CORPUS PAPYRORUM JUDAICARUM VOLUME I
CORPUS PAPYRORUM JUDAICARUM VOLUME I
EDITED
B Y
V I C T O R A. TCHERIKOVER PROFESSOR HEBREW
IN
OF A N C I E N T H I S T O R Y UNIVERSITY,
IN
THE
JERUSALEM
C O L L A B O R A T I O N
W I T H
ALEXANDER FUKS L E C T U R E R IN A N C I E N T HEBREW
PUBLISHED
THE
HISTORY
UNIVERSITY,
IN
THE
JERUSALEM
FOR
MAGNES PRESS, THE H E B R E W
UNIVERSITY
H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS CAMBRIDGE,
M A S S A C H U S E T T S
1957
T h e Corpus Papyrorum
Judaicarum
has been printed b y the generosity of the Lucius N . Littauer Foundation
©
1957
BY THE
THE HEBREW
MAGNES
ALL RIGHTS
DISTRIBUTED OXFORD
PRESS
UNIVERSITY
RESERVED
IN GREAT
UNIVERSITY
BRITAIN
PRESS,
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY
LONDON
PREFACE N E A R L Y t w e n t y y e a r s h a v e p a s s e d since p r e l i m i n a r y w o r k o n t h i s c o l l e c t i o n of d o c u m e n t s b e g a n ; t h e d e t a i l e d w o r k o n t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p l a n h a s o c c u p i e d t h e l a s t t e n . A f e w w o r d s o n i t s p u r p o s e are a d u t y ; t h e a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t of t h e h e l p a n d k i n d n e s s w e h a v e r e c e i v e d in p r e p a r i n g it is a p l e a s u r e . F r o m t h e o u t s e t i t h a s b e e n considered t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t of t h e Corpus t o e s t a b l i s h t h e correct t e x t s of all t h e d o c u m e n t s i n c l u d e d in it. O f course, d o c u m e n t s p u b l i s h e d in t h e l a s t few d e c a d e s b y o u t s t a n d i n g p a p y r o l o g i s t s h a v e n o t r e q u i r e d further s c r u t i n y . Y e t s o m e of t h e J e w i s h p a p y r i w e r e p u b l i s h e d a t t h e t i m e w h e n p a p y r o l o g y w a s still i n i t s i n f a n c y a n d their t e x t s , as first p u b l i s h e d , w e r e often incorrect o r i n c o m p l e t e . I n order t o establish t h e correct r e a d i n g of d u b i o u s p a s s a g e s , w e h a v e b e e n in c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h a n u m b e r of p a p y r o l o g i s t s in v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , w h o h a v e b e e n k i n d e n o u g h t o s e n d u s p h o t o s t a t s of s e v e r a l p a p y r i o r t o r e - e x a m i n e c e r t a i n t e x t s for u s . A s a second o b j e c t w e h a v e considered t h e w r i t i n g of c o m m e n t a r i e s t o i n d i v i d u a l p a p y r i , a n d t o g r o u p s of p a p y r i a n d o s t r a k a . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e g e n e r a l a i m of t h e Corpus, w e h a v e a l l o t t e d m u c h s p a c e in t h e c o m m e n t a r i e s t o m a t t e r s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o J e w s a n d J u d a i s m . A s t o m a t t e r s of g e n e r a l interest w e h a v e referred t h e reader t o t h e literature o n the s u b j e c t , t h o u g h in certain cases w e h a d t o discuss in s o m e d e t a i l p a p y r o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s of a general c h a r a c t e r . T h i r d l y , one of o u r a i m s w a s t o g i v e b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l lists for a l l t h e p a p y r i i n c l u d e d in t h e Corpus. O u r original a i m h a d b e e n t o list e v e r y t h i n g t h a t h a s been written on a n y Jewish papyrus. Y e t , we h a v e been compelled to abandon t h e p l a n of g i v i n g full bibliographies, as t h e r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e is t o o diversified a n d s c a t t e r e d ; n o r w a s it a l w a y s of m u c h v a l u e m e r e l y t o refer t o one or t w o lines w h i c h h a p p e n t o m e n t i o n a certain p a p y r u s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e h o p e t h a t little of i m p o r t a n c e (especially in E n g l i s h ) h a s e s c a p e d o u r search. T h e a c h i e v e m e n t of t h e a b o v e t h r e e o b j e c t s m a y , it is h o p e d , s e r v e t h e interests of p a p y r o l o g i c a l research. B u t t h e Corpus s h o u l d also b e of service t o t h e n o n specialized reader. W i t h t h a t e n d in v i e w a general i n t r o d u c t i o n (the Prolego mena) is offered c o n t a i n i n g a s u r v e y of J e w i s h life in E g y p t in the Hellenistic, R o m a n , a n d B y z a n t i n e periods. W e h a v e a d o p t e d t h e title, Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum (C.P.Jud.), a l t h o u g h w e are a w a r e of its i n a c c u r a c y , since i t m a y g i v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e d o c u m e n t s i n c l u d e d w e r e w r i t t e n b y J e w s , w h e r e a s m o s t of t h e m are n o t of J e w i s h a u t h o r s h i p , b u t r e l a t e t o J e w s a n d J e w i s h affairs. T h e Corpus w i l l consist of t h r e e v o l u m e s . T h e first c o n t a i n s t h e Prolegomena a n d t h e d o c u m e n t s of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d ; t h e s e c o n d is i n t e n d e d t o c o v e r t h e E a r l y R o m a n period, a n d t h e t h i r d , b e s i d e s t h e d o c u m e n t s of t h e L a t e R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e period, w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n a p p e n d i x e s , a n d p l a t e s i l l u s t r a t i n g s e l e c t e d d o c u m e n t s . W e h o p e t h a t t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d v o l u m e s w i l l follow t h e first a t s h o r t i n t e r v a l s . I n t h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e , t h e Prolegomena, t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n s t o a l l sections, a n d m o s t of t h e c o m m e n t a r i e s are t h e w o r k of V . T c h e r i k o v e r . T h o s e w r i t t e n b y
vi
PREFACE
A . F u k s are s i g n e d A . F . ; t h e c o m m e n t a r y t o N o . 1 3 8 is b y M r . M . S t e r n . E a c h of u s t a k e s full r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for t h e o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d in his p a r t s of t h e work. W e h a v e been greatly helped b y papyrologists in m a n y countries. Mr. T . C. S k e a t ( L o n d o n ) , M r . C . H . R o b e r t s ( O x f o r d ) , P r o f e s s o r A . C a l d e r i n i (Milan), M . O . G u e r a u d (Cairo), P r o f e s s o r H . C . Y o u t i e ( A n n A r b o r , M i c h i g a n ) , P r o f e s s o r H . B a t a i l l e (Paris), P r o f e s s o r E . G . T u r n e r ( L o n d o n ) , M r . J. H . R e i d , P r o f e s s o r H . G e r s t i n g e r ( G r a z ) , M r . T . R e e k m a n s ( L o u v a i n ) , t h e l a t e P r o f e s s o r J. M a n teuffel, a n d t h e l a t e P r o f e s s o r J. G . S m y l y p a t i e n t l y a n s w e r e d o u r n u m e r o u s questions a b o u t doubtful readings and revised several documents in their e n t i r e t y . O u r friends a n d c o l l e a g u e s of t h e H e b r e w U n i v e r s i t y , P r o f e s s o r J. P o l o t z k y , the late Professor M . S c h w a b e , the late D r . H . L e w y , and the late M r . G . A l o n also g e n e r o u s l y p l a c e d t h e i r l e a r n i n g a t o u r disposal. M r . T . C . S k e a t , M . J. S c h w a r t z ( S t r a s b o u r g ) , P r o f e s s o r E . K i e s s l i n g (Berlin), D r . S c h a w e (Giessen), a n d t h e l a t e P r o f e s s o r K . K a l b f l e i s c h (Giessen) g e n e r o u s l y g a v e u s p e r m i s s i o n t o p r i n t u n p u b l i s h e d d o c u m e n t s i n t h e i r c a r e . D r . S. A p p l e b a u m (Oxford) g a v e u s m u c h h e l p w i t h t h e s t y l i s t i c r e v i s i o n of o u r t e x t , a n d M r . H . H . N e a r (Oxford) p r o v i d e d E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s for a g r e a t m a n y of t h e d o c u m e n t s . M r . D . M . L e w i s (Oxford) a s s i s t e d u s i n t h e final s t a g e s of p u b l i c a t i o n . T o all these w e express our w a r m e s t thanks.. S p e c i a l t h a n k s are d u e t o M r s . T c h e r i k o v e r , w h o t r a n s c r i b e d a l m o s t a l l t h e p a p y r o l o g i c a l t e x t s , a n d w h o s e n e v e r - a b a t i n g i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e Corpus h a s b e e n a s t e a d y s u p p o r t t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e t i m e of p r e p a r a t i o n . F i n a l l y , w e m u s t r e c o r d o u r d e e p a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e a s s i s t a n c e g i v e n b y t h e T r u s t e e s of t h e L u c i u s N . L i t t a u e r F o u n d a t i o n , w h o s e g e n e r o u s g r a n t m a d e this publication possible, and particularly b y its Director, Mr. H . Starr, a n d b y P r o f e s s o r H . A . W o l f s o n ( H a r v a r d ) . O u r i n d e b t e d n e s s m u s t also b e r e c o r d e d t o t h e M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n a n d C u l t u r e of t h e S t a t e of Israel, a s w e l l a s t o t h e I n s t i t u t e of J e w i s h S t u d i e s of t h e H e b r e w U n i v e r s i t y a n d its f o r m e r C h a i r m a n , Professor B . D i n u r , w h o s e i n i t i a l g r a n t s e n a b l e d t h e w o r k t o b e g i n . W e are e s p e c i a l l y c o n s c i o u s of o u r i n d e b t e d n e s s t o M r . E . P o z n a n s k i , A c a d e m i c S e c r e t a r y of t h e H e b r e w U n i v e r s i t y , w i t h o u t w h o s e h e l p a n d c o u n s e l t h e Corpus c o u l d n o t h a v e p r o g r e s s e d so far. V. T. A. F.
CONTENTS PREFACE
v
LIST OF A B B R E V I A T I O N S
xi
INTRODUCTION
xvii
PROLEGOMENA 1. T H E P T O L E M A I C 2. T H E E A R L Y 3.
THE LATE
i - m
P E R I O D (323-30 B . C . )
ROMAN ROMAN
I
P E R I O D (30 B.C . - A . D . 1 1 7 )
AND THE BYZANTINE
P E R I O D (A.D. 117-641)
DOCUMENTS OF T H E P T O L E M A I C P E R I O D S E C T I O N I: J E W S O F P A L E S T I N E I N T H E Z E N O N P A P Y R I
48 93
113-256 115-30
1. Sale of a slave girl
118
2. Fragments from Palestinian Lists
121
3. A list of Greeks and Semites in Palestine
124
4. L e t t e r from Toubias to Apollonios
125
5. L e t t e r from Toubias t o Apollonios
128
6. L e t t e r from Alexandros to Oryas
129
SECTION II: J E W S OF T H E F A Y t M IN T H E Z E N O N P A P Y R I
131-46
7. F r o m an account of lamp-oil
132
8. A fragment of an account
133
9. Pasis the J e w
134
10. A c c o u n t of bricks
136
1 1 . F r o m an account of barley
137
12. L e t t e r from Somoelis t o Zenon
138
13. A memorandum to Zenon
140
14. A declaration to a police-officer
141
15. Drafts of letters from Zenon
143
16. F r a g m e n t of a petition
145
17. F r a g m e n t of an account
146
SECTION III: JEWISH S O L D I E R S A N D M I L I T A R Y S E T T L E R S I N T H E T H I R D A N D S E C O N D C E N T U R I E S B.C. 147-78 18. D e e d of renunciation
148
19. A trial before the Court of T e n
151
20. A deed of loan
156
21. Notification of a robbery
157
22. Cession of a quarter
158
23. L o a n on mortgage
162
24. R e n e w a l of a loan
164
viii
C O N T E N T S
25- Contract of a loan 26. Contract of a loan 27. A Jewish c a v a l r y officer
167 168 170 171
28. A list of sheep and goats 29. A list of military settlers
173
30. A list of Jews and Macedonians 3i- A list of military settlers
175 176
32. F r o m an account of land and crops
177
SECTION
IV:
J E W I S H
P E A S A N T S ,
S H E P H E R D S , A N D
.NS I N T H E F A Y t T M
A R T I -
179-93 179
33- Jews and Greeks in Psenyris 34- A fragment from a census-paper
180 181
35- Distribution of seeds 36. A fragment of a property-declaration
181
37- A petition concerning a contract of lease 38. A petition concerning a purchase of wool 39- A list of livestock
185 187
40. A fragment of an account
187
182
A c c o u n t of receipts of wine
187
42. A fragment from an account 43- Petition of a Jewish peasant
188
44- A fragment of a register 45. F r o m an account of p a y m e n t s in kind 46. A n agreement about the joint use of a pottery 47- Jewish land-holders in the Arsinoite nome
189
188 190 190 192
SECTION V: J E W I S H TAX-COLLECTORS, GOVERNMENT O F F I C I A L S , A N D P E A S A N T S IN U P P E R E G Y P T 194-226 48-72. Receipts issued b y the banks 203 73-96. Receipts issued b y the granaries 211 9 7 - 1 0 3 . Receipts for the delivery of chaff 219 1 0 4 - 1 1 1 . Receipts issued b y tax-collectors
221
1 1 2 - 1 2 4 . Ostraka of various contents
223.
SECTION VI: VARIOUS PERIOD
DOCUMENTS
OF
THE
PTOLEMAIC 227-56
125. A n account of p a y m e n t s
227
126. A Greek testament
227
127. Dositheos son of Drimylos
230
128. A plaint of a wife against her husband
236
129. A complaint concerning the theft of a mantle
239
130. Petition concerning crops
241
131. A police-report
243
132. Letter from Herodes to Onias
244
CONTENTS
ix
133. A complaint of assault
246
134. L a n d - s u r v e y at Arsinoe
247
135. A letter from Menon t o Hermokrates
249
136. Summons before a tribunal
251
137. A Prostagma of the king and queen
251
138. Resolution of a Jewish Association
252
139. Jewish dining-club at Apollinopolis Magna
254
140. F r o m a list of names
255
1 4 1 . A letter from Herakles to P t o l e m y
256
INDEXES
257-294
INDEX TO THE PROLEGOMENA I N D E X TO T H E
DOCUMENTS
1. A l e x a n d e r the Great and the royal family of the Ptolemies 2. Personal names 3. Geographical names and 4. Technical terms I N D E X OF
259
SOURCES
279 280
IQVIKO.
287 289
LIST OF A B B R E V I A T I O N S I.
PAPYRI,
AND
bour au Musee
OSTRAKA,
INSCRIPTIONS
A d l e r P a p y r i = E . N . Adler, J . G. T a i t , F . M . H e i c h e l h e i m , The Adler Papyri; the Greek texts. 1 9 3 9 . B G U = Aegyptische Urkunden aus den staatlichen Museen zu Berlin: Griechische Urkunden. 1895-. BL = F . P r e i s i g k e a n d F . B i l a b e l , Berichtigungsliste der griechischen Papyrusurhunden
aus Agypten.
I933CIG = A . ptionum CI J =
Boeckh
et
Graecarum.
Corpus
1 9 1 3 , 1922, 1931, al.,
Corpus
Inscri-
B e r l i n , 1828—77.
Inscriptionum
Judaicarum,
ed. J. B . Frey, 1936, 1952. Dikaiomata Gesetzen geben
= Ausziige und
von
aus
Verordnungen
der
Graeca
alexandrinischen . . .
Halensis.
de Brooklyn.
N e w York,
I935-
herausgeBerlin,
1913G o o d s p e e d a n d C o lw e l l = E . J . G o o d s p e e d a n d E . C. C o l w e l l , A Greek Papyrus Reader. 1935. IG = I n s c r i p t i o n e s G r a e c a e . K n u d t z o n , Bakchiastexte = E . J. K n u d t z o n , Bakchiastexte und andere Papyri der Lunder Papyrussammlung. L u n d , 1946. M . Chr. = L . M i t t e i s a n d U . W i l c k e n , Grundziige und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, ii. 2. L e i p z i g - B e r l i n . T e u b n e r , 1 9 1 2 . M e y e r , Jur. Pap. = P . M e y e r , Griechische Texte aus Agypten. Berlin-Leipzig, 1916. O. A s h m . , O. B o d l . , O. C a m b . , O. F l i n d . P e t . = J . G. T a i t , Greek Ostraka in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and Various other Collections. 1930. O . B o d l . , see O . A s h m . O . C a m b r . , see O . A s h m . O G I S = W . D i t t e n b e r g e r , Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones selectae. L i p s i a e , 1 9 0 3 - 5 . O l s s o n = B . O l s s o n , Papyrusbriefe aus der fruhesten Romerzeit. Uppsala, 1925. O . P e t r i e , see O . A s h m . O . S t r a s s b . = P . V i e r e c k , Griechische und griechisch-demotische Ostraka der Universitdts- und Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg. B e r l i n , 1 9 2 3 . O . T h e b . = Theban Ostraka, edited b y J. G. Milne. L o n d o n , 1 9 1 3 . Ost. Wilb. Brkl. = P r e a u x , C , Les Ostraca grecs de la collection Charles-Edwin Wil-
P . A l e x a n d r i n . = M a h a f f y , i n BCH xviii, 1894, p p . 1 4 5 - 5 4 . P . A m h . = B . P . Grenfell a n d A . S. H u n t , The Amherst Papyri. L o n d o n , 1900, 1901. P . Cairo M a s p . = J. Maspero, Papyrus grecs d'epoque byzantine. Cairo, 1 9 1 1 - 1 6 . P C Z = C. C. E d g a r , Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du Musee du Caire: Zenon Papyri. P . Col. Z e n . = W . L . W e s t e r m a n n , E . S. Hasenoehrl, C. W . Keyes, and H. L i e b e s n y , Zenon Papyri. N e w York, 1934-40. P . C o r n e l l = W . L . W e s t e r m a n n a n d C. J . K r a e m e r , j r . : Greek Papyri in the Library of Cornell University. N e w York, 1926. P . E d g . = C. C. E d g a r i n Ann. d. Serv. xviii-xxiv, 1918-24. P . E l e p h . = O. R u b e n s o h n , ElephantinePapyri. Berlin, 1907.
P.
E n t . = O.
Gueraud,
ENTEYSEIZ.
Cairo, 1 9 3 1 - 2 . P . F a y . = B . P . Grenfell, A . S. H u n t , D . G. H o g a r t h , Fayum Towns and their Papyri. L o n d o n , 1900. P . F l o r . = G. V i t e l l i a n d D . C o m p a r e t t i , Papiri greco-egizii: Papiri Fiorentini. Milano, 1905-15. P . F r a n k f . = H . L e w a l d , Sitzungsber. der Heidelberger A kademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. K l . 1920, A b h . 1 4 . P . Freib. = W . A l y , M. Gelzer, J. Partsch, a n d U . W i l c k e n , Mitteilungen aus der Freiburger Papyrussammlung. Heidel berg, 1914-27. P.
Giss. = O. Eser, E . K o r n e m a n n , a n d P . M . M e y e r , Griechische Papyri im Mu seum des oberhessischen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen. L e i p z i g - B e r l i n , 1 9 1 0 - 1 2 .
P.
G r a d e n w i t z = G. P l a u m a n n , Sitzungs ber. der Heidelberger A kademie der Wissen schaften, P h i l . - h i s t . K l . 1 9 1 4 , A b h . 1 5 . P . G r e n f . = B . P . G r e n f e l l , An Alexandrian Erotic Fragment, etc. Oxford, 1896. B . P . Grenfell a n d A . S. H u n t , New Classical Fragments. Oxford, 1897. P.
G u r o b = J . G . S m y l y , Greek from Gurob. D u b l i n , 1 9 2 1 .
P . H a l . , see
Dikaiomata.
Papyri
xii P.
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
H a m b . = P. M. Meyer, Griechische Papyrusurkunden der Hamburger Staatsund Universitdtsbibliothek. Leipzig-Ber lin, 1 9 1 1 - 2 4 .
P.
H a u n . = T . L a r s e n , Papyri Graecae Haunienses, fasc. 1. Copenhagen, 1942. P . H i b . = B . P . Grenfell, A . S. H u n t , E . G . T u r n e r , a n d M . - T h . L e n g e r , The Hibeh Papyri. London, 1906-55.
P.
l a n d . = K . Kalbfleisch (ed.), Papyri Iandanae. Leipzig, 1912. P . L i l l e = P . J o u g u e t ( e d . ) , Papyrus grecs (Institut Papyrologique de l'Universite de Lille). 1907-28. P . L i p s . = L . M i t t e i s , Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, 1 . L e i p zig, 1906. P . L o n d . = F . G. K e n y o n a n d H . I . B e l l , Greek Papyri in the British Museum. London, 1893-1917. P. Magd. = P . Lille I I dola). P. Merton = H . I. Bell Catalogue of the Greek lection of W. Merton. P. Mich. =
Michigan
(Papyri from Maga n d C. H . R o b e r t s , Papyri in the Col London, 1948-.
Papyri.
A n n Arbor,
1931-.
der Wurzburger Papyrussammlung. Ber lin, 1934. Rev. Laws — B . P . G r e n f e l l , Revenue Laws of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Oxford, 1896. S a y c e = A . H . S a y c e , Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., v i i (1884), p p . 1 1 ff., 1 9 5 ff. S B = F. Preisigke a n d F. Bilabel, Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Agypten. Vols. 1 - 2 : Strassburg-Berlin, 1913-22; Vol. 3: Berlin, 1926-7; Vols. 4-5: Heidelberg, 1931-8. S c h u b a r t , Pap. Graec. Berol. = W . S c h u b a r t , Papyri Graecae Berolinenses. Bonn, 1911. SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Leyden, 1923-. Syll. = W . D i t t e n b e r g e r , Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, editio tertia. Leipzig, 1915-27. S P = A . S . H u n t a n d C. C. E d g a r , Select Papyri. London, 1932-4. U P Z = U . W i l c k e n , Urkunden der Ptolemaerzeit. Berlin u n d Leipzig, 1922-. W . Chr. = L . M i t t e i s a n d U . W i l c k e n , Grundzuge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, i. 2. L e i p z i g - B e r l i n , T e u b n e r , 1912. W i t k o w s k i , Epist. Priv. Graecae = S. W i t k o w s k i , Epistulae privatae Graecae quae in papyris aetatis Lagidarum servantur, editio altera. Leipzig, 1 9 1 1 . 2
P. Mich. Zen. = C. C. E d g a r , Zenon papyri in the University of Michigan Collection. A n n Arbor, 1931. P . O x y . = The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Lon don, 1898-. P . P a r . = W . B r u n e t d e P r e s l e , Notices et extraits des papyrus grecs du Musee du Louvre, x v i i i (2). P a r i s , 1 8 6 5 . P . P e t r . = J . P . M a h a f f y a n d J . G. S m y l y , The Flinders Petrie Papyri, i-iii. D u b l i n , 1891-1905. P . P r i n c e t . = Papyri in the Princeton Uni versity Collections. Baltimore, 1931-. P . R e i n e E l i s a b . = M . H o m b e r t , C. P r e a u x , Chr. d'Egypte, x v i i , 1942, p p . 287 s q q . P . R y l . = Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester. Manchester, 1 9 1 1 - . P S I = G. V i t e l l i a n d o t h e r s , Pubblicazioni della Societa italiana per la Ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto: Papiri greci e latini. Firenze, 1912-. P. Strassb. — F. Preisigke, Griechische Papyrus der Kaiserlichen Universitdtsund Landesbibliothek zu Strassburg. 190620. P . T e b t . = The Tebtunis Papyri. London, 1902-38. P . W i i r z b . = U . W i l c k e n , Mitteilungen aus
W O = U . W i l c k e n , Griechische Ostraka aus Agypten und Nubien, v o l . ii. L e i p z i g Berlin, 1899.
2.
PERIODICALS
Aeg. = Aegyptus: Rivista italiana di egittologia e di papirologia. M i l a n , 1920—. AJPh = American Journal of Philology. Baltimore, 1880-. Amer. Journ. Arch., AJA = American Journal of Archaeology, 1885-. Ann. d. Serv. — Annates du Service des Antiquites de I'Egypte. Cairo, 1 8 9 9 - . Arch. = Archiv fur Papyrusforschung. Leipzig, 1900-. BASOR — Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. N e w Haven, 1919-. BCH = Bulletin de correspondance helUnique. P a r i s , 1 8 7 7 - . Berl. Phil. Woch. = Berliner philologische Wochenschrift. Leipzig, 1881-1920. BIFAO — Bulletin de I'Institut francais d'Archdologie
orientale.
Cairo, 1 9 0 1 - .
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
BSAA = Bulletin de la Sociiti archdologique d'Alexandrie. Alexandria, 1904-. Byz.-Neugr. Jahrb. = Byzantinisch-Neugriechische Jahrbucher. Berlin, 1920-. Chr. d'£g.
=
Chronique
d'£gypte.
Brussels,
1925-Class. Philol. = Classical Philology. Chi cago, 1906-. Etudes de Papyrologie = Etudes de Papyrologie, L e C a i r e , 1 9 3 2 - . GGA = Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen. Gottingen, 1739-. HTR = The Harvard Theological Review. Cambridge, Mass., 1908-. JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature. 1890-. JEA — Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. London, 1914-. Jew. Soc. Stud. = Jewish Social Studies. N e w York, 1939-. Jur. Pap. = Journal of Juristic Papyrology. N e w Y o r k , 1 9 4 6 ; W a r s a w , 1 9 4 7 - . Journ. Jew. Stud. = The Journal of Jewish Studies. London, 1948/9-. JPOS — Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. Jerusalem, 1920-48. JQR — Jewish Quarterly Review. Phila delphia, 1888-. JRS = Journal of Roman Studies. London, 1911-. JTS — Journal of Theological Studies. London, 1899-. MGWJ — Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft
des
Judentums.
Breslau,
1852-1939OLZ — Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. Berlin, 1898-. Proc. Soc. Bibl. = Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. London, 1879-. QDAP = Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. London, RAO = C l e r m o n t - G a n n e a u , Recueil
1931-. d'Ar-
cheologie orientate, i - v i i i , 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 2 4 . RB — Revue biblique. Paris, 1892-. REG — Revue des Etudes grecques. Paris, 1888-. REJ = Revue des £tudes juives. 1880-. Rev. Arch. — Revue Archeologique. 1844-. Rev. d. Philol. = Revue de Philologie. 1877-. Riv.
d. Filol.
= Rivista
di
filologia.
Paris, Paris, Paris, Turin,
1873-. Sav. Ztschr. = Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftungfur Rechtsgeschichte. Weimar, 1880-.
xiii
Stud. Pal. = C. W e s s e l y , Studien zur Paldographie und Papyruskunde, i-xxii, 1902-22. TAP A = Transactions of the American Philological Association. 1869-. YCS — Yale Classical Studies. 1928-. ZATW = Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Giessen, 1881-. ZDPV — Zeitschrift des Deutschen Paldstinavereins. Leipzig, 1878-1948. ZNTW = Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft.
3.
BOOKS
Giessen, 1900-.
A N D OTHER
P U B L I C A T I O N S Abbot and Johnson = Abbot and Johnson, Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire, 1926. Actes du 5* Congrhs = Actes du 5* Congres de Papyrologie, 1938. B a r o n , SRH = S . W . B a r o n , A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 2 n d e d i t i o n . i-ii. 1952. B e v a n = E . B e v a n , A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, 1 9 2 7 . Bludau = Bludau, Juden und Judenverfolgungen im alten Alexandrien, 1906. Bouche-Leclercq = Bouch6-Leclercq, Histoire des Lagides, i - i v , 1 9 0 3 - 7 . CAH = Cambridge Ancient History. C. J u s t . = C o d e x J u s t i n i a n u s . C o w l e y = C o w l e y , Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., 1 9 2 3 . C. T h e o d . , C. T h . = C o d e x T h e o d o s i a n u s . F u c h s = L . F u c h s , Die Juden Agyptens in ptolemdischer und romischer Zeit, 1 9 2 4 . H a t c h — R e d p a t h = A Concordance to the Septuagint, i-iii, 1897-1906. J a s t r o w = M . J a s t r o w , A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, 1 9 2 6 . J o h n s o n = A . C. J o h n s o n , Roman Egypt, 1936. J u s t e r = J . J u s t e r , Les Juifs dans I'Empire romain, 1 9 1 4 . L a u n e y = M . L a u n e y , Recherches sur les Armees hellenistiques, i - i i , 1949—50. L e s q u i e r = L e s q u i e r , Les Institutions militaires de I'Egypte sous les Lagides, 1 9 1 1 . Lidzbarski, Ephem. = L i d z b a r s k i , Ephemeris fur semitische Epigraphik, i-iii, 1902-15. L S J = Greek-English Lexicon, e d . Liddell— Scott-Jones. Oxford, 1925-40.
xiv
LIST
O F A B BR E V I A T I O N S
M a y s e r == E . Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri, ed. i, vols, i-ii, 1 9 0 6 - 3 4 ; e d . 2, v o l . i, 1 9 3 6 - 8 . M i l n e = J . G . M i l n e , A History of Egypt under Roman Rule, 3 r d e d i t i o n , 1 9 2 4 . NB = P r e i s i g k e , Namenbuch enthaltend alle Menschennamen, soweit sie in griechischen Urkunden Agyptens sich vorfinden, 1 9 2 2 . Nov. The. = Novellae Theodosii. Pape—Benseler = W . Pape-E. Benseler, Wdrterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen, 3 Aufl. I - I I , 1863-70. PG = Patrologia Graeca. PL = Patrologia Latina. P r e a u x = CI. P r e a u x , L'Economie royale des Lagides, 1 9 3 9 . RE=Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyklopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1894-. Reinach, Textes = T . Reinach, Textes d'auteurs grecs et romains relatifs au Judaisme, 1895. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW = M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellen istic World, I - I I I , 1 9 4 1 . Rostovtzeff, SEHRE = M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic Empire, 1926.
History
of the
Roman
R o t h = J . M . R o t h , Greek Papyri Jewish History, 1924. S c h i i r e r = E . S c h i i r e r , Geschichte
Lights des
on judi-
schen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, i - i i i , 1901-9. T a u b e n s c h l a g = R . T a u b e n s c h l a g , The Law of Greco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri, 1944. T r a m o n t a n o = R . T r a m o n t a n o , La Lettera di Aristea a Filocrate, 1 9 3 1 . Wallace = Wallace, Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian, 1938. WB = F . P r e i s i g k e u n d E . Kiessling, Wdrterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden. 1925-. W . G r u n d z . = U . W i l c k e n , Grundziige und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, i. 1 (Historischer Teil, Grundziige), 1 9 1 2 . W i l c k e n , Ant. = U . W i l c k e n , Zum alexandrinischen Antisemitismus, Abh. d. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. 2 7 , 1 9 0 9 , p p . 788 s q q . W i l c k e n , Ostr. = U . W i l c k e n , Griechische Ostraka aus Agypten und Nubien, v . i, 1899. Wuthnow = Wuthnow, Die semitischen Menschennamen in griechischen Inschriften und Papyri, 1930.
EXPLANATORY NOTE Square brackets [ ] indicate a lacuna, round brackets ( ) the r e s o l u t i o n of a s y m b o l o r a b b r e v i a t i o n , a n g u l a r b r a c k e t s < > a m i s t a k e n o m i s s i o n i n t h e o r i g i n a l , b r a c e s { } a superflous l e t t e r o r l e t t e r s , d o u b l e s q u a r e b r a c k e t s I ]] a d e l e t i o n .
INTRODUCTION T H E Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum is t h e first a t t e m p t t o collect all p u b l i s h e d p a p y r i and ostraka from E g y p t t h a t concern J e w s or Judaism. T h e publication of i s o l a t e d p a p y r i , t h o u g h i m p o r t a n t for t h e s t u d y of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e J e w s i n E g y p t , is s o m e t i m e s b o u n d t o g i v e a n incorrect impression, a n d o n l y a s y s t e m a t i c collection of a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l c a n p r o v i d e a d e t a i l e d p i c t u r e of t h e life of t h e J e w s i n E g y p t i n Hellenistic, R o m a n , a n d B y z a n t i n e t i m e s . T h e Corpus p u r p o r t s t o c o n t a i n all ' J e w i s h p a p y r i ' , i.e. p a p y r i r e l a t i n g t o J e w s a n d J u d a i s m . B u t h o w are w e t o distinguish b e t w e e n a ' J e w i s h ' a n d a ' n o n - J e w i s h ' p a p y r u s ? I n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n of t h e C.P.Jud. the following criteria h a v e b e e n adopted: A s ' J e w i s h ' are considered 1. P a p y r i in w h i c h t h e w o r d 'IovSaTos, o r 'Efipaios, a p p e a r s . 2. P a p y r i w h i c h m e n t i o n e v e n t s or t e c h n i c a l t e r m s t h a t p o i n t t o J e w s or J u d a i s m (for i n s t a n c e , a p a p y r u s in w h i c h t h e w o r d s -npoaevxf) or odfiPaOa a p p e a r is considered as ' J e w i s h ' , a s are p a p y r i m e n t i o n i n g the J e w i s h r e v o l t under Trajan). 3. D o c u m e n t s o r i g i n a t i n g from w h a t are k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n p l a c e s of e x c l u s i v e l y J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t , e.g. t h e o s t r a k a from t h e J e w i s h q u a r t e r of E d f u . 4. P a p y r i c o n t a i n i n g J e w i s h n a m e s . T h i s l a s t - n a m e d criterion requires further e l a b o r a t i o n . I n t h e Hellenistic a n d R o m a n periods J e w s b o r e H e b r e w , c o m m o n S e m i t i c , G r e e k , E g y p t i a n , a n d R o m a n names. I t goes without saying that only a H e b r e w name can provide unquestion a b l e e v i d e n c e for t h e J e w i s h origin of its bearer. F o r t u n a t e l y for u s n o H e b r e w n a m e , e x c e p t S a m b a t h i o n , w a s e v e r u s e d b y n o n - J e w s in the P t o l e m a i c a n d R o m a n a g e s . I n t h e B y z a n t i n e period a H e b r e w n a m e ceases t o b e a sign of J e w i s h origin, since Christians c o m m o n l y a d o p t e d B i b l i c a l n a m e s . I t is difficult t o e s t a b l i s h e x a c t l y a t w h a t period Christians b e g a n t o c a l l t h e m s e l v e s b y B i b l i c a l n a m e s . A s far a s I c a n see, t h e use of such n a m e s a m o n g t h e Christians is a t t e s t e d as e a r l y a s t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y ; a t first w e find n a m e s d e r i v e d from the N e w T e s t a m e n t (Petrus, Paulus, Johannes), Old Testament names being later gradually introduced. Y e t t h e first C h r i s t i a n s u s i n g B i b l i c a l n a m e s (in t h e t h i r d a s w e l l as i n t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y ) w e r e a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y ecclesiastics. A s t o t h e l a i t y , I a m n o t sure w h e t h e r w e h a v e a n y e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y b o r e B i b l i c a l n a m e s in t h e t h i r d or e v e n 1
2
3
1
J. M. R o t h , Greek Papyri Lights on Jewish History ( N e w York, 1924), included in his collec tion only t w e n t y - s i x Jewish papyri. This c a n n o t , of course, be regarded as an a t t e m p t t o give a corpus of Jewish papyri. 2
Some v e r y rare cases w h e n persons bearing Hebrew n a m e s are recorded as members of h e a t h e n religious associations, such as H e l k i a s at Hermoupolis m a g n a in 78 B.C. (Zucker, Abh. Preuss. Ak. 1937, Phil.-Hist. Kl. N o . 6, p . 4, 1- 93)} A b r a m at P t o l e m a i s in 138/7 B.C. ( S B 0
1
6184), m a y be accounted for b y the assumption t h a t the persons in question were of Jewish origin. I a m indebted t o Prof. Kilpatrick of Queen's College, Oxford, for his kind advice o n this ques tion. For the use of the Biblical n a m e s b y Chris tians in the third and fourth centuries cf. Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity (London, 1905), ii. 35 ff.; Dictionnaire d'Arche'ol. Chre't., s.v. ' N o m s propres' (xii. 1511 s q q . ) ; Patrutn Nicaenorum nomina, Bibl. T e u b . 1898. 3
INTRODUCTION
xviii
i n t h e first h a l f of t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y ; w e , i n f a c t , c a n h a r d l y e x p e c t t o find l a y m e n c a l l i n g t h e m s e l v e s b y B i b l i c a l n a m e s before t h e final v i c t o r y of t h e C h u r c h ; I t h i n k , t h e r e f o r e , w e s h a l l n o t b e m i s t a k e n if w e d r a w t h e line of d e m a r c a t i o n a t a b o u t t h e d e a t h of C o n s t a n t i n e ( A . D . 337). I h a v e c o n s i d e r e d all n o n - e c c l e s i a s t i c s c a l l e d b y B i b l i c a l n a m e s i n t h e p a p y r o l o g i c a l d o c u m e n t s before t h a t d a t e a s J e w s , after it, m o r e p r o b a b l y , a s C h r i s t i a n s . S o m e i s o l a t e d c a s e s i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f of t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y r e m a i n , of c o u r s e , d o u b t f u l . T h e H e b r e w n a m e s Simon and S a m b a t h a i o s claim special attention. Simon is a H e l l e n i z e d f o r m of t h e B i b l i c a l S h i m e ' o n , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y a J e w i s h n a m e ; y e t Simon w a s a Greek n a m e as well. W e h a v e therefore no right to regard e v e r y S i m o n in t h e d o c u m e n t s a s a J e w . F o r S a m b a t h a i o s (in t h e R o m a n p e r i o d S a m b a thion) see b e l o w , p p . 94 s q q . , a n d I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e c t i o n X I I I . S o m e t i m e s a superficial l i k e n e s s b e t w e e n a n a m e in t h e p a p y r u s a n d a H e b r e w n a m e h a s i n d u c e d s c h o l a r s t o c o n s i d e r it as J e w i s h . Y e t a closer e x a m i n a t i o n m a y e a s i l y s h o w t h a t t h e r e a l r o o t of t h e n a m e is E g y p t i a n , G r e e k , c o m m o n S e m i t i c , o r e v e n R o m a n . A l l p e r s o n s b e a r i n g s u c h n a m e s are e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e C.P.Jud. 4
5
6
4
Scholars were n o t a l w a y s cautious enough in distinguishing b e t w e e n J e w s and Christians in the B y z a n t i n e age, especially in the years w h e n papyrological studies were still in their infancy. Cf., e.g., P . L o n d . i. 113. 6(c), p . 215, where t w o persons called b y Biblical n a m e s were described b y the editor (Kenyon) as J e w s , t h o u g h the papyrus, composed in the s i x t h or s e v e n t h cen tury, opens w i t h ocorrjpos ij/xwv and ends w i t h a sign of a cross. T h e same mistake w a s repeated b y T h . Reinach (REJ x x x v i i , 1898, 224 sq.) and N e p p i Modona (Aeg. iii. 33). Another instance is P . O x y . 131 (again a document of the s i x t h or s e v e n t h century), where Jewish descent w a s claimed b y Grenfell and H u n t for the author of the d o c u m e n t , partly because of the Biblical n a m e s mentioned in it, partly because of 'a decidedly Hebraistic turn' of the style (which w a s , indeed, influenced b y the style of the Greek Bible, a p h e n o m e n o n rather usual in Christian documents). It is curious to note that in quite recent articles (Rees, JEA x x x v i , 1950, 98; Modrzejewski, / . Jur. Pap. v i . 1952, 244) this alleged Jewish descent of the author of P . O x y . 131 reappears, though m a n y hundreds of docu m e n t s of the s i x t h and s e v e n t h centuries, p u b lished since the appearance of the first v o l u m e of P . O x y . , could easily prove that a H e b r e w n a m e in the B y z a n t i n e age cannot serve as a criterion of the Jewish origin of a person. s
T h e n a m e derives from atfios, s n u b - n o s e d ; cf. P a p e - B e n s e l e r , Worterb. d. griech. Eigennamen, 3. AufL, s.v. ZificDv, w h o quote m a n y instances from various Greek authors of the classical period (Aristophanes, X e n o p h o n , L y s i a s , etc.). For papyrological evidence cf. Arch. ii. 538
(Simon, a priest of Arsinoe-Aphrodite in the third century B.C.); ib. vi. 177 (Leonidas, son of Simon, a citizen of Antinoopolis in the second century A.D.). 6
Here are some instances. 'Ovijs is an E g y p tian n a m e (demotic Hwn) and n o t the Hebrew ' O v i ' a ? (V31J1) (cf. P . dem. Berlin 3116, Aeg., x x x i i , 1952, p . 15, col. 2, 1. 24; ib., p . 30). T h e n a m e Apcov, sometimes mentioned in t h e R o m a n period, is n o t the Biblical Upcuv QYinN) but the hypocoristic form of an E g y p t i a n n a m e such as Apovva><j>pts or Apowrjats (the sub stitution of CD for o is rather c o m m o n in the transcription of E g y p t i a n names, cf. 'Owa>^>pis and 'Ow6
pis). Since the Hebrew n a m e L e v i (AeveC, Aetv, and the like) is never recorded as a Jewish n a m e in the papyri, I do n o t think t h a t the n a m e IlaXems {pa being a Coptic prefix indicating 'belonging to') has a n y connexion w i t h J e w s either (cf. Chr. d'£gypte, xiii, 1938, 404), especially since the n a m e is quoted in purely E g y p t i a n c o n t e x t s (e.g. O E 413, 425, 430, 431, 434» 435> 44 > 45°) • W e m u s t be very cautious as t o the n a m e s beginning w i t h Ioi or HXt: these are n o t the Hebrew names Isaiah ( r P S W ) and Elias (IJT'VX), never used b y J e w s in the papyri, b u t n a m e s derived from Isis and Helios. T h e n a m e s M a A ^ o s , MdXtx°s, 2d\p.ojv, ZaXa/iojv, and the like, occurring frequently in the papyri, are c o m m o n Semitic, and n o t specifically Hebrew (though, of course, J e w s t o o could b e called b y these n a m e s , as b y a n y other Semitic n a m e ) . T h e n a m e M j S c A in the pre-Byzantine age is probably the c o m m o n Semitic *?N3N rather t h a n t h e Biblical b$7\, never used b y J e w s . EvSds is n o t a curious spelling for 'IovSas ( P . H i b . , intro2
INTRODUCTION
xix
A s t o Greek names, w e m a y note that theophoric names, such as Dositheos, T h e o p h i l o s , D o r o t h e o s , etc., w e r e w i d e l y diffused a m o n g t h e J e w s ; y e t i t w o u l d b e w r o n g t o consider e v e r y m a n n a m e d , s a y , T h e o p h i l o s , t o h a v e b e e n a J e w . D o s i t h e o s is t h e o n l y t h e o p h o r i c n a m e w h i c h s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n u s e d i n t h e Hellenistic period a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y b y J e w s . A c e r t a i n g r a d a t i o n of preference b y J e w s i n t h e use of t h e o p h o r i c n a m e s m a y b e e s t a b l i s h e d . A m o n g G r e e k n a m e s t h e following w e r e e s p e c i a l l y f a v o u r e d b y t h e m : A l e x a n d e r , P t o l e m y , A n t i p a t r o s , T r y p h o n , D o s a r i o n , P h i l o n , P t o l l a s . N a t u r a l l y these n a m e s w e r e b y n o m e a n s confined t o t h e J e w s , a n d c a n n o t s e r v e t o distinguish J e w s i n d o c u m e n t s . I t is therefore o b v i o u s t h a t i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e o p h o r i c a n d o t h e r n a m e s w h i c h m a y , b u t n e e d n o t , b e J e w i s h w e h a v e t o b e v e r y c a u t i o u s . I n these cases w e h a v e t o l o o k for a d d i t i o n a l proofs, a n d i t m a y b e r i g h t t o decide i n f a v o u r of t h e J e w i s h origin of t h e b e a r e r i n t h e following c a s e s : (a) W h e n father a n d s o n b e a r n a m e s t h a t may b e J e w i s h . (b) W h e n s u c h u n c e r t a i n n a m e s are m e n t i o n e d i n a d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g a t least t w o o r t h r e e m o r e n a m e s of t h e s a m e n a t u r e . (c) W h e n t h e p a p y r u s c o n t a i n i n g a n u n c e r t a i n n a m e c o m e s from a p l a c e k n o w n a s a n i m p o r t a n t c e n t r e of J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t . (d) W h e n t h e d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g t h e n a m e i n q u e s t i o n b e l o n g s t o a period w h e n J e w s preferred t h a t p a r t i c u l a r n a m e t o others. T h e s e rules m a y s e e m t o b e s o m e w h a t rigorous, a n d i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t , w h e n s t r i c t l y applied, t h e y m a y e x c l u d e m a n y d o c u m e n t s referring t o J e w s from t h e C.P.Jud. I t is i n d e e d a m a t t e r of c o n t r o v e r s y w h e t h e r s o m e o f t h e T h e o p h i l o i T h e o d o r o i , w h o m I h a v e e x c l u d e d from t h e C.P.Jud., w e r e o r w e r e n o t of J e w i s h origin. Y e t , i n m y opinion, it is m u c h b e t t e r t o restrict t h e n u m b e r of p a p y r i i n t h e C.P.Jud. e v e n a t t h e risk of losing s o m e g e n u i n e ' J e w i s h ' p a p y r i , t h a n t o t h r o w o p e n t h e d o o r for a large n u m b e r of d o c u m e n t s w h o s e c o n n e x i o n with Jews a n d Judaism cannot be completely established. A s t o t h e a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e d o c u m e n t s i n t h e C.P.Jud., t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e t e x t s i n a s t r i c t l y c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r w o u l d n o t g i v e a correct p i c t u r e . T h e 7
8
duction, p . 4 ; cf. Juster i. 480, n . 3), b u t a h y p o coristic form for Evhaiynov. The name Maplwv i n t h e R o m a n period i s , probably, n o t a Semitic n a m e derived from Mar (*W), dominus, b u t a Hellenized form of t h e R o m a n Marius (cf. e.g. S B 4360). Many other R o m a n n a m e s underwent the s a m e process of H e l l e n i z a t i o n : cf. Mapicltov ( S B 4604, 6124),
Awiwv
( S B 4374), rai(ov
(SB
7354), 0 « 5 a A € p t a > v ( W 0 2 7 1 ; Arch. v . 175, N o . 21). 7
Dositheos c a n be considered almost a s a Jewish n a m e : it w a s practically u n k n o w n in t h e pre-Hellenistic period, a n d i t seems t h a t J e w s almost monopolized i t from t h e v e r y begin ning of t h e Hellenistic a g e ; cf. n o . 127. T h e n e x t place m u s t be given t o Theophilos (or TcfyiXos, a s frequently spelled in t h e p a p y r i ) : t h o u g h t h e n a m e w a s in u s e in classical Greece (see P a p e - B e n s e l e r , s.v.), in Hellenistic E g y p t it w a s almost confined t o J e w s . Dorotheos,
Theodoros, a n d T h e o d o t o s , t h o u g h frequently borne b y J e w s , were never monopolized b y t h e m , and w e h a v e various instances of n o n - J e w s calling themselves b y these n a m e s in t h e Helle nistic period (cf. e.g. P . Grenf. i. 1 2 ; Letter of Arist. 182). I n t h e R o m a n period all theophoric n a m e s are i n c o m m o n u s e b y t h e non-Jewish population of E g y p t . 8
T h e article of Segr6, ' N o t e sullo Status Civitatis degli ebrei nell' E g i t t o tolemaico e imperiale', BSAA x x v i i i , 1933, 143 sqq., m a y serve a s a n example of h o w dangerous this i s , w h e n n o strict principles a s regards Jewish n a m e s are followed. T h e author considers as J e w s n o t only all persons called b y theophoric n a m e s , b u t also those bearing the names H e l e n o s , L e o n , T r y p h o n , a n d others. Cf. p p . 145 sqq., a n d especially p . 157, note 3, where a list of c. 50 Alexandrian 'Jews' is g i v e n .
XX
INTRODUCTION
m a t e r i a l itself n a t u r a l l y falls i n t o c e r t a i n divisions. G r o u p s s u c h a s ' T h e J e w s of t h e F a y u m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i ' , ' T h e J e w s of A l e x a n d r i a u n d e r A u g u s t u s ' (according t o B G U i v ) , ' T h e J e w s of A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a (Edfu) in t h e years A . D . 70-116', ' T h e Jewish R e v o l t under Trajan', and the like, constitute s e p a r a t e u n i t s of d o c u m e n t s h a v i n g a n o r g a n i c inner c o n n e x i o n . T h o s e d o c u m e n t s w h i c h c o u l d n o t b e i n c l u d e d in t h e a b o v e g r o u p s h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d in sections c a l l e d ' V a r i o u s D o c u m e n t s ' . I t g o e s w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t t h e sections p r e s e r v e t h e g e n e r a l c h r o n o l o g i c a l order, a n d t h e d o c u m e n t s h a v e also b e e n a r r a n g e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y w i t h i n e a c h section. N o l i t e r a r y p a p y r i (e.g. B i b l i c a l t e x t s ) h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d in C.P.Jud., and only the last Section ( X V ) gives some semi-literary p a p y r i (such a s m a g i c a l t e x t s ) , w h o s e i m p o r t a n c e for t h e p r o b l e m of J e w i s h influence o n r e l i g i o u s life i n E g y p t is considerable. J e w i s h h i s t o r y in E g y p t h a d a d e v e l o p m e n t of i t s o w n , a n d i t s v a r i o u s periods d o n o t a l w a y s c o r r e s p o n d t o periods c o m m o n l y a c c e p t e d in A n c i e n t H i s t o r y . T h e transition f r o m t h e P t o l e m a i c t o t h e R o m a n p e r i o d constitutes, of course, a n i m p o r t a n t t u r n i n g - p o i n t in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e J e w s of E g y p t a s w e l l . B u t t h e transition f r o m t h e R o m a n t o t h e B y z a n t i n e p e r i o d — w h e t h e r w e place i t in t h e r e i g n of C o n s t a n t i n e t h e G r e a t or i n t h e y e a r A . D . 284 a s is u s u a l l y d o n e b y p a p y r o l o g i s t s — i s of little i m p o r t a n c e for t h e internal h i s t o r y of t h e J e w s in E g y p t . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e g r e a t J e w i s h r e v o l t a t t h e close of the reign of T r a j a n ( A . D . I 1 5 - 1 7 ) — a n e v e n t of n o f u n d a m e n t a l i m p o r t a n c e in the h i s t o r y of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e — c o n s t i t u t e d a d e c i s i v e crisis for J e w i s h life in E g y p t f r o m w h i c h i t e m e r g e d in a n a t t e n u a t e d f o r m . T h e w r e t c h e d J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s w h i c h s u r v i v e d t h e disaster h a d t o o r g a n i z e t h e i r life o n a n a l m o s t e n t i r e l y n e w basis. T h e m a t e r i a l of t h e C.P.Jud. is c o n s e q u e n t l y d i v i d e d i n t o t h e following p e r i o d s : 1. T h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d (Sections I - V I ) . 2. T h e E a r l y R o m a n period (until A . D . 117) (Sections V I I - X I ) . 3. T h e L a t e R o m a n a n d t h e B y z a n t i n e p e r i o d (Sections X I I - X V ) . W o r k o n t h e Prolegomena finished a t t h e e n d of 1952; w o r k o n S e c t i o n s I - V I a t t h e e n d of 1954. W h i l e t h i s v o l u m e h a s b e e n in t h e press, w e h a v e n o t f o u n d i t possible t o use m o r e r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s . S u c h p u b l i c a t i o n s w i l l b e d e a l t w i t h i n t h e Addenda t o b e p r i n t e d i n V o l . I I I . V.T.
PROLEGOMENA By
V.
T C H E R I K O V E R
T H E p u r p o s e of t h e P r o l e g o m e n a is t o p r e s e n t a g e n e r a l s u r v e y of t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e i n E g y p t d u r i n g t h e H e l l e n i s t i c - R o m a n B y z a n t i n e a g e . If i t b e a s k e d w h e t h e r t h e t e r m ' h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t ' m a y j u s t l y b e a p p l i e d t o a s e c t i o n of a p e o p l e l i v i n g o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s of i t s s t a t e a n d d e p r i v e d of t h e c o m m o n e s t o r g a n s of p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y , s u c h a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t g o v e r n m e n t a n d a n a r m y of i t s o w n , it is h o p e d t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d w i l l b e sufficient t o g i v e a p o s i t i v e a n s w e r . I t w i l l b e s h o w n t h a t , i n t h e period under consideration, E g y p t i a n J e w r y w a s not a passive b o d y only cap a b l e of r e c e i v i n g o r d e r s f r o m o u t s i d e , b u t w a s o n t h e c o n t r a r y a n a c t i v e s o c i a l o r g a n i s m e n d e a v o u r i n g t o a p p l y i t s forces a n d a b i l i t i e s t o e v e r y field of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y . I t w a s e v e n s t r o n g e n o u g h t o p l a y a p a r t i n p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y life. T h o u g h i t w a s o n l y o n e s e c t i o n of t h e w h o l e p e o p l e , a n d firmly a t t a c h e d t o t h e p o l i t i c a l , n a t i o n a l , a n d r e l i g i o u s c e n t r e in J e r u s a l e m , E g y p t i a n J e w r y h a d i t s o w n c h a r a c t e r , differing in m a n y d e t a i l s f r o m t h a t of t h e P a l e s t i n i a n J e w s . T h i s c h a r a c t e r a l t e r e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l v i c i s s i t u d e s of E g y p t a n d w i t h v a r i o u s influences e m a n a t i n g f r o m t h e G r e e k , R o m a n , a n d J e w i s h w o r l d s . L i k e e v e r y o r g a n i c e n t i t y , E g y p t i a n J e w r y h a d a d e v e l o p m e n t of i t s o w n , a n d w e c a n e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n v a r i o u s p e r i o d s of t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t . I n t h e s e P r o l e g o m e n a t h e w h o l e h i s t o r y of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s , d u r i n g t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d a g e , is d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e m a i n p e r i o d s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l d i v i s i o n a d o p t e d for t h e d o c u m e n t s in C . P . J u d . : (i) t h e P t o l e m a i c , (2) t h e E a r l y R o m a n , a n d (3) t h e L a t e R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of n e a r l y a t h o u s a n d y e a r s f r o m A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t till the A r a b conquest, E g y p t i a n J e w r y underwent a long development, rich in p o l i t i c a l successes a n d s p i r i t u a l a c h i e v e m e n t s a s w e l l a s i n m a n i f o l d d e f e a t s a n d d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p o s i t i o n w e s h a l l a t t e m p t t o use a l l t h e s o u r c e s a t o u r d i s p o s a l in o r d e r t o d e p i c t t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s of t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e s o u r c e s i n c l u d e t h e r i c h A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e of t h e J e w s , b u t i t is t h e p a p y r i w h i c h w i l l f o r m o u r p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e of i n f o r m a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c life of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e in E g y p t . 1 . T H E P T O L E M A I C P E R I O D (323-30 B . C . ) T h e e m i g r a t i o n of J e w s f r o m P a l e s t i n e i n t o E g y p t c a n b e s t u d i e d f r o m t h e s i x t h c e n t u r y B . C . o n w a r d . I t w a s p r o b a b l y t h e g r e a t n a t i o n a l c a t a s t r o p h e of 586 B . C . t h a t f o r c e d t h e J e w s t o l e a v e t h e i r m o t h e r c o u n t r y in s e a r c h of n e w h a b i t a t i o n s . T h i s first w a v e of J e w i s h i m m i g r a t i o n i n t o E g y p t is a t t e s t e d b y t h e p r o p h e t J e r e m i a h a n d b y t h e a u t h o r of t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' , a s w e l l a s b y t h e well-known A r a m a i c p a p y r i from Elephantine. In the Hellenistic age emigra1
1
Jer. 44. 1 ; 46. 14; Arist. 1 3 ; cf. 35. For the papyri of Elephantine cf. Cowley, Aramaic
1953. F r a g m e n t s of Aramaic papyri of t h e fifth century from Memphis record s o m e Hebrew
Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., 1923; E . G. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri,
n a m e s ; cf. Aim^-Giron, Textes arameenscTlLgypte, 1931, N o s . 1, 33, 78.
B 2909
B
PROLEGOMENA
2
tion started, perhaps, under A l e x a n d e r ; y e t the scanty evidence given b y J o s e p h u s is s o m e w h a t s u s p e c t , i m b u e d a s it is w i t h a n o b v i o u s l y a p o l o g e t i c t e n d e n c y , a n d it w o u l d b e safer t o d i s r e g a r d i t . W e are b e t t e r i n f o r m e d w i t h r e g a r d t o P t o l e m y I S o t e r , t h e first k i n g of t h e P t o l e m a i c d y n a s t y . P t o l e m y I c o n q u e r e d P a l e s t i n e for t h e first t i m e i n 320 B . C . ; h e c o n q u e r e d it a g a i n i n 312 a n d 302, a n d finally i n 301. I t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t in t h e c o u r s e of so m a n y w a r s n u m e r o u s J e w i s h prisoners s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o E g y p t , a s w e are t o l d b y A r i s t e a s ( 1 2 - 1 4 ) . F o r a s l o n g a p e r i o d a s a h u n d r e d y e a r s (301-198) P a l e s t i n e r e m a i n e d i n t h e h a n d s of t h e P t o l e m i e s . F r e q u e n t i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s f o l l o w e d t h e c o n q u e s t . T h e p a p y r i of Z e n o n , t h e i m p o r t a n c e of w h i c h for t h e s t u d y of P t o l e m a i c S y r i a c a n n o t b e o v e r - e s t i m a t e d , p r e s e n t a v i v i d p i c t u r e of c o m m e r c i a l r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n E g y p t a n d P a l e s t i n e ; t h e t r a d e i n s l a v e s w a s a m o s t i m p o r t a n t i t e m . A f a c t of n o m i n o r i m p o r t a n c e w a s t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of S y r i a n n a t i v e s i n t h e g a r r i s o n s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e P t o l e m i e s a t t h e s t r a t e g i c a l p o i n t s of s o u t h e r n S y r i a ( N o . 1 ) , a s w e l l a s t h e i r e n g a g e m e n t i n v a r i o u s w o r k s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e i n P a l e s t i n e of a g r e a t n u m b e r of E g y p t i a n officials, m e r c h a n t s , a n d m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r s . T h u s p o l i t i c a l a n d economic links were forged b e t w e e n Syrians and their new masters, and it m a y be supposed t h a t a considerable emigration from S y r i a into E g y p t resulted. I n 198 B . C . P a l e s t i n e w a s c o n q u e r e d b y A n t i o c h o s I I I , a n d f r o m t h i s y e a r o n there w a s no further administrative u n i t y b e t w e e n southern Syria and E g y p t . I t is l i k e l y t h a t c o m m e r c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e , t o o , w a s s u p p r e s s e d , or, a t a n y r a t e , temporarily suspended. Y e t Jewish immigration did not cease; on the contrary, after a s h o r t t i m e , it c o n t i n u e d w i t h r e n e w e d v i g o u r . T h e r e a s o n for t h i s a d d i t i o n a l s t r e a m of i m m i g r a n t s f r o m P a l e s t i n e w a s t h e n e w p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n J u d a e a c r e a t e d b y t h e r e v o l t of J u d a s M a c c a b a e u s a n d b y t h e f o u n d a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h s t a t e of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s . V a r i o u s e l e m e n t s , p u s h e d o u t a s a r e s u l t of t h e n a t i o n a l u p r i s i n g , s o u g h t a n e w c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e y c o u l d s e t t l e in p e a c e a n d b e g i n a n e w life. S o m e of t h e s e e x i l e s w e r e m e n of a r i s t o c r a t i c origin, e . g . O n i a s I V , t h e s o n of t h e h i g h p r i e s t O n i a s I I I . T h e f a m i l y of t h e O n i a d s , w h i c h h a d h e l d t h e s e a t of t h e h i g h p r i e s t s i n h e r e d i t a r y possession for a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d , w a s d e p r i v e d of i t s office b y t h e J e w i s h h e l l e n i z e r s ; O n i a s I I I h a d b e e n a s s a s s i n a t e d , a n d h i s son, p e r h a p s f e a r i n g t h e s a m e f a t e , fled i n t o E g y p t . A c c o r d i n g t o J e r o m e , h e d i d n o t a r r i v e a l o n e b u t f o l l o w e d b y 'infinita e x a m i n a J u d a e o r u m ' ('infinite s w a r m s of J e w s ' ) , a n d , e v e n t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e u s u a l t e n d e n c y of a n c i e n t a u t h o r s t o e x a g g e r a t e n u m b e r s , f r o m t h i s s e n t e n c e w e m a y infer t h a t t h e n u m b e r of n e w i m m i g r a n t s f r o m J u d a e a w a s c e r t a i n l y c o n s i d e r a b l e . T h e i m p o r t a n t role p l a y e d b y O n i a s i n E g y p t (see b e l o w , p p . 20 sq.) p r e s u p p o s e s , t o o , a g r o u p of f o l l o w e r s r e a d y t o s u p p o r t h i m . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e of p o l i t i c a l i m m i g r a n t s , t h i s t i m e fleeing f r o m t h e p e r s e c u t i o n s of t h e H a s m o n 2
3
4
2
J o s . bell. 2. 487; c. Ap. 2. 35; ib. 42. For t h e apologetic t e n d e n c y of J o s e p h u s see b e l o w , p . 62. For t h e literature o n the Papyri of Zenon cf. the Introduction t o Section I. On the trade bet w e e n E g y p t and Palestine see Tscherikower, Mizraim, i v - v . 15 s q q . ; G. McLean Harper, Am. 3
Journ.
Phil,
x l i x , 1928, 1 s q q . ; CI. P r e a u x , Les
Grecs en £gypte d'apres les archives de Zenon, 1947, 57 sqq. Hieron. in Daniel n . 13-14, PL x x v . 562: 'Onias sacerdos, assumptis Judaeorum plurimis, fugit in A e g y p t u m ' ; ib. 563: 'sub occasione ergo Oniae pontificis, infinita examina Judaeorum A e g y p t u m confugerunt'. 4
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
3
a e a n s , is p r e s e n t e d b y a l e t t e r f r o m a R o m a n c o n s u l (142 or 139 B . C . ) t o P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes II, mentioning among other questions the extradition to the h i g h p r i e s t S i m o n of p o l i t i c a l c r i m i n a l s (Aot/W) w h o h a d fled i n t o E g y p t . T h e T a l m u d , t o o , h a s p r e s e r v e d a t a l e c o n c e r n i n g o n e of t h e l e a d e r s of t h e P h a r i s e e s fleeing i n t o E g y p t f r o m t h e p e r s e c u t i o n of a S a d d u c e a n k i n g . N o e v i d e n c e o f J e w i s h i m m i g r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e l a s t h u n d r e d y e a r s of P t o l e m a i c r u l e h a s been preserved, b u t w e m a y suppose t h a t it continued on m u c h the same scale, since t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s of life i n t h e first c e n t u r y B . C . i n P a l e s t i n e w e r e r a p i d l y d e t e r i o r a t i n g . E g y p t , t h e r i c h e s t of all t h e c o n t i g u o u s c o u n t r i e s , p r e s e n t e d m a n i f o l d o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o n e w - c o m e r s , a n d so a t t r a c t e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n of P a l e s t i n e . 5
6
T h e s e t t l e m e n t s of t h e J e w s w e r e s c a t t e r e d a l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y . F i r s t of all A l e x a n d r i a a t t r a c t e d t h e m . W e h a v e n o m e a n s of f i x i n g t h e e x a c t d a t e of t h e i r a r r i v a l t h e r e . J o s e p h u s , i t is t r u e , a s s e r t s t h a t i t w a s A l e x a n d e r h i m s e l f w h o s e t t l e d J e w s in A l e x a n d r i a ; b u t here, o n c e a g a i n , o n e m u s t b e c a u t i o u s . T h e first a u t h e n t i c e v i d e n c e of t h e p r e s e n c e of J e w s in A l e x a n d r i a is g i v e n b y G r e e k a n d A r a m a i c i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m t h e n e c r o p o l i s of I b r a h i m i y a i n t h e e n v i r o n s of t h e t o w n , p r o b a b l y of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y I or I I . T h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e t o w n h a d s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e d so t h a t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e R o m a n p e r i o d t w o q u a r t e r s o u t of five w e r e i n h a b i t e d b y J e w s ( P h i l o , Flacc. 55). T h e s e t t l e m e n t of J e w s i n v a r i o u s p l a c e s in L o w e r E g y p t is a t t e s t e d b y i n s c r i p t i o n s ; w e m a y a d d some further places inhabited b y J e w s as early as the pre-Hellenistic p e r i o d (such a s M i g d a l a n d D a p h n a i ) . A J e w i s h m i l i t a r y c o l o n y i n L e o n t o p o l i s , near Memphis, w a s founded b y Onias I V ; the inscriptions attest to the existence of t h e c o l o n y u p t o t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e R o m a n p e r i o d . N u m e r o u s p a p y r i , of t h e m i d d l e of t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y a n d l a t e r , g i v e e v i d e n c e of J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n i n v a r i o u s v i l l a g e s a n d s m a l l t o w n s of t h e F a y u m , a n d t h e o s t r a k a t e s t i f y t o t h e p r e s e n c e of J e w s in U p p e r E g y p t (especially T h e b e s ) i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y . T o s u m u p : during the Ptolemaic period the Jews established their homes through o u t t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y of E g y p t , f r o m t h e sea-shore in t h e n o r t h t o E l e p h a n t i n e 7
8
5
1 Mace. 15. 16 sqq. For the chronological question cf. Schiirer, Gesch. d. Jiid. Volk. i. 250 s q q . ; Bickerman, Gnomon, v i , 1930, 357 sqq. N u m e r o u s copies of this letter were sent from R o m e t o various kings and cities (1 Mace. 15. 2223), b u t t h e original letter w a s addressed t o P t o l e m y (ib. 16), which m a y serve as evidence t h a t E g y p t was the a s y l u m preferred b y political refugees fleeing from Palestine. It is worth noting t h a t as early as the beginning of the s i x t h century B.C. E g y p t offered a s y l u m t o Palestinian refugees; cf. Torczyner, TheLachish Letters, 1938, Letter I I I (pp. 51 s q q . ) ; cf. Jer. 26. 21 sqq. 6
T h e king is either J o h n H y r k a n o s or A l e x ander Jannai, and t h e Pharisaic scholar is either R. Joshu'a b. Perahiah or R . J u d a b . Tabbai. Cf. Stourdze, RE J l x x x i i , 1926,133 sqq. 7
See note 2. W e are told b y Josephus, quoting the edict of the Emperor Claudius (ant. 19. 281),
t h a t J e w s were settled in Alexandria 'from t h e v e r y beginning' of the c i t y (rots irpwrois evBvs Kaipots), but these are n o t the actual words of Claudius; see below, p . 70, n o t e 45. T h e E m peror's actual words occur in his letter, where t h e settlement of the J e w s i n Alexandria is referred t o in v a g u e terms as being 'one of old t i m e s ' (IK ITOXXWV xpovwv). Cf. N o . 153, n o t e t o 1. 34. 8
Cf. Breccia, BSAA i x , 1907, 65. T h e t o m b s of the necropolis belong t o the third century B.C., probably t o its first half. I n his p a m p h l e t , 'Juifs et Chretiens d e l'ancienne Alexandria', 1927, 6, Breccia speaks more precisely of the reign of P t o l e m y I I Philadelphos. Cf. ClermontGanneau, RAO viii, 1924,59 sqq. Further excava tions uncovered more Jewish t o m b s , apparently belonging t o the s a m e p e r i o d ; cf. Breccia, BSAA x x v , 1930,108,
PROLEGOMENA
4
in t h e s o u t h , or, t o q u o t e P h i l o (Flacc. 43), ' f r o m t h e slope i n t o L i b y a t o t h e b o u n d a r i e s of E t h i o p i a ' . T h e i r e x a c t n u m b e r c a n n o t b e s t a t e d . A r i s t e a s (12-14) s p e a k s of 100,000 J e w s b r o u g h t f r o m P a l e s t i n e i n t o E g y p t a s prisoners of w a r b y P t o l e m y I, a n d P h i l o (Flacc. 43) g i v e s t h e figure of o n e m i l l i o n for t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t i n h i s t i m e . T h e first figure is, n o d o u b t , g r e a t l y e x a g g e r a t e d : t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of J u d a e a a t t h e e n d of t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y w a s n o t so n u m e r o u s t h a t 100,000 p e r s o n s c o u l d h a v e b e e n w i t h d r a w n f r o m it w i t h o u t affecting i n a v e r y serious w a y t h e life of t h e w h o l e n a t i o n ; a n d i n s u c h a case one w o u l d e x p e c t t o find t r a c e s i n s o u r c e s , s i m i l a r t o t h e r e a c t i o n t o t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e i r forefathers i n t o B a b y l o n i n 586 B . C . A s t o t h e figure g i v e n b y P h i l o , w e h a v e n o m e a n s of v e r i f y i n g it, b u t it is n o t v e r y l i k e l y t h a t J e w s f o r m e d a l m o s t t h e s e v e n t h p a r t of t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t . I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t n o s p e c i a l e n u m e r a t i o n of J e w s w a s a v a i l a b l e till A . D . 7 1 / 2 , w h e n t h e ' J e w i s h t a x ' w a s i n t r o d u c e d , so t h a t n o e x a c t n u m b e r s c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y P h i l o . I t w a s his p u r p o s e , n o d o u b t , t o i m p r e s s h i s r e a d e r s b y l a r g e n u m b e r s a n d t h e s e , if c o n s i d e r e d as h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e , m u s t b e t r e a t e d w i t h g r e a t c a u t i o n . T h i s also a p p l i e s t o figures g i v e n for A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . T h e r e is n o t sufficient r e a s o n for s u g g e s t i n g (as m a n y s c h o l a r s do) t h a t J e w s f o r m e d two-fifths of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a (because t h e y d w e l t i n t w o q u a r t e r s o u t of five): t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y alone inhabited the t w o quarters. N o satisfactory information on this point seems to be available. 9
1 0
11
T h e J e w i s h i m m i g r a t i o n i n t o E g y p t w a s a p a r t of a c o n s i d e r a b l e i m m i g r a t i o n of S y r i a n s . N u m e r o u s ' S y r i a n v i l l a g e s ' , s c a t t e r e d all o v e r t h e c o u n t r y , a s w e l l a s v i l l a g e s c a l l e d b y S e m i t i c n a m e s , b e a r w i t n e s s t o t h e n u m b e r s of S y r i a n s i n E g y p t d u r i n g t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d . S y r i a n , i.e. A r a m a i c , p r o p e r n a m e s are 12
9
A list of all t o w n s and villages in E g y p t in habited b y J e w s will be g i v e n in A p p e n d i x I at t h e e n d of the third v o l u m e of C.P.Jud. 1 0
T h a t the estimate of 100,000 Jewish captives is exaggerated m a y be inferred from a comparison of this number w i t h t h e numbers of J e w i s h cap t i v e s in t h e fateful years of Jewish history. T h e n u m b e r of Israelites captured b y Sargon in 722 is fixed b y the Assyrian king himself at 27,290 (see Pritchard, Ancient Near-Eastern Texts relat ing to the Old Test., 1950, 284 sq.). A l t h o u g h Sennacherib (701) claims t h e capture of 200,150 prisoners in J u d a e a (ib. 288), he does n o t s a y t h a t these prisoners were carried off o u t of J u d a e a and transported into another land. ' E s handelt sich nicht u m Wegfuhrung, sondern u m eine D e m o n stration zur Anerkennung der assyrischen Herr schaft' ( K i t t e l , Gesch. d. Volkes Israel, 6. Aufl. 1925, ii. 389 n. 4). T h e numbers given b y the author of 2 R e g . and Jeremiah for Jewish captives taken during t h e reign of Nebuchadnezzar are v e r y small (2 R e g . 24. 1 4 : 10,000; ib. 24. 1 6 : 8,000; Jer. 52. 30: 4,600); modern scholars estimate the total n u m b e r of J e w i s h displaced persons a t the
t i m e of Nebuchadnezzar in 597 B.C. ('the exile of Jehoiakhin') as approximately 30,000-40,000, whereas the numbers of the final exile in 586 ('the exile of Zedekiah') cannot be stated e x a c t l y , b u t are certainly far smaller. Cf. K i t t e l , o p . cit. (1927) iii. 1. 53 s q q . ; Klausner, A History of the Second Commonwealth, i. 1949, 33 sq., 50 (in H e b r e w ) ; Malamat, 'The Last Wars of the K i n g d o m of J u d a h ' , Journ. of Near Eastern Studies, i x , 1950, 223. 1 1
Cf. Segre, BSAA xxviii, 1933, 143. For 'Syrian villages' cf. H e n n e , Actes du 5* Congress, 151 (according to H e n n e , there were 8 or 9 villages in E g y p t called 2Jvpa>v *eoD/*
Mip-q, and
May8a>Xa
IleTeyaivros,
M a y & o A a "Qpov
Eap.u>ov,
MayhiuXa all
BOVKOXCOV,
in t h e
Hermou-
polite district. Cf. also Migdal in the v i c i n i t y of Pelousion, mentioned in t h e Bible (Jer. 44. 1 ; 46. 14; 29. 10; 30. 6; E x o d . 14. 2 ; N u m . 33. 7). T h e following n a m e s are also S e m i t i c : Xavaav&iv (SP 348),
Maiovfia
I I , 1. 4; P . O x y .
(Stud. Pal.
x. 209;
2032,1.41), SabdXciov
ib. 233, (BGU
col. 1763,
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
5
f r e q u e n t i n t h e p a p y r i , a n d c u l t s of t h e S y r i a n G o d d e s s a r e a t t e s t e d for t h e t h i r d a n d s e c o n d c e n t u r i e s B . C . ( P . E n t . 1 3 ; S B 7351). T h e S y r i a n s i n E g y p t w e r e e n g a g e d i n v a r i o u s t r a d e s a n d b e l o n g e d t o a l l classes of s o c i e t y : S y r i a n m e r c h a n t s , officials, soldiers, field-hands, s l a v e s , e t c . , a r e f r e q u e n t l y m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a p y r i . T h o u g h differing f r o m J e w s i n t h e i r religion, t h e y h a d a c o m m o n language w i t h t h e m (Aramaic) a n d p r o b a b l y resembled t h e m in appearance. I t must be added, too, that in the third century Palestine did not form a special administrative unit a n d t h a t all Ptolemaic provinces in south Syria, Phoenicia, P a l e s t i n e , a n d T r a n s j o r d a n w e r e c a l l e d officially ' S y r i a a n d P h o e n i c i a ' , a n d non-officially ' S y r i a ' . N o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n c o n f u s e d all p e o p l e s c o m i n g f r o m ' S y r i a ' a n d c a l l e d t h e m a l l ' S y r i a n s ' ; e v e n t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e w a s s o m e t i m e s m i s t a k e n for ' S y r i a n ' , i.e. A r a m a i c ( N o . 126). A n d since w e h a v e n o m e a n s of d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n J e w s a n d S y r i a n s in o u r d o c u m e n t s ( w h e n n o closer specification i s m a d e a s t o t h e i r n a t i o n a l o r i g i n ) , i t i s q u i t e h o p e l e s s t o a t t e m p t t o fix t h e n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h o f t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s f r o m d o c u m e n t a r y sources. 1 3
J e w s in E g y p t , like their brethren everywhere in t h e diaspora, lived in c o m m u n i t i e s , i.e. i n s e p a r a t e s e m i - p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , h a v i n g t h e i r o w n l a w s a n d c u s t o m s , b u i l d i n g s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , l e a d i n g p e r s o n a g e s a n d officials. T h e y were n o t compelled t o live in a community, but, naturally, clung together. E v e r y immigrant, forced t o build a n e w h o m e far a w a y from his m o t h e r country, is a n x i o u s t o c r e a t e a r o u n d h i m s e l f t h e a t m o s p h e r e of t h e m o t h e r c o u n t r y . E v e n t o d a y b i g c i t i e s of m i x e d p o p u l a t i o n a r e d i v i d e d i n t o q u a r t e r s i n h a b i t e d e n t i r e l y , o r m a i n l y , b y p e r s o n s of t h e s a m e n a t i o n a l i t y . W e see t h e s a m e p i c t u r e i n a n c i e n t E g y p t . M a n y i n s t a n c e s i n t h e p a p y r i a t t e s t t h e e x i s t e n c e of s e p a r a t e n a t i o n a l q u a r t e r s i n v a r i o u s t o w n s of E g y p t . S o i t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t J e w s , too, followed t h e c o m m o n usage a n d preferred t o settle together. T h o u g h Jewish q u a r t e r s a r e r e c o r d e d o n l y i n t h e R o m a n p e r i o d ( N o s . 423, 454, 468), t h e r e i s l i t t l e doubt t h a t t h e y were in existence under the Ptolemies a s well. Y e t there were n o g h e t t o s i n E g y p t . J e w s w e r e n o t confined t o t h e i r q u a r t e r s , a n d P h i l o a t t e s t s 1 4
1786, 1831, 1850). T h e village Zafidpeia
in the
F a y u m m a y h a v e been founded b y Samaritans from Palestine. 1 3
T h e official n a m e Zvpia KO.1 Qowlicq is used in a n edict of P t o l e m y Philadelphos ( S B 8008); cf. also 3 Esdr. ( = 1 Esdr. i n L X X ) 6. 3 ; 6. 7 ; 6. 2 7 ; Arist. 22. T h e n a m e Evpla applied t o Palestine is used frequently in t h e papyri of Z e n o n : persons embarking for Palestine are g o i n g ' t o Syria' ( P . Zen. Mich. 2); a person arriving in Palestine from E g y p t is arriving 'in Syria' (PCZ 59093); slaves a n d merchandise sent from Palestine into E g y p t are sent 'from Syria' (PCZ 59012; P . Cornell 1, 1. 224). E v e n i n t h e early R o m a n period 'Syria' is frequently used for ' P a l e s t i n e ' : t h e Emperor Claudius forbids A l e x andrian J e w s t o a d m i t their brethren 'from Syria' i n t o t h e c i t y ( N o . 153, 1. 96); t h e king Agrippa i s , according t o P h i l o (Flacc. 39), 'a
Syrian i n origin'. I t is worth n o t i n g t h a t P h i l o uses t h e Hellenistic term 'Syria' instead of t h e old Biblical 'Canaan' w h e n speaking of t h e t i m e of t h e patriarchs (e.g. de Abr. 1 9 ; de Jos. 38; Vita Mos. 1. 4 3 ; 2. 33). 1 4
T h e existence o f such national quarters is a t t e s t e d i n O x y r h y n c h o s a n d A r s i n o e ; cf. R i n k , Strassen- und Viertelnamen von Oxyrhynchos, 1924, 25-26. I n Arsinoe there were quarters occu pied b y Kilikians, Macedonians, B i t h y n i a n s , L y k i a n s , Arabs, a n d Thracians. Syrian quarters are m e n t i o n e d f r e q u e n t l y ; cf. B G U 1087; P S I 1141, 1142, 1 1 5 9 ; P . Princet. 43; P . T e b t . 318, 397. A quarter called ZvpoitcpoiKov is recorded i n Memphis ( P S I 488). Greeks, t o o , chose t o l i v e i n separate quarters, a s in Memphis ( P S I 488) a n d i n Arsinoe ( B G U 18); cf. also PCZ 59034; P . Flor. 1. 1 9 ; P . R y l . 1 2 ; P . Reine Elis. 5 (Chr. d'£g. x i v , 1939,161).
PROLEGOMENA
6
clearly t h a t in A l e x a n d r i a numerous J e w s d w e l t a w a y from their quarters (Flacc. 55), a n d t h a t t h e s y n a g o g u e s w e r e s c a t t e r e d a l l o v e r t h e t o w n (leg. 132). It m a y b e recalled, too, t h a t a 'Jewish c o m m u n i t y ' and a 'Jewish quarter' are not s y n o n y m o u s terms. A c o m m u n i t y w a s a juridical entity, not necessarily connected w i t h a certain area: there could h a v e been several communities in o n e t o w n (as i n R o m e ) , a n d , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p o p u l a t i o n of s e v e r a l s m a l l places could easily h a v e been united in one c o m m u n i t y . J e w s from one t o w n , dwelling temporarily or p e r m a n e n t l y in another, could h a v e built a c o m m u n i t y of t h e i r o w n , a s h a p p e n e d p r o b a b l y w i t h J e w s from T h e b a i s s e t t l e d i n R o m a n t i m e s a t A r s i n o e ( N o . 432). A s t o t h e l e g a l b a s i s of J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s i n E g y p t , t h e r e w a s n o n e e d for t h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t t o e s t a b l i s h n e w p r i n ciples of l e g i s l a t i o n , since m a n y o t h e r n a t i o n a l g r o u p s h a d a similar l e g a l s t a t u s . T h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d w a s a c c u s t o m e d t o a p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n c a l l e d a politeuma (TToXirevfjia). T h e t e r m h a d s e v e r a l m e a n i n g s , b u t t h e m o s t u s u a l w a s a n e t h n i c g r o u p f r o m a b r o a d e n j o y i n g c e r t a i n r i g h t s a n d h a v i n g i t s d o m i c i l e inside apolis o r c o u n t r y . W e h a v e m a n y i n s t a n c e s of politeumata of v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l g r o u p s i n E g y p t , a n d J e w s w e r e n o e x c e p t i o n t o t h e r u l e : i n t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' (310) t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a is c a l l e d politeuma, a n d i t w a s so c a l l e d a t B e r e n i k e of C y r e n e t o o . T h u s , i n t h e e y e s of t h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t , i n p r i n c i p l e t h e r e w a s n o difference b e t w e e n a J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y a n d a Politeuma of I d u m a e a n s o r L y k i a n s : t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e fitted e x c e l l e n t l y i n t o t h e f r a m e w o r k of H e l l e n i s t i c p o l i t i c a l l a w . O f c o u r s e , n o full p o l i t i c a l a u t o n o m y w a s g r a n t e d t o J e w s : u n d e r t h e rule of a n a u t o c r a t i c k i n g t h e r e c o u l d b e n o q u e s t i o n of p o l i t i c a l f r e e d o m , a n d e v e n t h e t h r e e G r e e k c i t y - s t a t e s (iroXeis) i n P t o l e m a i c E g y p t w e r e n o t ' s t a t e s ' i n t h e m o d e r n sense of t h e t e r m b u t m e r e l y ' c i t i e s ' , i.e. communities enjoying municipal a u t o n o m y . F o r this reason the whole Jewish population in E g y p t could not be united in one national organization: a national e n t i t y of s u c h d i m e n s i o n s w o u l d h a v e b e e n far t o o l a r g e t o f o r m a politeuma, a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , c o u l d h a v e b e e n d a n g e r o u s for t h e S t a t e . I t is h i g h l y p r o b able t h a t there w a s permanent contact b e t w e e n the communities and t h a t the A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y e x e r t e d a s t r o n g influence o v e r t h e o t h e r s ; b u t i t c a n hardly be assumed t h a t t h e y were allowed to hold regular meetings and debate t h e i r c o m m o n i n t e r e s t s i n a n official m a n n e r . 15
1 6
1 7
T h e P t o l e m a i c k i n g w a s t h e sole s o u r c e of l a w i n t h e c o u n t r y . I t follows t h a t e v e r y o t h e r l a w , s u c h a s t h e l a w of G r e e k c i t i e s , or t h a t of t h e G r e e k i m m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y , o r e v e n t h e a n c i e n t l a w of t h e n a t i v e s , c o u l d b e I S
R u p p e l in his article 'Politeuma' (Philologus, l x x x i i , 1927, 309) gives the following defini tion of p o l i t e u m a : 'eine m i t b e s t i m m t e n politischen Vorrechten ausgestattete Gemeinde auf ethnischer Grundlage.' A definition slightly dif fering from this is g i v e n b y Engers in Mnemosyne, liv, 1 9 2 6 , 1 6 1 : ' woAiTcw/xaTo liberae sunt c i v i t a t e s , sive Graecorum sive aliarum g e n t i u m , in territorio cuiusdam urbis c u m aliis incolis coilocatae.' F o r other definitions see Preisigke, Fachwdrt., s.v. TToXirevfia; F u c h s , Die Juden Aegyptens, 1924, 89; cf. also Taubenschlag, Law of Greco-
Roman Egypt, ii. 18 s q ; D e Sanctis, Riv. d. Filol. Hi, 1924, 494 s q q . ; L a u n e y , Recherches sur les armies hellenistiques, ii. 1950, 1064 sqq. 1 6
T h e TToXirevfiara of Idumaeans (OGIS 737), Phrygians (OGIS 658), K r e t a n s ( P . T e b t . 32), L y k i a n s (SB 6025; SEG viii. 359), Kilikians ( S B 7270), and Boiotians (SB 6664). On 7ToAiT«>/xaTo in other countries see Schiirer, op. cit. Hi. 72 n. 4. 1 7
CIG 5361; cf. Schiirer, iii. 79 n. 20. CIG 5362; cf. REG lxii, 1949, 281 sqq.
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
7
a c k n o w l e d g e d a s s u c h o n l y b y t h e g o o d w i l l a n d t h e p e r m i s s i o n of t h e k i n g . I t is obvious that Jews were no exception to the rule: t h e y had to receive permission f r o m t h e k i n g (in r e a l i t y , p r o b a b l y , f r o m s o m e office of t h e g o v e r n m e n t ) t o f o r m a c o m m u n i t y in a certain place enjoying certain rights. U n f o r t u n a t e l y no such 'charters' h a v e been p r e s e r v e d ; b u t the fact t h a t t h e y were in existence m a y b e inferred f r o m a s t o r y t o l d b y H e k a t a i o s a n d q u o t e d b y J o s e p h u s . We can easily guess the fundamental right granted to Jewish communities b y the k i n g : i t w a s , n o d o u b t , t h e r i g h t ' t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r a n c e s t r a l l a w s ' (rots 7TarpCois vofjiois -xpf\od
1 9
2 0
N e i t h e r i n t h e p a p y r i n o r in t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s is t h e r e a n y e v i d e n c e of J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s in t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , a n d i n R o m a n t i m e s t h e o n l y m e n t i o n is of t h e c o m m u n i t y in O x y r h y n c h o s ( N o . 4 7 3 ) . H e r e w e m a y , h o w e v e r , u s e a n o t h e r s o u r c e of i n f o r m a t i o n . S i n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e d i a s p o r a t h e s y n a g o g u e s p l a y e d a g r e a t p a r t a s c e n t r e s of J e w i s h p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l life, i t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t a n y reference t o a s y n a g o g u e i n d i c a t e s t h e e x i s t e n c e of a n o r g a n 21
1 8
Josephus (c. Ap. 1. 187 sqq.) q u o t e s H e k a taios' story of a Jewish high priest (apxiepevs) E z e c h i a s w h o had accompanied P t o l e m y I into E g y p t . This priest tried t o influence a group of his friends t o follow h i m b y reading t h e m a state m e n t (apparently given t o h i m b y t h e king) referring 'to their s e t t l e m e n t and the written constitution' (efye yap rr/v Karolicqcriv avrwv Kal rijv TroXneiav yeypafip.evr}v). T h o u g h the whole story about a J e w i s h high priest immigrating i n t o E g y p t of his free will has been called in question b y m a n y scholars, the detail concerning 'the written constitution' seems t o h a v e been t a k e n b y H e k a t a i o s from t h e actual conditions of political life in E g y p t and m a y be regarded as historically true. 1 9
T h e edict of A n t i o c h o s I I I : iroXirev4o0a>oav 8e rravres oi iic rov c.6vovs Kara 7rarplovs vopovs. Cf. B i k e r m a n , 'La Charte seleucide de Jerusalem', REJ c, 1935,4 s q q . ; R. Marcus in Loeb's Josephus, v i i , p p . 751 sqq. T h e wording in R o m a n edicts reveals slight variations, such a s rots irarplois idtoi
Kal
Upois
a
M
xPV ^ >
T <
*
wot/ho
rrjpeiv
edy,
XpfjoOai
rots
ttarpioLS
eBiafiots,
etc.
Cf.
Jos.
ant.
14.
195, i99> 2r3sqq., 223, 227, 235, 242, 246, 258, 260 sq., 263; 1 6 . 1 6 3 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 ; 19.283 sqq., 290, e t c . E . g . t h e 'koinon' of the L y k i a n s (Abbott and J o h n s o n , Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire, N o . 15c), Termessos (ib., N o . 19), Chios (ib., N o . 40), R h o d e s (ib., N o . 52), LaginaStratonikeia (ib., N o . 67), T a b a i (OGIS 442), Stratonikeia (ib. 44T, 11. 45 sqq.), P e r g a m o n (ib. 449), and others. 2 0
2 1
aytayrj
T h e Jewish c o m m u n i t y here is called o w and
n o t iroXlrevfia.
For
the
use of
avvayoiyq
applied t o J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s see Schiirer, iii. 74 sq. Cf. the c o m m e n t a r y t o N o . 4 7 3 , 1 . 7. In an epigram from E g y p t ( S B 5765) a certain A b r a m o s is mentioned a s h a v i n g been a leader of t w o c o m munities (hiaaatv yap re rorrutv itoXirapx&v)Ac cording to L . R o b e r t , Hellenica, i. 18 sqq., Abra m o s w a s a J e w w h o lived in the early R o m a n period, and the communities in question are t h e J e w i s h •troXlrevp.a in Leontopolis and s o m e other in its vicinity.
PROLEGOMENA
8
ized Jewish community. T h o u g h the synagogue w a s a post-Biblical institution, i t s e x i s t e n c e w a s t h e m o s t e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e of t h e ' a n c e s t r a l l a w s ' . A s y n a g o g u e w a s a p l a c e of m e e t i n g s a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n s a s w e l l a s of p r a y e r a n d s t u d y of t h e T o r a h ; i t w a s i n s o m e sense e v e n a h o s t e l r y , since s p e c i a l r o o m s for s t r a n g e r s were a t t a c h e d to i t . In small t o w n s and villages the s y n a g o g u e p r o b a b l y also a c c o m m o d a t e d a l l t h e p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s of t h e c o m m u n i t y (such a s t h e c o u r t o r t h e n o t a r y ' s office). I n E g y p t a s y n a g o g u e w a s c a l l e d proseuche (rrpoaevxq), a p l a c e of p r a y e r ; o n c e t h e t e r m eucheion, evxetov ( w h i c h h a s t h e s a m e m e a n i n g ) is u s e d ( N o . 432). A n i n s c r i p t i o n ( O G I S 129) a t t e s t s t h a t P t o l e m a i c k i n g s g r a n t e d t o s o m e s y n a g o g u e s t h e s a m e r i g h t of a s y l u m a s w a s c o m m o n l y g r a n t e d t o E g y p t i a n t e m p l e s . S u c h a c t s of b e n e v o l e n c e m u s t h a v e g a i n e d t h e s y m p a t h i e s of t h e J e w s , a n d n u m e r o u s i n s t a n c e s s h o w J e w s d e d i c a t i n g t h e i r s y n a g o g u e s t o t h e k i n g a n d his f a m i l y , t h u s d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e i r l o y a l feelings t o w a r d s t h e S t a t e and its head. Sometimes the s y n a g o g u e s were built b y the entire c o m m u n i t y , c a l l i n g itself i n s u c h c a s e s ' J e w s of t h e p l a c e X ' , s o m e t i m e s b y t h e c o m m u n i t y in co-operation w i t h a private person, and sometimes b y p r i v a t e persons alone. I n t w o cases some additional buildings attached to the s y n a g o g u e are r e c o r d e d , t h e exhedra a n d t h e pylon. O u r s o u r c e s a t t e s t t h e e x i s t e n c e of s y n a g o g u e s i n t e n p l a c e s ( t o w n s a n d v i l l a g e s ) , b u t of c o u r s e t h e i r n u m b e r m u s t h a v e been far greater. 2 2
23
T h e f o l l o w i n g list r e c o r d s all p l a c e s w h e r e s y n a g o g u e s are so far m e n t i o n e d (I h a v e i n c l u d e d i n t h e list t h e r a r e i n s t a n c e s of t h e R o m a n p e r i o d a s w e l l ) : 1. Alexandria. I n A l e x a n d r i a there were m a n y synagogues scattered all o v e r t h e t o w n ( P h i l o , leg. 132). T h e b e a u t i f u l b u i l d i n g of t h e p r i n c i p a l s y n a g o g u e is m e n t i o n e d i n t h e T a l m u d ( T h o s e f t h a S u k k a h 4. 6 ; b . S u k k a h 5 1 6 ; j e r . S u k k a h 5. 55a). T w i c e s y n a g o g u e s are referred t o i n i n s c r i p t i o n s : S B 589 (second c e n t u r y B . C . ) a n d O G I S 742 (36 B . C . ) . 2. Schedia, n e a r A l e x a n d r i a : O G I S 726 (3rd c e n t . B . C . ) . 3. Xenephyris, L o w e r E g y p t : S B 5862 (2nd c e n t . B . C . ) . 4. Athribis, L o w e r E g y p t : O G I S 96 a n d 101 (3rd o r 2nd c e n t . B . C . ) . 5. Nitriai, L o w e r E g y p t : S B 7454 (2nd c e n t . B . C . ) . 6. Krokodilopolis-Arsinoe, t h e F a y f i m : S B 8939 (3rd c e n t . B . C . ) , N o . 134 (2nd c e n t , B . C ) , a n d N o . 432 (2nd c e n t . A . D . ) . T h e r e w a s a s p e c i a l s y n a g o g u e for J e w s f r o m T h e b a i s i n R o m a n t i m e s , a n d a ' h o u s e of p r a y e r ' , t h e s o c a l l e d evxetov ( N o . 432). 7. Alexandrou-Nesos, t h e F a y f i m : N o . 129 (3rd c e n t . B . C ) . 8. An unknown place: N o . 138 (the e n d of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d ) . 9. An unknown place in Upper Egypt: O G I S 129 (3rd c e n t . B . C . ) . 10. An unknown place: S B 6832 (1st o r 2nd c e n t . A . D . ) . 2 2
Cf. t h e inscription of T h e o d o t o s in a s y n a gogue in Jerusalem, Clermont-Ganneau, Syria, i, 1920, 190 s q q . ; Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues, 70; K l e i n , MGWJ Ixxvi, 1932,545 sqq., 603 s q . ; l x x v i i , 1933,81 s q q . ; CIJ 1404; cf. also t h e synagogue in D u r a - E u r o p o s , Rostovtzeff and B a u r , The Excav. at Dura-Europos, Sixth Season, 309 s q q . ; Comte D u Mesnil d u B u i s s o n , Syria, x x , 1939, 23 sqq.
For t h e u s e of s y n a g o g u e s as prayer-houses, places of public meetings, tribunals, schools, hostels, e t c . , see S. Krauss, Synagogale Alterturner, 1922, 182 s q q . ; Baron, The Jewish Com munity, i. 87 sqq. 2 3
Cf. t h e following inscriptions referring t o the dedication of t h e s y n a g o g u e s : OGIS 96, 101, 726, 742; S B 5862, 6832, 7454, 8939.
THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
9
There were villages a n d military settlements with Jewish population, b u t w e h a v e n o m e a n s of e s t a b l i s h i n g w h e t h e r t h e s e p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e l a r g e e n o u g h t o f o r m c o m m u n i t i e s . I n m i l i t a r y s e t t l e m e n t s , for e x a m p l e , i t i s n o t v e r y l i k e l y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e m a y a s s u m e t h a t i n s o m e v i l l a g e s of t h e F a y u m t h e J e w s w e r e o r g a n i z e d i n c o m m u n i t i e s . T h i s f a c t i s d i r e c t l y a t t e s t e d for A l e x a n d r o u - N e s o s , w h e r e a s y n a g o g u e i s r e c o r d e d ( N o . 129), a n d t h e s a m e m a y b e a s s u m e d o f Psenyris, where the whole non-Egyptian population w a s divided into Greeks a n d J e w s ( N o . 33). S m a l l t o w n s , l i k e P h i l a d e l p h e i a , a n d b i g v i l l a g e s w i t h a large oriental population, such as Samareia a n d Magdola, probably h a d Jewish c o m m u n i t i e s of t h e i r o w n , f o r m i n g c e n t r e s for J e w s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d . T h e sole c o m m u n i t y of w h i c h t h e h i s t o r y i s m o r e o r less k n o w n i s t h a t o f A l e x a n d r i a . T h e J e w i s h politeuma here i s r e c o r d e d b y A r i s t e a s (310). T h e s a m e author mentions t h e 'leaders' of t h e Jewish population, a n d w e m a y wonder w h e t h e r i n t h e m i d d l e of t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . , w h e n t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' w a s w r i t t e n , t h e s e ' l e a d e r s ' w e r e a l r e a d y o r g a n i z e d i n t o a c o u n c i l of elders (gerousia) a s t h e y w e r e l a t e r i n R o m a n t i m e s . W e m a y f u r t h e r a s k w h e t h e r t h e 'leaders' were elected b y the whole Jewish population, according t o t h e demo c r a t i c p r i n c i p l e s of a G r e e k c i t y , o r s e l f - a p p o i n t e d f r o m a m o n g t h e w e a l t h i e s t a n d m o s t p o w e r f u l p e r s o n s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . T h e l a t t e r m e t h o d w o u l d 2 4
2 4
T h e answer depends u p o n t h e interpreta tion of a s o m e w h a t complicated passage of Aris teas. Speaking of those present a t t h e solemn first public recitation of t h e Greek version of t h e B i b l e , Aristeas enumerates t h e following g r o u p s : ol diro
Upets
Kal TCOV eppvqveoiv
rov iroXirev[iaros
ol irpeofjvrepot.
oi re yyovfievoi
Kal rov
rGxv
irXrjdovs
(310). Schiirer (iii. 72), W e n d l a n d (ap. K a u t z s c h , Apokr. und Pseud., ii. 30), and F u c h s (89) connect o l irpeaflvTepoi. n o t only w i t h t h e preceding r & v ep(it]vea)v b u t w i t h t h e following r&v diro rov iToXirevnaros a s well, and translate, 'the elders of t h e translators a n d the elders of those of t h e politeuma'. According t o this interpretation, a council of 'elders', i.e. a gerousia, w a s already i n existence in t h e d a y s of Aristeas. F r o m t h e point of v i e w of grammar a n d style I d o u b t whether t h a t interpretation c a n b e correct; besides, a s pointed o u t b y T r a m o n t a n o (Lettera di Aristea, p . 243), if this were t h e case, w e m u s t suppose t h a t Aristeas uses t h e word 'elders' in t w o senses, (1) i n i t s literal sense of 'old m e n ' a n d (2) a s a political t e r m , w i t h o u t drawing t h e reader's a t t e n t i o n t o t h e change of meaning. T r a m o n t a n o h i m s e l f t r a n s l a t e s t h e ra>v
diro
rov
iroXirevftaros
a s 'some m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m u n i t y ' ('alcuni membri ancora della c o m u n i t a ' ) ; h e emphasizes also t h a t this group differs from the rjyovpevot, rov irXrjdovs m e n t i o n e d after it. Y e t w h y should s o m e m e m b e r s of t h e c o m m u n i t y b e present, a n d n o t t h e leaders? A n d w h a t distinction c a n b e m a d e b e t w e e n t h e noXlrevfia and t h e irXijdos? N o such distinction w a s m a d e b y J o s e p h u s , w h o , para
phrasing t h e t e x t of Aristeas, suppresses t h e rrXrjdos and renders the' passage a s f o l l o w s : 5 0' lepevs
Kal r&v eppvqvewv
ol wpeofivrepoi
Kal rov
iroXi-
(ant. 12. 108). According t o this t e x t of J o s e p h u s , W i l a m o w i t z (quoted b y Schiirer, I.e., a n d T r a m o n t a n o , I.e.) suggested deleting t h e re before rjyovnevoi; i n this case o i •qyovpevoi rov irX'qBovs would serve a s a more pre cise definition of r&v diro rov iroXirevfiaros l 'and t h e m e n (i.e. representatives) of the c o m m u n i t y , those w h o were t h e leaders of t h e people.' Wilam o w i t z ' s suggestion h a s n o t been generally a c c e p t e d : i t is argued t h a t t h e r e is present in all e x t a n t manuscripts a n d t h a t t h e paraphrase of J o s e p h u s i s t o o free t o justify changing t h e t e x t of t h e 'Letter of Aristeas'. Y e t , in m y opinion, W i l a m o w i t z ' s suggestion i s t h e only o n e which m a k e s sense of t h e whole passage. H i s arbitrary excision of t h e r e m a y e v e n be unnecessary. T h e papyri s o m e t i m e s use r e , n o t i n i t s original sense of 'and', b u t as a meaningless particle which c a n b e o m i t t e d in translation, and d o c u m e n t s of t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e furnish u s w i t h s o m e striking e x a m p l e s of this kind (see n o t e t o N o . 6 , 1 . 2). I f this interpretation of t h e t e x t i s a c c e p t e d , t h e phrase 'elders of t h e c o m m u n i t y ' i s eliminated, revfiaros
and
oi npoeorTjKores
t h e ^yovfievot,
(OX t h e irpoearrjKores
of J o s e -
phus) are t h e only leaders mentioned. If this b e s o , t h e existence of a 'council of elders' (gerousia) of t h e Jewish politeuma i n Alexandria under t h e P t o l e m i e s , t h o u g h n o t improbable, i s n o t sup ported b y a n y literary evidence (cf. J o u g u e t , La Vie municipale, 38 sq.).
PROLEGOMENA
10
b e t t e r fit t h e a r i s t o c r a t i c c h a r a c t e r of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c R o m a n w o r l d . A t t h e e n d of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d a n d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e R o m a n t h e powerful personality of t h e ethnarch overshadowed a l l other leaders'. Strabo, w h o visited Alexandria under Augustus, speaks of the eth n a r c h a s of a m a n r u l i n g t h e c o m m u n i t y ' l i k e t h e h e a d of a n i n d e p e n d e n t s t a t e ' . H i s f u n c t i o n s , a c c o r d i n g t o S t r a b o , w e r e t o a d m i n i s t e r t h e p e o p l e ' s affairs, t o p r e s i d e o v e r t h e c o u r t , a n d t o t a k e c a r e of d o c u m e n t s of p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c l a w . H e w a s c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e h e a d of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , of t h e c o u r t , a n d of t h e n o t a r y ' s office. Y e t t h e r e are n o t sufficient g r o u n d s t o s p e a k of a n a u t o c r a t i c rule r e p l a c i n g t h e a r i s t o c r a t i c o n e . T h e p o w e r of t h e e t h n a r c h d i d n o t o p p o s e t h e influence of t h e g r e a t f a m i l i e s w h i c h f o r m e d t h e s o c i a l b a s i s of a r i s t o c r a t i c rule in t h e c o m m u n i t y , since t h e e t h n a r c h h i m s e l f w a s c e r t a i n t o b e a m e m b e r of o n e of t h o s e families. T h e c r e a t i o n of a c e n t r a l i z e d p o w e r i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t t e s t s p e r h a p s t h e p o l i t i c a l w i s d o m of t h e J e w i s h a r i s t o c r a c y i n A l e x a n d r i a , w h i c h preferred t o r e n o u n c e t h e p e t t y q u a r r e l s a m o n g i t s families i n o r d e r t o c r e a t e a s t r o n g rule of t h e p r i v i l e g e d c l a s s o v e r t h e w h o l e c o m m u n i t y . S u c h a rule w a s n e e d e d a s a m e a n s of defence a g a i n s t t h e u n r u l y l o w e r o r d e r s of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of t h e c i t y (cf. b e l o w , p p . 50 s q q . ) . 2 5
2 6
Of t h e v a r i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d officials of t h e c o m m u n i t y , m e n t i o n is m a d e i n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d of a neokoros (hazzari) of a s y n a g o g u e . S u c h o t h e r references as exist occur m o s t l y in R o m a n times. T h e i m p o r t a n t A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y h a d a n o t a r y ' s office a n d a c o u r t . A m o n g t h e officials, t h e a r c h o n s (dpxovres) p l a y e d the principal p a r t i n all J e w i s h communities of the R o m a n E m p i r e . I n E g y p t i a n d o c u m e n t s t h e y are m e n t i o n e d o n l y o n c e : t h e a r c h o n s of t h e J e w s f r o m T h e b a i s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y of A r s i n o e ( N o . 432). A p a r t f r o m t h e m , irpoardrai a n d , p e r h a p s , a povnarris are m e n t i o n e d . T h i s is all t h e m a t e r i a l w h i c h c a n b e g a t h e r e d f r o m o u r s o u r c e s w i t h reference t o t h e officials a n d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s i n E g y p t . 2 7
28
W e are f a r b e t t e r i n f o r m e d a b o u t t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e life o f E g y p t i a n J e w s u n d e r t h e P t o l e m i e s . H e r e t h e g r e a t c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e p a p y r i must be emphasized. Earlier scholars, taking their evidence almost exclusively 2 5
T h e terms pxXXdpxoiv or dpxtov vtjmos h a v e a meaning only i n a n aristocratic society, where
mentioned in N o . 129,1. 7; cf. T h o s . Sukkah 4 . 6 ; b. Sukkah 51b.
every w e a l t h y family is a n x i o u s t o secure a seat in the council of t h e c o m m u n i t y . T h e terms Trarrjp and firjrrjp tt]s owaya>yrjs can also serve t o exemplify t h e rule of aristocratic families over t h e c o m m u n i t y . Cf. for t h e use of these terms Schiirer, iii. 87 sqq. Strabo a p . J o s . ant. 14. 1 1 7 : Kadlorarai Be
For the dpxovres and officials of Jewish c o m m u n i t i e s i n general cf. Schiirer, i i i . 84 s q q . ; Juster, Les Juifs dans Vempire romain, i. 443 s q q . ; B a r o n , The Jewish Community, i. 95 s q q . ; F r e y , CI J, p p . l x x x i i s q q . Jewish - n p o o r d r a i are m e n tioned in an inscription from X e n e p h y r i s of the P t o l e m a i c period (SB 5862: 01 dno 3evevpeos
2 6
Kal
idvapxys
KpLoets
avrutv
Kal ovfipohalcov
tcdv
os SioiKet
TC TO eOvos
iirtp.eXe£rai dpxcov
Kal Siaira
Kal irpoaray/jid-
avroreXovs.
2 7
T h e notary's office (dpxetov) is mentioned in N o . 143, 11. 7 s q . For the court cf. Thoseftha K e t h u b o t h 3. 1 = Thoseftha P e a h 4. 6 ; cf. b . K e t h u b o t h 25a. Jewish dpx^ta are recorded also i n Hierapolis ( H u m a n n , e t al., Altertumer von Hierapolis,
N o . 212; cf. N o . 69). T h e hazzan i s
2
8
"IovBaloi..
.irpooTavrcov &eo8a>pov
Kal
AxiXXiatvos),
and in a Hebrew papyrus of the B y z a n t i n e age (see b e l o w , p . i o i ) . A ^>povriorrjs
AXe^av8peojv
is
recorded in a Jewish inscription from the necropolis of Jaffa (CIJ 918), but w e d o n o t k n o w whether the reference is t o the Jewish c o m m u n i t y of Alexandria or t o a c o m m u n i t y of Alexandrian J e w s i n Jaffa.
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
II
f r o m l i t e r a r y sources, w e r e d e p e n d e n t u p o n insufficient a n d b i a s e d m a t e r i a l . T h e y w e r e , in a d d i t i o n , t o o e a s i l y influenced b y t h e p i c t u r e of t h e J e w a s t r a d e r a n d m o n e y - l e n d e r , a p i c t u r e f a m i l i a r f r o m w h a t is k n o w n of g h e t t o life of t h e M i d d l e A g e s a n d m o d e r n t i m e s . W i t h o u t a n y m o d i f i c a t i o n t h e y a p p l i e d t h i s p i c t u r e t o a n c i e n t h i s t o r y a s w e l l . T h e r e is c o n s i d e r a b l e d o u b t w h e t h e r t h i s p i c t u r e is j u s t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o l a t e r t i m e s : a s a p p l i e d t o a n c i e n t h i s t o r y i t is c e r t a i n l y e x a g g e r a t e d . I t is w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e J e w s of P a l e s t i n e r e a c h e d t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n o n l y i n t h e t i m e s of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s , a n d e v e n t h e n d i d n o t s u c c e e d i n t r a d e , since t h e y are n e v e r r e c o r d e d trading p e o p l e . E v e n t h e o v e r l a n d - t r a d e in P a l e s t i n e itself w a s n o t i n J e w i s h h a n d s , b u t w a s m o n o p o l i z e d b y A r a b s a n d c i t i z e n s of t h e G r e e k c i t i e s . N o o n e of t h e n u m e r o u s a n t i - S e m i t i c a u t h o r s of t h e a n t i q u i t y e v e r c h a r g e d t h e J e w s w i t h h a v i n g m o n o p o l i z e d t r a d e o r m o n e y - l e n d i n g , a n d t h e u s u a l r e a s o n for d e s p i s i n g t h e J e w s w a s t h e i r p o v e r t y , n o t t h e i r w e a l t h . A s for E g y p t , it is t r u e t h a t J o s e p h u s mentions some rich J e w s in A l e x a n d r i a w h o were engaged, probably, in trade and money-lending; b u t this evidence cannot be regarded as applying to the w h o l e of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t , since it is o b v i o u s t h a t J o s e p h u s is i n t e r e s t e d o n l y in p e r s o n s i n v o l v e d i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l a n d financial affairs, a n d t h e s e p e r s o n s w e r e i n d e e d of g r e a t w e a l t h a n d influence. T h e e x i s t e n c e of w e a l t h y J e w s , e s p e c i a l l y i n A l e x a n d r i a , is n o t t o b e d e n i e d , a n d w e s h a l l h a v e f u r t h e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s of r e c o r d i n g t h e m . Y e t t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e in E g y p t w a s not rich and h a d no connexion w i t h trade or money-lending. W e owe this knowledge to the papyri, which provide us w i t h abundant material c o n c e r n i n g t h e e c o n o m i c life of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s i n t h e chora (xcopa), i.e. i n t h e c o u n t r y o u t s i d e of A l e x a n d r i a . I h o p e t o s h o w t h a t t h i s n e w e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t s a p i c t u r e v e r y different f r o m t h a t p r o v i d e d b y earlier s c h o l a r s . 2 9
30
L e t u s b e g i n w i t h J e w i s h soldiers. H e r e e s p e c i a l l y t h e n e w e v i d e n c e of t h e p a p y r i is of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e . I t h a s a l w a y s b e e n k n o w n f r o m l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s t h a t J e w s s e r v e d in t h e a r m i e s of t h e P t o l e m i e s a n d S e l e u c i d s , b u t t h i s e v i d e n c e w a s f r e q u e n t l y h e l d t o b e u n - h i s t o r i c a l : h o w c o u l d J e w s h a v e s e r v e d a s soldiers w h e n t h e y were not allowed b y the T o r a h to w o r k on the S a b b a t h ? This v i e w 3 1
2 9
Cf. Speck, Handelsgeschichte des Altertutns, iii. 2. 408; Herzfeld, Handelsgeschichte der Juden des Altertutns, 2. AufL, 1894, 202 s q q . ; F r e y , CI J Ixiv ('La diaspora occidentale est nee de l'esprit d'affaires'); Mahaffy, Melanges Nicole, 661 (Jews of S y e n e and Elephantine of the fifth century B.C. were 'in some sense' the bankers of E g y p t ) ; Oehler, MGWJ liii, 1909, 537; F u c h s , Jud. Aegypiens, 4 ('Die J u d e n miissen Alexander durch ihre fiber die ganze Welt verbreiteten Handelsbeziehungen . . . zu wertvollen Freunden geworden s e i n ' ) ; Jullien, Les Juifs d'Alexandrie, 25 ('Les juifs d e Judee . . . apporterent a v e c e u x ce s e n s aigu du negoce qui est u n des traits de leur race . . .'). Friedlander (Sittengeschichte Roms, 9. Aufl., iii. 201 sq.) w a s one of the few w h o protested against this v i e w ; cf. F u c h s , 61. See also B e v a n , History of Egypt, 8 ('There was n o reason w h y
Alexander should b e interested specially i n t h e J e w s . T h e J e w s were not in those d a y s w h a t t h e y afterwards b e c a m e — a people connected t o a pre eminent degree w i t h trade and finance') and i n ('We think of the J e w s t o d a y as pre-eminently financiers and traders. B u t in those d a y s t h e y had not y e t a n y special reputation in t h a t line'). 3 0
T h e Arabs traded in perfumes, precious stones, and g o l d ; cf. 'Letter of Aristeas', 114. T h e commercial role of the Greek cities o n t h e Palestinian shore, especially Gaza a n d P t o l e m a i s A k k o , is well k n o w n : cf., for e x a m p l e , t h e Pales tinian papyri of Zenon (Mizraim, i v - v . 28 s q . ) . Josephus (c. Ap. 1. 60) s a y s : 'We d o not dwell in a maritime country and we h a v e n o interest in commerce.' 3 1
Willrich, Juden und Griechen, 1895, 28.
PROLEGOMENA
12
is n o w e n t i r e l y e x p l o d e d b y t h e p a p y r i . I n t h e l i g h t of t h e n e w e v i d e n c e earlier i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s also g a i n s a n e w significance. T h e r e i s n o l o n g e r a n y r e a s o n f o r r e j e c t i n g t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e ' L e t t e r o f A r i s t e a s ' (13) c o n c e r n i n g J e w i s h prisoners of w a r s e t t l e d i n s t r o n g h o l d s b y P t o l e m y I (of c o u r s e , t h e n u m b e r of 30,000 m u s t b e t r e a t e d w i t h r e s e r v e ) : t h e w e l l - k n o w n A r a m a i c papyri from Elephantine h a v e shown u s t h a t in Persian times, a n d e v e n b e f o r e , J e w i s h g a r r i s o n s w e r e s e t t l e d i n frontier f o r t r e s s e s . T h e h a b i t of s e t t l i n g foreign t r o o p s o n t h e soil, a s w e l l a s t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t h e frontiers b y m i l i t a r y g a r r i s o n s u n d e r t h e l a s t P h a r a o h s , is a t t e s t e d b y H e r o d o t o s (2. 3 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 5 4 ) ; s o i t is l i k e l y t h a t t h e v e r y first J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t s i n E g y p t , r e c o r d e d b y Jeremiah, were military settlements. I n t r u s t i n g h i s fortresses t o J e w s P t o l e m y I w a s n o i n n o v a t o r : h e w a s m e r e l y f o l l o w i n g i n t h e s t e p s of h i s p r e d e c e s s o r s . T h e f a c t t h a t s o m e of t h e s e J e w s w e r e p r i s o n e r s of w a r w a s n o o b stacle t o their serving o n t h e frontiers: such prisoners serving in t h e regular a r m y of t h e P t o l e m i e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a p y r i . 32
33
3 4
T h a t J e w s were allowed t o serve in t h e a r m y must n o t b e considered as a kind of p e c u l i a r p r i v i l e g e g r a n t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o t h e m , a s m i g h t b e inferred f r o m s o m e s e n t e n c e s of J o s e p h u s . A l m o s t t h e w h o l e P t o l e m a i c a r m y w a s c o m p o s e d of m e r c e n a r i e s c o m i n g f r o m v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d . T h e Ptolemies did not trust the native troops, a n d as it proved with good reason: natives h a v i n g once been enlisted in large numbers in t h e regular army, w h e n t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s n e e d e d i n t h e g r e a t w a r a g a i n s t A n t i o c h o s I I I (217 B . C . ) , b e c a m e a r r o g a n t a n d s e d i t i o u s after t h e v i c t o r y . T h u s t h e P t o l e m i e s w e r e f a c e d w i t h t h e problem of h a v i n g t o build a national a r m y w i t h o u t native elements. T h e y s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m b y s e t t l i n g soldiers of foreign origin o n E g y p t i a n soil and t h u s creating a n e w local a r m y , h a v i n g all t h e a d v a n t a g e s of mercenary t r o o p s b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e u n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s of r e c r u i t ment from abroad. T h i s n e w a r m y h a d its regular troops a n d reserves, its in fantry, cavalry, a n d administrative service. T h e cavalry, t h e most aristocratic p a r t of t h e a r m y , w a s f o r m e d of h i p p a r c h i e s c a l l e d b y n u m b e r s (first, s e c o n d , etc.) o r b y n a m e s of v a r i o u s p e o p l e s ; t h e i n f a n t r y w a s d i v i d e d i n t o d e t a c h m e n t s d e s i g 35
3 2
F o r t h e J e w i s h military settlement i n Ele phantine cf. E d u a r d Meyer, Der Papyrusfund von Elephantine, 1912; Hoenacker, Une Communaute judeo-arameenne a Elephantine, 1 9 1 5 ; V i n c e n t , La Religion des Judeo-Aratneens d'Ele phantine, 1937. According t o E d . Meyer, t h e Jewish c o l o n y in Elephantine w a s founded a s early a s t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y , b u t there are more grounds for believing t h a t t h e great national c a l a m i t y of 586 w a s t h e main reason for t h e J e w i s h immigration into E g y p t . T h e Persians w h o con quered E g y p t i n 525 probably found t h e Jewish settlement i n Elephantine already long e s t a b lished. 3 3
According t o H e r o d o t o s (2.30), t h e E g y p t i a n king P s a m m e t i c h o s , i n order t o protect E g y p t ' s frontiers, founded military garrisons a t Elephan tine, D a p h n a i , a n d Marea; these garrisons were
maintained under the Persians ( I n Se e V Ilepoeuiv
Kara, ravrd
ai v\a.Kal exovai
ifitv
a>s Kal
nal enl
Since the garrison in Elephan tine w a s c o m p o s e d , a t a n y rate partly, of J e w s , it i s possible t h a t t h e J e w s in D a p h n a i (OrHSnri) recorded b y Jeremiah (2. 1 6 ; 43. 7 ; 44. 1 ; 46. 14) were also military settlers a n d h a d been settled there w i t h t h e s a m e purpose of protecting t h e frontiers. Wafiivr]rlxov
ffoav).
3 4
S e e , for e x a m p l e , W . Chr. 334; P . E n t . 5 4 ; P . T e b t . 793, col. V I ; cf. P . T e b t . 853 introd., 1001, 1003. 3 5
J o s e p h u s is a n x i o u s t o emphasize t h a t t h e Hellenistic rulers trusted J e w s because of their extraordinary constancy i n keeping oaths a n d p l e d g e s : ant. n . 318; 12. 8. T h a t i s , of course, a typical feature of Josephus' apologetic tendency.
THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
13
n a t e d b y t h e n a m e s of t h e i r chiefs. A m o n g t h e h i p p a r c h i e s w e m a y n o t e t h o s e of T h r a c i a n s , T h e s s a l i a n s , M y s i a n s , a n d P e r s i a n s , all o r g a n i z e d a s e a r l y a s t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y . T h e s e t t l e m e n t of foreign soldiers o n E g y p t i a n soil w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y s p e c i a l officials ( s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d ol irpos rfj ovvrdgei), w h o s e d u t y i t w a s t o d i v i d e l a n d i n t o p l o t s t o b e a l l o t t e d t o t h e settlers. Officers, e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e of t h e c a v a l r y , o b t a i n e d t h e l a r g e s t p l o t s of 80 o r 100 a r o u r a i ; s m a l l e r p l o t s , f r o m 24 t o 60 a r o u r a i , w e r e a l l o t t e d t o t h e less i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r s of t h e a r m y . S o l d i e r s , s e t t l e d i n cleruchies (or KCLTOIKCCU, as t h e y were called in the second century), t o o k w i v e s f r o m a m o n g t h e n a t i v e s , a n d so a y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n , h a v i n g a military tradition from its v e r y birth, grew u p in the settlements. T h i s y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n w a s c a l l e d t h e E p i g o n e (imyovrj). S i n c e t h e E p i g o n e s e r v e d a s a p e r m a n e n t s o u r c e of n e w e n l i s t m e n t s , t h e t e r m a c q u i r e d t h e significance of a n ' a r m y of r e s e r v e s ' . E v e r y soldier, w h e n g i v i n g his n a m e for a n y official p u r p o s e , w a s o b l i g e d t o r e c o r d his o r i g i n ( M a c e d o n i a n , T h r a c i a n , etc.) a n d s t a t e w h e t h e r h e w a s a r e g u l a r soldier ( w i t h d e t a i l s of d e t a c h m e n t , h i p p a r c h y a n d t h e like) o r b e l o n g e d t o t h e E p i g o n e . S u c h w a s t h e l a r g e a n d c o m p l i c a t e d s t r u c t u r e of t h e E g y p t i a n a r m y c r e a t e d b y t h e P t o l e m i e s (especially b y P t o l e m y P h i l a d e l p h o s ) in the third century B . C . 3 6
I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e r e w a s r o o m e n o u g h i n t h i s a r m y for J e w s t o o . J e w s , i t is t r u e , w e r e n o t k n o w n in t h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d a s a p e o p l e of s p e c i a l m i l i t a r y capacity, as were the Macedonians, Thracians, or G a l a t i a n s ; consequently t h e y d i d n o t f o r m s e p a r a t e u n i t s , a t a n y r a t e n o t in t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y . Y e t t h e y w e r e c a p a b l e of s e r v i n g a s soldiers a n d officers in t h e r e g u l a r a r m y ; t h e y w e r e m e m b e r s of t h e E p i g o n e , a n d , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e i r s e r v i c e , h a d t h e r i g h t t o b e s e t t l e d in fortresses a n d m i l i t a r y c l e r u c h i e s . S o m e t i m e s t h e y a t t a i n e d h i g h m i l i t a r y r a n k , a s , for e x a m p l e , T o u b i a s , t h e h e a d of a m i l i t a r y c l e r u c h y i n T r a n s j o r d a n in t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y ( N o s . 1, 2, 4, 5), a n d t h e h i g h p r i e s t O n i a s I V a n d his s o n s in t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y (see b e l o w , p p . 20, 24). P a p y r o l o g i c a l d o c u m e n t s i n S e c t i o n I I I g i v e v e r y v a l u a b l e e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e life of J e w i s h soldiers in t h e F a y u m , w h o s e r v e d in v a r i o u s m i l i t a r y u n i t s or b e l o n g e d t o t h e E p i g o n e . T h e r e a d e r w i l l find in t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h i s s e c t i o n s o m e f u r t h e r d e t a i l s b e a r i n g o n t h i s q u e s t i o n ; here a p r o b l e m of w i d e r i m p o r t a n c e w i l l b e discussed. I t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e m p h a s i z e d t h a t a p a r t of t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y w a s o r g a n i z e d in s e p a r a t e e t h n i c u n i t s , s u c h a s t h e h i p p a r c h i e s of T h r a c i a n s , T h e s s a l i a n s , a n d so o n . W h e n t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y w a s still i n t h e p r o c e s s of f o r m a t i o n , t h e s e e t h n i c u n i t s w e r e , a s t h e i r n a m e s i m p l y , u n i t s of p e r s o n s a l l b e l o n g i n g t o a c e r t a i n n a t i o n . Y e t in t h e c o u r s e of t i m e p e r s o n s of different o r i g i n w e r e a d m i t t e d i n t o these u n i t s , a n d t h e n a m e s of T h r a c i a n s , T h e s s a l i a n s , a n d t h e l i k e c e a s e d t o d e s i g n a t e p e r s o n s of a c e r t a i n o r i g i n , b u t w e r e a p p l i e d t o soldiers b e l o n g i n g t o a c e r t a i n m i l i t a r y u n i t w i t h n o reference t o t h e i r n a t i o n a l p r o v e n a n c e . M a n y i n s t a n c e s i n t h e p a p y r i s h o w t h e c h a n g e of t h e n a t i o n a l d e s i g n a t i o n of a soldier a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of his r e m o v a l f r o m o n e u n i t t o a n o t h e r . J e w s 37
3 6
For the Ptolemaic army see J. Lesquier, Les Institutions militaires de VE\gypte sous les Lagides, 1 9 1 1 ; Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire des Lagides, iv. 1 s q q . ; B e v a n , 165 sqq.
3 7
P . F a y . 1 1 , 12: a person, styled IlcpoTjs rrjs emyovrjs, is recorded about ten years afterwards as a Mysian of the fourth h i p p a r c h y ; W . Chr. 448: a Macedonian policeman is incorporated in a
14
PROLEGOMENA
w e r e n o e x c e p t i o n t o t h e rule. T h e y s t y l e d t h e m s e l v e s ' P e r s i a n s ' a n d ' M a c e donians' w h e n serving in units bearing these names. Sometimes they even omitted their usual designation 'Jews', so that a Hebrew name only, or some c h a n c e , m a y r e v e a l t h e i r J e w i s h o r i g i n ( N o s . i , n o t e t o 1. 6 ; 142, 143). I n o t h e r cases t h e y preserved their previous designation a n d styled themselves b y b o t h n a m e s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e , t h a t of ' J e w s , P e r s i a n s of t h e E p i g o n e ' , is k n o w n f r o m t h e p a p y r i ( N o . 4 1 7 ) , a n d t h i s p a r t i c u l a r case c a n n o t s e r v e a s t h e b a s i s for t h e f o r m u l a t i o n of a g e n e r a l rule r e g a r d i n g soldiers, since ' P e r s i a n s of t h e E p i g o n e ' , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e of R o m a n p e r i o d , c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s soldiers (see b e l o w , p . 5 1 , n o t e 10). T h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w s s e r v i n g i n v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l u n i t s e n a b l e s u s t o s o l v e a difficulty a r i s i n g f r o m J o s e p h u s , w h o s t a t e s t h r e e t i m e s t h a t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s were allowed t o style themselves ' M a c e d o n i a n s ' . Various far-reaching theories h a v e been p u t forward in commenting upon this s t a t e m e n t ; it h a s been s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e M a c e d o n i a n s w e r e t h e h i g h a r i s t o c r a c y of A l e x a n d r i a n s o c i e t y , a n d t h e e v i d e n c e of J o s e p h u s h a s b e e n u s e d t o p r o v e t h a t J e w s w e r e a m o n g t h o s e c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a w h o h a d full r i g h t s a n d p r i v i l e g e s . T h e p a p y r i , o n c e a g a i n , s h o w u s t h e w a y t o a c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s . I n a n A l e x a n d r i a n p a p y r u s of t h e t i m e of A u g u s t u s t h e r e a p p e a r t w o b r o t h e r s s t y l i n g t h e m s e l v e s ' M a c e d o n i a n s ' ( N o . 142), a n d i n a n o t h e r p a p y r u s o n e of t h e s e b r o t h e r s i s r e c o r d e d a s d r a w i n g u p h i s w i l l i n t h e J e w i s h n o t a r y ' s office ( N o . 143). A M a c e d o n i a n w o u l d n o t a p p l y t o a J e w i s h office i n o r d e r t o d r a w u p his w i l l , a n d s o i t m a y b e inferred t h a t t h e s e ' M a c e d o n i a n s ' w e r e J e w s . T h u s t h e e v i d e n c e of J o s e p h u s a s t o t h e p r e s e n c e of J e w s i n R o m a n A l e x a n d r i a w h o called themselves 'Macedonians' is confirmed b y the papyri. B u t t h e inter p r e t a t i o n of t h i s f a c t a s g i v e n b y J o s e p h u s (and b y m o d e r n s c h o l a r s f o l l o w i n g him) cannot b e accepted as a correct one. Josephus w a s deceived b y t h e double m e a n i n g of t h e t e r m ' M a c e d o n i a n ' . T h i s t e r m (just l i k e T h r a c i a n , T h e s s a l i a n , etc.) c o u l d h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o a n a t i o n or, i n a m o r e n a r r o w a n d specific sense, t o a m i l i t a r y u n i t . J o s e p h u s u s e d t h e t e r m i n i t s f o r m e r s e n s e ; a n d since t h e M a c e d o n i a n s , a s a n a t i o n , r u l e d o v e r E g y p t , t h e k i n g himself b e i n g one of t h e m , t h e r e c o u l d b e n o d o u b t a s t o t h e i r v e r y h i g h s o c i a l r a n k . Y e t i n t h e c a s e of t h e ' M a c e d o n i a n J e w s ' of A l e x a n d r i a t h e t r u e m e a n i n g i s t h a t of a m i l i t a r y u n i t : 38
39
'politeuma' of t h e K r e t a n s ; P . A m h . ii. 36: a person, k n o w n from another papyrus ( P . Grenf. 1.12) as a citizen of P t o l e m a i s , is styled a K r e t a n . Cf. also P . Petr. iii. 112 f. I t i s worth noting t h a t t h e hipparchy of t h e Thessalians w a s officially called 'the hipparchy of Thessalians and other Greeks' ( P . Freib. iii. 36-37; P . E n t . 15). 3 8
Bell. 2. 487 s q . : Alexander granted J e w s permission t o settle in A l e x a n d r i a ; this w a s con firmed b y his successors, w h o also permitted J e w s t o b e styled Macedonians (KO.1 xPVH- ^ erpeif/ev MaKe86vas); ant. 12. 8: P t o l e m y Soter assigned m a n y J e w s t o his garrisons and granted those in Alexandria equal civic rights w i t h t h e Macedonians (KO.1 rots MaxeSooiv eV AXe£avopeia ar
irorfoas
laonoXiras);
c. Ap.
tv
2. 35 s q . : A l e x a n d e r
settled J e w s in Alexandria, where t h e y were granted t h e same rights a s the Macedonians ( / c a t 1(717? irapd
rots
Ma/ceSoai
Tip.ijs
CWTVXOV) ;
'and
d o w n t o t h e present time their tribe h a s been called M a c e d o n i a n s ' (KO.1 fie%pi v€v avrcov T17V irpoaTjyopiav 3 9
ei^e
-r) vXr)
MaKeSoves).
Schiirer, iii. 122 sq. ( t h e Macedonians are 'die alexandrinischen Vollbiirger'); Juster, ii. 7 ('egaux e n droit a la classe possedant les droits politiques les plus £tendus, c'est a dire a c e u x qu'on n o m m a i t Macedoniens'). Schubart (Arch. v . i n ) w a s t h e first t o draw from papyrological evidence t h e conclusion t h a t t h e 'Macedonians' had nothing t o d o w i t h Alexandrian citizenship. Cf. F u c h s , 88; Engers in Klio, xviii, 1923, 89; W i l c k e n , Grundziige 63.
THE
PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
15
w h e n a J e w s t y l e s h i m s e l f in a d o c u m e n t ' M a c e d o n i a n ' , it s h o w s o n l y t h a t t h i s J e w (or o n e of h i s forefathers) s e r v e d a s soldier i n a M a c e d o n i a n u n i t . The e x i s t e n c e of a J e w i s h <j>v\ri ('tribe'), w h o s e m e m b e r s c a l l e d t h e m s e l v e s ' M a c e d o n i a n s ' i n t h e t i m e of J o s e p h u s (see n o t e 38), s h o w s o n l y t h a t a c e r t a i n g r o u p of J e w i s h soldiers h a d in t h e p a s t b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a d e t a c h m e n t of t h e M a c e d o n i a n a r m y h a v i n g its s t a n d i n g q u a r t e r s i n A l e x a n d r i a . I t w a s , of c o u r s e , a g r e a t h o n o u r t o b e r e c k o n e d a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s of t h e M a c e d o n i a n g a r r i s o n of t h e c a p i t a l ; y e t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e y w e r e n o m o r e t h a n soldiers, a n d , a t a n y rate, h a d no claim to Alexandrian citizenship. W e t u r n t o f a r m e r s . T h e e x i s t e n c e of a r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n of J e w s i n E g y p t is a t t e s t e d for all t h r e e p e r i o d s a l i k e . I n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d w e find J e w s e n g a g e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e a s m i l i t a r y settlers, l e a s e - h o l d e r s , ' k i n g ' s p e a s a n t s ' (jSaoxXLKOI yecopyol), field-hands, v i n e - d r e s s e r s , s h e p h e r d s , a n d so o n . T h e p a p y r i g i v e e v i d e n c e of a l a r g e a n d v a r i e d r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n of J e w s in t h e F a y u m i n t h e t h i r d a n d s e c o n d c e n t u r i e s B . C . , w h i l e t h e o s t r a k a t e l l u s of J e w i s h p e a s a n t s i n U p p e r E g y p t in the second c e n t u r y B . C . T h e J e w s were an agricultural people i n t h e i r m o t h e r c o u n t r y , a n d t h e r i c h a n d fertile soil of E g y p t offered m a n y o p p o r t u n i t i e s for p e o p l e t o e a r n t h e i r l i v i n g b y f a r m i n g . M i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , t o o . w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h a g r i c u l t u r e . I t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n stressed t h a t e v e r y foreign soldier s e r v i n g i n t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y r e c e i v e d a n a l l o t m e n t of a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a , a m o u n t i n g s o m e t i m e s t o 80 or 100 a r o u r a i . T h e s e a l l o t m e n t s w e r e o r i g i n ally considered as holdings g i v e n b y the k i n g and a l w a y s liable to be w i t h d r a w n a n d r e s t o r e d t o t h e k i n g ' s possession. Y e t i n t h e p r o c e s s of t i m e t h e s e p l o t s of l a n d b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e l e a s e h o l d e r a n d his f a m i l y , so t h a t a t l a s t t h e y b e g a n t o b e b e q u e a t h e d f r o m f a t h e r t o s o n . T h o u g h t h e r i g h t s of p r i v a t e l a n d o w n e r s h i p c o n t r a d i c t e d t h e ' t o t a l i t a r i a n ' p r i n c i p l e s of t h e P t o l e m a i c S t a t e , t h e g o v e r n m e n t d i d n o t (or c o u l d n o t ) o p p o s e t h e n a t u r a l i n c l i n a t i o n of t h e soldier t o l o o k u p o n h i m s e l f a s m a s t e r of h i s o w n l a n d . T h e g o v e r n m e n t f a v o u r e d t h e m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s a s r e g a r d s p a y m e n t of t a x e s , t o o : w h e r e a s a ' k i n g ' s p e a s a n t ' p a i d r e n t (e/c^opioj/) a t a r a t e of 4 o r 5 a r t a b a i pro a r o u r a , t h e r a t e for a m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r w a s 1 o r 2 a r t a b a i o n l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s w e r e n o t c o m p e l l e d t o till t h e soil w i t h t h e i r o w n h a n d s ; a s a r u l e t h e y f a r m e d o u t t h e i r e s t a t e s t o n a t i v e fellahin. T h e a i m of t h e g o v e r n m e n t w a s n o t t o c r e a t e a c l a s s of n e w tillers of t h e soil, b u t t o p r o v i d e t h e m e m b e r s of t h e a r m y w i t h a fixed i n c o m e . N o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s r e g a r d e d t h e m selves as landowners rather t h a n as farm-labourers. T h e Jews were no exception. I n S e c t i o n I I I t h e r e a d e r w i l l find m a n y i n s t a n c e s of J e w s w h o i n t h e i r c a p a c i t y a s soldiers o w n e d p l o t s of l a n d . I t is sufficient t o m e n t i o n h e r e t h e t w o m e m b e r s of t h e first h i p p a r c h y i n N o . 24, o w n i n g 80 a r o u r a i e a c h a n d b e i n g , c o n s e q u e n t l y , r i c h a n d influential p e r s o n s . I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t S e c t i o n I I I , d e a l i n g w i t h m i l i t a r y settlers, c o n t a i n s m a n y d o c u m e n t s of l e g a l c h a r a c t e r , s u c h a s d e e d s of l o a n , of b u s i n e s s p a r t n e r s h i p , of m o r t g a g e , a n d t h e like. W e m a y d r a w the conclusion t h a t these Jewish military settlers were w e a l t h y enough t o 40
41
4 0
T h e national designation (idvixov) w a s transJLar
e
v
u s e c
m i t t e d from father t o son. For xPVf ^ '» a s technical term ('to style o n e s e l f ) cf. Preisigke, WB, s . v . ; Bickerman, HTR xiii, 1949, i n sq.
