, tugboats, submarines, troop carriers, and such structures as offshore drilling rigs and loading mecha-

Shipfitter Apprentice or Shipfitter’s Helper

and communication skills; accurate, detail-oriented, reliable, and self-motivated Special Requirements—U.S. citizenship; driver’s license may be required

nisms. Shipyards are located in seacoast locations, on the shores of large lakes, and along rivers. Shipfitters construct and gather structural components for ships and assemble them according to blueprint diagrams. These ship components may be either small or massive in size and weight. They place their finished sections of hulls, walls, braces, and frames to fit in their proper position. These craft experts also install entire sections of ships that are prefabricated units. These units contain entire rooms and compartments, as well as segments of plumbing and electrical wiring. Shipfitters lift prefabricated units into place and attach them within the hull of the ship. Shipfitters perform tasks that are specific to their occupation. For example, they may: • read and understand blueprints and schematic diagrams • make mathematical calculations to determine precise component sizes, shapes, and fittings • create and implement equipment to hold ship components in place • use scripting tools to mark steel sections or components to indicate their design or proper placement • operate power saws, drill presses, power shears, gouging equipment, and other tools to cut and shape sections of steel • use power jacks, mauls, clips, and turnbuckles to align ship sections

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• bolt sections together in preparation for tack welding • create molds and templates to build new or nonstandard parts • dismantle hulls, decks, walls, and other ship components and repair, modify, and reinstall them • install doors, hatches, gaskets, and liners • clean work areas • fill in for absent workers Shipfitters perform most of their work outdoors in all kinds of weather conditions but may work in indoor settings to read blueprints, calculate measurements, and perform other tasks. These experts must be in good physical condition to succeed in this occupation. They climb high scaffolds, walk along narrow gangways, crawl into tight or dark spaces, and lift heavy objects on a frequent basis. They are exposed to fumes, loud noises, and other hazards. Hence, they are required to follow strict safety rules and practices, as well as wear protective gear such as respirators. Shipfitters work from 35 to 40 hours per week but may be required to put in overtime hours to complete tasks or meet deadlines.

Salaries

Salaries for Ship Fitters vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics places this occupation within the metal and plastic layout workers grouping. In its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey, the estimated hourly rate for most of these experts ranged between $10.16 and $27.03. The estimated annual salary ranged between $21,130 and $56,230. The estimated mean hourly wage for these workers in the shipbuilding and boatbuilding industry was $17.82, while the estimated annual mean salary was $37,060. Shipfitters who work for the large shipbuilding companies, such as Northrup Grumman, earn the highest wages. Some shipbuilding companies award their employees’ excellent job performance with bonuses and other forms of additional compensation.

Employment Prospects

Shipfitters find employment with shipbuilding companies as well as firms that construct small craft. Some Shipfitters are employed by the military and the automotive industry. In the last two decades, the workforce in the U.S. shipbuilding and repairing industry has been steadily declining. The Annual Survey of Manufacturers (ASM)

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by the U.S. Census Bureau reported that 141,800 production workers in the shipbuilding and repairing industry were employed in 1981. In contrast, 59,200 production workers were employed in 2006, according to the ASM. However, experts in the field report that although the shipbuilding workforce has decreased, job opportunities continue to be available for Shipfitters and other production workers. Fewer young people are entering the craft fields. The turnover in shipyards is high, due to skilled workers’ seeking jobs in more stable industries. In addition, the shipbuilding workforce is aging and a large number of workers are expected to become eligible for retirement in the coming years.

Advancement Prospects

As Shipfitters gain seniority, they earn higher pay and receive assignments with greater levels of responsibility. They may be promoted to team leader or foreman positions, in which they supervise other workers. With additional training, they may seek other craft positions, such as welder or mechanic. Individuals can also advance by earning a college degree in engineering technology or engineering to become engineering technicians, technologists, or engineers.

Education and Training

Minimally, Shipfitters must hold a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Shipfitters learn their job by completing an apprenticeship program, which involves a combination of formal instruction and on-the-job training. Alternatively, individuals can learn the ship fitting trade by starting as shipfitter’s helpers. Under the direction and supervision of experienced Shipfitters, helpers learn the skills of ship fitting.

Special Requirements

Many employers require that Shipfitters be U.S. citizens. Employers may also require that employees hold a valid state driver’s license.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants for apprenticeships or shipfitter’s helper positions do not necessarily need any previous experience. However, some employers seek candidates who have at least one year of general work experience. Many employers prefer to hire applicants who have practical experience using tools and machinery for cutting and shaping metal. To perform effectively at their jobs, Shipfitters need excellent problem-solving, self-management, and

teamwork skills. They must also have strong mathematics and communication skills. Being accurate, detail-oriented, reliable, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Shipfitters have in common.

2.

Unions and Associations

3.

Many Shipfitters are members of labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. Two unions that serve the interests of Shipfitters are the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Math, computing, drafting, physics, blueprint reading, and welding are some classes you might

4. 5.

take in high school to prepare yourself for a career as a Shipfitter. Check with shipyards and shipbuilders for apprenticeship programs. Some employers work openly with high schools and community colleges in the area. Gain work experience by getting short-term jobs through a temporary agency. Working in temporary positions also gives you the opportunity to learn about different employers for whom you would like to work. Furthermore, employers get an idea if your work abilities and habits are what they desire in their permanent employees. Go directly to shipyards to learn about job vacancies. Use the Internet to learn more about the shipbuilding and boatbuilding industry. You might start by visiting the American Shipbuilding Association Web site, http://www.usships.org; and The Shipfitter.com, http://www.theshipfitter. com. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Put together parts and materials for finished products; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Precision Assembler, Assembly Technician; a title that reflects a particular job, such as Engine Assembler, or a particular field, such as Aircraft Assembler Salary Range: $16,000 to $62,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—Previous work experience may be preferred

Senior Assembly Line Worker

Position Description

Assembly Line Workers are men and women who work in industrial facilities to produce all kinds of manufactured goods. They are responsible for assembling various parts and materials, installing units or subassemblies, and completing finished products. Some of these workers also fabricate parts from raw materials. The assembly line is a 20th-century industrial innovation that transformed modern society. This invention allows many products to be mass-produced quickly and efficiently. In addition, it allows products of all kinds to be affordable to more people. The best known example of an early successful application of the assembly line is that of the Ford Motor Company. It used moving assembly lines to manufacture affordable automobiles for ordinary consumers. In the transportation equipment manufacturing industry, Assembly Line Workers are involved in the production of all types of vehicles, aircraft, and ships. These experts may work for companies that make and supply parts such as electronic or engine components for larger assembly plants. They may find employment in factories that finish large products such as trucks or railroad cars. They may be hired by facilities that specialize in specialty or precision-manufactured items such as satellites or missile systems. Manufacturing concerns use several types of assembly line methods of mass production. Conveyor belts

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Assembly Line Worker Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, communication, organizational, and self-management skills; cooperative, detail-oriented, adaptable, flexible, and reliable

that move parts from workstation to workstation characterize traditional assembly lines. Assembly Line Workers at each station perform particular tasks that contribute to the final assembly of finished products. For example, a worker in an automobile assembly plant may attach windshields to frames, and the worker at the next station may attach mirrors. Another assembly method is floor assembly. Large products such as airplanes or earthmovers are constructed in one place and several Assembly Line Workers perform one or several assembly tasks. Bench assembly is a manufacturing method for the creation of smaller products or components. Bench Assembly Line Workers may assemble electronic components, engine timing devices, or steering columns, for example. Many manufacturing facilities use robotic equipment to assemble products and their components automatically around-the-clock. In these factories, Assembly Line Workers manage and maintain the robots. Assembly Line Workers’ duties vary according to the products they assemble. In general, Assembly Line Workers perform such tasks as: • reading and interpreting blueprints, diagrams, and other materials to determine the type and configuration of the parts to assemble • using various hand, power, and marking tools, as well as measuring instruments

• installing or connecting parts and components to form subassemblies • making parts and cutting, trimming, or bending them to fit properly • following their employers’ safety requirements precisely • checking the quality of their work on a continual basis • removing and disassembling parts to fix, repair, or rework them • using appropriate test equipment to ensure the reliability of their finished work • operating forklifts, cranes, or other heavy equipment • operating and maintaining robotic or other automated equipment • sweeping and cleaning their work stations

estimated annual salaries in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey for most of these types of assembly workers:

As they advance in their careers, Assembly Line Workers may specialize by turning out certain products or by performing certain procedures in the assembly process. They may specialize by working on prototype products or components. Senior workers may also consult with engineers and designers about the configuration of the parts they assemble. The parts are then redesigned for easier or more efficient assembly. Working conditions vary for Assembly Line Workers. Their work often involves repeating the same task throughout their day. Many of them must stand for long periods. Some of them lift heavy objects. Some workers operate hoists or cranes to position large components such as aircraft engines. Assembly Line Workers may work alone at their stations or in teams. Those who assemble electronic components, such as for vehicles or ships, typically work in clean, well-lit, and well-ventilated environments. Other Assembly Line Workers, such as those who make heavy equipment, work in large, noisy factory environments. Assembly Line Workers follow strict safety procedures to avoid back strain, repetitive motion, and other injuries. They also wear protective equipment and clothing such as hearing protection gear, safety goggles, and steel-toed boots. Assembly Line Workers work as either temporary or permanent employees. Most of them work a 40-hour week. All workers are expected to work overtime in order to meet production or customer deadlines. Many Assembly Line Workers work shifts.

The BLS reports that over 2 million assemblers and fabricators were employed in the United States in 2006. According to this federal agency’s May 2007 OES survey, approximately 384,310 Assembly Line Workers were employed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry. More than 50 percent of these workers were employed as team assemblers. The BLS predicts that between 2006 and 2016 job growth for assemblers should decline by 4 percent. However, opportunities should remain steady, as Assembly Line Workers will be needed to replace those who advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Some experts in the field express that a large number of workers are expected to be retiring in the coming decade. Employment of Assembly Line Workers fluctuates with the state of the economy. Generally, during economic downturns, fewer jobs are available and employers are more likely to lay off workers.

Salaries

Salaries for Assembly Line Workers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports the following ranges of

• aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers, $25,050 to $61,970 • electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, $17,640 to $43,330 • electromechanical equipment assemblers, $19,020 to $43,780 • engine and other machine assemblers, $20,320 to $50,310 • team assemblers, $16,450 to $39,380 • all other assemblers, $16,650 to $58,370

Employment Prospects

Advancement Prospects

As Assembly Line Workers gain experience and seniority, they may be assigned tasks that are more complex and involve greater responsibility. Experienced workers can be promoted to inspector and supervisory positions. With additional training, these workers can obtain other production jobs, by becoming machine operators, for example. Some Assembly Line Workers use their jobs as a stepping-stone to other manufacturing jobs or careers that interest them. For example, individuals can return to school and earn degrees or certificates to become technicians, tradesmen, engineers, managers, and so on. Some employers offer programs that help employees pay for their continuing education.

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Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Entry-level employees receive on-the-job training while working under the direction and supervision of experienced Assembly Line Workers. Training may last several days to a few weeks, depending on the type of assembly work being performed.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have some experience performing assembly line work. In addition, they seek candidates who have good hand-eye coordination. To perform their jobs well, Assembly Line Workers must have strong teamwork, communication, organizational, and self-management skills. Some personality traits that successful workers share include being cooperative, detail-oriented, adaptable, flexible, and reliable.

Unions and Associations

Many Assembly Line Workers belong to labor unions that represent them in contract negotiations with their

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employers. The unions seek better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. Unions also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. As a student, seek summer work in manufacturing companies in your area. 2. Read newspaper job ads for job openings. 3. If you know people who work for a manufacturer, ask them about job openings. Also, ask for a referral to their supervisors or to a job recruiter in their human resources department. 4. Visit a company directly to apply for a job. You might also contact local unions for information about job opportunities. 5. Use the Internet to learn about the companies for which you would like to work. To find a company Web site, enter its name into a search engine.

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

MANAGER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee the daily operations of a transportation systems organization, division, department, or program; plan, direct, and coordinate work activities of employees; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a particular position such as Port Harbor Director, Airport Manager, Transportation Planning Department Director, or Alternative Transportation Manager Salary Range: $41,000 to $146,000+ Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree usually required Experience—Expertise in one’s technical field; have appropriate managerial, administrative, supervision, and training experience Special Skills and Personality Traits—Leadership, management, business administration, criti-

Chief Executive Officer

Position Description

Public transit systems, airports, port authorities, railroads, departments of transportation, local divisions of public works, transportation planning programs, nonprofit groups for the advocacy of transportation systems, and many other organizations hire different levels of Managers to keep their operations running smoothly and effectively every day. Every organization has its own unique layers of management. Typically, the larger an organization, the more management layers it has to ensure that its specific missions, goals, and objectives are being met. Managers range from first-line supervisors to project and program managers to division and department managers to executive officers. Supervisors direct the work units that perform the jobs in an organization. Project and program managers are responsible for overseeing projects and programs that organizations initiate for research, development, design, construction, operation, and other purposes. Midlevel managers oversee one or more departments, which include several work units, within an organization. Senior managers are usually in charge of major

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Senior Manager or General Manager Midlevel Manager Supervisor

cal-thinking, organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, writing, presentation, communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills; inspirational, cooperative, enthusiastic, diplomatic, patient, trustworthy, dependable, flexible, and self-motivated

departments or divisions in an organization. General managers, or operations managers, have oversight of an overall organization such as a public transit system or a nongovernmental organization that addresses transportation concerns. The top management position is often known as the chief executive officer, or CEO. Regardless of their position or rank, all Managers are responsible for planning, directing, monitoring, and controlling the work of groups of employees. Some Managers work with employees directly, while other Managers oversee lower-level managers who supervise workers on their team or in their unit. All Managers make sure that projects and programs under their authority run on schedule and within their budgets. They also ensure that their assignments comply with organizational policies and standards as well as with all appropriate laws and regulations. Managers develop work plans for a variety of activities. This includes creating goals, objectives, and strategies, as well as establishing work procedures and policies. Managers continually evaluate many plans, which involves keeping abreast of new technological and market developments and revising their plans accordingly. These managers also prepare and coordi-

nate schedules and budgets for the various work activities under their helm. Managers assign employees to specific tasks and provide them with proper supervision and guidance. These Managers monitor the job performance of their staffs, as well as provide their employees with necessary training that may be in the form of on-the-job training or formal classroom instruction. Depending on their organization and position, Managers may have the power to hire, promote, or fire employees. In addition to their staffs, Managers work closely with other personnel in their organizations. They interface with Managers from technical and business departments to coordinate work activities. Lower-level managers confer with senior managers to discuss current and future activities. Managers also have frequent contact with vendors, suppliers, contractors, regulatory officers, customers, and other individuals and groups from outside their organizations. Managers perform a wide range of tasks, which vary daily, such as: • developing plans for work activities • implementing work policies, standards, procedures, or priorities • preparing budgets or schedules for upcoming projects • troubleshooting problems and issues • planning training programs for employees • reviewing proposal bids from vendors, suppliers, contractors, or consultants • negotiating contracts with employees, contractors, or vendors • preparing correspondence, paperwork, technical reports, or other documents Managers are expected to keep up to date with new technologies and developments in their technical fields as well as to stay current with management practices. They read professional and trade publications, attend trade shows and professional conferences, and enroll in workshops, seminars, and courses. Managers mostly work in offices. On occasion, they visit field sites where they may be exposed to loud noise, moving parts, fumes, and toxic chemicals. Managers are often under constant stress when handling negotiations, dealing with conflict, meeting deadlines, and attending to other matters. They typically put in more than 40 hours a week to complete their duties. They sometimes travel to other cities or states to attend meetings and conferences.

Salaries

Salaries for Managers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, position, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey that the estimated annual salary for most personnel in the management category ranged from $40,850 to $145,600. This category includes administrative managers, general managers, engineering managers, and chief executive officers, among others. Chief executive officers who oversee airports, seaports, and other transportation systems in large metropolitan areas may earn salaries higher than those reported on the OES salary survey.

Employment Prospects

Managers work for railroad, highway, harbor, airport, and other transportation systems. These systems may be run by government agencies or private entities. Managers are also employed by public, private, nonprofit, and nongovernmental organizations involved in research, planning, development, construction, maintenance, and other activities that support the operations of the various transportation systems. Job openings for Managers typically become available as individuals retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs. Job competition for top executives, including general managers, operations managers, and chief executive officers, is keen because of the high status and salaries that are attributed to such positions. Opportunities are most favorable for experienced Managers who have demonstrated positive leadership and oversight of transportation systems in their particular fields.

Advancement Prospects

Managers advance through the ranks from supervisory to middle management to senior, or top-level, management. There are usually more advancement opportunities in organizations that have several management layers. Executive managers may seek positions with other organizations that offer higher salaries, as well as hold greater challenges. Not all Managers in transportation systems pursue careers in their technical fields, such as traffic engineering or rail transportation management. Some Managers choose to seek management positions in nontechnical areas, such as sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and administrative services.

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Some Managers use their experience to become transportation instructors, researchers, transportation policy analysts, or management consultants. Managers with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent consultants or owners of firms that offer technical or management consulting services.

members, colleagues, consultants, vendors, and various others from diverse backgrounds. Some personality traits that successful Managers share include being inspirational, cooperative, enthusiastic, diplomatic, patient, trustworthy, dependable, flexible, and selfmotivated.

Education and Training

Unions and Associations

Educational requirements vary from employer to employer. Minimally, Managers must possess a bachelor’s degree in a field related to the position for which they apply. For example, candidates for airport manager positions may be required to hold a bachelor’s degree in airport management, civil engineering, or another related field. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who hold an advanced degree (master’s or doctorate) for middle and senior management positions. The advanced degree may be in a technical field or in business administration, public administration, transportation systems management, or another related field.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Engineers usually have several years of work experience before they are promoted to managerial positions. Employers typically select management candidates who demonstrate their ability to lead and motivate people and who have strong technical backgrounds. Requirements vary for the different managerial positions as well as with the different employers. In general, candidates possess several years of extensive experience within their technical fields. Their work history demonstrates their ability to successfully lead and inspire subordinates on projects and other work activities. They also have one or more years’ experience with performing appropriate managerial, administrative, supervisory, and training responsibilities that qualify them for the positions for which they apply. To perform well at their job, Managers must have effective leadership, management, and business administration skills. They must also have excellent critical-thinking, organizational, problem-solving, decision-making, writing, and presentation skills. Additionally, they need strong communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills as they must work well with staff

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Many Managers belong to various professional associations to take advantage of continuing education programs, professional certification, networking opportunities, and other professional resources and services. These organizations are available at the local, state, national, and international levels. Transportation systems managers can join societies that serve experts within certain fields, such as the American Society for Engineering Management or the American Association of Airport Executives. In addition, transportation systems managers are eligible to join the American Management Association or another society that serves the interests of all professional managers. Many Managers also belong to professional associations that serve their particular disciplines, such as the Institute of Transportation Engineers, or special interests, such as the American Public Transportation Association. For contact information for the organizations mentioned above, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Most, if not all, employers, will not consider applicants who do not meet the minimum qualifications that are stated on job announcements. For example, for some managerial positions, applicants are required to possess a professional engineer (P.E.) license or have the ability to obtain one within a certain time. 2. A willingness to relocate to other cities or regions may provide you with greater job opportunities. 3. To enhance their employability, some individuals obtain professional certification from recognized organizations. 4. Networking with people you know is a valuable job search tool. Increasingly more managers, businesses, and companies are using the Internet to connect with each other through professional forums and networks.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Plan, design, and oversee the construction of road, air, water, and other types of transportation systems; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a specialty (such as Airport Engineer) or an engineering function (such as Project Engineer) Salary Range: $46,000 to $109,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in transportation engineering or a related field Experience—Previous work experience generally required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, teamwork, communication, leadership,

Senior Transportation Engineer

Position Description

Transportation Engineers work with other transportation specialists to ensure that transportation systems move people and goods to their destinations efficiently and safely every day. These engineers practice a specialty of civil engineering, the field that deals with the design and construction of public works. Transportation Engineers utilize the principles and techniques of both civil and transportation engineering to plan, design, construct, and operate highways, mass transit, railroads, airports, harbors, and other transportation systems. Transportation Engineers engage in a wide range of activities. They may assess the travel needs for transportation systems in their communities or regions. They may design streets, highways, public transit lines, railroads, airports, harbors, and so forth, along with such facilities and structures as depots, distribution centers, and passenger terminals that all work together to fulfill those needs. Some Transportation Engineers are involved in the construction and operation of these facilities and systems, as well as their maintenance and administration. Transportation Engineers have specific duties to perform in fulfilling their basic responsibilities. They perform other engineering design and maintenance work. They attend to the details of integrating land, roadways, railroads, water and sanitary systems, as well

Transportation Engineer Junior Transportation Engineer

critical-thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, and writing skills; analytical, curious, creative, detail-oriented, reliable, and persistent Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license usually required

as the structures associated with transportation systems. For example, they may be engaged in: • creating and putting into operation such projects as special lanes for buses or carpools to alleviate bottlenecks on highways • compiling studies of the impact of new transportation projects with the intent to relieve traffic congestion • investigating ways to reduce the environmental impact of transportation projects • working to find ways to reduce traffic accidents and fatalities • planning parking facilities • designing pedestrian walkways • developing better navigation systems (such as air navigation systems for commercial pilots) • formulating methods of improving traffic safety while allowing for an increase in traffic volume • creating and managing computerized traffic signal systems for city streets Transportation Engineers can specialize in a number of ways within their profession. They may specialize in a particular type of transportation system, such as highways, railways, or mass transit. As engineers gain experience, they may further concentrate on a particular specialty within their field. Traffic engineering,

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planning for highway upkeep, analyzing environmental issues, and designing automated electronic toll payment systems or intelligent transportation systems are just a few examples of the diverse areas in which Transportation Engineers may choose to work. Some Transportation Engineers work in the field of operations, in which they monitor the flow of traffic, work with public transportation, and coordinate traffic signs, signals, and markers to ensure the orderly and efficient use of the transportation infrastructure. Many Transportation Engineers perform different engineering functions throughout their careers. Depending on their experience, skills, and interests, they may be employed as researchers, designers, analysts, project managers, or consultants, for example. Regardless of the function they perform, Transportation Engineers work and collaborate with many people. For example, they work with structural and other civil engineers, engineering technicians and technologists, architects, transportation planners, landscape architects, and public officials. Transportation Engineers work in offices and at project job sites. They perform a variety of routine tasks each day. For example, they conduct research, review documents, prepare reports, complete forms and other paperwork, and attend meetings. Their work can be stressful. Unexpected developments such as cost overruns, scheduling difficulties, or inaccurate designs can contribute to an engineer’s stress level. A 40-hour workweek is standard for Transportation Engineers. They put in additional hours as needed to meet deadlines and complete their various tasks.

Salaries

Salaries for Transportation Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for these engineers is unavailable. However, the estimated annual salary for most civil engineers ranged between $46,420 and $109,100, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

Employment Prospects

Most Transportation Engineers work in the public sector for local, state, or federal government agencies. Some engineers find employment in the private sector with consulting firms, contractors, and other transportation-related companies. Some Transportation Engineers are independent practitioners. The BLS reports that job growth for civil engineers, overall, is expected to increase by 18 percent through

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2016. This is partly due to the need to improve the infrastructure throughout the United States. Opportunities for qualified Transportation Engineers should remain favorable, as transportation systems continually need to be built, improved, repaired, and rehabilitated. Opportunities also become available as Transportation Engineers retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs.

Advancement Prospects

Transportation Engineers may advance in any number of ways, depending on their ambitions and interests. They can become specialists in a particular field, such as traffic engineering. Engineers with management and administrative interests and talents can seek positions as supervisory, project, and chief engineers. Individuals with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent consultants or owners of technical or consulting firms. Transportation Engineers can also choose to pursue careers as researchers and instructors. Engineers are usually required to possess a master’s or doctoral degree to advance to careers in management, consulting, research, or teaching. Engineers must possess a doctorate to teach engineering at the college and university level.

Education and Training

Employers hire applicants who hold at least a bachelor’s degree in transportation engineering, civil engineering, or another related field. Some employers prefer to hire applicants with an advanced degree. Throughout their careers, Transportation Engineers enroll in continuing education programs to update their skills and keep up with new developments in their fields.

Special Requirements

Engineers who offer their services directly to the public must possess a valid professional engineer (P.E.) license in the state or territory where they practice. The licensing requirements vary with each jurisdiction. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Entry-level candidates should have work experience related to the positions for which they apply. Employers prefer that applicants have some experience working in transportation. They may have gained their experience through student research projects, internships, workstudy programs, or employment.

Transportation Engineers need to be able to work well with colleagues, managers, other professionals, and others from diverse backgrounds. Hence, they must have strong interpersonal, teamwork, and communication skills. In addition, these engineers must have effective leadership, critical-thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, and writing skills. Being analytical, curious, creative, detail-oriented, reliable, and persistent are some personality traits that successful Transportation Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Many Transportation Engineers belong to professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, professional certification, and other professional services and resources. Some national societies that serve the interests of these engineers are the Institute of Transportation Engineers and

the American Society of Civil Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. A prospective employer may accept job applications electronically or on paper. Find out which method is preferred, and submit your application in that format. 2. Sometimes jobs can be found through informal means. For example, you might contact former classmates and colleagues who work in organizations that interest you. They may be able to tell you about current or future job openings. 3. Use the Internet to learn more about Transportation Engineers. You might start by visiting the Institute of Transportation Engineers Web site. Its URL is http://www.ite.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TRANSPORTATION PLANNER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Develop plans and programs for the use of transportation systems in cities, rural areas, regional districts, and other jurisdictions; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a specialty such as Airport Planner or Public Transportation Planner Salary Range: $37,000 to $89,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s or master’s degree required, depending on employer Experience—One or more years of professional experience usually required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, organizational, critical-thinking, time-management,

Senior Transportation Planner

Position Description

We all rely on different transportation systems to get us to our destinations safely and on time, whether they are within our neighborhoods, in another city, or across the country. The various transportation systems also play a vital role in the efficient and economical movement of mail and goods throughout our nation. Furthermore, communities and regions are shaped by how transportation systems are built to meet the continuing demands of our local economies and population growth. All local and state governments develop and establish transportation plans that describe how communities and regions intend to design transportation systems for their areas over a certain number of years. Many transportation experts are involved in planning and designing reliable, convenient, and environmentally sound transportation systems, including bicycle lanes and pedestrian walkways, streets and highways, transit systems, railroads, airports, and ports and harbors. Among these professionals are Transportation Planners. Planners, in general, are considered visionaries. They help communities create a pleasant, functional, and efficient place to live and work. They think about and help design many facets of the neighborhoods, towns, and cities that already exist as well as those that are planned for the future. They give thought to economic, environmental, and social considerations and

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Transportation Planner Assistant or Associate   Transportation Planner

self-management, research, writing, interpersonal, communication, and presentation skills; analytical, collaborative, pragmatic, creative, adaptable, and self-motivated

how they relate to one another. They also work toward resolving such social issues as homelessness, protecting the environment, and the impact of a changing community on its residents. Transportation Planners help decision makers by providing them with sufficient information to make sound decisions about transportation systems within their jurisdictions. They are also expected to be knowledgeable about all laws and regulations related to the transportation issues on which they work. These planners conduct studies that involve monitoring current conditions, forecasting future population and employment growth, and identifying current and possible future transportation problems and needs. For example, they might research such topics as the projected demand for port services; alternative options for relieving traffic congestion; how proposed road construction may impact the environment; or where additional public parking lots should be built. Transportation planning is a collaborative effort. Transportation Planners usually work as part of teams that include engineers, researchers, designers, and other professionals and technicians. These planners also confer with public officials, developers, and owners and operators of transportation systems. In addition, Transportation Planners meet with civic groups, businesses, and citizens for their opinions about transportation issues.