4 1
Wilcken, Grundz. 282 s q . ; W . Chr. 334, 335,
336; P . T e b t . 956; R o s t o w z e w , Studien zur Gesch. des romisch. Kolonats, 1910, 11 s q . ; Kiessling, Actes du 5* Congres, 216 sqq.
PROLEGOMENA
i6
e n g a g e i n v a r i o u s affairs i n n o w a y c o n n e c t e d w i t h m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e or w i t h agriculture. W e h a v e n o d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s o c i a l s t a n d i n g of t h e o t h e r J e w i s h f a r m e r s referred t o i n t h e d o c u m e n t s . W h o w e r e t h e p e a s a n t s i n U p p e r E g y p t w i t h t h e H e b r e w a n d o t h e r S e m i t i c n a m e s w h i c h a p p e a r so often in t h e o s t r a k a ? W e r e t h e y w e a l t h y landowners, or humble tenants, tilling the king's l a n d ? P r o b a b l y t h e y i n c l u d e d p e r s o n s of b o t h c a t e g o r i e s (see I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e c t i o n V ) . J e w i s h n a m e s a p p e a r i n v a r i o u s lists, a c c o u n t s , c e n s u s - r e t u r n s , p r o p e r t y d e c l a r a t i o n s , a n d so o n ( S e c t i o n I V ) ; all t h e s e J e w s w e r e m e m b e r s of t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n , b u t i n a l m o s t a l l c a s e s w e are u n a b l e t o d e c i d e u p o n t h e i r p r e c i s e social p o s i t i o n . F i e l d - h a n d s w o r k i n g for p a y (yecopyol fxiadax) are m e n t i o n e d in N o . 3 6 ; t h e r e w e r e p r o b a b l y m o r e J e w s of t h i s k i n d a m o n g ' S y r i a n s ' w o r k i n g o n t h e fields (cf., for e x a m p l e , P C Z 59292, 11. 52 s q q . , 464 s q q . ) . J e w i s h v i n e dressers are r e c o r d e d o n l y o n c e : S a m u e l a n d A l e x a n d e r , w h o f a r m e d f r o m Z e n o n a v i n e y a r d of 60 a r o u r a i ( N o s . 14, 15). J e w i s h s h e p h e r d s are m e n t i o n e d far m o r e f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e p a p y r i ( N o s . 9, 38, 39, 412). S h e p h e r d s i n E g y p t w e r e o f t e n s h e e p - o w n e r s a n d d e a l e r s in w o o l t o o , a n d t h e c o m m e r c e in w h i c h t h e y w e r e e n g a g e d s o m e t i m e s l e d t h e m i n t o a c t i o n s of a d u b i o u s n a t u r e (No. 38, cf. P . E n t . 3). I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t J e w i s h s h e p h e r d s w e r e f r e q u e n t l y c a l l e d b y E g y p t i a n n a m e s ( N o s . 9, 38). 42
W e h a v e n o e v i d e n c e in t h e p a p y r i of J e w i s h m e r c h a n t s a n d m o n e y - l e n d e r s i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d . T h e r e are t w o r e a s o n s for t h i s : (1) t h e r e are n o P t o l e m a i c p a p y r i f r o m A l e x a n d r i a , a n d it is c l e a r f r o m P h i l o a n d J o s e p h u s t h a t rich J e w s h a d t h e i r d o m i c i l e s p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e c a p i t a l ; (2) t h e P t o l e m a i c p r i n c i p l e s of g o v e r n m e n t d i d n o t f a v o u r p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e or c o m m e r c e , so t h a t under the Ptolemies there were few merchants even among the Greeks. A s to m o n e y - l e n d i n g , t h e P t o l e m a i c b a n k s (Tpa7re£ai) w e r e a g o v e r n m e n t m o n o p o l y , a n d t h e b a n k e r s w e r e officials of t h e S t a t e ; here, t o o , p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e w a s n o t favoured. T h a t does not m e a n t h a t there were no Jewish business men under the P t o l e m i e s ; A r i o n , t h e chief r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e rich t a x - f a r m e r , J o s e p h t h e T o b i a d , in E g y p t (ant. 12. 200 sqq.) w a s p r o b a b l y o n e of t h e m ; b u t w e k n o w n e x t t o n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e m . A l l o u r k n o w l e d g e of J e w s e n g a g e d i n t r a d e a n d m o n e y - l e n d i n g d e r i v e s f r o m t h e R o m a n p e r i o d ; i t w o u l d b e b e t t e r , therefore, t o defer t h e discussion of t h e p r o b l e m of J e w i s h b u s i n e s s m e n t o t h e n e x t c h a p t e r . 43
W e are n o b e t t e r off a s r e g a r d s J e w i s h a r t i s a n s ; t h e y t o o are i g n o r e d b y t h e p a p y r i in t h e P t o l e m a i c a n d R o m a n a g e s a l i k e . N o sufficient r e a s o n s c a n b e p u t f o r w a r d t o e x p l a i n t h i s silence. W e are t o l d b y t h e T a l m u d t h a t t h e r e w e r e s t r o n g professional o r g a n i z a t i o n s of J e w i s h a r t i s a n s i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d i t is w e l l k n o w n t h a t J e w i s h R a b b i s i n P a l e s t i n e h a d a s p e c i a l affection for t h e a r t s a n d c r a f t s . P h i l o , t o o , confirms t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w i s h a r t i s a n s in A l e x a n d r i a 44
4 2
J e w s , of course, were n o t the only military settlers w h o were engaged in b u s i n e s s ; w e h a v e m a n y instances of Greek and other soldiers making similar contracts (cf., e.g., the numerous
the grounds of their being engaged in b u s i n e s s ; their principal occupation, apart from military service, w a s agriculture and not trade or m o n e y lending.
instances in P . T e b t . 815). W e cannot consider the military settlers in Section I I I as merchants and bankers solely o n
Cf. Krauss, Talmudische Archdologie, ii. 249 sqq. On the collegia of Jewish artisans in Alexandria see below, p . 50.
4 3
4 4
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
17
(Flacc. 56). T h e P t o l e m a i c s y s t e m of S t a t e c o n t r o l d i d n o t affect t h e free l a b o u r of a r t i s a n s , J e w i s h o r n o n - J e w i s h . T h u s t h e s c a r c i t y of t h e p a p y r o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o n t h i s q u e s t i o n m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s m e r e c h a n c e . H e r e is t h e m e a g r e s u m of o u r k n o w l e d g e : a f a m i l y of J e w i s h p o t t e r s i n a ' S y r i a n v i l l a g e ' i n t h e F a y u m ( N o . 4 6 ) ; a J e w i s h w e a v e r i n U p p e r E g y p t i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B.C. (No. 95); a flute-player, p r o b a b l y a professional musician, in the military s e t t l e m e n t of S a m a r e i a i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B.C. ( N o . 28). F a r more abundant is our information about J e w s in the king's service. Here again w e h a v e a varied and multicoloured picture, beginning w i t h influential m e n of t h e c o u r t a n d h i g h a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , a n d e n d i n g w i t h p e t t y officials a n d p o l i c e m e n i n t h e v i l l a g e s . T h e p a p y r i r e c o r d t w o i n s t a n c e s of J e w i s h c o u r t i e r s a n d h i g h officials: D o s i t h e o s , s o n of D r i m y l o s , w h o w a s a n e p o n y m o u s p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d of t h e deified P t o l e m i e s in t h e y e a r 222 B . C . , a n d w h o s e n a m e is m e n t i o n e d b y t h e a u t h o r of t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s ( N o . 127), a n d O n i a s , p r o b a b l y a s t r a t e g o s of a n o m e ( p e r h a p s of H e l i o p o l i s ) , w h o s e i d e n t i t y w i t h t h e h i g h p r i e s t O n i a s , t h e b u i l d e r of t h e t e m p l e i n L e o n t o p o l i s , m a y o r m a y n o t b e a d m i t t e d ( N o . 132). A t h i r d i n s t a n c e , k n o w n f r o m a n inscription, is H e l k i a s , w h o w a s , it s e e m s , a s t r a t e g o s of t h e H e l i o p o l i t e d i s t r i c t . W e r e w e b e t t e r i n f o r m e d a s t o t h e life o f A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s , i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y t h i s list c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r a b l y lengthened. 45
I n t h e chora t h e r e w e r e J e w s o c c u p y i n g v a r i o u s p o s t s in t h e p o l i c e a n d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n t a x - g a t h e r i n g . A chief of police (ema-rar^? TWV v\a.KiTii>v) i n A t h r i b i s ( L o w e r E g y p t ) is m e n t i o n e d i n a n i n s c r i p t i o n d e d i c a t i n g , in co-operation w i t h the local Jewish c o m m u n i t y , a s y n a g o g u e to the Supreme G o d . I n t h e d o c u m e n t s w e h a v e t o differentiate b e t w e e n p o l i c e m e n , c a l l e d v\aKiTai ( N o . 25), a n d w a t c h m e n (^yAa/cej) ( N o . 1 2 ) ; o n l y t h e f o r m e r w e r e g o v e r n m e n t officials, t h e l a t t e r b e i n g e n g a g e d i n p r i v a t e s e r v i c e . J e w s w e r e w e l c o m e d i n t o t h e p o l i c e force for t h e s a m e r e a s o n s t h a t t h e y w e r e w e l c o m e d i n t o the a r m y : the Ptolemaic government did not trust the natives and tried to keep t h e m o u t of b o t h a r m y a n d p o l i c e . T h a t is w h y foreigners ( e s p e c i a l l y A r a b s ) w e r e so n u m e r o u s i n t h e p o l i c e f o r c e . A s for J e w s e n g a g e d in l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e r e is o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e i n t h e p a p y r i : a J e w i s h s e c r e t a r y (ypapixarevs), p r o b a b l y i n t h e n o m e of H e r a k l e o p o l i s ( N o . 137). T h e r e are s o m e i n s t a n c e s of J e w s e m p l o y e d i n t h e financial a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s m a n a g e r s of t h e r o y a l b a n k s (rpan^lrai) o r a s officials in t h e chaff-stores ( N o s . 65, 69, 97, 99-103, 105). 4 6
47
4 5
T h e inscription is in a v e r y bad s t a t e of preservation, and it cannot be stated w i t h cert a i n t y whether t h e arparr]y6s here m e n t i o n e d w a s H e l k i a s himself (the general of Kleopatra I I I ) or his s o n . Cf. Willrich, Arch. i. 48; Strack, ib. ii. 554; R e i n a c h , RE J x l , 1900, 50; J u s t e r , ii. 267;
a proselyte is no more probable t h a n the simple supposition t h a t he w a s a J e w . I n the third century B.C. A r a b policemen are so frequent t h a t the term "Apatfi is u s e d s o m e t i m e s t o m e a n a policeman. See Arab policemen in t h e papyri of Z e n o n : PCZ 59230; 59296, 11. 8, 23;
Schiirer, iii. 132; F u c h s , 16. O G I S 9 6 . 1 see no reason for questioning the J e w i s h origin of this imardrrfs r&v vXaKtr
59425; 59745,1. 84. Cf. for the second century B.C. P . T e b t . 736. A r a b archers (ApaPoro^orat) belonging t o the police are also recorded in R o m a n and B y z a n t i n e times (e.g. S B 7244, 7464; P . Merton 29). There are grounds for assuming t h a t Greeks regarded it as an insult t o be e x p e c t e d t o o b e y E g y p t i a n p o l i c e m e n ; cf. PCZ 59610.
4 7
4 6
t i o n of a s y n a g o g u e ? T h e suggestion t h a t h e w a s B 2909
C
PROLEGOMENA
i8
A v e r y v a l u a b l e p i e c e of i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of J e w s i n t a x - g a t h e r i n g is g i v e n b y o s t r a k a f r o m U p p e r E g y p t . A d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e f o u n d i n S e c t i o n V ; h e r e s o m e p r o b l e m s of a g e n e r a l character will be discussed. W h o w e r e t h e s e J e w i s h t a x - g a t h e r e r s i n U p p e r E g y p t ? T h e s c h o l a r s differen t i a t e b e t w e e n t a x - c o l l e c t o r s a n d t a x - f a r m e r s . T h e a c t u a l c o l l e c t i o n of t h e r e v e n u e s ' , s a y s R o s t o v t z e f f , ' w a s t h e d u t y of S t a t e officials, w h o d e l i v e r e d t h e s u m s or g o o d s c o l l e c t e d t o t h e r o y a l b a n k s a n d s t o r e - h o u s e s . T h e reXcovai [i.e. t a x - f a r m e r s , V . T . ] of E g y p t h a d v e r y l i t t l e t o d o w i t h t h e a c t u a l c o l l e c t i o n ; b u t t h e y h a d a l i v e l y i n t e r e s t in i t a n d t o o k a n a c t i v e p a r t in w a t c h i n g b o t h t h e p r o d u c e r s of r e v e n u e a n d t h e t a x - c o l l e c t o r s , since b y t h e i r c o n t r a c t s w i t h t h e K i n g t h e y g u a r a n t e e d a n d u n d e r w r o t e t o h i m t h e full c o l l e c t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r r e v e n u e . . . . I n case of d e f i c i e n c y t h e y , t h e i r p a r t n e r s (jLteVoxoi), a n d t h e i r s u r e t i e s (eyyvoi) w e r e r e q u i r e d t o m a k e i t g o o d . ' T h i s g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t w i l l n o t b e d i s c u s s e d h e r e ; b u t it is d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r i n o u r p a r t i c u l a r case t h i s fine d i s t i n c tion b e t w e e n tax-collectors a n d tax-farmers can be maintained. I t seems cer t a i n t h a t t h e J e w s in q u e s t i o n w e r e t a x - c o l l e c t o r s , since t h e t a x e s w e r e d e l i v e r e d to the b a n k s b y t h e m and the respective receipts were handed over to them. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n e of t h e m is c a l l e d itjeiArjcfrcos ( N o s . 90, 107), a n d t h i s w o r d is a t e c h n i c a l t e r m for t a x - f a r m e r s (where t h e f a r m i n g of one p a r t i c u l a r t a x is m e a n t ) ; t h e i r l e t t e r s t o t a x - p a y e r s o p e n w i t h t h e f o r m u l a e^oj irapd GOV, t y p i c a l of t a x - f a r m e r s ( N o s . 107, 109, n o ) ; a n d t h e y h a v e p a r t n e r s , /Ae-ro^ot, as t a x f a r m e r s h a v e ( N o . 4 8 ; cf. 109). T h u s it is l i k e l y t h a t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n m a d e b y Rostovtzeff and other scholars cannot be applied to Jewish tax-gatherers in U p p e r E g y p t , w h o were farmers and collectors at the same time. 4 8
T h e r e l a t i o n of t h e s e J e w i s h t a x - g a t h e r e r s t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t is n o t q u i t e clear. S o m e of t h e m s e e m t o h a v e b e e n p r i v a t e p e r s o n s h a v i n g a s t e a d y i n c o m e (one of t h e m w a s a w e a l t h y l a n d o w n e r , see N o . 90 a n d I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e c t i o n V ) , w h o d e c i d e d , for s o m e r e a s o n , t o a c t a s t a x - c o l l e c t o r a s w e l l . W e m a y a s k w h y J e w s w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in p l a y i n g so g r e a t a p a r t i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b r a n c h of financial a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , since it is w e l l k n o w n t h a t t a x - c o l l e c t o r s w e r e h a t e d b y t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h e s i m p l e a n s w e r s e e m s t o b e t h a t t h e office of t a x - c o l l e c t o r w a s p r o f i t a b l e . Y e t i t m a y b e d o u b t e d w h e t h e r t h e profits a m o u n t e d t o l a r g e s u m s : t h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e P t o l e m a i c S t a t e d i d n o t e n a b l e g o v e r n m e n t officials, o r p r i v a t e p e r s o n s , t o e n r i c h t h e m s e l v e s b y l e g a l m e a n s ; a n d illegal means were v e r y dangerous. Of course, persons like Joseph, son of T o u b i a s , a t t a i n e d t o g r e a t w e a l t h b y t a x - f a r m i n g , b u t h e f a r m e d t a x e s 4 9
50
4 8
Rostovtzeff, SEHHW i. 328; cf. Aegyptus, x i v , 1934, 49 sqq., 269 sqq.
Harper,
4 9
Philo represents tax-collectors as persons of low standing, rude and cruel, j S a p j S a p o i rds f- ib. 1. 143; 2. 96). Many other instances are t o be found in his writings. J
5 0
c
Schubart, Einfilhrung in die Papyruskunde, 1918,253: 'die Mehrzahl der Steuern wurde . . . a n Unternehmer verpachtet, allerdings unter so genauer Aufsicht d e s S t a a t e s , dass ein unrecht-
massiger Gewinn der Steuerpachter k a u m moglich erscheint.' P r e a u x , UEconomie royale des Lagides, 454 s q . : 'Le financier d ' E g y p t e devait vivre d a n s la continuelle anxi^te de la s a i s i e . . . . L e fermier apparait s o u v e n t sous l'aspect d'un d^biteur traque. . . . L e salaire promis a u x fermiers dans U P Z 112, col. V , 1. 3 . . . atteste que les fermes d'impdt n'^taient pas des affaires tres lucrat i v e s . . . . ' Cf. for tax-farming in general W i l c k e n , Ostr. i. 513 s q q . ; Bouche-Leclercq, iii. 342; W i l c k e n , Grundz. 182 s q q . ; Prdaux, 450 sqq.
THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
19
f r o m t h e w h o l e of S y r i a a n d P h o e n i c i a , w h e r e a s t h e J e w i s h f a r m e r s of U p p e r E g y p t e a c h f a r m e d one p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l t a x , so t h a t n o g r e a t profits c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d . I t is m o r e l i k e l y t h a t J e w s c h o s e t h i s u n p l e a s a n t t a s k n o t o n l y i n o r d e r t o h a v e s o m e a d d i t i o n a l i n c o m e b u t also b e c a u s e a g o v e r n m e n t office w a s , i n a sense, a m a r k of d i s t i n c t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e chora. O f c o u r s e , o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o s t s , for e x a m p l e , t h a t of h e a d or s e c r e t a r y of a t o p a r c h y , t o s a y n o t h i n g of t h e h i g h office of s t r a t e g o s , w e r e far m o r e i m p o r t a n t , y e t a l l t h e s e d e s i r a b l e offices h a d l o n g b e e n o c c u p i e d b y G r e e k s , a n d J e w s w e r e n o t s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c o m p e t e w i t h t h e m , w h e r e a s t h e u n p l e a s a n t j o b of a t a x - f a r m e r w a s o p e n t o a n y o n e w h o w a s w e a l t h y e n o u g h t o g u a r a n t e e w i t h his p r o p e r t y t h e r e g u l a r e x e c u t i o n of t h e t a s k a l l o t t e d t o h i m b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t . W e m a y s u m u p t h e v a r i e d m a t e r i a l b e a r i n g o n t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s of E g y p t i a n J e w s . T h e p i c t u r e is b y n o m e a n s t h a t of t h e p e t t y a n d o n e - s i d e d i n t e r e s t s of g h e t t o life. J e w s s e r v e d a n d w o r k e d e v e r y w h e r e , i n e v e r y b r a n c h of t h e e c o n o m i c life of t h e c o u n t r y , a s soldiers a n d p o l i c e m e n , t a x - f a r m e r s a n d S t a t e officials, a s tillers of t h e soil, a r t i s a n s , a n d m e r c h a n t s . T h e r e w e r e , of c o u r s e , r i c h J e w s , i n A l e x a n d r i a a s w e l l a s in t h e chora, b u t t h e g e n e r a l i m p r e s sion r e s u l t i n g from a s t u d y of t h e d o c u m e n t s is t h a t of a h a r d - w o r k i n g p e o p l e e a r n i n g i t s l i v i n g b y t e n a c i o u s l a b o u r . T h e l i m i t s of t h i s a c t i v i t y w e r e d e t e r m i n e d n o t b y t h e J e w s t h e m s e l v e s b u t b y t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s of t h e P t o l e m a i c S t a t e : the ' t o t a l i t a r i a n ' s y s t e m , h o s t i l e t o a l l p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e ; t h e n u m e r i c a l l y s t r o n g n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , h o l d i n g in i t s h a n d s f r o m t i m e i m m e m o r i a l t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e s of e c o n o m i c w e a l t h , s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e a r t s , a n d c r a f t s ; a v e r y a c t i v e a n d influential e l e m e n t of G r e e k i m m i g r a n t s , o c c u p y i n g k e y - p o s i t i o n s in t h e a r m y , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d c i v i c life. U n d e r s u c h c o m p l i c a t e d c o n d i t i o n s it w a s i n d e e d h a r d for J e w s t o m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s , a n d t h o u g h t h e difficulties w e r e , p e r h a p s , n o t p e r c e i v e d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g , in t h e c o u r s e of t i m e t h e y b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e a c u t e . O u r s u r v e y of t h e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y of E g y p t i a n J e w r y i n v o l v e s m a n y q u e s t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e l i m i t s of e c o n o m i c life. D i d t h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t r e c o g n i z e t h e v a l u e of t h e w o r k p e r f o r m e d b y J e w s , d i d it f a v o u r o r h a m p e r it ? W h a t w a s t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e E g y p t i a n a n d G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n s t o J e w s ? H o w d i d t h e J e w s t h e m s e l v e s r e a c t t o t h e different influences t o w h i c h t h e y w e r e e x p o s e d ? A l l t h e s e q u e s t i o n s l e a d u s f r o m t h e e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m t o t h e b r o a d e r q u e s t i o n of t h e p o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t of E g y p t i a n J e w r y under the Ptolemies. T h e p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s u n d e r t h e P t o l e m i e s is c l e a r l y d i v i d e d i n t o t w o p e r i o d s , t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y V I P h i l o m e t o r (181-145 B . C . ) s e r v i n g a s a line of d e m a r c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o . W e k n o w n e x t t o n o t h i n g a b o u t t h e first p e r i o d . W e h a v e seen t h a t t h e first J e w i s h i m m i g r a n t s i n E g y p t w e r e prisoners of w a r a n d t h a t a c e r t a i n n u m b e r of t h e m w a s s e t t l e d i n for tresses. I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t prisoners of w a r , e v e n after t h e y h a d b e e n s e t free b y P t o l e m y P h i l a d e l p h o s , c o u l d e x e r t a n y influence o n t h e p o l i t i c a l life of t h e c o u n t r y . T h e e n t i r e p e r i o d b e t w e e n P t o l e m y I a n d P t o l e m y V I is t h a t of a s l o w establishment in a n e w place. J e w s spread all o v e r the country, established t h e m s e l v e s i n v a r i o u s o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d set u p t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s ; m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d y e a r s , w e r e s p e n t in t h i s a l m o s t i m p e r c e p t i b l e p r o c e s s . I n t h e reign
PROLEGOMENA
20
of P t o l e m y V I P h i l o m e t o r t h e c o i n c i d e n c e of t w o d i s t i n c t c a u s e s s t i m u l a t e d t h e i n a u g u r a t i o n of a n e w e p o c h . T h e s e c a u s e s w e r e : t h e ' p h i l o - S e m i t i s m ' of t h e k i n g , a n d t h e flow of a n e w s t r e a m of J e w i s h i m m i g r a n t s f r o m P a l e s t i n e . W e are t o l d b y J o s e p h u s (c. Ap. 2. 49) t h a t P h i l o m e t o r a n d K l e o p a t r a , his w i f e , ' e n t r u s t e d t h e w h o l e of t h e i r r e a l m t o J e w s ' , a n d e v e n p l a c e d t h e i r e n t i r e a r m y u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d of O n i a s a n d D o s i t h e o s . T h a t is, of c o u r s e , a n e x a g g e r a t i o n , n o less false t h a n t h e a s s e r t i o n of a n o t h e r J e w i s h a u t h o r t h a t a J e w i s h p h i l o s o p h e r , A r i s t o b o u l o s , w a s ' t h e t e a c h e r ' (SiSaa/caAo?) of P h i l o m e t o r (2 M a c e . 1. 10). Y e t t h e r e a r e f a c t s c l e a r l y a t t e s t i n g P h i l o m e t o r ' s s y m p a t h y w i t h J e w s : a s e p a r a t e J e w i s h m i l i t a r y u n i t w a s c r e a t e d a n d p l a c e d u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d of a J e w i s h g e n e r a l , O n i a s ; p e r m i s s i o n w a s g i v e n t o O n i a s t o settle his soldiers o n t h e soil a n d t o b u i l d a t e m p l e t o t h e G o d of t h e J e w s ; J e w s w e r e a d m i t t e d t o t h e financial a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e S t a t e , a s t a x - f a r m e r s a n d officials, a t a n y r a t e i n U p p e r E g y p t ; t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e J e w i s h i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , for i n stance the above-mentioned philosopher Aristoboulos, were admitted to the court and allowed to inform the king on matters connected with the Jewish f a i t h ; a n d , if w e m a y t r u s t J o s e p h u s (ant. 1 3 . 74 s q q . ) , J e w s a n d S a m a r i t a n s disputed on religious m a t t e r s before the king, and Philometor declared in f a v o u r of t h e J e w s . I t w o u l d b e e r r o n e o u s t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e y o u n g k i n g f a v o u r e d J e w s o n a c c o u n t of t h e i r r e l i g i o n ; t h e r e w e r e r e a s o n s of a m a t e r i a l k i n d w h i c h c o u l d h a v e a c c o u n t e d for h i s ' p h i l o - S e m i t i c ' p o l i c y . T h e r e i g n of P h i l o m e t o r w a s b y n o m e a n s q u i e t . W h e n h i s f a t h e r d i e d , h e w a s a c h i l d of five o r s i x , a n d w a s o n l y fifteen y e a r s o l d w h e n p r o c l a i m e d r u l e r o v e r E g y p t . F o r a l o n g t i m e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e r e a l m w a s i n t h e h a n d s of c o u r t i e r s of m e a n o r i g i n a n d of n o t o r i o u s w i c k e d n e s s . A d e e p h a t r e d b e t w e e n P h i l o m e t o r a n d his y o u n g e r b r o t h e r , a f t e r w a r d s k n o w n a s E u e r g e t e s I I , s o m e t i m e s r e s u l t e d i n o u t b r e a k s of o p e n e n m i t y , t o t h e d e t r i m e n t of t h e w h o l e r e a l m ; a n d , l a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , E g y p t w a s t w i c e i n v a d e d b y A n t i o c h o s I V , k i n g of S y r i a , w h o c o n q u e r e d t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y a n d e v e n p r o c l a i m e d h i m s e l f k i n g of E g y p t ( P . T e b t . 698). I t w a s t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n of R o m e , o r d e r i n g A n t i o c h o s t o l e a v e t h e c o n q u e r e d c o u n t r y i m m e d i a t e l y , w h i c h s a v e d t h e P t o l e m a i c d y n a s t y . I n s u c h difficult t i m e s it w a s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t t h e y o u n g k i n g s h o u l d b e i n s e a r c h of s t r o n g a n d t r u s t w o r t h y allies. N e i t h e r t h e G r e e k polls of A l e x a n d r i a n o r t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t c o u l d s y m p a t h i z e w i t h t h e w i s h e s of t h e k i n g , t h e f o r m e r b e i n g i n v o l v e d in the domestic struggle b e t w e e n the t w o brothers, the latter showing an open e n m i t y t o all foreigners, e s p e c i a l l y t o G r e e k s a n d M a c e d o n i a n s . T h e J e w s w e r e t h e t h i r d e l e m e n t i n t h e r e a l m a n d , b e i n g w e a k in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e G r e e k s a n d E g y p t i a n s , w e r e n a t u r a l l y i n t e r e s t e d in a s t r o n g c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t . J u s t a t t h a t t i m e t h e J e w i s h e l e m e n t w a s s t r e n g t h e n e d b y a g r e a t m a s s of n e w i m m i g r a n t s , a m o n g t h e m O n i a s a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s (see a b o v e , p . 2). T h e s e n e w c o m e r s w e r e e s p e c i a l l y fitted t o f o r m a g r o u p of p e r s o n s d e v o t e d t o t h e k i n g : 5 1
5 1
T h e Jewish philosopher Aristoboulos dedicated his exegetical work o n the Torah t o P t o l e m y Philometor and recited s o m e passages of the book before the king ( E u s e b . Praep. Evang. viii. 9. 38; 1 0 . 1 ; i x . 6. 6). I see n o reason t o quest i o n this evidence, just a s there is n o reason for
d e n y i n g the existence of Aristoboulos. See against these hypercritical views Schiirer, iii. 516 s q q . ; E d . Stein, Die allegorische Exegese des Philo aus Alex., 1929, 7 sqq. Aristoboulos w a s certainly n o t t h e oiodo-KoXos of the king, b u t he could h a v e been his adviser o n Jewish affairs.
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
21
t h e y w e r e s t r a n g e r s , a n d , a s s u c h , n o t m e m b e r s of a n y f a c t i o n inside t h e P t o l e maic k i n g d o m ; t h e y were seeking shelter a n d protection and consequently were w h o l l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e k i n g . I t is l i k e l y t h a t O n i a s w a s a g e n e r a l of g r e a t a b i l i t y a n d t h a t t h i s h a d s o m e influence o n t h e k i n g ' s d e c i s i o n . T h u s s o m e t h i n g like a p a c t w a s concluded between Philometor and the Jews. T h e separate m i l i t a r y u n i t w h i c h O n i a s w a s a l l o w e d t o f o r m p r o b a b l y c o n s i s t e d of p e r s o n s w h o h a d followed him from Judaea, a n d w a s possibly enlarged b y E g y p t i a n J e w s . S o m e l a n d i n t h e n o m e of H e l i o p o l i s w a s p u t i n t o h i s h a n d s , t h a t h e m i g h t settle this new Jewish a r m y on i t ; this land w a s n a m e d (probably b y the s e t t l e r s t h e m s e l v e s ) ' t h e L a n d of O n i a s ' , a n d r e m a i n e d for g e n e r a t i o n s i n J e w i s h h a n d s . F o r his p a r t O n i a s w a s r e a d y t o a p p e a r a t t h e h e a d of his t r o o p s t o p r o t e c t t h e k i n g a g a i n s t his e n e m i e s . D u r i n g t h e lifetime of t h e k i n g h e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n n e e d e d , b u t after t h e d e a t h of P h i l o m e t o r (145), w h e n h i s w i d o w K l e o p a t r a w a s i n v o l v e d i n a serious conflict w i t h t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s b a c k e d b y E u e r g e t e s , O n i a s a p p e a r e d i n t h e c a p i t a l a t t h e h e a d of a n a r m y ( p r o b a b l y t h e s e t t l e r s f r o m t h e ' L a n d of O n i a s ' ) t o s u p p o r t t h e q u e e n ' s c a s e (c. Ap. 2. 50). I t w a s m o r e a m a t t e r of l o y a l t y t h a n of p o l i t i c a l d e l i b e r a t i o n , a n d r e s u l t e d i n u n p l e a s a n t c o n s e q u e n c e s for t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . 5 2
W e h a v e n o o t h e r d e t a i l s i n d i c a t i v e of P h i l o m e t o r ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e J e w s ; b u t it m a y b e s u g g e s t e d t h a t his s y m p a t h i e s w e r e r e v e a l e d o n v a r i o u s occasions. It has already been mentioned t h a t certain A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s were a l l o w e d t o s t y l e t h e m s e l v e s ' M a c e d o n i a n s ' , t h a t is t o s a y , t h a t t h e y w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d in t h e M a c e d o n i a n g a r r i s o n of t h e c a p i t a l . W h a t t i m e b e t t e r fits t h i s m i l i t a r y m e a s u r e t h a n t h a t of P h i l o m e t o r , w h e n a s e p a r a t e J e w i s h a r m y , u n d e r J e w i s h g e n e r a l s , w a s o r g a n i z e d ? J o s e p h u s r e c o r d s t h e n a m e of D o s i t h e o s , a n o t h e r J e w i s h g e n e r a l of P h i l o m e t o r ' s t i m e (c. Ap. 2. 49). W a s h e , p e r h a p s , t h e h e a d of t h e ' M a c e d o n i a n J e w s ' w h o f o r m e d a k i n d of b o d y g u a r d for t h e k i n g , l i k e t h e G e r m a n s of H e r o d a n d C a l i g u l a ? S u c h a s u p p o s i t i o n m a y a c c o u n t for t h e s t r a n g e e x a g g e r a t i o n of J o s e p h u s in s p e a k i n g of t h e ' w h o l e r e a l m ' a s e n t r u s t e d t o J e w s b y P h i l o m e t o r : t h e p u b l i c a p p e a r a n c e of t h e k i n g f o l l o w e d b y h i s J e w i s h g u a r d s c o u l d e a s i l y p r e s e n t t h e a p p e a r a n c e of s o m e t h i n g l i k e J e w i s h rule over E g y p t . Repercussions were inevitable. T h e victorious new king Euergetes II (Physcon) c o u l d n o t r e a d i l y f o r g i v e t h e u n e x p e c t e d i n t e r v e n t i o n of a J e w i s h m i l i t a r y u n i t i n S t a t e affairs. T h e first a t t e m p t a t p e r s e c u t i o n of J e w s i n H e l l e n i s t i c R o m a n E g y p t is c o n n e c t e d w i t h his n a m e . W e are t o l d b y J o s e p h u s (c. Ap. 2. 53-55) t h a t E u e r g e t e s , w h e n p r e p a r i n g t o a t t a c k O n i a s , o r d e r e d a l l A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s , together w i t h their w i v e s and children, t o be t h r o w n before elephants which had been m a d e drunk beforehand. Y e t the beasts did not a t t a c k the J e w s 5 3
5 2
F o r the reign of Philometor see BouchdLeclercq, ii. 1 s q q . ; B e v a n , 282 s q q . ; W . O t t o , Zur Geschichte d. Zeit des 6. Ptolemders, 1934 (Abh. B a y r . A k a d . , ph.-hist. A b t . , N.F., Heft x i ) ; cf. JEA x x i , 1935, 262. 5 3
T h e t e x t runs a s f o l l o w s : 'nam F y s c o n P t o l o m a e u s c u m adversum exercitum quidem Oniae pugnare praesumeret . . .' R e i n a c h in serted non before praesumeret, and Thackeray
translates accordingly: 'For P t o l e m y P h y s c o n , t h o u g h <not> daring t o face t h e a r m y of Onias . . .' W h y should h e not dare t o face t h e a r m y of Onias, which w a s , of course, v e r y small in c o m parison w i t h t h e military force of t h e whole k i n g d o m ? I see n o reason for accepting Reinach's conjecture since t h e t e x t , a s it s t a n d s , m a k e s sense.
PROLEGOMENA
22
b u t t u r n e d a g a i n s t t h e friends of E u e r g e t e s , so t h a t m a n y of t h e m w e r e t r a m p l e d t o d e a t h . E u e r g e t e s , d e e p l y i m p r e s s e d b y t h i s s c e n e , y i e l d e d t o t h e p r a y e r s of his c o n c u b i n e , I t h a k a o r E i r e n e , a n d s t o p p e d t h e p e r s e c u t i o n . T h e J e w s of A l e x a n d r i a k e p t t h e m e m o r y of t h a t d a y b y r e g u l a r l y c e l e b r a t i n g its a n n i v e r s a r y . T h e s t o r y of J o s e p h u s is n o m o r e t h a n a fiction, c o m p o s e d i n t h e u s u a l m a n n e r of l i t e r a r y p r o d u c t i o n s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c a g e . T h e s a m e s t o r y , e n o r m o u s l y e x a g g e r a t e d a n d a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y I V P h i l o p a t o r , is r e p e a t e d in t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s , a n d w e s h a l l h a v e a f u r t h e r o p p o r t u n i t y of d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s s t r a n g e a n d s o m e w h a t e n i g m a t i c p a m p h l e t . Y e t t h e feast, c e l e b r a t e d a n n u a l l y b y A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s o n a fixed d a y , s h o w s c l e a r l y t h a t s o m e h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t u n d e r l a y t h e fiction, a n d t h e n a m e s of E u e r g e t e s I I a n d O n i a s e x c e l l e n t l y fit t h e h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n . S o m e h i s t o r i c a l f e a t u r e s s e e m t o b e p r e s e r v e d in t h e s t o r y , e v e n in i t s e x a g g e r a t e d f o r m in 3 M a c e . W e are t o l d b y Josephus t h a t the persecution w a s aimed only at Alexandrian Jewry, and this is c o n f i r m e d b y s o m e p a s s a g e s in 3 M a c e . O t h e r p a s s a g e s in t h e s a m e b o o k c o n v e y t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e conflict b e t w e e n E u e r g e t e s a n d t h e J e w s w a s essentially a clash between the Macedonian and the Jewish armies, a v e r y likely p o s s i b i l i t y i n v i e w of t h e m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n of O n i a s a l r e a d y referred t o . T h a t the persecution w a s not carried out, b u t ceased abruptly, m a y be deduced f r o m t h e v e r y f a c t of t h e feast, c e l e b r a t i n g s o m e u n e x p e c t e d ' m i r a c l e ' . S o w e m a y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e q u e n c e of e v e n t s w a s s o m e w h a t a s follows. E u e r g e t e s , after e n t e r i n g t h e c a p i t a l , p r e p a r e d t o p u n i s h t h e J e w s for h a v i n g s u p p o r t e d K l e o p a t r a . S o m e of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s s e e m t o h a v e b e e n a r r e s t e d , a n d p e r h a p s s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h . T h e a r m y of O n i a s p r o b a b l y left t h e c a p i t a l before t h e k i n g e n t e r e d i t , a n d r e t i r e d t o t h e ' L a n d of O n i a s ' , p r e p a r i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o f a c e t h e v e n g e a n c e of t h e k i n g . E g y p t i a n J e w r y w a s in distress, f e a r i n g t h e i n a u g u r a t i o n of a l o n g p e r s e c u t i o n . A n d s u d d e n l y s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n e d : t h e a r r e s t e d J e w s i n A l e x a n d r i a w e r e set free, a n d n o p u n i s h m e n t w a s inflicted u p o n t h e soldiers of O n i a s . E v e n t h e g r o u p of ' M a c e d o n i a n J e w s ' in A l e x a n d r i a w a s n o t d i s b a n d e d , t h o u g h t h e y w e r e p r o b a b l y d e p r i v e d of t h e i r p r i v i l e g e s if t h e y h a d a n y . T h e r e a s o n for s u c h a n u n e x p e c t e d t u r n of affairs is n o t h a r d t o s e e k . E u e r g e t e s , a s h o r t t i m e after h e h a d c o n q u e r e d A l e x a n d r i a , m a d e p e a c e w i t h K l e o p a t r a a n d m a r r i e d her. If he c o u l d reconcile h i m s e l f t o m a r r i a g e w i t h his chief e n e m y , w h y s h o u l d h e p e r s e c u t e h e r s u p p o r t e r s , w h o w e r e n o l o n g e r dangerous to him ? Possibly on the wedding-day a general amnesty w a s granted t o a l l K l e o p a t r a ' s p r e v i o u s allies. S u c h a n a m n e s t y , w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g u n e x p e c t e d c h a n g e i n t h e fate of t h e J e w s , m i g h t c r e a t e t h e i m p r e s s i o n of a 5 4
5 5
5 4
3 Mace. iii. I : the king
chore
ov
fiovov
dXAd
Kal
rots
rots ev rfj
Kara.
e m TOOOVTOV
A\e£dv8peiav a
x**>P
fiapvrepws
i£exd\i)oev 8iopyl£eo0at ivavTia>6i)vai.
It can be inferred from this passage t h a t till then t h e J e w s of Alexandria were the sole target of t h e king's wrath. I b . iii. 8-10: the Greeks of Alexandria p i t y the misfortune of the J e w s w h o are their neighbours. These passages m a y serve a s evidence t h a t the original story, underlying t h e long and elaborate fiction of 3 M a c e , dealt w i t h Alexandrian J e w s only. On t h e composition
of 3 Mace, see Tcherikover, ' I I I Mace, a s a n Historical Source of Augustus' Age', Zion, x , 1 sqq. (Hebrew). 5 5
Willrich, Hermes, x x x i x , 1904, 246, quotes t h e following passages showing the connexion b e t w e e n the J e w s in the story and the Ptolemaic a r m y : 3. 7; 4. 1 1 ; 3. 2 1 ; 6. 25; 3. 24; 5. 41. W e m a y add further passages attesting the active part t a k e n b y the king's army in the persecution of the J e w s : 3. 1 2 ; 5. 3 ; 6. 16.
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
23
m i r a c l e : G o d himself h a d intervened and protected His people against appar ently unavoidable calamity. S o t h e n e w r e i g n ( 1 4 5 - 1 1 6 B . C . ) , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g serious conflict w i t h t h e J e w i s h a r m y a t its b e g i n n i n g , w a s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y h o s t i l e t o t h e J e w s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , s o m e f a c t s m a y w e l l b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a sign of g o o d feeling b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e k i n g . T h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s in E g y p t u n d e r E u e r g e t e s o n c e a g a i n f a v o u r e d t h e J e w s : t h e c o u n t r y w a s suffering v e r y m u c h u n d e r t h e n u m e r o u s r e v o l t s of t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , s t r o n g l y i m b u e d w i t h n a t i o n a l i s t feeling, w h e r e a s t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s b y n o m e a n s d e v o t e d t o t h e k i n g . T h e m a i n f e a t u r e s of t h e p o l i c y of E u e r g e t e s w e r e : t h e s u p p r e s s i o n , b y c r u e l m e t h o d s , of a n y m a n i f e s t a t i o n of a r e b e l l i o u s spirit i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d a t t e m p t s t o find s o m e m e a n s of r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n s . J e w s , again, as the third and neutral element, could o n l y be w e l c o m e d b y the k i n g as his allies, e s p e c i a l l y i n his s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a . G r e e k s a n d J e w s i n A l e x a n d r i a w e r e n e v e r r e a l l y friends, a n d t h e fierce h a t r e d b e t w e e n the t w o nations in the R o m a n period m u s t h a v e h a d its preliminary h i s t o r y u n d e r t h e P t o l e m i e s . T h e s t r o n g , a n d e v e n c r u e l , p o l i c y of E u e r g e t e s t o w a r d s t h e G r e e k s of A l e x a n d r i a p r o b a b l y m a d e a f a v o u r a b l e i m p r e s s i o n o n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y . I t m a y also b e t h a t t h e k i n g g r a n t e d m a n y J e w s c i v i c r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a in o r d e r t o w e a k e n t h e G r e e k e l e m e n t in t h e polish 5 6
5 7
5 6
It w a s Willrich, Juden und Griechen, 150, w h o for the first time brought forward evidence in favour of the supposition t h a t Euergetes I I w a s b y no means hostile t o J e w s . Cf. Breccia, BSAA x x i v , 1929, 61 sq. The strongest argument of these scholars is the fact t h a t J e w s dedicated their n e w l y erected synagogues t o the k i n g : S B 5862, 7454. 5 7
See for the reign of Euergetes and his home policy Bouche-Leclercq, ii. 55 s q q . ; B e v a n , 306 s q q . ; CI. Preaux, 'La Signification de l'epoque d'Euergete I F , Actes du 5 ' Congres, 345 s q q . ; W . O t t o , Zur Geschichte des Niederganges des Ptolemderreiches, A b h . B a y r . A k a d . , N.F., Heft x v i i , 1938. 5 8
According t o Valerius Maximus 9. 2. 5, Euergetes 'frequens i u v e n t u t e g y m n a s i u m armis e t igni circumdedit omnesque, qui in eo erant, partim ferro, partim flamma necavit'. It m a y be recalled t h a t g y m n a s i u m education w a s normally the prerequisite for obtaining civic rights in a polis, so t h a t every blow struck a t the Greek inventus in a g y m n a s i u m w a s a t the same time a persecution of the Greek polis as a whole. The evidence of Valerius Maximus gained a new sig nificance after the publication of P. T e b t . 700 a t t e s t i n g t h a t in 124 B.C. Euergetes took strong measures against rd iv AXe^avSpela yvfivdaia [*coi 21 letters Kal TroXiTevp-ajra Kal ovvooovs
(11. 37 sq.).
(The restoration noXiTevixa]ra is s u r e ; cf. 1. 43, where this term is repeated.) This w a s probably n o t t h e first time t h a t the Alexandrians had suf-
fered at the hands of E u e r g e t e s : w e are told b y J u s t i n (38. 8. 7) t h a t at the beginning of his reign Euergetes increased the ranks of the Alexandrian citizens b y foreigners ('edicto peregrinos sollicitat'), and modern scholars discuss whether these foreigners were Greeks, or Greeks and E g y p t i a n s (cf. D e s s a u , Gesch. d. romisch. Kaiserzeit, ii. 2.660; L u m b r o s o , Arch. iii. 350). Were J e w s also a m o n g these n e w l y created citizens? T h e early years of the reign of Euergetes would not h a v e been favourable to a philo-Semitic policy since t h e e v e n t s of 145 B.C. were still fresh in the king's m e m o r y . T h e great value of t h e evidence of J u s t i n lies in the fact t h a t the Ptolemaic king could create new citizens in Alexandria of his o w n free will, and t h a t Euergetes, m a k i n g use of this right, chose his new candidates n o t from a m o n g the sons of the Alexandrians b u t from a m o n g the foreigners (peregrini). J e w s in A l e x andria were regarded b y the R o m a n prefect Flaccus and b y the Emperor Claudius as foreigners (see below, p p . 66,74), and such t h e y were, probably, in the e y e s of the Ptolemaic kings as well. Euergetes' hatred of the Greeks could very well h a v e in fluenced him, in the choice of n e w candidates for citizenship, t o prefer E g y p t i a n s and J e w s . D i d the strong measures (confiscation of property and the like) taken b y the king against g y m n a s i a , clubs, and communities in Alexandria strike a t the Jewish c o m m u n i t y as well? W e h a v e n o m e a n s of answering this question. A letter from Palestinian J e w s t o their brothers in E g y p t , sent
PROLEGOMENA
24
T h u s t h e g e n e r a l h i g h s t a n d i n g of E g y p t i a n J e w s w a s b y n o m e a n s l o w e r e d b y E u e r g e t e s , a n d a s h o r t t i m e after h i s d e a t h w e h e a r a g a i n of a c o n s i d e r a b l e r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e m i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s in E g y p t . T h e w i d o w of Euergetes, K l e o p a t r a I I I (116-101), w a s i n v o l v e d in a long struggle against her son, P t o l e m y I X L a t h y r o s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e v e r y i m p o r t a n t e v i d e n c e of S t r a b o , q u o t e d b y J o s e p h u s , t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e q u e e n ' s t r o o p s s e n t a g a i n s t L a t h y r o s b e t r a y e d the queen and w e n t over to the other side; the Jews, how e v e r , k n o w n a s ' t h o s e f r o m t h e L a n d of O n i a s ' , r e m a i n e d l o y a l , b e c a u s e t h e i r l e a d e r s H e l k i a s a n d A n a n i a s ' w e r e h i g h l y e s t e e m e d b y t h e queen'.s9 J o s e p h u s s a y s (ant. 1 3 . 285) t h a t t h e s e t w o J e w i s h g e n e r a l s w e r e sons of O n i a s . T h u s i t seems t h a t Onias founded something like a p e t t y d y n a s t y , h a v i n g its stronghold i n ' t h e L a n d of O n i a s ' a n d e n t r u s t e d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e w i t h i m p o r t a n t m i l i t a r y t a s k s . I t is l i k e l y t h a t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of H e l k i a s a n d A n a n i a s i n t h e w a r against Lathyros w a s important, though Josephus exaggerates again when he s a y s t h a t K l e o p a t r a p u t t h e t w o J e w i s h g e n e r a l s ' a t t h e h e a d of t h e w h o l e a r m y ' . O n e of t h e t w o , H e l k i a s , m e t his d e a t h w h e n p u r s u i n g t h e e n e m y i n C o e l e - S y r i a . T h e o t h e r , A n a n i a s , h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of e x e r t i n g his influence o n t h e g e n e r a l c o n d u c t of t h e w a r in P a l e s t i n e . S o m e of t h e q u e e n ' s friends, s e e i n g w i t h d i s p l e a s u r e t h e g r o w i n g p o w e r of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s , a d v i s e d t h e q u e e n t o t a k e possession of t h e r e a l m of t h e y o u n g k i n g A l e x a n d e r J a n n a i . A n a n i a s o p p o s e d t h i s s u g g e s t i o n , w a r n i n g t h e q u e e n t h a t in t h e e v e n t of a n unjustified a t t a c k o n A l e x a n d e r a l l t h e J e w s of E g y p t w o u l d b e c o m e h e r e n e m i e s (ant. 13. 354). T h i s t h r e a t w a s effective, a n d so, a s a r e s u l t of t h e b o l d i n t e r v e n t i o n of a J e w i s h g e n e r a l , t h e a d v i c e of c o u r t i e r s a i m i n g a t t h e a n n i h i l a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h S t a t e i n P a l e s t i n e w a s r e j e c t e d . 6 0
I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t G r e e k s of i m p o r t a n c e w o u l d s t a n d m e e k l y b y a n d w a t c h J e w s e x e r t g r e a t influence, e x t e n d i n g e v e n i n t o t h e field of i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s . T h e r e w a s s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n t o J e w i s h influence a t c o u r t , in t h e a r m y , a m o n g s t t h e g o v e r n m e n t officials, a n d — l a s t b u t n o t l e a s t — a m o n g t h e G r e e k c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a . I t is n o t b y c h a n c e t h a t i n t h e G r e e k t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B o o k of E s t h e r t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c m i n i s t e r H a m a n is t e r m e d a M a c e d o n i a n , a n d t h a t t h e c l a s h b e t w e e n h i m a n d M o r d e c a i is d e s c r i b e d a s a conflict b e t w e e n t w o m i n i s t e r s , o n e a J e w a n d t h e o t h e r a M a c e d o n i a n , i n t h e m a t t e r of t h e i r l o y a l t y t o t h e S t a t e . A n t i - S e m i t i s m w a s not a n e w phenomenon in E g y p t . A s early as in the 6 1
in 124 B.C., alludes to 'hard times' (2 Mace. 1. 5 ; cf. O t t o , o p . cit. 66; Bickermann, ZNTW xxxii, 1933, 251 sq.). Y e t we cannot be sure t h a t this K
9
Ant.
13.
287:
evSoKificiv
/MaXiara
irapd
rfj
PaatXiaar/. On the inscription referring t o Helkias
see a b o v e , note 45. 6
0
8el£aoa 6 1
Ant.
13. 349:
XeXxlav
Kal
Jiyefiovas
TT}S SX-qs arpartas
airo-
Avaviav.
H a m a n a Macedonian: E s t h . , L X X , E 10; he is a traitor t o the king, E 14; king's counsel lors (iXoi) of his sort are responsible for m a n y calamities in t h e k i n g d o m , E 5 sq. Mordecai, on the contrary, is the acorrip Kal cvepyerrjs of the king and worthy of being one of the mightiest persons in the kingdom, E 13, A 16, F 1 sqq. Cf. Stein, ' U n Essai d'adaptation de la fete de P o u r i m dans 1'Alexandria hellenistique', RE J x c i x , 1935,109 s q q . ; Bikerman, 'The Colophon of t h e Greek B o o k of Esther', JBL lxiii, 1944, 339 sqq., especially 360; id., 'Notes on the Greek
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
25
r e i g n of P t o l e m y I I P h i l a d e l p h o s a History of Egypt w a s p u b l i s h e d , w r i t t e n b y a n E g y p t i a n priest M a n e t h o . T h i s h i s t o r y c o n t a i n e d , for t h e first t i m e , a n a n t i J e w i s h v e r s i o n of t h e E x o d u s c o m p o s e d a s a n a n s w e r t o , a n d r e f u t a t i o n of, t h e Biblical story. In the second century B . C . this literary production celebrated i t s t r i u m p h a l e n t r y i n t o G r e e k l i t e r a t u r e . V a r i o u s w r i t e r s (as, for e x a m p l e , L y s i m a c h o s ) t e l l a g a i n a n d a g a i n t h e s t o r y of M a n e t h o a n d a d d n e w d e t a i l s ; o t h e r w r i t e r s , l i k e M n a s e a s , i n v e n t m o r e stories i n t e n d e d t o ridicule a n d t r a d u c e t h e J e w s . I t is n o t o u r p u r p o s e here t o d e a l w i t h t h e o r i g i n s of a n t i - S e m i t i s m a n d i t s s p r e a d o v e r t h e a n c i e n t w o r l d . I t is e n o u g h t o s a y t h a t i t h a d m a n y c e n t r e s w i t h E g y p t a m o n g t h e m , a n d t h a t t h e r e w e r e v a r i o u s l o c a l r e a s o n s for its springing u p . D u r i n g the whole Hellenistic period anti-Semitism does not p a s s b e y o n d t h e l i m i t s of t h e p u r e l y l i t e r a r y . I n E g y p t , h o w e v e r , w e find s o m e allusions s h o w i n g t h a t it w a s o n t h e e v e of a n e w d e v e l o p m e n t , m a r k i n g i t s e v o l u t i o n f r o m a l i t e r a r y p h e n o m e n o n t o a s t r o n g i n c e n t i v e t o a c t i o n of a p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r . S o w e h a v e s o m e k n o w l e d g e of a p e r s e c u t i o n of J e w s a b o u t t h e y e a r 88 B . C . , t h e a u t h o r s of t h e p e r s e c u t i o n b e i n g A l e x a n d r i a n s b a c k e d b y o n e of t h e t w o sons of K l e o p a t r a I I I , P t o l e m y I X L a t h y r o s or P t o l e m y X A l e x a n d e r . I n s o m e p a p y r i d a t e d c. 58 B . C . l o c a l u n r e s t is re p o r t e d , a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o s o m e scholars, t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e e v e n t s r e s e m b l e s t h a t of a n t i - J e w i s h d i s o r d e r s . V e r y i n t e r e s t i n g is t h e p a p y r u s N o . 1 4 1 , unfor t u n a t e l y b a d l y m u t i l a t e d , w h e r e s o m e p e r s o n s u n k n o w n t o u s are c h a r a c t e r i z e d as 'loathing Jews'. These words m a y serve as a preamble to the R o m a n period, w h e n a n t i - S e m i t i s m a p p e a r s a s a w e l l o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m m e for t h e r e m o v a l of t h e J e w s f r o m all p o s i t i o n s , p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l a l i k e , a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e Ptolemaic period. 6 2
6 3
64
*
*
*
*
#
T h e c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of E g y p t i a n J e w r y is t o o b r o a d a q u e s t i o n t o b e d i s c u s s e d here in full. O n l y t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of t h e p r i n c i p a l issue, t h a t of hellenization and tradition, will be traced here. I n t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . t h e b o u n d a r i e s of J u d a e a b e c a m e t o o n a r r o w for t h e s t e a d i l y g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n , a n d J e w s s p r e a d i n g r e a t n u m b e r s all o v e r P a l e s tine and Transjordan. These countries w i t h their numerous Hellenistic cities familiarized the J e w s w i t h the Greek language and Greek customs. O n the B o o k of Esther', Proc. Am. Acad. Jew. Res. x x , 1951, 101 sqq. For the various local centres of anti-Semitism, see H e i n e m a n n , RE, Supplementband v , s.v. 'Antisemitismus', p p . 5 sqq. These local Konfliktsherde do not account for the general rise of anti-Semitism throughout the ancient world, but only for its peculiar character in a particular place. 6 2
6 3
T h e only evidence of this persecution is g i v e n b y Iordanis, Rom. 81 ( = Mon. Germ. v . 1, p . 9): 'Ptholomeus qui et Alexander . . . quo regnante m u l t a Judaeorum populus t a m a b Alexandrinis q u a m e t i a m a b Anthiocensibus tolerabat.' I t is a v e r y brief reference. Iordanis does n o t s a y specifically t h a t the persecution w a s
inaugurated b y Alexander, b u t only 'in his reign'. It is more likely t h a t t h e true persecutor w a s his brother, P t o l e m y L a t h y r o s , w h o ascended t h e throne in 88 B.C. See Willrich, Hermes, x x x i x , 1904, 244 s q q . ; Bell, Juden und Griechen im romischen Alexandreia, 1926, 9. L a t h y r o s had reason t o h a t e J e w s , since their t w o generals, Helkias and Ananias, referred t o a b o v e , h a d supported his mother Kleopatra I I I in her struggle against him. 6 4
B G U 1762-4. Schubart writes in his c o m m e n t a r y t o 1764: 'Man denkt a n einen Aufstand der J u d e n oder eine antisemitische B e w e g u n g , die allerdings fur diese Zeit in A e g y p t e n nicht bezeugt sind.' Cf. JEA x x , 1934,127 s q .
PROLEGOMENA
26
o t h e r h a n d , t h e e x p a n s i o n of H e l l e n i s m r e a c h e d t h e m o u n t a i n s of J u d a e a , a n d t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of J e r u s a l e m itself, a t a n y r a t e i t s h i g h e r s o c i a l circles, b e c a m e p a r t l y h e l l e n i z e d . O p i n i o n s , c o n v i c t i o n s , a n d c u s t o m s c h a n g e d . I t is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of J e w i s h life i n P a l e s t i n e in t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y t h a t t h e g r e a t ' h e r o ' of t h e a g e , a m a n w h o s e b i o g r a p h y w a s c o m p o s e d b y s o m e a d m i r e r a n d r e c o u n t e d b y J o s e p h u s (ant. 12. 160-95, 224), is n e i t h e r a h i g h priest, a p r o p h e t , n o r a s a g e , b u t a b u s i n e s s m a n of g r e a t a b i l i t y , c l e v e r , c u n n i n g , a n d u p o n o c c a sion r u t h l e s s l y c r u e l . T h i s b u s i n e s s m a n , J o s e p h , w a s t h e s o n of T o u b i a s , k n o w n t o u s f r o m t h e p a p y r i a s a w e a l t h y ' s h e i k h ' i n T r a n s j o r d a n a n d as t h e h e a d of a P t o l e m a i c c l e r u c h y (see S e c t i o n I ) . I t is c u r i o u s a n d n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h i s J e w i s h s h e i k h , in o n e of h i s l e t t e r s t o t h e E g y p t i a n m i n i s t e r A p o l l o n i o s ( N o . 4), u s e s t h e c o m m o n G r e e k f o r m u l a ' m a n y t h a n k s t o t h e g o d s ' (TTOXXTJ x<xpi? rots deois). N o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t J o s e p h , his s o n , o p e n e d his d o o r s t o H e l l e n i s m a n d t h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d . H e f r e q u e n t l y v i s i t e d t h e c a p i t a l of E g y p t , t o o k p a r t in the banquets at court, ate food forbidden b y the Torah, and made love to Greek d a n c i n g - g i r l s (ant. 12. 186 s q q . ) . A c c o r d i n g t o J o s e p h u s , 'he b r o u g h t t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e f r o m p o v e r t y a n d a s t a t e of w e a k n e s s t o m o r e s p l e n d i d o p p o r t u n i t i e s of life' (ant. 12. 224), i.e. h e i n t r o d u c e d G r e e k a r t s a n d c u s t o m s i n t o t h e life of t h e h i g h e r c l a s s e s of J e w i s h s o c i e t y . H i s sons c o n t i n u e d his t a s k w i t h a n e n e r g y e x c e e d i n g t h a t of t h e i r f a t h e r , so t h a t i n 175 B . C . , n e a r l y t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s after t h e c o n q u e s t of P a l e s t i n e b y t h e S e l e u c i d s , a g r e a t H e l l e n i s t i c r e f o r m w a s inaugurated in Jerusalem. A g y m n a s i u m and an ephebeion were erected on the v e r y b o r d e r of t h e T e m p l e a r e a , y o u n g p r i e s t s e a g e r l y p a r t i c i p a t e d in g y m n a s t i c exercises, Jerusalem w a s reorganized on the Hellenistic pattern and renamed A n t i o c h e i a i n h o n o u r of t h e S e l e u c i d k i n g , A n t i o c h o s I V E p i p h a n e s . T h e h i g h p r i e s t himself, J a s o n , w a s t h e i n i t i a t o r of t h e r e f o r m a n d p r e s i d e d o v e r i t s e x e c u t i o n . S o w i d e s p r e a d w a s i t s influence t h a t n o t o n l y t h e a r i s t o c r a c y of J e r u s a l e m , i t s p r i e s t s a n d b u s i n e s s m e n , b u t e v e n s o m e e l e m e n t s of t h e r u r a l population (probably w e a l t h y landowners) were drawn into the new pattern. O u r b e s t s o u r c e a t t e s t s t h a t w h e n t h e p e r s e c u t i o n of J e w i s h religion w a s i n augurated b y A n t i o c h o s there were villagers ready to adore heathen gods (1 M a c e . 2. 16, 23). A n o u t s i d e r w o u l d h a v e d r a w n t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e entire s t r u c t u r e of J e w i s h n a t i o n a l c u s t o m s a n d r e l i g i o n w a s o n t h e e v e of a c o m p l e t e b r e a k d o w n . Y e t t h e n a t i o n a l forces of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y of the r u r a l population, were already at w o r k organizing a stubborn resistance to Hellenism. 6 5
1
T h e first i m m i g r a n t s f r o m P a l e s t i n e i n t o E g y p t d i d n o t b e l o n g in t h e m a i n t o the hellenized classes. T h e y were simple peasants from J u d a e a w h o b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m their customs a n d beliefs. T h e y built communities based on the l a w of t h e T o r a h a n d e r e c t e d s y n a g o g u e s w h e r e v e r t h e y s e t t l e d . T h e s e p e o p l e w e r e n o t of t h e h i g h e s t c u l t u r a l l e v e l ; t h e y w e r e p r i s o n e r s of w a r , soldiers, m e r c e n aries, field-hands, s h e p h e r d s . A w e l l o r g a n i z e d l e a d e r s h i p , c o n s c i o u s of i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , w a s m u c h n e e d e d , since t h e s e lesser m e n w e r e s e l d o m s t r o n g e n o u g h t o resist t h e influence of t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y in cases w h e r e t h e 6 5
On the Hellenistic reform Meyer, Ursprung und Anfdnge ii. 143 s q q . ; B i c k e r m a n n , Gott 1937, 59 sqq. I dealt w i t h the
of J a s o n cf. E d . d. Christentums, der Makkabder, q u e s t i o n of the
reform in m y book (in Hebrew), Jews and Greeks in the Hellenistic Age, 193 sqq. (cf. also m y article 'Antiocheia in Jerusalem', in Hebrew, in / . N. Epstein Jubilee-Volume, 61 sqq.).
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
27
e x t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s of life f o r c e d t h e m t o l i v e in t h e closest c o n t a c t w i t h n o n J e w s . B u t there w a s no such leadership. Of course, from E z r a on, the so-called ' s c r i b e s ' (soferim) t o o k t h e c u l t u r a l l e a d e r s h i p of P a l e s t i n i a n J e w r y i n t o t h e i r h a n d s , c o m m e n t i n g o n t h e p r e c e p t s of t h e T o r a h a n d s l o w l y i m p o s i n g u p o n t h e w h o l e p e o p l e t h e r e s u l t s of t h e i r l e a r n e d s t u d y c o n c e r n i n g l a w a n d religion. T h e s e soferim w e r e t h e forerunners of t h e P h a r i s e e s , t h e s p i r i t u a l f a t h e r s of t h e T a l m u d i c J u d a i s m . Y e t t h e hellenizers u n d e r m i n e d t h e p o s i t i o n f o r m e r l y h e l d b y t h e soferim, a n d d e p r i v e d t h e B i b l i c a l c o m m a n d m e n t s of t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e w i t h o u t b e i n g a b l e t o r e p l a c e t h e m b y o t h e r p r e c e p t s of h i g h m o r a l significance. T h i s a c c o u n t s for t h e r a p i d p r o c e s s of h e l l e n i z a t i o n of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s , r e v e a l i n g itself, a s w i l l b e s h o w n , in t h e s e l e c t i o n of p r o p e r n a m e s , in t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n of t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e for t h e A r a m a i c , in t h e a d o p t i o n of t h e p r i n c i p l e s of H e l l e n i s t i c l a w , a n d i n m a n y o t h e r w a y s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n l a t e r t i m e s t h e r e w a s a n i n c r e a s i n g l y v i g o r o u s t e n d e n c y in t h e d i a s p o r a i n E g y p t t o d i s c a r d hellenization and to return to Jewish traditions. 6 6
A brief s u m m a r y of t h e a b u n d a n t e v i d e n c e d r a w n f r o m t h e p a p y r i a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s w i l l i l l u s t r a t e these g e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . T h e p r o c e s s of h e l l e n i z a t i o n of E g y p t i a n J e w r y is r e v e a l e d b y a s t u d y of p e r s o n a l n a m e s , l a n g u a g e , a n d l a w . O n e m a y t h i n k t h a t t h e c h o i c e of a n a m e for a n e w b o r n c h i l d d e p e n d s e n t i r e l y u p o n t h e w i s h e s of i t s p a r e n t s , b u t in r e a l i t y t h e r e is b y n o m e a n s a free d e c i s i o n : i t d e p e n d s u p o n f a m i l y t r a d i t i o n , n a t i o n a l feelings, c o m m o n u s a g e , a n d i m i t a t i o n . T h e c h o i c e of p e r s o n a l n a m e s b y J e w s d u r i n g t h e i r l o n g h i s t o r y h a s a l w a y s b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y t w o o p p o s i n g t e n d e n c i e s : faithfulness t o n a t i o n a l t r a d i t i o n , a n d t h e w i s h t o c o n f o r m t o t h e u s a g e s of t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e m e n t a l o u t l o o k of a n y p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d of J e w i s h h i s t o r y m a y b e e v a l u a t e d b y a careful c o m p a r i s o n of t h e forces of t r a d i t i o n a n d t h o s e of c o n f o r m i t y t o c o m m o n u s a g e . A s r e g a r d s t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d in E g y p t , e v e n a superficial c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e list of n a m e s u s e d b y J e w s in t h e p a p y r i s h o w s a s t r o n g t e n d e n c y a m o n g J e w s t o w a r d s h e l l e n i z a t i o n . T h e r e are s o m e H e b r e w n a m e s w h i c h w e r e i n fre q u e n t use, s u c h a s S a b b a t h a i o s , S i m o n , J o s e p h , a n d S a m u e l ; o t h e r n a m e s , l i k e A n a n i a s , J u d a s , J o n a t h a n , A b i e l , H a g g a i , H e z e k i a h , I s m a e l , a n d t h e feminine n a m e s S a r a h , J o h a n n a , M a r i o n , t h o u g h less f r e q u e n t , o c c u r also i n t h e p a p y r i , ostraka, and inscriptions. S o m e Semitic names, like A b d a i o s and Abietes, were also in c o m m o n use. A l l these n a m e s h a d b e e n b r o u g h t b y J e w s f r o m t h e i r m o t h e r c o u n t r y , a n d t h e i r use in E g y p t w o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y f a m i l y t r a d i t i o n a n d l o n g h a b i t . T h e p a r t p l a y e d b y G r e e k n a m e s w a s q u i t e different: t h e y w e r e n e w , a n d t h e i r a d o p t i o n f o l l o w e d s o m e d e l i b e r a t e decision. T h e e n o r m o u s p r e p o n d e r a n c e of G r e e k o v e r H e b r e w n a m e s m a y b e i l l u s t r a t e d e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e n a m e s of J e w i s h soldiers a n d m i l i t a r y settlers in t h e F a y i i m in t h e t h i r d a n d s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . H e r e are s o m e i n s t a n c e s . I n N o . 21 all five n a m e s p r e s e r v e d 6 7
6 6
The e x c a v a t i o n s in the Alexandrian necropolis h a v e revealed Hebrew and Aramaic n a m e s together w i t h the n a m e s of Greeks from various countries, and Breccia rightly drew the conclusion t h a t in t h i s early epoch (third century B.C.) J e w i s h mercenaries were buried in the same cemetery w i t h mercenaries of non-Jewish origin, Cf. Breccia, BSAA i x , 1907, 38 sqq., 65 s q q . ;
x x v , 1930, 108. The unrestricted use of Christian personal n a m e s b y European J e w s in the nineteenth century is evidence of their assimilatory tendency, just as the m a n y Hebrew n a m e s , traditional and n e w l y created, used b y J e w s in modern Israel are strong evidence of the renascence of Jewish national feeling. 6 7
PROLEGOMENA
28
are G r e e k ; i n N o . 22, nine o u t of t e n ; i n N o . 23, a l l f o u r ; in N o . 24, t w e l v e o u t of n i n e t e e n . N o m o r e t h a n 25 p e r c e n t , of a l l n a m e s i n S e c t i o n I I I a r e H e b r e w . T h e s e figures p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e m a t e r i a l o n t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e a s s i m i l a t i o n of J e w i s h soldiers a m o n g t h e G r e e k s . T h e c o m m o n life i n t h e c a m p s a n d military settlements, as well as service in m i x e d military units, brought a b o u t a r a p i d a d o p t i o n of G r e e k n a m e s a n d c u s t o m s (cf. n o t e 66). H e b r e w a n d S e m i t i c n a m e s are m o r e f r e q u e n t a m o n g J e w s i n U p p e r E g y p t i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . (Section V ) ; w e must remember, however, t h a t H e b r e w names a l w a y s a t t e s t t h e J e w i s h o r i g i n of t h o s e w h o b o r e t h e m , w h e r e a s J e w s c a l l e d b y G r e e k n a m e s c a n n o t b e r e c o g n i z e d u n l e s s e s p e c i a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s s u c h (cf. a b o v e , I n t r o d u c t i o n ) . T h u s w e m a y d e d u c e t h a t t h e p r o p o r t i o n of J e w s i n U p p e r E g y p t b e a r i n g G r e e k n a m e s t o all o t h e r J e w s w a s far g r e a t e r t h a n w e h a v e e v i d e n c e for. T h e t h i r d g r o u p of J e w s c a l l e d b y G r e e k n a m e s is t h a t of t h e settlers of ' t h e L a n d of O n i a s ' , t h o u g h h e r e , b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e n a m e s of t h e i r c o m p a n i o n s i n a r m s i n t h e F a y f i m , H e b r e w n a m e s are m o r e f r e q u e n t : t h i s is n o t s u r p r i s i n g since t h e l a t t e r s e r v e d i n m i x e d u n i t s , w h e r e a s t h e f o r m e r w e r e s e t t l e d f r o m t h e beginning as a separate Jewish a r m y . 6 8
W a s t h e r e a n y f i x e d s y s t e m of a d o p t i n g G r e e k n a m e s , or w a s t h e c h o i c e i n s p i r e d b y t h e v a r i e d i n c l i n a t i o n s of p r i v a t e p e r s o n s ? O f c o u r s e , i n d i v i d u a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m a y h a v e h a d s o m e i n f l u e n c e ; y e t it m a y b e s t a t e d t h a t o r i g i n a l l y , i.e. a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of J e w i s h i m m i g r a t i o n i n t o E g y p t , t h e r e w a s a c e r t a i n m e t h o d i n t h e c h o i c e of n a m e s . I t is k n o w n t h a t t h e J e w s t r i e d t o m a k e t h e i r n e w G r e e k n a m e s c o n f o r m t o t h e i r o l d S e m i t i c o n e s , e i t h e r b y t r a n s l a t i o n (i.e. a c c o r d i n g t o t h e sense of t h e n a m e ) or b y a s s i m i l a t i o n (i.e. a c c o r d i n g t o s o u n d ) . I t m a y b e t h a t t h e first i m m i g r a n t s u s e d t o c a l l t h e m s e l v e s b y a d o u b l e n a m e , one H e b r e w and one Greek, and t h a t the Greek name w a s intended to serve as t h e e q u i v a l e n t of t h e H e b r e w , b u t n o i n s t a n c e s of s u c h a n i n n e r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o n a m e s c a n b e a d d u c e d e i t h e r f r o m t h e H e l l e n i s t i c or f r o m t h e R o m a n p e r i o d . T r a c e s of s u c h a d a p t a t i o n s h a v e r e m a i n e d o n l y i n t h e c h o i c e of a 6 9
70
6 8
Cf. t h e collection of fifty-three inscriptions from Tell el Y e h o u d i y e h (in the L a n d of Onias) m a d e b y L i e t z m a n n , ZNTW x x i i , 1923, 280. Cf. also S B 6160-76, 6646-59, 6985-7, 7254-5, 7291-6, 7781, 7904; CI J 1451-1530. 6 9
Zunz, ' N a m e n der J u d e n ' , 1837 (Gesam. Schriften, ii. 1-82), 1 5 ; M. Cassuto, Giorn. d. Soc. Asiat. Hal., N.S., ii, 1932, 209 s q q . ; Schwabe, Bulletin Jew. Palest. Expl. Soc. v . 81 ( H e b r e w ) ; cf. Krauss, Talm. Alt. ii. 14 s q q . ; F r e y , CI J l x v i sqq. T h e following n a m e s , frequent in Pales tine and R o m e , m a y serve a s instances of trans l a t i o n s : T a n h u m — P a r e g o r i o s , Isaak—Gelasios, G a d — E u t y c h e s , Z a d u q — J u s t u s , etc. Instances of sound-assimilation: J o s h u ' a — J a s o n , S a u l u s — P a u l u s , E l i a q i m — A l k i m o s , etc. 7 0
T h e papyri give the following i n s t a n c e s : Jonathan—Apol(loniosP) ( N o . 126); S a m u e l — Theodoros ( N o . 24); Theodotos—Niger ( N o s . 177, 248, 249, 261, 269, 270, 274-6); S a m b a t h i o n — Jesus ( N o s . 220, 298, 304, 316, 321, 405); J o s i —
Theophilos ( N o . 428); Azakiel—Heras ( N o . 464). If w e supply Apol(lodotos), i.e. 'Apollo has given' as corresponding t o J o n a t h a n , i.e. 'Jahveh has given', the first case m a y be regarded as a translation, b u t it would be futile t o search for a n y method in the other instances. T h e m o s t striking case is N o . 220 where one Hebrew n a m e , Jesus, serves as a complement t o another Hebrew n a m e , Sambathion. T h e instances yielded b y Jewish inscriptions from E g y p t are of the same n a t u r e : J o h a n n a — E u p h r o s y n e ( S B 457), Samuel — B a r Zakharias (ib. 616), D o s i t h e o s — S t o e t i s (ib. 6166); cf. Aurelia—Habiba (ib. 2476, probably not Jewish). T h e same incongruity is found in the n a m e s of the J e w s of R o m e : cf. L e o n , 'The N a m e s of the J e w s of Ancient R o m e ' , TAP A Iix, 1928, 218 sqq. For the right to change personal n a m e s see B G U 1250 (Ptolemaic period) and W» Chr. 52 = S P 301 ( R o m a n period); cf. Schubart, Einf. in die Papyruskunde, 331 sqq.
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
29
s e p a r a t e g r o u p of G r e e k n a m e s a d m i r a b l y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o H e b r e w t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s : t h e s e w e r e t h e t h e o p h o r i c n a m e s , so m u c h p r e f e r r e d b y E g y p t i a n J e w s . S o m e of t h e m , a s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p o i n t e d o u t (see I n t r o d u c t i o n ) , w e r e so fre q u e n t l y u s e d b y J e w s t h a t t h e y b e c a m e i n s o m e sense J e w i s h n a m e s . S u c h w a s D o s i t h e o s a n d , t o a lesser d e g r e e , T h e o p h i l o s . T h e r e is l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t a l l t h e s e names served originally as equivalents to the Hebrew names M a t h a t h y a h u , N a t h a n y a h u , Jehonathan, etc., and were chosen in order to demonstrate the s p e c i a l d e v o t i o n of J e w s t o G o d . Y e t it w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e t o b e l i e v e t h a t e v e r y D o s i t h e o s a n d T h e o d o t o s w a s c a l l e d in H e b r e w M a t h a t h y a h u a n d J e h o n a t h a n . G r e e k t h e o p h o r i c n a m e s , o n c e a d o p t e d , e n t e r e d t h e r a n k s of r e g u l a r J e w i s h n a m e s a n d w e r e n o l o n g e r r e g a r d e d a s foreign, so t h a t n o d o u b l e n a m e s w e r e needed to mark the adaptation. Thus, a certain tradition w a s created, permit t i n g G r e e k n a m e s t o b e u s e d freely b y J e w s , w h i l e i n n o w a y c r e a t i n g t h e i m p r e s sion t h a t s o m e foreign e l e m e n t w a s a b o u t t o i n v a d e J e w i s h f a m i l y life. After Greek theophoric names, disguised translations from Hebrew, h a d w o n their v i c t o r y , the national principle w a s discarded a n d Greek n a m e s w i t h o u t a n y disguise f o l l o w e d . N o H e b r e w e q u i v a l e n t c a n b e f o u n d for s u c h n a m e s a s Alexander, Ptolemy, Arsinoe, T r y p h o n , T r y p h a i n a , Antipatros, all v e r y popular i n E g y p t , p a r t l y b e c a u s e of t h e i r reference t o t h e r u l i n g d y n a s t y a n d p a r t l y because t h e y were c o m m o n in Greece a n d Macedonia in classical times. T h e p a p y r i g i v e m a n y i n s t a n c e s of J e w s c a l l i n g t h e m s e l v e s b y these n a m e s , a n d s o m e e v i d e n c e is s u p p l i e d b y i n s c r i p t i o n s t o o . J e w s d i d n o t s c r u p l e t o g i v e t h e i r c h i l d r e n n a m e s r e c a l l i n g G r e e k o r E g y p t i a n g o d s , a n d so w e find a m o n g E g y p t i a n J e w s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c a n d e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d s p e r s o n s w h o s e n a m e s w e r e d e r i v e d f r o m A t h e n e , A m m o n , A p o l l o , D i o n y s o s , Z e u s , H e r a k l e s , H e r a , Isis, M e n , a n d S a r a p i s . I t is i m p o s s i b l e t o s t a t e w h e t h e r e v e r y J e w b e a r i n g s u c h a n a m e w a s a w a r e of i t s c o n n e x i o n w i t h p a g a n i s m , a n d it is m o r e t h a n l i k e l y t h a t he w a s not. In a n y case, the fact that J e w s b e g a n to call themselves b y such n a m e s s e r v e s a s a s t r o n g p r o o f of E g y p t i a n J e w r y ' s r a p i d a s s i m i l a t i o n of t h e c u s t o m s a n d h a b i t s of i t s G r e e k e n v i r o n m e n t . 7 1
72
A s t o t h e c h o i c e of H e b r e w n a m e s , in t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d t h r e e of t h e m w e r e p r e f e r r e d : S a b b a t h a i , S i m o n , a n d J o s e p h . T h e first n a m e w a s u s u a l l y g i v e n t o a c h i l d b o r n o n t h e S a b b a t h , a n d i t s w i d e s p r e a d use t h r o u g h o u t t h e d i a s p o r a is e v i d e n c e of t h e s p e c i a l significance a t t a c h e d b y J e w s t o t h e o b s e r v i n g of t h e S a b b a t h . S i m o n is n o t m e r e l y a t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n i n G r e e k of t h e H e b r e w ]lS7Qtt?: t h e r e w a s a G r e e k n a m e , S i m o n , t o o , so t h a t a J e w c a l l i n g h i m s e l f S i m o n c o u l d e a s i l y b e m i s t a k e n for a G r e e k . I t is t y p i c a l of J e w s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p e r i o d , i n E g y p t a s w e l l a s in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s ( i n c l u d i n g P a l e s t i n e ) , t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r 7 3
7 1
For papyri see I n d e x . Here are s o m e in s t a n c e s from t h e inscriptions: Alexandros ( S B 6160), Tryphaina (ib. 2643), perhaps Ptolemaios (ib. 2103); cf. other c o m m o n Greek names like Aristoboulos (ib. 723), Philippos (ib. 6164), N i k o m e d e s (ib. 6167), Agathokles (ib. 6650), e t c . 7 2
Cf. the n a m e s of J e w s in R o m e and other European c o u n t r i e s : Aphrodisia, D i o n y s i a s , Herm i a s , Hermione, Hermogenes, Zenodora, Esidorus, Esidora, Menophilos, Metrodoros, J o v i n u s .
'II est m e m e piquant de constater que la juive qui portait le n o m d'Esidora (don d' Isis) 6tait la fille d'un archonte des H e b r e u x ' (CIJ 91, n o t e , p . 64; cf. p . lxvii). 7 3
On the n a m e Sabbathaios cf. below, p p . 94 sqq., and the Introduction t o Section X I I I . A n a m e resembling Sabbathaios ('born o n t h e Sabbath') is H a g g a i ('born o n a holiday'), b u t this n a m e is comparatively rare a n d occurs in t h e Jewish papyri only once ( N o . 28).
P R O L E G O M E N A
30
n a m e , a m b i g u o u s a s it w a s , w a s one of t h e m o s t p o p u l a r . A s t o t h e t h i r d n a m e , J o s e p h , it w a s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d b y E g y p t i a n J e w s in order, it w o u l d s e e m , t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e B i b l i c a l J o s e p h : it w a s a m a t t e r of n a t i o n a l p r i d e t h a t o n e of t h e e a r l y forefathers of t h e J e w s h a d b e e n a g r e a t m i n i s t e r in E g y p t . T h u s e v e r y o n e of t h e t h r e e m o s t f a v o u r e d n a m e s h a d i t s o w n s i g n i f i c a n c e . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t i t e m in t h e p r o c e s s of h e l l e n i z a t i o n w a s t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n of G r e e k for t h e m o t h e r t o n g u e . W e d o n o t k n o w w h e t h e r t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e w a s i n e v e r y d a y use b y t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s in t h e P e r s i a n p e r i o d . S o m e H e b r e w w o r d s i n t h e A r a m a i c t e x t s of E l e p h a n t i n e p r o v e t h a t i t w a s still i n s o m e u s e , a n d i t g o e s w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t t h e l a n g u a g e of religious w o r s h i p w a s H e b r e w . Y e t A r a m a i c w a s the principal language a m o n g the Jewish military settlers in E l e p h a n t i n e , a n d all t h e i r d o c u m e n t s w e r e d r a w n u p in t h i s t o n g u e . A r a m a i c w a s t h e official l a n g u a g e of t h e e n t i r e w e s t e r n p a r t of t h e P e r s i a n E m p i r e a n d w a s t h e v e r n a c u l a r of S y r i a , i n c l u d i n g P a l e s t i n e . J e w i s h i m m i g r a n t s i n t o E g y p t i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c a g e u s e d A r a m a i c in t h e i r e v e r y d a y life, t h o u g h , of course, m a n y of t h e m k n e w H e b r e w a s w e l l . D u r i n g t h e e n t i r e t h i r d c e n t u r y , a n d p e r h a p s t h e first h a l f of t h e s e c o n d , E g y p t i a n J e w s c o n t i n u e d t o s p e a k A r a m a i c , a s is s h o w n b y p a p y r i a n d o s t r a k a in t h a t l a n g u a g e . A n d t h e n for m a n y c e n t u r i e s n o A r a m a i c d o c u m e n t s are f o u n d . I s t h i s m e r e c h a n c e ? P o s s i b l y , since w e c a n n o t s u p p o s e a c o m p l e t e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of A r a m a i c f r o m E g y p t , for t h e r e w a s a c o n t i n u o u s s t r e a m of S y r i a n i m m i g r a n t s (including J e w s ) d u r i n g t h e entire H e l l e n istic a n d R o m a n p e r i o d s . N e v e r t h e l e s s i t is l i k e l y t h a t A r a m a i c , t h o u g h still s p o k e n i n E g y p t , h a d c e a s e d t o b e a l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e , so t h a t n o f u r t h e r d o c u m e n t s w e r e d r a w n u p in it. A r a m a i c , a s a l a n g u a g e of c o m m e r c e , w a s e n t i r e l y s u p p l a n t e d b y G r e e k . I n s o m e cities, s u c h a s A l e x a n d r i a , G r e e k q u i c k l y b e c a m e t h e l a n g u a g e of e v e r y d a y i n t e r c o u r s e a s w e l l , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e h i g h e r classes of J e w i s h s o c i e t y . S i n c e A r a m a i c w a s n o t t h e n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e of t h e J e w s , n o r 74
7 5
7 6
7 7
7 4
A full list of n a m e s of the J e w s in will be g i v e n in A p p e n d i x I I , at the end third v o l u m e of C.P.Jud., w i t h special ence t o various periods in which certain were popular.
Egypt of the refer names
7 5
Cowley, p . 1 1 9 ; cf. Torczyner, The Lachish Ostraka, Hebrew edition, 16, n o t e 1. 7 6
Cowley, N o s . 81-83; Weill, REJ l x v , 1913, 16 s q q . ; Lidzbarski, Ephem. f. Sent. Epigr. ii. 243 sqq. = Sachau, Aram. Pap. aus Elephan tine, N o . 75, p p . 230 s q . ; Aime-Giron, Textes arameens d'£gypte, 1931, N o . 4 b i s ; ib., N o s . 113, 120 (BIFAO x x x v i i i , 1939, 38 sqq. 57 sqq.). Cf. Albright, JBL lvi, part iii, 1937, 152 sqq. 7 7
S o m e scholars (e.g. B l a u , Papyri und Talmud, 10; F u c h s , 115) interpreted the wellk n o w n baraitha in Thoseftha K e t h u b o t h 4. 9 (cf. b. B a b a Mezi'a 104a, j . Y e b a m o t h 15a) as attesting t h e use of Aramaic in Jewish legal d o c u m e n t s of Alexandria. Here the t e x t of Alexandrian kethu both (in t h e time of Hillel) is quoted in A r a m a i c : 1
rw» m a 1113*6 •»'? xnn wa ?
flowrwD
I owe to m y late friend G. Alon the
following c o m m e n t on this issue. W e h a v e in Talmudic literature m a n y quotations from docu m e n t s , some in Hebrew and some in Aramaic, b u t we are not sure t h a t the language of the q u o t a t i o n is the original language of the d o c u m e n t itself (cf., for e x a m p l e , M. K e t h u b o t h 4.12). Since t h e Palestinian kethuboth were usually drawn u p in Aramaic, it was natural to quote t h e m in this language, especially such idioms as *h KHU (cf. b. Qidushin 56). T h u s the Aramaic in t h e Alexandrian kethuboth as quoted in our baraitha cannot serve a s proof that the original language of these kethuboth was A r a m a i c : e v e n if it w a s Greek, as I would like to suggest, t h e author of the baraitha would h a v e p u t his quota t i o n in Aramaic. I t is worth noting, t o o , t h a t in all three quotations of the baraitha the t e x t is actually half Aramaic and half Hebrew. Cf. for this baraitha in general Gulak, Tarbiz, iii. 361 sqq. (in H e b r e w ) ; id., Das Urkundenwesen im Talmud, 37; Juster, ii. 42 n. 4; H e i n e m a n n , Philons griech. u. jud. Bildung, 300 s q . ; Belkin, The Alexan drian Halakah, 49 sqq.
T H E
P T O L E M A I C
P E R I O D
3i
t h e l a n g u a g e of t h e H o l y S c r i p t u r e s , its r e p l a c e m e n t b y G r e e k d i d n o t affect t h e n a t i o n a l f o u n d a t i o n s of J e w i s h life, t h o u g h i t c e r t a i n l y c h a n g e d i t s e x t e r n a l a s p e c t a n d d i m i n i s h e d t h e differences b e t w e e n t h e J e w i s h a n d t h e G r e e k m o d e s of l i f e . F a r s h a r p e r w a s t h e b l o w s t r u c k b y t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B i b l e i n t o G r e e k : h e r e t h e v e r y b a s i s of t h e n a t i o n a l life w a s affected. T h e r e a d i n g of t h e T o r a h i n t h e s y n a g o g u e s , a n d t h e c o m m e n t i n g u p o n it, w a s one of t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s i n t h e r e l i g i o u s a n d c u l t u r a l life of E g y p t i a n J e w r y . T h e entire p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e life of J e w s — r e l i g i o n , l a w , c u s t o m s — w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e T o r a h . F r o m t h e v e r y m o m e n t of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n t h e s t u d y of H e b r e w b e c a m e o b s o l e t e , a n d since i t w a s n o t (as w a s A r a m a i c ) a l a n g u a g e of e v e r y d a y use, it d i s a p p e a r e d w h o l l y f r o m J e w i s h life i n E g y p t . M o d e r n s c h o l a r s d i s c u s s a t l e n g t h t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r P h i l o , t h e g r e a t e s t J e w i s h t h i n k e r of t h e a g e , k n e w H e b r e w . T h e y are f u l l y e n t i t l e d t o a s k s u c h a q u e s t i o n , since in P h i l o ' s t i m e H e b r e w w a s a l m o s t u n k n o w n i n E g y p t . T h u s A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y d i s c a r d e d one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r a l l e g a c i e s of a n c i e n t Israel, i t s n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e . T h e r e a s o n m a y b e e a s i l y e x p l a i n e d . G r e e k w a s s p o k e n e v e r y w h e r e ; i t w a s t h e l a n g u a g e of t h e g r e a t e s t c u l t u r e of t h e w o r l d a n d h a d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l v a l u e , w h e r e a s H e b r e w , a n a n c i e n t t o n g u e of one p e o p l e o n l y , w a s i n c r e a s i n g l y b e c o m i n g a foreign t o n g u e , e v e n t o i t s o w n p e o p l e . If t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w e r e a n x i o u s t o p r e s e r v e t h e T o r a h , t h e o n l y w a y t o d o so w a s t o t r a n s l a t e it i n t o G r e e k , a n d so t h e y a b a n d o n e d t h e u s e of t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e in o r d e r t o p r e s e r v e t h e t e a c h i n g s of M o s e s . 78
7 9
W e m a y q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r it w a s t r u l y t h e d o c t r i n e of M o s e s w h i c h w a s p r e s e r v e d in t h e G r e e k v e r s i o n of t h e T o r a h . E v e r y t r a n s l a t i o n , e v e n if e x e c u t e d w i t h t h e u t m o s t e x a c t i t u d e , is a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , since t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g w o r d s h a v e different c o n n o t a t i o n s i n t h e t w o l a n g u a g e s . T h e G r e e k B i b l e b e c a m e G r e e k in c o n c e p t a s w e l l as in l a n g u a g e , since t h e n u m e r o u s r e l i g i o u s a n d l e g a l t e r m s u s e d b y t h e t r a n s l a t o r s w e r e n o l o n g e r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s of a n c i e n t Israel, b u t modern Greek terms, e v o k i n g numerous associations w i t h G r e e k classical literature and w i t h Hellenistic legal practice. W e m a y a d d t h a t the t r a n s l a t o r s , a n x i o u s t o p r e s e r v e t h e sense of t h e B i b l i c a l p a s s a g e s , d i d n o t a l w a y s follow t h e e x a c t m e a n i n g of t h e w o r d s , so t h a t t h e G r e e k v e r s i o n w a s f a r f r o m b e i n g a n e x a c t t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e H e b r e w original. S o t h e T o r a h of M o s e s w a s a l t e r e d a n d modified, a f a c t of f u n d a m e n t a l i m p o r t a n c e for t h e e n t i r e c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of E g y p t i a n J e w r y . 8 0
F r o m t h e l i t e r a r y s t a n d p o i n t , t h e v e r s i o n of t h e ' S e v e n t y ' ( S e p t u a g i n t ) s e r v e d a s a b a s i s for t h e rise a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e r i c h J e w i s h A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e , 7 8
T h e changes in ° v e r y d a y life caused b y this substitution of one language for another m a y be illustrated b y a similar process in our o w n t i m e : t h e discarding of Yiddish in favour of English b y J e w s in America. It is well k n o w n t h a t this sub stitution is regarded b y J e w s of the older genera t i o n as a striking feature of assimilation. 7 9
E d . Stein, Die allegorische Exegese des Philo aus Alex., 20 s q q . ; Wolfson, Philo, i. 88 sqq. 8 0
T h e v o l u m e of modern literature on the L X X is e n o r m o u s ; see for the first orientation S w e t e , An Introduction to the Old Testament in
Greek, 2nd ed., 1914. The Greek version of the L X X altered t h e original t e x t considerably, for it introduced the Greek style and turn of phrase. T h i s problem h a s been studied recently b y I. L . Seeligmann in reference to the t e x t of I s a i a h ; see his book The Septuagint Version of Isaiah, 1948, 24 sqq. See also Bertram, ZAW liv, 1936,153 sqq. for the version of the B o o k of Proverbs. Cf. in general D o d d , The Bible and the Greeks, 1935; R. Marcus, 'Jewish and Greek E l e m e n t s in the Septuagint', Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume, 1945, 227 sqq.
PROLEGOMENA
32
w h i c h is b a s e d e n t i r e l y o n t h e G r e e k B i b l e , i n i t s l a n g u a g e a s w e l l a s i n i t s f u n d a m e n t a l m o t i v e s of n a r r a t i v e . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s d a t e d t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e T o r a h f r o m t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y I I P h i l a d e l p h o s ; t h i s d a t e m a y b e a c c e p t e d , a t a n y r a t e a s t h a t of t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n , since t h e w r i t i n g s of t h e J e w i s h h i s t o r i a n D e m e t r i o s , w h o l i v e d a t t h e e n d of t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y , a l r e a d y p r e s u p p o s e t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e G r e e k t e x t of G e n e s i s . I t w a s c o n t i n u e d d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y , so t h a t a t t h e e n d of it t h e e n t i r e P e n t a t e u c h , t h e P r o p h e t s , a n d a p a r t of t h e H a g i o g r a p h a w e r e a l r e a d y t r a n s l a t e d i n t o G r e e k . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w e r e v e r y p r o u d of t h i s a c h i e v e m e n t . P o p u l a r belief a s c r i b e d t h e i n i t i a t i v e i n t r a n s l a t i n g t h e H o l y S c r i p t u r e s t o t h e G r e e k s c h o l a r s a t t h e c o u r t of P h i l a d e l p h o s ; t h e t r a n s l a t i o n w a s s a i d t o h a v e b e e n carried out b y s e v e n t y - t w o Jewish scholars especially invited from Palestine; a n d t h e a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e d a y w h e n i t w a s c o m p l e t e d w a s f i x e d a s a n a t i o n a l feast-day. 81
8 2
8 3
T h e t h i r d m a t t e r t o b e d i s c u s s e d here c o n c e r n s J e w i s h a n d H e l l e n i s t i c l a w . T h e e x i s t e n c e of a n i n d e p e n d e n t l a w i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s is b e y o n d q u e s t i o n : w e h a v e s e e n t h a t t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e of a J e w i s h politeuma w a s b a s e d o n t h e r i g h t ' t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n c e s t r a l l a w s ' , a n d t h e f a c t is a t t e s t e d b y v a r i o u s s o u r c e s . I t is a m u c h d i s c u s s e d p r o b l e m w h e t h e r P h i l o ' s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e B i b l i c a l l a w s i n his b o o k De specialibus legibus reflects t h e r e a l j u r i d i c a l p r a c t i c e of t h e J e w i s h t r i b u n a l s of A l e x a n d r i a o r is n o m o r e t h a n his o w n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I d o n o t feel qualified t o d i s c u s s t h i s p a r t i c u l a r issue, b u t s h o u l d l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n i n itself is s o u n d , since t h e r e w e r e J e w i s h t r i b u n a l s i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y s o m e h a n d b o o k of J e w i s h j u r i s p r u d e n c e s e r v i n g a s a g u i d e for J e w i s h j u d g e s i n A l e x a n d r i a m i g h t h a v e e x i s t e d . S i n c e t h e 84
8 1
s y s t e m a t i c inquiry i n t o Philo's De specialibus legibus allegedly reflecting a code of law of t h e Alexandrian J e w s has been m a d e only b y Goode n o u g h in his book The Jurisprudence of the
8 2
Jewish Courts in Egypt, 1929. T h o u g h there are m a n y stimulating ideas in this book, the a t t e m p t as a whole m a y be regarded a s h a v i n g miscarried; see s o m e notes in m y book in H e b r e w , Jews of Egypt in the Hellenistic-Roman Age in the Light of the Papyri, 138 n. 25. Cf. some of the reviews of Goodenough's b o o k ; e.g. JEA xviii, 1 1 6 ; MGWJ x l i v , 1930, 363; Gnomon, x . 108; OLZxxxiv, i93r,451 ;Sav.Ztschr. Hi, 1932,428 sqq. Cf. also H e i n e m a n n , Philons griech. und judische
Freudenthal, Alexander Polyhistor, 1875, 40 s q . ; Schiirer, iii. 473. Cf. Herrmann u n d B a u m gartel, Beitrage zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Septuaginta, 1923, 48 sqq. This fact is attested b y t h e grandson of Jesus Sirach w h o arrived in E g y p t in 132 B.C. See the Prologue t o t h e Greek t e x t of Jesus Sirach. T h e story of the translation is narrated in great detail in the 'Letter of Aristeas'. Y e t Herrm a n n rightly stated (see Herrmann u n d B a u m gartel, o p . cit. 44 sqq.) t h a t the story itself is far older t h a n Aristeas. F o r t h e annual celebration of the d a y of the translation see P h i l o , Vita Mosis, 2. 41. 8 3
8 4
T h e existence of a Jewish tribunal in A l e x -
Bildung,
andria is attested b y t h e T a l m u d . Cf. Thoseftha Kethuboth 3.1 ( = Peah 4.8):
H - i r a Off
^s^v.-,-,
25a: n m m a .Off
prop p
,
m*1303 ?Ka
VriBO n W W n a ; u
b. Kethuboth
,--,h*U«
a n s a «w ipmoDVn «pt mV
• » » » cf. j . K e t h u b o t h 2.26d. On the right of t h e ethnarch t o pass judgem e n t see a b o v e , n o t e 23. T h a t Jewish laws and regulations of Alexandria were used b y Philo has already been suggested b y Ritter, Philo und die Halacha, 1879, p p . 1 6 , 1 7 , 6 3 , 9 0 , 9 3 , 9 6 , 1 2 0 ; b u t a
180, 223, 426, 535. One of the last books
o n Philo's H a l a k h a is Belkin's Philo and the Oral L
a
w
f
'
e c
> l
J
9 4 ° ; the author's aim is t o demonstrate
u e n t
similarities between Philo's work and
t h e L a w of t h e Tannaites. This book w a s rev i e w e d > a m o n g o t h e r s > b y D D a u b e i n B i h l i o t h e c a
Orientalis, 1948, 64 sq. According t o D a u b e , w e cannot discuss t h e similarity b e t w e e n Philo's laws and Talmudic law till we h a v e discarded the numerous cases 'where Philo's law, while similar t o t h e R a b b i n i c , m a y b e accounted for (1) b y Hellenistic or R o m a n influence; (2) b y an
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
33
p a p y r i g i v e u s m a n y s p e c i m e n s of l e g a l d o c u m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g c a s e s i n w h i c h J e w s w e r e i n v o l v e d , i t is n a t u r a l t h a t w e s h o u l d e x p e c t s o m e e v i d e n c e t h r o w i n g new light on this question. Y e t in this respect the papyri are rather disappoint i n g . O n l y o n c e is a J e w i s h dpxetov ( n o t a r y ' s office) i n A l e x a n d r i a m e n t i o n e d ( N o . 143), a n d i n a n o t h e r d o c u m e n t s o m e o b s c u r e reference t o a ' p o l i t i c a l l a w ' o f t h e J e w s m a y b e g u e s s e d a t ( N o . 128). O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e p a p y r i c o n t a i n r i c h e v i d e n c e of J e w s u s i n g freely t h e c o m m o n H e l l e n i s t i c l a w . A p e r u s a l of l e g a l d o c u m e n t s g a t h e r e d i n S e c t i o n I I I r e v e a l s t h e f o l l o w i n g p i c t u r e . a. T h e d o c u m e n t s d e a l i n g w i t h J e w s a r e d r a w n u p i n t h e u s u a l m a n n e r o f H e l l e n i s t i c d o c u m e n t s , i.e. e i t h e r a s ' s i x - w i t n e s s d e e d s ' (arvyypaal i^ap.dprvpoi, N o s . 1, 22, 24) o r a s ' d e e d s of cession' (ovyypafial aTroaraaiov, N o . 18) o r a s ' a g o r a n o m i c a l ' c o n t r a c t s ( N o s . 23, 26). I t m a y b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t e v e n t h e p r e s c r i p t , c o n t a i n i n g t h e full t i t l e s of deified k i n g s , is n e v e r o m i t t e d ( N o s . 18, 22-24). b. W h e n t h e d o c u m e n t is d r a w n u p i n a n office, i t is n o t t h e office of a J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y (even w h e n both c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s a r e J e w s ) , b u t a r e g u l a r g o v e r n m e n t n o t a r y ' s office. T h e g o v e r n m e n t official, t h e agoranomos, a p p e n d s h i s s i g n a t u r e ( N o s . 23, 26). c. W h e n J e w s h a v e l e g a l d i s p u t e s t o s e t t l e , t h e y b r i n g t h e i r c l a i m s before t h e g o v e r n m e n t a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e u s u a l m a n n e r b y h a n d i n g o v e r a n evrevgis a d d r e s s e d t o t h e k i n g ( N o s . 19, 37,128). T h e c o u r t w h i c h a d j u d i c a t e s b e t w e e n J e w s is a G r e e k c o u r t ( N o . 1 9 ) . d. T h e l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r m i n g t h e l e g a l b a s i s f o r t h e b u s i n e s s life of t h e J e w s a r e t h e c o m m o n l a w s of t h e G r e e k s i n E g y p t , i.e. l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s i s s u e d b y t h e k i n g (7rpoaTdyp.ara a n d hiaypdpbixara), o r l a w s b a s e d o n t h e m a n i fold l e g i s l a t i o n of G r e e k cities (the s o - c a l l e d ' c i v i c l a w s ' , TTOXLTLKOI vofioc). I n N o . 1 9 t h e G r e e k ' C o u r t of T e n ' , d e a l i n g w i t h a q u a r r e l b e t w e e n a J e w a n d a Jewess, especially records the king's regulations a n d the 'civic l a w s ' as t h e p o t e n t i a l b a s i s of i t s s e n t e n c e , a n d i n N o . 23 a diagramma of t h e k i n g is r e f e r r e d to, according t o which a business dispute between t w o J e w s w a s s e t t l e d . 8 5
almost unavoidable evolution of i d e a s ; (3) b y w h a t m u s t h a v e been familiar t o a n y J e w anyw h e r e ; (4) b y a naive interpretation of Scripture'. I t seems t o m e t h a t t h e same cases, a n d especially t h e first a n d t h e fourth, m a y be a p plied t o the consideration of whether Philo's laws are based on the juridical experience of the Alexandrian tribunals. W e m a y e v e n add a fifth c a s e : where Philo's law m a y be accounted for b y his
44 s q q . ; Partsch, Arch. v . 455 s q . ; P . Meyer, Jur. Pap., N o . 55. rioXniKol vopoi are recorded below i n N o . 1 9 ; cf. P . H a l . 1, 1 . 79 s q . ; M. Chr. 31 = U P Z ii. 162, col. V I I , 1. 9. T h e opinion of Zucker, Beitrdge z. Kenntnis d. Gerichtsorganisation im plot, und rd'm. Aeg., 1911, 52 sq., t h a t t h e regulations of various national iroXirevfiara (including J e w i s h communities) could h a v e been included i n t h e ttoXitikol vop.01, is n o t shared b y t h e
o w n moral and philosophical ideas. It would b e safe t o assume that a scrupulous examination of De specialibus legibus, bearing in mind these five points, would leave little evidence t o suggest that Philo's laws were drawn u p according t o t h e laws and regulations of t h e Jewish tribunals of Alexandria. T h e itoXITIKOI vofioi, a s contrasted w i t h 01 imx
majority of scholars. I t is more correct t o assume t h a t t h e voXITIKOI vofiot were collected from t h e vop.01 a n d ^ ^ t a ^ a r o of various Greek cities, i n E g y p t and outside i t , and were confirmed b y t h e Ptolemaic king as a regular code of civic l a w for t h e Greek population of E g y p t . According t o Taubenschlag, Actes du 5 Congres, 471 sqq., t h e Greek code of law w a s based o n t h e local laws and decisions of about thirty-five Greek countries a n d cities. On t h e S i a y p a / x / i a r a of t h e kings cf. literature quoted in N o . 2 3 , 1 . 20, n o t e .
8 5
B 2909
D
e
PROLEGOMENA
34
F r o m a l l t h e s e i t e m s it a p p e a r s t h a t J e w s m a d e g r e a t u s e of H e l l e n i s t i c l a w . S i n c e the i n s t a n c e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e refer t o J e w i s h soldiers a n d m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s in t h e F a y u m in t h e t h i r d a n d s e c o n d c e n t u r i e s B . C . , it m i g h t b e s u p p o s e d t h a t n o w e l l o r g a n i z e d J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s w e r e i n e x i s t e n c e in t h e c a m p s , so t h a t J e w i s h soldiers w e r e t h e m o s t h e l l e n i z e d e l e m e n t a m o n g t h e J e w s (see a b o v e , p . 9). W e h a v e , h o w e v e r , o t h e r e v i d e n c e of m o r e g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n . A g r o u p of A l e x a n d r i a n p a p y r i , c o l l e c t e d in S e c t i o n V I I , r e v e a l t h e s a m e s t a t e of affairs a s d o t h o s e of S e c t i o n I I I . If a n a u t o n o m o u s J e w i s h c o u r t , g i v i n g s e n t e n c e s a c c o r d i n g t o p r i n c i p l e s of J e w i s h l a w , e x i s t e d a n y w h e r e i n E g y p t , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n A l e x a n d r i a ; a n d a s w e h a v e seen (note 84), s u c h a c o u r t d i d a c t u a l l y e x i s t . Y e t , here a g a i n , t h e p a p y r i are d i s a p p o i n t i n g . J e w s b r i n g t h e i r c l a i m s a n d b u s i n e s s affairs b e f o r e o n e P r o t a r c h o s w h o w a s t h e h e a d of a n o t a r y ' s office, w h i c h also fulfilled t h e f u n c t i o n s of a c o u r t of j u s t i c e . T h i s w a s a n o r m a l G r e e k office, n o t a d m i n i s t e r e d b y J e w s . T h e d o c u m e n t s i s s u e d o r e x a m i n e d b y it are c a l l e d avyxcoprjoeis; t h e s e w e r e , it s e e m s , t h e o r i g i n a l t y p e of a n A l e x a n d r i a n c o n t r a c t . A m o n g t h e c o n t r a c t s in w h i c h J e w s w e r e i n v o l v e d a r e a d e e d of d i v o r c e ( N o . 144), t w o e n g a g e m e n t s of w e t - n u r s e s ( N o s . 1 4 6 - 7 ) , a n d s o m e c o n t r a c t s of l o a n s ( N o s . 148-9). A l l t h e s e c o n t r a c t s are w r i t t e n i n G r e e k b y G r e e k officials, in t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s d o c u m e n t s w r i t t e n for t h e G r e e k p u b l i c . S o it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e f a m i l y life of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s , t h e i r m a r r i a g e s a n d d i v o r c e s , w e r e r e g u l a t e d b y G r e e k c o n t r a c t s in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c l a w . 8 6
8 7
T h i s q u e s t i o n is i n d e e d of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e . T h e j u r i d i c a l f r a m e w o r k reflects t h e c o n d i t i o n s of life for w h i c h it w a s c r e a t e d . If t h e c o n t r a c t , t h e office, t h e c o u r t , w e r e G r e e k , so w e r e t h e l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d t h u s w e are f a c e d w i t h t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t E g y p t i a n J e w s l i v e d n o t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e c e p t s of t h e B i b l e b u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s of H e l l e n i s t i c c o m m o n l a w . D o o u r s o u r c e s p r o v i d e a n y e v i d e n c e for t h i s ? E m p h a s i s m a y b e l a i d u p o n t w o f a c t s s h o w i n g t h e s t r o n g influence of H e l l e n istic l a w o n J e w s . T h e first r e l a t e s t o t h e p o s i t i o n of w o m a n in s o c i e t y . I t is k n o w n t h a t no Greek w o m a n appeared in a n y court w i t h o u t a 'guardian' (Kvpios), i.e. a m a n r e p r e s e n t i n g h e r a n d a c t i n g for h e r b e f o r e t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . S u c h ' g u a r d i a n s ' w e r e in g e n e r a l n e a r k i n s m e n , e.g. h u s b a n d , f a t h e r , o r s o n . T h i s c u s t o m w a s a l o g i c a l r e s u l t of t h e g e n e r a l l y s u b o r d i n a t e p o s i t i o n of t h e Greek w o m a n in classical t i m e s . T h e Jewish w o m a n , on the contrary, w a s n e v e r s u b o r d i n a t e , so she n e v e r n e e d e d t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a g u a r d i a n . 8 8
8 6
The papyri of Section V I I belong t o the reign of A u g u s t u s , and t h o u g h here we are b e y o n d the limit of the Hellenistic age, the n e w epoch is still v e r y close t o the preceding one, so t h a t its general features m a y reasonably be applied t o the Ptolemaic period a s well. 8 7
On the Alexandrian avyxojp^aeis, the tri bunal and notary's office of Protarchos, etc., see Schubart, Arch. v . 47 s q q . , 57 s q q . ; Mitteis, Grundz. 65 sqq. It is worth noting t h a t some Alexandrian d o c u m e n t s of the t i m e of A u g u s t u s ( B G U 1 1 1 5 ; 1151. i i ; 1 1 1 7 ; 1127), although drawn
u p in the quarters 'Delta' and 'Beta' supposed to h a v e been Jewish quarters, are nevertheless regu lar Greek d o c u m e n t s ; cf. Schubart, o p . cit. 37. 8 8
On the role of the 'guardians' in classical Greece cf. E r d m a n n , Die Ehe im alien Griechenland, 1934, 33 sqq. For Hellenistic E g y p t cf. P . Meyer, Jur. Pap., p . 3 1 ; E g o n Weiss, Arch. iv. 78; Taubenschlag, Actes du 5 Congres, 479; id. Law, i. 128 sqq. E x e m p t i o n from the necessity of representation b y a guardian w a s regarded a s a special privilege, e.g. enjoyed b y R o m a n w o m e n ; cf. S P 35, 305, 325. e
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
35
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e p a p y r i (of H e l l e n i s t i c a n d R o m a n p e r i o d alike) g i v e u s s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s of J e w i s h w o m e n r e p r e s e n t e d b y ' g u a r d i a n s ' ( N o s . 19, 26, 144, 146, 148, 149, 430, 453, 455). I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e G r e e k h a b i t w a s here c o p i e d b y J e w s . T h e e v i d e n c e f r o m t h e p a p y r i is c o n f i r m e d b y l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s . P h i l o , s p e a k i n g of t h e b e t r o t h a l of a w o m a n , e m p h a s i z e s t h a t t h e b r i d e g r o o m h a s t o d e m a n d his b r i d e f r o m h e r p a r e n t s or, if t h e y are n o t a l i v e , 'from h e r b r o t h e r s , o r t u t o r s , o r o t h e r g u a r d i a n s ' (de spec. leg. 3. 67). P h i l o ' s s t a t e m e n t is n o t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e T a l m u d i c l a w w h i c h k n o w s o n l y o n e t u t o r of t h e w o m a n — h e r father, w h o r e t a i n s t h a t d u t y o n l y till his d a u g h t e r is t w e l v e y e a r s a n d o n e d a y o l d . E l s e w h e r e (de spec. leg. 3. 169-71) P h i l o d e p i c t s t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s of life for a w e l l - c o n d u c t e d w o m a n : she h a d t o s p e n d t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e d a y a t h o m e , she w a s n o t t o m i n g l e w i t h p e o p l e a t t h e m a r k e t , a n d she h a d t o c h o o s e t h e q u i e t e s t h o u r of t h e d a y t o g o o u t t o a t t e n d s e r v i c e i n t h e s y n a g o g u e . S p e a k i n g of t h e s e a r c h for a r m s o r d e r e d b y t h e p r e f e c t F l a c c u s t o b e m a d e i n t h e J e w i s h h o m e s of A l e x a n d r i a , P h i l o d e s c r i b e s t h e c o n s t e r n a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h w o m e n w h e n t h e p r e f e c t ' s a g e n t s p e n e t r a t e d t h e i r s e c l u s i o n (Flacc. 8 9 ) . S o it is possible t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n of J e w i s h w o m e n in t h e f a m i l y a n d i n s o c i e t y i n E g y p t w a s c h a n g e d t h r o u g h c o n t a c t w i t h t h e G r e e k s , a n d t h a t t h e life of a J e w i s h w o m a n i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s far m o r e l i k e t h a t of h e r G r e e k n e i g h b o u r t h a n t h a t of h e r sister in P a l e s t i n e . 8 9
90
91
T h e s e c o n d i t e m r e l a t e s t o b u s i n e s s affairs. T h e B i b l i c a l p r o h i b i t i o n o n l e n d i n g m o n e y a t i n t e r e s t t o a J e w is w e l l k n o w n ( E x o d . 22. 2 4 ; D e u t . 23. 20). T h e T a l m u d i c r e g u l a t i o n s are e v e n m o r e r i g o r o u s . Y e t t h e p a p y r i s h o w t h a t J e w s l e n t m o n e y t o J e w s a t t h e r e g u l a r i n t e r e s t of 24 p e r c e n t . ( N o s . 20, 24). I n o n e c a s e ( N o . 23) a l o a n w i t h o u t i n t e r e s t (droKos) b e t w e e n J e w s is m e n t i o n e d , a n d since s u c h l o a n s are referred t o a m o n g G r e e k s a n d E g y p t i a n s t o o , a t h e o r y of J e w i s h influence o n H e l l e n i s t i c l a w h a s b e e n p u t f o r w a r d b y s o m e s c h o l a r s . B u t interest-free l o a n s , e s p e c i a l l y of c o r n , are o l d e r t h a n B i b l i c a l l a w , a n d i t is 92
93
8 9
Gulak, The Foundations of the Jewish Law, i. 35 s q q . ; iii. 66 sqq. ( H e b r e w ) ; M. B l o c h , Die Vormundschaftnachmosaisch-talmudischemRechte, 1904, ii. 9; Juster, ii. 62 sq. The seclusion of Jewish w o m e n of Jerusalem is also reported b y the authors of 2 Mace. (3. 19) a n d 3 Mace. (1. 18); this ignorance of the true 9 0
conditions of life of Jewish w o m e n in Palestine is typical of these authors, w h o were J e w s of the dispersion 9
' It is .rue t h a t the authorities of the Talmud
k o n n t e sich im Notfalle selber schutzen' (Krauss, Talm. Arch. ii. 24). The ideal of the T a l m u d referred t o a b o v e can be more j u s t l y applied t o Greek w o m e n in classical t i m e s ; see X e n . Oikonom. 7. 4-6; cf. E r d m a n n , o p . cit. n sqq. N o t only interest in its c o m m o n form, b u t e v e n a n y increase (of the capital) resembling 9 2
(iram
interest T
a
I
m
u
d
.
g
e
e
M
>
j?3K), B
a
b
a
M
e
w a s prohibited b y the j. . . . z
a
s
I
;
s
7
;
s
9
J
Thoseftha, ib. 6 . 1 0 ; cf. E . C o h n , ' D e r Wucher im T a i m u d ^ z ^ ^ y . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t o z W ^ ,
r e c o m m e n d e d the principle of T Q rTYOD 7 3
xviii,
i W J D "J^fc; cf. b. J e b a m o t h 7 7 a ; b. Megillah
hot bei den Juden
14b. Y e t it w a s more a pium desiderium than a s t a t e m e n t of fact based on actual conditions. In reality the Jewish w o m a n in Palestine enjoyed a considerable degree of freedom. 'Das jiidische Madchen genoss viel mehr Freiheit als seine Genossinnen i m heutigen Orient. E s durfte sich ohne Scheu vor Mannern z e i g e n ; es ging z u m B r u n n e n . . . und auf den Markt in der S t a d t , sass i m L a d e n , iibte einiges Gewerbe aus und
Recht, 1924. Adler and Heichelheim, The Adler Papyri, Introduction, p . 5 ; cf. the report of Adler in Actes du 5 Congres, 12. The publication of the Adler Papyri led t o a discussion b e t w e e n Heichelheim and myself on whether these d o c u m e n t s show a n y Jewish religious influence. See b o t h our articles in HTR x x x v , 1942, 25 sqq., 35 sqq. 9 3
e
I 9
o , 37 q q . ; I m m . Bernfeld, Das 5
S
nach
Zinsver-
talmudisch-rabbinischem
PROLEGOMENA
36
l i k e l y t h a t s u c h l o a n s w e r e c o m m o n l y m a d e b y m a n y a g r i c u l t u r a l p e o p l e s in t h e a n c i e n t O r i e n t . S o i t is l o g i c a l t o a s s u m e t h a t s u c h l o a n s w i t h o u t i n t e r e s t a s are r e c o r d e d i n t h e p a p y r i are a relic of s o m e a n c i e n t o r i e n t a l c u s t o m . I t is w o r t h noting t h a t sometimes loans 'without interest' weighed more h e a v i l y on t h e d e b t o r t h a n d i d t h e u s u a l o n e s , since s u c h l o a n s w e r e u s u a l l y g r a n t e d for a v e r y short period and h e a v y penalties were p a y a b l e to the lender in cases where repayment did not take place within the stipulated period. T h u s it m a y b e inferred t h a t i n t h e i r b u s i n e s s affairs a s i n m a t t e r s of f a m i l y l a w E g y p t i a n J e w s f o l l o w e d t h e c o m m o n j u r i d i c a l p r a c t i c e of t h e P t o l e m a i c k i n g d o m , i n c o m p l e t e a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e w e l l - k n o w n p r i n c i p l e of T a l m u d i c l a w , definitively formulated in the third c e n t u r y A . D . b y the B a b y l o n i a n A m o r a , M a r S a m u e l : K T H K m ^ f c T K T H ('the l a w of t h e [ g o v e r n i n g ] s t a t e is t h e law'). 9 4
95
9 6
I t is n o t i n t e n d e d t o d e n y t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a u t o n o m o u s J e w i s h l a w i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s i n E g y p t . T h e r e w e r e J e w i s h c o u r t s in E g y p t , a t a n y r a t e i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d t h e T o r a h w a s t h e officially r e c o g n i z e d l e g a l b a s i s of J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s . B u t o u r t a s k h e r e is t o c o m m e n t o n t h e p a p y r i , a n d it is a m a t t e r of f a c t t h a t t h e s e , a p a r t f r o m t h e m e n t i o n of a J e w i s h n o t a r y ' s office in N o . 143 a n d t h e p o s s i b l e h i n t of s o m e ' p o l i t i c a l l a w ' of J e w s in N o . 128, n e v e r refer t o J e w i s h l a w . S i n c e t h e s y m b i o s i s of J e w i s h a n d n o n - J e w i s h l a w f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r s in J e w i s h h i s t o r y (the l a t e s t a n d m o s t s t r i k i n g i n s t a n c e is t h e s y m b i o s i s of R a b b i n i c a l a n d t h e s o - c a l l e d ' P a l e s t i n i a n ' l a w in P a l e s t i n e u n d e r t h e B r i t i s h M a n d a t e , a n d its s u r v i v a l i n m o d e r n Israel), w e m u s t n o t c o n s i d e r its a p p e a r a n c e i n E g y p t a s s t r a n g e , b u t r a t h e r a s t h e l o g i c a l result of t w o c o n t r a d i c t o r y t e n d e n c i e s in E g y p t i a n J e w r y : t h e desire t o f o l l o w o l d n a t i o n a l a n d religious t r a d i t i o n , a n d t h e desire t o p a r t i c i p a t e v i g o r o u s l y i n all a s p e c t s of H e l l e n i s t i c life. W e m a y a s s u m e t h a t w h e n a J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , as a w h o l e , w a s affected, t h e first t e n d e n c y w a s p r e d o m i n a n t ; b u t i n d i v i d u a l J e w s , w h e n f a c e d w i t h t h e i n n u m e r a b l e p e t t y p r o b l e m s of e v e r y d a y life, w e r e m o r e d i s p o s e d t o f o l l o w the second. N e e d l e s s t o s a y , it w a s A l e x a n d r i a w h i c h w a s t h e c e n t r e of h e l l e n i z a t i o n . T h e g r e a t e s t c i t y i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n u n t i l it w a s o v e r s h a d o w e d b y R o m e , A l e x andria w a s a business and administrative as well as a cultural centre. It attracted 9 4
L o a n s w i t h o u t interest are k n o w n from Assyria and B a b y l o n i a in the second and first millennium B.C. Cf. L u t z , Legal and Economic Documents from Ashjdly, 1931 (20th c e n t u r y , Assyria). Of 47 loans q u o t e d there, 37 were g i v e n w i t h o u t interest, 34 of t h e m being loans in grain and 3 in silver; see p p . 67-75. Cf. 5 s q . : 'These grain-loan transactions w i t h o u t interest charges c a n be understood only o n t h e basis t h a t Uushunasir [the creditor] was a feudal lord w h o ad v a n c e d the grain loans t o his retainers of various feudal ranks.' See further San-Nicol6 u n d U n g n a d , Neubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungsurkunden, B d . i, Hefte 1 - 5 , 1 9 3 5 - 7 : 'Die Schuld ist sehr oft verzinslich, zinsfreie Beitrage w e r d e n gelegentlich ausdriicklich als hubuttutu, zinsloses
Darlehen, bezeichnet' (p. 195); cf. N o s . 160, 162, 168, 184, 290 (loans in silver), 231, 234, 238, 239, 243, 267, 756 (loans in k i n d ) : it is likely that loans such as in N o . 248 are also without interest. Cf. Kohler und U n g n a d , Assyrische Rechtsurkunden, 1913, passim; Schorr, Urkunden d. altbabylon. Zivil- und Prozessrechts, 1913, p . 67. Cf. also J . Rabinowitz, H TR x x x v i i , 1944, 54 n. 14. 9 5
Cf. Schnabel, Aeg. xiii, 1933, 34. Cf. m y above-mentioned article in HTR, p p . 29 sq. 9 6
For this saying of Mar Samuel see Is. Herzog, The Main Institutions of Jewish Law, i, 1936, 24 sqq. The instances quoted b y R a b b i Herzog are b. Gittin 10b, b. Nedarim 28a, b. B a b a K a m m a 113a and b ; b. B a b a Bathra 55a.
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
37
people from m a n y countries, especially from Greece. In A l e x a n d r i a there were s p l e n d i d f e s t i v a l s i n h o n o u r of G r e e k d e i t i e s a n d deified k i n g s , t h e r e w a s t h e M o u s e i o n (in m o d e r n t e r m s , a n a c a d e m y for science a n d arts), a n d t h e g r e a t L i b r a r y in w h i c h so m a n y t r e a s u r e s of G r e e k c l a s s i c a l l i t e r a t u r e w e r e p r e s e r v e d . T h e J e w s of A l e x a n d r i a n a t u r a l l y c a m e u n d e r t h e influence of G r e e k life a n d t h o u g h t . A s e a r l y as t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y B . C . w e h e a r of a J e w w h o a b a n d o n e d t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , r e n o u n c e d t h e J e w i s h faith, a n d p u r s u e d a successful c a r e e r a t t h e c o u r t of t h e P t o l e m i e s . T h i s J e w w a s D o s i t h e o s , s o n of D r i m y l o s , w h o s e a p o s t a s y w a s r e c o r d e d b y t h e a u t h o r of t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s ( 1 . 3 ) , a n d w h o s e c a r e e r a t t h e c o u r t is a t t e s t e d b y t h e p a p y r i ( N o . 127). W e d o n o t k n o w h o w m a n y J e w s f o l l o w e d in his s t e p s , b u t a p o s t a s y w a s n o t t h e d o m i n a n t fea t u r e of J e w i s h life i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d h a s n e v e r b e e n so in J e w i s h h i s t o r y . A J e w h a d o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s of d e m o n s t r a t i n g his l o v e of H e l l e n i s m : h e c o u l d d o so b y s e e k i n g G r e e k c u l t u r e . H e c o u l d d o m o r e : h e c o u l d c o l l a b o r a t e w i t h G r e e k s i n t h e c r e a t i o n of n e w c u l t u r a l v a l u e s in t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e . T h e S e p t u a g i n t l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n s for t h e s t r u c t u r e of H e l l e n i s t i c l i t e r a t u r e , written b y Jews, and especially b y Alexandrian Jews. In the third century a J e w , D e m e t r i o s , w r o t e s o m e t h i n g l i k e a h i s t o r y of t h e forefathers of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e , a n d it is t o t h e s e c o n d a n d t o t h e first h a l f of t h e first c e n t u r i e s t h a t t h e w r i t i n g s of A r i s t e a s , A r t a p a n o s , P h i l o t h e p o e t , E z e k i e l t h e d r a m a t i s t , a n d o t h e r s m a y b e a s s i g n e d . T h e J e w i s h p h i l o s o p h e r A r i s t o b o u l o s , a s w e h a v e seen a b o v e (p. 20), l i v e d in t h e t i m e of P t o l e m y V I P h i l o m e t o r ; he d e d i c a t e d his b o o k t o t h e k i n g . T h e s e b e g i n n i n g s of J e w i s h - H e l l e n i s t i c l i t e r a t u r e are far f r o m b e i n g p e r f e c t ; t h e y are e v e n in s o m e sense d i s a p p o i n t i n g , since n o c o n s i d e r a b l e l i t e r a r y w o r k , a p a r t f r o m t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' , w a s c o m p o s e d . H o w e v e r , o u r i n t e r e s t lies n o t in t h e s t a n d a r d of l i t e r a r y a c h i e v e m e n t of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s b u t i n t h e i r h e l l e n i z a t i o n , a n d f r o m t h i s p o i n t of v i e w t h e i r l i t e r a r y p r o d u c t i o n s are r e m a r k a b l e . P h i l o t h e p o e t w r o t e his epic o n J e r u s a l e m in h e x a meters, obviously aiming—unsuccessfully—to become a Jewish H o m e r ; E z e k i e l ' s Exodus is m e r e l y a n i m i t a t i o n of E u r i p i d e s ; A r i s t o b o u l o s is s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n a ' p e r i p a t e t i c ' p h i l o s o p h e r , a f o l l o w e r of t h e s c h o o l of A r i s t o t l e . T h e H e l l e n i s t i c s t y l e , a l r e a d y u s e d b y L X X , is p r e d o m i n a n t i n s u c h h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s a s t h e S e c o n d a n d T h i r d B o o k s of t h e M a c c a b e e s ; m o r e t h a n a t h i r d of t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' is d e v o t e d t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of a s y m p o s i u m , a l i t e r a r y f o r m m u c h favoured b y Greek writers from P l a t o and X e n o p h o n onwards. In all branches of J e w i s h - H e l l e n i s t i c l i t e r a t u r e , G r e e k influence is p r e d o m i n a n t , p r i n c i p a l l y in f o r m , b u t i n s o m e m e a s u r e in c o n t e n t t o o . G r e e k l i t e r a t u r e a n d p h i l o s o p h y were, no doubt, carefully studied b y Alexandrian Jews. Such s t u d y could h a r d l y b e a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t a solid k n o w l e d g e of t h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s of G r e e k c u l t u r e , a n d so t h e q u e s t i o n arises, W h a t k i n d of e d u c a t i o n d i d A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s give to their children? 9 7
9 7
S o , for e x a m p l e , the contents of the discussion of the Jewish 'elders' a t the S y m p o s i u m in t h e 'Letter of Aristeas' (187-307) is merely a reiteration of the current political wisdom displayed by the Greeks of the Hellenistic age in numerous p a m p h l e t s 'on monarchy' (irepl fiaoiXdas). Cf. on
these p a m p h l e t s Goodenough, 'The Political P h i l o s o p h y of Hellenistic Kingship', YCS i, 1928, 55 sqq., passim. On the literary form of a 'symp o s i u m ' see Hirzel, Der Dialog, 1895, especially i. 274, 355; ii. 137 sqq.
PROLEGOMENA
38
T h e q u e s t i o n is n o t a n idle o n e . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e R o m a n p e r i o d t h e r i g h t of J e w s t o g i v e t h e i r c h i l d r e n a r e g u l a r e d u c a t i o n in G r e e k e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w a s h o t l y c o n t e s t e d b y G r e e k s a n d finally p r o h i b i t e d b y t h e R o m a n a u t h o r i t i e s . I t is i m p o r t a n t for u s t o s t u d y t h e origin of t h i s p r o h i b i t i o n . G r e e k e d u c a t i o n w a s e d u c a t i o n in a g y m n a s i u m , w h e r e G r e e k b o y s w e r e t r a i n e d in g y m n a s t i c e x e r c i s e s a n d g a i n e d t h e n e c e s s a r y k n o w l e d g e of G r e e k l i t e r a t u r e a n d culture. W e r e J e w s under the Ptolemies allowed to send their b o y s to the g y m n a s i a ? W e h a v e n o d i r e c t e v i d e n c e of t h e i r h a v i n g d o n e so, b u t w e m a y find an answer to the question b y considering some arguments bearing indirectly on t h e s u b j e c t . F i r s t l y , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of R o m a n rule, t h e A l e x a n d r i a n G r e e k s v i o l e n t l y o p p o s e d all t h e e n d e a v o u r s of n o n - G r e e k s (i.e. E g y p t i a n s a n d J e w s ) t o e n r o l t h e i r sons a m o n g t h e epheboi ( N o . 150). T h i s p r o p a g a n d a w a s s a n c t i o n e d b y C l a u d i u s , w h o p r o h i b i t e d J e w s from t a k i n g p a r t in g y m n a s t i c g a m e s , i.e. e x p e l l e d t h e m f r o m t h e g y m n a s i a ( N o . 153). A r g u i n g from t h i s e v i d e n c e , w e m a y infer t h a t in t h e p r e v i o u s e p o c h J e w s e n t e r e d g y m n a s i a w i t h o u t m u c h difficulty. S e c o n d l y , i n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , t h e g y m n a s i a w e r e i n p r i v a t e h a n d s , a n d , as far a s w e c a n l e a r n f r o m o u r d o c u m e n t a r y sources, n o s p e c i a l qualifications were needed to enter a g y m n a s i u m . Furthermore, J e w s t h e m s e l v e s w e r e v e r y m u c h i n t e r e s t e d i n g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n , since o n l y t h o s e w h o h a d r e c e i v e d it c o u l d o b t a i n c i v i c r i g h t s in a c i t y l i k e A l e x a n d r i a . M o r e o v e r , s u c h a n e d u c a t i o n p a v e d t h e w a y for e n t r y i n t o G r e e k s o c i e t y . I t is t r u e t h a t J e w i s h t r a d i t i o n d i d n o t f a v o u r g y m n a s t i c c o n t e s t s , e s p e c i a l l y as g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n w a s c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h G r e e k religion a n d c u s t o m s . B u t t h e r i g i d p r i n c i p l e s of t h e t r a d i t i o n w e r e b y n o m e a n s p r e d o m i n a n t in A l e x a n d r i a a n d , as a m a t t e r of f a c t , t h e J e w s of t h e d i a s p o r a d i d n o t a b h o r e i t h e r g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n or p u b l i c c o n t e s t s a n d g a m e s , a s is a t t e s t e d b y m a n y i n s t a n c e s ; a n d w e o u g h t n o t t o f o r g e t t h a t in 175 B . C . a g y m n a s i u m a n d a n e p h e b e i o n w e r e e r e c t e d 9 8
9 8
In Samareia the g y m n a s i u m w a s erected and dedicated t o the king o n the initiative of a private person, w h o was holder of a KXrjpos in the v i l l a g e ; the g y m n a s i u m w a s regarded b y the authorities as his private property and after his d e a t h was inherited b y his legal heir ( P . E n t . 8). I n the village Psenamosis the decision t o build a g y m n a s i u m is t a k e n b y the owaycuyr) ru>v avyyewpycbv, i.e. b y the village c o m m u n i t y (BSAA x x i v , 1929, 66 sqq.). It is possible that all village g y m n a s i a , so numerous in the Ptolemaic period, were erected in these w a y s , i.e. on the initiative of private persons or b y the communities of the villages. T h e village g y m n a s i a in the Ptolemaic period are mentioned in various p l a c e s : see S B 1106 ( S e b e n n y t o s ) ; ib. 7245 (Samareia); ib. 6157 (Theadelphia); BSAA x x i v . 66 (Psena m o s i s ) ; P S I 391, B G U 1256 (Philadelphia); Melanges Maspero, ii. 33 (Aphroditopolis); Arch. v . 410 ( O m b o i ) ; ib. 414 n. 5 (Elephantine). Cf. L a u n e y , Recherches, ii. 836 sqq., where a long list of g y m n a s i a of Hellenistic E g y p t is g i v e n . T w o g y m n a s i a in the district of Herakleopolis are re
corded at the beginning of the R o m a n period ( B G U 1189, 1201). On the question of village g y m n a s i a in general see Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 309; Zucker, Aeg. xi. 485; H e n n e , BIFAO, xxii, 1923, 1 9 1 ; R o s t o v tzeff, SEHHW 1394 n. i 2 i . T h e existence of village gymnasia serves t o show that in the P t o l e m a i c age the g y m n a s i a were open not exclu sively t o the sons of citizens—there were no 'citizens' in villages—but for every person con sidering himself a 'Greek', or anxious to obtain an education of the Greek t y p e . A n d , indeed, w e k n o w of m e n of non-Greek origin, such as Thracians ( S B 6157-8), Persians (ib. 7246), and e v e n Arabs (ib. 3460), filling the offices of g y m nasiarchoi. The last instance is the m o s t striking, since Thracians and Persians were 'pseudoethnic' groups (see a b o v e , p . 13), but 'Arabs' were on all c o u n t s non-Greeks; nevertheless t h e y could a t t a i n the highest office connected w i t h a g y m n a s i u m . W h y should we suppose t h a t J e w s were forbidden g y m n a s i u m education w h e n Arabs were allowed i t ?
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
39
i n J e r u s a l e m , in t h e v e r y h e a r t of t r a d i t i o n a l J u d a i s m . " F i n a l l y , it m a y b e a r g u e d t h a t so d e e p a p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o t h e f o r m s a n d c o n t e n t of G r e e k t h o u g h t a s w a s a c h i e v e d , for e x a m p l e , b y P h i l o t h e p h i l o s o p h e r w a s i m p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t b e i n g i m b u e d w i t h t h e G r e e k classical spirit, a n d t h i s spirit c o u l d h a r d l y b e c u l t i v a t e d w i t h o u t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of s o m e g e n e r a t i o n s of J e w i s h families in g y m n a s i u m education. T h e p r o b l e m of g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n l e a d s u s t o a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n of a w i d e r c h a r a c t e r : w e r e J e w s a l l o w e d t o b e c o m e c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a ? T h i s q u e s t i o n h a s b e e n f r e q u e n t l y discussed in m o d e r n r e s e a r c h . W e shall h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s m a t t e r w h e n s p e a k i n g of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of R o m a n rule. A s t o t h e s t a t e of affairs u n d e r t h e P t o l e m i e s , s o m e g e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m a y b e p u t f o r w a r d . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t b e l o n g i n g t o t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a d i d n o t i n v o l v e b e l o n g i n g t o the G r e e k polis of A l e x a n d r i a , since a c o m m u n i t y a n d a polis w e r e , c o n s i d e r e d j u r i d i c a l l y , t w o d i s tinct political bodies. W e m a y suppose that e v e r y Jewish immigrant reaching A l e x a n d r i a from P a l e s t i n e or from t h e E g y p t i a n chora b e c a m e sooner o r l a t e r a m e m b e r of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y ; b u t it w o u l d b e nonsense t o s u p p o s e t h a t s u c h a J e w w o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y e n t e r t h e r a n k s of G r e e k c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a . S i n c e t h e J e w i s h i m m i g r a t i o n from P a l e s t i n e t o E g y p t , a n d especially to Alexandria, never ceased throughout the Hellenistic period, and since, a s w e m a y s u p p o s e , A l e x a n d r i a also a t t r a c t e d m a n y J e w s f r o m t h e E g y p t i a n chora, it m a y b e inferred t h a t t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of J e w i s h i n h a b i t a n t s of A l e x a n d r i a h a d in f a c t n o c i v i c r i g h t s . Y e t t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w i s h c i t i z e n s i n A l e x a n d r i a c a n n o t b e d e n i e d (for t h e R o m a n p e r i o d w e h a v e e v e n d o c u 100
9 9
It is generally held b y modern scholars t h a t J e w s abhorred the g y m n a s t i c contests and all the c u s t o m s and habits connected with t h e m : cf., for e x a m p l e , F u c h s , 79. This opinion is based chiefly on Talmudic authorities. W e shall see below that this v i e w is erroneous, e v e n for the time of the T a l m u d (see p . 109, note 56); it is entirely false for Alexandria in the Ptolemaic period. Philo speaks of the g y m n a s t i c contests, g y m n a s i u m education, etc., as of e v e r y d a y interests. There is no sug gestion t h a t these Greek habits in a n y w a y affected his religious scruples as a faithful J e w : cf., for e x a m p l e , de spec. leg. 2. 229 s q . ; ib. 2. 246; de opif. mundi 78; de Jos. 81, etc. See for this question Goodenough, The Jurisp. of the Jewish Courts in Egypt, 2 s q . ; id. An Introd. to Philo, 8 sq. Cf. the Hebrew article of Marcus o n the educational teachings of Philo in the Touroff Anniversary Volume, 223 sqq. It is probable t h a t J e w s were no less anxious t o participate in g y m n a s i u m education in other Jewish centres of the diaspora t h a n t h e y were in Alexandria. In Iasos (Asia Minor) a list of the epheboi of the early R o m a n age contains such n a m e s as J u d a s , Theophilos, T h e u d a s , Dositheos, T r y p h o n , so it m a y be sug gested t h a t at least some individual members, and more probably the entire group, were J e w s
(see Robert, REJ ci, 1937, 73 s q q . ; cf. id. Hel lenica, iii. 100). In H y p a i p a (near Sardeis) a group of y o u n g J e w s called themselves 'IovSatot veibrepoi, according t o the usual divisions of the Greek epheboi into ved>repoi, p.iaoi, and •npeoPvTepoi (S. Reinach, REJ x , 1885, 74; Oehler, MGWJ liii, 1909, p . 294, N o . 58). In Miletos a special place in the theatre w a s reserved for Jewish members of the audience (Schiirer, iii. 16). For the connexion between g y m n a s i u m edu cation and civic rights see the inscription of 104 B . C . from a Greek city in E g y p t (probably P t o l e m a i s ) : elaa\yayeodax 8' els TO yvp.va.010v /ecu iroXiToyparjoat 1 0 0
( S B 8031
= SEG
viii.
641).
Scholars maintaining that the Alexandrian J e w s enjoyed full civic rights are Schiirer, iii. 121 s q q . ; Juster, ii. 1 s q q . ; D e Sanctis, Riv. d. Filol. Hi, 1924, 473 s q q . ; cf. also Momigliano, Claudius, 1934, 96 n. 25; the n e g a t i v e stand point is n o w accepted b y a large majority of scholars: see Willrich, 'Caligula', Klio, iii, 1903, 403 s q q . ; B l u d a u , Juden und Judenverfolg. 1 7 ; F u c h s , 79 s q q . ; Schubart, Arch. v . 108 s q q . ; Wilcken, Antis. 786 s q q . ; Engers, Klio, xviii. 83 s q q . ; J o u g u e t , La Vie municipale, 18 s q q . ; Bell, Jews and Christians, 12 s q q . ; and m a n y others.
PROLEGOMENA
40
m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e ) , a n d it is i m p o r t a n t t o k n o w h o w a J e w c o u l d b e c o m e a n A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n . T h e o b t a i n i n g of c i v i c r i g h t s i n a G r e e k c i t y w a s a l w a y s a v e r y complicated procedure. In general, civic rights were bestowed on indivi d u a l s b y a s p e c i a l decision of t h e c o u n c i l a n d t h e demos a s a r e w a r d for s o m e s e r v i c e r e n d e r e d t o t h e c i t y ; t h e g r a n t i n g of c i v i c r i g h t s t o e n t i r e g r o u p s w a s exceedingly rare. I n A l e x a n d r i a , h o w e v e r , t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s in s o m e w a y s e x c e p t i o n a l . A l e x a n d r i a , t h o u g h t h e o r e t i c a l l y a free a n d a u t o n o m o u s G r e e k polis, w a s i n r e a l i t y n e i t h e r free n o r a u t o n o m o u s , since it w a s t h e c a p i t a l of E g y p t a n d t h e r e s i d e n c e of t h e k i n g a n d his c o u r t . T h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t w a t c h e d c a r e f u l l y o v e r t h e c i t y . W e c a n h a r d l y i m a g i n e t h a t a n y t h i n g so i m p o r t a n t a s a n increase in t h e n u m b e r of A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s c o u l d fail t o a t t r a c t t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t o e v o k e m e a s u r e s of c o n t r o l . I n R o m a n t i m e s t h e E m p e r o r c o n t r o l l e d t h e e n t r a n c e of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n epheboi i n t o t h e r a n k s of c i t i z e n s ( N o . 153). I t is r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e P t o l e m a i c k i n g , w h o w a s far m o r e i n t e r e s t e d in A l e x a n d r i a n affairs t h a n w a s t h e R o m a n E m p e r o r , m a d e use of t h e s a m e r i g h t . M o r e o v e r , w e h a v e a l r e a d y s e e n ( a b o v e , p . 23, n. 58) t h a t P t o l e m y V I I I E u e r g e t e s I I g r a n t e d c i v i c r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a to 'strangers'. It m a y be asked whether there were Jews a m o n g them, a n d if s o , w h e t h e r t h e ' p h i l o - S e m i t i c ' k i n g P h i l o m e t o r m a y n o t h a v e a c t e d s i m i l a r l y . F i n a l l y , i t m a y b e r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e sons of c i t i z e n s o b t a i n e d t h e i r e d u c a t i o n in t h e g y m n a s i a , a n d t h a t g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n w a s n o r m a l l y a prerequisite to citizenship. Doubtless m a n y J e w s were anxious to give their sons G r e e k e d u c a t i o n so t h a t t h e y m i g h t o b t a i n c i v i c r i g h t s . T h e l a s t c e n t u r y of P t o l e m a i c rule w a s m u c h c o n f u s e d , e s p e c i a l l y in A l e x a n d r i a , a n d p r o b a b l y t h e long e n m i t y b e t w e e n the P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t and A l e x a n d r i a resulted in a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c h a o s , v e r y f a v o u r a b l e for t h o s e w h o s e desires c o u l d n o t b e fulfilled i n s t r i c t a c c o r d a n c e w i t h l a w . T o s u m u p : a n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w c o u l d o b t a i n c i v i c r i g h t s i n t h r e e w a y s : t h e g r a n t of r i g h t s t o i n d i v i d u a l s b y t h e polis, 101
1 0 1
Instances of t h e granting of honorary citizenship (the so-called proxeniai) to indivi duals are n u m e r o u s ; cf. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisa tion, 3rd ed., 84. T h e 'isopolity', i.e. the grant of real citizenship t o all citizens of another c i t y , is n o t usual in classical Greece (the best k n o w n e x a m p l e is the grant of A t h e n i a n citizenship t o S a m i a n s in
405
B.C.:
Zap.iovs
AOrjvaiovs
etvai;
cf.
M. N . T o d , A Selection of Greek Historical Inscrip tions, 2nd ed., 1946, i, N o . 96), b u t is more fre quent in Hellenistic t i m e s ; cf. Tarn, o p . cit. 79 sqq. These, h o w e v e r , are grants of citizenship t o Greeks; and, in numerous cases, to members of the same koinon; cf. S c h w a h n , 'Das Biirgerrecht der sympolitischen B u n d e s s t a a t e n bei den Griechen', Hermes, l x v i , 1931, 97 sqq. I t w a s another matter for organized groups of non-Greeks t o be g i v e n permission t o enter the ranks of citizens. Such grants of citizenship were g i v e n only in extraordinary cases, w h e n great danger w a s im m i n e n t , or w h e n the city w a s a b o u t t o b e c o m e subject to foreign rule. Cf., for e x a m p l e , the de
cision of the citizens of Pergamon to grant citizen ship t o irdpoiKoi, soldiers, Macedonians, Mysians, and other g r o u p s : this grant was made in 133 B.C., after the d e a t h of the last Attalid king and o n t h e e v e of the establishment of R o m a n rule in Asia (OGIS 338). There is no instance, as far as I k n o w , of the granting of 'sympolity' to a non-Greek 7roXiT€Vfia b y a Greek TTOXIS. In the light of this evidence the opinion of some scholars, such as Schiirer (iii. 122 sqq.) or Dessau (Gesch. d. rom. Kaiserzeit ii. 2. 727), t h a t J e w s enjoyed a n 'isopolity' w i t h Greeks in Greek cities in general, and in Alexandria in particular, is scarcely ten able. Such an opinion is evidently based on t h e v a g u e assertions of Josephus concerning the 'isot i m y ' between J e w s and Greeks (bell. 2. 487; c. Ap. 2. 35), or on the forged passage in the edict of Claudius about an lor) iroXirela b e t w e e n the Alexandrians and the J e w s (ant. 19. 281). See o n the apologetic tendency of Josephus infra, p . 62, and on the edict of Claudius infra, p . 70, note 45.
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
41
n o m i n a t i o n b y t h e k i n g , a n d p e n e t r a t i o n (legally o r illegally) i n t o t h e r a n k s of the citizens through the g y m n a s i a . I n R o m a n t i m e s , t o o b t a i n c i v i c r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s a m a t t e r of v e r y g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e (see b e l o w , p p . 61 sq.). I n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d n o i m p o r t a n t rights or privileges were associated w i t h Alexandrian citizenship. Alexandrian c i t i z e n s h a d a c o d e of l a w s of t h e i r o w n , o n t h e p a t t e r n of A t h e n i a n l a w s ; t h e y w e r e n o t s c o u r g e d w h e n g u i l t y of a c r i m e , b u t b e a t e n w i t h b l a d e s a n d b y s p e c i a l b l a d e - b e a r e r s ; t h e y c o u l d n o t b e c o m p e l l e d t o fill a l i t u r g i c a l office o r t o p e r f o r m s o r d i d t a s k s s u c h a s t h o s e d e m a n d e d of E g y p t i a n f e l l a h i n . F o r Jews, w h o e n j o y e d t h e i r o w n j u r i s d i c t i o n , m o s t of t h e s e p r i v i l e g e s w e r e of n o g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e , a n d i n a n y c a s e i n t h e c o u r s e of t i m e s o m e p r i v i l e g e s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s , b y t h e t a c i t c o n s e n t of t h e g o v e r n m e n t , w e r e b e s t o w e d o n J e w s a s w e l l . T o b e a c i t i z e n of A l e x a n d r i a w a s m o r e a q u e s t i o n of p r i d e t h a n of m a t e r i a l benefit. T h e J e w w a s p r o u d of b e i n g o n t h e s a m e l e v e l a s t h e A l e x a n d r i a n G r e e k , of h a v i n g his sons e d u c a t e d in a g y m n a s i u m , of a t t e n d i n g G r e e k feasts a n d g a m e s , of s p e a k i n g a n d w r i t i n g i n G r e e k . T h e a c q u i s i t i o n of c i v i c r i g h t s w a s t h e e x p r e s sion o f t h e J e w i s h t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s e m a n c i p a t i o n (to use a n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y t e r m ) . T h i s t e n d e n c y is c l e a r l y a t t e s t e d b y t h e l i t e r a r y o u t p u t o f A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B.C. T h e s a l i e n t p u r p o s e of t h i s l i t e r a t u r e w a s t o draw nearer t o Greeks, t o create a synthesis between Hellenism a n d Judaism, to show that Judaism embodied a true philosophy, open alike t o J e w s a n d Greeks. T h e S e p t u a g i n t itself m a d e t h e first s t e p t o w a r d s b r o t h e r h o o d w i t h 1 0 2
103
1 0 4
1 0 5
1 0 2
T h e papyrological d o c u m e n t s reveal t h a t there were various groups of citizens i n A l e x andria : (1) those w h o were enlisted in tribes and d e m e s ; (2) those w h o were called dorot; (3) those w h o were called simply AXegavopets. In addition, i n s o m e documents of the third century B . C . from t h e F a y u m , Alexandrians, 'not y e t enlisted in the d e m e X ' (ratv ovira) €Try]yp.4vaiv els 8rjp.ov rov SeTva), are recorded. W h a t w a s t h e legal s t a t u s of each of th,ese groups? Were the enigmatic dorot iden tical w i t h the first group? Were persons, not y e t enlisted, called simply Alexandrians? All these questions h a v e been disputed in recent t i m e s b y various scholars. Cf. Schubart, Arch. v . 102 s q q . ; B i c k e r m a n n , Rev. d. Philol., 3 Serie, i, 1927, 362 s q q . ; Segre, BSAA, N . S . , viii, N o . 28, 1933, 179 s q q . ; Uxkull-Gyllenband, Gnomon des Idios Logos, K o m m e n t a r , 1934, 22 s q q . ; Arangio-Ruiz, Rev. Int. d. Droits de V Antiquite, i v , 1950, 7 sqq. I t is n o t m y intention t o discuss this problem here a t full length. I t seems t o m e t o be probable t h a t t h e term AXe£av8peis w a s applied t o t h e whole b o d y of Alexandrian citizens, whereas t h e dorot were only those of the citizens w h o were registered in tribes and demes. I t is further prob able t h a t the latter group w a s the m o s t privileged (though w e d o n o t k n o w w h a t special privileges t h e y enjoyed), whereas t h e 'Alexandrians' were simple citizens. I t is c o m m o n l y held b y modern e
scholars t h a t J e w s , u p o n entering t h e ranks of Alexandrian citizens, became 'Alexandrians', since belonging t o tribes and d e m e s w a s probably connected w i t h certain religious observances. This opinion m i g h t be sound, though it cannot be proved b y a n y papyrological or other evidence. 1 0 3
A t h e n i a n laws adopted in A l e x a n d r i a : Dikaiomata, p p . 64 s q q . ; P . O x y . 2177, F r . 1, col. I . T h e privilege of Alexandrians n o t t o b e s c o u r g e d : Philo, Flacc. 78. The e x e m p t i o n of t h e Alexandrians from liturgical offices a n d munera sordida: OGIS 669, 11. 32 s q q . ; cf. W i l c k e n , Grundz. 331, 340. 1 0 4
A s t h e privilege n o t t o b e scourged, b u t b e a t e n b y Alexandrian blade-bearers: T O edos rovro KOV
Kal em TCDV rjnerepoiv Kal
0XaKKOS
avros
8ierrjpr]oav rovs
ol irpo
irpojrovs
&XaK-
XpoVot/ff
(Flacc. 79). Cf. B o x , In Flaccum, c o m m e n t a r y ad loc. Modern scholars c o m m o n l y characterize t h e entire Jewish Alexandrian literature a s 'apolo getic'. I should use this term preferably for such literary productions as h a d t h e direct a i m of defending J e w s and Judaism against the attacks of anti-Semites, a n d which were composed for non-Jewish readers, such a s Philo's Apology or Josephus' Contra Apionem. This literature arose at the time when anti-Semitism w a s a t its height, i.e. i n the early R o m a n age. A s for Jewish litera1 0 5
PROLEGOMENA
42
G r e e k s b y t r a n s l a t i n g E x o d . 22. 27, ' T h o u s h a l t n o t r e v i l e the gods', i n t e n t i o n a l l y e m p h a s i z i n g t h e H e b r e w p l u r a l in ' E l o h i m ' , as if it w e r e i n t e n d e d t o refer t o h e a t h e n deities. S i n c e t h e T o r a h w a s r e a d b y E g y p t i a n J e w s o n l y in G r e e k , it is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e t r u e m e a n i n g of t h i s v e r s e w a s u n k n o w n t o t h e m , a n d t h a t t h e y s i n c e r e l y b e l i e v e d in M o s e s ' t o l e r a n t a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s the h e a t h e n g o d s . A further s t e p w a s t a k e n b y t h e a u t h o r of t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' , w h o p r o c l a i m e d t h a t G r e e k s a n d J e w s w o r s h i p p e d one a n d t h e s a m e g o d , a n d t h a t t h e o n l y difference l a y in t h e n a m e . Still another step w a s taken b y A r t a p a n o s , w h o a t t r i b u t e d t o M o s e s t h e f o u n d a t i o n of p a g a n c u l t s in E g y p t , i n c l u d i n g t h e c u l t of s a c r e d a n i m a l s . T h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' m a y also s e r v e as the b e s t e v i d e n c e of t h e t e n d e n c y t o b r i n g J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m n e a r e r t o e a c h o t h e r . I t m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a t r u e p r o c l a m a t i o n of t h e p r o - G r e e k g r o u p in t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . G r e e k s , i.e. the k i n g a n d his c o u r t , are s h o w n here as t r u e friends of t h e J e w s a n d as g r e a t r e s p e c t e r s of t h e T o r a h . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s e v e n t y - t w o J e w i s h elders, t r a n s l a t o r s of t h e S e p t u a g i n t , are n o t o n l y v e r s e d in J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e b u t h a v e a g o o d G r e e k e d u c a t i o n as w e l l (Arist. 121), a n d A r i s t e a s e m p h a s i z e s t h a t t h e y ' r e l e a s e d t h e m s e l v e s from t h e h a r s h a n d b a r b a r i a n t r a i t s of c h a r a c t e r ' (ib. 122), w h i c h are (as w e are i n v i t e d t o b e l i e v e ) f o u n d i n p e r s o n s d e n i e d a G r e e k e d u c a t i o n . T h e k i n g i n v i t e s t h e elders t o a s y m p o s i u m , a n d t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n r e v e a l s t h e d e e p w i s d o m of t h e J e w s , far e x c e e d i n g t h a t of t h e G r e e k p h i l o s o p h e r s (ib. 235). Y e t it is w orth n o t i n g t h a t t h e entire w i s d o m of t h e J e w i s h elders as r e p o r t e d b y A r i s t e a s is n o m o r e t h a n c u r r e n t o p i n i o n t a k e n f r o m s o m e c o m p e n d i u m of G r e e k e t h i c s a n d p o l i t i c s , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e J e w i s h belief in o n e G o d . A r i s t e a s ' f u n d a m e n t a l i d e a is t h e s o m e w h a t sur p r i s i n g r e v e l a t i o n t h a t J u d a i s m is n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t r u e H e l l e n i s m e n r i c h e d b y t h e i d e a of t h e u n i t y of G o d . T h e k e y t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of this o r i g i n a l i d e a of A r i s t e a s is g i v e n b y his c o n c e p t i o n of t h e T o r a h a n d of its t r a n s l a t i o n in G r e e k . A r i s t e a s is a g r e a t a d m i r e r of t h e T o r a h , b u t it is v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t it is t h e G r e e k T o r a h w h i c h he a d m i r e s . A r i s t e a s p r o v e s t h e p e r f e c t i o n of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e s e v e n t y - t w o elders b y all possible e v i d e n c e : b y t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e k i n g , b y t h e s a n c t i o n of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y in A l e x a n d r i a , a n d e v e n b y a s p e c i a l p r o t e c t i o n of G o d (Arist. 3 1 1 ) . H e p r o c l a i m e d i t t o b e a b s o l u t e l y c o r r e c t , e v e n in s o m e senses m o r e c o r r e c t t h a n t h e H e b r e w o r i g i n a l (Arist. 30). T h i s e x u l t a t i o n of A r i s t e a s ' w a s s h a r e d b y t h e w h o l e A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y : w e h a v e a l r e a d y seen (p. 32) t h a t t h e a l l e g e d d a y of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n w a s a n n u a l l y c e l e b r a t e d in A l e x a n d r i a . W h a t w a s t h e r e a s o n for so g r e a t a r e j o i c i n g ? A f t e r all, it w a s o n l y a t r a n s l a t i o n , a n d w e are a c c u s t o m e d t o t h i n k t h a t n o n e w s p i r i t u a l v a l u e s are c r e a t e d b y t r a n s l a t i o n s . Y e t it is o b v i o u s t h a t for A r i s t e a s , a n d for J e w s l i k e h i m , it w a s n o t m e r e l y a t r a n s l a t i o n , b u t , in s o m e sense, a s e c o n d c r e a t i o n of t h e B i b l e . A n d w e c a n g u e s s t h e r e a s o n . W e h a v e 1 0 6
107
r
ture of the Ptolemaic period, it w a s intended for Jewish readers, and its various tendencies reflect
riam Iohannis Lewy, 1949, 139-60. Arist. 1 6 : TOVydpirdvTOiv iironTriv
the various trends in the Alexandrian c o m m u n i t y . T h e longing for emancipation w a s one such tendency. I h a v e dealt w i t h this question in m y article (in Hebrew) 'Some Principles concerning the s t u d y of the Jewish Alexandrian literature', Commentationes ludaico-Hellenisticae in memo-
6e6v
1 0 6
odroi
(sc.
i j j u e f ? S e , fiaoiXev,
01 'Iov8aioi)
oifiovrai,
•npoaovop.dt,ovres
KO.1
worr/v
6V Kal
iravres,
irepws
Zfjva
/cat
A L a . Cf. T r a m o n t a n o , c o m m e n t a r y ad loc. Freudenthal, Alexander Polyhistor, 143 s q q . , 231 s q q . ; Schiirer, iii. 477 sqq. 1 0 7
THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
43
seen a b o v e (p. 31) t h a t t h e T o r a h u n d e r w e n t a c h a n g e w h e n t r a n s l a t e d i n t o G r e e k . I t w a s n o t o n l y t h e B i b l e in G r e e k , it w a s a G r e e k B i b l e in i t s t h o u g h t and expression. This Greek Bible could be read b y everyone, and everyone c o u l d c o n v i n c e himself of t h e d e p t h a n d t r u t h of t h e religious a n d m o r a l i d e a s of t h e J e w i s h l a w - g i v e r M o s e s , a n d of the i m p o r t a n c e of t h e p e o p l e t o w h o m s u c h p r e c e p t s h a d b e e n g i v e n . T h e ' i n f e r i o r i t y c o m p l e x ' , d e e p l y r o o t e d in t h e s o u l of e v e r y ' e m a n c i p a t e d ' J e w in t h e d i a s p o r a w h o is in t o u c h w i t h p e o p l e s of h i g h cultures, w a s largely r e m o v e d b y the fact that the Bible ceased to be a 'barbarian' b o o k s e a l e d w i t h s e v e n seals, b u t b e c a m e o p e n t o the e n t i r e c i v i l i z e d w o r l d . A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s c o u l d p r o u d l y e n t e r t h e G r e e k w o r l d a s m e n of h i g h s t a n d i n g , n o t a s a r a b b l e of v a n q u i s h e d b a r b a r i a n s . T h a t is t h e r e a s o n w h y A r i s t e a s e m p h a s i z e s so s t r o n g l y t h e n e c e s s i t y for J e w s t o r e m a i n faithful t o t h e p r e c e p t s of t h e T o r a h ( A r i s t . 139). T h e w a y t o t h e c u l t u r a l e m a n c i p a t i o n of t h e J e w s l e d t h r o u g h t h e G r e e k B i b l e , t h r o u g h s t u d y i n g a n d c o m m e n t i n g u p o n it, n o t t h r o u g h n e g l e c t of its p r e c e p t s . W h e t h e r G r e e k s w e r e d i s p o s e d t o w e l c o m e t h e J e w s is a n o t h e r m a t t e r (we shall see t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t ) ; b u t t h e J e w s m a d e all t h e n e c e s s a r y p r e p a r a t i o n s t o ensure t h a t b o t h n a t i o n s s h o u l d m e e t o n a friendly f o o t i n g . T h i s e x p l a i n s t h e d e e p p u r p o s e of A r i s t e a s ' e n d e a v o u r s t o s h o w t h a t t h e G r e e k s w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B i b l e , a n d t h a t t h e w h o l e i d e a of t h e t r a n s l a t i o n w a s d u e t o l e a r n e d c o u r t i e r s of P h i l a d e l p h o s a n d t o t h e k i n g h i m self. O n l y w i t h t h e c o n s e n t of t h e G r e e k s c o u l d t h e T o r a h s e r v e as a c o n n e c t i n g l i n k b e t w e e n t h e t w o different w o r l d s , J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m . S u c h w a s t h e final s u m m a r y of A r i s t e a s ' p r o p a g a n d a . T h e u p p e r classes of the J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a r e m a i n e d faithful t o his p r o g r a m m e u n t i l t h e m i l i t a n t a n t i S e m i t i s m of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s m a d e it r i d i c u l o u s . 108
A c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h m a n n e r of life in A l e x a n d r i a inclines u s t o a s k w h e t h e r J e w i s h e m a n c i p a t i o n e l s e w h e r e in E g y p t f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e m a i n lines. T h e a n s w e r is in t h e n e g a t i v e : J e w s of t h e chora b e h a v e d q u i t e differently. O n l y A l e x a n d r i a n Jews, and a m o n g t h e m particularly the intelligentsia, needed such a s o p h i s t i c a t e d j u s t i f i c a t i o n a s t h a t g i v e n b y A r i s t e a s for t h e i r a t t i t u d e t o t h e G r e e k s . T h e social a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l l e v e l of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of t h e chora w a s definitely l o w e r . T h e p a p y r i g i v e e v i d e n c e of a different p r o c e s s of J e w i s h a s s i m i l a t i o n , t h a t of J e w i s h v i l l a g e r s a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n . G r e e k c u l t u r e w a s n o t e q u a l l y s t r o n g e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e c o u n t r y ; it w a s , after all, a foreign p l a n t . E g y p t i a n c u l t u r e , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , w a s d e e p l y r o o t e d in t h e life of t h e l a n d , a n d G r e e k settlers t h e m s e l v e s w e r e e v e n t u a l l y influenced t o a cer t a i n e x t e n t b y their E g y p t i a n e n v i r o n m e n t . T h u s w e find J e w s i n t h e p a p y r i calling themselves b y E g y p t i a n names. These Jews were shepherds, peasants, a r t i s a n s , all l i v i n g in v i l l a g e s a n d in close c o n t a c t w i t h t h e i r E g y p t i a n n e i g h bours. M a n y d o c u m e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y from t h e T h e b a i d , r e v e a l t h e i g n o r a n c e of t h e n a t i v e s of t h e c o u n t r y : m a n y c o u l d n o t s i g n t h e i r n a m e s in G r e e k ; n o w o n d e r , t h e n , t h a t t h e r e w e r e also J e w s w h o c o u l d n o t s i g n in G r e e k ( N o s . 46, 107). 1 0 9
1 0 8
I h a v e dealt in detail with the 'Letter of
Aristeas' in m y article (in Hebrew) 'The Ideo logical
I949» 1 0 9
Platform
of
Aristeas', Sefer
Dinaburg,
83-101.
Cf. e.g. N u » . y, 3s, 44,99,417. The close con
nexion with E g y p t i a n neighbours in business affairs is well illustrated b y N o . 46 concerning the c o m m o n use of a pottery in a 'Syrian village' b y a Jewish and an E g y p t i a n family.
PROLEGOMENA
44
Did they k n o w a n y other language ? N o t Hebrew, at a n y rate: Hebrew w a s no l o n g e r n e e d e d , since t h e G r e e k B i b l e w a s r e a d i n t h e c o u n t r y n o less t h a n i n A l e x a n d r i a . I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e m o t h e r t o n g u e of J e w s l i k e S i m o n , s o n of J a ' e z e r ( N o . 107), or t h e p o t t e r s of t h e S y r i a n v i l l a g e of N o . 46, w a s A r a m a i c , since i n t h e s e c o n d a n d first c e n t u r i e s B . C . A r a m a i c s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n u s e d o n l y b y n e w l y a r r i v e d i m m i g r a n t s (see a b o v e , p . 30). M o s t p r o b a b l y , therefore, t h e i r l a n g u a g e w a s E g y p t i a n , a s w a s t h e g e n e r a l l a n g u a g e of t h e entire c o u n t r y a r o u n d them. J e w s of t h i s s o r t c o u l d h a r d l y e v a d e t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g influence of t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . T h o s e w h o n e v e r t h e l e s s m a n a g e d t o r e m a i n J e w s c o u l d d o so o n l y b e c a u s e of t h e i r s t u b b o r n f a i t h f u l n e s s t o t h e i r n a t i o n a l o r i g i n a n d r e l i g i o n . T h e y o b s e r v e d t h e c o m m a n d m e n t s of t h e T o r a h for t h e s i m p l e r e a s o n t h a t t h e y w e r e w r i t t e n in t h e T o r a h . T h e o b s e r v a n c e of S a b b a t h s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o t h e m . W e r e a d i n N o . 10 t h a t a m a n o n t h e e s t a t e of A p o l l o n i o s i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , p r o b a b l y a m a n a g e r of b u i l d i n g w o r k s , d i d n o t w o r k o n t h e S a b b a t h . W e s h o u l d r e c a l l t h e v a s t a m o u n t of w o r k c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e n e w s e t t l e r s i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , t h e t e m p o of t h e w o r k , a n d t h e s e v e r i t y of s u c h t a s k m a s t e r s a s A p o l l o n i o s o r Z e n o n , t o a p p r e c i a t e t h e s t e a d f a s t n e s s of a J e w o b s e r v ing t h e S a b b a t h u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s . 1 1 0
1 1 1
112
N a t u r a l l y e n o u g h , n a t i o n a l feeling w a s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s P a l e s t i n e . I t h a s b e e n s h o w n (p. 26) t h a t t h e influence of P a l e s t i n e i n t h e first y e a r s of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d w a s b y n o m e a n s ' n a t i o n a l ' . T h e s a m e spirit r e m a i n e d in v o g u e d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y P h i l o m e t o r . O n i a s I V , t h e s o n of t h e h i g h p r i e s t , w h o fled i n t o E g y p t w i t h a c r o w d of h i s followers, w a s n o t a n a d h e r e n t of J u d a s M a c c a b a e u s ; o t h e r w i s e , i n s t e a d of l e a v i n g h i s m o t h e r c o u n t r y a n d s e e k i n g shelter abroad, he w o u l d h a v e associated himself w i t h the resistance m o v e m e n t . H e w a s , p r o b a b l y , n o t a n e n e m y of t h e G r e e k s ; h e c o u l d e v e n h a v e b e e n a h e l l e n i z e r , t h o u g h , of c o u r s e , h e w a s s t r o n g l y o p p o s e d t o t h e l e a d e r s of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p a r t y i n J e r u s a l e m , w h o h a d b e e n g u i l t y of t h e m u r d e r of h i s f a t h e r . T h i s m a y a c c o u n t for t h e p r i n c i p a l a c h i e v e m e n t of h i s l i f e : t h e b u i l d i n g of a J e w i s h t e m p l e i n L e o n t o p o l i s . T h i s e r e c t i o n of a n e w r e l i g i o u s c e n t r e , in o b v i o u s c o n t r a d i c t i o n of t h e B i b l i c a l p r e c e p t t h a t G o d s h o u l d b e w o r s h i p p e d in one place chosen b y G o d Himself, could h a v e been carried out o n l y b y a J e w w h o d i d n o t feel o b l i g e d t o o b s e r v e i n d e t a i l t h e p r e c e p t s of t h e T o r a h . M o d e r n s c h o l a r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d t w o p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s for t h i s a c t i o n of h i s : h i s desire t o p r o v i d e E g y p t i a n J e w r y w i t h a r e l i g i o u s c e n t r e of i t s o w n , a n d t o b u i l d a t r u e 1 1 0
Cf. P . R y l . 458 ( = C. H . R o b e r t s , Two Biblical Papyri in the John Rylands Library, 1936): a fragment of the Greek Bible ( D e u t . 2328) of the second century B.C. from the F a y u m . 1 1 1
It is worth n o t i n g t h a t Greeks as well as J e w s were strongly influenced b y their E g y p t i a n e n v i r o n m e n t : t h e y called t h e m s e l v e s b y E g y p t i a n n a m e s , spoke E g y p t i a n , and worshipped E g y p t i a n g o d s . Cf., for e x a m p l e , W . Chr. 50, 51, 136. E v e n certain priestesses of the deified P t o l e m a i c queens, chosen as t h e y were from t h e m o s t aristocratic Greek families, were called b y pure E g y p t i a n n a m e s ; cf. Wilcken, Arch. xiii. 136.
1 1 2
T h e swiftness and urgency of the works in Philadelphia were encouraged b y the great minis ter Apollonios himself; cf. his letter t o Zenon ( P S I 514) where the latter w a s told t o e x e c u t e some order at the highest s p e e d : VVKTCL . . . r)(iepav notov/xevos. N o t everyone could bear such a m a d dening rush, and some of the workers (including slaves) were ready t o collapse from e x h a u s t i o n or run a w a y ( d v a x c o p e i v ) ; cf. P S I 602,667. For t h e works in Philadelphia in general see Viereck, Philadelphia, 30 s q q . ; Edgar, Introduction to P. Mich. Zen., p p . 13, 27 sqq.
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
45
t e m p l e i n s t e a d of t h a t of J e r u s a l e m , p o l l u t e d b y t h e hellenizers. T h e first r e a s o n d o e s n o t a c c o u n t for t h e e r e c t i o n of t h e t e m p l e in L e o n t o p o l i s : t h e c e n t r e of E g y p t i a n J e w r y w a s A l e x a n d r i a , and not an u n k n o w n place in a rural area. B e s i d e s , O n i a s w o u l d h a v e b u i l t a c e n t r e for t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s , o n l y if t h o s e J e w s t h e m s e l v e s h a d desired h i m t o d o s o ; y e t w e s h a l l see t h a t E g y p t i a n J e w r y p a i d n o a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s . A s t o t h e s e c o n d reason, i t is v a l i d o n l y if w e s u p p o s e t h a t t h e t e m p l e w a s b u i l t before 164 B . C . , b e c a u s e after t h a t d a t e t h e T e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m c o u l d n o l o n g e r h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a s p o l l u t e d . W e d o n o t k n o w t h e y e a r in w h i c h t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s w a s b u i l t , b u t it is l i k e l y t h a t it w a s n e a r e r t o t h e e n d of his c a r e e r t h a n t o i t s b e g i n n i n g . T h e true reason for t h e e r e c t i o n of t h e t e m p l e w a s p r o b a b l y s o m e p o l i t i c a l p l a n o n t h e p a r t of t h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e v a n i t y of t h e a d v e n t u r e r , O n i a s , w h o desired t o p a r a d e in t h e s o l e m n dress of a h i g h p r i e s t . O n i a s c o u l d n e v e r f o r g e t t h a t t h e office of t h e h i g h priest, i.e. t h e p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e , w a s his d u e , n o t t h a t of t h e u s u r p e r s in J e r u s a l e m . T h e s e a s p i r a t i o n s of O n i a s c o u l d o n l y b e w e l c o m e d b y t h e P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h c o u l d use t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e t e m p l e of L e o n t o p o l i s a s a m e a n s of a n t i - S e l e u c i d p r o p a g a n d a a m o n g t h e J e w s of P a l e s t i n e . Y e t w e are c o n c e r n e d here n o t w i t h P t o l e m a i c p o l i t i c s b u t w i t h E g y p t i a n J e w r y . I t is a m a t t e r of f a c t t h a t n o w h e r e i n t h e w h o l e of A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e is t h e r e a n y m e n t i o n of t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s . T h e t e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w a s a l w a y s h i g h l y e s t e e m e d b y E g y p t i a n J e w s , a n d e v e n s u c h h e l l e n i z e d J e w s a s t h e a u t h o r of t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' s h o w e d t h e i r p r o f o u n d a d m i r a t i o n a n d r e v e r e n c e for t h e J e r u s a l e m temple. T h e p i l g r i m a g e t o J e r u s a l e m a n d t h e c o l l e c t i o n of m o n e y for t h e t e m p l e , f r e q u e n t l y a t t e s t e d in t h e e a r l y R o m a n period, n o d o u b t also t o o k p l a c e in P t o l e m a i c t i m e s . T h u s w e m a y c o n s i d e r t h e b u i l d i n g of t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s 113
1 1 4
1 1 5
1 1 6
1 1 3
According to Josephus, the flight of Onias took place in the year 162. If this is regarded as true, the temple at Leontopolis could not h a v e been built before this latter date. Y e t , e v e n supposing an error on the part of Josephus (see N o . 132), such a n early date for the erection of the temple is not very likely. It is obvious t h a t , as regards the building of the temple and the settlement of a Jewish military unit in the 'Land of Onias', the latter event is chronologically the earlier: a temple could h a v e been built anywhere, and would probably h a v e been built in Alexandria or in its environs, but for the fact that Onias w a s already settled in a certain place, Leontopolis, where his little army w a s encamped. The settlem e n t of the Jewish soldiers, on the other h a n d , could h a v e taken place only after a period of military service, w h e n Onias' military capacity had m e t w i t h the king's appreciation. 1 1 4
S o m e scholars believe t h a t the temple of Onias is mentioned in Sibyll. 5. 50T, 507 (ed. Geffcken, p . 128); but see the refutation of this v i e w b y Geffcken, Komposition und Entstehungszeit der Oracuta Sibyllina, 1903, 26. " s Aristeas devotes t w e n t y - o n e
paragraphs
(84-104) t o a detailed description of the t e m p l e , its exterior, the altar, the divine service, t h e dignified appearance of the high priest, etc. It is curious t o note that he puts Jerusalem in the middle of Judaea and the temple on the s u m m i t of a mountain (83 sq.), t w o inexactitudes, both aiming a t creating the impression of t h e Jerusalem temple as the central point of the H o l y L a n d . See T r a m o n t a n o , ad loc. Cf. Vincent, 'Jerusalem d'apres la lettre d'Aristee', RB, N.S., v , 1908, 520 s q q . ; vi, 1909, 555 sqq. 1 1 6
According t o Vincent, o p . cit. vi. 575, t h e description of Palestine and Jerusalem in the 'Letter of Aristeas' is based on personal observations of the author w h o visited the H o l y L a n d as a pilgrim. For R o m a n t i m e s , visits t o the H o l y L a n d b y Jewish pilgrims from the diaspora are frequently attested (cf. for example, Philo, de spec. leg. 1. 69). Philo w a s one of these pilgrims; see de provid. 2. 64, a p . E u s e b . Praep. Evang. 8. Cf. Baron, SRH i . 213. For t h e collecting m o n e y o n behalf of the temple in Jerusalem Cic. pro Flacco 67; Philo, leg. 156. Cf. Schiirer, 148 s q . ; Juster, i. 377 sqq. 2
14. of see iii.
4
PROLEGOMENA
6
n o t a s a d e m o n s t r a t i o n b y E g y p t i a n J e w r y of feelings i n i m i c a l t o J e r u s a l e m b u t a s a n a c t of a n a d v e n t u r e r , a n a c t w i t h n o religious o r n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . O n i a s ' failure t o i m p r e s s t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s w a s t o b e e x p e c t e d , since t h e i r g e n e r a l s e n t i m e n t s of s y m p a t h y t o t h e n e w J e w i s h s t a t e of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s c l e a r l y s h o w t h e i r feelings. T h o u g h t h e i m m i g r a n t s c o m i n g from P a l e s t i n e i n t o E g y p t w e r e u s u a l l y o p p o n e n t s of t h e n e w r u l e r s (see a b o v e , p p . 2 s q . ) , t h e i r influence w a s n e g l i g i b l e . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen t h a t s u c h s e n t i m e n t s of s y m p a t h y h a d even a political repercussion, as shown b y the part p l a y e d b y the J e w i s h g e n e r a l of K l e o p a t r a I I I d u r i n g h e r w a r in P a l e s t i n e ( a b o v e , p . 24). I t w a s o n l y n a t u r a l for t h e H a s m o n a e a n g o v e r n m e n t t o e n c o u r a g e t h e g r o w t h of t h e s e sympathies. T w i c e a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e to induce the E g y p t i a n J e w s to cele b r a t e t h e n e w feast i n a u g u r a t e d b y t h e H a s m o n a e a n s — H a n u k k a h . I t is l i k e l y , t o o , t h a t t h e c e l e b r a t i o n of Purim in E g y p t w a s also p a r t of t h e H a s m o n aean political p r o p a g a n d a . T h e n e w H e b r e w l i t e r a t u r e , e v e n if n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e H a s m o n a e a n s , c o n t r i b u t e d also t o t h e p o p u l a r i t y of P a l e s t i n e a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s , a s , for e x a m p l e , t h e b o o k of J e s u s S i r a c h o r t h e s t o r y of Judith. E v e n t h e n e w o p p o n e n t s of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s , t h e P h a r i s e e s , fleeing
117
118
1 1 9
1 2 0
1 1 7
T h e literature o n t h e temple of Onias is
a b u n d a n t ; see the list of articles (till 1906) b y Schiirer, iii. 146 n. 35. Cf. from
the
recent
works B e c k , 'Relations entre Jerusalem e t la diaspora e'gyptienne a u 2 Oudlestamentische
e
Studien,
Seeligmann, The Septuagint
siecle a v a n t J . - C , ii,
1943, 123 s q q . ;
Version
of
Isaiah,
1948, 91 sqq. 1 , 8
These t w o a t t e m p t s — o f
the years 143/2
and 124 B.C.—are mentioned in the letter of t h e Palestinian J e w s t o their brothers in E g y p t a t t h e beginning of the Second B o o k of the Maccabees (2 Mace. 1. 1-9); cf. B i c k e r m a n n , ' E i n jiid. Festbrief v o m J . 124 v . Chr.', ZNTW
x x x i i , 1933,
233 sqq. "» T h e Greek t e x t of t h e B o o k of Esther is fol lowed b y a brief supplement telling us t h a t a certain D o s i t h e o s , a priest a n d a L e v i t e , a n d his son P t o l e m y , 'has brought' (elorjveyKev)—ob viously into Alexandria—the B o o k of Esther (here called 'the Letter of Purim', imoroXr) rwv 0povpat) 'in t h e fourth year of P t o l e m y and Kleopatra'. There are three joint reigns of a P t o l e m y w i t h a Kleopatra, and the corresponding dates are 114/13, 78/7, 49/8; each of t h e three is regarded b y modern scholars as a possible d a t e of t h e introduction of the 'Letter of Purim' into E g y p t (114/13: Ryssel, Stein, Torrey, Pfeiffer, and o t h e r s ; 78/7: Cohen, Bickermann, Marcus; 49/8 : Willrich, Schiirer, Motzo). Cf. Ryssel, a p . K a u t z s c h , Apokr. u. Pseudoep. i. 212; Stein, REJ x c i x , 1935, 109 s q q . ; Bickermann, JBL lxiii, 1944, 339 s q q . ; Cohen, Judaica et Aegyptiaca, 28 s q q . ; Willrich, Judaica, 1900, 4; Schiirer, iii. 449 s q q . ; Torrey, HTR x x x v i i , 1944, 25 s q q . ;
Pfeiffer, Hist, of N. T. Times, 1949, 304 s q q . ; Marcus, JBL lxiv, 1945, 269 s q q . ; Motzo, Saggi di storia e letteratura giudeo-ellenistica, 293 s q . Bickermann bases his reasons in favour of the year 78/7 o n formal evidence only (the formula of d a t i n g according t o the years of the reign of t h e royal p a i r ) ; y e t a literary product is n o t a n official document, and the author of the 'colo phon' w h o w a s , according t o Bickermann (345 sq.) probably t h e librarian of a J e w i s h library, i.e. a private person and n o t a government official, could easily h a v e written fiaoiXevovros instead of fiaoiXevovriov and introduced t h e n a m e of t h e king before t h a t of the queen. T h u s the date of 114/13 remains t h e m o s t probable. T h e term clorjvcyice a t t e s t s t h a t the 'bringing' of t h e book into Alexandria h a d some general importance (all books of the Bible might be said t o h a v e been 'brought' into E g y p t , b u t in n o other case w a s such a note inserted), and Bickermann is right w h e n h e asserts 'that the B o o k of Esther . . . w a s regarded in Alexandria . . . as a festal letter requiring c o m m o n acceptance of Purim "from India t o E t h i o p i a " ' (350). Y e t , if s o , t h e sending of t h e book into E g y p t could hardly h a v e been the result of private initiative o n t h e part of some group of u n k n o w n persons (so Bickermann, 359 sq.), b u t w a s probably inspired b y official circles a t t h e H a s m o n a e a n court. T h e B o o k of Esther, which stresses so sharply the antagonism between J e w s and n o n - J e w s , and e v o k e s t h e national feeling of Jewish readers, w a s excellently suited t o fulfil t h e aims of H a s m o n a e a n propa g a n d a abroad. Jesus Sirach, though a m a n of great experi1 2 0
THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
47
i n t o E g y p t f r o m t h e p e r s e c u t i o n s of t h e ' S a d d u c a e a n ' k i n g s (see a b o v e , n o t e 6), c o u l d b u t d e e p e n the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t P a l e s t i n e h a d b e c o m e t h e scene of a g r e a t n a t i o n a l r e g e n e r a t i o n . T h i s influence of P a l e s t i n e h a d i t s r e p e r c u s s i o n s o n A l e x a n d r i a n literature as well. Writers like Aristeas had no s y m p a t h y w i t h the H a s m o n a e a n s ; it is e v e n h i g h l y p r o b a b l e t h a t he h a d in m i n d t h i s n e w t y p e of P a l e s t i n i a n J e w w h e n s p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e ' h a r s h a n d b a r b a r i a n t r a i t s ' of J e w i s h c h a r a c t e r . Y e t a l m o s t a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of A r i s t e a s ' p a m p h l e t , p r e a c h i n g a n entente cordiale b e t w e e n G r e e k s a n d J e w s , a n o t h e r J e w i s h w r i t e r of t h e dispersion, J a s o n of C y r e n e , w r o t e a h i s t o r y in five b o o k s o n t h e n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t in Palestine, w a r m l y praising its leader J u d a s M a c c a b a e u s and d e p i c t i n g t h e G r e e k s a n d t h e i r J e w i s h followers a s c r u e l t y r a n t s a n d w i c k e d t r a i t o r s . T h i s h i s t o r y of J a s o n ' s w a s s u m m a r i z e d b y a n E g y p t i a n J e w , a n d t h i s s u m m a r y is k n o w n as t h e S e c o n d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s . T h e s a m e h a t r e d of t h e G r e e k s filled t h e h e a r t of t h e u n k n o w n A l e x a n d r i a n w r i t e r w h o i n s e r t e d f r a g m e n t s of his o w n i n t o t h e G r e e k v e r s i o n of t h e B o o k of E s t h e r , t r a n s p l a n t i n g t h e s t o r y f r o m its P e r s i a n s e t t i n g i n t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s of a H e l l e n i s t i c c o u r t a n d s t a m p i n g H a m a n a s a M a c e d o n i a n (see a b o v e , p . 24). I t w a s t h e i n a u g u r a t i o n of a n e w t r e n d in A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e , a t r e n d f u n d a m e n t a l l y o p p o s e d t o t h a t of t h e philhellenic t e n d e n c y of A r i s t e a s a n d s i m i l a r w r i t e r s . I n a s h o r t t i m e , a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e R o m a n rule, t h i s t r e n d w a s t o c u l m i n a t e in s u c h l i t e r a r y p r o d u c t i o n s as t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s or t h e W i s d o m of S o l o m o n . T h i s h a t r e d for t h e G r e e k s , fostered b y t h e spirit of n a t i o n a l r e g e n e r a t i o n in P a l e s t i n e , c l a s h e d w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g h a t r e d of G r e e k s for J e w s , a n d t h i s conflict d r e w its v i g o u r from t h e r a p i d l y d e t e r i o r a t i n g p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s of t h e P t o l e m a i c S t a t e a n d f r o m t h e f e r v e n t p a t r i o t i s m of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s . T h e r e s e e m e d i n d e e d little h o p e t h a t t h e c o m i n g p e r i o d w o u l d offer p e a c e a n d s e c u r i t y for t h e J e w s in E g y p t . 1 2 1
ence in worldly matters and, it would appear, in political questions too (e.g. 51. 2 - 5 ; 31. 9 - 1 3 ; 39. 4; 51. 13), was strongly opposed t o paganism and was always ready to teach his disciples h o w t o fight it. H e warns his pupils of the dangers of free inquiry into the mysteries of the universe, so typical of Greek thinkers (3. 21 s q q . ) ; he insists that real wisdom is the fear of God (19. 20; 19. 24); a m a n fearing God is greater t h a n the leading persons of a State (10. 24); that wisdom has its seat in Zion, and that the Torah of Moses is its only true revelation (24. 8 s q q . ) ; J e w s w h o h a v e left the good path of religion are wicked persons, and Sirach cannot curse t h e m enough (41. 8 s q . ; 4 2 . 1 - 2 ; 10. 19). For the general ideas of Sirach cf. Schiirer, iii. 212 s q q . ; Smend, Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach, 1906, pp. x i v s q q . ; Segal, Sefer Ben-Sira ha-shalem, 1953 (in H e b r e w ) ; Torrey, The Apocryphal Literature, 1945, 93 s q q . ; Pfeiffer, History of N.T. Times, 364 sqq. The B o o k of J u d i t h is imbued with national senti m e n t to an even greater e x t e n t than the Book
of Esther. It was probably composed under the H a s m o n a e a n s , though old historical reminis cences were used in its composition. 'The a t m o sphere of the book is decidedly t h a t of the Maccabean period' (Pfeiffer, op. cit. 294). Cf. Schiirer, iii. 234; Torrey, op. cit. 92 sq. 1 2 1
T h e picture of Antiochos E p i p h a n e s , per sonally presiding over the scene of the martyrdom of the mother and her s e v e n sons, m a y serve t o indicate the opinions held b y Jason of Cyrene (or the author of 2 Mace.) about the Greek rulers. A s for Jewish apostates, the author of 2 Mace, calls t h e m blasphemers, scoundrels, murderers, and the like. In our case, the complicated ques tion whether all the details of the story recounted b y the author of the Second Book of Maccabees might be ascribed t o Jason (2 Mace. 2. 23) is irrevelant, since the author of 2 Mace, was at a n y rate an E g y p t i a n J e w , and we are concerned here precisely w i t h the ideology of E g y p t i a n J e w r y . For Jason of Cyrene and 2 Mace, see Schiirer, iii. 482; Pfeiffer, 499 s q q . ; Torrey, o p . cit. 76 sqq.
4
PROLEGOMENA
8
2 . T H E E A R L Y R O M A N P E R I O D (30 B . C . - A . D . 1 1 7 ) T h e R o m a n conquest inaugurated a new epoch in E g y p t , politically as well as economically. Greeks, Egyptians, and Jews h a d to accommodate themselves to n e w c o n d i t i o n s . T h e G r e e k s , a p a r t f r o m a s m a l l g r o u p of h o t - h e a d e d A l e x a n d r i a n p a t r i o t s , w e r e r e a d i l y c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e y h a d n o t h i n g t o lose a n d a l l t o gain, a n d in a v e r y short time t h e y made peace w i t h the conqueror. T h e E g y p t i a n s , after s o m e u n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s t o o p p o s e t h e n e w r e g i m e , b o w e d their heads a n d resigned themselves t o endure the h e a v y burdens reimposed upon them. T h e J e w s entered upon a long a n d exhausting struggle, a n d were totally routed. 1
T h e m a i n i n t e r e s t of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e J e w s i n E g y p t i n t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d lies i n p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s a n d t h e i r influence o n t h e social a n d c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s of J e w i s h life. T h i s s u r v e y w i l l , h o w e v e r , o p e n w i t h a r e p o r t o n e c o n o m i c conditions, according t o the plan adopted in the previous chapter. I n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d w e h e a r d l i t t l e a b o u t J e w i s h life i n A l e x a n d r i a . I n t h e R o m a n p e r i o d , f o r t h e first t i m e , t h e r e is v a l u a b l e m a t e r i a l for t h e s t u d y of t h e v a r i o u s s o c i a l classes i n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y . P h i l o , J o s e p h u s , a n d t h e p a p y r i from A b u s i r el-meleq (see S e c t i o n V I I ) a r e o u r p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e s ; m i n o r p r o d u c t s of A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e , a n d t h e T a l m u d , c o n t r i b u t e s o m e i m p o r t a n t e v i d e n c e . T h u s a n a t t e m p t m a y b e m a d e t o d e p i c t t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s of t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y . S p e a k i n g a b o u t t h e c e s s a t i o n of b u s i n e s s c a u s e d b y t h e p o g r o m of A . D . 38, P h i l o s a y s : ' T h e c a p i t a l i s t s lost t h e i r d e p o s i t s , a n d n o o n e w a s a l l o w e d , w h e t h e r f a r m e r , s h i p p e r , m e r c h a n t , o r a r t i s a n , t o p r a c t i s e h i s u s u a l b u s i n e s s / H e r e five s o c i a l classes a r e m e n t i o n e d , t h r e e of t h e m b e l o n g i n g , n o d o u b t , t o t h e h i g h e s t J e w i s h circles i n A l e x a n d r i a . T h e c a p i t a l i s t s (Tropiorai) are recorded a p a r t from m e r c h a n t s (iW/cA^poi a n d epnopoi); w e m a y infer t h a t t h e y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n b u s i n e s s affairs o n l y b y i n v e s t i n g t h e i r m o n e y , a n d n o t d i r e c t l y b y b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g . T h e i r w e a l t h c o n s i s t e d of m o n e y w h i c h t h e y l e n t a t i n t e r e s t t o m e r c h a n t s or p r i v a t e p e r s o n s . T h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n b y P h i l o i s a t t e s t e d b y o t h e r s o u r c e s . 2
3
1
T h e revolt in Heroonpolis a n d t h e riots in the T h e b a i s : Strabo 1 7 . 8 1 9 ; the inscription of the R o m a n prefect C. Cornelius Gallus, Dessau 8995; cf. Milne, A History of Egypt, 5. 2
FlaCC.
fSapvrepov, TTopiorwv, vaVKXrjpov,
T
S
57 • V rds
nrjSevos fir)
8' dprrayrjs
fiev
r) aiTpa£ta KO.K6V T)V
evQ-qtcas Sc
e/xiropov,
diroXtoXeKOTCnv TCUV
eco/ievov, fir)
p/r) yeojpyov,
TC^VITOU,
rd
fir)
avvrjdrj
T h e passage concerning the iropiOTCU is rendered variously by the translators: 'the tradespeople h a d lost their stocks' (Colson); 'the provision merchants had lost their stores' ( B o x ) . Y e t ivdrjKcu has the meaning of 'deposit', and t h e turn of t h e phrase indicates t h a t Philo h a d in tended t o draw a distinction between the Tropiaral and all other classes of the population, including merchants (vavKX-qpoi and efinopot). Thus the iropiarat are n o t persons engaged in o n e parti TTpayp.aT€veoQat.
cular profession, but are 'men of business' in g e n e r a l : the strict meaning of nopiarai is 'men of g a i n ' , 'of profit'. T h e modern term 'capitalist' seems t o m e t o be a good rendering of the Greek word. 3
Many parallel instances from Greece a n d R o m e m a y be quoted a s evidence of the existence of such 'capitalists' a m o n g Greeks a n d R o m a n s . See, for example, for t h e end of t h e classical period in Greece the 34th oration of D e m o s t h e n e s (against Phormion), especially 50 sq,, where t h e great role of the Baveioral in Athenian sea-trade is emphasized. Cf. Knorringa, Emporos, 1926, 92 sqq. I n R o m e t h e censor Cato m a y serve as an instance (Plutarch, Cato maior 21). Cf. also the participation of the publicani in the economic life of the R o m a n Republic as depicted b y P o l y bios (6. 17. 4).
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
49
A c c o r d i n g t o J o s e p h u s (ant. 18. 1 5 9 ; cf. bell. 5. 205), P h i l o ' s b r o t h e r A l e x a n d e r l e n t m o n e y t o t h e J e w i s h k i n g , A g r i p p a I, p a r t l y i n c a s h in A l e x a n d r i a a n d p a r t l y , it w o u l d a p p e a r , b y g i v i n g l e t t e r s of c r e d i t t o his r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n I t a l y . P r e s u m a b l y A l e x a n d e r w a s a r i c h b a n k e r , a n d A g r i p p a w a s n o t his o n l y c l i e n t . A l e t t e r , w r i t t e n b y a G r e e k m e r c h a n t t o a friend in A l e x a n d r i a , i n A . D . 41 ( N o . 152), c o n t a i n s a w a r n i n g t o a v o i d J e w i s h c r e d i t o r s : 'like e v e r y b o d y else, y o u t o o , b e w a r e of t h e J e w s . ' S i n c e t h e l e t t e r w a s w r i t t e n a t a t i m e of g r e a t t e n s i o n b e t w e e n G r e e k s a n d J e w s in A l e x a n d r i a , t h e c o n t e n t s m a y b e i n t e r preted as a warning not to visit the Jewish quarter, b u t at a n y rate the existence of J e w i s h m o n e y - l e n d e r s is here c l e a r l y a t t e s t e d . P h i l o s p e a k s w i t h g r e a t i n d i g n a t i o n of m o n e y - l e n d e r s e x a c t i n g e x t r a v a g a n t i n t e r e s t , o r l e n d i n g f o o d a t i n t e r e s t t o t h e p o o r (de spec. leg. 2. 7 5 ; de virtut. 82 sq.), b u t t h e r e c a n b e n o c e r t a i n t y w h e t h e r h e h a d i n m i n d s o m e p a r t i c u l a r m e m b e r s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a , or w a s m a k i n g a g e n e r a l c r i t i c i s m o n a f a m i l i a r m o r a l t h e m e . 4
T h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d classes of r i c h m e n , m e n t i o n e d b y P h i l o , are t h e naukleroi (vavKXrjpoi) a n d t h e emporoi (efiiropoi). B o t h t e r m s h a d a l o n g h i s t o r y d u r i n g t h e c l a s s i c a l p e r i o d , a n d t h i s is n o t t h e p l a c e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e m ; i t is sufficient t o s a y t h a t i n H e l l e n i s t i c - R o m a n t i m e s a naukleros w a s a shipowner trans p o r t i n g g o o d s o n b o a r d his o w n ships, w h e r e a s a n emporos w a s a m e r c h a n t i n t h e w i d e r sense of t h e w o r d . I n a m a r i t i m e t o w n , s u c h a s A l e x a n d r i a , c o m m e r c i a l life c e n t r e d a r o u n d t h e h a r b o u r , a n d t h e naukleroi w e r e far m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n m e r e m e r c h a n t s . T h e p r i n c i p a l t r a d e of A l e x a n d r i a w a s in c o r n , e s p e c i a l l y i n R o m a n t i m e s w h e n E g y p t i a n c o r n w a s o n e of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s o u r c e s of t h e I m p e r i a l annona t h a t furnished t h e e n o r m o u s q u a n t i t i e s of f o o d n e e d e d b y t h e a r m y a n d t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n . T h e R o m a n c o n q u e s t of E g y p t p u t a n e n d t o t h e ' t o t a l i t a r i a n ' p r i n c i p l e s of P t o l e m a i c e c o n o m i c s a n d o p e n e d t h e w a y t o p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e . S m a l l w o n d e r , t h e n , if t h e J e w i s h i n h a b i t a n t s of A l e x a n d r i a m a d e t h e m o s t of t h e i r n e w e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s . T h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s s p e a k s of G r e e k b u s i n e s s m e n a c t i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h J e w s (3. 1 0 : avvirpayparevoixevoi), a v a l u a b l e e v i d e n c e of a v i g o r o u s b u s i n e s s life t r i u m p h i n g e v e n o v e r fierce n a t i o n a l h a t r e d . T h e J e w i s h naukleroi w e r e , p r o b a b l y , t h e 5
6
7
4
J o s . ant. 18. 160. Alexander is called b y Josephus 'alabarch' (ant. 18. 159, 259; 19. 276; 20. 100) and t h e s a m e term is applied b y h i m t o another rich and notable Alexandrian J e w , D e m e t r i o s (ant 20. 147). A s y e t no satisfactory explanation of the enigmatic term 'alabarch' has been found. The m o s t plausible suggestion is t h a t of Wilcken, Dittenberger, and others, interpret ing aXapdpxrjs as dpafSapx-qs, i.e. as an inspectorin-chief of the customs duties collected on the eastern (i.e. Arab) side of the Nile. In this sense t h e term occurs in the inscription OGIS 674. Cf. for t h e various interpretations of t h e term Wilcken, Ostraka, i. 350; Dittenberger, OGIS 570 n. 3 ; Schiirer, iii. 132 n. 42; Rostovtzeff, YCS ii. 49 s q . ; Lesquier, Rev. Arch. Ixxi, 1917, 95 sqq. T h e term is used in various places and in various epochs. A t a n y rate it appears t h a t the alabarchs B 2909
were high officials dealing w i t h finance and t h a t in the early R o m a n period such an office w a s some times bestowed on w e a l t h y Alexandrian J e w s . 5
Cf. Hasebroek, Staat und Handel im alien Griechenland, 1928, 3 s q q . ; Knorringa, Emporos, 96 s q . and passim. 6
On the trade of Alexandria see Leider, Der Handel von Alexandreia, 1933. For the E g y p t i a n contribution t o the R o m a n annona cf. H o h l w e i n , 'Le ble d'figypte', Etudes de Pap. iv. 103 sqq. 7
The spirit of profit-making and attention t o business was a characteristic feature of all the inhabitants of Alexandria. In a letter ascribed t o Hadrian we find the following description of the A l e x a n d r i a n s : 'Unus illis deus n u m m u s est. H u n c Christiani, hunc Iudaei, hunc o m n e s v e n e rantur et gentes' (Hist. A u g . , Saturn. 8. 7).
PROLEGOMENA
50
a r i s t o c r a c y a m o n g t h e J e w i s h m e r c h a n t s , w h e r e a s t h e emporoi f o r m e d t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y of t h e J e w i s h m i d d l e c l a s s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , o u r s o u r c e s y i e l d n o infor m a t i o n o n w h a t g o o d s , a p a r t f r o m c o r n , w e r e t h e p r i n c i p a l i t e m s of J e w i s h trade in Alexandria. T h e f o u r t h c l a s s r e f e r r e d t o b y P h i l o is t h a t of a r t i s a n s (rexvirai). M a n y of t h e s e m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s m e m b e r s of t h e m i d d l e class. I t m a y b e r e c a l l e d t h a t in a n c i e n t t i m e s a s w e l l a s i n t h e M i d d l e A g e s a r t i s a n s w e r e also m e r c h a n t s , selling t h e p r o d u c t s of t h e i r i n d u s t r y i n t h e i r w o r k s h o p s . A m o n g t h e m m a y h a v e b e e n w e a l t h y m e n , t h o u g h , of c o u r s e , m a n y o t h e r s h a d t o d o h a r d w o r k t o e a r n a l i v i n g . I t s e e m s t h a t t h e J e w i s h a r t i s a n s of A l e x a n d r i a w e r e h i g h l y s k i l l e d , s o t h a t t h e y w e r e k n o w n e v e n a b r o a d , a n d t h e J e w s of P a l e s t i n e a p p l i e d t o t h e m w h e n a n y e s p e c i a l l y fine w o r k w a s n e e d e d . I n t h e w e l l - k n o w n p a s s a g e in t h e T a l m u d different g r o u p s of A l e x a n d r i a n a r t i s a n s a r e r e c o r d e d , s u c h a s g o l d smiths, silversmiths, blacksmiths, w e a v e r s , a n d wool-dressers, a n d e v e r y group h a d i t s o w n fixed p l a c e in t h e g r e a t s y n a g o g u e o f A l e x a n d r i a . I t is s t r a n g e t h a t the whole passage describing the great synagogue mentions no people other t h a n artisans, as t h o u g h only artisans attended it. T h o u g h the T a l m u d i c de s c r i p t i o n of t h e g r e a t s y n a g o g u e o f A l e x a n d r i a is t o o u n r e l i a b l e t o b e t a k e n a s h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e , t h e e m p h a s i s l a i d o n t h e c l a s s of a r t i s a n s i s s o m e proof, a t a n y r a t e , of t h e i m p o r t a n t role p l a y e d b y t h e m i n t h e s o c i a l life o f J e w i s h Alexandria. 8
9
A m o n g t h e s o c i a l classes referred t o b y P h i l o , t h e r e a r e also p e a s a n t s (yewpyoi), a n d one w o n d e r s w h a t p a r t t h e y c o u l d h a v e p l a y e d i n A l e x a n d r i a . P e r h a p s P h i l o h a d i n m i n d f a r m e r s o w n i n g l a n d i n t h e e n v i r o n s of A l e x a n d r i a (such a s a r e m e n t i o n e d i n N o s . 142 a n d 145). T h e s e f a r m e r s , w e m a y s u p p o s e , sold t h e i r c o r n i n t h e m a r k e t s of A l e x a n d r i a : P h i l o , s p e a k i n g i n leg. 129 of J e w s b r i n g i n g c a r g o e s b y b o a t f r o m t h e c o u n t r y i n t o t h e t o w n , is p e r h a p s t h i n k i n g of t h e s e J e w i s h f a r m e r s , a n d t h e c a r g o e s in q u e s t i o n w e r e p r o b a b l y c o r n b r o u g h t i n t o A l e x a n d r i a f o r sale. If so, t h i s c l a s s , t o o , p e r h a p s b e l o n g s t o t h e w e l l - t o - d o m e m b e r s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y . Of c o u r s e , t h e r e w e r e n o t o n l y r i c h J e w s i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d w e m a y e v e n s u p p o s e t h a t t h e p o o r o n e s c o n s t i t u t e d t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n , since o t h e r w i s e s o m e e s s e n t i a l p o i n t s of t h e p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w i l l r e m a i n o b s c u r e . B u t P h i l o w a s n o t l i k e l y t o tell u s a b o u t t h e m . H e w a s a m e m b e r of a w e a l t h y a n d a r i s t o c r a t i c f a m i l y , a b r o t h e r of t h e r i c h b a n k e r A l e x a n d e r , a n d h a d no interest in poor people. I t will b e shown t h a t Philo, in his c a p a c i t y of a p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y , s t o o d i n o p p o s i t i o n t o a p o l i t i c a l f a c t i o n s u p p o r t e d b y t h e m a s s e s ; h i s silence a b o u t t h e m is b y n o m e a n s surprising. H e r e a g a i n t h e p a p y r i s u p p o r t f a c t s h i t h e r t o g l o s s e d o v e r i n A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e . T h e m a t e r i a l is n o t r i c h , b u t i s n o n e t h e less i m p o r t a n t : t h e r e a d e r w i l l find it in S e c t i o n V I I . A l l t h e p a p y r i g a t h e r e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n are d a t e d i n t h e r e i g n of A u g u s t u s ; t h e y f o r m p a r t of a g r e a t c o l l e c t i o n of l e g a l a n d b u s i 8
Thoseftha Y o m a 2. 5-6 ; b . 'Arachin 10b; b .
Y o m a 38a. 'Thoseftha "•IM p O D I
"WlODX HTTP
rmsv i n o n s
Sukkah 4. 6: p t P V m xVl 2 D 2 D^HT K ?** , p M T I » » S
1
, p S S 7 ^SIl D " t n B l
nrvn nwix\ ^ n u a w ? 1
^DtrDi Cf. the parallel texts in b . Sukkah 516, j . Sukkah 5. 55a.
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
5i
n e s s d o c u m e n t s of A l e x a n d r i a , t h e g r e a t e s t c o l l e c t i o n , i n d e e d , t h a t h a s r e a c h e d u s f r o m t h e c a p i t a l of E g y p t . W e h a v e a l r e a d y m a d e use of t h e m a b o v e (p. 34) w h e n s p e a k i n g of t h e influence of H e l l e n i s t i c l a w o n J e w s ; t h e y are n o less i m p o r t a n t i n r e g a r d t o t h e e c o n o m i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . S o m e of t h e J e w s referred t o i n t h e s e d o c u m e n t s are s t y l e d ' P e r s i a n s of t h e E p i g o n e ' ( N o s . 1 4 6 , 1 4 9 ) ; t h e s e ' P e r s i a n s ' w e r e , as a rule, i n d i g e n t p e o p l e , g r a n t e d l o a n s o n r a t h e r h a r s h a n d , t o s o m e e x t e n t , d e g r a d i n g t e r m s . A c t u a l l y t h e s u m s referred t o i n t h e d o c u m e n t s of S e c t i o n V I I are a l w a y s s m a l l , w h e t h e r g i v e n a s d o w r i e s o r b e q u e a t h e d a s l e g a c i e s o r l o a n e d . I n N o . 149 J e w i s h d e b t o r s a c c e p t a n o b l i g a t i o n t o p a y 10 drachmai e v e r y m o n t h i n o r d e r t o l i q u i d a t e a d e b t of 140 dr. d u e b y t h e m t o a relief f u n d (epavos). T h e J e w H e r m o g e n e s a c c e p t e d f r o m h i s p a r e n t s - i n - l a w a s u m of 60 dr. as a d o w r y ( N o . 144), a n d t h e J e w e s s D i o n y s i a r e c e i v e d a n i n h e r i t a n c e of 200 dr. p a i d o u t t o h e r in i n s t a l m e n t s ( N o . 143). T h e s e s m a l l s u m s i m p l y p o o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d w e m a y infer t h a t t h e s e p e o p l e 10
1 0
T h e question of the 'Persians of the Epi g o n e ' (IJepaai rrjs einyovijs) is one of the most complicated in papyrology. T h e literature o n this question is e x t e n s i v e ; see the principal w o r k s : v . W o e s s , Das Asylwesen Aegyptens, 1923,62 s q q . ; Heichelheim, Die auswdrtige Bevolkerung, 76 s q q . ; Pringsheim, Sav. Ztsch. x l i v , 1924, 396 s q q . ; Schonbauer, ib. xlix. 359 s q q . ; Tait, Arch. vii. 175 s q q . ; N e p p i Modona, Aeg. xiii. 472 s q q . ; Zucker, RE x x x v i i . 910 s q q . ; Wenger, Arch. xiii. 310 sqq. (here a complete bibliography). In the beginning of the Ptolemaic rule the 'Persians' were organized into an ethnic hipparchy, b u t as early as the third century the 'Persians' had become a 'pseudo-ethnic' group (see a b o v e , p . 1 3 ; cf. N o . 1. 1 . 6, n o t e ; Zucker, o p . cit.). In the second century B . C . the ranks of the 'Persians' were thrown open t o E g y p t i a n s , as is indicated b y t h e v e r y large number of genuine E g y p t i a n n a m e s a m o n g the 'Persians' (Heichelheim, o p . cit. n o sqq.). W e do n o t k n o w the reason for this 'Egyptianization' of the 'Persians': all other pseudo-ethnic groups, like Thracians, Thessalians, e t c . , preserved their foreign character till the end of the P t o l e m a i c rule. This penetration of the E g y p t i a n s into the ranks of the 'Persians' radic ally changed the character of the group. It is likely t h a t the Ptolemies were not interested in preserving the military character of a group so strongly imbued w i t h n a t i v e elements. T h a t is perhaps the reason w h y the 'Persians', at the end of the Ptolemaic rule, became not only a 'pseudoethnic' but also a 'pseudo-military' group, and instead of being occupied in military service, engaged themselves in various business affairs. A t the same time the government distinguished between 'Persians of the Epigone' and the rest of the population b y imposing upon the former the ' dywyi/xos-clause': this clause deprived the
'Persians of the Epigone' of the traditional right of every E g y p t i a n to seek shelter in a temple (P. O x y . 1639; B G U 1142). In the early R o m a n time the term IJepoat TJ)S emyovijs occurs frequently in t h e contracts, and it has n o mean ing other t h a n that of marking a person subject t o the dywyi/ios-clause. It seems t h a t the obliga tion of being styled 'Persian of the Epigone' w a s imposed o n the debtor only. Schonbauer, and after h i m Zucker, p u t forward a strange theory interpreting the dya>yt/tios-clause n o t as curtailing t h e rights of the 'Persian' b u t , on the contrary, a s a means of improving his credit ('eine E r h o h u n g der Kreditfahigkeit'), so t h a t this clause should be regarded as granting a privilege t o the Persians, in accord w i t h their o w n wish. This theory a p pears t o be influenced b y modern financial n o t i o n s , when the debtor is regarded, n o t as a little m a n w h o needs m o n e y for his household, but as a rich business m a n seeking fresh capital in order t o e x t e n d his financial operations. T h e ancient world, in spite of such well-known ex amples as Catilina, Julius Caesar, and other rich and influential persons swamped in debts and seeking credit, c o m m o n l y regarded the debtors as poor people. 'It is obvious', s a y s Philo, 'that one does not seek a loan w h e n one is living in p l e n t y , but w h e n one is short of m o n e y ' (de spec. leg. 2. 74). T h e evidence of the papyri con firms Philo's o p i n i o n : all IJepaai rrjs imyovijs mentioned in the contracts are little m e n . T h e aycoyifios-clause is interpreted in the best w a y b y Wenger (op. cit., p . 312): 'Der Grund, w a r u m sich . . . ein . . . Perserepigone als aydiyipos haften zu wollen bereit erklarte, m a g einfach darin gesucht werden, dass er andernfalls vielleicht keinen zur Kreditgewahrung oder iiberh a u p t z u m Kontraktsabschluss bereiten Glaubiger gefunden hatte.'
PROLEGOMENA
52
w h o s e life w a s d e p e n d e n t u p o n s u m s so s m a l l w e r e e a r n i n g a l i v i n g b y ' t h e s w e a t of t h e i r b r o w ' . T w o d o c u m e n t s ( N o s . 146-7) confirm t h i s v i e w : here t w o J e w i s h w e t - n u r s e s are r e c o r d e d , o n e of t h e m e n g a g i n g herself for t h e s a l a r y of 8 dr. a month. I n a n o t h e r d o c u m e n t ( N o . 148) a ' p a t r o n ' (Trarpcov) of a J e w e s s is referred t o ; it m a y b e s u p p o s e d t h a t t h i s J e w e s s w a s o r i g i n a l l y a s e r v i n g m a i d w h o l a t e r r e c e i v e d h e r f r e e d o m . A l l t h e s e f o r m e d t h e l o w e r s t r a t u m of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a . S u c h p e o p l e d i d n o t a l w a y s b e h a v e q u i e t l y a n d d o c i l e l y , a n d t h e r e are n o d o u b t s a b o u t t h e g r e a t p a r t t h e y p l a y e d d u r i n g t h e t u r b u l e n t t i m e s of r i o t s a n d s e d i t i o n . W e t u r n t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s of J e w s l i v i n g in t h e chora. H e r e t w o i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s w e r e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e R o m a n c o n q u e s t : t h e a b o l i t i o n of t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y a n d t h e s u p p l a n t i n g of t a x - c o l l e c t o r s b y g o v e r n m e n t officials. B o t h r e f o r m s h a d t h e i r r e p e r c u s s i o n s o n J e w i s h life. T h e a b o l i t i o n of t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y c a u s e d t h e t o t a l d i s a p p e a r a n c e of J e w i s h sol diers a n d m i l i t a r y settlers, a c l a s s w h i c h h a d p l a y e d a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t h e e c o n o m i c life of t h e J e w s of t h e c o u n t r y . T h e J e w i s h a r m y , s e t t l e d o n t h e ' L a n d of O n i a s ' , b e i n g a p a r t of t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y , w a s a b o l i s h e d a s w e l l , t h o u g h t h e d e s c e n d a n t s of p r e v i o u s soldiers c o n t i n u e d t o l i v e t h e r e ; p o s s i b l y t h e l a s t v e s t i g e s of t h e c o l o n y w e r e effaced i n A . D . 73, w h e n , b y o r d e r of t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t , t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s w a s c l o s e d a n d d e m o l i s h e d (Jos. bell. 7. 420 sq., 433 sqq-)- I n s t e a d of t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y , R o m a n l e g i o n s t o o k o v e r t h e d u t y of m a i n t a i n i n g l a w a n d o r d e r i n t h e c o u n t r y . T i l l t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e fifth c e n t u r y t h e r e w a s n o l a w f o r b i d d i n g J e w s t o e n t e r t h e R o m a n a r m y , a n d t h e r e are c a s e s of J e w s s e r v i n g in v a r i o u s p r o v i n c e s ; b u t w e h a v e n o e v i d e n c e of t h e i r m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e i n R o m a n E g y p t , s a v e N o . 229, w h e r e a J e w i s h centurio is r e c o r d e d . T h i s l a c k of e v i d e n c e reflects t h e t r u e s t a t e of a f f a i r s : R o m e w a s n o t i n t e r e s t e d in e n g a g i n g J e w s for m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , since t h r o u g h o u t t h e O r i e n t J e w s w e r e k n o w n a s a s e d i t i o u s p e o p l e . A s for J e w i s h t a x - g a t h e r e r s , t h e y v a n i s h e d a s a r e s u l t of a g e n e r a l r e f o r m p u t t i n g t a x - g a t h e r i n g i n t o t h e h a n d s of s p e c i a l e m p l o y e e s , t h e ' p r a k t o r s ' (irpaKropes); i n t h e c o u r s e of t i m e t h i s office, a s a l m o s t a l l o t h e r s in R o m a n E g y p t , c a m e t o b e a leitourgia, i.e. i m p o s e d b y force o n w e a l t h y m e m b e r s of u r b a n o r r u r a l s o c i e t y . T h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t , a s w e s h a l l see 1 1
12
13
1 1
T h a t was approximately the normal salary of a wet-nurse in Alexandria in A u g u s t u s ' reign; cf. B G U 1106-12. For nursing contracts in general see J o h n s o n , Roman Egypt, 286 sqq. 1 2
Juster (ii. 273 sq.) put forward three reasons for assuming the liability to military service of J e w s of E g y p t under the R o m a n s : (1) the fluminis custodia w a s entrusted t o t h e m ; (2) t h e abolition of the Jewish army would h a v e caused great perturbation in E g y p t , and it was unlikely, therefore, t h a t A u g u s t u s would h a v e taken such a dangerous m e a s u r e ; (3) t h e papyrus O x y . 735 of A.D. 205 refers t o the service of J e w s in the R o m a n army. T h e first reason is dealt w i t h in note 14. The second reason can easily be dis proved, since A u g u s t u s had no scruples a b o u t dismissing the entire P t o l e m a i c army. This w a s a
measure far more dangerous t h a n the disbandm e n t of a comparatively small Jewish army. A s for the third reason, the soldiers in P . O x y . 735 do not bear specifically Hebrew, but c o m m o n Semitic n a m e s , and there are grounds for the supposition t h a t all the soldiers mentioned there are Palmyrenes (cf. Fraenkel, Arch. iv. 1 7 1 ; Lidzbarski, Ephem. ii. 341). E v e n if we assume t h a t one of the soldiers, Barichius, w a s a J e w he was probably a native of P a l m y r a like all his comrades (see N o . 465). A t any rate, a d o c u m e n t of A.D. 205 cannot serve as evidence of t h e state of affairs in the early R o m a n period.
(*]m),
1 3
For the liturgy in R o m a n E g y p t see Oertel, Die Liturgie, 1917; Wilcken, Grundz. 339 s q q . ; W . Chr., N o s . 392 s q q . ; Johnson, 609 sqq. For the honores and munera in the R o m a n Empire in
THE
EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
53
b e l o w , preferred G r e e k s for t h e c i v i l s e r v i c e . I t is h a r d l y surprising, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e e v i d e n c e of J e w i s h officials i n t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t s o m e financial a n d p o l i c e offices w e r e e n t r u s t e d t o J e w s , b u t h e r e J o s e p h u s is o u r sole s o u r c e , a n d h i s s t a t e m e n t s are far f r o m c l e a r . S o m e t a x - c o l l e c t o r s in E d f u , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e c o l l e c t i n g t h e ' J e w i s h t a x ' , m i g h t h a v e b e e n J e w s , b u t w e h a v e o n l y o n e definite i n s t a n c e ( N o . 240). A d o c u m e n t of s o m e i m p o r t a n c e is N o . 428, a list of sitologoi, s i x of w h o m a t l e a s t w e r e J e w s ; b y t h i s t i m e ( A . D . 101/2) t h e office of sitologos h a d a l r e a d y a ' l i t u r g i c a l ' c h a r a c t e r . A s for p o s t s in t h e R o m a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h e p r o p e r sense, t h e r e w a s , i n t h e o r y , n o o b s t a c l e t o a J e w e n t e r i n g u p o n t h e c a r e e r of a R o m a n official a n d r e a c h i n g e v e n t h e h i g h e s t r a n k s . Y e t in p r a c t i c e t h i s w a s o p e n o n l y t o t h o s e who were ready to renounce the Jewish faith and to sever a n y links w i t h the Jewish community. Such a break with Jewish tradition w a s not easy and the n u m b e r of J e w i s h r e n e g a d e s a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n v e r y s m a l l . O n l y one of t h e m is w e l l k n o w n , T i b e r i u s J u l i u s A l e x a n d e r , t h e s o n of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n b a n k e r A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e n e p h e w of P h i l o . H e a t t a i n e d t h e r a n k of a R o m a n eques a n d w e n t t h r o u g h t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s of a p u b l i c career, finally a t t a i n i n g t h e h i g h e s t p o s t of a R o m a n official in E g y p t , t h a t of praefedus Aegypti ( N o . 418). B u t , of c o u r s e , his c a r e e r w a s in e v e r y sense e x t r a o r d i n a r y
14
15
A p a r t f r o m soldiers a n d g o v e r n m e n t officials, J e w s are r e c o r d e d a l m o s t in e v e r y b r a n c h of e c o n o m i c life, t h o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e is n o t so r i c h a s i n t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e . W e h a v e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d J e w s o w n i n g l a n d in t h e v i c i n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a ( N o s . 142, 145). T h e r e are i n s t a n c e s of J e w i s h l a n d o w n e r s i n o t h e r d i s t r i c t s t o o , a s i n t h e n o m e s of H e r a k l e o p o l i s , K y n o p o l i s , a n d O x y r h y n c h o s (No. 445), a s w e l l a s i n t h a t of A t h r i b i s i n t h e D e l t a ( N o . 448): i n a l l t h e s e n o m e s J e w i s h l a n d w a s c o n f i s c a t e d b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t after t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t of 1 1 5 - 1 7 h a d b e e n q u e l l e d . O f t h e n u m e r o u s i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e J e w i s h q u a r t e r i n Apollinopolis M a g n a (Section I X ) t w o at least were engaged in agriculture (Nos. 234, 238, 247, 260, 272, 3 7 3 ; 241, 294). A J e w i s h p e a s a n t , or p e r h a p s a v i n e general cf. A b b o t t and Johnson, Municip. 84 sqq. 1 4
Admin.
For the office of 'alabarch' see a b o v e , n o t e 4. Josephus does n o t give a n y details of this office. According t o Josephus, the R o m a n Emperors allowed t h e J e w s t o retain t h e 'charge of t h e river', entrusted t o t h e m b y the Ptolemies (c. Ap. 2. 64: ' m a x i m a m vero eis fidem olim a regibus d a t a m conservaverunt, id est fluminis custod i a m . . . .' T h e continuation of the t e x t is cor rupt). S o m e scholars interpret t h e fluminis custo dies as an allusion t o the J e w i s h garrison in charge of the Pelusiac m o u t h of the N i l e : such a garrison is recorded b y Josephus in 55 B.C. (bell. 1. 175). Y e t the Jewish garrisons were part of the P t o l e maic a r m y , a n d it m a y b e d o u b t e d whether A u g u s t u s , after h a v i n g dismissed the entire army, retained t h e m . Besides, Josephus in c. Ap. 2. 64 speaks specifically of Alexandrian J e w s , and the garrison of Pelousion had nothing t o do w i t h Alexandria. I t is more likely t h a t Josephus h a d
in mind the police service o n the Nile which w a s also called 'the charge of the river'
(iroTaiio^vXa-
x l a ) : in this sense the term occurs frequently in the ostraka ( 0 . T h e b . 36,93; W O 507; 0 . A s h m . 4 1 ; cf. W i l c k e n , Ostr. i. 282 s q q . ; id. Grundz. 392, 396). It m a y be suggested t h a t the
norafio^vXaKia
w a s connected w i t h t h e e x a c t i o n of
customs
duties o n the river, referred t o b y Strabo (14. 800); cf. Bouch^-Leclercq, iii. 323. If so, was it the alabarch w h o carried o u t the d u t y of inspectorin-chief of the c u s t o m s duties, t o w h o m the whole institution of t h e irora/jLo^vXaKla
w a s subjected ?
This supposition would account for the great i m portance ascribed b y Josephus, I.e., t o the flu minis
custodia,
entrusted
to the
J e w s . For the potamophylakia
Alexandrian
cf. also Juster, ii.
257. 1 5
Wilcken, Grundz. 1 6 1 ; J o h n s o n , 490; W a l lace, Taxation in Egypt, 36 s q q . ; Kranzlein, / . Jur. Pap. v i , 1952, 215 sqq.
PROLEGOMENA
54
dresser, is m e n t i o n e d i n a list t h e p u r p o s e of w h i c h is n o w u n k n o w n ( N o . 434). N o . 431, d a t e d c. A . D . n o , i s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g : h e r e a J e w , T h e o p h i l o s , is referred t o a s p l a n n i n g t o e s c a p e t h e h a r d s h i p s of w o r k o n a n I m p e r i a l d e m e s n e a n d t r y i n g t o find w o r k o n t h e e s t a t e of a r i c h l a n d o w n e r . T h i s d o c u m e n t g i v e s s o m e i n d i c a t i o n of t h e b u r d e n i m p o s e d o n t h e v i l l a g e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t ; i t s h o w s , t o o , t h e g r o w i n g p o w e r of r i c h l a n d o w n e r s , t h e forerunners of t h e future f e u d a l l o r d s . A s r e g a r d s J e w i s h h i s t o r y , i t m a y s e r v e a s a proof t h a t t h e J e w i s h r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n s h a r e d t h e c o m m o n f a t e of t h e E g y p t i a n fellahin. J e w i s h s h e p h e r d s a n d o w n e r s of h e r d s a r e m e n t i o n e d i n t h e O x y r h y n c h i t e n o m e ( N o . 412), a n d i n A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a ( N o s . 268, 284, 377, 383, 391). I n R o m a n t i m e s J e w s w e r e frequently engaged in transportation. A n ostrakon from Apollinopolis M a g n a ( N o . 404) g i v e s e v i d e n c e of t w o J e w s w h o o w n e d b o a t s l o a d e d w i t h m i s c e l l a n e o u s c a r g o e s , a n d i n N o . 422 t h r e e ' c a p t a i n s of a c a r g o - b o a t ' (KVfSepvrjrai TTXOLOV vavXcoalfjiov) e n g a g e d i n t r a n s p o r t i n g c o r n a r e m e n t i o n e d , a t l e a s t o n e of t h e m b e i n g a J e w . A p a r t from r i v e r - t r a n s p o r t , J e w s o c c u p i e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h o v e r l a n d t r a n s p o r t ( N o s . 282, 362). P e r s o n s t h u s e n g a g e d w e r e f r e q u e n t l y t r a d e r s a s w e l l . F o r t h o s e w h o w e r e e x c l u s i v e l y m e r c h a n t s a n d a r t i s a n s , t h e references are v e r y r a r e : a w e a v e r is r e c o r d e d i n A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a ( N o . 405), a n d i n A r s i n o e t w o persons, o n e of w h o m w a s c e r t a i n l y a J e w , a r e referred t o a s h a v i n g sold s o m e w o o d e n t o o l s t o t h e m u n i c i p a l a u t h o r i t i e s ; t h e y w e r e , c o n s e q u e n t l y , e i t h e r r e t a i l t r a d e r s o r a r t i s a n s ( N o . 432). T h e r e is e v e n less e v i d e n c e of J e w i s h m o n e y l e n d e r s . I n N o . 414, f r o m O x y r h y n c h o s , a l o a n of 300 dr. b y a J e w t o a n E g y p t i a n c a r p e t - w e a v e r is r e c o r d e d , b u t i t is n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r t h i s J e w w a s a professional m o n e y - l e n d e r o r w h e t h e r t h e l o a n w a s g i v e n b y h i m f o r s o m e p a r t i c u l a r r e a s o n , a s w e r e , for e x a m p l e , all t h e l o a n s , for w h i c h w e h a v e e v i d e n c e , g i v e n o r t a k e n b y J e w i s h soldiers a n d m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s i n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d (see S e c t i o n I I I ) . 1 6
T h e g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n of t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n of E g y p t i a n J e w s i n t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d is t h a t of s l o w d e c l i n e . T h i s decline m a y h a v e b e e n d u e t o t h e c h a n g e of p o l i t i c a l rule i n E g y p t a s w e l l a s t o t h e e c o n o m i c d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f E g y p t ; t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a t t i t u d e of t h e J e w s t o w a r d s R o m e m u s t also b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . A s w e h a v e a l r e a d y seen, t h e c h a n g e of p o l i t i c a l rule c a u s e d t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of t w o i m p o r t a n t classes of J e w i s h s o c i e t y i n t h e chora. I t is t r u e t h a t J e w s c o u l d profit from t h e e c o n o m i c f r e e d o m i n a u g u r a t e d b y R o m a n s a n d t h e a b r o g a t i o n of t h e ' t o t a l i t a r i a n ' p r i n c i p l e s of t h e P t o l e m i e s ; b u t t h e progress made b y A l e x a n d r i a n traders a n d money-lenders w a s counterbalanced b y the v e r y considerable damage done to Jews b y their exclusion from military s e r v i c e a n d g o v e r n m e n t offices. T h e g e n e r a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n of e c o n o m i c c o n d i tions, c a u s e d e s p e c i a l l y b y R o m a n fiscal p o l i c y , u n d e r m i n e d t h e p r o g r e s s of 1 6
I t is worth noting t h a t in t h e long list of E g y p t i a n bankers, drawn u p b y Calderini ('Censimento topografico delle banche dell' E g i t t o greco-romano', A e g . x v i i i , 1938, 244 sqq.), n o Jewish n a m e s occur. T h e majority of t h e n a m e s are Greek, s o m e are E g y p t i a n , a n d a few are R o m a n . A m o n g t h e Greek, s o m e theophoric n a m e s occur, such a s D o s i t h e o s , D i o d o t o s , and T h e o d o r o s ; b u t in the R o m a n period these n a m e s
are n o more characteristic of J e w s only. A s t o t h e Ptolemaic period, it must be remembered t h a t bankers were n o t private moneylenders b u t government officials managing t h e king's rpdw e £ a i . The name Mapiwv (a banker in Alexandria under A u g u s t u s , see N o . 142) is R o m a n rather t h a n S e m i t i c ; cf. above, Introduction, n o t e 6. Biblical names of t h e B y z a n t i n e period belong, of course, t o Christians, n o t t o J e w s .
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
55
a g r i c u l t u r a l w o r k , since i t r e d u c e d t h e p e a s a n t s ' s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g , a n d J e w s , of c o u r s e , h a d t o s h a r e t h e c o m m o n f a t e . F i n a l l y , t h e n e w p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n , c r e a t e d b y t h e l o n g - l a s t i n g e n m i t y b e t w e e n G r e e k s a n d J e w s in A l e x a n d r i a , b y t h e p r o g r e s s of a n t i - S e m i t i s m , a n d e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e d e f e a t of t h e J e w s i n t h e i r s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t R o m e , also h a d i t s r e p e r c u s s i o n s o n e c o n o m i c life. T h e J e w b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e h a t e d b y his n e i g h b o u r s , G r e e k s a n d E g y p t i a n s a l i k e , and hatred does not create an atmosphere likely to lead to economic progress. W e h a v e n o w t o s h o w t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n for t h i s h a t r e d , a n d e x p l a i n w h y t h e R o m a n c o n q u e s t c r e a t e d n e w a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r y c o n d i t i o n s of p o l i t i c a l life for Egyptian Jewry. I t is c o m m o n l y h e l d b y m o d e r n s c h o l a r s t h a t f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of R o m a n rule u n t i l A . D . 66 t h e J e w s in E g y p t w e r e o n v e r y g o o d t e r m s w i t h t h e i r rulers, a n d t h a t t h e y b e t r a y e d t h e P t o l e m i e s b y s u p p o r t i n g t h e R o m a n s in t h e i r endeavours to conquer E g y p t . This generally accepted picture requires cor r e c t i o n . T h e last h u n d r e d y e a r s of t h e P t o l e m a i c rule w e r e full of i n t e r n a l s t r u g g l e s b e t w e e n v a r i o u s p r e t e n d e r s t o t h e t h r o n e , a n d s e v e r a l p o l i t i c a l forces, including the A l e x a n d r i a n s and the R o m a n s , t o o k part in this struggle in sup p o r t of one or o t h e r of t h e p r e t e n d e r s . S u c h s u p p o r t c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a b e t r a y a l of t h e P t o l e m i e s , since e v e r y p r e t e n d e r w a s a P t o l e m y . B e f o r e A u g u s t u s t h e R o m a n s h a d n e v e r m a d e a n y serious a t t e m p t t o c o n q u e r E g y p t a n d t o t u r n it i n t o a p r o v i n c e , t h o u g h a m b i t i o u s p o l i t i c i a n s h a d f r e q u e n t l y p u t f o r w a r d s u c h a p l a n ; the Senate invariably showed strong opposition to such aspirations. I t is t r u e t h a t t h e J e w s s u p p o r t e d R o m a n g e n e r a l s ( t h e y l e n t h e l p t o G a b i n i u s i n his a t t e m p t t o re-establish P t o l e m y X I I I A u l e t e s o n t h e t h r o n e in 55 B . C . a n d t o J u l i u s C a e s a r ' s similar a c t i o n o n b e h a l f of K l e o p a t r a ) , b u t i n d o i n g so t h e y did n o t b e t r a y t h e P t o l e m i e s , a s s o m e m o d e r n s c h o l a r s h o l d . Y e t it is t r u e t h a t t h e y b e t r a y e d t h e n a t i o n a l c a u s e of E g y p t , if w e c o n s i d e r A l e x a n d r i a a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h i s n a t i o n a l c a u s e . A l e x a n d r i a h a d m a n y r e a s o n s for o p p o s i n g R o m e , j u s t a s she h a d for o p p o s i n g t h e P t o l e m i e s . N o s t r o n g rule, e i t h e r l o c a l (Ptolemies) or foreign ( R o m e ) , c o u l d s y m p a t h i z e w i t h t h e h a u g h t y a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e g r e a t e s t G r e e k c i t y in t h e w o r l d for full f r e e d o m a n d a u t o n o m y in i n t e r n a l affairs, a n d for a m i g h t y c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e M e d i t e r 1 7
18
1 9
1 7
Cf., for example, F u c h s , 1 6 : 'Wie m i t einem deutlichen Gefuhl fur die bevorstehende U m g e s t a l t u n g der Verhaltnisse handelten die J u d e n , als sie die auf ihrem Throne wankende Ptolemaerdynastie verlassend, sich an die R o m e r . . . anschlossen'; ib. 1 7 : ' N o c h ein drittes Mai verrieten sie die Sache der stiirzenden Ptolemaerdynastie . . . .' B o x , in his edition of In Flaccum, p . x i x : 'The J e w s fell a w a y from the Ptolemies as soon as t h e y realized t h a t the fortunes of the d y n a s t y were on the wane.' More cautious is Wilcken, Zum alexandrinischen Antisemitismus, 1909, 786 sq. 1 8
Bouche-Leclercq, ii. 129 sqq., 152 s q q . ; B e v a n , 351. '9 Besides the 'treason' of the J e w s in 55 and
47 B.C., m o d e m scholars quote a third e v e n t of the same character: the Alexandrian J e w s de serted Kleopatra for Octavianus. T h a t , indeed, would h a v e been t r e a s o n ; but the fact is nowhere a t t e s t e d . It is true t h a t Josephus (c. Ap. 2. 57 sqq.) speaks c o n t e m p t u o u s l y of the last K l e o patra and of her ill treatment of the J e w s ; it is also true t h a t Josephus a t t e m p t s t o give the impression that J e w s had a l w a y s been d e v o t e d t o the R o m a n cause, and speaks of the senatus consulta and the letters of A u g u s t u s 'quibus nostra merita comprobantur' (c. Ap. 2. 61). B u t nostra merita is t o o v a g u e a term, and had Josephus really k n o w n a n y t h i n g about Jewish action in favour of Octavianus, he would surely h a v e spoken of it in plain words.
56
PROLEGOMENA
ranean. Of the t w o political enemies R o m e w a s the stronger, because the P t o l e m i e s t h r e a t e n e d o n l y t h e p o l i t i c a l a u t o n o m y of A l e x a n d r i a , w h e r e a s R o m e w a s also d a n g e r o u s as a c o m m e r c i a l r i v a l . F o r t h i s r e a s o n A l e x a n d r i a o p p o s e d all c a n d i d a t e s t o t h e t h r o n e w h o w e r e s u p p o r t e d b y R o m e a n d , i n d e e d , t o o k e v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y of fighting t h e R o m a n s t h e m s e l v e s . T h e J e w s ' s t a n d p o i n t w a s q u i t e different. T h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s i n E g y p t (and A l e x a n d r i a w a s n o e x c e p t i o n t o t h e rule) w e r e d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e s t r o n g e r t h i s g o v e r n m e n t w a s , t h e b e t t e r it w a s for t h e J e w s . I t w o u l d h a v e b e e n a c a l a m i t y for t h e J e w i s h politeuma of A l e x a n d r i a h a d it b e e n d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e decisions of t h e G r e e k polis, a n d n o t on t h e m o r e or less i m p a r t i a l o r d e r s of the central government. W h e n the J e w s had to choose b e t w e e n A l e x a n d r i a and R o m e , t h e y chose R o m e . T h u s , a t first, r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s a n d R o m e w e r e f a v o u r a b l e to the Jews. A u g u s t u s w a s probably impressed b y the great s y m p a t h y with P a l e s t i n i a n J e w s s h o w n b y J u l i u s C a e s a r . T h i s m a y a c c o u n t for his e a r l y a c t of b e n e v o l e n c e t o A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s a s h o r t t i m e after t h e c o n q u e s t of t h e t o w n : h e c o n f i r m e d all t h e i r p r i v i l e g e s , a n d t h i s ' c h a r t e r of l i b e r t y ' w a s e n g r a v e d o n a ' s l a b ' (arriXrj) a n d e r e c t e d in A l e x a n d r i a . T h e c o n t e n t s of t h i s ' c h a r t e r ' are n o t k n o w n , b u t c a n b e g u e s s e d a t . C l a u d i u s , in his e d i c t in f a v o u r of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s (ant. 19. 280 s q q . ) , r e c a l l s t h e m e m o r y of A u g u s t u s , w h o s e w i s h it w a s ' t h a t everyone should continue to practise his o w n customs a n d not be forced to v i o l a t e t h e f a i t h of his f o r e f a t h e r s ' (eKaarovs ififidvovras rots 18101? edeai Kal /xrj TrapafiaLveiv o\vayKat,op,4vovs rrjv irdrpiov OprjoKeLav). T h i s m a y also b e inferred from P h i l o , Flacc. 50, w h e r e A u g u s t u s is s a i d t o h a v e confirmed ' t h e l a w s ' of t h e J e w s . S o it s e e m s c l e a r t h a t A u g u s t u s confirmed t h e u s u a l n a t i o n a l a n d religious r i g h t s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n politeuma in t h e s a m e f o r m a s o r i g i n a l l y g r a n t e d b y t h e P t o l e m i e s . J o s e p h u s , t o b e sure, s a y s t h a t t h e r i g h t s of A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s h i p w e r e i n c l u d e d in t h e c h a r t e r , b u t h e c a n n o t b e t r u s t e d in t h i s c o n n e x i o n . P o l i t i c a l l y a n d j u r i d i c a l l y i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n of u n p r e c e d e n t e d a r b i t r a r i n e s s h a d A u g u s t u s g r a n t e d c i v i c r i g h t s t o t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y a n d b y d o i n g so c h a n g e d t h e n a t i o n a l a n d c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e G r e e k c i t y . I t w o u l d also s t r o n g l y h a v e c o n t r a d i c t e d t h e u s u a l R o m a n p o l i c y , w h i c h confined itself t o t h e c o n firmation of r i g h t s a l r e a d y e x t a n t a n d d i d n o t s e e k t o m a k e i n n o v a t i o n s w h e r e R o m e ' s e c o n o m i c or p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t s w e r e n o t d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d . S o w e m a y a s s u m e t h a t t h e first a c t of A u g u s t u s in f a v o u r of t h e J e w s b r o u g h t a b o u t n o c h a n g e s in t h e p o l i t i c a l s t a t u s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a , a s t a t e of affairs p r o b a b l y w a r m l y w e l c o m e d b y t h e J e w s , since t h e d o w n f a l l of t h e 2 0
21
2 0
Josephus (ant. 14. 188; c. Ap. 2. 37) attri butes this 0T17A17 t o Julius Caesar instead of t o Augustus, but t h a t is a n obvious error o n his p a r t : Julius Caesar was never the official ruler of Alexandria and could not grant a n y rights t o J e w s residing in a c i t y not belonging to a R o m a n province. T h e edict fixing the rights of the J e w s of Alexandria was issued, we m a y reasonably suppose, by Augustus, whose d u t y it was t o reorganize the affairs of the c i t y which he had just conquered. Since Caesar w a s t h e m o s t im
portant e l e m e n t in A u g u s t u s ' nomenclature be fore 27 B.C., and a n essential even after t h e n , the substitution of Julius Caesar for Augustus was a very likely error. So T h . Reinach, REJ l x x i x , 1924, 123 s q q . ; cf. Bell, Juden und Griechen, 9 sq. 2
1
Ant.
1 4 . 1 8 8 : o w fir)v
rots
h> AXe£avopeia
Xrjv,
i8r)\a>o€v
on
dXXd
Kal
Kalaap
' / o w S a i ' o t j , iroirjaas HXegavSpdojv
noXlrai
'IovXios
xaA/oJv o - n j elatv.
For
Josephus' attitude o n the question of the civic rights of the J e w s see infra, p . 62.
T H E
E A R L Y
R O M A N
P E R I O D
57
P t o l e m a i c g o v e r n m e n t h a d c r e a t e d a p o l i t i c a l v a c u u m for a l l w h o s e l e g a l s t a t u s had been dependent upon it. T h e s e c o n d i n t e r v e n t i o n of A u g u s t u s in J e w i s h affairs in A l e x a n d r i a o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e y e a r s A . D . 1 0 - 1 2 : h e a b o l i s h e d t h e h i g h p o s t of t h e J e w i s h e t h n a r c h in A l e x a n d r i a a n d p u t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e affairs of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n t o t h e h a n d s of t h e ' e l d e r s ' . W e h a v e n o m e a n s of j u d g i n g w h a t c o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e r e a s o n s for s u c h a m e a s u r e ; a t a n y r a t e , i t h a r d l y c h a n g e d t h e u s u a l m o d e of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h politeuma, since t h e e t h n a r c h h i m s e l f w a s n o m o r e t h a n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e J e w i s h a r i s t o c r a c y (see a b o v e , p . 1 0 ) . T h e r e a l c h a n g e s in t h e f a t e of t h e J e w s w e r e c a u s e d n o t b y A u g u s t u s ' d i r e c t o r d e r s c o n c e r n i n g J e w s , b u t b y h i s g e n e r a l p o l i c y , w h i c h affected J e w s i n d i r e c t l y . H e r e s o m e w o r d s m u s t b e s a i d o n t h e g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s of R o m a n p o l i c y in t h e O r i e n t i n o r d e r t o e x p l a i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' is t o b e described. 22
T h e R o m a n c o n q u e s t of t h e O r i e n t p u t before t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r o b l e m of h o w t o a d m i n i s t e r t h e c o n q u e r e d c o u n t r i e s . I n l a t e Republican times a simple solution h a d been found: the R o m a n provinces were praedia populi Romani (Cic. 7 7 Verr. 2. 7), a n d n o t h i n g e l s e ; t h e y h a d t o p a y 2 2
Philo, Flacc. 74. There is a serious discre p a n c y b e t w e e n Philo and the edict of Claudius in ant. 19. 283: according t o the edict, A u g u s t u s did not prevent t h e J e w s from creating n e w e t h narchs after t h e decease of t h e ethnarch under the prefect Aquila (A.D. I O - I I ) , whereas Philo (I.e.) emphasizes t h a t A u g u s t u s , in his letter t o t h e prefect Magius Maximus (Aquila's successor in E g y p t ) , instituted t h e Jewish gerousia in A l e x a n dria after the decease of the ethnarch (here called genarch). I n spite of these discrepancies in t h e n a m e s of the prefects a n d as regards the title of the ethnarch, there can be n o d o u b t t h a t b o t h sources refer t o the same e v e n t . Cf. Schiirer, iii. 77 s q . ; A . Stein, Die Prafekten von Aegypten, 1950, 21 s q . It is rightly agreed b y scholars t h a t Philo's evidence should be preferred t o t h a t of the e d i c t : the members of the gerousia (the 'elders') are fre q u e n t l y recorded under Gaius Caligula and later, whereas after A u g u s t u s there is n o mention of the ethnarch. W h a t is the reason, t h e n , for the strange and emphatic affirmation in t h e edict t h a t A u g u s t u s did not abolish the office of the ethnarch, w h e n in reality h e did? T h e question is answered if w e consider t h e general character of t h e edict of Claudius as preserved b y Josephus. W e shall see infra (p. 70, note 45) t h a t the t e x t of this docu m e n t , though based o n a genuine edict of t h e Emperor, w a s tampered w i t h b y someone, so t h a t some important items in it were changed or added t o , t o accord with t h e general purpose of the forgery. It is probable t h a t the passage in question also suffered some elaboration. T h e in sistence t h a t A u g u s t u s did not forbid a specific
action indicates t h a t t h e author of the pas sage h a d in mind persons w h o were anxious t o emphasize t h e contrary. If A u g u s t u s did not abolish t h e office of t h e ethnarch, it is o b v i o u s t h a t after t h e death of o n e ethnarch another would h a v e been nominated t o take his place, and nothing would h a v e happened t o draw t h e a t t e n t i o n of Claudius t o so unimportant an e v e n t . If t h e edict, nevertheless, records i t , it is reason able t o suppose that after t h e decease of the last ethnarch in the prefecture of Aquila, A u g u s t u s did abolish t h e office, in a special message t o t h e prefect Magius Maximus, and t h a t this fact w a s mentioned in t h e genuine t e x t of t h e edict. Claudius proclaimed, perhaps, t h a t h e confirmed all rights of Alexandrian J e w s which h a d been confirmed b y A u g u s t u s , b u t t h a t h e could n o t re-establish the office of t h e ethnarch (perhaps d e m a n d e d b y Jews) since A u g u s t u s h a d abolished it. Since all A u g u s t u s ' proclamations were re garded, b y R o m a n s a n d J e w s alike, as decisive for the foundations of Jewish a u t o n o m y , the abolition of such a n important office seemed in compatible w i t h A u g u s t u s ' favourable policy towards the J e w s . This is w h y t h e forger decided t o 'correct' t h e edict o h this point, as h e 'cor rected' it o n m a n y others.—According t o Talmudic sources (Thos. Sukkah 4. 6 ; b . Sukkah 51b) t h e number of members of the gerousia w a s 71. Philo records 38 of t h e m during t h e pogrom under Gaius Caligula (Flacc. 74); h e also gives t h e n a m e s of 3 m e m b e r s , E u o d o s , T r y p h o n , a n d Andron (ib. 76).
PROLEGOMENA t a x e s a n d m a i n t a i n silence. Y e t e v e n t h e n t h e b e s t m e m b e r s of t h e s e n a t o r i a l oligarchy and R o m e ' s leading personalities, like Cicero, realized t h a t this easy s o l u t i o n of t h e p r o b l e m w a s n o s o l u t i o n a t a l l : t h e c o w h a d t o b e c a r e d for if she w a s e x p e c t e d t o g i v e m i l k . T h e P r i n c i p a t e , i n a u g u r a t i n g t h e n e w e p o c h of pax Romana for t h e w h o l e R o m a n w o r l d , i n t r o d u c e d n e w m e t h o d s of rule in t h e p r o v i n c e s . T h e s e m e t h o d s w e r e b e s t d e s c r i b e d b y t h e E m p e r o r T i b e r i u s in his f a m o u s a n s w e r t o a n E g y p t i a n p r e f e c t : ' a g o o d s h e p h e r d shears his flock, b u t d o e s n o t s k i n i t ' (Suet. Tib. 3 2 ; D i o C a s s . 57. 10. 5). N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e d i d n o t c h a n g e . T h e p r o v i n c e s , a s before, h a d t o furnish c o r n and money, and A u g u s t u s even increased his exactions b y introducing the c e n s u s in t h e n e w l y c o n q u e r e d p r o v i n c e s . Y e t m o r e liberal m e t h o d s in t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e p r o v i n c e s w e r e n o w e s t a b l i s h e d , a n d R o m e m a d e a serious a t t e m p t t o m a k e p e a c e w i t h t h e p r i n c i p a l s o c i a l classes of p r o v i n c i a l s o c i e t y . I t w a s o n l y l o g i c a l t h a t R o m e s h o u l d s e e k friends a n d s u p p o r t e r s a m o n g the u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n : t h e t o w n s w e r e i n h a b i t e d b y m e r c h a n t s , r i c h l a n d o w n e r s , m e n of b u s i n e s s , a n d all t h e s e classes w e r e useful t o R o m e , p a r t l y for t h e e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e E m p i r e , a n d p a r t l y as a s o c i a l e l e m e n t a d m i r a b l y s u i t e d for f u r n i s h i n g l o c a l officials a n d m a g i s t r a t e s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e t o w n s p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s w e r e w i l l i n g t o m a k e p e a c e w i t h R o m e , since t h i s p e a c e p r o m i s e d t h e m a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x p a n s i o n of t h e i r t r a d e a n d i n d u s t r y . I n t h e W e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s t h i s a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n R o m e a n d t h e cities t o o k t h e f o r m of romanization: the townsfolk adopted the L a t i n tongue and the R o m a n culture, w h i l e R o m e e n d o w e d t h e m w i t h R o m a n c i t i z e n s h i p or ' L a t i n ' r i g h t s . T h e s i t u a t i o n in t h e E a s t e r n p r o v i n c e s w a s q u i t e different. H e r e t h e d o m i n a n t c u l t u r e w a s H e l l e n i s t i c , so p o w e r f u l a n d p e n e t r a t i n g t h a t n e i t h e r t h e L a t i n t o n g u e n o r t h e R o m a n m o d e of life c o u l d t a k e r o o t . Y e t t h e G r e e k cities in t h e O r i e n t , n o less t h a n t h e r o m a n i z e d cities of G a u l a n d S p a i n , w e r e e m i n e n t l y fitted t o s e r v e as d e v o t e d friends of R o m e since t h e y t o o , t o a n e v e n g r e a t e r e x t e n t , w e r e inter e s t e d in a p e a c e f u l life of t r a d e a n d i n d u s t r y . I n different p e r i o d s R o m e ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e G r e e k s w a s d i c t a t e d b y different principles, a n d a t t h e e n d of t h e R e p u b l i c w a s b y n o m e a n s s y m p a t h e t i c . Y e t it w a s e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t , w i t h o u t t h e h e l p of t h e G r e e k s , R o m a n rule in t h e O r i e n t w o u l d r e m a i n n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c a r i o u s , e s p e c i a l l y in p r o v i n c e s of m i x e d p o p u l a t i o n , s u c h as E g y p t or S y r i a . R o m e c o u l d n o t g r a n t G r e e k s R o m a n c i t i z e n s h i p as she h a d g r a n t e d it in W e s t e r n cities, b e c a u s e t h e G r e e k s d i d n o t a c c e p t r o m a n i z a t i o n ; b u t she c o u l d f a v o u r G r e e k s in a n o t h e r w a y , v i z . b y p r o t e c t i n g t h e a n c i e n t franchises of t h e G r e e k cities. ' T h e f r e e d o m a n d a u t o n o m y ' of G r e e k s w a s a v e r y o l d s l o g a n , reflecting t h e d e e p e s t a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e G r e e k p e o p l e f r o m t h e classical p e r i o d o n w a r d s . W h e n t h e R o m a n s first m a d e w a r o n G r e e k soil t h e y u s e d t h i s s l o g a n v e r y skilfully. A f t e r w a r d s these fine i d e a l s w e r e a l m o s t f o r g o t t e n ; n o w t h e y w e r e r e v i v e d , t h o u g h , of course, n o t t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y w e r e in use in a n c i e n t G r e e c e . T h e m u n i c i p a l f r e e d o m of t h e G r e e k c i t y w a s p r o t e c t e d ; m a n y cities w e r e p r o c l a i m e d liberae et foederatae, o r liberae et immunes; t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e w a s a c k n o w l e d g e d a s t h e official l a n g u a g e of R o m a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in a l l E a s t e r n p r o v i n c e s ; g o o d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e careers w e r e o p e n e d t o G r e e k s w i l l i n g t o s e r v e as officials in t h e s e r v i c e of R o m e . T h i s a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n R o m e a n d t h e G r e e k s w a s v e r y profitable for b o t h sides, b u t it h a d one i m p o r t a n t w e a k n e s s ;
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
59
i t w a s m a d e a t t h e e x p e n s e of t h e n o n - G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n of t h e v i l l a g e s . T w o h u n d r e d y e a r s after A u g u s t u s t h i s w e a k n e s s b r o u g h t a b o u t f a t a l c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d g r e a t l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e decline of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e in t h e t h i r d century. I n E g y p t , R o m a n p o l i c y d e v e l o p e d a l o n g t h e s a m e lines a s e l s e w h e r e in t h e E a s t , y e t as a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s of t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n i n E g y p t t h e r e arose s o m e p e c u l i a r q u e s t i o n s . T h e r e c o u l d b e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s of t h r e e G r e e k c i t i e s — A l e x a n d r i a , P t o l e m a i s , N a u k r a t i s — w e r e t r u e H e l l e n e s . B u t w h a t of t h e G r e e k - s p e a k i n g p o p u l a t i o n of t h e chora ? D u r i n g t h e P t o l e m a i c rule t h e G r e e k s h a d s e t t l e d i n E g y p t i a n v i l l a g e s a n d s m a l l t o w n s , married E g y p t i a n wives, called themselves b y E g y p t i a n names, and worshipped E g y p t i a n gods. O n the other hand, E g y p t i a n s called themselves b y Greek names, s p o k e G r e e k , a n d w e r e c l o s e l y m i n g l e d w i t h t h e i r G r e e k n e i g h b o u r s . H o w w a s it possible t o d i s t i n g u i s h G r e e k f r o m n o n - G r e e k a m o n g t h i s m i x e d p o p u l a t i o n ? T h e f o r m a l m a r k of a m a n ' s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e G r e e k s w a s his c i t i z e n s h i p in a G r e e k polis; b u t t h e r e w e r e n o G r e e k poleis i n E g y p t s a v e t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d t h r e e . A f t e r a brief p e r i o d of h e s i t a t i o n a n e w c r i t e r i o n w a s f o u n d . I n t h e 34th y e a r of A u g u s t u s ( A . D . 4/5) a n e w class of p e r s o n s , ' t h o s e w h o b e l o n g t o t h e g y m n a s i u m ' (oi d-no yvixvaoLov), w a s c r e a t e d , a n d f r o m t h a t t i m e o n t h e g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n b e c a m e t h e criterion for all p e o p l e c l a i m i n g G r e e k origin. I n t h e c o u r s e of t i m e t h i s g r o u p b e c a m e s o m e t h i n g of a n e x c l u s i v e c a s t e , o p e n o n l y t o t h o s e w h o c o u l d s h o w proof of their d e s c e n t from ' G r e e k ' p a r e n t s . I n s o m e c a s e s t h e f a t h e r , o n i n s c r i b i n g his son as a n ephebos, p r o d u c e d e v i d e n c e of t h e e a r l y ' G r e e k ' origin of his f a m i l y g o i n g b a c k 250 y e a r s . T h e s e ' G r e e k s ' , a fictitious n e w r a c e , n o w f o r m e d a n a r i s t o c r a c y in t h e chora, p r i v i l e g e d b y t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t , a n d h a v i n g a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l e v e r y possible m e a n s of e n t e r i n g u p o n a n e a s y c a r e e r in t h e m u n i c i p a l a n d I m p e r i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A s e c o n d g r o u p , c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e former, w a s t h a t of metropolitai, i.e. t h e h e l l e n i z e d i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e metropoleis (chief t o w n s in t h e d i s t r i c t s ) ; t h e y , t o o , w e r e p e o p l e of G r e e k e d u c a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e R o m a n s , s c r u p u l o u s j u r i s t s t h a t t h e y w e r e , c o u l d n o t s i m p l y p r o c l a i m t h e s e n e w b o r n ' G r e e k s ' as t r u e H e l l e n e s , t h u s s e t t i n g aside t h e t r a d i t i o n a l m a r k of a G r e e k — h i s b e i n g a c i t i z e n of a polis. S o , j u r i d i c a l l y e n v i s a g e d , t h e n e w g r o u p s of metropolitai a n d of ' t h o s e w h o b e l o n g t o t h e g y m n a s i u m ' r e m a i n e d E g y p t i a n s , t h o u g h in p r a c t i c e t h e y w e r e p r i v i l e g e d a s m e n of G r e e k e d u c a t i o n . T h i s d o u b l e p o l i c y w a s c l e a r l y s h o w n i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t of t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e s e g r o u p s h a d , or h a d n o t , t o p a y t h e p o l l - t a x i m p o s e d o n t h e E g y p t i a n s . T h e y h a d t o p a y p o l l - t a x (and t h u s t h e y w e r e j u r i d i c a l l y r e c o g n i z e d as E g y p t i a n s ) , b u t t h e y p a i d it a t a r e d u c e d r a t e . 2 3
2 4
2 3
On the R o m a n policy in the eastern pro vinces see, for e x a m p l e , Rostovtzeff, SEHRE 178 sq., 236 sqq., 298 sqq., 331 s q q . ; cf. CAR xi. 497 sqq., 5 3 sqq., 587 sqq., 615; A b b o t and J o h n s o n , 21 sq. P . O x y . 2186; P S I 457; cf. P . O x y . 257,1266. Applications for the registration of y o u n g m e n a m o n g the epheboi are preserved in great n u m b e r s ; cf., for e x a m p l e , W . Chr. 144-8; S B 7239, 7333, 7427,7561. In some d o c u m e n t s (e.g. P. O x y . 1202) J
2 4
the oi diro yv/ivaoiov are considered as belonging t o a rdyfia (ordo); cf. Meautis, Hermoupolis-laGrande, 1918, 66. It goes without saying that the g y m n a s i u m education in Greek cities as well as in the metropoleis w a s now strictly supervised b y the government. On the g y m n a s i u m education in R o m a n E g y p t in general cf. Wilcken, Grundz. 140; D e s s a u , Gesch. d. rd'm. Kaiserzeit, ii. 2. 688; Bell, Chr. d'£g. xiii, 1938, 3 5 1 ; Bell, JEA xii. 245; B o a k , ib. xiii. 151.
6o
PROLEGOMENA
J u s t a s t h e g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n w a s a m a r k of d i s t i n c t i o n p r o p e r t o G r e e k s , so t h e p a y m e n t of p o l l - t a x w a s a s i g n of d e g r a d a t i o n m a r k i n g t h e E g y p t i a n s . T h e p o l l - t a x , k n o w n i n E g y p t a s laographia (literally ' t h e n u m b e r i n g of t h e people'), w a s introduced into E g y p t b y A u g u s t u s , p r o b a b l y in the 7 t h y e a r of his r e i g n (24/23 B . C . ) . I t w a s n o t a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e P t o l e m a i c syntaxis, a s m a n y s c h o l a r s are d i s p o s e d t o b e l i e v e , since t h e m e a n i n g of syntaxis as p o l l - t a x is n o w h e r e a t t e s t e d a n d since t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a p o l l - t a x b y t h e P t o l e m i e s s e e m s v e r y u n l i k e l y . I t w a s a n i n n o v a t i o n of A u g u s t u s ' , a d m i r a b l y s u i t e d t o t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s of R o m a n rule in t h e p r o v i n c e s : a c o n q u e r e d p e o p l e h a d t o p a y a vectigal, o r a tributum, t h i s t a x b e i n g ' q u a s i v i c t o r i a e p r a e m i u m a c p o e n a belli' (Cic. II Verr. 3. 12). E v e r y E g y p t i a n , u p o n r e a c h i n g his 1 4 t h y e a r , b e c a m e l i a b l e t o t h e p a y m e n t of laographia; t h e o b l i g a t i o n t o p a y c e a s e d a t t h e 60th or 62nd y e a r . C i t i z e n s of G r e e k cities, R o m a n c i t i z e n s , a n d s o m e m i n o r g r o u p s (such a s a s m a l l n u m b e r of p r i e s t s a n d g o v e r n m e n t officials) w e r e e x e m p t f r o m t h e p a y m e n t of laographia; t h e metropolitai p a i d it, a s w e h a v e said, at a r e d u c e d r a t e . R e c e i p t s for laographia are e x t a n t f r o m t h e first a n d s e c o n d c e n t u r y A . D . , g r a d u a l l y d i m i n i s h i n g i n n u m b e r in t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y a n d v a n i s h i n g in t h e t h i r d . S i n c e t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e p a y e r s of laographia w e r e v i l l a g e r s , s u c h p a y m e n t w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e p a r t i c u l a r m a r k of a s o c i a l l y d e g r a d e d class, a n d therefore a m a r k of i n f e r i o r i t y . T h i s d e g r a d a t i o n w a s , p e r h a p s , n o t so e x p l i c i t i n t h e metropoleis, w h e r e t h e t o w n s f o l k w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o laographia o n a s m a l l e r s c a l e , b u t i n G r e e k c i t i e s , l i k e A l e x a n d r i a , in w h i c h t h e c i t i z e n s w e r e a l t o g e t h e r freed f r o m t h i s i n v i d i o u s o b l i g a t i o n , t h e laographia w a s c l e a r l y t h e m a r k of a d e g r a d e d a n d s u b j e c t e d p e o p l e . T h e f u n d a m e n t a l d i s t i n c t i o n , i n t r o duced b y the R o m a n s in the E a s t e r n provinces, b e t w e e n Greeks and natives, c i t i z e n s a n d v i l l a g e r s , c i v i l i z e d (i.e. p e r s o n s of G r e e k e d u c a t i o n ) a n d n o n c i v i l i z e d (i.e. p e r s o n s of o l d o r i e n t a l c u l t u r e s , o r u n c u l t u r e d v i l l a g e r s ) , w a s n o w h e r e -so s h a r p l y felt a s i n E g y p t , b e c a u s e i n n o o t h e r l a n d w a s t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n t o s u c h a d e g r e e r e g a r d e d a s a m i l c h c o w , so f r a n k l y t r e a t e d a s a s u b j e c t p e o p l e , so e x p l o i t e d b y t h e fiscus, a s i t w a s i n R o m a n E g y p t . 2 5
2 6
A n d n o w w e t u r n t o o u r p r i n c i p a l t h e m e : t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e J e w s . W e r e t h e y r e g a r d e d as G r e e k s o r a s E g y p t i a n s ? O b v i o u s l y t h e y w e r e n e i t h e r t h e one n o r t h e o t h e r . T h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t h a d t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r all n o n - G r e e k s w e r e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s E g y p t i a n s or all n o n - E g y p t i a n s as G r e e k s . T h e decision w a s m a d e t h a t all non-Greeks were to be regarded as E g y p t i a n s . 2 5
See m y article o n t h e problem of t h e pollt a x in R o m a n E g y p t ('Syntaxis and Laographia', Journ. fur. Pap. i v , 1950,179-207); I here confine myself t o a brief s u m m a r y o n l y . 2 6
See for t h e laographia Wallace, 116 s q q . ; J o h n s o n , 531 s q q . ; cf. W i l c k e n , Ostr. 230 s q q . ; H o m b e r t a n d P r e a u x , Chr. d'£gypte, xii, 1937, 259 s q q . ; L a u m in RE, s.v. Xaoypala (xxiii. 732 s q q . ) ; Heichelheim, Gnomon, x, 1934,395 sqq. Earlier scholars (especially Wilcken) regarded t h e laographia as a mark of inferiority imposed on the n a t i v e population in E g y p t b y the R o m a n authorities; the n e w v i e w , formulated b y Sir
Harold Bell (JRS x x x v i i , 1947, 17 s q q . ; JEA x x v i i i , 1942, 39 s q q . ; ib. x x x , 1944, 72 s q q . ; cf. his book Egypt from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest, 1948, 68 sqq.), prefers t o regard t h e imposition of laographia as 'a normal feature in the financial s y s t e m of R o m a n E g y p t , t a k e n over b y A u g u s t u s from t h e P t o l e m i e s b u t re modelled b y h i m , w i t h a grant of e x e m p t i o n t o certain classes which he wished t o distinguish from t h e general mass' (Bell, fRS x x x v i i . 19). In m y above-mentioned article I h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o provide new arguments w h i c h strengthen the 'old view'.
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
61
T h i s w a s q u i t e l o g i c a l , since n e i t h e r religion n o r ' r a c e ' h a d a n y j u r i d i c a l v a l u e . F r o m t h e j u r i d i c a l p o i n t of v i e w e v e r y p e r s o n h a v i n g h i s p e r m a n e n t d o m i c i l e i n a p r o v i n c e b e l o n g e d t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n of t h a t p r o v i n c e a n d h a d t o s h a r e i t s f a t e . A n e x c e p t i o n c o u l d b e m a d e o n l y i n r e g a r d t o c i t i z e n s of G r e e k c i t i e s , b e c a u s e t h e s e cities w e r e still c o n s i d e r e d (fictitiously, of course) a s free a u t o n o m o u s p o l i t i c a l entities, a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , i n s o m e sense e x t r a - t e r r i t o r i a l . I t is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t A l e x a n d r i a , i.e. t h e polis of A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s , w a s officially c a l l e d ' A l e x a n d r i a near E g y p t ' ( A l e x a n d r i a ad A e g y p t u m ) , n o t ' A l e x a n d r i a in E g y p t ' , b e c a u s e t h e p o l i t i c a l fiction h e l d t h a t i t w a s a u t o n o m o u s . N o J e w i s h politeuma c o u l d e v e r c l a i m s u c h r i g h t s , a n d a l l politeumata w e r e , in f a c t , a l w a y s u n d e r t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t of a r e a l m , w h e t h e r a H e l l e n i s t i c k i n g d o m o r a R o m a n p r o v i n c e . T h e J e w s of t h e chora w e r e , p e r h a p s , n o t s o h e a v i l y s t r i c k e n a s t h o s e i n t h e c a p i t a l . T h e y h a d , i n d e e d , n o h o p e of p e n e t r a t i n g t h e r a n k s of t h e ' m e n of t h e g y m n a s i u m ' , o r t h e metropolitai, tightly closed t o o u t s i d e r s ; b u t , after a l l , these p r i v i l e g e d g r o u p s w e r e also ' E g y p t i a n s ' , a n d t h e differ e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r i v i l e g e d a n d n o n - p r i v i l e g e d w a s o n l y i n t h e a m o u n t of p o l l - t a x t o b e p a i d . T h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e c a p i t a l w a s e n t i r e l y different. T h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e of w e a l t h a n d h i g h s t a n d i n g , w e r e s t r o n g l y hellenized; they spoke, wrote, a n d thought in G r e e k ; it is, perhaps, worth n o t i n g t h a t t h e y w e r e t h e o n l y g r o u p of foreigners f r o m t h e E a s t w h o c r e a t e d a n o r i g i n a l b r a n c h of G r e e k l i t e r a t u r e . I n t h e i r e y e s t h e p a y m e n t of laographia w a s n o t m e r e l y a n a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e b u t also a m a r k of e x t r e m e p o l i t i c a l a n d cultural degradation, putting them o n the same level with the E g y p t i a n f e l l a h i n . W a s t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w e n t i t l e d t o m i x w i t h t h e s o c i e t y of G r e e k s a s a p e r s o n w i t h t h e s a m e p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s a n d o n t h e s a m e l e v e l of c i v i l i z a t i o n , or h a d h e t o leave this society a n d w i t h d r a w as into a ghetto ? T h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s were naturally unwilling t o forgo their 'emancipation', a n d so t h e struggle began. 2 7
28
T h e o n l y w a y of a v o i d i n g t h e u n p l e a s a n t s i t u a t i o n c r e a t e d b y t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e p o l l - t a x , a n d of m a i n t a i n i n g t h e h i g h s t a n d a r d s a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , w a s t o o b t a i n A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s h i p . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen a b o v e (pp. 39 sq.) t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of J e w i s h c i v i c r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s r a t h e r complicated, m a n y J e w s h a v i n g p r o b a b l y received civic rights from t h e kings, a n d o t h e r s h a v i n g p e n e t r a t e d t h e r a n k s of t h e c i t i z e n s b y m e a n s , if n o t e n t i r e l y illegal, a t l e a s t s o m e w h a t irregular. N o w t h i s s i t u a t i o n h a d t o c o m e t o a n e n d . W h e t h e r t h e i m p o s i t i o n of laographia is c o n s i d e r e d a s a m a r k of d e g r a d a t i o n o r 2 7
T h e metropolitai were repeatedly subjected t o detailed scrutiny, and each revision could easily delete n a m e s from t h e list of privileged persons. Cf. P . Princet. 124, dated A . D . 130/1 ( F a y u m ) : r£>v viroyeypafifxevojv
dvSpwv
dvayeypap.p.evcov
/cat
.
. .
. .
.
iv
pnjrpOTroXeiTais
irpoaev€yKap.4va)v
firj
1810v yivos ano8T£cu. For admission i n t o t h e rank of t h e epheboi (a prerequisite for enrolment a m o n g ' m e n of t h e gymnasium') see a b o v e , n o t e 24. I t is worth noting that one of the questions p u t t o t h e b o y w a s , ' W h o is your m o t h e r ? ' T h e origin of t h e ephebos h a d t o be 8vv[a]adai
TO
a b o v e suspicion o n both sides. T h e sudden change of political a n d social s t a t u s of t h e J e w s of E g y p t a t t h e beginning of the R o m a n rule a s a consequence of their liability t o p a y m e n t of laographia was emphasized in m y book (in H e b r e w ) : The Jews in Egypt in the Hellenistic-Roman Age, 1945, 95 sqq., 176 s q q . The same h a s been stated independently b y A . Segre in his t w o articles: 'The Status of t h e J e w s in Ptolemaic a n d R o m a n E g y p t ' , Jew. Soc. Stud, v i , 1944, 375 sqq., a n d 'Antisemitism in Hellenistic Alexandria', i b . viii, 1946, 127 sqq. 2 8
PROLEGOMENA
62
s i m p l y a s a f i n a n c i a l m e a s u r e (see a b o v e , n o t e 26), o n e t h i n g is b e y o n d d o u b t : i t c o u l d n o t b e i m p o s e d w i t h o u t a c a r e f u l a n d precise s c r u t i n y of t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t . E v e r y o n e h a d t o u n d e r g o a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d t o p r o v e h i s r i g h t , if a n y , t o b e e x e m p t f r o m laographia. H a v i n g t o face s u c h a n i n t e r r o g a t i o n w a s a h e a v y b l o w for a g r e a t n u m b e r , p e r h a p s for m a n y t h o u s a n d s , of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . O n l y a small minority could easily prove its claim to civic r i g h t s : t h e s e w e r e t h e d e s c e n d a n t s of o l d J e w i s h families, l o n g i n possession of citizenship. Such people remained unmolested. Others w h o h a d acquired A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s h i p o n a c c o u n t of t h e i r b e i n g e d u c a t e d in t h e g y m n a s i a , o r b y a s s u m i n g t h e p r o u d n a m e of ' A l e x a n d r i a n ' , or b y a n y o t h e r i r r e g u l a r m e a n s , w e r e n o w c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y of p r o v i d i n g proofs, w h e r e t h e r e w e r e n o p r o o f s . T h o s e J e w s c a l l i n g t h e m s e l v e s ' A l e x a n d r i a n s ' (AX^avhpets) were especially affected b y the n e w regulations. T h e term h a d t w o senses: the p o p u l a r o n e of ' i n h a b i t a n t s of A l e x a n d r i a ' , a n d t h e j u r i d i c a l o n e , a p p l i e d t o citizens. T h i s e q u i v o c a l term w a s well suited to J e w s in an equivocal situa t i o n ; p o s s i b l y m a n y of t h e m s i n c e r e l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e y w e r e l e g a l l y e n t i t l e d t o b e so c a l l e d . Y e t t h e G r e e k s w e r e i n t e r e s t e d i n p u t t i n g a n e n d t o so v a g u e a s i t u a t i o n . I n t h e t i m e of C a l i g u l a , t h e l e a d e r of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s , A p i o n , loudly expressed his perplexity t h a t Jews, being Jews, should call themselves A l e x a n d r i a n s (c. Ap. 2. 38), a n d m a n y y e a r s before h i m , u n d e r A u g u s t u s , a n A l e x a n d r i a n Jew, w h e n presenting a petition to the prefect, w a s compelled t o s t y l e h i m s e l f ' a J e w of A l e x a n d r i a ' , i n s t e a d of ' A l e x a n d r i a n ' , a s h e h a d o r i g i n a l l y w r i t t e n ( N o . 1 5 1 ) . I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t in h i s p e t i t i o n t h i s J e w m e n t i o n s t h e laographia t h r e e t i m e s , a n d w e c a n infer t h a t it w a s p r e c i s e l y his o b l i g a t i o n t o p a y t h e laographia w h i c h l e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t officials of A l e x a n d r i a (and p e r h a p s t h e m a n h i m s e l f too) t o t h e d i s c o v e r y of h i s t r u e l e g a l s t a t u s . 29
T h e s t r u g g l e for c i v i c r i g h t s in A l e x a n d r i a left i t s m a r k u p o n J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e of t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d . J o s e p h u s , t h o u g h a P a l e s t i n i a n J e w , m a d e g r e a t u s e of A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e w h e n s p e a k i n g of J e w s of t h e d i a s p o r a , a n d h e c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s r e p r e s e n t i n g its i d e a l s a n d t e n d e n c i e s . H e m a k e s f r e q u e n t m e n t i o n of t h e c i v i c r i g h t s of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , i t w a s A l e x a n d e r h i m self w h o s e t t l e d J e w s i n A l e x a n d r i a a n d g r a n t e d t h e m ' i s o p o l i t y ' (equal rights) w i t h the Greeks. These rights were confirmed b y the Ptolemies. J e w s were granted 'Macedonian' rights as well. N o wonder, then, that Alexandrian Jews called themselves A l e x a n d r i a n s : 'all persons invited to join a colony, h o w e v e r different t h e i r o r i g i n , are c a l l e d b y t h e n a m e s of t h e f o u n d e r s ' (c. Ap. 2. 38). H e r e J o s e p h u s c o n f o u n d s t h e p o p u l a r use of t h e t e r m ' A l e x a n d r i a n s ' w i t h i t s j u r i d i c a l m e a n i n g a n d i n t e r p r e t s it a s ' c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a ' . P o s s i b l y h e h i m self w a s u n a w a r e of t h e m i s c h i e f h e c a u s e d b e c a u s e of his t o t a l i n a b i l i t y t o t h i n k i n j u r i d i c a l t e r m s . P r o b a b l y m o r e c o n s c i o u s of his o w n a c t i o n w a s t h e u n k n o w n J e w i s h forger, w h o i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e e d i c t of C l a u d i u s , after t h e w o r d ' J e w s ' , t h e false definition, ' t h o s e w h o are c a l l e d A l e x a n d r i a n s ' (see b e l o w , n o t e 45). J o s e p h u s ' s t o r y of A l e x a n d e r s e t t l i n g J e w s i n a q u a r t e r of A l e x a n d r i a is also 2 9
T h e terms Seleucians, Antiochenes, e t c . , had similarly a m b i g u o u s meanings. Josephus used this a m b i g u i t y t o a t t e s t the civic rights of J e w s inhabiting these cities (c. Ap. 2. 38). In
Alexandria the question had a peculiar importance, a large number of citizens being called 'Alexandrians' as distinct from those enrolled in vXai and 817/zoi (see a b o v e , p . 41, note 102).