Transportation Planners perform a wide range of duties, which vary among planners. Their work assignments depend on their experience and skill levels. They may be assigned to assist experienced planners, oversee particular areas of a project, or act as project leaders. The following are some examples of tasks that different Transportation Planners may be assigned: • plan research projects • collect, analyze, and interpret data for assigned studies • develop computer models • provide graphic support for reports or presentations • update transportation plans • develop short-range and long-range programs and projects based on transportation plans • write technical reports and proposals • make presentations at public hearings and meetings • act as expert consultants to public officials and transportation operators • manage projects and processes to ensure they are delivered on schedule and within budget • assist with the completion of financial reports and annual audits • administer transportation grant programs • respond to public inquiries, complaints, or requests for assistance regarding transportation planning programs • maintain accurate records of planning activities Transportation Planners utilize various quantitative and qualitative tools such as surveys, computer models, geographic information systems (GIS), and satellite imagery. They also use various computer software programs, including word processing, spreadsheets, demographic databases, and graphic design. Transportation Planners normally work in office environments. On occasion, they travel to field sites, where they may be exposed to dust, fumes, and other minor hazards. These planners work a standard 40hour week. Many work additional hours to complete tasks and meet deadlines. They may also attend meetings with elected officials and the public on evenings or weekends.

Salaries

Salaries for Transportation Planners vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most urban and regional planners ranged between $36,950 and $88,590.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reported in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 35,040 urban and regional planners were employed in the United States. Approximately 65 percent of these planners were employed by local government agencies. Planners, in general, also find employment with state departments of transportation as well as with the U.S. Department of Transportation. Nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations involved in transportation planning also hire planners. Furthermore, planners work for such private employers as architectural firms, engineering services, real estate development companies, and management consulting companies that offer transportation planning services. The BLS reports that employment of urban and regional planners is expected to increase by 15 percent through 2016. The best opportunities are with local agencies and in affluent areas that are experiencing rapid growth. Because transportation is one of the essential public services that local governments provide their citizens, opportunities for qualified Transportation Planners are favorable. However, employment in government agencies fluctuates with the economy. During periods of economic downturns, opportunities with government agencies may be limited due to restrictive budgets.

Advancement Prospects

Transportation Planners advance according to their ambitions and interests. Many planners define their success through job satisfaction, professional recognition, and higher salaries. These planning specialists can become experts in a particular area, such as airport planning or multimodal transportation planning. These planners can seek supervisory and managerial roles within their organizations. Some Transportation Planners pursue careers in teaching, research, or politics. Entrepreneurial individuals can become independent consultants or start their own technical or consulting firms.

Education and Training

Minimally, Transportation Planners must have a bachelor’s degree in planning, civil engineering, public administration, geography, or another related field. Many employers prefer to hire candidates who possess a master’s degree in transportation planning, transportation engineering, or another appropriate field. Novices typically receive on the on-the-job training while working under the direction and supervision of experienced planners.

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Throughout their careers, Transportation Planners pursue continuing education to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Many employers prefer to hire candidates who have one or more years of professional experience. They should have some experience working in transportation planning, urban planning, or a closely related field. Candidates should be knowledgeable about laws and regulations related to transportation planning issues. In addition, they should be familiar with the type of transportation (such as rail systems or highways) in which they would work. Transportation Planners need effective teamwork, organizational, critical-thinking, time-management, and self-management skills to perform their various duties. They also must have excellent research and writing skills. Additionally, these planners need solid interpersonal, communication, and presentation skills, as they must be able to work well with colleagues, technical experts, officials, and the public. Being analytical, collaborative, pragmatic, creative, adaptable, and selfmotivated are some personality traits that successful Transportation Planners share.

Unions and Associations

Transportation Planners can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities,

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professional certification, continuing education, and other professional services and resources. One national society to which many planners belong is the American Planning Association. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Maintain a portfolio of your best work, including planning documents that you completed for student projects and internships. 2. Learn how to use GIS technology. 3. To enhance their employability, planners obtain professional certification from a recognized organization such as the American Institute of Certified Planners. 4. Many professional associations post job listings on their Web sites. In addition to Web sites of national societies, visit Web sites of state or regional chapters, as they usually post local and entry-level positions. 5. Learn more about transportation planning, as well as urban planning, on the Internet. You might start by visiting these Web sites: American Planning Association, http://www.planning. org; and Cyburbia, http://www.cyburbia.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Plan, design, and manage the land areas for transportation projects; may perform project management; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Landscape Designer Salary Range: $36,000 to $95,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s or master’s degree in landscape architecture or a related field Experience—Previous work experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Problemsolving, project management, research, writing,

Senior Landscape Architect

Position Description

Have you ever noticed the trees, shrubs, flowers, and other vegetation alongside the streets, roads, and highways that you travel? These pleasant landscapes do not grow by happenstance. They are carefully planned, designed, and managed by men and women known as Landscape Architects. These professionals are not to be confused with architects who design buildings and other structures. Landscape Architects design the land areas around structures. They are experts in combining nature and manmade structures so that landscapes, such as those on highways and city streets, are both aesthetic and functional for people. These professionals are also concerned with creating scenery that is environmentally friendly. Landscape architecture is a multidisciplinary field. Professionals are trained to apply the principles and techniques of horticulture, ecology, engineering, mathematics, geography, art, philosophy, and other disciplines to planning, designing, and implementing many types of land-use projects. Landscape Architects collaborate on projects with such other professionals as planners, architects, civil engineers, and environmental scientists. Besides transportation landscaping, Landscape Architects work on a wide range of endeavors involving individual residences, corporate buildings, industrial parks, shopping malls, public buildings, gardens, waterfront developments, and city plazas. These professionals also work with programs to preserve historical sites and

Landscape Architect Intern or Junior Landscape Architect

communication, and presentation skills; analytical, creative, collaborative, honest, and trustworthy Special Requirements—Professional license may be required

areas as well as to restore wetlands and other natural places that have been damaged by human use. In the area of transportation, Landscape Architects participate in projects and programs concerning the design, construction, and maintenance of transportation systems, including highways, mass transit systems, railroads, airports, and ports and harbors. These professionals are involved in the development of master transportation plans, the assessment of how proposed transportation projects impact the environment, and the public acquisition of properties for new construction projects. They work on designs for such diverse projects as highway rest areas, vista points, and pedestrian and bicycle facilities along transit corridors. They manage programs that concern the preservation of historic roadways or the beautification of transportation corridors. They also contribute to the mediation of such issues as sound abatement, erosion control, water conservation, and storm water pollution control. Landscape Architects may be involved in more than one project at a time. Their work involves conducting field studies and taking site surveys. For instance, they visit proposed sites to study the climate, soil composition, vegetation, water supply, landmarks, and other features. These professionals create plans and designs that address the mission and objectives of projects. They prepare reports that include landscape drawings, specifications, and cost estimates. When plans are approved, Landscape Architects then draw final land-

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scape designs. They may also be assigned to supervise the landscape installation. The particular duties of Landscape Architects vary, depending on their experience and skill levels. For example, they may perform such tasks as: • preparing drawings or maps of the area to be designed • conducting site surveys to determine topography and soil characteristics • preparing cost estimates • writing reports that describe proposed projects • recommending, selecting, approving, and inspecting plant materials and landscape treatments • developing planting and irrigation plans • creating quality control programs and procedures • reviewing development plans, contracts, reports, and other documents to ensure they comply with regulations, codes, standards, and policies • making presentations to government agencies, contractors, consultants, community groups, and others • acting as technical advisors to engineering and management staffs • researching new products, technology and innovative solutions for roadside design Senior Landscape Architects perform higher-level responsibilities. They may supervise and train staff members. They may be project and program managers. As managers, they are responsible for assigning work to team or staff members, preparing and administering budgets, preparing work plans, and evaluating and directing the activities of staff members. They also review work activities for quality and compliance with professional standards as well as with project or program requirements. Landscape Architects work mostly in office settings, where they perform research, develop designs and plans, and so forth. They also visit work sites throughout the design, planning, and construction phases to ensure that designs and plans are implemented correctly. These professionals generally work a 40-hour week. They put in additional hours as needed to complete tasks and meet deadlines.

Salaries

Salaries for Landscape Architects vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, position, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Landscape Architects ranged between $36,250 and $94,700.

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Employment Prospects

Approximately 21,890 Landscape Architects were employed in the United States according to the May 2007 OES survey. Over 60 percent of them worked in the architectural, engineering, and related services industry, where they mostly worked for landscape architecture services and firms. Nearly 10 percent were employed by local, state, and federal governments. Almost 50 percent of these government employees worked for municipal and county governments. Local planning departments, state departments of transportation, and the U.S. Department of Transportation are some of the public employers who hire Landscape Architects to work on transportation projects. Some Landscape Architects are self-employed. The BLS reports that employment of Landscape Architects, overall, should grow by 16 percent through 2016. This rate is considered faster than the average for occupations in the United States. Landscape Architects play an important role in the planning and development of new construction. In addition to creating aesthetic landscape designs, these professionals help ensure that construction sites comply with zoning laws and environmental regulations. In addition to job growth, opportunities for Landscape Architects become available as professionals retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs.

Advancement Prospects

Landscape Architects can advance in any number of ways, depending on their interests and ambitions. As they gain experience and skills, they accept assignments to projects that are more complex and they receive more responsibilities. They can pursue supervisory and managerial positions to become team leaders, project managers, supervisors, and program managers. Landscape Architects can also become technical specialists in transportation or other areas. In private firms, these experts can rise through the ranks to become partners. Entrepreneurial individuals may start careers as independent consultants or owners of landscape architecture firms. These professionals may pursue careers in teaching and research, for which they may need to obtain advanced degrees. Landscape Architects may choose to pursue other careers that utilize their skills. For example, they may become landscape designers, planners, golf course designers, drafters, architects, or civil engineers.

Education and Training

Depending on the employer, entry-level applicants may be required to hold a bachelor’s or master’s degree in

landscape architecture or another related field such as botany or landscape design. It generally takes four to five years for students to earn a bachelor’s degree in landscape architecture. This degree program includes courses in landscape design and construction, surveying, landscape ecology, plant science, geology, urban planning, and general management, among others. Students also learn how to use such software applications as computer-aided design and geographic information systems. The master’s degree program in landscape architecture usually takes two years for those with a bachelor’s degree in this field. It takes three years for those students with bachelor’s degrees in other disciplines. Entry-level Landscape Architects receive on-the-job training. They work under the supervision and direction of experienced staff members. Throughout their careers, Landscape Architects enroll in continuing education programs and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

As of August 2008, every state but Vermont requires Landscape Architects to be licensed or registered to practice. Licensing requirements vary from state to state. For specific information, contact the appropriate board of examiners in the state where you wish to practice. Entry-level Landscape Architects are known as apprentices or interns in states that require licenses for these professionals. They must work under licensed Landscape Architects until they obtain their own licenses. Depending on the state, license candidates must have one or more years of work experience as apprentices. Landscape Architects are not required to be licensed if they work for federal agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who have some work experience. They may

have gained their experience through student projects, internships, work-study programs, or employment. To perform well at their jobs, Landscape Architects need excellent problem-solving, project management, research, writing, communication, and presentation skills. Some personality traits that successful Landscape Architects share include being analytical, creative, collaborative, honest, and trustworthy.

Unions and Associations

Many Landscape Architects belong to professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, and other professional services and resources. One national society that serves this profession is the American Society of Landscape Architects. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Ask your professors for help in finding internship or employment positions. 2. You may be asked to send a cover letter that states your interest in a position with your application or résumé. This letter should describe in clear and concise terms how you are qualified for the position. Your letter should be no longer than one page. Before sending the letter, ask someone to review it and suggest how you could improve it. 3. Employers may allow candidates to substitute qualifying work experience for some of the educational requirements. 4. Some employers will hire candidates without a license on the condition that they obtain one within a certain time. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of landscape architecture. You might start by visiting the American Society of Landscape Architects Web site. The URL is http://www.asla.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TRANSPORTATION SPECIALIST CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Provide technical expertise; assist in the research, development, construction, operation, coordination, or maintenance of transportation systems; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Coordinator; a title that reflects a particular job (Traffic Engineer) or specific area of expertise (such as Intelligence Transportation Specialist) Salary Range: Unavailable Employment Prospects: Unknown Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in an appropriate discipline Experience—Several years of work experience in specialty

Coordinator or Supervisor

Position Description Transportation Specialists are engineers, geographers, planners, economists, computer scientists, environmentalists, and various other professionals who assist in providing efficient, economical, and reliable transportation throughout our nation. These men and women are technical experts in their particular fields, which may be traffic engineering, airport operations, highway construction, railroad safety, public transit management, multimodal transportation, intelligence transportation, port security, or environmental engineering, among many other fields. Transportation Specialists work for public transit systems, railroads, port authorities, airports, government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and private companies. These specialists may be involved in the research, development, construction, operation, coordination, or maintenance of transportation systems. They apply their knowledge and skills to help management and staffs fulfill the missions, goals, and objectives of their organizations. Transportation Specialists work in one or more specific programs, work activities, or functions for employers. For example, Transportation Specialists may be hired to:

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Transportation Specialist Transportation Engineer, Planner, or Other Professional

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, interpersonal, leadership, teamwork, communication, writing, and presentation skills; courteous, cooperative, resourceful, analytical, detail-oriented, trustworthy, and self-motivated Special Requirements—Vary with employers

• secure and administer grants to fund construction projects for highways, ports, airports, or other transportation systems • work in the areas of contract administration and management • oversee safety programs for school bus, railroad passenger, truck transportation, or other systems • monitor projects and programs for their compliance with laws and regulations as well as with their employers’ policies and procedures • develop and implement educational programs for their staffs, the public, or other groups • conduct inspections of facilities and equipment • develop, plan, and coordinate programs that meet the needs of transportation systems users • design apparatus, equipment, or systems such as railroad signal systems or electronic toll collection systems on bridges • manage tenant leases at ports, airports, or other facilities • provide technical engineering assistance in construction and maintenance techniques, procedures, and processes • develop policies and procedures for the implementation of new programs • assist in the development of transportation policy

Depending on their experience and skill levels, Transportation Specialists may assist with or be responsible for developing and implementing projects and programs to which they are assigned. Senior specialists may be assigned as project leaders or program coordinators. Many are also liaisons who speak on behalf of their employers to other organizations, the media, or the public. Transportation Specialists perform duties that are particular to their area of work. For example, railroad safety specialists may be responsible for designing and implementing safety programs, investigating accidents, and monitoring railroad systems to ensure that they comply with government and industry safety standards. Transportation Specialists also perform a variety of general duties that are similar regardless of their jobs or work settings. The following are some routine tasks that they may be assigned: • plan studies to obtain information needed for projects and programs • collect, analyze, and interpret data • identify and resolve technical problems and organizational needs • analyze programs or work activities and make recommendations for improvements • perform technical reviews of operational functions as assigned • assist with the preparation of budgets • review and assess reports, agreements, proposals, or other documents • attend meetings and conferences • discuss problems and issues with managers, staff members, or others • prepare correspondence, reports, proposals, or other paperwork • make written or oral presentations to managers, committees, and outside groups • maintain and update records and databases • provide supervision to technical, administrative, or clerical staff • stay up to date with the latest developments in their fields • assist with the daily administrative operations of their offices Transportation Specialists work a standard 40-hour schedule. When needed, they put in additional hours to complete their various duties, which may require working evenings and on weekends.

Salaries

Salaries for Transportation Specialists vary, depending on their education, experience, employer, and other factors. Salary information for this occupation is unavailable. An idea of their incomes may be gained by looking at the earnings of some professionals who work in transportation systems. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey the following ranges of estimated annual salaries for most professionals in these occupational categories: • computer and mathematical science occupations, $36,580 to $114,100 • architecture and engineering occupations, $35,120 to $108,700 • life, physical, and social science occupations, $29,920 to $104,000

Employment Prospects

Opportunities for Transportation Specialists generally become available as individuals advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs, or retire. Employers may create additional or new positions to meet their needs, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

As Transportation Specialists gain experience and higher skill levels, they are assigned responsibilities that are more complex. They also measure their advancement through job satisfaction and by earning higher salaries. Managerial and administrative opportunities are also available.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary with the different employers. Minimally, Transportation Specialists must possess bachelor’s degrees in appropriate disciplines. For example, traffic engineering specialists may hold bachelor’s degrees in civil engineering, transportation engineering, or another field. Novice specialists learn their duties on the job while working under the guidance and direction of managers or experienced specialists. Throughout their careers, Transportation Specialists pursue continuing education to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Special Requirements

Applicants may need to possess specific certificates and licenses, depending on the requirements established by

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employers. For example, candidates for specialist positions that perform engineering duties may be required to possess a professional engineer (P.E.) license.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Transportation Specialists typically have advanced to their positions after having worked several years in their specialties. To perform well in their positions, Transportation Specialists need excellent organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, interpersonal, leadership, and teamwork skills. They also must have effective communication, writing, and presentation skills, as they must be able to communicate technical information clearly to different people from diverse backgrounds. Being courteous, cooperative, resourceful, analytical, detailoriented, trustworthy, and self-motivated are some personality traits that successful Transportation Specialists have in common.

Unions and Associations

Many Transportation Specialists are members of professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, professional certi-

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fication, and other professional services and resources. These men and women may join local, state, national, or international societies that serve their particular interests. For example, specialists in transportation engineering might join the Institute of Transportation Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, or the American Public Works Association. For contact information to these organizations, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Take advantage of career resources that many professional and trade associations offer. Many of them post job ads in their publications as well as at their Web sites. 2. Read job announcements thoroughly and carefully to make sure you qualify for positions. Also, be sure you understand how to apply for a job. For example, some employers require applicants to complete an online application or to submit a résumé and cover letter through the mail. 3. For civil service jobs, you may be required to first pass a written examination to establish your eligibility for positions. You should be able to find out information about examinations at an agency’s human resources office.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) ANALYST CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Create, manage, and maintain GIS databases; design GIS applications for transportation studies; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): GIS Specialist Salary Range: $40,000 to $80,000+ Employment Prospects: Excellent Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—GIS training required Experience—Several years of GIS experience required Special Skills and Personality Traits—Analytical, research, problem-solving, organizational, self-

Senior GIS Analyst

Position Description

Geographic information system (GIS) technology is used by many government agencies, transportation service providers, and others to help develop, operate, and maintain safe, efficient, and cost-effective transportation systems. GIS is a computer software tool. It allows users to store, manage, analyze, and display geographic data about any location. Users can input, integrate, and edit geographic and non-geographic data from various sources and formats (such as maps, satellite imagery, censuses, and reports) to create special maps that address their particular issues. For example, with the aid of GIS, decision makers can resolve such transportation issues as these: Where should a highway bypass go? What city streets have the most traffic jams? What would be the best detour routes for traffic during road construction? Which bus routes need more or fewer bus stops? GIS Analysts are among the different GIS practitioners who specialize in creating, managing, and maintaining GIS applications to meet the needs of transportation systems experts. Along with GIS technology, these specialists are knowledgeable about cartography and cartographic techniques as well as computer programming and database management. They are also familiar with remote sensing, global positioning systems (GPS), and other geospatial technologies.

GIS Analyst GIS Technician

management, interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills; patient, cooperative, diplomatic, detail-oriented, creative, and resourceful

GIS Analysts work in government, academic, industrial, military, and nonprofit settings. They may hold staff or contractual positions. Their role is to assist transportation planners, specialists, and managers by designing and analyzing databases to obtain the particular spatial and thematic information that is needed for projects. GIS Analysts integrate and transform geographic information into maps and other decisionmaking tools. For example, transportation planners want to determine where bicycle pathways are most needed in their communities. With the appropriate databases, GIS Analysts can create maps that allow planners to see the demographic information about bicyclists, the existing bicycle paths, the streets and roads used by different ages of bicyclists, and where traffic accidents involving bicyclists took place. GIS Analysts also design applications to help decision makers predict situations if certain conditions were to exist, or to compare alternative scenarios by changing one or more conditions. In addition, GIS Analysts help transportation experts develop conceptual, specific, or comprehensive transportation plans. GIS Analysts perform a wide range of duties, which vary according to their experience and skills. For example, they may be assigned such general tasks as:

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• performing needs assessments to determine what transportation experts require for their projects • assisting in the collection of data • inputting information into databases • creating and maintaining spatial databases • analyzing and interpreting spatial data • developing and implementing quality standards to ensure that GIS applications meet specifications and achieve technical objectives • converting maps, aerial photographs, and other products to digital format • creating geographic maps • updating and maintaining map collections • preparing reports, maps, and charts of spatial data analysis for staff presentations • making written or oral presentations to decision makers, public and private agencies, or the public • creating or editing computer programs • providing technical support for GIS hardware and software • training GIS staff and other personnel in utilizing GIS • establishing and maintaining relationships with vendors

salary for most computer specialists who were not listed in a separate category ranged between $37,600 and $108,140.

Senior analysts may be assigned as project leaders and be responsible for supervising and directing the work of GIS technicians and other staff. Senior analysts may be involved in developing training programs for GIS staff and other personnel. These analysts may also assist in preparing and administering budgets, delegating tasks or projects to GIS staff, and coordinating the development of various GIS applications for different projects. GIS Analysts primarily work in office settings. Their jobs can be stressful when they meet deadlines and juggle several assignments and projects. These analysts spend long hours working on computers; hence, they may be at risk of developing such health conditions as eyestrain, backaches, and carpal tunnel syndrome. GIS Analysts work a 40-hour week. They may put in additional hours during evenings and weekends to complete assignments.

Advancement Prospects

Salaries

Salaries for GIS Analysts vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for GIS practitioners is unavailable. An informal search on the Internet found salaries for GIS Analysts ranging from $40,000 to $80,000 and more. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated

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Employment Prospects

Geospatial technology is a fast-growing industry, according to many experts. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Labor identified this industry as being one of the emerging industries with an insufficient number of skilled workers. Opportunities are readily available for entry-level and experienced GIS specialists in both the public and private sectors. GIS Analysts with interests in transportation applications may find employment with local planning departments, state and federal transportation departments, and transportation service providers. They are also hired by nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations, as well as by architecture and engineering firms and other companies. The demand for skilled GIS professionals is expected to increase as more organizations become aware of the benefits of utilizing geospatial technologies to help solve problems and make critical decisions. GIS professionals generally start their careers in entrylevel positions as GIS technicians. As they gain experience and become more skilled, technicians advance to GIS Analyst and other GIS specialist positions. GIS Analysts can specialize by working in a particular field such as transportation. Those with supervisory and managerial ambitions can rise through the ranks as project leaders, coordinators, and managers. Entrepreneurial individuals can pursue consulting careers. Some GIS specialists choose to become researchers and instructors in geographic information science. Individuals usually need a master’s or doctoral degree to obtain top management, research, or college teaching jobs.

Education and Training

Educational requirements vary from employer to employer. Some employers require applicants to hold an associate degree, while others prefer to hire candidates who possess a bachelor’s degree. Many employers prefer applicants who hold degrees in geography, geographic information science, cartography, or another related field. Employers may accept applicants who hold college degrees in other disciplines (such as urban planning or computer science), if they focused their studies in GIS, completed a GIS certificate program, or possessed GIS experience.

The most common way to obtain formal GIS training is through GIS certificate programs, which are offered by colleges and universities. Increasingly more schools are developing college degree programs in geographic information science, including professional master’s degree programs. GIS Analysts learn their skills and duties on the job while working under the direction and supervision of experienced GIS practitioners. Throughout their careers, GIS specialists pursue continuing education to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers usually seek candidates for GIS Analyst positions who have three or more years of work experience in GIS. They also prefer applicants who have a solid understanding of GIS concepts, practices, and technology, particularly within their industry. To perform effectively at their jobs, GIS Analysts must have excellent analytical, research, problem-solving, organizational, and self-management skills. They also need strong interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must work well with different people from diverse backgrounds. Being patient, cooperative, diplomatic, detail-oriented, creative, and resourceful are some personality traits that successful GIS Analysts have in common.

Unions and Associations

GIS Analysts can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, publications,

continuing education, certification programs, and other professional resources and services. Some national societies that serve the diverse interests of GIS professionals include the Geographic and Land Information Society, the Cartography and Geographic Information Society, the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, and the Association of American Geographers. For contact information, see Appendix III. GIS specialists who are employed by government agencies may be members of unions. These labor organizations represent their members in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, employee benefits, and working conditions.

Tips for Entry

1. As a college student, obtain an internship in a transportation setting to see if transportation is a field that interests you. 2. Learn as much as you can about a prospective employer before you go in for a job interview. Think about how your GIS experience and skills would benefit the organization and mention them in your interview. 3. Job titles vary among employers. Hence, read job announcements carefully to make sure it is a GIS Analyst position. If you are unsure, ask the company to clarify about the position. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the GIS field. You might start by visiting these Web sites: GeoCommunity, http://www.geocomm.com; and GIS in Transportation (by U.S. Federal Highway Administration), http://www.gis.fhwa.dot.gov. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TRANSPORTATION INSPECTOR CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Examine transportation equipment, vehicles, and systems to ensure they comply with safety laws, regulations, and standards; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a specific job such as Aviation Safety Inspector, Rail Safety Inspector, or Public Transportation Inspector Salary Range: $27,000 to $98,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in an appropriate field; on-the-job training Experience—Extensive experience in particular areas of inspection

Senior Transportation Inspector

Position Description

Transportation Inspectors play a valuable role in ensuring that all transportation systems—highways, public transit, school bus systems, airports, harbors, railroads, and so forth—are safe and reliable for carrying passengers and goods. These men and women work in both the public and private sectors. State and federal transportation departments employ inspectors to enforce transportation safety laws and regulations. Public and private transportation service providers hire internal inspectors to assist employers with ensuring that their operations meet appropriate laws and regulations, as well as industry standard and employers’ policies. Transportation Inspectors monitor and examine transportation equipment, vehicles, and systems. They apply their knowledge and skills in their particular areas, such as aircraft equipment, airspace systems, railroad tracks, bridges, traffic control signals, harbor facilities, ferryboat lines, school buses, and public transportation. They perform routine inspections on a regular basis to ensure continued compliance with regulations and safety standards. Transportation Inspectors also conduct intensive examinations that may reveal potential and widespread problems with equipment, vehicles, facilities, and operations. Regardless of the transportation area in which they work, these inspectors perform many of the same essential duties. They observe employees and monitor

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Transportation Inspector Transportation Inspector Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Criticalthinking, problem-solving, report-writing, presentation, self-management, teamwork, communication, and interpersonal skills; accurate, impartial, diplomatic, personable, honest, reliable, and adaptable Special Requirements—Vary with employers

how they perform their duties. For example, transit rail inspectors observe how conductors, station agents, and other employees follow schedules, treat passengers, and operate equipment or vehicles. Transportation Inspectors also monitor operating procedures for compliance with regulations and safety standards. In addition, they examine equipment, vehicles, and systems for abuse, damage, wear, and malfunction, which involves taking diagnostic and other tests. Furthermore, Transportation Inspectors review operating manuals, safety memorandums, safety logs, design specifications, repair and maintenance records, and other pertinent documents. Transportation Inspectors compile and analyze their data, interpret their findings, and make recommendations for improvements. They may confer with experts about subjects with which they are unfamiliar. Inspectors prepare formal reports and make written or oral presentations about their findings and investigations. Government inspectors may issue notices when infractions are found. Internal Transportation Inspectors may work with management and other staff members to identify the root causes of safety problems and find ways to prevent or eliminate them. Many government inspectors are responsible for conducting investigations of accidents, incidents of tampering or vandalism, occurrences of system failures, and complaints of safety hazards, among others. These inspectors do not prove who is at fault. Rather, their job

is to examine the facts, conditions, and circumstances behind such incidents. They take photographs of the scene of an incident, obtain statements from witnesses, and collect evidence from the scene. The inspectors determine the probable causes and make recommendations that may prevent any further incidents from happening. These inspectors may recommend appropriate legal action such as citations. They are sometimes asked to testify in courts as expert witnesses. Some Transportation Inspectors are involved with certifying transportation operators. For example, some aviation safety inspectors examine pilots, flight instructors, and other airmen for appropriate flight certification. Inspectors in the private sector may be responsible for designing and conducting training programs to help employees obtain or maintain proper certification or licenses for operating vehicles. Senior Transportation Inspectors are often involved with the training of entry-level inspectors and conducting educational programs for legislative bodies and the public. In addition, senior inspectors may be assigned as project team leaders, which involves performing such tasks as supervising fellow team members, coordinating work activities, administering budgets, and presenting periodic written and oral reports to department managers. Depending on the nature of an assignment, Transportation Inspectors work alone or in teams to perform inspections. All inspectors are expected to be thorough, accurate, and precise in conducting their examinations. Failure to conduct proper inspections can lead to accidents or equipment or system problems that result in loss of money and lives. Transportation Inspectors work in both indoor and outdoor settings. They perform research, analysis, and report-writing tasks in offices, while conducting physical inspection duties in the field. Their inspection work may require them to walk varying distances and climb ladders or stairways, as well as stoop, kneel, reach, or bend to make their observations. Transportation Inspectors work a 40-hour schedule, but put in additional hours as needed to complete tasks. Some inspectors work flexible schedules. Inspectors may be required to travel to other locations for several days or weeks.

mated annual salary for most Transportation Inspectors ranged between $27,340 and $98,170.