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
63
reflected i n a p o p u l a r J e w i s h l e g e n d o n t h e f o u n d a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a , p r o b a b l y c o m p o s e d i n t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . P h i l o , w h o w a s himself t h e g r e a t e s t fighter for J e w i s h r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a , k n e w t h e r e a l s t a t e of affairs b e t t e r t h a n a n y o n e else. I n h i s p o l i t i c a l w r i t i n g s , i n t e n d e d , p e r h a p s , t o b e p r e s e n t e d t o R o m a n a u t h o r i t i e s , h e n e v e r s p e a k s of J e w s a s possessing full c i t i z e n s h i p , b u t confines h i m s e l f t o t e r m s of a s o m e w h a t a m b i g u o u s c h a r a c t e r , s u c h a s St/cata o r SiKcucu/AaTa, c a p a b l e of b e i n g i n t e r p r e t e d i n v a r i o u s w a y s . B u t i n Vita Mosis h e e x p r e s s e s h i s real t h o u g h t s a s f o l l o w s : 3 0
31
T h e Jews [he tells us] were strangers (£eW), since famine h a d driven the founders of the nation . . . to migrate to E g y p t . . . . T h e y were, in a sense, suppliants (t/ceVai), who had found a sanctuary in the pledged faith of the king and the pity felt for them b y the inhabitants. F o r strangers, in m y judgement, must be regarded as suppliants of those who receive them, and not only suppliants but settlers and friends (/ne'roiKoi. . . Kal l\oi) w h o are anxious to obtain equal rights w i t h the burgesses and are near to being citizens because they differ little from the original inhabitants. H e r e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l i d e a of P h i l o ' s p o l i t i c s is q u i t e c l e a r : J e w i s h c l a i m s f o r full c i t i z e n s h i p a r e justified b e c a u s e J e w s differ b u t little from t h e G r e e k s . T h u s t h e s i m i l a r i t y of G r e e k s a n d J e w s , a n d t h e c u l t u r a l a c h i e v e m e n t s of t h e J e w s , are t h e t r u e b a s i s for t h e i r c l a i m s t o ' i s o p o l i t y ' . T h e o b l i g a t i o n t o p a y t h e laogra phia, h o w e v e r , p u t J e w s a n d E g y p t i a n s o n t h e s a m e l e v e l , a n d p n t i - S e m i t e s w e r e r e a d y t o m a k e t h e m o s t of s u c h a s i t u a t i o n . O n e of t h e fiercest A l e x a n d r i a n l e a d e r s i n t h e t i m e of C a l i g u l a , Isidoros, w h e n p r o s e c u t i n g t h e J e w i s h k i n g A g r i p p a before t h e h i g h I m p e r i a l c o u r t i n R o m e , a c c u s e d t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s o f b e i n g of t h e s a m e c h a r a c t e r a s E g y p t i a n s , b e c a u s e b o t h n a t i o n s w e r e s u b j e c t t o t h e p a y m e n t of t h e p o l l - t a x ( N o . 156c). J e w i s h w r i t e r s w e r e d e e p l y offended b y a c c u s a t i o n s of t h i s k i n d a n d t r i e d h a r d t o d r a w a c l e a r line of demarcation between Jews and E g y p t i a n s . Since the anti-Semites interpreted the obligation of t h e J e w s t o p a y the poll-tax as a sign t h a t t h e y ranked a s E g y p t i a n s , Jewish writers were especially anxious to emphasize the great 3 2
3 3
3 0
Josephus) entered t h e ranks of Alexandrian citiz e n s , t h e risings against J e w s began ( i b . 2. 69). T h e E g y p t i a n s called J e w s 'strangers' (peregrini),
3 1
although t h e y themselves had never been granted citizenship b y a n y king or emperor (ib. 2. 41, 71 sq.). Throughout their history t h e E g y p t i a n s h a d a l w a y s been a subject race (ib. 2. 127 s q . ) ; their religion w a s foolish a n d senseless ( i b . 1.
Vita Mos. 1. 34 sq. T h e end of t h e passage runs as f o l l o w s : anevSovres els dortiv laorifxlav KO.1 yeiTviaivTes r)8rj TroXlrais, oXlytp rtov avToxOdvwv Bia^epovTes. A different interpretation of this passage is g i v e n b y Wolfson, JBL Ixiii, 1944,
2 2
225). Philo's attitude towards t h e E g y p t i a n s is n o better. H e , t o o , considers t h e E g y p t i a n religion as e x t r e m e l y foolish (de decal. 76 s q q . ; de spec. leg. 2. 146; de vita contemp. 8 s q . ; a n d passim), a n d in h i s philosophical s y s t e m h e de-
165 sqq. According t o Josephus, E g y p t i a n s h a d a l w a y s been t h e greatest enemies of t h e J e w s (c. Ap. 1. 70), t h e first t o calumniate t h e m (ib. 1. 223). T h e J e w s of Alexandria h a d never been disturbed w h e n living side b y side w i t h Greeks and Macedonians: b u t as soon as E g y p t i a n s , and such m e n a s Apion (an E g y p t i a n , according t o
picts the E g y p t i a n people as symbolizing demoralization, sensuality, a n d generally t h e materialistic element of h u m a n life (de poster. Caini 156 s q . ; legum alleg. 2. 59; de sacrif. Abeli 48, and t h e l i k e ; cf. also de Abrah. 107; de agricult. 62; de spec. leg. 3. 23; leg. 166). F o r Philo's attitude towards t h e religion of t h e E g y p t i a n s see Wolfson, Philo, i. 30 sqq.
F . Pfister, 'Eine jiidische Griindungsgesch. Alexandrias', Silzb. Heidelb. Akad. 1914, x i . 22 sqq. According t o Goodenough, The Politics of Philo Judaeus, 1938, In Flaccum was intended t o be handed t o the new prefect of E g y p t w h o w a s t o replace Flaccus, a n d Legatio t o t h e Emperor Claudius.
3 3
64
PROLEGOMENA
i n j u r y c a u s e d t o J e w s b y t h e i m p o s i t i o n of t h i s i n v i d i o u s p o l l - t a x . A p a m p h l e t , n o t i n v e r y g o o d l i t e r a r y t a s t e , c o m p o s e d , as I b e l i e v e , in t h e t i m e of A u g u s t u s , a n d k n o w n a s t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s , b e a r s w i t n e s s t o t h e g r e a t c o n s t e r n a t i o n w h i c h s e i z e d t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w h e n t h e y l e a r n e d of t h e i m p o s i t i o n of t h e laographia. T h e g e n e r a l c e n s u s of t h e E g y p t i a n p e o p l e , o r g a n i z e d p r o b a b l y i n t h e 6 t h y e a r of A u g u s t u s ' r e i g n in o r d e r t o fix t h e n u m b e r of t h o s e liable t o p a y m e n t of t h e laographia for t h e n e x t y e a r , w a s a l l e g e d b y t h e a u t h o r of 3 M a c e , t o a p p l y o n l y t o J e w s a n d w a s e n o r m o u s l y e x a g g e r a t e d ; b e i n g r e c o r d e d for t h e laographia w a s i n t e r p r e t e d b y h i m as a m e a n s of e n s l a v i n g t h e Jewish people, and even annihilating i t . 3 4
T h e i m p o s i t i o n of laographia, a c a l a m i t y for J e w s a n d E g y p t i a n s , w a s w e l c o m e d b y G r e e k s , w h o s h o w e d t h e u t m o s t r e a d i n e s s in c o - o p e r a t i n g w i t h R o m a n officials in t h e s e a r c h for p e r s o n s e v a d i n g p a y m e n t . T h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t w a s k e e n l y a n x i o u s t h a t n o J e w o r E g y p t i a n l i a b l e t o laographia s h o u l d e v a d e it b y i n s c r i b i n g h i m s e l f a m o n g s t t h e epheboi, since g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n w a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e for c i t i z e n s h i p , a n d c i t i z e n s h i p w a s i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e p a y m e n t of p o l l - t a x . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s w e r e also i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s t r i c t fulfilment of t h e g o v e r n m e n t r e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g laographia, so t h a t t h e y m i g h t p r e s e r v e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l G r e e k f o r m of t h e i r polis a n d n o t t h r o w o p e n the doors to outsiders. T h i s presaged an alliance b e t w e e n R o m a n s and A l e x a n drian Greeks. A v e r y interesting document written under Augustus (probably i n t h e y e a r s 2 1 - 1 9 B . C . ) , t h e s o - c a l l e d 'jSouA^-papyrus' ( N o . 150), g i v e s s o m e i n f o r m a t i o n of t h e b a s e s of n e g o t i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n G r e e k s a n d t h e E m p e r o r . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n s w e r e e a g e r t o see t h e r e s t i t u t i o n of t h e i r c i t y c o u n c i l , l o s t in c i r c u m s t a n c e s n o t c l e a r l y k n o w n t o u s . I n r e t u r n t h e y p r o m i s e d t o t a k e u p o n t h e m s e l v e s t h e d u t i e s of t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o g u a r d a g a i n s t a n y n o n - G r e e k e l e m e n t s infiltrating i n t o t h e r a n k s of t h e epheboi. T h i s d o c u m e n t s h o w s u s t h a t , f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of R o m a n rule, t h e G r e e k s w e r e a n x i o u s t o q u a s h e v e r y a t t e m p t o n t h e p a r t of t h e J e w s t o p e n e t r a t e i n t o t h e i r r a n k s a n d a t t a i n e q u a l i t y of c i t i z e n s h i p w i t h t h e m . T h e y h o p e d t h a t t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t w o u l d a g r e e t o h e l p t h e m i n t h i s . I t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e a n t i S e m i t i c m o v e m e n t , f o s t e r e d earlier b y A l e x a n d r i a n p a t r i o t s , n o w t o o k d e e p r o o t i n t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n of t h e c a p i t a l , a n d a l t h o u g h n o d e t a i l s of i t s p r o g r a m m e in t h e r e i g n of A u g u s t u s are a v a i l a b l e , s o m e p i c t u r e m a y b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e w r i t i n g s of s u c h a n t i - S e m i t e s a s A p i o n , a n d from f a c t s a n d d o c u m e n t s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e d a y s of G a i u s C a l i g u l a a n d C l a u d i u s . T h e i r t e n e t s , e s s e n t i a l l y , w e r e a s f o l l o w s : J e w s are s t r a n g e r s ; t h e i r religion is a b s u r d ; t h e i r c u s t o m s a n d m a n n e r s o d d a n d b a r b a r o u s . T h e y h a t e o t h e r p e o p l e s a n d despise g o d s o t h e r t h a n t h e i r o w n . E g y p t i a n J e w s d o n o t differ f r o m n a t i v e E g y p t i a n s ; t h e y h a v e t h e s a m e m a n n e r s . N o J e w s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o e n t e r t h e r a n k s of G r e e k c i t i z e n s unless h e is w i l l i n g t o a b a n d o n h i s b a r b a r o u s c u s t o m s a n d t o w o r s h i p t h e c i t y g o d s . T h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of J e w s in g y m n a s t i c c o n t e s t s a n d t h e i r e n r o l m e n t i n t h e epheboi m u s t b e f o r b i d d e n . T h e y m u s t b e s h u t u p in a s e p a r a t e q u a r t e r , a n d n o p e r m i s s i o n t o c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h G r e e k s s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d t o t h e m so t h a t 35
3 4
Cf. m y article in Hebrew mentioned a b o v e , p. 22, n o t e 54. A n E g y p t i a n neglecting this order w a s 3 5
threatened with severe p u n i s h m e n t ; cf. Gnomon of the Idios Logos, 44.
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
65
the Greek c i t y m a y b e kept unpolluted. A l l their privileges are t o be abolished. A n d if a l l t h e s e m e a s u r e s s h o u l d n o t p r o v e s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c u r e t h i s p e o p l e of i t s h a t r e d of m a n k i n d a n d i t s c o n t e m p t for g o d s , t h e final m e a s u r e m u s t b e : t o b a n i s h t h e m f r o m t h e c i t y . S u c h w a s t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' , w o r k e d o u t b y t h e l e a d e r s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n a n t i - S e m i t e s a n d p r o b a b l y p r e s e n t e d t o t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t a s a possible m e a n s of r e c o n c i l i a t i o n b e t w e e n the Alexandrian patriots and the R o m a n government. A u g u s t u s would n o t accept this programme. H e did not grant the A l e x a n d r i a n s t h e i r c i t y c o u n c i l , n o r d i d C l a u d i u s s i x t y y e a r s after. R o m e h a d sufficient grounds for distrusting the A l e x a n d r i a n patriots a n d for discouraging their a s p i r a t i o n s t o w a r d s full f r e e d o m a n d a u t o n o m y . N e i t h e r c o u l d A u g u s t u s a b o l i s h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r i g h t of t h e J e w s ' t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o w n l a w s ' : t h a t w o u l d m a r k a b r e a k w i t h t h e o l d R o m a n t r a d i t i o n of c o n f i r m i n g t h e r i g h t s e x t a n t , a n d i t w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y p u t t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of t h e e n t i r e R o m a n E m p i r e i n t o a s t a t e of p e r m a n e n t a g i t a t i o n a n d r e v o l t . T i b e r i u s , o n t h e J e w i s h q u e s t i o n , a s i n a l l m a j o r issues, f o l l o w e d i n t h e s t e p s of A u g u s t u s . T h e a c c e s sion of G a i u s C a l i g u l a ( A . D . 37) i n a u g u r a t e d a n e w e p o c h . T h e n e w E m p e r o r i n t e n d e d t o rule o v e r t h e R o m a n E m p i r e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s of a H e l l e n istic m o n a r c h . T h e deification of t h e m o n a r c h w a s f u n d a m e n t a l w i t h e v e r y H e l l e n i s t i c ruler. T h e s y m p a t h i e s of C a l i g u l a f o r t h e G r e e k s , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r for A l e x a n d r i a , w e r e w e l l k n o w n , a n d t h e A l e x a n d r i a n p a t r i o t s b e g a n t o h o p e t h a t a t l a s t t h e i r d a y of v i c t o r y h a d a r r i v e d . A n d i n d e e d i t h a d . T h e l e a d e r s of the A l e x a n d r i a n patriots a n d anti-Semites, Isidoros, L a m p o n , a n d Dionysios, d i s p l a y e d f e v e r i s h a c t i v i t y . T h e p r e f e c t w a s F l a c c u s , a R o m a n of t h e o l d s c h o o l , w h o h a d b e e n o n v e r y g o o d t e r m s w i t h T i b e r i u s b u t h a d sufficient g r o u n d s t o f e a r t h e n e w E m p e r o r , w h o s e p r i n c i p l e s of g o v e r n m e n t w e r e n e w a n d s t r a n g e t o h i m . I t w a s e a s y , therefore, f o r t h e A l e x a n d r i a n l e a d e r s t o p e r s u a d e t h e o l d R o m a n t h a t his career w a s dependent upon them, a n d t h a t he h a d t o d o as t h e y w i s h e d if h e desired t o b e o n g o o d t e r m s w i t h t h e n e w E m p e r o r . W i t h t h e p r e f e c t o n t h e i r side, t h e y c o u l d s t a r t t o c a r r y o u t t h e i r p r o g r a m m e . A c h a n c e v i s i t of the Jewish king, A g r i p p a I, a n event w h i c h greatly roused the Jews, provided t h e p r e t e x t for v i o l e n t a g i t a t i o n a m o n g t h e A l e x a n d r i a n m o b . S t i r r e d u p b y a n t i Semites, the Alexandrians streamed into the theatre a n d demanded the erection of i m a g e s of t h e E m p e r o r i n t h e s y n a g o g u e s . P r o b a b l y t h e p o l l u t i o n of t h e s y n a g o g u e s i n t h i s w a y w a s i m m e d i a t e l y effected, a n d a s a r e s u l t t h e J e w i s h religious c u l t a u t o m a t i c a l l y c e a s e d . T h i s w a s a n o p e n v i o l a t i o n of t h e t r a d i 3 6
3 7
3 6
T h e 'theoretical' i t e m s of this programme (the scorn felt for t h e g o d s ; t h e misanthropia, i.e. t h e hatred of m a n k i n d ; t h e Jewish religion as barbara superstitio) were gradually deve loped b y anti-Semitic authors from Manetho (3rd century B.C.) t o A p i o n , a n d later briefly summarized b y Tacitus (hist. 5. 2 sqq.). T h e 'practical' items (the exclusion of t h e J e w s from g y m n a s t i c contests, their similarity t o t h e E g y p t i a n s , their foreign origin a n d their u n familiarity t o Alexandrians, etc.) c a n b e recon structed from m a n y separate hints in t h e papyri, B 2909
and especially i n t h e A c t s of t h e Alexandrian Martyrs ( N o s . 154-9). S e e , o n Alexandrian antiSemitism, Bell, JRS x x x i . 1 s q q . ; Segre\ Jew. Soc. Stud. viii. 127 s q q . 3 7
T h e persecution of the J e w s i n R o m e during his reign had a local reason a n d did n o t affect t h e fate of the J e w s i n t h e R o m a n Empire i n general. T h e persecution is ascribed b y our sources t o Sejanus, n o t t o t h e Emperor himself, and it s e e m s t h a t after t h e fall of Sejanus (A.D. 31) Tiberius suspended t h e anti-Jewish policy. S e e leg. 160;
Euseb. hist, eccles. 2. 5.
66
PROLEGOMENA
t i o n a l rights of t h e J e w s . T h e p r e f e c t h a d n o w t o c h o o s e b e t w e e n p r o t e c t i n g t h e J e w s ' franchises a n d f o l l o w i n g t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c p o l i c y ; if he c h o s e t h e f o r m e r , it w a s his d u t y t o r e m o v e the E m p e r o r ' s statues from the synagogues, w h i c h c o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d in R o m e a s a n a c t of h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d s t h e E m p e r o r . H e chose the latter. A n edict w a s issued b y F l a c c u s , p r o b a b l y aiming at strict definition of J e w i s h p r i v i l e g e s a s i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s . T h e t e x t of t h e e d i c t is n o t e x t a n t ; t h i s m u c h is k n o w n , t h a t F l a c c u s p r o c l a i m e d t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s t o b e 'foreigners a n d a l i e n s ' (|eVot /cat eV^AuSe?) (Flacc. 54). T h i s w a s t h e first g r e a t v i c t o r y of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s : t h e i r thesis t h a t J e w s w e r e s t r a n g e r s w a s a d o p t e d a n d officially p r o c l a i m e d b y t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t . A l l e n s u i n g a c t i o n s w e r e m e r e l y i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s b a s i c principle. A l l J e w s w e r e s h u t u p in o n e q u a r t e r , t o p r e v e n t a n y c o n t a g i o n t o G r e e k s f r o m t h i s b a r b a r o u s p e o p l e ; w h e n J e w s w e r e f o r c e d b y t h e s c a r c i t y of f o o d t o l e a v e t h e i r q u a r t e r a n d t o a p p e a r in t h e m a r k e t - p l a c e , t h e y w e r e p u r s u e d a n d s l a u g h t e r e d . T h e h o u s e s of J e w s w e r e p l u n d e r e d , t h e i r g o o d s s t o l e n o r d e s t r o y e d . M e m b e r s of t h e J e w i s h gerousia w e r e flogged w i t h w h i p s in t h e t h e a t r e before all t h e w o r l d in t h e s a m e w a y as were c o m m o n E g y p t i a n s , t h o u g h until then an old custom h a d pre s e r v e d t o J e w s t h e p r i v i l e g e of b e i n g p u n i s h e d l i k e A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s (see above, p. 41). T h u s Jewish a u t o n o m y w a s w h o l l y abolished, and w i t h un r e m i t t i n g s e v e r i t y t h e J e w s w e r e d r i v e n o u t of t h e G r e e k c i t y a n d s h u t a w a y in a g h e t t o . S u c h w a s t h e first p o g r o m in J e w i s h h i s t o r y ( A . D . 3 8 ) . 38
T h e r e a c t i o n of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w a s t w o f o l d . T h e rich a n d influential classes of t h e c o m m u n i t y d i d n o t i n t e n d t o b r e a k off all r e l a t i o n s w i t h G r e e k s o c i e t y . P h i l o w a s o n e of t h o s e w h o s o u g h t a w a y of r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . H i s t w o h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s d e v o t e d t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e p o g r o m , t h e In Flaccum a n d t h e Legatio ad Gaium, s t r i k e u s a s g i v i n g a s o m e w h a t n a i v e a n d simplified c o n c e p t i o n of t h e c a u s e s a n d r e a s o n s of t h e p o g r o m . N o serious i n q u i r y i n t o t h e d e e p e r m o t i v e s of t h e a n t i - J e w i s h m o v e m e n t is m a d e , or e v e n a t t e m p t e d . H e blames the unruly a n d undisciplined A l e x a n d r i a n m o b and the dishonest a n d w o r t h l e s s s c o u n d r e l s , s u c h a s I s i d o r o s a n d his c o m r a d e s ; h e also b l a m e s t h e R o m a n p r e f e c t , w h o h a s b e t r a y e d his p o s t a s t h e s u p r e m e g u a r d i a n of l a w a n d order. P h i l o d o e s n o t d r a w t h e l o g i c a l c o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h e f a c t w h i c h h e h i m s e l f h a s r e c o r d e d , t h a t I s i d o r o s a n d L a m p o n w e r e gymnasiarchoi, i.e. m e n a t t h e h e a d of t h e e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n of t h e G r e e k c i t y , a n d , a s s u c h , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e c u l t u r e d e l e m e n t of t h e G r e e k c o m m u n i t y , t h o u g h p r o b a b l y n o t of t h e a r i s t o c r a c y of A l e x a n d r i a (see t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o N o . 156). H e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c m o v e m e n t arose a s a n e x p r e s s i o n of t h e w i c k e d i d e a s of a s m a l l m i n o r i t y c e n t r e d in p o p u l a r c l u b s (eVaipefat /cat avvoSoi), a n d n o t as t h e c o n sidered decision of t h e e n t i r e G r e e k c i t y - c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a , w h i c h w a s d e t e r m i n e d n o t t o g i v e t o J e w s a c c e s s t o c i t y affairs n o r t o p e r m i t t h e m t o e n t e r t h e r a n k s of c i t i z e n s . I m b u e d a s h e w a s w i t h G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y a n d m o d e s of t h o u g h t , h e c o u l d n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h e G r e e k i n t e l l i g e n t s i a of A l e x a n d r i a c o n s i d e r e d J e w s t o b e a s t r a n g e a n d p e r n i c i o u s e l e m e n t in t h e polis. A s for t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t h e h a d n o l o v e for it, b u t h e b e l i e v e d t h a t it w a s R o m e ' s 3 8
T h e e v e n t s of A . D . 38 in Alexandria h a v e frequently been described in modern literature, Cf. Willrich, Klio, iii, 1903, 397 s q q . ; Schiirer, i.
495 s q q . ; Bell, Juden und Griechen, 16 s q q . ; B a l s d o n , The Emperor Gaius, 1934, 125 s q q . ; B o x in his edition of Philo's in Flaccum, p p . x x x v i i i s q q .
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
67
mission to establish l a w and order throughout the world, and he could hardly a g r e e t h a t t h e v e r y p r i n c i p l e s of R o m a n rule i n t h e O r i e n t c r e a t e d a p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n w h i c h m a r k e d E g y p t i a n J e w s w i t h t h e s t i g m a of i n f e r i o r i t y . If i n s o m e c a s e s (as i n A . D . 38) R o m a n s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n a n a n t i - S e m i t i c m o v e m e n t , the responsibility l a y w i t h individuals, like the m a d E m p e r o r Gaius or the faith less p r e f e c t F l a c c u s . T h e s e p e r s o n s h a d , of course, t o b e p u n i s h e d , b u t s u c h p u n i s h m e n t w a s in G o d ' s h a n d s , n o t in t h o s e of m o r t a l m e n (cf. Flacc. 121 s q q . ; de praem. et poen. 169 s q q . ) . P h i l o ' s p o l i t i c a l p r o g r a m m e w a s a l o g i c a l result of these basic principles. T h e anti-Semitic leaders h a d to be opposed b y e v e r y m e a n s , b u t t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e m h a d t o b e f o u g h t o u t n o t in A l e x a n d r i a b u t in R o m e , a n d n o t b y force of a r m s b u t b y m e t h o d s of i n s t r u c t i o n a n d e l u c i d a t i o n . T h e rulers of R o m e w e r e p r o b a b l y m i s l e d b y b a d a d v i s e r s ; t h e y w e r e not aware t h a t the anti-Semitic leaders were dangerous, not only to Jews, b u t also t o R o m a n rule in E g y p t ; t h e y h a d n o c l e a r k n o w l e d g e of t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Jewish rights granted b y the Ptolemies and confirmed b y A u g u s t u s ; and t h e y h a d o v e r l o o k e d t h e f a c t t h a t J e w s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d c o u l d , i n c e r t a i n cir cumstances, unite to become a danger to the R o m a n Empire. These were the p r i n c i p a l issues t o b e d i s c u s s e d in R o m e before t h e E m p e r o r . 39
P h i l o ' s p o l i c y w a s n o t a result of his i n d i v i d u a l c o g i t a t i o n s b u t a n e x p r e s s i o n of a m o d e of t h o u g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a w h o l e social class. T h e r e is n o difficulty i n r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t P h i l o ' s i d e a s of r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e G r e e k s w e r e d i r e c t l y in line w i t h t h e i d e a s of A r i s t e a s . P h i l o , t h e b r o t h e r of t h e r i c h b a n k e r A l e x a n d e r , h a d b e e n b r o u g h t u p i n a n a t m o s p h e r e of s o l i d a r i t y w i t h his G r e e k n e i g h b o u r s , a n d , l i k e all J e w s of h i g h s t a n d i n g , h a d n o i n t e n t i o n of b r e a k i n g e i t h e r w i t h t h e m or w i t h R o m e . A n d since t h e h i g h e r circles of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n in A l e x a n d r i a , t h e r i c h b a n k e r s , m e r c h a n t s , a n d s h i p o w n e r s , w e r e t h e r e a l rulers of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , t h e i r p o l i c y w a s a d o p t e d a s t h e official p o l i c y of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . A n e m b a s s y of five p e r s o n s , h e a d e d b y P h i l o , w a s s e n t t o R o m e for t h e p u r p o s e of e x p l a i n i n g t o t h e E m p e r o r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r i g h t s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n A l e x a n d r i a . T h e G r e e k s , for t h e i r p a r t , sent a c o u n t e r - e m b a s s y , h e a d e d b y A p i o n , o n e of t h e m o s t s t u b b o r n l e a d e r s of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s . S o t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' , for t h e first t i m e i n h i s t o r y , w a s t o b e discussed before a h i g h t r i b u n a l , a n d t h e fate of t h e J e w s w a s t o b e settled b y diplomatic means. 4 0
Y e t t h e r e w e r e classes of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n in A l e x a n d r i a w h i c h c o u l d n o t a g r e e w i t h t h e official p o l i c y of t h e l e a d i n g p e r s o n a l i t i e s of t h e c o m m u n i t y . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen t h a t t h e influence of P a l e s t i n e o n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w a s v e r y s t r o n g . F r o m t h e t i m e of t h e first H a s m o n a e a n s t h i s influence h a d n e v e r f a v o u r e d a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e G r e e k s . A f t e r t h e a n n i h i l a t i o n of t h e H a s m o n a e a n S t a t e b y t h e R o m a n s t h i s influence w a s e v e n m o r e i m b u e d w i t h n a t i o n a l s p i r i t t h a n i t h a d b e e n a h u n d r e d y e a r s earlier. K i n g H e r o d , i n t h e t i m e of A u g u s t u s , w a s n o m o r e t h a n a c r e a t u r e of R o m e , a n d h i s p r o - H e l l e n i s t i c a n d p r o - R o m a n p o l i c y , a c c o m p a n i e d b y r u t h l e s s c r u e l t y t o w a r d s his J e w i s h s u b j e c t s , 3 9
For Philo's a t t i t u d e towards R o m e see Goodenough, The Politics of Philo Judaeus, 1938; Sterling Tracy, Philo Judaeus and the Roman Principate, 1933.
4 0
T h e figure of five persons is g i v e n b y Philo himself (leg. 370). Philo's evidence m u s t be preferred t o t h a t of Josephus w h o speaks of three m e m b e r s of each e m b a s s y (ant. 18. 257).
68
PROLEGOMENA
s o w e d t h e s e e d s of l a t e r d i s t u r b a n c e s . T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of J u d a e a i n t o a R o m a n p r o v i n c e i n A . D . 6, a n d t h e g e n e r a l c e n s u s h e l d i n t h e n e w p r o v i n c e t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , l e d t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e p a t r i o t i c a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y f a c t i o n of Z e a l o t s , a n d f r o m t h i s t i m e o n , p e a c e c o u l d n o t b e e x p e c t e d t o p r e v a i l i n J u d a e a . H a t r e d of R o m e w a s n o w t h e s l o g a n of J e w i s h P a l e s t i n e . N o w o n d e r t h a t t h e l o w e r s t r a t a of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t , less i n t o u c h w i t h t h e Greeks and more deeply devoted to the national tradition, were highly suscep t i b l e t o t h e influence of P a l e s t i n i a n J e w r y , w h o s e h a t r e d of R o m e w a s c o n t a g i o u s . I t m a y b e r e c a l l e d t h a t , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e i m p o s i t i o n of t h e laographia, A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s h a d g o o d r e a s o n s of t h e i r o w n t o h a t e R o m e . T h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s m a y s e r v e a s g o o d e v i d e n c e of s u c h h a t r e d . I t is curious t h a t Greeks, as such, seldom appear in this b o o k , and w h e n t h e y do, t h e y are n o t r e p r e s e n t e d as hostile t o J e w s (3. 8 s q q . ) . T h e a u t h o r ' s e n t i r e h a t r e d is c o n c e n t r a t e d a g a i n s t t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d a g a i n s t J e w i s h t r a i t o r s . T h e g o v e r n m e n t i n 3 M a c e , is d e p i c t e d a s t h a t of t h e P t o l e m a i c K i n g P h i l o p a t o r ; b u t in m y o p i n i o n (as a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d ) t h e final c o m p o s i t i o n of t h i s p a m p h l e t m a y b e a s s i g n e d t o A u g u s t u s ' t i m e , so t h a t t h e feelings of t h e a u t h o r t o w a r d s t h e ' P t o l e m a i c ' g o v e r n m e n t are t o b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s d i c t a t e d b y his fierce h a t r e d of t h e R o m a n s . E v e n m o r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c is h i s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t r a i t o r s . T h e t r a i t o r s are t h o s e J e w s w h o h a v e p r e f e r r e d t o r e c e i v e t h e k i n g ' s g r a n t of A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s h i p i n e x c h a n g e for t h e i r a b a n d o n m e n t of t h e J e w i s h f a i t h (2. 3 1 ) ; t h e a u t h o r r e c o r d s w i t h g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n t h e fierce s l a u g h t e r a m o n g t h e m c a r r i e d o u t b y J e w s w h o r e m a i n e d faithful t o J e w i s h t r a d i t i o n (7. 10 s q q . ) . S u c h w a s t h e w a y of feeling a n d t h i n k i n g a m o n g t h e l o w e r classes of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e a t t e m p t t o s e t t l e t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' b y p e a c e f u l m e t h o d s of n e g o t i a t i o n a n d discussion f o u n d l i t t l e s y m p a t h y a m o n g t h e m . T h e r e w a s a n o t h e r w a y of s e t t l i n g t h e q u e s t i o n : b y force of a r m s . T h e J e w i s h d e m a g o g u e s c o u l d s c a r c e l y h o p e for a t o t a l v i c t o r y o v e r G r e e k s a n d R o m a n s , b u t feelings of h a t r e d a n d t h e desire for v e n g e a n c e are s e l d o m a c c o m p a n i e d b y s o u n d r e a s o n i n g ; t o m a k e a b e g i n n i n g w a s of t h e first i m p o r t a n c e , a n d G o d w o u l d t a k e c a r e of w h a t f o l l o w e d . T w o i m p o r t a n t s t e p s w e r e t a k e n , p r o b a b l y w i t h o u t a n y c o n t r o l o n t h e p a r t of t h e official J e w i s h a u t h o r i t i e s : a r m s w e r e s m u g g l e d i n t o t h e J e w i s h q u a r t e r , a n d e n v o y s w e r e s e n t t o J e w s i n t h e E g y p t i a n chora a n d i n P a l e s t i n e t o i n v i t e t h e m t o c o m e t o t h e h e l p of t h e i r b r e t h r e n i n A l e x a n d r i a . 41
4 2
4 1
On t h e rise of the Zealots' party in Palestine and its programme see Klausner, A History of the Second Commonwealth, i v , 2nd e d . , 200 sqq. (in H e b r e w ) ; Bonsirven, Le Judaisme Palestinien, i, 1924, 58 s q . ; Fairweather, The Background of the Gospels, 1920, 195 s q . For J u d a s of Galilee, t h e founder of the Zealots' p a r t y , and his family see J . Spencer K e n n a r d , JQR x x x v i , 1945/6, 281 s q q . A detailed history of t h e Zealots' party, of its ideals and aspirations, of various factions inside it, is as y e t unwritten. 4 2
Neither fact is anywhere directly a t t e s t e d , y e t t h e y m a y b e deduced from s o m e indirect evidence. Flaccus ordered a search for arms in t h e J e w i s h quarter, a n d , according t o P h i l o , n o arms
were found because there were none (Flacc. 90). T h a t is an e x a g g e r a t i o n ; y e t the whole descrip tion of the pogrom reveals t h a t in A.D. 38 J e w s were not able t o fight their enemies and were easily subdued. H o w did t h e y a t t a c k the Greeks in A.D. 41 w i t h such vigour t h a t R o m a n legions were needed t o s t o p t h e m ? There is little d o u b t t h a t a large q u a n t i t y of arms w a s either smuggled into t h e c i t y or m a d e in the secret forges of t h e g h e t t o . Cf. for a similar proceeding the situation in Carthage at the beginning of the third Punic w a r : 'all t h e sacred places of t h e c i t y , t e m p l e s , and every other wide space, were turned into w o r k s h o p s ; m e n and w o m e n worked together d a y and night, without pause, taking their g o o d s
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
69
T h u s , at the v e r y time t h a t Philo w a s debating the Jewish case before the E m p e r o r , p r e p a r a t i o n s for a n u p r i s i n g w e r e g o i n g f o r w a r d . T h e f a t e of t h e J e w i s h e m b a s s y is t o o w e l l k n o w n t o b e r e c o r d e d here i n d e t a i l . P h i l o a n d his fellow e n v o y s w a i t e d for m o n t h s before b e i n g g r a n t e d a n audience. W h e n at last t h e y were received b y Caligula, t h e y were m e t w i t h c o n t e m p t o n t h e p a r t of t h e E m p e r o r a n d ridicule a n d m o c k e r y f r o m h i s c o u r t i e r s . P h i l o ' s m i s s i o n w a s a c o m p l e t e failure. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e g r a v i t y of t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s i n c r e a s e d b y C a l i g u l a ' s o r d e r t h a t his s t a t u e s h o u l d b e e r e c t e d i n t h e T e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m . T h e r e c o u l d b e n o d o u b t a s t o t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e J e w s h a d t h i s o r d e r b e e n c a r r i e d o u t : t h e entire J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e w o u l d h a v e r e v o l t e d . I t s e e m e d t h a t t h e t i m e for q u i e t d e l i b e r a t i o n w a s p a s t a n d t h a t t h e f a t e of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e h a d n o w t o b e d e c i d e d , n o t b y negotiation, b u t in an open struggle. A n d suddenly the entire situation c h a n g e d : o n t h e 24th of J a n u a r y A . D . 41 C a l i g u l a w a s a s s a s s i n a t e d b y a s m a l l g r o u p of m i l i t a r y c o n s p i r a t o r s , a n d o n t h e 25th a n e w E m p e r o r , C l a u d i u s , w a s p r o c l a i m e d b y t h e P r a e t o r i a n soldiers. T h e n e w E m p e r o r h a d n o i n t e n t i o n of p u r s u i n g t h e H e l l e n i s t i c p o l i c y of his p r e d e c e s s o r : he r e t u r n e d t o t h e s o u n d p r i n c i p l e s of A u g u s t u s ' p o l i t i c s . I t is e a s y t o i m a g i n e t h e i m m e d i a t e a n d c o m p l e t e c o l l a p s e of t h e h o t - h e a d e d A l e x a n d r i a n p a t r i o t s w h e n t h e n e w s of C a l i g u l a ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n r e a c h e d A l e x a n d r i a . T h i s w a s t h e m o m e n t for J e w s t o t a k e v e n g e a n c e . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s arose s u d d e n l y in a r m s , a n d , s t r e n g t h e n e d b y their brethren from E g y p t and Palestine, made an assault upon the Greek p o p u l a t i o n of t h e c a p i t a l . J o s e p h u s , r e c o r d i n g t h i s e v e n t i n ant. 19. 278, d o e s n o t d e s c r i b e it i n full d e t a i l , b u t t h e s t r u g g l e w a s p r o b a b l y fierce a n d s t u b b o r n , since it p r o v o k e d military intervention. R o m a n arms put an end to the rioting and b l o o d s h e d (ib. 279), b u t t h e conflict b e t w e e n G r e e k s a n d J e w s w a s n o t t o b e s o l v e d b y force of a r m s : t h e final decision d e p e n d e d u p o n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e w h o l e affair before t h e c o u r t of t h e E m p e r o r a t R o m e . 43
44
A . D . 41 w a s a c r u c i a l y e a r i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s . I n t h i s y e a r a final decision c o n c e r n i n g J e w i s h p r i v i l e g e s in A l e x a n d r i a w a s t a k e n , a n d , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e i r c i v i c r i g h t s w a s finally s e t t l e d . W e h a v e a t our disposal three d o c u m e n t a r y sources composed during this year. These docu m e n t s a r e : (1) t h e e d i c t of C l a u d i u s i n f a v o u r of t h e J e w s , issued i n R o m e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e n e w r e i g n {ant. 19. 280 s q q . ) ; (2) t h e Acta Isidori—fragments of a n t i - S e m i t i c l i t e r a t u r e k n o w n a s ' T h e A c t s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n M a r t y r s ' a n d b e a r i n g o n t h e t r i a l of t w o of t h e l e a d e r s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n a n t i - S e m i t e s , I s i d o r e s a n d L a m p o n , before C l a u d i u s o n t h e 30th of A p r i l a n d t h e 1st of M a y 41 ( N o . 1 5 6 ) ; (3) t h e l e t t e r of C l a u d i u s t o t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s , d i s p l a y e d p u b l i c l y in E g y p t o n t h e 10th of N o v e m b e r 4 1 . O f t h e s e d o c u m e n t s , o n l y t h e l e t t e r of C l a u d i u s e v o k e s n o q u e s t i o n of i t s a u t h e n t i c i t y o r t h e t i m e of i t s c o m p o s i t i o n ; b y turns, on a fixed schedule' (Appian, Lib. 13, 93). A s for inviting the foreign J e w s from the E g y p t i a n chora and Palestine t o come t o t h e help of the J e w s in Alexandria, t h e fact is attested b y the relevant prohibition post factum proclaimed b y Claudius in his letter ( N o . 1 5 3 , 1 1 . 96 sq.). Philo himself described the fate o f the e m 4 3
bassy a t length in his Legatio ad Gaiutn, and modern scholars can do no more t h a n g i v e a paraphrase of his account, S u e t . Claud, n . 2; cf. Momigliano, Claudius, the Emperor and His Achievement, 1934, 24; Charlesworth, CAH x . 669. 4 4
70
P R O L E G O M E N A
b o t h t h e o t h e r d o c u m e n t s m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e o n l y after careful e x a m i n a t i o n . A s t o t h e t r i a l of I s i d o r o s , t h e o p i n i o n s of s c h o l a r s a r e d i v i d e d a s t o w h e t h e r i t t o o k p l a c e i n A . D . 41 o r 5 3 . 1 h a v e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e earlier d a t e is t h e c o r r e c t o n e ; t h e r e a d e r w i l l find m y r e a s o n s g i v e n i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o N o . 156. T h e p e c u l i a r c h a r a c t e r of t h e c u r i o u s l i t e r a t u r e of t h e ' A c t s ' o u g h t also t o b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h e n t h e h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e of Acta Isidori is c o n s i d e r e d ; t h i s q u e s t i o n is d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o N o s . 154-9. P r o b l e m s of a n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r arise a s t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e o f t h e e d i c t of C l a u d i u s . D i d J o s e p h u s p r e s e r v e t h e precise t e x t of t h e e d i c t ? T h e m a j o r i t y of s c h o l a r s incline towards t h e opinion t h a t he d i d so, b u t I cannot share this optimistic view. A d m i t t e d l y , t h e w o r d i n g of t h e e d i c t i n ant. 19. 280 s q q . i s b a s e d o n t h e a u t h e n t i c t e x t of t h e e d i c t , a s c a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y s o m e p a s s a g e s c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l t o c e r t a i n p a s s a g e s i n t h e l e t t e r of C l a u d i u s . Y e t t h e a u t h e n t i c t e x t of t h e e d i c t w a s u n d o u b t e d l y modified b y s o m e o n e , w h o a d d e d s o m e p h r a s e s a n d s l i g h t l y c h a n g e d o t h e r s so a s t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e e d i c t t o h i s o w n w i s h e s . T h i s f o r g e r y w a s u s e d b y J o s e p h u s a s a t r u e e d i c t of C l a u d i u s . T h e f o r g e d p a s s a g e s s t r o n g l y c o n t r a d i c t t h e i d e a s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e l e t t e r of C l a u d i u s a n d o u g h t t o b e d e l e t e d before w e u s e t h e e d i c t a s a n h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e r e l a t i n g t o e v e n t s of A . D . 4 1 . W e h a v e n e x t t h e d u t y t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e w h o l e series of e v e n t s i n c h r o n o 4 5
4 5
T h e authenticity of t h e edict of Claudius i n ant. 19. 280-5 h been frequently questioned, especially some passages (cf., for e x a m p l e , T h . Reinach, REJ l x x i x , 1924, 124 sqq.), b u t o n t h e whole scholars incline towards confirming the authorship of Claudius. (The opposite opinion of Zielinski, Rev. de VUniv. de Bruxelles, N o . 2, decembre 1926-janvier 1927, 1 s q q . , affirming the complete falsification of t h e edict b y Jose p h u s , is based o n t h e false presumption that t h e letter of Claudius is t h e authentic t e x t of t h e edict.) T h e only w a y of solving t h e question is b y comparison of t h e edict w i t h t h e letter of Clau dius ( N o . 153): parts of t h e edict which are in accordance w i t h t h e letter are t o b e regarded a s authentic, those t h a t are in direct contradiction are t o b e looked u p o n a s forged a n d so should b e disregarded. A s authentic passages w e m a y c o n sider : (r) Augustus' wish t o preserve for everyone his right t o conform t o his o w n c u s t o m s (ep,p.evovr a s TO i s (8IOT; e d e o i ) a n d n o t t o b e compelled t o violate his o w n religion (p.i) irapafiaivew dvayKa ofievovs rr)v irovrpiov dpr/aKeiav); (2) t h e restoration of Jewish traditional rights ( 8 I * a i a a n d 81/caicufiara) abolished under Gaius (vXdooeoOat. be a
s
r
avrots
Kal rd
admonition {d(i(f)OTepois iroirjoaadai
irporepov
8iKaid>p.ara
to both 8e
sides
8iaKeXevop.ai
npovoiav
K.T.X.)
; (3)
t o preserve rots
OITOJS [irjSefita
the
peace
pepeat
•nXetoTrjv
rapaxi)
yevr)Ta£).
T h e forgery is particularly obvious in t h e first sentence of t h e e d i c t : emyvoiis dveKadev rovs ev AXe£av8pela
'JouSai'ous,
avyKarotKiadevras
rois
AXe£av8peZs irpwrois
Xeyopevovs, evdvs
Kaipois
XXe£av8pevoi
Kal iar]s
iroXireias
-rtapa ra>v
fiamXecov
Here three items are incompatible w i t h the l e t t e r : (1) AXegavBpeis in a n official d o c u m e n t m e a n s 'citizens of Alexandria', a n d Claudius in his letter h a s written t h a t J e w s are dwelling 'in a city not their own' and consequently are n o t citi zens of Alexandria. Besides, AXegav8pet$, as w e h a v e already seen (p. 41, note 102), m i g h t h a v e a special meaning of 'citizens n o t included in tribes and demes'. W o u l d Claudius h a v e published his edict for this particular group of J e w s o n l y ? (2) J e w s , s a y s Claudius in t h e edict, h a v e dwelt in Alexandria 'from i t s earliest t i m e s ' ; i n other words, t h e y h a d been settled there b y Alexander, and t h e Jewish noXLrevp.a is a s old a s t h e Greek city. This s t a t e m e n t corresponds with analogous s t a t e m e n t s b y J o s e p h u s ; y e t Claudius in h i s letter speaks of J e w s dwelling in t h e t o w n 'from olden times' (eV -noXXwv xpdvwv), and this more limited definition, simple a n d devoid of a n y bias, is t h e only one which is possible in the m o u t h of the Emperor. (3) J e w s h a v e 'isopolity' with t h e Alexandrians. This term cannot be interpreted in the sense t h a t 'the Jewish c o m m u n i t y w a s in fact a c i t y , . . . w i t h powers practically equal . . . t o those of the Alexandrians' (Bell, Jews and Chris tians, 16). T h e 10-17 iroXiTeia is a juridical term meaning that all t h e citizens of a certain city enjoy civic rights in another (cf. a b o v e , p . 40, note 101). This s t a t e m e n t contradicts t h e letter no less t h a n d o t h e words about t h e 'so-called Alexandrians'. Further, t h e passage concerning the abolition of t h e office of t h e ethnarch h a s rervxdras.
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
7i
l o g i c a l order. H e r e b e g i n t h e r e a l difficulties. S t r a n g e l y e n o u g h , t h i s a b u n d a n c e of s o u r c e s is l i k e l y t o c o m p l i c a t e r a t h e r t h a n f a c i l i t a t e t h e t a s k of t h e h i s t o r i a n . E v e r y s c h o l a r h a s a t h e o r y of his o w n a s t o t h e s e q u e n c e of e v e n t s a n d t h e i r p o l i t i c a l significance, t h o u g h e v e r y t h e o r y is b a s e d o n a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s a m e s o u r c e s . T h i s w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d b y t h e r e a d e r w h o c o n s u l t s t h e re s p e c t i v e p a s s a g e s in t h e c o m m e n t a r i e s t o N o s . 153 a n d 156. W h e t h e r I h a v e c o r r e c t l y r e c o n s t r u c t e d t h e s e q u e n c e of e v e n t s I c a n n o t s a y ; i n t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of o u r k n o w l e d g e n o final c o n c l u s i o n s are p o s s i b l e . T h e r e a d e r w i l l find t h e w h o l e b o d y of e v i d e n c e i n N o s . 153 a n d 156. H e r e o n l y a s u m m a r y w i l l b e g i v e n . T h e first d e l i b e r a t i o n o n t h e J e w i s h q u e s t i o n before C l a u d i u s t o o k p l a c e a s h o r t t i m e after C l a u d i u s ' a c c e s s i o n t o t h e t h r o n e . I t w a s t h e J e w i s h k i n g A g r i p p a I , a p e r s o n a l friend of t h e n e w E m p e r o r , w h o u s e d his influence t o s p e e d t h e discussions. Y e t C l a u d i u s w a s n o t l i k e l y t o d e c i d e t h e q u e s t i o n m e r e l y u p o n t h e r e q u e s t of his f r i e n d : h e w i s h e d t o h e a r t h e a r g u m e n t s of b o t h sides. I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s c o u l d s e n d a n e m b a s s y t o R o m e w i t h so l i t t l e t i m e for p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d it is r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s were represented b y Philo's delegation. This delegation had been received b y G a i u s a s h o r t t i m e before his a s s a s s i n a t i o n , a n d since t h e r e w a s l i t t l e s h i p p i n g d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r , w e m a y s u p p o s e t h a t i t w a s still in R o m e . T h e s a m e a r g u m e n t h o l d s for t h e G r e e k d e l e g a t i o n of A p i o n . I s i d o r e s , w h o w a s p r o b a b l y a m e m b e r of t h i s d e l e g a t i o n , w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e c o u r t w h e n P h i l o w a s r e c e i v e d b y G a i u s . S o t h e t w o d e l e g a t i o n s m e t a g a i n , b u t t h i s t i m e t h e chief j u d g e w a s n o t a w o u l d - b e H e l l e n i s t i c ruler, a l m o s t m a d in his e n d e a v o u r t o b e c o m e a g o d , b u t a n E m p e r o r r e a r e d i n t h e t r a d i t i o n of R o m a n virtus, a s c h o l a r v e r s e d i n h i s t o r i c a l s t u d i e s , a n d a s t a t e s m a n of p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . H e w a s n o t t h e m a n t o a c c e p t t h e p r o g r a m m e of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s . A u g u s t u s ' a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e J e w s f o r m e d t h e b a s i s of his o w n p o l i c y : h e c o n f i r m e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r i v i l e g e s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s a n d r e s t o r e d t h e s t a t e of affairs w h i c h h a d e x i s t e d before t h e p o g r o m . A n e d i c t w a s p r o m u l g a t e d in f a v o u r of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s : i t c o n f i r m e d t h e i r r i g h t t o five a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o w n l a w s ; t h e J e w i s h r e l i g i o u s 4 6
been altered, as we h a v e already stated a b o v e , in a s o m e w h a t arbitrary manner (p. 57, n o t e 22). Other passages, such as the evidence of Ptolemaic d o c u m e n t s (281), the preservation of Jewish rights b y R o m a n prefects (282), the assault of Alexandrians on J e w s as caused b y the madness of Gaius (284), t h o u g h n o t confirmed b y t h e letter, do not contradict it and we have n o reason t o disregard t h e m . T h e major portion of the d o c u m e n t , consequently, m a y be considered as authentic. It seems t h a t e v e n the suspected pas sages were only very slightly changed, so t h a t the previous t e x t m a y easily be restored. The first passage, for e x a m p l e , in its genuine form, ran per h a p s as follows : imyvovs aveKadev rovs ev AXe£avSpela Xpovwv fiaoiXetDV
'IovSaiovs, AXe£av8pevoi Tervxpras,
ovyKCLTOiKiodevras KCU I8ias Kadws
etc
iroXireias
(jtavepov
•noXXdjv irapa
iyevero
TWV K.T.X.
For additional points of resemblance and dis
crepancy between t h e edict and t h e letter cf. some notes t o N o . 153,11. 82-88. This first deliberation on Jewish affairs be fore Claudius is attested in 11. 87 s q . of his l e t t e r : 4 6
a.7T€p
KCU. iywi
Siaxovoas
ap.tf>OTepa)v
ejSejStu'coaa;
cf.
N o . 153, note ad loc. The evidence of the first deliberation, furnished b y the letter of Claudius, is important for the promulgation of his edict. Aiaxovoas implies an official deliberation in a court (cf. N o . 156a, col. I, 1. 1 8 ; col. I I , 1. 2), and e/?e/Seu'a)aa used b y the Emperor refers t o an official act, i.e. the publishing of a n e d i c t ; so it would appear t h a t the edict preserved in ant. 19. 280 sqq. w a s not written under the sole in fluence of Agrippa, as is frequently assumed. The explanation b y Engers ( K l i o , x x , 1925, 175) and others t h a t the doubtful passages of the edict show traces of the cunning Jewish king's influence o n t h e weak-minded Emperor, is far from correct.
72
PROLEGOMENA
c u l t w a s p r o t e c t e d , a n d all t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s i m p o s e d o n it d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of G a i u s w e r e a b o l i s h e d . O f c o u r s e , t h e r e w a s n o m e n t i o n i n t h e e d i c t of J e w i s h c i v i c r i g h t s : C l a u d i u s c o u l d h a r d l y m a k e i n n o v a t i o n s c o n t r a d i c t i n g t h e a c t s of A u g u s t u s , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of his r e i g n . T h e p r o m u l g a t i o n of t h e e d i c t c o u l d b e r e g a r d e d , o n t h e w h o l e , a s a n i m p o r t a n t v i c t o r y for t h e J e w s . A t a n y r a t e , t h e a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s w e r e f r u s t r a t e d . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n e n v o y s were not inclined to give in w i t h o u t a struggle. T h e Jewish king, A g r i p p a , w a s in their eyes the principal e n e m y : t h e y could easily interpret the J e w s ' v i c t o r y a s t h e r e s u l t of A g r i p p a ' s influence u p o n a w e a k - m i n d e d E m p e r o r . A g r i p p a , therefore, w a s t o be punished first; other enemies w o u l d be dealt w i t h l a t e r . T h e m e t h o d s of p e r s e c u t i n g a p o l i t i c a l p e r s o n a g e w e r e sufficiently w e l l k n o w n in R o m e ; he w o u l d be charged w i t h some crime and brought before a c o u r t ; if f o u n d g u i l t y , h e w o u l d b e s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h o r exile, a n d , in a n y c a s e , his p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r w a s r u i n e d . I s i d o r o s , o n e of t h e m o s t a c t i v e l e a d e r s of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s , a n d p r o b a b l y a m e m b e r of A p i o n ' s d e l e g a t i o n , t o o k u p o n h i m s e l f t h e role of t h e a c c u s e r ; h e c a l l e d A g r i p p a before t h e c o u r t of t h e E m p e r o r . I s i d o r o s w a s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e role of a c c u s e r : i n t h e r e i g n of G a i u s he h a d c a l l e d s e v e r a l influential R o m a n p e r s o n s b e f o r e t h e c o u r t a n d h a d w o n his c a s e s . Y e t h e d i d n o t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e in R o m a n p o l i c y w h i c h fol l o w e d t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n of G a i u s . T h e H e l l e n i s t i c p r i n c i p l e s of G a i u s f a v o u r e d G r e e k d e m a g o g u e s , s u c h a s Isidoros, a n d a n a c c u s a t i o n b y s u c h a m a n c o u l d r e s u l t in a R o m a n c i t i z e n of h i g h s t a n d i n g b e i n g p u t t o d e a t h . C l a u d i u s w a s n o t i n c l i n e d t o f a v o u r t h e A l e x a n d r i a n d e m a g o g u e s in t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y , w h i c h w a s essentially anti-Roman. A chance circumstance played, perhaps, a decisive role: it happened t h a t t w o particular persons, sentenced to death b y Gaius upon t h e a c c u s a t i o n of I s i d o r o s , h a d b e e n p e r s o n a l friends of C l a u d i u s . T h u s I s i d o r o s ' s i t u a t i o n a t t h e o p e n i n g of t h e t r i a l w a s n o t a v e r y h a p p y one, a n d e v e n t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e of B a r b i l l o s , a p e r s o n a l friend of C l a u d i u s a n d t h e h e a d of a n o t h e r Greek delegation n e w l y arrived from A l e x a n d r i a , could not save him. Isidoros l o s t his c a s e , a n d h e a n d his friend L a m p o n , a n o t h e r l e a d e r of A l e x a n d r i a n a n t i Semites, were put to death. Their tragic fate appears to h a v e made an enormous i m p r e s s i o n u p o n t h e G r e e k s i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d p o l i t i c a l leaflets w e r e c o m p o s e d describing their intrepid conduct before the E m p e r o r and their heroic end. A g r i p p a , h a v i n g w o n his c a s e , left R o m e for J u d a e a . Y e t t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' w a s still n o t s e t t l e d . T h e G r e e k d e l e g a t i o n f r o m A l e x a n d r i a , h e a d e d b y B a r billos, b r o u g h t t h e n e w s — o r , m o r e c o r r e c t l y , t h e d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t — o f t h e J e w s ' a s s a u l t u p o n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s after t h e d e a t h of G a i u s ; i t r e q u e s t e d a careful i n q u i r y i n o r d e r t o assess t h e c u l p a b i l i t y of t h e J e w s . T h e J e w s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a d also d i s p a t c h e d a d e l e g a t i o n , i n s t r u c t e d t o e x p l a i n t o t h e E m p e r o r t h a t t h e a s s a u l t of t h e J e w s h a d b e e n p r o v o k e d b y t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c a c t i v i t i e s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s . S o for t h e t h i r d t i m e C l a u d i u s w a s c o m p e l l e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' i n A l e x a n d r i a , t h i s t i m e n o t w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p r i v i l e g e s of t h e J e w s (this q u e s t i o n h a d a l r e a d y b e e n s e t t l e d b y his e d i c t ) , b u t w i t h a m a t t e r of t o p i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e : t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for t h e r e c e n t riots. T h e d e l i b e r a t i o n m e t w i t h u n e x p e c t e d difficulties, c a u s e d b y t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t t h e p r e v i o u s J e w i s h d e l e g a t i o n , t h a t of P h i l o , h a d a p p a r e n t l y c l a i m e d t h e sole r i g h t t o represent the A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y , p r o b a b l y suspecting the new delegation
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
73
of h a v i n g b e e n influenced b y t h e J e w i s h r e v o l u t i o n a r y l e a d e r s ; so two J e w i s h d e l e g a t i o n s a p p e a r e d before C l a u d i u s . T h a t w a s t o o m u c h for a R o m a n E m p e r o r ; C l a u d i u s w a s t i r e d of J e w s ; h e h a d o t h e r m a t t e r s c a l l i n g for his a t t e n t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , he w a s p a t i e n t e n o u g h t o h e a r o n c e a g a i n t h e c l a i m s of b o t h p a r t i e s , J e w s a n d G r e e k s . H e d i d n o t y i e l d t o t h e r e q u e s t s for a n i n q u i r y m a d e b y t h e G r e e k s : t h a t w o u l d h a v e l e d t o a r e n e w e d o u t b r e a k of hostilities, a n d C l a u d i u s l o n g e d for p e a c e . B u t h e k n e w , a s e v e r y o n e d i d , t h a t t h e a u t h o r s of t h e r e c e n t r i o t s h a d b e e n J e w s , a n d h e c o u l d n o t d i s s e m b l e his w r a t h a g a i n s t t h i s u n r u l y p e o p l e , a g a i n a n d a g a i n a c a u s e of p e r m a n e n t p o l i t i c a l tensions, n o t o n l y i n A l e x a n d r i a , b u t i n P a l e s t i n e , a n d e v e n i n R o m e . W h e n a l l t h e discussions a n d debates were over, he wrote a letter to the Alexandrians—his famous letter, n o w o n e of t h e m o s t p r e c i o u s p a p y r o l o g i c a l d o c u m e n t s ( N o . 153). H e a d m o n ished the Alexandrians 'to show themselves forbearing and kindly towards J e w s ' , a n d n o t d i s t u r b t h e m 'in t h e e x e r c i s e of t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l w o r s h i p ' , a n d h e o r d e r e d J e w s n o t t o a i m a t t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of n e w r i g h t s , a n d t o e n j o y q u i e t l y ' i n a c i t y n o t t h e i r o w n ' t h e a b u n d a n c e of a l l g o o d t h i n g s it c o u l d g i v e t h e m ; t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of J e w s in g y m n a s t i c c o n t e s t s , p r e s i d e d o v e r b y gymnasiarchoi a n d kosmetai, w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h i b i t e d . T w o m o r e p r o h i b i t i o n s , o b v i o u s l y caused b y the recent situation in R o m e a n d A l e x a n d r i a , were p r o c l a i m e d : not t o d i s p a t c h two e m b a s s i e s t o R o m e , a n d n o t t o i n t r o d u c e J e w s f r o m t h e E g y p t i a n chora a n d from P a l e s t i n e i n t o A l e x a n d r i a . T h e w h o l e p a s s a g e c o n cerning J e w s culminated in a sudden m e n a c e : were the J e w s unwilling to carry o u t his orders, h e w o u l d ' b y all possible m e a n s t a k e v e n g e a n c e o n t h e m , a s f o m e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g l i k e a g e n e r a l p l a g u e for t h e w h o l e w o r l d ' . 4 7
Modern scholars almost unanimously h a v e proclaimed Claudius a 'philoS e m i t e ' . I c a n n o t s h a r e t h i s v i e w . Of c o u r s e h e a b o l i s h e d t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s i m p o s e d o n t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s d u r i n g t h e p o g r o m of A . D . 3 8 ; b u t a n y s o u n d ruler w o u l d h a v e done likewise. T h e anti-Jewish measures t a k e n b y F l a c c u s a n d his a n t i - S e m i t i c a d v i s e r s w e r e i n t e n d e d n o t o n l y t o r e s t r a i n t h e a d d i t i o n a l a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r y r i g h t s of J e w s , w h i c h t h e y h a d a c q u i r e d d u r i n g t h e P t o l e m a i c rule (such a s t h e p r i v i l e g e c o n c e r n i n g s c o u r g i n g ) , b u t also t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l a n d w e l l - f o u n d e d r i g h t s a s a n e t h n i c politeuma, n e v e r q u e s t i o n e d , a n d officially c o n firmed b y A u g u s t u s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p o g r o m w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e p l u n d e r of J e w i s h p r o p e r t y a n d t h e e n f o r c e d s e g r e g a t i o n of J e w s in one q u a r t e r , w h i c h c o u l d n e v e r b e justified b y a n y g o v e r n m e n t p l a n n i n g t o restore l a w a n d order. T h e a b o l i t i o n of t h e s e m e a s u r e s a n d t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e n a t i o n a l a n d r e l i g i o u s a u t o n o m y of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y f o l l o w e d t h e i n q u i r y a s a m a t t e r of c o u r s e . W e s h o u l d h a v e c a l l e d C l a u d i u s a p h i l o - S e m i t i c r u l e r h a d he e n l a r g e d t h e c i v i c r i g h t s of t h e J e w s or, a t least, f a c i l i t a t e d t h e i r a c q u i s i t i o n of s u c h r i g h t s . B u t his m e a s u r e s h a d p r e c i s e l y t h e o p p o s i t e t e n d e n c y . H e f o r b a d e J e w s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n g y m n a s t i c c o n t e s t s , i.e. h e d e p r i v e d t h e m of g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n ; a s a 4 8
4 7
H . J a n n e , Melanges Bidez, 1934, 544 n. 1 : ' D e p u i s Cesar a u c u n chef d'etat romain ne fut plus philojuif que Claude.' T h e opposite opinion of Zie-
4 8
liriski, Rev. de VUniv. de Brux., N o . 2, 17 sq., t h o u g h based on false premisses, is more in accord w i t h the historical truth.
This is the avriKardaraois mentioned in 1. 75 of t h e letter of Claudius. Cf. the n o t e ad loc. in N o . 153. Cf., for e x a m p l e , F u c h s , 2 2 : ' D e n H o h e p u n k t in der ganz besonderen B e g u n s t i g u n g der J u d e n durch Claudius bildete sein bekanntes E d i k t . . . ' ;
74
PROLEGOMENA
r e s u l t n o m o r e J e w s c o u l d u s e g y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n a s a prerequisite t o c i t i z e n s h i p o r a s a h e l p t o e n t e r i n g G r e e k s o c i e t y . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n s p o k e s m a n of A u g u s t u s ' t i m e h a d r e q u e s t e d t h a t n o s t r a n g e r s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o inscribe t h e m s e l v e s a s epheboi. A s f a r a s J e w s w e r e c o n c e r n e d , C l a u d i u s fulfilled t h e r e q u e s t . H e o r d e r e d J e w s t o b e satisfied w i t h t h e i r s i t u a t i o n a n d n o t t o aspire t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l r i g h t s ; i n f a c t , a l l J e w i s h a s p i r a t i o n s for t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e r i g h t s of A l e x a n d r i a n c i t i z e n s h i p w e r e n o w c o n s i d e r e d b y the R o m a n government t o b e illegal. Claudius h a d said in plain words t h a t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w e r e d w e l l i n g ' i n a c i t y n o t t h e i r o w n ' (eV dXXorpia 7rdAei), a n d t h u s c o n f i r m e d t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e of t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s a s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e e d i c t of F l a c c u s , t h a t J e w s w e r e s t r a n g e r s . W h y , t h e n , s h o u l d C l a u d i u s b e considered a s a 'philo-Semite' ? H e w a s far from favouring Jews, a n d everything h e d i d i n t h e s e t t l i n g of t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' w a s d i c t a t e d b y t h e g e n e r a l p r i n ciples of R o m a n p o l i c y , a n d n o t b y a n y s p e c i a l l i k i n g for t h e J e w s . T h e final s e t t l e m e n t of t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' i n A l e x a n d r i a b y C l a u d i u s i n A . D . 41 l e d t o v e r y u n f a v o u r a b l e r e s u l t s a s r e g a r d s t h e c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . O f course, J e w s c o u l d a g a i n freely p r a c t i s e their religious customs, read a n d comment upon the Bible, a n d 'live according to the ancestral l a w s ' ; b u t their tendency towards 'emancipation' h a d been brought t o a n end. A l l a t t e m p t s a t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , e v e r y effort t o forge a l i n k b e t w e e n J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m , h a d b e e n f r u s t r a t e d b y t h e b l o o d s h e d of A . D . 38 a n d 4 1 . T h e G r e e k s h a d expressed their attitude t o w a r d s t h e J e w s in plain w o r d s : t h e y w a n t e d n o strangers in their c o m m u n i t y , a n d t h e R o m a n E m p e r o r supported them. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e J e w s d i s p l a y e d s u c h feelings of h a t r e d for G r e e k s t h a t s o m e g r o u p s a m o n g t h e J e w s t h e m s e l v e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y of t h e u p p e r classes, w e r e a s t o n i s h e d . A n e w J u d a i s m , n o t t h a t of A r i s t e a s a n d P h i l o , n o w arose f r o m t h e l o w e r s t r a t a of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y a n d d e m a n d e d t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t h e c o m m u n i t y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y i t is difficult f o r u s t o e v a l u a t e t h i s n e w t r e n d a m o n g s t t h e J e w s , since t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of i t left f e w t r a c e s i n A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e . O n e of t h e l i t e r a r y p r o d u c t s reflecting t h e i d e a s a n d t e n d e n c i e s of s u c h J e w s is u n d o u b t e d l y t h e T h i r d B o o k of M a c c a b e e s , b u t t h e a u t h o r is c o n c e r n e d w i t h political questions only, a n d from his w o r k it is n o t easy t o reconstruct a n y t h i n g like h i s g e n e r a l o u t l o o k . T h e m o s t t h a t c a n b e s t a t e d is t h a t h e is a f e r v e n t w o r s h i p p e r of G o d , t r u s t i n g H i m a l o n e , a n d t h a t h e considers t h e d i a s p o r a a s a t e m p o r a r y e x i l e . T h i s m o t i v e of t h e galuth is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a n a t i o n a l i s t J e w of t h e t i m e : a h e l l e n i z e d J e w r e g a r d e d h i s polis, a n d n o t P a l e s t i n e , a s h i s rrarpis ( m o t h e r l a n d ) . C u r i o u s l y e n o u g h , t h e a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m of t h e ' m o t h e r 4 9
50
4 9
T h e J e w s fix t h e d a y of their miraculous salvation a s a feast e ' m irdaav TTJV irapoiKiav avT&v—'for the whole time of their galuth' (6.36); cf. 7. 19: e m T O V TT\S irapoLKtas avTa>v xpwov. In 6. 10 the sojourn of the J e w s in E g y p t is characterized a s d7roi/a'a, i.e. galuth; cf. for the use of t h e terms dnoiKia and napoixla in t h e Septuagint in t h e sense of galuth Hatch and Redpath, Concordance to LXX, s.vv. diroiKia, ira.pot.Kia. I n the prayer of Eleazaros, God is invoked in order
t o help H i s people, 'who perish unjustly a s a people of strangers in a foreign land' (6. 3 : Xaov eV £4vr) 5 0
yfj £ e V o v a S i ' / c t o s
dnoXXvp-evov).
See N o . 151, note t o 1. 7. Cf. Philo, Flacc. 46: t h e J e w s regard Jerusalem ('the holy city', UpoiroXw) as their ^ T / H W O A I S , b u t t h e places in which their fathers have lived a n d in which t h e y themselves are born a n d reared t h e y regard as their irarpl&es.
THE
EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
75
l a n d ' b y t h e a u t h o r of 3 M a c e , r e s e m b l e s t h e t r e a t m e n t of t h e p r o b l e m b y F l a c c u s a n d C l a u d i u s : J e w s are s t r a n g e r s i n A l e x a n d r i a . A n o t h e r l i t e r a r y w o r k c o m p o s e d , it w o u l d a p p e a r , in t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d is Sapientia Solomonis. H e r e , t o o , a J e w of t h e n e w t y p e w a s a t w o r k , since t h e a u t h o r ' s a t t i t u d e t o t h e r e l i g i o n of t h e p a g a n s is definitely i n i m i c a l . N o f u r t h e r l i t e r a r y i n s t a n c e s s e r v i n g t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e n e w t r e n d i n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w i s h s o c i e t y are a v a i l a b l e . Y e t it is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t i n t h e g r e a t J e w i s h p h i l o s o p h e r P h i l o t h e H e l l e n i s t i c t r e n d of A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e a c h i e v e d i t s b e s t a n d m o s t t y p i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , a t t h e v e r y t i m e w h e n t h e i d e a l s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s of H e l l e n i s t i c Judaism had been almost annihilated. 5 1
52
I t is n o t m y i n t e n t i o n t o d i s c u s s t h e p h i l o s o p h y of P h i l o : t h a t h a s n o reference t o t h e s u b j e c t of these P r o l e g o m e n a . Y e t s o m e n o t e m u s t b e m a d e of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l t e n d e n c y of t h e l i t e r a r y w o r k of t h i s , t h e g r e a t e s t a n d l a s t of all t h e J e w i s h w r i t e r s of A l e x a n d r i a . P h i l o w a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e J e w i s h intelli g e n t s i a of A l e x a n d r i a , c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e u p p e r s t r a t a of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . I t is i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t o n e f a m i l y p r o d u c e d t h r e e o u t s t a n d i n g p e r s o n s , e a c h p u r s u i n g his o w n w a y : t h e g r e a t a p o l o g i s t of J u d a i s m , P h i l o ; t h e r i c h b a n k e r , A l e x a n d e r ; a n d t h e a b l e R o m a n official, a r e n e g a d e f r o m Judaism, Tiberius Julius Alexander. This can easily be explained. T h e great w e a l t h of t h i s f a m i l y b r o u g h t i t s m e m b e r s close t o G r e e k s a n d G r e e k c u l t u r e . T h i s c o n n e x i o n c o u l d h a v e l e d t o a t o t a l a b a n d o n m e n t of t h e J e w i s h w o r l d ; t h e a l t e r n a t i v e w a s t o r e m a i n a J e w a n d t r y t o find w a y s of u n i t i n g t h e t w o worlds. Philo chose the latter w a y . Y e t , t h o u g h he remained a practising Jew, he w a s strongly imbued w i t h Greek scholarship and never attempted to conceal t h i s f a c t f r o m his r e a d e r s . I n t h e e y e s of P h i l o , a s i n t h o s e of e v e r y G r e e k , t h e w h o l e w o r l d w a s d i v i d e d i n t o ' G r e e k s ' a n d ' B a r b a r i a n s ' (the J e w s w e r e e x c l u d e d from b o t h categories). F o r Philo the Greek tongue w a s 'his', and even 'ours', a n d t h e p r e - e m i n e n c e of G r e e k e d u c a t i o n (iyKVKXios 7raiSeia) w a s a m a t t e r of course: even Moses w a s educated b y Greek teachers specially invited from 5 3
5 1
It is worth noting that the author of 3 Mace, is a fierce e n e m y of those J e w s who had aban doned Judaism in order t o obtain civic rights in Alexandria. H e is the only one a m o n g the A l e x andrian J e w i s h writers w h o does not favour the struggle of Alexandrian J e w s for civic rights. H e is not a friend of the 'emancipation' m o v e m e n t : in his e y e s Alexandrian citizenship means treason t o J u d a i s m , and Jewish 'traitors' are the steady object of his hatred. H e would willingly h a v e agreed w i t h Flaccus about J e w s being £ e V o i z e a l iirtfXvoes in Alexandria, as well as with the state m e n t of Claudius t h a t t h e y dwell in Alexandria
cause of all evil (ib. 14. 29). In comparison w i t h t h e fiery invective of Sap. Sol. Aristeas' criticisms of heathen cults are extremely mild. T h e search for w a y s of reconciliation, so typical of Aristeas (cf. a b o v e , p p . 42 sq.), are absent in Sap. Sol. Cf. on Sap. Sol. in general F o c k e , Die Entstehung der Weisheit Salomos, 1913; Torrey, The Apocryphal Literature, 9 8 s q q . ; Pfeiffer, History of N.T. Times, 313 sqq. The t i m e of composition is usually fixed at the end of the Ptolemaic age, t h o u g h there is no convincing reason for t h i s ; the begin ning of the R o m a n period is no less admissible and suits the general spirit of the book.
as
T h e literature on Philo is very large; see the detailed bibliography in 'A General Bibliography of Philo' b y Goodhart and Goodenough in Goodenough's The Politics of Philo Jud., 1938, 127 sqq. Standard works a r e : Br^hier, Les ide'es philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d'Alexandrie,i925; H e i n e m a n n , Philonsgriechische und jiidische Bildung, 1932; Goodenough, By Light, Light, 1935; Wolfson, Philo, i-ii, 1947.
eV dXXorpLa
noXei.
For
details cf.
my
article
in Zion mentioned a b o v e in note 54 on p . 22. For the political and cultural outlook of the author of 3 Mace, as contrasted w i t h t h a t of Aristeas, see Sterling Tracy, YCS i, 1928, 239 s q q . ; M. H a d a s , HTR xiii. 175 sqq. 5 2
Cf. the description of all the crimes and moral degeneration connected w i t h the pagan cults in Sap. Sol. 14. 22 sqq. The adoration of idols is t h e
5 3
7
6
PROLEGOMENA 5 4
G r e e c e . G y m n a s i u m e d u c a t i o n w a s a l s o a m a t t e r of c o u r s e : P h i l o s p e a k s a b o u t g y m n a s t i c c o n t e s t s a n d s p e c t a c l e s a s t h o u g h h e w e r e a r e g u l a r v i s i t o r of t h e g y m n a s t i c s h o w s . H e w a s v e r s e d in t h e different s c h o o l s of G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y , a n d f r o m t h e m h e b o r r o w e d t h e t h o u g h t s a n d m e t h o d s h e n e e d e d for t h e p u r p o s e s of his o w n p h i l o s o p h i c a l t h e o r y . N o w , t h e s e p u r p o s e s differed w i d e l y f r o m t h e c o m m o n t e n d e n c i e s of G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y . T h e e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e of P h i l o ' s p h i l o s o p h y , s e e n t h r o u g h t h e e y e s of a n o u t s i d e r , is n o t h i n g b u t a n e n o r m o u s c o m m e n t a r y o n t h e T o r a h . P h i l o s o p h y here a p p e a r s in t h e u n u s u a l role of ancilla theologiae, t h o u g h P h i l o , of c o u r s e , w a s u n c o n s c i o u s of t h i s i n n o v a t i o n of h i s : i n h i s e y e s , t h e t e a c h i n g of M o s e s was t h e t r u e p h i l o s o p h y , a n d so t h e r e could be no contradiction between faith and knowledge. H e held t h a t the true p h i l o s o p h y w a s t a u g h t b y M o s e s i n a n o c c u l t m a n n e r . T h e p r e c e p t s of t h e T o r a h were not w h a t t h e y appeared t o b e ; t h e y h a d in addition to their obvious m e a n ing a hidden one, and this hidden meaning h a d to be revealed and explained b y m e a n s of p h i l o s o p h i c a l t e a c h i n g . T h i s is t h e f a m o u s m e t h o d of a l l e g o r i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e B i b l e , u s e d l o n g b e f o r e P h i l o ' s t i m e b y J e w i s h A l e x a n d r i a n w r i t e r s , b u t n e v e r so c o n s i s t e n t l y a s b y P h i l o . B y m e a n s of t h i s a l l e g o r i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n P h i l o c r e a t e d a r e l i g i o u s p h i l o s o p h y of his o w n , w h i c h w a s t h e most perfect synthesis possible b e t w e e n J u d a i s m and Hellenism, and w h i c h later p l a y e d a g r e a t p a r t i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s of C h r i s t i a n t h e o l o g y . W e are n o t , h o w e v e r , c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n t e n t of Philo's literary w o r k , b u t w i t h its place in the cultural and religious develop m e n t of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen t h a t t h e S e p t u a g i n t c r e a t e d a B i b l e G r e e k in i t s l a n g u a g e a n d t e r m i n o l o g y ; n o w t h e n e x t s t e p w a s t a k e n , and the Bible received a n e w content as well. Biblical personages ceased to be l i v i n g b e i n g s a n d w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o personifications of a b s t r a c t i d e a s ; t h e p r e c e p t s of M o s e s r e c e i v e d a n o c c u l t sense a n d w e r e t o b e i n t e r p r e t e d as s y m b o l s of d e e p m o r a l i d e a s . T h e h i s t o r y of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e , t h e m o t h e r c o u n t r y of t h e J e w s , a n d t h e J e w i s h religion i n i t s h i s t o r i c a l s h a p e , c o u l d n o t b e s t u d i e d 55
5 6
5 7
5 4
For Greeks, barbarians, and J e w s see de cherub. 9 1 ; for the Greek tongue, de confus. ling. 129; for Moses' Greek teachers, vita Mos. 1. 21. 5 5
P h i l o , de congr., 79 s q . ; cf. Wolfson, Philo, i. 145 sqq. On t h e allegorical exegesis of t h e Scriptures before Philo see B o u s s e t , Judisch-Christlicher Schulbetrieb in Alexandria und Rom, 1915; E d . Stein, Die allegorische Exegese des Philo aus Alexandreia, 1929 (emphasizes especially the in fluence of the elder exegets o n Philo). For t h e allegorical m e t h o d of interpretation used b y Philo see Wolfson, Philo, i. 115 sqq. T h e occult aspect of Philo's teaching, o p e n t o initiates o n l y , is greatly emphasized b y Goodenough, By Light, Light. Another interpretation is g i v e n b y Wolf s o n , Philo, i. 43 sqq. 5 6
5 7
Here are some characteristic e x a m p l e s . T h e various personages of the Torah are n o t only m e n b u t 'types of soul' ($vxfjs rpoiroi) a s well. T h e Patriarchs, for instance, are t y p e s of soul symbol
izing t h e pursuit of the good through teaching (Abraham), through nature (Isaac), and through practice (Jacob) (de Abrah. 52). For other Biblical personages interpreted as symbols see Quaest. in Genes., passim. E v e r y e v e n t narrated in t h e Torah reveals, b y m e a n s of allegorical interpreta t i o n , i t s 'hidden sense'. Commenting, for e x a m p l e , o n t h e verse Gen. 2 . 6 ('And a spring w e n t u p out of the earth and watered all the face of t h e earth') Philo w r i t e s : ' H e calls t h e mind a spring of the earth, and t h e senses its face T h e m i n d , like a spring, waters t h e senses, sending t o each of t h e m t h e streams suitable t o it' (leg. alleg. 1. 28). T h e four h e a d s of t h e river going forth from E d e n are four virtues (ib. 63). These examples can be in definitely multiplied. 'Everything in Scripture, from n a m e s , d a t e s , and numbers t o the narration of historical e v e n t s or the prescription of rules for h u m a n conduct is t o h i m subject t o allegorical interpretation' (Wolfson, Philo, i. 116).
THE
EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
77
f r o m P h i l o ' s a l l e g o r i c a l c o m m e n t a r y , w h i c h c o n t a i n e d o n l y a b s t r a c t i d e a s of a s u b l i m e faith. T h e s e i d e a s c o u l d b e r e v e a l e d t o i n i t i a t e s w h a t e v e r t h e i r n a t i o n o r c o u n t r y . H e r e w e t o u c h u p o n t h e p r o f o u n d i n t e n t i o n of P h i l o ' s p h i l o s o p h i c a l w o r k : t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of J u d a i s m i n t o a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h y , d e v o i d of all i n c i d e n t a l n a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s , a n d therefore a c c e p t a b l e a l i k e t o J e w s a n d H e l l e n e s . J e w s , of course, h a d h a d t h e p r i v i l e g e of b e i n g t h e first p e o p l e t o r e c e i v e t h i s d i v i n e p h i l o s o p h y ; t h e i r role a m o n g o t h e r p e o p l e s m i g h t , therefore, b e e q u a l t o t h e role p l a y e d b y p r i e s t s i n a s t a t e . Y e t G r e e k s w e r e also a b l e t o s h a r e t h e benefits of t h e r e v e l a t i o n , a n d i t is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of P h i l o t h a t , s p e a k i n g of t h e feast c e l e b r a t e d b y A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s i n c o m m e m o r a t i o n of t h e d a y w h e n t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e T o r a h i n t o G r e e k w a s c o m p l e t e d , h e e m p h a s i z e s t h a t n o n Jews too participate. 5 8
59
T h u s t h e T o r a h is t h e p r i n c i p a l l i n k b e t w e e n J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m : a n i d e a w h i c h m u s t h a v e b e e n d e e p l y r o o t e d in A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y , since it h a d b e e n e x p r e s s e d for t h e first t i m e 200 y e a r s before P h i l o , i n t h e ' L e t t e r of A r i s t e a s ' ( a b o v e , p . 43). S o i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e s t u d y of t h e T o r a h a n d t h e fulfilment of i t s p r e c e p t s w a s n o t t o b e n e g l e c t e d . P h i l o r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e m e t h o d s of alle g o r i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n m i g h t e a s i l y d i v e r t J e w s f r o m t h e o b s e r v a n c e of t h e L a w : if t h e p r e c e p t s of M o s e s h a v e a n o c c u l t sense, w h i c h is t h e i r p r i n c i p a l c o n t e n t , w h y p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r l i t e r a l m e a n i n g , w h i c h is n o m o r e t h a n a c o v e r ? A n d , a s a m a t t e r of f a c t , t h e r e w e r e J e w s w h o d r e w s u c h a n t i n o m i a n c o n c l u sions. B u t it w a s obvious to Philo t h a t antinomism could not be reconciled w i t h t h e s u r v i v a l of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e i n t h e d i a s p o r a . D e p r i v e d a s t h e y h a d b e e n of t h e i r m o t h e r c o u n t r y a n d n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e , e x p o s e d t o t h e influences of H e l l e n i s t i c l a w s a n d c u s t o m s , w h a t else c o u l d l i n k t h e m w i t h J u d a i s m if n o t the obligation strictly to observe the T o r a h ? Philo could not w a l k in the foot60
6 1
s 8
de spec. leg. 2. 163. Vita Mos. 2. 41 sqq. It seems t h a t Philo w a s s o m e t i m e s asked, W h y , if Jewish philosophy so perfectly fits J e w s and Hellenes alike, do the latter n o t recognize it as their o w n ? Philo's answer i s : t h e y d o not recognize it because of the hard fate of t h e Jewish n a t i o n . It will be otherwise w h e n t h e fate of the J e w s c h a n g e s : 'I believe t h a t each n a t i o n will abandon its peculiar w a y s (T<X thia), a n d , throwing overboard its ancestral c u s t o m s (rots iroT/)iois), turn t o honouring our laws alone' (ib.44). 5 9
6 0
P h i l o , de migr. Abr. 89 sqq. Cf. Wolfson, i. 66 sqq. Philo characterizes these extreme allegorists as m e n completely detached from a n y social g r o u p : 'As it is, as though t h e y were living alone b y t h e m s e l v e s in a wilderness (wairep iv iprffila # c a 0 ' iavrovs fiovoi ^u>vres), or as t h o u g h t h e y h a d b e c o m e disembodied souls (dod>p,aroi. tfivxal yeyovores), and k n e w neither city nor village, nor household nor a n y c o m p a n y of h u m a n beings a t 6 1
all ( / e c u firjTe TTOXIV firjre Kp/qv / i i j V o u a a v prjre
aw-
overlooking all t h a t t h e m a s s of m e n regard, t h e y explore reality OXOJS
dlaoov
dvdpwirojv
elSores),
in its naked absoluteness' (de migr. Abr. 90, transl. b y Whitaker). If we translate this some w h a t poetical picture in terms of the historical conditions, w e realize t h a t Philo is speaking of m e n w h o h a v e abandoned practical J u d a i s m and ceased t o be members of the Jewish c o m m u n i t y , b u t w h o could not associate t h e m s e l v e s w i t h a n y Greek c o m m o n w e a l t h , and thus remained sus p e n d e d in a social v a c u u m w i t h n o polis, no village, or e v e n a family of their o w n . There w a s only one w a y open for J e w s so completely u n attached : t o go into t h e desert and there build a c o m m u n i t y of their o w n . A n d , indeed, there were such communities of outsiders in t h e vicin i t y of A l e x a n d r i a : t h e y were k n o w n as therapeutai (depairevTot). Y e t , according t o P h i l o , t h e therapeutai, t h o u g h allegorists (de vita contempt. 28 sq.), did strictly observe such laws of t h e Torah a s the observation of Sabbath and t h e h o l y d a y s (ib. 30, 32, 36, 65). I t seems t h a t t h e e x t r e m e allegorists were individualists t o such a degree t h a t n o social c o m m u n i t y , e v e n consisting of persons like t h e m s e l v e s , could satisfy t h e m . Cf. Wolfson, Philo, i. 69.
7
8
PROLEGOMENA
s t e p s of his n e p h e w , T i . J u l i u s A l e x a n d e r , a n d b e c o m e a r e n e g a d e f r o m J u d a i s m : w h a t fate w o u l d befall the divine philosophy, were there no specially a p p o i n t e d p e o p l e in e x i s t e n c e t o t e a c h i t a n d t o p r o p a g a t e i t ? T h a t a c c o u n t s for P h i l o ' s n a t i o n a l i s t i c s t a n d p o i n t in all h i s w r i t i n g s , a s w e l l a s in his l i f e — n a t i o n a l istic, of course, a s seen t h r o u g h t h e e y e s of t h e h e l l e n i z e d J e w r y of A l e x a n d r i a . H e w r o t e a n Apology on Jews, a i m i n g a t t h e r e f u t a t i o n of a n t i - S e m i t i c c a l u m n i a t i o n s of J e w s a n d J u d a i s m ; h e h e a d e d t h e e m b a s s y t o G a i u s C a l i g u l a a n d p r o b a b l y d i s c u s s e d t h e q u e s t i o n of J e w i s h r i g h t s in A l e x a n d r i a before C l a u d i u s ; a n d h e w r o t e a w o r k o n t h e s p e c i a l l a w s of t h e B i b l e [De specialibus legibus) i n t e n d e d t o i n t e r p r e t B i b l i c a l p r e c e p t s , n o t a l l e g o r i c a l l y , a s for t h e i n i t i a t e d o n l y , b u t in a s i m p l e r w a y t h a t w o u l d b e c o m p r e h e n s i b l e t o a s i m p l e J e w i s h r e a d e r . T h i s w a s w r i t t e n w i t h t h e p u r p o s e of p r o p a g a t i n g t h e p r a c t i c a l side of M o s e s ' t e a c h i n g , so t o s p e a k , for e v e r y d a y u s e . T o d a y h i s p o l i t i c a l role is re g a r d e d a s n o m o r e t h a n of m i n o r h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t , b u t h i s l i t e r a r y w o r k r e m a i n s a s a w i t n e s s of t h e l a s t effort of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y t o b r i d g e t h e gulf b e t w e e n Judaism and Hellenism b y creating a philosophic system uniting both. I t w a s , i n d e e d , t h e l a s t effort. O n e w o n d e r s w h e t h e r P h i l o w a s a w a r e of t h e f a n a t i c a l h a t r e d w h i c h w a s s t e a d i l y g r o w i n g o n b o t h sides. W e h a v e seen w h a t P h i l o t h o u g h t a b o u t t h e c i v i c r i g h t s of t h e J e w s : i t w a s t h e d u t y of t h e G r e e k s t o g r a n t c i v i c r i g h t s t o J e w i s h i m m i g r a n t s , since J e w s d i d n o t differ (or differed b u t little) f r o m t h e G r e e k s . T h i s p o l i t i c a l v i e w of P h i l o ' s w a s a l o g i c a l result of his p h i l o s o p h i c a l s y s t e m : t h e c h o s e n p e o p l e , w h o c o u l d p l a y t h e role of priests for t h e w h o l e u n i v e r s e a n d h a d r e c e i v e d f r o m G o d t h e d i v i n e L a w , e q u a l l y s u i t a b l e for J e w s a n d G r e e k s , w e r e a t l e a s t w o r t h y of c i v i c r i g h t s , in o r d e r t h a t t h e y m i g h t n o t b e f o r c e d t o p a y t h e p o l l - t a x o r b e s c o u r g e d p u b l i c l y like a n E g y p t i a n fellah. Y e t t h e p o l i t i c a l r e a l i t y w a s q u i t e different. T h e e p o c h of P h i l o w a s t h e l a s t in w h i c h t h e i d e a l s of a b r o t h e r h o o d b e t w e e n G r e e k s a n d J e w s c o u l d still b e s e r i o u s l y e n v i s a g e d . T h e e v e n t s of A . D . 66-70, f a t a l for t h e J e w s of P a l e s t i n e , d e c i d e d also t h e f a t e of E g y p t i a n J e w r y : t h e y p u t a n e n d t o a n y a t t e m p t at a reconciliation between the t w o nations. T h e s t o r y t o l d b y J o s e p h u s {bell. 2. 487 sqq.) is t h e o n l y piece of e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e e v e n t s of A . D . 66 in A l e x a n d r i a . T h e s t o r y is short a n d n o t v e r y c l e a r : w h e n s p e a k i n g of his o w n t i m e J o s e p h u s is n o t a n i m p a r t i a l w i t n e s s . H e h a s o b v i o u s s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e u p p e r classes of J e w i s h s o c i e t y a n d a n e q u a l l y obvious antipathy to Jewish revolutionaries. Besides, his account had to be a p p r o v e d b y t h e R o m a n a u t h o r i t i e s . I f i n a d d i t i o n w e r e c a l l his u s u a l e x a g g e r a t i o n s in r e c o r d i n g n u m b e r s , w e m a y infer t h a t h i s s t o r y of e v e n t s in A l e x a n d r i a should be discounted. According to Josephus, the disturbances broke out when a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of J e w s e n t e r e d t h e a m p h i t h e a t r e w h e r e t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s w e r e d e l i b e r a t i n g o n t h e s u b j e c t of a n e m b a s s y t o b e s e n t t o N e r o . J o s e p h u s d o e s n o t tell u s t h e p u r p o s e of t h e e m b a s s y , n o r d o e s h e s a y w h o t h e J e w s w e r e w h o e n t e r e d t h e a s s e m b l y . If t h e s e J e w s w e r e c i t i z e n s of A l e x a n d r i a , t h e y h a d t h e r i g h t t o b e p r e s e n t a t a n y a s s e m b l y of A l e x a n d r i a n s ; if t h e y w e r e n o t , t h e i r w i s h t o t a k e p a r t in t h e a s s e m b l y m u s t h a v e h a d a s p e c i a l reason. A t a n y r a t e the Greeks upon seeing t h e m shouted loudly, calling t h e m 'enemies' and ' s p i e s ' . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s u b j e c t of t h e d e l i b e r a t i o n s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
79
w a s a g a i n t h e ' J e w i s h q u e s t i o n ' , a n d t h a t c e r t a i n decisions w e r e t o b e t a k e n and instructions accordingly given to the embassy, which w a s to appear before t h e E m p e r o r a t R o m e . R e n e w e d d e l i b e r a t i o n s in R o m e o n t h e s u b j e c t of J e w i s h r i g h t s w e r e q u i t e possible, c o n s i d e r i n g t h e n e w s of t h e r e c e n t r e v o l t in P a l e s t i n e . T h e J e w s , n a t u r a l l y e n o u g h , w e r e a n x i o u s t o k n o w w h a t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s w e r e a b o u t t o p r o p o s e t o t h e E m p e r o r , a n d s e n t s o m e of t h e i r m e n t o t h e a s s e m b l y . I t is e v e n possible t h a t i n s t r u c t i o n s h a d b e e n g i v e n t o t h e m t o d i s t u r b t h e a s s e m b l y , s h o u l d t h e resolutions of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s b e e x c e s s i v e l y a n t i - S e m i t i c . W h e n t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e J e w s in t h e a m p h i t h e a t r e w a s discovered and Greeks rushed forward to capture them, the J e w s tried to e s c a p e , b u t t h r e e of t h e m w e r e c a p t u r e d a n d t a k e n a w a y t o b e b u r n t a l i v e . T h i s a r o u s e d t h e w h o l e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y {irav TO 'IOVSCUKOV) ; first s t o n e s w e r e t h r o w n a t G r e e k s , a n d t h e n a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o set fire t o t h e a m p h i t h e a t r e , so a s t o b u r n t o d e a t h all t h e G r e e k s a s s e m b l e d t h e r e . E v i d e n t l y a r e p e t i t i o n of t h e e v e n t s of A . D . 41 w a s p l a n n e d . A t t h i s t i m e t h e R o m a n prefect w a s T i b e r i u s J u l i u s A l e x a n d e r , t h e r e n e g a d e J e w ( a b o v e , p . 53). W e are t o l d b y J o s e p h u s t h a t T i b e r i u s a t first t r i e d t o influence t h e J e w s b y persuasion, b u t t h a t t h e r i o t e r s r i d i c u l e d his e x h o r t a t i o n s a n d i n s u l t e d h i m . S i n c e T i b e r i u s w a s a R o m a n official of h i g h s t a n d i n g a n d d u r i n g t h e siege of J e r u s a l e m h a d b e e n one of t h e p r i n c i p a l a d v i s e r s of T i t u s , J o s e p h u s h a d e v e r y r e a s o n t o flatter h i m . T h i s m a y a c c o u n t for J o s e p h u s ' a t t e m p t t o d e p i c t T i b e r i u s a s a m i l d g o v e r n o r . Y e t e v e n J o s e p h u s c a n n o t c o n c e a l t h e f a c t t h a t t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t in A l e x a n d r i a w a s c r u s h e d w i t h r u t h l e s s c r u e l t y . T h e soldiers w e r e g i v e n p e r m i s s i o n t o k i l l J e w s , t o b u r n d o w n t h e i r h o u s e s , a n d t o p l u n d e r t h e i r p r o p e r t y ; so t h e J e w i s h q u a r t e r , 'Delta', w a s heavily damaged. T h e Jews tried to oppose the R o m a n troops w i t h a r m s , b u t w e r e , of course, t o t a l l y r o u t e d . J o s e p h u s q u o t e s t h e n u m b e r of s l a u g h t e r e d J e w s a s 50,000, w h i c h is, p r o b a b l y , a n e x a g g e r a t i o n . B u t it is t r u e t h a t in A . D . 66 t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y w a s t e r r i b l y s t r i c k e n , far m o r e t e r r i b l y t h a n d u r i n g t h e p o g r o m of A . D . 38. I t is e a s y t o i m a g i n e t h a t t h e l o w e r s t r a t a of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a suffered t h e m o s t , since it w a s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t t h e a r m s s h o u l d h a v e b e e n d i s t r i b u t e d first of all a m o n g t h e m . A s t o t h e u p p e r classes, i t s e e m s t h a t t h e y e s c a p e d t h e c o m m o n fate of s l a u g h t e r and destruction b y loudly protesting their l o y a l t y to the R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t . P o s s i b l y T i b e r i u s , w h o h a d himself b e e n o r i g i n a l l y one of t h e r i c h A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s , t o o k t h e l e a d i n g m e m b e r s of t h e J e w i s h gerousia u n d e r his s p e c i a l p r o t e c t i o n . A t a n y r a t e , t h i s b o d y of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s n o t a b o l i s h e d ; w e m e e t it a g a i n in A . D . 73, a n d i t is n o t w i t h o u t i n t e r e s t t o n o t e i t s humble and sycophantic attitude towards the R o m a n government. After the l a s t r e m n a n t s of t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t in P a l e s t i n e h a d b e e n c r u s h e d s o m e J e w i s h fighters, t h e w e l l - k n o w n sicarii, e s c a p e d i n t o E g y p t a n d t o o k refuge in A l e x a n d r i a . T h e y b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m t h e p r o u d s l o g a n of t h e P a l e s t i n i a n r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s : ' N o l o r d b u t G o d . ' O p p o s e d b y t h e l e a d e r s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , t h e y k i l l e d s o m e of t h e m , o p e n l y p r e a c h i n g r e v o l t a g a i n s t R o m e . T h e n t h e ' l e a d e r s of t h e elders' (rrpwrevovTes rrjs yepovaias) of t h e J e w s c a l l e d a g e n e r a l a s s e m b l y a n d c h a r g e d t h e sicarii w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for all t h e i r t r o u b l e s . T h e a s s e m b l y , influenced b y t h e ' e l d e r s ' , seized 600 sicarii o n t h e s p o t ; t h o s e w h o h a d e s c a p e d t o t h e chora, e s p e c i a l l y in U p p e r E g y p t , w e r e a r r e s t e d a n d b r o u g h t
PROLEGOMENA
8o
b a c k to Alexandria. A l l were delivered up to the R o m a n s and put to death under h e a v y t o r t u r e (bell. 7. 409 s q q . ) . S u c h b e h a v i o u r o n t h e p a r t of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n A l e x a n d r i a w a s i n d e e d n e w a n d s h a m e f u l . T h e d e e p s o c i a l s c h i s m in t h e A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y w a s n e v e r so g r e a t a s in t h e c r u c i a l y e a r s f o l l o w i n g t h e J e w i s h n a t i o n a l d e b a c l e of A . D . 70. T h e n a t i o n a l c a t a s t r o p h e h a d i t s e p i l o g u e in t h e ' L a n d of O n i a s ' : in a c c o r d a n c e i t h t h e o r d e r s of t h e R o m a n a u t h o r i t i e s i n E g y p t , t h e t e m p l e of O n i a s w a s d e m o l i s h e d a n d t h e c u l t of t h e J e w i s h G o d s u s p e n d e d (bell. 7. 420 s q q . ) . T h e t e m p l e of O n i a s h a d n e v e r b e e n a religious c e n t r e of E g y p t i a n J e w r y , a n d i t s d e s t r u c t i o n d i d n o t s e r i o u s l y affect t h e c u l t u r a l life of t h e J e w s . Y e t i t w a s , in a sense, s o m e e v i d e n c e of p a s t g l o r y a n d a s y m b o l of n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e . These dangerous reminders h a d to be destroyed. Probably the demolition of t h e s a n c t u a r y w a s also c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of t h e J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e ' L a n d of O n i a s ' , since t h e r e is n o further e v i d e n c e of i t s existence. A hard and troublous existence now faced E g y p t i a n Jewry. Claudius seemed t o h a v e b e e n right: t h e J e w s were a s e d i t i o u s n a t i o n , ' f o m e n t i n g s o m e t h i n g l i k e a g e n e r a l p l a g u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d ' . T h e y h a d risen a g a i n s t R o m e a n d so t h e y were to be punished. T h e chastisement decided upon b y Vespasian w a s a c u r i o u s m i x t u r e of p r a c t i c a l financial m e a s u r e s a n d c y n i c a l m o c k e r y . T h e J e w s h a d t o p a y t h e didrachmon—the half of a s h e k e l , p r e v i o u s l y p a i d b y e v e r y J e w t o t h e T e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m — t o t h e R o m a n r i v a l of t h e J e w i s h G o d , J u p i t e r C a p i t o l i n u s . S i n c e t h e t e m p l e of J u p i t e r h a d b e e n b u r n t d o w n in A . D . 69, t h e n e w E m p e r o r ' s first d u t y w a s t o r e c o n s t r u c t it, a n d t h e v a n q u i s h e d n a t i o n h a d t o d e f r a y t h e e x p e n s e . S o t h e fiscus Judaicus w a s founded. Its administrative c e n t r e w a s a t R o m e a n d i t h a d p r o c u r a t o r s of i t s o w n . T h e s u m s d u e f r o m J e w s were e x a c t e d w i t h extreme harshness, especially under D o m i t i a n (Suet. Domit. 12. 2). U n d e r N e r v a t h e a b u s e s of t h e e x a c t i o n w e r e a b o l i s h e d , a n d t h e R o m a n S e n a t e e v e n o r d e r e d a c o i n t o b e s t r u c k in order t o c e l e b r a t e t h i s a c t of I m p e r i a l l i b e r a l i t y . T h e J e w s of t h e w h o l e R o m a n E m p i r e w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o the p a y m e n t of t h e t a x , b u t o n l y f r o m E g y p t h a v e w e a b u n d a n t m a t e r i a l c o n c e r n i n g i t . A p a p y r u s f r o m A r s i n o e ( N o . 421), a n o t h e r f r o m K a r a n i s ( N o . 460), a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e n u m e r o u s o s t r a k a f r o m E d f u ( N o s . 160 s q q . ) , c o n t a i n v e r y v a l u a b l e e v i d e n c e a s t o t h e n a m e of t h e t a x , its r a t e a n d m o d e of p a y m e n t , a s w e l l as t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of t h o s e s u b j e c t t o t h e t a x . T h e r e a d e r w i l l find a d e t a i l e d discussion of all t h e s e p o i n t s in t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e c t i o n I X . H e r e a brief s u m m a r y is g i v e n . 6 2
63
T h e e d i c t of V e s p a s i a n c o n c e r n i n g t h e J e w i s h t a x w a s p r o m u l g a t e d in t h e 3rd y e a r of t h e n e w r e i g n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e R o m a n r e c k o n i n g , b u t t h e t a x itself w a s p r e s u m e d t o h a v e b e e n i n force f r o m t h e m o m e n t of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e T e m p l e in J e r u s a l e m , i.e. f r o m t h e 2nd y e a r of V e s p a s i a n ' s r e i g n . C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e J e w s h a d t o p a y a r r e a r s for o n e y e a r . I n E g y p t t h e t a x w a s l e v i e d f r o m t h e 4 t h y e a r of V e s p a s i a n , a c c o r d i n g t o E g y p t i a n r e c k o n i n g , r o u g h l y c o r r e s p o n d i n g 6 2
On the edict of Vespasian concerning the foundation offiscus Judaicus see J o s . bell. 7. 218; D i o Cass. 66. 7. 2. F o r t h e procuratores of t h e fiscus see CIJ 532. Cf. Ginsburg, 'Fiscus Judaicus',
JQR
x x i , 1930/1, 281. 'Fisci Judaici calumnia sublata' (Madden, Hist, of Jewish Coinage, p . 199). 6 3
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
81
t o his 3rd. y e a r in R o m e ; n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e t a x h a d t o b e p a i d 'from t h e 2nd y e a r ' ( N o s . 164 a n d 166), a n d t h u s t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s p a i d a r r e a r s for two y e a r s . T h e official n a m e of t h e t a x w a s , p r o b a b l y , denarii duo Judaeorum, a n d in E g y p t ' t h e p r i c e ' {rifAr)) of t h e s e t w o denarii w a s p a i d in E g y p t i a n drachmai, 8 dr. b e i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t of 2 denarii. T w o o b o l s m o r e w e r e e x a c t e d , p r o b a b l y a s a fee for t h e p a y m e n t of t h e t a x in l o c a l m o n e y . I n a d d i t i o n , a t a x of 1 dr., c a l l e d dirapxai, w a s l e v i e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e J e w i s h t a x , so t h a t t h e t o t a l a n n u a l p a y m e n t of t h e t a x a m o u n t e d t o 9 dr. 2 o b . T h i s s u m w a s p a i d in o n e o r t w o i n s t a l m e n t s , b u t s m a l l e r i n s t a l m e n t s w e r e also a c c e p t e d . A l l J e w s , m a l e a n d f e m a l e a l i k e , i n c l u d i n g t h e i r s l a v e s a n d f r e e d m e n , f r o m t h e a g e of 3 t o 60 o r 62, w e r e liable t o t h e p a y m e n t of t h e t a x . S p e c i a l officials w e r e a p p o i n t e d t o c o l l e c t t h e t a x ; l o n g lists of J e w i s h t a x p a y e r s w e r e d r a w n u p b y g o v e r n m e n t officials (e.g. b y t h e a m p h o d a r c h of A r s i n o e ) , a n d r e c e i p t s , w r i t t e n o n p o t s h e r d s , w e r e issued b y t h e t a x c o l l e c t o r s a n d h a n d e d t o t h e t a x p a y e r s (as in E d f u ) . T h e official n a m e of t h e t a x — ' t w o d e n a r i i of t h e J e w s ' — w a s u s e d in E g y p t u n t i l D o m i t i a n ; b e t w e e n t h e 8th a n d t h e 12th y e a r of t h e l a t t e r ' s r e i g n t h i s n a m e w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d a n d r e p l a c e d b y t h e less c o m p l i c a t e d ' J e w i s h t a x ' . P e r h a p s t h e c h a n g e of n a m e w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h s o m e reform in t h e c e n t r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e fiscus Judaicus, b u t t h i s r e f o r m h a d n o influence a t a n y r a t e o n t h e t a x in E g y p t . T h e r e it c o n t i n u e d t o b e l e v i e d in t h e u s u a l w a y . P a y m e n t of t h e J e w i s h t a x in E g y p t c a n b e t r a c e d till t h e m i d d l e of t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y (cf. N o . 460); w e d o n o t k n o w when and b y w h o m the t a x w a s abolished. 64
J o h n s o n c a l c u l a t e d t h e y e a r l y i n c o m e f r o m t h e J e w i s h t a x in E g y p t a s a m o u n t i n g t o 8 million E g y p t i a n d r a c h m a i . A d d i n g t h e drrapxai, w e g e t 9 m i l lion, a n d t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t in t h e y e a r A . D . 7 1 / 2 (the 4 t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n a c c o r d i n g t o E g y p t i a n r e c k o n i n g ) J e w s p a i d t h e t a x n o t for t h a t y e a r o n l y b u t for t h e t w o p r e c e d i n g y e a r s a s w e l l , w e g e t t h e e n o r m o u s s u m of 27 m i l l i o n E g y p t i a n d r a c h m a i p a i d b y E g y p t i a n J e w s a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e n e w r e i g n . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n , of course, m u s t b e r e g a r d e d a s e x a g g e r a t e d , since i t is b a s e d o n P h i l o ' s n u m b e r of o n e million J e w s in E g y p t , a n u m b e r w h i c h c a n h a r d l y b e a c c e p t e d a s c o r r e c t (see a b o v e , p . 4). Y e t e v e n if t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e t o t a l s u m is t o b e d o u b t e d , t h e f a c t r e m a i n s t h a t t h e y e a r A . D . 7 1 / 2 m e a n t a h e a v y financial b u r d e n for E g y p t i a n J e w s . W e m a y s u p p o s e t h a t n o t e v e r y J e w w a s a b l e t o p a y t h e l a r g e s u m s d e m a n d e d of h i m a n d t h a t n o n - p a y m e n t of t h e a r r e a r s r e s u l t e d in s e v e r e p u n i s h m e n t . Y e t e v e n w h e n t h e first y e a r s w e r e o v e r a n d a l l t h e a r r e a r s d u l y p a i d , t h e financial s i t u a t i o n i n v o l v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e h a r d ship. T h e a m o u n t to be paid b y a n y individual w a s , perhaps, not v e r y g r e a t ; t h e laographia in U p p e r E g y p t , p a i d a t t h e r a t e of 16 d r a c h m a i , w a s a l m o s t t w i c e a s m u c h , a n d t h e 44 dr. of t h e avvrd^\iov {laographia a n d s o m e a d d i t i o n a l t a x e s ) in t h e A r s i n o i t e district w a s five t i m e s a s m u c h a s t h e J e w i s h t a x . Y e t t h e J e w i s h t a x d i d n o t s u p e r s e d e t h e laographia, n e i t h e r d i d i t t a k e t h e p l a c e of numerous capitation taxes, such as the b a t h - t a x , dike-tax, guard-tax, etc. A l l these h a d to be paid, and the Jewish t a x w a s an additional burden. T h i s burden 65
6 4
There is n o clear evidence of the existence of the 'Jewish t a x ' after the middle of the second century. According to Juster (ii. 286) the t a x was still in existence in the middle of the third century B 2909
and w a s abolished, perhaps, b y J u l i a n ; cf. also Ginsburg, o p . cit. 290. W e have no means of proving this assertion, s Johnson, Roman Egypt, 488. 6
G
82
PROLEGOMENA
w a s especially h e a v y w h e n imposed o n a family w i t h numerous children or old p e o p l e , since t h e h e a d of t h e f a m i l y h a d t o p a y for e v e r y o n e of i t s m e m b e r s i n c l u d i n g s l a v e s . A f a m i l y of five p e r s o n s , w h i c h c a n b y n o m e a n s b e c o n s i d e r e d l a r g e , h a d t o p a y t h e J e w i s h t a x a t a r a t e e q u a l l i n g t h e h i g h r a t e of t h e laographia i n t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e . D o e s t h i s e x p l a i n w h y m a n y J e w i s h families, a c c o r d i n g t o w h a t w e k n o w of t h e m f r o m t h e E d f u o s t r a k a a n d f r o m N o . 421, h a v e s o astonishingly f e w children—or n o children a t all? Y e t t h e e c o n o m i c b u r d e n w a s , p e r h a p s , n o t t h e d a r k e s t side of t h e n e w t a x ; i t s p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l significance p r o b a b l y a r o u s e d feelings f a r m o r e g l o o m y . N e e d l e s s t o s a y , t h e m e r e o b l i g a t i o n t o s u p p o r t t h e h e a t h e n g o d , t h e g o d of t h e h a t e d c o n q u e r o r s , w i t h m o n e y f o r m e r l y c a l l e d ' s a c r e d ' (Upd xPVt )> c y n i c a l i n s u l t u n p r e c e d e n t e d i n J e w i s h h i s t o r y . Y e t i t w a s t h e fate of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e R o m a n E m p i r e . A s for t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s , t h e y h a d s o m e a d d i t i o n a l g r i e v a n c e s . T h e y h a d f o u g h t a l o n g fight for c i v i c r i g h t s i n A l e x a n d r i a in order t o b e o n a level w i t h t h e Greeks a n d n o t b e confused w i t h E g y p t i a n s . T h e y h a d l o s t t h i s b a t t l e , a n d i t h a d b e e n officially r u l e d t h a t e v e n a n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w , u n l e s s h e w a s a c i t i z e n , w a s l i a b l e t o laographia. N o w a l l J e w s , c i t i z e n s o r n o t , h a d t o p a y t h e J e w i s h t a x . S i n c e i t w a s sufficiently w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e i m p o s i t i o n of t h i s t a x w a s a p u n i t i v e m e a s u r e , a n d since i t h a d b e e n i m p o s e d o n J e w s after t h e c r u s h i n g of t h e i r r e v o l t , t h e t a x w a s p u b l i c l y r e g a r d e d a s f a r m o r e d e g r a d i n g t h a n e v e n t h e laographia. T h e J e w s w e r e n o w p u t t o s h a m e n o t o n l y i n t h e e y e s of t h e G r e e k s b u t i n t h e e y e s of t h e E g y p t i a n v i l l a g e r s a s w e l l . T h e p a y m e n t of t h e J e w i s h t a x a c q u i r e d s o m e t h i n g of t h e significance of t h e ' y e l l o w s p o t ' o n J e w s ' c l o t h e s i n t h e M i d d l e A g e s ; i t m a r k e d t h e J e w s a s a d a n g e r o u s a n d s e d i t i o u s p e o p l e . I n t h i s w a y t h e l a s t h o p e of 'emancipation' w a s frustrated. W e c a n imagine t h a t n o w w r a t h a n d hatred were t h e d o m i n a n t feelings of J e w s t o w a r d s t h e G r a e c o - R o m a n w o r l d . iaTa
w
a
s
a
6 6
T h e J e w s d r e w closer t o e a c h o t h e r . T h i s c a m e a b o u t , n o t , p e r h a p s , a s t h e result of a d e l i b e r a t e p o l i c y , b u t r a t h e r b y i n s t i n c t : i t w a s safer t o k e e p oneself a p a r t f r o m n e i g h b o u r s , if t h e s e n e i g h b o u r s h a d b e c o m e e n e m i e s . W e s s e l y , w h e n first p u b l i s h i n g J e w i s h o s t r a k a f r o m A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a ( E d f u ) , a p p l i e d t h e term 'Ghetto' t o t h e Jewish quarter in this t o w n . Juridically envisaged, this t e r m i s e r r o n e o u s , since ' g h e t t o ' p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t J e w s w e r e p r o h i b i t e d f r o m s e t t l i n g o u t s i d e i t , a n d n o s u c h p r o h i b i t i o n w a s e v e r issued b y a n y R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t . B u t t a k i n g t h e w o r d i n i t s w i d e r s e n s e — a s a s p e c i a l q u a r t e r deli b e r a t e l y c h o s e n b y J e w s — i t is q u i t e c o r r e c t . W e h a v e r e a s o n for s u p p o s i n g t h a t i n t h e earlier p e r i o d t h e J e w s of A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a w e r e s c a t t e r e d a l l o v e r t h e t o w n , a n d t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s of a g h e t t o life b e g a n t o d e v e l o p o n l y i n t h e m i d d l e of t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . O f c o u r s e , t h i s t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s a g h e t t o life 6 7
6 6
According t o Josephus (bell. 7. 218), t h e Jewish t a x w a s imposed 'on all J e w s wheresoever resident' (rots oirovhriitoT* oSaiv ' J o u S a i o i s ) , and D i o tells u s t h a t all J e w s ' w h o practised t h e habits of their forefathers' (rovs r d -ndrpia airwv eOrj TrepiareXXovras)
h a d t o p a y t h e t a x (66. 7. 2).
In b o t h cases n o m e n t i o n of a political or civic s t a t u s is m a d e . J e w s w h o were R o m a n citizens paid t h e t a x , as attested b y t h e Edfu ostraka
(Nos. 162, 174, a n d others). T h e striking of t h e coin under N e r v a mentioned above (note 63) presupposes t h a t J e w s w h o h a d suffered under D o m i t i a n were R o m a n citizens: the Senate would hardly care about peregrini. If R o m a n citizenship did n o t e x e m p t J e w s from t h e p a y m e n t of t h e Jewish t a x , h o w could the citizenship of a Greek city d o s o ? Stud. Pal. ii. 8 sqq. 6 7
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
83
w a s a s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e of t h e J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t i n E g y p t , f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g (see a b o v e , p p . 5 s q . ) ; b u t n o w , after t h e b i t t e r e x p e r i e n c e s of A . D . 38 a n d 6 6 70, t h e ' g h e t t o ' b e c a m e n o t o n l y a h o m e b u t a s h e l t e r a s w e l l . T h e G r e e k s c o u l d o n l y w e l c o m e t h e s e s e p a r a t i s t t e n d e n c i e s in a p e o p l e c o m p o s e d , i n t h e i r e y e s , of ' s t r a n g e r s a n d a l i e n s ' . A s for R o m a n s , t h e y s e e m t o h a v e b e e n i n d i f f e r e n t : i t w a s a m a t t e r of n o i m p o r t a n c e w h e t h e r t h e J e w s preferred t o s e t t l e i n t h i s o r i n t h a t m a n n e r ; t h e essential p o i n t w a s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d p a y t h e i r t a x e s a n d refrain f r o m a n y a t t e m p t t o rise once m o r e a g a i n s t R o m e . T h e q u e l l i n g of t h e J e w s ' r e v o l t in A . D . 70 a n d t h e i n a u g u r a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h t a x d i d n o t affect t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s of R o m a n p o l i c y t o w a r d s t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s . A s before, J e w s w e r e a l l o w e d t o l i v e ' a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r ancestral l a w s ' , and all their national and religious privileges were p r o t e c t e d . N o religious persecutions were inaugurated a n d no anti-Semitic policy w a s officially a d o p t e d b y t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t . T h i s p r i v i l e g e of l i v i n g a c c o r d i n g to tradition, coupled n o w w i t h the strong t e n d e n c y t o live in separate quarters a n d t o a v o i d close c o n t a c t w i t h G r e e k a n d E g y p t i a n n e i g h b o u r s , l e d t o a r e v i v a l of s t r o n g n a t i o n a l feeling. E g y p t i a n J e w r y , r a p i d l y h e l l e n i z e d i n t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e a n d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of R o m a n r u l e , n o w t u r n e d t o w a r d s J e w i s h t r a d i t i o n s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y w e h a v e n o l e g a l d o c u m e n t s f r o m t h e close of t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . , s u c h a s c o u l d b e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e d o c u m e n t s of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d f r o m t h e F a y u m a n d w i t h t h o s e of A u g u s t u s ' t i m e f r o m A l e x a n d r i a . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen ( a b o v e , p . 34) t h a t t h e s e l a t t e r d o c u m e n t s p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e of t h e influence of H e l l e n i s t i c l a w o n J e w i s h f a m i l y a n d b u s i n e s s life. A f t e r A . D . 70, w e r e E g y p t i a n J e w s d i s p o s e d t o use t h e i r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n t o d r a w u p t h e i r l e g a l d o c u m e n t s i n G r e e k offices, a c c o r d i n g t o Greek laws ? I a m inclined to believe t h a t t h e y were, b u t no evidence can be p u t f o r w a r d i n f a v o u r of t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n . D i d J e w s of t h i s t i m e f o u n d n e w c o m m u n i t i e s or erect n e w s y n a g o g u e s ? T h i s q u e s t i o n , t o o , m u s t r e m a i n u n a n s w e r e d . W e h a v e a p a p y r u s d a t e d A . D . 113, m e n t i o n i n g a s y n a g o g u e of T h e b a n J e w s i n A r s i n o e ( N o . 432), b u t w e d o n o t k n o w e x a c t l y w h e n t h e J e w s of t h e T h e b a i d i m m i g r a t e d i n t o t h e F a y u m . O n e m e a n s of i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e n e w a t t i t u d e of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s t o w a r d s t r a d i t i o n is t o e x a m i n e t h e i r p r o p e r n a m e s . H e r e , o n c e a g a i n , t h e p a p y r i a n d o s t r a k a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e r e c e i p t s f r o m E d f u , furnish us with abundant material. 6 8
6 9
C o w l e y , i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o his Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., p . x x i i i , w r o t e a s f o l l o w s : ' A m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s n a m e s of c o l o n i s t s [of E l e p h a n t i n e ] , A b r a h a m , J a c o b , J o s e p h , Moses, S a m u e l , D a v i d , so c o m m o n i n l a t e r t i m e s , n e v e r o c c u r . . . . I t is a l m o s t i n c r e d i b l e , b u t i t is t r u e . ' L o n g before C o w l e y this 'incredible' fact w a s well k n o w n to Z u n z , w h o emphasized it in relation to the T a l m u d i c period. A c c o r d i n g to Z u n z , the most c o m m o n Jewish names, such as A b r a h a m , A a r o n , Moses, D a v i d , Solomon, Sarah, R e b e c c a , were n o t i n use in t h e T a l m u d i c p e r i o d . Y e t w e m a y a d d t h a t n e i t h e r w e r e t h e y i n use 7 0
6 8
Cf. t h e confirmation of t h e 8if«ua/xara of t h e J e w s of Antiochia b y Titus in A . D . 71 (bell. 7. 2
n o sq.). Cf. Juster, ii. 19 s q q . ; Baron, SRH i i , 108 sqq. A synagogue of R o m a n t i m e s is recorded 6 9
in S B 6832, but we do not know w h e n , or even where, it w a s built. 7 0
Zunz, Namen der Juden, 1837 (Gesam. Schr. ii), p . 13.
84
PROLEGOMENA
in t h e B i b l i c a l p e r i o d . ' D u r i n g t h e w h o l e B i b l i c a l p e r i o d t h e n a m e s of t h e ' ' F a t h e r s ' ' w e r e n e v e r u s e d ; t h e r e are n o A b r a h a m s , I s a a c s , J a c o b s , R e u b e n s , L e v i s , S i m e o n s , or J o s e p h s a p a r t f r o m t h e P a t r i a r c h s a n d t h e i r s o n s . ' T h i s b e i n g so, o u r a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e u s e of t h e n a m e s of t h e P a t r i a r c h s a n d of B i b l i c a l personages in general m u s t be revised. W e h a v e not to ask w h e n and w h y the J e w s c e a s e d t o u s e B i b l i c a l n a m e s , b u t w h e n a n d w h y t h e y b e g a n t o use t h e m . H e r e t h e d o c u m e n t a r y s o u r c e s furnish u s w i t h v a l u a b l e m a t e r i a l in t h e l i g h t of w h i c h Z u n z ' s s t a t e m e n t n e e d s s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n . I t is, of c o u r s e , t r u e t h a t t h e n a m e s stressed b y h i m s e l d o m or n e v e r o c c u r in t h e T a l m u d ; y e t s o m e of t h e m , l i k e A b r a h a m , S a r a h , R e b e c c a , a n d p e r h a p s A a r o n a n d S o l o m o n , are f o u n d in p a p y r i , o s t r a k a , a n d i n s c r i p t i o n s . F o r o u r p u r p o s e t h e c o m p a r i s o n of t h e m a t e r i a l of t h e P t o l e m a i c a n d t h e R o m a n p e r i o d s i n E g y p t is of g r e a t v a l u e . W e h a v e a l r e a d y seen (p. 29) t h a t t w o B i b l i c a l n a m e s a t least, J o s e p h a n d S i m e o n , w e r e in g r e a t u s e i n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , a n d w e h a v e s t a t e d t h a t s p e c i a l c a u s e s m a y a c c o u n t for t h e i r use. N o w w e h a v e t o s t u d y t h e fate of o t h e r B i b l i c a l n a m e s . A m o n g t h e n a m e s of t h e ' F a t h e r s ' , J a c o b o c c u r s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y ; it is f o l l o w e d i n p o p u l a r i t y b y I s a a c ; a n d l a s t of all c o m e s A b r a h a m . A l l t h r e e n a m e s s h o w t h e s a m e c o m m o n f e a t u r e : t h e y are v e r y r a r e l y u s e d in t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e a n d m o r e or less f r e q u e n t l y in t h e R o m a n p e r i o d . T h e n a m e J e s u s shares t h e s a m e f a t e . O t h e r B i b l i c a l n a m e s i n use in t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e , s u c h a s S i m o n , J o s e p h , S a m u e l , J o h a n n a n , Judas, Helkias, Eleazar, and others, continue to be used in the R o m a n p e r i o d . A n i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t m a y b e o b t a i n e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e use of t h e H e b r e w n a m e s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d i n A l e x a n d r i a (Section V I I ) w i t h t h e i r u s e a t t h e e n d of t h e s a m e p e r i o d i n E d f u ( S e c t i o n I X ) . W e find a v e r y s m a l l n u m b e r of H e b r e w n a m e s a m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s p e r s o n s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a p y r i of A l e x a n d r i a ; y e t t h e r e is little d o u b t t h a t J e w s m u s t h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e s e p a p y r i since s o m e of t h e s e d o c u m e n t s w e r e d r a w n u p i n t h e J e w i s h q u a r t e r , D e l t a . T h e r e is n o w a y of e x p l a i n i n g t h e i n c o n g r u i t y s a v e b y s u p p o s i n g t h a t t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g p r o p o r t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s b o r e G r e e k n a m e s a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , c a n n o t n o w b e differentiated f r o m t h e G r e e k s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e s a m e p a p y r i . If w e n o w t u r n t o E d f u , t h e s i t u a t i o n r e v e a l s q u i t e different f e a t u r e s . T h o u g h G r e e k n a m e s are p r e d o m i n a n t here t o o , a n d i n a d d i t i o n E g y p t i a n a n d e v e n R o m a n n a m e s are u s e d , t h e list of H e b r e w a n d A r a m a i c n a m e s is b y n o m e a n s n e g l i g i b l e . T h i s s t e a d y i n c r e a s e in t h e use of H e b r e w n a m e s f r o m t h e P t o l e m a i c t o t h e R o m a n p e r i o d is t h e b e s t e v i d e n c e of t h e g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e of n a t i o n a l spirit a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s . C a l l i n g c h i l d r e n b y t h e s a c r e d n a m e s of t h e forefathers, or b y t h e n a m e s of J o s h u ' a - J e s u s , t h e h e r o i c c o n q u e r o r of P a l e s t i n e , w a s e n t i r e l y different f r o m calling t h e m Sambathaios, Simon, or J o s e p h : it indicated a return to the old J e w i s h t r a d i t i o n , t h e r e m e m b r a n c e of t h e c r a d l e of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e a n d of t h e 71
72
7 1
The Lachish Ostraka, p. 43
7 2
T h e n a m e J a c o b occurs 18 times in the
H . Torczyner, (Hebrew edition).
papyri—3 times in the Hellenistic period, 12 in
7 3
Hellenistic period, 6 in the R o m a n , and 3 times in the B y z a n t i n e . For Abraham (occurs 8 times) the respective figures a r e : 1 - 6 - 1 . 7 3
T h e n a m e Jesus
('Irjaovs)
is mentioned 8
the R o m a n , and 3 in the B y z a n t i n e . It is men-
times in the p a p y r i ; the respective figures a r e :
tioned 4 times in the inscriptions of the R o m a n period from E g y p t ( S B 1 1 , 3942, 6175, 6228). T h e n a m e Isaak occurs n t i m e s — t w i c e in t h e
1-7-0. It occurs twice in the inscriptions ( S B 6648, 7296).
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
85
J e w i s h faith, a n d , p e r h a p s , t h e u n c o n s c i o u s w i s h t o r e v i v e t h e p a s t g l o r y of God's chosen people. T h i s s t e a d y a n d r a p i d r e g e n e r a t i o n of n a t i o n a l feeling a m o n g E g y p t i a n J e w r y r e s u l t e d , a s w e h a v e a l r e a d y seen, from t h e n e w p o l i t i c a l a n d social e x p e r i e n c e of t h e J e w s i n E g y p t itself. Y e t w e m a y a s k w h e t h e r P a l e s t i n e o n c e a g a i n c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h i s n e w spirit. N o s t r i c t e v i d e n c e c a n b e b r o u g h t f o r w a r d in f a v o u r of t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n ; y e t I s h o u l d l i k e t o e m p h a s i z e t h e t w o f o l l o w i n g f a c t s . F i r s t l y , t h e n u m b e r of E g y p t i a n J e w s w a s s u d d e n l y i n c r e a s e d b y n e w ' i m m i g r a n t s ' from P a l e s t i n e : t h e s e w e r e t h e n u m e r o u s J e w i s h c a p t i v e s b r o u g h t b y R o m e i n t o E g y p t after t h e v i c t o r i o u s t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h w a r . A c c o r d i n g t o J o s e p h u s (bell. 6. 418), y o u n g J e w s f r o m t h e a g e of 17 o n w a r d s w e r e s e n t f r o m P a l e s t i n e t o E g y p t for c o m p u l s o r y w o r k ( p r o b a b l y in t h e q u a r r i e s ) ; f u r t h e r w e are t o l d b y H i e r o n y m u s t h a t infinita millia captivorum w e r e s e n t f r o m P a l e s t i n e t o R o m e v i a G a z a a n d A l e x a n d r i a . M o s t of t h e s e prisoners p r o b a b l y perished, for t h e i r l a b o u r s w e r e e x h a u s t i n g ; o t h e r s m e r e l y p a s s e d t h r o u g h E g y p t . Y e t t h o s e w h o w e r e i n t e n d e d t o b e sold as s l a v e s t o p r i v a t e p e r s o n s c o u l d b e s o l d i n E g y p t a s w e l l a s in R o m e , a n d since E g y p t w a s t h e n e a r e s t R o m a n p r o v i n c e t o P a l e s t i n e , t h e r e is l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t t h i s w a s w h a t f r e q u e n t l y h a p p e n e d . N o w , i t w a s a l w a y s a m a t t e r of s p e c i a l v i r t u e for J e w s t o r e d e e m t h e i r b r e t h r e n f r o m c a p t i v i t y ; w e h a v e a d d i t i o n a l p r o o f of t h i s i n a p a p y r u s of t h e l a t e R o m a n p e r i o d ( N o . 473). T h e spirit w i t h w h i c h t h e s e y o u n g m e n w h o h a d b e e n fighters for l i b e r t y w e r e i m b u e d n e e d s n o s p e c i a l c o m m e n t . E v e n if w e s u p p o s e t h a t t h e n u m b e r of s u c h s l a v e s w a s s m a l l , t h e i r influence o n t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e . O f course, t h e A l e x a n d r i a n c o m m u n i t y w a s a n x i o u s t o s h o w t h a t it h a d n o s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e Z e a l o t s . Y e t after t h e b l o o d s h e d of A . D . 66 a n d t h e c o n s t a n t h u m i l i a t i o n s t h e y h a d suffered, t h e rich m e r c h a n t s of A l e x a n d r i a w e r e b u t a s m a l l m i n o r i t y of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e i n E g y p t , a n d n o t a t all r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e m . T h e i r p e r s e c u t i o n of t h e Z e a l o t s h a d f o l l o w e d i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n t h e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e w a r , w h e n a f o r m a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n of p r o - R o m a n s y m p a t h i e s w a s a m a t t e r of p o l i t i c a l n e c e s s i t y . W h e n t h e h a r d t i m e s w e r e o v e r , t h e J e w i s h prisoners w h o f o u n d n e w h o m e s i n t h e h o u s e h o l d s of t h e i r b r e t h r e n i n E g y p t w e r e p r o b a b l y t r e a t e d a s heroes, w h o h a d f o u g h t a s a c r e d w a r for G o d , H i s p e o p l e , a n d H i s c o u n t r y . S o t h e a r d e n t p a t r i o t i s m of t h e P a l e s t i n i a n fighters m a y h a v e b e e n felt i n E g y p t a n d p e r h a p s c o n t r i b u t e d its s h a r e t o the i n c r e a s e of n a t i o n a l feeling. S e c o n d l y , f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y t h e r e w a s c o n t a c t b e t w e e n E g y p t i a n J e w r y a n d t h e P a l e s t i n i a n R a b b i s . T h i s f a c t w a s , p e r h a p s , of e v e n g r e a t e r significance a s r e g a r d s t h e r e t u r n of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s t o J e w i s h t r a d i t i o n ; b u t t h i s q u e s t i o n w i l l b e d e a l t w i t h i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r , since t h e p r i n c i p a l material concerning this intercourse derives from the late R o m a n and B y z a n t i n e periods. 74
7 5
T h e p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s from A . D . 70 till A . D . 115 is a l m o s t a b l a n k . W e c a n i m a g i n e t h a t t h e m u t u a l h a t r e d of J e w s a n d G r e e k s i n A l e x a n d r i a 7 4
For t h e detailed list of all Jewish n a m e s occurring in the papyri, ostraka, and inscriptions from E g y p t , see Vol. I l l , A p p e n d i x I I .
7 S
877).
Hieron. Comm. in Jerem. 31. 15 (PL
xxiv.
86
PROLEGOMENA
r e s u l t e d in a s t a t e of c o n s t a n t t e n s i o n a n d t h a t q u a r r e l s a n d clashes w e r e e v e r y d a y occurrences. S m a l l disagreements were p r o b a b l y settled b y the prefect, greater ones were brought, as usual, before the E m p e r o r . W e h a v e knowledge of o n e s u c h q u a r r e l b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e c o u r t of T r a j a n . O n c e a g a i n t w o e m b a s s i e s — o n e of t h e J e w s a n d o n e of t h e G r e e k s — p r e s e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s before t h e E m p e r o r . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e sole s o u r c e c o n c e r n i n g t h i s e v e n t is a f r a g m e n t of t h e ' A c t s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n M a r t y r s ' ( N o . 157), a s o u r c e b y n o m e a n s i m p a r t i a l a n d d e l i b e r a t e l y m i n g l i n g p i e c e s of h i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e w i t h p u r e f a n t a s y . T h e f r a g m e n t c o n c e r n i n g T r a j a n is e s p e c i a l l y s u s p e c t since i n t h e a c c o u n t of t h e e v e n t s i t i n t r o d u c e s s u p e r n a t u r a l forces. S o far a s w e c a n d r a w a n y c o n c l u s i o n from the fragmentary text, the author's purpose w a s to depict the clash between J e w s a n d G r e e k s i n R o m e a s a sort of s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e g o d of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s , S e r a p i s , a n d t h e J e w i s h G o d . S e r a p i s , of c o u r s e , w a s i n t e n d e d t o w i n . T h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n is n o less u n r e a l : T r a j a n , his w i f e P l o t i n a , t h e R o m a n S e n a t e — a l l are d e s c r i b e d a s f a v o u r i n g t h e J e w s a n d d e s p i s i n g t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s . A l l t h a t c a n b e a c c e p t e d a s h i s t o r i c a l is t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e t w o e m b a s s i e s a n d t h e n a m e s of t h e i r m e m b e r s , b u t w e c a n n o t m a k e a n y use of t h i s k n o w l e d g e , since a l m o s t a l l t h e s e p e r s o n s are u n k n o w n t o u s . T h e r e a s o n for s e n d i n g t h e e m b a s s i e s is also o b s c u r e ; a possible o n e is t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n o u t b r e a k s of a n t i - S e m i t i c feeling i n A l e x a n d r i a , b u t t h i s c a n n o t b e p r o v e d . F o r d e t a i l s see i n t r o d u c t i o n a n d n o t e s t o N o . 157. T h e g r e a t p o l i t i c a l e v e n t of t h e e p o c h is t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t u n d e r T r a j a n ( A . D . 1 1 5 - 1 7 ) . N o d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e r e v o l t is t o b e f o u n d in l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s . T h e m o s t v a l u a b l e e v i d e n c e is g i v e n b y E u s e b i o s (Hist. eccl. 4. 2). A c c o r d i n g t o h i m , t h e r e v o l t b r o k e o u t in t h e 18th y e a r of T r a j a n ( A . D . 1 1 5 ) ; t h e J e w s of A l e x a n d r i a , E g y p t , a n d C y r e n e , ' a s if s h a k e n b y a s t r o n g a n d rebellious spirit', fiercely a t t a c k e d t h e i r G r e e k n e i g h b o u r s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r (116) t h e r e v o l t (ORDOIS) b e c a m e a w a r (7T6X€[XOS). T h e first a t t a c k b r o u g h t v i c t o r y t o t h e J e w s ; b u t t h e G r e e k s f r o m t h e E g y p t i a n chora r u s h e d t o A l e x a n d r i a a n d t h e r e g a i n e d a v i c t o r y o v e r t h e J e w s . T h e J e w s of C y r e n e , u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e of t h e i r ' k i n g ' L o u k u a s , a t t a c k e d t h e E g y p t i a n chora a n d d e v a s t a t e d t h e l a n d . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e p r e f e c t of E g y p t , M . R u t i l i u s L u p u s , w a s n o t s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c r u s h t h e r e v o l t , a n d a s p e c i a l c o m m a n d e r , M a r c i u s T u r b o , w a s sent b y t h e E m p e r o r a t t h e h e a d of a g r e a t m i l i t a r y force. T u r b o d e f e a t e d t h e J e w s after m a n y s t r u g g l e s a n d ' n o t in a s h o r t t i m e ' ; in t h e E g y p t i a n c h o r a h e e x t e r m i n a t e d ' m a n y t e n s of t h o u s a n d s ' of J e w s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , L u s i u s Q u i e t u s w a s s e n t t o M e s o p o t a m i a since T r a j a n s u s p e c t e d t h e J e w s t h e r e , t o o , of f o m e n t i n g a r e v o l t , a n d m a n y of t h e m w e r e k i l l e d b y t h e R o m a n s . S u c h is t h e s t o r y t o l d b y E u s e b i o s . D i o C a s s i u s (68. 32) e m p h a s i z e s t h e u n m i t i g a t e d f e r o c i t y of t h e J e w i s h r e b e l s in t h e i r b e h a v i o u r t o w a r d s t h e G r e e k s a n d R o m a n s : t h e y s m e a r e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e b l o o d of t h e i r v i c t i m s , a t e t h e i r flesh, a n d t h e l i k e . H e e s t i m a t e s t h e n u m b e r of p e r s o n s s l a u g h t e r e d b y J e w s i n C y r e n e a t 220,000, a n d in C y p r u s a t 240,000. I n E g y p t ' t h e y p e r f o r m e d m a n y t h i n g s in a s i m i l a r w a y ' (iroXXd ehpaaav ofioia). D i o c a l l s t h e J e w i s h ' k i n g ' A n d r e a s . T h e s t o r y of D i o a d d s b u t l i t t l e t o E u s e b i o s ' e v i d e n c e a n d i t s e x a g g e r a t i o n s ( e s p e c i a l l y as r e g a r d s n u m b e r s ) are t o o e v i d e n t for i t t o b e t a k e n s e r i o u s l y ; y e t t h e fierce c h a r a c t e r of t h e s t r u g g l e is a t t e s t e d b y o t h e r s o u r c e s a n d is n o t t o b e d o u b t e d .
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
87
A p p i a n , w h o w a s h i m s e l f a w i t n e s s of t h e r e v o l t a n d s a v e d his life b y fleeing f r o m E g y p t v i a P e l o u s i o n , tells u s of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n b y J e w s of t h e t e m p l e of N e m e s i s i n t h e close v i c i n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a (bell. civ. 2. 90). O r o s i u s (7. 12) r e c o r d s t h e r e v o l t of J e w s 'in t h e w h o l e of L i b y a ' (per totam Libyam). T h e J e w s , quasi rabie efferati, d e v a s t a t e d t h e c o u n t r y t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n t u r n e d i n t o a desert h a d H a d r i a n n o t sent n e w s e t t l e r s f r o m v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s t o r e p o p u l a t e it. I n a d d i t i o n t o L i b y a , t h e r e v o l t ' s p r e a d o v e r t h e w h o l e of E g y p t , C y r e n e a n d t h e T h e b a i d ' . I n t h e A r m e n i a n v e r s i o n of E u s e b i o s ' c h r o n i c l e w e r e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t : ' H a d r i a n r e c o n s t r u c t e d A l e x a n d r i a after i t s h a v i n g b e e n d e m o l i s h e d b y t h e J e w s ' , a n d t h e s a m e p h r a s e is r e p e a t e d b y H i e r o n y m o s . S y n k e l l o s (347 d) r e c o r d s t h e e x t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e J e w s w h o f o u g h t t h e G r e e k s in L i b y a , Cyrene, E g y p t , Alexandria, and the Thebaid, and elsewhere he says b r i e f l y : ' H a d r i a n inflicted p u n i s h m e n t u p o n t h e J e w s w h o r e v o l t e d a g a i n s t t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s ' (348 d ) . W e m a y a d d t h e brief n o t i c e of S p a r t i a n u s (Hist. A u g . , Vita Hadr. 5) referring t o a J e w i s h r e v o l t i n P a l e s t i n e , a n d here t h e e v i d e n c e of l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s c o m e s t o a n e n d ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of o c c a s i o n a l r e p o r t s r e p e a t i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l sources). T o this literary evidence w e m a y a d d some notes preserved in the T a l m u d , s u c h a s t h e c r u s h i n g of t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t i n P a l e s t i n e a n d M e s o p o t a m i a b y L u s i u s Q u i e t u s , o r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e i n A l e x a n d r i a . T h e d e v a s t a t i o n of L i b y a a n d C y r e n e , r e c o r d e d b y O r o s i u s , h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n c o n f i r m e d b y i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m A f r i c a , of g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e . T h e w h o l e of the material hitherto described m a y be s u m m e d u p as follows: 1. T h e J e w i s h r e v o l t i n E g y p t w a s o n l y p a r t of a m o r e g e n e r a l r e b e l l i o u s m o v e m e n t in w h i c h n o t o n l y E g y p t i a n a n d A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s b u t also t h o s e of C y r e n e a n d C y p r u s p a r t i c i p a t e d , a n d , t o a lesser e x t e n t , t h o s e of P a l e s t i n e a n d Mesopotamia. 2. T h e r e v o l t i n E g y p t l a s t e d for a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s ( 1 1 5 - 1 7 ) a n d w a s d e f i n i t e l y c r u s h e d in t h e first y e a r of H a d r i a n . S e d i t i o n i n A l e x a n d r i a , t h o u g h s t r o n g , w a s s u p p r e s s e d a t t h e v e r y o u t s e t , w h e r e a s t h e r e v o l t i n t h e chora r e a c h e d i t s c l i m a x i n 116, w h e n t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e h e l p f r o m t h e i r b r e t h r e n in Cyrene. 3. T h e J e w s ' first a c t s w e r e d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e i r G r e e k n e i g h b o u r s . W h e n t h e R o m a n a r m y intervened, sedition became w a r against R o m e . T h e military forces o n t h e s p o t w e r e n o t s t r o n g e n o u g h t o c r u s h t h e r e v o l t , a n d a s p e c i a l 76
7 7
7 8
7 9
7 6
See R e i n a c h , Textes, N o . 79, p p . 153 sq. Hieron. Chr on., ed. H e l m , p . 197: 'Hadrianus Alexandriam a R o m a n i s (1. Judaeis) subversam publiciis instauravit expensiis.' 7 7
For the 'war of Quietus' ( O W j ? ^70 Ol&VlD) in M. S o t a h 9. 14 and Seder '01am see Schiirer, i. 667, n . 59, and 668-9. The destruction of t h e Alexandrian s y n a g o g u e : j . Sukkah 5. 55^. 7 8
7 9
A Latin inscription attests t h a t the road f r o m Cyrene t o Apollonia w a s destroyed during t h e J e w i s h war and reconstructed b y H a d r i a n : ' v i a m quae t u m u l t u Iudaico eversa et corrupta
erat . . .' (Arch. Anzeiger, Beiblatt z. Jahrb. d. Arch. Inst., 1929, p . 423). In another inscription t h e destruction during the war of t h e thermae, and their restitution b y Hadrian, is m e n t i o n e d (ib., p . 400). T h e temple of Apollo, together w i t h buildings belonging t o it, like t h e porticus and t h e Hekataion (the temple of H e k a t e ) , were destroyed b y J e w s (ib. 412, 421). Cf. A p p l e b a u m , 'A N o t e o n t h e work of Hadrian at Cyrene', JRS x l , 1950, 87 s q q . ; id. 'The Jewish R e v o l t in Cyrene in 115-7', Journ. of Jewish Stud, ii, 1951, 177 sqq.
88
PROLEGOMENA
commander, Marcius Turbo, w a s appointed b y the Emperor to deal with the m a t t e r . T h e q u e l l i n g of t h e r e v o l t w a s a difficult a n d t r o u b l o u s t a s k . 4. T h e w a r w a s w a g e d w i t h g r e a t f e r o c i t y o n t h e p a r t of t h e J e w s . T h e s o u r c e s d o n o t s a y w h e t h e r t h e G r e e k s a n d R o m a n s c o m m i t t e d a c t s of a t r o c i t y , b u t m a n y of t h e m r e c o r d t h e e x t e r m i n a t i o n of v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r s of J e w s . 5. T h e J e w s of C y r e n e w e r e h e a d e d b y a ' k i n g ' . T h i s t e r m h a s a m e a n i n g o n l y if it is r e m e m b e r e d t h a t e v e r y ' M e s s i a h ' , w h o w a s t o l i b e r a t e t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e f r o m t h e rule of t h e h e a t h e n , w a s c a l l e d ' k i n g ' b y t h e J e w s . W e t u r n n o w t o t h e e v i d e n c e of t h e p a p y r i . T h e p a p y r i c o n t r i b u t e n u m e r o u s v e r y i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s t o o u r g e n e r a l p i c t u r e of t h e r e v o l t , t h o u g h n o w h e r e is a n y c o h e r e n t e x p o s i t i o n g i v e n . M a n y d e t a i l s , k n o w n f r o m l i t e r a r y sources, are c o n f i r m e d b y t h e p a p y r i , m a n y o t h e r d e t a i l s are n e w a n d h a v e a l r e a d y p r o v i d e d m a t e r i a l for discussion a n d c o n t r o v e r s y . O u r w h o l e p a p y r o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s : (1) t w o official, or semi-official, d o c u m e n t s of c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h f r o m A l e x a n d r i a ( N o s . 1 5 8 , 4 3 5 ) ; (2) a s t o c k of p r i v a t e l e t t e r s m a i n l y f r o m t h e a r c h i v e s of a c e r t a i n A p o l l o n i o s , s t r a t e g o s of t h e d i s t r i c t of A p o l l i n o p o l i s - H e p t a k o m i a s i n U p p e r E g y p t , g i v i n g a p i c t u r e of t h e s i t u a t i o n of t h e G r e e k s of t h e chora d u r i n g t h e r e v o l t (Nos. 436-44, 446); (3) v a r i o u s d o c u m e n t s w r i t t e n after t h e r e v o l t referring t o s o m e q u e s t i o n s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e r e v o l t (Nos. 445, 447-50). T h e r e a d e r w i l l find a d e t a i l e d discussion of all t h e s e p a p y r i in S e c t i o n X I . H e r e o n l y a s u m m a r y of i t e m s of a m o r e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r w i l l b e g i v e n . I h a v e a r r a n g e d t h e p r i n c i p a l issues a c c o r d i n g t o t h e five p a r a graphs just given. 1. The geographical extension of the revolt. T h e l i t e r a r y sources, s p e a k i n g of E g y p t , m e n t i o n A l e x a n d r i a a s t h e f o c u s of t h e r e v o l t , a n d refer o c c a s i o n a l l y t o t h e T h e b a i d . T h e p a p y r i r e c o r d , in a d d i t i o n t o A l e x a n d r i a , t h e f o l l o w i n g p l a c e s in t h e E g y p t i a n chora: M e m p h i s , t h e F a y u m , A t h r i b i s ( D e l t a ) , a n d t h e n o m e s of H e r a k l e o p o l i s , O x y r h y n c h o s , K y n o p o l i s , a n d H e r m o u p o l i s . T h e e v i d e n c e of t h e r e v o l t from t h e H e r m o u p o l i t e n o m e is e s p e c i a l l y r i c h in d e t a i l . T h e e v i d e n c e of t h e p a p y r i , t a k e n w i t h t h a t of t h e l i t e r a r y sources, i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t s p r e a d o v e r t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y of E g y p t , f r o m t h e D e l t a t o t h e T h e b a i d , a n d t h a t n o p l a c e r e m a i n e d u n a f f e c t e d b y it. 2. The chronological question is c o n s i d e r a b l y f a c i l i t a t e d b y a n A l e x a n d r i a n p a p y r u s d a t e d 1 3 t h O c t o b e r 1 1 5 ( N o . 435). T h i s p a p y r u s ( e v i d e n t l y a n official p r o c l a m a t i o n i s s u e d b y t h e E g y p t i a n p r e f e c t M . R u t i l i u s L u p u s ) refers t o a ' b a t t l e ' (fjidxr)) b e t w e e n J e w s a n d R o m a n s w h i c h h a d o c c u r r e d earlier a n d in w h i c h t h e J e w s w e r e d e f e a t e d . T h i s reference confirms b y i t s d a t e t h e k n o w l e d g e g a i n e d f r o m t h e l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s , t h a t t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t of A l e x a n d r i a w a s c r u s h e d a t its v e r y o u t s e t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e d o c u m e n t s of t h e chora ( N o s . 436 sqq.) are u n d a t e d , a n d t h e fixing of t h e d a t e of e a c h is a m a t t e r for s p e c i a l discussion. 3. T h e p a p y r i c o n t r i b u t e s o m e i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s of the general development of events. W e c a n g u e s s a t t h e s i t u a t i o n i n A l e x a n d r i a from t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d p r o c l a m a t i o n of L u p u s ( N o . 435) a n d f r o m a p i e c e of t h e ' A c t s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n M a r t y r s ' , k n o w n a s Acta Pauli et Antonini, referring t o a t r i a l of J e w s a n d G r e e k s b e f o r e H a d r i a n ( N o . 158). M o s t of t h e a b u n d a n t allusions in t h e s e t w o
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
89
d o c u m e n t s are a l m o s t i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e t o u s . T h e s e i n c l u d e references t o a p o p u l a r d i s t u r b a n c e , t h e e s c a p e of s o m e s l a v e s from t h e prison, a p u n i s h m e n t inflicted o n t h e G r e e k s of A l e x a n d r i a , a n d t h e l i k e . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e ' b a t t l e ' b e t w e e n J e w s a n d R o m a n s , m e n t i o n e d in N o . 435, t h o u g h r e s u l t i n g i n t h e c r u s h i n g of t h e m a i n force of t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t , d i d n o t p u t a n e n d t o t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s i n g e n e r a l . I t s e e m s t h a t t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n t o o k a d v a n t a g e of t h e s t a t e of a n a r c h y in A l e x a n d r i a t o l a u n c h a n e w a t t a c k o n J e w s , t h u s c o n s i d e r a b l y a g g r a v a t i n g t h e difficulties w h i c h f a c e d t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t in i t s efforts t o m a i n t a i n p e a c e in t h e c a p i t a l . A s for t h e s t a t e of affairs i n t h e chora, t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n is g i v e n b y N o . 438, w h e r e a d e f e a t 'of t h e w h o l e p e a s a n t r y of t h e n o m e ' t a k i n g t h e field a g a i n s t t h e J e w s is m e n t i o n e d . I n t h e s a m e p a p y r u s t h e a r r i v a l of t h e ' o t h e r l e g i o n ' (dXXrj Xeyewv) a t M e m p h i s is r e c o r d e d . F r o m t h i s i m p o r t a n t piece of e v i d e n c e w e l e a r n t h a t E g y p t i a n s a s w e l l a s R o m a n s t o o k a n a c t i v e p a r t i n t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e J e w s . T h e s a m e m a y b e s a i d of t h e G r e e k s : t h e m e t r o p o l i s of O x y r h y n c h o s , e i g h t y y e a r s after t h e r e v o l t , r e m e m b e r e d t h e aid its citizens h a d lent the R o m a n s during the Jewish revolt, and e v e r y y e a r c o m m e m o r a t e d its v i c t o r y o v e r t h e J e w s ( N o . 450). W e c a n s t a t e , further, t h a t A p o l l o n i o s , t h e s t r a t e g o s of A p o l l i n o p o l i s - H e p t a k o m i a s in t h e T h e b a i d , h a d b e e n one of t h e officers s e r v i n g in t h e a r m y ( p r o b a b l y a s a l e a d e r of t h e l o c a l m i l i t a r y forces), a n d since t h e office of s t r a t e g o s i n E g y p t w a s p u r e l y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e w e m a y d r a w t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t e v e n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officials s e r v e d i n t h e a r m y . S o t h e s u p p r e s s i o n of t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t w a s a r e a l w a r , l e d b y t h e R o m a n s w i t h t h e a c t i v e h e l p of t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t , G r e e k s a n d E g y p t i a n s alike. 4. T h e m o s t v a l u a b l e e v i d e n c e of t h e p a p y r i c o n c e r n s the atrocities of the war and the depopulation of the country. O u r m a t e r i a l is, of c o u r s e , o n e - s i d e d , since all t h e p a p y r i are w r i t t e n b y G r e e k s , b u t e v e n so, t h e y are of g r e a t v a l u e . I t s e e m s t h a t f a n t a s t i c stories c i r c u l a t e d a m o n g t h e G r e e k s a b o u t t h e c r u e l t y of t h e J e w i s h f i g h t e r s : e.g. one o l d l a d y s i n c e r e l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e J e w s r o a s t e d t h e i r c a p t i v e s ( N o . 437). T h e s e stories of c r u e l t y , h o w e v e r e x a g g e r a t e d , m a y y e t c o n t a i n a g e r m of t r u t h . T h e d e p o p u l a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y is a t t e s t e d b y N o s . 447 a n d 449. I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e l a t t e r d o c u m e n t w a s w r i t t e n t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s after t h e r e v o l t , i t s h o w s t h a t t r a c e s of t h e d e p o p u l a t i o n w e r e still felt. 5. L e s s c e r t a i n is o u r k n o w l e d g e c o n c e r n i n g t h e Messianic character of the movement. I n N o . 158a a n e n i g m a t i c ' k i n g of t h e scene a n d t h e m i m e ' is m e n t i o n e d , a n d t h o u g h t h e reference is o b s c u r e , t h e likeliest s u g g e s t i o n is t h a t t h e J e w i s h K i n g of C y r e n e , L o u k u a s o r A n d r e a s , is h e r e i n t e n d e d . T h e allusion s h o u l d p e r h a p s b e i n t e r p r e t e d as a satire p e r f o r m e d o n t h e s t a g e ( s o m e t h i n g l i k e a ' P u r i m - S p i e l ' ) ; a s i m i l a r satire w a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s i n A . D . 38 o n t h e o c c a s i o n of K i n g A g r i p p a ' s v i s i t t o A l e x a n d r i a . A n o t h e r a l l u s i o n t o t h e M e s s i a n i c m o v e m e n t m a y b e seen i n t h e f r e q u e n t c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of t h e J e w s a s ' i m p i o u s ' (dvoaiot,): t h i s t e r m is u s e d four t i m e s i n t h e p a p y r i ( N o s . 1 5 7 - 8 , 438, 443), o n e of w h i c h is a n official d o c u m e n t . T h e ' a t h e i s m ' of t h e J e w s a n d t h e i r c o n t e m p t for g o d s w a s a t h e m e n o t u n k n o w n i n a n t i - S e m i t i c l i t e r a t u r e ; b u t 8 0
8 0
Manetho, the E g y p t i a n priest of the third century B.C., was the first w h o accused the J e w s
(or, more precisely, their forefathers) of i m p i e t y c. Ap. 1. 248) and detestable actions
(dvoottos,
PROLEGOMENA
90
t h i s w a s t h e first t i m e i n J e w i s h h i s t o r y t h a t t h i s t e r m w a s u s e d , a s a m a t t e r of c o u r s e , in a n official d o c u m e n t . T h e d e s t r u c t i o n of p a g a n t e m p l e s b y J e w s d u r i n g t h e r e v o l t s e e m s t o h a v e p r o v i d e d e v i d e n c e of t h e i r i m p i e t y . S u c h a c t s of d e s t r u c t i o n , a t t e s t e d a l i k e b y l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s a n d b y inscriptions, are b e y o n d d o u b t . W h a t w a s t h e r e a l c a u s e of s u c h r u t h l e s s n e s s ? If w e refer t o P a l e s t i n i a n h i s t o r y of t h i s p e r i o d a n a n s w e r m a y b e g i v e n . F r o m 4 B.C. a n d o n w a r d , t h e a p p e a r a n c e of ' k i n g s ' r e c u r s . E a c h of t h e s e ' k i n g s ' w a s r e g a r d e d b y himself, a s w e l l a s b y h i s followers, a s t h e ' M e s s i a h ' , s e n t b y G o d t o h u m i l i a t e t h e h e a t h e n world and to rescue the J e w s from their bondage to R o m e . T h a t the Jewish r e v o l t i n C y r e n e w a s s u c h a M e s s i a n i c m o v e m e n t is s u g g e s t e d b y t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e J e w i s h ' k i n g ' , L o u k u a s - A n d r e a s , w h o , i t s e e m s , m a d e a g r e a t i m p r e s sion o n t h e G r e e k s , since h e is r e c o r d e d b y E u s e b i o s a n d D i o Cassius, a n d , i t m a y b e , b y t h e Acta Pauli et Antonini ( N o . 158). N o w , a M e s s i a n i c m o v e m e n t , t h o u g h e s s e n t i a l l y p o l i t i c a l , h a s a l w a y s a r e l i g i o u s a s p e c t , a n d uses s t i r r i n g r e l i g i o u s s l o g a n s t o a r o u s e t h e h i g h e s t e n t h u s i a s m of t h e m a s s e s . T h e Z e a l o t s ' call not to acknowledge a n y lord besides G o d can be interpreted as political o r r e l i g i o u s , a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r t h e e m p h a s i s is p u t o n ' l o r d ' or ' G o d ' . T h e J e w s ' fierce a n d s y s t e m a t i c d e s t r u c t i o n of h e a t h e n t e m p l e s w a s , w e m a y a s s u m e , p a r t of t h e i r p r o g r a m m e , w h i c h a i m e d a t t h e a n n i h i l a t i o n of t h e p a g a n g o d s a n d t h e p u n i s h m e n t of t h e i r w o r s h i p p e r s , a n d e a r n e d t h e m t h e t i t l e of avocnoi. 8 1
82
8 3
V a r i o u s e x p l a n a t i o n s of t h e r e a s o n s a n d m o t i v e s of t h e r e v o l t h a v e b e e n p u t forward b y modern scholars, b u t in m y opinion the only reason w a s the Messianic c h a r a c t e r of t h e w h o l e m o v e m e n t . Of c o u r s e , p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s 8 4
towards t h e g o d s . ' N o t only did t h e y set cities and villages o n fire, n o t only did t h e y pillage t h e t e m p l e s and m u t i l a t e the images of the g o d s , b u t , n o t content w i t h t h a t , t h e y habitually used t h e v e r y sanctuaries as kitchens for roasting t h e venerated sacred animals . . .' (c. Ap. 1. 249). Cf. Tacitus, hist. 5. 4: 'profana illic omnia quae apud nos sacra'. For t h e 'atheism' of t h e J e w s cf. H e i n e m a n n , RE, Suppl. v . 42. 8 1
I n Alexandria the h o l y precincts (reuevos) devoted to Nemesis was devastated by Jews who used t h e m 'for the exigencies of the war' (App. bell. civ. 2. 90). In E g y p t N e m e s i s has b e e n fre q u e n t l y identified w i t h Isis, the m o s t venerated E g y p t i a n goddess, sacred t o E g y p t i a n s and Greeks alike (cf. Perdrizet, Ann. d. Serv. x x x i . 30). T h e h o l y precincts ( r e / n e V ^ ) were frequently connected w i t h h o l y groves (BIFAO xli, 1942, 52), and the c u t t i n g d o w n of trees in such a grove w a s looked u p o n as sacrilegious (cf., e.g., P . B r e m . 35). For the destruction of the temples in Cyrene (of Apollo, A r t e m i s , the Dioscuri, H e k a t e , D e m e t e r , and perhaps of P l u t o , Isis, and others) see A p p l e b a u m , Journ. Jew. Stud. ii. 177 sqq. 8 2
T h e political confusion after Herod's d e a t h in 4 B.C. g a v e popular leaders their first oppor t u n i t y t o proclaim t h e m s e l v e s kings. Josephus tells us of three such leaders: J u d a s , son of t h e
'brigand' (i.e. guerrilla-fighter) Hezekias, S i m o n , a slave of the king Herod, and Athronges, a shepherd (ant. 17. 271 s q q . ; bell. 2. 55 sqq.). I n A.D. 66 Menachem, the son of the above-mentioned J u d a s , entered Jerusalem 'like a king' ( o l a fiacnXevs) and became t h e leader of the revolt (bell. 2. 434). I t is likely t h a t Simon ben Giora, one of the chief leaders of the war of A.D. 66-70, also considered himself a king, since h e appeared before t h e R o m a n s , u p o n surrendering himself, 'dressed in a white tunic w i t h a purple m a n t l e buckled over it' (bell. 7. 29), t h e dress of a king. T h a t all these 'kings' were regarded as saviours of t h e Jewish people, sent b y God, cannot be doubted w h e n we take into consideration t h e fanatical creed of the J e w s t h a t 'at t h a t t i m e o n e from their country would rule over t h e whole world' (bell. 6. 312; cf. T a c . hist. 5. 1 3 ; Suet. Vesp. 4. 5). 8 3
The discrepancy in the n a m e s of the Jewish king g i v e n b y Eusebios (Loukuas) and D i o Cassius (Andreas) m a y be explained b y the sug gestion t h a t he bore a double n a m e : Aovnovas 6 KCU. AvSpeas. This is the opinion held b y m o s t of t h e scholars (cf. e.g. F u c h s , 31, note 1). 8 4
Mommsen (Rom. Gesch. v . 543) sees t h e restoration of the Jewish State as t h e final aim of t h e revolt. Graetz (Gesch. i v , 2nd ed., 125 sqq.)
THE EARLY
ROMAN
PERIOD
91
c r e a t e d a s u i t a b l e b a c k g r o u n d for t h e r e v o l t : T r a j a n , w i t h h i s l a r g e a r m y , w a s e n g a g e d i n a l o n g a n d serious w a r a g a i n s t t h e P a r t h i a n s , a n d t h e p a y m e n t of the Jewish t a x w a s a perpetual irritant against R o m e . Y e t the news from P a r t h i a , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e w a r (i.e. j u s t w h e n t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t b r o k e o u t ) , w a s of b r i l l i a n t R o m a n v i c t o r i e s , a n d t h e J e w i s h t a x w a s n o t a n innovation b u t an institution forty-five y e a r s old. T a k e n merely as a political m o v e m e n t , t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t a p p e a r s t o b e d e v o i d of a n y r e a s o n a b l e a i m . C o u l d the J e w s seriously h a v e believed t h a t t h e y could w i n a decisive v i c t o r y over the c o m b i n e d forces of t h e R o m a n l e g i o n s a n d t h e G r e e k a n d n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n s of t h e R o m a n p r o v i n c e s i n t h e O r i e n t ? D i d t h e y n o t k n o w t h e r e a l s t r e n g t h of t h e m i l i t a r y forces o n b o t h s i d e s ? A l l t h e s e q u e s t i o n s s h o u l d h a v e b e e n s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e J e w i s h l e a d e r s before t h e y c a l l e d t h e i r p e o p l e t o a r m s . Y e t i t d o e s n o t s e e m t h a t a n y of t h e s e q u e s t i o n s w a s s e r i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d : if t h e y h a d b e e n , i t is u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n a r e v o l t . S o i t is d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r a n y r a t i o n a l r e a s o n s for t h e o u t b r e a k of t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t c a n b e f o u n d , a n d a n irrational one must b e sought. A strong Messianic m o v e m e n t , t a k i n g place b e t w e e n t h e f r u s t r a t e d M e s s i a n i c h o p e s of A . D . 70 a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e l a s t g r e a t M e s s i a h , B a r - K o c h b a , i n A . D . 132, is n o t surprising. Of course, a M e s s i a n i c m o v e m e n t s h o u l d h a v e s t a r t e d i n P a l e s t i n e , n o t i n t h e d i a s p o r a . Y e t after t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e T e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m a n d t h e p r o c l a m a t i o n of t h e J e w i s h t a x , a l l lines of d e m a r c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e J e w s i n P a l e s t i n e a n d t h e i r b r e t h r e n i n o t h e r R o m a n p r o v i n c e s w e r e effaced, since all w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s a s e d i t i o u s p e o p l e a n d h a d t o p a y t h e J e w i s h t a x . T h e influence of P a l e s t i n i a n J e w r y o n t h e d i a s p o r a h a d n e v e r b e e n so s t r o n g a s i t b e c a m e after A . D . 7 0 : t h e d e g e n e r a t i o n a n d t h e g r a d u a l d i s a p p e a r a n c e of J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e i n G r e e k is t h e b e s t e v i d e n c e of t h i s f a c t . S o m e u n i m p o r t a n t e v e n t , p e r h a p s a c l a s h b e t w e e n J e w s a n d G r e e k s , m a y h a v e o c c a s i o n e d t h e o u t b r e a k of h o s t i l i t i e s i n one of t h e G r e e k c i t i e s of C y r e n e . T h i s i n c i d e n t m i g h t e a s i l y h a v e b e e n o v e r l o o k e d as o n n u m e r o u s o t h e r 8 5
connects the Jewish revolts in E g y p t and Cyrene w i t h t h a t in Mesopotamia and suggests t h a t the revolt w a s directed from a centre in Palestine. Cf. H . Zucker, Studien z.jiid. Selbstverwaltung im Altertum, 1936,153: 'Das gleichzeitige Losbrechen der J u d e n in der Kyrenaika wie in Mesopotamien i m Jahre 116 zwingt eine Zentrale a n z u n e h m e n , die geographisch wiepolitisch immer nur Palastin a sein konnte.' According t o Heichelheim, t h e origin of the revolt is n o t t o be found in internal J e w i s h affairs b u t in t h e general political situa tion in the Orient: the revolt 'was probably encouraged rather b y one of the leading Parthian c o m m a n d e r s opposing Trajan, n a m e l y , the king of Adiabene . . .' (JEA x x x i i , 1946, 106). R a c h m u t h finds t h e cause of t h e revolt n o t in t h e J e w s ' inimical feelings towards the R o m a n s b u t i n t h e hatred of the J e w s for their Greek neigh bours (MGWJ 1, 1906, 22). T h e Messianic origin of t h e revolt is stressed b y Lagrange, Le Messianisme chez les Juifs, 308. H e c o m m e n t s on the appearance of t h e Jewish king as f o l l o w s : 'on n e
p e u t se soustraire a la conclusion qu'a c e t t e epoque u n roi de Juifs est u n Messie'. T h e J e w i s h Messianism and the restoration of the J e w i s h S t a t e are combined b y W i l c k e n : 'in Verbindung m i t d e m damals stark hervortretenden Messiasg e d a n k e n erwuchs allmahlich die tollkuhne Hoffn u n g , sich v o m Romerreich loszureissen u n d womoglich wieder einen jiidischen N a t i o n a l s t a a t aufzurichten' (Wilcken, Die Bremer Papyri, A b h . Preuss. A k . 1936, N o . 2, p . 14). It is clear t h a t the opinions of scholars concerning t h e m o t i v e s of the revolt v a r y greatly, a fact which cannot sur prise u s w h e n w e consider the scantiness of our material and the unreliability of our sources. 8 5
W e h a v e little information on the political and cultural status of the J e w s in Cyrene, b u t it is probable t h a t their general situation differed little from t h a t of the E g y p t i a n J e w s . T h e J e w s were organized into a group of inhabitants sepa rate from the other minority groups, s o m e w h a t v a g u e l y characterized b y Strabo (ap. J o s e p h u s , ant. 14. 115) as yeatpyot and (ICTOIKOI, a s well as
92
PROLEGOMENA
o c c a s i o n s of t h e s a m e k i n d . Y e t a l e a d e r a p p e a r e d , a ' k i n g ' , a M e s s i a h ; a n d t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s t o o k o n t h e s h a p e of a r e l i g i o u s m o v e m e n t , r a p i d l y g r o w i n g t o f o r m i d a b l e d i m e n s i o n s . R e l i g i o u s e n t h u s i a s m a s k s few q u e s t i o n s a n d n e e d s n o r a t i o n a l a n s w e r s . W e r e t h e J e w s a b l e t o fight all t h e i r e n e m i e s ? O f course t h e y w e r e , since G o d w a s t h e i r l e a d e r . W a s t h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e O r i e n t f a v o u r a b l e f o r t h e J e w i s h fighters? O f c o u r s e i t w a s , since i t w a s G o d ' s p r e m e d i t a t e d p l a n t o s e n d t h e E m p e r o r t o r e m o t e c o u n t r i e s , t h e r e t o m e e t his e n d , t o g e t h e r w i t h his e n t i r e a r m y . S o t h e g r e a t J e w i s h r e v o l t g r e w a n d s p r e a d o v e r m a n y countries, devastating t h e land, annihilating t h e inhabitants a n d their g o d s , d e s t r o y i n g t h e i r h o m e s a n d t e m p l e s — t h e cruellest a n d m o s t r u t h l e s s o f all t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t s of t h e p a s t . I t w a s t h e i r o n y of f a t e t h a t E g y p t i a n J e w r y , s o a n x i o u s , for s o m a n y c e n turies, t o b e on good terms w i t h its heathen neighbours, should take a leading p o s i t i o n i n t h i s m o v e m e n t of e x t r e m e n a t i o n a l significance. Y e t i t w a s n o t m e r e c h a n c e . W e h a v e seen t h a t t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s i n t h e P t o l e m a i c a g e , a n d t o a greater extent in t h e early R o m a n period, were divided into t w o groups, o n e s e e k i n g close c o n t a c t w i t h G r e e k s , t h e o t h e r m o r e influenced b y P a l e s t i n i a n J e w r y a n d strongly devoted t o t h e ancient national creed a n d customs. T h e second group m a d e steady progress, helped b y certain gradual changes in e x t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h w e r e d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e first g r o u p . N o w t h i s n a t i o n a l t r e n d a c h i e v e d i t s final v i c t o r y , d r a w i n g t h e w h o l e of E g y p t i a n J e w r y into a dangerous a n d bloody action. T h e results could easily be foreseen: t h e y a m o u n t e d t o the almost total exter m i n a t i o n of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s . T h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e J e w s i n t h e c o u r s e of q u a s h i n g t h e r e v o l t is a t t e s t e d b y o u r l i t e r a r y s o u r c e s . T h e p a p y r i a d d s o m e n e w i n f o r m a t i o n a s r e g a r d s t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e J e w s after t h e r e v o l t : t h e c o n fiscation of t h e i r p r o p e r t y ( N o s . 445, 448). F r o m t h e w o r d i n g of N o . 448 w e m a y infer t h a t t h e confiscation of t h e e s t a t e s b e l o n g i n g t o J e w s w a s n o t a p u n i s h m e n t inflicted o n J e w s still a l i v e , b u t a n e c e s s a r y m e a s u r e , f o l l o w i n g t h e s i m p l e f a c t t h a t t h e J e w i s h possessors of t h e e s t a t e s h a d v a n i s h e d , p r o b a b l y h a v i n g b e e n k i l l e d ; so t h a t t h e e s t a t e s b e c a m e bona caduca a n d t h e R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t w a s a n x i o u s t o find n e w possessors for t h e m . T h e e x t r e m e f e a r of t h e J e w s felt b y t h e G r e e k a n d E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n of t h e n o m e s , a s i l l u s t r a t e d b y s u c h e v i d e n c e a s N o s . 436-7, a n d t h e i r n o less e x t r e m e h a t r e d f o r t h e ' i m p i o u s ' p e o p l e , m a y s e r v e a s a n a s s u r a n c e t h a t t h e v e n g e a n c e of t h e E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n o n J e w s w a s a s cruel a s t h e b e h a v i o u r of t h e J e w s d u r i n g t h e r e v o l t . W e are f a i r l y safe i n a s s u n i 86
from citizens. I n Berenike of Cyrene their c o m m u n i t y w a s called iroXlrevfia, like t h a t of Alex andria (see t h e inscription of Berenike in C 1 G iii. 5361, quoted b y Schiirer, iii. 79, note 20). T h e inscription of Berenike shows t h a t t h e J e w s of Cyrene h a d been hellenized t o a considerable e x t e n t : a m o n g t h e n a m e s of eighteen persons mentioned in the inscription (the Jewish archons and their fathers), there is only one H e b r e w n a m e . See, for the history of t h e J e w s in Cyrene, R a c h m u t h , ' D i e J u d e n i n Nordafrika bis zur I n v a s i o n der Araber', MGWJ 1 , 1906, 22 s q q . ;
K . Friedmann, 'Condizioni e cultura degli Ebrei di Cirenaica nelF Antichita', Giorn. della Societa Asiat. Italiana, N.S. ii, 1934, 323 sqq. 8 6
According t o Eusebios, HE 4. 2. 4, Marcius Turbo exterminated ' m a n y tens of thousands' of J e w s . Cf. A p p i a n , bell. civ. 2. 90: 'in m y t i m e , under the R o m a n Emperor Trajan, w h e n h e w a s exterminating t h e Jewish race in E g y p t ' (e£oAXvvra
T O iv
AlyvTTTtp
,
Iov8atu)v
yevos).
Orosius 7.
1 2 : 'In Alexandria a u t e m commisso proelio victi et adtriti sunt'. Synkellos 348 d : Mpiavos 'IovSalovs
Kara. AXe^dvSpetav
araaid^ovras
eKoXaoev.
THE EARLY
ROMAN PERIOD
93
i n g t h a t in m a n y p l a c e s t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n w a s t o t a l l y a n n i h i l a t e d , w h i l e in o t h e r s s o m e J e w i s h families m a y h a v e s u r v i v e d . A n argumentum ex silentio c o n f i r m s o u r s u p p o s i t i o n : J e w s v a n i s h a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f r o m o u r s o u r c e s (see t h e n e x t c h a p t e r ) . T h e m a i n p l a c e w h e r e J e w s are k n o w n t o h a v e s u r v i v e d is A l e x a n d r i a . H e r e , a s w e h a v e a l r e a d y seen, t h e J e w i s h r e v o l t w a s c r u s h e d a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e m o v e m e n t , w h e n t h e feelings of h a t r e d a n d w r a t h h a d n o t y e t r e a c h e d t h e i r full v i g o u r . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e m a t e r i a l losses of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s w e r e p r o b a b l y v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e , t o s a y n o t h i n g of losses in h u m a n l i f e : t h e i r g r e a t s y n a g o g u e w a s d e m o l i s h e d , a n d it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e J e w i s h c o u r t in A l e x a n d r i a w e r e s u s p e n d e d . I t seems, further, t h a t i m m e d i a t e l y after t h e r e v o l t s o m e p a r t of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a , p e r h a p s l a r g e g r o u p s of J e w i s h refugees from t h e chora, w e r e s e t t l e d in a s e p a r a t e q u a r t e r o u t s i d e t h e c i t y , b u t in close p r o x i m i t y t o it. T h e f o u n d i n g of t h i s n e w settlement w a s organized b y the R o m a n prefect R a m m i u s Martialis, b u t w a s s t r o n g l y o p p o s e d b y t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s , w h o s u s p e c t e d t h e J e w s of p l a n n i n g t o l a u n c h a t t a c k s o n t h e c i t y f r o m t h e i r n e w s e t t l e m e n t (see n o t e t o N o . 158a, C o l . V I , 11. 1 4 - 1 5 ) . Y e t t h e r e w a s n o g o o d r e a s o n for s u s p e c t i n g t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s of n e w p l a n s of r e v o l t . T h e s t r e n g t h of E g y p t i a n J e w r y h a d b e e n b r o k e n for e v e r , a n d t h e g a t h e r i n g of n e w forces w a s a s l o w a n d t e d i o u s p r o c e s s , w h i c h t o o k a c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e a n d i n d e e d w a s n e v e r fully a c h i e v e d . 87
3.
THE
LATE
ROMAN
AND THE
BYZANTINE
PERIOD
T h e y e a r A . D . 284 is c o m m o n l y r e g a r d e d b y p a p y r o l o g i s t s as a line of d e m a r c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e R o m a n a n d t h e ' B y z a n t i n e ' p e r i o d s . Y e t , as h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p o i n t e d o u t in t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , t h e u s u a l c h r o n o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n s of E g y p t i a n h i s t o r y , t h o u g h w e l l s u i t e d t o t h e h i s t o r y of E g y p t , are of m i n o r significance w h e n a p p l i e d t o J e w s , since t h e h i s t o r y of E g y p t i a n J e w r y h a d a d e v e l o p m e n t of i t s o w n . T h e t r a g i c e v e n t s of A . D . 1 1 5 - 1 7 s t a m p t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d a s h a v i n g seen a n a l m o s t t o t a l a n n i h i l a t i o n of E g y p t i a n J e w r y ; s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , w i t h t h i s p e r i o d t h e h i s t o r y of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s in t h e H e l l e n i s t i c - R o m a n a g e c o m e s t o a n e n d , a n d t h e n e x t p e r i o d m a r k s t h e b e g i n n i n g of a n e w d e v e l o p m e n t , reflecting t h e social a n d c u l t u r a l a t m o s p h e r e of t h e ' M i d d l e A g e s ' r a t h e r t h a n t h a t of t h e classical w o r l d . T h e n e w period, t h o u g h p o o r in p o l i t i c a l , social, a n d cultural achievements compared w i t h the t w o preceding periods, has an interest of i t s o w n : it s h o w s t e n a c i o u s effort o n t h e p a r t of E g y p t i a n J e w r y t o a c c o m m o d a t e itself t o t h e n e w e p o c h , a n e p o c h i n w h i c h t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t 8 7
T h e destruction of the great synagogue in Alexandria is reported in j . Sukkah 5 . 5 5 b . For the suspension of the Jewish court in Alexandria see Thoseftha K e t h u b o t h 3. 1 = T h o s . P e a h 4. 6:
P-IVA
TOBD
N I W I T O In b. K e t h u b o t h
250 the same passage, slightly altered, is ascribed to R . Simeon b . Gamaliel, w h o flourished in the middle of the second century, so that the sus pension of the court m a y be ascribed t o t h e
persecution of Alexandrian J e w s after the revolt of A.D. 115-17. Scholars emphasize the significant fact t h a t the Gnomon of the Idios Logos, an i m portant collection of laws and regulations con cerning the legal s t a t u s of various groups of t h e Alexandrian population in the middle of t h e second century A.D., totally ignores t h e J e w s , as if t h e y had ceased t o exist in Alexandria. Cf., e.g., Bell, Juden und Griechen, 45.
94
PROLEGOMENA
t h e w o r l d w e r e f a c e d w i t h f o r m i d a b l e difficulties, since t h e o l d p a t t e r n of life h a d b e e n d e s t r o y e d a n d a n e w one h a d n o t y e t b e e n s h a p e d . F r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of a c c o m m o d a t i o n t o n e w c o n d i t i o n s , t h e l o n g p e r i o d of A . D . I 17-641 m a y b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s e c t i o n s : t h e first l a s t i n g till t h e final v i c t o r y of t h e C h r i s t i a n Church over the G r a e c o - R o m a n world, and the second covering the whole period of C h r i s t i a n rule in E g y p t till t h e A r a b c o n q u e s t i n A . D . 641/2. T h e earlier p e r i o d is t h a t of a l o n g a n d t e d i o u s p r o c e s s of c o l l e c t i n g n e w forces i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t still s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d , w h e r e a s t h e l a t e r p e r i o d s h o w s t h e efforts of t h e J e w s t o m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s of a n e w a n d v e r y h o s t i l e w o r l d . T h e d e a t h of C o n s t a n t i n e I ( A . D . 337) m a y s e r v e a s a c o n v e n i e n t d a t e of d i v i s i o n . I n S e c t i o n X I I t h e r e a d e r w i l l find v a r i o u s p a p y r o l o g i c a l d o c u m e n t s c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n A . D . 117 a n d A . D . 337. T h e g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n is t h a t of a c o m p l e t e b r e a k d o w n of J e w i s h life i n E g y p t , a t a n y r a t e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s p e r i o d . N o . 460 p r o v i d e s u s w i t h a significant p i e c e of e v i d e n c e : i n K a r a n i s , a v i l l a g e i n t h e F a y u m n u m b e r i n g i n t h e m i d d l e of t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y A . D . o v e r 1,000 a d u l t m a l e s , o n l y one J e w is r e c o r d e d . S o m e H e b r e w n a m e s a t t e s t t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w s (tillers of t h e soil a n d t h e like) a m o n g t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of s o m e o t h e r v i l l a g e s ; t h e y are, so t o s p e a k , i m m e r s e d in t h e v a s t s e a of n a t i v e E g y p t i a n s , and w e m a y ask b y w h a t miracle t h e y h a d avoided complete assimilation. T h e e x i s t e n c e of s u c h a p r o c e s s of a s s i m i l a t i o n m a y b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e f a t e of t h e E d f u J e w s : i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of E d f u h a d b e e n e x t e r m i n a t e d , a n d t h e o n l y J e w i s h f a m i l y a t t e s t e d for t h e a g e of M a r c u s A u r e l i u s u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y E g y p t i a n n a m e s ( N o s . 375 s q q . , cf. i n t r o d u c t i o n t o S e c t i o n I X ) . W e m a y s u p p o s e t h a t a similar f a t e h a d b e f a l l e n m a n y of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s of t h e chora. I n all p r o b a b i l i t y t h e f e w p o o r s u r v i v o r s c o u l d m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n of t h e v i l l a g e s o n l y b y r e l i n q u i s h i n g t h e i r n a t i o n a l m a n n e r s a n d c u s t o m s . T h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s of t h e m e t r o p o l e i s f o u n d themselves in similar circumstances. T w i c e during the second century 'Jewish q u a r t e r s ' are m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a p y r i , o n c e i n O x y r h y n c h o s ( N o . 454) a n d for t h e s e c o n d t i m e i n H e r m o u p o l i s ( N o . 468); i n b o t h c a s e s t h e o w n e r s of t h e p r o p e r t y in these q u a r t e r s are n o n - J e w s , a n d i t is possible t h a t t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e J e w s i n the metropoleis h a d been confiscated b y the government and handed over to natives. O n l y in the third century, and especially towards its closing years, again d o w e h e a r of J e w s e n g a g e d i n v a r i o u s professions. A n i n s c r i p t i o n ( O G I S 129) a t t e s t s t h e r e n e w a l of t h e r i g h t of a s y l u m of a J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e b y t h e Q u e e n of P a l m y r a , Z e n o b i a , a n d h e r s o n ( A . D . 270), a n d N o . 473 tells u s of a J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y in O x y r h y n c h o s i n A . D . 291 r i c h e n o u g h t o r e d e e m f r o m s l a v e r y a J e w i s h s e r v i n g - m a i d w i t h t w o c h i l d r e n . T h e s l o w b u t s t e a d y w o r k of r e c o n s t r u c t i o n had already begun. T h e f e w d o c u m e n t s r e l e v a n t t o J e w s of t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y r e v e a l t h e e x i s t e n c e of q u i t e a l a r g e g r o u p of p e r s o n s w h o c a n n o t b e a c c o u n t e d J e w s , b u t w h o a r e , i n s o m e m a n n e r , c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e m : I refer t o t h e e n i g m a t i c ' S a m b a t h i o n s ' . T h e r e a d e r w i l l find a d e t a i l e d discussion of t h e q u e s t i o n i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o Section X I I I , where the whole material concerning Sambathions has been col l e c t e d . H e r e a s h o r t s u m m a r y m a y suffice. T h e H e b r e w n a m e S a b b a t h a i o s , or S a m b a t h a i o s (TQtP), w a s m o s t f r e q u e n t
LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
95
a m o n g E g y p t i a n J e w s in t h e H e l l e n i s t i c a g e . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h i s n a m e h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n g i v e n o n l y t o c h i l d r e n b o r n o n t h e S a b b a t h , b u t in t h e c o u r s e of time the name b e c a m e familiar and w a s p r o b a b l y used in m a n y Jewish families without such a connotation. In the R o m a n period the name changed its form s l i g h t l y a n d w a s s p e l l e d S a m b a t h i o n i n s t e a d of S a m b a t h a i o s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e r e o c c u r s a n e w p h e n o m e n o n ( w h i c h is in n o w a y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e c h a n g e of f o r m ) : t h e n a m e S a m b a t h i o n is n o l o n g e r b o r n e b y J e w s o n l y , b u t b y E g y p t i a n s a s w e l l . T h e r e are f r e q u e n t a p p e a r a n c e s of t h e n a m e S a m b a t h i o n , as the sole Hebrew name, in s u c h p u r e l y n o n - J e w i s h e n v i r o n m e n t s as t h e v i l l a g e s of K a r a n i s , T h e a d e l p h e i a , a n d o t h e r s . S o m e p a p y r i furnish u s w i t h n a m e s of e n t i r e f a m i l i e s w h o s e m e m b e r s are c a l l e d b y c o m m o n E g y p t i a n n a m e s , w h i l e o n e b e a r s t h e n a m e of S a m b a t h i o n . S o i t s e e m s t h a t i n t h e R o m a n p e r i o d (and t h i s p r o c e s s c a n b e t r a c e d f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . ) some E g y p t i a n s borrowed the n a m e S a m b a t h i o n from the J e w s . A similar p h e n o m e n o n o c c u r s a g a i n , far f r o m E g y p t , i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c c i t y of T a n a i s , o n t h e s h o r e s of t h e S e a of A z o v . A g l a n c e a t c e r t a i n G r e e k i n s c r i p t i o n s f r o m various countries, such as E g y p t , Crete, L y d i a , Kilikia, P h r y g i a , and R o m e , r e v e a l s t h a t v a r i o u s n a m e s of persons, deities, a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e H e b r e w w o r d ' S a b b a t h ' . N e v e r t h e l e s s , all t h e s e persons, deities, a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s w e r e n o t c o n n e c t e d (at a n y r a t e d i r e c t l y ) w i t h J e w s a n d J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s b u t b e l o n g e d t o t h e G r a e c o - R o m a n w o r l d . T h e s i m p l e e x p l a n a t i o n of all t h e s e n a m e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e S a b b a t h is t o b e s o u g h t i n t h e w e l l - k n o w n f a c t t h a t t h e o b s e r v a n c e of t h e J e w i s h S a b b a t h left a d e e p i m p r e s s i o n o n n o n - J e w s i n t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , so t h a t m a n y of t h e m a d o p t e d it w i t h o u t b r e a k i n g t h e i r c o n nexion w i t h the p a g a n world and w i t h o u t formally embracing the Jewish faith. W h e t h e r t h e s e persons b e l o n g e d t o t h e w i d e s p r e a d g r o u p s of ' t h o s e w h o fear G o d ' (ofiov/A€voL or atfiotievoi rov deov, metuentes, '7\ ''XT') is a m a t t e r n o t t o b e d i s c u s s e d h e r e ; I s h o u l d c a l l t h e m s i m p l y ' S a b b a t h - o b s e r v e r s ' (oafii%aTi£ovTes), t o q u o t e t h e i d i o m f a m i l i a r t o t h e F a t h e r s of t h e C h u r c h . N o w it is l i k e l y t h a t t h e n a m e S a m b a t h i o n a t t e s t s a similar p h e n o m e n o n , n a m e l y t h e a d o p t i o n of S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e b y n u m b e r s of n o n - J e w s . I t w o u l d b e difficult o t h e r w i s e t o e x p l a i n t h e use of t h e n a m e S a m b a t h i o n in t h e c o m m u n i t y of w o r s h i p p e r s of ' t h e H i g h e s t G o d ' (Oeds vifticrros) in T a n a i s , a c o m m u n i t y h e a t h e n in i t s s t r u c ture and organization though probably deeply impressed b y Judaism. It seems t o b e o b v i o u s , therefore, t h a t t h e n u m e r o u s E g y p t i a n S a m b a t h i o n s i n t h e 1
2
3
4
1
On this occasion we m a y recall the s t a t e m e n t m a d e a b o v e (Introduction) t h a t no Hebrew n a m e s were ever borrowed b y n o n - J e w s from J e w s , w i t h t h e sole e x c e p t i o n of Sambathion. 2
L a t y s h e v , Inscr. antiquae orae septentr. Ponti Eux. ii, N o s . 434, 446, 447, 448, 451; iv, N o s . 435, 4366. Cf. Schiirer, 'Die J u d e n i m bosporanischen Reiche und die Genossenschaften der oefioiievoi', Sitzb. Preuss. A h . 1897, xiii. 3
A theory has been p u t forward b y W . Schulze in his article 'Samstag' (Kleine Schriften, 1895, 281 sqq.) t h a t a number of these n a m e s are derived from the n a m e of a Phrygian goddess, S a m b e t h e .
I n fact, n o such goddess w a s ever in existence. For details cf. the introduction t o Section X I I I . 4
For the worship of the 6 e 6 s v^tiaros in Tanais see the article of Schiirer mentioned a b o v e in n o t e 2. T h e cult of 6e6s vtfiiaros, as well as of Zeis vifiioTos, w a s widespread in t h e R o m a n E m p i r e ; it shows features of Greek and Jewish influence simultaneously. Cf. RE xvii. 444 sqq., s.v. vijiioTos; R o b e r t s , Skeat, and N o c k , 'The Gild of Zeus H y p s i s t o s ' , HTR x x i x , 1936,39 s q q . ; Cumont, Les Religions orientates dans lepaganisme romain, 4th ed., 59 sqq.
9
P R O L E G O M E N A
6
R o m a n p e r i o d w e r e n o t J e w s , b u t m e m b e r s of n o n - J e w i s h families w h o o b s e r v e d t h e S a b b a t h . I n t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . it is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h i s o b s e r v a n c e of t h e S a b b a t h w a s p r a c t i s e d freely, a n d i t m a y b e t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h t o J u d a i s m s o m e t i m e s c u l m i n a t e d in full p r o s e l y t i s m . A f t e r A . D . 1 1 7 , S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e , t o s a y n o t h i n g of t h e profession of t h e J e w i s h religion o n t h e p a r t of a n o n J e w , b e c a m e d a n g e r o u s , since it c o u l d n o t b e i n t e r p r e t e d o t h e r w i s e t h a n a s a n a c t of s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e ' i m p i o u s ' n a t i o n . P e r h a p s t h a t is the r e a s o n w h y in t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y o n l y o l d p e o p l e a n d w o m e n are c a l l e d S a m b a t h i o n , o l d p e o p l e , b e c a u s e t h e y h a d b e e n so c a l l e d b e f o r e A . D . 1 1 7 , a n d w o m e n , b e c a u s e t h e y c o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a s c o m p a r a t i v e l y safe f r o m a n y p o l i t i c a l p e r s e c u t i o n . T h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e s e E g y p t i a n S a b b a t h - o b s e r v e r s t h r o w s l i g h t o n J e w i s h religious p r o p a g a n d a in E g y p t , a f a c t n o t a t t e s t e d b y t h e p a p y r i , b u t b o r n e witness to b y the T a l m u d , and indirectly b y Jewish Hellenistic literature. In t h i s s u r v e y of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e J e w s in E g y p t t h e r e h a s b e e n f r e q u e n t c o m m e n t o n t h e g r e a t influence of t h e n o n - J e w i s h e n v i r o n m e n t u p o n J e w s . N o w w e c a n s u g g e s t t h a t a r e v e r s e p r o c e s s also t o o k p l a c e , t h o u g h , of c o u r s e , r e l a t i v e l y far less i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e h e l l e n i z a t i o n of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w r y . 5
6
7
T o w a r d s A . D . 300 J e w i s h n a m e s b e c a m e m o r e f r e q u e n t in t h e p a p y r i a n d w e g a i n t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t all r e m i n d e r s of t h e e v e n t s of A . D . I 1 5 - 1 7 h a d a t l a s t v a n i s h e d a n d J e w i s h life in E g y p t w a s a b o u t t o r e a w a k e n . B u t a n e w e n e m y arose in t h e s h a p e of t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h , w h i c h p l a c e d n e w a n d i n s u r m o u n t a b l e o b s t a c l e s in t h e w a y of t h e free d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e . T h e C h u r c h c l a i m e d t h e r i g h t t o b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e sole g u a r d i a n of G o d ' s c o m m a n d m e n t s a s r e v e a l e d in t h e H o l y S c r i p t u r e s . I t c a l l e d itself ' t h e t r u e I s r a e l ' , a n d c o n s i d e r e d J e w s a s e d i t i o u s p e o p l e , w h o h a d b e e n in s t e a d y conflict w i t h G o d a n d H i s p r o p h e t s f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g of t h e i r h i s t o r y a n d w h o h a d r e a c h e d t h e z e n i t h of t h e i r i m p i e t y a n d b a s e n e s s in t h e b e t r a y a l of C h r i s t . T h e t e r m deoKTovot, ' G o d ' s m u r d e r e r s ' , a p p l i e d t o J e w s , n o w b e c a m e a l m o s t a s t a n d i n g f o r m u l a , a s c o m m o n in t h e m o u t h of a C h r i s t i a n a s t h e t e r m avomos, ' i m p i o u s ' , in t h e m o u t h of a h e a t h e n in H a d r i a n ' s t i m e . J u s t a s t h e a n t i - S e m i t e s of t h e p r e v i o u s p e r i o d h a d a c c u s e d t h e J e w s of b e i n g hostile t o t h e g o d s a n d t o t h e entire h e a t h e n w o r l d , so n o w t h e C h r i s t i a n s c h a r g e d t h e J e w s w i t h a s i m i l a r h a t r e d of C h r i s t a n d H i s followers. M a n y of t h e earlier a n t i - S e m i t i c a r g u m e n t s were remodelled b y the Christians, and new ones were devised. A special litera t u r e adversus Judaeos, i.e. p o l e m i c a l leaflets a n d p a m p h l e t s d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e erroneousness of J u d a i s m a n d c h a r g i n g t h e J e w s w i t h v a r i o u s c r i m e s , w e r e p u t i n t o c i r c u l a t i o n , a n d t h e g r e a t e s t a n d m o s t f a m o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h , in E a s t a n d W e s t a l i k e , p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e c r e a t i o n of t h i s 5
Zapfiadliov
form, and feminine.
(or
Zafiftariajv)
Ea.ufla.diov
(or
is the masculine is t h e
Eaupdnov)
6
For a further reason w h y this n a m e was given to w o m e n see introduction t o Section X I I I . 7
j . Y e b a m o t h 8. gb:
"tt P H T O :7]1V
T'X
nxa ii p •»» jnnsa rwnf? •nw nx» "131 ,IV»*1X»
1
mVl ? W » 0 »
"Wl
Cf.
Thoseftha
Qiddushin 5. 4. Philo frequently speaks a b o u t proselytes (cf. Wolfson, Philo, i. 179; ii. 355 sqq., 369 sqq.), but there is no evidence that he is referring o n l y t o proselytes in E g y p t . Y e t he emphasizes (Vita Mos. 2. 41) t h a t a great number of n o n - J e w s participated in the eopri) KCU •navriyvpis on the isle of Pharos in c o m m e m o r a t i o n of the d a y of the Greek version of L X X , and so w e m a y suppose that such 'non-Jews' (ttauTtX^Oeis frepoi) had some interest in Jewish affairs.
LATE
ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIOD
97
literature. T h e principles, laid d o w n in this anti-Jewish Christian literature, f o u n d t h e i r w a y i n t o p o l i t i c a l life a n d influenced n o t o n l y t h e a t t i t u d e o f R o m a n authorities towards Jewish communities b u t also Imperial legislation c o n c e r n i n g J e w s . O n v a r i o u s o c c a s i o n s t h e a u t h o r i t i e s of t h e S t a t e w e r e p r e pared t o protect Jews, b u t t h e y could not carry out their policy without coming i n t o serious conflict w i t h t h e l e a d e r s of t h e C h u r c h , a n d a s a rule i n s u c h c o n flicts t h e S t a t e h a d t o g i v e w a y . J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e s w e r e d e m o l i s h e d , J e w i s h r i g h t s w e r e r e s t r i c t e d , J e w s w e r e d i s m i s s e d f r o m t h e i r offices a n d d o m i c i l e s , a n d t h e m o b s of t h e cities w e r e c o n t i n u a l l y i n c i t e d t o a t t a c k t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of the Jewish quarters. S u c h w a s t h e inauguration of t h e n e w period. 8
T h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t J e w s w e r e p r e p a r e d t o y i e l d w i t h o u t a struggle. W e cannot state w i t h certainty whether J e w s did persecute Christians d u r i n g t h e first t h r e e c e n t u r i e s a n d w h e t h e r T e r t u l l i a n w a s r i g h t i n c a l l i n g s y n a g o g u e s fontes persecutorum ; b u t t h e r e is l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t after t h e v i c t o r y of t h e C h u r c h u n d e r C o n s t a n t i n e , J e w s b e c a m e o p e n l y hostile t o t h e n e w rulers, a n d proffered a s s i s t a n c e t o a n y g r o u p of p e r s o n s o r t o a n y s o c i a l o r r e l i g i o u s m o v e m e n t i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e official C h u r c h . T h u s t h e y c e r t a i n l y s u p p o r t e d the Arians, a n d t h e Fathers of t h e Church classed J e w s a n d Arians together a s t h e fiercest e n e m i e s of o r t h o d o x y . T h e J e w r y of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , t h o u g h dispersed a n d lacking a national centre in a state of its own, w a s nevertheless a c o n s i d e r a b l e force, n o t t o b e o v e r l o o k e d b y t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h . B u t t h e d i s p r o p o r t i o n of forces dispelled a n y d o u b t s a s t o t h e r e s u l t of t h e s t r u g g l e : f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g t h e d e f e a t of t h e J e w s w a s c e r t a i n . 9
10
N o c o h e r e n t a c c o u n t of t h i s s t r u g g l e , a s f a r a s E g y p t w a s c o n c e r n e d , is i n e x i s t e n c e , a n d w e h a v e t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e p r o g r e s s of e v e n t s w i t h t h e a i d o f s u c h brief n o t i c e s a s o c c u r i n r e c o r d s p r e s e r v e d b y t h e F a t h e r s of t h e C h u r c h o r b y e c c l e s i a s t i c a l h i s t o r i a n s . T h e first p i e c e o f e v i d e n c e b e l o n g s t o t h e t i m e o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e A l e x a n d r i a n b i s h o p , A t h a n a s i o s , t h e g r e a t l e a d e r of t h e 8
T h e Christian Church a s 'true Israel': cf. Harnack, Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums, E n g l , transl. i. 240 s q q . ; M. S i m o n , Verus Israel, 1948, 102 sqq. J e w s a s 'God's murderers': e.g. J o h n Chrysost., adv. Jud. 1. 6 (PG xlviii. 852): Xpioroicrovoi; Athanasios, Epist. encyl. 3 (PG x x v . 229A): KvpioKrovoi. Cf. t h e Christian curse in a n inscription from B e n g h a z i : Kal rr)v
[fieplSa
airov
per]a
TU>V deoKrovwv
Adversus Judaeos, 1935; B . Blumenkranz, Die Judenpredigt Augustins, 1946, 9 sqq. F r a g m e n t s of anti-Jewish Christian literature o n p a p y r u s : P . O x y . 2070. T h e conflict b e t w e e n t h e Church a n d t h e State regarding J e w s is well illustrated b y Ambrosius' energetic a t t a c k o n the Emperor Theodosios I (A.D. 388): t h e Emperor punished t h e bishop of Kallinikon (a t o w n o n t h e Euphrates), a t whose instigation a J e w i s h synagogue h a d been destroyed, b u t h e was forced t o revoke h i s decision after Ambrosius' intervention. Cf. J . R . Palanque, Saint Atnbroise et VEmpire romain, 1933, 205 s q q . ; F . H o m e s D u d d e n , The Life and Times of St. Ambrose, 1935, ii. 371 s q q . Tertull. adv. Gnosticos scorpiace, 10, PL ii. 143A. Cf. Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue, 1934, 125 sqq. For the relations between J e w s and Christians see Parkes, o p . cit., passim. For t h e fourth a n d fifth century see also Lukas, o p . c i t . , w h o emphasizes the energetic character of the struggle o n t h e part of the J e w s (75 sqq., 113 sqq.).
'Iovoalwv
Ka[Td9es] ( S B 5928). Christian a n t i - S e m i t i s m : S i m o n , o p . c i t . 239 s q q . ; in comparison with heathen a n t i - S e m i t i s m : Juster, i. 45, n . 1. I t is not w i t h o u t interest t o compare a passage from J o h n Chrysostom's first h o m i l y against t h e J e w s (1. 6; PG xlviii. 852): KOWT)V Xvpyv ical voaov rr}s oiKovfi4v7]s drrdarjs—with the famous words of the letter of Claudius ( N o . 1 5 3 , 1 1 . 99 s q . ) : naOditep Kovrqv relva rr\s oiKovfievrjs voaov i^eyelpovras. One wonders whether J o h n Chrysostomos h a d read t h e letter of Claudius. F o r t h e literature adversus Judaeos cf. Juster, i. 53 s q q . ; L u k a s , Zur Geschichte d. Juden in IV. Jahrh., 1910,1 sqq.; A. L . Williams, B 2909
9
1 0
II
98
PROLEGOMENA
C a t h o l i c C h u r c h i n i t s fierce s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e A r i a n s . J e w s i n A l e x a n d r i a a r e s a i d t o h a v e offered t h e i r a i d t o t h e p r e f e c t P h i l a r g i o s i n h i s efforts t o c r u s h t h e disorders w h i c h b r o k e o u t i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e e n t h r o n e m e n t of a n e w b i s h o p , Gregorios, w h o h a d been nominated t o supersede Athanasios. Incited b y Philar gios, J e w s a n d p a g a n s b r o k e i n t o c h u r c h e s , p l u n d e r e d s a n c t u a r i e s , a n d i n s u l t e d m o n k s a n d n u n s ( A . D . 335). U n d e r t h e A r i a n E m p e r o r V a l e n s ( A . D . 364-78), J e w s again demonstrated their sympathies for t h e Arians b y participating in t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e b i s h o p P e t r u s , A t h a n a s i o s ' successor, a n d b y s u p p o r t i n g t h e A r i a n bishop, L u c i u s ; once again t h e y t o o k part in acts of violence directed a g a i n s t C a t h o l i c s a n c t u a r i e s . P o s s i b l y s o m e of t h e d e t a i l s of t h e s e stories, a s told b y Christian writers, are exaggerated, b u t their principal features are p r o b a b l y c o r r e c t , f o r t h e y a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e of t h e J e w s everywhere in the R o m a n Empire towards the Catholic Church. 11
12
A t t h e e n d of t h e f o u r t h a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e fifth c e n t u r y t h e l e g a l s t a t u s of t h e J e w s i n t h e E m p i r e d e t e r i o r a t e d r a p i d l y a n d t h e t e n s i o n b e t w e e n J e w s a n d Christians became even more marked. A g a i n it w a s in A l e x a n d r i a t h a t t h e g r e a t s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n J e w s a n d n o n - J e w s w a s f o u g h t o u t . A s i n A . D . 66, a n incident in a theatre precipitated the struggle. According t o our principal s o u r c e , S o k r a t e s (H.E. 7. 13), t h e p e o p l e of A l e x a n d r i a w e r e a l w a y s p r o n e t o disturbances a n d tumults, a n d this time t h e tension w a s a g g r a v a t e d b y t h e r i v a l r y b e t w e e n v a r i o u s c i r c u s - f a c t i o n s . B u t t h e real a n d h i d d e n c o n t e n t i o n w a s b e t w e e n t h e p o w e r of t h e g o v e r n m e n t r e p r e s e n t e d b y O r e s t e s , t h e p r e f e c t , a n d that of the Church, whose fanatical leader w a s Kyrillos, the bishop of A l e x a n d r i a . T h e d e c i s i v e b a t t l e b e t w e e n t h e t w o w a s , u n f o r t u n a t e l y for t h e J e w s , fought o u t w i t h regard t o t h e 'Jewish question'. There were Jews present in the theatre w h e n Orestes w a s about t o m a k e some announcements in con nexion w i t h recent circus disturbances, in w h i c h Christians a n d Jews seem t o h a v e b e e n i n v o l v e d . S u p p o r t e r s of K y r i l l o s w e r e also p r e s e n t i n t h e t h e a t r e . T h e Jews protested loudly on perceiving a certain Hierax, w h o w a s k n o w n as a fervent adherent of K y r i l l o s : t h e y suspected h i m of appearing in t h e theatre w i t h t h e sole i n t e n t i o n of p r o v o k i n g a riot. O r e s t e s o r d e r e d t h e a r r e s t of t h e m a n a n d his i m m e d i a t e flogging i n t h e t h e a t r e . T h a t w a s sufficient r e a s o n for K y r i l l o s t o see t h e J e w s a s t h e a g g r e s s i v e p a r t y . T h e l e a d e r s of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y w e r e s u m m o n e d before h i m , a n d h e w a r n e d t h e m n o t t o a t t a c k t h e C h r i s t i a n s . T h e rest of t h e s t o r y a p p e a r s t o b e t o o o b v i o u s l y b i a s e d in f a v o u r of t h e C h r i s t i a n s to be altogether authentic: w e are told that Jews, at night, spread a rumour t h a t a church w a s consumed in flames, a n d w h e n Christians r a n t o save it, used t h e r e s u l t i n g confusion i n o r d e r t o a t t a c k t h e m . T h e n e x t d a y K y r i l l o s , a t t h e h e a d of a g r e a t c r o w d , a t t a c k e d t h e J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e s a n d t o o k possession of 13
1 1
Athanasios, Epist. encycl. 3 (PG x x v . 228 sqq.). T h e inimical a t t i t u d e of J e w s towards Athanasios is mentioned also in Apol. c. Ar. 82 (PG x x v . 396). 1 2
Theodoret, Hist. eccl. 4. 18 (PG l x x x i i . 1164c); i b . 4. 19 ( p . 1 1 7 6 B ) ; Cassiodorus, Hist. Tripart. 7. 37 (PL l x i x . 1097B s q q . ) ; i b . 7. 40 (p. IIOID). 1 3
T h e hatred of Orestes towards t h e bishops
w h o tried t o encroach upon t h e rights of t h e State's officials is clearly stated b y S o k r a t e s : 'Opecrr-qs raiv
Be KCU -npoTepov uev iuloei
imaKoirajv,
on
rrjv
TraprjpovvTO noXv
rrjs
Svvaareiav e^ovaias
dpxeiv rerayuevatv (764A). Cf. M. Gelzer, Studien z. Byzant. Verwaltung Agyptens, 1909, 17 s q q . ; E . R . H a r d y , Christian Egypt: Church and People, 1952, 104. rwv
€K
fHaoiXecos
L A T E
R O M A N
A N D
B Y Z A N T I N E
P E R I O D
99
t h e m ; J e w s w e r e t h r o w n o u t of t h e c i t y a n d t h e i r p r o p e r t y p l u n d e r e d b y t h e m o b . M a n y f e a t u r e s of t h e e v e n t s of A . D . 415 b e a r s o m e r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e p o g r o m of A . D . 38, b u t t h e final a c t — t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e J e w s — s e e m s t o i n a u g u r a t e a n e w e p o c h . A t t h e t i m e of C a l i g u l a t h e A l e x a n d r i a n a n t i - S e m i t e s h a d hoped t o exploit the situation in R o m e , where the traditional policy h a d b e e n r e v e r s e d b y t h e h a l f - m a d hellenizer. B u t t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d of R o m e ' s policy w a s against t h e m , so t h a t t h e y were unsuccessful, even under Caligula, a n d c e r t a i n l y so u n d e r h i s s u c c e s s o r C l a u d i u s . N o w , u n d e r t h e C h r i s t i a n E m p e r o r s , t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t a c q u i e s c e d i n t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c p o l i c y of t h e Church. T h e prefect Orestes sympathized w i t h the Alexandrian J e w s and deplored their fate, b u t he w a s powerless t o help them. H e protested in Con s t a n t i n o p l e a g a i n s t K y r i l l o s ' p o l i c y of v i o l e n c e , b u t h i s p r o t e s t s h a d n o effect a n d K y r i l l o s r e m a i n e d u n m o l e s t e d , a n d i n d e e d , s o m e t i m e after t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e J e w s , c e r t a i n C h r i s t i a n m o n k s from N i t r i a i s t o n e d O r e s t e s a n d w o u n d e d h i m s e v e r e l y . A s h a s h a p p e n e d so often i n h i s t o r y , t h e p e r s e c u t i o n of t h e J e w s a t t h i s t i m e r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e S t a t e w a s u n d e r m i n e d . 14
T h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e J e w s f r o m A l e x a n d r i a w a s a serious b l o w t o E g y p t i a n J e w r y . O f c o u r s e , J e w s c o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e c i t y if t h e y c o n s e n t e d t o e m b r a c e Christianity, b u t it does not seem t h a t t h e y were willing to do s o . W e do not k n o w w h e t h e r t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e J e w s w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n official p r o h i b i t i o n a g a i n s t t h e i r r e s e t t l e m e n t in t h e c i t y , a n d it is l i k e l y t h a t n o s u c h p r o h i b i t i o n w a s issued, since a t t h e e n d of t h e fifth a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e s i x t h c e n t u r y i n d i v i d u a l J e w s are a g a i n r e c o r d e d a s l i v i n g i n A l e x a n d r i a . A C h r i s t i a n s e r m o n , a t t r i b u t e d t o K y r i l l o s of A l e x a n d r i a b u t a c t u a l l y c o m p o s e d i n t h e sixth century, even mentions a 'Jewish street' in A l e x a n d r i a . T h u s w e m a y 1 5
1 6
1 7
1 4
Our only source for t h e e v e n t s of A.D. 415 i n Alexandria is Sokrates, Hist. eccl. 7. 13-14. All
pended'. I should prefer t o refrain from s u c h farreaching c o m m e n t on a passage which s a y s n o
other authors were simply c o p y i n g h i m or re-
more t h a n t h a t the number of J e w s expelled w a s
stricted t h e m s e l v e s t o brief s u m m a r i e s ; cf. Cassiodoros, Hist. Trip. 1 1 . 11 (PL Ixix. 1193);
considerable. T h e opinion of Milne and others is influenced b y the general v i e w of scholars, w h o
N i k e p h . Kallistos, Hist. eccl. 14. 14 (PG c x l v i . 1100 s q q . ) ; Kedrenos,#z's*. Comp. ( P G c x x i . 640); T h e o p h a n . , Chronog. (PG cviii. 224). J o h n of
c o m m o n l y exaggerate t h e role of J e w s a s merc h a n t s and m e n of business. Cf. a b o v e , p . n , n o t e 29. 1 5
N i k i o u is t h e only writer w h o seems t o follow
Sokrates, H.E.
of
John, Bishop of Nikiou, transl. from Ethiopic b y Charles, 1916, cc. 84, 87-103); y e t his story is t o o
A d a m a n t i o s . H i s conversion remain in Alexandria.
confused t o be t a k e n seriously. T h e date of the e v e n t is n o t quite c e r t a i n : s o m e scholars place t h e expulsion of t h e J e w s from Alexandria in A.D. 414, and e v e n 412. According t o Sokrates, Orestes bewailed the fate of t h e c i t y , so suddenly deprived of such a n u m b e r of i n h a b i t a n t s : o68pa iirl T& yevofj,4voj ixaXeiraive, Kal irevdos \iiya
One of t h e m is t h e J e w i s h physician D o m nus h a v i n g his domicile in A l e x a n d r i a , in t h e reign of the Emperor Zenon (A.D. 474-91); cf. Suidas, s.v. JTcWs; RE v . 1526, s.v. ' D o m n u s ' . Another w a s U r b i b , under the Emperor A n a s tasios (A.D. 491-518); cf. I b n Batrik ( E u t y c h i o s ) , Ann. 2. 132 (PG cxi, 1062). A n o t h e r rich J e w w a s P h i l o x e n o s , mentioned in a Christian sermon attributed t o Kyrillos and composed in t h e s i x t h century (see the n e x t note), M. Chaine, 'Sermon sur la Penitence attribue a Saint-Cyrille d'Alexandrie', Melanges de la Facultd orient., Univ. Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, v i 1913, 493 sqq.
CW0€TO, rrjXiKavTrjv
TTOXIV
OVTWS
apo-qv
TOOOVTWV
eKKevwOijvai avOpojiruiv. Juster (ii. 299 n. 8) infers from this passage t h a t t h e expulsion of J e w s led t o a 'stagnation of affairs' in Alexandria. According t o Milne (op. cit. 98), the expelled J e w s were 'the chief merchants of Alexandria, the people on w h o m the prosperity of the city mainly de-
conversion,
1 6
1 7
that
7. 13, records only one case
a slightly different tradition (The Chronicle of
of t h e
Jewish enabled
physician him
to
100
P R O L E G O M E N A
infer t h a t a c e n t u r y after t h e e x i l e J e w s w e r e a g a i n e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e E g y p t i a n c a p i t a l . T h e i r n u m b e r i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y ; t h e s h o r t rule of t h e P e r s i a n s i n E g y p t ( A . D . 616-27) s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n e s p e c i a l l y f a v o u r a b l e t o t h e m , a n d E g y p t i a n J e w s were again able t o receive their brethren from S y r i a a n d Palestine, w h o w e r e n o w fleeing f r o m t h e p e r s e c u t i o n s of t h e E m p e r o r H e r a k l i o s . O n t h e e v e of the A r a b conquest J e w s were quite numerous in A l e x a n d r i a , t h o u g h the numbers preserved b y Christian and A r a b writers seem to be greatly exaggerated. W h a t w a s t h e l e g a l s t a t u s of J e w s i n t h e l a t e R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e p e r i o d ? I n A . D . 212 t h e f a m o u s Constitutio Antoniniana of C a r a c a l l a b e s t o w e d R o m a n r i g h t s u p o n t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e e n t i r e R o m a n E m p i r e , a n d J e w s w e r e n o e x c e p t i o n t o t h e r u l e . I n t h e d o c u m e n t s t h e n e w c i t i z e n s are s t y l e d Aurelii, a n d s o m e p a p y r i m e n t i o n J e w i s h Aurelii ( N o s . 473, 474, 477, 503, 508). J u r i s t s h a v e l o n g d e b a t e d w h e t h e r t h e p r o m u l g a t i o n of CA (Constitutio Antoniniana) m e a n t t h a t t h e l o c a l l a w s a n d c u s t o m s w e r e r e p l a c e d b y t h e R o m a n l a w . I t is n o w c o m m o n l y accepted t h a t the local civic units continued their functions e v e n u n d e r R o m a n l a w . T h u s t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s a n d t h e r i g h t of t h e i r members 'to live according to their ancestral laws' remained untouched. N o . 477, a p a p y r u s f r o m O x y r h y n c h o s of A . D . 291, r e c o r d s t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y (awaycoyr) r&v 'IovSalwv) of t h a t c i t y p a y i n g a s u m of m o n e y a s a r a n s o m for a Jewish servant-maid and her t w o children: here the Jewish c o m m u n i t y appears a s a l e g a l b o d y a u t h o r i z e d t o a c t a s a c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t y a n d h a v i n g s u m s of m o n e y a t i t s d i s p o s a l . T h e v i c t o r y of t h e C h u r c h c a u s e d a g r a d u a l b u t v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n in t h e l e g a l s t a t u s of J e w s t h r o u g h o u t t h e E m p i r e , a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , i n E g y p t t o o . T h o u g h t h e b a s i c r i g h t of t h e J e w s t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g to their o w n laws and habits w a s not abolished, and their religious a u t o n o m y 18
1 9
20
2 1
1 8
Cf. I b n Batrik ( E u t y c h i o s ) , Ann. 2. 245-7 (PG cxi. 1090). J o h n of N i k i o u , c. 120. 21, reports t h a t , according t o a t r e a t y m a d e b e t w e e n the A r a b conqueror of E g y p t , 'Amr ibn al-'As, and t h e Patriarch of Alexandria, K y r o s , J e w s were per m i t t e d t o remain in Alexandria (A.D. 641). Cf. Juster, ii. 176, n. 6; J. Starr, ' B y z a n t i n e J e w r y o n t h e E v e of t h e A r a b Conquest', JPOS x v , 1935, 281. For the surrender of Alexandria cf. Butler, The Arab Conquest of Egypt, 1902, 310 sqq. T h e number of J e w s is reported b y A r a b sources t o h a v e been 40,000. It is said t h a t 'Amr ibn al-'As reported the capture of Alexandria t o the Caliph in the following w o r d s : 'I h a v e t a k e n a c i t y of which I can but say t h a t it contains 4,000 palaces, 4,000 b a t h s , 400 theatres, 12,000 sellers of green vegetables, and 40,000 tributary J e w s ' (quoted b y Butler, o p . cit. 368). T h e exaggerations are typical of oriental story-tellers; cf. for other marvellous stories told b y Arabs a b o u t A l e x andria the numerous instances brought together b y Butler, o p . cit., c a p . 24 ('Alexandria a t t h e Conquest'), p p . 368-400. 1 9
2 0
Cf. A l v a r o d'Ors, 'Estudios sobre la Consti
t u t i o A n t o n i n i a n a , I V : L a extension d e la ciudadania a Egipcios y J u d i o s en el 212 d . C , Sefarad, v i , 1946, 21 sqq. T h e solution of the problem depends essen tially (though n o t exclusively) on the restoration of the famous passage in CA, preserved o n t h e papyrus ( P . Giss. 40): AlSwui T o t [ v ] w aira[aiv 2 1
rots
KasroiKovoiv
'PoiuaicDV
[U~\4VOVTOS
rrj\v
OIKOVU4VT)V
[
w[oAtT]etav ]aTa>v
It is not m y task here t o enter i n t o a discussion of this question, and I restrict myself t o quoting s o m e articles dealing w i t h CA and especially w i t h the question of the preservation of local laws side b y s i d e w i t h R o m a n l a w : Schonbauer, Sav. Ztschr. Ii, 1931, 277 s q q . ; Wilhelm, Amer. fourn. Arch, x x x v i i i , 1934,178 s q q . ; Wenger, Actes du 5 Congres, 525; A . H . M. J o n e s , fRS x x v i , 1936,223 s q q . ; S t r o u x , Philologus, l x x x v i i i , 1933, 272 s q q . ; Schubart, Aegyptus, x x , 1940, 31 s q q . ; Wenger, Rev. intern, d. droits de VAntiquitd, iii, 1949, 521 s q q . ; Schon bauer, Anz. d. phil.-hist. Kl. d. ost. Akad. d. Wiss., 1949, N o . 1 7 ; id. Journ. fur. Pap. v i , 1952, 17 s q q . ; Taubenschlag, fourn. fur. Pap. v , 1951, 121 s q q . X«>/>[ts] rciv
[SeJSeiTi/ci'tov.
e
LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
101
22
w a s p r o t e c t e d , n u m e r o u s I m p e r i a l e d i c t s i m p o s e d a series of p r o h i b i t i o n s affect i n g t h e p r i v a t e a n d social life of J e w s in v a r i o u s w a y s . I t w a s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t , in s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s , J e w s s h o u l d c l i n g t o g e t h e r . T h u s e n d s t h e l o n g h i s t o r i c a l p r o c e s s w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y b e g u n i n t h e e a r l y R o m a n period. T h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n E g y p t u n d e r w e n t a p r o f o u n d c h a n g e , t u r n i n g definitely f r o m t h e G r a e c o - R o m a n f o r m of o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d a d o p t i n g t h e J e w i s h o n e . H e r e t h e p a p y r i g i v e u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of c o l l e c t i n g s o m e e v i d e n c e of t h i s n e w t y p e o f J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n E g y p t , b u t , significantly e n o u g h , these p a p y r i are w r i t t e n not in Greek b u t in Hebrew. I n 1905 s o m e s c r a p s of H e b r e w - w r i t t e n p a p y r i w e r e f o u n d b y Grenfell a n d H u n t in Oxyrhynchos, a n d Cowley, w h o edited them, dates them about A . D . 400. T h e m o s t v a l u a b l e f r a g m e n t c o n t a i n s a l e t t e r from a n u n k n o w n J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y ( p r o b a b l y s o m e w h e r e i n E g y p t ) t o a n o t h e r (perhaps t h e c o m m u n i t y of O x y r h y n c h o s ) , a n d runs a s follows: 2 3
24
F r o m the heads of the Kneseth [and from your brethren?] the members of t h e Kneseth which is in M [ . . . t o our R a b b i ? ] Anikhah, the head of the Kneseth, a n d t o the elders of the Kneseth and to [the whole] sacred Qahal which is[ in O x y r h y n c h o s ?]. Our prayers for your lives w[ill be ? . . . ] and for the health of your sons and d a u g h t e r s . . .] and the fulfilment] (?) of the commandments . . . . 2 S
A n o t h e r scrap, even more damaged, records a certain Ushiah ben-I(saak?) w r i t i n g a l e t t e r t o t h e ' h e a d s ' a n d t h e ' l e a d e r s ' of a n u n k n o w n c o m m u n i t y . T h e w o r d ' l e a d e r s ' i s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e G r e e k t e r m Trpoardrai w r i t t e n i n H e b r e w 'pDDO'nD. T h e s e t w o little s c r a p s r e v e a l s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s of t h e n e w t y p e of J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y . F i r s t of a l l , t h e official t o n g u e u s e d i n t h e E g y p t i a n c o m m u n i t i e s w a s n o w H e b r e w . W e h a v e seen a b o v e (p. 3 1 ) t h a t i t is a m a t t e r of c o n t r o v e r s y b e t w e e n scholars w h e t h e r P h i l o , a l e a d i n g p e r s o n a g e i n 26
2 2
Cf. G. Ferrari dalle Spade, 'Privilegi degli Ebrei nell' Impero R o m a n o Cristiano', Festschr.f. L. Wenger, ii, 1945, 102 sqq. » T h e full list of these edicts, a s preserved in C. Theod. and C. Just., is given in chronological order b y Juster, i. 168, n. 3. T h e most important restriction was the exclusion of J e w s from military service and from all government offices. C. Th. 16. 8. 16 (A.D. 404): 'Ioudaeos e t Samaritanos . . . o m n i militia privandos esse censemus.' Nov. Th. 3, § 2 (A.D. 438): '. . . lege sancimus n e m i n e m J u d a e u m , neminem Samaritam, neutra lege cons t a n t e m a d honores et dignitates accedere, nulli administrationempaterecivilisobsequii....Cf. Juster, 11. 244 sqq. Cowley, 'Notes o n Hebrew Papyrus Fragm e n t s from Oxyrhynchos', JEA ii, 1915, 209 sqq. 2 4
«
Cowley, o p . c i t . , p . 210. Bodl. Libr., MS.
2]W W\ly>7\ 7rlpn 5 . P^IT? l m ^ S r ! 6
'
' W.,t,, ' LPJ ™ p » CI17W71 7 . • • • rVrlXan [rVl]TBn 8. Cowley restores i n 1. 2 [ D N S ] » 3 W ; if this restoration is correct, t h e place in question should F u s t a t and the document should b e dated i n h Arab period, w h e n F u s t a t became the prinj i f E g y p t and was usually called b y j j i s h d o c u m e n t s QnXD. e t other restorations are also possible, e.g. rp]&3tf. Cf. J . Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in ^ p . L'cowley p . 212:
D
t
m
e
e
c
p a
A
r
a
t
D
S
c
f
o
w
n
0
M i § r >
a
n
d
n
e w
Y
P
f
l
f
<
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
a
t
i
m
[ddtik p i ] n o » n w i [ n a m ? . . *]rmo n o » n
p i . *>23 2.
nojisn n n n^aa 3. 7D]Vi no»n ^ 7 1 4.
i
d
C a l i p h s >
h
y
j?n2S]*» p
K^IK p
nO»]n ^WXrfr
Hebr. c. 5 7 ( P ) :
1
r^^-t^
] ptsuoins?! m [ p
v
]n
[
DIXIj? [
mpa[
m [
PROLEGOMENA
102
t h e g r e a t e s t J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of E g y p t i n t h e first c e n t u r y A . D . , h a d a n y k n o w l e d g e of H e b r e w . N o w , 400 y e a r s l a t e r , s o m e o b s c u r e l e a d e r s of t w o J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e E g y p t i a n chora c a r r y o n t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e in H e b r e w . I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t t h e S e m i t i c l a n g u a g e w h i c h t o o k t h e p l a c e of t h e G r e e k w a s not the vernacular Aramaic, widely used b y Jews everywhere and especially i n P a l e s t i n e , b u t H e b r e w , t h e h o l y l a n g u a g e of t h e S c r i p t u r e s , r a r e l y u s e d t h e n a s e v e r y d a y l a n g u a g e . I t a p p e a r s , t h e n , t h a t t h i s use of H e b r e w w a s n o t t h e re s u l t of c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n t w o l i v i n g l a n g u a g e s , b u t a c o n s e q u e n c e of a c u l t u r a l m o v e m e n t , a i m i n g a t t h e a b o l i t i o n of foreign h a b i t s a n d t h e i r r e p l a c e m e n t b y a n a t i o n a l m o d e of life. T h e c e n t r e of t h i s m o v e m e n t w a s P a l e s t i n e , a s w i l l b e seen l a t e r (p. 1 0 6 ) . S e c o n d l y , t h e c h a n g e of t h e l a n g u a g e c a u s e d a c h a n g e in t h e t e r m i n o l o g y in use i n t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d i t s v a r i o u s o r g a n s . T h e H e b r e w p a p y r i q u o t e d a b o v e c a l l t h e c o m m u n i t y Kneseth; t h i s t e r m w a s u s e d in H e b r e w i n m a n y i d i o m s , s u c h as beth ha-kneseth ( s y n a g o g u e ) , Kneseth Israel (the c o n g r e g a t i o n of Israel, i.e. t h e entire J e w i s h n a t i o n ) , ha-Kneseth ha-gedolah (the G r e a t A s s e m b l y , a l l e g e d l y e s t a b l i s h e d b y E z r a ) , a n d t h i s w o r d possessed n a t i o n a l connotations familiar to every Jew. E v e n more importance must be attributed t o t h e t e r m ' h o l y c o n g r e g a t i o n ' (ha-qahal ha-qadosh), d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e v e r s e s of t h e B i b l e ( E x o d . 19. 6 a n d L e v . 19. i ) . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e use of these t e r m s i n d i c a t e s a r e s u r g e n c e of n a t i o n a l feeling in t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s , w h i c h w a s l a c k i n g w h e n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l G r e e k t e r m s , s u c h as politeuma, or synagoge, w e r e u s e d . Y e t it is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t e v e n i n t h i s p e r i o d of J e w i s h n a t i o n a l r e v i v a l t h e G r e e k t e r m Trpoardrai is still u s e d for ' l e a d e r s ' of t h e c o m m u n i t y , t h o u g h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l H e b r e w ' Z e k e n i m ' , elders, is also used. A n o t h e r i t e m w h i c h d e s e r v e s o u r a t t e n t i o n in t h i s c o n n e x i o n is t h e m e n t i o n of B i b l i c a l c o m m a n d m e n t s (DYl^E) i n a n official l e t t e r f r o m one J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y t o another. 2 7
T h e c o n t e n t s of t h e H e b r e w p a p y r i are n o t r i c h e n o u g h t o g i v e u s a c l e a r p i c t u r e of t h e i n n e r s t r u c t u r e of a J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n E g y p t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . I t s e e m s possible t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y c o n s i s t e d of a class of r u l i n g p e r s o n a g e s , c a l l e d ' h e a d s ' , ' e l d e r s ' , or ' l e a d e r s ' , a n d one of c o m m o n p e o p l e , c a l l e d s i m p l y ' m e m b e r s of t h e K n e s e t h ' (nOlDH ^ll) o r ' t h e h o l y c o n g r e g a t i o n ' . 28
2 7
For the use of the term Kneseth for Jewish
communities
in
Palestine
cf.
Elbogen,
Der
fudische Gotlesdienst, 3. Aufl., 482 sqq. T h e term 'holy congregation' ( W " 7 j ?
tfVnj?) for
members
of Jewish communities is familiar from the prayer
Sefer h a - Y i s h u v 1. 88 (in Hebrew). Cf. Baramki and A v i - Y o n a h , QDAP,
vi. 73 s q q . ; J. Baer, Zion,
x v , 1950, 9 sq. (in Hebrew). I n the T a l m u d 'the holy congregation of Jerusalem'
(WHp
D ^ E n T m ) is mentioned (b. Berakhoth 9b; b.
IpHID Dip"*, k n o w n to u s from Gaonic t i m e s : y e t
B e z a h 27a), but it is probable t h a t the 'congrega
the roots of this prayer seem to be m u c h earlier.
t i o n ' here means the academy of the Rabbis and
A n inscription from A p a m e a in Syria, CIJ
not the Jewish c o m m u n i t y of J e r u s a l e m ;
804,
dated as early as the end of the fourth century uses the term 'holy congregation', in its Greek trans lation :
TO
T)yiaauivov
irXrjdos.
Cf. Schwabe,
Inscription of the Synagogue of Apamea,
An
Qedem,
cf.
Baer, op. cit., 10, n. 29. 2 8
T h e heads of the Alexandrian c o m m u n i t y in
A.D. 415 are called b y Sokrates (H.E. irpcorevomes;
7. 13)
t h e y were, probably, the direct suc
i. 92 (Hebrew). A n inscription of a synagogue in
cessors of the r/yovuevoi,
Jericho, dated approximately in the fifth century,
Hellenistic-Roman period. For the internal or
1
starts w i t h t h e following w o r d s : 3 D ?
.rwftip
nbnp
nvb
"[TDT
provm •nrr
or the 'elders', of t h e
ganization of Jewish communities in the Tal m u d i c period cf. Baron, The fewish
See
i. 133 sqq.
Community,
LATE
ROMAN AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
103
B u t w e d o n o t k n o w t h e f u n c t i o n s of t h e former, a n d t h e d u t i e s a n d r i g h t s of t h e l a t t e r , o r w h e t h e r t h e w h o l e o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s a r i s t o c r a t i c or d e m o c r a t i c . A r o u n d A . D . 600 w e find s o m e a t t e m p t s t o u n d e r m i n e t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n ciple of J e w i s h n a t i o n a l a u t o n o m y . U n d e r t h e E m p e r o r M a u r i k i o s ( A . D . 582602) c a s e s of forcible b a p t i s m s of J e w s o c c u r , a n d i n A . D . 632 a c o m p u l s o r y c o n v e r s i o n of J e w s w a s p r o c l a i m e d b y H e r a k l i o s . T h e r e is s o m e e v i d e n c e f r o m Carthage and elsewhere t h a t Heraklios' decree w a s actually enforced. In the l i g h t of t h i s e v i d e n c e , a C h r i s t i a n l e g e n d of t h e c o n v e r s i o n of t h e e n t i r e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n (375 persons) of t h e t o w n of T o m e i i n L o w e r E g y p t w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e b a s e d o n f a c t , t h o u g h m a n y d e t a i l s of t h e s t o r y c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d a s historically accurate. It remains an open question whether Jews in the early B y z a n t i n e age h a d to p a y a special t a x . A l l t a x e s imposed on J e w s b y previous E m p e r o r s were a b o l i s h e d b y J u l i a n . I t is g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t h a t t h e C h r i s t i a n E m p e r o r s after J u l i a n re-enforced p a y m e n t of all s u c h t a x e s , a n d a l t h o u g h n o a d e q u a t e e v i d e n c e h a s b e e n offered i n s u p p o r t of t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n , i t s e e m s t o b e r e a s o n a b l e . W e do not k n o w when the 'Jewish tax', established b y Vespasian, w a s abolished (see a b o v e , p . 8 1 , n o t e 64), b u t w e c a n h a r d l y b e l i e v e t h a t i t w a s a b o l i s h e d w i t h o u t b e i n g r e p l a c e d b y t h e i m p o s i t i o n of o t h e r financial o b l i g a t i o n s u p o n t h e J e w s : n e i t h e r t h e s t a t e of t h e I m p e r i a l fiscus n o r t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e C h r i s t i a n 29
30
31
2 9
J. Starr, fPOS x v , 1935, 283, 288 s q . ; id. JQR x x x v i i i , 1947/8, 97 s q q . ; cf. Krauss, Studien z. byz.-jud. Gesch. 1914, 22. 3 0
For the conversion of the J e w s of Tomei see R. Griveau, 'Histoire de la Conversion des Juifs habitant la ville de T o m e i en E g y p t e ' , Rev. de I'Orient Chre't., 2 Serie, t. iii (xiii), 1908, 298 sqq. W e are told b y the author of the legend t h a t the conversion took place as the result of a debate o n religious matters b e t w e e n J e w s and Christian m o n k s . It was the pious hope of t h e Christian Church t o convert J e w s b y m e a n s of debates, b u t it seldom succeeded. So it is probable t h a t here t o o the author w a s influenced b y his wishes rather t h a n b y t h e historical evidence. Cf. for this sort of literature Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue, 283 sqq. T h e e v e n t took place in the s e v e n t h century, b u t the exact d a t e c a n n o t be established, since t h e chrono logy of t h e author is very confused. F r o m 616 till 627 E g y p t w a s occupied b y Persians and it is hard t o believe t h a t a t a t i m e w h e n t h e Christians were in a state of debasement a Jewish c o m m u n i t y should willingly join the Christian Church. It is possible t h a t t h e conversion took place before 616. B u t it is more likely t h a t the conversion of the J e w s of T o m e i w a s the result of the above-mentioned decree of Heraklios and t o o k place (probably as the result of compulsion) in the short period between the years 634 and 641. T h e author himself dates the e v e n t in 'year e
347 of the martyrs', i.e. A.D. 631, which is close t o t h e date of Heraklios' decree. W e m a y imagine t h a t t h e s y m p a t h i e s felt b y J e w s towards t h e Persians resulted, after 627, in a persecution of E g y p t i a n J e w s b y the Church, similar t o Hera klios' persecution of t h e J e w s of Palestine. For t h e attitude of the J e w s towards t h e Persians (and later towards t h e Arabs) see Butler, o p . cit. 59, n. 2 ; Krauss, op. cit. 24 s q q . ; J . Starr, fPOS x v , 1935, 285 sqq. 3 1
Juster, ii. 286; J. Starr, The fews in the Byzantine Empire, 1939, p . 1 1 ; cf. id. 93, n. 14. For t h e question whether J e w s h a d t o p a y a special poll-tax in t h e B y z a n t i n e Empire after 641, see Dolger, Viert. f. Soz. u. Wirtsch. Gesch. x x v i , 1933, 1 s q q . ; Andreades, Melanges Diehl, 93°? i» 7 A' 5 Starr, o p . cit. 93, n. 14. T h e papyrus N o . 506 cannot serve as evidence of J e w s p a y i n g poll-tax in the fifth c e n t u r y , since t h e abbreviations Ke<j>( ) 'IovS( ) are n o t t o be interpreted as m e a n i n g a poll-tax. Cf. infra, p . 106. Stronger evidence m a y be seen in the presence of a n u n k n o w n number (allegedly 40,000) of 'tributary J e w s ' in Alexandria at t h e m o m e n t of the Arab conquest (see a b o v e , p . 100, n o t e 19). After the conquest, all non-Muslim inhabitants of E g y p t had t o p a y a poll-tax (the D j i z y a ) ; w h y , t h e n , should 'Amr m e n t i o n only J e w s as 'tributary' ? T h e m o s t obvious answer is t h a t J e w s were tributary before t h e conquest. I
so
104
PROLEGOMENA
rulers t o w a r d s t h e J e w s are l i k e l y t o h a v e p e r m i t t e d s u c h b e n e v o l e n c e . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e o l o g i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d for t h e n e w t a x e s i m p o s e d o n J e w s . W e t u r n t o t h e e c o n o m i c a s p e c t of J e w i s h life. T h e n a t i o n a l c a t a s t r o p h e of A . D . 1 1 5 - 1 7 d e p r i v e d t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s of a n y p o s s i b i l i t y of e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e i r p r e v i o u s o c c u p a t i o n s since t h e i r v e r y l i v e s w e r e n o t safe. O n l y t o w a r d s t h e e n d of t h e t h i r d a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r i e s d o w e find J e w s a g a i n e n g a g e d i n v a r i o u s professions. T h e p a p y r i m e n t i o n J e w i s h p e a s a n t s ( N o s . 4 7 0 - 1 , 474, 476), a d o n k e y - d r i v e r ( N o . 472), a g u a r d ( N o . 475), a n d e v e n a n official ( N o . 477). F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e i r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y w a s s e r i o u s l y h a m p e r e d b y t h e h a r s h c o n d i t i o n s c r e a t e d in E g y p t , a s e l s e w h e r e i n t h e E m p i r e , b y t h e n e w e p o c h , e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e h o s t i l e a t t i t u d e of t h e C h u r c h , p e r c e p t i b l e i n t h e e c o n o m i c field a s i n e v e r y o t h e r , a n d b y t h e entire r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l life, s l o w l y c h a n g i n g i t s c h a r a c t e r f r o m t h e ' H e l l e n i s t i c - R o m a n ' m o d e of life t o t h e ' m e d i e v a l ' . T h e p e r s o n a l l i b e r t y of t h e c o m m o n m a n w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y r e s t r i c t e d ; p e a s a n t s w e r e b o u n d t o t h e soil, t h e decuriones t o t h e i r c i t y c o u n c i l s , m e r c h a n t s a n d a r t i s a n s t o t h e i r collegia, t h e soldiers t o t h e a r m y , a n d s o o n . T h e R o m a n E m p i r e b e c a m e a 'totalitarian' s t a t e : its principle w a s the general b o n d a g e of t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n of t h e E m p i r e t o t h e S t a t e . I n t h i s S t a t e - s l a v e r y , o n l y t h r e e classes w e r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y f r e e : t h e c l e r g y , t h e g r e a t officials of t h e E m p e r o r , a n d t h e r i c h l a n d o w n e r s . I n t h i s n e w s o c i e t y , w i t h i t s r i g i d differen t i a t i o n b e t w e e n o n e c l a s s a n d a n o t h e r , t h e r e w a s n o p l a c e for a foreign e l e m e n t , such as the Jews. T h e n e w laws prohibited J e w s from entering the a r m y or the c i v i l s e r v i c e ; t h e collegia of m e r c h a n t s a n d a r t i s a n s w e r e h a r d l y l i k e l y t o a d m i t new members w h o were not favoured b y the government and the C h u r c h ; the cities h a d refused J e w s a d m i t t a n c e t o t h e r a n k s of t h e i r c i t i z e n s e v e n i n t h e p r e v i o u s p e r i o d , a n d n o w t h a t m e m b e r s h i p of t h e c i t y c o u n c i l h a d b e c o m e a n intolerable burden, the J e w s themselves were probably anxious to a v o i d this d u b i o u s ' h o n o u r ' . O f c o u r s e t h e r e w a s n o p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e i r p e n e t r a t i n g t h e r a n k s of t h e rich l a n d o w n e r s , w h o w e r e a l l e i t h e r h i g h officials of t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t , m e n of t h e c o u r t , o r influential c i t i z e n s . A s t h i n g s w e r e , i t is n o t sur p r i s i n g t h a t p a p y r i a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s d o n o t p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e of t h e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y of J e w s i n t h e e a r l y B y z a n t i n e a g e . 3 2
33
34
35
I t is, t h e n , r e m a r k a b l e t h a t a h u n d r e d y e a r s after t h e i r e x p u l s i o n w e find t h e J e w s of A l e x a n d r i a a g a i n rich a n d influential. O n e of t h e m , U r b i b , Judaeus quidam opulentus, is s a i d t o h a v e d i s t r i b u t e d f o o d t o t h e A l e x a n d r i a n p o p u l a t i o n 3 2
In t h e dialogue De altercatione Ecclesiae et Synagogae t h e Church tries t o demonstrate t h a t t h e s y n a g o g u e became a n ancilla of the Church. One of t h e arguments r u n s : T r i b u t u m mihi solvis' (PL xiii. 1133). So it s e e m s t h a t the J e w i s h t a x w a s interpreted as a n obligation on t h e part of the J e w i s h people t o p a y tribute t o t h e Christian Church. 3 3
See for t h e general character of t h e early B y z a n t i n e period Comb. Med. Hist. i. 543 s q q . ; Piganiol, VEmpire Chretien, 1947, 275 s q q . ; E . Stein, Gesch. d. Spdtrdmischen Reiches, i. 1 sqq. 3 4
T h e desire t o e v a d e municipal office w a s
well expressed b y a Palestinian R a b b i of t h e third century, R. Johanan b . N a p a h a , of T i b e r i a s : 'if y o u h a v e been elected t o t h e c i t y council, m a k e t h e Jordan your neighbour' ( j . Mo'ed Qat. 2. 81b). This flight into t h e deserts (dvax
Cf. E . R . H a r d y , The Large Estates of zantine Egypt, 1931, 25 sqq., 39 sq., 43.
By
LATE
ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
105
d u r i n g a f a m i n e , a n d a n o t h e r , P h i l o x e n o s , w a s w e l l k n o w n as r i c h a n d g e n e r o u s .
3 6
T h e s e r m o n of P s e u d o - K y r i l l o s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e s p e a k s of r i c h J e w s in A l e x andria possessing 'gold a n d silver'; the a u t h o r records a conversation b e t w e e n t w o C h r i s t i a n w o r k e r s : ' J e w s are c r i m i n a l s w h o crucified C h r i s t . . . a n d t h e y are richer t h a n C h r i s t i a n s ' .
3 7
I n all p r o b a b i l i t y t h e i r w e a l t h h a d b e e n a c c u m u
l a t e d m a i n l y from trade a n d b y m o n e y - l e n d i n g . W e m a y recall t h a t these t w o w a y s of a c q u i r i n g w e a l t h h a d b e e n c o m m o n a m o n g A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s as e a r l y a s in P h i l o ' s t i m e ( a b o v e , p p . 48 s q q . ) . T h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s in m a r i t i m e t r a d e is a t t e s t e d b y a r e s c r i p t i s s u e d b y t h e E m p e r o r s V a l e n t i n i a n u s , T h e o d o s i o s I , a n d A r c a d i u s , a n d s e n t t o t h e p r e f e c t of E g y p t ( A . D . 390): E m p e r o r s m e n t i o n ' w e a l t h y p e r s o n s ' (idonei facultatibus) t o t h e o b l i g a t i o n of navicularia
functio.
the
among Jews subject
T h i s o b l i g a t i o n l a y in t h e a c t i v e p a r t i c i
p a t i o n in t h e d i s p a t c h of s h i p s l o a d e d w i t h g r a i n t o C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ; so w e h a v e t o r e g a r d t h e s e rich J e w s as o w n e r s of t h e v e s s e l s , l i k e t h e vavKXrjpoi i n t h e e a r l y Roman period.
3 8
T h a t it w a s p o s s i b l e for a n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w of t h e B y z a n t i n e
t i m e t o h a v e a t h i s d i s p o s a l his o w n s h i p , c a r r y i n g a J e w i s h c r e w , m a y b e also inferred f r o m a l e t t e r of S y n e s i o s t e l l i n g u s of his v o y a g e f r o m A l e x a n d r i a t o C y r e n e : half t h e c r e w (six m e n o u t of t w e l v e ) a n d t h e c a p t a i n himself Jews.
3 9
were
I t is n a t u r a l t h a t m o s t of o u r sources, j u r i d i c a l , l i t e r a r y , a n d t h e o l o g i c a l ,
s h o u l d c o n c e r n t h e m s e l v e s m a i n l y w i t h w e a l t h y J e w s , since i n d i g e n t p e o p l e d o n o t a t t r a c t so m u c h a t t e n t i o n ; b u t it is of i n t e r e s t t o n o t e t h a t t h e s a m e r e s c r i p t of A . D . 390, w h i c h a t t e s t s t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w i s h navicularii
in A l e x a n d r i a ,
m e n t i o n s also t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w s ' i n d i g e n t a n d e n g a g e d in b a s e o c c u p a t i o n s '
(inopes vilibusque
commerciis
occupati).
W e h a v e v e r y l i t t l e e v i d e n c e f r o m t h e p a p y r i a s t o t h e n a t u r e of J e w i s h s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s in t h e chora
in t h e B y z a n t i n e a g e . A p a p y r u s of t h e
s i x t h c e n t u r y m e n t i o n s a J e w p a y i n g t a x e s vnep Sr}p.o(jt(as) yrjs ( N o . 5 0 9 ) . S i n c e t h e d o c u m e n t w a s d r a w n u p o n t h e e s t a t e of F l a v i u s A p i o n , a r i c h l a n d o w n e r in t h e v i c i n i t y of O x y r h y n c h o s , it m a y b e inferred t h a t t h i s J e w w a s a p e a s a n t f a r m i n g a p l o t of l a n d o n A p i o n ' s e s t a t e .
4 0
A n o t h e r document, originating from
t h e e s t a t e s of t h e s a m e f a m i l y of A p i o n , r e c o r d s J e w s p a y i n g t a x e s virep IhLas yfjs (No. 5 1 0 ) ; these Jews, consequently, were legally regarded as being in inde p e n d e n t possession of s o m e l a n d , b u t it is d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e in f a c t i n d e p e n d e n t l a n d o w n e r s . T h e close v i c i n i t y of t h e m i g h t y f a m i l y of t h e A p i o n e s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of E g y p t i a n e a r l y - m e d i e v a l f e u d a l i s m , w o u l d h a r d l y l e a v e t h e 3 6
U r b i b : I b n Batrik, Ann. 2. 132 (PG c x i . 1062); P h i l o x e n o s : Sermon sur la Penitence attri-
289 s q q . ; Camb. Med. Hist. i. 552. Synesios, Epist. 4. 160 (PG l x v i . 1329a):
bue a Saint Cyrille,
vnep rjuiav uev KCU. 6 Kvfiepvrirqs fjoav ' J o i / S a f o i . C f .
3 7
p p . 509 s q q .
Sermon sur la Penitence, etc., p . 510. C. Th. 13. 5. 1 8 : 'Iudaeorum corpus ac Samaritanum a d naviculariam functionem n o n jure vocari cognoscitur; quidquid enim universo corpori videtur indici, nullam specialiter potest obligare personam. U n d e sicut inopes vilibusque commerciis occupati naviculariae translationis m u n u s obire n o n debent, ita idoneos facultatibus, qui e x h i s corporibus deligi poterunt a d praedictam functionem, haberi non oportet immunes.' For navicularii cf. Piganiol, VEmpire Chretien, 3 8
3 9
Juster, ii. 264, n. 7. T h e evidence belongs approxim a t e l y t o A.D. 400. T h e dialogue De Altercatione Ecclesiae et Synagogae s a y s : 'Sed dicito mihi, q u o m o d o tibi servio, quae adhuc filios m e o s liberos esse recognosco. V a c a n t negotiis, navigandi potestas est libera, compedes nesciunt, e t c ' (PL xlii. 1132). For t h e estates of Apion cf. H a r d y , o p . c i t . passim; Johnson a n d W e s t , Byzantine Egypt, 50 s q q . 4 0
PROLEGOMENA
io6 small
landowners
pendence.
4 1
g o a t skins' Pvpcnis);
of
the
neighbourhood
any
considerable
degree
of
inde
T h e s a m e J e w i s h l a n d o w n e r s are m e n t i o n e d as p a y i n g t a x e s 'for (vTrkp
SepfxdrcDv alyivcov) a n d 'for t h e v a l u e of l e a t h e r ' (vrrep ri/rfj?
so i t is l i k e l y t h a t t h e y w e r e o w n e r s of h e r d s , a n d , p e r h a p s , t a n n e r s .
J e w i s h w i n e m e r c h a n t s a p p e a r in N o s . 508 a n d 5 1 2 . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t J e w s p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e t r a d e in w i n e since N o . 508 m e n t i o n s sestarius' (gearos),
a special
'Jewish
i.e. a m e a s u r e of w i n e p r e s u m a b l y u s e d b y J e w s . A n e n i g
m a t i c K . . . 'IovB . . . is m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 5 0 6 ; if w e restore K€(f>(aAcua>Tr)s) 'iouS(cuW), t h e t e r m m a y , p e r h a p s , b e i n t e r p r e t e d as m e a n i n g a f o r e m a n of a n a s s o c i a t i o n of J e w i s h t r a d e r s or a r t i s a n s , a l t h o u g h t h e t e r m /cc^aAaicor^? h a s m a n y different m e a n i n g s (see n o t e s t o N o . 5 0 6 ) . W h e n w e h a v e a d d e d a refer e n c e t o a J e w i s h d y e r f r o m A n t i n o o p o l i s t o t h i s list ( N o . 5 1 1 ) , o u r i n f o r m a t i o n o n J e w i s h e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s in B y z a n t i n e E g y p t c o m e s t o a n e n d . We had
h a v e a l r e a d y s t a t e d t h a t t h e c u l t u r a l a s p e c t of t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s
altered, a n d t h a t faithfulness t o the ancient Jewish traditions h a d super
s e d e d t h e earlier i n c l i n a t i o n t o w a r d s H e l l e n i s m . T h e H e b r e w p a p y r i a l r e a d y q u o t e d a d d f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e of t h i s r e t u r n t o t h e n a t i o n a l t r a d i t i o n : in a f r a g m e n t a q u o t a t i o n of M i c a h 6. 7 is p r e s e r v e d , a n d a n o t h e r f r a g m e n t a p p e a r s t o refer t o M i s h n a Y o m a .
4 2
T h i s l a t t e r e v i d e n c e is p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g ,
since
i t a t t e s t s s o m e influence of T a l m u d i c J u d a i s m o n E g y p t i a n J e w r y . I t is n o t surprising t h a t t h i s s h o u l d b e so, since f r o m t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y A . D . t h e r e w a s s t e a d y correspondence a n d intercourse b e t w e e n the Palestinian R a b b i s and the E g y p t i a n Jews. Once again Jewish Palestine, though debased and politically i m p o t e n t , e x e r t e d g r e a t influence on t h e J e w i s h d i a s p o r a , t h i s t i m e s h a p i n g t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y a c c o r d i n g t o n e w p r i n c i p l e s of J u d a i s m , as l a i d d o w n b y t h e T a l m u d i c a u t h o r i t i e s . W e are t o l d b y t h e T a l m u d : ' T w e l v e q u e s t i o n s w e r e set by
t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s b e f o r e R . J o s h u ' a b . H a n a n i j a h : t h r e e (on m a t t e r s )
of
w i s d o m , t h r e e (on m a t t e r s ) of A g g a d a h , t h r e e ( b e c a u s e of their) i g n o r a n c e , a n d t h r e e (on m a t t e r s ) of h a b i t ' .
4 3
S o m e R a b b i s , s u c h as R . J o h a n a n h a - S a n d l a r ,
H a n a n 'the E g y p t i a n ' , a n d R . Z a k k a i , h a d b e e n b o r n i n A l e x a n d r i a , a n d i t m a y b e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y m a i n t a i n e d b o n d s of f r i e n d s h i p w i t h t h e A l e x a n d r i a n Jews.
4 4
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y t h e P a l e s t i n i a n A m o r a , R . A b a h u ,
v i s i t e d A l e x a n d r i a ; a n o t h e r A m o r a , R . J o s i , w r o t e responsa t o t h e A l e x a n d r i a n s on questions regarding feasts;
and a third A m o r a , R . T a n h u m b. P a p a , had
his t e m p o r a r y d o m i c i l e in A l e x a n d r i a a n d f r o m t h e r e c o n s u l t e d R . J o s i o n t h e
halakhic q u e s t i o n s .
45
4 1
Cf. H a r d y , o p . c i t . 53. Cowley, JEA ii. 211. T h e passage in question is M. Y o m a 3. 8-4. 1 ; y e t it does n o t seem t o b e an exact quotation from t h e Mishna. I t is more likely that t h e mutilated passage of the papyrus belongs t o some parallel t e x t discussing, as does Mishna Y o m a 3-4, t h e ancient liturgy for t h e D a y of A t o n e m e n t , a s it w a s performed b y t h e high priest in t h e d a y s of the Second Temple. 4 2
« B . N i d d a h 69b: frx® U*m
, r r a n - p swirr "a-i m
'WSrD'W
x m a o D ^ x "wax
•"flN - p i
'J ,rn"TD A question of the
Alexandrians t o R . Joshu'a b . Hananijah is mentioned also in M. N e g a ' i m 14.13. R . Joshu'a b . Hananijah flourished a t t h e beginning of t h e second century A.D. R . Johanan ha-Sandlar (2nd c e n t u r y ) : j . H a g i g a h , 3. 78^; H a n a n 'the E g y p t i a n ' (2nd c e n t u r y ) : b . Sanhedrin 17&; R . Zakkai (an A m o r a ) : j . Y e b a m o t h 7. 8b; j . K e t h u b o t h 4. 28d; j . 'Abodah Zarah 2. 42a. J . 'Erubin 3. 21c; j . Qiddushin 3. 64^. 4 4
4 5
LATE
ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE
107
PERIOD
T h e s e n u m e r o u s e x a m p l e s of s t e a d y c u l t u r a l i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n A l e x a n d r i a n J e w r y a n d t h e T a l m u d i c a u t h o r i t i e s of P a l e s t i n e reflect t h e c h a n g e in t h e m a n ners of life a n d t h o u g h t of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s . T h e s t r i v i n g s of t h e E g y p t i a n J e w s t o w a r d s H e l l e n i s m h a d v a n i s h e d . P h i l o is t h e l a s t J e w i s h a u t h o r i n A l e x a n d r i a n l i t e r a t u r e ; s o m e o c c a s i o n a l a t t e m p t s t o c o m p o s e in G r e e k m a d e b y t h e A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s of t h e l a t e R o m a n p e r i o d are t o o i n s i g n i f i c a n t , b o t h in s t y l e and content, to be worth c o m m e n t .
4 6
I n the B y z a n t i n e period e v e r y t e n d e n c y
t o w a r d s H e l l e n i s m w a s c h e c k e d , n o t o n l y b y t h e influence of J e w i s h n a t i o n a l i s m , but
also b e c a u s e H e l l e n i s m itself h a d lost i t s earlier s u p r e m a c y i n E g y p t . T h e
m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s p h e n o m e n o n in t h e c u l t u r a l life of B y z a n t i n e E g y p t is t h e rise of E g y p t i a n n a t i o n a l i s m , r e v e a l i n g itself first i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e C o p t i c C h u r c h , a n d l a t e r in t h e c r e a t i o n of a s p e c i a l t r e n d in C h r i s t i a n t h e o l o g y , k n o w n a s t h e M o n o p h i s i t e d o c t r i n e . T h e r e g e n e r a t i o n of t h e E g y p t i a n l a n g u a g e , t h e use of C o p t i c w r i t i n g , t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e a n c h o r i t e s of t h e T h e b a i d , t h e e r e c t i o n of n u m e r o u s m o n a s t e r i e s , t h e M o n o p h i s i t e C h u r c h , t h e s t u b b o r n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t in C o n s t a n t i n o p l e — a l l a t t e s t t h e u n p r e c e d e n t e d a n d v i g o r o u s regeneration
of t h e
old E g y p t i a n nation,
strongly opposed
to
Hellenism.
4 7
A m o n g t h e J e w s t h i s r e n a s c e n c e of E g y p t i a n n a t i o n a l i s m c o u l d n o t e v o k e a n y s y m p a t h i e s . H e l l e n i s m w a s a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e of h i g h i m p o r t a n c e , e x t r e m e l y a t t r a c t i v e to the intelligent, b u t C o p t i c nationalism w a s too narrow a n d o n e - s i d e d t o h a v e a n y influence o n J e w s , w h o h a d , b e s i d e s , n e v e r b e e n o n g o o d t e r m s w i t h t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n of E g y p t (see a b o v e , p . 63, n. 33). B e s i d e s , t h e C o p t i c m o v e m e n t w a s c o n n e c t e d as c l o s e l y as possible w i t h t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h : it f o u n d its e x t r e m e e x p r e s s i o n in f a n a t i c a l f a i t h f u l n e s s t o C h r i s t i a n i t y , p r e v i o u s l y in t h e o r t h o d o x , a n d l a t e r in t h e M o n o p h i s i t i c f o r m . T h u s w e see
that
t h e c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of E g y p t w i t h J e w i s h n a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e l e d t o t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d c u l t u r a l s e g r e g a t i o n of E g y p t i a n J e w r y . Any
a t t e m p t t o m a k e a close s t u d y of t h e c u l t u r a l a s p e c t of B y z a n t i n e J e w r y
i n E g y p t m a y b e r e g a r d e d as hopeless. S o m e f e w f e a t u r e s o n l y m a y b e t r a c e d . The
m o s t s t r i k i n g , t h e r e v i v a l of t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n
t i o n e d in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e n e w o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e c o m m u n i t i e s ; w e m a y n o w quote some additional evidence.
F i r s t , H e b r e w b e g i n s t o r e p l a c e G r e e k in
religious c o n n e x i o n s . A H e b r e w p a p y r u s , k n o w n as P . N a s h , c o n t a i n s t h e t e x t of t h e T e n C o m m a n d m e n t s a n d t h e p r a y e r of ' S h e m a ' I s r a e l ' . 4 6
Such are, e.g., some fragments of the fourth and t h e fifth book of the 'Oracle of the Sybilla'. For the regeneration of the E g y p t i a n nation in B y z a n t i n e times see, e.g., J . Leipoldt, Schenute 4 7
von Atripe Ckristentums,
und die Entstekung 1903;
d.
Hardy,
national-dgyptisch. Christian
Egypt,
passim. P . N a s h w a s first edited b y Cook in Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1903. T h e date of t h e papyrus w a s variously fixed. T h e editor himself p u t t h e P . N a s h in the second century A.D., and this date, or t h e first century A.D., h a d been c o m m o n l y accepted. Y e t Albright (JBL l v i , 1937,145 sqq.) suggested on purely palaeographic grounds a m u c h earlier date v i z . t h e H a s m o n e a n period. 4 8
4 8
W e are t o l d b y
The discovery of t h e D e a d Sea Scrolls led t o a renewed investigation of P . N a s h . T h e Hel lenistic period seems n o w t o be c o m m o n l y ac cepted, especially the end of it, as suggested b y Albright himself and b y m a n y others. I a m n o t sure whether palaeographic evidence only m a y be decisive i n this particular case, taking into con sideration 'the paucity of epigraphic and palaeo graphic evidence for Hebrew during the last cen turies B.C. and the early centuries A.D.' (Trever, BASOR cxiii, F e b . 1949, 6). Trever places t h e D e a d Sea Scrolls 'quite clearly about 200 B.C. t o a b o u t 200 A.D.' (ibid. 17 sqq.), a very long period indeed, fitting practically every possible dating of P . N a s h . A s to the D e a d Sea Scrolls themselves,
PROLEGOMENA
io8
t h e T a l m u d ( M . T a m i d 5 . 1 ) t h a t in t h e l i t u r g y of t h e S e c o n d T e m p l e t h e p r a y e r of Shema* w a s p r e c e d e d b y t h e r e c i t a t i o n of t h e T e n C o m m a n d m e n t s , a n d t h i s c u s t o m w a s r e t a i n e d for s o m e t i m e a f t e r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e T e m p l e .
4 9
We
d o n o t k n o w w h e t h e r t h i s s m a l l p a p y r u s w a s c o p i e d b y a n E g y p t i a n J e w for h i s p r i v a t e use or w h e t h e r i t w a s c o p i e d for p u b l i c r e c i t a t i o n in a s y n a g o g u e ; w h a t e v e r t h e r e a s o n , i t a t t e s t s t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e
into
J e w i s h religious life. T h i s m a y also b e inferred f r o m t w o i n s c r i p t i o n s in H e b r e w belonging t o t h e same period (presumably t h e second century), one on a t o m b a n d t h e o t h e r o n t h e m u m m y c a s e of a w o m a n .
5 0
Secondly, the Hebrew lan
g u a g e c a m e i n t o u s e for l i t e r a r y p u r p o s e s . A l t h o u g h E g y p t i a n J e w r y of t h e l a t e r R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e a g e d o n o t a p p e a r t o h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d a n y t h i n g of v a l u e t o H e b r e w l i t e r a t u r e , w e see f r o m s o m e s c r a p s of H e b r e w p a p y r i t h a t t h e l i t e r a t u r e of t h e piyutim
w a s k n o w n in E g y p t .
5 1
Finally, we note t h a t H e b r e w was
u s e d in B y z a n t i n e E g y p t e v e n in p r i v a t e l e t t e r s .
we m u s t bear i n mind t h a t their dating cannot as y e t b e considered a s certain, since every n e w discovery m a y change t h e results achieved b y n o w . 'Under these circumstances palaeography can establish only a general range of possibilities, w i t h some elasticity a t b o t h ends. I t cannot, however, b e stretched t o o far. T o allow a range of more
than
about
two
centuries
[the
italics
are
mine, V . T . ] is t o defy definite, objective evi dence' (Burrows, BASOR cxxii. 4 sqq.). I n v i e w of t h i s very cautious attitude of the palaeographs themselves, I see no decisive grounds t o place the composition of P . N a s h a t t h e Hellenistic period, and I should prefer t h e previous dating, i.e. t h e first or the second centuries A.D., t h e more s o as historical evidence seems t o suggest a later date (see t h e n e x t note). F r o m t h e abundant literature on P . N a s h w e m a y q u o t e : Burkitt, JQR x v , 1903, 392 s q q . ; J . L e v i , REJ x l v i , 1903, 212 s q q . ; Al b r i g h t , JBL Oct.
l v i , 1937,145 s q q . ; id., BASOR
1949, 10 s q q . ; S e g a l , Leshonenu,
cxv,
x v , 27 s q q .
(Hebrew). 4 9
J . Berakhoth 1. 3c; b . Berakhoth 12a. Since the historical reminiscences of t h e Talmud con cerning t h e Temple refer i n the u t m o s t cases t o the last decades of t h e T e m p l e , t h e Talmudic evidence in this case h a s i t s value essentially a s referring t o t h e first century A.D. I t m a y b e plausibly suggested t h a t after A.D. 70 the custom t o recite t h e T e n Commandments before Shema' was generally accepted in all synagogues. T h e usage w a s abolished in t h e second century i n order that the Minim should n o t argue t h a t only the T e n Commandments were given o n Mount S i n a i : j . Berakhoth 1. $c. Cf. Burkitt, o p . c i t . 398; J . Levi, o p . cit. 214; Baron, The Jewish Community, i. 1 2 1 ; iii. 21, n. 4. This abolition can n o t s e r v e a s a terminus
ante
quern
for t h e
com
5 2
position of P . N a s h , since t h e prohibition p u b lished i n Palestine could easily be. ignored, or b e u n k n o w n , in E g y p t ; cf. Levi, o p . cit. 217. 5 0
T h e inscription on the t o m b is from Antinoo-
p o l i s ; cf. CIJ 1534: .1TX77 [ p T ) 7 D T2j? m] D^nn
THXa
ma T h e inscription o n t h e
,rnttDn HTWO dVis7 «nV nnaro , m : w » Vs? dttb (cij 1536).
mummy
runs
a s follows:
W e h a v e , t o be sure, n o right t o infer from these s c a n t y instances t h a t all Jewish t o m b in scriptions in E g y p t , or even t h e major part of t h e m , h a v e been composed a t this period in Hebrew. T h e excavations in t h e Necropolis o f B e t h She'arim h a v e shown t h a t e v e n i n Pales tine, under the spiritual guidance of the R a b b i s , t h e great majority of t o m b inscriptions were c o m p o s e d in Greek. Cf.
B.
Maisler, Beth
She'arim,
1944, 114 ( H e b r e w ) ; CIJ 993-1161. 5 1
I n 1922 some fragments o f Hebrew a n d Aramaic papyri were found b y Flinders Petrie in Oxyrhynchos. After t h e papyri h a d been p u b lished it w a s stated that some of t h e m belong t o the literature of the piyutim, written as early a s the second or t h e beginning of t h e third century A.D. Cf. Hirschfeld, Jewish
Guardian,
9. 6 . 1 9 2 2 ;
L o e w e , JTS x x i v , 1923, 126 s q q . ; L e v i n , Jew. Guard. 1923, N o . 185, p . 9 ; Thackeray, ibid., N o . 182, p . 6; Arbuthnot, ibid., N o . 190, p . 7 ; N e p p i Modona, Aeg. iv. 31 sqq., 125 s q q . ; D e Boer, Vetus Testamentum, i, 1951, 49 sqq. According t o Birnb a u m (cf. D e Boer, o p . cit. 57, n. 1) the fragments belong t o t h e fourth century. Other piyutim were found o n a Hebrew papyrus from O x y r h y n c h o s in 1897 a n d published b y Cowley in JQR x v i , 1904, 1 sqq. 5 2
A m o n g t h e Hebrew papyri published b y Cowley i n JQR x v i . 1 sqq. there is o n e ( N o . 4)
LATE
ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e of n a t i o n a l r e g e n e r a t i o n is f u r n i s h e d b y t h e n a m e s of t h e J e w s . T h e y are n o w B i b l i c a l , a s w e m i g h t h a v e e x p e c t e d ; b u t i t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t t h e y are n o l o n g e r s p e l l e d in t h e G r e e k w a y , b u t t r a n s l i t e r a t e d , a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e , f r o m t h e H e b r e w f o r m of t h e w o r d .
5 3
T h e s e f o r m s , i t is t r u e , h a d
a l r e a d y b e e n u s e d in t h e S e p t u a g i n t ; y e t t h e r e s e e m s n o g o o d r e a s o n w h y t h e S e p t u a g i n t s h o u l d s u d d e n l y influence t h e f o r m s of J e w i s h n a m e s in t h e B y z a n t i n e p e r i o d , w h e n i t h a d n o s u c h influence in t h e H e l l e n i s t i c a n d R o m a n a g e s . The
m o s t p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s e e m s t o b e t h a t t h e r e v i v a l of t h e H e b r e w
l a n g u a g e w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e use of B i b l i c a l n a m e s in t h e i r o r i g i n a l f o r m , w h i c h w e r e n o w m o r e f a m i l i a r t o J e w s t h a n t h e earlier H e l l e n i s t i c
ones.
5 4
T h e a t t i t u d e of t h e B y z a n t i n e J e w s t o t h e use of H e l l e n i s t i c - R o m a n l a w c a n only be guessed at, y e t the a b o v e mentioned quotation from the Mishna Y o m a , a n d t h e m e n t i o n of B i b l i c a l c o m m a n d m e n t s (I)
in t h e l e t t e r f r o m t h e ' h e a d
of t h e K n e s e t h ' (p. 1 0 1 ) , s u g g e s t t h a t m e m b e r s of J e w i s h c o m m u n i t i e s w e r e n o w b o u n d b y J e w i s h l a w . T h i s b e i n g so, t h e y p r o b a b l y t r i e d t o a v o i d referring t o a S t a t e office or a n official t r i b u n a l w h e n e v e r t h e m a t t e r c o u l d b e s e t t l e d w i t h i n the c o m m u n i t y itself.
55
Nevertheless, w e c a n n o t s a y t h a t the J e w s w i t h d r e w t h e m s e l v e s into a real g h e t t o , a n d t h a t all s o c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h n o n - J e w s w a s f o r b i d d e n or r e g a r d e d a s a n t a g o n i s t i c t o t h e n e w J e w i s h w a y of life. A l e x a n d r i a n J e w s p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e g e n e r a l life of t h e t o w r a n d e v e n t o o k p a r t in p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h . T h e F a t h e r s of t h e C h u r c h t e l l u s t h a t J e w s in v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e E m p i r e w e r e also k n o w n a s f r e q u e n t a n d e v e n f e r v e n t t h e a t r e - g o e r s .
5 6
I n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e t h e o r y h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d t h a t e v e n P a l e s t i n i a n J e w r y of t h e T a l m u d i c period w a s influenced b y the Hellenistic e n v i r o n m e n t t o a far greater extent than has hitherto been believed.
5 7
T h i s question cannot now be discussed;
t h e i n t e n t i o n here is t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t a s e g r e g a t i o n of t h e J e w s of E g y p t f r o m t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t w a s n o t c o m p l e t e , t h o u g h a l l t h e t e n d e n c i e s of b o t h t h e J e w i s h a n d t h e n o n - J e w i s h w o r l d s w e r e in f a v o u r of s u c h a s e g r e g a t i o n . containing a private letter from Eliezer b . Josi (nOV p pns-
,
ITS'?) t o R . J a c o b b . Isaac ( 3 p » » 2 H
virep
'Evwx, 'Iovdfi are used n o w instead of the names of the Ptole maic or early R o m a n a g e ending usually in - o s or - i s . 5
3
'IOOLK,
Nadav,
Naovu,
ZauovrjX,
5 4
T h e Christians use t h e same Hebrew forms of names a s the Byzantine J e w s : the influence of the Septuagint might h a v e been responsible for this. s s
This a i m could, perhaps, n o t always be easily attained. So, e.g., the Gnomon of the Idios Logos (middle of the second century) invalidates all wills n o t drawn u p according t o t h e official form of public documents (§ 7: A[i\adijKai, oaai urj
Kara
5 6
I t w a s especially J o h n Chrysostom w h o charged J e w s with excessive devotion t o g a m e s : ev be
p).
8r)uoaiovs
xpV
u a T l a u 0
^
s
yelvoivrat,
aKvpol
elat). W e do not know t o w h a t e x t e n t this regula tion affected t h e right of a J e w t o bequeath his property.
5 8
iirioTavrat
uovov,
yaarpitfioBai
opxycrrtiiiv KaraKoirreaOai,
paTiCeodai
(adv.
fud.
I.
4;
virep PG
KOX
uedveiv,
rjvioxav
rpav-
x l v i i i . 848).
In
Alexandria the fact is attested b y Sokrates (Hist, eccl. 7. 13) on t h e occasion of the events of A.D. 415. Cf. for other Fathers of the Church, Juster, ii. 240, n. 6. T h e Talmud also did n o t d e n y t h e fact that theatres a n d circuses were frequented b y J e w s (cf. Krauss, Talmud. Arch. iii. 119). For t h e attitude of Talmudic authorities on this ques tion cf. J . Bergman, Jiidische Apologetik im neutestamentl. 5
7
S.
Zeitalter, Lieberman,
1942; id. Hellenism 5 8
1908,16 s q q . Greek in fewish
in
fewish Palestine,
Palestine, 1950.
I t m u s t also be emphasized that t h e victory of Hebrew over Greek was b y no m e a n s complete. E v e n in prayers Greek continued t o be used, and it is possible that t h e well-known prayer of 'Shmoneh-'Esre' w a s in Byzantine E g y p t
PROLEGOMENA
110
E m p h a s i s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n l a i d o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e J e w s of E g y p t , e s p e c i a l l y those living in t h e villages, were strongly influenced b y t h e n a t i v e E g y p t i a n p o p u l a t i o n . W e d o n o t k n o w w h e t h e r t h e p r o c e s s of a s s i m i l a t i o n of J e w s a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n s in t h e B y z a n t i n e p e r i o d w a s so v i g o r o u s as t o t e a r a w a y e n t i r e c o m m u n i t i e s f r o m t h e b o d y of t h e n a t i o n , b u t t h e r e is l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t c a s e s of i n d i v i d u a l a s s i m i l a t i o n o c c u r r e d f r e q u e n t l y . T h e religious f a c t o r , in a n e p o c h w h e n q u e s t i o n s of f a i t h a n d c r e e d w e r e b e i n g e v e r y w h e r e d i s c u s s e d , m u s t also h a v e e x e r t e d a n influence o n t h e J e w s , a n d cases of v o l u n t a r y a p o s t a s y are sometimes recorded b y our sources.
5 9
T h i s J e w i s h e l e m e n t , d i s p e r s e d in n u m b e r s
u n k n o w n t o u s a m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s p o p u l a t i o n of n a t i v e E g y p t i a n s , m a y p e r h a p s a c c o u n t for s o m e J e w i s h f e a t u r e s in t h e religious creeds a n d h a b i t s of t h e n o n - J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n . M a n y C h r i s t i a n s in t h e E m p i r e r e g a r d e d t h e S a b b a t h as a h o l y d a y , n o less h o l y t h a n S u n d a y , a n d t h i s a t t i t u d e w a s c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e F a t h e r s of t h e C h u r c h t o b e a sign of J e w i s h i n f l u e n c e .