Salaries

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Salaries for Transportation Inspectors vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the esti-

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports that employment of Transportation Inspectors is predicted to increase by 14 to 20 percent through 2016. In addition, qualified inspectors will be needed to replace those who retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields. Employers will create additional positions to meet the demand for inspection services, as long as funding is available.

Advancement Prospects

Transportation Inspectors can advance to supervisory and managerial positions. Many inspectors pursue career growth by earning higher wages, by receiving work assignments of greater complexity, and through job satisfaction. Entrepreneurial individuals may choose to become independent contractors or owners of technical companies that offer inspection services.

Education and Training

Educational requirements for positions vary, depending on the employer and the type of inspection to be performed. Some employers require their applicants to have at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma, while others require a college degree in an appropriate field. Novice inspectors receive on-the-job training. They work under the guidance and supervision of experienced Transportation Inspectors. Throughout their careers, Transportation Inspectors enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Special Requirements

Applicants may need to possess specific certificates and licenses, depending on the requirements established by employers. For example, aviation safety inspectors may be required to possess pilot or mechanic certificates issued by the Federal Aviation Administration, or it may be mandatory for inspectors who examine traffic systems to possess professional engineer (P.E.) licenses.

Transportation Inspectors are experts in the areas in which they conduct inspections. They normally have advanced to their positions after years of experience working in their fields.

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To perform their jobs effectively, Transportation Inspectors must have excellent critical-thinking, problem-solving, report-writing, presentation, self-management, and teamwork skills. They also need strong communication and interpersonal skills, as they must be able to handle various people with different backgrounds in both the public and private sectors. Being accurate, impartial, diplomatic, personable, honest, reliable, and adaptable are some personality traits that successful Transportation Inspectors share.

Unions and Associations

Transportation Inspectors might join professional associations that serve their particular areas of interest. By joining local, state, or national societies, they can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, professional certification, and other professional services and resources. Some inspectors are members of a labor union that negotiates contractual terms, such as pay, employee benefits, and working conditions, with their employers.

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Tips for Entry

1. Applicants can sometimes qualify for a job by having a combination of appropriate education and work experience. 2. Obtain an internship or summer job with a transportation department or public works department at a public agency to gain experience working in government settings. 3. Employers seek candidates who are knowledgeable about the appropriate local, state, and federal laws, regulations, and codes. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the field of transportation safety. You might start by visiting the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board Web site at http://www.ntsb.gov. For more links, see Appendix IV.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Plan and oversee the various phases of transportation construction projects; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Project Engineer, Construction Manager; a title that reflects an engineering function such as Estimator, Scheduler, or Field Engineer Salary Range: $46,000 to $109,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering; on-the-job training Experience—One or more years of experience preferred Special Skills and Personality Traits—Organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, deci-

Senior Construction Engineer

Position Description

Construction engineering is a specialty of civil engineering in which business science and management is applied to the development and oversight of construction projects from design to completion. It is the job of Construction Engineers to coordinate and efficiently integrate such factors as labor, materials, equipment, and supplies to finish construction projects on time and within budgets. They also ensure that the construction projects comply with industry standards, the specifications of owners and designers, and all necessary laws and regulations. Construction Engineers who work in the area of transportation systems oversee complex projects involving highways, bridges, airports, railroads, ports and harbors, mass transit, and other transportation infrastructure. These engineers are concerned with new construction projects as well as with the rehabilitation of existing infrastructure. Construction Engineers are engaged in all phases of construction projects. During the planning stages, they assist in project development. They perform such tasks as defining project characteristics and performance requirements, drawing up preliminary budgets and master schedules, analyzing and selecting construction sites, establishing management information systems, creating bid documents, reviewing bids, and selecting contrac-

Construction Engineer Construction Engineer (Entry-level)

sion-making, writing, presentation, interpersonal, and communication skills; personable, quick-witted, diplomatic, trustworthy, persistent, analytical, creative, and detail-oriented Special Requirements—Professional engineer (P.E.) license usually required

tors. They also contribute to the design of construction projects by completing cost analyses, working out cost estimates, developing design schedules, and other tasks. As projects are implemented, Construction Engineers are concerned with overseeing all facets of construction. They design the layout of each project, procure materials and supplies, select equipment, and continually monitor the costs and quality of the work. These engineers also resolve issues and problems as they arise. In addition, Construction Engineers are responsible for designing temporary structures such as scaffolding, systems for lifting and material handling, work platforms, ramps, earthwork structures, and so forth. Furthermore, Construction Engineers are responsible for guaranteeing workplace safety and for clean and sanitary work sites. Construction Engineers fill a variety of roles in the course of their careers. Novice engineers usually begin their careers as assistants to experienced engineers, in which they perform routine tasks. As Construction Engineers become experienced, they take charge of particular areas of construction management, such as construction programming, scheduling, cost control, safety, or construction quality control. Senior engineers take on the responsibility of project management of construction sites.

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Construction Engineers perform many tasks on the job, which vary according to their experience and skill levels. For example, engineers may perform any of the following duties:

to complete tasks, meet deadlines, and attend meetings. Engineers on construction projects that operate around-the-clock may be required to be on call 24 hours a day.

• analyze and interpret data such as construction modifications and specifications to better make decisions, as well as to resolve disputes or settle costs • test and evaluate construction facilities to ensure compliance with municipal, state, and federal standards • review technical reports or correspondence • prepare bids and cost estimates • manage subcontractor firms • resolve jobsite and engineering problems • prepare construction proposals, specifications, and provisions, as well as other necessary documents such as work orders throughout the construction process • negotiate and document agreements with contractors, property owners, and officials • use computers to work with database or project management software • supervise and provide technical direction to personnel in the office or in the field • represent their employer at meetings with clients and government officials • maintain positive relationships with coworkers, subordinates, clients, and subcontractors, as well as with the general public

Salaries

Construction Engineers are usually in control of several projects at a time. Meeting deadlines and juggling projects in different stages can be stressful for these engineers. In addition, the nature of their job requires that Construction Engineers be in constant contact with different people. For example, these engineers might confer with owners, designers, engineers, contractors, suppliers, governmental officials, the media, or the public to discuss issues or respond to queries. They may communicate with parties in person, by phone, or through e-mail or text messages. Construction Engineers work indoors in office buildings or in temporary buildings at job sites. They also spend time in the field to monitor the progress of construction projects. While working in outdoor environments, these engineers are exposed to all types of terrain, as well as noise, dust, and a variety of weather conditions. They are required to wear protective equipment such as hard hats and steel-toed boots as safety precautions. Construction Engineers typically work 40 hours per week, but on occasion put in additional hours

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Salaries for Construction Engineers vary, depending on such factors as their job duties, education, experience, employer, and geographic location. Salary information specifically for these engineers is unavailable. However, the estimated annual salary for most civil engineers, which includes Construction Engineers, ranged between $46,420 and $109,100, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

Employment Prospects

The U.S. transportation construction industry earns hundreds of billion of dollars every year. In addition to maintaining and rehabilitating transportation infrastructure, projects for new construction are started to meet continually growing transportation needs. Hence, the demand for qualified Construction Engineers should remain steady throughout the years. The BLS reports that the employment of civil engineers, overall, is expected to increase by 18 percent through 2016. In addition to this job growth, employers will hire engineers to replace those who have retired, transferred to other jobs, or advanced to higher positions.

Advancement Prospects

Engineers usually start their careers in construction management as assistants to field engineers, cost estimators, schedulers, and project managers, among others. As they gain experience and skills, they advance to those positions. Construction Engineers may advance in any number of ways, depending on their ambitions and interests. They may specialize in a particular area, such as project scheduling, construction equipment design, construction costs and financing, or international construction. They may pursue management and leadership positions. Engineers with entrepreneurial ambitions can become independent consultants or owners of firms that provide construction engineering services.

Education and Training

Minimally, Construction Engineers must possess bachelor’s degrees in construction engineering or in civil engineering with an emphasis in construction engineering or another related field. Some employers prefer

to hire engineers who hold master’s degrees in construction management. The curriculum of construction engineering programs includes engineering, management, and business science courses. Students learn how to plan, design, and build structures, as well as learn about construction methods, materials, and project management. Throughout their careers, Construction Engineers pursue continuing education to update their skills and keep up with advancements in their fields.

Special Requirements

All engineers who offer engineering services directly to the public or perform work that affects the life, health, or property of the public must be licensed as professional engineers (P.E.) in the states where they practice. Licensing varies in each jurisdiction. For specific information, contact the state board of engineering examiners for the area where you wish to practice.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire entry-level candidates who have one or more years of experience that demonstrate professional competence to handle the various phases of construction projects. They may have gained their experience through internships, work-study programs, student research projects, or employment. Construction Engineers must have excellent organizational, critical-thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, writing, and presentation skills to handle their complex jobs effectively. Because they must work well with managers, owners, professionals, technicians, consultants, contractors, and others from diverse backgrounds, they need superior interpersonal and communication skills. Being personable, quick-witted, diplomatic, trustworthy, persistent, analytical, creative,

and detail-oriented are some personality traits that successful Construction Engineers share.

Unions and Associations

Many Construction Engineers join professional associations to take advantage of various professional services and resources, including continuing education, professional certification, and networking opportunities, among others. Some national societies that serve the interests of Construction Engineers include the Construction Management Association of America, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the National Society of Professional Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. To prepare for a career in engineering, high school students should take as many advanced courses in mathematics and science as possible. 2. As a high school or college student, obtain summer or part-time construction jobs to start gaining experience in the construction industry. 3. Take advantage of the different job banks that are available on the Internet. There are job banks that focus on engineering opportunities, such as Engineering Central (http://www.engcen.com). Engineering jobs are also listed at general job banks, such as Monster.com (http://www. monster.com). In addition, many professional and trade associations have job banks at their Web sites. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Construction Engineers and the transportation construction industry. You might start by visiting these Web sites: Construction Management Association of America, http://cmaanet.org; and American Road and Transportation Builders Association Web site, http://www.artba.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN CAREER PROFILE

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Duties: Provide technical support to engineers and engineering technologists; perform office and field engineering duties as required Alternate Title(s): Transportation Engineering Technician; a title that reflects a particular job, such as Field Technician or Civil Engineering Assistant Salary Range: $25,000 to $65,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Degree in civil engineering technology preferred Experience—Previous work experience generally required

Senior Civil Engineering Technician

Position Description

Most people are familiar with the roles performed by managers, planners, contractors, and engineers in the development, construction, and operation of safe and reliable transportation systems throughout the United States. Other professionals who play essential roles are Civil Engineering Technicians. They are trained in the practical application of the principles and techniques of civil engineering technology, mathematics, and science. Their job is to provide technical support to the engineers who plan and control transportation projects, such as highway construction, airport renovations, harbor improvements, maintenance of railroad lines, traffic operations, and design of new public transportation programs. Depending on their experience and skills, Civil Engineering Technicians participate in a wide range of activities. For example, they may be involved in designing projects, conducting land surveys, carrying out research studies, reviewing and evaluating transportation plans, estimating project costs, creating work or project schedules, testing construction materials, inspecting work sites, and performing quality control tasks. These hands-on experts are employed in both the public and private sectors. They work under the supervision and direction of engineers, senior technicians, and managers. However, Civil Engineering Technicians are able to exercise independent judgment and initia-

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Civil Engineering Technician Civil Engineering Technician (Entry-level)

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Communication, teamwork, interpersonal, mathematics, computer, writing, organizational, problem-solving, and self-management skills; enthusiastic, curious, cooperative, detail-oriented, accurate, creative, adaptable, resourceful, and trustworthy

tive in performing their tasks. These technicians are expected to form and maintain positive working relationships with engineers, planners, contractors, public agency personnel, government employees, consultants, and the public, among others. Civil Engineering Technicians’ tasks vary according to their particular jobs. Most, if not all technicians, execute such general tasks as: • reviewing blueprints and specifications for transportation projects • analyzing proposed sites for projects • calculating amounts for contract or report items, such as costs, dimensions, component specifications, or material quantities • troubleshooting problems as they arise • conferring with team members about project changes • developing and conducting tests on soil, concrete, and other materials to determine suitability for construction purposes • drafting drawings and design layouts according to project specifications • collecting and validating data for studies • designing maps, charts, graphs, and diagrams • preparing technical reports and other formal documents • maintaining records of project activities • supervising other employees

These engineering technicians perform tasks both in the office and in the field. While working outdoors, they may be exposed to rough terrain and to extreme weather. Some technicians may work in close proximity to traffic on highways. Their job can be physically demanding, as they may be required to walk, stand, climb, crouch, kneel, stoop, and reach to complete their duties. On occasion, they lift objects or loads that weigh up to 80 pounds. Civil Engineering Technicians work a 40-hour week. They put in additional hours as needed to complete their tasks and meet deadlines. Some technicians are assigned to work shifts, which may include working evenings and weekends. These technicians may be required to travel to other cities or regions for work assignments.

Salaries

Salaries for Civil Engineering Technicians vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey that the estimated annual salary for most Civil Engineering Technicians ranged between $25,390 and $65,010. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $12.21 to $31.26 per hour.

Employment Prospects

Approximately 88,030 Civil Engineering Technicians are employed in the United States, according to the May 2007 OES survey. Almost 50 percent of these technicians worked in the architectural, engineering, and related services industry. Employment growth for Civil Engineering Technicians is predicted to increase by 10 percent through 2016, according to the BLS. This is partly due to the need for these technicians to expand, improve, and repair the U.S. transportation systems, as well as public works and other infrastructure and structures. In addition to job growth, opportunities will become available as Civil Engineering Technicians advance to higher positions, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons.

Advancement Prospects

Civil Engineering Technicians can advance to supervisory positions. Most of these technicians realize advancement by earning higher wages, by being assigned to complex projects, and through job satisfaction. Some technicians continue their education to become engineers, architects, or engineering technologists.

Education and Training

Minimum educational requirements vary with different employers. Most employers prefer to hire applicants for entry-level positions who hold an associate or bachelor’s degree in civil engineering technology or another related field. They earn associate degrees upon completion of programs at two-year colleges and earn bachelor’s degrees from four-year college or university programs. Employers usually favor candidates who graduated from programs accredited by ABET, Inc. Employers may hire applicants who have high school diplomas or general equivalency diplomas to assistant technician positions, which are similar to trainee or apprentice positions. In trainee positions, individuals learn the skills and duties of engineering technicians on the job while working under the guidance and supervision of experienced personnel. Employers may also provide these employees with formal classroom instruction. Throughout their careers, Civil Engineering Technicians enroll in continuing education programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Although prior work experience is not needed for entrylevel positions, employers prefer to hire candidates who have some related experience. Entry-level candidates may have gained their experience through internships, work-study programs, or employment. Having previous experience within an employer’s industry is also preferable. Engineering technicians must have excellent communication, teamwork, and interpersonal skills, as they need to work well with colleagues, managers, professionals, and others from diverse backgrounds. In addition, they need strong mathematics, computer, and writing skills to complete their tasks. These technicians also need effective organizational, problem-solving, and self-management skills. Being enthusiastic, curious, cooperative, detail-oriented, accurate, creative, adaptable, resourceful, and trustworthy are some personality traits that Civil Engineering Technicians share.

Unions and Associations

Civil Engineering Technicians can join professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, continuing education, and other professional resources and services. One national association that serves the interests of all engineering technicians is the American Society of Certified Engineering Technicians. For contact information, see Appendix III.

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Some engineering technicians belong to a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, employee benefits, and working conditions.

Tips for Entry

1. In high school, take college-level mathematics courses to prepare you for a career in civil engineering technology. These courses include algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. You might also take entry-level engineering, if your school offers such a course. 2. Enhance your employability by keeping up with new technologies.

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3. Many employers require applicants to possess a valid driver’s license at the time that they are hired. 4. When applying for a job online, be sure you have followed all instructions correctly and completely. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about working in the field of civil engineering as well as in transportation engineering, in particular. You might start by visiting these Web sites: American Society of Civil Engineers, http://www.asce. org; and Institute of Transportation Engineers, http://www.ite.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR CAREER PROFILE Duties: Operate one or more types of heavy equipment used in the construction, repair, or maintenance of highways, roads, bridges, or other public works projects; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Construction Equipment Operator, Transportation Equipment Operator, Operating Engineer; a title that reflects a specialty such as Crane Operator or Pile Driver Operator Salary Range: $22,000 to $81,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; apprenticeship, formal training program, or on-thejob training Experience—One or more years or experience operating construction equipment

Position Description

Imagine you are traveling in your car. You read signs that warn you to slow down because there is roadwork ahead. As you pass by the construction site, you notice several bulky machines noisily at work. They are being maneuvered to tear up the hard pavement, dig trenches, load tons of concrete or dirt onto large trucks, level the rough terrain, and hoist heavy construction materials into place. Those heavy pieces of powerful machinery are collectively called engineering equipment. They are more commonly known as earth movers, construction equipment, or heavy equipment. They are specially designed to perform engineering tasks such as the construction, maintenance, and repair of highways, roads, streets, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure. The men and women who run and control these machines and their attachments are called Heavy Equipment Operators. These experts use different machines to clear, excavate, move, load, and grade land to prepare for the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure. They use other machinery for transporting heavy construction materials, placing and holding them in place, and driving them firmly into the ground. They operate other types of machinery to

Career ladder Heavy Equipment Operator   (Journeyman-level) Heavy Equipment Operator Apprentice or Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, interpersonal, communication, self-management, reading, writing, and math skills; patient, persistent, dedicated, cooperative, and flexible Special Requirements—Appropriate driver’s license

deliver, pour, spread, and pack concrete, asphalt, sand, or other materials onto roadways. Heavy Equipment Operators primarily work for private construction contractors as well as for local public works agencies and state departments of transportation. They have been hired to handle one or more of the different kinds of construction equipment, such as bulldozers, backhoes, front-end loaders, cranes, road rollers, tunnel-boring machines, pavers, dredgers, wheel-tractor scrapers, asphalt or concrete pavers, tamping equipment, and pile drivers. Heavy Equipment Operators work under the direction of supervisors but also have the freedom to make independent judgments while carrying out their tasks. They must fulfill their work orders correctly, accurately, and safely. Any mistakes on these workers’ part could result in injuries, damage to structures and equipment, and not completing projects on time. Heavy Equipment Operators usually sit in enclosed cabs on top of their equipment where they manipulate the different parts of their machinery, such as rollers, blades, buckets, scrapers, or swing booms. They control their machines by turning dials, moving levers, depressing foot pedals, and operating switches or joy sticks. They follow specific standard procedures and safety regulations for each particular machine.

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In addition to managing construction equipment expertly, Heavy Equipment Operators are responsible for the maintenance and minor repair of their assigned machines. They inspect their machines before use to ensure that they are in good working condition. They perform service checks on clutches, brakes, cables, belts, and other mechanical parts. They tune motors, adjust brakes, and repair electrical systems as needed. They replace spark plugs, cables, bolts, and other parts. These operators report the need for major repair work to their supervisors. Heavy Equipment Operators also perform other duties as needed. They may be assigned to perform manual tasks, such as sweeping, shoveling, picking up debris, clearing vegetation, or repairing traffic signs. They may carry out safety functions such as putting up traffic barricades or using flags and signs to warn motorists to slow down or stop and wait until it is safe to proceed. Heavy Equipment Operators may also be responsible for driving trucks and trailer-trucks, as well as operating forklifts, snowplows, and street sweepers. Heavy Equipment Operators work outdoors in a dusty and dirty environment and in all types of weather, including extreme low and high temperatures. They are exposed to various hazards including equipment noise and vibrations as well as fumes, gases, and other hazardous substances. Thus, these tradespersons are required to observe strict safety rules and procedures, including the wearing of protective equipment, such as hard hats, earplugs, goggles, and steel-toed boots. Their work is physically demanding. They sit and stand for long periods. They walk over uneven terrain. They stoop, kneel, crouch, crawl, climb, bend, and twist to perform their various duties. They may also lift, carry, push, and pull objects up to 100 pounds or more. Heavy Equipment Operators work 40 hours a week. Some construction projects operate 24 hours a day. Workers on these projects are assigned to shifts, which may include working nights, early mornings, and weekends. Some projects require operators to commute long distances to work sites. Employers may suspend construction projects during the winter season and lay off Heavy Equipment Operators during those months.

• operating engineers and other construction equipment operators, $24,840 to $66,610 • paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators, $21,500 to $54,500 • pile driver operators, $28,430 to $81,080

Salaries

Many entry-level operators begin their careers by handling light equipment for small contractors. As they gain experience, they advance to operating bulldozers and other heavier equipment. Journeyman operators may choose to specialize by controlling one or more complex types of machinery, such as pile drivers and asphalt paving machines, which require more expertise.

Salaries for Heavy Equipment Operators vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey the following estimated salary ranges for most of these experts:

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Employment Prospects

Opportunities for Heavy Equipment Operators are available nationwide in both the public and private sectors. The May 2007 OES survey reports the following estimated total of overall workers in the United States: • 403,620 operating engineers and other construction equipment operators • 63,850 paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators • 5,050 pile driver operators Operators wishing to work specifically in transportation systems can find employment with local public works departments, state transportation departments, and other governmental agencies. They can also obtain jobs with private companies that offer construction services on a contractual basis. Heavy Equipment Operators may be hired to permanent or temporary positions. Temporary jobs may last for several months to several years, depending on the project. According to the BLS, employment of construction equipment operators, in general, is expected to increase by 8 percent through 2016. Job openings will also become available as operators retire, transfer to other jobs, or leave the field for other careers. Employment of Heavy Equipment Operators fluctuates with the state of the economy. During downturns, fewer jobs are available. On the other hand, when the economy is strong, there are often more jobs than qualified applicants. Opportunities should remain favorable for experienced Heavy Equipment Operators in the transportation systems industries, as infrastructure continually needs to be upgraded, repaired, and maintained.

Advancement Prospects

Experienced operators may be promoted to become crew leaders and supervisors. Individuals with entrepreneurial ambitions can own contracting firms. Some Heavy Equipment Operators pursue teaching opportunities in two-year colleges, private schools, or other training facilities.

Education and Training

Minimally, Heavy Equipment Operators should have a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Individuals can obtain their training to become Heavy Equipment Operators in several ways. They can enter formal apprenticeship programs, which are administered by local unions. Apprenticeships include formal study as well as paid on-the-job training with a contractor. These programs teach students the necessary skills to operate and maintain heavy equipment. Apprenticeships generally average three years. Another option is for individuals to complete formal heavy equipment operator programs through a two-year college or private vocational school program. Graduates of these programs earn either a professional certificate or an associate degree. Individuals can also learn the trade informally by working as construction workers or helpers. Throughout their careers, Heavy Equipment Operators update their skills and knowledge by enrolling in workshops and courses.

Special Requirements

Most, if not all, employers require that applicants possess a valid driver’s license. Some employers also require applicants to hold a commercial driver’s license. Depending on the state in which they work, Heavy Equipment Operators may be required to obtain endorsements for the different machinery they operate.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants for entry-level positions should have one or more years of experience operating the machinery for which they are hired. They may have gained their experience through apprenticeships, formal training programs, or employment. Applicants should also be

able to demonstrate their knowledge about maintaining machinery as well as about hazards, safety rules, and traffic laws. Furthermore, these operators must have proficient hand-eye coordination, be physically fit, and have good physical strength and stamina. To perform well at their work, Heavy Equipment Operators need strong teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and self-management skills. They must also have adequate reading, writing, and math skills. Being patient, persistent, dedicated, cooperative, and flexible are some personality traits that successful operators share.

Unions and Associations

Many Heavy Equipment Operators belong to a union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers. One union that serves the interests of these tradesmen is the International Union of Operating Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. Some experts in the field recommend that high school students take courses in science, mechanical drawing, and automobile mechanics. 2. To learn about formal apprenticeship programs in your area, talk with a career counselor at your school or state employment office. You can also contact the office of a local union. 3. Carefully research a school before you enroll in its program. Ask such questions as: About which machinery does the school teach? Does the school offer both theory and practical training? What kind of jobs do graduates hold? If you can, visit the campus, sit in one or more classes, and talk with instructors and students. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about Heavy Equipment Operators. You might start by visiting the International Union of Operating Engineers Web site. The URL is http://www.iuoe.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE WORKER CAREER PROFILE

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Duties: Perform maintenance and repair of highways, roads, rights-of-way, and airport runways; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): Transportation Maintenance Worker; a title that reflects a specific job such as Truck Driver or Equipment Operator Salary Range: $21,000 to $49,000 Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—One or more years of experience in construction or maintenance

Senior Highway Maintenance Worker

Position Description

Approximately 4 million miles of public roads and streets make up our nation’s highway network. Several hundreds of thousands of bridges are also part of this vast transportation system. The men and women who are responsible for the proper upkeep and repairs of our transportation infrastructure are generally known as Highway Maintenance Workers. They are also in charge of keeping public rights-of-way and airport runways in safe condition. Highway Maintenance Workers are mostly civil service employees who work for local public works agencies and state departments of transportation. City employees may work under other job titles, such as transportation field operations worker. These public employees perform a variety of maintenance and repair tasks. They inspect and repair bridges and tunnels. They resurface roads, repair potholes, and fix broken sections of pavement on roadways and sidewalks. They paint line stripes and pavement markings on roadways. They repair traffic control signs and lighting. They also install guard rails, as well as build curbs, sidewalks, retaining walls, and other concrete ­structures. In addition, these workers maintain roadside rest stops and remove graffiti from traffic signs, bridges, overpasses, and other structures. Some workers mow

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Highway Maintenance Worker Highway Maintenance Worker   (Entry-level)

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Teamwork, interpersonal, communication, and self-management skills; organized, detail-oriented, precise, cooperative, and hardworking Special Requirements—Driver’s license

grass, pull weeds, and pick up litter along sides of roads. Other workers are assigned to plant vegetation and perform other landscaping tasks. Highway Maintenance Workers also remove boulders, tree limbs, animal carcasses, oil spills, and other obstacles in the road that obstruct the safety of motorists. Additionally, they clean and clear water drainage systems such as culverts, roadside ditches, manholes, and storm pipes. During winters, in some locations, Highway Maintenance Workers clear snow and ice from roadways. Highway Maintenance Workers are assigned tasks according to their experience and skill levels. Some general tasks that Highway Maintenance Workers may perform are: • setting out signs and traffic cones to warn motorists that roadwork is being performed • using flags and signs to communicate with motorists to slow or stop for roadwork • dumping, spreading, or tamping asphalt to patch holes, tears, and broken pavement • hauling and spreading sand, gravel, or other materials onto roads or shoulders • driving trucks and tractors to transport passengers, equipment, and materials to work sites • operating heavy equipment such as backhoes, cranes, hydraulic excavators, and heavy dump trucks

• using hand tools, power tools, chain saws, lawn mowers, paint sprayers, and other equipment for completing maintenance and repair tasks • maintaining and repairing equipment and machinery • keeping work areas safe and clean

7 and 13 percent through 2016. In addition, workers will be needed to replace those who retire, advance to higher positions, or transfer to other jobs or career fields.

Senior workers are responsible for supervising crews, making work assignments, performing inspections on vehicles and equipment, and maintaining work records. Highway Maintenance Workers are expected to be physically fit and have the stamina, strength, and agility to work outdoors in all types of weather, including extreme low and high temperatures. They work in dusty, dirty, and noisy environments. Their tasks may involve walking over rough terrain, lifting objects up to 100 pounds, and repeatedly bending, crouching, stooping, climbing, stretching, and reaching. Due to the dangerous nature of their job—such as working near traffic, using heavy construction equipment, and breathing fumes from asphalt and vehicles—these workers must follow strict safety rules and procedures. They also wear protective equipment and clothing such as earplugs, gloves, hard hats, and steeltoed boots. Highway Maintenance Workers typically work 40 hours a week. They may be required to work additional hours to complete projects or handle emergencies. In some locations, workers are assigned to graveyard shifts. Workers may be on call to perform emergency road work at night or on weekends.