60
A p a p y r u s of t h e f o u r t h
c e n t u r y f r o m O x y r h y n c h o s ( P . O x y . 903) i n d i c a t e s t h a t a C h r i s t i a n w o m a n a t t e n d e d c h u r c h (TO KvpiaKov) o n a S a b b a t h . I t m a y b e r e c a l l e d t h a t b y t h e e n d of t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y of O x y r h y n c h o s , p r o b a b l y d e c i m a t e d in A . D . 1 1 7 , w a s a g a i n
flourishing
a n d e x e r t i n g s o m e influence o n t h e life of t h e
t o w n . N o less i m p o r t a n t is t h e e v i d e n c e of papyri
magicae.
T h i s curious litera
t u r e of religious spells a n d e x o r c i s m s , of t h e h i g h e s t i m p o r t a n c e for t h e s t u d y of t h e religious s y n c r e t i s m of t h e B y z a n t i n e a g e , is s t r o n g l y i m b u e d w i t h J e w i s h e l e m e n t s w h i c h are c l o s e l y m i n g l e d w i t h e l e m e n t s of t h e p a g a n a n d C h r i s t i a n religions.
61
I n S e c t i o n X V a n a t t e m p t h a s b e e n m a d e t o select f r o m t h e l a r g e
n u m b e r of m a g i c p a p y r i t h o s e r e v e a l i n g t h e closest affinity w i t h J e w i s h beliefs a n d i d e a s . I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t i n d i v i d u a l J e w i s h f e a t u r e s are discernible i n a l m o s t all m a g i c p a p y r i , a n d t h a t t h e n a m e s of t h e J e w i s h G o d , s u c h as 'Idto, AScoval, 'EXolp., Zafiad>Q, are u s e d b y t h e e x o r c i s t s a t l e a s t as m u c h as t h e n a m e s of v a r i o u s d e m o n s a n d p a g a n g o d s . S o w e m a y d r a w t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t as a r e s u l t of t h i s religious s y n c r e t i s m a c e r t a i n c u l t u r a l m e d i u m
was
c r e a t e d , s u i t e d t o t h e a d o p t i o n of s o m e f e a t u r e s of J u d a i s m , a n d i t is possible
sometimes recited in Greek: cf. Wahrhaftig, JTS xl, 1939, 376 sqq. Sokrates, Hist. eccl. 7. 1 3 : a Jewish physi cian, Adamantios (after A . D . 415); Ibn-Batrik, Ann. ii. 132: t h e rich J e w Urbib (cf. above, note 16); Ananias (seventh c e n t u r y ) : a calendar expert, Phineas, is recorded as a member of a Christian committee in Alexandria (it can hardly be assumed that a J e w , unless converted, could be a member of a Christian collegium; cf. Starr, JPOS, 1935, 290, n. 53). W e are further told b y John of Nikiou (91. 1-9) t h a t a Jewish family i n Alexandria, i n t h e d a y s of Justinian, embraced Christianity, being impressed b y a miracle. Another miracle, causing t h e conversion of a multitude of J e w s in the Alexandrian synagogue, is reported b y t h e author of t h e Sermon sur la Penitence, 514 sqq. Of course, w e cannot be sure t h a t all these conversions were voluntary, a s our 5 9
Christian sources seem t o suggest, nor c a n w e consider a s historical t h e numerous 'miracles' connected with t h e conversions. 6 0
Cf. Juster, i. 280, n. 2 ; Simon, Verus
Israel,
3746 1
T h e magical papyri, published before 1930, are collected b y Preisendanz, Papyri Graecae Magicae, i (1928), ii (1931). F o r t h e general characteristics of oriental magic see Dieterich, Abraxas,
1891;
id.
C u m o n t , Les Religions
Eine
Mithrasliturgie,
orientates
dans
1903; lepaganisme
romain, 4th e d . , 1929, 168 s q q . ; N o c k , 'Greek Magical Papyri', JEA x v , 1929, 219 s q q . ; R e e s , 'Popular Religion in Greco-Roman E g y p t ' , JEA x x x v i , 1950, 86 sqq. F o r Jewish elements i n t h e magic cf. K n o x , 'Jewish Liturgical Exorcism', HTR x x x i , 1938, 192 s q q . ; Rist, 'The God of A b r a h a m , Isaak, a n d Jacob', JBL lvii, 1938^ 289 sqq. F o r details cf. Section X V .
LATE
ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE
PERIOD
i n
t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e of J e w i s h e l e m e n t s in t h i s m e d i u m w a s d u e t o t h e a c t i v i t y of s u c h J e w s a s left t h e i r a n c e s t r a l t r a d i t i o n in s e a r c h of a n e w f a i t h . W e are a t t h e e n d of o u r s u r v e y . I n t h e course of a l m o s t a t h o u s a n d y e a r s E g y p t i a n J e w r y underwent m a n y vicissitudes a n d metamorphoses. W e h a v e seen i t s t r o n g a n d v i g o r o u s a t t h e e n d of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , e x e r t i n g i t s influence o n t h e e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l life of t h e c o u n t r y ; t h e n f i g h t i n g s t u b bornly during the early R o m a n period against a t t e m p t s inaugurated b y the R o m a n g o v e r n m e n t a n d a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e G r e e k s t o d e b a s e i t s social a n d c u l t u r a l l e v e l ; t h e n i d e n t i f y i n g itself w i t h t h e s t r o n g n a t i o n a l
movement
against R o m e throughout the Empire, and eventually succumbing to the enemy, a f t e r a h o p e l e s s a t t e m p t t o realize a f a n t a s t i c d r e a m of t h e k i n g d o m of
the
M e s s i a h ; a n d , finally, r e v i v i n g a n d g a t h e r i n g fresh forces for a n e w s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t n e w enemies. I n t h e course of its h i s t o r y E g y p t i a n J e w r y , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i t s l e a d i n g e l e m e n t , t h e c o m m u n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a , c h a n g e d i t s c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r , slowly discarding extreme hellenization
in f a v o u r of t h e n a t i o n a l
tradition.
E g y p t i a n J e w r y w a s a l i v i n g o r g a n i s m , d e v e l o p i n g a l o n g its o w n lines, t h o u g h , of course, i n s t e a d y c o n t a c t w i t h , a n d d e p e n d i n g u p o n , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e J e w i s h p e o p l e a s a w h o l e . W e are i n d e b t e d t o t h e v a r i o u s sources, l i t e r a r y a n d d o c u m e n t a r y a l i k e , for t h e r i c h e v i d e n c e t h e y p r o v i d e for t h e s t u d y of t h e life a n d w o r k of E g y p t i a n J e w r y . I t m a y s e e m t h a t t h e l i t e r a r y sources, reflecting m a i n l y t h e religious, e t h i c a l , a n d p o l i t i c a l i d e a s of t h e A l e x a n d r i a n w r i t e r s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s , are f a r m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e d r y m a t e r i a l of t h e p a p y r i . O f course, t h e y a r e ; b u t w e c a n n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h e c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of a p e o p l e w i t h o u t a f u n d a m e n t a l k n o w l e d g e of t h e m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s of i t s life. A n d so it is h o p e d t h a t t h e d o c u m e n t s , g a t h e r e d in t h e fifteen s e c t i o n s of t h e C . P . J u d . , w i l l h e l p t o b r i n g a b o u t a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e m a t e r i a l b a s i s of a d e v e l o p m e n t so rich in c u l t u r a l a c h i e v e m e n t s .
PART I
THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
SECTION I
JEWS OF PALESTINE IN THE Z E N O N PAPYRI T H E l a r g e a r c h i v e s of t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i , d i s c o v e r e d d u r i n g t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r b y E g y p t i a n fellahin in D a r b e l - G e r z a (the site of a n c i e n t P h i l a d e l p h e i a in t h e F a y u m ) a n d p u b l i s h e d since t h e n b y I t a l i a n , E n g l i s h , a n d A m e r i c a n scholars ( P S I i v - v i , P C Z i - v , P . Z e n . M i c h . , P . C o l . Z e n . i-ii), h a v e e n l a r g e d o u r k n o w l e d g e of t h e e a r l y P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d in a v e r y i m p o r t a n t w a y . T o q u o t e E d g a r , 'one c o u l d fill p a g e s w i t h a list of n e w a n d s t r i k i n g d e t a i l s c o n c e r n i n g p o l i t i c s , t r a d e , e c o n o m i c s , a r t , m a n n e r s , a n d c u s t o m s ' ( P . Z e n . M i c h . , I n t r o d . , p . 3). T h e t w o c e n t r a l figures of t h e Z e n o n A r c h i v e s , t h e g r e a t m i n i s t e r of P t o l e m y I I P h i l a d e l p h o s , A p o l l o n i o s t h e hioiK-qrrj?, a n d his official Z e n o n , are sufficiently w e l l k n o w n t o e v e r y o n e w h o h a s s t u d i e d p a p y r o l o g y , a n d it is n o t m y t a s k t o i n t r o d u c e t h e m t o t h e reader. S o I m a y confine m y s e l f t o c i t i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l w o r k s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i : R o s t o v t z e f f , A Large Estate
in Egypt
in
the Third Century B.C.; V i e r e c k , Philadelpheia; E d g a r , Introd. to P. Zen. Mich.; R . Seider, Beitrage zur ptolemaischen Verwaltungsgeschichte, 1938; CI. P r e a u x , Les Grecs en £gypte d'apres les archives de Zenon, 1947. F o r t h e h i s t o r y of E g y p t u n d e r P t o l e m y I I cf. B e v a n , History
SEHHW
of Egypt,
p p . 56 s q q . , a n d
Rostovtzeff,
i. 255 sqq.
A m o n g t h e a b u n d a n c e of n e w m a t e r i a l f u r n i s h e d b y t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i w e o b t a i n s o m e n e w i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t J e w s as w e l l . T h e w h o l e of t h e m a t e r i a l c o n c e r n i n g J e w s in t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s e c t i o n s : J e w s of P a l e s t i n e a n d t h o s e of t h e F a y u m . T h e p r e s e n t s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h t h e J e w s of Palestine. A f t e r t h e l o n g t r o u b l e s f o l l o w i n g t h e d e a t h of A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t , P a l e s t i n e p a s s e d t o P t o l e m y I (301 B . C . ) a n d for t h e n e x t h u n d r e d y e a r s (till 198) r e m a i n e d in t h e h a n d s of t h e P t o l e m a i c d y n a s t y . T h e h i s t o r y of P a l e s t i n e d u r i n g t h i s t i m e is a l m o s t a b l a n k , t h e l i t e r a r y sources b e i n g e i t h e r insufficient or q u i t e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y as h i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s .
H e n c e t h e g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e of t h e
Zenon
P a p y r i as r e g a r d s P a l e s t i n i a n h i s t o r y . I n t h e 2 7 t h y e a r of P h i l a d e l p h o s (259 B . C . ) P a l e s t i n e w a s v i s i t e d b y Z e n o n , t h e n a t r a v e l l i n g a g e n t of A p o l l o n i o s ; Z e n o n b r o u g h t f r o m his j o u r n e y a n u m b e r of d o c u m e n t s (fists, a c c o u n t s , l e t t e r s , a n d t h e like). H e d i d n o t b r e a k off his c o n n e x i o n w i t h s o m e residents of P a l e s t i n e after r e t u r n i n g h o m e , a n d t h e result w a s t h a t a n u m b e r of d o c u m e n t s
was
s t o r e d u p in his a r c h i v e s i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e social a n d e c o n o m i c life of P a l e s t i n e u n d e r P t o l e m a i c rule. N e a r l y f o r t y d o c u m e n t s of t h i s k i n d are k n o w n t o u s . I n m y article ' P a l e s t i n e u n d e r t h e P t o l e m i e s ' (Mizraim,
i v - v , 1937, 9 sqq.) t h e
r e a d e r w i l l find a d e t a i l e d discussion of t h e p r o b l e m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h P t o l e m a i c P a l e s t i n e ; here I confine m y s e l f t o q u e s t i o n s c o n n e c t e d w i t h J e w s o n l y . T h e p r i n c i p a l p e r s o n a g e in t h e P a l e s t i n e p a p y r i of Z e n o n is T o u b i a s . H i s n a m e is m e n t i o n e d s i x t i m e s on v a r i o u s o c c a s i o n s : h e s e n d s g i f t s t o t h e k i n g a n d t o
n6
SECTION
I
A p o l l o n i o s ( N o s . 4 a n d 5 ) ; s u p p l i e s t h e t r a v e l l i n g p a r t y of Z e n o n a n d his c o l l e a g u e s w i t h a q u a n t i t y of w h e a t (2b); his m e n a n d b e a s t s of b u r d e n p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e j o u r n e y of t h e G r e e k s (2c a n d d);
t h e t r a v e l l i n g p a r t y v i s i t s his r e s i d e n c e
(2d), w h e r e a c l e r u c h y of m i l i t a r y s e t t l e r s h a s b e e n p l a c e d u n d e r his c o m m a n d ( 1 ) . I t follows from all these instances t h a t T o u b i a s w a s an i m p o r t a n t m a n in his country, and on good terms w i t h the
Greek government
residence w a s in T r a n s j o r d a n ; it w a s c a l l e d 17 Tovfilov L a n d of T o u b i a s ' (cf. -r) 'Ovlov
or 'Oviov
a
x^P
m
in A l e x a n d r i a . H i s a
2
(sc. yfj or x<*>P ) ( ^)>
E g y p t , ant.
the
1 3 . 287; 1 4 . 1 3 1 ;
bell. 1 . 1 9 0 ; 7. 4 2 1 ; S B 7781). T h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d c l e r u c h y w a s c e r t a i n l y w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of his l a n d . W e h a v e t h e m e a n s of i d e n t i f y i n g t h e p l a c e of h i s residence w i t h s o m e e x a c t i t u d e . T h e t r a v e l l i n g p a r t y in P . L o n d . i n v . 2358 (A) v i s i t e d 'the L a n d of T o u b i a s ' o n 2 9 t h of D y s t r o s ; a d a y b e f o r e t h e p a r t y p a s s e d t w o p l a c e s A b i l a a n d EaipafiiTT . . . (the l a s t n a m e is m e n t i o n e d in 2a t o o ) . T h e d e e d of sale i n t h e c l e r u c h y of T o u b i a s w a s d r a w n u p iv Biprai
rrjs Ap,p,aviTi8os
('in
s t r o n g h o l d of A m m a n i t i s ' ) . S o w e h a v e four g e o g r a p h i c a l n a m e s — t h e t h e ' L a n d of T o u b i a s ' , A b i l a , a n d S o u r a b i t t — a l l l e a d i n g u s t o t h e
residence
of T o u b i a s or t o s o m e p l a c e s in i t s v i c i n i t y . W i t h t h e a i d of l i t e r a r y a n d a r c h a e o l o g y n e a r l y all t h e p l a c e s c a n b e identified. jordan,
known
today
as
'Arak
el-Emir,
is
commonly
the Birta,
sources
A p l a c e in T r a n s accepted
as
the
p l a c e of t h e B i r t a : t h e r e m a i n s of a g r e a t b u i l d i n g o n a hill ( K a s r e l - ' A b d ) can be attributed t o the Hellenistic
period, a n d the inscription
' T u b i a h ' in
H e b r e w c h a r a c t e r s (JT'^ilt?) o c c u r s t w i c e o n a r o c k in i t s n e i g h b o u r h o o d . first s y l l a b l e of UwpafSirr...
or Uovpa^rr...
1
The
(so in 2a) is s u r e l y a G r e e k t r a n
s c r i p t i o n of Z u r (TES), a H e b r e w w o r d for ' s t r o n g h o l d , fortress' (like t h e A r a m a i c B i r t a ) . W e find t h i s p l a c e a g a i n in T y r o s , t h e s t r o n g h o l d of H y r k a n o s , a g r a n d son of T o u b i a s , w h o h a d his r e s i d e n c e in T r a n s j o r d a n , n e a r H e s h b o n , as w e are t o l d b y J o s e p h u s (ant.
1 2 . 233). T h e n a m e still s u r v i v e s in W a d i es-Sir in
the
2
n e i g h b o u r h o o d of ' A r a k e l - E m i r . A s t o A b i l a , it is n o t t h e c i t y of D e k a p o l i s , b u t A b e l - h a - S h i t t i m m e n t i o n e d in N u m . 33. 49 (cf. F . H . A b e l , Geogr.
de Palest,
ii.
234). T h u s t h e site of t h e r e s i d e n c e of T o u b i a s is f a i r l y c e r t a i n l y k n o w n , a n d t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l q u e s t i o n m a y b e r e g a r d e d as s e t t l e d . W e are e v e n b e t t e r off r e g a r d i n g t h e h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n . M a i s l e r in his a r t i c l e ' T h e H o u s e of T o u b i a s '
(Tarbiz,
x i i . 109 s q q . , in H e b r e w ) h a s s h o w n t h a t o n p a l a e o g r a p h i c a l g r o u n d s t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d i n s c r i p t i o n ("PUXID is t o b e referred t o t h e t i m e a r o u n d 500 B . C . a n d n o t t o t h e t h i r d o r e v e n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B . C . as s u g g e s t e d b y s o m e s c h o l a r s . S o it is n o t
the
name
of
'our' T o u b i a s w h i c h is e n g r a v e d on
the rock
in
' A r a k e l - E m i r , b u t t h a t of one of h i s a n c e s t o r s . T h e f a m i l y , i n d e e d , w a s of v e r y a n c i e n t origin. T o u b i a s , 'the
Ammonite
slave',
was
a political opponent
of
N e h e m i a h ; t h a t h e w a s n o t a ' s l a v e ' , b u t a m a n of h i g h b i r t h , c a n b e inferred 1
f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h i g h priest E l i a s h i b r e s e r v e d a c h a m b e r (J1D12? ?) for h i s
T h e inscription rP21t3 was first published b y M. de Vogii£, Le Temple de Jerusalem, 1864, 42. N o w reprinted b y E . L i t t m a n n in The Princeton Univ. Arch. Exped. to Syria in igo4-igo5, Div. I I I , Sect. A (1907), 1 sqq. Cf. CIJ 868. A detailed description of t h e ruins in 'Arak el-Emir w a s given b y M. C. Butler in t h e same publication, 1
D i v . I I , Sect. A , 1 sqq. T h e meaning of the whole word Eovpa^-n... or Zcopa^nr . . . is still obscure. The syllable after Zovp is evidently B a i t ; b u t w e should expect Bet-Zur eYlXTVa) a n d n o t Zur-Bait (rP3""T128). W a s there perhaps a third word after B a i t ? 2
JEWS
OF PALESTINE
IN
THE ZENON
117
PAPYRI
use in t h e T e m p l e of J e r u s a l e m ( N e h . 1 3 . 4 s q q . ) . T h i s v e r y f a c t , a s w e l l as t h e n a m e T u b - j a h , is a sufficient proof of t h e J u d a e a n (not A m m o n i t e ) p r o v e n a n c e of t h e f a m i l y . A n e v e n m o r e a n c i e n t T o u b i a s is m e n t i o n e d
in Z e c h . 6. 10
(c. 520 B . C . ) , a n d a w h o l e b r a n c h of t h e f a m i l y of T o u b i a s ( i T ' S I O *X2) a p p e a r s a m o n g t h e J e w s r e t u r n i n g f r o m t h e B a b y l o n i a n e x i l e ( E z . 2. 59-60 =
N e h . 7.
6 1 - 6 2 ) . S o , in s e a r c h i n g for t h e origin of t h i s f a m i l y , w e c o m e u p o n t h e p r e e x i l i c t i m e , a n d w e are n o t surprised t o find a T o u b i a s , p e r h a p s t h e g r a n d f a t h e r of t h e T o u b i a s m e n t i o n e d b y Z e c h a r i a h (Maisler, 121), i n t h e o s t r a k a of L a c h i s h , h o l d i n g t h e v e r y h i g h p o s i t i o n a t c o u r t of a ' s l a v e of t h e k i n g ' a n d t h e ' a r m of the king'
11)3
t
>
3
, lf?'!2fc 1511).
I t remains an open question whether T o b a l
(1. T o b - e l ) in t h e e i g h t h c e n t u r y (Is. 7. 1 s q q . ) b e l o n g s t o t h e s a m e f a m i l y (cf. M a i s l e r , 122). S o w e see t h a t t h e T o u b i a s of t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i w a s t h e offspring of a v e r y o l d f a m i l y , a n d c o u l d t r a c e his d e s c e n t for as m u c h as 500 y e a r s . I t w a s p o l i t i c a l w i s d o m o n t h e p a r t of t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o w i n t h e s y m p a t h y of m i g h t y 'sheikhs', like T o u b i a s , in s o u t h e r n S y r i a . W i t h o u t t h e i r a i d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e c o n q u e r e d l a n d w o u l d n e c e s s a r i l y b e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h g r e a t difficulties. H o l d i n g t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e h e a d of a m i l i t a r y c l e r u c h y w h o s e c e n t r e w a s in a ' b i r t a ' ( o b v i o u s l y t h e h e r e d i t a r y s t r o n g h o l d of t h e f a m i l y b u i l t a g a i n s t
the
i n v a s i o n s of t h e b e d o u i n f r o m t h e desert), T o u b i a s w a s a t o n c e t h e chief of a l o c a l 'tribe' a n d a n official of t h e E g y p t i a n k i n g . T h e p o s t t h a t w a s g i v e n t o h i m w a s c e r t a i n l y a responsible one, t h e l a n d of A m m a n i t i s b e i n g s i t u a t e d o n t h e b o r d e r of t h e desert a n d s e r v i n g as a n e a s y t a r g e t for t h e u n r u l y A r a b t r i b e s , w h o w e r e a l w a y s r e a d y t o i n v a d e t h e c u l t i v a t e d l a n d (cf. N . G l u e c k , The
Side of the Jordan,
Other
1940, 49).
T h e p o s t e r i t y of T o u b i a s is n o less i n t e r e s t i n g t h a n his a n c e s t r y . H i s son w a s J o s e p h , t h e w e l l - k n o w n t a x - f a r m e r w h o f a r m e d t h e w h o l e of t h e t a x e s d u e t o t h e P t o l e m a i c k i n g f r o m s o u t h e r n S y r i a , a n d r e a c h e d a p o s i t i o n in J e r u s a l e m s e c o n d o n l y t o t h a t of t h e h i g h priest (ant.
1 2 . 160 s q q . ) . H e w a s e v e n m o r e
c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n g o v e r n m e n t t h a n his f a t h e r , since his w h o l e w e a l t h d e p e n d e d on his affairs in A l e x a n d r i a . H e d i e d p r o b a b l y a b o u t t h e t i m e w h e n P a l e s t i n e b e c a m e once a g a i n a b o n e of c o n t e n t i o n b e t w e e n t h e P t o l e m i e s a n d t h e S e l e u c i d s (201 B . C . ) . H i s y o u n g e r son, H y r k a n o s , f o l l o w e d in his f a t h e r ' s footsteps.
I t s e e m s t h a t h e w a s a l o y a l s u p p o r t e r of t h e P t o l e m i e s , b u t , o n
s e e i n g t h a t h e h a d n o m e a n s of influencing t h e r u l i n g classes in J e r u s a l e m , l e f t t h e c a p i t a l for T r a n s j o r d a n . H e r e b u i l t t h e o l d f a m i l y s t r o n g h o l d in
f
Arak
e l - E m i r a n d t u r n e d it i n t o a l a r g e s y s t e m of fortified b u i l d i n g s (part of t h e m s u b t e r r a n e a n ) , fit a l i k e for d e f e n c e a n d for l u x u r i o u s l i v i n g . H e p a s s e d h i s t i m e in p e r p e t u a l w a r a g a i n s t t h e A r a b s , a n d c o m m i t t e d s u i c i d e w h e n a n e w a n d e n e r g e t i c ruler, A n t i o c h o s I V E p i p h a n e s , a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e of S y r i a (ant.
12.
229 s q q . ) . H i s older b r o t h e r s f o l l o w e d a different p o l i t i c a l p a t h a n d w e r e d e v o t e d p a r t i s a n s of t h e S e l e u c i d s . T h e y are k n o w n i n J e w i s h h i s t o r y a s t h e first a n d m o s t r a d i c a l a d h e r e n t s of G r e e k c u l t u r e , m e n w h o t r i e d h a r d t o c h a n g e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l f o r m of J e w i s h life i n t o t h e p a t t e r n of a superficial o r i e n t a l H e l l e n i s m . I n t h e t i m e of t h e H a s m o n a e a n s t h e r e v i v a l of n a t i o n a l s e n t i m e n t s p u t a n 3
Torczyner, The Lachish
Ostraka,
Hebrew ed.,
90 a n d 135. I n t h e English edition (The Lachish
Letters,
51) the n a m e l i P S T ! should be c h a n g e d to
(Tubiah).
n8
SECTION
I: N O . 1
end to the Hellenistic m o v e m e n t , a n d w e h a v e no further information on w h a t m a y b e c a l l e d ' t h e decline a n d fall' of t h e o l d a n d m i g h t y f a m i l y of t h e T o u b i a d s .
4
T h e r e are, in a d d i t i o n t o T o u b i a s , s o m e o t h e r J e w s in t h e P a l e s t i n i a n p a p y r i of Z e n o n , s u c h a s J e d d o u s in N o . 6, a t l e a s t t h r e e p e r s o n s in t h e list of G r e e k s a n d S e m i t e s in N o . 3, a n d , p e r h a p s , S i m o n in N o . 2 e . T h e r e are also s o m e p e o p l e m e n t i o n e d in t h e l o n g lists of t r a v e l l e r s w h o w e r e p o s s i b l y of J e w i s h origin, b u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s l a i d d o w n a b o v e in t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , w e h a v e n o r i g h t t o i n c l u d e t h e m in t h e C . P . J u d . I s h o u l d l i k e , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t o m e n t i o n t h e m here, in v i e w of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e i r b e i n g J e w s . T h e n a m e s A b b a i o s (XnK
or
( P C Z 590090), Z a b e i n a s
(ib. 59004, 1. 69), a n d R a b b e l o s
( * ? K m ) (ib. 59004,1. 4 6 ; P . L o n d . i n v . 2358 A ) are S e m i t i c , b u t n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y J e w i s h (the first t w o n a m e s are c o m m o n A r a m a i c ; as t o t h e l a s t , it o c c u r s 1
a m o n g t h e N a b a t a e a n s ; cf. iO ?^ b a r s k i , Ephem.
t h e k i n g of t h e N a b a t a e a n s , L i d z -
i. 330; ii. 252; iii. 295). Y e t it m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t A b b a i o s
a t l e a s t is a v e r y c o m m o n n a m e a m o n g t h e J e w s of t h e T a l m u d i c p e r i o d (Jast r o w , s.v.
fcOX, I I ) .
If t h e J e w i s h o r i g i n s of t h e s e p e r s o n s c o u l d b e p r o v e d , all
t h e m e m b e r s of t h e i r f a m i l i e s w o u l d b e J e w s as w e l l : so *Qfiavt)s,
t h e b r o t h e r of
R a b b e l o s ( P C Z 59006,1. 5 9 ; P . L o n d . i n v . 2358 ( A ) , C o l . V I I , 1. 5), a n d Z e n o d o r o s , t h e f a t h e r of A b b a i o s ( P C Z 59009a; P . C o l . Z e n . 2 , 1 . 4).
N o . 1 . Sale of a slave girl Transjordan. 2 9 - 5 x 2 1 c m . April-May 259 B.C. P . Edgar 3 (Ann. d. Serv. xviii, 1 9 1 8 , 1 6 4 ) . S B 6709. PGZ 59003. S P 3 1 . Harper, A . J. Ph. x l i x , 1928, 6. M o m i g l i a n o , Atti LIT. : W i l c k e n , Arch. 663 s q q . Willrich, Arch.
d. r. Accad.
v i . 449.
di Torino,
lxvii, 1932,168.
V i n c e n t , RB x x i x , 1 9 2 0 , 1 8 2 s q q . G r e s s m a n n , Sitzb.
v i i . 61 s q q . D e i s s m a n n , Byz.-Neugr.
Jahrb.
Akad.,
1921,
ii, 1 9 2 1 , 275 s q . V i n c e n t ,
Berl.
JPOS
iii, 1 9 2 3 , 3 5 sqq. B e v a n , 12 sq., n o sq. Kraemer, TAP A lviii, 1 9 2 7 , 1 5 9 n . 3 , 1 6 6 . Harper, A . J. Ph. x l i x , 1928, 6-8. J . Herz, Paldstinajahrbuch, x x i v , 1928,108. Tscherikower, Tarbiz, i v , 1933, 354 sqq. (in Hebrew). Bilabel, Aegyptus, v , 162, n. 2. Tscherikower, Mizraim, i v - v , 1 9 3 7 , 3 7 , 5 0 , 5 2 . Peremans, Vreemdlingen
en Egyptenaren,
P r i n g s h e i m , Greek
1937, 168.
Law of Sale,
Seider, Beitr.
z. ptolem.
Verwaltungsgeschichte,
1938,
66.
1950, 22 n. 3 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 6 n. 2 , 1 9 4 n . 4, n . 7 , 1 9 5 n . 3, 223 n. 7, 437 n . 6,
470 n . 1, 481 n . 1, 5 1 7 . W e s t e r m a n n , RE Suppl. v i , col. 935. H . J . Wolff, Aeg., xxviii, 1948, p . 25. 4
T h e discovery of t h e Zenon Papyri stimu lated t h e writing of a series of special articles devoted t o Toubias and t h e family of t h e T o u biads, a s well a s t h e detailed discussion of this question in general works o n J e w s in the Hellen istic period. Here are t h e m o s t important of t h e m : Vincent, RB x x i x , 1920, 161 sqq., 186;
CAH
Wilcken,
Accademia
Berl.
Ah..,
Arch.
vi.
449 s q . ;
1921, 663 s q q . ;
Gressmann,
Willrich,
61 s q q . ; D e i s s m a n n , Byz.-Neugr. 275; Christ,
Ed.
Meyer,
Ursprung
Arch.
Jahrb. und
Anfdnge
4
v. Osten,
3 s q . , 128 s q . ; Tscherikower, Mizraim, 37 s q . , 49 s q . , 52; id. Tarbiz,
vii.
ii, 1921,
ii, 1921, 128 s q q . ; 462; V i n c e n t , fPOS
1923, 55 s q q . ; D e i s s m a n n , Licht
Sitzb.
1746 ( I n d e x ) ; Harper J . , A . f. Ph. xlix, 1928, 7 s q q . ; C. W a t z i n g e r , Die Denkmdler ii,
1935,
Aristea
HTR,
13 s q q . ;
Tramontano,
a Filocrate,
1931, 32 s q q . ;
viii.
Zeitlin,
of Israel,
500 s q . ; di
Second
Torino,
lxvii,
Jewish
della
66; Spiro, Proc.
1933,
Inst.
2. ptolem.
Amer.
r.
165 s q q . ;
Commonwealth,
12 s q q . ; B e v a n , 72 s q . ; B i k e r m a n , 1938, 171 s q . ; R . Seider, Beitrdge
H e b r e w ) ; Maisler, Tarbiz, x i i , 1940-1, 109 sqq. (in H e b r e w ) ; Rostovtzeff, SEHHW, 1941, 227,
Atti
1932,
waltungsgesch.,
i v - v , 1937,
di
Finkelstein,
ii. 1932, 200, 208; B e v a n ,
Momigliano,
iii,
i v , 1933, 243 s q . (in
Lettera
x x x v i , 1943, 31 s q q . ; Oesterly and Robin
s o n , A History
des
1923,
Paldstinas,
La
Acad.
Seleuc. VerJew.
Res. x x , 1951,314, n. 72; ibid. 336 s q . ; H . L. Gins berg, Alexander
Marx
Jubilee
Volume,
a n d n. 33; J. Klausner, A History fewish
Commonwealth,
(in Hebrew).
5709 [ =
1950, 136,
of the
Second
1949], ii. 124 s q q .
JEWS L a u n e y , Recherches
OF PALESTINE
sur les armies
IN T H E ZENON
hellinistiques,
PAPYRI
i, 1949, 544, 5 7 1 . A b e l , Hist,
119
de la Palestine,
1952,
58, 67 sq.
A deed of sale drawn u p in 'Birta of the A m m a n i t i s ' . T h e t e x t is written in duplicate, in t h e usual form of a avyypajyq testified b y six witnesses (cf. Wilcken, Arch. v i . 387 ; Mitteis, Grundz. 53 sqq.). A y o u n g slave girl, Sphragis, is sold b y Nikanor, 'in t h e service of Toubias', t o Zenon, acting as representative of Apollonios t h e dioiketes. T h e left side of t h e p a p y r u s is missing, y e t t h e restoration is comparatively easy t h a n k s t o t h e t w o copies of the t e x t . I g i v e t h e fully restored t e x t of the second c o p y (11. 1 1 - 2 1 ) , in accordance w i t h P C Z 59003 a n d S P 3 1 , a n d restore t h e first c o p y (11. 1 - 1 0 ) in accordance w i t h t h e second. [BaoiXevovTos
UToXepLalov
ipSofjiov [e
KOL
lepecus ov,
TOJV
TOV
vlov UToXepbaiov
CTOVS
eiKoctTov,
AXe£dvhpov Kal deojv
AheX6jv,]
Apaivorjs
Kavrjcfyopov
CPtAaSe
ev AXe^avhpeiai,
OVTOW
SavhiKov,
[JJLTJVOS
TTroAeJ/xatou /cat
TOV
ev BipTai
AjJL][iavLTiSos.
TT}S
direhoTO NtKavop
SCVOKXCOVS
KviSiOS
Kavvioii TOJV irepl
AypeoojvTos
Z]r}vo)VL
[TOJV ATTOXXOJVLOV
2k\hd>VU)V
5 [TOV
SioiKrjTrjv
TTaihtcrKTjv [[
hpa")Ql,G)V
]^t]] ovopba E<j>payls
OJS errojv
emd
7T€VTT]KOVTa. os
K\r]povx
[fief$aiojT7)s
os
Avaviov
ireojv KXr)povxos]\.
Ilepcnjs]
TOJV
[
] TOJV
IJoXefxajv
Tovftiov
[[TOJV
Tovftiov
ITT-
fxdpTvpes' TovfiLov
vmrioiv
KXrjpovxos]\,
UTpaTOjvos
TovfiLov vmreojv Kkt]p\ovxps, TIJJLOTTOXLS BOTCOJ MiXtjcrios, 'HpaKXeiros OIXLTTTTOV Adrjvatos, [Ziqvojv Tcpidpxov KoXoa)vios, Ar)(i6aTp]aros Aiovvoiov AcrirevSt [MaKeScbv
TWV
Teaaapes 10 [TCOV
7T€pl
AlToXXoiVlOV TOV
[BaaiXevovTos €TOV$ [KOL
[TWV
i7roAe]/xatoi/
SLOLK7]T]T]V.
TOV
ZTroAe/Aatou / c a t T O V
vlov
/TroAe/xatou
ifSSopLOV
i* lepeojs AX\e£dvhpov KOL Beojv A8eX6jv, Kavr)< Apacvorjs &iXaheXov, OVTOJV ev AXejtjavSpetaL, pirqvos SavhiKov, ev Biprai TTJS AfifiavLTiSoS' eiKOGTov,
irepl Tovfiiav [aVeSoTO NiKavcop 1 5 [ZTJVOJVL
S]evoKXeovs
Aypeo(j>a)VT\os
[VatSt'cr/c^v ULSOJJVLOV [fSefiaLOJTTjs (J
Kavvioji
TOJV
rji 6 V o / A a Epayls
]os Avaviov ,a»va
[fidpTvpes
KVLSLOS
IJepar)S
T L O [ V \ [[Tovftcov Trepl OJ[S [TOJ]V
vmreoiv
ATTOXXOJVLOV
TOV
eTJcov eiTTa hpaxpojv TovfiLov
KAr]pov)(os]\ 8t,OLK7)Tr]v
TrevTrjKOVTa.
[[i7T7recuv]]
KXrjpovxos.
IJoXepLOJV HrpaTOivos
MaKehojv,
oiKaorqs
]. os Ayddojvos
Tleparfs^,
120
SECTION
[ J o t S u o J rwv Tovftiov
20 ['HpaKXeiTos
I: N O S .
ijiTnecov kXtjpovxol,
(PlXlttttov AdrjvaTos,]
1-2
TLfj,[6rroXis Botcoj MiXrjaios, [Ko]Xoa>vios, Ar^io-
Zrp/oov TipLapyov
arparos [Aiovvaiov
Ag7T€v8los ol] rearaapes
rdv Trepl AttoXXwvlov tov
}
SioiKrjrrjv.
Verso: TTaihL<JK7)\s
WVrj
16 (Translation.)
ua
in
ovoua
a b o v e the line.
I n t h e 2 7 t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y , son of P t o l e m y , a n d of
his son P t o l e m y , t h e p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d of t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g t h o s e in office in A l e x a n d r i a , in t h e m o n t h X a n d i k o s , a t B i r t a of t h e A m m a n i t i s . N i k a n o r son of X e n o k l e s , K n i d i a n , in t h e s e r v i c e of T o u b i a s , s o l d t o Z e n o n s o n of A g r e o p h o n , K a u n i a n , in t h e s e r v i c e of Apollonios t h e dioiketes, a Sidonian girl n a m e d Sphragis, a b o u t seven
years
of a g e , for fifty d r a c h m a i . G u a r a n t o r . . . son of A n a n i a s , P e r s i a n , of t h e t r o o p of T o u b i a s , k l e r u c h . W i t n e s s e s : . . . j u d g e ; [ [ . . . son of A g a t h o n , Persian]] (can celled) P o l e m o n son of S t r a t o n , M a c e d o n i a n , of t h e c a v a l r y m e n of T o u b i a s , k l e r u c h ; T i m o p o l i s s o n of B o t e s , M i l e s i a n , H e r a k l e i t o s son of P h i l i p p o s , A t h e n i a n , Z e n o n son of T i m a r c h o s , K o l o p h o n i a n , D e m o s t r a t o s ,
son of
Dionysios,
A s p e n d i a n , all four i n t h e s e r v i c e of A p o l l o n i o s t h e d i o i k e t e s . [ E n d o r s e d ] D e e d of sale of a girl. 1 ( = 11).
TOV
266-258; cf. M.
vlov
IlToXeualov.
Cary, A
' P t o l e m y the son', the co-regent of P t o l e m y Philadelphos in the years
History
of the
Greek
World
from
323
to 146
2
B.C..
195T,
390
sqq.
2 ( = 13). ratv ovroiv iv AXegavSpeicu. The names of the priests of Alexander and the deified Ptolemies of this year were, apparently, u n k n o w n in the cleruchy of Toubias. 3 ( = 13). iv Blprai. See a b o v e , p. 1 1 6 . 4 ( = 14). TCDV irepl Tovfilav. I n 1 . 14 Trepl Tovfttav is inserted above the line instead of the cancelled Tovfilov Iniritav KXypovxos. T h e word imricov is cancelled in 1. 17 t o o , b u t remains untouched i n 1 . 19. So it appears t h a t there were t w o groups of military settlers i n t h e cleruchy of Toubias—horsemen and simple kleruchs. 5 ( = 16). JSdviov fji inserted above the line. I n 1 . 16 only ]viov remains. Edgar restored in P . E d g . 3 n v ] o CJVIOV, and in PCZ 59003 TraxhlaK-qv Baj8u]Awviov. T h o u g h the latter restoration has been generally accepted, it does n o t seem t o b e probable, since Babylonia w a s far a w a y from Transjordan and a t t h a t time under the rule of a d y n a s t y hostile t o the Ptolemies. The restoration ZijBwvtov seems to be more suggestive. I n Palestine t h e Phoenicians were k n o w n either a s Sidonians or a s Canaanites (D^yiD); in L X X QOIVIKT) is used sometimes for Canaan (e.g. E x o d . 16.35), sometimes for Sidon (e.g. Is. 23. 2); cf. for other numerous instances Abel, La Geographie de Palestine, i. 254 sq. A slave-girl in Transjordan, coming from the environs of Tyre or Sidon, could be called either Xavavala or Ei8u>via. For t h e use of t h e latter term, especially i n t h e Hellenistic epoch, see t h e 'Sidonians in Marissa' (Peters a n d T h i e r s c h , The Painted
Tombs
of the Necropolis
of Marissa,
1905) a n d t h e 'Sidonians i n
Sichem' {ant. 12. 258). A s t o the possibility of reading Ei]8u>viov in the papyrus, M. 0 . Gueraud w a s good enough t o give m e the following valuable i n f o r m a t i o n : ' ]Aa>viovet ]§a>wovsont tous d e u x possibles et tous d e u x douteux. D e la lettre prec^dante Yta il subsiste seulement i au bord de la lacune . . . . E t c o m m e il s'agit d'une addition a u dessus de la ligne, l'etendue de la partie perdue ne permet p a s d e choisir une restitution plut6t que l'autre. A la 1 . 1 6 il ne reste que ]viov, et ici non plus l'etendue de la lacune n e permet d e rien affirmer . . . . J e n e vois done pas d e critere objectif, materiel pour choisir entre BapvXwviov e t ZiStoviov, la difference n'^tant que d e d e u x lettres. Par ailleurs, je reconnais la valeur de votre remarque, e t ZiSwvtov est peut-etre, en soi, plus vraisemblable.' 2i8<&vu>s (like B o j S w Xwvios) is an adjective w i t h three endings, y e t in the Koiv-q the form w i t h t w o endings for adjectives on -10s is possible a s well (Mayser, Gramm. d. Griech. Pap. i. 290 sq.).
JEWS
OF PALESTINE
IN T H E ZENON
PAPYRI
121
5 ( = 16). EpayU. Perhaps t h e same girl is mentioned some years later in the F a y u m , where she w a s engaged, i t seems, i n wool-spinning (PCZ 59145); cf. Pr^aux, Chr. d'ltg. v i , 1931, 363. For t h e slavetrade b e t w e e n E g y p t and Palestine and t h e prices paid for slave-girls see Mizraim, i v - v . 16 s q q . ; cf. Westermann,
Upon
Slavery
in
Ptolem.
Egypt,
60 s q . ; H e i c h e l h e i m , Wirtschaftliche
Schwankungen,
1 1 2 ; Wiirstle, Journ. Jur. Pap. v . 65 sq. 6 ( = 17). ]os Avavlov Tlepcrrjs. T h e n a m e of this m a n is placed before the n a m e s of the w i t n e s s e s ; he might h a v e been, therefore, t h e guarantor ( j S c / S o i w r ^ s ) of t h e deed (so i n S P ) . For t h e c u s t o m of guaranteeing contracts see below, N o . 23, note t o 1. 21. T h e n a m e of t h e father is Hebrew (rPIin); it follows t h a t the m a n was a J e w , and his demotikon, nepa^s, stands in n o connexion w i t h his national provenance, designating only that h e belongs t o a military unit (see a b o v e , p p . 13-14). 6 ( = 18). Out of s i x witnesses, t w o belong t o t h e cleruchy of T o u b i a s : a judge (81/cao-njs), whose n a m e was inserted in place of the cancelled os Ayddcwos IJeparjs, a n d IloXdutov Zrpdrtovos, a Macedonian. T h e persons n a m e d , i n addition t o t h e seller of Sphragis, Nucdvcap ECVOKXCOVS KvtSws, g i v e u s a n idea of the very m i x e d composition of the cleruchy of T o u b i a s : a Greek from K n i d o s , a Macedonian, and t w o 'Persians', one of w h o m was a J e w . 18 cava SiKaorys. 'The letter before cava seems t o be 1 or v. T h e space is scarcely sufficient for o S e t v a TOV Setva rcov nepl A]iwva, b u t t h e patronymic m a y h a v e been o m i t t e d ' (Edgar). N o judge is mentioned in t h e military Karouciai of Ptolemaic E g y p t ; t h e juridical questions between t h e katoikoi are settled through t h e mediation of either an imardrrjs KO.1 ypauuarevs KCLTOIKCOV linr4u>v (cf. Zucker, Beitrage, 112 sqq.) or a n official npos rfj owrdgei (Wilcken in P . Wiirzb. 4). Y e t i t m a y b e t h a t special Greek judges 'with jurisdiction in cases i n which members of t h e Greek c o m m u n i t y were concerned' (Edgar) were appointed in t h e Palestinian garrisons, since i n Palestine it was difficult t o find officials w h o would b e able t o settle such varying juridical questions as might arise a m o n g t h e numerous m e m b e r s of t h e g a r r i s o n s ; cf. Noooos
SiKaorys
i n P C Z 59006,1. 25.
Palestinian lists F r o m his journey in Palestine a n d Transjordan Zenon brought home some lists containing valuable information about the agents of Apollonios a n d other persons travelling in Palestine and visiting various places (cf. Mizraim,
i v - v . 57 sqq.). I quote
here some small fragments of these lists mentioning Jews, a n d especially concerning Toubias. T h e fourth fragment (2d) is published w i t h the kind permission of Mr. T . C . S k e a t of t h e British Museum.
No. Palestine.
18 x 16 cm.
2a. 259 B.C.
PCZ 59004 The
following list of eleven towns contains the itinerary of Zenon a n d his fellow
travellers through Palestine a n d Transjordan. I n e v e r y place a q u a n t i t y of fine w h e a t flour
(dXevpa) w a s distributed among the travellers. T h e itinerary mentions Sura-
b i t t . . ., the stronghold of T o u b i a s (see above, p . 1 1 6 ) ; note also the mention of Jerusalem, the capital of J u d a e a .
Col.
I a\evp[<x)V
5
122
SECTION
I: N O . 2
dp(rdfSas) 6
EovpafiiT. . OLS
IO
(Translation.)
AaKOLGOlS
IO
N6-qi
i
EItovl
I
Bavriaydrgis
tS
Kvolgcol
p
iv U T o A e / x a i ' S i
8
flour In Straton's T o w e r
5 artabai
Jerusalem
6
I n Jericho
5
In Abella
3 9 artabai
Surabit . . . Lakasa
14
Noe
IO
Eitoui
7
Baitianata Kydisos
2
In
4
Ptolemais
For t h e topographical questions cf. Abel, RB x x x i i (1923), 409 s q q . ; x x x i i i (1924), 566 s q q . ; x x x v i (1927), 145 sq., 475 s q . ; A l t . Arch. v i i . 293; Tscherikower, Mizraim, i v - v , n. 80 (p. 84) a n d 97 (pp. 87 s q . ) ; Seider, Beitrage, 51.
No. 2b. Palestine.
5-6 x 6-5 c m .
259 B.C.
PCZ 59005
0]tAcOV
0rtTO77O(,OS'
Aa\lA€00)V
'IepoaoX\vpiois dXevp(ojv) 7ra]p<x Tovfiiov
(Translation.)
dp(rdf8as) j8 dpfrdfi'qv) a dp(rd^-qv) a (TJpucrv) (riraprov)
Philon the baker Lamedon In Jerusalem
wheat-flour
2 artabai
from Toubias
1 artabe
To . . .
if
artabai
8. ira]pa. TovflLov. On their journey Zenon and his companions visited the 'Land of Toubias' ( N o . 2d) and perhaps on this occasion got from h i m one artabe of wheat-flour (dXevpa).
JEWS
OF PALESTINE
IN
No.
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
2C.
Palestine.
259 B.C.
PCZ 59802 T h e p a p y r u s (44 lines) contains a list of the distribution of fodder to horses, donkeys, & c . I t follows from 11. 2 and 1 8 t h a t T o u b i a s furnished Zenon and his fellow-travellers with beasts of burden. 2
[rots
Trapd
TojvfiLov
[
OVOLS
1
18
[TJots irapa (Translation.)
ToVfSlov
y.
ITTTTOLS
T o Toubias' donkeys T o T o u b i a s ' 3 horses
No.
2d.
Palestine.
259 B.C.
P . L o n d . inv. 2358 (A) (unpublished) C o l . I l l , 1. 17 a
x{°^)
L7r7TOK6[JLOLS TovfilOV
Col. I X , 11. 1 0 - 1 6 *°
\[ev
ev AfieXXois
/
els dvBpcova
/cep(dViov) a
rraialv
xep(
TTJL
Sceoodr)
Apreiuocbpaji J
Toi/fl
KH
5
ev K& /
ev
)
[KO(TUACU)
y]
Ua)pa^LTT[oLS TTJL
TOV^LOV
S[ieo66r]
UifxvXcoL 7ra[iSt
(Translation.) Col. iii, 1. 1 7 : t o t h e g r o o m s of T o u b i a s : 1 c h o u s
Col. i x , 11. 1 0 - 1 6 : 28th I n A b e l l a for t h e m e n ' s a p a r t m e n t : 1 k e r a t i o n to the servants have been distributed to Artemidoros
(ker .
.)
(3 k o t y l a i )
In Sorabitt . . . Col. I l l , 1 . 1 7 . IITTTOKOHOIS. There is no strict evidence of Toubias himself participating in the journey of Zenon and his fellow travellers, but his men (in this case grooms) were a t a n y rate members of the party, or, more correctly, of its staff. Xovs is a liquid measure. Col. I X , 1. 10: 'The erasure in Col. I X , 1. 10, is probably eV rrji Tov i.e. the scribe began t o write eV Ti)i Tovfilov, but realised his mistake while he was in the middle of writing it' (Skeat). For 'the land of Toubias' see a b o v e , p . 1 1 6 .
124
SECTION
I : N O S . 2-4
2 9 t h I n t h e l a n d of T o u b i a s h a v e b e e n d i s t r i b u t e d T o Simylos the servant
No. Palestine,
2e.
n X 4 0 cm.
259 B.C.
P . Col. Zen. 2 A c c o u n t of the earnings of a camel c a r a v a n p l y i n g between Palestine and E g y p t , or within Palestine itself (see the detailed c o m m e n t a r y of the editors). Here I quote only some lines concerning a certain Simon. Simon, as explained a b o v e (Introduction) m a y be a Greek name, as well as a Jewish one. B u t in this case, when we are concerned w i t h a m a n engaged in regular work in Palestine, the latter possibility seems to be more likely.
Col.
Ill
e£ UiSio]y[o]s
[els] jT[aAtAav
aiTiqyrjaavTes
aXXrjs
aiTqyias
eA[aj8ov] (S/aa^/xds") p>f)
e/c TOV
CLVTOV
(SpCLXfJLas)
TOTTOV
[AT)
[i€Ta HifjLcovos iy PaAi'AJajjAas' ( S p a ^ / a a ? ) pv
GLTrjyrjoavTes
(Translation.)
Col. 3
F r o m Sidon into Galilee carrying grain, t h e y received F o r another grain transport from the same place W i t h Simon, from Galilee, carrying grain
48 d r a c h m a i 48 d r a c h m a i 150 d r a c h m a i
No. 3. A list of Greeks and Semites in Palestine Palestine. P. l a n d . inv. 413 verso (unpublished).
259 B.C.
T h e verso of this p a p y r u s contains a list of people whose names are p a r t l y Greek, p a r t l y S e m i t i c ; some of the Semitic names are Hebrew. T h e recto records some other names (Ayddwv, Aplp,vXos aw[
KXedvag) showing the fact t h a t this
document belongs t o the group of Palestinian Zenon P a p y r i and d a t i n g it in the y e a r 259 B . C . A s to the social position of all these persons, we m a y suppose t h a t t h e y belonged t o the minor members of the travelling c o m p a n y of Zenon
(awiopiarat,
imTOKop.01), p a r t l y recruited from the natives of Palestine. Cf. on the Palestinian lists
Mizraim,
i v - v . 57 sqq.
T h e original of the p a p y r u s is in the U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y of Giessen. T h e late P r o fessor K . Kalbfleisch kindly g a v e me permission to publish it, and this permission w a s afterwards renewed b y Professor E . Kiessling a n d D r . Schawe, the Director of the Giessen U n i v e r s i t y library, to b o t h of w h o m m y t h a n k s are due. T h e document w a s copied from a photograph b y Mr. S k e a t , w h o w a s kind enough t o send me (in 1932)
JEWS
OF PALESTINE
IN
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
125
the c o p y together w i t h his v a l u a b l e notes. T h e t e x t is published here according t o this copy. .* .
IrnroarpaTos AvarjXos
.
navafirjXos
.
ZafidXvos
.
0LXCUV
.
Mdvcov
. Zr\VOiV *
Oaatos
l_Awaios~^ .Sawalos / .
Kovaruardvos NIKOJV
/ n (Translation.)
P
. [
Hippostratos, Auaelos, Panabelos, Zabalnos, Philon,
Menon,
Z e n o n , H o s a i o s , A n n a i o s (cancelled), S a n n a i o s , K o u s n a t a n o s , N i k o n , P r . . . 'The verso is written in a small rather cursive h a n d , n o t very easy t o read, especially i n a p h o t o graph . . . recto and verso seem t o b e written b y the same hand' (Skeat). 2.
7 W or 7171; cf. W u t h n o w , 136 (s.v.
AvaijXos:
OvaeXos,
OiaXos).
3. IlavafirjXos: P a n + B a ' a l . The conflation of a Greek and Oriental g o d into as evidence of the religious syncretism of the epoch. 4.
The Biblical f l 7 2 J ( L X X :
ZapdXvos.
ZafiovXdiv).
one
Probably a J e w .
8. ' 'Oaatos has been inserted later, presumably t o replace the bracketed Awalos is the Biblical Wff\T\ ( L X X 'Qo-qe); n o doubt a Jew. Awalos m a y be the Hebrew probably a J e w t o o . 9.
XJIP,
Sawalos:
10.
name m a y serve
(Skeat).' 'Oaalos ( W u t h n o w , 23);
]1TI
]W, cf. W u t h n o w , 173. ]DJ -f- Dip—'(the god) K o s has given'. K o s was a g o d of the Idumaeans. N a m e s
Kovavardvos:
composed w i t h K o s were frequently used b y t h e I d u m a e a n s in E g y p t ; cf. S B ii, p . 255; L a u n e y , Recherches,
ii.
1236.
N o . 4. Letter from Toubias to Apollonios Transjordan. (a) 22-5 x 19-5 c m . ; (b) 22 X 15 c m . 12th May, 257 B.C. P . E d g . 84 ( A n n . d. Serv. xxiii, 1923, 201: fragment (a) only). S B 6790 (the same). PCZ 59076 (a+b). Harper, A.J.Ph. xlix, 1928, 12 sq. Momigliano, o p . cit. 169. L I T . : see a b o v e , p . n 8 n . 4, and also Abel, Hist, de la Palest. 68. Peremans, op. cit. 168. Wester m a n n , A.J.Ph. 1938, 26, i t 89. T h i s and the following letter, b o t h written b y the same hand, t h a t of a Greek secretary (see N o . 5 ) , were sent from T o u b i a s to Apollonios on the same d a y : 10th X a n d i k o s , year 29 of Philadelphos. According to E d g a r this letter was written before
126
SECTION
I: N O . 4
N o . 5, the v e r y elaborate and courteous greetings in the formula valetudinis serving as an introduction to b o t h letters. T o u b i a s informs Apollonios t h a t he has sent him four y o u n g slaves accompanied b y a eunuch, probably as a present.
Att[oXXcovIcx)l
Tovj3tas
/cat ra. XoL7rd ao\i
vyiawov,
aov S t a Tr\avr6s
/ca aoi ayovra
e t av re eppcoaai
^atpetv].
Kara, vovv earcv,
Alve[av
7ro]X\r)
fJLveiav Troijovpievos,
evvovyov
/cat tcov evyevcov recraapa,
deois'
cov [ e o r t v ] aTrepiT\irfra
cbs
Atikos
Se
coenrep St/catov i)v. d W o r a A Svo.
vTroyeypdc^ap.ev
elSfjis.
eppcoao. (erovs)
(ercov) t
/cat olvtos
e\va /cat 7rat8a[/>ta ot/ce]rt/ca re
5 S e o*ot /cat ras e t / c o v a ? [[aujjraiv 7 r [ a t S a p ] t o j v iva
At [AOS COS
iravra
/cat TO, era
LS
X^P
(ercov) rj
k0, EavhiKov
Avhopios COS
" O/cat/Ao? cbs
(ercov) t
(ercov) £
t.
lieXayxprjS
fieXiXpovs
IxeXavoc/ydaXjJLos
(a)rpoyyvXo-
rcXaoTodpit;
KXaorodpii;
KXaorodpii;
eaaifxos
p,eXavocj)BaXp,os
VTTOOLfJLOS rjovx'fji' eCTGLjXOS Trpoaro-
TTvppaKrjs
aiayoves
fjieXav6
vos, OvXr) €fX p,€T(07TCt)l
TTpoaCOTTOS yXav-
KOS
[lel^ovs
ovXtj Trap* 6pvv
rera-
Se£tdV,
/cat (f>aKol eirl
ovXrj
aiayovL Se£tat,
vtt'
6(f>daX-
7T€pLT€r[Xr)lX€V05'
\
» 1
\
ocppvv
Se£tdV,
p,6v Sc^tov,
airepl-
t
V7rep
dVept-
7T€piT€Tp/qyi€.V0S.
Tpvqros.
Tfl7)TOS* Verso: 15 Tovfilas
A[ttoXXcovIcol].
Trepl evvovx
ov
8 tcov
/cat iraiSapicov direaraXyievcov
("Etovs) kB,
avrcoi. Apre\iialov
(Translation.) are flourishing,
is", ev
AXe£(avopeLai).
T o u b i a s t o A p o l l o n i o s g r e e t i n g . If y o u a n d all y o u r affairs a n d e v e r y t h i n g else is as y o u w i s h it, m a n y t h a n k s t o t h e
g o d s ! I t o o h a v e b e e n w e l l , a n d h a v e t h o u g h t of y o u a t all t i m e s , as w a s right. I h a v e s e n t t o y o u A i n e i a s b r i n g i n g a e u n u c h a n d four b o y s , h o u s e - s l a v e s a n d of g o o d s t o c k , t w o of w h o m are u n c i r c u m c i s e d . I a p p e n d d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e b o y s for y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n . Goodbye.
Y e a r 29, X a n d i k o s 10.
JEWS
OF PALESTINE
IN
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
H a i m o s . A b o u t 10
Atikos. About 8
A u d o m o s . A b o u t 10
Okaimos. A b o u t 7
D a r k skin
L i g h t skin
B l a c k eyes
R o u n d face.
Curly hair
C u r l y hair
C u r l y hair.
B l a c k eyes
Nose
Rather big jaws w i t h moles on the right j a w Uncircumcised.
somewhat
flat B l a c k eyes, scar below the
N o s e flat
Nose
flat.
G r e y eyes
P r o t r u d i n g lips
Fiery
complexion
Scar near the right
L o n g straight hair
eyebrow Circumcised.
right eye
Scar on forehead above the right eyebrow
Uncircumcised.
Circumcised.
(Addressed) T o Apollonios ( D o c k e t e d ) T o u b i a s , a b o u t a e u n u c h a n d 4 b o y s h e h a s sent. Y e a r 29, A r t e m i s i o n 16, a t A l e x a n d r i a . 1. Tovfiias ftnloXXttivtoH xcup«v]. I t is sometimes assumed (cf. Wilcken, Arch. xiii. 135) t h a t i n t h e greetings formula of a letter t h e more important person is named first; if it were s o , Toubias would be considering himself a s a personage of more importance t h a n t h e m i g h t y minister of t h e king. Y e t t h e above-mentioned opinion is n o t attested b y papyrological evidence. I n t h e Zenon Papyri, a t a n y rate, n o such rule is t o b e found. Out of 23 letters sent t o Apollonios, 17 ( P S I 328, 330, 496, 610, 633; PCZ 59027, 59031, 59033, 59046, 59063, 59064, 59075, 59076, 59427, 59547, 59576; P . Zen. Mich. 24) m e n t i o n t h e n a m e of t h e minister in t h e second place, and i n 6 cases o n l y ( P S I 435, 488; PCZ 5902, 59034, 59391; P . Zen. Mich. 100) does his n a m e appear o n t h e t o p of the letter. For letters addressed t o t h e king see N o . 5, note t o 1. 9. 2.
xo-pcs rots Oeots. This is a usual formula in Greek, used often in letters; cf. Epistolographi ed. Hercher, p . 408: iroXXd xdpis ra> IJvdot AiroXXwvi (Epist. Periandri 1). Instances from papyri of the Hellenistic period: W i t k o w s k i , Epistulae privatae Graecae, N o s . 13, 1 8 , 1 9 , P . T e b t . 946; of the R o m a n p e r i o d : P . Giss. 1 7 ; cf. Bell in JEA x x x i v , 1948, p . 92 n. 5. Y e t w e d o not expect t o find this pagan formula in a letter written b y a J e w . Of course, t h e letter w a s actually written b y a Greek secretary, b u t Toubias was responsible for its contents. W e m a y call t o mind that Toubias was t h e father of Joseph, whose sons were t h e champions of t h e Hellenistic m o v e m e n t a m o n g t h e J e w s in Palestine (see a b o v e , p . 1 1 7 ) . 4. irai8d[pia OIKCJTIKCI T C Kal TOJV evyevciv. Edgar leaves . . . . ] r t K a w i t h o u t restoration; y e t iraibdpia olKeriKa is just t h e same a s aojfiara oiKeriKa and of the latter w e h a v e some instances in t h e p a p y r i : S B 8008, Col. I I . 46 (3rd cent. B . C . ) , P . Grenf. 1. 21 ( = M. Chr. 302), and P . L o n d . 401 (both 2nd cent. B . C . ) . T h e purpose of r e /cat is t o emphasize the high standard of the s l a v e s : 'house-slaves and of good stock'. Cf. Edgar (Ann. d. Serv. xxiii. 202): 'These black-eyed boys from Coele-Syria were n o t destined t o lead a life of toil i n t h e quarries or factories of t h e F a y u m . Slaves of this sort were luxuries for t h e rich . . . ' T h e eunuch w h o accompanied t h e m was probably their 'instructor'. iroXXr)
Graeci,
5. T w o of the boys were circumcised, b u t that does n o t signify t h a t t h e y were J e w s : according t o Jer. 9.24-25 ( L X X : ix. 25-26) m a n y peoples in Palestine and around i t were circumcised, and Hieronym o s writes in his c o m m e n t a r y o n this v e r s e : 'multarum e x q u a d a m parte g e n t i u m , e t m a x i m e quae J u d a e a e Palestiniaeque confines sunt, usque hodie populi circumciduntur, et praecipue A e g y p t i i e t Idumaei,
Ammonitae
et Moabitae
. . . . ' Cf. E p i p h a n . Panar.
30,33.
8. T h e names of the slaves seem t o be neither Greek nor Semitic. For Alfios Edgar refers t o J u v e n a l 3. 99; w e m a y add a graffito of u n k n o w n p r o v e n a n c e : [AovXos] TOV Uapdmos KOI 3 m o f Alp.os ( S B 7898). For ATLKOS cf. "ATIK in P . Cairo Masp. 2. 67143,1. 17 (6th c e n t . ) ; according t o L i t t m a n n (in N B 507) t h e n a m e is Arabic. Klausner (op. cit. ii. 125), considers t w o n a m e s o u t of four a s H e b r e w : "OKaifios = D^pT, and ATIKOS = pTlN or pT)S7. Edgar suggests that the names 'may perhaps serve t o indicate t h e region from which t h e b o y s came'. If s o , Av8op.os m a y perhaps be interpreted a s 'Edomite' CBTTX). Another suggestion for AvSopos m a y b e 'red-haired' (DVTN). I t ought t o b e remembered t h a t the names of slaves were usually g i v e n t o t h e m b y their masters, and one cannot i n every case expect t o guess w h a t , precisely, t h e y had in mind. 18. T h e t w o letters of Toubias, written o n 10th X a n d i k o s , were filed in Alexandria o n 16th A r t e m i s i o n ; it follows t h a t t h e little caravan sent b y Toubias took 36 d a y s from Transjordan t o Alexandria.
128
SECTION
I : N O S . 5-6
No. £, Letter from Toubias to Apollonios Transjordan.
2 5 x 3 5 cm.
12th May, 257 B.C.
P . E d g . 13 (Ann. d. Serv. xviii, 1918, 231). S B 6719. PCZ 59075. Harper, A.J.Ph. Momigliano, o p . cit. 169. L I T . : See a b o v e , p . 1 1 8 , n . 4, a n d a l s o C o l l o m p , Recherches V i e r e c k , Philadelpheia, Palest.,
28 s q .
Leider, Der
Handel
von
sur la Chancellerie
Alexandreia,
1933,
xlix, 1928, 14.
des Lagides, 52.
1926,71.
A b e l , Hist,
de
la
68.
T h i s second letter from T o u b i a s to Apollonios was written, like the first, 'in a beautiful, large hand, no d o u b t b y a Greek scribe' (Edgar), and sent on the same d a y as N o . 4. T h e letter is followed b y a c o p y of a brief note to the king. O n the request of Apollonios, T o u b i a s sends the king some animals, probably rare ones: it was known t h a t Philadelphos h a d a special interest in rare animals, see D i o d . 3. 36. 3 sqq. K a l l i xenos ap. A t h e n . 5. 201 c (cf. 200 F ) . Cf. T a r n , JEA x i v , 1928, 247.
Tovfilas [ran TTJL
^ATPETV.
ATTOXXCOVLCOL
fiaoiXei SeKdr[r)i
£4via
KaQdirep
ev RTUT SavBtKCOt]
dyovra
Alveav\
TOV
fxoi eypaifjas
[W)VL,
nap*
a7rocrTerAa[T
DVEWAA/CA
T][LCOV
TOV
ECLV$LK[OV]
SVO, Kvvas
LTTTTOVS
[E]£, 17/UOVA-
[ypiov] e£ ovov
ev, yijgQyyiq
5 7rcoAov c £ ovayplov Kal
TTJV
[.MJ/oajSt/CA XevKa eva'
e7rL\a]ToXr]v
ravra
Trjy
ypaelaav
fiaaiXei,
ofMolcos
("ETOVS)
K6, SavSiKov
TCOI
BaotXei 10 Kvvas
8e
Kal
trap
drreaTaXKa
rjficov
ravriypa<j>a
ToVfSlas.
e£ ovov
e£ rjfjuovayplov
riBaad.
e£ r)[MLovay[plov
virep
avrrjs
rcov OTTCOS
SUO,]
84 [
eppcoao.
T.
Z Z R O A E / X A I W xaipeiv e£, rjpuovdypiov
TTCOXOVS
8 ' earlv
/
Bvo, TTCO[XOVS]
8vo,
dir4oTaXKa
ev, virotpyia
TTCOXOV
croc L7riro[vs
[Ap]af3iKa
ei; ovayplov
XevKa
SUO,] [SUO,]
eva. evrv)(eL.
Verso: ToVfSlas TCOI
rcov
aTrearaXpi4vcov
(HacnXeL Kal rrjs
15 JSACRTAEA eTTioToXrjs ("ETOVS)
irpos TO
KO, ApTepualov
ATTOXXCOVICOL. TOV
dvrlypacfrov. 4
is , ev
AXe(;av(8peiaC).
3. TOV trap* ijptov above t h e line.
(Translation.)
T o u b i a s t o A p o l l o n i o s g r e e t i n g . O n t h e t e n t h of X a n d i k o s I
s e n t A i n e i a s o u r s e r v a n t , b r i n g i n g t h e g i f t s for t h e k i n g w h i c h y o u w r o t e a n d a s k e d m e t o s e n d in t h e m o n t h of X a n d i k o s : t w o horses, s i x d o g s , one w i l d m u l e o u t of a n ass, t w o w h i t e A r a b d o n k e y s , t w o w i l d m u l e s ' foals, one w i l d ass's foal. T h e y are all t a m e . I h a v e also s e n t y o u t h e l e t t e r w h i c h I h a v e w r i t t e n t o t h e k i n g a b o u t t h e g i f t s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a c o p y for y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n . Goodbye.
Y e a r 29, X a n d i k o s 10.
JEWS To
OF PALESTINE
IN
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
129
K i n g P t o l e m y f r o m T o u b i a s , g r e e t i n g . I h a v e s e n t y o u t w o horses,
six
d o g s , o n e w i l d m u l e o u t of a n ass, t w o w h i t e A r a b d o n k e y s , t w o w i l d m u l e s ' foals a n d o n e w i l d ass's foal. Farewell. (Addressed) T o Apollonios ( D o c k e t e d ) T o u b i a s , a b o u t his c o n s i g n m e n t t o t h e k i n g , a n d t h e c o p y of his l e t t e r t o t h e k i n g . Y e a r 29, 16 A r t e m i s i o n , a t A l e x a n d r i a . 2. Restored b y m e . T h e restoration exactly fits t h e lacuna. T h e gifts of Toubias are recorded a s in 1. 6. Compare the £evia sent t o Apollonios b y his Palestinian a g e n t s : P S I 594, P . Lond. inv. 2358 B . 9. BaaiXei IlroXeuaCwi xaipeiv TovfiLas. 'Tubias used the obsequious forms of salutation t o the king only, n o t t o Apollonios' (Edgar). I n letters addressed t o the king the king's name always appears o n the top of the letter. A s t o letters sent t o Apollonios see a b o v e , N o . 4, note t o 1. 1. gevia
No. 6. Letter from Alexandros to Oryas Palestine.
16-5x27 cm.
c. 5th April, 258 B.C.
P . E d g . 4 (Ann. d. Serv. xviii, 1919 sq.). S B 6710. PCZ 59018. Harper, A.J.Ph. xlix, 1928, 22. LIT.: Vincent, RB, x x i x , 1920, 168. Wilcken, Arch. v i . 449. Tramontano, 28. M. Holleaux, Etudes d'e'pigraphie et d'kistoire grecques, cxi, 1942,42 n. Tscherikower, Mizraim i v - v , 5 1 ; id. Tarbiz, i v . 240 (in Hebrew). T h e principal personage of this letter is Jeddous, no doubt a Jew, as m a y be inferred from his name. Straton, a messenger of Zenon, and a y o u t h sent b y Alexandros (a local official), appeared before Jeddous in order to induce him to p a y a loan (probably due b y him to Zenon) or to seize securities for it. B u t Jeddous paid no attention either to the letter of Alexandros or to the threat to seize his goods, a n d drove the officials out of the village. W e m a y suppose t h a t if Jeddous dared to act in such a w a y he w a s a person of some importance in his village. I t has been pointed out elsewhere iv-v.
(Mizraim,
49 sqq.) t h a t the Ptolemaic government h a d to be on good terms w i t h the rich
landowners of Palestine if it wished to keep the country quiet, and it m a y be t h a t Jeddous was one of those n a t i v e 'sheikhs' w h o owned v a s t areas of land in the country. T h e incident took place probably in Judaea, or in I d u m a e a (Straton w a s sent at this time b y Zenon to I d u m a e a to settle the question of some r u n a w a y slaves, see P C Z 59015 verso). [AXeijavjopos
'Opvcu
xaipcw.
iKo\xiad\x/T]v
t o
napa
a[ov
€\7tlut6Xl[ov\,
/xot re rrapa Zrjvoovos rrpos 'IeSSovv yeyp[a\L\Livr\v\ <xv], idp, [xr) aVoSiSaii To\py[v\piov UTpaTcoyi irapd Zrjvtovos [na][pay€Vo](JL€VCOL, ivixvpa avTov 7r[a/)aS]ei£ct)/xev avTooi. iycb [o]yv 5 [dppojaTJos irvyx^vov e/c cf>apfxaKelas cov, avvcvn£aT€.\Xa [Si .ZVJ/oaram
[iv
t t j v
[ottoos
t G u
jjlcv
[nap*
rj\ixtov veavlaKov
Kal
i7naToXr)v
eyp[a\ijfa
irpos
5. CK : K written a b o v e a cancelled x B 2909
K
'IehSovv.
irapayevo-
SECTION
130 (Translation.)
I: N O . 6
[Alexan]dros t o O r y a s , greeting. I h a v e received y o u r letter, t o
w h i c h y o u a d d e d a c o p y of t h e l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y Z e n o n t o J e d d o u s s a y i n g t h a t unless h e g a v e t h e m o n e y t o S t r a t o n , Z e n o n ' s m a n , w e w e r e t o h a n d o v e r his p l e d g e t o h i m ( S t r a t o n ) . I h a p p e n e d t o b e u n w e l l as a result of t a k i n g s o m e m e d i c i n e , so I s e n t a l a d , a s e r v a n t of m i n e , w i t h S t r a t o n , a n d w r o t e a l e t t e r t o J e d d o u s . W h e n t h e y r e t u r n e d t h e y s a i d t h a t he h a d t a k e n n o n o t i c e of m y l e t t e r , b u t h a d a t t a c k e d t h e m a n d t h r o w n t h e m o u t of t h e v i l l a g e . S o I a m w r i t i n g t o y o u (for y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n ) . Goodbye.
Y e a r 27, P e r i t i o s i n t e r c a l a r y 20.
(Addressed) T o O r y a s . 1 . ' JlXegavSpos fits into the lacuna, b u t of course other n a m e s are possible' (Edgar). 2. TIJV r e . According t o Edgar ' r e is used here in the sense of also'. I would prefer the explanation proposed b y T . Larsen in h i s c o m m e n t a r y t o P . H a u n . 10, w h o finds in this latter document an ins tance of the u s e of a n 'anscheinend sinnlosen r e ', a n d q u o t e s , t o strengthen his view, t h e present papyrus as well as P . Petrie ii. 4(6). 14, P . T e b t . 27. 74 sq., and P S I 341. 6 (all from the 3rd cent. B.C.). Cf. Mayser, ii. 3. 156, A n m . 10; Radermacher, Neutest. Gramm. 50. 2. ' i e S S o C s is the Greek form of the Hebrew S71T (cf. 'ITJOOVS for BEnn*'). I n L X X the transcription is more adapted t o the Hebrew (Neh. 12. 22: ' / 8 o u a ; ib. 12. n : TOV ' / a S o u ) , b u t Josephus writes ' Z a S S o S c 2
(ant.
I I . 302, 306, 322, 347;
13. 256).
yeypauuevrjv—SC.
imaroX^v.
4. iveyvpa avrov 7r[apa8]ei'£a>/u.ei' avrwi. T h e irapdSeitjis of t h e pledged objects (ivexvpa) is always part of the measures t o be taken against the debtor w h o has not fulfilled his obligation. For the P t o l e m a i c period the procedure is attested b y m a n y instances. 'The creditor was t o request t h e debtor through the officers of the administration t o redeem the pledge. I n the event of non-compliance the debtor was deprived of his right of redemption and the pledge was adjudged to the creditor' (Taubenschlag, Law, i. 216). T h e best parallel t o the case of Jeddous is P . H i b . 46 (258/7 B.C.): I 8 « 8 e ndXai rd ivexvpa aurcDv c S 8 e e i v [ a i ] / c a t neirpdodaf
en
ovv
KOA. VVV 17 T O dpyvpiov
eladyere
17 T O ivexvpa
avrdiv
diroareXXere
oircos
For the R o m a n period see Schwarz, Hypothek und Hypallagnta, p p . 95 sqq., and passim. Under t h e R o m a n s t h e pledged object was, a s a rule, t h e land (see t h e numerous instances in Schwarz, op. cit., passim). Y e t it was quite different under the Ptolemies. A m o n g s t all the instances of ivexvpa in the Ptolemaic period quoted b y Taubenschlag, i. 215, n. 56, there is no one aiming a t the pledge of land, but all are concerned w i t h movable objects, such a s clothes ( P . E n t . 32; PCZ 59379, 59507; P S I 443; P . F a y . 12), articles of jewellery (PSI 369; PCZ 59327,11. 2, 8 1 ; E n t . 33), wine (PCZ 59373, 59626), animals (PCZ 59324), and tools (SB 6997; P . Petr. 2.13(1); PCZ 59626). Cf. also the citation from P . H i b . 46 above (w8e elvai attests a movable object). I t m a y be assumed that the pledged goods of Jeddous belonged also t o this class of movable objects. trpad^.
5. [dppcoo-TJos irvyxo-vov. T h e illness was perhaps 'diplomatic', Alexandros preferring t o remain a t h o m e and n o t t o be involved in a conflict w i t h a powerful person in t h e village. Cf. for similar situa tions P . T e b t . 39 ( = S P 276), 1 . 1 3 (114 B.C.); P S I 502,1. 24 (257/6 B.C.). 8. iyfiaX[ei']v e«r TTJS xtbu-qs. Incidents like these were v e r y rare in E g y p t i a n villages amongst t h e humble fellahin, accustomed as t h e y were t o t h e strict rule of the officials (see nevertheless P . Tebt. 39 ( = S P 276) and P . Tebt 768). W e m a y infer t h a t t h e native 'sheikhs' of Palestine had a far more independent attitude towards t h e representatives of t h e State t h a n h a d t h e villagers in E g y p t , an attitude which was based o n their possession of land. Cf. o n this question Mizraim, i v - v . 49 sqq. 8. After yeypaa ovv 001 one would expect the usual ending iva el8ijis (Wilcken).
S E C T I O N II
JEWS OF THE F A Y U M IN THE Z E N O N PAPYRI T H E p r e v i o u s section d e a l t w i t h t h e a c t i v i t y of Z e n o n d u r i n g his j o u r n e y in P a l e s t i n e ; n o w w e t u r n t o his career in E g y p t . R e t u r n i n g h o m e , Z e n o n r e m a i n e d a t t a c h e d t o t h e p e r s o n a l suite of A p o l l o n i o s as his ' p r i v a t e s e c r e t a r y ' (to use t h e m o d e r n t e r m ) till 256 B . C . I n t h a t y e a r he b e c a m e chief a d m i n i s t r a t o r of a l a r g e e s t a t e n e a r P h i l a d e l p h e i a in t h e F a y i i m , a n e s t a t e g i v e n t o A p o l l o n i o s as a r o y a l gift
(Scoped). A c t i n g as p r i v a t e a g e n t of t h e m i n i s t e r
olKov6p.os),
Z e n o n carried o u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e d u t i e s of a n official of t h e
(perhaps as
his
S t a t e , b u t d i d n o t f o r g e t his p r i v a t e interests as well. T h a n k s t o his e n e r g y he b e c a m e t h e c e n t r a l figure of t h e w h o l e d i s t r i c t ; m e n of all s t a t e s a n d o c c u p a t i o n s , w o r k i n g u n d e r his direction, or a c t i n g as his a s s i s t a n t s a n d s u b s t i t u t e s ,
are
m e n t i o n e d in his a r c h i v e s . T h e d e a t h or d i s g r a c e of t h e m i g h t y m i n i s t e r p u t a n e n d t o Z e n o n ' s career as a m a n of r a n k , b u t d i d n o t d i m i n i s h his i m p o r t a n c e in p r i v a t e l i f e : u n d e r t h e n e w reign ( P t o l e m y I I I E u e r g e t e s ) he w a s a w e a l t h y m a n e n j o y i n g a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c o m e f r o m his e s t a t e s a n d v a r i o u s
business-
affairs. F o r his f u r t h e r a c t i v i t y in t h e F a y i i m see t h e literature on t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i c i t e d a b o v e in S e c t i o n I (p. 1 1 5 ) . The
Z e n o n P a p y r i are a m o n g t h e oldest d o c u m e n t s m e n t i o n i n g J e w s in t h e
F a y u m . Y e t it m a y b e s u p p o s e d t h a t P h i l a d e l p h e i a w a s n o t t h e first p l a c e in t h e F a y i i m where J e w s settled under the Ptolemies. P r o b a b l y there were J e w s dwell i n g in t h e F a y u m f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y (we m a y e v e n s u p p o s e t h e y h a d b e e n s e t t l e d t h e r e f r o m t h e P e r s i a n period) till 'the f a m e of t h e c i t y ' ( P S I 341) r e a c h e d t h e m . L i k e m a n y others, t h e y left t h e i r h o m e s in t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g v i l l a g e s a n d m o v e d t o P h i l a d e l p h e i a , a t t r a c t e d b y t h e p r o s p e c t of e a r n i n g t h e i r l i v i n g in a n e w p l a c e , w h i c h offered far m o r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s of v a r i o u s k i n d s of w o r k a n d b u s i n e s s (cf. P S I 599). If t h e y w e r e g u i d e d , h o w e v e r , b y s u c h c o n siderations, m a n y of t h e m , p r o b a b l y , suffered a b i t t e r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t , for s u c h w a s t h e f a t e of m a n y n e w settlers in P h i l a d e l p h e i a (cf., for e x a m p l e , P S I 407). T h e J e w s in t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i are n o t persons r a n k i n g a m o n g t h e w e a l t h y or e v e n t h e w e l l - t o - d o ; a s h e p h e r d , t w o p o o r l a n d - l a b o u r e r s b e g g i n g for assistance in order t o c a r r y o u t t h e i r w o r k , a g u a r d w h o s e w a g e s are n o t sufficient t o s u p p o r t his c h i l d r e n — s u c h are t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n in a n d a r o u n d P h i l a d e l p h e i a . O f all t h e J e w s m e n t i o n e d in t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i t w o vine-dressers, w h o l e a s e d t h e v i n e y a r d of Z e n o n a n d his p a r t n e r , are, p e r h a p s , t h e w e a l t h i e s t . S o it is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n in P h i l a d e l p h e i a e a r n e d t h e i r l i v i n g in t h e s w e a t of their b r o w . Y e t it m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i d o n o t m e n t i o n J e w i s h m i l i t a r y settlers a n d soldiers, either b y c h a n c e or b e c a u s e J e w i s h soldiers w e r e n o t s e t t l e d in P h i l a d e l p h e i a . M i l i t a r y settlers, J e w s a n d n o n - J e w s alike, l i v e d u n d e r far b e t t e r c o n d i t i o n s t h a n simple p e a s a n t s s h e p h e r d s (see t h e n e x t S e c t i o n ) .
and
132
SECTION
I I : N O S . 7-8
I n a d d i t i o n t o J e w s , s o m e o t h e r S e m i t i c p e o p l e s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d in
the
F a y i i m ; m e n t i o n of S y r i a n s a n d A r a b s is f r e q u e n t in t h e Z e n o n P a p y r i . S i n c e it is difficult t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r a p e r s o n m e n t i o n e d in t h e p a p y r i is a J e w or a S y r i a n , it is n e c e s s a r y , as in S e c t i o n I , t o e x a m i n e e v e r y S e m i t i c n a m e s e p a r a t e l y . O n l y in t h e case of Xavowatos
( N o . n ) h a v e I d e c i d e d p o s i t i v e l y ; in all o t h e r
cases I preferred t o b e c a u t i o u s .
1
I h a v e t r i e d t o a r r a n g e t h e p a p y r i in c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r : first t h e d a t e d d o c u m e n t s f r o m t h e t i m e of P h i l a d e l p h o s ( N o s . 7 - 9 ) , t h e n t h e u n d a t e d w h i c h I w o u l d incline t o a s s i g n t o t h e s a m e t i m e ( N o s . 1 0 - 1 3 ) ,
a n (
i
finally
t w o p a p y r i of t h e
r e i g n of E u e r g e t e s ( N o s . 1 4 - 1 5 ) . T w o s c r a p s of o b s c u r e m e a n i n g ( N o s .
16-17)
close t h e list.
No. 7. From an account of lamp-oil Berenike Hormos ( F a y u m ) .
257 B.C.
Class. Philol. x i x , 1924, 230 sqq. (Westermann). S B 6796. P . Cornell 1. L I T . : Wilcken, Arch. viii. 69 s q q . ; ib. 294 s q . ; U P Z i. 451 s q . Edgar, Introduction pp. 20 sq. Preaux, 92, 193, 561.
to P. Zen.
Mich.,
T h e p a p y r u s contains a long account of lamp-oil given out to various members of the staff of Apollonios during his long journey in the F a y u m and other places in northern E g y p t . T h e account runs from 1 Apellaios to 30 A y d n a i o s of the year 28 of Phila delphos, i.e. from the 6 J a n u a r y to the 4 March 257 ; it is drawn u p in Berenike Hormos, an unknown harbour in the F a y i i m or elsewhere. I quote here lines 1 5 9 - 6 8 of this account, referring to Johanna, probably a Jewish slave-girl, working in the household of Apollonios. I t m a y be suggested t h a t J o h a n n a w a s b o u g h t in Palestine b y a travel ling agent of Apollonios and sent b y him into E g y p t ; cf. 11. 223 sq. of the same p a p y r u s , where 'slaves sent from Syria b y Nikanor' are mentioned. O n the trade in slaves between Palestine and E g y p t see Mizraim,
rots
e 160
avrots
'Itodvcu
Ko(rvXai)
€ttl
Ko(rvXrj)
>
Eeau)L
(ytvovrat)
Ko(rvXrj)
1
1211). Nanvas
(PCZ 59406) is a H e b r e w
name (J713 or a n abbreviation from *irP3fl3), b u t a c o m m o n Semitic name as w e l l : MCKKOS Ne9dvecas
(SB
Nadivaros
720),
'HpaKX€i8r)s
Nadivdros
(Zucker in Abh. Preuss.
(tJimictv) (riraprov)
KO(TUACU) e (^/xtcru)
Bawaios (P. Corn. 1 ; PCZ 59087,59674,59676) might be an Aramaic form 033, '£33) from t h e Biblical "irP33 (cf. ^ 3 3 and rp"»33 in the Talmud, Jastrow, s . v . ) ; y e t t h e name occurs a m o n g nonJ e w s t o o , s o in Palmyra a n d in Arabia (cf. Lidzbarski, Ephem. ii. 331, 86; SEG v i i , N o s .
1058,
e.
XafJLTrrrjpa
Zrjvtovi kol
i v - v . 1 6 sqq.
and
<2>i'Ao>v
Ak. 1937, N o . 6,
p. 5, Col. I l l , 11. 174 and 181) were not Jews. Gad is a Biblical n a m e ; y e t Bapydd-qs (PCZ 59690) is probably a Syrian, the name 13 "13 meaning 'son
re(raprov).
of (the god) Gad' or 'a lucky man'. T h e name occurs frequently in Dura-Europos (e.g. SEG vii. 374, 442, 452, 483, 580, 708, 800; Baur a n d Rostovtzeff, Excavations
at Dura-Europos,
ii, v i ,
v i i - v i i i passim). ZajSSu ( P . Mich. Zen. 67), or Zafloaios (PCZ 59701), is a common Aramaic name, used b y J e w s and non-Jews alike. F o r Simon see above, Introduction. In two documents (SB 6762 = S P 253 and S B 6763 = PCZ 59347) a family is mentioned in which the father is called AvriTtarpos (a Greek name frequently used b y Jews), t h e mother Zip,ov (a feminine form of Ztfioiv), and the son ©eoBoaios. The family might have been a Jewish one.
JEWS f 165
OF THE FAYUM rots'
a v r o t s
[xevov TOS
TO IS
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
133
dcupov-
t o v
Sodev-
'ItOoivai
TTTrjpa
IN
Aafl-
€7Tl
KCLL
eaoot
XoLTTOLS
Ko(tvXcLl)
€.
(Translation.) 5th.
T o the same.
5 kotylai.
T o J o h a n n a for t h e l a n t e r n for Z e n o n , \ k o t y l e . And
to Ephesos,
\ kotyle. total 5f kotylai.
6th.
T o the same, deducting t h a t given to J o h a n n a for t h e l a n t e r n a n d (that)
to
E p h e s o s , t o t h e rest,
5 kotylai.
159. 5 Aydnaios corresponds t o 5 February. 160. 'Icodvat.: NUTT or *1T]V, as a feminine form of Johannes, is mentioned in the Talmud (Jastrow, s.v.) a n d in t h e N e w Test. (Luc. 8. 3). T h e name appears also o n a n ossuary found in a cave near Jerusalem (CIJ 1281). The name occurs again i n N o s . 133 and 424. 'Iwdwa Evfooovvr) is mentioned o n an inscription from Alexandria ( S B 457 = CIJ 1429). 160. em Xauirrrjpa Zfyuyvi. I t was the d u t y of Johanna t o take care of the lamp of Z e n o n ; so it m a y be supposed that during the journey she was in personal attendance on Zenon.
No. 8. A fragment of an account Philadelpheia (Fayum). P . Zen. Mich. 30.
27 x 3 4 cm.
256 B.C.
T h e p a p y r u s contains various accounts; fragment (a), referring to the years 29 and 30 (of Philadelphos), fixes approximately the chronology. F r a g m e n t (b), g i v e n below, is the only one which refers to Jews. T h e t e x t was printed b y E d g a r from a photostat according to a revision made b y A . E . R . B o a k . Professor H . C. Y o u t i e was good enough to revise the t e x t again for the present edition. I g i v e the t e x t according to his reading and with notes b y him. T h e meaning of the fragment is not clear.
OL.y St'
fJL €TL
0€
ApLCTTOKpaTOVS vaev
Kev 5
KCLl
ov
v)\xiv
TTpoocxKp'eiXe
AvTiyovrjs
€K
OLVOV Aap,d\s .v
'IovSaios
0lXlvIs evj3... (Translation.)...
dAAo
.vvps
TOV Ke(pdfJLLOv)
.[
eW-
j8— Ke(pdfXLa) Ke(pdfjua)
kyj .[
40, a n d also a n o t h e r j a r of t h e w i n e (obtained) b y A r i s t o k r a t e s
( P a i d to) u s b y D a m a s , for w h a t h e still o w e d . . . . A n t i g o n e s t h e J e w , 28 j a r s . P h i l i n i s son of P h e n b . . . j a r s . . .
SECTION
134
I I : N O S . 8-9
1. a.y fi: 'possibilities are d y y ( e f a ) a ? y ( a ? ) ft, aoy(ypiov) ft. The numeral m a y be A rather than n; A was read b y Edgar and Boak' (Youtie). 2. 'The broken letter at the end, perhaps a numeral, seems t o be a or 8 ' (Youtie). 3. 'A possible reading a t t h e beginning of t h e line is $Trlorevoev' (Youtie). 4. . v: 'this of course suggests /xv(ds), but ev is easier t o read' (Youtie). 5. AvTiyovrjs. 'Probably a mistake for Avriyovos or Avnyevr/s ' (Edgar). Jews of Palestine used t h e name Antigonos frequently; cf. Antigonos of Socho (1D10 OIIP&SK), a pupil of Simon t h e Just (M. A b b o t h 1.3), Antigonos, a member of the H a s m o n e a n family, &c. The name took root among J e w s probably after t h e reign of Antigonos Monophthalmos over Palestine (315-302). Neither t h e name Antigonos nor Antigenes is c o m m o n in t h e correspondence of Zenon (cf. P S I 632; PCZ 59088, 59281; P. Mich. Zen. 34). There is n o t sufficient ground for t h e identification of our 'Antigones t h e J e w ' w i t h someone else bearing t h e name. 6. 'The numeral at the end looks like a or 8 ' (Youtie).
N o . 9. Pasis the Jew The
t w o documents printed below refer to the same person designated as Tldais
'IovSalos,
'Pasis the Jew'. T h e first document (9a) is a letter from Zenon advising
K r o t o s to order a mattress from A r t e m i d o r o s ; the wool for the mattress is to be obtained from 'Pasis the Jew'. T h e second (gb) is a line from a long corn account of 666 lines (PCZ 59292) dealing w i t h the expenditure of grain on the estate of Apollonios; this line (1. 6 1 1 ) , too, mentions 'Pasis the Jew'. F o r the E g y p t i a n name Pasis see note to ga, 1. 2 ; cf. above, p. 4 3 . Discussing the contents of the account in P C Z 59292 E d g a r differentiates between the IhiooTropos
yrj, which was cultivated, according to him, ' b y means of paid employees',
and the land called by
-i) Std ratv Xad>v, which was leased to n a t i v e peasants or c u l t i v a t e d
them. 'These peasants came from m a n y of the villages in the neighbourhood,
chiefly or wholly from those in the Memphite nome, such as K e r k e , Pitos, and Boutos.' If this distinction of E d g a r ' s is sound, Pasis the J e w in 1. 6 1 1 must h a v e been a peasant from the v i c i n i t y of Philadelpheia, nearly all the people mentioned before and after 1. 6 1 1 being men from the neighbouring villages (11. 604, 6 1 3 , 6 1 4 1. 608
BOVTOV;
KepKTJ;
IJITOV;
11. 606, 6 1 5
1. 6 1 0 AKav9oTToXira(s) etc.). This, together w i t h the fact t h a t
Pasis had at his disposal a q u a n t i t y of wool (ga), leads us to conclude t h a t he was not only a peasant b u t a shepherd as well: it is known t h a t the shepherds in E g y p t were usually the owners and the sellers of wool (cf. P . E n t . 1 : [TO, e p ] i a 7roi]p€va>v).
XafSelv
7r[apa\
TCO[V
I t m a y be inferred from some passages in ga (1.2 : 'get the wool from Pasis';
1. 6 : T h a v e written to Pasis to give y o u the wool') t h a t Pasis was dependent on Zenon and had to carry out orders given b y his master. If this suggestion is acceptable we m a y assume t h a t the livestock in his care was not his own, b u t belonged—at a n y rate p a r t l y — t o the estate of Apollonios.
9a. Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . P . E d g . 108 (Ann.
d. Serv.
L I T . : Wilcken, Arch.
Zrjvtov
KportoL
12-5x33 cm. x x i v , 1924, 45).
viii. 68, 293. Heichelheim, Arch.
xatpeiv.
AajSe Trapd
Ildairos
otbptoi
KaracTKevdarjL
iva
17 September 253 B.C. S B 6991.
rov
PCZ 59241.
i x . 50. P r e a u x , 109.
tbs dv ra^iOTa Xdfirjis
*Iovhalov
iptcov
dTpcofxaTLOv,
p,v(as)
coare
TLOL
rrjv Ke
eTnarToXrjv, KOL
/xTy/cct
drreySos
errl
SteSpov
Aprepn-
JEWS
OF THE FAYUM
IN
THE ZENON
eppwcro.
PAPYRI
Ay,
("ETOVS)
'i?Tret<£
135
/07.
Verso: KpOTCOL. (Translation.)
Z e n o n t o K r o t o s , g r e e t i n g . A s soon as y o u r e c e i v e t h i s l e t t e r ,
g e t 25 m i n a e of w o o l f r o m P a s i s t h e J e w a n d g i v e i t t o A r t e m i d o r o s t o m a k e a m a t t r e s s , l o n g e n o u g h t o fit a d o u b l e s e a t or a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d c o v e r e d on b o t h sides. I t is n e e d e d for P e i s i k l e s . A s soon as t h e w o o l is g o t , s e n d it t o A r t e m i d o r o s in M e m p h i s , a n d t r y t o g e t t h e j o b finished in 15 d a y s . I h a v e also w r i t t e n t o t e l l Pasis to give y o u the
wool.
Good-bye.
Y e a r 33, E p e i p h 28.
(Docketed) T o Krotos. 1. Krotos was a business-agent of Apollonios; in the years 259-257 we find him employed in Pales tine (PCZ 59015 verso, 59077, 59093; P S I 863^). 2. Edgar in his c o m m e n t a r y on P . E d g . 108 identified 'Pasis the Jew' with IIHois Tlaovros, a shep herd mentioned i n P S I 626; h e withdrew this suggestion in his commentary o n PCZ 59241. Heichelheim accepted Edgar's previous opinion and extended t h e identification t o Pasis in P . H a m b . 108 a s well. Berneker (Aeg. xiii. 26 sqq.) identifies various m e n called Pasis i n PCZ 59466, P S I 519, and P S I 857 with Pasis the shepherd in P S I 626. However, Pasis is a very c o m m o n E g y p t i a n n a m e , and there are a t least t w e n t y persons in the Zenon Papyri called Pasis (see Indexes t o PCZ i - i v ; cf. NB). Most m e n bearing this n a m e in t h e Zenon Papyri are simple peasants (e.g. PCZ 59967; 59312, 24); Pasis, son of P a u s , in P S I 626 is also a peasant, as m a y be inferred from PCZ 59128, 59550, and 5292,11. 222 and 230 (a fact that does not contradict his engagement as a shepherd pasturing Zenon's flocks a n d his own). There is n o evidence that 'Pasis the Jew' and Pasis, son of P a u s , are the s a m e m a n , and t h e fact that b o t h denominations occur separately in t h e long list of peasants in PCZ 59292 (11. 222, 230, 611) m a y serve a s strong evidence against the identification. 2. Artemidoros is probably a n agent of Apollonios in Memphis. 4. Snrpootoirov: 'with a presentable cover on both sides' (Edgar). Peisikles: 'a treasurer or p a y m a s t e r in t h e household of Apollonios' (Edgar).
9b. 250 B.C.
Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . PCZ 5 9 2 9 2 , 1 . 6 1 1 .
611
IldoiTL (Translation.)
'Iovoaloji
Kp(idrjs)
tc
1 6 t h . T o P a s i s t h e J e w 15 (artabai) of b a r l e y .
is" marks the day of the m o n t h .
136
SECTION
I I : N O S . 10-11
N o . 10. Account of bricks Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . 13 x 13 c m .
P r o b a b l y reign of Philadelphos.
PCZ 59762. P e r e m a n s a n d V e r g o t e , Papyrologisch
Handboek,
1942, 247.
An account of bricks received from the 5 t h to the n t h of E p e i p h of an unknown year. T h e building operations on the estate of Apollonios or in Philadelpheia are fre quently mentioned in the Zenon P a p y r i (cf., for example, P C Z 5 9 1 7 6 , 59480, 5 9 4 9 9 ; P . Z e n . Mich. 3 7 ; P . Col. Zen. 3 6 - 3 9 ) . T h e bricks in this account were carried b y a certain Demetrios and b y unknown persons from T a n i s . T h e writer of the account, w h o himself received the bricks, might h a v e been an
OIKOSO^OS
(a bricklayer, cf. P C Z 59480)
or an overseer who w a s responsible for the progress of the building operations. O n the 7 t h of the m o n t h the bricks were not delivered and the author of the account marked out the d a y b y the word 'Sabbath'. W a s it he who observed the S a b b a t h , or Demetrios, w h o was the only m a n w h o delivered the bricks from the 5 t h till the 9 t h ? There is more reason to suppose t h a t it was an overseer who had the right to be idle at S a b b a t h than a simple ipydr-qs or 6vq\drrjs who could easily be replaced b y someone else. T h i s supposition could perhaps be turned into certainty were we able to decipher the enigmatic words on the verso; y e t the solutions proposed b y E d g a r and Gueraud are not quite certain (see the notes). Col.
I
Col. 15
e^co
e
ets to
TTXLVOOV
T-fjg Trapd
II
avro
S" CO V
&iX£a
,
ravrrjs
Ar][x q[TpLOs]
dyr]oyev
T K
'Ecor]
ra eK 1 avios
A
Haft/Sara
A
m
A A
'B
ravrrjs
\Ar)p,r]r\pios
ffyev
ret, [e/c Ta\vios r
[ P]As'
ta
A
A
ravrr)[s]
ArjfjLrjTpLOs rjyev
(OTTTJ
rd €K Tdvios pvq Verso:
oafifiai,. .v. A. (Translation.)
Col. 1
Epeiph 5th
Col. The
I h a v e on h a n d bricks from Phileas
920
2
sum total
6856 of t h e s e
Demetrios
h a s b r o u g h t 5808
JEWS
6th 7th
8th 9th 10th
OF THE FAYttM
IN
THE ZENON
1000
PAPYRI
137
those from T a n i s
1048
Sabbath
1000 1000 2000, of w h i c h D e m e t r i o s h a s b r o u g h t 1000 t h o s e of T a n i s 1000
nth
936; of w h i c h D e m e t r i o s h a s b r o u g h t 888 t h o s e f r o m T a n i s 48
6. T h e word for Sabbath appears here in t h e plural, as is usual in t h e S e p t u a g i n t : cf., for example, N u m . 15. 32 s q . , I s . 56. 2. 4; 1 Mace. 2. 32 sqq. Cf. also J o s . ant. 12. 259. 10. ArjfxrJTpios is, perhaps, identical w i t h t h e d v i j A a n j s mentioned in PCZ 59268, 8, and 59787, 3 7 1 ; or it m a y be that h e w a s a n epydrrjs, whose d u t y it w a s t o carry bricks for t h e bricklayers (cf. PCZ 59480). 11. rd [£K Td]vios: 'one might understand vno vyia rjyev, or t h e writer m a y h a v e m e a n t simply t h e bricks from Tanis' (Edgar). 15 s q q . T h e writer gives here t h e total number of bricks delivered from t h e 5th t o t h e n t h . Since t h e total s u m of bricks 'from Tanis' (1,048) is made u p of t w o i t e m s booked o n t h e 10th (1,000) a n d n t h (48), it follows that Demetrios was t h e only m a n w h o brought bricks from t h e 5th t o t h e 9th. Verso. 'The letters are very faint. T h e s i x t h might be T b u t looks more like i ' (Edgar). Zafifialos 6vrj\a(Twv), suggested eventually b y Edgar, is 'not a satisfactory reading' in t h e e y e s of Edgar him self. M. Gueraud, w h o w a s good enough t o read again t h e words i n question, writes t o m e : ' Je ne suis pas arrive a une lecture s a t i s f a i s a n t e . . . Par m o m e n t s il m e semblait voir c o v e A a . ce qui suggererait quelque chose c o m m e cSv e?Aa[jSev TTXCVOWV , e'est a dire: "Sabbaios (compte) des [briques] recues par lui . . ." Mais cela aussi est des plus douteux.' M. Gueraud's suggestion is very tempting and in its favour it m a y b e pointed o u t that in this case t h e verso would give t h e contents of t h e recto, a s occurs frequently in official documents. I should only change t h e unusual ZafS^atos into t h e far more usual ZafSf3a.T(aTos) and interpret t h e reading t o v I A a [ j 8 e v &c. a s 'gives account of bricks received b y him'. B u t unfortunately t h e reading remains uncertain. r
N o . 11. From an account Probably reign of Philadelphos.
Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . PCZ 59710.
T h e lines below are taken from a long account of barley given out for the feeding of various domestic animals (pigs, donkeys, dogs, &c.) on the estate of
Apollonios.
T h e Khanounaios mentioned here might h a v e been a slave, or a servant attached to Apollonios, whose d u t y it was to take care of the dogs. Col.
Xav[o]v[v]a/o)[t]. .[
] rrji
Ill
Kp(i6rjs)
vy
a.[. .] Kp(idr}s) j8 {yivovrai)
Col. V 66
Xq[vovvaLto]i
els
Kvvas
rrji
16
a
y
SECTION
138
0aa>(f>L Xavovvaicoi
75
II: NOS. 11-12
els Kvvas jS
els 7TTLordvrjv (xpiviKes) els
K a r d V A a c r / x a (xolviKes)
(Translation.) 41
(reraprov)
e rj
Col. I l l
T o K h a n o u n a i o s . . . o n t h e t h i r t e e n t h , of b a r l e y 1 . . . of b a r l e y 2. s u m t o t a l 3. Col.
V
66
T o K h a n o u n a i o s for t h e d o g s o n t h e 1 9 t h 1.
75
P h a o p h i . T o K h a n o u n a i o s for t h e d o g s 2 \ . for b a r l e y - g r u e l five c h o i n i k e s . for g r e a s e e i g h t c h o i n i k e s .
41. The name Xavowatos does not occur either in NB or in W u t h n o w . It can be derived either from (Xavdav in L X X , Xavavala in Jos. ant., book 1 , passim, cf. Matt. 15. 22), or from The usual transcription of the latter name is Avavlas, or something similar, y e t the Greek x is frequently used for the Hebrew fl as w e l l ; s o , for e x a m p l e , in t h e names XCXKUS, Xdp., Xdpav, Xaprjfi, Xefipwv e t c . ; cf. Xavowatos in i Esdr. 8. 47 (49) and Xawatos i n D i o Cass. 49.19. 2. Since was a c o m m o n J e w i s h name in E g y p t from the Persian period onwards (cf. Cowley, Index, s.v. ''3211, whereas ''35733 is no name a t all and a t m o s t could be used as a nickname, I should prefer the first possibility.
rP33n.
rP33n
iT33n),
N o . 12. Letter from Somoelis to Zenon Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) .
19 x 19 cm.
Probably reign of Philadelphos.
PCZ 59509.
LIT.: P . T e b t . 848, note t o 11. 1 - 3 ( p . 52). Peremans, Vreemd. en Egypt., p . 87. Heichelheim, RE, Suppl. v i , s.v. 'Sitos', 868. Preaux, 46, 120, 128, 132 sq., 137. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW, 1416. A letter to Zenon from Somoelis, a guard {fivAag) at Philadelpheia. 'The t e x t . . . is written in a good hand, evidently b y a practised scribe' (Edgar). T h e Jewish guard reports on some business affairs carried out b y him for Zenon. H e hardly earns a living and is on the look-out for a means of supplementing his income, his present salary being insufficient even to keep his children from hunger. T h e letter, like most private letters, is full of obscure allusions, the sense of which cannot be grasped b y the uninitiated reader. xaipew
[Zrjvco]vi
[[iev
TT)\V Trjvec dpr(d^ai)
[els
[TOV
] VTrdpxovcnv
AfiavSe.[
V\LOV
8t[a
TTCLVTOS-
rrpos av[r6v,
[jLfr)] dhiKcbfieOa.
Swa[jLta]t
[dvTtjAeynt. [6
ovv 001 Trap* ep.ov
/cat fir) dSitcqdcb
\vr\re [/car' a]AAo pirjdev.
TOVTO
dvyapevcov
TCOV
/careoTrdp/ca-
Trv(pov)
K
[jitot ejmcrToXrjv [7rap]d 10
vX\a£; e/c ( P t A a S e A ^ e t a ? .
OTTopov. dvaepco [be 001 rav\ra'
TO]V
[ju/rjre] / c a r d 5
UofjiorjX[LS
/cat el
8VVCLT[6V IKOV[6S
r)[fx\cov 7roirJTa[t
Se crot /cat avvayopdaai
iTTTreicov, 7j[a]/pa he yecopyov
yap v]7rdp)(cov o u ^
dv ov]y [TroirjaraLS
KCLXLOS
tVa] rrpoyoiay
ovdevos,
^Eredp^ov
VTTO
e7re/cAa[crev y a p ]
Kp(u6rjs)
JJLOV
ypa\iffas /cat] dpr(df3as)
tVa pvqOels
eo*rt]v, irpooKaTaaKevaaov
Orjoavpov
c o r t ] ^copetv
eviavTov
TOV
OZTOV
TOV
A
JEWS
\tov\tov. [ol
OF THE FAYl)M
cpvXdcraco Se /cat
S]e e/c &i\aSe\€ias t/cavov
[ecrrjtv ovSe
t[6v\
IN
rrjveL
SlS[ovo]ljj,
THE ZENON
Qr]oavp6v
p,oi Trv(pov)
PAPYRI
139
XapLJ3dvtov ovOev,
apr(d 8as) l
a
(rj/juov).
ox>x
ovv rd
7ratSd/>ta [8taj8d]p7ceti>, et (JLT) avros
tl
Trpooepyd^o-
[jLtai]. €l
€VTVX "
15 2.
(Translation.)
u7rdpxouffii': o w above the
line.
T o Zenon from Somoelis, the g u a r d at Philadelpheia, greeting.
W e h a v e s o w n t h e p i e c e of g r o u n d here c a l l e d A m a n d e . . . ; so I a m k e e p i n g 20 a r t a b a i of w h e a t for y o u for s o w i n g . I h a v e the following report to m a k e ; a n d I hope E t e a r c h o s will not w r o n g me any
m o r e , e i t h e r in t h i s or in a n y o t h e r m a t t e r . H e h a s b e e n v e r y h a r d o n m y
son, p u t t i n g h i m t o all sorts of f o r c e d l a b o u r . S o please b e g o o d e n o u g h t o w r i t e h i m a l e t t e r for m e , so t h a t he w i l l b e c a r e f u l of m e a n d I w o n ' t b e i l l - t r e a t e d a n y m o r e . I c a n b u y also 1,000 a r t a b a i of b a r l e y for y o u f r o m t h e c a v a l r y m e n , b u t n o t f r o m a n y of t h e f a r m e r s , so t h a t n o b o d y c a n s a y a n y t h i n g a g a i n s t m e . A n d if possible, h a v e a n o t h e r g r a n a r y m a d e ; t h e p r e s e n t one is n o t b i g e n o u g h t o h o l d t h e y e a r ' s corn. I g u a r d t h e (village) g r a n a r y here, t o o , a n d g e t n o t h i n g for i t . T h e p e o p l e f r o m P h i l a d e l p h e i a g i v e m e i f a r t a b a i of w h e a t , a n d t h a t isn't e v e n e n o u g h t o feed t h e k i d s unless I d o s o m e e x t r a w o r k for myself. Farewell. 1. On Jewish guards see above, p . 17. 2. Trjvei is a Doric form for evravda. The responsibility for this Doricism lies, of course, w i t h the scribe, not with Somoelis, w h o was hardly an expert in classical Greek. Ap.avhe\ ] : 'Perhaps a proper name followed b y yrjv ' (Edgar). 3. Etearchos was a nomarch whose name occurs frequently in the Zenon Papyri. Cf. Seider, Beitrdge, 25 sqq., 41. 4-5. [ T O V V]16V restored b y m e . 'The verb might be e V e V A a [ o - e v or e V e / c d A f e o - e v and the letter after the lacuna in line 5 might be t or v . [ T O V V]16V or [TOV d ] v o v would suit the space' (Edgar). The restoration t h a t gives a sensible reading is n o doubt TOV vlov and the whole sentence can b e translated as follows: 'he oppressed m y son with hard service'. 8. irapa. TOJV lirireiMv. Mention of military settlers in Philadelpheia, and especially horsemen, occurs frequently in the Zenon P a p y r i ; see, for example, P S I 391,536,632, PCZ 59151,59236,59245,59394 (1.22). Somoelis is willing t o b u y barley from t h e horsemen, b u t n o t from t h e p e a s a n t s ; t h e reason might be that Somoelis has in mind peasants settled on the land of the military cleruchs (PCZ 59245,59315), whose corn-producing was certainly controlled b y their masters. Y e t t h e sense remains obscure. 9-12. The first impression on reading 1. 9 is that Somoelis suggests that Zenon should build a second public granary in Philadelpheia. Y e t w e have m a n y instances in the papyri attesting the existence of only one public granary in each village. See for Philadelpheia itself P . Col. Zen. 54 = S P 39 ( e v TtDt e / i 0 t A a S e A < £ e i < u 9r)oavpa>i, 256 B . C . ) , and S B 7621 ( e v 9-qoavpa> Kcofir/s 0iXaoeXetas, A . D . 310-24). Other instances from the Hellenistic period: PCZ 59497 (els TOV ev Zvpuyv K<x>p,7][t Brjoavpov]); cf. ib. 59570; and m a n y instances in P . T e b t . , e.g. els T O V eV BovfiaoTcoi d-qoavpov ( P . T e b t . 813, 186 B . C . ) ; els TOV e'v . M A a j 3 a v 0 i c k di)(oavpov) (ib. 837, 177 B . C . ) , and o t h e r s ; instances from the R o m a n period: K n u d t z o n , Bakchiastexte, 1 3 : e'v 9i)oavpa> Kd^i-qs Nap[iov9eco(s) (third c e n t u r y ) ; P . O x y . 276: Srjfiooios 9r]oavp6s (A.D.
7 7 ) ; v . G r o n i n g e n , A Family
Archive
from
Tebtunis,
Nos.
44, 45, 47, a n d
o t h e r s . Cf.
Calderini,
1924, 21 sqq. I t m a y be doubted also whether it was the d u t y of a poor guard to point out the necessity of erecting n e w public buildings in a village. In fact, a more attentive reading reveals that t h e public granary of Philadelpheia is mentioned in 1. 11 only, a n d t h e Kal used b y Somoelis (vXaoaoi he Kal TOV Tr/vet 9rjoavp6v) asserts clearly that t h e 9rjoavp6s mentioned before w a s not the granary of the village. Hence it was a private granary of Zenon (or, more likely, of Apollonios), a n d 0HZAYPOI,
140
SECTION
II: NOS. 1 2 - 1 4
since it w a s t o o small t o hold t h e previous year's crop, t h e guard of i t , Somoelis, proposed t o h i s master that a n e w one should be built. T h e existence of private granaries is attested for the R o m a n period (cf. P . Princet. 1 1 7 ; P . R y l . ii. 231 = Olsson 27; P . F a y . 122 = Olsson 64; P . Mich. 226, 396; O. Skeat 2, ed. H . C. Y o u t i e , T A P A Ixxxi, 1950, 102 s q . ; Calderini, o p . cit. 41 sqq.), a m o n g t h e rest for Philadelpheia itself ( N o . 411, 1. 19); and it is likely that they were in existence in t h e Ptolemaic period as well. W e k n o w from t h e excavations in Karanis w h a t t h e private granaries were like (see Boak and Peterson, Karanis, 1931, 18 sqq., 64): n o t large buildings, but rather a system of separate chambers connected w i t h t h e living-rooms of a house. Something like this might have been t h e drjaavpos of Zenon t o o . There is reason t o assume that Zenon followed the advice of Somoelis: a n undated papyrus from Philadelpheia (PCZ 59592) records a supply of bricks needed for t h e con struction of granaries (nXlvdov rrjs Trpoar)yp.evr]s els T[OVS] 9-qaavpovs). This plural number is t h e best evidence a s t o t h e existence of private storerooms owned b y Zenon (PCZ 59592 is a letter addressed t o h i m ) , whereas the public granary (of Philadelpheia), frequently mentioned in Zenon's archives, appears always i n t h e singular. T h e result of this brief investigation is that Somoelis w a s n o t a drjaavpovXa$ (cf. PCZ 59292, 1. 155), i.e. a m a n attached t o the regular staff of g o v e r n m e n t officials serving a t t h e granary (cf. P . Tebt. 848, Col. I, 11. 1-3), b u t a private guard, employed b y Zenon, and willing t o perform various business affairs for him and for others also. So w e understand w h y he was guarding the public granary of Philadelpheia t o o , y e t without salary (Xapfldvaov ovdev): he w a s n o t authorized t o d o s o b y the local authorities. T h e i \ artabai of wheat paid t o h i m b y t h e inhabitants of Philadelpheia was n o t a salary b u t something like a modern 'baksheesh': the regular salary of ^vXaKirai in Philadelpheia was 6 drachmai a m o n t h (PCZ 59296), or 4 artabai of wheat ( i b . 59745); it even happened that an Arab guard w a s earning 6 artabai a m o n t h (ib. 59745,1. 86). W h e t h e r Somoelis was regularly paid b y Zenon or not cannot be inferred w i t h certainty from the letter, but it m a y be supposed that t h e vXa£ did n o t work for n o t h i n g ; y e t his economic circumstances were straitened, as is evident from his lamentations at the end of the letter. 2
N o . 1 3 . A memorandum to Zenon Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . PCZ 59377.
14 x 17*5 c m .
Probably reign of Philadelphos.
A memorandum to Zenon from t w o peasants, Alexander and Ismaelos. One of them, Ismaelos, was certainly a J e w ; as to Alexander, the name was not uncommon among the E g y p t i a n Jews (Nos. 1 4 , 1 8 , 36, 1 4 2 - 3 , 4 1 8 - 2 0 ) . T h e portions of land c u l t i v a t e d b y them (probably from the estate of Apollonios) are not b i g : one of 3 ! arourai, and the other, as it seems, of some minor size (since it is mentioned as an additional plot). W e m a y infer t h a t the social position of A l e x a n d e r and Ismaelos was not a privileged one. W h e t h e r t h e y were farmers who leased land for a long time, or agricultural workers cultivating parcels of land upon contracts renewed from year to year, we cannot tell. T h e Greek of the letter is confused.
2
There are, of course, d-qaavpol mentioned in the plural in t h e papyri, b u t as far as I can see, the reference is always t o granaries in various
villages mentioned 859, 31.
together, as in P . T e b t .
JEWS
avros
OF T H E FAYUM
IN T H E ZENON
yap kirLorr) ore ovOkv yevrjpia
Trapd TO rr)v dvvhpiav
yeveadat
PAPYRI
141
ydyovev
real els TOV errep-
^D/XEVOV xpovov TreTTovrjKev. vvvl ovv airofyavov
10
rj/jLcv o dv aoi S O / 0 7 1 , iva p,r) 6. Kara: T O above t h e line.
(Translation.) We
KaTacf>9etpc6jjL€a9a.
11. Kara^OeiputfieoOa:
t above t h e line.
M e m o r a n d u m t o Zenon from A l e x a n d e r a n d Ismaelos.
require y o u , since l a s t y e a r w e c u l t i v a t e d 3 ! a r o u r a i , a n d n o w w e h a v e
c u l t i v a t e d t h e s a m e g r o u n d a n d a n o t h e r in a d d i t i o n , ( a n d b o t h ? ) h a v e g o n e d r y because y o u h a v e n o t p r o v i d e d w h a t y o u r c o n t r a c t said y o u w o u l d — n o w , there fore, w e require y o u t o d o as y o u p r o m i s e d , a n d g r a n t u s a l o a n . F o r y o u k n o w y o u r s e l f t h a t n o c r o p h a s g r o w n o n a c c o u n t of t h e l a c k of w a t e r , a n d i t h a s b e c o m e p o o r e r for t h e t i m e b e i n g . N o w , therefore, l e t u s k n o w y o u r o p i n i o n , so that w e m a y waste no time. 2. ' I o p . a r j X o v :
T h e w r i t i n g in L X X is
'Io^X.
5-6. T h e farmers complain of suffering through Zenon's failure t o give them the xopyyla stipulated in the contract, and the land suffered from lack of water. See a similar case in P . Mich. Zen. 87, where a cultivator leased a parcel of land relying o n the support of Zenon. The x°PVy^ t i- lp cultivators o n the part of Zenon or some other high official, is frequently mentioned in t h e archives of Z e n o n ; cf. P S I 422, 432, 499, 5 7 1 ; PCZ 59073. 7. irpobavl^etv. The farmers ask for a loan which will enable t h e m t o cultivate the land in the future. 10. ircirovTjKev: sc. 17 yrj (Edgar). 11. tva fir) KaTa9eipwp,€ada. T h e usual translation r u n s : 'in order that w e shall not perish'. Y e t we m a y interpret t h e verb Kara^Oetpeadai. in t h e sense of 'to waste time' as well. Cf. Gueraud, P . E n t . , p. 7 7 : 'rester longtemps, trainer quelque part, perdre son t e m p s , etre condamne a l'inaction'. A d d t o the instances cited b y Gueraud, PCZ 59462. a
e
t
n
e n e
t
o t
n
e
No. 14. A declaration to a police-officer Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) .
9 x 2 0 cm.
7th March, 241 B.C.
P S I 3 9 3 - f P S I v i , p . xiii (Addenda et Corrigenda). LIT. : Edgar, Introduction to P. Mich. Zen. 44. F u c h s , 53. Viereck, Philadelpheia, Die
Landwirtschaft
cazione
del vino
im nelV
hellenist.
Egitto
Agypten,
Greco-Romano,
240 n . 3, 256.
C. R i c c i , La
1924, 3 , 1 6 , 34.
cultura
P e r e m a n s , 136.
della
46. Schnebel, vite
e la
fabri-
Preaux, 170.
A declaration delivered t o the head of t h e police of Philadelpheia concerning a robbery in the v i n e y a r d of Zenon and Sostratos. T h e v i n e y a r d w a s farmed b y t w o vine-dressers, Samoelis a n d Alexander. Samoelis w a s certainly a J e w ; as t o the name Alexander, see N o . 1 3 . I t seems that the vineyard was formerly a part of the great estate of Apollonios and became the property of Zenon and his partner Sostratos after the fall (or the death) of the m i g h t y dioiketes, when the estate of the latter w a s con fiscated b y the new king P t o l e m y Euergetes (cf. P C Z 59366, 59372). W o r k in vineyards is mentioned frequently in the Zenon P a p y r i . T h e cultivation of grapes w a s carried out in E g y p t as early as the time of the Pharaohs, y e t the Greek immigration in t h e third century g a v e an impetus
to this branch of agriculture. Cf. Rostovtzeff,
Large Estate, 93 sqq.; SEHHW, 353 sqq.; Viereck, Philadelpheia, Landwirtschaft, 239 sqq.; Preaux, Les Grecs en Egypt, 22 sqq.
A
46 sqq.; Schnebel,
142
SECTION
("ETOVS)
Tvfii
S",
djjnreXovpycov apVTreXcova.
TTapd UapLoijXios e£eiXy)6TCov
TCOV
TTJL
irpo
5 e/c TOV [[e/c TOU]] Zr\vcovos
KOL
xdpaKos
TT\I
VVKTI
TTJS
TTJL
[
TTapd
TOV QTpaTrpyov
IS" KOL
pi pLvptov Spaxpids fJifS.
ovv
KeXer]\o\ios ^aA/cou
TO
[S*], Tvfii
("ETOVS)
15 Eap,or\Xios ycov
etjeiXrjcfroTcov
TCOV
TTJS
TCOV
ovvairooTaXevTi
dpnreXcdvi. tS,
Tificopiev eivai
COOT
ya^Kov
Avhpopidxcoi
7ra/od
apvneXovp-
TOV
ZTJVCOVOS
Kal UcooTpaTov dpnreXcova. {rrji TS rov Tvfii VVKTOS Trapayevofjievoi Trji {irpo
Se
TTapOVTCOV
it,. TrploodyjyeXfjia
/cat JlAe£dV8/>ot>
dpiTTeXcovos
[TOVTO
(Spaxpias)
dpxuf>vXaKiT7]i &iXa$eXeias
Kal UcoarpaTOV [[/cat]]
diroXcoXe
IS"
]t TW(I)
/Cat ©eOTTOfJLTTCOL TCOt (f)vXaKLT7]L, TCOI
AXetjdvSpov
EcooTpdrov
eVe8et£a/u,eV crot
Hyr/vopos
Kal Zr\vcovos
TOV
[xvpidhes rpeis.
KaXapiivov
i o /cat dXXcov ev
dpx^vXa-
it,. Trpoodyy eXpia AvSpopidxcoi
0iXaSeXelas
KLTT]L
I I : N O S . 14-15
VVKTI} KXenrai
aTToXcoXe e/c T O U }
^
Tt^es" CUIXOVTO exovTes
e/c rot?
20 -Z^vajvos" /cat 27[a»]aT/)dTou dpiTTeXcovos
(etjrjKovTapovpov)
@iXa$eX€iav d£iov
irepl
TOV
[
TOV
jx(vpiov)
(S/aa^jLtd?) tS
] . . . . p e p . . .
[
(
t ? /cat)
] TT]I
[
Ay]rjvopos
25 [oTparrjyov [ SeoTTOpvncoi
cf>vXaKirrji,
TCOI
povTcov Kal dXXcov ev apnreXcovi. \ivpiov a
30 x ^Kov
TOV
ovvaTTOGTaX\evTi /ca[t
TCOI
ira-]
KeXerjOios
TipLcofxeda ovv TOV
^ a A / c o u (hpaxpds)
(Spaxpids)
tS,
COOT
TeooapaKovTahvo.
3. Z-qvuivos KOI above the line. 28. the beginning and the end of t h e line. (Translation.)
etvai
1. n ^ c D y x e v
30. Traces of brackets on the papyrus a t
Y e a r 6, T y b i 17. D e c l a r a t i o n m a d e t o A n d r o m a c h o s , t h e chief of
police of P h i l a d e l p h e i a , b y S a m o e l i s a n d A l e x a n d e r , vine-dressers, t h e t e n a n t s of t h e v i n e y a r d b e l o n g i n g t o Z e n o n a n d S o s t r a t o s . O n t h e n i g h t of t h e 1 5 t h , t h i r t y t h o u s a n d reed c a n e s d i s a p p e a r e d f r o m t h e v i n e y a r d of Z e n o n a n d S o s t r a t o s . O n t h e 1 6 t h w e r e p o r t e d t h e m a t t e r t o y o u , to
, w h o w a s also sent o u t f r o m a m o n g t h o s e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of A g e n o r
the strategos, a n d t o T h e o p o m p o s the p o l i c e m a n ; there were others present
JEWS t o o in
OF THE FAYUM
IN
THE ZENON
Keleesis' v i n e y a r d . W e v a l u e t h e m
at
14 c o p p e r
PAPYRI drachmai
per
ten
t h o u s a n d , m a k i n g 42 c o p p e r d r a c h m a i a l t o g e t h e r . Y e a r 6, T y b i
17. D e c l a r a t i o n m a d e t o A n d r o m a c h o s t h e chief of police of
P h i l a d e l p h e i a , b y S a m o e l i s a n d A l e x a n d r o s , vine-dressers, t h e t e n a n t s of t h e v i n e y a r d belonging to Zenon and Sostratos. O n T y b i 1 6 t h , a t n i g h t , t h i e v e s g o t i n t o t h e 60-arourai v i n e y a r d a t P h i l a d e l p h e i a b e l o n g i n g t o Z e n o n a n d S o s t r a t o s a n d m a d e off w i t h
(reed
canes)
w o r t h 14 d r a c h m a i p e r t e n t h o u s a n d . O n t h e 1 6 t h (we r e p o r t e d t h e m a t t e r t o you, to
w h o w a s s e n t o u t as w e l l f r o m a m o n g t h o s e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of)
A g e n o r (the s t r a t e g o s ) a n d t o T h e o p o m p o s t h e p o l i c e m a n ; t h e r e w e r e p r e s e n t t o o in K e l e e s i s ' v i n e y a r d .
others
W e v a l u e t h e m a t 14 c o p p e r d r a c h m a i p e r
t e n t h o u s a n d , m a k i n g 42 c o p p e r d r a c h m a i a l t o g e t h e r . 1. Other instances of irpooayyeXp-aTa in the Zenon P a p y r i : e.g. P S I 396, P . Zen. Mich. 34, P . Col. Zen. 53. 4. dfiireXa>va. The size of the vineyard is given in 1. 2 1 : 60 arourai; it is mentioned again in no. 15 and in PCZ 59701. There were other vineyards o n t h e estate of Apollonios, one of t h e m of 37^, another of 100 arourai (PCZ 59269, 59300, 59752, cf. 59352). T h e vineyards were leased t o vine dressers (diATreXovpyoC); y e t it does not seem that the cultivation of grapes b y itself w a s sufficient t o provide a living for a farmer and his family, perhaps o n account of the hard conditions of the lease. So w e know that in one case t h e vine-dresser, w h o farmed a vineyard of 37J arourai, undertook various other business affairs (PCZ 59269), and in another case, P S I 414, t h e vine-dresser wrote frankly to Zenon : opais yap o n e / z o t OVK eonv, diatrep rots Xoiirots, ovre Xdxavov ovre dXXo ovOev, dXX els T O oifidviov d-rrofiXeTTCD. The vineyards were leased for 10 drachmai per aroura (PCZ 59269); so the rent for the vineyard of 60 arourai must have been 600 drachmai per a n n u m (see N o . 15). A vineyard of 60 arourai (i^r/KovTapovpos) is not t o o large t o be cultivated b y t w o families, with t h e exception of the harvesting period, when additional hands were certainly n e e d e d ; s o it is likely that Samoelis and Alexander were themselves engaged in t h e daily work o n t h e vineyard. W e m a y add t h a t t h e term dfineXovpyos itself designates a m a n w h o is engaged i n t h e work o n a vineyard, sometimes as a salaried worker ( P S I 336, 3 7 1 ; WB, s.v.; cf. for the classical period, for e x a m p l e , Aristoph. Pax 190). Additional work of fioTa.viop.6s o n this vineyard is mentioned i n PCZ 59701, but we d o not know if the vineyard w a s a t that time already farmed b y Samoelis and Alexander. I t i s , perhaps, worth noting that the foreman of labourers in 59701 bears a Semitic n a m e , ZaflSaios, and we m a y suggest that the t w o J e w s were interested in engaging workers coming from Palestine. On Syrian labourers engaged in the vineyards, cf. P . Col. Zen. 87, 23 sqq. 6. x^paKos KaXapivov: canes of reed used b y the vine-dressers in order t o attach the v i n e - s t o c k s ; see N o . 15. [TOCTO 84] suggested b y the editors. 7. Kal [ ] t : a proper name in t h e dative. 27 sqq. T h e following lines were communicated t o t h e editors of P S I b y Edgar, w h o found t h e m on a fragment of papyrus preserved in t h e Museum a t Cairo.
N o . i £ . Drafts of letters from Zenon Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) .
30x22*5 c m .
20th January, 240 B.C.
PCZ 59367, Col. I I . L I T . : Rostovtzeff, A Large
Estate,
p p . 1 7 1 , 183.
Drafts of letters from Zenon to his partner Sostratos and to Samoelis and A l e x ander. T h e papyrus is v e r y b a d l y preserved and its subject not altogether clear. I t is evident, however, t h a t the m a t t e r concerns the v i n e y a r d of Zenon and Sostratos mentioned in the preceding number. A year has not y e t elapsed since the robbery referred to in N o . 1 4 and the t w o farmers are again troubled, this time apparently b y their neighbours. 'Zenon is alarmed a t the idea t h a t t h e y m a y leave the v i n e y a r d
SECTION
144
I I : N O S . 15-16
and renounce the contract, and he asks Sostratos to take some steps in order to prevent this' (Edgar). All restorations below are given according to E d g a r ' s notes. A s noticed b y E d g a r himself, t h e y all bear a merely hypothetical character. Col. I of the same papyrus (P. E d g . 62 = S B 6768) contains other drafts of letters written b y Zenon which h a v e no reference to our subject.
UcoGrpdrooL.
Ua[xorjX[is
/cat
AXl^avhpos
itro ra>v Tra[
KcoXvofxevoi S t o S e d [ e w did
KTrjfiaTCOv
TCOV
KOX TOV K a A a / x o v . . [
\[£Xr)Xv6acnv
r)U>[iv / c ] a r a . . . . [
vc^
Tcbi.
rjficov £v
7rep(t^c6/xaTt) Trapd
ft
SL(XfJL€fJiapTVpTjfJl,€VOL elolv
3°
oicbpvya
TJ)[V
TTa[
TO KTTJpia, dAA' aTroppr]aiv 7 r o t p [ w r a t S t d TO p,r) S w a o * 0 a t CTepcodev AajSetV,
KTTjp,aTcov S t d TeXovs
35
OV[K
££OV
StoSey[etv.
aalv S e
TCOV TOVS
TOVTCOV KVpiOVS €CO? [X€V yLv\eodai
eTTl€LK€LS,
vvv S e KeKCoXvodai
p6vTiaov
/cat
VTTO
[[0770)?]] /cat a^icoaov
ovv
T\OVTCOV.
7re/3[.]rp[
OTTCos /w.77 [ey/caJraAtVcocrt TO KT[rjp.a, apyvpiov
avTovs
tVa jxr) BiaTrearjL
/cat vvv J)yap[
TOGOVTO,
aiiTcov etjcpydoecrdai 40
Std
(hpaxpids)
^A. [Trvvddvofiai S e
/cat c o t y e y o [ a < £ ] e V a t .
UaixorjXi
/cat
AXet;d\ybpcoi
VTroXap,f$dvovTe\s (itjaKovTapovpov) vofirjaeadaL
Trpg[s
Vfias Kaiirep
etjeiXrjtfroTas
/cat TOV Ka[Xdp,ov rjpidg, yeypdcpapiev
TOV
-xopriyovp.€vov V/XLV
irapa-
iva
VTToXdfir)[T€
45
TO
KT7JfJLa[
v[o]p,rjcraoda[L OVTC
yap
T[
....[ (Translation.) the
T o Sostratos. Samoelis and A l e x a n d e r h a v e been prevented b y
f r o m t r a v e l l i n g t h r o u g h t h e v i n e y a r d s , a n d . . . t h e reed(s) . . . b y u s
in t h e area of t h e s e c o n d d i k e b y t h e c a n a l , t h e y p r o t e s t e d t h a t t h e y . . . t h e v i n e y a r d , b u t w e r e resigning i t since t h e y c o u l d n o t g e t t o it f r o m one side, a n d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o t r a v e l all t h e w a y t h r o u g h t h e v i n e y a r d s . T h e y a d d t h a t for s o m e t i m e t h o s e in c h a r g e of t h i s p a r t w e r e r e a s o n a b l e , b u t n o w t h e y t o o k e e p t h e m o u t . S o t a k e t h o u g h t a n d consider . . . h o w t o p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m a b a n d o n i n g t h e v i n e y a r d , so t h a t so g r e a t a s u m of m o n e y s h o u l d n o t b e lost. A t t h e m o m e n t (I h a v e ) . . . t h e m t o w o r k (for) 630 d r a c h m a i . I g a t h e r t h a t t h e y h a v e w r i t t e n t o y o u as w e l l .
JEWS
O F T H E FAYCTM
IN
THE ZENON
PAPYRI
145
T o Samoelis and Alexander. I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t , t h o u g h y o u h a v e l e a s e d t h e 60-arourai v i n e y a r d w i t h a p l e n t i f u l s u p p l y of reeds y o u are i n t e n d i n g t o d e f a u l t in y o u r a g r e e m e n t w i t h m e . I a m w r i t i n g so t h a t y o u m a y u n d e r s t a n d . . . t h e v i n e y a r d . . . (to b r e a k ) t h e l a w . . . for n e i t h e r . . . . 27. Perhaps iird TCOV TTOJJJOIKOUVTCOV?] KwXvofievoi 8to8fv[ETV. T h e complaint of the t w o farmers w a s probably directed against their neighbours, w h o prevented t h e m from crossing their properties. Cf. P . R y l . ii. 157 and the article of Taubenschlag, 'Das R e c h t auf doooos und e£o8os in den Papyri', Arch. viii. 25 sqq. T h e right t o pass across the neighbouring property was of great importance for the vine-dressers, because the reeds, which t h e y needed for training the vines, were cultivated in special plantations, t h e so-called KAAA/ICIAI (cf., for example, S P 18), situated s o m e t i m e s o n t h e banks of the Nile or its canals, far a w a y from the vineyard itself. Cf. Schnebel, Landwirtschaft, 254 s q q . ; C. Ricci, La
Cultura
delta
vite,
26.
28. 'e.g., T O V Ka.Xafi.ov <j>4pei.v rov 7RAPA8«x0«RA avrois i* r)pa>v ' (Edgar). I would prefer a restoration like t h i s : T O V KaXafiov 4pctv diro ri}s Siwpvyos. 29. On the irepixd>pa.Ta in the Zenon Papyri cf. Edgar, Introd. to P. Mich. Zen., p . 31. 30. 'In the lacuna m a y h a v e stood some such phrase as ira[petXi)
N o . 16. Fragment of a petition Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) .
1 1 x 10 cm.
Mid-third c e n t u r y B.C.
PCZ 59618 (pi. X I ) . LIT.: Chr. d'£gypte viii. 1 6 1 . A fragment of a petition p r o b a b l y addressed to the king (cf. Nos. 3 7 , 3 8 , 1 2 7 6 , 1 2 8 , 129).
^yioaovaKTov ] . S Xdftcovrai
LOOIOV[
7rapq[
77"Aeovd]/as" aTrairovfjievos ]avvrd£ai
OV[K auoolotocnv.
Zrjvcovi
e7uS]et£[a>ju.ei> T]
ere Kara(j>v\ycov rov
KOIVOV
oiopiai
ovv crov
r[ [ivrevtjccos
T7jv[
Trdv[rcov
acorrjpa
€L
(2nd h a n d ) a V d o r j e t A o v npos r)[j,ds (Translation.)
€v[rvx ]' Trepl rcov
OTTCOS
ey\KaXov\iivcov
. . . n i s a s n a k son of Iosios.
. . . l e t t h e m g e t f r o m . . . ( t h o u g h often) a s k e d for it, (refuses t o p a y . T h e r e fore I b e g y o u ) . . . t o o r d e r Z e n o n . . . l e t u s h a n d o v e r t h e p r o p e r t y m e n t i o n e d in t h e (petition) . . . or t h e v a l u e . . . a p p e a l i n g t o y o u , i m p a r t i a l s a v i o u r of all men. Farewell. (2nd h a n d ) S e n d h i m t o m e so t h a t (I m a y e x a m i n e him) a b o u t t h e a c c u s a t i o n s . B 2909
L
146
SECTION
I I : N O S . 16-17
1. 'The third letter might be £, b u t looks t o m e more like £ corrected t o a. There m a y h a v e been a letter between v and 1; if n o t , w e m u s t read T O U 'Ioolov preceded b y an indeclinable name ending in aovaK. T h e alternative, which seems t o m e preferable, is t o read ] v « r a s NO.KTOV[P]IOS 'Iov[oatos. Nanrovpis is a possible variant of NexOvpis, and w e k n o w t h a t J e w s sometimes bore E g y p t i a n names' (Edgar). M. O. Gu^raud w a s good enough t o read t h e papyrus again, b u t did n o t arrive a t a n y n e w conclusions. 'Je vois e x a c t e m e n t c o m m e Edgar . . . tout en reconnaissant que le facon d e couper les m o t s et de les interpreter e s t obscure. T o u t e conjecture e s t permise . . .' The space between v and t is quite clear on the photostat, and I see no traces of a letter that might have stood there. I think, there fore, that t h e reading TOV 'Ioaiov is more likely t o be correct than that given b y Edgar. T h e tran scription of the name l f P t W in the L X X is 'Iuoetas, 'Icwla, 'Icooias, b u t the use of o instead of o> in t h e papyrus cannot serve a s a n argument against t h e reading. I cannot explain the letters before rov. The spelling NaKrovpis instead o f Nexdvpts does n o t occur in the Zenon Papyri, a n d the name Nex^pis itself occurs only once (PCZ 59292). 3.
84op.au
ovv
oov
restored b y m e .
N o . 17. Fragment of an account Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) (?).
Mid-third century B.C.
P . Lond. i n v . 2378, frag. 1, verso (unpublished). T h i s little fragment is part of a p a p y r u s in the British Museum and is published here b y kind permission of Mr. T . C. S k e a t . In Col. I (not given here) there is mention of Greek and E g y p t i a n names which do not occur in the Palestinian lists (see a b o v e , N o . 2). So it is likely t h a t the T o u b i a s of this fragment has nothing to do w i t h his namesake from the A m m a n i t i s . T h e p a p y r u s derives probably from Philadelpheia in the F a y u m . Col. I I
Tovfiiai
[ ].. (Translation.)
T o Toubias
t w o . . . one(?) a n d
f.
S E C T I O N III
JEWISH SOLDIERS A N D MILITARY SETTLERS IN THE THIRD A N D SECOND CENTURIES B.C. T H E present section i n c l u d e s p a p y r i d e a l i n g w i t h J e w s in t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y . A l m o s t all t h e d o c u m e n t s are f r o m t h e F a y i i m : N o . 19 ( K r o k o d i l o p o l i s - A r s i n o e ) , N o . 21 (Kerkeosiris), N o s . 22 a n d 28 ( S a m a r e i a - K e r k e s e p h i s ) , N o . 23 ( A p i a s ) , N o . 24 ( T r i k o m i a ) , N o . 25 ( H e p h a i s t i a s ) , a n d N o s . 26, 29, a n d 30. N o . 18 is f r o m a v i l l a g e in H e r a k l e o p o l i s (a d i s t r i c t in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e F a y i i m ) , a n d N o . 24 m e n t i o n s a J e w i s h soldier w h o s e residence w a s in t h e s a m e district. O n l y one of t h e d o c u m e n t s ( N o . 27) is f r o m U p p e r E g y p t . J e w i s h soldiers, like all foreign soldiers in t h e P t o l e m a i c a r m y (see a b o v e , p p . 12 sq.), m a y b e g r o u p e d as m e n s e r v i n g in t h e r e g u l a r a r m y a n d t h o s e b e l o n g i n g t o t h e E p i g o n e . T h e former w e r e s t y l e d in t h e d o c u m e n t s ' J e w s ' f / o u S a t o i ) , w h e r e a s t o t h e l a t t e r t h e m o r e precise definition rrjs i-myovfjs w a s a t t a c h e d . W h e n a f u r t h e r m a r k of d i s t i n c t i o n w a s n e e d e d , t h e n a m e of t h e e p o n y m o u s officer in c h a r g e of t h e u n i t w a s a d d e d . F r o m N o . 24 w e c a n d r a w t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t J e w s s e r v e d in t h e i n f a n t r y (1. 12) as w e l l as in t h e c a v a l r y (1. 27). I n t h e p a p y r i there is n o r e c o r d of s e p a r a t e J e w i s h u n i t s , t h e d e t a c h m e n t of Molossos ( N o . 24) a n d t h e 1st h i p p a r c h y (ibid.) b e i n g w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t m i x e d u n i t s . A J e w i s h taktomisthos
is m e n t i o n e d in N o . 24 (and p e r h a p s in N o . 22, see n o t e s
a d l o c , 1. 6 ) ; t h e n a t u r e of t h i s office is still a m a t t e r of c o n t r o v e r s y , y e t i t s e e m s t h a t t h e raKropaadot. were officers p e r f o r m i n g s o m e s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n s in t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e a r m y , p e r h a p s as p a y m a s t e r s (see P r e i s i g k e , s . v . ; L e s q u i e r , Inst,
milit.
99 sq., 348 s q . ; LSJ,
Fachwdrterbuch,
s . v . ; U P Z 3 1 , 1. 3, n o t e (p. 225);
S P 37 (note t o 1. 27)). If D o s i t h e o s in N o . 24, 1. 26, w a s a J e w , w e s h o u l d h a v e a f u r t h e r i n s t a n c e of t h e e m p l o y m e n t of J e w s in a m i l i t a r y c a p a c i t y ; in t h i s case h e w o u l d b e s t y l e d 6 irpds rrji ovvrdgei,
or t h e like (the d u t y of s u c h e m
p l o y e e s w a s t o d i s t r i b u t e l a n d a m o n g t h e m i l i t a r y settlers). Y e t t h e case of D o s i t h e o s is d o u b t f u l . A n o t h e r c a v a l r y officer is t h e iTnaraT-qs
Irnrapxias
in
N o . 27. F u r t h e r , it m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t e v e r y J e w w h o r e c e i v e d a consider a b l e KXfjpos r a n k e d a m o n g t h e officers of t h e a r m y (as, for i n s t a n c e , t h e t w o J e w s in N o . 24,11. 26 sq., a n d p e r h a p s one or t w o in N o . 28, 11. 4 - 5 ) . I t m a y b e a d d e d t h a t a J e w i s h -qyepuov in t h e F a y i i m is k n o w n f r o m a n i n s c r i p t i o n ( S B 27). T h e J e w i s h soldiers w e r e w e a l t h y m e n in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h their c o m p a t r i o t s d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n I I .
L i k e all soldiers in t h e P t o l e m a i c r e g u l a r a r m y t h e y
r e c e i v e d l a n d h o l d i n g s (/cA%>oi), a n d it m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t in t h e process of time t h e y b e c a m e landowners w h o enjoyed a regular rent from their estates and b e q u e a t h e d t h e m t o their l e g a l heirs w i t h o u t t r o u b l e . I n N o . 23 w e h e a r of a J e w of t h e E p i g o n e o w n i n g a house w i t h a c o u r t a n d all a p p u r t e n a n c e s ; in N o . 24 t h e r e is m e n t i o n of t w o J e w i s h h o r s e m e n o w n i n g e s t a t e s of 80 a r o u r a i
SECTION
148 e a c h (oySorjKovrdpovpoi);
I I I : N O . 18
in N o . 28 w e g e t s o m e i d e a of a n u m b e r of c a t t l e o w n e d
b y m e m b e r s of a m i l i t a r y s e t t l e m e n t w h i c h w a s J e w i s h , p a r t l y or e n t i r e l y . N o w o n d e r t h a t t h e s e m e n , m o r e a c c u s t o m e d t o a p e a c e f u l e x i s t e n c e in t h e i r v i l l a g e s t h a n t o t h e a d v e n t u r o u s life of soldiers, w e r e a n x i o u s t o increase t h e i r i n c o m e s b y e v e r y m e a n s o p e n t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of P t o l e m a i c E g y p t . I t is n o t b y m e r e c h a n c e t h a t m a n y of our p a p y r i d e a l i n g w i t h J e w i s h soldiers are l e g a l d o c u m e n t s , s u c h as N o . 18 ( s e t t l e m e n t of c l a i m s b e t w e e n t w o persons, one b e i n g a J e w of t h e E p i g o n e ) ; N o . 20 (a l o a n m a d e b y a J e w of t h e E p i g o n e t o a n o t h e r ) ; N o . 23 (a l o a n u p o n m o r t g a g e , b o t h t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s b e i n g J e w s of t h e E p i g o n e ) ; No.
24 (a b u s i n e s s p a r t n e r s h i p b e t w e e n a J e w of t h e E p i g o n e a n d a
taktomisthos);
Jewish
cf. also N o s . 22 a n d 26. T h e l e g a l a s p e c t of t h e s e d o c u m e n t s w a s
d i s c u s s e d a b o v e in t h e P r o l e g o m e n a (p. 3 3 ) ; h e r e I s h o u l d like t o stress t h a t t h e s e d o c u m e n t s are v e r y i m p o r t a n t for t h e s t u d y of social a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s a m o n g t h e J e w i s h soldiers a n d settlers. The
p a p y r i g a t h e r e d in t h i s s e c t i o n c o n t a i n n e a r l y 90 n a m e s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e
p a t r o n y m i c s ) of J e w s , a m o n g t h e m a b o u t 25 p e r c e n t . H e b r e w n a m e s . O f t h e G r e e k n a m e s , n e a r l y a t h i r d are t h e o p h o r i c . A full s t a t i s t i c a l s u r v e y is i m p o s s i b l e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e f a c t t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l origin of persons m e n t i o n e d in N o s . 30 a n d 31 is s o m e t i m e s o b s c u r e . I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t n o E g y p t i a n n a m e s are r e c o r d e d a m o n g t h o s e of J e w i s h soldiers a n d settlers.
N o . 18. Deed of renunciation Phebichis (Herakleopolites).
F r . (a): 1 0 x 1 1 7 c m .
April 260 B.C.
P . H i b . 96. R o t h , 1 . L I T . : Wilcken, Arch. i v . 183. Bouche^Leclercq i v . 240 n. 3. Rabel, Sav. Ztsch. ibid. 3 4 1 . Schubart, GGA 1907, 282. Berger, Die Strafklauseln BL
i. 1 9 5 .
S e m e k a , Ptolem.
n . 4 ; 266 n . 2.
Prozessrecht
Oertel, Liturgie,
53 n. 3.
i, 1 9 1 3 , 207 s q . A c c o r d i , Studi
x x v i i . 335. Mitteis,
in den Papyri,
Mitteis, Grundz.
della
scuola
1 9 1 1 , 242 ( I n d e x ) .
53 n. 6.
papirologica,
J u s t e r , ii. 67,
iii. 26 n. 1 1 , 28.
Bilabel, Aeg. v . 161 s q . F u c h s , 50, 63, 83. T r a m o n t a n o , 21 s q . Hellebrand, Das " 3 - 395- Taubenschlag, 305 n. 4. L a u n e y , 544, 5 5 0 , 1 2 3 2 .
Prozesszeugnis,
n
A deed of renunciation (avyypa7)
dnoaTaaiov)
between Andronikos, a Jew(?) of the
E p i g o n e , and Alexander, son of Andronikos, a Jewish soldier on active service. W h e t h e r A l e x a n d e r w a s the son of the second p a r t y to the deed cannot be stated. T h e contract is drawn u p in the usual form of Ptolemaic ovyypacfxxl
ditoaraalov,
which
are a Hellenistic adaptation of a special k i n d of demotic contract. T h e p a p y r u s is b a d l y mutilated. T h o u g h the document is written in duplicate, the restoration of m a n y lines remains obscure.
[BatnXevovTos €TOVS
IJToXefxalov €KTOV
y
\e<j> lepetos—22 VOTJS
[84Xcf)ov—22
KO.I
T O V UToXepiaiov
K \ C U T O V vlov
i7roAe/XAT[OU]
CIKOGTOV
lett.—}lXe£d]v$pov
KCLI
Oecov A8eXcf>[cui]v,
Kavr)tf>6pov
Apai-
0cXalett.—[JLrjvos
LVTTOOTaOLOV
Ai\yarpov,
£fx
L
0€ 8[t]x t
T
°v
KCOLT[OV\.
crvyypar)
JEWISH [AvopoviKov
SOLDIERS AND MILITARY
'Iovoaiov
ZcolXov
ScKaviJKov.
i[(;e]a[Tco] [eireXdetv
tov eveKaXeaav pLrjS*
err* AXe^avSpov
fjLrjSefiidt
p,rj$ev6s TCOV
oiaXcXvadai
irpos
dXXrj-
i]ir*
eyJ/cA^a
AvSpovtKov
pir)
pwjo' dAAau
irapev-
irpoyeyo]voTcov
avTots
p.7)v6s AvCJTpOv]'
irpos dAA^Aov?
• ]?/?[.]
TOV
€TTl
€
6ir6[r]epgS
€T€-
€o8oS TCOI eiTLlTOpeVOp^eVCOL aKVpOS. .]T.
T
eirdvco xpovcov,
TCOV
ecos
[eTOVS €KTOV Kal €IKOOTOV Kal .].[.
dAA^Aoi]?
AXe£dv8pcot
iiTL(f>e[p]ovTds [n rrepl
e[y]i<Xr)iidTcov
[.
opLoXoyovoiv
AvSpovtKcoc
Se
yfVje/p avTcov
IO [pOV Tj
AvhpoviKov
irdv-
[T<X rd ey/cA^/Ltara irepl
[peoei
rov
149
fxerd
5 [ — 2 0 lett.—TCOV
Xovs
eViyovr/]? Kal AXegdvSpov
lett.—TTJS
TOV—15
SETTLERS
€*]KTCLCTaTCO [8* 6
€CTT[CO
}
eiri\iropev6p,ev\o\s coi edv [eireXdrjc—33
lett.—r) ov]y[yp]ar)
[tf>€pr)Tai.—24
lett.—fi,d]pTvp[es]'
rj8e
earco
Ky[pta
06
irajvTaxov
dv eirt-
Aiov\vcr68topos
XaXKioevs,
NIK6[8IO[S
KptOjlVL[r^s"?— 3 2 l e t t . — ] . 28
[dpLTTJS 15 [ — 3 5
lett.
lett.—]
Aico£dv8pov
BOLC6T[IOS
[TOV
e* lepecos—22
[avyypar)
X\ei\rovp\y6s>
Kal TOV vlov
J7roAe/xato]i;
Kal et/COCTl e t t . — A X e £ d v S p o v Kal decbv A]SeXcf>cov,
[vorjs &iXa8eXov—22 20
] K/?[. . ] - [ . ] V ^
AcovvaoScopos].
iTroAe/xatou TOV IlToXepialov <E]KTOV
€TOV[S
Trjs eiriyovfjs
'Epv-
.]KXCOVS
TTJS €7TiyOv[r}s XeiTOVpyOS,
[ — 1 0 lett.—ovyypaocf>vXa£ [BaaiXevovTos
ETpdrcov...
Z[COLXOV,
TCOV
OVTOI
CO\T7)S
lett.—pbrjvds AvoTpov,
Av8povtKov
airooTaalov
ejjit 0€f8txf>
Kavrjcj>6pov Apoi-
TOV
lett.—TTJ]S
TOV—15
K[CO]LTOV.
eiriyovrjs
KOL
AXe£dv8pov *I]ov8alov
Avopov[iKov
TOV
/xe[rd—20
lett.—TCOV]
8eKaviKov.
ZCOLXOV
opioXoyovaiv
BiaXeXvodat
irpos
dX[XrjXovs
irdvTa
rd
ey/cA^/xara
m?]/p[i] cov
eveKaXeaav dAA^Aot? TCOV
eirdvco xpdvcov, p,r) e£ [corto jury8'
Bpcoi in
[A]v8p OVLKOV
irapev\jpeaei 25 TCOV
Ka[l
pirjvos
eir*
AX^av[8po]v
/A77S' dAA[a>t virep
avTcov] eiTL(f>€po[vTds
TL
eyKXrjjpia
/rnSe/zjifai] irepl fJLrjOevds
ir[poyey]ovoTCOV Kal
Se Av8pov]iKcoi eireX\6eiv
AXe£dv-
avT[ots
irpos dAA^Aous'] eyK[Xr)p,aTcov ecos erovs
C]KTOV
eiKoarov A]voTpov.
7] T ecpooos TCOI
edv S[e eireXOrjL oiroTepos
] em TOV erepov
150
SECTION
e[7rt7ro/0€i>o/x]evcot
aKvpos
[..
I I I : N O S . 18-19
. . eoTco, eKretadrco
£]7nTTop€v6p,evo?
8' 6
SLedv
eWA[drji—33
lett.—r)
[fieprjTai.—24
ovyypacf>r) rjoe] Kvpla
lett.—fjudprvpes'
30 [Kpa>fivLTr)s—34
lett.—]
OSTOL
[ . . . . / c A e o u ? 'EpvOpLTrjs—28 [—48 l e t t . — ] Aico^dvopov [Aetrou/Dyds".—30
TCOV
XaXtaoevs,
ZcoiXov,
lett.—]corr]s
BoLcbrcos rrjs
ofi civ em-
rravraxov
CCTTCO
NL]K6^IOS
Aiovvaoocopos
Erpdrcoy rrjs
emyovrjs
Xeirovpyos,
€Tnyovrjs
lett.—avyypa\cf>ocf>vXa^
Aiovvaoocopos.
Verso:
35
[AvOpOVLKOv]
. . . . € T t . . . [
[-MAe^dVSpou]
&iXcovos
[A lovvooocbpov]
Erpdrcovos
(Translation.)
[A]lOVVGLOV [NiKOfSlov] [Ti\[Aoorpdrov
I n t h e 26th y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y t h e son of P t o l e m y a n d
his son P t o l e m y , . . . b e i n g priest of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i , t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g . . . , in t h e m o n t h D y s t r o s , a t P h e b i c h i s in t h e K o i t e ( t o p a r c h y ? ) . C o n t r a c t of r e n u n c i a t i o n b e t w e e n A n d r o n i k o s . . . of t h e E p i g o n e , a n d A l e x a n d e r son of A n d r o n i k o s , J e w , w i t h . . . of Z o i l o s ' t r o o p , nikos.
deka-
T h e y a g r e e t h a t t h e y h a v e s e t t l e d all t h e c l a i m s w h i c h t h e y m a d e a g a i n s t
e a c h o t h e r in f o r m e r t i m e s ; a n d A n d r o n i k o s h a s n o r i g h t t o p r o c e e d a g a i n s t A l e x a n d e r nor A l e x a n d e r against A n d r o n i k o s , nor m a y a n y other p a r t y on their b e h a l f b r i n g a n y c l a i m o n a n y p r e t e x t w i t h r e s p e c t t o a n y of t h e c l a i m s w h i c h t h e y m a d e a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r u p t o t h e 26th y e a r a n d t h e m o n t h D y s t r o s . If e i t h e r of t h e t w o p a r t i e s p r o c e e d a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r , b o t h t h e a c t of a g g r e s s i o n shall b e i n v a l i d for t h e p e r s o n m a k i n g it, a n d t h e a g g r e s s o r shall forfeit t o t h e i n j u r e d p a r t y a fine of . . . d r a c h m a i . T h i s c o n t r a c t is v a l i d w h e r e s o e v e r i t b e p r o d u c e d . . . . T h e w i t n e s s e s are N i k o b i o s , C h a l k i d i a n , D i o n y s o d o r o s , K r o m nian, . . ., all three . . .
. . . of Z o i l o s ' t r o o p , S t r a t o n son of
kles, E r y t h r i a n ( P ) ,
of t h e E p i g o n e , o n s p e c i a l d u t y , . . . son of D i o x a n d e r , B o e o t i a n of t h e
E p i g o n e , o n s p e c i a l d u t y . T h e k e e p e r of t h i s c o n t r a c t is D i o n y s o d o r o s . Verso: (Seals of) ( A n d r o n i k o s , A l e x a n d e r , D i o n y s o d o r o s ) ,
, Philon, Straton,
Dionysios, (Nikobios), Timostratos. 1. T h e usual prescript of t h e Ptolemaic documents mentioning t h e priests a n d priestesses of Alexander and t h e deified kings. S e e above, p . 33. 3. <2>ej3txts is a village of t h e Herakleopolite n o m e (see P . T e b t . 920,21). Whether KOJITTIS is a parallel E g y p t i a n n a m e t o Herakleopolites (it seems so from P . H i b . 78, where Kcjlrrjs is spoken of in the same w a y as 'Oivpvyxirrjs), or a n a m e of a roirapxla of Herakleopolites, is a matter for a special s t u d y . According t o E . v a n ' t D a c k , Chr. d'Egypte, xxiii, 1948, p p . 149 sq., it was a toparchy. 4. T h e lacuna is large enough for the restoration: [AvSpoviKov rod Setva 'Iovoalov TJ)S eiriyovjijs, y e t a name like AaKXr/moSiupov can also fill the g a p b e t w e e n AvhpojvlKov rod and rijs emyovijs, and it would be safer, therefore, t o abstain from a n y suggestion as t o the national origin of Andronikos. I t m a y also be emphasized that i n the case of both contracting parties being J e w s , w e might h a v e expected t h a t at least a number of the witnesses would be J e w s a s well (cf. N o . 22, 1. 6 , note). Y e t in t h e present document all the witnesses seem t o be of Greek origin.
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND
MILITARY
SETTLERS
4-5. It results clearly from fierd &c. t h a t Alexander had a partner, w h o served in the detachment of Zoilos (Bilabel, Aeg. v . 161 sq.). H e was a SeKavixos, the holder of a military post, apparently in t h e cavalry. Cf. Lesquier, Inst. mil. 91 sq., 347; P . T e b t . 811. 14; 815, fr. 2, recto, col. I I , 1 ; ibid. fr. 7, 2 8 - 9 5 1 , 1. 9. 'The word following 6ir6\j]epos is not avrcbv . . . It is quite possible t h a t . . . onortpos was written twice over b y mistake' (Edd.). 1 0 . ' aKvpos eoTut would be expected . . . ; but the traces at the beginning of the line are inconsistent with os..: (Edd.). 11. Restored according t o BL i. 195 (cf. Berger, Strafklaus. 50, n. 2). 12. Restored according t o BL i. 195 (cf. Schubart, GGA, 1907, 283). 13 sqq. It was suggested b y the editors (cf. Mitteis, Grundz. 53) that the names of seven witnesses stood in 11.12 sqq. and 29 sqq., instead of the six usually needed for a ovyypa<pr) igap.dpTvpos. W e m a y d o u b t whether t h e y are right. I t is quite usual in the papyri for the signatures, n a m e s of witnesses, t h e s u m m i n g u p , &c. t o be placed at some distance from the left margin of the papyrus, so that t h e t o p of the document is filled only on the right side. From 11. 12 and 29 it m a y be inferred t h a t our docu m e n t , t o o , was written in this w a y . Here the editors estimated the length of the lacuna as containing 24 letters; it is obvious, however, t h a t nothing could stand between im(f>eprirai, which closes the preceding sentence, and p.dprvpes which opens the n e x t . If we suggest, therefore, that lines 12-16, as well as 29-33, written at a distance of c. 25 letters from the left margin, t h e space will be just large enough to include the names of the usual six witnesses. T h e n a m e s of five witnesses and a fragment of a sixth are preserved on the verso, and the editors point out that the n a m e of D i o n y s o doros t h e ovyypo.(j>o(j>v\a£ is not a m o n g t h e m . T h e y restored t h e n a m e of Dionysodoros, a s well a s t h e names of both contracting parties, Andronikos and Alexander, in the left margin. Bilabel, Aeg. v . 161 sq., suggests that the n a m e of the u n k n o w n partner of Alexander stood in the left margin together with the names of the contracting parties, whereas the name of Dionysodoros stood at t h e head of t h e second column of the verso, where the letters e n alone were read b y the editors. T h a t m a y be correct, but it cannot be proved. I reprint, therefore, the verso without changing the order of the n a m e s , according to the editio princeps of the papyrus. w
e
r
e
13. T h e editors take OVTOI as 'the termination of some military title not found elsewhere in these papyri'. I prefer to read O J T O I as referring to the three witnesses, all belonging t o the d e t a c h m e n t of Zoilos and being probably t h e representatives of A l e x a n d e r ; t h e remaining three were invited b y Andronikos t o serve as witnesses. W e h a v e a n instance of such a division of the witnesses b e t w e e n the contracting parties, for example, in N o . 1. Verso. See the c o m m e n t a r y to 11. 13 sqq.
N o . 19. A trial before the Court of Ten Krokodilopolis ( F a y u m ) .
226 B.C.
P . Petrie 3. 21(g). M. Chr. 2 1 . P . Gurob 2. S P 256. L I T . : Grenfell-Hunt in P . H i b . 1, p p . 165-7 and 376 (36). Wilcken, Arch. iii. 514. Bouche-Leclercq iv. 240. Schubart, Arch. v . 67 n. 1, 68 n. 2, 112 n. 3. Mitteis, Sav. Ztschr. x x i x . 470. Fliniaux, Nouv. Rev.
hist, x x x i i i . 535 sq.
x i v , 1912, 521 sqq. u.
ro'm.
Agypten,
1922,
BL
vi. 459 s q q . ; vii. 289 sq.
Zucker, Beitrdge
Dikaiomata,
204 sqq.
z. Kenntnis
Druffel, Krit.
Vierteljahresschr.
der Gerichlsorganisation
Juster, ii. 31 n. 2
inptol.
63 n. 1, 1 1 0 n. 3.
P.
p . 259. N e p p i Modona, Aeg. iii. 38. Segre, Aeg. viii. 293 sqq. Wilcken, Arch.
ii. 2, 72.
127 sq.
x v i . 29.
1 9 1 1 , 43 sqq.
Meyer, Jur. Pap., 69 sqq.
P . M. Meyer, Klio,
J o n e s , JRS
E d g a r , Recueil
F u c h s 5 1 , 83,
91
n.
d'£tudes
1.
egyptologiques
S c h o n b a u e r , Beitr.
dediees
zur
a la
Geschichte
Memoire
d.
de
M.
vii.
Champollion,
Liegenschaft-Rechtes,
1924, 90. B e v a n , 162. Tramontano, 22. Seidl, Ptolemdische Rechtsgesch. 21 n. 5, 25 n. 2, 26 n n . 9, 1 0 ; 34, 85 n. 4. Wolff, TAP A lxxii, 1941, 432 n. 44. Taubenschlag, 9 n. 34, 369 n. 27, 388 n. 1, 397 n. 1. L a u n e y , 545, 1232 sq. T h i s p a p y r u s is the official report of a session of a Greek court, k n o w n as the
'Court
of Ten', in Krokodilopolis-Arsinoe in the F a y u m . T h e report was written twice b y scribe, as were all the protocols of this court (P. Petr. 3. 21 a-f,
cf. M. Chr.
the
3), but till
152
SECTION
I I I : N O . 19
1 9 2 1 only the first c o p y w a s known (P. Petr. 3 . 2 1 g = M . Chr. 2 1 ) , and unfortunately it was the b a d l y written one. T w o fragments of the second copy, preserved as well, were too small to be of a n y help in solving all the complicated questions connected w i t h the interpretation of the t e x t . O n l y the discovery of the greater part of the second c o p y and its publication b y S m y l y in P . G u r o b 2 ( 1 9 2 1 ) prepared the ground for a more detailed interpretation; y e t even now the whole t e x t cannot be reconstructed, the middle part of the document being b a d l y mutilated in both copies. In his publication of P . Gurob 2 , S m y l y enclosed in square brackets all the words lost in the second b u t preserved in the first c o p y , and printed in smaller t y p e the conjectural restorations. T h e t e x t printed below is based on the edition of E d g a r a n d H u n t in S P 2 5 6 , which is a combination of b o t h copies: the conjectural restorations only, i.e. words lost in both copies, are enclosed in square brackets. T h e lines 2 2 - 2 5 , omitted in S P , are printed here in accordance w i t h P . Gurob 2 . T h e late Professor S m y l y w a s good enough to answer some questions as to the reading of some doubtful words; his answers are indicated in the notes b y ' S m y l y , 1 9 4 8 ' , whereas ' S m y l y ' alone refers to his com m e n t a r y in P . G u r o b 2 . I also approached Mr. S k e a t over some chronological difficul ties arising from different dates given in the t w o copies; cf. the note to 1. 1 1 . The whole document m a y be divided into four p a r t s : ( 1 ) 11. 1 - 6 : the date of the session and the names of the j u d g e s ; (2) 11. 6 - 1 2 : the object of the session (a trial between Dositheos, a J e w of the Epigone, and Herakleia, a Jewess, according to a prostagma of the strategos submitting the trial t o the Court of T e n ) ; (3) 11. 1 2 - 3 5 the indictment (ey/cXr^ta) brought b y Dositheos against Herakleia; (4) 11. 3 5 - 4 9 : the examination of the documents handed over to the court b y Herakleia, and the sen tence of the court. F r o m this brief s u m m a r y it is evident t h a t the main interest of the documents is w i t h purely juridical questions, such as the competence of the Court of T e n and the l i k e ; most valuable information is g i v e n in 11. 4 2 sqq., where the king's 8iaypdfxfi,ara, the VOXITIKOI vofioi, and the judges' own yvcop.r} are named as the basic principles for the decisions to be taken b y the court. Since the competence of the Court of T e n and the meaning of ITOXITIKOI vofioi are matters of controversy, it is not at all surprising t h a t the literature on our document should be abundant, as m a y be seen from the rather long (but b y no means complete) list of works cited above. F o r our purpose, the main interest of the document lies in the fact t h a t the trial between a J e w and a Jewess is brought not before a Jewish b u t before a Greek tribunal. O n this question see above, p p . 3 3 sq. :
BaaiXevovros erovs
[/TroJAe/xcuoi; T O V IJroXeyiaiov £[' lepecos]
T O V ovros
£v
Kal M.pcnv6r]s
AXetjavhpetai
decov
HoeXtptbv
AXe^dvhpov
Kal
Occov
£v
AXe^-
tov Kal
Evep[y€T]cov,
Kavr)tf>6pov
Apoiv6r)S
rrjs
0iXa8eX
ovtrqs
avopelat, firjvos
Avarpov
Kfi,
iy
KpoKohlXatv
TTOXCL
TOV
Apaivotrov
vofiov,
errl
Trpo[eSpov] 5 ZrjvodefjuSos,
ALOjirjbrjs,
hiKaoTal
UOXVKXTJS,
AvSptov,
@€otf>dvr)s,
Macdv-
Bpios, £ooviKos,AioTp€r}s. Trapd
ApiaTOfidxov
KadioavTos TOV
irpos
r)p,asIJoXvSevKov TTJL
T O V elaayoayeojs
OTparrvyLai
TOV
ApoivoiTov
Kara
TO
vop.[ov
Terjay/Jievov ypatf>€V avTtdt,
TrpoaTayjxa,
ofi eoTtv dvTiypat\>ov
rdSe*
'IloXvS[evK€L
xaipziv.
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND
MILITARY
SETTLERS
153
rov j8ao*tAe'a S t d evrev^ecos r) *HpaKXeia Kadio[at avrrji Karopi 10 oavras irdvras SiKaoras irXrjv cov dv eKarepos etjavaorrjorji / c a r d B ypap,_ jxa. (erovs) Ka Avorpov is" Ilaxcov 16.' rdBe eyvcojxev ire[pl StVqs eypdifjaro T)£ICOK€V
TTJS
TO
TTJS
AcooLBeos
'HpaKXeiai
/card
ey/cA^tta
TO
,
'idcuo t[0€os
TOBC
>
i
]tou
IovBaios
rrjs eiriyovrjs *HpaKXeiai AiooBorov ' / o u S a t a t Kad[d aaVTr)v yirrjygpeyoqs, [ o r t Ka (erovs) pirjvds] IJepiriov K/3, eloigyrgs ifiov 15 dXXcOV AlTlCOVOS [ d]7TO XeyopLeVTJS IJaovrios oiKias, rj eoriv ey KpoKoBiXcov [iroXei TOV Apoiv]ot[rov\ v[op direvavn Xeyopievrjs IJaovrios oiKias /X[ , irapa]yevop,e els TOV
T€
KOL
€V
TTJL
TTJS
TTJS
TOV
TOV
roirov
TOVTOV
pera
KaXXiirirov
cj>afjL€vr] p,e eiprjKeval 20
yvvaiKa,
dva(3oXrjs
TTJS
[KOL
]ires
[KaXXiirirov
TOV irp]oyeypapifji€vov
ecos
[eirinpicovTcov
orov
r\e
aoi
vfipiolfievos TO
dv[
lett.—iroXXd]Kis
KaXXiirircoi [—30
irap]6vrcov
lett.—]
Std S [ i / c d £ o ] / z a i [001
(Spaxpicov)
o.
ripirjpia
TTJS
Kara(Bpaxpiax)
BIKTJS
[..].
S e ] Kal ]at Std
e y / c A ^ / x a T o ^ ] ro£»Se ev[
TOV
(erovs)
]ro/xat.
Ka,
[<¥' [lepecos raX4o\Tov AXe^dvBpov Kal decbv ABeXcbv Ka [Evepyercbv, Kav]r)6pov Apoivorjs &iXaBeXov BepeviKrjs rrjs Ucoo puTjvds [IJepiriov K]S". r) S e crot ypac\>r\oer ai ev BiKaorr^picoi TOV
30
[COGTC
irer [ — 1 7 l e t t . — ] y /xe
vj8/>t£oi;<7a[.].. . [ — 3 0 l e t t . — ]
v\f$piv
lett.—TT)V
eXoiBoprjoas
j8[—17 l e t t . — T C O V Se
[ — 1 4 l e t t . — ] a €7T€fxapTvpdpi7jly] [..—9
eirrvoas
OVTCOS
lp,ariov
TOV
a[-—25
KOI
25 [ — 8 lett.—SteTe]Ae'cra> ov
ov
St[oVi [—23 l e t t . — ]
epiov S e o-e dvTiXoiSopovvTos
Aaj8o/xe'[v77 p,]ov
KOI
av
TOV
irpos Tivas
BIKTJ
TCOI
TCO
o v r t ev TCOI
[[Si/cacrT77/ota>t]] Ka
Apoivotrrji vopicbi
od
eloaycoyevs
IIoXv8e[vKr)s
(erovs)
p,rj-
vos TIepiriov [. .], Kal eyKXrjpia e ^ e t ? KXrjOeioa evcoiria' Kkryropes tf>dvr)s ©pai^ rcbv eirepycov, Zcbirvpos Uvjjipidxov IJeporjs TO
NIKIOV
35
rrjs
eiriyovrjs.
(iev
[[avrov]\
'
TOVTOV
ov irapovros
S e rov
eyKXrjp,aros
Kal ovre
ovros
rov ypairrov
[f$ov\Xop,evov K[arrjyjopeiv, 'HpaKXeias riBov
40
rov
IJpcoreov
Adrjvaiov
rrjs eiriyovrjs
Kal
Xoyov Se
AcooiOeov depievov
ovre
irapovorjs piera
Kvpiov
KOI d / x a re
ypairrov Xoyov depievrjs Kal ra SiKaicbpiarafiovXopievrjsre dirorrjv SiKrjv, eireiSr) Kal hidypapipia, o Kal irapeSoro ev rots BiKaicopiaoiv r) 'HpaKXeia, ovvrdooei Kal oiKa^eiv [
Aoyetor#at
TO
Apio-
SECTION
154 Kcbs, oaa p,ev eV rots yeypafxfieva
[xrj ear iv £v rots 45 rd TOV? vofiovs, [. .] avvrdaaei, [TOJV
[rov
fiaoiXecos
rj eix^avL^rji
Xoyov
rd
aXX Iv rols
Siaypdp,p,aaLV
r) Kqjrjygpety
Kpive\rcoaav
vopiocs,
TTOXVTIKOIS
rd 8' dAAa yvcbfirjt, rrji oiKaiordrrji eKarepos
€1877(1)
S i a y p d / x / x a r a , oaa
ypair-
r) d7ro8ex[e]o-0ai r)oa{d}acrOai
d7reoiKaaa[/,ev
Ka-
[KXTJOCV-
ovv avrcbv fir) ^ovXrj[raL
doLKrjaai,
re
[
edv S e dpitporepcov rcov dvrioiKOJV
deadai]
(Translation.)
IlroXepiaLOV
TLS 'rjfitv, Kara
hiaypdfip,aaiv
iv rcdi hiKaar\y]pioii
[
I I I : N O . 19
[
rr)[v hl,Kr)V.
I n t h e 22nd y e a r of t h e reign of P t o l e m y , son of P t o l e m y a n d
A r s i n o e , g o d s A d e l p h o i , t h e priest of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e g o d s E u e r g e t a i a n d t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g t h o s e officia t i n g in A l e x a n d r i a , t h e 22nd of t h e m o n t h D y s t r o s , a t K r o k o d i l o p o l i s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e , u n d e r t h e p r e s i d e n c y of Z e n o t h e m i s , t h e j u d g e s b e i n g D i o m e d e s , Polykles, A n d r o n , Theophanes, Maiandrios, Sonikos, Diotrephes. Polydeukes, t h e clerk of t h e c o u r t , h a v i n g c o n s t i t u t e d u s in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e order s e n t t o h i m b y A r i s t o m a c h o s , a p p o i n t e d s t r a t e g o s of t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e , of w h i c h t h i s is a c o p y : ' T o P o l y d e u k e s g r e e t i n g . H e r a k l e i a h a s r e q u e s t e d t h e k i n g in her p e t i t i o n t o f o r m a n d s w e a r in a c o u r t for h e r of all t h e j u d g e s e x c e p t s u c h as either p a r t y may
challenge
in
accordance
with
the
regulations.
Year
21, D y s t r o s
16,
Pachon 19.' W e h a v e g i v e n j u d g m e n t as b e l o w in t h e a c t i o n b r o u g h t b y D o s i t h e o s a g a i n s t Herakleia according to the following
indictment:
' D o s i t h e o s son of . . . , J e w of t h e E p i g o n e , t o H e r a k l e i a d a u g h t e r of D i o s d o t o s , J e w e s s , as y o u in y o u r . . . of y o u r s e l f d e c l a r e d ( P ) , (I state) t h a t on P e r i t i o s 22 of y e a r 2 1 , as I w i t h o t h e r persons w a s e n t e r i n g t h e . . . of A p i o n . . . f r o m t h e soc a l l e d h o u s e of P a s y t i s w h i c h is in K r o k o d i l o p o l i s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e o p p o s i t e t h e so-called h o u s e of P a s y t i s t h e . . ., y o u c a m e t o t h a t p l a c e w i t h K a l l i p p o s t h e . . . a n d a b u s e d m e s a y i n g t h a t I h a d t o l d c e r t a i n p e r s o n s t h a t ( y o u are a . . . ) w o m a n , a n d o n m y a b u s i n g y o u in r e t u r n y o u n o t o n l y s p a t o n m e b u t seizing t h e l o o p of m y m a n t l e . . . m e a n d . . . u n t i l . . . a n d t h e said K a l l i p p o s . . . as t h e people present r e b u k e d y o u a n d K a l l i p p o s . . . y o u ceased y o u r insults . . . t o w h i c h I h a v e b o r n e w i t n e s s . W h e r e f o r e I b r i n g a n a c t i o n of a s s a u l t a g a i n s t y o u for 200 d r a c h m a i , t h e a s s e s s m e n t of d a m a g e s b e i n g . . . d r a c h m a i . A n d as t h e a s s a u l t e d p a r t y I b y t h i s i n d i c t m e n t . . . T h e 21st y e a r , t h e priest of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e g o d s E u e r g e t a i b e i n g G a l e s t e s son of P h i l i s t i o n , t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g B e r e n i k e d a u g h t e r of Sosipolis, t h e 26th of t h e m o n t h P e r i t i o s . T h e case w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d a g a i n s t y o u in t h e c o u r t s i t t i n g in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e , of w h i c h P o l y d e u k e s is t h e clerk, o n P e r i t i o s . . . of t h e 21st y e a r , a n d y o u h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e i n d i c t m e n t a n d h a v e b e e n p e r s o n a l l y s u m m o n e d , t h e w i t n e s s e s of t h e s u m m o n s b e i n g . . . p h a n e s son of N i k i a s , T h r a c i a n , official e m p l o y e e , Z o p y r o s son of S y m m a c h o s , P e r s i a n of t h e E p i g o n e . ' W h e r e a s t h i s w a s t h e i n d i c t m e n t , a n d D o s i t h e o s n e i t h e r a p p e a r e d in person nor p u t i n a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t nor w a s w i l l i n g t o p l e a d his c a s e ; a n d w h e r e a s H e r a k l e i a a p p e a r e d w i t h h e r g u a r d i a n A r i s t i d e s son of P r o t e a s , A t h e n i a n of t h e
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
A N D MILITARY
SETTLERS
155
E p i g o n e , a n d p u t in b o t h a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t a n d j u s t i f i c a t o r y d o c u m e n t s , a n d w a s also w i l l i n g t o d e f e n d h e r c a s e ; a n d w h e r e a s t h e c o d e of r e g u l a t i o n s w h i c h w a s h a n d e d in b y H e r a k l e i a a m o n g t h e j u s t i f i c a t o r y d o c u m e n t s d i r e c t s u s t o g i v e j u d g m e n t in a . . . m a n n e r o n all p o i n t s w h i c h a n y p e r s o n k n o w s or s h o w s u s t o h a v e b e e n d e a l t w i t h i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n s of k i n g P t o l e m y , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d o n a l l p o i n t s w h i c h are n o t d e a l t w i t h in t h e r e g u l a t i o n s , b u t in t h e c i v i c l a w s , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e l a w s , a n d o n a l l o t h e r p o i n t s t o follow t h e m o s t e q u i t a b l e v i e w ; b u t w h e n b o t h p a r t i e s h a v e b e e n s u m m o n e d b e f o r e t h e c o u r t a n d o n e of t h e m is u n w i l l i n g t o p u t i n a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t or p l e a d h i s c a s e or a c k n o w l e d g e defeat(?) . . . h e s h a l l b e j u d g e d g u i l t y of i n j u s t i c e ; w e h a v e dismissed
t h e case.
2. erovs KJ8. On the chronological question see note to 1. n . 4. Krokodilopolis is another n a m e for Arsinoe, the metropolis of the F a y u m . Cf. P . Tebt. ii, p . 370. 5 sq. Only eight judges (including t h e president) are mentioned, t w o others being presumably challenged b y Herakleia and withdrawn (cf. 1. 10). 8. Ilo\v[oevKei ^ a t ' p e t v ] S m y l y ; TIoXv[8evKei. fierd rd Xonrd] or the like, Wilcken (Arch. vii. 70; cf. BL ii. 2, 72). It m a y be pointed out (against Wilcken) t h a t there is n o evidence that t h e idioms p.erd rd Xonrd or fied' erepa, m u c h in use in t h e R o m a n period, were similarly used in t h e Ptolemaic period. 9. Ka6ia[at avriji Karop.6]oavras. Restored b y m e ; Kadio[ai dfiojaavras S m y l y . My restoration is based on P . Frankf. 7. 18: naOioai p.01 xprjp.a.Tiards. For Karofivvvai see P . E n t . 34. 13. 11. (erovs) KO. Avorpov IJaxdiv id. 'There are a t least t w o mistakes in t h e date' ( S m y l y ) : one in the number of years (here 21st, in P . Petr. probably 22nd; cf. also the 22nd year in 1. 2), the other i n the n a m e of the m o n t h (here TJax^v, in P . Petr. IJavvt). Since t h e date here is D y s t r o s 16, Y e a r 21, whereas the session of the court takes place on D y s t r o s 22, Year 22 (cf. 11. 2 and 4), and since it cannot be assumed that a whole year elapsed between t h e TTp6orayp.a of t h e strategos a n d t h e session of the court, t h e change of t h e year from D y s t r o s 16 t o 22 w a s eventually suggested b y S m y l y (p. 12). I approached Mr. Skeat for t h e solution of this enigma. I n his answer Mr. Skeat drew m y attention t o t h e solution suggested i n Edgar's article in Recueil Champollion, 1922, p p . 127 s q . I give here t h e brief summary of this article a s formulated recently b y Mr. Skeat in JEA x x x i v , 1948, p . 76: 'Edgar has convincingly argued . . . that the true date is (regnal) Year 21, D y s t r o s 16 = P a y n i 19, Year 22 in t h e cursive copy being t h e financial year, a n d P a c h o n in t h e fair copy a slip for P a y n i . T h e correct equation is t h u s : Regnal year 21, D y s t r o s 16 = P a y n i 19 = A u g u s t 3, 226 B.C.' Edgar explains the errors in the numbering of the years b y the fact that the 21st regnal year almost com pletely coincided, a t this period, with the 22nd financial year. I n accordance with Edgar's suggestion and with the very valuable remarks of Mr. Skeat in his letter t o m e , I venture t o reconstruct the whole course of events as follows. (1) T h e clash between Dositheos a n d Herakleia: Year 21, Peritios 22 ( 1 . 1 4 ) . (2) Enklema
of D o s i t h e o s : Y e a r 21, P e r i t i o s 26 ( 1 . 31). (3) Date
originally
fixed
for
trial:
Y e a r 21,
end of Peritios = J u l y 226 B.C. (4) Date of prostagma: Year 21, D y s t r o s 16 = P a y n i 19 = 3 August 226. (5) Date of protocol: Year 21, D y s t r o s 22 = 9 August 226. It seems t o b e strange that t h e court gives its j u d g m e n t 'in t h e action brought b y Dositheos against Herakleia', whereas the rrp6orayp.a of t h e strategos speaks, on t h e contrary, of a plaint of Herakleia against Dositheos. Y e t w e c a n assume t h a t immediately after t h e enklema w a s brought b y Dositheos against Herakleia, accusing her of having caused him a loss of 200 drachmai, a counter charge was laid b y Herakleia against Dositheos, claiming that s h e had been insulted b y h i m . T h i s countercharge was written in the form of an evrevgis and addressed, as usual, t o the strategos. T h e examination of the evrevgis b y the strategos was presumably the reason w h y the date originally fixed for the trial (the end of Peritios) was postponed for nearly three weeks. T h e court was obliged, in t h e end, t o consider t h e claims of both sides a t once, a n d there is n o need t o suppose t h a t there were t w o sessions of t h e court, o n e considering t h e plaint of Dositheos a n d t h e second examining t h e countercharge of Herakleia, with a n interval of 13 m o n t h s (so E . Meyer, Arch. Beiheft ii, 1925, p p . 20-21), or nearly a m o n t h (so S m y l y in P . Gurob 2, p . 13), between t h e m . 13.
dio...rov
( P . Petr. iii. 21^);
Aiodvrov
(Mitteis);
Aioohorov
( S m y l y ) . T h e reading of Mitteis is
SECTION
156
I I I : N O S . 19-21
considered a s 'impossible' b y S m y l y (1948); y e t AIOOSOTOV is regarded a s 'very doubtful t o o ' b y Ed.-H, 14. KaTtjyopijoas S m y l y ; «5irjjyd/>euo-as(?)Ed.-H. imovros S m y l y ; elaiovros E d . - H . 'The writing is so cursive and illegible t h a t correct reading is largely guesswork' ( S m y l y , 1948). 20. atare omitted b y E d . - H . 22-25. These lines are omitted b y E d . - H . 27. Ti/ioD/*ai rrjv vjfipiv (opa-xp-ajv) a: Wilcken, Arch. x . 247 (BL ii. 2, 72). 28. €v[emoKi)ir]TOiiai
Smyly.
31. nyvos [TlepiTiov tcjg. Restored b y m e . T h e restoration necessarily follows from t h e date of the assault (Peritios 22) and t h e date originally fixed for t h e trial (end of Peritios). 34. T h e real meaning of enepyos (assistant? e m p l o y e e ? ) is n o t clear. 36. oi napovros. This non-appearance of D o s i t h e o s a t t h e trial w a s interpreted b y some scholars as referring t o t h e session a t t h e end of Peritios and s o g a v e rise t o t h e suggestion of t w o separate sessions of t h e court (see the note t o 1. 11). Y e t I see n o reason against applying this non-appearance of Dositheos t o the session of Dystros 22. 37. [..]yopevoy T [ . . .]opTjv S m y l y . T h e reading adopted a b o v e is that of E d . - H . S m y l y (1948) re marks o n this reading: 'possible, but fragment of first letter is more like r than A \ 38. I t seems strange that a n 'Athenian of t h e Epigone' is acting here as a KVPIOS of a Jewess, the KvpLoi being a s a rule chosen from a m o n g t h e near relatives of the w o m e n (see a b o v e , p . 34). Y e t it m u s t be remembered that this 'Athenian' belongs t o the Epigone, i.e. was born in E g y p t , and since Herakleia, t o o , probably belonged t o a family connected w i t h t h e a r m y , t h e surprising affinity of an Athenian and a Jewess is d u e , perhaps, t o a long acquaintanceship between t w o families, 41. avvo[r"\t)oai S m y l y ; avvrdaoet E d . - H . ; ' avvrdoaei is possible' ( S m y l y , 1948). 42. For oiaypdfifiaTa see n o t e t o N o . 2 3 , 1 . 20. 44. For noXtTiKol vofiot see literature t o this p a p y r u s ; cf. a b o v e , p . 33, note 85. 48 oprjv S m y l y ; 1} Karriyopelv Ed.—H. oydaodai S m y l y (for avvloTaoOai); •qaro(0)ao6at. Ed.—H. 'The beginning of the line is so smudged that I cannot express an o p i n i o n : in the supposed -r)oo(6)doBcu I think it unlikely that 0, which is t h e clearest letter, could have been inserted b y m i s t a k e : and t h e meaning is n o t w h a t is required. T h e t w o expressions in 11. 36 sqq. show that the three points in t h e law m u s t h a v e been t o be present, t o produce written d o c u m e n t s , and t o p l e a d : b u t t o 'acknowledge defeat' cannot h a v e been part of the law' ( S m y l y , 1948).
N o . 20. A deed of loan Tebtynis ( F a y u m ) .
228-221 B.C.
P . Tebt. 815, fr. 2, R e c t o , Col. I I , 11. 1 7 - 2 2 . L I T . : P r e a u x , Chr.
d'lzgypte,
1 1 , 1936,
129.
P r i n g s h e i m , Greek
Law
of Sale,
375
n.
1.
Launey,
545, 550, 1234. P . T e b t . 8 1 5 is a long p a p y r u s containing a collection of abstracts of contracts from T e b t y n i s . See for such abstracts the introduction of the editors and Wilcken,
Arch.
xi. 1 5 1 . I n most cases the abstracts refer to deeds of loan, sale, and lease. I quote here some lines from fragment 2 dealing w i t h Jews. I t is an abstract of a contract of loan drawn u p between t w o J e w s of the E p i g o n e w i t h the stipulation of the usual interest of 2 per cent, per month.
l£.
€0
. t o ? '/pySfajffcoJt
^aA/cou Itrovofiov 20
AqaqiTfis
(Spaxfxas)
prj
TTJS TOKOV
iTT^yOvfjs)
TTJS
iiTLyoyfjs (opaxp,ds)
pt? [—19 l e t t . — ] a » r p y / x . v . e
t S . . .ta)t ovyypa(f>ovAa£ puo(dds)
(reT/3c6j8oAov?)
j8 Kard [
Aa)oLQe\os f[
fjurjva
[
JEWISH (Translation.) son of
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
157
M o u s a i o s son of S i m o n , J e w of t h e E p i g o n e , h a s l e n t t o L a s a i t e s
I z . . . i s , J e w of t h e E p i g o n e , 108 d r a c h m a i of c o p p e r a t p a r , w i t h i n
t e r e s t a t 2 d r a c h m a i p e r m o n t h . . . K e e p e r of t h e c o n t r a c t , D o s i t h e o s . C h a r g e 4 oboloi. 17. t £ — t h e 17th of an u n k n o w n m o n t h . T h e name MovaaTos is sometimes interpreted as a Greek equivalent for the Hebrew Moses (so Kronert i n Stud. Pal. ii, p . 43). Y e t 'Moses' is one of the rarest Biblical n a m e s , at a n y rate till the fourth century A.D., used only exceptionally in the Talmud (b. B a b a Bathra 174ft, b . 'Arakhin 23a) and in inscriptions (Oehler, N o s . 4,109; C I J N o . 713/4). See o n the use of Biblical names a b o v e , p p . 83 sq. Thus it is more likely t h a t Movaaios here is the well-known Greek n a m e . I t w a s frequently used b y Greeks in E g y p t (see, for example, S P 279, where Mousaios is head of a g y m n a s i u m ) . 18. Aao-aiTTji '/£«.. .10s. B o t h names are mutilated. T h e name Aaaalrrfs is u n k n o w n t o m e . 21. T h e keeper of the contract, Dositheos, is n o doubt a J e w t o o . I t m a y be presumed that all t h e witnesses (whose names are omitted in the abstract) were Jews. See note t o N o . 2 2 , 1 . 6.
N o . 21. Notification of a robbery Apollonias ( F a y u m ) .
20th August, 210 B.C.
P . Gurob 8. Goodspeed and Colwell 56. S P 334. Lit.: Schnebel, Landwirtschaft, 167 n . 4, 275, 278, 280. L a u n e y , 545, 1234. A report to Amosis, the scribe of the village Apollonias, from Herakon, the super intendent of the property of Peitholaos, concerning a robbery in the v i n e y a r d of Peitholaos (a similar event is recorded in P . Reine E l i s a b . 7 1 5 4 , Chr. d'£gypte
xvii,
1942, 287 sqq.). T h e report begins in 1. 6, five preceding lines containing a memorandum from Amosis to Teos, the fiacriXiKos ypaixfiarevs. A l l three robbers were J e w s of
the
Epigone.
( 1 s t h a n d ) ("Erovs) (2nd h a n d ) [A]fj,Loais [ro]v
VTr(6p.vr)p,a) Tecot j8a(oxAt/cau) yp(a[Xfxaret). Kcoixoypapiixarevs ATroXXiovidhos Tecot xatpetv.
tj8 'ETrelif)
oodevros
1.
rjfxtv
TrpoaayyeXptaros
Trap
* HpaKcbvros
rod
TrpO€aT7][K\oTo[s [r]cdv
IJetdpXdov
vrroreOeiKa
aoi
TO
eppcoao, 5
[Tr]pocr[d]yyeXpLa Sos
rr)v
et
ifi 'Eirelcf)
Kcbptrjs
6.
AiroXXcovid'
rov
Trapdheiaov
rov
Trpoyeypafifievov
eTreXdovres TleiOo-
o[yra
Trpoyeypapi[ievrjv Ktbp/rjv 0e6<j>iXos Aaicrideov,
arltov 10
(erovs)
rcbv TJeidoXdov.
rod TrpoearrjKoros
'E[Tr]€l enl Xdov
Trepl
Kcofioypapular
elSfjs.
OTTCOS
Tr[apd
['H]paK[to]vTos [ro]v
Aficbaet
dvrtypaov
Kal Tip,aZos
[. .. . TeXovtpios,
ol rpeis
' J W S a t o i rrjs eTTiyovrjs,
e^erpv-
yt]a\av a\j^jr\eXovs
1 Kal
KaK[oTTorj-
"Qpov
rov
<j>vXaKos eKopafiovros
erf
avrovs
&IXL-
SECTION
158
avTov
aa[v\res
I I I : N O S . 21-22
erviTTOV els o eTV^pv
fxepos TOV crcofxaTos KOL
dtf>el[XovTO
[dp^neXovpyiKov
\y]ia\Tal
he ol
Trpoyeypapbevoi
ev
KaToiKovvTes.
Ke[p\KeoalpeL OLVOV
Tvy^dvovai
hpenavov.
wa^to
he ret TeTpvyrjpueva
els
fxe (rpYjTds) s"
Verso: ("Ejoys)
ifS 'Eireltf)
t Tjepl
dp.(TTeXcbvos) IleiOoXdov jSa(o-iAt,/co>i)
TeTpvyrj/xevov
yp(apLp.aTei)
TEQI 14. 1. TtpoyeypapLp.€Voi
(Translation.)
Y e a r 1 2 , E p e i p h 10. M e m o r a n d u m t o T e o s t h e r o y a l scribe.
A m o s i s , v i l l a g e scribe of A p o l l o n i a s , t o T e o s g r e e t i n g . I s u b j o i n for y o u r infor m a t i o n a c o p y of t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n p r e s e n t e d t o m e b y H e r a k o n , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e e s t a t e of P e i t h o l a o s .
G o o d b y e . ( Y e a r ) 12, E p e i p h 9.
N o t i f i c a t i o n t o A m o s i s , scribe of t h e v i l l a g e of A p o l l o n i a s , f r o m H e r a k o n , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e e s t a t e of P e i t h o l a o s . O n t h e . . . of E p e i p h T h e o p h i l o s son of D o s i t h e o s ,
P h i l i s t i o n son of . . . , a n d T i m a i o s son of T e l o u p h i s , all t h r e e
J e w s of t h e E p i g o n e , r a i d e d t h e f r u i t - g a r d e n of t h e aforesaid P e i t h o l a o s , w h i c h is in t h e b o u n d s of t h e aforesaid v i l l a g e , a n d s t r i p p e d t h e g r a p e s f r o m t e n v i n e s ; and w h e n Horos the guard ran out against them, t h e y maltreated him
and
s t r u c k h i m on a n y p a r t of t h e b o d y t h a t o f f e r e d ; a n d t h e y c a r r i e d off a v i n e dresser's p r u n i n g - h o o k . T h e aforesaid r o b b e r s are l i v i n g in K e r k e o s i r i s . I esti m a t e t h e g r a p e s g a t h e r e d as e n o u g h t o m a k e 6 m e t r e t a i of w i n e . ( E n d o r s e d ) Y e a r 1 2 , E p e i p h 10. C o n c e r n i n g a v i n e y a r d of P e i t h o l a o s s t r i p p e d of i t s g r a p e s . T o t h e r o y a l scribe T e o s . 2. A r r o W c o v i d s : a village in the F a y u m ; see P . Tebt. ii, p. 368. 4. According t o S m y l y , Peitholaos m a y b e identified with Peitholaos, leader of the KwyyoC, recorded in P . Eleph. 28 (see Rostovtzeff, Arch. v . 181; cf. also P y t h o l a o s in Str. 16.774). 'His absence o n active service would account for t h e fact that his property w a s being administered b y a superintendent' (Smyly). 9 sq. All t h e n a m e s are Greek, t w o of t h e m (Dositheos a n d Theophilos) being typical for J e w s . For
For
rpvydoj
and
8p4iravov
cf.
H e s i o d , Scut.
Her.
292:
01 8 ' irpvyotv
otvas
opeirdvas
iv
xepalv
exovres.
14. KepKeoolpis:
a village in t h e F a y u m ; see P . T e b t . ii, p . 383.
N o . 22. Cession of a quarter Samareia ( F a y u m ) .
29-5 x 15-3 c m .
12th August, 201 B.C.
P . Tebt. 820. LIT.: P r e a u x , 479. Taubenschlag, 112 n . 74, 172 n . 1 9 , 179 n. 34. L a u n e y , 1232-4. Lenger, Chr. aVtgypte,
53, 1952,
237.
A contract drawn u p at Samareia and concerning the cession of a quarter (araOpos) in Kerkesephis to four 'king's peasants' (jSaatAtKot
yecopyol). T h e assignor is a
tokto-
JEWISH
SOLDIERS AND
MILITARY
SETTLERS
159
fiiaOos serving in the regular army, and the quarter referred to is described as belong ing to his father. T h e four peasants are E g y p t i a n s , to judge b y their names, b u t all the witnesses are Jews. Whether the assignor, a Paeonian (Tlaiayv), was a Jew too m a y be subject to controversy (see note to 1. 6 ) . BaoiXevovros
FLroXepLaiov
pcov
rov
IJroXepiaiov
/cat
Apoivorjs
decbv
0iXo7raro-
erovs
rerdprov
etf>* lepecos
Ahaiov
rod Fopyiov
AXe^dvhpov
Kal decbv Ecorrjpcov
Kal decbv
0iXoTrar6pcov,
Kal
decbv AheXcb cbv /cat
decbv Evepyercbv
Evepyerihos
0iXrrjs
rrjs
ddXocpopov
Kavrj6pov
AVTIKXCOVS,
BepeviK-qs
Apoivorjs
0iXaheXov
Apoi5 vorjs ev
rrjs
SoXcovos,
Eapiapeiai
fxrjvos
rod
Avhvaiov
Apoivotrov
Alyvrrricov vop,ov.
he 'Eneltf)
ofioXoyei
nevreKaiheKarrji,
Oeohoros
Kaoodvhpov
Tlalcov rcbv
0vXecos
raKropnodos
Apvcorrji
Qppevros
Kal
'Opoevovei
A.<j>.p.ios
Kal Karvrei
/cat aAAa>t Karvrei IJ jSaCTtAt/c[o]ts" yecopyois,
Tier Apoivotrqis
rq
or[a\0p,6v
rcbi rrarpl
p.r\re
av-
o TO? pvrvre
rcbv
Trap*
avrov
avrov
vpiios,
ev KepKeorjtf>ei
p/qdels
rois
reooapo[i\v
imdpxov-
7rapaKexcopr]K,evair6v
p
7 0 qvro
aXXov
/cat
ju/r)
erreXevoeodai
vnoKadrjcreiv
rrapevpeoei
rjiriviovv. edv
he
€7reXdrj(C)
Apvcorrji 9
Opoevovcpei
77
avros
rj rcbv
avrov
Trap*
ris
aTr\o]reLadrco
Oeohoros
Kal Kal
Karvrei
Kal
aAAau
rcbi
Karvrei
^aA/cou
e7Tirip,ov
vop,t-
opuaros
hpaxP'ds
Stc^tAta?, /cat 77 ecf>ohos
epr[co].
fidprvpes'
avrcbi
[a.K]vpos
y
©eohoros
Idaovos,
eorco.
77
Ai6tf>avros
ovvypacprj
rjhe
Oeohorov,
Kvpia 'Iepopvs
Tifiodeov, is[MiXcov]
Zcopifipy,
ArjfjLpKpdr'rjs
[—12 lett.—Uaftfiadai]ps
K
ov,
01 If *7[o]u8at[o]t. pyyypacf>otf>vXa£ BaoiXevovros
IJroXep,aiov
0iXoTrar6pcov Kal decbv rrjs
erovs
decbv Ucorrjpcov 0iXo7raropcov,
Karrji,
pvrjvos
AheXcf)[cbv
Avh vaiov
Tlalcov
Ahaiov Kal
Bepe[viKrjs
Apoivorjs Alyvrrricov
rov
Apoivotrov
rcbv
0vXecos
Tifiodeov. Kal
etf> [lepecos
decbv
ddXotf>6pov
ev Uafiapeiai
Kaoodvhpov
TI\roXefiaiov y
rerdprov Kal
Kavr)tf>6pov
AVTLKXCOVS,
UoXcovos,
rov
' Iepppys
Apoivorjs rov
Fopyiov
Evepyerihos
he Eirel[cj) vofiov.
raKropuodos
AXeijdvhpov
decbv Evepyercbv
0i[XaheXov 9
decbv
Kal 0iXrrjs
Apoivorjs
rrjs
rrevreKaihe-
6[fioXoyei Ap[vcorrji
Oeohoros Apoevros
SECTION 25 [kol
* Opcr]eyoycf)€i
Karvrei
77
A.. etf>€.. t o s /ca[t JRTJATIFRET i 7 e r [ vfjuos
rgls
rdggqpgi\y
/cot? y e a j p y o t s " TrapaK€xcopf)Ke[vaL tcoi, irarpl
avrov
I I I : N O . 22
iv
p.7]re
Apaivotrais
rov
KepK€CTrjtf>[€i—17
/c[at] fxr) iireXevoeodtu
avrds
[r\r]i
Kal '' Opcrev[o]vtf>€L
\yaX\Kov [pos
rj rcov nap* avrov
vop.lop.aros
€a]rco.
3S[At,6avros
Kal
JSACRTAT-
virdpxovra lett
p/qre
aradpuov
—
rcov 7r[a/o* avrov
30 [ 0 e ] t £ puY)h£ aXXov vTTOKadrja€Lv Trapevpiaev [Orjt rj ajvros
rjiriviovv.
r t ? , arroreiadrco
Karvrzi
/cat dAAan
p.7)-
[ia]y
Be [eJ-jreA-
OeoSoros
Upvcb-
k[oX r a n ] aAAoot Karvreu
S p a ^ / x d ? Stcr^tAta?, /c[a]t 7) ecpoBos avrcbi
7) avvyparj TJSe Kvpla. ©coBorov,
[ — 1 2 l e t t . , Eafifiadatos
' / e p o o u ? Tip.o]0iov,
©coBoros
MlXcov
K
[crvvypaocf>vXa£ *l€poovs
p.dprvpes'
]«PV> °
iTrlri[iov cxkv-
*Iaoovos,
Zcp\a\iy.gy,
A7)p,oKpdr7]s
'IovBatoi.
Ttfiodeov.]
Verso: A7jfi[oKpdrovs £af$f$\adaiov 8.
TOIS . . .
ytatpt/ois
(Translation.)
added above the line.
1 1 . c y . . [ ] above o7r[o]T€ioroTa>.
I n t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y son of P t o l e m y a n d A r s i n o e , g o d s
P h i l o p a t o r e s , in t h e 4 t h y e a r , A d a i o s son of G o r g i a s b e i n g priest of A l e x a n d e r a n d the gods Soteres a n d the gods A d e l p h o i a n d the gods E u e r g e t a i a n d the g o d s P h i l o p a t o r e s , P h i l t e d a u g h t e r of A n t i k l e s b e i n g a t h l o p h o r o s of B e r e n i k e E u e r g e t i s , A r s i n o e d a u g h t e r of S o l o n b e i n g k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s , o n t h e 1 5 t h of A y d n a i o s , w h i c h is E p e i p h in t h e E g y p t i a n c a l e n d a r , a t S a m a r e i a i n t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e . T h e o d o t o s son of K a s s a n d r o s , a P a e o n i a n of P h y l e u s ' t r o o p , t a k t o m i s t h o s , a c k n o w l e d g e s t o H a r y o t e s son of H a r s e u s a n d t o O r s e n o u p h i s son of . . . a n d t o K a t y t i s son of P e t . . . a n d t o a n o t h e r K a t y t i s son of P . . . y m i s , all f o u r A r s i n o i t e s a n d k i n g ' s p e a s a n t s , t h a t h e h a s c e d e d t h e q u a r t e r s b e l o n g i n g t o his f a t h e r in K e r k e s e p h i s . . . a n d t h a t h e will n o t p r o c e e d a g a i n s t t h e m himself or b y a n y a g e n t of his n o r w i l l s u b o r n a n y o t h e r person t o d o so o n a n y p r e t e x t . A n d if h e himself or a n y a g e n t of his p r o c e e d s a g a i n s t t h e m T h e o d o t o s shall forfeit t o H a r y o t e s a n d O r s e n o u p h i s a n d K a t y t i s a n d t h e o t h e r K a t y t i s a fine of 2,000 d r a c h m a i in c o p p e r c o i n , a n d his c l a i m shall b e i n v a l i d . T h i s c o n t r a c t shall b e v a l i d . W i t n e s s e s : T h e o d o t o s son of J a s o n , D i o p h a n t o s son of T h e o d o t o s , H i e r o o u s son of T i m o t h e o s , M i l o n son of Z o s i m o s , D e m o k r a t e s . . . , ( S a b b a t h a i o s ) . . . , all s i x J e w s . K e e p e r of t h e c o n t r a c t H i e r o o u s son of T i m o t h e o s . (Seals of) D e m ( o k r a t e s ) . . . S a b b ( a t h a i o s ) . . . 1. BaaiXevovros IJToXefialov KTX. A usual praescript mentioning t h e priest of Alexander a n d t h e deified Ptolemies. See above, p . 33. 6. Safidpeta: a village in the F a y u m . I t is a n open question whether this village is t o be identified with Kerkesephis, according t o B G U 94 of A.D. 289 (' Zaftdpeiav TJTOI KepKeo-fjfav '), or if there were t w o separate villages adjoining each other (cf. P . Tebt. ii, p p . 383 sq.). A t a n y rate, the present docu m e n t attests that in the Ptolemaic period the t w o places were not identical, since the office where the
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
161
d o c u m e n t w a s drawn u p w a s situated i n Samareia, whereas t h e quarters of T h e o d o t o s belonged t o Kerkesephis ( 1 . 9 ; cf. also P . Gurob 4, 217 B . C . ) . Samareia w a s probably a military settlement of Syrian soldiers (particularly J e w s and Samaritans) located within t h e borders of ancient Kerkesephis, so it m a y b e assumed t h a t part of t h e land formerly held b y t h e villagers of Kerkesephis c a m e into t h e possession of t h e n e w settlers. A s long a s t h e n e w settlement retained i t s military character Kerkesephis w a s overshadowed b y i t s mightier neighbour, b u t in t h e R o m a n period t h e old E g y p t i a n village regained its former importance and absorbed the descendants of the Syrian soldiers, w h o in t h e course of time all became E g y p t i a n s . 6. ©edSoros KaaadvSpov IJalatv. T h e m a n is styled a Paeonian, y e t it m a y be questioned whether he w a s really a n a t i v e of Paeonia (a country in t h e B a l k a n s , north of Macedonia). I t is v e r y strange, indeed, that all the witnesses w h o signed this contract, as well as its-keeper, were J e w s , whereas the con tracting parties were E g y p t i a n villagers and a soldier from P a e o n i a : t h e witnesses were, a s a rule, selected from t h e nation t o w h o m t h e contracting parties (or, a t least, one of them) belonged. See N o . 24; cf., for e x a m p l e , M. Chr. 3 1 1 ; PCZ 59001. Since t h e / W t A i K o i yeatpyol were E g y p t i a n s , w e m a y ask whether t h e Paeonian could h a v e been a J e w . H i s theophoric n a m e m a y strengthen this supposi tion, particularly w h e n w e take into consideration t h a t t w o Jewish witnesses bear this v e r y n a m e , T h e o d o t o s . There is n o evidence, of course, of a n y Jewish settlement in t h e Balkans in t h e third century B . C . ; b u t w e are n o t obliged t o suppose a n y t h i n g of t h e kind in order t o explain h o w a J e w could be styled a Paeonian. T h e ethnic units in t h e Ptolemaic army in t h e course of time became pseudo-ethnic (see a b o v e , pp. 13 sqq.). I t might h a v e happened that t h e father of T h e o d o t o s entered the unit of Paeonians and thereupon changed his Hebrew n a m e into the fair Greek n a m e , Kassandros. W e h a v e , however, n o instances t o prove t h e existence of a Paeonian u n i t ; such a special unit seems e v e n t o be rather improbable, since there were very few Paeonians in the Ptolemaic a r m y (cf. L a u n e y , 1203). Y e t it m a y b e supposed that t h e Paeonians were ranked a m o n g the Thracian hipparchy, all t h e Balkan peoples being styled 'Thracians' during the conquest of Alexander (Berve, Das Alexanderreich auf prosopogr. Grundlage, i, p p . 135, 227). T h a t a n ethnic unit w a s n o t necessarily composed of m e n of one nation only c a n be inferred from t h e Thessalian hipparchy which w a s called t h e 'hipparchy of Thessalians a n d other Hellenes' ( P . E n t . 1 5 ; P . Freib. iii. 36/37); so it m a y b e that in t h e 'Thracian' hipparchy all Balkan peoples, including t h e Paeonians, were mingled together. Kassandros, t h e father of Theodotos, w h e n entering t h e Paeonian subdivision of t h e Thracian hipparchy, w a s styled 'a Paeonian', a n d this ethnikon passed t o h i s s o n , notwithstanding t h e fact that T h e o d o t o s did n o t remain a soldier of a n ethnic hipparchy, b u t served a s a taktomisthos in a m i x e d unit (ru>v &v\4a»s). I t goes without saying t h a t all these arguments make n o pretence of proving t h e matter b u t only of suggesting a reasonable answer t o t h e question w h y a Paeonian should choose all h i s witnesses from among the Jews. 7. raKTOfiiodos.
See a b o v e , p . 147.
9. F o r 0Ta.dp.6s see W i l c k e n , Grundz.,
386; P . E n t . n - 1 4 ; L a u n e y , 699 s q q . ; L e n g e r , Chr.
d'ligypte
53, 234 sqq. I t is worth noting t h a t apparently T h e o d o t o s g o t h i s 0Ta.dp.6s b y inheritance, since t h e oTa.0p.6s w a s owned b y his father. S o it seems that a t t h e e n d of t h e third century t h e principle pro c l a i m e d b y P h i l a d e l p h o s : ol ydp [oradp]ot
e[loi]
ftaoiXiKol
( W . Chr. 450), w a s n o m o r e o b s e r v e d .
9. T O awTo 'is meaningless here, a n d t h e other c o p y evidently h a d about t e n letters more a t this point. Possibly TOV airov vopov should b e restored, t h o u g h t h e supplement is somewhat short' ( E d d . ) . 9. F o r KepK€oi}is see n o t e t o 1. 6.
14-15. All t h e preserved n a m e s of t h e Jewish witnesses are Greek; t h e typical theophoric n a m e s occur three times. Y e t t h e editors rightly suppose that in t h e lacuna in 1. 15 there stood t h e n a m e Zafifiadaios, since there is n o other explanation w h y this name should appear o n t h e verso. I h a v e therefore supplied t h e n a m e here and in 1. 36. W e d o n o t k n o w whether t h e witnesses belonged t o t h e unit of P h y l e u s , as did Theodotos t h e Paeonian, b u t a t a n y rate t h e y all belonged t o t h e army. Verso. Restored conjecturally b y t h e editors.
B2909
M
l62
SECTION
I I I : N O . 23
N o . 23. Loan on mortgage Krokodilopolis ( F a y u m ) .
24-2 x 18-9 c m .
4th November, 182 B.C.
P. Tebt. 817. L I T . : W i l c k e n , Arch. d. Altertums,
x i . 1 5 2 ; x i i i , 219. S c h o n b a u e r , Arch.
1938, 4 3 0 ; i d . , Adler
Papyri,
I n t r o d . , p . 5.
x i i . 207 s q . H e i c h e l h e i m , T s c h e r i k o w e r , HTR
h e i m , i b i d . , 38.
T a u b e n s c h l a g , 210 n. 32, 260 n . 7, 2 6 2 ; i d . , Atti
Rechtsgeschichte,
66. L a u n e y , 5 4 6 , 5 5 0 , 1 2 3 2 , 1 2 3 4 . B a r o n , SRH
2
del IV
Wirtschaftsgesch.
3 5 , 1 9 4 2 , 28.
Congresso,
Heichel
2 7 1 . Seidl,
Ptol.
1,261. Neufeld,/().Rxliv, 1954,196.
A loan upon mortgage drawn up in the form of an agoranomic contract (cf. Wilcken). For similar deeds in t h e Ptolemaic period cf. P . T e b t . 970, P . H a m b . 28, P . Freib. 3 7 ; in t h e R o m a n period, P . Flor. 1 ( = M . Chr. 243), P . Strassb. 52. I t is the best known specimen of a typical Hellenistic contract where both the contracting parties are Jews. BaoiXevovros
TIroXepaiov
0iXo7raropcov
erovs
rov TIroXepaiov
rerdprov
ev AXetjavopelai
AXe£dvopov
yercbv
0iXorrar6pcov
K O I decbv
5 BepeviKrjs
Evepyerihos
Apoivorjs
0iXa8eX
0iXo7rdr\o]pos
rrjs
K O I e i / c a S t Qcovd rov
vopiov.
ovorjs
oyhorji
eodveioev
vrrapxovorji
ev Ama&i
15 rrrjxeis
eiKOOi,
ot/cta,
[/c]at Ecoarpdrov
ot/cta, ( drroBorco
[ e ] a v S e pr) arroBcbi
fiefiaiovrco
rrjs
S e Ucoorparos
/cat irapexeodto
avrrjv
) avrois
25 r a t 7 r e p t rrjv avrrjs
vrrodrjKrjv
rporrcoi
cbnrorovv,
TO S a v e t o v TOVTO evros Bcbi Kadd rrapaxprjpa
yeyparrrai,
ravrrjv
rrjv
drro
yeyparrrai rjrpi
drroBorco rov eviavrov arroreiodrco
yeiroves
rcbi
S[e
vrrodrjKrjv
rrepl
rraoav
Ucoorparos
Ucoorparos
eviav\rtbi,
rj
erriKa-
dverri-
edv S e prj ris
yevrj-
pepos
ArroXXcovicoi
rrapaxprjpa.
TO S a v e t o v ^jtxtoAtov /cat TOV
xpovcoi.
ravrrj[v /cat
KIVBVVOS
ApTrdXp\y
Biaypdppari.
fiaoiXiKcbv. rj
fioppa[v
Xifios
ev rcbi
K O I avevexypaorov
rois
erri
ArroXXcovicoi
dtcoXovdcos
ArroXXcovicoi
Kadd
rraai
vorov
eiKooi,
e^eorco
vrrodrjKrjs
dverracf>ov
rrji
ovyKvpovoi
ArroXXcovicoi
yeyparrrai,
erri-
aVo/ca et?
ev rcbi Trpoyeypap.pe.vcoi
S a v e t o r o v aAAov S a v e t o v /cat Kadapdv j8ej8atot rj pr) rrapex^rai
rrjs
^aA/cov
cov perpa
rrrjxeis
Apoivot
erriyovrjs
/cat aTTTiAtcorou pvpiai,
Scborparos
Kadd
rroirjoaodai
fioppa
rov
erri vrrodrjKrji
K O I rois
pepiBos,
AtjSo? en-' drrrjXicbrrjv
[V]OTOV Ucorrdrpas
[S]aVetov rovro
©epiorov
oyhorji
rroXei
'Iovhatos
rpio%iXias %povov
Apoivorjs
Avorpov
'TovSat'cot rrjs
ot/ctat /cat avXrji rrjs
Kavrjcf>6pov lepeias
p/qvos
IJpcoroyevov
Evep
ddAotf>6pov
/ c a t et/caSt, ev KpoKoBlXcov
S v o / c a t opaxpds
avrcbi
ovaiv
20 [r]a^oXrjv
ev AXe£avopetai,
ovros
K O I decbv
ev AXetjavSpelai,
rov rrpoyeypap,p,evov
rov
'Eiricpavcbv,
ev AXetjavopelai,
NeorrroXepov
rdXavra
eVtavTov drro
ovorjs ovorjs
decbv
itf>* lepecos
AoeXtf>cbv
K O I decbv
ArroXXcbvios
10 y f o ] ^ ? Ucoorpdrcoi vopioparos
K O I decbv
rrjs rrjs
K O I Apoivorjs
K O I eiKOorov
edv Be prj ArroXXcovicoi
vrreprreoovros
arro
TO Be
JEWISH 30
vov
XP^
SOLDIERS
roKov cos iy hvo
hpaxp^cbv
7) ovyypar) rjhe Kvpia earco (2nd h a n d ) hid BovftaKov (3rd h a n d )
ATTOXXCOVIOS
COS
Ucbarparos ot5]A[i7
(Translation.)
163
eKaar[ov.
iravraxov. KaXovpievov.
(ercbv)
Ae evp.ey(edr]s),
cor*
deo(rr)Kora).
cos (ircbv) v\7T€p
SETTLERS
rrji pivai rov jiTJva
rov Kal ESeveov
vnoxdpofy), 35
AND MILITARY
Ae
p.ea(os),
p*Alx[p(o*s)],
pi€\ixp(cos),
eV[... (
)
6cf>pvv he^idv.
I n t h e t w e n t y - f o u r t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y son
of
P t o l e m y a n d A r s i n o e , g o d s P h i l o p a t o r e s , t h e p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s Adelphoi and the gods Euergetai and the gods Philopatores
and the
gods
E p i p h a n e i s , a n d t h e a t h l o p h o r o s of B e r e n i k e E u e r g e t i s , a n d t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s a n d t h e priestess of A r s i n o e P h i l o p a t o r b e i n g t h o s e officia t i n g a t A l e x a n d r i a , o n t h e t w e n t y - e i g h t h of t h e m o n t h of D y s t r o s , b e i n g T h o t h t w e n t y - e i g h t h , in K r o k o d i l o p o l i s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e . A p o l l o n i o s son of P r o t o g e n e s , J e w of t h e E p i g o n e , h a s l e n t t o S o s t r a t o s son of N e o p t o l e m o s , J e w of t h e E p i g o n e , t w o t a l e n t s t h r e e t h o u s a n d d r a c h m a i of c o p p e r m o n e y w i t h o u t i n t e r e s t for o n e y e a r f r o m t h e d a t e a b o v e w r i t t e n o n t h e s e c u r i t y of t h e h o u s e b e l o n g i n g t o h i m a n d c o u r t a n d all a p p u r t e n a n c e s s i t u a t e d a t A p i a s in t h e d i v i s i o n of T h e m i s t e s , of w h i c h t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s are, f r o m s o u t h t o n o r t h t w e n t y c u b i t s , f r o m w e s t t o east t w e n t y c u b i t s , a n d t h e a d j a c e n t areas, o n t h e s o u t h t h e h o u s e of S o p a t r a , on t h e n o r t h a n d e a s t streets, on t h e w e s t t h e h o u s e of H a r p a l o s a n d Sostratos (belonging?) t o t h e m a t the d a t e a b o v e written. Sostratos shall r e p a y t h i s l o a n t o A p o l l o n i o s w i t h i n t h e y e a r , a n d if h e d o e s n o t r e p a y i t as s t a t e d , A p o l l o n i o s s h a l l h a v e t h e right t o l a y c l a i m t o t h e s e c u r i t y in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e edict. Sostratos shall guarantee t o Apollonios this security a n d shall produce it u n e n c u m b e r e d , u n p l e d g e d , u n l i a b l e for a n o t h e r d e b t , a n d free f r o m r o y a l t i e s . If h e d o e s n o t g u a r a n t e e it or p r o d u c e i t as s t a t e d or if a n y risk o c c u r s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h i s s e c u r i t y in w h o l e or p a r t i n a n y w a y , S o s t r a t o s s h a l l r e p a y t h i s d e b t t o A p o l l o n i o s f o r t h w i t h w i t h i n t h e y e a r ; a n d if he d o e s n o t r e p a y i t a s s t a t e d , S o s t r a t o s s h a l l f o r t h w i t h forfeit t o A p o l l o n i o s t h e l o a n i n c r e a s e d b y o n e half a n d for t h e o v e r t i m e i n t e r e s t a t t h e r a t e of t w o d r a c h m a i p e r m i n a p e r m o n t h . T h i s c o n t r a c t shall b e v a l i d e v e r y w h e r e . T h r o u g h B o u b a k e s also c a l l e d Stheneus. A p o l l o n i o s , a g e d a b o u t 3 5 , t a l l , fair, w i t h r a t h e r b r i g h t e y e s a n d p r o t r u d i n g ears. S o s t r a t o s , a g e d a b o u t 3 5 , of m i d d l e h e i g h t , fair, . . . , w i t h a s c a r o v e r h i s right
eyebrow. KTX. : t h e usual prescript, see a b o v e p . 33.
I . BaoiXevovros
8. F o r Krokodilopolis see N o . 19, 1. 4, note. I I . aroKa.
See a b o v e , p p . 35 sq.
12. inl iirodyKiji.
On loans u p o n mortgages in t h e papyri cf. Schwarz, Hypothek
und
Hypallagma,
1911; Mitteis, Grundz. 141 s q q . ; Meyer, Jur. Pap. 222 sqq. Instances of loans on mortgage are gathered b y Taubenschlag, i. 209 n. 30. 14. Amds: a village in the F a y u m ; cf. P . Tebt. ii, p . 368. 17. 'Some words h a v e evidently dropped out before a u r e u s . Sense can be restored b y the insertion of at irrdpxovacu or a t virdpxovotv, referring t o the o i # a ' a i ; such a qualification of the yeiroves, though unusual, is intelligible enough' (Edd.).
164
SECTION
I I I : N O S . 23-24
19-20. T h e iniKaTafioXrj is t h e juridical a c t of handing over the pledged object t o t h e creditor. Cf. Schwarz, 114 sqq., 119 s q q . I n t h e Ptolemaic period t h e imKaTafJoXrj is mentioned in P . E n t . 14 a n d 15. 20. T h e Stdypafifia is a proclamation of the king regulating s o m e juridical or administrative question on a grand scale. W e k n o w of oiaypafipara bearing o n questions of t h e oil m o n o p o l y (Rev. Laws, 39. 17 and passim), banks (ib. 7 3 . 1), slaves ( S P 205), t h e interest rate ( P . Zen. Col. 83), a n d others. Here a 8idypapt,p.a is m e a n t concerning s t e p s t o b e t a k e n against a debtor w h o failed t o fulfil h i s obligations. See o n t h e 8iaypdfifiara in general D i k a i o m a t a , p p . 42 s q . ; U P Z 1 1 2 . 1 . 6-8; P . T e b t . 703, 1 1 . 1 3 1 - 3 ( c o m m e n t a r y ) ; Ehrenberg, Hermes, l x v , 1930,337 s q q . ; B i k e r m a n , Rev. de Phil, x i i (64), 1938, 295 s q q . ; W e n g e r , Arch. xiii. 294 s q . ; Welles, A J A, xiii (1938), p p . 245 s q q . ; Lenger, Chr. d'£gypte, x x x v i i , 1944, 108 s q q . 21. / 3 e j 8 a i o u r o ) : o n t h e usage of warranting contracts (jSe/Scu'ojcus-clause) cf. Berger, Die Strafklauseln in den Papyrusurkunden, 1911, p p . 8 3 , 1 3 1 ; Schwarz, Hyp. und Hypall. 5 5 ; H . J . Wolff, Journ. Jur. Papyr. i, 1946, 63 s q q . ; Taubenschlag, i. 186, n. 8. 29. For t h e term irapaxprjP'O. in t h e contracts see Berger, o p . cit. 78 sqq. For L e w i s , TAP A l x x v i , 1945, 126 sqq.
•qp.ioXiov
see ib. 14 s q q . ;
30. T h e interest t o be paid for t h e overtime is 2 drachmai from 1 m i n a every m o n t h , i.e. 24 per cent, in a y e a r : this is t h e usual rate o f interest throughout t h e Ptolemaic period, fixed i n t h e third cen tury B.C. b y a royal diagramma. Cf. P r e a u x , 282; P . Col. Zen. 83 (and especially t h e c o m m e n t a r y of the editors o n p . 80). 32. B o u b a k o s , otherwise styled Stheneus, is t h e agoranomos in whose office t h e contract w a s drawn u p ; so W i l c k e n , Arch. x i . 152. T h e denotations '2nd hand' a n d (in t h e n e x t line) '3rd h a n d ' are Wilcken's. 33-36, T h e s e descriptive details of t h e t w o J e w s provide o n e of t h e rare instances of a n a c c o u n t of the physical appearance of E g y p t i a n J e w s 2,000 years a g o . Y e t e v e n if w e use t h e descriptions of J e w s preserved in other d o c u m e n t s ( N o . 417, a n d perhaps N o s . 4 a n d 26), t h e material remains insuffi cient, a n d there is n o possibility of forming a clear idea of w h a t the E g y p t i a n J e w s looked like in t h e Hellenistic-Roman period. 3 4 . ' 'Yiroxdpo(i(i): cf. P . T e b t . 8 1 6 , 1 . 14; b u t t h e form xapo(nos) is also possible' (Edd.). 35. 'Possibly iir[i.xdpo(ifi)' ( E d d . ) ; cf. Arch. i v . 143 ( E d d . i n t h e c o m m e n t a r y t o P . T e b t . 8 1 6 , 1 . 14.)
N o . 24. Renewal of a loan Trikomia ( F a y u m ) .
19-2 x 16-5 c m .
16th April, 174 B.C.
P . T e b t . 818. L I T . : Wilcken, Arch. x i . 1 5 2 ; xiii. 2 1 9 . Heichelheim, Wirtschaftsgesch. d. Altertums, 430; id. Adler Papyri, Introd., p . 5. Tscherikower, HTR x x x v , 1942, 28, n. 10. Heichelheim, ibid. 38. J. R a b i n o w i t z , HTR x x x v i i , 1944, 58. Taubenschlag, i. 296 n . 1 5 . Seidl, Ptol. Rechtsgesch. 7 1 . Pringsheim, Greek Law of Sale, 30 n . 2, 75 n. 2, 253 n . 6. L a u n e y , 546, 550, 797, 1232 s q q . Baron, SRH i, 261. Neufeld, JQR x l i v , 1954, 196. 2
A contract of loan drawn u p in T r i k o m i a , a village in the F a y u m . B o t h the contract ing parties are Jews, as well as the witnesses. T h i s document is as y e t the best evidence of the a c t i v e share taken b y J e w s in the a r m y of the Ptolemies. I t is worth noting t h a t the p a p y r u s belongs t o the reign of Philometor, w h o did not conceal his liking for J e w s and g a v e t h e m an important role to p l a y in the a r m y . See above, p . 20 sq. [BaoiXevovros [decbv
iTroAe/xatot;
'EiTLcfravcbv
[TOV
TOV IlroXepiaLov
y
Kal
E7Tiavcbv
Evep-
d[ecbv
ecf> iepecos KOL decbv
Evep]ye[r]cbv
/ c [ a t decbv
Kal
>
efihopiov,
-MAetf dvhpov
[Ahey\cj>cbv decbv
erovs
Eco\rr)pcov
KOL decbv
<&\t,XopLy)T6pcov,
KXeoTrarpas] ^iXoarparov] Kal
^iXoiraropcov
ddXocj>6pov
decbv /cat BepeviKrjs
JEWISH
SOLDIERS AND MILITARY
yeTiSos
Aorraoias
Trjs Xpvoeppov,
SETTLERS
Kavrjtf>6pov
165
Apoivorjs
SeX[ov] 'IoiScopas
rrjs
ArroXAcovlov,
lepeias
Apoivorjs
0iXorraTopos
Elprjvrjs rrjs
IJToXepaiov,
prjvos
TpeiOKaioeKarrji, 10
Apoivoirov
ev TpiKcopiai
vopov.
erriyovrjs
oias 15
S* eoTi
rdXavra
drro
drro
TYJV
Sdveiov
TO
rcbv
rov
Koivrjs
epyaoias
Xoyias
ecj)* r)s ovyypacf>ocj>vXa£
erriyovrjs.
oacf>rjpevov SySoov
Sdveiov
eTovs,
Kal
Avavias
TOVS
r) ovyypar)
Ecooifiiov,
©rjficov
Kvpia.
*IovSa(i} els
ovyypacj>r)v
'IovSaios TO
Siaoe-
Me%elp
TOV
yeyparrTai,
pdprvpes
0avoKXeovs,
rrpo-
6p,o-
*IcovdOov *IovSai
Kadd
TOKOV
eKaorov.
'IovSov
TOV
ep p/qvl
TOKOVS
xpovov
AyaOoKXrjs
Kara
Se AyadoKXrjs
edv Se pr) drroScbi
oaTCo r)pi6Xiov. ©paoeas
peTa^oXiKrjs
drroSoTco
rrevraKo-
prjva
rrevTe TaXdvTcov cov elXrjrj rrapd
TCOV
MoAooo{p}py
rrpoyeypapipevov
eKaorrjv
Trjs
raKTopiodcp(i),
rre^cbv,
o rrpoocoeiXrjoev
TOV
'IovSaios
Svo Kal Spaxpds TOV
pvav
fSoXrjv
rrjs
IovSaicoi
reraypievtov
SeKaSvo
cos ey Svo Spaxpcbv TOVTO
20
vopioparos
els prjvas
'Icoorjtfrov
i
&ap,evtb$
pepiSos
@ep,iorov
'IovSas
IJroXepaiov
ev rcbi 'HpaKXeorroXirrji XaXxov
rrjs
eodveioev
AyadoK.Xei
rpeiOKaiSeKarrji
Fopmaiov
drroTei-
Aeivias
UapdrjXos
Alveov, 'Itodvov,
ol
Teo25
oapes
'IovSaioi
Trjs
erriyovrjs,
©eoScopos
©eoStbpov
os
Kal
EapdrjXos KaXeiTai,
NiKavcop
'Idoovos,
Trjs rrpcoTfjs Irrrrapxlas [ovyypacf>ocf>vXa£ (2nd h a n d ) AyaOoKXrjs' 3°
y
ol Svo IovSaToi
TCOV
Sid
Acooideov
oySorjKovrdpovpoi. Aeivias
].[
e^co r a Svo r a A a [ v T a Kal Tas rrevTaKooias
TOV ^aA/cou TO rrpoyeypappievov
Sdvei\o\y,
T\e\6eipai
Spa%pds rr)v
ovv-
ypatf>r)v Kvpiav 31.
(Translation.)
rrapd ovvypacpocpvXaKi
The second
a
Aeiviai.
(or a A) of ovvypaovXa.Ki
added above the line.
I n t h e s e v e n t h y e a r of t h e reign of P t o l e m y son of P t o l e m y a n d
K l e o p a t r a , g o d s E p i p h a n e i s , w h e n P h i l o s t r a t o s son of . . . w a s priest of A l e x ander and the gods Soteres and the gods A d e l p h o i and the gods E u e r g e t a i a n d the gods Philopatores and the gods Epiphaneis and the gods
Philometores,
A s p a s i a d a u g h t e r of C h r y s e r m o s b e i n g a t h l o p h o r o s of B e r e n i k e E u e r g e t i s , I s i d o r a d a u g h t e r of A p o l l o n i o s b e i n g k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s , a n d E i r e n e d a u g h t e r of P t o l e m y b e i n g priestess of A r s i n o e P h i l o p a t o r , o n t h e t h i r t e e n t h of t h e m o n t h of G o r p i a i o s , b e i n g P h a m e n o t h t h i r t e e n t h , in T r i k o m i a in
the
d i v i s i o n of T h e m i s t e s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e . J u d a s son of J o s e p h o s , J e w of t h e
i66
SECTION
I I I : N O S . 24-25
E p i g o n e , h a s l e n t t o A g a t h o k l e s son of P t o l e m y , J e w , of t h e d e t a c h m e n t of M o l o s s o s , t a k t o m i s t h o s , s t a t i o n e d in t h e H e r a k l e o p o l i t e n o m e , t w o t a l e n t s five h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i of c o p p e r m o n e y for t w e l v e m o n t h s f r o m t h e d a t e a b o v e w r i t t e n w i t h i n t e r e s t a t t w o d r a c h m a i p e r m i n a p e r m o n t h . T h i s l o a n is t h e a m o u n t w h i c h A g a t h o k l e s still o w e d t o J u d a s o u t of five t a l e n t s w h i c h h e h a d r e c e i v e d f r o m J u d a s as a n a d v a n c e t o w a r d s a r e t a i l t r a d e b u s i n e s s in p a r t n e r s h i p a c c o r d i n g t o a w r i t t e n a g r e e m e n t , of w h i c h A n a n i a s son of J o n a t h a n , J e w of
the
E p i g o n e , is t h e g u a r d i a n . A g a t h o k l e s s h a l l r e p a y t o J u d a s t h e aforesaid l o a n a n d t h e i n t e r e s t in t h e m o n t h of M e c h e i r of t h e e i g h t h y e a r ; b u t if h e d o n o t r e p a y it as s t a t e d , h e s h a l l p a y i t i n c r e a s e d b y a half. T h i s a g r e e m e n t is v a l i d . W i t n e s s e s : D e i n i a s son of A i n e a s , T h r a s e a s son of Sosibios, T h e b o n son of P h a n o k l e s , S a m a e l o s son of J o a n n e s , all four J e w s of t h e E p i g o n e ; T h e o d o r o s son of T h e o d o r o s , w h o is also k n o w n as S a m a e l o s , N i k a n o r son of J a s o n , b o t h J e w s , 8o-arourai h o l d e r s , of t h e first h i p p a r c h y s e t t l e d b y D o s i t h e o s . I , A g a t h o k l e s , h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e t w o t a l e n t s a n d t h e five h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i , t h e a m o u n t of t h e l o a n a b o v e w r i t t e n , a n d h a v e d e p o s i t e d t h e a g r e e m e n t , w h i c h is v a l i d , w i t h D e i n i a s as its k e e p e r . 1. [BaaiXevovros KTX.]—the usual prescript, see above p. 33. 2. The year is reckoned b y the editors according t o P . T e b t . 979 where the same eponymous priest esses are mentioned. 9. TpiKojula: a village in t h e F a y u m ; cf. P . T e b t . ii, p . 405. I I . rcov MoXoaa{a}oC. The reading of the final letters of the name is not sure. 'The second a looks like € . . . ; it would also b e possible, t h o u g h less satisfactory, t o read -to[v for - o v . Neither of the forms MoXooeov or MoXoo(o)etov is a t all likely' (Edd.). Molossos is probably the eponymous commanding officer of the unit of infantry stationed in Herakleopolis, or a t any rate the commander of the detach ment in which Agathokles served a s taktomisthos. The name is new and does not appear in the list of e p o n y m o u s officers drawn u p b y Lesquier, pp. 337 sqq. 12. F o r taktomisthos
see a b o v e , p .
147.
15. Judas lent his m o n e y t o Agathokles a t the usual rate of interest of 24 per cent, (see note t o N o . 2 3 , 1 . 30). There are not sufficient grounds for supposing that the former loan, mentioned in 1. 17, was CLTOKOS, and that the interest in the present agreement is to be regarded as a fine for the non-repayment of the former loan when it fell due (cf. HTR x x x v , 1942, 28 n . 10). For Jews lending m o n e y o n interest cf. N o . 20. 18. B o t h Judas and Agathokles were engaged in a business in partnership designated a s KOIVTJ ipyaota /LterajSoAiKi?. According to the editors, the meaning of p-erafioXiKi] 'is ambiguous, since fierafloXos and fierafSoXt) m a y be concerned either w i t h money-changing or small retail trade'. N o w , it is hard t o admit t h a t in Ptolemaic E g y p t money-changing could h a v e been p u t into t h e hands of private persons; i t was certainly a royal monopoly entrusted b y t h e king t o bankers or high officials. A s t o gold, this monopoly of t h e king's is attested b y PCZ 59021 = S P 409 (cf. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW i. 402; Preaux, 271 sq.). For money-changing in general cf. Rev. Laws ( = W . Chr. 181), Col. 74. 5 s q q . : dAAau Se [/iijflevi] i£[eorco
p/qre
irtoXetv
p/qre
dy]opd£eiv [/xifre KoAAuJ/Ji'^feiv dpyvpiov
] . So it
is
not
very likely t h a t t h e ipyaola p-erafioXiK-r) of t w o Jewish soldiers had anything t o do w i t h m o n e y changing, a n d it seems that t h e y were engaged i n retail trade (perhaps b y opening a shop in t h e military c a m p in Herakleopolis). 19. E v i d e n t l y t h e former contract w a s also signed b y Jewish witnesses, since t h e keeper of t h e contract was a Jew. 24. 'The name ©rjfltov is n o t otherwise k n o w n ; w a s it an inadvertence for 0-qpcov}' (Edd.) 26. rwv Sid Atooideov. The Sid testifies t h a t Dositheos was a military functionary whose d u t y it was to supervise the settlement of the soldiers, such as the officials called irpos rrji owrdgei (see Lesquier, 196, 306, 311, 314 s q q . ; cf. P . Tebt. 6 2 , 1 . 39, commentary). I t is very tempting t o take Dositheos for a J e w , since the t w o horsemen settled b y h i m were J e w s t o o (cf. L a u n e y , 546); yet the name alone is not a sufficient proof.
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
167
27. I s i t only b y chance t h a t t h e first hipparchy is almost absent from our papyrological sources? Lesquier (p. 309) quoted only one instance ( P . Tebt. 382), and t h e present papyrus is t h e second one k n o w n t o m e . I t m a y b e suggested that in the course of time t h e first hipparchy, founded as i t w a s before t h e others, lost m a n y of its members, s o that its membership greatly declined. 28. Supplied b y Wilcken.
N o . 2 £ . Contract of a loan Hephaistias ( F a y u m ) .
24th September, 173 B.C.
B G U 1272 (ed. Schubart). L I T . : Fuchs 63, 68. A contract of a loan drawn u p between t w o military settlers, one of w h o m is styled a Thracian. W e do not k n o w to w h a t nationality the second p a r t y belonged, b u t it may
be t h a t he was a Jew, since one of the witnesses is a Jewish policeman. T h e
p a p y r u s is v e r y b a d l y preserved, so t h a t the sense cannot be satisfactorily restored; this m u c h can be guessed, t h a t the main contents of the document h a d a bearing on a loan of 1 8 artabai of wheat. I give the p a p y r u s according to the reading of the editor, w i t h no a t t e m p t to reach a more satisfactory restoration.
[BaoiAevovros IlroAepiaiov TOV 7 7 r o A e / u a t o u /cat KAeoTrdrpas decbv *Emc\>avcbv erovs oyhoov ecfS lep]ecos ['HpaKAeoBcopov TOV AiroXAocfcdvov AAe£dvSpov /cat decbv Z,corr\pcov /cat decbv ASeAcf>cbv /cat decbv Evepyercbv /cat decbv 0 t A o 7 r a ropcov KOL decbv E7Ticf>avcbv KOL decbv &iAop/r)r6p\cov, ddAocf>6pov Be[pevLK7]s Evepyerihos Eapamdhos TTJS ATTOAACOV]IOV , Kav7]tf>6pov Ap[orivor]s 0iAa~ SeAcf>ov i
ApiaroKAelas TTJS Arjfxrjrjpiov, lepelas Apcrivorjs [tPiAoirdropos Elprjvrjs rrjs UroAepial]gy, p,7]vds IJepiriov Tj\ep/nr'r\i /cat et/cdSt Mecropr) TTep/nriqi /c]at et/cdSt ev ''Hqi[crridSi rov Apoivotrov vopiov. eSdveiae] FJroAepiaios 'Haiar[icovos • • . at]a)t ©paiKi rcbv Kiveo[v . . . ajpgvpcoi TTvpcbv dpr[df8as Se/ca /cat OKTCO] dirodorco Se d S e t V a ravras ras SeJ/ca /cat OKTCO dprd^[as rcbv rtvpcbv edv Se r t rrpaydrji 6 .. .]aios virep 7 7 T o A e / x a t o [ v ets* ra ev TCOI T6]TJCOI jSaatAt/cd TOV 6yb\6ov erovs, VTToAoyeirco 6 Seiva . . .]o yecopyos yrjs dpovp[ .] IlroAeixaios rrapa II[ .].os IJroAepiaicoi T [ a7ro rov d y ] S o o u erovs ecos rgy[. . . erovs . ras Aot7rd]s" OKTCO dprdftas rcbv [rrvpcbv pir) e£eivai avjrcbi TTJS pnadcoaecos [eK)(copeiv edv Se pirj aTroBcbi Kadcos yeypa]irrai, e^ecrrco IIroA[ep,aicoi edv re fiovAyirai irpatjai [ a u r d v . edv re alprjrai e7Tiyecop]yeiv TT)V avrr)v yrjv TJ)[V
SECTION
i68 ..
dpovpjtov
..
p.d]prvp€S-
. . ]rcbv
7T€VT€ Kal TO Sco8e/c[aTOV IIroX€paLOs[
Kweov
rrjs SeyjVepas'
iTnrapxias
vXaKLTTjs cr[
. .~]ips *Iovoaios . . ]an> EirdpraKos (Translation.)
I I I : N O S . 25-26
AXc^[dvopov
I n t h e e i g h t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y son of P t o l e m y a n d
Kleopatra, gods Epiphaneis, when
H e r a k l e o d o r o s son
of A p o l l o p h a n e s
was
p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s S o t e r e s a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e g o d s Euergetai and the gods Philopatores and the gods Epiphaneis and the
gods
P h i l o m e t o r e s , S a r a p i a s d a u g h t e r of A p o l l o n i o s b e i n g a t h l o p h o r o s of B e r e n i k e Euergetis,
A r i s t o k l e i a d a u g h t e r of
Demetrios
being
kanephoros
of
Arsinoe
P h i l a d e l p h o s a n d E i r e n e d a u g h t e r of P t o l e m y b e i n g priestess of A r s i n o e P h i l o p a t o r , on t h e t w e n t y - f i f t h of t h e m o n t h of P e r i t i o s , b e i n g M e s o r e t w e n t y - f i f t h , in H e p h a i s t i a s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e .
P t o l e m y son of H e p h a i s t i o n l e n t . . . t o
. . . aios, a T h r a c i a n of t h e d e t a c h m e n t of K i n e a s . . . — a r o u r a i (holder) e i g h t e e n a r t a b a i of w h e a t . . . — s h a l l r e t u r n t h e s e e i g h t e e n a r t a b a i of w h e a t ; a n d if a n y ( d a m a g e ) b e d o n e . . . — a i o s . . . o n b e h a l f of P t o l e m y i n t o t h e t r e a s u r y of t h e d i s t r i c t for t h e e i g h t h y e a r . L e t — d e d u c t . . . t h e f a r m e r . . . a r o u r a i of l a n d . . . P t o l e m y f r o m P . . . o s t o P t o l e m y . . . f r o m t h e e i g h t h y e a r till t h e . . . y e a r . . . t h e r e m a i n i n g e i g h t a r t a b a i of w h e a t . . . h e s h a l l n o t b e a l l o w e d t o w i t h d r a w f r o m t h e l e a s e ; a n d if h e d o e s n o t p a y as is w r i t t e n , P t o l e m y m a y enforce p a y m e n t f r o m h i m . If h e c h o o s e s t o c o n t i n u e c u l t i v a t i n g t h e s a m e l a n d . . . of five a r o u r a i a n d a t w e l f t h . . . . W i t n e s s e s : P t o l e m y . . . of K i n e a s of t h e
second
h i p p a r c h y . . . a J e w , p o l i c e m a n . . . S p a r t a k o s son of A l e x a n d r o s . . . . 1-5. Restored b y Schubart according t o P . Giss. 2. Schubart did n o t succeed i n establishing t h e length of the lines. 5. Hephaistias: a village i n t h e F a y u m ; cf. P . Tebt. ii, p . 378. 5. JlroXefiaios 'H>f>aior[ii (Schubart). 21. . . . @pai£?] Schubart. 22. On Jewish policemen see above, p . 1 7 .
N o . 26. Contract of a loan Fayum.
172/171 B.C.
P . Freib. 12 b . L I T . : W i l c k e n , P. Freib.,
A n h a n g , p p . 47 s q q . P r i n g s h e i m , Greek
Law of Sale,
72 n. 3, 5 1 5 .
A contract of loan from the F a y u m . W i l c k e n suggested t h a t the document m i g h t h a v e come from Philadelpheia, since its formula is modelled on those issued b y the offices of Philadelpheia. Y e t this suggestion is now obsolete, the third v o l u m e of P . T e b t . proving the use of almost the same formula of agoranomic contracts in the office at T e b t y n i s . T h e contracting parties are u n k n o w n to us, b u t it is possible t h e y were Jews, since the warrant of the debtor is a Jewish l a d y , Sara, represented b y her son, a 'Jew of the Epigone'. O n l y the lower end of the document is preserved.
JEWISH
[
(
[
drro
[cos
/cat
TOVTO
AND MILITARY S E T T L E R S
^ TOV
,
TOV
Trji pvai
^Jpovou TOV
vrreprreaovTos
[
TO pev Sdveiov
d Setva
yiyparrTai,
rjpLoXtov,
]OV
Savelov
J^tAuov /cat T 7 7 a[
[
perd
Kvplov
[
Edpa
TO]V iavTrj(s)
?) avyypacpr)
rjSe
Kvpia
[eTTt^epeTat
]
ATTO\X\-
vlov
' 7 o ] u S a t O U T7JS 7r]avTa^ou,
CTTtov dv
] (2nd h a n d )
(3rd h a n d ) [6 Setva cbs (eVcDv) . .
] J t d ZCOOTpdrov. evp]eyedr)s,
[ Kal
Trapd
d Setva cbs (eVdiv)
[
TO
y]evetov
iy
[
]
p,e\lx[p{cos)]
oi]vXr) Trap*
(Translation.)
a7rA[ouv],
irpoyey[papi\-
TOV
els eK\reiaiv
eyyvos
[dpucTTepov
TOKOV
Ka9aTre[p]
T]OVTOU SLKTJS
[
[
TO]V Se
~\coi 7T/)dcrcrovT[t]
[
[yovfjs-
Trapaxpr^Jpo^
dTTOTetJcrdVa)
[ K O I r) Trpd^cs eoTto
15
iSa[v]-
SJefCCtTOV €TOVS. Kadd
[pevov
Se S [ d ] -
TO
TOKOV
] a n ev prjvl
[edv Se pur) drroScbi
[iy
TOKCOV
e/caaJTOv,
xp\9Y
[St/cdil
10
p,f}va ov
[ttTToSoTtt) d Setva rcbi
169
;••[
]••
rrpoyeypappevov
iy Svo 8p(axp,cbv)
[vetov 5
(
SOLDIERS
6tf>6aA(pdv)
Se(ftd)t). ]
] . . . i n t e r e s t f r o m t h e a b o v e - w r i t t e n d a t e a t t h e r a t e of t w o
d r a c h m a i per m i n a per m o n t h , a n d this loan a n d t h e overtime interest X shall r e t u r n . . . i n t h e m o n t h X a n d i k o s . . . of t h e t e n t h y e a r ; a n d if h e d o e s n o t r e t u r n i t a s s t a t e d , X . . . s h a l l f o r t h w i t h forfeit t h e l o a n i n c r e a s e d b y o n e half b u t t h e interest unincreased. T h e execution will r e s t . . . w i t h t h e e x e c u t i n g . . . a s if i n v i r t u e of l e g a l a c t i o n . . . of t h e a b o v e - w r i t t e n l o a n . . . t h o u s a n d . . . . S a r a t h e d a u g h t e r of A p o l . . . w i t h h e r g u a r d i a n , h e r son, . . . a J e w of t h e E p i g o n e is t o b e s u r e t y f o r t h e p a y m e n t . T h e c o n t r a c t is v a l i d w h e r e v e r p r o duced. (2nd h a n d ) T h r o u g h S o s t r a t o s . (3rd h a n d ) X , a g e d a b o u t . . . y e a r s . . . , t a l l , fair . . . a s c a r n e a r t h e left e y e a n d a n o t h e r n e a r t h e c h i n , o n t h e r i g h t side. Y , a g e d a b o u t . . . y e a r s . 2. Restored b y m e according t o P . Tebt. 817. 12. 3. Restored b y m e according t o P . T e b t . 817. 30 and 818.15. 4. virep(?) TO]VTOV Wilcken. My restoration is based on P . Tebt. 817. 29, but, of course, the reading Xp]oyov instead of TO]VTOV can be adopted only after a renewed examination of the papyrus. 5 sqq. All t h e restorations t o t h e end are Wilcken's. 13 sq. 'Die Lesung 2dpa ( m i t einem merkwiirdigen Schluss-Alpha) M.7ro[X](?) gelang mir erst, n a c h d e m ich in Z. 15 durch das neue Fragment ['Io]v8alov gewonnen h a t t e . Biirgin ist also eine Jiidin Edpa, deren Vater einen griechischen N a m e n tragt, die mit ihrem Sohn als xvpios auftritt, der seinerseits als ein 'IovSatos rijs imyovijs bezeichnet wird' (Wilcken).
170
SECTION
I I I : N O S . 27-28
N o . 27. A Jewish cavalry officer Diospolis Magna.
12th June, 158 B.C.
P . H a u n . 1 1 (ed. T . Larsen). L I T . : L a u n e y , 555, 1243. A receipt for p a y m e n t t o the Idios logos effected through the b a n k at Diospolis M a g n a . The
p a y m e n t of 1300 drachmai w a s m a d e b y one D a m o n for a house in Diospolis
M a g n a . D a m o n w a s a soldier (Col. I I . 1 ) , and a m o n g those arranging the auction a t which t h e house was b o u g h t some officers are mentioned. O n e of them bears t h e H e b r e w name 'Iaoifiis. I print t h a t part only of the p a p y r u s in which Iasibis is men tioned. Col. I I (...
Tiyur) e r o v s
OIKLCLS) Ky
TTJS
TrpoTeOelcrrjs
e l s n p d a i v
ev
A i d s
TroXei
rrji
pbeydXrjt
X o l a x KTJ
5 S t d TTroAejitatou
r o v eirl
TCOV
/card
rr)v
/cat
©rjftatha
Oecovos
TOV
fiaoiXiKov
ypapipiarecos,
avvrrapovTCOv /cat avrov 'IpiovOov
A
lovvalov
/cat Apvovios
TOV TOTToypapniarecos
Kal
Kcop,oyp(ap,pLarecos),
M e y i a B e v o v s
tppovpdpxov,
t
lTnrdXov
A i \ a dpx^vXaKirov,
rjyepiovcov,
Apitrroyevovs
rcbv
pied*
'Iaaifiios
Col. I l l e n i O T d r o v
imiapyLas
orpaTicoTcbv
(Translation.)
/cat
dXXcov
irXeiovcov,
Std
KrjpvKos
Tifidpxov
rcbv
KTX.
( T h e p r i c e of a house) p u t t o sale i n D i o s p o l i s M a g n a o n t h e
28th of C h o i a c h of 23rd y e a r t h r o u g h P t o l e m a i o s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
of t h e
r e v e n u e s i n t h e T h e b a i s a n d T h e o n t h e r o y a l scribe i n t h e p r e s e n c e of D i o n y s i o s himself
a n d Harnouphis
the topogrammateus,
Imouthes
t h e village-scribe,
M e g i s t h e n e s t h e p h r o u r a r c h o s , L i c h a s t h e a r c h i p h y l a k i t e s , A r i s t o g e n e s o n e of t h e officers s e r v i n g w i t h H i p p a l o s ,
I a s i b i s t h e e p i s t a t e s of a h i p p a r c h y , a n d
m a n y o t h e r s , t h r o u g h T i m a r c h o s t h e h e r a l d of t h e soldiers, e t c . I I . 7—III. 1. T h e form 'Iaatf3is is unattested. I t is probably t o b e identified with the Hebrew n a m e 3 F or yW; cf. ( L X X ) Gen. 4 6 . 1 3 ; N u m . 26. 20; 1 Chron. 7. 1 ('Iaoovfi); 1 Ezr. 9. 30 ('Idoovflos); J o s . 17. 7 ('Iaaaelf3,'Iaoorjf}); Isa. 7. 3 ( ' / a a a o v ^ ) . Cf. also Cowley, N o s . 81, 9, 109; 22, 24, 51, 59, 130; 7, 2 ; 3 8 , 1 . T h e n a m e 2W, is probably a short form of the theophoric names I W V N or ^ W I R R . 'EmoTaTTjs i-rrTrapxlas is otherwise u n a t t e s t e d , a n d t h e e x a c t rank a n d functions of this cavalry officer cannot be stated w i t h certainty. 'Emo-Tartu TIOV linTapxtov are mentioned in P . O x y . 790, of the second century B.C., and d KO.0' Imrapxtav iTnardr-qs occurs, for example, in P . Petr. 3. 72(d), 10, of the third century B.C.; h e sends a n account of t h e KXrjpoi of cavalrymen, a n d seems t o b e a 'returning officer'; cf. Mahaffy, a d l o c . ; Lesquier, 192 sq. A. F.
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
171
N o . 28. A list of sheep and goats Samareia ( F a y u m ) .
Fr. 1 : 28 x 17 c m .
155 or 144 B.C.
P . T e b t . 882. L I T . : W i l c k e n , Arch.
2
xiii. 207. L a u n e y , 547, 1232 s q q . B a r o n , SRH
i. 266.
A list of sheep and goats drawn u p b y a village authority (presumably the scribe) of Samareia. N e a r l y all the owners of cattle are Jews. A separate list (fr. 2) registers the cattle belonging to women, some of w h o m also h a v e Hebrew names. One wonders whether the whole population of Samareia at this time was Jewish (cf. W i l c k e n , Arch. xiii. 2 1 7 ) or whether the present list concerns only one group of settlers, n a m e l y the Jewish one. In the latter case it m a y be supposed t h a t the inhabitants of Samareia, like those of Psenyris (No. 3 3 ) , were divided into separate national groups. Cf. for Samareia-Kerkesephis above, N o . 22, note to 1. 6. T h e settlement was composed of officers, owning either 80 or 30 arourai (11. 4 - 5 ) , and of common soldiers (1. 6).
F r a g . 1. "Erovs
KS" Tvfii.
Sapapeias. KO)pr)L
Trapd
Ktopoypapparetos
ypar){i} Karav[epopevcov
TrpOfSdrojv KaBori
(6yhor)Kovrapovpa)v)'
rrjt
[vTroKeirai.
Urjvevs
5 (rpiaKovrapovpu>v)'
ev
rov
©eohcopos
Uiaivov
rrp(6 8ara) t
Trp(6fiara)
Aajoideov
[ p,[
arparioircbv Trp(6f8ara)
[ . . . ] . .Xis Uvpia>vos [Aojoi]deos
[. . . .J.fps" EapfiaOaiov 10 [
K,
Trp(6f3ara)
NeoTrr7]oXepov
[ — 1 5 lett.—~\. .oy
A , dp(ves)
Trp(6(3ara)
©eodorov
le, [
Trp(6j3ara)
Trp(6f$aTa) p,
[
[
dp(ves)
ap(ves)
o, (yivovrai)
ie, (yivovrai)
is"
y[e.
T r a c e s of 1 line. Trp(6^ara)
[ — 1 0 lett.—]oi<Xeia)vos
£r), ap(ves)
f, alyes
t, rpd(yos)
T r a c e s of 1 line. i^Acoaideos
'Idoojv
Oeohwpov
Mvdaa)vos
Acocrideos Ayyais 20 'IwQVyys
le, ap(ves)
rrp(6^ara)
Trp(6f$ara)
e, ap(ves)
TTp(6f$ara)
1, dp(ves)
Arjprjrpiov
Trp(6^ara)
T), ap(ves)
Avrvnarpov
Trp(6fiara)
UrpariiTTrov
'IaKovftis
K , aiyes
e. 0. te, A i f a , epioi j8.
i£, ap(ves)
Trp(6^ara)
a.
/3, epioi j6\
y.
A , ap(ves)
rrp(6^ara)
'IaKovfiios
1, c u f a, epitpos
A , ap(ves)
Tvxojvos
UrpdriTTTros avXrjrrjs
] y Trp(6ftara)
[
UapfiaOaios
iy,
1, c u f a .
dp(ves)
£, c u f A .
a
172
SECTION
I I I : N O S . 28-29 F r a g . 2.
T r a c e s of i line. 24 €pitf>oi fS.
Uialvov
Trp(6^ara)
yy(vrj?) ©eotjeva
yv(vaiKtbv).
Trp(6^ara)
ACVKLOV
A, dp(ves)
t€, alyes
j8,
€pitf>OL 2JapL^d6tov [M]dpuov
'Itovddov
t e , [dp(v€s)]
' ' I a K o v f i i o s Trp(6^ara)
IT, dp(v€s)
e, alyes
. , epLtf>os a,
A, . . .
1
. . acrtos . . .
ATTOAXCOVLCL
(yLvovrtu) 30 epicj)OL
irp(6fiaTa)
7rp(djSaTa) TKC, dp(ves)
rfd,
Aj8, T p d ( y o t ) y , ( y t V o v r a t )
(oydorjKovTapovptov?) rpd(yoL)
alyes
/xe.
AvS.
7rp(ojSara)
/>KT, d p ( v e s )
/x,
at(ye?)
t,
epi(oi)
e,
j8.
[ ( T / o t a / c o v T a / o o u p c o v ? ) ] Trp(6^ara)
[ ] a , dp(ves') K , a t ( y e s ' ) jS, e p t ( ^ o t ) j8.
T r a c e s of a n o t h e r line. Fr. 1 : 10. ij8 above a n erasure 22. ys of a u A i j n j s above t h e line. Fr. 2 : 25. 7rp(oj3aTa) yu(vai*fa)v) written o n t h e left edge of t h e papyrus. (Translation.)
Y e a r 26, T y b i . M a d e b y A b . . . , t h e v i l l a g e scribe of S a m a r e i a .
A list of c a t t l e g r a z i n g in t h e v i l l a g e , as f o l l o w s : 80-arourai
holders:
S e n e u s son of Sisines. — c a t t l e .
30-arourai
holders:
T h e o d o r o s son of D o s i t h e o s . 40 c a t t l e .
Soldiers: — l i s son of S y r i o n . 30 c a t t l e . —
sheep.
D o s i t h e o s son of T h e o d o t o s . 20 c a t t l e . — e o s son of S a m b a t h a i o s . 15 c a t t l e . — son of N e o p t o l e m o s . 12 c a t t l e . 4 s h e e p , (total) 16. —
son of — o s . 40 c a t t l e . 15 s h e e p , (total) 55.
—
son of — k l e o n . 68 c a t t l e . 60 s h e e p . 1 0 s h e - g o a t s . 1 h e - g o a t .
D o s i t h e o s . . . 15 c a t t l e . 10 s h e e p . 1 s h e - g o a t . 1 k i d . S a m b a t h a i o s son of T h e o d o r o s . 30 c a t t l e . 20 s h e e p . 2 s h e - g o a t s . 2 k i d s . J a s o n son of M n a s o n . 5 c a t t l e . 3 s h e e p . D o s i t h e o s son of T y c h o n . 1 0 c a t t l e . 5 s h e e p . A n g a i s son of D e m e t r i o s . 8 c a t t l e . 4 s h e e p . J o a n n e s son of A n t i p a t e r . 30 c a t t l e . 15 s h e e p . 1 s h e - g o a t . 2 k i d s . S t r a t i p p o s son of S t r a t i p p o s . 1 7 c a t t l e . 1 0 s h e e p . 1 s h e - g o a t . J a k o u b i s son of J a k o u b i s , a flute p l a y e r . 13 c a t t l e . 7 s h e e p . 1 s h e - g o a t . F r a g . 2. 2 kids Women's
W i f e (?) of
Sisines.
cattle:
T h e o x e n a d a u g h t e r of L e u k i a s . 30 c a t t l e . 15 s h e e p . 2 s h e - g o a t s . 2 k i d s . S a m b a t h i o n d a u g h t e r of J o n a t h a s . 15 c a t t l e . 5 s h e e p . — s h e - g o a t s . 1 k i d .
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
M a r i o n d a u g h t e r of J a k o u b i s . 80 c a t t l e . 30 s h e e p . . . A p o l l o n i a d a u g h t e r of — a s i s . . . (total) 925 c a t t l e . 399 s h e e p . 45 s h e - g o a t s . . . 32 l a m b s . 3 h e - g o a t s , Of
(total) 1,404.
these there b e l o n g :
T o t h o s e w i t h 80 a r o u r a i : 120 c a t t l e . 40 s h e e p . 10 s h e - g o a t s . 5 kids. 2 he-goats. T o t h o s e w i t h 30 a r o u r a i : — 1 c a t t l e . 20 s h e e p . 2 s h e - g o a t s . 2 k i d s . 1. Perhaps Qfrfflaiov. 4 . ' TOV i s probably a n inadvertence, a s if preceded b y Zr/vecas ' (Edd.). The father's n a m e , 27«w'i^s, is P e r s i a n ; see Justi, Iran. Namenbuch, s.v. A Persian satrap Sisines is recorded in Ezra 5. 6 e t c . C^nn). Cf. P S I 389: i) S e t v a ] ZioLvov Ilepoivt). Sr/vexis seems also t o be a n Iranian n a m e : see Justi, s.v. 'Sennes'. Since there were Jewish settlers in E g y p t under the Persian domination, Iranian n a m e s d o n o t exclude t h e possibility of their bearers being J e w s . I t m a y be recalled that a Jewish writer in E g y p t , presumably in the second century B.C., was k n o w n under the Persian n a m e of Artapanos. 7. 'Perhaps ZafiorjXis ' (Edd.). 9. Perhaps [Aa>oC]0fos. 19. Ayyihs, t h e Hebrew ''511, does n o t occur elsewhere i n t h e papyri. 22. avXr}T-qs: written in minuscules o n the left edge of t h e papyrus. 24. ' Zioivov yv(yrj) m a y be a n interpolation referring t o Oeogeva' (Edd.). 31. If the reading (oyho^KovTapovptav) is right, it m u s t b e t h a t fr. 2 deals only with wives of military settlers owning 80 or 30 arourai, i.e. of officers (cf. 11. 4-5 and 24).
N o . 29. A list of military settlers Fayum. 1 4 x 2 1 cm. P . T e b t . 1019.
Mid-second century B.C.
A list of persons w h o appear to be military settlers of Greek and Jewish origin. A similar list is P . T e b t . 1 0 1 8 , b u t the persons mentioned there are n a t i v e fellahin, as may
be inferred from their E g y p t i a n names. B o t h lists note the size of the plots of
land owned b y the cultivators and the rate of t a x a t i o n due to the g o v e r n m e n t on these plots. T w o particular features strike our a t t e n t i o n : the v e r y small size of the plots (generally 1 or 2 arourai), and the specification of a part of the land as eprjfios (desert). Since there were no plots in E g y p t of 1 or 2 arourai which could support a family even of poor E g y p t i a n peasants, to s a y nothing of military settlers, we are led t o the conclusion t h a t the present list does not include the t o t a l size of holdings owned b y the members of the settlement. T h e y are, probably, supplementary plots, p a r t l y desert, the cultivation of which was pressed on the settlers b y the Ptolemaic government in order t o enlarge the area of arable land. Cf. on the question of com pulsory farming in the second century B . C . Rostovtzeff, Kolonat, 30 s q q . ; id., n
I
e
7 1 8 , 1495 ( - 3 ^ ) » Kiessling, Actes du V
Congres,
SEHHW
2 1 8 sq.; P r e a u x , 504 sqq. There is
no w a y of distinguishing between Greek and Jewish settlers in the present list, only one being called b y a pure H e b r e w name (Ezekias), y e t it seems t h a t persons n a m e d in 11. 1 , 6, 8, 1 0 , 1 1 , and 22 were Jews. Col. ©epyivqs 'E^CLKLCLS
EvfjLaxos
©e[o]ye[vovs] ,
E^ €(LKLOV) >
Evfxdxov
I
j8[ ] . [ — ] q, e i / c a ( o x a ) d v ( d ) j3.
jS, (tov)
iprj(pov)
a, gi(Totf>6pov)
a , [et/ca(o"ta) dv(d)
.].
174
SECTION
av(a)
., ai(rocj>6pov)
. , ei/ca(oxa)
(rjpuov).
5 IJapaLftdrrjs
IlapaLftdrov
j8.... ft,
Kai{JLLCo(vos)
ACOGLOCOS
dv(a) Zrjvcov
it,, (cov) ip7](p,ov)
(apovpai?)
&LXCOTOV
I I I : N O S . 29-30
(cov)
a,
ipr]([iov)
\oi(rocj>6pov)]
a,
[et]/ca(ata)
ft. ) a (r)piLov), €t/ca(
Te(
@eo86cnos
Hpipicovtov
NOVPLT]V[L\OS
10 AvTLTrarpos Kap.[..~\
p' 8 , (cov)
€pr)(pLov) ft, aL(ro(f)6pov)
Acooideov
8 , et«:a(crta) dv(d)
Acotndeov
dv(d)
(rdraprov).
ft
(cbv)
(TJPLLOV),
€LKa(ala)
ft,
(yjpLLOv)
€pr)(iiov)
dv(a) (17/xicru).
(rpLrov).
a , OL(rocj)6pov)
a,
et/ca(orta)
.
'EppLo[yev]r)s TloXefxcov
(rjpuav)
iprj(pLov) t^.
HpicrroKXeovs
ft,
et/ca(
7 7 r o ( A e / x a t o u ) a , €LKa(aia)
[
dv(d)
o]t» j8, et/ca(crta) d v ( d ) (rjpucrv)
15 [
] j8, etKa(crta)
a.
(SlpLOLpov). (rplrov).
(hipioipov).
dv(d)
T r a c e s of 2 lines. Col.
II
T r a c e s of 3 lines. 21 KdXXiTTTTos e, (cov) iprj(pLov) . ©eohoaios (cov)
ipr](p.ov)
(yivovTaC) 25 aL(ro<j)6pov) . Aiofirj.
ft,
[—]
[e,]
ZCOLXOV
GL(rocj>6pov)
y,
^e(/oo-ou) (dpovpaC)
€LKa(aia)
K€, (SV)
ipt](pLov)
[6],
ts"
. . 8 , (o)i>) iprj(pLov)
ft,
OL(ro<j>6pov) ft, et/ca(
(rjpLLov).
T h e o g e n e s son of T h e o g e n e s , 2 arourai
E z e i k i a s son of E z e i k i a s , 1 a r o u r a , e s t i m a t e a t 2. E u m a c h o s son
of
E u m a c h o s , 2 a r o u r a i , of w h i c h d e s o l a t e
l a n d 1, c o r n -
p r o d u c i n g 1, e s t i m a t e a t . . . Philotas
son
of P h i l o t a s , (arourai?) 1 7 , of w h i c h desolate l a n d . . ., c o r n -
p r o d u c i n g . . ., e s t i m a t e a t P a r a i b a t e s son of P a r a i b a t e s , 2 . . . . D o s i t h e o s son of K a i m i o n , 2 arourai, of w h i c h desolate l a n d 1, c o r n - p r o d u c i n g 1, e s t i m a t e a t 2. Z e n o n , i \ arourai, e s t i m a t e a t f. T h e o d o s i o s son of A m m o n i o s , 16 a r o u r a i of d e s o l a t e l a n d . N u m e n i o s , h e k a t o n t a r c h e s ( ? ) 4 , of w h i c h 2 a r o u r a i are d e s o l a t e l a n d , 2 are corn-producing, estimate at \ . A n t i p a t r o s son of D o s i t h e o s , 4 arourai, e s t i m a t e a t g. K a r . [..]
son of D o s i t h e o s , 2\ arourai, of w h i c h one is d e s o l a t e l a n d , 1 c o r n -
producing, estimate at . . .
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY
SETTLERS
175
H e r m o g e n e s son of A r i s t o k l e s , 2 a r o u r a i , e s t i m a t e a t 1. P o l e m o n son of P t o l e m a i o s , 1 a r o u r a , e s t i m a t e a t § . [ X . s o n of Y . ] , 2 a r o u r a i , e s t i m a t e a t § . [ X . son of Y . ] , 2 a r o u r a i , e s t i m a t e a t § . K a l l i p p o s , 5 a r o u r a i , of w h i c h d e s o l a t e l a n d . . . T h e o d o s i o s son of Z o i l o s , 5 a r o u r a i of w h i c h d e s o l a t e l a n d 2, c o r n - p r o d u c i n g l a n d 3 , e s t i m a t e . . . ( t o t a l of) d r y l a n d 25 a r o u r a i , of w h i c h d e s o l a t e l a n d 9, c o r n - p r o d u c i n g l a n d 16 D i o m e . . . 4 a r o u r a i , of w h i c h d e s o l a t e l a n d 2 c o r n - p r o d u c i n g l a n d 2, e s t i m a t e a t ^ 1-5. T h e first five people in t h e list have t h e peculiarity of all being n a m e d after their fathers. I can explain neither this strange fact nor w h y t h e y were chosen b y the scribe t o open the list. *Et,eu
N o . 30. A list of Jews and Macedonians Fayum. 15*5x26 cm. P . T e b t . 1075. L I T . : L a u n e y , 547, 1235.
Mid-second century B.C.
A list of J e w s and Macedonians, probably members of a military unit. T h e purpose of the list is not clear. I t seems t h a t the same men's names are reiterated in 11. 1 - 2 , 3 - 4 , and 5 - 8 . F r a g . 1, C o l . I
'l7T\noodp,ov
'IovSaTos,
* T\7nrohdpov
'Iovoatos,
EJrpdrcovos
MaKeScbv,
Erp^drcovos
MaKeotbv,
ITT]oAepCLlOV M(LK€0(A)V, ^TlroAepaiov TlTJoAepaiov ]IlToA€p,aloV
E^afifiaOalov 10 f o l l o w e d b y a n o t h e r 'IovSatos
MaKeBcbv, MaKeotov, M(lK€.0(i)V,
*Iov8atos,
a n d 5 Ma/ceSdVes. Col. I I
\Aoi\piaiv [E]apq7rlcov
Ao}[pl(xi\vos Ar)p,r)Tpiov
Ma[K€o]a>v, MaK€o
176
SECTION
I I I : N O S . 30-32
AtooLdeos ApTefJuStopov 'IovSatos, ©eoSojpos ©eohcopov MaKeScbv, NGLXOS *AnoX\tovlov MaKeStbv, &[....].. Ato[p]ttovos MaKe[8]tbv, ©eoScopos ©eo[Stbpov —,
20
w i t h b e g i n n i n g s of 2 m o r e lines. F r a
(Translation.)
g - *>
C o 1
-
1
. . . son of H i p p o d a m o s , a J e w , . . . son of H i p p o d a m o s , a J e w , . . . son of S t r a t o n , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of S t r a t o n , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of P t o l e m y , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of P t o l e m y , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of P t o l e m y , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of P t o l e m y , a M a c e d o n i a n , . . . son of S a b b a t h a i o s , a J e w , (followed b y a n o t h e r J e w a n d 5 M a c e d o n i a n s ) . Col. I I D o r i o n son of D o r i o n , a M a c e d o n i a n , S a r a p i o n son of D e m e t r i o s , a M a c e d o n i a n , D o s i t h e o s son of A r t e m i d o r o s , a J e w , T h e o d o r o s son of T h e o d o r o s , a M a c e d o n i a n , N e i l o s son of A p o l l o n i o s , a M a c e d o n i a n , Ph...
son of D o r i o n , a M a c e d o n i a n ,
T h e o d o r o s son of T h e o d o r o s
—
N o . 31. A list of military settlers Fayum. P . Tebt. 79. L I T . : S c h n e b e l , Landwirtschaft,
Mid-second century B.C. 7 n. 4, 1 7 , 203 n. 5.
A list of military settlers in the F a y u m , probably in the north-east corner of it, since the village of Psenyris is mentioned in the t e x t . T h e national provenance of the settlers is varied; Macedonians and Persians are referred t o ; in Col. 1 , 1 . 7 , a m a n from Sidon is mentioned. W e m a y remember t h a t Psenyris, the village in the neighbourhood, numbered m a n y Jews among its inhabitants (cf. N o . 3 3 ) . I quote below a few lines which m a y refer to Jews. Col. I I
SsUevBov
Acoa(i)d€ov ov yp(d(f>ec) 6 KCo(p^o)yp(apniarevs) p,€T€i\r)< rov vlov £a (yjpuav) (reraprov), (tZv) (rrvpan) A. 70 ©€ohorov T[OV] Aapelov ov p,€T€L\r)€Vcu Aapeiov TOV vlo\y] [LQIT] 1<s',(cbv) TrepLGTe(pibvos) is"', cnr6(pos) (TTVptbl,) Xdl^ dpd(KOJi) c [ . . ( ) ] e t ' ? ' 76 UlpicDVos TOV MvaaiOTpaTov \(3 (rjpuav) rf, aTTo(pos) (Trvpcbi). AVKOV
T[OV]
JEWISH
SOLDIERS
AND MILITARY Col.