With additional training and experience, Highway Maintenance Workers receive assignments with greater levels of responsibility, including driving vehicles and machinery. They can advance to supervisory positions. Government employees must pass a civil service examination and meet other requirements to compete for supervisory positions.

Salaries

Salaries for Highway Maintenance Workers vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most of these workers ranged between $20,960 and $48,930. The estimated hourly wage ranged from $10.08 to $23.52.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 137,140 Highway Maintenance Workers worked in the United States. Approximately 70 percent of these workers were employed by local governments. Highway Maintenance Workers also find employment with state governments, the federal government, and private construction contractors. According to the BLS, employment of Highway Maintenance Workers is expected to increase between

Advancement Prospects

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants to who possess a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Highway Maintenance Workers learn their skills on the job. They work under the direction and supervision of experienced employees.

Special Requirements

Most, if not all, employers require that applicants possess a valid driver’s license and a clean driving record. Some employers also require applicants to hold a commercial driver’s license. Depending on the state in which they work, Highway Maintenance Workers may be required to obtain endorsements for the different machinery they operate.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers usually hire applicants for entry-level positions who have at least one year of experience in the construction or maintenance field. They may have gained their experience through employment or training. Highway Maintenance Workers need strong teamwork, interpersonal, and communication skills, as they must work well with others from diverse backgrounds. They also must have self-management skills, including the ability to work independently, meet deadlines, handle stressful situations, follow and understand directions, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being organized, detail-oriented, precise, cooperative, and hardworking are some personality traits that successful Highway Maintenance Workers share.

Unions and Associations

Highway Maintenance Workers can join a union to represent them in contract negotiations for better

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pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union can also handle any grievances that members may have against their employers. One union that serves the interests of these workers is the International Union of Operating Engineers. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. To obtain a civil service (or government) position, you will need to pass an examination. Ask a human resource clerk if there is a study guide available for it.

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2. Some Highway Maintenance Workers gained entry by being hired as helpers. 3. Be willing to work temporary positions, as they may lead to permanent job offers. 4. For most positions, candidates must successfully pass a background check and a drug screening before employers will hire them. 5. You can use the Internet to learn about a prospective employer. To find the Web site of a public works department, private contractor, or other agency or company, enter its name into a search engine.

BRIDGE TENDER CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Operate a movable bridge so that vessels may sail through a passageway; perform preventive maintenance services on the bridge; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Drawbridge Operator Salary Range: $21,000 to $52,000 Employment Prospects: Poor Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—One or more years performing routine maintenance to heavy electro-mechanical equipment

Bridge Tender Supervisor

Position Description

Bridges span waterways such as rivers, bays, or canals. They are built so that ships and boats have access to pass beneath them. Some bridges, which are built lower for economic reasons and because of space considerations, are too low for vessels to pass clearly beneath them. Such bridges, called movable bridges, feature sections of roadway that can be repositioned in various ways to provide access to ships and boats. The movable parts weigh thousands of tons and feature enormous gears and counterweights to move them. They also consist of systems of hydraulic pistons and winches. Together these machines are powered by electric motors. Men and women called Bridge Tenders operate these massive machines. Movable bridges are generally managed under the jurisdiction of state or regional bridge authority agencies. Bridge Tenders are responsible for keeping both waterway and roadway traffic flowing smoothly and safely with a minimum of delays. These bridge operators work with three main types of movable bridges: bascule, vertical lift, and swing. Bascule bridges move by dividing a short portion or segment of the roadway in half and raising both halves at 45-degree angles to allow vessels to pass between the two halves. Vertical lift bridges move by raising the roadway segment horizontally in one piece to allow passage beneath it. Swing bridges move by rotating the portion of roadway to a position perpen-

Bridge Tender Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Reading, writing, communication, problem-solving, troubleshooting, and self-management skills; dependable, cooperative, detail-oriented, and adaptable

dicular to its original placement to allow passage on either side of it. These basic types of movable bridges vary in style of operation. For example, some bridge mechanisms are below or above the roadway. Some movable bridges have several sections that shift. Other types of movable bridges retract, curl, submerge, or tilt sections of roadway. Depending on the size of the bridge, Bridge Tenders operate their bridges either manually or by using electronic or computerized controls. Most of these bridges are too large for manual controls, however. Bridge Tenders sit in small compartments called bridge houses to operate the controls. Bridge houses have windows that provide Bridge Tenders with views from every angle. They watch for boats from their vantage point within their bridge houses. The captains of approaching vessels signal their intention to pass by sounding horns or communicating to Bridge Tenders via radio on special frequencies. In turn, Bridge Tenders communicate via radio, hand signals, or loudspeakers to direct vessels to stop and to assist them to proceed while the bridges’ movable sections are in proper position. The bridge operators watch to make sure that vessels have completely cleared their bridges before they return the movable sections into place. Bridge Tenders also activate traffic signals on the roads or rail tracks that cross their bridges so that vehicle or pedestrian traffic halts while the bridges

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move. Traffic signals may be lights, sirens, automatic gates, or a combination of these. Bridge Tenders visually monitor vessels as they approach and as they pass to obtain their names and types, which operators record in their logs. They assess the size of the vessels to calculate the amount of time they will take to pass and to gauge how much time is needed to stop vehicular traffic, move the bridges’ segments, and return the segments into place. Additionally, they obtain the vessels’ destinations from the captains and enter that information in their logs. Bridge Tenders also record the number of bridge openings they performed during each shift. Bridge Tenders are knowledgeable about their agencies’ and U.S. Coast Guard regulations regarding the proper operation of movable bridges. For example, Bridge Tenders may not delay the opening of a bridge after a boat has signaled its intention to pass. Nor may any vessel request a bridge opening if its height does not merit an opening. Their knowledge about regulations also extends to rules governing the proper operation of signals and lights on movable bridges as well as on boats. Bridge Tenders are also responsible for performing preventive maintenance on their bridges. They conduct regular inspections on their bridges and moving equipment and repair minor problems. They make necessary modifications to electrical or mechanical systems and maintain backup generators. They lubricate moving parts, replace signal or emergency lights, check hydraulic systems, and keep other equipment in working order. They also test backup power systems by running them on a periodic schedule. In addition, they maintain their work areas and their bridges’ access areas. Bridge Tenders report major mechanical problems or structural damage caused by vessel collisions to their agency authorities, the U.S. Coast Guard, or emergency response teams. When such collisions occur on movable railroad bridges, Bridge Tenders contact railroad dispatchers. These bridge operators mainly work alone with minimal supervision. They have a low level of contact with other people except for boat captains. Their work is relatively free of stress unless emergencies occur. When vessels collide with bridges, Bridge Tenders must be prepared to help rescue people from capsized boats. Bridge Tenders may experience long intervals between vessel passages. They fill their time by performing maintenance duties, filling out logs and reports, or pursuing quiet hobbies. They may be required to wear safety clothing and equipment including steel-toed boots, hard hats, safety goggles, gloves, and life jackets.

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Bridge Tenders work either full time or part time, depending on how frequently their bridges need to be opened. Some bridges need to be manned by these operators around-the-clock. On these active bridges, Bridge Tenders are usually assigned to work shifts. Some Bridge Tenders are responsible for the operation of more than one bridge.

Salaries

Salaries for Bridge Tenders vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Bridge Tenders ranged between $20,630 and $51,920. The estimated hourly wage for most of these professionals ranged between $9.92 and $24.96.

Employment Prospects

Bridge Tenders are employed by city or state governmental agencies, railroad companies, or businesses that offer bridge-tending services on a contractual basis. Job openings for Bridge Tenders become available as individuals retire or transfer to other jobs or career fields. According to the BLS, employment of Bridge Tenders is expected to slowly decrease during the 200616 period at a rate of 3 to 9 percent.

Advancement Prospects

Supervisory positions are available, but limited. Bridge Tenders generally realize advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who possess at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Bridge Tenders learn their skills through on-the-job training. They work under the guidance and direction of supervisors. Some employers require Bridge Tenders to complete training programs that include instruction on such subjects as U.S. Coast Guard regulations, safety procedures, and employers’ policies.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Applicants should have one or more years of experience performing routine maintenance on heavy electro-mechanical equipment. Some employers may also consider applicants who have related experience, such as the operation, assembly, installation, or repair of such equipment.

Bridge Tenders must have adequate reading and writing skills, as they need to be able to understand and follow manuals and regulations as well as complete paperwork and logs properly. They also need effective communication, problem-solving, and troubleshooting skills for their job. In addition, Bridge Tenders must have strong self-management skills, including the abilities to work independently, handle stressful situations, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being dependable, cooperative, detail-oriented, and adaptable are some personality traits that Bridge Tenders share.

Unions and Associations

Some Bridge Tenders are members of a labor union that represents them in contract negotiations for better terms regarding pay, employee benefits, and working

conditions. A union also handles any grievances that members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. Applicants may be disqualified if they have color or night blindness. 2. Learn how to do basic recordkeeping. 3. Employers allow a combination of appropriate training and experience to substitute for either education or experience qualifications. 4. Contact the owners of movable bridges to find out about future job vacancies. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Bridge Tenders. To get a list of Web sites, enter the keywords bridge tenders or movable bridges into a search engine. To learn about some links, see Appendix IV.

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CHARTER BOAT CAPTAIN CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Oversee the safe operation of a private vessel for hire; may operate and manage a charter boat service; perform duties as required Alternate Title(s): A title that reflects a charter specialty such as Fishing Boat Captain or Water Taxi Captain Salary Range: $30,000 to $99,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Poor Prerequisites: Education or Training—On-the-job training Experience—Many years of experience in the charter-boat services industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, communication, customer-service, and

Charter Boat Services Owner

Position Description

Every day, individuals, businesses, and groups hire charter boats for recreational, business, and personal purposes. For example, private parties might hire charters for fishing, scuba diving, whale watching, sightseeing, or other types of organized trips in deep seas, along coasts, and on lakes, rivers, or other inland waters. Their trips may last from a few hours to several weeks. Many charter services also offer their vessels for private parties, such as for weddings, dinners with business clients, and scattering ashes at sea. Some charter boat companies provide water taxi services for transporting passengers and cargo between locations. Charter vessels may carry as few as six passengers or as many as 150 passengers or more. The men and women who operate these vessels for hire are generally known as Charter Boat Captains. These professional boat captains (or masters) are responsible for the safe and efficient operation of their vessels as well as for the safety of their passengers and crew. These captains are also responsible for overseeing the upkeep and maintenance of their vessels and making sure that all emergency equipment is in working order. Furthermore, these captains play a role in making sure passengers are comfortable and enjoying their trips. Some captains act as the trip host or a travel guide. Charter Boat Captains determine the best course and speed of travel to reach their destinations. They

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Charter Boat Captain Professional Boat Captain

self-management skills; friendly, calm, confident, trustworthy, respectful, and flexible Special Requirements—Master (captain) license required; business owners need proper business and vessel licenses

are knowledgeable about the complex and ever changing tidal systems and weather. They use compasses, electronic navigational instruments, navigational maps, weather reports, and their own observations to help them guide vessels smoothly through waters and channels. Captains are also expected to comply with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations regarding the operation of vessels. Charter Boat Captains supervise and direct the work of all crew members as they perform maintenance duties, load and unload cargo, manage the ships’ engines, communicate with other ships, attend to the needs of passengers, and so on. These masters inspect cargo and the cargo holds of their vessels to make sure that the cargo spaces are utilized correctly and are in compliance with regulations. They also maintain accurate logs and records of their ships’ courses, cargo loads, and passengers as well as the work activities of their crew. Some captains own their vessels and run their own charter services. They perform a wide range of administrative, business, finance, marketing, and sales tasks to build and maintain profitable companies. These charter operators are involved in such tasks as: • establishing business procedures and policies • designing new or improved boat trips • planning and managing their daily work activities and those of their employees

• paying bills, taxes, and salaries • maintaining professional, vessel, and business licenses • developing marketing strategies and plans • troubleshooting problems as they arise in any aspect of their business • networking with trade associations, local chambers of commerce, and other organizations to promote their businesses • booking charter trips Charter Boat Captains may work part time or full time. Most of them work flexible hours.

Salaries

Salaries for Charter Boat Captains vary, depending on such factors as their experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Specific salary information for these experts is unavailable. However, the estimated annual salary for most vessel captains ranged between $29,530 and $99,330, according to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

Employment Prospects

According to the BLS, approximately 3,708 ship and boat captains and operators were employed in the U.S. scenic and sightseeing transportation industry in 2006. The BLS projects this number to increase by nearly 1,050 from 2006 to 2016. Job opportunities for Charter Boat Captains generally become available as individuals transfer to other jobs or career fields or leave the workforce for various reasons. Employers may create additional positions, as their companies grow and expand. Employment in the charter boat services industry fluctuates with the state of the economy. During times of economic prosperity, people have more disposable income for recreational activities, including those offered by charter boat services. Hence, more job opportunities become available as new charter companies open and established companies expand their services. To start a charter boat service involves hard work, and it is common for owners to have an unprofitable business or go out of business within the first three years. Their success depends on various factors, such as their ambitions and abilities to run a business, the demand for their charter services, competition, and the state of the economy.

Advancement Prospects

The position of captain or master is the highest ranking officer on board a vessel. Charter Boat Captains can

measure further advancement by earning higher pay, through job satisfaction, and by obtaining positions with employers for whom they wish to work. Entrepreneurial individuals may purchase their own vessels to become owner-operators.

Education and Training

Most Charter Boat Captains have earned at least a high school diploma or a generally equivalency diploma. Individuals seeking to become vessel captains learn the proper knowledge and skills through a combination of work experience, on-the-job training, formal instruction, and self-study.

Special Requirements

All professional vessel captains are required to hold a master license that is issued by the U.S. Coast Guard. Their type of license is determined by the size of the vessel they command, the number of passengers it carries, and the body of water on which they work (such as oceans). License applicants must be U.S. citizens or U.S. permanent residents. They must have met all onthe-water experience and regulatory requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard for the master ranking. In addition, applicants must successfully pass a written examination, medical examination, and drug screening. To learn more about Coast Guard licensing of Merchant Marines, visit the following Coast Guard Web site: National Maritime Center, http://www.uscg. mil/nmc. Charter boat service owners must comply with appropriate local, state, and federal laws that regulate the business operations. In addition, they must obtain the proper licenses for their vessels.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally hire applicants who have years of experience working in their particular type of charter services, as mates or captains. They also seek candidates who are familiar with the marinas and ports in which they would be based or would visit. Charter Boat Captains need excellent interpersonal, communication, and customer-service skills, as they must be able to work well with crew, other staff, customers, and others from diverse backgrounds. These captains also need strong self-management skills. Being friendly, calm, confident, trustworthy, respectful, and flexible are some personality traits that successful captains share.

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Unions and Associations

Professional associations that serve charter boat operators and captains are available at the local, regional, state, and national level. For example, many Charter Boat Captains are members of the National Association of Charterboat Operators. (For contact information, see Appendix III.) By joining a society, individuals can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. When you apply for a master license, you will need to submit documentation of your sea time with your application. Place all complete paper-

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work in the same folder or drawer so you know where to easily find them. 2. Jobs in the charter boat industry can sometimes be found through networking. Let friends, relatives, colleagues, marina employees, and others know that you are actively seeking a job. 3. Many employers like to promote mates to captain positions rather than hire new people. If there is an employer for whom you want to work, you might consider obtaining a position as a mate. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about charter boat operations. You might start by visiting the Web site of the National Association of Charterboat Operators at http://www.nacocharters.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

TRAVEL AGENT CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Sell travel products and services; help clients develop and organize travel plans; make travel arrangements for clients; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Travel Consultant, Travel Counselor Salary Range: $18,000 to $48,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Good Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—One or more years working in the travel industry Special Skills and Personality Traits—Computer, research, organizational, problem-solving, time-

Senior Travel Agent or   Independent Contractor

Position Description

Leaving our routines at home, school, or work for a few days or weeks to visit other places is one of our most pleasant and rewarding experiences. For many of us, our traveling adventures are most enjoyable and relaxing when our trips are well planned. It is reassuring to know where we will be on certain days and where we will eat and sleep. Some people can make travel plans by themselves, while many others prefer to enlist the aid of Travel Agents. These professionals use their knowledge about the travel industry to help their clients develop and organize plans that best fit their travel objectives, whether their trips are for pleasure, business, or both. Travel Agents stay abreast of developments and trends as well as the products and services that their companies and other travel agencies may offer. They are thus able to provide competitive prices and services that are appealing and economical for their clients. These experts are also knowledgeable about traveling. Most, if not all, like to travel and draw from their experiences to provide information about numerous destinations; the cost of getting there; interesting sightseeing, dining, and entertainment opportunities; and comfortable accommodations that await weary travelers. Travel Agents work closely with individuals, couples, groups, and business professionals to discuss their

Travel Agent Travel Agent (Entry-level)

management, communication, interpersonal, and customer-service skills; outgoing, helpful, courteous, articulate, detail-oriented, tenacious, and resourceful

travel aspirations. They may meet with clients in person, by telephone, or through Internet connections. Travel Agents help travelers plan their trips to fit their particular budgets. These travel experts find out where their clients wish to travel, when they plan to depart and return, and whether they want to fly, sail, drive, or take railroads to reach their destinations. Travel Agents discuss matters such as the availability and the type of accommodations that their clients might prefer. In addition, Travel Agents describe various tours in which clients may be interested. Travel Agents keep a collection of guidebooks, brochures, and computer files that they use to develop travel itineraries for their clients. Travel Agents help travelers sift through an often overwhelming amount of information regarding travel options by providing them with the most useful written and online materials. Once their clients have finalized their travel planning, Travel Agents book their transportation, accommodations, and tours on their behalf. In addition to planning vacations or business trips, Travel Agents advise their clients about current laws and policies that governmental agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, enforce. They review these policies so their clients will know what to expect as they enter airports when departing and arriving. Such policies govern how travelers must properly

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handle baggage or how they must declare souvenirs that they bought overseas. Travel Agents advise travelers to keep their passports, visas, and medical records current. They assist them with understanding travel restrictions and money exchange rates as well as where to convert their cash into local currency in the various countries they intend to visit. Many Travel Agents also organize tour group excursions. Some of them promote their services by advertising in local media or presenting travel programs to recreational or other social organizations. Their programs may include talks, slide shows, movies, informational packets, or a combination of these features. When they are not working directly with travelers, Travel Agents perform a wide range of routine tasks. For example, they may: • research and work out transportation and lodging rates for clients • plan tours for groups of travelers • use computers to print tickets and reservation documents • update their travel research materials • record their business activities in work logs or spreadsheets • write letters to clients or compose interoffice memos • collect payments from clients for services rendered • confer with other agency employees including their company managers about their work activities or problems • visit resorts, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment venues at various destinations to refresh their personal travel expertise Many Travel Agents work for travel agencies, which are companies that specialize in offering trip-planning services to their customers. Some travel agencies are local and operate from their own storefront locations in commercial districts of towns and cities. Other travel agencies operate regionally or nationwide with offices in many locations. In recent years, many travel agencies conduct their services strictly through the Internet. Travel agencies may specialize by catering to certain clientele, such as businesses or ecologically conscious travelers. Specialty agencies may also provide travelplanning services to customers who wish to go to certain countries, take ocean cruises, travel with groups on organized tours, or attend specific types of entertainment events. Some Travel Agents work for other organizations that provide travel-planning services as a sideline. Such companies include hotels, car rental agencies, govern-

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ment tourism boards, cruise ship companies, or automobile clubs. Some Travel Agents are self-employed and offer their services to travel agencies or other organizations on a contractual basis. All Travel Agents work in office settings. They use computers and other office equipment such as printers, copiers, fax machines, and telephones. These travel experts perform repetitive tasks while they sit for extended periods at their desks. They sometimes deal with disgruntled or otherwise unpleasant people. They are expected to complete their tasks within the framework of strict deadlines. These are among the factors that can induce stress for these professionals. Additionally, these men and women increasingly compete against travel Web sites that enable travelers to bypass the services offered by Travel Agents. Travel Agents work on either a full-time or parttime basis. Many of them put in 40 hours of work each week. Self-employed experts usually put in longer hours. Many Travel Agents work during weekends and holidays to accommodate clients’ schedules.

Salaries

Travel Agents may earn an hourly wage, a commission on their sales, or a combination of both wages and commissions. Their annual salaries vary, depending on such factors as their experience, ambition, sales ability, employer, and geographic location. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated annual salary for most Travel Agents ranged between $18,250 and $47,650. The estimated hourly wage for these professionals ranged between $8.77 and $22.91.

Employment Prospects

The BLS reports in its May 2007 OES survey that an estimated 85,580 Travel Agents were employed in the United States. According to the BLS, employment of Travel Agents is expected to remain steady through 2016. Job openings usually become available as Travel Agents retire, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Travel agencies create additional positions as their companies expand. Experts in the field report that the demand for Travel Agents has declined in recent years. Increasingly, people are doing their own research on the Internet to make travel plans, including finding rates and making reservations for lodging and transportation. In addition, travel agencies use computerized reservation systems that allow fewer agents to help more customers.

The travel industry fluctuates with the state of the economy. For example, when the economy is strong, more people make travel plans for their vacations.

Advancement Prospects

Travel Agents advance according to their interests and ambitions. They may be promoted to supervisory or managerial positions. They may specialize in a particular service, such as planning tours for families or business people. They may choose to move into marketing, finance, or another department within their company. Entrepreneurial agents may establish their own travel agencies. Many Travel Agents realize advancement by earning higher wages and through job satisfaction.

Education and Training

Employers prefer to hire applicants who hold at least a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Many Travel Agents possess bachelor’s degrees in their fields of interest. Travel Agents typically learn their duties and skills through on-the-job training. Alternatively, individuals may enroll in a travel agent program to learn the basic skills that Travel Agents perform. Travel agent programs are offered by vocational schools, colleges and universities, and travel and tourism associations. Novice agents work under the direction and supervision of experienced Travel Agents. Throughout their careers, agents enroll in continuing education and training programs to update their skills and knowledge.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally seek candidates for entry-level positions who have one or more years of experience working in the travel industry. For example, applicants may have worked as receptionists in travel agencies, reservation agents for hotels or airlines, or customer-service representatives for car rental agencies. Some employers hire applicants without previous industry experience, if they have completed

formal travel agent training. Employers may also hire applicants who have a combination of travel expertise and sales experience. To perform their job effectively, Travel Agents need strong computer, research, organizational, problemsolving, and time-management skills. They also need excellent communication, interpersonal, and customerservice skills, as they must be able to work well with customers, vendors, and others from diverse backgrounds. Some personality traits that successful Travel Agents share include being outgoing, helpful, courteous, articulate, detail-oriented, tenacious, and resourceful.

Unions and Associations

Many Travel Agents belong to professional associations to take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, professional certification, and other professional services and resources. Some national societies include the American Society of Travel Agents, the Specialty Travel Agents Association, the Association of Retail Travel Agents, and the National Association of Career Travel Agents, Inc. For contact information, see Appendix III.

Tips for Entry

1. As a student, seek jobs or volunteer positions in which you can gain experience using your customer-service and/or sales skills. 2. Employers seek candidates who have broad life experiences that deepen their ability to help clients make travel plans. By traveling as well as through self-study and formal courses, learn about places in the United States and the world that interest you. Become familiar with the people, culture, customs, landmarks, destinations, and other aspects of a place. 3. Professional and trade associations often post job announcements at their Web sites. 4. Use the Internet to learn more about the travel industry. You might start by visiting the U.S. Travel Association Web site at http://www.ustravel.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

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TOURIST GUIDE CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Lead a group of people on a visit, outing, or trip to a particular place; may oversee arrangements for meals, transportation, and lodging; perform other duties as required Alternate Title(s): Tour Guide, Travel Guide, Tour Escort, Tour Manager; a job title that reflects particular type of tour such as an Eco-Adventure Guide Salary Range: $15,000 to $52,000+ Employment Prospects: Good Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—Educational requirements vary among employers; on-the-job training Experience—Previous experience as a tour guide preferred

Senior Tourist Guide, Independent Contractor, or Tour Operator

Position Description

At times, when travelers visit new vacation destinations at home or abroad, they enjoy the services of men and women called Tourist Guides who show them and teach them about interesting aspects of such locations. These experts conduct organized and well planned tours of one or more attractions such as museums, historic districts, manufacturing plants, and other points of interest. Some of these escorts accompany tour groups in buses, airplanes, trains, boats, or cruise ships to reach their destinations. Tourist Guides plan and lead tours that range in distance and duration from short walking tours that last a few hours to long extended vacation excursions through several countries. Their tours also fall into certain categories, and Tourist Guides may specialize in one or more categories. Establishment guides, or docents, lead short indoor or outdoor tours of museums, factories, historical mansions, zoos, underground caves, gardens, and other places of interest. At the end of their tours, they may recommend other interesting places to visit or special events that are happening nearby. Sightseeing guides conduct walking, limousine, or bus tours of a city or region during which they show points of interest to tourists. They speak to their customers about interesting facts and point out noteworthy landmarks as they pass. They may combine short tours of various attractions along their routes. Sometimes

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Tourist Guide Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, customer-service, communication, conflict-resolution, research, organizational, timemanagement, self-management, and leadership skills; friendly, enthusiastic, courteous, diplomatic, patient, reliable, quick-witted, and resourceful

step-on tour guides assist sightseeing guides temporarily by providing information with which the main Tourist Guides are unfamiliar or by leading their tour group through specific local attractions. Travel guides oversee tours that cover several cities or countries over several days or weeks. Other professionals known as tour managers organize such tours. However, travel guides coordinate the tours by performing such tasks as checking their groups into and out of lodging facilities and arranging for transportation and meals, as well as preparing their informational talks. Trips sometimes include a combination of cruise and land tours. In foreign tours, professional guides may work with local Tourist Guides. Many Tourist Guides work for passenger ship companies. Some of these escorts live in the locations where tours are offered, while others share lodging facilities and meals with their tour clients. These guides offer bus tours and narrative presentations to tourists who arrive at their ports by passenger ships. Outdoor guides conduct various types of tours to parks, recreational areas, or wilderness locales with durations ranging from a day to overnight to longer periods. These Tourist Guides provide their customers with a variety of outdoor adventure experiences such as eco-touring, whitewater rafting, mountain biking, horseback riding, mountain climbing, and skiing, among others. Some outdoor guides conduct camp-

ing, hunting, and fishing trips to wilderness locations, which they access by hiking or by paddling canoes, kayaks, or rafts. All Tourist Guides are accountable for the safety and well-being of their customers. They observe all traffic laws and other rules of conduct appropriate to the area in which they lead tours. They also direct their tours according to the policies set forth by their tour company. Tourist Guides make sure that their groups stay together and that they arrive at their destinations on schedule. These escorts are responsible for being informed and up to date with the facts they present on their tours. Tourist Guides remain objective and avoid discussing their own views on sensitive topics such as politics or religion. They may be required to speak other languages fluently to meet the needs of customers. Tourist Guides are also expected to dress appropriately and modestly. Depending on their employers, Tourist Guides have general tasks to complete in addition to leading tours. They may, for example, assist in planning new tours. They may help organize tours by making hotel reservations, contacting group members, or gathering information about special events. Tourist Guides may also create written materials about the various tours that they conduct. Some Tourist Guides recruit tour members by speaking directly to potential customers or handing out promotional materials. Some guides sell tickets and receive payments for their tours. Many Tourist Guides perform various office tasks such as answering phones, filing paperwork, gathering and distributing messages for fellow employees, and typing various documents such as their itineraries. Outdoor Tourist Guides may sell or rent equipment that tourists need for their excursions. These guides help customers obtain necessary documents, such as fishing or hunting licenses. They also teach their customers outdoor skills, such as survival techniques or canoe paddling. Many Tourist Guides are independent contractors or business owners and usually offer their services to several tour operators and establishments at a time. As business people, they perform such tasks as collecting fees, paying taxes and bills, and keeping accurate business records. They also set aside time to find new opportunities to conduct tours. They promote their services by visiting tour companies that may need their services as well as by advertising in newspapers or other media. Tourist Guides work either indoors or outdoors, depending on the type of tours they lead. They may

travel extensively or focus on working near home. Tourist Guides may experience on-the-job stress symptoms such as jet lag or emotional fatigue from handling emergencies. Extensive travel may impact their personal lives. Tourist Guides work either full time or part time. They usually work according to set schedules. They conduct their tours on certain days and at certain hours, for example. Their hours may also vary. Some tour companies retain their guides on an on-call basis. They may put in long days in excess of 12 hours, but many Tourist Guides work 40 hours per week or less. Many of these escorts work seasonally when tourists are vacationing.

Salaries

Salaries for Tourist Guides vary, depending on such factors as their experience, employer, job status, and type of tour. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports in its May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey the following estimated annual salaries for most of these different types of guides: • tour guides (who conduct tours of a particular locale or establishment), $14,820 to $37,230 • travel guides (who are involved in long-distance tours), $18,050 to $51,900 Some experts in the field report that popular Tourist Guides can earn up to $60,000 or more per year. Independent contractors normally are paid by the day, and generally earn between $50 and $200 per day. Tourist Guides often receive gratuities from tour participants. Escorts who lead overnight trips usually receive free meals and lodging.

Employment Prospects

In addition to tour and sightseeing operators, Tourist Guides are employed by travel agencies, cruise lines, hotels, resorts, museums, parks, sports retail stores, and industrial establishments, among others. Tourist Guides may be hired as employees or independent contractors. The BLS reports that employment of tour guides (escorts for specific locations or establishments) should increase by 21 percent or more through 2016. Employment of travel guides (escorts for long-distance tours) is expected to grow by 7 to 13 percent in the same period. Job competition is high for both staff and contractual positions. Experts in the field report that tourism is a fast-growing industry. However, the industry is sensitive to the state of the economy. During economic

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downturns, people tend to spend less money on pleasure trips or recreational activities.

Advancement Prospects

Many Tourist Guides realize advancement by earning higher wages and being assigned tours of their choice, as well as through job satisfaction and the popularity of their tours. Tourist Guides can be promoted to supervisory and managerial positions, but these opportunities are usually available in midsize to large companies. As they gain experience and prestige, entrepreneurial individuals may start their own tour operations. Tourist Guides may also pursue other travel and tourism careers by becoming travel writers or travel agents.

Education and Training

Most, if not all, employers hire applicants who possess at least a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have some college background or possess a college degree. Tourist Guides learn their duties and skills through on-the-job training. They work under the supervision and guidance of experienced guides. Some employers provide formal classroom instruction. Tourist Guides continually update their skills and knowledge about the locations for which they provide tours. In addition to self-study, they enroll in workshops, courses, and programs offered by travel associations and continuing education programs.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers prefer to hire entry-level candidates who have some experience conducting tours, whether on a formal or informal basis. Alternatively, entry-level applicants should have a work history that demonstrates their abilities to deal with the public and to lead groups

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in an organized manner. In addition, employers seek applicants who are knowledgeable about the subject matter or areas for which they would lead tours. Tourist Guides must have excellent interpersonal, customer-service, communication, and conflict-resolution skills, as they handle groups of people who individually come from diverse backgrounds. Tourist Guides also need strong research, organizational, timemanagement, self-management, and leadership skills to perform their many tasks effectively. Being friendly, enthusiastic, courteous, diplomatic, patient, reliable, quick-witted, and resourceful are some personality traits that successful Tourist Guides share.

Unions and Associations

Local, state, or national professional associations are available to serve the different interests of Tourist Guides. By joining a society, Tourist Guides can take advantage of networking opportunities, training programs, and other professional services and resources.

Tips for Entry

1. Generally, employers seek applicants who have broad life experiences that enrich their abilities to provide enjoyable and memorable tours. 2. Gain experience by volunteering to be a docent at a museum, a park, or another institution. 3. Many companies employ guides on a part-time or temporary basis during the summer months. Guides are usually hired to work between midMay and late September. 4. Having first aid and CPR certificates may enhance your employability. 5. Use the Internet to learn more about Tourist Guides. You might start by visiting the World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations Web site. The URL is http://wftga.org. For more links, see Appendix IV.

VISITOR INFORMATION SPECIALIST CAREER PROFILE

Career ladder

Duties: Promote local tourism; assist travelers with information about local businesses, attractions, and events; perform various duties as required Alternate Title(s): Visitor Information Host, Travel Consultant Salary Range: $0 to $34,000 Employment Prospects: Fair Advancement Prospects: Fair Prerequisites: Education or Training—High school diploma; onthe-job training Experience—One or more years of work experience performing customer-service duties; knowledgeable about local area

Visitor Center Coordinator or Manager

Position Description

Tourism is important to the well-being of many local economies in the United States. To assist in the promotion of tourism to their areas, many cities and regions have visitor centers where tourists can obtain travel information and assistance. These visitor centers may be offices or small buildings that are stocked with displays of promotional materials about local businesses, attractions, events, history, and other features about the city or region. Some visitor centers also arrange tours of local attractions or sell tickets to local events. The men and women whose job it is to promote tourism at these visitor centers are called Visitor Information Specialists. They may be paid workers or volunteers. These local tourism experts sit at desks or counters in office-like settings. Visitors may be business travelers, individuals, families, and groups touring the area for pleasure or residents, who may be long-time locals or may have just moved into the area. Visitor Information Specialists receive and greet visitors as they enter their centers. They invite visitors to look through the promotional materials on display and take any free maps, brochures, pamphlets, magazines, and other materials that may interest them. They talk with visitors and help them find materials that fit their particular interests. In addition, they may offer visitors recommendations regarding accommodations, restaurants, shops, parks, festivals, sporting venues, local tours, and so forth. They also provide visitors

Visitor Information Specialist Trainee

Special Skills and Personality Traits—Interpersonal, customer-service, communication, computer, office, and self-management skills; outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic, calm, tactful, diplomatic, resourceful, and dependable

with directions to find particular places within the area. These specialists answer questions to the best of their knowledge and refer visitors to others who would be more able to answer their questions. Visitor Information Specialists also assist in the daily operations of their centers. They perform a wide range of clerical, administrative, recordkeeping, and other duties. Their tasks vary, according to their experience, training, and position. For example, specialists may be assigned to: • answer telephones and respond to requests for information • respond to e-mail or postal mail requests for visitor information • keep accurate records of guest visits, such as the daily number of visitors and the type of information that visitors requested • prepare statistical reports • offer suggestions of written materials to be developed for visitors • keep their centers clean and tidy • stock display racks of tourist brochures and other promotional materials, as well as maintain an inventory of such materials • keep reference materials regarding local businesses, attractions, tours, and events up to date • train, supervise, or coordinate the work of subordinate staff, who may be employees or volunteers • attend staff meetings

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Some visitor centers have a gift shop where they sell souvenirs of their area, such as postcards, T-shirts, food items, and local crafts. Visitor Information Specialists may be assigned to sell merchandise, handle cash transactions, prepare sales reports, and maintain an inventory of merchandise. These local tourism experts are expected to maintain a neat and clean appearance at all times. They are counted on to be open and personable to all persons that they meet. On occasion, Visitor Information Specialists must handle individuals who are talkative, impolite, or bad-tempered. These specialists may work part time or full time. Visitor centers are usually open seven days a week; thus, Visitor Information Specialists work flexible hours, which may include working evenings, weekends, and holidays.

Salaries

Salaries for Visitor Information Specialists vary, depending on such factors as their education, experience, job duties, employer, and geographic location. Volunteers receive no compensation. Formal salary information for this occupation is unavailable. However, a general idea of these specialists’ earnings can be gained by looking at wages of receptionists and information clerks. According to the May 2007 Occupational Employment Statistics survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the estimated annual salary for receptionists and information clerks ranged between $16,290 and $34,470. The estimated hourly wage for these workers ranged from $7.83 to $16.57.

Employment Prospects

The travel and tourism industry contributes billions of dollars to the U.S. economy every year. U.S. cities and regions continually promote local tourism attractions; hence, local visitor centers play an important role in fulfilling such objectives. However, most visitor centers are run by public agencies or nonprofit groups; thus, the ability of organizations to establish and maintain local visitor centers depends on the availability of funds. In general, job openings for Visitor Information Specialists become available when specialists are promoted, transfer to other jobs or career fields, or leave the workforce for various reasons. Volunteer opportunities are usually available at visitor centers. In addition to city and regional visitor centers, Visitor Information Specialists can also find employment with museums, natural parks, historical landmarks, and other tourist attractions that maintain a visitor center for guests.

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Advancement Prospects

Supervisory and managerial opportunities are available, but limited. Volunteers may be promoted to paid positions. Some Visitor Information Specialists use this position as a stepping-stone to careers in such areas as marketing or public relations in visitor’s bureaus, convention centers, chambers of commerce, and other agencies that promote tourism. These specialists can also use their experience to become travel agents, tourist guides, travel writers, or other types of travel professionals. These specialists may need to obtain additional education or training, as well as experience, to pursue other career paths.

Education and Training

Minimally, Visitor Information Specialists must possess a high school diploma or a general equivalency diploma. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have some college background or a college degree. These specialists learn their skills and duties on the job. They work under the close direction and supervision of experienced visitor center personnel. Some employers provide specialists with formal instruction to update their knowledge and skills.

Experience, Special Skills, and Personality Traits

Employers generally seek candidates for entry-level positions who have one or more years of work experience that involves greeting the public. They may have gained their experience through previous customerservice experience, including work as salespersons, customer-service representatives, receptionists, or information clerks. Employers also prefer to hire candidates who are knowledgeable about local history, attractions, businesses, events, and other tourism aspects. Because they meet many persons each day, Visitor Information Specialists must have exceptional interpersonal, customer-service, and communication skills. They also need strong computer and office skills. In addition, they need excellent self-management skills, such as the ability to handle stressful situations, work independently, follow and understand instructions, and prioritize multiple tasks. Being outgoing, friendly, enthusiastic, calm, tactful, diplomatic, resourceful, and dependable are some personality traits that successful Visitor Information Specialists share.

Unions and Associations

Some Visitor Information Specialists may be eligible to join an employee union. A union represents its mem-

bers in contract negotiations with employers for better terms regarding pay, benefits, and working conditions. A union also handles any grievances that its members may have against their employers.

Tips for Entry

1. You can start gaining valuable customer-service experience as a high school student. One way is to volunteer at a visitor center or another public institution such as a museum, nature center, hospital, or government office. Ask to perform a job such as a greeter, receptionist, docent, information clerk, or cashier in a gift shop. 2. Before going to your interview, do your homework. Visit the visitor center where you wish to work. Note how displays are set up and how Visitor Information Specialists interact with the pub-

lic. Also, notice how the staff members dress and choose an appropriate outfit for your interview. 3. Keep up with local news, including stories about community functions, sports and recreational activities, new business openings, retail sales, governmental issues, and so forth. 4. Contact employers directly to find out about job openings. If none is available, ask if you may fill out an application for a future vacancy. Call potential employers on a regular basis to find out if any vacancy has become available. 5. Learn about different types of Visitor Centers on the Internet. To get a list of Web sites, enter any of these keywords into a search engine: visitor center, visitor bureau, state visitor center, tourist information center, or chamber of commerce visitor center. For some links, see Appendix IV.

SCENIC AND SIGHTSEEING TRANSPORTATION

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appendixes I. Education and Training Resources on the Internet II. The Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) III. Professional Unions and Associations IV. Resources on the World Wide Web V. U.S. Departments and Agencies on the Internet

Appendix I EDUCATION AND TRAINING RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET In this appendix, you will find World Wide Web sources for education and training programs pertaining to some of the occupations in this book. To learn about programs for other occupations, talk with school or career counselors as well as with professionals. You can also look up schools in college directories produced by the Princeton Review and other publishers, which may be found in your school or public library. Note: All Web site addresses were current at the time this book was written. If a URL is no longer valid, enter the title of the Web site or the name of the organization or individual into a search engine to find the new URL.

PAYING FOR YOUR EDUCATION

Scholarships, grants, student loans, and other financial aid programs are available to help you pay for your postsecondary education. These programs are sponsored by government agencies, professional and trade associations, unions, private foundations, businesses, and other organizations. (You can find contact information for many professional unions and associations in Appendix III.) To learn more about financial assistance programs, talk with your high school guidance counselor or college career counselor. Also, consult school catalogs, as they usually include financial aid information. In addition, visit or contact the financial aid office at the college or technical school where you plan to attend or are attending now. Lastly, check out these Web sites for financial aid information: • FinAid! The Smart Student Guide to Financial Aid, http://www.finaid.org • Student Aid on the Web (U.S. Department of Education Federal Student Aid), http://www.studentaid. ed.gov

GENERAL RESOURCES

The following Web sites provide links to various academic and training programs at postsecondary schools in the United States.

332     Career Opportunities in Transportation

• Peterson’s has a database of colleges and universities for undergraduate and graduate programs. The URL is http://www.petersons.com. • The University of Texas at Austin maintains a Web site where it posts a listing of two-year colleges, fouryear colleges, and universities. The Web site is called “Web U.S. Higher Education” and its URL is http:// www.utexas.edu/world/univ. • Beelineweb.com provides a database of U.S. and Canadian trade schools, colleges, and universities in such trades as truck driving, motorcycle repair, automotive technology, and marine and watercraft. The Web site is called “Trade Schools Directory” and is found at http://www.trade-schools.net.

AIRCRAFT DISPATCH

The following organizations provide a listing of FAAapproved schools: • Airline Dispatch Federation, www.dispatcher.org • FAA (the Web page is called “Schools and Universities”), http://www.faa.gov/education_research/ education/student_resources/schools_universities

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides a listing of FAA-approved schools at the following Web sites: • http://www.faa.gov/jobs/job_opportunities/airtraffic_ controllers • http://www.faa.gov/education_research/education/ student_resources/schools_universities

APPRENTICESHIPS

Apprenticeships are available in such skilled trades as machinist, operating engineer, truck mechanic, and shipfitter. Apprenticeship programs are sponsored on a voluntary basis by employers, trade associations, or partnerships between employers and labor unions.

• The Office of Apprenticeship, part of the Employment and Training Administration (in the U.S. Department of Labor) provides a listing of federal apprenticeship program sponsors throughout the United States. The URL is http://oa.doleta.gov. • The Vocational Information Center provides links to various apprenticeship programs in the United States at its Web page “Apprenticeship Training Resources.” The URL is http://www.khake.com/ page58.html.

• AvScholars: Student Gateway to Aviation, http:// www.avscholars.com/Aviation_Colleges/AviationColleges-Schools.htm • “Aviation Training and Education,” Thirty Thousand Feet Aviation Directory, http://www.thirty thousandfeet.com/training.htm

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

• Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance, http://www.awam.org/edtrainlink.htm • Aviation Technician Education Council, http:// www.atec-amt.org • FAA (the Web page is called “Schools and Universities”), http://www.faa.gov/education_research/ education/student_resources/schools_universities

The International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies maintains a worldwide database of educational institutions that offer associate, bachelor’s, and advanced degrees in automotive engineering. The URL is http://www.fisita.com/students/universities.

AVIATION MAINTENANCE

The following organizations provide either a list or database of aviation maintenance programs:

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY

• Automotive Youth Educational Systems (AYES) is a program consisting of high schools and vocational-technical schools that have formed a partnership with automotive manufacturers and auto dealers. AYES teaches qualified high school students basic technical and employability skills to gain entry-level employment as automotive technicians upon graduation. Alternatively, students are prepared to enter postsecondary schools to continue their technical education. The database of schools can be found at the AYES Web site at http:// www.ayes.org. • The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation has a national database of automotive training programs at the secondary and post­secondary levels. (These programs are certified by ASE, the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence.) The URL is http://www.natef.org. • The International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies maintains a worldwide database of educational institutions that offer academic degrees in automotive technology. The URL is http://www. fisita.com/students/universities.

AVIATION

The following Web sites provide listings of academic aviation programs in the United States. • University Aviation Association, http://www.uaa. aero

CIVIL ENGINEERING

The American Society of Civil Engineers provides a listing of civil engineering departments at U.S. colleges and universities. The URL is http://www.asce.org/ community/educational/instlist.cfm.

CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

The American Society of Civil Engineers provides a listing of civil engineering technology departments at U.S. colleges and universities. The URL is http://www. asce.org/community/educational/instlist.cfm.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING/ CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

The American Council for Construction Education provides a listing of associate and bachelor’s degree programs in construction technology and construction management at http://www.acce-hq.org.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

• The American Society of Criminology has a list of undergraduate programs in criminal justice, criminology, and related fields at http://www.asc41.com/ UNDERGRAD.html. • Corrections.com provides a listing of criminal justice schools and programs. Go to http://www. corrections.com/networks/careers and click on the link “CJ Schools.”

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ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

To find academic programs for all of the different engineering and engineering technology fields, check out the following links: • ABET, Inc., http://www.abet.org • TryEngineering.org, http://www.tryengineering.org • Engineering Education Service Center, http://www. engineeringedu.com/engrschools.htm

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM/ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE

• A listing of advanced degree programs in geographic information system (GIS) is available in the GradSchools.com database. The URL is http://www. gradschools.com. • ESRI, a company that designs and develops GIS technology, offers a database of academic GIS programs at its Web site. The URL is http://gis.esri.com/university/ onlinedb.cfm.

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

• The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers provides a list of U.S. colleges that offer courses or programs in naval architecture, marine engineering, and ocean engineering. The URL is http://www. sname.org/careers.htm. • Schools throughout the world that offer programs in naval architecture, powerboat design, and other related fields are listed at BoatDesign.net. The URL is http://www.boatdesign.net/web/schools.htm.

PILOT TRAINING

HEAVY EQUIPMENT

The following organizations provide a database of flight schools:

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

• Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, http://flight training.aopa.org • FAA (the Web page is called “Schools and Universities”), http://www.faa.gov/education_research/educa tion/student_resources/schools_universities

The International Union of Operating Engineers sponsors training programs for heavy equipment operators. For information, visit http://www.iuoe.org.

The American Society of Landscape Architects provides a database of landscape architecture degree programs at http://www.asla.org/nonmembers/accredited_programs. cfm.

MACHINIST

Northrup Grumman sponsors the Apprentice School of Shipbuilding where it offers a machinist training program. For information, visit the program’s Web site at http://www.apprenticeschool.com/.

MARINA MANAGEMENT

The International Marina Institute, a subsidiary of the Association of Marina Industries, offers management training courses. For information, visit the school’s Web page at http://www.ewpdev.com/ami/training_home.cfm.

MARITIME CAREERS

• The U.S. Military Sealift Command provides a database of maritime training schools that are approved

334

by the U.S. Coast Guard. The URL is http://www. sealiftcommand.com. • The Marine Industry Training and Education Council has a database of schools for seamanship, marine engineering, boatbuilding, merchant marines, marine engine, diesel engine service, and marine trades. The URL is http://boatingcareerinfo.org.

Career Opportunities in Transportation

PLANNING

The Planning Accreditation Board provides a list of planning programs at http://www.planningaccreditation board.org.

POLICE ACADEMIES

A listing of some police academies in the United States is available at the CopCareer.com Web site. The URL is http://www.copcareer.com/academy/policeacademy. htm.

RAILROAD INDUSTRY CAREERS

A list of training programs for different professions in the rail industry is available at Rail Serve Web site. Occupations include track repair technicians, locomotive engineers, conductors, and car repairmen, among others. The URL is http://www.railserve.com/ Training_Programs.

SHIPFITTER

• CareersinGear.com, http://www.careersingear.com • TruckDrivingSchools.com (sponsored by the Monster Learning Network), http://www.truckdrivingschools. com

SHIP PILOT

The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation has a national database of diesel engine technology programs at the secondary and postsecondary levels. (These programs are certified by ASE, the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence.) The URL is http://www.natef.org.

Northrup Grumman sponsors the Apprentice School of Shipbuilding, where it offers a shipfitter training program. For information, visit the program’s Web site at http://www.apprenticeschool.com.

TRUCK MECHANICS

The Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence provides a listing of educational programs that are directly related to ship pilots. The URL is http://www. oceancareers.com/2.0/career_education.php?career_ id=33.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

A listing of advanced degree programs in transportation engineering is available in the GradSchools.com database. The URL is http://www.gradschools.com.

TRAVEL AGENT

The American Society of Travel Agents provides a directory of travel schools in the United States and in other nations. To access the directory, go to its Web site at http://www.asta.org.

WELDING

• The American Welding Society provides a database of welding programs, called the Welding School Locator, at http://www.aws.org. • The Monster Learning Network provides a directory of U.S. welding schools and programs at the Web site called WeldingSchools.com. The URL is http://www. weldingschools.com.

TRUCK DRIVING

The following two Web sites offer a listing of U.S. truckdriving schools:

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APPENDIX II THE COMMERCIAL DRIVER’S LICENSE (CDL) School bus drivers, city bus drivers, tow truck drivers, and trailer-truck drivers are some examples of the professional drivers who need a special type of driver’s license to operate their large vehicles. A federal law requires all bus and truck drivers who carry passengers and cargo to hold a commercial driver’s license (CDL), regardless of whether they operate their vehicles within their state or across state borders. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, an agency in the U.S. Department of Transportation, enforces and regulates the CDL program. This agency also maintains a nationwide database of all CDL drivers. However, it is the responsibility of the individual states and Washington, D.C., to issue these special licenses to qualified drivers who live within their jurisdictions. The state agency responsible for performing this task is called the state department of motor vehicles (DMV).

Basic CDL Requirements

The federal government enacted the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 to make sure that all drivers of large trucks and buses have the appropriate skills and knowledge to operate them. This act established minimum national standards that CDL applicants in every state must meet in order to be issued a license. To be eligible for a CDL, applicants must: • have a clean driving record • pass a medical examination (CDL holders must take and pass a physical every two years to maintain their license.) • be able to read and speak English proficiently enough to read and understand traffic signs, prepare reports, and communicate with authorities and the public • be at least 21 years old if they will be operating buses or trucks in interstate commerce • pass a written examination and a driving skills test To qualify to drive trucks that carry hazardous materials, applicants must be able to pass a security background check.

336     Career Opportunities in Transportation

If CDL applicants already possess a license (regular or CDL) from another state, they must surrender that license to the DMV of their current state of residence. All drivers may hold only one type of license. If they have a regular driver’s license, they must surrender it to the DMV upon being issued a CDL.

State Requirements

The requirements for intrastate commercial motor drivers may differ in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. For example, Nevada allows 18-year-old residents to apply for a CDL, as long as they do not transport passengers or hazardous materials. To perform those tasks, Nevada residents must be at least 21 years old. All states are also responsible for establishing procedures for renewing CDLs and deciding on the cost of license fees.

Type of CDL

The federal government classifies commercial vehicles into three size groups. State DMVs issue licenses to bus and truck drivers according to the types of vehicles they will operate. Commercial vehicles are grouped as follows: CDL

Types of Commercial Vehicles One Can Drive

Class A

A single or combination vehicle of any size, including vehicles with a weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more. (A combination vehicle includes a tractor and at least one trailer.)

Class B

A single vehicle of any size.



A vehicle that tows a trailer with a weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less.



Any vehicle listed under Class C, if the CDL holder has the proper endorsement to drive it.

Class C

A single or combination vehicle that is designed to transport 16 or more persons (including the driver). The CDL holder

must also have the proper endorsement to drive it.

A single or combination vehicle that is designed to carry hazardous materials. The CDL holder must also have the proper endorsement to drive it.

States may also require drivers of other types of vehicles to possess a CDL. For example, in New Jersey, limousine or shuttle drivers who operate vehicles that transport eight to 15 passengers are required to hold a CDL.

CDL Endorsements and Restrictions

To drive certain types of commercial vehicles, operators must possess one or more of the proper CDL endorsements, which are also granted by state DMVs. These include: • buses and other vehicles that carry 16 or more persons (including the driver) • school buses • double and triple trailers • trucks that carry liquids or liquid gases in portable or fixed tanks • trucks that carry certain hazardous materials which require vehicles to post signs that they are transporting such materials • tank trucks that carry hazardous materials All commercial drivers are automatically issued an endorsement called an air brake restriction when they are issued their CDL. That means they can drive only vehicles that do not have air brakes. However, if they pass the knowledge and skills tests for operating vehicles equipped with air brakes, this endorsement is removed from their license.

The CDL Examinations

CDL applicants must successfully pass two tests to prove their knowledge and skills of operating commercial vehicles. The exams vary from state to state, but they are all based on strict federal standards. These tests are administered by CDL examiners at local DMV offices.

Applicants first take a knowledge test, which is a written exam that consists of at least 30 questions about highway safety and the operation of commercial vehicles. Examinees must score 80 percent or higher to pass the test. CDL applicants take their skills exam in the type of vehicle that they wish to operate. DMV examiners test applicants in three areas. They must demonstrate their ability to perform safe pretrip inspections and have basic control of their vehicles. Additionally, applicants are tested on how they handle different traffic situations on the road, such as stopping at intersections and driving on the freeway. To obtain CDL endorsements, applicants must also take additional tests. Depending on the endorsement, they might be required to pass only a knowledge test or both knowledge and skills tests. For example, applicants would need to successfully pass two tests to obtain a passenger endorsement.

How to Train for Your CDL

You can learn about laws and other basic information for the knowledge test through self-study. Every state DMV has developed a commercial vehicle handbook or manual for its residents. The handbook provides general guidelines for operating commercial vehicles. Copies of these handbooks are available at local DMV offices. Most, if not all, states also provide digital copies that can be downloaded online at their Web sites. To find a state’s DMV Web site, enter the name of the state and DMV into a search engine. You will need to obtain professional training to learn how to operate buses or trucks safely. You can enroll in truck driving programs that are offered through vocational schools, community colleges, or private truck driving schools. Ask a guidance, career, or employer counselor to help you find reliable schools. Also, consult professional drivers and different employers in your area for advice. Some employers—trucking companies, schools, bus systems, and others—provide professional training to candidates that they wish to hire. Employers usually require trainees either to pay for their schooling or to make a commitment to work for the companies for one or more years.

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APPENDIX III PROFESSIONAL UNIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS This appendix provides information about the professional unions and associations that were mentioned in this book. You can contact these organizations or visit their Web sites to learn more about careers, job opportunities, training programs, conferences, professional certification, and other topics. Many of these organizations have student chapters. Most have branch offices throughout the United States. Contact

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES Adventure Cycling Association

150 East Pine Street P.O. Box 8308 Missoula, MT 59807 Phone: (800) 755-2453 or (406) 721-1776 Fax: (406) 721-8754 http://www.adventurecycling.org

American Association of State Troopers 1949 Raymond Diehl Road Tallahassee, FL 32308 Phone: (800) 765-5456 or (850) 385-7904 http://www.statetroopers.org

American Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association

Highway Safety Center Indiana University of Pennsylvania R&P Building Indiana, PA 15705 Phone: (800) 896-7703 or (724) 357-4051 Fax: (724) 357-7595 http://www.adtsea.iup.edu/adtsea

an organization’s headquarters to find out if a branch is in your area. To learn about other local, state, regional, and national professional organizations, talk with local professionals. Note: Web site addresses change from time to time. If you come across an address that no longer works, you may be able to find an organization’s new URL by entering its name into a search engine.

Bikes Belong Coalition

1920 13th Street Suite A Boulder, CO 80302 Mailing address: P.O. Box 2359 Boulder, CO 80306 Phone: (303) 449-4893 Fax: (303) 442-2936 http://www.bikesbelong.org

Driving School Association of the Americas Communications Office 3090 East Gause Boulevard Suite 425 Slidell, LA 70461 Phone: (800) 270-3722 Fax: (985) 649-9877 http://www.thedsaa.org

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 9000 Machinists Place Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 Phone: (301) 967-4500 http://www.goiam.org

International Automotive Technicians’ Network P.O. Box 1599 Brea, CA 92822 Phone: (714) 257-1235 http://www.iatn.net

338     Career Opportunities in Transportation

International Brotherhood of Teamsters http://www.teamsters.org

International Mountain Bicycling Association

207 Canyon Suite 301 Boulder, CO 80302 Mailing address: P.O. Box 7578 Boulder, CO 80306 Phone: (888) 442-4622 or (303) 545-9011 Fax: (303) 545-9026 http://www.imba.com

League of American Bicyclists 1612 K Street NW Suite 800 Washington, DC 20006 Phone: (202) 822-1333 Fax: (202) 822-1334 http://www.bikeleague.org

National Automobile Dealers Association 8400 Westpark Drive McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (800) 252-6232 or (703) 821-7000 http://www.nada.org

National Bicycle Dealers Association 3176 Pullman Street Suite 117 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Phone: (949) 722-6909 http://nbda.com

National Independent Automobile Dealers Association

2521 Brown Boulevard Arlington, TX 76006 Phone: (800) 682-3837 or (817) 640-3838 Fax: (817) 649-5866 http://www.niada.com

Towing and Recovery Association of America

2121 Eisenhower Avenue Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (800) 728-0136 or (703) 684-7713 Fax: (703) 684-6720 http://www.towserver.net

UAW

International Brotherhood of Teamsters

TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

National Limousine Association

American Society of Transportation and Logistics

http://www.teamsters.org

49 South Maple Avenue Marlton, NJ 08053 Phone: (800) 652-7007 or (856) 596-3344 http://www.limo.org

National Sheriffs’ Association 1450 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (800) 424-7827 http://www.sheriffs.org

Taxi, Limousine, and Paratransit Association 3200 Tower Oaks Boulevard Suite 220 Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: (301) 984-5700 Fax: (301) 984-5703 http://www.tlpa.org

Transport Workers Union of America

Solidarity House 8000 East Jefferson Avenue Detroit, MI 48214 Phone: (313) 926-5000 http://www.uaw.org

1700 Broadway New York, NY 10019 Phone: (212) 259-4900 Fax: (212) 265-4537 http://www.twu.org

GROUND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

DELIVERY SERVICES

Amalgamated Transit Union 5025 Wisconsin Avenue NW Washington, DC 20016 Phone: (202) 537-1645 http://www.atu.org

American Federation of Police and Concerned Citizens 6350 Horizon Drive Titusville, FL 32780 Phone: (321) 264-0911 http://www.afp-cc.org

International Association of Women Police http://www.iawp.org

1331 H Street NW Suite 500 Washington, DC 20005 http://www.astl.org

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 9000 Machinists Place Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 Phone: (301) 967-4500 http://www.goiam.org

International Brotherhood of Teamsters http://www.teamsters.org

Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association One NW Ooida Drive Grain Valley, MO 64029 Phone: (800) 444-5791 or (816) 229-5791 http://www.ooida.com

Transportation Intermediaries Association

http://www.teamsters.org

1625 Prince Street Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 299-5700 Fax: (703) 836-0123 http://www.tianet.org

National Association of Letter Carriers

Warehousing Education and Research Council

International Brotherhood of Teamsters

100 Indiana Avenue NW Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 393-4695 http://www.nalc.org

National Rural Letter Carriers’ Association 1630 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 684-5545 http://www.nrlca.org

1100 Jorie Boulevard Suite 170 Oak Brook, IL 60523 Phone: (630) 990-0001 Fax: (630) 990-0256 http://www.werc.org

Women in Trucking Association P.O. Box 400 Plover, WI 54467

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Phone: (888) 464-9482 http://womenintrucking.org

RAIL TRANSPORTATION Amalgamated Transit Union 5025 Wisconsin Avenue NW Washington, DC 20016 Phone: (202) 537-1645 http://www.atu.org

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen 1370 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 Phone: (216) 241-2630 http://www.ble.org

Transport Workers Union of America 1700 Broadway New York, NY 10019 Phone: (212) 259-4900 Fax: (212) 265-4537 http://www.twu.org

United Transportation Union 14600 Detroit Avenue Cleveland, OH 44107 Phone: (216) 228-9400 http://www.utu.org

RAILROAD OPERATIONS American Train Dispatchers Association 1370 Ontario Street Suite 1040 Cleveland, OH 44113 Phone: (216) 241-2770 http://atdd.homestead.com/ atddpg1.html

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen 1370 Ontario Street Cleveland, OH 44113 Phone: (216) 241-2630 http://www.ble.org

Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees 20300 Civic Center Drive

Suite 320 Southfield, MI 48076 Phone: (248) 948-1010 Fax: (248) 948-7150 http://www.bmwe.org

Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen

917 Shenandoah Shores Road Front Royal, VA 22630 Phone: (540) 622-6522 Fax: (540) 622-6532 http://www.brs.org

Brotherhood of Railway Carmen Division of Transportation Communications International Union 3 Research Place Rockville, MD 20850 Phone: (301) 840-8730 http://www.tcunion.org

International Association of Railway Operating Officers, Inc. http://www.iaroo.org

Railroad Yardmasters of America

Division of United Transportation Union 14600 Detroit Avenue Cleveland, OH 44107 Phone: (216) 228-9400 http://www.utu.org/worksite/yard. cfm

United Transportation Union 14600 Detroit Avenue Cleveland, OH 44107 Phone: (216) 228-9400 http://www.utu.org

AIR TRANSPORTATION Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 421 Aviation Way Frederick, MD 21701 Phone: (800) 872-2672 Fax: (301) 695-2375 http://www.aopa.org

340     Career Opportunities in Transportation

Airline Dispatchers Federation 2020 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Suite 821 Washington, DC 20006 Phone: (800) OPN-CNTL http://www.dispatcher.org

Air Line Pilots Association, International

1625 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (703) 689-2270 http://www.alpa.org

Air Traffic Control Association 1101 King Street Suite 300 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 299-2430 Fax: (703) 299-2437 http://www.atca.org

Allied Pilots Association O’Connell Building 14600 Trinity Boulevard Suite 500 Fort Worth, TX 76155 Phone: (817) 302-2272 http://www.alliedpilots.org

Associated Airtanker Pilots P.O. Box 336 Cloverdale, CA 95425 http://www.airtanker.org

Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance P.O. Box 1030 Edgewater, FL 32132 Phone: (386) 416-0248 Fax: (386) 236-0517 http://www.awam.org

Association of Flight Attendants-CWA 501 Third Street NW Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 434-1300 http://www.afanet.org

Association of Professional Flight Attendants 1004 West Euless Boulevard Euless, TX 76040

Phone: (800) 395-APFA or (817) 540-0108 Fax: (817) 540-2077 http://www.apfa.org

Federal Law Enforcement Officers Association P.O. Box 326 Lewisberry, PA 17339 Phone: (717) 938-2300 Fax: (717) 932-2262 http://www.fleoa.org

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 9000 Machinists Place Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 Phone: (301) 967-4500 http://www.goiam.org

International Brotherhood of Teamsters http://www.teamsters.org

National Agricultural Aviation Association 1005 E Street SE Washington, DC 20003 Phone: (202) 546-5722 Fax: (202) 546-5726 http://www.agaviation.org

National Air Traffic Controllers Association

1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (800) 266-0895 or (202) 628-5451 Fax: (202) 628-5767 http://www.natca.org

National Association of Flight Instructors P.O. Box 3086 Oshkosh, WI 54903 Phone: (920) 426-6801 Fax: (920) 426-6579 http://www.nafinet.org

National EMS Pilots Association P.O. Box 2128 Layton, UT 84041

Phone: (877) 688-0430 Fax: (866) 906-6023 http://www.nemspa.org

Phone: (800) 872-2672 Fax: (301) 695-2375 http://www.aopa.org

National E-N-G Helicopter Association

American Association of Airport Executives

http://nbpa.rotor.com

Professional Airline Flight Control Association P.O. Box 20762 Atlanta, GA 30320 http://www.pafca.org

Professional Aviation Maintenance Association 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 Phone: (866) 865-7262 or (724) 772-4092 Fax: (724) 772-4064 http://www.pama.org

Professional Helicopter Pilots Association 354 South Daleville Avenue Daleville, AL 36322 Phone: (334) 598-1031 Fax: (334) 598-1032 http://www.autorotate.org

Transport Workers Union of America 1700 Broadway New York, NY 10019 Phone: (212) 259-4900 Fax: (212) 265-4537 http://www.twu.org

Women in Aviation, International Morningstar Airport 3647 State Route 503 South West Alexandria, OH 45381 Phone: (937) 839-4657 Fax: (937) 839-4645 http://www.wai.org

AIRPORT AND AIRLINES OPERATIONS Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 421 Aviation Way Frederick, MD 21701

601 Madison Street Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 824-0500 Fax: (703) 820-1395 http://www.aaae.org

American Federation of Government Employees 80 F Street NW Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (866) 392-6832 http://tsa.afge.org

Independent Fixed Base Operators Association 200 Hanscom Drive Bedford, MA 01730 Mailing address: P.O. Box 685 Suite 322 Bedford, MA 01730 Phone: (781) 860-7403 Fax: (781) 860-5105 http://www.ifboa.aero

MARITIME TRANSPORTATION American Maritime Officers 2 West Dixie Highway Dania Beach, FL 33004 Phone: (800) 362-0513 or (954) 921-2221 http://www.amo-union.org

Council of American Master Mariners, Inc. P.O. Box 5034 Lynnwood, WA 98046 http://www.mastermariner.org

International Organization of Masters, Mates, and Pilots 700 Maritime Boulevard Suite B Linthicum Heights, MD 21090 http://www.bridgedeck.org

Appendix III

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Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association 444 North Capitol Street Suite 800 Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 638-5355 Fax: (202) 638-5369 http://www.d1meba.org

Sailors’ Union of the Pacific 450 Harrison Street San Francisco, CA 94105 Phone: (415) 777-3400 Fax: (415) 777-5088 http://www.sailors.org

Seafarers International Union 5201 Auth Way Camp Springs, MD 20746 Phone: (301) 899-0675 Fax: (301) 899-7355 http://www.seafarers.org

PORTS AND HARBORS OPERATIONS Alaska Association of Harbormasters and Port Administrators

c/o Kim Elliot, Executive Secretary 617 Katlain Avenue Sitka, AK 99835 Phone: (907) 747-3439 Fax: (907) 747-6278 http://www.alaskaharbors.com

American Association of Port Authorities

International Longshore and Warehouse Union 1188 Franklin Street Fourth Floor San Francisco, CA 94109 Phone: (415) 775-0533 Fax: (415) 775-1302 http://www.ilwu.org

International Longshoremen’s Association 17 Battery Place Suite 930 New York, NY 10004 Phone: (212) 425-1200 Fax: (212) 425-2928 http://www.ilaunion.org

National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Association of America, Inc. 1200 18th Street NW Suite 901 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202) 466-0222 Fax: (202) 466-0226 http://www.ncbfaa.org

New York Harbormaster and Bay Constable Association P.O. Box 202 Oakdale, NY 11769 http://nyshbca.org

Pacific Coast Congress of Harbormasters and Port Managers

1010 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 684-5700 Fax: (703) 684-6321 http://www.aapa-ports.org

120 State Avenue PMB 231 Olympia, WA 98501 Phone: (800) 236-0748 Fax: (800) 236-3704 http://www.pccharbormasters.org

Association of Marina Industries

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

50 Water Street Warren, RI 02885 Phone: (866) 367-6622 Fax: (401) 247-0074 http://www.marinaassociation.org

National Association of Pipeline Safety Representatives http://www.napsr.org

342     Career Opportunities in Transportation

Professional Institute of Pipeline Engineers http://www.pipeinst.org

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Aerospace and Electronics Systems Society Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 http://ieee-aess.org

American Astronautical Society

6532 Rolling Mill Place Suite 102 Springfield, VA 22152 Phone: (703) 866-0020 Fax: (703) 866-3526 http://www.astronautical.org

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1801 Alexander Bell Drive Suite 500 Reston, VA 20191 Phone: (800) 639-AIAA or (703) 264-7500 Fax: (703) 264-7551 http://www.aiaa.org

American Society of Naval Engineers

1452 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 836-6727 Fax: (703) 836-7491 http://www.navalengineers.org

American Welding Society

550 NW LeJuene Road Miami, FL 33126 Phone: (800) 443-9353 or (305) 443-9353 http://www.aws.org

ASME International

P.O. Box 2300 Fairfield, NJ 07007 Phone: (800) 843-2763 or (973) 882-1170 http://www.asme.org

Phone: (703) 549-2207 Fax: (703) 683-5312 http://national.nsbe.org

Fax: (201) 798-4975 http://www.sname.org

National Society of Professional Engineers

230 East Ohio Street Suite 400 Chicago, IL 60611 Phone: (877) SWE-INFO http://societyofwomenengineers. swe.org

9639 Kinsman Road Materials Park, OH 44073 Phone: (440) 338-5151 http://www.asminternational.org

1420 King Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (888) 285-6773 or (703) 684-2800 Fax: (703) 836-4875 http://www.nspe.org

IEEE

SAE International

ASM International

445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 Phone: (800) 678-4333 or (732) 981-0060 http://www.ieee.org

Institute of Industrial Engineers

3577 Parkway Lane Suite 200 Norcross, GA 30092 Phone: (800) 494-0460 or (770) 449-0460 Fax: (770) 441-3295 http://www.iienet.org

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 9000 Machinists Place Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 Phone: (301) 967-4500 http://www.goiam.org

International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers 753 State Avenue Kansas City, KS 66101 Phone: (913) 371-2640 http://www.boilermakers.org

National Society of Black Engineers 205 Daingerfield Road Alexandria, VA 22314

400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096 Phone: (877) 606-7323 or (724) 776-4970 http://www.sae.org

Society of Flight Test Engineers

44814 North Elm Avenue Lancaster, CA 93534 Phone: (661) 949-2095 Fax: (661) 949-2096 http://www.sfte.org

Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers

5400 East Olympic Boulevard Suite 210 Los Angeles, CA 90022 Phone: (323) 725-3970 Fax: (323) 725-0316 http://www.shpe.org

Society of Manufacturing Engineers

One SME Drive Dearborn, MI 48121 Phone: (800) 733-4763 or (313) 425-3000 Fax: (313) 425-3400 http://www.sme.org

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 601 Pavonia Avenue Jersey City, NJ 07306 Phone: (800) 798-2188 or (201) 798-4800

Society of Women Engineers

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS American Association of Airport Executives 601 Madison Street Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 824-0500 Fax: (703) 820-1395 http://www.aaae.org

American Management Association Phone: (877) 566-9441 Fax: (518) 891-0368 http://www.amanet.org

American Planning Association 122 South Michigan Avenue Suite 1600 Chicago, IL 60603 Phone: (312) 431-9100 Fax: (312) 431-9985 http://www.planning.org

American Public Transportation Association 1666 K Street NW Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20006 Phone: (202) 496-4800 http://www.apta.com

American Public Works Association 2345 Grand Boulevard Suite 700 Kansas City, MO 64108

Appendix III

343

Phone: (800) 848-APWA or (816) 472-6100 Fax: (816) 472-1610 http://www.apwa.net

American Society for Engineering Management http://www.asem.org

American Society of Certified Engineering Technicians P.O. Box 1536 Brandon, MS 39043 Phone: (601) 824-8991 http://www.ascet.org

American Society of Civil Engineers

Suite 800 McLean, VA 22102 Phone: (703) 356-2622 Fax: (703) 356-6388 http://cmaanet.org

Fax: (847) 824-6363 http://www.urisa.org

Geographic and Land Information Society

American Society of Travel Agents

8 Montgomery Village Avenue Suite 403 Gaithersburg, MD 20879 Phone: (240) 632-9700 http://www.glismo.org

Institute of Transportation Engineers

1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191 Phone: (800) 548-2723 http://www.asce.org

1099 14th Street NW Suite 300 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 289-0222 Fax: (202) 289-7722 http://www.ite.org

American Society of Landscape Architects

International Union of Operating Engineers

636 I Street NW Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 898-2444 Fax: (202) 898-1185 http://www.asla.org

Association of American Geographers 1710 16th Street NW Washington, DC 20009 Phone: (202) 234-1450 Fax: (202) 234-2744 http://www.aag.org

Cartography and Geographic Information Society http://www.cartogis.org

Construction Management Association of America 7926 Jones Branch Drive

1125 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202) 429-9100 http://www.iuoe.org

National Society of Professional Engineers 1420 King Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (888) 285-6773 or (703) 684-2800 Fax: (703) 836-4875 http://www.nspe.org

Urban and Regional Information Systems Association 1460 Renaissance Drive Suite 305 Park Ridge, IL 60068 Phone: (847) 824-6300

344     Career Opportunities in Transportation

SCENIC AND SIGHTSEEING TRANSPORTATION

1101 King Street Alexandria, VA 22314 http://www.asta.org

Association of Retail Travel Agents http://www.artaonline.com

National Association of Career Travel Agents, Inc. 1101 King Street Suite 200 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 739-6826 Fax: (703) 739-6861 http://www.nacta.com

National Association of Charterboat Operators P.O. Box 2990 Orange Beach, AL 36561 Phone: (251) 981-5136 Fax: (251) 981-8191 http://www.nacocharters.org

Specialty Travel Agents Association

12381 Fenton Road Fenton, MI 48430 Phone: (810) 629-2386 http://www.specialtytravelagents. com

APPENDIX IV RESOURCES ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB In this appendix, you will find a listing of Web sites that can help you learn more about the occupations that were profiled in this book. In addition, you will find some Web resources that offer career and job search information.

Note: All Web site addresses were current at the time this book was written. If a URL is no longer valid, enter the Web page title or the name of the organization or individual into a search engine to find the new address.

CAREER AND JOB INFORMATION

OceanCareers.com

AvScholars

O*NET OnLine

http://www.avscholars.com

CareerBuilder.com

http://www.careerbuilder.com

CareerOneStop

http://www.careeronestop.org

Career Voyages

http://www.careervoyages.gov

Go! Exploring the World of Transportation

http://www.go-explore-trans.org

Go Ships–Jobs and Careers in Shipbuilding

http://www.oceancareers.com

AIR CARGO INDUSTRY

Sloan Career Cornerstone Center

Air Cargo World Online

http://www.careercornerstone.org

Transportation Career Guide

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/oes

Occupational Outlook Handbook

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/oco

http://www.aacargo.com

USAJOBS—The Federal Government’s Official Job Site

AIR COURIER

http://www.usajobs.opm.gov

Aerospace Industries Association

Occupational Employment Statistics

American Airlines Cargo International Air Cargo Association

iseek

http://www.monster.com

http://www.aircargoworld.com

Vocational Information Center http://www.khake.com/page44. html

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

Monster

http://www.nasm.si.edu

http://online.onetcenter.org

http://www.goships.com http://www.iseek.org

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum

http://www.aia-aerospace.org

Aerospaceweb.org

http://www.aerospaceweb.org

http://www.tiaca.org

International Association of Air Travel Couriers http://www.courier.org

Travel.State.Gov

U.S. Department of State http://travel.state.gov

AIRCRAFT DISPATCHER Airliner Dispatcher Resources http://www.airlinerdispatch.com

Beginner’s Guide to Aeronautics

Flight Explorer

NASA Quest

International Federation of Air Line Dispatchers’ Association

NASA Glenn Research Center http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K12/airplane/index.html http://quest.nasa.gov

http://www.flightexplorer.com

http://www.ifalda.org

Appendix IV

345

AIRCRAFT MECHANICS

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

Aircraft Maintenance Connections

Air Traffic

http://www.aircraftshoptalk.com

Aircraft Mechanics Forum

http://www.aircraftmechanic.org

Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association http://www.amfanational.org

Aviation Maintenance and Conversions

Thirty Thousand Feet Aviation Directory http://www.thirtythousandfeet. com/maint.htm

Mechanics

Federal Aviation Administration http://www.faa.gov/mechanics

AIRLINE PILOT Airline Pilot Central

http://www.airlinepilotcentral.com

Airline Pilots Security Alliance http://secure-skies.org

Air Transport Association http://www.airlines.org

Coalition of Airline Pilots Association http://www.capapilots.org

Federal Aviation Administration http://www.faa.gov/airports_ airtraffic/air_traffic

Chicago O’Hare Air Traffic Control http://www.thetracon.com

Live ATC.net

http://www.liveatc.net

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization http://www.patco81.com

Professional Women Controllers http://pwcinc.org

ARMORED CAR DRIVER Dunbar

http://www.dunbararmored.com

Independent Armored Car Operators Association http://www.iacoa.com

National Armored Car Association, Inc.

http://www.nationalarmoredcar.com

ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER American Precision

http:www. americanprecisionassembly.com

Assembly Line History AIRPORTS AirportNet

http://www.airportnet.org

Airports Council International–North America

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/ inventions/assbline.htm

National Association of Manufacturers http://www.nam.org

http://www.aci-na.org

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

World Airport Codes

Automotive DesignLine

http://www.world-airport-codes. com

http://www.automotivedesignline. com

346     Career Opportunities in Transportation

GlobalAutoIndustry.com

http://www.globalautoindustry.com

International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies http://www.fisita.com

AUTOMOTIVE SALES Edmunds.com

http://www.edmunds.com

National Automobile Dealers Association http://www.nada.org

Showroomtoday.com

http://www.showroomtoday.com

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN Automotive Service Association

http://www.asashop.org

Car Talk

http://www.cartalk.com

Mechanic Advisor

http://www.mechanicadvisor.com

National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation http://www.natef.org

Transportation and Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/otaq

BICYCLE MESSENGER International Federation of Bike Messenger Associations http://www.messengers.org

New York Bike Messenger Association http://nybma.com

San Francisco Bike Messenger Association http://www.ahalenia.com/sfbma

Car Rental Express

http://www.carrentalexpress.com

Enterprise Rent-A-Car

BRIDGE TENDER

http://www.enterprise.com

About Movable Bridges

Hertz Car Rental

New York City Department of Transportation http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ bridges/opener.shtml

http://www.hertz.com

CHARTER BOAT OPERATIONS

Bridgehouse and Chicago River Museum

Captain Aquatic

Florida Drawbridges, Inc.

Merchant Marine Captains Association

http://bridgehousemuseum.org

http://www.floridadrawbridges. com

Movable Bridges

by Steven M. Richman http://www.richmangalleries.com/ moving_bridges.htm

BUS MECHANIC Ohio School Bus Mechanics Association http://www.osbma.org

School Bus Mechanic

http://schoolbusmechanic.blogspot. com

CAPTAIN gCaptain

http://gcaptain.com

International Federation of Shipmasters’ Associations http://www.ifsma.org

International Shipmasters Association http://www.shipmaster.org

CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY Car Rental

BuyerZone http://www.buyerzone.com/travel/ car_rental/index.html

http://www.captainaquatic.com

http://www.mmcainfo.com

National Marine Charter Association

http://www.marinecharter.org

Sailonline.com

http://www.sailonline.com

COURIER The Couriers Register

http://www.couriersregister.com

Messenger Courier Association of the Americas http://www.mcaa.com

CUSTOMS BROKER Becoming a Customs Broker

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/ trade_programs/broker/brokers. xml

U.S. Customs and Border Protection http://www.cbp.gov

U.S. Ports of Entry

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/ toolbox/ports/

DECK OFFICER Institute of Navigation http://www.ion.org

U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center http://www.navcen.uscg.gov

Office of Coast Survey

U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa. gov

DRIVING SCHOOL INDUSTRY California Driver Education Association

http://www.caldriveredassn.com

CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION (CBP) Basic Importing and Exporting http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/ basic_trade/

CBP Careers Spotlight

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/ careers/

CBP Trade Spotlight

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/

Import Specialist

http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/ careers/customs_carers/import_ specialist/

DMV.ORG, Unofficial Guide to the DMV http://www.dmv.org

DriversEd.com

http://www.driversed.com

Driving School Association of the Americas http://www.thedsaa.org

ENGINEERING ASEE Engineering K12 Center American Society for Engineering Education http://www.engineeringk12.org

Appendix IV

347

Engineering.com

flight-training-info.com

Graduating Engineer and Computer Careers

FORKLIFT OPERATOR

http://www.engineering.com

http://www.graduatingengineer.com

Try Engineering.org

http://www.tryengineering.org

http://www.flight-training-info.com

Forkliftaction.com

http://www.forkliftaction.com

Forklift Safety

GIS Lounge

http://gislounge.com

GIS User.com

http://www.gisuser.com

Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association http://www.gsdi.org

WWW Virtual Library: Engineering

Oklahoma State University http://ehs.okstate.edu/links/forklift. htm

WebGIS

FIXED BASE OPERATORS

Safety and Health Topics: Powered Industrial Trucks

HARBORMASTER

http://vlib.org/Engineering

FBOs

Thirty Thousand Feet Aviation Directory http://www.thirtythousandfeet. com/fbo.htm

fboweb.com

http://fboweb.com

Monterey Jet Center

http://www.montereyjetcenter.com

Signature Flight Support

http://www.signatureflight.com

Wisconsin Aviation

http://www.wisconsinaviation.com

Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/power edindustrialtrucks/index.html

FREIGHT BROKER John Thomas on Freight Brokering http://atex.typepad.com

Traffic World Online

http://www.trafficworld.com

GENERAL AVIATION AeroPlanner.com

http://www.aeroplanner.com

http://www.webgis.com

California Association of Harbor Masters and Port Captains http://www.harbormaster.org

Edgartown Harbormaster

http://www.edgartownharbor.com

Northshore Harbormasters Association http://www.harbormasters.org

State of Maine Harbormasters Association http://www.maineharbormasters. org

IMPORTING

General Aviation: Serving All Americans

American Importers Association

Landings.com

Import Export Guide

Corporate Flight Attendant Community

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FIELD

Trade Port

Flight Attendant Career.com

GIS in Transportation

FLIGHT ATTENDANT Aircrew Buzz

http://aircrewbuzz.com

cabincrewjobs.com

http://www.cabincrewjobs.com

http://www.corporateflyer.net

http://www.flightattendantcareer.com

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION Ask a CFI.com

http://www.askacfi.com

http://www.gaservingamerica.org http://www.landings.com

http://www.americanimporters.org U.S. Small Business Administration http://www.business.gov/expand/ import-export http://www.tradeport.org

INTERCITY BUS DRIVER

U.S. Federal Highway Administration http://www.gis.fhwa.dot.gov

American Bus Association

GIS Jobs Clearinghouse

Motor Bus Society

http://www.gjc.org

348     Career Opportunities in Transportation

http://www.buses.org

http://www.motorbussociety.org

United Motorcoach Association http://www.uma.org

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards http://www.clarb.org

Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture Foundation http://www.laprofession.org

Landscape Architecture Program California Department of Transportation http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/ LandArch

Scenic America

http://www.scenic.org

LAW ENFORCEMENT Criminal Justice MegaLinks by Dr. Tom O’Connor http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort

Officer.com

http://www.officer.com

Official Directory of State Patrol and State Police

http://www.statetroopersdirectory. com

PoliceLink

http://www.policelink.com

LIGHT-RAIL TRANSIT Light Rail Central

http://www.lightrail.com

LIMOUSINE SERVICE INDUSTRY Limos.com

http://www.limos.com

NLAride.com

http://www.nlaride.com

International Labour Organization http://www.ilo.org

LOCAL BUS DRIVER

http://contract2008.org

American Public Transportation Association

Longshore Workers’ Coalition

http://www.apta.com

Museum of Bus Transportation

http://www.busmuseum.org

Public Transportation: Wherever Life Takes You

http://www.publictransportation. org

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER Becoming an Engineer

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen http://www.ble.org/info/engineer.asp

Locomotive Engineer Certification

Federal Railroad Administration http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/ content/505

Rail Jobs

http://www.railjobs.com

TrainWeb

http://www.trainweb.com

U.S. Railroad Retirement Board http://www.rrb.gov

http://www.lwcjustice.com

MAINTENANCE OF WAY OF RAILROADS AND RAILWAYS American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association http://www.arema.org

BNSF Railway

http://www.bnsf.com

Loram Maintenance of Way, Inc. http://www.loram.com

Maintenance of Way Equipment and Services

http://www.railserve.com/Railroad_ Maintenance_of_Way

MARINAS Association of Marina Industries

http://www.marinaassociation.org

Industry Articles

by Marina Management Services http://www.marinamanagement. com/articles/index.htm

Marinas Directory

http://www.marinasdirectory.org

LONGSHORE WORKER

Light Rail Transit Association

ILWU Local 19 Seattle Washington

http://www.lrta.org

http://www.ilwu.org/history/oralhistories/index.cfm

Longshore Contract 2008

Light Rail Now!

http://www.lightrailnow.org

ILWU Oral Histories

http://www.ilwu19.com

MERCHANT MARINES American Maritime Congress

http://www.americanmaritime.org

Appendix IV

349

American Merchant Marine at War http://usmm.org

Lake Carriers’ Association

My Motorcycle Jobs

http://www.mymotorcyclejobs.com

webBikeWorld

http://www.webbikeworld.com

http://www.lcaships.com

Maritime Links

by Don Nugent http://maritime.homestead.com

Military Sealift Command

http://www.sealiftcommand.com

National Maritime Center U.S. Coast Guard http://www.uscg.mil/nmc

U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command http://www.msc.navy.mil

METALWORKING / MACHINIST Machining Resources

Vocational Information Center http://www.khake.com/page88.html

Parking Industry Links

http://www.moving.org

by Carl Walker, Inc. http://www.carlwalker.com/links

Glossary of Moving Terms

Parking Network

United Van Lines http://www.unitedvanlines.com/ mover/full-service-movers/ moving-aids/moving-glossary. htm

Long Island Moving and Storage Association http://www.limsa.com

Protect Your Move

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration http://www.protectyourmove.gov

NAVAL ARCHITECT

Maritime Links

Broke Boats

http://www.brokeboats.com

iboats.com

http://www.iboats.com

MOTORCYCLE INDUSTRY American Motorcyclists Association http://www.ama-cycle.org

Motorcycle Industry Council http://www.mic.org

National Parking Association

American Moving and Storage Association

National Institute for Metalworking Skills, Inc. MOTORBOAT SERVICING AND REPAIRS

PARKING INDUSTRY http://www.npapark.org

Boat Design.net

http://www.nims-skills.org

http://paratransitwatch.blogspot.com

MOVING INDUSTRY

Modern Machine Shop Online http://www.mmsonline.com

Paratransit Watch

http://www.boatdesign.net Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers http://www.sname.org/maritime_ links.htm

Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Department U.S. Navy Academy http://www.usna.edu/NAOE

ship-technology.com

http://www.ship-technology.com

PARATRANSIT DRIVER/ PARATRANSIT OPERATIONS National Paratransit Directory http://www.1800taxicab.com/ paratransit.htm

350     Career Opportunities in Transportation

http://www.parking-net.com

PILOT 4VFR.com

http://www.4vfr.com

Let’s Go Flying!

http://www.aopa.org/letsgoflying

Pilot Resources

Thirty Thousand Feet Aviation Directory http://www.thirtythousandfeet. com/pilots.htm

PIPELINE ENGINEERING API

http://www.api.org

ASCE Pipeline Division

http://www.pipelinedivision.org

International Pipeline and Offshore Contractors Association http://www.iploca.com

PIPELINE SAFETY Pipeline Association for Public Awareness http://www.pipelineawareness.org

Pipeline Safety and Awareness

Questar Gas http://www.questargas.com/About NaturalGas/SafetyInfo/pipeline_ safety.html

Pipeline Safety Foundation

http://www.pipelinesafetyfoundation. org

Pipeline Safety Trust http://www.pstrust.org

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY Alyeska Pipeline Service Company

http://www.alyeska-pipe.com

American Gas Association http://www.aga.org

Interstate Natural Gas Association of America http://www.ingaa.org

PORTS International Association of Ports and Harbors http://www.iaphworldports.org

Pacific Maritime Association http://www.pmanet.org

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey http://www.panynj.gov

PortFocus

http://www.portfocus.com

Port of Chicago

http://www.theportofchicago.com

Port of Los Angeles

http://www.portoflosangeles.org

Washington Public Ports Association

http://www.washingtonports.org

Pupil Transportation Safety Institute http://www.ptsi.org

School Bus Information Clearinghouse

http://www.schoolbusinfo.org

RAILCAR REPAIRER American Railcar Industries http://www.americanrailcar.com

Railcar Manufacturers, Parts, and Repair

http://www.railserve.com/Rolling_ Stock/Railcar_Manufacturers

RAILROAD POLICE Amtrak Fraternal Order of Police http://amtrakfop.com

Carrizo Gorge Railroad Police http://www.cgrp.us

Napa Valley Railroad Police Department http://nvrpolice.com

Police Solutions

BNSF Railway http://www.bnsf.com/tools/resource protection/police_services.html

RAILROADS/RAILROAD INDUSTRY/RAIL TRANSPORTATION

http://www.raillaborfacts.org

RailroadData.com

http://www.railroaddata.com

Railroad.net: The Railroad Network http://www.railroad.net

RETAIL BICYCLE INDUSTRY Bicycle Product Suppliers Association http://bpsa.org

Bicycle Shops

http://www.bicycleshops.us

SHIPBUILDING AND BOATBUILDING INDUSTRY American Shipbuilding Association

http://www.americanshipbuilding. com

Haze Gray Shipbuilding Pages http://www.hazegray.org/ shipbuilding

MarineTalk

http://www.marinetalk.com

National Shipbuilding Research Program http://www.nsrp.org

http://www.american-rails.com

Recreational Boat Building Industry

American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association

SHIP ENGINEER

American Railroads

http://www.aslrra.org

Association of American Railroads

PUPIL TRANSPORTATION

http://www.aar.org

National School Transportation Association

Progressive Railroading.com

http://www.yellowbuses.org

RailLaborFacts.org

http://www.progressiverailroading. com

http://www.rbbi.com

Marine Engineering Articles

Bright Hub! http://www.brighthub.com/ engineering/marine/articles.aspx

Martin’s Marine Engineering Page http://www.dieselduck.net

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SHIP PILOT American Pilots’ Association http://www.americanpilots.org

Houston Pilots

UrbanRail.Net

http://www.urbanrail.net

www.nycsubway.org

http://www.nycsubway.org

http://www.houston-pilots.com

International Maritime Pilot’s Association

TAXICAB INDUSTRY

TRAIN DISPATCHER About Train Dispatchers and Train Dispatching

by Thomas A. White http://www.halcyon.com/tawhite/ ds.htm

The Dispatching Center

http://www.impahq.org

Atlanta Taxicab Industry Association http://www.atlantataxi.org

Northeast Marine Pilots Association

YardLimits.com http://www.yardlimits.com/forums/ dispatching-center

Taxi-Library

Train Dispatcher

http://www.nemarinepilots.com

Puget Sound Pilots

http://www.pspilots.org

SHIPPING INDUSTRY American Bureau of Shipping

http://www.taxi-library.org

TOURIST GUIDE National Federation of Tourist Guide Associations–USA

http://www.eagle.org

http://www.tourguidesofamerica. com

International Chamber of Shipping

National Tour Association

http://www.marisec.org/ics/index. htm

International Maritime Organization http://www.imo.org

Shipping Facts

http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts

SIGNALMEN Careers at Union Pacific

http://www.ntaonline.com

Chicago “L”.org

http://www.chicago-l.org

BART Police

Metro Transit Police

http://www.ustoa.com

World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority http://www.wmata.com/about_ metro/transit_police

http://www.wftga.org

Garden State Towing Association

SUBWAY OPERATIONS

Dallas Area Rapid Transit http://www.dart.org/about/ dartpolice/dartpolice.asp

United States Tour Operators Association

Railroad Signals of the U.S.

http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/ Signal

About DART Police

http://www.planeta.com

TOWING INDUSTRY

Railway Signalling and Operations FAQ

TRANSIT POLICE

Bay Area Rapid Transit http://www.bart.gov/about/police/ index.aspx

Planeta.com

http://www.unionpacific.jobs http://www.railroadsignals.us

Union Pacific http://www.unionpacific.jobs/ careers/explore/prof/operating/ train_dispatcher.shtml

http://www.gsta.org

Independent Towers of Washington http://www.itow.org

International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum http://www.internationaltowing museum.org

352     Career Opportunities in Transportation

TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY American Road and Transportation Builders Association http://www.artba.org

Associated General Contractors of America http://www.agc.org

National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association http://www.nrcma.org

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER/ TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING/CIVIL ENGINEERING American Waterways Operators

http://www.americanwaterways. com

Trucking Industry—Industry Hazards

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ trucking_industry/hazards.html

USDOT Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards http://environmentalchemistry. com/yogi/hazmat/placards

Aviation Systems Division

National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://www.aviationsystemsdivision. arc.nasa.gov

Center for Transportation Excellence http://www.cfte.org

iCivilEngineer.com—The Civil Engineering Portal http://www.icivilengineer.com

Intelligent Transportation Society of America

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Safety

The Transportation Library http://www.thetransportationlibrary. com/lib/safety

Safety

U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.dot.gov/safety.html

TRAVEL INDUSTRY Adventure Travel Trade Association

http://www.adventuretravel.biz

Center for Transportation and the Environment

Ecotravel

North Carolina State University http://itre.ncsu.edu/CTE

by Betty Lowry http://www.goodmoney.com/ ecotravl.htm

Geospatial Information and Technology Association

Home Based Travel Agent Community

http://www.gita.org

http://www.hbtacommunity.com

Planetizen: Urban Planning, Design, and Development Network

U.S. Travel Association http://www.tia.org

http://www.itsa.org

http://www.planetizen.com

TRUCK DRIVER

National Waterways Conference

Project for Public Spaces

American Trucking Associations

http://www.waterways.org

Transportation Research Board of the National Academies http://www.trb.org

Volpe National Transportation Systems Center U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.volpe.dot.gov

TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Hazmat Safety Community

U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat

http://www.pps.org

Transportation Safety Planning

Transportation Safety Planning Working Group http://tsp.trb.org

http://www.truckline.com

BigRigCentral.com

http://www.bigrigcentral.com

CareersinGear.com

http://www.careersingear.com

TRANSPORTATION SAFETY

GetTrucking.com

Flight Safety Foundation

Lady Truck Drivers

International Transportation Safety Association

Layover.com

http://www.flightsafety.org

http://www.itsasafety.org

Operation LifeSaver: Rail Safety Education http://www.oli.org

http://www.gettrucking.com http://www.ladytruckdrivers.com http://www.layover.com

TRUCK MECHANIC Service Specialists Association http://www.truckservice.org

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Truckinginfo.com

http://www.truckinginfo.com

Truck Parts and Service

http://www.truckpartsandservice. com

Work Truck Online

http://www.worktruckonline.com

UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE MAIL CARRIER Career Information

National Association of Letter Carriers http://www.nalc.org/nalc/career/ index.html

Ruralinfo.net

http://ruralinfo.net

Work for U.S. Postal Service

http://www.usps.com/employment

VISITOR CENTERS/VISITOR INFORMATION SPECIALIST Northern Great Lakes Center

http://www.northerngreatlakescenter. org

U.S. Directory of Local Chambers of Commerce and Visitor Bureaus http://www.2chambers.com

Visitor Centers

ITtoolbox Supply Chain Knowledge Base

http://supplychain.ittoolbox.com

Resource Center

Warehousing Education and Research Council http://www.werc.org/ ResourceCenter/tabid/57/ Default.aspx

WELDING

http://www.visitidaho.org/places togo/visitorcenters.aspx

The Fabricator.com

WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT

Welding Information Center

Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals http://cscmp.org

International Warehouse Logistics Association http://www.iwla.com

354     Career Opportunities in Transportation

http://www.thefabricator.com http://www.weldinginfocenter.org

APPENDIX V U.S. DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES ON THE INTERNET In this appendix, you will learn about federal agencies that are concerned with the wide range of transportation issues. They are involved in enforcing laws, establishing national safety standards, implementing transportation safety programs, administering grants for transportation projects, conducting research to address transportation issues, developing information resources and tools for the public, and more. Note: All URLs were current when this book was written. If you come across a URL that no longer works, enter the name of the agency into a search engine to get its new address.

• Surface Transportation Board, http://www.stb.dot. gov • Transportation Safety Institute, http://www.tsi.dot.gov

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOT)

• Customs and Border Protection (CBP), http://www. cbp.gov • Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service, http://www.tsa.gov/lawenforcement/programs/ fams.shtm • Transportation Security Administration (TSA), http://www.tsa.gov • United States Coast Guard (USCG), http://www.uscg. mil

The DOT is responsible for the administration of the overall transportation system within the United States, including highway, public transit, railroad, air, maritime, and pipeline systems. The head of the DOT is a member of the U.S. president’s cabinet. The department’s URL is http://www.dot.gov. The following agencies, organizations, and programs are within the DOT: • Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), http:// www.bts.gov • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), http://www. faa.gov • Federal Highway Administration (FHA), http://www. fhwa.dot.gov • Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov • Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), http://www. fra.dot.gov • Federal Transit Administration (FTA), http://www. fta.dot.gov • Maritime Administration, http://www.marad.dot.gov • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov • Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), http://www.phmsa.dot.gov • Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), http://www.rita.dot.gov

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (DHS)

The DHS is responsible for the overall security of the United States’ borders. The head of the DHS is a member of the U.S. president’s cabinet. The department’s URL is http://www.dhs.gov/. The following DHS agencies are involved in the safety and security of U.S. transportation systems:

INDEPENDENT AGENCIES

The following are independent federal agencies that are concerned with the diverse areas of transportation systems. • Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), http://www.cpsc.gov • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), http:// www.epa.gov • Federal Communications Commission (FCC), http:// www.fcc.gov • Federal Maritime Commission (FMC), http://www. fmc.gov • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), http://www.nasa.gov • National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), http:// www.ntsb.gov • Small Business Administration (SBA), http://www. sba.gov

Appendix V

355

OTHER RELEVANT WEB SITES

• • • • • •

Army Corps of Engineers, http://www.usace.army.mil Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov Department of State, http://www.state.gov House of Representatives, http://www.house.gov Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), http://www.noaa.gov • National Transportation Library, http://ntl.bts.gov

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• Senate, http://www.senate.gov • “Transportation,” Career Voyages, http://www.career voyages.gov/transportation-main.cfm • “Transportation of the United States,” National Atlas. gov, http://nationalatlas.gov/transportation.html • USA.gov: The U.S. Government’s Official Web Portal, http://www.usa.gov • White House, http://www.whitehouse.gov

GLOSSARY administrative  Relating to the daily management of an office, program, or organization. advanced degree  Any college degree earned beyond a bachelor’s degree. aeronautics  Relating to the study of flight and the operation of aircraft. aerospace  The Earth’s atmosphere and the space beyond Earth. aesthetics  The appreciation of beauty. air carrier  An airline or other type of commercial operator that offers air transportation services. analytical skills  The abilities that workers need to critically examine and solve problems. apprenticeship  The program or period of time during which a person works under a skilled professional to learn a trade or craft. attraction  A building, site, or other place that tourists like to see or visit. broker  A person or company who is paid to perform business transactions on behalf of others, such as selling or buying goods and services. CAD  Computer-aided design; software that is used by engineers, architects, and others to help them with their drawing and designing tasks. candidate  A job applicant whom an employer is interested in hiring. captain  The person in command of an aircraft or a ship or boat. career  The occupation a person chooses as his or her line of work. career center  The college or university office that helps students and alumni plan their careers as well as find employment. cargo  Goods that are transported as freight by land, air, or water. cargo hold  The compartment inside an aircraft or ship where goods are kept during transport. carrier  A person or company that is paid a fee to transport people or packages or goods from one place to another. CBP  Customs and Border Patrol, an agency within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. CDL  Commercial driver’s license. certificate  An official document that has been awarded to a person who has completed a course of study or training. It is also awarded when some-

one or a product has passed a test to meet certain standards. certify  To officially state that a person or product, such as machinery, has passed a test to meet certain standards. charter  Pertaining to a bus (or other vehicle), aircraft, or boat that has been rented for private use. client  A customer. code  A set of laws or rules that govern specific procedures within a profession. commercial  Having to do with selling and buying goods or services. commercial ship  A ship or boat that engages in trade or transports passengers for compensation. communication skills  The speaking and listening abilities that workers need to perform their job. compliance  Meeting the conditions required by a specific law, regulation, or policy. component  A part of a unit or system. construction  The act of building houses, shopping centers, roads, dams, and other structures and infrastructure. consultant  An expert in his or her field who offers the services of his or her expertise to individuals and organizations for a fee. contractor  An individual or company who is hired to perform specific tasks according to the terms of a written or oral agreement. craft  An airplane, space vehicle, boat, or ship. craftsperson  A man or woman who is skilled in a particular craft, such as carpentry, and earns his or her living from it. critical-thinking skills  The abilities workers need to examine and analyze a situation and make sensible judgments on how to handle it. customer-service skills  The abilities workers need to handle questions, requests, and complaints from customers about an organization’s products or services. customs  The government agency that is responsible for inspecting and collecting taxes on goods coming into a country. data  Information, including facts and figures. database  An organized collection of facts and figures that is stored in a computer and that can be accessed and manipulated.

GLOSSARY

357

deadline  The date or hour by which something must be completed. deckhand  A crew member on board a vessel who performs manual labor. design (noun)  A drawing or other graphical description that shows how something is to be made. design (verb)  To create the form or structure of an object or system. detail-oriented  The ability to pay close attention to the various parts of a task, project, or job. development  The process by which a product or service is being planned and created. DHS  Department of Homeland Security, a department within the U.S. executive branch. discipline  A field of study, such as mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, or geotechnical engineering. distribution  The delivery of items to various individuals or groups. dock  Pier; a place where ships or boats can be tied for repair or to load or unload goods or passengers. DOT  Department of Transportation; a department within the U.S. executive branch. drug screening  A test to determine whether a person is free of chemical substances or is abusing drugs. duty  A task or responsibility that a worker has been hired to do. efficient  Able to do something well without unnecessary effort or expense. engineering technology  The profession that applies scientific and engineering principles and techniques to solve technical problems. entrepreneurial  Willing to take the risks of starting a new business. entry-level position  A job that individuals can get with little or no experience. estimated wages  An amount that is close to the actual pay a worker earns. ethical  Relating to just or honest behavior. experience  Paid and volunteer work that an individual has done, which is related to the position for which he or she applies. export (noun)  A product that is transported to another country to sell. export (verb)  To transport and sell goods overseas. FAA  Federal Aviation Administration; an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. fabricate  To make or build something by putting different parts together. FBO  Fixed base operator; an airport vendor that offers general aviation services such as fuel, aircraft rentals, and flight instruction.

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fleet  All of the vehicles, aircraft, or vessels that are used by personnel within the same organization. flexible  Able to handle changes. foreign-flag vessel  A ship registered in another country besides the United States, including one that is owned by a U.S. citizen. FRA  Federal Railroad Administration; an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. freight  Cargo or goods that are transported from one place to another by truck, train, aircraft, or ship. general aviation  The segment of aviation that serves all flight operations except for commercial airlines and the military. GIS  Geographic information system; the collection of geographic information that is stored in computer databases. goods  Raw materials, finished products, or other items for sale or use. GPS  Global positioning system; a system for navigation that uses satellites and radio receivers to automatically pinpoint locations anywhere on Earth. harbor  An area of water near land that provides a safe shelter for ships and boats. hazardous  Dangerous. HAZMAT  Hazardous materials. import (noun)  A product that was made in one country and brought to another country to sell. import (verb)  To bring in goods from one country to sell. independent contractor  An individual or business that offers professional services on a formal or legally binding basis. industry  A group of individuals and organizations that are engaged in the same kind of business enterprise. infrastructure  The public services and facilities that are needed to support communities, such as roads, schools, wastewater systems, telephone service, and power plants. interdisciplinary  Involving engineers, scientists, and others from two or more fields. intermodal transportation  The use of two or more types of transportation (such as bus and airplane) to move people or goods from their points of origin to their destinations; also known as multimodal transportation. internship  The period of working as a trainee or a low-level assistant in order to gain experience. interpersonal skills  The abilities workers need to communicate and work well with others on the job. interstate  Happening across the boundaries of two or more states.

intrastate  Happening within the boundaries of a state. inventory  A list of items that an organization has on hand. journeyman  A man or woman who has completed his or her apprenticeship in a skilled trade or craft. jurisdiction  The area in which certain laws and regulations are applicable. leadership skills  The abilities workers need to provide supervision and direction to other workers on a project or in a unit. liaison  A person who acts and communicates on behalf of a group or another person. license  A document granted by a government that permits a person to operate a vehicle or machinery, or to perform professional tasks. local government  A city or county government. log  A detailed record of things that happened during an event or trip. logistics  The planning, implementation, and monitoring of the flow of goods by road, air, rail, water, and/or pipeline. maintenance  Work that is done to keep equipment, machinery, a building, or an area in good working condition. marina  A facility where small ships and yachts can obtain fueling, mooring, storage, and other services. mariner  A sailor. maritime  Having to do with the sea or with commercial sailing. mass transit  Public transportation system; also: public transit. master  Captain of a boat or ship. mate  An officer on a commercial vessel who holds a rank below the captain. merchant marine  All of the civilian-owned ships registered under a nation to transport goods for trade. multimodal transportation  The use of two or more types of transportation (such as maritime and rail) to move goods or people from their points of origin to their destinations; also: intermodal transportation. municipal  Of or relating to a town or city. NASA  National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the federal agency that oversees the U.S. space program. navigation  The process of plotting a route for an aircraft or ship to follow; also: directing the aircraft or ship along the route. networking  Making contacts with colleagues and other people who may provide resources such as information about job vacancies. novice  A new or inexperienced worker.

offshore  In an area of water away from the shoreline. operator  A person who drives or controls a piece of equipment or machinery. ordinance  A rule established by a city or county government agency. OSHA  Occupational Safety and Health Administration; the federal agency that enforces federal safety and health laws and regulations in the workplace. P.E.  Professional engineer; a state professional license issued to an engineer who has fulfilled specific education and experience requirements. passenger  A person who pays a fare to travel in a vehicle, aircraft, train, or vessel.  patrol  To tour an assigned area in order to guard it or to maintain order. permanent resident  An immigrant who holds the proper legal documents to reside in the United States. personnel  Human resources; the employees who work in an organization; also: the department that is responsible for recruiting and hiring new employees for an organization. pilotage  Piloting, the act of helping captains to navigate their ships as they enter or leave a port. pipeline  A pipe that transports oil, gas, or other materials over a long distance. port authority  A governmental body that controls the economic development at a seaport. predetermined  Decided beforehand. problem-solving skills  The abilities workers need to analyze and evaluate problems and find ways to solve them. production  The manufacturing of goods. professional association  An organization that serves the interests of a profession; its membership is made up of those particular professionals. prototype  The original model of a new design or product. public transit  Public transportation system; also, mass transit. public works  Roads, highways, bridges, dams, water treatment centers, buildings, and other structures that the government builds for public use. qualifications  The experience and skills an individual needs to do a job for which he or she applies. quality  Degree to which a product has all the required characteristics and is free of all defects. quality control  All the activities involved in checking the quality of raw materials, products, packaging, and manufacturing processes. ramp  The area at an airport where aircraft park to be fueled and obtain other services, as well as load and unload passengers and cargo; also: apron or tarmac.

GLOSSARY

359

rapid transit  A type of rail transportation system that includes subway and elevated lines. regulation  A rule that a government agency establishes in order to fulfill the requirements of a law. requirement  Something that is needed. research and development  The process of developing new products or improving existing products for commercial purposes. route  The specific path, way, or road taken to travel from one place to the next. schematic drawing  A formal illustration of a concept of a production model or component, which includes symbols and written notes. seaport  A port, harbor, or town that has facilities for ships to dock and to load and unload passengers and cargo. self-management skills  The abilities workers need to perform their duties without constant supervision. seniority  Status given to employees according to their length of employment. shift  The period of time during which one is assigned to work. shipfitter  The skilled worker who lays out and positions structural pieces of a ship so that they may be joined together. ship pilot  The professional who is qualified to guide ships into and out of harbors. shipping  The commercial process of transporting goods. small business  A small company that is owned and operated independently by one or more individuals. specialist  An expert who focuses on a particular aspect of a profession or trade. specification  A written description of the set of technical requirements for a product, service, process, or system.

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subway  A rapid transit system. Part or all of it runs underground.  SUV  Sport-utility vehicle. system  All the parts that work together to perform a specific job or function. tariff  A tax; specifically, one that is collected on imported goods. task  A duty or job that an employee must perform. teamwork skills  The abilities workers need to work effectively as part of a group on a project or in a unit. technician  A worker who provides technical support to engineers and other professionals. technologist  An engineer who is involved in the practical application of engineering, science, and mathematics. technology  The application of science for practical purposes. terrain  Land. trade association  An organization that serves the interests of a particular industry; its membership is made up of companies within that industry. tradesperson  A man or woman who is trained to perform a particular trade or craft such as welding, metalworking, or operating heavy equipment. transfer  A ticket that allows a passenger to move from, for example, one bus or train to another, without having to pay an additional fare. transit system  Public transportation system. TSA  Transportation Security Administration; an agency within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. vessel  A boat or ship. waterway  A canal, river, or other body of water on which boats can travel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PERIODICALS Print and online publications are available that serve the interests of many of the various occupations described in this book. These include magazines, journals, newspapers, newsletters, webzines, and electronic news services. Many of them are published by professional and trade associations. Listed below are just a few publications. To learn about other print and online publications, talk with librarians, educators, and professionals for recommendations. You may be able to find some of the following print publications at a public, school, or college library. Some of the print magazines allow limited free access to their articles on the Web. Many of the Web-based publications are free, whereas others require a subscription to access certain issues and other resources. Some publications offer free subscriptions to students or professionals. Note: Web site addresses were current when this book was written. If a URL no longer works, you may be able to find the new address by entering the name of the publication into a search engine.

LCT Magazine

(Limousine & Chauffeured Transportation Magazine) http://www.lctmag.com

School Bus Fleet

http://www.schoolbusfleet.com

School Transportation News http://www.stnonline.com

DELIVERY SERVICES Bike Magazine

http://bikemag.com

Courier Magazine

http://www.couriermagazine.com

PostalMag.com

http://www.postalmag.com

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

Auto Rental News

Heavy Duty Trucking

http://www.autorentalnews.com

http://www.heavydutytrucking.com

Bicycle Retailer and Industry News

Land Line Magazine

http://www.bicycleretailer.com

Car and Driver

http://www.caranddriver.com

Motor Age

http://motorage.search-autoparts.com

Motor Trend

Phone: (800) 777-5182 http://www.motortrend.com

Tow Times

http://www.towtimes.com

Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association One NW OOIDA Drive P.O. Box 1000 Grain Valley, MO 64029 Phone: (800) 444-5791 or (816) 229-5791 http://www.landlinemag.com

Logistics Management

http://www.logisticsmgmt.com

Overdrive

Phone: (800) 517-4979 http://www.overdrivedigital.com

The Trucker.com

GROUND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

http://www.thetrucker.com

BusRide

Truckers News

http://www.busride.com

http://www.truckersnewsdigital.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

361

RAIL TRANSPORTATION/RAILROAD OPERATIONS

Woman Pilot

Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen News

AIRPORT AND AIRLINES OPERATIONS

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen http://www.ble.org/pr/newsletter

Locomotive Engineers Journal

ACW—Air Cargo Week

http://www.aircargoweek.com

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen http://www.ble.org/pr/journal

Air Cargo World

Progressive Railroading

Airport Business

http://www.progressiverailroading.com/pr/default.asp

http://www.airportbusiness.com

Railroads Illustrated

Airport Magazine

http://www.american-rails.com/railroads-illustrated.html

Railway Age

http://www.railwayage.com

Railway Track and Structures http://www.rtands.com

Trains Magazine

Kalmbach Publishing Co. P.O. Box 1612 Waukesha, WI 53187 Phone: (800) 533-6644 http://www.trains.com/trn

AIR TRANSPORTATION Aviation Maintenance

http://www.aviationtoday.com/am

Aviation Today

http://www.aviationtoday.com

AVweb

http://www.avweb.com

Flight Global

http://www.flightglobal.com

Flight Training Magazine

http://www.aircargoworld.com

601 Madison Street, Suite 400 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (703) 824-0504 Fax: (703) 820-1395 http://airportmagazine.net

MARITIME TRANSPORTATION Professional Mariner

http://professionalmariner.com

Sea History

National Maritime Historical Society http://www.seahistory.org

PORTS AND HARBORS OPERATIONS American Shipper

http://www.americanshipper.com

Boat and Motor Dealer

http://www.boatmotordealer.com

Boating

http://www.boatingmag.com

Marina Dock Age

http://www.marinadockage.com

Maritime Executive Magazine

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association http://flighttraining.aopa.org/ft_magazine

Phone: (866) 884-9034 Fax: (954) 848-9948 http://www.maritime-executive.com

Flying

Pacific Maritime Magazine

http://www.flyingmag.com

Plane and Pilot

http://www.planeandpilotmag.com

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http://womanpilot.com

Career Opportunities in Transportation

Attn: Subscriptions 2201 West Commodore Way Seattle, WA 98199 Phone: (206) 284-8285

Fax: (206) 284-0391 http://www.pacmar.com

Port Management International

http://www.portmanagementinternational.com

Shipping Digest

http://www.shippingdigest.com

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION Pipeline & Gas Journal

http://www.pgjonline.com

Pipeline and Gas Technology

http://www.pipelineandgastechnology.com

PipeWire.net—Pipeline News Online

Professional BoatBuilder http://www.proboat.com

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Better Roads

Phone: (800) 517-4979 http://www.betterroads.com

Bridge Design & Engineering http://www.bridgeweb.com

Construction Equipment

http://www.constructionequipment.com

http://www.pipewire.net

Directions Magazine: All Things Location

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Journal of Public Transportation

http://www.directionsmag.com

Aerospace Engineering and Manufacturing SAE International http://www.sae.org/mags/aem

National Center for Transit Research, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida at Tampa http://www.nctr.usf.edu/jpt/journal.htm

Aerospace Manufacturing and Design

Landscape Architecture

http://www.onlineamd.com

Air & Space Magazine

American Society of Landscape Architects http://www.asla.org/nonmembers/lam.html

Smithsonian P.O. Box 420113 Palm Coast, FL 32142 Phone: (800) 766-2149 http://www.airspacemag.com

Mass Transit

Assembly

Rail Transit Online

Automotive Industries

Traffic Engineering and Control

Aviation Week

Transportation Builder Magazine

http://www.assemblymag.com http://www.ai-online.com http://www.aviationweek.com

Industry Week

http://www.industryweek.com

http://www.masstransitmag.com

Metro Magazine

http://www.metro-magazine.com http://www.railwaygazette.com http://www.tecmagazine.com

American Road and Transportation Builders Association Phone: (888) 821-9653 Fax: (202) 289-4437 http://www.transportationbuilder.com

Marine Link.com

http://www.marinelink.com

SCENIC AND SIGHTSEEING TRANSPORTATION

Marine Log

Home-Based Travel Agent

http://marinelog.com

http://www.homebasedtravelagent.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

363

Travel Agent

Phone: (847) 763-9594 http://www.travelagentcentral.com

Travelworld International Magazine

North American Travel Journalists Association http://www.travelworldmagazine.com

B. BOOKS AND OTHER MATERIALS Listed below are some books and other written materials that can help you learn more about the different occupations in transportation. To learn about other resources that may be helpful, ask professionals and librarians for suggestions.

GENERAL

Beyer, Mark. Transportation of the Future. New York: High Interest Books, 2002. Camenson, Blythe. Real People Working in Transportation. Chicago: VGM Career Horizons, 2000. Davidson, Janet F., and Michael E. Sweeney. America on the Move: Selected Milestones in U.S. Transportation History. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2003. Facts On File, Inc. Ferguson’s Careers in Focus: Transportation. 2nd ed. Chicago: Ferguson Publishing Company, 2007. Farr, Michael. America’s 101 Fastest Growing Jobs. 8th ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: JIST Publishing, 2005. Francis, Dorothy. Our Transportation Systems. Brookfield, Conn.: The Millbrook Press, 2002. Howell, Ron. One Hundred Jobs: A Panorama of Work in the American City. New York: The New Press, 2000. JIST Publishing. Career Guide to America’s Top Industries. 6th ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: JIST Publishing, 2004. Kennedy, G. Michael. Career Opportunities in the Automotive Industry. New York: Ferguson, Facts On File, 2005. Lawrence, Donna. Transportation: America’s Lifeline. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group, Inc. 2002. McGlothlin, Bruce. The World of Work: Choosing a Career in Transportation. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997. Occupational Employment Statistics. May 2007 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Last modified date: May 12, 2008. Available online at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm. Paradis, Adrian. Opportunities in Transportation Careers. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007.

364

Career Opportunities in Transportation

Pasiuk, Laurie, and the staff of Vault, eds. Vault Guide to the Top Transportation Industry Employers. New York: The Vault, Inc., 2006. Regenold, Michele. “Workforce Recruitment Dilemma: Defining Transportation and Transportation Careers.” Ames, Iowa: Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2005. Available online at http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/PUBS. Downloaded on February 19, 2007. U.S. Department of Labor. Career Guide to Industries, 2008–2009 Edition. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008. Available online at http:// www.bls.gov/oco/cg. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook 2008–2009 Edition. Indianapolis, Ind.: JIST Publishing, 2008. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook 2008-2009 Edition. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008. Available online at http:// www.bls.gov/oco.

PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

Drew, A. J. The Everything Motorcycle Book. Avon, Mass.: Adams Media Corp., 2002. Gunnell, John, and Tom Collins. Tow Trucks: A Photographic History. Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 2004. Knott, Jeffrey. From Zero to Hero: How to Master the Art of Selling Cars. Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse Star, 2007. Ziegler, Anthony. Cars and People: How to Put the Two Together. Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, Inc., 2004.

GROUND PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

American Public Transportation Association. Public Transportation Fact Book. 57th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Transportation Association, 2006. Available online at http://www.apta.com/research/ stats/factbook. Cudahy, Brian. Cash, Tokens, and Transfers: A History of Urban Mass Transit in North America. New York: Fordham University Press, 1990.

Eberts, Marjorie, and Margaret Gisler. Careers for People on the Move and Other Road Warriors. Chicago: VGM Career Books, 2002. Echaore-McDavid, Susan. Career Opportunities in Law Enforcement, Security, and Protective Services. 2nd ed. New York: Checkmark Books, Facts On File, Inc., 2006. Range, Tom Sr. New York City Subway. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2002. Schaller Consulting. The Changing Face of Taxi and Limousine Drivers: U.S., Large States and Metro Areas and New York City. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Schaller Consulting, July 6, 2004. Available online at http://www. schallerconsult.com/taxi/index.html. Downloaded on February 26, 2007.

DELIVERY SERVICES

Damp, Dennis. Post Office Jobs. Mckees Rocks, Pa.: Bookhaven Press, 2005. Gilbert, Tim. Tony’s Guide to the Courier Industry. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2006. Shepard, Kyle (Photographer). Bicycle Messenger. San Francisco, Calif.: Kyle Shepard Photography, 1999.

TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

Byrnes, Mike, and Associates. Bumper to Bumper: The Complete Guide to Tractor-Trailer Operations. Corpus Christi, Tex.: Mike Byrnes and Associates, 2003. Lynn, Jacquelyn. Start Your Own Freight Brokerage Business. Irvine, Calif.: Entrepreneur Press, 2006. Richards, Steve. Everything You Will Ever Need to Know to Start Driving a Big Truck or How I Became a Professional Tourist. Parker, Colo.: Outskirts Press, 2006. Scharnberg, Ken. Opportunities in Trucking Careers. Chicago: VGM Career Horizons, 1999. Schauer, Donald. Careers in Trucking. Rev. ed. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Stroh, Michael B. A Practical Guide to Transportation and Logistics. Dumont, N.J.: Logistics Network, Inc., 2006. Wilson, Phillip. Driver: Six Weeks in an EighteenWheeler. Guilford, Conn.: The Lyons Press, 2005.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION/RAILROAD OPERATIONS

Bobrick, Benson. Labyrinths of Iron: A History of the World’s Subways. New York: Newsweek Books, 1981.

Carter, Graeme, et al. A Guide to Trains: The World’s Greatest Trains, Tracks and Trucks. San Francisco, Calif.: Fog City Press, 2002. Rhodes, Michael. North American Railyards. St. Paul, Minn., MBI Pub. Co., 2003. Solomon, Brian. Railroad Signaling. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Pub. Co., 2003. Solomon, Brian. Working on the Railroad. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Pub. Co., 2006.

AIR TRANSPORTATION/AIRPORT AND AIRLINES OPERATIONS

Echaore-McDavid. Career Opportunities in Aviation and the Aerospace Industry. New York: Ferguson Publishing, 2005. Garvey, William, and David Fisher. The Age of Flight: A History of America’s Pioneering Airline. Greensboro, N.C.: Pace Communications, 2002. Grant, R. G. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. New York: DK Adult, 2007. Kershwin, William K. The Student Pilot’s Flight Manual. 9th ed. Ames: Iowa State Press, 2001. Mark, Robert P. Professional Pilot’s Career Guide. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007. Omelia, Johanna, and Michael Waldock. Come Fly with Us: A Global History of the Airline Hostess. Portland, Ore.: Collectors Press, Inc., 2003.

MARITIME TRANSPORTATION/PORTS AND HARBORS OPERATIONS

Batio, Christopher. Super Cargo Ships. Osceola, Wis.: MBI Pub. Co., 2001. Branch, Alan. Elements of Shipping. New York: Routledge, 2007. De La Pedraja, Rene. A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant Marine and Shipping Industry. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994. Entrepreneur Press and Jennifer Dorsey. Start Your Own Import/Export Business. Irvine, Calif.: Entrepreneur Press, 2007. Heitzmann, William Ray. Opportunities in Marine Science and Maritime Careers. Rev. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Kemp, Peter. The History of Ships. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2002. Rousmaniere, John. The Annapolis Book of Seamanship. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999. Sorum, Alan. Northern Harbors and Small Ports: Operation and Maintenance. Fairbanks: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2006.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

365

Tobiasson, Bruce O. Marinas and Small Craft Harbors. Medfield, Mass.: Westviking Press, 2000. Trayner, J. J. and E. C. Plumb. Ship Steward’s Handbook. London: Conway Maritime Press, 2008.

PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

Liu, Henry. Pipeline Engineering. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 2003. Miesner, Thomas O. Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nontechnical Language. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Corp., 2006.

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Young Professional Committee. The Aerospace Career Handbook. Reston, Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Available online at http://www.aiaa.org. American Society for Engineering Education. Engineering, Go For It! 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Engineering Education. Available online at http://www.engineering-goforit.com. Baine, Celeste. Is There an Engineer Inside You? A Comprehensive Guide to Career Decisions in Engineering. 2nd ed. Belmont, Calif.: Professional Publications, 2004. Dauphinais, Dean D., and Peter M. Gareffa. Car Crazy. Detroit, Mich.: Visible Ink Press, 1996. Editors of Automobile Quarterly Magazine. General Motors: The First 75 Years of Transportation Products. Princeton, N.J.: Automobile Quarterly Productions, 1983. Eyres, D. J. Ship Construction. Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007. Florman, Samuel C. The Existential Pleasures of Engineering. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1994. Florman, Samuel C. The Introspective Engineer. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1996. Galvery, William L. Jr., and Frank B. Marlow. Welding Essentials. New York: Industrial Press, Inc., 2007. Gillmer, Thomas C., and Bruce Johnson. Introduction to Naval Architecture. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1982. Green, William, Gordon Swanborough, and John Mowinski. Modern Commercial Aircraft. New York: Portland House, 1987. Longuski, Jim. Advice to Rocket Scientists: A Career Survival Guide for Scientists and Engineers. Reston, Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. McDavid, Richard, and Susan Echaore-McDavid. Career Opportunities in Engineering. New York: Ferguson Publishing, Infobase, 2007.

366

Career Opportunities in Transportation

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Chen, W. F., Editor-in-chief. The Civil Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1995. Cheshier, Stephen R. Studying Engineering Technology. Los Angeles: Discovery Press, 1998. Committee on Career Development. Career Paths in Civil Engineering. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Available online at http://www.asce. org/professional/careers. Fricker, Jon D., and Robert K. Whitford. Fundamentals of Transportation Engineering: A Multimodal Systems Approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2004. Garrison, William L., and David M. Levinson. The Transportation Experience: Policy, Planning, and Deployment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Haddock, Keith. Colossal Earthmovers. Osceola, Wis.: MBI Pub. Co., 2000. Kemp, Karen K., ed. Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science. Los Angeles, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc., 2007. Kutz, Myer, ed. Handbook of Transportation Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. McNichol, Dan. The Roads that Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System. New York: Sterling, 2006. Miller, Harvey J., and Shih-Lung Shaw. Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2001. Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois, and Brian Slack. The Geography of Transport Systems. New York: Routledge, 2006. Available online at http://people. hofstra.edu/geotrans. Simonds, John Ormsbee. Landscape Architecture. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. Yow, John. Are We There Yet? Building America’s Transportation Infrastructure Network. Atlanta, Ga.: American Road and Transportation Builders Association/Lionheart Books Ltd., 2002.

SCENIC AND SIGHTSEEING TRANSPORTATION

Brown, David G. Make Money With Your Captain’s License. Camden, Maine: International Marine/ McGraw-Hill, 2008. Colbert, Judy. Career Opportunities in the Travel Industry. New York: Checkmark Books, Facts On File, Inc., 2004.

Facts on File, Inc. Ferguson’s Careers in Focus: Travel and Hospitality. New York: Ferguson Publishing Company, 2006. Mancini, Marc. Access: Introduction to Travel and Tourism. Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomson/Delmar Learning, 2004. Monaghan, Kelly. Home-Based Travel Agent. 5th ed. Branford, Conn.: The Intrepid Traveler, 2006.

Plawin, Paul. Careers for Travel Buffs and Other Restless Types. 2nd ed. Chicago: VGM Career Books, 2003. Pond, Kathleen Lingle. The Professional Guide: Dynamics of Tour Guiding. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

367

index Boldface page numbers denote main entries.

A aeronautical engineer 261 aerospace engineer 254, 261–263 agricultural pilots 157 air cargo agents 191 air courier 70–71 aircraft assembler 276 aircraft cargo handling supervisor 194–196 aircraft dispatcher 172–174 aircraft mechanic 175–177 airframe mechanic 175 airline dispatcher 172 airline pilot 159–162 airline transport pilot 159 airport director 182 airport engineer 283 airport manager 182–184 airport operations officer 182 airport planner 286 airport security screener 188 air tanker pilots 157 air taxi pilot 156 air traffic controller 169–171 air traffic control specialist 169 alternative transportation manager 280 analytical engineers 255, 261 apprenticeships, about 332 armored car driver 75–76 assembly line worker 276–278 astronautical engineer 261 auto mechanic 23 automobile driving instructor 5 automobile rental representative 14 automotive engineer 254, 258–260 automotive industry careers assembly line worker 276–278 automotive engineer 258–260 automotive technician 23–25 car rental agent 14–16 car salesperson 11–13

machinist 267–269 welder 270–272 automotive machinist 267 automotive technician 23–25 auto sales associate 11 auto sales consultant 11 aviation and the aerospace industry careers aerospace engineer 261–263 aircraft cargo handling supervisor 194–196 aircraft dispatcher 172–174 aircraft mechanic 175–177 airline pilot 159–162 airport manager 182–184 air traffic controller 169–171 assembly line worker 276–278 automotive engineer 258–260 civil engineering technician 304–306 commercial pilot 156–158 construction engineer 301–303 customer service agent 191–193 engineer 254–257 federal air marshal 166–168 fixed base operator (FBO) owner 185–187 flight attendant 163–165 flight instructor 178–180 machinist 267–269 manager 280–282 ramp service agent 197–199 transportation engineer 283– 285 transportation inspector 298–300 transportation planner 286–288 transportation security officer 188–190 transportation specialist 292–294 welder 270–272 aviation machinist 267 aviation maintenance technician 175 aviation safety inspector 298

368     Career Opportunities in Transportation

avionics engineer 261 avionics systems engineer 254

B baggage handler 197 baggage service agents 192 bicycle courier 67 bicycle dealer 2 bicycle messenger 64, 67–69 bicycle shop owner 2–4 brakeman 126–128 brake operator 126, 143 bridge tender 313–315 bus dispatcher 55 bus drivers intercity bus driver 40–42 local bus driver 34–36 paratransit driver 37–39 school bus driver 43–45 shuttle driver 46–48 business owners bicycle shop owner 2–4 charter boat captain 318–320 commercial pilot 156–158 driving school instructor 5–7 fixed base operator (FBO) owner 185–187 flight instructor 178–180 freight broker 98–100 tourist guide 324–326 tow truck driver 20–22 bus mechanic 57–59

C cab driver 49 captains, ship and boat charter boat captain 318–320 ship captain 202–204 ship pilot 218–220 career planning xiv cargo broker 231 cargo mate 205 cargo ship captain 202 cargo supervisor 194

carman 152 car rental agent 14–16 car salesperson 11–13 certified flight instructor 178 certified professional controller 169 charter boat captain 318–320 charter pilots 156 chauffeur 52–54 chemical engineers 244 city bus driver 34 civil engineering technician 304– 306 civil engineers 244 CNG machinist 267 coach operator 40 commercial driver’s license requirements 336–337 commercial pilot 156–158 computer scientists 292 construction engineer 301–303 construction equipment operator 307 construction manager 301 copilot 159 corporate pilot 156, 157 courier 64–66, 67, 68 crane operator 307 cruise ship captain 202 cruise ship careers deckhand 208–210 deck officer 205–207 ship captain 202–204 ship engineer 211–214 steward 215–217 customer service agent 191–193 customer service representative 191 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) import specialist 228–230 customs broker 231–233

D deck cadets 205 deckhand 208–210 deck officer 205–207 delivery drivers 77 design engineer 244, 254, 258, 261, 262 diesel engine technician 240 diesel mechanic 57, 101 diesel service technician 57, 101

dispatchers aircraft dispatcher 172–174 train dispatcher 137–139 transportation dispatcher 55–56 truck dispatcher 92–94 docents 324 dockworker 234 drawbridge operator 313 drivers, professional armored car driver 75–76 chauffeur 52–54 hazmat truck driver 86–88 intercity bus driver 40–42 local bus driver 34–36 paratransit driver 37–39 route sales driver 77–79 school bus driver 43–45 shuttle driver 46–48 taxicab driver 49–51 tow truck driver 20–22 truck driver 82–85 van operator 89–91 driver/sales worker 77 driver’s license examiner 8–10 driving school instructor 5–7 driving school owner 6, 7

E eco-adventure guide 324 economists 292 electricians 212 electronic engineers 254 electronic news gathering (ENC) pilots 157 emergency medical service (EMS) pilots 156, 157 en route controller 169, 170 engine assembler 276 engine cadets 212 engineer 254–257, 292 engineering careers aerospace engineer 261–263 automotive engineer 258–260 construction engineer 301–303 engineer 254–257 naval architect 264–266 pipeline engineer 244–246 transportation engineer 283– 285 environmental engineers 254

environmentalists 292 equipment operator 310 establishment guides 324 estimator 301 executive port director 222–224 experimental machinist 267

F fabricator 270 federal air marshal 166–168 federal flight deck officers 160 ferry pilots 157 field engineer 244, 301 field service engineers 262 field technician 304 financial aid programs, about 332 fishing boat captain 318 fitter 273 fixed base operator (FBO) owner 185–187 fleet mechanic 57, 101 flight attendant 163–165 flight dispatcher 172 flight engineer 159 flight instructor 157, 178–180 flight superintendent 172 forklift operator 104–106, 107 freight broker 98–100 freight train conductors 124

G gasoline engine engineer 258 gate agent 191, 192 general manager/harbormaster 225 geographers 292 geographic information system (GIS) analyst 295–297 government careers airport manager 182–184 air traffic controller 169–171 bridge tender 313–315 bus mechanic 57–59 civil engineering technician 304–306 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) import specialist 228–230 driver’s license examiner 8–10 executive port director 222–224 federal air marshal 166–168

Index

369

geographic information system (GIS) analyst 295–297 harbormaster 225–227 heavy equipment operator 307–309 highway maintenance worker 310–312 highway patrol officer 29–31 intercity bus driver 40–42 landscape architect 289–291 light-rail operator 117–119 local bus driver 34–36 manager 280–282 marina manager 237–239 paratransit driver 37–39 pipeline inspector 247–249 school bus driver 43–45 shuttle driver 46–48 subway operator 114–116 transit police officer 60–62 transportation dispatcher 55–56 transportation engineer 283–285 transportation inspector 298–300 transportation planner 286–288 transportation security officer 188–190 transportation specialist 292–294 United States Postal Service mail carrier 72–74 visitor information specialist 327–329 ground operations supervisor 194

H harbor administrator 225 harbormaster 225–227 hazmat truck driver 82, 86–88 heavy equipment operator 307–309 heavy truck driver 82 helicopter mechanic 175 highway maintenance worker 310–312 highway patrol officer 29–31 hostlers 121

I independent contractor careers bicycle messenger 67–69

370

courier 64–66 customs broker 231–233 flight instructor 178–180 freight broker 98–100 route sales driver 77–79 ship pilot 218–220 taxicab driver 49–51 tourist guide 324–326 travel agent 321–323 truck driver 82–85 van operator 89–91 industrial engineers 254 industrial truck operator 104 in-flight crew member 163 intelligence transportation specialist 292 intercity bus driver 40–42 intermodal transport xii

J jitney driver 46 junior engineers 212

L laborers, casual 235 landscape architect 289–291 landscape designer 289 law enforcement officers Customs and Border Protection (CBP) import specialist 228–230 federal air marshal 166–168 highway patrol officer 29–31 railroad special agent 129–131 transit police officer 60–62 letter carrier. See United States Postal Service mail carrier light-rail operator 117–119 limousine driver 52 line service technician 197 loadmaster 194 local bus driver 34–36 locomotive engineer 120–122 logistics careers aircraft cargo handling supervisor 194–196 customs broker 231–233 forklift operator 104–106 freight broker 98–100 longshore worker 234–236 shipping clerk 95–97

Career Opportunities in Transportation

truck dispatcher 92–94 truck driver 82–85 warehouse manager 110–112 warehouse worker 107–109 longshore worker 234–236

M

machinist 267–269 maintenance of way worker 149 management and administration careers aircraft cargo handling supervisor 194–196 airport manager 182–184 bicycle shop owner 2–4 executive port director 222– 224 fixed base operator (FBO) owner 185–187 harbormaster 225–227 manager 280–282 marina manager 237–239 trainmaster 134–136 warehouse manager 110–112 yardmaster 140–142 manager 280–282 manufacturing engineers 254, 259 marina manager 237–239 marine engineer 211, 264 marine mechanic 240 marine pilot 218 marine technician 240 maritime pilot 218 mass transit operators. See public transit operators master. See ship captain mate. See deck officer material and stores supervisor 110 material handler 95, 104 materials engineers 244, 254 mechanical engineer 244, 254, 258 mechanic professionals aircraft mechanic 175–177 automotive technician 23–25 bus mechanic 57–59 motorboat mechanic 240–242 motorcycle mechanic 26–28 railcar repairer 152–154 ship engineer 211–214 truck mechanic 101–103 mechanics 212 mess attendants 215

motorboat mechanic 240–242 motorcycle mechanic 26–28 motor vehicle license examiner 8 moving van operator. See van operator

N

naval architect 264–266 naval engineers 254

O ocean engineer 264 oilers 211 operating engineer 211, 307 operations engineers 244 order fillers 108 order pickers 96 outboard motor mechanic 240 outdoor guides 324

P package delivery driver 64 packers 96 paratransit driver 37–39, 46 parking attendant 17–19 parking cashier 17 passenger service agent 191, 192 passenger train conductors 124 photogrammetry pilots 157 pile driver operator 307 pilot, ship. See ship pilot pilots, aircraft 156 airline pilot 159–162 commercial pilot 156–158 flight instructor 178–180 pipeline engineer 244–246 pipeline inspector 247–249 pipeline maintenance worker 250 pipeline pilots 157 pipeliner 250–252 pipeline safety inspector 247 pipeline technician 250 pipeline walker 250, 251 planners 292 port director 225, 280 powerplant mechanics 175 precision assembler 276 process design engineers 255 production engineers 255 project engineer 262, 283, 301

public safety careers air traffic controller 169–171 bridge tender 313–315 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) import specialist 228–230 driver’s license examiner 8–10 federal air marshal 166–168 harbormaster 225–227 highway patrol officer 29–31 pipeline inspector 247–249 railroad special agent 129–131 transit police officer 60–62 transportation inspector 298–300 transportation security officer 188–190 public transit operators intercity bus driver 40–42 light-rail operator 117–119 local bus driver 34–36 paratransit driver 37–39 shuttle driver 46–48 subway operator 114–116 public transportation careers bus mechanic 57–59 civil engineering technician 304–306 geographic information system (GIS) analyst 295–297 intercity bus driver 40–42 light-rail operator 117–119 local bus driver 34–36 manager 280–282 paratransit driver 37–39 shuttle driver 46–48 subway operator 114–116 transit police officer 60–62 transportation dispatcher 55–56 transportation engineer 283– 285 transportation inspector 298–300 transportation planner 286–288 transportation specialist 292–294 public transportation inspector 298 public transportation planner 286 purser 163

Q quality engineers 255, 259

R railcar mechanic 152 railcar repairer 152–154 railroad conductor 123–125 railroad engineer 120 railroad police officer 129 railroad special agent 129–131 rail safety inspector 298 rail yard worker 143–145 ramp clerk 197 ramp service agent 192, 197–199 ramp supervisor 194 rapid transit operator 114 receiving clerks 96 record clerks 108 research and development engineers 255 research engineers 261 reservation agents 191 return clerks 96 road manager 134 route sales driver 77–79

S sailor 208 sales careers bicycle shop owner 2–4 car rental agent 14–16 car salesperson 11–13 customer service agent 191–193 fixed base operator (FBO) owner 185–187 route sales driver 77–79 travel agent 321–323 sales engineers 255, 262 scheduler 301 school bus driver 43–45 seaman. See deckhand ship broker 231 ship captain 202–204 ship engineer 211–214 shipfitter 273–275 ship pilot 218–220 shipping clerk 95–97, 107, 108 shipping manager 110 shuttle driver 46–48 sightseeing guides 324 signalman 146–148 signal operator 143 skycaps 191, 192 sky marshals 166 state police officer 29

Index

371

step-on tour guides 324 stevedores 234 steward 215–217 stock clerks 96, 108 storage manager 110 streetcar operator 117 structural engineers 244 subway operator 114–116 switchman/brakeman 126 switch operator 143 systems engineers 255

T taxicab dispatcher 55 taxicab driver 49–51 technical service engineers 255 terminal manager 134 test engineers 255, 259, 262 ticket agent 191 tourist guide 324–326 tour manager 324 tour pilots 157 towing company owner 21 tow truck driver 20–22 track worker 149–151 TRACON controllers 169 tractor-trailer driver 82 trades careers aircraft mechanic 175–177 automotive technician 23–25 brakeman 126–128 bus mechanic 57–59 forklift operator 104–106 heavy equipment operator 307–309 highway maintenance worker 310–312 machinist 267–269 motorboat mechanic 240–242 motorcycle mechanic 26–28 railcar repairer 152–154 shipfitter 273–275 signalman 146–148 tow truck driver 20–22 track worker 149–151 truck mechanic 101–103 welder 270–272

372

traffic clerks 96 traffic engineer 292 train crew member 126 train dispatcher 137–139 train engineer 120 trainman 126 trainmaster 120, 134–136 train operations manager 134 train operator 117 transit mechanic 57, 101 transit police officer 60–62 transportation air transportation x–xi development ix–x ground transportation x–xi job outlook xii–xiv logistics xii maritime transportation xi pipeline transportation xii public transportation xi scenic and sightseeing transportation xiii support occupations xi transportation equipment manufacturing industry xii–xiii transportation systems xiii transportation and handling. See logistics transportation dispatcher 55–56, 92 transportation engineer 283–285 transportation engineering technician 304 transportation equipment operator 307 transportation inspector 298–300 transportation maintenance worker 310 transportation planner 286–288 transportation planning department director 280 transportation security officer 188–190 transportation security screener 188 transportation specialist 292–294 travel agent 321–323

Career Opportunities in Transportation

travel consultant 321, 327 travel counselor 321 travel guide 324 trolley operator 117 truck dispatcher 92–94 truck driver 82–85, 86, 310 truck mechanic 101–103 tugboat engineer 211

U United States Postal Service mail carrier 72–74 U.S. Department of Homeland Security agencies 355 U.S. Department of Transportation agencies 355 U.S. Merchant Marine careers deckhand 208–210 deck officer 205–207 ship captain 202–204 ship engineer 211–214 steward 215–217 utility hands 215

V valet 17 van driver 46 van operator 82, 89–91 visitor information host 327 visitor information specialist 327– 329

W

warehouse manager 110–112 warehouse worker 95, 104, 107–109 watchstanders 208 water taxi captain 318 welder 270–272 wipers 211

Y yard conductor 123, 124, 140 yard engineers 121 yardmaster 140–142