78
Aa)oi\9£o\v
0
177
Ill
T O V 77TOAE[/u,atou S t d
T O V vlov 8
SETTLERS
fidrfi^'^
© e o S o T o u T O V Ti . [ (dpovpai) (Translation.)
v, (
K[
1. 6 3 : ( T h e p l o t of) S e u t h e s , s o n of D o s i t h e o s , t o w h o m L y k o s
t h e son h a s s u c c e e d e d , a c c o r d i n g t o w h a t t h e k o m o g r a m m a t e u s w r i t e s , 6 i f a r o u r a i , of w h i c h t h i r t y are s o w n w i t h w h e a t . 7 0 : ( T h e p l o t of) T h e o d o t o s , s o n of D a r e i o s , t o w h o m D a r e i o s t h e s o n s u c c e e d e d , 4 9 ^ - a r o u r a i of w h i c h ^
arourai are t a k e n b y a pigeon house,
has 39^
a r o u r a i are s o w n w i t h w h e a t , 5 ^ w i t h a r a k o s . . . of S i m o n son of M n a s i s t r a t o s 32§ s o w n w i t h w h e a t . Col. 78:
Ill
( T h e p l o t of) D o s i t h e o s , son of P t o l e m a i o s , t h r o u g h his son,
49^.
80: ( T h e p l o t of) T h e o d o t o s son of T i . . . . 50 a r o u r a i of w h i c h 20 are s o w n w i t h wheat. 63. Zcvdrjs is a Thracian n a m e (cf. P a p e - B e n s e l e r , s.v.). Y e t a J e w in t h e R o m a n period is called b y this n a m e ( N o . 421,11.173,195), and s o we m a y infer t h a t the n a m e was used b y J e w s t o o . Cf. S B 4206, 1. 188 (Zevdrjs Zifiwvos). I n P . T e b t . 1001 a m a n bearing this n a m e occurs a m o n g the Aoiayevets, a denotation better fitting a Syrian origin than a Thracian. Here, i n connexion with D o s i t h e o s , t h e n a m e is surely applied t o a Jew. I t m a y be that the n a m e was taken over, first of all, b y J e w s serving in a Thracian hipparchy. 70. Aapetos is a Persian name. Y e t , in connexion with the theophoric n a m e T h e o d o t o s , it m a y rouse some suspicion as t o t h e national origin of t h e bearer. Cf. N o . 2 8 , 1 . 4, n o t e .
N o . 32. From an account of land and crops Gurob ( F a y u m ) . P . Gurob 26.
Probably mid-second century B.C.
T h e recto of the p a p y r u s contains an account of land and crops. T h e owners of t b e land were cleruchs, as m a y be inferred from the mention of plots of land of 100 and 80 arourai. T h e editor confined himself t o printing some fragments of the document. H e quotes in the introduction a list of fifteen people whose names are 'completely preserved' in the p a p y r u s ; five of t h e m , being, perhaps, of Jewish origin, are printed below. 'The
verso also dealt w i t h cleruchic land . . . I t refers to the 9 t h , 1 0 t h , a n d n t h
years, p r o b a b l y of Philopator' (edit.). I quote below only one line where a Dositheos is mentioned. Recto
0€o8a)pos Ulpcov
Acocndeov Eipoivos
0€opvrjaTos
©eohoTov
Avatpaxos
AfiSaiov
AiooKOvpihrjS B2909
N
Uipcovos
178
SECTIONS
III-IV:
N O S . 32-33
Verso F r . (b), 1. 6. Acooldeos
t (erovs) ta
(Translation.)
to. (rjpucrv)
(vjiLiav) (rpirov),
(rplrov),
0
(yivovrai)
(erovs) Ky
(hipioipov)
Recto T h e o d o r o s son of D o s i t h e o s S i m o n son of S i m o n T h e o m n e s t o s son of T h e o d o t o s L y s i m a c h o s son of A b d a i o s D i o s k o u r i d e s son of S i m o n Verso D o s i t h e o s , for t h e 10th y e a r , e l e v e n a n d | for t h e 9 t h y e a r , e l e v e n a n d | t h e s u m t o t a l 23 a n d | .
S E C T I O N IV
JEWISH PEASANTS, SHEPHERDS, A N D A R T I S A N S IN THE F A Y O M I T h a s b e e n m y p u r p o s e t o c o l l e c t in t h i s s e c t i o n
all t h e d o c u m e n t s of
the
P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d referring t o t h e J e w i s h r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n in so far as t h e y are n o t concerned w i t h m i l i t a r y settlers
(Section I I I ) a n d n o t i n c l u d e d in t h e Z e n o n
P a p y r i ( S e c t i o n s I—II). I t is o b v i o u s t h a t a c o l l e c t i o n of d o c u m e n t s , a f t e r t h e e x c l u s i o n of l a r g e r g r o u p s , m u s t b e s o m e w h a t v a r i e d in a s p e c t . T h e r e are b u t f e w d o c u m e n t s in t h i s s e c t i o n w o r t h y of s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n ; t h e m a j o r i t y are little fragments
(sometimes
t w o or t h r e e lines) e x t r a c t e d f r o m v a r i o u s lists,
a c c o u n t s , l a n d - s u r v e y s , c e n s u s - r e t u r n s , a n d t h e l i k e . I n m o s t cases t h e H e b r e w n a m e is o u r sole a r g u m e n t in f a v o u r of t h e ' J e w i s h ' a s p e c t of t h e f r a g m e n t . C o n s e q u e n t l y this section,
in s p i t e of i t s fifteen
n u m b e r s , is n o t
significant
e n o u g h t o e n a b l e us t o discuss t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e J e w i s h r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n in the F a y u m , (pp.
a n d n o t h i n g c a n b e a d d e d here t o w h a t h a s b e e n s a i d
above
15 sq.) in g e n e r a l t e r m s a b o u t J e w i s h p e a s a n t s , s h e p h e r d s , a n d a r t i s a n s in
Egypt.
N o . 33. Jews and Greeks in Psenyris Psenyris ( F a y u m ) .
Third century B.C.
P . Petr. i, p . 4 3 (Introduction). W . Chr. 5 5 . L I T . : Jahresbericht Berl.
Phil.
Woch.
d. Geschichtswissensch.
289 n. 2 . F u c h s , 5 3 , 5 7 , 1 0 9 . semitismus
1 8 9 0 , i, p . 9 6 .
1 8 9 6 , 1 4 9 2 . P . M. Meyer, Heerwesen,
in der alien
Welt,
T h e editio princeps
B i c k e r m a n n , Arch.
S a y c e , JQR
1900, 34.
viii. 2 3 0 .
ii, 1 8 9 0 , p . 4 0 3 .
Schurer, iii. 4 4 .
Tramontano,28, 39.
Wilcken,
J u s t e r , ii. 1 7 n . 4 ;
J. Leipoldt,
Anti-
1 9 3 3 , p. 26.
of this interesting document (Mahaffy in P . Petr.) w a s far from
being satisfactory. Mahaffy did not include this p a p y r u s in the 'Petrie P a p y r i ' which he published, b u t printed it without a n y c o m m e n t a r y in the 'Introduction' to P . P e t r . i as a chance piece of evidence concerning Jews living in the F a y u m . T h e p a p y r u s w a s reprinted b y Wilcken without a n y a t t e m p t at restoration. T h e revision of the p a p y r u s (now in the Bodleian Library) was made b y J . H . Reid, w i t h the assistance of C. H . Roberts. T h e t e x t printed below is in accordance w i t h the c o p y sent to me b y Mr. Reid, to w h o m m y best thanks are due. T h e main interest of this document is confined to the fact t h a t Jews and Greeks in a village in the F a y u m were treated b y an official as t w o separate groups. W e h a v e no other clear instances of a similar emphasis on the national principle displayed b y the functionaries of the Ptolemaic g o v e r n m e n t ; y e t a list of the payers of aAi/07 (salt-tax) in the second century B . C . is drawn u p /car' dvSpa Kal KO.T eOvos and, in fact, the first t w o fragments of this list contain Greek names only, whereas the third and the fourth fragments are full of E g y p t i a n names (P. T e b t . 8 8 0 ) . So it is likely t h a t in some cases the government officials used the nationality of the t a x p a y e r as a means of facilitating the exaction of the taxes.
i8o
SECTION
I V : N O S . 33-36 Margin.
[
]s
AoK\T)7TLah\jr)i\
[XCH/)€]u>. . . [ \Xo\yeyeaBai
€V
WeVVpei
els ret d7ro8d^ta rrjs
rcbv 'Iovhaicov
Trapd
'EX\r}va>v
eKaarov
/cat rovro
XoyeveraL
AiKaiov IO
rov
eOTIV
ribv
irapd
€VOIKOVV(TO)V)
5
].
TrdvTOJV
/cco/x^s k o l
rcbv
ocbpiaros
(^/xt'Spa^/Ltov)
Std
emardrov.
edv crol aLvr)raL,
KaXcbs
Tr[oi]r)G€is
il7roA]Aa)vta>(t)
ypdifj[as
6. Trapd: the second a written over a cancelled e. (Translation.)
. . .s t o A s k l e p i a d e s , greeting. . . . to b e collected from all those
w h o l i v e in P s e n y r i s , for t h e v i l l a g e g r a n a r i e s , f r o m t h e J e w s a n d t h e G r e e k s , J d r a c h m e p e r p e r s o n . C o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h D i k a i o s t h e e p i s t a t e s . If y o u a g r e e , please write t o Apollonios . . . . 2. Possibly a v [ a y * a f o ] p (Reid). 4. suggested b y R o b e r t s . Wevvpts: a village in the F a y u m ; see P . Tebt. ii, p p . 410 sq. 5. Cf. P . Col. Zen. 5 4 , 1 . 36 (250 B . C . ) : els T O diroSoxlav ( 1 . d w o S d x i o v ) . R e v . L a w s , col. 3 1 , 1 1 . 18 s q q . : h> eKa[a]r[rii] Kio(ii)i d f l - o S o x t a . Cf. o n the d w o S d ^ t a Calderini, &H2JAYP01,17 sq. T h e t a x is not mentioned elsewhere. Perhaps a repair of the granary building is m e a n t . 6. T h e second a in w a p a is written above a cancelled e. 'The scribe perhaps began t o write w o p ' eKaoTov (Reid). 6-7. W h y are t h e E g y p t i a n s not m e n t i o n e d ? Psenyris w a s certainly, primarily, a n E g y p t i a n village. W h y was the t a x 'for t h e granaries' exacted from J e w s and Greeks alone? Were t h e y military settlers? 7. eKaoTov oibfiaTos means n o t 'for every slave', a s supposed b y some scholars (cf. Schiirer, Juster), b u t 'from each person'. See, for e x a m p l e , P . Gurob 27, where awfiara is used for a free village population. Cf. Wilcken in h i s c o m m e n t a r y t o W . Chr. 55. 9. At.Kalov (Roberts). F o r t h e office o i eTnorarqs rrjs KcofiTjs cf. W . Grundz. 412; B e n g t s o n , Die Strategie
in der hellenist.
Zeit,
iii, 1952, 8 1 ; L a v i g n e , De Epistates
van
het Dorp
in Ptolemaeisch
Egypte,
1945-
N o . 34. A fragment from a census-paper Fayum. P . Petr. iii. 59c.
Third century B.C.
A census-paper from the F a y i i m . I quote here only one line referring to a Jewess. (3), R e c t o , translation.)
1.
4:
Eafiadls
yvvrj.
S a b a t h i s , wife (of. . .).
UafSaOls (more correctly ZafifSadts) is a feminine form of Zafifiadaios. Cf., for e x a m p l e , CIJ , I n d e x , s.v. Za^arls, Zaf3aris, Sabbatis. I t corresponds t o t h e Hebrew nTOfl? or TQtt?, a n a m e i n c o m m o n use a m o n g Jewish w o m e n i n Elephantine (see Cowley, I n d e x ) . Zaffiaris can also b e a m a s c . form, cf., for e x a m p l e , CI J 397.
JEWISH
PEASANTS,
SHEPHERDS,
AND ARTISANS
181
N o . 3£. Distribution of seeds F a y u m . 55 x 17 c m . 259/8 B.C. P . Lille i. 5 (ed. P . Jouguet and J . Lesquier). L I T . : R o s t o w z e w , Kolonat 52. Wilcken, Arch. v . 224. Juster, ii. 67 n . 4 ; 295 n . 2. Schnebel, 20 n. 3, 2 2 , 1 3 8 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 214. F u c h s , 52, 63. Tramontane*, 28. Preaux, 120. Orders for the distribution of seeds a m o n g various persons, some of w h o m seem t o h a v e been fiaoiXiKol yewpyol. O n e of the recipients is 'a Syrian' (1. 1 4 ) : a proof t h a t a m o n g the cultivators were people of Syrian origin. W h e t h e r Simon (11. 4 , 3 9 ) , T h e o philos (1. 6), and Theodoros ( 1 1 . 1 9 , 2 5 , 62) were J e w s is uncertain. F r o m the whole list I q u o t e only t w o lines in w h i c h H e b r e w names are mentioned. 13
IJroXepLalan puepos yfjs
avrov
ri
A[v]av[lov],
[els rr)v ev] rd)t
4
[TOV £K T O V K S (erovs),
Aapeioii rov
(Translation.)
Sid rd
npoooeiadai,
rrjs
TraioXoylas,
1 8
MeveXdov,
opvp.tx)i,
£K rov
Ke (erovs)
(dprdfSas)
*Ia>vdrps
/u,.]
Kal
Hior&i
o
T o P t o l e m y son of A n a n i a s , for t h e l a n d in t h e t h i c k e t , b e c a u s e
s o m e of his l a n d requires e x t r a m o w i n g ; for y e a r 26, 40 a r t a b a i . T o D a r i o s s o n of I o n a s a n d P i s t o s s o n of M e n e l a o s ; for y e a r 25, 200 ( a r t a b a i ) . 13. ^ [ v ] a » < [ t o s ] E d d . Y e t the usual transcription of the Hebrew W11T\ is Avavias, and n o t Avavis. 14. ncooXoyla = iroioXoyla (mowing). 18. 'lavas is probably an abbreviation of 'Iatvadds rather t h a n a transcription of the rare name i W V .
N o . 36. A fragment of a property-declaration Boubastos (Fayum). 23rd J a n u a r y , 240 B.C. P . Alexandrin., e d . Mahaffy (BCH xviii, 1894, 145 sqq.). WO i, p p . 436, 823. Wilcken, Arch. i . 173 sq.
W a c h s m u t h , Hildebrands
L I T . : W i l c k e n , GGA,
1895,
T
Jahrb.
f.
Nat.
4-6 n. 1 ; i d . , Berl.
u. Stat, Phil.
x i x (74), Woch.
777 s q .
1896,
W . Chr.
1492;
WO
198.
i, p p . 436,
456,
823.
Bouch^-Leclercq, iii. 291. Bludau, 29. P . M. Meyer, Heerwesen, 33 n . 123. Schurer, iii. 38. Wilcken, Ant. 789 n. 3. Juster, ii. 295 n. 3. Fuchs, 53. Preaux, 134, 224 sq., 251, 381. A declaration to the authorities concerning the composition of a family and its property (cf. for similar declarations A v o g a d r o , Aeg. x v , 1 9 3 5 , 1 3 1 sqq.). I n 11. 1 8 sq. the king's granary in B o u b a s t o s is mentioned, a n d so it m a y be inferred t h a t the author of the declaration w a s domiciled in this village (according to W i l c k e n , Chr., a village in the F a y u m is meant, not the metropolis of the B o u b a s t i a n district in the Delta). I omit the second part of the declaration (11. 7 - 2 1 ) dealing w i t h property a n d quote here only the introduction w i t h the names of the members of the family fol lowed b y the names of the field-hands (yecopyol pio6a>t). Some names of the latter reveal their Syrian origin; and one or t w o of t h e m were Jews. The
first reading of the document b y Mahaffy w a s rather unsatisfactory. T h e
present reading was established b y B o t t i and W i l c k e n after a revision of the t e x t
(Arch, i. 1 7 3 ) .
182
SECTION ("ETOVS) vlos
£ Xolax
KocrpLLa, 'Iedfi,
5
S . AaKXy)mdhr)s,
A7roXXo<j)dv7)s
ApTepiihcopos
(Translation.)
yvvr)
paadcbL Xdt,apos,
yecopyol
UtrdXKes,
ftovKoXos
TIaTpotXa,
cos (eTcbv) t e , HiToXAohcopos
cos (CTOJV) t, IlToXepLaLos
Kpdrepos,
IJoTapicov,
I V : N O S . 36-37
"QpoSt
vy,
Tpo6s
*Pay€oof$daX,
NaTavfidaX, (yivovTai)
cos (iTCov)
obs (ercov) e,
rroLpir)v aco(p,aTa)
te.
Y e a r 7 C h o i a c h 4 . A s k l e p i a d e s , w i f e P a t r o p h i l a , son A p o l l o -
p h a n e s a b o u t 15 y e a r s o l d , A p o l l o d o r o s a b o u t 13 y e a r s o l d , A r t e m i d o r o s a b o u t 10
y e a r s old,
Ptolemy
a b o u t 5 y e a r s old, nurse
K o s m i a , hired
field-hands
Khazaros, Ragesobaal, Ieab, Krateros, Sitalkes, N a t h a n b a a l , shepherd P o t a m o n , c o w h e r d H o r o s , 15 p e r s o n s . 4. yetopyol fuodcoi, 'peasants for p a y ' , i.e. hired field-hands. I t is worth noting t h a t , save one (the cowherd Horos), t h e y were n o t E g y p t i a n s . T h e majority of t h e m came from Syria. Mahaffy con nected this fact w i t h the third Syrian w a r ; this suggestion m a y be sound (cf. the alxp-dXtoroi dwo rfjs Aaias in W . Chr. 334 of 244/3 - C . ) , y e t it m u s t b e remembered that Syrians working in the fields are frequently recorded in the d o c u m e n t s (e.g. PCZ 59292,52 sq., 464 s q . ; P . Zen. Mich. 49), and there is no reason w h y their sojourn in E g y p t should always b e explained as resulting from a war. On Syrian emigration into E g y p t cf. above p p . 4 sq. B
Xd£apos. T h e name seemed t o Mahaffy t o b e of Persian origin. W e find i t , indeed, in Justi, Iran. NB, s.v. 'Hazar'; y e t Justi quotes t w o instances only, and it seems that t h e n a m e was n o t a usual one. T h e Hebrew n a m e TTn i s , perhaps, a better explanation. T h e family of Hezir (T'Tfl ''33) w a s one of the twenty-four sections of the priesthood in Jerusalem (1 Chron. 2 4 . 1 5 ) ; its n a m e i s referred t o in an inscription from the environs of Jerusalem, presumably from the time of Herodes (CIJ 1394), and later Talmudic sources m e n t i o n it as settled in Galilee (Klein, Beitrage zur Geograph. und Gesch. Galildas, 16 sqq., 73 sq.). W e d o n o t know, of course, whether our Xd apos belonged t o this f a m i l y , but it is important for u s t o realize that a J e w could be called b y this n a m e . 'PayeaofldaX: for the n a m e see W u t h n o w , s.v. Cf. note t o 1. 5 (Natanbaal). 5. 'hdfS = 3X1JV. Cf. N o . 5 1 1 . N o doubt a Jew. NaravpdaX: probably a Syrian, since t h e J e w s abstained from calling themselves b y names derived from Ba'al. r
concerning a contract of lease Herakleia ( F a y u m ) . 9 x 32 c m . 2 8 t h January, 222 B.C. P . Magd. 3 (ed. Jouguet and Lefebvre) (BCH x x v i , 1 9 0 2 , 1 0 4 sqq.). P . Lille ii. 3 (ed. Lesquier). R o t h 4 . P . E n t . 5 9 (ed. Gueraud). LIT. : BCH, I.e.; Wilcken, Arch. ii. 3 9 0 ; id. Arch. i v . 4 8 . Juster, ii. 295 n. 2 . Cronert, REG, x v i , 1 9 0 3 , 1 9 4 . F u c h s , 6 3 . T r a m o n t a n o , 28. Seidl, Ptol. Rechtsgesch. 7 1 n. 3 , 7 3 n. 1 6 . Berneker, Sondergerichtsbarkeit, 1 6 6 . Taubenschlag, 2 7 1 n. 1 9 , 304 n. 1 , 3 7 2 n. 5 8 . T h i s document belongs t o the well-known collection of petitions from Magdola, first edited b y J o u g u e t a n d Lefebvre, reprinted b y Lesquier, and edited again, with • the addition of n e w t e x t s , b y Gueraud. A n evrev&s is a complaint addressed t o the k i n g ; y e t it does not reach the court in Alexandria, b u t stops in the office of the strategos (the head of the nome), w h o orders an examination of the plaint in one of the various judicial offices of the district. T h i s m e t h o d of bringing complaints before the authorities was especially used in the third century B . C . ; afterwards the evrevgis
was supplanted b y the \m6[ivy]\i.(x (cf. Collomp, Recherches, 5 1 sqq.; Bickermann, ix.
Arch.
1 5 5 sqq.). T h e largest collection of such petitions was preserved b y chance in a
government office of M a g d o l a ( F a y u m ) . T h e documents stored there were not restricted
JEWISH
PEASANTS,
SHEPHERDS,
AND ARTISANS
183
to this place only, b u t were collected from various villages of the F a y u m . Jews are mentioned in four documents (apart from the present document, see Nos. 3 8 , 1 2 8 - 9 > f« also 127 b ) ; no great percentage if we take into consideration t h a t the entire number of the ivrevgeis from Magdola and Ghoran published b y Gueraud reaches 1 1 3 . The present document is a complaint against a certain Demetrios m a d e b y three farmers, Theodotos, Gaddaios, and Phanias. Since the last name was formerly read as Onias, no doubt could arise as to his Jewish origin. Y e t even on the new reading there are reasons for supposing t h a t the persons mentioned in our p a p y r u s m a y be of Jewish origin (see note to 1. 1 ) . T h e subject of the complaint is not clear enough. Demetrios, the supervisor of the plots of land leased b y the three farmers, refused, when requested b y the farmers, to admit the b a d condition of a part of the leased land, a condition due to the lack of irrigation, though Demetrios h a d promised t h a t this should be remedied. According to Gueraud, the farmers sought, perhaps, a reduction of the rent (cf. the similar situation in N o . 1 3 ) . c
BaoiXei IlToXepaiOJi ArjprjTplov aas
ydp
rjpeiv
TOV
e^pvaiv
Trjv (rrvptov)
arraprjvai
OTTOS
4oxr)K€v
ovs
( e r o ? ) (rrvptbv)
(rjpiov),
(dprajStDv) y
Siayopevovarjs
SvvaTr)
6 £v r a i t e/c
e/cdcr-
"
arraprjvai
aKivovvov
ecu? Xolax
t,—Tr)v S e
ea>? t Ar\pr\Tpiov
TTapaoel^aipev
r)pd)v,
/cat dAAou?
dvopas
KOIVOVS
y",
r)prjv
Se
dpta
Seopedd
Aio^dvrji
TTJS
TT)V
pur) 8vvaTr)v
r)petv
arraprjvai,
ov
rrpoa-
a rrapeoei^ev
e<£* o t ? o w y e { y e } -
aov,
r a i t GTpaTrjydii
KO)prjs BovfidaTov
10 r e f A a t TOV Ar)pr\Tpiov ota
rd
ov j8ej8atot.
TrpoaTa^at
OT(aT)r)i
avTcoi
fiovXo-
rrapacrvvypa(f>€iv, ypdppueda
ra
d arropos
(dpovpav)
TTJV
piodwoeais
Kal KaTafipoxov,—r)
rrapaXa^6vTa(s)
Ar\pryrpiov
fiaoiXev,
Trjs
(TpiaKovTapovpojv)
rrapaXapfiavovTOiV
Se
pevos
VTTO
©eplar-
Trjs piodtbaeajs
y, T O hevTepov
avyyparjs
p,r) ovvaTrjv Xolax,
Trjs
'HpaKXeav,
( e r o ? ) , eK<j>optov
S"K
(dpTa^a>v)
Trjs
5 rrXr)v dfipoxov
TOV
KXrjpov /cat AoKXrjTndSov
NLKLOV
e t ? ( e r ^ ) jS, £' cot dp£i
(erei) e t ? TO
doiKovpeda
picr9u>-
Trepl Kwprjv
T O V peplbos,
Kal
^ a t p e t v ©eoooTOS, j T a S S a t o ? , Oavlas.
TWOS.
ypd^sai MeXedypa
TCOL
eVt-
arroa-
erri Ai\o\dvr)v TOV OTpaTrjyov
Kal,
edv
evoei£djpe6a
evTevge-
cos ovTa dXrjdrj, erravayKaaai
avTOv
TO
St/catov r)petv
vrroax^tv.
TOVTOV
Se
yevopevov, eaopeda
T O V St/catou T e r e u ^ d r e ? .
evrd^et. Verso.
(2nd h a n d ) MeXedypaii.
pdXiOTa
a7rd(crTetAov) o7r(cu?)
pev
S[tdA]vcroi^ avTovs'
et S e pr], rrpos
r)pds
eTri(aK€ifja)peda). (erovs)
Ke, A(a>i)ov
Kg,
Xolax
i>y*
184
SECTION
(erovs)
Ke,
©eoSoros, rrpos
I V : N O S . 37-38
ACOLOV
KS", Xolax
jTaSScuos',
Af][iiyrpiov
irepl
iy
&avlas pnadooaeoos
KArjpov. 2. 1 . 'Hpai<Xetav
(Translation.)
3. 1. a / > £ e i
6. 1. 17/xtov
9. 1.
Me/Xeaypcoi
T o K i n g P t o l e m y from Theodotos, Gaddaios and
Phanias,
greetings. W e are b e i n g w r o n g e d b y a c e r t a i n D e m e t r i o s . H e let u s t h e h o l d i n g s of N i k i a s a n d A s k l e p i a d e s , t h e 30-arourai h o l d e r s in t h e v i l l a g e of H e r a k l e i a in t h e r e g i o n of T h e m i s t e s , for 2 y e a r s , o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t p a y m e n t s h o u l d s t a r t w i t h t h e c o r n s o w n in t h e 2 5 t h y e a r for t h e 26th, a n d t h a t t h e r e n t s h o u l d b e 3 a r t a b a i of w h e a t for e a c h a r o u r a , a n d 3 ! a r t a b a i of w h e a t for t h e s e c o n d y e a r ; a n d t h e c o n t r a c t s t a t e d : ' G u a r a n t e e d a g a i n s t risks, e x c e p t t h o s e of d r o u g h t or f l o o d — t h e p a r t w h i c h c a n b e s o w n before C h o i a c h 1 0 — ( t h e y s h a l l i n s p e c t ) t h e p a r t w h i c h c a n n o t b e s o w n before C h o i a c h 10, t a k i n g w i t h t h e m D e m e t r i o s three impartial witnesses.'
and
So w e took Demetrios along to show h i m t h a t it
c o u l d n o t b e s o w n , b u t h e w a n t e d t o b r e a k his c o n t r a c t a n d i g n o r e d u s ; a n d h e d o e s n o t g u a r a n t e e t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e b o u n d a r i e s w h i c h w e a g r e e d o n in t h e c o n t r a c t . W e b e g y o u , o u r k i n g , t o order D i o p h a n e s
the
strategos to write
t e l l i n g M e l e a g r o s t h e e p i s t a t e s of t h e v i l l a g e of B o u b a s t o s t o s u m m o n D e m e t r i o s t o D i o p h a n e s t h e s t r a t e g o s , a n d , if t h e a l l e g a t i o n s m a d e in t h i s c o m p l a i n t are correct, t o m a k e h i m p r o m i s e t o g i v e u s o u r r i g h t s . If t h i s c o m e s a b o u t , w e s h a l l h a v e obtained justice. Farewell. (The
r e s o l u t i o n of t h e s t r a t e g o s ) T o M e l e a g r o s . If possible, reconcile t h e m . If
n o t , s e n d t h e m t o m e for e x a m i n a t i o n . Y e a r 25, L o i o s 26, C h o i a c h 1 3 . (Endorsed)
Y e a r 25, L o i o s 26, C h o i a c h 1 3 . T h e o d o t o s , G a d d a i o s , P h a n i a s
versus D e m e t r i o s a b o u t t h e r e n t of a h o l d i n g .
1. 'Ovlas (Jouguet and Lefebvre); 0avlas (Wilcken). The names of the three farmers, considered one b y one, are not sufficient t o prove the Jewish origin of their bearers, b u t their connexion can serve as evidence i n favour of this supposition. Theodotos is a theophoric name c o m m o n a m o n g J e w s . Gaddaios, it is true, is a c o m m o n Semitic name (cf. Bar-Gad, a b o v e , p. 132, n. 1 ) ; y e t Gad is Biblical, and in L X X w e find the forms f a S S e i , f a S S t , rdSoclv, and f o S S t ' s , which correspond, like J a S S a f o s in the present document, t o "HI or ''mi, t h e Aramaic form of *75. J e w s bearing this n a m e are mentioned in inscriptions (CIJ 535; B u l l e t i n of J e w i s h P a l . Exp. S o c . x . 105 sqq. [Hebrew]). Phanias sounds Greek, b u t there is n o such name in P a p e - B e n s e l e r , though it occurs in the Papyri (e.g. P . Mich. Zen. 57). The Hebrew n a m e OrHD is transcribed in L X X &etvees or awl is also used b y Josephus (bell. 4. 155), and this approaches closely the form given in our document. A consideration of a general nature m a y b e put forward. T w o of t h e three farmers are neither E g y p t i a n s nor Greeks; t h e y are Semites, b u t t h e third n a m e , Theodotos, points to a J e w , n o t t o a Syrian. S o t h e m o s t likely suggestion is t h a t all three were J e w s . Demetrios is probably a supervisor (Trpoear-qxcos) of the estates of Nikias and Asklepiades (Gueraud). 2. Herakleia: a village in the F a y u m ; see P . Tebt. ii, p p . 377 sq. 3. The figures for 25th a n d 26th year are written backwards (ex a n d SK in place of KC and KS). Wilcken (Arch. ii. 390, cf. Arch. i. 557) saw therein additional evidence in favour of t h e Semitic origin of t h e farmers. I would not stress this argument, since the evrcv£is was certainly written b y a
JEWISH
PEASANTS, SHEPHERDS,
AND ARTISANS
185
professional scribe. Cf. for t h e same mode of writing S B 8118, where t h e authors were persons of Greek c u l t u r e (ol eK TOV
yvpvaolov).
4. F o r t h e d*aVoWos-clause Wilcken refers t o W a s z y n s k i , Die Bodenpacht, Taubenschlag, i. 271 n. 19. 8. For t h e /Je/JatWis of a contract see above, N o . 2 3 , 1 . 2 1 , note.
i. 129 sqq. Cf. n o w
Verso. T h e resolution of t h e strategos w a s deciphered for t h e first time b y GueVaud. T h e order, directed t o t h e epistates of t h e village, t o reconcile t h e parties is t h e usual formula of resolutions of t h e strategoi in t h e ivrevgcis. oir(tos) im(oKet/ii6fj.eda) means that t h e strategos reserves for himself the right t o consider t h e case a n d t o give t h e sentence. Cf. Gueraud, introduction t o P . E n t . , p. l x x i v ; B e r n e k e r , Sondergerichtsbarkeit,
65 s q q . ; B e n g t s o n , Die
Strategie,
iii, 35 s q q . ,
77 s q q .
N o . 38. A petition concerning a purchase of wool Krokodilopolis ( F a y u m ) . io>5X32 c m . P . E n t . 2 ( = P . Magd. N . S . 18). L I T . : W i l c k e n , Arch. schaft,
x . 242.
B e r n e k e r , Kritische
3. F o l g e , x x v i , 1933, 385.
tionenrecht,
n t h May, 218 B.C.
P r e a u x , 96 s q .
1 9 3 2 , 1 4 . N a b e r , Archives
d'hist.
Vierteljahrschrift
Seidl, Ptol.
du droit
jur
Rechtsgesch.
oriental,
Gesetzgeb.
u.
44 n. 3 9 ; 6 1 .
Rechtswissen-
Weber,
1937, 239-40. Wolf, TAP
Obliga-
A lxxii, 1941,
432 n. 46. Taubenschlag, i. 228 n. 5, 309 n. 2 ; ii. 50 n . 2. A complaint of Harmiysis (here written Harmeusis), dealer in wool, against a shep herd, Seos the Jew. Harmiysis purchased from Seos a q u a n t i t y of wool before the sheep-shearing and paid a certain sum in advance, stipulating t h a t the rest should be paid after the shearing. B u t Seos himself sheared the sheep and took the w o o l ; he refused to hand over the wool to Harmiysis when asked b y him to do so, and so the wool-dealer was obliged to bring the case before the authorities. T h e complaint is written in the usual form of an eWet>£i? (see N o . 3 7 ) .
BaaiXel
a
IlroXepiaLcoL
KpoKobeiXcov dSt/cov/xat
vodcov
yap
].
ra
epia,
Kal
aov,
Sejoitat
ftaaiXev,
£v AXafiavdCbi.
d[7ro]-
(St^ctA/cov),
et
<JWTjy6[p]aKa
OVS
f$a[oiy
( S p a ^ t t d s ) os', ecf>
COL
TO
avrcoL
Eecbs
eireXdcov
enl
rr)v
TT[oi\p,vav
7T£TT\X\VK€
KOL
avrov,
dirairovpLevos
re
VTT epiov ra
epia
[OVK drro-
ovv
o*ot S o / c e t ,
[ypd<j)r)L rdrr)
ev
K€KapK€
dTT€VT]V6KraL irpos SLSCOLTL.
S (nevrcbpoXov)
] . . . e t a v drro rrjs
d]7ToScoaco
e[
rcbv KaroiKOVvrcov
rcbv KaroiKovvrcov
Kal Xaficov Trap* epiov dppaficb\y
7Tapaj3oXr}s, Aot7rd[v
KOL
'IovSatov,
coar€.[
5 o j o - j j r a v Kelpco
epLepi[Tr]opos,
/xot eptcov
ptrj dvd ($paxp*ds)
TTOKOVS
Apivvrai, XLKTJS
AppLevcris
TTOXCL.
Eecbros
V7TO
$6p,evos
€LV
x ^P
aTToareiXai
rcoL rov
irpoardfcai
ALocf>dvr)i rcbi
arparrjycbi
OTTCOS
eirioEecbv
eVt ALodvr)v rov
arparrjyov
OTTCOS,
edv
<j>aLv7)[rai aTroh6p,evos
rd
epia Kal elXr)tf>cos dppaficbva, epia.
r o u r [ o u yap
yevopievov,
eTTavayKdar)[i
avjrov
aTroSovvai
ttot
rd
i86
SECTION
10 eyoj
re
OVK
dSi/cryfrrycro/xai, r d re reXr) rd
[ ras
\6<j>ei\\6peva
AXe^avhpelav
KCIT
ApVV-
cot ovvrvyopaKa yov[r€S,
KOLVOV
I V : N O S . 38-41
Kal TrXeiaj <j)6prov, dAA[d] €7ri ere,
fiaaiXev,
Karacfrv-
T O V TrdvTOiv
craiTrjpa, Tev£6pe9a
TOV
hiKaiov. Verso
("ETOVS)
Appivais
8, Aiov
epieprropos
UeaJv Trepl (Translation.)
y, 0apevd>9
K£.
Trp(6s)
epiuiv. T o K i n g P t o l e m y from Harmiysis, wool-merchant living at
Krokodilopolis, greeting. I a m b e i n g w r o n g e d b y S e o s , a J e w l i v i n g a t A l a b a n t h i s . H e sold m e , a t 4 d r a c h m a i , 5 o b o l o i , 2 c h a l k o i e a c h , t h e fleece of 118 cross-bred s h e e p , w h i c h I b o u g h t o n b e h a l f of A m y n t a s in order t o . . . t h e k i n g ' s parabole.
I paid him a
d e p o s i t of 76 d r a c h m a i , u n d e r t a k i n g t o p a y t h e r e m a i n d e r w h e n I h a d s h e a r e d t h e s h e e p . B u t S e o s c a m e u p o n t h e flock, w a s h e d , . . . , a n d s h e a r e d i t , a n d r e m o v e d t h e w o o l for himself, a n d refuses t o r e t u r n it a t m y r e q u e s t . T h e r e f o r e , m y k i n g , I b e g y o u , if y o u w i l l , t o order D i o p h a n e s t h e s t r a t e g o s t o w r i t e t e l l i n g t h e e p i s t a t e s . . .
t o s u m m o n S e o s t o t h e s t r a t e g o s D i o p h a n e s , so t h a t if it a p p e a r s t h a t h e
sold t h e w o o l a n d t o o k t h e d e p o s i t , h e s h a l l m a k e h i m g i v e m e t h e w o o l . If t h i s c o m e s a b o u t , I s h a l l n o l o n g e r b e w r o n g e d , a n d A m y n t a s , for w h o m I h a v e m a d e o t h e r p u r c h a s e s also, (will b e a b l e t o p a y ) t h e t a x e s w h i c h he o w e s a t A l e x a n d r i a . A n d t h u s w e s h a l l o b t a i n j u s t i c e b y our a p p e a l t o y o u , i m p a r t i a l s a v i o u r of all m e n . ( E n d o r s e d ) Y e a r 4, D i o s 3, P h a m e n o t h 27. H a r m i y s i s , wool-merchant, against Seos, a b o u t wool. 1. For KpoKoheiXwv TTOXIS see N o . 1 9 , 1 . 4, note. 2. Zea>s is a n E g y p t i a n n a m e . O n J e w s bearing E g y p t i a n names cf. above, p . 4 3 . AXaflavQis: a village in the F a y u m , cf. P . Tebt. ii, p . 3 6 6 ; Calderini, Dizionario, i. 49. 3. A m y n t a s was probably a n important personage residing in Alexandria (cf. 1 . 1 0 ) , perhaps a great dealer in wool. Harmiysis, w h o bought wool 'for A m y n t a s ' , m a y have been his agent. 4. W h a t fiaoiXiKT] •napa.floXri means is n o t clear enough. Cf. Gueraud, c o m m e n t a r y a d l o c , a n d Preaux, 97. T h e sense seems t o be that t h e wool, bought b y Harmiysis in A m y n t a s ' behalf, w a s destined t o release, or redeem, the latter from the flaoiXiKT) TrapapoX-q. W a s that a n interdict, imposed b y the authorities on the private goods of A m y n t a s , which h a d to be lifted only when a fixed quantity of wool h a d been delivered b y A m y n t a s t o the g o v e r n m e n t ? 4 . P e r h a p s T O Xonro[v Ke<paX(aiov)
a\jroo
5. T h e readings iro[l]p.vav and ve-n-XvKe were suggested b y Wilcken. 8. There is a space after emoJTaTr) (Gueraud). ^>aivrj\rai. B a t a i l l e ;
I restore edv aivrf\rai dirob'op.evos, according t o
diro86p.evos
in 1. 2. I t is usual t h a t after idv (j>atvrjrai., which is a standing formula in t h e ivrevgeis, t h e author of t h e complaint repeats t h e facts stated b y h i m a t the beginning of the evrevgis. Cf., for e x a m p l e , P. E n t . 1 3 . 7 ; 50. 6 ; 87. 4 . Mr. Bataille, w h o w a s good enough t o revise the papyrus, writes t o m e : 'La conjecture dTro86p.evos /xoi m e parait possible, car le scribe serrait n e t t e m e n t ses lettres en fin d e lignes.' T h e supplements KeKapKws or ireirpaKo>s, suggested b y Gueraud, point t o t h e accusation, a n d n o t merely t o t h e statement of the matter itself. 1 0 . P e r h a p s [ e / c r i ' a e i Ap.vv\ras
or [diroTioei.
Ap.vv]ras.
JEWISH
PEASANTS,
SHEPHERDS,
AND ARTISANS
187
N o . 39. A list of livestock F a y u m . 31 x 22 c m . P . Gurob 22 (ed. S m y l y ) . LIT.: Wilcken, Arch. vii. 7 1 . BL ii. 2, 72. Schnebel, 324 n. 5, 327 n. 1.
Third century B . C .
A list of sheep, kids, & c , belonging to some temples (of Mithras, Aphrodite, P a n , and other gods) in a village of the F a y u m . T h e name of each temple is followed b y names of men who were probably shepherds or superintendents of flocks appointed by
the temple administration. There are some strange names among these people
(like
"Oircus rdyfiios in 1. 1 8 ) ; one of them, it seems, is of Jewish origin (11. 4 8 - 5 0 ) . IJavdJ' ' / S e A A a y EafiaOauros apvas
(Translation.)
pK, alyes
rrpo^ara[...
y, €p[uf>oL
T e m p l e of P a n . I d e l l a s son of S a b a t h o i s c a t t l e . . . s h e e p 120,
she-goats 3 , kids . . . 4 8 . ' TJavu) is a curious form, for which IJaveiov would have been expected if it had referred to P a n ' (Smyly). 49.'JSeAAas: n o such name occurs in Pape-Benseler or in NB. Cf. 'IodXios in a n inscription from Alexandria, 312 B . C . (SB 3480). There are t w o Biblical names which might have been transcribed i n this w a y : ''VlS? (1 Chron. 27. 29) and ^ I T l (2 Chron. 28. 12), t h o u g h their various transcriptions i n L X X are quite different. 27aj3a0a>sr (or 2 7 a j 8 a 0 w s ) is evidently a parallel form to EafifSadaios (TOtf). 49-50. The number of sheep, & c , perhaps includes all those mentioned from 1.37 on. Cf. 11. 4 and 35.
N o . 40. A fragment of an account Trikomia ( F a y u m ) . Height 18-8 c m . P . T e b t . 1084, Col. I I .
E n d of third or beginning of second century B . C .
A fragment of an account. T h e words iSio>(Ti/ca?) (Tpt)/cct)(/xia?), recurring frequently, suggest t h a t the account deals w i t h some p a y m e n t s due from private property (land, cattle, or the like) belonging to the inhabitants of the village of Trikomia. Most of the names are E g y p t i a n . 47
Mdpiov
fr)
(Translation.) M a r i o n 98. The feminine name Mdpiov is one of various Greek forms of the Biblical D*HO. form.
MapCa
is another
N o . 4 1 . Account of receipts in wine F a y u m or Herakleopolis. P . T e b t . 863, fr. 1.
8*5 x 21-4 c m .
Mid-second century B.C.
A list of persons whose names are followed b y records of p a y m e n t s in kind for various taxes. I t is not clear whether the account deals only w i t h taxes paid for in wine, b u t at a n y rate the latter are often mentioned. T h e names of all payers are Greek, and it m a y be remembered t h a t the cultivation of vineyards was carried out especially b y Greek immigrants (cf. above, N o . 1 4 ) . T h e Jewish w o m a n in 1. 3 was evidently the owner of a vineyard. 3
S t d A ihvpov d [ [ . J ] trjy Xr)(
Zappa ) rjptav,
Mevveov rra( eA(
ev rat ) rjpcav, )
'Hp are(avos) ycverai[
[ rjptav,
£rra(povpLOv)
t'j8',
SECTION
I88 (Translation.)
I V : N O S . 41-44
S a r a , d a u g h t e r of M e n n e o s , l i v i n g a t H e r . . . , t h r o u g h D i d y m o s
. . . (details of t a x - p a y m e n t s , o n e line) 3. Zappa is t h e well-known Biblical name n*"NP. T h e n a m e AfinWas might b e Greek a s well a s Hebrew. F o r Greeks bearing this name cf. P a p e - B e n s e l e r , s.v. F o r t h e Semitic origin of t h e n a m e cf. W u t h n o w , w h o brings three various r o o t s : OTO, a n d ]570. A J e w , 'Iaxrqiros Mewalov, is men tioned b y Josephus, a n t . 14. 307. 3. If e v TU>, or e v Tavos) is a well-known charge, as well as t h e e V a ( / > o v / > i o v ) ; cf. P r e a u x , 394 sq., 181 sq. e A ( ) I cannot explain.
N o . 42. A fragment from an account Provenance u n k n o w n . P . Lond. ii, p . 10, n o . 402 (Kenyon). BL 1, 243. LIT. : Wilcken, Arch. i. 135. Juster, ii. 67 n. 4 ; 289 n. 2 ; 295 n. 1. Fuchs, 52.
152 or 141 B.C.
T h e purpose of this account is not clear, b u t it seems to be part of a land-register.
10
Uapfiadatos
IJlvaros
IIaxp(dTr)s)
IJlrvros
*IaqKLS
ApearjXdov
'Iodfas
8 (r)piov).
(Translation.)
dv(d) 8 (dpovpas?)
y [r\piav)
(rpirov)
/ c ( a t ) ol (d)oeX(ol) dv(d) (Spaxpds?) dv(d) (opaxpds?) IIaxp{dTrjs)
(ytvcTcu) [.. s*.. e[..
. y (rjpLcrv) (yiverai)
Oqp.ov
/c(at)
[..
Wevo[...
S a m b a t h a i o s , son of P i n a s . . . P a c h r a t e s , son of P i t i s , a n d h i s
b r o t h e r s . . . I s a k i s , son of H a r e s e l t h o s . . . I s a k i s 4 ^ . P a c h r a t e s , son of P h a r . . . and . . . Pseno . . . 11 sq. 'Iodias—the Biblical j?nX\ Mr. Skeat w a s good enough t o revise t h e papyrus. T h e reading laaKis in b o t h cases is certain.
N o . 43. Petition of a Jewish peasant Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) P . R y l . 578.
17-5X12 cm.
Second century B.C.
A petition of a Jew, Judas, son of Dositheos, to the epimeletes
Zopyrion, refer
ring to an action of the village scribe, Marres, w h o had arbitrarily raised the amount of the annual rent paid hitherto b y Judas.
Judas protests against this action and
begs for a reconsideration of the whole case. T h e editor of the papyrus, Professor E . G . Turner, has previously dated this docu ment c. 58 B . C . After a renewed revision he thinks the handwriting would be rather of the middle of the second century B . C . , as he w a s good enough to inform D r . A . F u k s in a private letter.
ZojTTvpcot €7rLpeXrjTrJL rrapd *Iov8ov OVVTOS
5
aov
x*P
TOV Aaicrideov pov Trepl (dpovpas)
*Iovhaiow
yeajpy-
0iXaoeX(f>eiav y
TCJV
TrpovTrapxovraiv
eK(f>oplajv Kad* eros rr)v (dpovpav)
eKdarrjv
JEWISH
PEASANTS,
SHEPHERDS,
TTvptbv (dprdftas) KaKorradlas rd
re
8 , rjv Kal fierd
Kal Sarrdvrjs
€K6pia Kad*
drrevraKTr]KOTOS vvvl
10
Mapprjs
rrapd rrXetov
L
0
15
Kareipyacrpiivov
r
°v
K
Y
{GTOVS),
Kcop\oypap,p^aTeys
TCOV
eKcf>oplcov €/cdcr[[o]]Tr?? eft',
KaOoXoy
trrjs (fyiXavdpcoTrtas d£icd,
edv
alvr)TaL, ypdipav
dveveyKai edv
cbs ovdkv
(dpovpas)
pur) ( T e ) r e A e -
rrpoaheopievos
TTJS
[avTos
TTOXXTJS
TO KadrJKov dvayeypaev t i e
tiotr Sto
OTTCOS
189
dveyKXrJTCOs
CTOS
^XP
(rrvpcbv dpTdfSas) KOTOS
AND ARTISANS
001 T<X
TTJS
COL / c a ^ / c e [ t dKpifiei\as
r)i oca ypdcp rrpovorjdrjs rrapd
TO 8eov
S ] e TU^CO T O V
rrpaxdrjao[xai, SiKaiov. e[vTVx " el
Broken (Translation.)
29. T o Z o p y r u s , epimeletes,
f r o m J u d a s son of D o s i t h e o s , J e w .
I a m a f a r m e r of 3 a r o u r a i of d r y g r o u n d n e a r P h i l a d e l p h e i a a t t h e p r e - e x i s t i n g a n n u a l r e n t a l of 4 a r t a b a i of w h e a t p e r a r o u r a . T h i s d r y g r o u n d I h a v e c u l t i v a t e d w i t h g r e a t distress a n d e x p e n s e , a n d h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e a n n u a l p a y m e n t s for r e n t s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u p t o t h e 23rd y e a r . B u t n o w M a r r e s t h e v i l l a g e s c r i b e h a s e n t e r e d m e , c o n t r a r y t o w h a t is r i g h t , for t h e a m o u n t of 5 f a r t a b a i of w h e a t p e r a r o u r a o v e r a n d a b o v e t h e a m o u n t of t h e r e n t , t h o u g h I h a v e n e v e r p a i d t h i s s u m . T h e r e f o r e I a p p e a l t o y o u r c l e m e n c y a n d r e q u e s t y o u , if y o u w i l l , t o w r i t e t o t h e p r o p e r a u t h o r i t y for a c c u r a t e d e t a i l s t o b e s u b m i t t e d t o y o u , so t h a t if t h e f a c t s are as I s t a t e t h e m , y o u m a y t a k e c a r e t h a t I d o n o t h a v e t o p a y any
improper exaction, a n d I myself m a y obtain m y just rights. Farewell.
K6 : the number of the petition as registered in the office. 1. The cirific\rjTT}s was a high financial official of the n o m e . See for the office Bouche-Leclercq, iii. 391; Wilcken, Grundz. 149 s q . ; B e v a n , 143. 4. Three arourai are too small an area t o be accounted for a s a regular xXijpos, especially as the plot is specified as x*P °s, i-e. dry ground. W e h a v e t o assume that these arourai were an additional plot of land, t h e cultivation of which w a s enforced o n Judas b y t h e government. Cf. N o . 29. J u d a s w a s perhaps a fiaoiXiKos yetopYos cultivating small parcels of land upon various contracts. Cf. N o . 13. 5. The previous reading TTJV (dpovptov) ixXoy/jv is n o w considered b y Professor Turner to be erroneous (according t o his letter t o Dr. F u k s mentioned above). Cf. T . R e e k m a n , Chr. d'ttgypte, liv, 1952, 412; H . Y o u t i e , T A P A lxxxiii, 1952, 100 sqq. a
6. T}V, s c . x*poov
( 1 . 4); cf., for e x a m p l e , P . E n t .
5 3 , 1 . 5 : ryv
x^poov.
N o . 4 4 . A fragment of a register F a y u m . 30-2 x 35 c m . P . R y l . ii. 72.
99/98 B . c
' A fragment of a register in which the keepers of the public granaries entered daily the amounts of wheat a n d barley delivered to t h e m b y cultivators in different villages
SECTION
I V : N O S . 44-46
of the Arsinoite nome' (Edd.). T h e cultivators were apparently
/WIAIKOI
yecopyoL
W i t h the exception of Horos, son of Sabatais, there are no J e w s among the peasants. A m a n w i t h a theophoric name, &e6i\os NiKavopos,
is mentioned on verso, Col.
I I , 1. 99Recto, Col. I l l 5 o
X.
ev
*Apea)S
T
Qpos
(Translation.)
30. I n t h e v i l l a g e of A r e o s K o m e , H o r o s s o n of S a b a t a i s . . .
60. A is the d a y of the m o n t h (30th). 61.
Eaflo.To.ls,
like
Kcbpvqi [
Ea^aTair\os
27aj5arcDi?
Apecos
Kiop.r):
a village in the F a y u m ; see P . T e b t . ii, p . 369.
in N o . 39, is no doubt a derivation from
EafiParaios.
N o . 4£. From an account of payments in kind F a y u m . 22 x 24-7 c m . P . T e b t . 90. B L 1. 424. LIT. : Schnebel, 193 n. 2.
Early first century B.C.
A n account of p a y m e n t s in kind. Since the p a y m e n t s are in corn, we m a y infer t h a t the t a x p a y e r s were peasants. T h e following line seems to refer to a Jew. Col. I I KJ8. 2aXpd)V
8
(Translation.) KJ8
) (rjpLorv) (rplrov),
KOKKV(
2 2 . S a l m o n . . . | - , for t h r e s h i n g
is the 22nd d a y of a m o n t h .
EaXp.d>v
dX(orjTov)
g',
(yiverai)
a
t o t a l one artabe.
m a y be a c o m m o n Semitic name derived from 0*7$. Y e t t h e
Hebrew n a m e PD^tP ( R u t h 4. 2 1 ; cf. Matth. 1. 4-5) corresponds e x a c t l y t o this Greek form, and i t m a y be remembered, t o o , that various Biblical names, such a s xnbto, rvzby, in L X X with
EaXpuov
cannot explain t h e word after
npp,
roots
SJPSJ? a n d
oVtf,
are transcribed
(see H a t c h - R e d p a t h , s.v.). I t seems, therefore, t h a t t h e m a n w a s a J e w . I EaXynov.
W u t h n o w regards i t a s a n a m e and quotes t h e Semitic
for similar n a m e s , a n d in L X X irPj?3 is transcribed as
2 5 . 1 3 ) ; b u t all this is n o t very convincing. F o r
OAOTJTOS
see
WB,
s.v.;
BL
KoKKias
(1 Chron.
i. 424.
N o . 46. A n agreement about the joint use of a pottery The Syrian Village ( F a y u m ) . Schubart, Einfilhrung in die Papyruskunde,
Second or first century B.C. 1918, 507 (cf. Tafel I I ) . BGU 1282. R o t h 9.
L I T . : F u c h s 55, 70, 154. T r a m o n t a n o , 27. Seidl, Ptol.
Rechtsgesch.
7 1 . R . Calderini, Aeg. x x x ,
2
i95°> 5 A n agreement between t w o Jewish potters of the Syrian Village, Sabbathaios a n d his son Dosas, and three E g y p t i a n s , concerning the joint use of a p o t t e r y for seven months. T h e owner of the p o t t e r y is a J e w too, Paos, son of Sabbathaios, perhaps the son and the brother of the t w o Jewish potters mentioned a b o v e . T h e agreement defines the shares of b o t h contracting parties in the use of the p o t t e r y and the obliga tions of each p a r t y arising from the partnership. I t is worth noting t h a t these Jewish artisans, h a v i n g their homes in an E g y p t i a n village and living in close contact w i t h the n a t i v e population, bear in part E g y p t i a n names and cannot sign their names in Greek. T h e p a p y r u s w a s written b y a rather illiterate scribe, whose Greek was far from perfect.
JEWISH
PEASANTS,
Eafifiaralos
"Qpov
K€pafi€vac
TCOV
SHEPHERDS,
Kobfirjs
TOLS
NelXov
Kepafiecos
TTOXLV
€tv
vficv
EafifiaTaLov
irepl
airo Tvfti
K€
avrov
TOV
/ c a r d t o eVtjSdAAov /xot fiepos IO
VIOLS
a
ecos Mecropr) X
(CTOVS)
£
IJaovTt
(CTOVS)
(rerapTov)
TOU VLOV [IOV TO (rjpllOv) (TCTapTOv) T O S e 6pov e/cretoroixev KOLvrji
KOL
TOV T€T(ipTOV,
cKaaTOS
e d v S e TL yivrprai
/card t o /xepo?.
AcoaaTps
x ^P '
opLoXoyovpuev ow/xeTe'xo/xev T O V VTrdpxovTos
191
*Iov-
TOVTOV
Kal Nexdavovms
Netf)€pcos
TOV
vlos
TOVTOV
Evpcov
S a t o t IJeT€Oov)(O0L Kal
5
6
KOL
OLTTO
AND ARTISANS
fiXdfios
rj c o ^ e A t a t ( e o r c o ) Kotvrji K O L S t a t p e r o u ? purjhe €%€OTai r)/XIV KaTaXi7T€LV 1
15
r
^XP
TO
° v TrpoK(eip,ivov)
eyfiaXeiv
r)p,as
£KTOS
S e pa) TroLcopiev Kadd
K€pafX€LOV
(CTOVS)
TOV
fxrjSe e ^ e o r a t
yiypairTai,
e/cret-
oro/xev els T O jSaoaAt/cov dp(yvplov) 17'Se Kvplau ecTTCOL 7rdvT7)i. 20
avTcov
XaiprjfjLcov
d\o\Kiv avTovs (2nd h a n d ) EafialScov
I. I.
2. I. Kepap.els
Aiooas,.
7. I. Kepap-clov 1 6 . 1 . Kepapetov
(Translation.)
I I . I.
TOV
Se
1 9 . 1. Kvpla
vrrep
d^ioodels
p,r) etSe'vat ypdp,p,aTa.
Std t o
(erovs)
£ Tv((8i)
K€.
\iapTvpcb.
NLKOOVOS
(3rd h a n d ) NiKo8pop,os
( S p a ^ / x d ? ) jx. r) S e pLLodcoois
eypaiftev
KaXXcKpdfrovs)
vfitv
edv
Kepapietos.
QiXlrnrov
p.apTvpcot.
4 . A. Ne<j>epioTL Kal Nexdavovm
5* !• cw/tieTe^eiv
1 3 . I. co^eAeia, KOLVTJ, doiatperos
14.
2 3 . 1.
TO
above the line
paprvpto.
S a b b a t a i o s son of H o r o s a n d his son D o s a s , J e w i s h p o t t e r s f r o m
t h e S y r i a n v i l l a g e , t o P e t e s o u c h o s a n d his sons N e p h e r o s a n d N e c h t h a n o u p i s , g r e e t i n g . W e a g r e e w e s h o u l d share w i t h y o u t h e p o t t e r y a t N e i l o u p o l i s
at
p r e s e n t b e l o n g i n g t o P a o u s son of S a b b a t a i o s , f r o m T y b i 25, Y e a r 7, till M e s o r e 30 in t h e s a m e y e a r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d i v i s i o n \ share t o m e a n d f of t h e q u a r t e r for m y son. W e shall p a y t h e t a x t o g e t h e r , e a c h a c c o r d i n g t o h i s s h a r e ; a n d if t h e r e is a n y loss or profits, i t shall b e in c o m m o n a n d d i v i d e d u p . W e m a y n o t l e a v e t h e p o t t e r y u n t i l t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d y e a r is o u t , n o r m a y y o u t u r n us o u t of t h e p o t t e r y . A n d if w e d o n o t a c t as is here set d o w n , w e shall p a y i n t o t h e t r e a s u r y 40 silver d r a c h m a i . T h i s c o n t r a c t shall b e b i n d i n g e v e r y w h e r e . W r i t t e n o n b e h a l f of t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s b y C h a i r e m o n son of K a l l i k r a t e s a t t h e i r r e q u e s t , since t h e y declare t h a t t h e y are illiterate. Y e a r 7, T y b i 25. W i t n e s s e s : S a b a i d o n son of N i k o n . N i k o d r o m o s son of P h i l i p p o s . 1. Auio&s
is a n abbreviation from Aioaapliov
2. Zvptov Kiopvq:
(Schubart).
a village in the F a y u m ; cf. P . Tebt. ii, p . 402. On Syrian villages cf. a b o v e , p. 4 .
192
SECTION
I V : N O S . 46-47
6. If P a o u s was t h e son of Sabbathaios mentioned a b o v e , it would m e a n that in this Jewish family the grandfather a n d t h e grandson bore E g y p t i a n n a m e s . 7. Neiloupolis: a village in t h e F a y u m ; cf. P . T e b t . ii, p . 391. 10. TO (17/uov) (riraprov) are written a s abbreviations, a n d Schubart notices that t h e first abbrevia tion m i g h t b e read also as TO a(wrd). T h a t would m e a n , according t o Schubart, 'a quarter too'. H e t h e n suggests t h e deletion of the words T O V rerdprov, written in full, a n d s o reaches t h e conclusion t h a t father a n d s o n h a d t w o equal shares in t h e use of t h e pottery, a n d t h a t each share w a s a quarter of the whole. This suggestion is v e r y t e m p t i n g indeed, since in this case t h e shares b o t h of J e w s a n d E g y p t i a n s would be equal, each party controlling a half of t h e whole. Y e t T O airo reraprov does n o t m e a n 'a quarter t o o ' , b u t 'the same quarter', and t h a t makes n o sense. T h e deletion of rov rerdprov is also rather arbitrary. I prefer, therefore, t h e reading given a b o v e , which would mean that t h e share of t h e s o n w a s J of J , i.e. whereas t h e share of t h e father w a s £. So t h e total share of t h e J e w s would h a v e been ^ , a n d t h a t of t h e E g y p t i a n s W e d o n o t know w h y t h e Jewish family g a v e a greater share t o their E g y p t i a n partners. T h e J e w s , perhaps, h a d n o t enough m o n e y a n d sought partners, a n d o n account of this were obliged t o b e content with a minor part. 11. Koivt) Kal (dySialpcros (suggested b y Schubart). 22. EafSaihuv is a n a m e n o t mentioned either in P a p e - B e n s e l e r nor i n NB. A Eafiahdiv = ]*na$7 occurs in L X X (1 Chron. 9.36). May the n a m e , perhaps, b e explained as a parallel form t o Sabbathaios ?
N o . 4 7 . Jewish land-holders in the Arsinoite nome Arsinoite n o m e . Schurer, Theol. Literaturzeit. L I T . : Mahaffy, Athenaeum, Griech.,
Second century B.C. 1896, col. 522. R e i n a c h , RE J x x x v i i , 1898, 220. Schurer, iii. 45-46. 1895, N o . 3527, 7 1 2 - 1 3 . Schurer, i. 564 n. 138. Willrich, Jud. und
152.
T h e t e x t , as printed in the works quoted above, is based on a (private?) com munication of Grenf ell. A s the whereabouts of the p a p y r u s could not be traced, I h a v e been obliged t o print the t e x t as it stood in Schurer, opp. c i t t . ; some numerals and marks given in Grenfell's c o p y h a v e been omitted b y Schurer. T h e p a p y r u s gives a list of names. I t seems t h a t the persons listed in it paid some kind of a l a n d - t a x , or contributions t o do w i t h their being land-holders. T h e names 'IaKovfiios
and
Uafifiddiov
(twice) are Hebrew, the rest are m o s t l y theophoric names favoured b y Jews. There would seem t o be little d o u b t t h a t the people listed in this p a p y r u s were Jews. T h e names of the persons listed (in the nominative) are followed in all cases (except in 1. 7 ) b y t w o names in the genitive. T h e only suggestion I can m a k e is t h a t the underlying principle is t h a t the name of the payer is followed b y the names of his (or her) father and grandfather. There are m a n y such lists from the R o m a n period.
Td
A d y t a yrjs
a[...].
©eoooros
AXegdvSpov
©codcopa
Aeovris
©eopvrjcrros
Std
0€o86r[ov]
Maptov
\A\ojaiBeov
5
Qeohcbpov Meaopr)
UaPftddiov
ApiaTLmrov
EafSfidQiov
Eafifialov
AwoiQea
Geooorov
IlTo\€paio[v].
. . . .
a
'/a/covjSto? . . . . S /cat Mapiov
©coocbpov
. . . .
JEWISH (Translation.)
PEASANTS,
SHEPHERDS,
AND ARTISANS
193
A c o l l e c t i o n of l a n d - t a x e s . . . t h r o u g h P t o l e m a i o s . T h e o d o t o s s o n of A l e x a n d e r son of T h e o d o t o s . . . T h e o d o r a d a u g h t e r of L e o n son of M a r i o s . . . T h e o m n e s t o s s o n of D o s i t h e o s son of T h e o d o r o s . . . Mesore the 1st S a b b a t h i o n d a u g h t e r of A r i s t i p p o s son of J a k o u b i s . . . S a b b a t h i o n d a u g h t e r of S a b b a i o s also c a l l e d M a r i o s . . . D o s i t h e a d a u g h t e r of T h e o d o t o s son of T h e o d o r o s
1. T O Adyta seems t o b e u n a t t e s t e d (the reading in P . Petr. 3. 32 ( / ) is n o t clear e n o u g h ) ; t h e nearest seems t o be rj Xoyla (more usual 17 Xoyeia, also 17 Xoyrf), which denotes collection of t a x e s or contribu tions. a[...], perhaps some qualification of the land, e.g. yrjs d\fipoxov\. 8«x TIroXepaiov, 'paid through', or 'collected b y ' , if w e take Adyta i n t h e above-mentioned sense. 3. Aeovrts: a feminine n a m e does not seem to be probable here, as we should exclude t h e possibility that t h e n a m e of the mother is given. Possibly a mistake for Acovros (cf. also Reinach, I.e.). On t h e s a m e grounds I suggest taking Mapiov (here, and in 1. 7) as deriving from Mdpios, n o t from the femin. Mdpiov. T h e n a m e Mdpios can be explained as a derivation from t h e Aramaic *10 (dominus). 7. Zappaiov 8 (Schurer). Zafifiaiov < T o y > Kal Mapiov would seem probable. 8. F o r t h e n a m e Aa>oi$ea cf. Meyer, Griech. Texte, N o . 33, I n t r o d . ; S B 4312, 1. A.F.
B 2909
O
SECTION V
JEWISH T A X - C O L L E C T O R S , G O V E R N MENT OFFICIALS, A N D PEASANTS IN UPPER E G Y P T T H E t e x t s b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r in t h i s s e c t i o n are all c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e v a r i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s of o s t r a k a . J u s t as t h e p a p y r i are o u r m a i n source for t h e F a y u m , so are t h e o s t r a k a for U p p e r E g y p t . T h e first p u b l i c a t i o n s of o s t r a k a (e.g. b y
S a y c e in JQR ii, 1890, 400 s q q . ; id. in Proceedings
of the Soc. of Bibl.
Arch,
v,
1883, 84 s q q . , 124 s q q . , 158 s q q . ; v i i , 1884, n s q q . ; 1885, 89 s q q . , 195 sqq.) w e r e far f r o m c o r r e c t , a n d o n l y t h e s t a n d a r d w o r k of W i l c k e n (WO) l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n for scientific research o n t h e o s t r a k a ; y e t e v e n his p u b l i c a t i o n i n c l u d e d m a n y false r e a d i n g s , n o w c o r r e c t e d b y l a t e r scholars (see BL
ii. 1 ) . W i l c k e n ' s
g r e a t c o l l e c t i o n of o s t r a k a , t o g e t h e r w i t h O . B o d l . , O . F l i n d . P e t r . , O . A s h . , & c , e d i t e d b y T a i t , are t h e m a i n sources of i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g J e w s in U p p e r E g y p t in t h e P t o l e m a i c period. I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e infor m a t i o n g i v e n b y o s t r a k a is one-sided, n e a r l y all of t h e m b e i n g receipts for p a y m e n t s of c e r t a i n t a x e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , v e r y v a l u a b l e k n o w l e d g e of t h e e c o n o m i c a n d social p a r t p l a y e d b y E g y p t i a n J e w r y c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e m . T h e m a i n difficulty for t h e s c h o l a r s t u d y i n g o s t r a k a as sources for J e w i s h h i s t o r y is t h e s o l v i n g of t h e p r o b l e m as t o w h o are t h e n u m e r o u s persons
mentioned
in t h e v a r i o u s r e c e i p t s — w h e t h e r p r i v a t e persons (peasants, artisans, a n d t h e like) p a y i n g t h e i r t a x e s d i r e c t t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t offices, or t a x - c o l l e c t o r s h a n d i n g o v e r t o g o v e r n m e n t officials p a y m e n t s in m o n e y or in k i n d c o l l e c t e d b y t h e m f r o m t h e i n h a b i t a n t s . A n o t h e r difficulty is t h a t of n a m e s , m a n y p e r s o n s in t h e o s t r a k a b e a r i n g s t r a n g e n a m e s w h i c h m a y or m a y n o t b e t a k e n for J e w i s h . T h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l q u e s t i o n h a s i t s difficulties as well. T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s w i l l a t t e m p t t o i n t r o d u c e t h e r e a d e r t o all t h e s e p r o b l e m s , t h e solu t i o n of w h i c h is n o w f a r easier t h a n i t w a s in W i l c k e n ' s t i m e . I n order t o s a v e s p a c e it h a s b e e n f o u n d a d v i s a b l e t o r e d u c e t h e n o t e s o n e a c h o s t r a k o n t o a m i n i m u m , a n d t o i n c l u d e t h e w h o l e b o d y of c o m m e n t a r y in t h i s I n t r o d u c t i o n u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g h e a d i n g s . E a c h of t h e first five p a r a g r a p h s (a-e)
c o r r e s p o n d s t o a s e p a r a t e g r o u p of o s t r a k a ; t h e last t w o (f-g)
deal
w i t h n a m e s a n d discuss t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m .
(a) Receipts
issued
by the banks (Nos. 48-72).
T h e t e x t of the receipts issued b y the banks (rpair^ai) runs as follows: D a t e (year, month, d a y ) . P a i d ( T e x a / c r a t ) at the b a n k of Diospolis M a g n a (or elsewhere), whose manager is (name follows) (e<£' rjs 6 Selva)—for the t a x X of the year Y—the name of the t a x p a y e r — t h e sum.—Signed: (the manager). I t was Wilcken in his Ostraka, i. 7 2 , who first suggested t h a t the t a x p a y e r s referred to in the receipts issued b y the banks were tax-collectors, and not private individuals. T h i s suggestion was sound, although the evidence brought forward b y Wilcken w a s
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
195
based on a false assumption. W e learn from N o . 107 t h a t a certain Simon w a s a col lector of a t a x , k n o w n as
rcTa-prr)
dXUtov; we k n o w further t h a t the same Simon
received three receipts from the b a n k (Nos. 61-63) testifying t h a t his p a y m e n t s h a d been made. F r o m these facts W i l c k e n drew the conclusion t h a t all persons w h o received from the banks receipts written according to the above-mentioned formula were tax-collectors. T h i s conclusion is now proved to be false, t w o women being in cluded among those w h o received such receipts (O. B o d l . 89,100), and it is k n o w n t h a t in Ptolemaic E g y p t there were no women tax-collectors. Wilcken erroneously took for granted t h a t a receipt of this nature could be delivered only to one group of people— either t o tax-collectors or to private individuals, whereas, in fact, it could be delivered to various persons: the p a y m e n t s for dnofMoipa,
for example, could be m a d e b y the vine
dressers themselves as well as b y the tax-collectors who farmed this t a x (cf. P r e a u x , 178 sq.). If we regard Wilcken's theory as sound, w e h a v e to search for some other argu ments in its favour. W e m a y , firstly, refer to the general fact t h a t taxes in m o n e y were m o s t l y farmed out b y the Ptolemaic government to private individuals, whose property was a security for the correct collecting of the sums due and their delivery to the govern 1
ment. Secondly, some of the taxes mentioned in our ostraka were certainly farmed out, wholly or in part, to tax-collectors: this fact is attested b y the ostraka for rerdprrj and ivvopiiov,
dXiicov
and b y the ostraka and other sources for dirop.oi,pa (cf. P r e a u x , 171 sqq.),
reXos o'ivov (ibid. 184), and perhaps TTopdp,l8tov (ibid. 349). Thirdly, in N o . 48 the receipt is delivered to a m a n and to his peroxoi
(partners), and in N o s . 50 and 66 two men respec
t i v e l y are recorded as p a y i n g their taxes. W e m a y suppose t h a t in these cases we h a v e to do with companies of tax-farmers in partnership, quite common in E g y p t (cf. /xero^ot
reAcovat and p,4roxoi
emTr/pr/Tcu
in the R o m a n p e r i o d : O . T h e b . 44, 46, 54-^66, 68-70, & c .
Cf. also O . A s h m . 43, O. Petr. 41, O. B o d l . 76, 92. F o r piroxoi
as partners of the tax-far
mers see Harper, Aeg. x i v . 49 s q q . ; 269 sqq. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW
2
328). Finally, the
great v a r i e t y of sums delivered to the b a n k is more in favour of the supposition t h a t the persons concerned were tax-collectors and not peasants: otherwise we should e x p e c t more or less fixed sums paid at fixed intervals, like the p a y m e n t s for laographia
or
for the 'Jewish T a x ' in the R o m a n period. So we reach the conclusion t h a t Wilcken's suggestion was sound, though his arguments are not acceptable. The
following taxes are mentioned in this g r o u p :
1. IIop9p,ihu)v, otherwise called avvra^is BGU
TCOV
7rop9p,l8cov or
TCOV
TTop9p.iK.(x)v
(OE 9;
1399-1402; P . M . Meyer, Griech. Texte aus Ag. 0. 8, p . 127 sqq.), a t a x paid b y
persons w h o farmed the ferry-boats across the Nile (cf. Preaux, 347 sqq.). I t m a y b e presumed t h a t the tax-farmers were identical neither w i t h the owners of the boats nor w i t h the workers who managed the ferries; t h e y were responsible only for the delivery of the sums to the government. W e h a v e ten receipts for iropOplScov issued b y the B a n k of T h e b e s to a certain Sambathaios (Nos. 51-60) and running from the beginning of 154 B . C . to its end (the chronology of N o . 51 is not clear). T h e sums delivered b y S a m bathaios v a r y from 600 dr. to 10,434 dr. These differences are t y p i c a l of the p a y m e n t s of tax-collectors. I t seems, nevertheless, t h a t a fixed sum of 867 dr., or the double of it, served as a basis for his p a y m e n t s (Nos. 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, and perhaps 55). 1
Preaux, 4 5 1 : 'La ferme lagide n'est plus qu'une institution d'assurance contre risques fiscaux . . . . L a recherche d'une garantie e s t , en effet, urgente lorsque les impdts sont d u s en monnaie, dans u n p a y s oil l'usage de la monnaie vient d'etre introduit, et oil la fortune privee d u contribuable, souvent tres reduite, n'offre guere de prise a l'execution reelle.'
2
W e m u s t , however, take into consideration that t h e term fieroxot has various meanings and m a y be applied t o associations of peasants a s well. See, for example, W . Chr. 261, 0 . T h e b . 118, 0 . A s h m . 75. Y e t this use of the term peroxot is n o t s o frequent a s t h e above-mentioned. A curious document is 0 . Petr. 113 (A.D. 186), where peroxoi is used twice in each sense.
196
SECTION
V
2. TcTapTT} dXiecov, a t a x paid b y fishermen at the rate of a quarter of their income (Wilcken, Ostr. i. 137 s q q . ; Preaux, 206 s q . ; Rostovtzeff, SEHHW
297). T h e collecting
of the t a x w a s farmed out (No. 107 a n d W . Chr. 167). Simon in Nos. 61-63 is
n
o
identical w i t h Elputv 'Ia(,dpov, w h o is explicitly styled 'farmer (e^eiXrjffxos) of raiv
doubt Tcrdprr]
aXUa>v' in N o . 107 (cf. N o . 90). I t seems t h a t the same charge was otherwise
called TeXd)vt]s IxOvypas (P. Rein. 133 = 3. Anopoipa,
BIFAO
x x x i x , 1940, 102).
the well-known t a x paid b y the owners of vineyards and orchards
(Wilcken, Ostr., i. 157 s q q . ; W . Grundz.
9 5 ; W . Chr. 249; B G U vi, p . 107; P r e a u x ,
171 sqq.), is mentioned in four ostraka (Nos. 64, 70, 71, 72). A s stated above, the apomoira could be paid b y private individuals as well as b y tax-farmers; so we cannot be sure t h a t Sambathaios, son of Sollumis, in N o . 64, and Apollonios, son of Dositheos, in Nos. 70-72, were really tax-farmers. I would, however, prefer this suggestion rela t i v e t o Apollonios, his three p a y m e n t s displaying strange differences in t h e sums delivered to the b a n k of Apollinopolis M a g n a (in N o . 70, 270 dr., in N o . 7 1 , 4,500 dr., 3
and in N o . 72, 300 d r . ) . A s to Sambathaios, the man is mentioned in N o . 104 too, where he is p a y i n g 'for sheep and goats', a n d so he might h a v e been a landowner. 4. A t a x , connected like the a.Tr6p.oipa w i t h ownership of vineyards, was reXos otvov (Wilcken, Ostr. i. 270 s q . ; P r e a u x , 178), mentioned twice in our ostraka (Nos. 48-49). Since in N o . 48 peroxoi are referred to, it is highly probable t h a t the persons concerned were tax-farmers. 5. T h e pasture-tax, iwoptov, is mentioned in N o . 50. Cf. for the t a x Wilcken, Ostr. i. 191 s q . ; A v o g a d r o , Aeg. p. 96; id. SEHHW
x i v . 293 s q q . ; Rostovtzeff, commentary to P . T e b t . 703,
295. W e learn from P S I 509 and W O 1510 (cf. ibid. 338) t h a t the col
lecting of this t a x was farmed out, and the fact t h a t in N o . 50 there are two persons p a y i n g the t a x m a y serve as an additional argument for the suggestion t h a t these people were tax-farmers. 6. Tc'Ao? aKxnioiv (Nos. 66-68), a t a x paid b y shoe-makers. Cf. Wilcken, Ostr. i. 293 sq. I n t w o ostraka, N o s . 65 a n d 69, we are interested not in the t a x p a y e r s b u t in the officials of the b a n k . In N o . 69 (from Koptos) a Dositheos rpane^ir-qs (manager of the bank) is mentioned, and in N o . 65, a certain Afihiovs (or AfiSievs) Kapovpis p u t his signature under the manager's signature, perhaps as his chief assistant
Ostr. i. 636, points out t h a t there were several
Tparrellrai
(Wilcken,
and their assistants working
at the central b a n k s in the districts). A l l the above-mentioned t a x e s h a d to be paid p a r t l y in silver and p a r t l y in copper. Y e t in the second century B . C . all t h e t a x e s were paid in copper, t h e payers adding a n 'agio' for p a y m e n t s which ought to h a v e been delivered in silver. Such p a y m e n t s were designated b y the words
XO-XKOV
08 dXXayrj, or simply ov aXXayrj (cf., for example, Nos. 50,
51, 52, & c ) . W h e n the t a x had to be paid in copper, no 'agio' was e x a c t e d ; in these cases the words ^aA/coO laov6p,ov were added (Nos. 48,49,64). Cf. Wilcken, Ostr. i. 718 sqq. I n a great number of ostraka we find at the end of the receipt (after the signature of the Tpa7re£,iT7)s) a figure larger than the sum paid to the bank. According to Milne (JEA
xi, 1925, 269) 'the higher figures represent the amounts actually paid into the
bank, the lower those which were credited to the payers or coDectors as paid in respect of the t a x after the deduction of various extra charges, including aXXayrj . . .'. Cf. P. M . Meyer, Griech.
Texte,
1926, 47 s q . ; Collart, BIFAO
p. 122; K i i h n , B G U v i , p . 94; Westermann, JEA
xii,
x x x i x , 1940, p. 94.
A s to whether the Jewish tax-farmers were tax-collectors as well, see above, p . 18. 3
K u h n (the editor of the ostraka in B G U vi) writes ( p . 1 0 8 ) : 'Dass ein und derselbe Mann so verschieden hohe S u m m e n z a h l t . . . lasst sich aus d e m verschiedenen Ausfall der Ernte oder Ver-
grosserung seines Besitzes erklaren.' T h e first suggestion cannot account for so great a differ ence a s that between 270 dr. and 4,500 dr., a n d the second is t o o arbitrarily chosen.
JEWISH
(b) Receipts
TAX-COLLECTORS,
issued
by the granary
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
197
(Nos. 7 3 - 9 6 ) .
T h e t e x t of the receipts issued b y the granaries (drjoavpol) runs as follows: D a t e (year, month, d a y . ) — H a s measured (p,ep,€TprjKev) into the granary of Diospolis M a g n a (or elsewhere)—for the district (sometimes the name of the district is given)—for the year X—name
of the p a y e r — q u a n t i t y of wheat (or barley, kroton,
and the like).—Signature of the sitologos (the manager of the granary). W i l c k e n suggested in his Ostraka t h a t the persons t o w h o m these receipts were handed over were tax-collectors, like those in the preceding group. H i s suggestion w a s based principally on N o . 9 0 : the p a y e r mentioned here, Ulficov 'Ia^dpov igeiArjcfxos, is no d o u b t identical w i t h the tax-farmer of
TtrapT-q
dXUcov in Nos. 6 1 - 6 3 and 107 (Ostr. i. Zum alexandrinischen
5 9 , 1 0 0 ) . L a t e r Wilcken changed his opinion, as shown in his article,
Antisem.
788, n. 3 , inferring from an ostrakon previously u n k n o w n (W. Chr. 261) t h a t
persons p a y i n g their taxes in natura were lessees of crown land or landowners. I t is obvious t h a t in this question, too, W i l c k e n remained faithful t o his principle t h a t a certain kind of receipt could be delivered only to one kind of persons. W e h a v e just seen t h a t this principle, based on formal grounds alone, cannot serve as a sufficient criterion for fixing the social position of people referred to in the receipts. H o w e v e r , here, too, W i l c k e n did not miss the essential point of the question, though he used a false method. There is little doubt t h a t the receipts issued b y the granaries for p a y m e n t s in kind were handed over to the tillers of the soil themselves, and not to tax-farmers. T h e arguments in favour of this v i e w were p u t together b y Milne in his Theban Ostraka (p. 8 1 ) , and t w o of them seem t o me to be of great v a l u e : (1) the receipts issued b y granaries in the Ptolemaic period are, on the whole, nearly identical w i t h a certain t y p e of receipt of the R o m a n period, which was handed over to peasants (cf., for example, O . T h e b . 133, where the person who delivered his corn to the granary is explicitly called yecopyos) (2) the amounts of corn delivered t o the granaries are, as a rule, v e r y small (sometimes 1 or 2 artabai), and it would be strange, indeed, for the tax-collectors to h a v e troubled themselves over such insignificant quantities, instead of storing them at their homes and delivering large amounts at once. T o these arguments I should like t o a d d y e t another. In most ostraka w i t h this formula the t a x is paid
vrrep
TOV TOTTOV,
district', i.e. for the district of T h e b e s ; sometimes other districts, such as
'for the
KOTTTLTTJS
or
'Iepd vijaos, are mentioned. T h i s geographical distinction gives no information as t o w h a t kind of t a x is meant in the receipts issued b y the granaries. Is it not strange t h a t the name of the t a x paid to the granaries is nowhere mentioned, whereas the receipts of the b a n k s emphasize in every case w h a t kind of t a x was p a i d ? There is no other ex planation of this singular omission of the name save the suggestion t h a t the mention of the name was quite unnecessary, since it was a l w a y s the same t a x which was paid to the granaries. Some scholars used to call this t a x imypacj>ri; unfortunately the meaning 4
of this term is not quite clear, and in the two cases where it is mentioned in our ostraka (Nos. 7 3 and 96) it can h a v e the simple sense of 'assessment'. Y e t whether the t a x w a s imypa^ri or not, it is obvious t h a t it was a t a x imposed on land-production, and as it has no name in the ostraka it m u s t h a v e been the sole t a x imposed on land, i.e., the l a n d - t a x par
excellence.
N o w , as far as I know, the l a n d - t a x , whether imyparj or
iK6piov, whether paid b y fiaoiXucol yecopyot or b y cleruchs, or b y somebody else, w a s never farmed o u t ; it was the d u t y of the government officials (or the owners of the 4
Wilcken in his Ostraka (i. 197) thought t h e t o be a land-tax ('Grundsteuer'); he changed his opinion in t h e Grundziige, 171 n. 1, and restricted t h e meaning of emypar) t o additional t a x e s ('Zuschlage'), according t o P . Tebt. i, p . 39. Kiihn ( B G U v i , p . 135) hesitates between imypaipri
t h e land-tax ('Bodenabgabe') a n d crown landduties ('Dominialgefalle'). Mile Preaux speaks of 'taxe s u p p l e m e n t a l ' (p. 414 n. 5 ; p . 132). Cf. also Heichelheim, R E , s.v. Sitos (Supplement, v i . 868): Preaux, Chr. d'figypte, lvi, 333.
198
SECTION
V
yrj iv Scoped a n d their representatives) t o fix the amounts for p a y m e n t (sometimes after long and quarrelsome negotiations w i t h the peasants, cf. the well-known p a p y r u s P S I 502) and t o see t o the regular delivery of these amounts t o the king's granaries. So it m a y b e assumed t h a t in our ostraka, too, the payers are simple peasants deliver ing their q u o t a s of grain t o the granaries according to the rate imposed on each of them. T h i s statement cannot be disproved b y N o . 90, where the payer, Simon son of Jazaros, ,
is styled e'£eiAr/<£t6s i.e. tax-farmer. There is no mention in this ostrakon w h a t t a x )
was farmed b y Simon, and since we k n o w from Nos. 61-63 and 107 t h a t this t a x w a s TerdpTT)
dXUcov,
it m a y be assumed t h a t in N o . 90, too, no other t a x is meant. T h e fact
t h a t Simon is called
i^eiXrjcpcos even
in a receipt of the granary, which has nothing to do
w i t h the fisher-tax, is simply explained b y the suggestion t h a t Simon was k n o w n in the village as 'the farmer'; we m a y recall t h a t N o . 90 was written in 153 B . C . , i.e. during his e m p l o y m e n t as tax-farmer (154-152 B . C ) . T h e ostrakon in question, far from disproving our suggestion t h a t the payers mentioned in the granaries' receipts were peasants, has, on the contrary, great value, being almost the only document g i v i n g us some idea of the social position of the persons mentioned in these ostraka. Simon was a tax-farmer, and it is well k n o w n t h a t tax-farmers were chosen b y the government from among well-to-do persons (see above, p p . 18 sq.). So it m a y be inferred t h a t Simon was a landowner whose regular income was large enough to serve as guarantee for sums due from him to the government in his c a p a c i t y of a tax-farmer. W e h a v e no means of establishing w h a t kind of landowner he was, whether a
K&TOIKOS,
or a yeovxos, b u t we m a y remember t h a t in the second century the rigid system of the whole land of E g y p t being crown property w a s somewhat relaxed, g i v i n g w a y to a gradual increase in the rights of private ownership (cf. Rostovtzeff, SEHHW
ii.
732 sq.). I t m a y be t h a t Simon was the offspring of a military settler, whose KXrjpos in the course of time became family property. W h e t h e r the other persons mentioned in the receipts issued b y the granaries were private landowners, too, we cannot know. W e must remember t h a t Simon paid a v e r y high amount of corn (90 artabai), so t h a t he cannot be regarded as a t y p i c a l representative of the whole group of these persons, whose usual rates v a r y from 2 t o 15 artabai. A n o t h e r rich m a n was Ulpcov 'Qpalov, w h o also delivered 90 artabai into the granary (No. 91), and among the non-Jews we find people delivering even greater amounts (cf. W O 1253,1254, O . B o d l . 147, 150, 169). These were the 'aristocracy' of the payers. A s to the others, it m a y be assumed, perhaps, t h a t t h e y were 'king's peasants' (fiaatXtKol
yccopyol,),
i.e. lessees settled
on
crown land. Y e t it m u s t be pointed out t h a t the amount of corn delivered b y a person cannot be in e v e r y single case taken as a criterion of his social position, since we do not k n o w whether the amounts in question represent the annual rate of the t a x or partial p a y m e n t s only (see for partial p a y m e n t s Nos. 75,78,84,96). I t sometimes happened t h a t a m a n owned several estates in various districts and h a d to p a y various amounts on each of t h e m . Hellen, son of Dositheos, for example, measured
imep TOV TOTTOV v-nep TOV
the district of Thebes) 7§ artabai only (No. 82), whereas his p a y m e n t
(i.e. for KOTTTLTOV
a m o u n t e d to 46J artabai (No. 83). N e a r l y all the p a y m e n t s were due to the granary of T h e b e s (Diospolis Magna), in most cases irrkp rov inside the borders of the T h e b a n district, twice and once
vrrkp 'Iep&s
NTJOOV
virep
TOTTOV,
i.e. for estates situated
TOV KOTTTLTOV
(Nos. 81 and 83),
(No. 75). I n one case the corn was delivered at the granary
of O m b o s (No. 96), and in another at the granary of an u n k n o w n place (No. 95). T h e word jLt€(jLt€rpr/j(xai) after the signature of the sitologos at the end of the ostrakon is a note of the sitologos testifying t h a t he has 'measured' (i.e. received) the a m o u n t delivered b y the t a x p a y e r . O n the granaries of the Ptolemaic period in general cf.
Calderini, QHSAYPOI,
47 sqq.
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
199
(c) Receipts for the delivery of chaff (Nos. 97-103). T h e t e x t of the receipts runs as follows: D a t e (year, month, d a y ) . H a s handed over (irapaSdScoKev) tax due
5
for the stated y e a r (TOV avrov
ZTOVS)—name
in p a y m e n t of the chaffof the p a y e r — q u a n t i t y (in
jLtcoia, jars).—Signatures of the officials. Chaff was used in E g y p t for various purposes, such as baking bricks, burning, heat ing, & c . (cf. Wilcken, (p.coia),
Ostr. i. 1 6 2 sqq.). I t w a s delivered to the
not in wagons (dycoyai),
in jars
dxvpodrJKai
as suggested previously b y W i l c k e n . Some scholars
(see, for example, Bouche-Leclercq, iii. 3 7 7 ) took the chaff-payers for tax-collectors, b u t P . T e b t . 8 4 2 ( 1 4 0 B . C . ) attests clearly t h a t the delivery of the chaff w a s imposed directly on villagers. T h e question, as far as I know, has never been discussed in full.
For the t a x of dxvpov in general see Preaux, Ost. With. Brkl., p p . 9 6 sqq. F o r the R o m a n period cf. Lesquier, L'Artnee romaine, 3 5 5 sqq. Jews whose names occur in these receipts belong p a r t l y to the payers and p a r t l y to t h e officials of the dxvpodijKai,
(d) Receipts
who signed the receipts.
issued by tax-collectors
(Nos. 1 0 4 - 1 1 1 ) .
A p a r t from official receipts issued b y banks, granaries, and dxvpo6i}Kai,
there were
semi-official receipts written b y tax-collectors in order to attest t h a t a certain sum of m o n e y in settlement of a certain t a x had been paid to t h e m b y a certain t a x p a y e r . Such receipts were composed p a r t l y in the usual style of the official receipts (Nos. 1 0 4 - 6 ) a n d p a r t l y in a letter-style
('X t o Y
^cu/jew
'). In the latter cases the t e x t of the re
ceipts, after the usual greetings, opened with the w o r d s :
' e^o;
(or
dnexo))
irapd
T h a v e received from y o u ' (Nos. 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 - 1 1 0 ) ; cf. Preaux, Chr. d'Egypte, 3 2 3 sqq. Y e t another formula w i t h
re'ra^ai
aov'—
lvi, 1 9 5 3 ,
('you h a v e paid') could be used as well
(Nos. 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 ) ; cf. Preaux, ibid. 3 2 8 . O u t of eight receipts included in this group, four npopaTcov,
a tax
(or rather, t w o different taxes) imposed on the owners of cattle (see for
(Nos. 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 , and probably 1 0 5 ) deal w i t h iw6p,iov
iwofxiov
a b o v e , p . 1 9 6 , and for
T C A O ? irpofidTtov
Wilcken,
or T4XOS
Ostr. i, p. 2 8 6 ; Preaux, 0. Wilb. Brkl. 3
a n d the literature mentioned there). N o . 1 0 7 is the well-known ostrakon where Simon, son of Jazaros, is styled
i^eiXqcfxh?
TTJV TCTapTr/v
dXUcov
(see above, p p . 1 9 7 sq.). In Nos.
1 1 0 and i n the t a x is paid for fruit-trees and date-palms given on lease, and the t a x in N o . 1 0 9 is unknown to us. T h a t tax-farmers wrote or delivered all these receipts is beyond doubt. F o r N o s . 1 0 7 - 1 1 this fact is attested b y the formula itself of the receipt, written in letter-style. Ahalos
in Nos. 1 0 6 and 1 0 4 is k n o w n to us from m a n y receipts as a tax-farmer (see,
for example, O . B o d l . 1 1 4 , W O 3 3 8 , 1 5 1 0 ) . A^-qT-qg
in N o . 1 0 5 was a tax-farmer too,
as m a y be deduced from his signature on the t o p of the ostrakon (cf. the signature of ASatos in N o . 1 0 4 and in O . B o d l . 1 1 4 ) . In N o . 1 0 9 three persons sending a letter t o a t a x p a y e r no doubt form a c o m p a n y of tax-collectors in partnership.
(e) Ostraka of various contents (Nos. 112-124). N e a r l y all the ostraka of this group contain lists of names, sometimes followed b y figures;
it seems t h a t some distribution of w h e a t or other product is m e a n t (cf. Nos.
1 1 2 , 1 1 8 ) . In most cases the purpose of the list is not clear.
(/) Jews in the ostraka T h e ostraka in this section are selected out of m a n y hundreds included in W O , O . B o d l . , and other collections. Since the word 'Jew' does not appear in these ostraka 5
els T O KadrjKov dxvpov,
the word
dxvpov
being evidently a substitute for
dxvptxdv
reXos.
200
SECTION
V
at all, the proper name is the only criterion for distinguishing a J e w from a non-Jew. W h e n selecting the Jewish ostraka, I followed the principles laid down above, in the Introduction; y e t I was less rigid here as to the 'doubtful' names, like Dositheos, Simon, and even Theodoros, since some of these names appear in the ostraka in connexion w i t h Hebrew names, and so we m a y suppose t h a t even in cases when such connexion is lack ing the person in question was nevertheless a Jew. If Simon, for example, appears in our ostraka in such connexions as Elpcov A^I-IJTOV, Etp.u>v ApSiovros, Elpwv 'Iat,dpov, and Elpcov Eappadalov, it m a y be inferred t h a t Simon w a s a common Jewish name in U p p e r E g y p t in the second century B . C , so t h a t all other Simons (such as ELpojv 'Epfiiov or Elpwv 'Qpalov) were probably J e w s as well. I t goes without saying t h a t on this question strict evidence cannot be adduced. T h e following list contains all the names which might be regarded as belonging to Jews. I t has t w o purposes: first, to give the necessary commentary as to some difficult names, and secondly, to distinguish the social status of every person as far as it can b e ascertained. T h e list contains the names of c. s i x t y persons. JljSStou?, N o . 1 0 9 . T h e former reading b y W i l c k e n was Aflaiovs; the correct reading was established b y Viereck, BL ii. 1 . 9 7 . A farmer of an unknown t a x , acting in partnership with t w o other people. AfiSiovs Kapovpis, N o . 6 5 . T h e second name seems to be E g y p t i a n , cf. Crum, Coptic Dictionary, p. 1 1 7 a . I d e n t i t y w i t h his namesake of N o . 109 cannot be established. According to W i l c k e n (Ostr. 6 3 6 sq.), he was a Tpaire&TTrjs, since his signature a p pears on the receipt issued b y the bank, though the signature of TlroXepaXos TpaTreivT-qs, known to us from m a n y other ostraka, precedes t h a t of ApSiovs. I t m a y be t h a t the line containing his name has no connexion with the t e x t of the ostrakon (so BL ii. 1 . 1 1 6 ) . Y e t t w o signatures of bankers, though unusual, are possible (see, for example, N o . 4 9 ) . AfiirjXos, N o . 6 6 . Perhaps a false reading for the more usual A^LT)TOS. Probably a tax-farmer of T4XOS o-Kvriuiv, acting in partnership with his colleague Tlaiwv. Afivr)TT)s, N o . 1 0 5 . A tax-farmer, probably of reXos irpo^drwv. APtfros, N o . 4 8 . A tax-farmer of T4XOS otvov, acting in partnership with other people. AfiifJTos, N o . n 8 . P r o b a b l y a peasant. See note to N o . 1 1 8 . mfSpapos, N o . 5 0 . A tax-farmer of iwoptov, acting in partnership with his colleague AIOKXTJS.
Airo^Xoivios AuiaiQdov, Nos. 7 0 - 7 2 , i n . P r o b a b l y a tax-farmer of
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
201
the common Greek name TlayKpdTrjs). A peasant owning an estate in the district of K o p t o s . Acuoideos IIvppov, N o . 84. A peasant from the district of Thebes. Atoaideos Wa[ ], N o . 76. A peasant. "EXXr/v AcoaiOeov, Nos. 82-83. A peasant owning landed property in the districts of Thebes and K o p t o s . P r o b a b l y the son of Atooldeos ITaxparov; cf. T a i t , O . C a m b . 137, note. ©e68copos, N o . 109. Since his name is theophoric and appears with the name of his Jewish colleague ABSLOVS, we m a y suppose t h a t he was a J e w too. W e m a y add t h a t the t a x p a y e r in the same ostrakon is a J e w as well. A tax-farmer of an unknown t a x , acting in partnership w i t h t w o other people. 6>€oS[.]., N o . 121. In the same ostrakon AeXXalas is mentioned. Perhaps a J e w . T h e contents are not clear. Qeoxprjoros UaXaplvios, N o . 85. T h e patronymic is Semitic, b u t not necessarily Hebrew. W h e t h e r ©eoxprjo-Tos is a translation of the Hebrew r P H I D , as sug gested b y Delitzsch (Wilcken, Ostr. i. 523), m a y be doubted. A peasant from the district of Thebes. 'Iaetprjs, N o . 109. T h e usual transcription of the Hebrew T i C is 'Ideipos (so in L X X [Ez.], Josephus, and inscriptions: CIJ 1367/8, ZDPV x l i v , 1921, 113 sq.). A payer of an unknown t a x . '/a^eu's-, N o . 98. T h e name derives probably from the Hebrew SPD* (Jos. 10. 3 ; 1 Chron. 3. 7; 14. 6). A payer of chaff. Ia
9
EaBSaZos TIroXep.aLov, N o . 96. 2aB8atos is perhaps another form for ZaBSalos, or a mistake for SaBBaOalos. I n the first case he might as well h a v e been a Syrian as a Jew. A peasant from the district of O m b o s . Eap.Bada.Zos, Nos. 51-60. A farmer of the t a x of tropdplbtov. EapBadalos, N o . 103. A n official of the dxvpoOyKr). Eap,Badaios, N o . 122. Perhaps an official, or an employee on a private estate, since he is ordered to give out a certain amount of wheat. EapBadalos ABirjrov, Nos. 87, 117. A peasant, p r o b a b l y from the district of Thebes. EapBadalos Aolfiios, N o . 114. F o r the patronymic cf. 'IatrlBis in N o . 27 (D^ET) and 'AaiBlas (1 E z . 9. 26); cf. also the H e b r e w name iVDtPn (Neh. 10. 26; 1 Chron. 6. 30; cf. N e h . 3. 10; 9. 5). T h e purpose of the ostrakon is not clear. ZapBadalos ZoXXovpios, Nos. 64,104. T h e patronymic
occurs frequently
202
SECTION
V : N O . 48
in Elephantine (cf. Cowley, Index). A landowner, rather than a tax-farmer (see above, p. 196). EapPaOefos?), N o . 115. I n the same ostrakon Eapfiadov . . . is mentioned. T h e meaning is not clear. EaporjXos, N o . 112. Mentioned in a list containing a distribution of wheat to several people. P r o b a b l y a peasant. UafXTjadalos, N o . 119. A mistake for EapflaOalos. T h e meaning of the ostrakon is not clear. Edv[fiaTos\ or 2av[f3dTios], N o . n o . I t does not seem t h a t there are m a n y names beginning w i t h Eav.. (see Pape-Benseler, s.v.), so t h a t the restoration m a y be correct. T h e name is probably a parallel form of Sambathaios. A lessee of a grove of date-trees. SL/JLCOV, N o . 123. T h e meaning of the ostrakon is not clear.
Hlfuiov, N o . 124. A s above. Ulfxcuv, N o . 103. A payer of chaff. Eipwv, N o . 108. A landowner or a shepherd, p a y i n g the iwopiov. Elpwv Afihiovros, N o . 73. A peasant from the district of Thebes. Zlfxiov Afiiiyrov, N o . 101. A payer of chaff. I t is strange t h a t his name appears for the second time after the subscriptions of the officials who received the chaff. I t is perhaps a mere inaccuracy of the scribe.
Eipcov Aetjupdvovs, N o . 99. A n official of the dxvpodrjKT]. Elponv 'Epplov, N o . 88. A peasant from the district of Thebes. Ulpcov 'Ia^dpov, Nos. 61-63, 9°> 7 - A farmer of fishers' t a x and a well-to-do peasant in the district of Thebes. Cf. above, p p . 196 sqq.. Hlpcov AoXov, N o . 113. His name appears in a list of uncertain meaning. Hipcov UapfiaOalov, N o . 118. P r o b a b l y a peasant. See commentary to N o . 118. Sipoiv 'Qpalov, Nos. 91-92. A peasant, probably from the district of Thebes. Zlpoiv xi'ou, N o . 123. A n unknown person whose name appears in a list con taining Greek names only. EOXOKTOS ZLpwvos, N o . 94. T h e first name m a y be read also EOXOKXOS. B o t h forms are otherwise unknown. P r o b a b l y a peasant from the district of Thebes, if here the word peroxoi is to be interpreted as referring to a group of peasants, though the more usual sense of piroxoi is 'a c o m p a n y of tax-farmers'; see above, p. 195. Erpdrcov Erpdrcovos, nos. 77-78. A brother of '/ffa/ci? Erpdrcovos, mentioned in N o s . 78-79. A peasant from the district of Thebes. i o
Tpvtficov ©rjScopov, N o . 106. Since @e68copos (== ©rjSiopos) appears in these ostraka in connexion with names of Jews (see Nos. 109 and 121), and since Tpv(f>cov, too, was a name common among Jews, this m a n might well h a v e been a Jew. A land owner or a shepherd p a y i n g taxes for his cattle. *Qpos EOVXLOS, N O . 99. EovXios is perhaps an abbreviation iorEaovXis y e t the name does not occur in the papyri, so t h a t the Jewish origin of the man is v e r y doubtful. A payer of chaff. [ ] EappaOalov, N o . 97. P r o b a b l y a payer of chaff. Some Jewish names are recorded in a demotic ostrakon of 167 B . C . published as B G U 1454. O n e of them, Aristomenes son of Josephos, is included in our list. T h e others are: Toubias son of Simeon, Sabbataios son of Abdaios, and Dositheos son of . m . n t o s ; the remaining names are Greek. A l l these men seem to be peasants.
faND);
(g)
Chronology
Nearly all the ostraka collected in this section refer to the reigns of Philometor (180-145) and Euergetes I I (145-116). T h e question whether the regnal years of the
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
203
former or of the latter are meant is not easily settled in every single case, Euergetes reckoning his regnal years from 169 (the first y e a r of joint reign of both), so t h a t the difference between the regnal years of the t w o brothers was eleven years only. I n the majority of cases W i l c k e n left the question unsettled, and the problem was solved b y later scholars, especially b y T a i t . T h e criterion for fixing the chronology of e v e r y ostrakon is based on the main fact t h a t e v e r y date earlier t h a n 25 refers to Philometor (because Euergetes did not really reign until 145, so t h a t the reckoning in the docu ments according to the years of his reign begins only with the 25th year of his formal reign), whereas every date later than 36 refers to Euergetes, the regnal years of Philo metor being 36 in all. I t follows t h a t ostraka dated between the 25th and the 36th year only are subject to doubt. Y e t there are w a y s of fixing the chronology of these docu ments too. F o r t u n a t e l y the great bulk of the ostraka is chiefly connected with one place only, Diospolis M a g n a (Thebes); the names of the officials of the T h e b a n b a n k and granary, as well as the tax-farmers operating in the T h e b a n district, are well k n o w n to us. N o w , it is obvious t h a t when the name of an official appears on a set of ostraka dated with numbers lower t h a n 25, and continues to appear on those d a t e d w i t h the 26th and 27th years, and so on, t h e y all belong to the reign of Philometor; and the same principle, applied to a set of ostraka dated b y years lower and higher t h a n 36, fixes the whole set as belonging to the reign of Euergetes. A n investigation of the names based on this principle has shown t h a t the great majority of ostraka are d a t e d b y the years of Philometor. T h e banker Ptolemaios, as well as the officials of the granary, Apollonios, Ptolemaios, A m b r y o n , and Hermokrates, whose names appear regularly in our ostraka, lived in the reign of Philometor. A s to the reign of Euergetes, only Herakleides, the official of the granary, issuing a receipt in year 49, m u s t be assigned to it. T h e question remains open as to receipts signed b y Asklepiades, the banker (Nos. 66-68), as well as to receipts coming from places outside T h e b e s : here the names of the officials appear on single documents only, as, for example, on N o . 69 from K o p t o s , a receipt signed b y the banker Dositheos and dated the year 30. A s to the ostraka assigned to the regnal years of other kings, I h a v e adopted the dates given b y scholars in previous editions. I h a v e also followed the suggestion of T a i t who assigns N o . 50 to the 5th year of the joint reign of Philometor and E u e r getes (this joint reign lasted for seven years only). A l l the exact dates (including the d a y of the month) were checked b y me with the help of the chronological tables published b y Mr. Skeat in Mizraim, v i (1937). L I T . (sel.): Wilcken, Ostraka,
i. 5 2 3 ; id. Antisem.,
788 s q . Juster, ii. 257 n. 3 ; 295 n. 2.
Fuchs,
14, 52, 63 sq., 107.
N o . 48 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 46.
171-170 B.C.
[("Erovs)
rpdfre^av)
ta
] S.reraKTai y
i]tj> rjs
| [reXos
ATTOXXCOVLOS v
fjLoyros Kal r&v pe(roxo) ) (yivovrai) 4. [reXos
Tvrj. oivjov:
(Translation.)
| [erri rr)v £v\ Aids
x&{XKOV)
olv\ov
laovo(pov)
ta (erovs)
rroXa,
| [rrji
Aftifjros
| [£]vaKoaias
pe(ydXrji) | 5 | [.....]
7revrr\Kovra
| 77
'HpaKAetorjs.
supplied b y m e .
5. / c a t TCOV n inserted above the line. 1. ol e
fieroxot.
Y e a r 1 1 , . . . 4 . P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of w h i c h
A p o l l o n i o s is t h e h e a d , a s w i n e - t a x for t h e n t h y e a r , b y A b i e t o s . . . s o n of . . . m o u s a n d his p a r t n e r s , nine h u n d r e d a n d fifty e i g h t (drachmai) in c o p p e r a t par, t o t a l 9 5 8 .
Herakleides.
SECTION
204
V : N O S . 49-55
N o . 49 Thebes. 0 . Strassb. i o .
4th May, 161 B.C.
K &app.ovdi
"ETOVS
TTJV
^ S " I AfJL(flO))vLOS, TeXoS
Tpd(TT€^av), XCL(XKOV)
| irrl
8. T e ( T a f C T a t )
lcro(v6piov)
|5 | ^ e i A t a ? itxarov
AppL. Ap,(pLU))vios • IlToXepbalos (Translation.)
iv Aids
TT6(X€L)
OiVOV \ K (cTOVs)
Te(raKTat)
ApLOTOp.€VrjS
(yivovTdC)
Teaaapd\KOVTa (Spaxp>ds)
p,e(ydiXrj)
rfj
lao(v6pbov)
App,. | ( 2 n d h a n d ) ACT.
Y e a r 20 P h a r m o u t h i 4. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h A m m o n i o s is t h e h e a d , a s w i n e - t a x for t h e 20th y e a r , b y A r i s t o m e n e s , o n e t h o u s a n d o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y d r a c h m a i of c o p p e r a t p a r , t o t a l a t p a r 1 1 4 0 . Ammonios. P t o l e m y : p a i d 1140 d r a c h m a i . (2nd h a n d ) 1,200.
No. Thebes. Sayce, Proc. BL ii. 1. 1 7 .
Soc. Bibl.
"ETOVS
e Metropf)
10th September, 165 B.C. xxiii (1901), p . 2 1 5 , N o . 9 ; p . 302. S B 1093. 0 . Bodl. 49. S P 3 7 6 ; cf.
y
i rjs AvTtyevqs Se/ca
vy.
Te(Ta/crat)
iiri
a
K
x ft °v)
| iv Aids
TTJV
\ els TO e (eTOs) iwopuiov
|51 eTTTa (ylvovTai)
(Translation.)
50
\ Kal ALOKXTJS
Af$pap,os
ov dX(Xayr))
pit,.
jpdfae^av)
7jp(Aet)
AvTiyevrjs
e/carov
\ pXe.
Y e a r 5, M e s o r e 1 3 . P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s of w h i c h
A n t i g e n e s is t h e h e a d , a s p a s t u r e - t a x f o r t h e 5 t h y e a r , b y A b r a m o s a n d D i o k l e s one hundred a n d seventeen drachmai, t o t a l in copper a t a discount 117. A n t i g e n e s . 135.
No.
i
S
Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 53.
155/4 B-C.
("ETOVS) p,e(ydXr)i)
KI, 0 a Tpd(7ret av) )
2JapL^ad(atos) (TT€^ITTJS)
ov
j8. | T e ( T a / c T c u ) icfS
dX(Xayr))
r)s
irrl
\ IlToXepLaios
e^a\Koalas
TTJV
iv
Aids
TropdpilScov
(ylvovTai)
X'
7rd(Aet) 151
/c£
IJ(ToXepLaios)
| TT\I (erovs) jpa-
\ x?1. T h e n a m e of t h e m o n t h m a y b e $ a [ w ^ i ] , or &a[pev
(Translation.)
or
$a[ppovdi\.
Y e a r 27, P h a . . . 2. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , a s f e r r y - t o l l f o r t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s s i x h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l 600. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 690.
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
No. Thebes. W O 1 3 5 1 ; cf. "Erovs
5 2
ii. 1, p . 104.
K£, Tvfii
eirl
I. r(eraKrai)
OKraKoaias rpa(7ret,irr]s)'
(Translation.)
e^rjKovra |5 |
rr)v ev AL[6S
7rop9p,i$a)v
e ^ ' r)s TIroXep.aios,
)
d(XXayr))
205
7th February, 154 B.C. BL
rp(d,Tret av),
p,atos)
AND PEASANTS
TroXei]
| /e£ (erovs)
| errrd (yivovrai)
| rrji
pe(ydXr)i)
Eapfia(9aios)
0$ d(XXayr))
a>££.
0$ II(roXe-
A.
Y e a r 27, T y b i 10. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , a s f e r r y - t a x for t h e 27th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s e i g h t h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - s e v e n d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l a t a d i s c o u n t 867. Ptolemy, Banker.
si
No. Thebes. Sayce n o . W O 1504; cf. BL ii. 1, p . 1 1 5 . "Erovs
KZ, Tvfii
rpd(Trel,av) dX(Xayr))
OKraKoaias
(Translation.)
j erri
7rd(Aei)
rr)v ev Aids
irop9p,i$a>v
| 5 | etjrjKOvra
rpa(7ret,irif)s).
TIroXepaios
22nd February, 154 B.C.
ice. re(raKrai)
y
\ e r)s TIroXepiaios
1,000.
ertrd
| /c£ (erovs) (yivovrai)
rrji
p,e(ydXrji)
Eapfia(9aios)
0$
ov
dX(Xayrj)
a>££. j
A.
Y e a r 27, T y b i 25. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is h e a d , a s f e r r y - t o l l for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s e i g h t h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - s e v e n d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l a t a d i s c o u n t 867. Ptolemy, Banker.
No.
S4-
Thebes. W O 335 ;cf. £ L i i . 1, p . 55. ("Erovs)
(daios)
15th April, 154 B.C.
K £ 0apev<x)9 rpd(7ret av)
pe(ydXrji)
>
0$
dX(Xayrj)
1,000.
t £ . re(raKrai)
erri
e tfs TIroXepaios OKraKoaias
rrjv
[ev Aios
Tropdp,i8a)v
e£y)\Kovra
eirrd
Tr6(Xei)]
|
2ap,f$a-
\ /c£ (erovs)
(yivovrai)
0$
rfji
dA(Aayi7)
TIro(Xepaios). (Translation.)
Y e a r 27, P h a m e n o t h 17. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a
of w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , a s f e r r y - t a x for t h e 27th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s e i g h t h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - s e v e n d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l a t a d i s c o u n t 867. Ptolemy.
No.
SS
Thebes. Sayce 74. W O 1507; cf. BL ii. 1, p . 1 1 6 . "Erovs rpd(rrel av) i
K £ TIavvi eft
1 . re(raKrai)
r*)s \ TIroXepaios
7th July, 154 B.C.
erri
\ rr)v ev Aios
rro(Xei)
7rop9p,ioaiV /c£ (erovs)
rfji
pe(ydXr)i)
| Eapf$a9aios
0$
206
SECTION
dX(Xayr))
(rdXavrov)
ev
rerpaKia\S
reaaapas
(yivovrat)
ov dX(Xayr))
(rre^irrjs)
(rdXavra)
'B.
(Translation.)
V : N O S . 55-61
\xiXias
(rdXavrov)
rerpaKoaias a 'AvX8.
rpiaxovra
| IJroXepiaios
\ rpa-
Y e a r 27, P a y n i 10. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s o n e t a l e n t four t h o u s a n d
four hundred and thirty-four drachmai at a discount,
t o t a l 1 t a l e n t 4,434. P t o l e m y , Banker. 2 talents.
N o . £G Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 54.
n t h August, 154 B.C.
K £ ^Erreltj) le. re(raKrai)
"ETOVS
rpd(rret,av) dX(Xayr))
itjS rjs TlroXepiaios ^ t A i a ? | errraKooias
[TlroXepiaios
rpa(rret irr)s)
TTJV
\ iv Aids
7 r o ( A e t ) rrji
\ TropOpblScov AC£ (erovs) rpidtxovra
reo\S\ga[p]as
p,e(ydXrji)
Eap,f$a(9aios) (yivovrai)
ov
AxjiXh. |
'5.].
)
(Translation.)
irrl
Y e a r 27, E p e i p h 1 5 . P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r b y S a m b a t h a i o s one thousand seven hundred and thirty-four drachmai at a discount, total a t
a
discount 1,734. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 2,000.
No.
si
Thebes. Sayce 58. W O 1508; cf. BL ii. 1, p . 1 1 6 .
"Erovs
KZ,
rpd(Tret av)
'Errelcf) id. re(raKrai)
dX(Xayr)) o / c r a | 5 \i
irrl \ rr)v iv Aids
| icf)' r)s IlroXepiaios
)
rpa(rre^irrjs)
(Translation.)
15th August, 154 B.C.
rropdpLiSiov
ivevrpxovra
| (yivovrai)
rrji
TT6(X€I)
| /c£ (erovs)
pie(ydXrji)
Eapi^aralos
ov dX(Xayr)) toy. |
ov
I7(roXe-
Ap,.
Y e a r 27, E p e i p h 19. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y S a m b a t a i o s e i g h t hundred and ninety drachmai at a discount, total at a discount
890.
P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 1,040.
No.
sS
Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 55.
("Erovs)
25th September, 154 B.C.
/c£ Mecropr) A. re(raKrai)
rpd(rret,av)
itj)* rjs IlrgXeiialgs ov dX(Xayr))
XO.(XKOV)
rpa(rret iTrjs) >
\ Av.
ivaKooias
irrl rr)v | iv Aids \ rropdpLiStov oKrco
rro(Xei) rrji
fc£ (erovs)
(yivovrai)
Trj.
|5|
pie(ydXrji)
Uapbfiadaios
\
IJ(roXep,aios)
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
(Translation.)
OFFICIALS,
AND
PEASANTS
207
Y e a r 27, Mesore 30. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x
for t h e 27th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s n i n e
h u n d r e d a n d e i g h t d r a c h m a i in c o p p e r a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l 908. Ptolemy, Banker.
No.
S 9
Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 56.
18th November, 154 B.C.
[("Erovs)]
KT) 0aa>
rpd(rre^av)] XiXias
1,050.
I e0'
77? TIroXepaios
errraKoaias
rpa(7re£,irr)s)
rp[id]\Kovra
|5 |
(Translation.)
erri rrjv
ev Aigs
rropBpihcoy reaaapas
[ 7 r d ( A e t ) rrji
[KIT) (erovs)]
(yivovrai)
pe(ydXrji)
j
£apfia(6aios)
Aif)X\h.
TI(roXepaios)
'B.
Y e a r 28, P h a o p h i 19. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x for t h e 28th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s one t h o u s a n d s e v e n h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - f o u r d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 1,734. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 2,000.
N o . 60 Thebes. W O 1354; cf. "Erovs rpd(7Tet,av) d(XXayr))
28th December, 154 B.C. BL
ii, 1, p . 104.
KT) Advp e
K6. re(raKrai)
II(roXep,aios)
|5|
e^rjKovra
rpa(rre^irrjs)
(Translation.)
7Top0pl8a)v
TIroXepaios
OKraKoaias
| etri rr^v ev Aios
errra
ir6(Xei)
\ KYJ (erovs) (yivovrai)
rrji
pe(ydXr)i)
|
Uapj3a(0aios)
ov
d(XXayr))
o§
a)££,. |
A.
Y e a r 28, H a t h y r 29. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as f e r r y - t a x for t h e 28th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s e i g h t h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - s e v e n d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l a t a d i s c o u n t 867. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 1,000.
N o . 61 Thebes. W O 337. "Erovs rpd(7Tet av) l
dX(Xayrj) (yivovrai) (rdXavra)
14th September, 154 B.C.
KT) Meaopr) eft
(rdXavra) ov
K . re(raKrai)
rjs TIroXepaios
dX(Xayr))
Svo
erri rr)v \ rerdprrjs
rpia^iXias (rdXavra)
\ ev A(i6)s aXieaiv
e£aKoaias j8
Txpe.
|5|
7ro(X€i) KYJ
rrji
(erovs)
reaaapaKovra
\ II(roXepaios)
pe(ydXr)i)
Uipa>v
|
ov
irevre
\
r(p)a(Trei^irrjs)
y.
(Translation.)
Y e a r 28, Mesore 20. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as 25 per c e n t , fisher's-tax for t h e 28th y e a r ,
by
S i m o n t w o t a l e n t s t h r e e t h o u s a n d six h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - f i v e a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l 2 t a l e n t s , 3,645. P t o l e m y , Banker. 3 talents.
208
SECTION
V : N O S . 62-68
N o . 62 Thebes. W O 3 3 9 ; c f . B L i i . 1, p . 56. "Erovs
K B ABvp
pe(ydXr)i)
S. re(raKrai)
rpd(rre£av)
Zipwv
etfi* r)s
I od dX(Xayrj)
TIr(oXepaios)
2nd December, 153 B.C.
oia%iXias
'B v£.
erri
TIroXepaios eKarov
| {rr)v}
£v Aids
\ rerpaKias
reaaa
( 2 n d h a n d ) Ziputv 3. 1.
(Translation.)
rr)v {erri}
dXieoiv
|5 \paKovra
• • • vrj.
Trd(Aet) KB
rrji
(erovs)
0$ dX(Xayr))
*B
pp.
rj.
Terdpr-qs.
Y e a r 29, H a t h y r 4. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as 25 p e r c e n t , fisher's-tax for t h e 29th y e a r , b y S i m o n t w o t h o u s a n d one hundred a n d forty d r a c h m a i a t a discount, t o t a l a t a d i s c o u n t , 2,140. P t o l e m y . 2,460. Simon . . .
N o . 63 Thebes. W O 340. "Erovs
27th March, 152 B.C.
K B Mexeip
rpd(rre^av) dX(Xayr)) paios)
K B . \ re(raKrai)
\ £' r)s TIroXepaios rrevra\5\Koaias
rpa(ire^irr)s).
(Translation.)
erri rrjv ev Aios
(rerdprrjs)
SyBorjKovra |
rro(Xei)
p,(eydXr)i)
| K B (erovs)
dXieajv
\ (yivovrai)
rrji
a
x {Xf
Zipaw
rr. |
od
IJ(roXe-
x°'
Y e a r 29, M e c h e i r 29. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as 25 p e r c e n t , fisher's-tax for t h e 29th y e a r , b y S i m o n five h u n d r e d a n d e i g h t y d r a c h m a i a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l in c o p p e r , 580. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 670.
N o . 64 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 60. "Erovs
24th September, 153 B.C.
Kr) Meaopr)
X. re(raKrai)
rpd(rre^av)
e<j>* r)s
ZoXXov\pios
x<x(A/cot5) lgo(vopov)
(Translation.)
erri rrjv
TIroXepaios
\
| ev Aids
drropoipas
e^aKoaias
K£ |5 | eiKoai
?rd(Aet) rrji (erovs)
pe(ydXr)i) Zapf$a(8aios)
rrevre (yivovrai)
K€
X -
Y e a r 28. M e s o r e 30. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is t h e h e a d , as apomoira
for t h e 27th y e a r , b y S a m b a t h a i o s son
of S o l l u m i s , s i x h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - f i v e d r a c h m a i of c o p p e r a t p a r , t o t a l 625.
No.
65
Thebes. Sayce 97. W O 1 5 1 6 ; cf. BL ii. 1, p . 1 1 6 . "Erovs rpd(rre^av)
X
Tlaxdiv eft
rjs
20th June, 151 B.C.
KO. re(raKrai)
\ TIroXepaios
e(rri)
r(r))v
\ ev Aios
f$aea)v TIro\Xepaios
rr6(Xei) X (erovs)
rrji
p(eydXr)i) rerpaKo-
JEWISH alas
TAX-COLLECTORS,
|51 (yivovrai)
v.
OFFICIALS,
IJroXepiaios
rpa^e^lrrjs)
A N DPEASANTS vt;. | ( 2 n d h a n d )
209
Affoiovs
Kapovpis. (Translation.)
Y e a r 30, P a c h o n 24. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h P t o l e m y is h e a d , a s d y e r s ' t a x for t h e 30th y e a r , b y P t o l e m y f o u r h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 400. P t o l e m y , B a n k e r . 460. A b d i o u s s o n of K a r o u r i s .
N o . 66 Thebes. W O 334.
23rd N o v e m b e r , 155 B.C. or 20th November, 144 B.C. ii. 1, p . 55.
BL
("Erovs)
K£ 0atb<j>i
a
Krai A(3irjXos f[ve
| eVi rrjv
K S . re(raKrai)
\ itf>* r)s AcTKXrj(rndSrjs)
rpd(rret,av)
K
x ft °v)
°$ dX(Xayr))
AGK(Xr]7TidSrjs)
(Translation.)
rpafae&rrjs)]
iva\Koaias \
iv Aids
rro(Xei)
| OKvricov
reXos
rrji
/ c £ (erovs)
rrevrrjKovra
fie(ydiXrji) Tlaicov
{5|
(yivovrai)
| rrevre
[Ap].
Y e a r 27, P h a o p h i 24. P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h A s k l e p i a d e s is h e a d , a s s h o e - m a k e r s ' t a x for t h e 27th y e a r , b y P a i o n a n d A b i e l o s nine h u n d r e d a n d fifty five d r a c h m a i i n c o p p e r a t a d i s c o u n t , t o t a l 955. A s k l e p i a d e s , B a n k e r . 1,100.
N o . 67 Thebes. 0. Bodl. 64. "Erovs
Xa IJavvi
rpd(TTe^av) Aa
itff
(erovs)
(7Tet,irrjs)
9th J u l y , 150 B.C. or 6th J u l y , 139 B.C.
Vy. \ re(raKrai)
r)s AaKXrjrridSrjs
rpiax^Xias
irrl rr)v iv Aids \ reXos
\ rpidtxovra
OKv(retov)
(yivovrai)
rrd(Xei) Arrg(
TX.
rrji
pbe(ydXrji)
|
) UoXXaigy
| AaKXrjfridBrjs)
|5[ rpa-
\ '.Time.
(Translation.)
Y e a r 3 1 , P a y n i 1 3 . P a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of
w h i c h A s k l e p i a d e s is t h e h e a d , a s s h o e - m a k e r ' s t a x for t h e 31st y e a r , b y A p o ( . . . ) son of Sollaios, t h r e e t h o u s a n d a n d t h i r t y d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 3,030. A s k l e p i a d e s , B a n k e r . 3,485.
N o . 68 Thebes. W O ii. 1359.
25th August, 150 B.C. or 20th August, 139 B.C. BL
ii. 1, p . 105.
Acr(KXrjmdSr)s) Ai(os)
rro(Xei)
aKv(recov) rpia\Kocrlas
rpa(rTet irr)s)
* E K . \ erovs
)
rrji
pi(eyd\r)i)
Arro( e^r\Kovra
rpd(iret,av)
) EdXapus \ (yivovrai)
Xa
(erovs)
Xa. re(raKrai)
irrl
rr)v
i* r)s AaKXrj(rndBrjs) |5|
^a(A/cou)
\
reXos
rerpaKiax^Xias
'A[r]g. r
1. T h e first line w a s inserted later because there w a s n o place for t h e signature of t h e Tpair^ tn}s t h e b o t t o m of t h e ostrakon. B 2909
j ev
P
at
SECTION
210 (Translation.)
V : N O S . 68-74
A s k l e p i a d e s , B a n k e r . 5,020. Y e a r 3 1 , p a i d i n t o t h e b a n k a t
D i o s p o l i s M a g n a of w h i c h A s k l e p i a d e s is h e a d , a s s h o e - m a k e r s ' t a x f o r t h e 3 1 s t y e a r , b y A p o ( ) s o n of S a l a m i s , f o u r t h o u s a n d
three
hundred
and sixty
d r a c h m a i i n c o p p e r , t o t a l 4,360.
N o . 69 Koptos. O. Bodl. 103. ("Erovs)
15th March, 151 B.C. or 12th March, 140 B.C.
A Me^elp
t £ . re(raKrai)
Aa)crl[d]eos
j 0epa
...ereaioy
[51 ^ t A i a ? irevraKoalas
reX(rj)
onrXa.
7rpoarlp[o]y
| AatglOegs 3.
(Translation)
ivl
ivarov
(yivovrai)
rpa(Tret,irr}s) Oefia
rr)v \ iv K6tt(t<X)) Kal elKggroy
rpd^e^av)
(erovs)
A
i' tfs rr
\
IJayex4 )?
| Kal rd
Kadtf(Kovra)
\ *BX.
itpoaTiiLov—the
p a y m e n t of fines.
Y e a r 30, M e c h e i r 1 7 . P a i d t o t h e b a n k a t K o p t o s of w h i c h
D o s i t h e o s is h e a d , i n p a y m e n t of a fine for t h e t w e n t y - n i n t h y e a r , b y P a n e c h a t e s son of . . .eteaios, o n e t h o u s a n d five h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 1,500. A l s o t h e taxes due, paid double. D o s i t h e o s , B a n k e r . 2,030.
N o . 70 Apollinopolis Magna. BGU
1340.
1 1 9 B.C.
S c h u b a r t , Pap. Graec.
Berol.
8c. S B 4632; cf. P . Meyer, Grieck.
Texte,
p p . 108, 120
n. 1, 149. ("Erovs) p,ey(d\r)i) delov
va
^Erreltj).
rpd^e^av)
re(raKraC) \ drropolpas
|5 I S t a K o c r t a ? o (yivovrai)
(Translation.) apomoira
irrl rov
ao.
rrjv
iv
avrov
A\Tr6XXa)vos
(erovs)
\ Xappoyevrjs
TTo(Aet)
\ AttoXXmvlos
rrji Aojgl-
rpa(7ret lrr)s). )
Y e a r 51, E p e i p h . P a i d t o t h e b a n k at Apollinopolis M a g n a , as
f o r t h e a b o v e y e a r , b y A p o l l o n i o s s o n of D o s i t h e o s t w o h u n d r e d a n d
70 d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 270. Charmogenes, Banker.
N o . 71 Apollinopolis Magna.
5th September, 1 0 4 B.C.
B G U 1 3 4 1 . S c h u b a r t , Pap. Graec.
Berol.
Sd.
S B 4 6 3 3 ; cf. P . Meyer, Griech.
Texte,
p p . 108, 120
n. 1 , 1 4 9 . "Erovs
iy rov
Kal 1 Meoopr)
7 r d ( A e t ) rfj pe(ydXrj) vios
I Aajoideiov
rpd(7ret,av)
rerpaKiax^Xla[s]
icy. | re(raKrai) aTro(poipas)
irrl
rr)v iv
\ rov avrov
|51 rrevraKoalas
A.7t6XXo)(vos)
(erovs)
\ (yivovrai)
A.7roXXco-
*A.
One line i n D e m o t i c : 'One t e n t h of the year 13.' (Translation.)
Y e a r 13 a n d 10, M e s o r e 23. P a i d t o t h e b a n k a t A p o l l i n o p o l i s
M a g n a , a s apomoira
f o r t h e a b o v e y e a r , b y A p o l l o n i o s s o n of D o s i t h e o s
t h o u s a n d five h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 4,500.
four
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
211
N o . 72 Apollinopolis Magna.
E n d of second century B.C.
B G U 1 3 3 9 ; cf. P . Meyer, Griech.
pi]eyd(Xr)i)
rpd^e^av)
Atooideov
(Translation.)
| [irrl rr)v\
dTro(pioipas)
TOV
I [(yivovrai)
| 5 | [r\piaKoaias
as apomoira
p p . 120 n. 1 , 1 4 9 .
K~rj. re(raKrai)
. ] Xola%
["ETOVS
Texte,
iv
Tr6(Xei)
ATTOXXLOVOS
av(rov)
(erovs)
T. [0 Seiva]
\
|
[TTJL
[ATTO]XXOI)VIOS
r]pa(Tre£,iTr]s)•
Y e a r . . . , C h o i a c h 28. P a i d t o t h e b a n k a t A p o l l i n o p o l i s M a g n a ,
for t h e a b o v e y e a r , b y A p o l l o n i o s son of D o s i t h e o s t h r e e h u n d r e d
d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 300. [X] Banker.
N o . 73 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 153.
26th June, 162 B.C.
I>6 IJaxcov
"ETOVS
6r)(aavpdv)
vrrep
AfiSiovros
(rrvpov)
(reraprov).
/c£. | eitrpie(pieTpr)Kev)
TOV
TOTTOV
ptlav
Tlavas.
fie(pierprjpiai)
pilav
(Translation.)
| els
|
\ rjpuov
(reraprov)
(Demotic) reraprov
TOV
ivAigs
'signed
(ylverai)
rrdXei | rrji
TOV
id (erovs)
(ylverai)
(irvpov)
iTnyp(atj>r)v)
TTJV
| jjfiLcrv
els
Pete (irvpov)
'
pLeydXrji
|51
IJlpnov
a
(rjpnov)
|
ArroXXcovios
[a (yjpaov)
reraprov)].
Y e a r 1 9 , P a c h o n 27. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t
Diospolis
M a g n a o n b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a s s e s s m e n t for t h e 1 9 t h y e a r , b y S i m o n son of A b d i o u s one a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l w h e a t if. Panas. (2nd h a n d ) . I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d one a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r s , t o t a l of w h e a t i f .
No. 74 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 156. "ETOVS
Ka Meaopr)
dr)(o~avpdv) reraprov HavloKos rov)
22nd September, 160 B.C.
j vrrep
TOV
Kg. p,e(p,erprjKev) TOTTOV
| 5 | (ylverai)
(rrvpov)
pie(pierprjpLai)
(ylverai)
(Translation.)
(rrvpov)
id (erovs)
| els
TOV
'IvScbs
iv Aidsrrd(Xei) \ AfSirjarov
a (r)pnav) (reraprov).
Kaddri
irpo(Keirai)
(rjpiiav) a
\ (rrvpov)
TTJL
pie(ydXr)i)
(rrvpov)
Ilavas. pilav
pilavr\pnav
| (2nd hand)
(rjpiiav)
(rerap
(reraprov).
Y e a r 2 1 , Mesore 26. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t
Diospolis
M a g n a o n b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t , for t h e 1 9 t h y e a r , b y I n d o s son of A b i e s t o s one a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l w h e a t i f .
Panas.
(2nd h a n d ) I P a n i s k o s m e a s u r e d , as s t a t e d a b o v e , one a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t
if.
212
SECTION
V: NOS.
No.
75-81
js
Thebes. WO 721.
160/159 B . c
"Erovs
K[f$]
p,e(yd\r)i) (rrvpov) fipvajy
0a
[p,e(p,erprjKev)
9r)(aavpdv) piav
/cj8 (erovs)
(r)p.iov)
els
\ 'Iojarjrros
(reraprov)
rov]
J ev
Afihiov
(yiverai)
a
|51
(rjp,iav)
J dX\as
(8a>8eKarov)
(yivovrai)
(Translation.)
j8 (rjpiav)
(8a)8eKarov).
Y e a r 22, P h a
Aios
vrr(ep)
rr6(Xei)
'Iep[as (reraprov).
(rrvpov)
|
rrji
Nrjaov]
\ Ap-
8vo
(rjpiav)
Apfipvwv.
Measured into the granary at Diospolis
M a g n a , for t h e 22nd y e a r , b y J o s e p o s son of A b d i o u s on b e h a l f of H i e r a N e s o s , one a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l
if. Ambryon.
A n o t h e r t w o a n d s e v e n - t w e l f t h s a r t a b a i of w h e a t , t o t a l 2^.
Ambryon.
N o . 76 Thebes. O. Petrie 50.
159 or 92 B.C.
("Erovs)
K@
pe(ydXrji)
[|
0r)(aavp6v).
(Translation.)
. |_.p,e(perprjKev) a
0appgy0i
els
TOV
¥ \_W
Aa)]aideos
\ rroXei
AIOS]
£V
rrji
[N]-'[-
Y e a r 22, P h a r m o u t h i . . . M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a b y D o s i t h e o s , son of P s a
. . . .
N o . 77 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 158. "Erovs
Ky Mexelp
6rj(aavp6v) (rjpiav)
30th March, 158 B.C.
\ vrrep (rpirov)
pe(perprjpai)
X. \ p.e(perpr]K€v)
rov
(rrvpov)
(Translation.)
rorrov
(yivovrai)
Kj8
els rov
(erovs)
s" (rjpiav)
s* (rjpiav)
ev Aios
Urpdr[a)v] (rpirov).
Trd(Aet) rrji
| Urpdroj(vos) | 5 | TIavas.
pe(ydXr)i) (rrvpov)
\
s"
ArroXXuivios
(rpirov).
Y e a r 23, M e c h e i r 30. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a on b e h a l f of t h e district for t h e 22nd y e a r , b y S t r a t o n son of S t r a t o n six a n d f i v e - s i x t h s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 6 | . P a n a s . I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d 6 | (artabai) of w h e a t .
N o . 78 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 1 6 3 . "Erovs pey(dXrji)
Kg <Papevdj9 9r)(aavpdv)
30th March, 155 B.C. d . p,e(p.erpr]Kaoiv) K€ (erovs)
\ Zrpdrarv
els
j rgy
Erpdraivos
ev
Aids
rrg(Aet)
/cat 'Ia\aKis
rr\i (rrvpov)
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
e £ (rjfJLiav) (yivovrai) (yivovrai)
(rrvpov)
(rrvpov)
(Translation.)
OFFICIALS,
s" (r)p,iav).
6 (reraprov).
AND
|51 K8 (erovs)
PEASANTS
j8 (r)p,iav)
213
(reraprov)
Ap^pvatv.
Y e a r 26 P h a m e n o t h 1. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a for t h e 25th y e a r b y S t r a t o n son of S t r a t o n a n d I s a k i s , s i x a n d half (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 6£ of w h e a t . F o r t h e 24th y e a r 2 | . T o t a l of w h e a t , 9 J . A m b r y o n .
N o . 79 Thebes. 0. Bodl. 164. "Erovs
19th June, 151 B.C.
A Ilaxcbv
9r)(aavp6v)
A (erovs)
(yivovrai)
8
p,e(p,erprjKev) \ 'IaaKis
(reraprov).
f
EppipKpd(rrjs)
Kp(idrjs)
icy.
Erpdratvos |5-6|
p,e(p,erpr}pai)
8
els rov
| ev Aios
rr6(Xei)
\ Kpidrjs
reaaapas
(Demotic)
Kp(idrjs)
illegible
reaaapas
rrji
(reraprov) |
(reraprov)
pey(dXr)i)
(2nd hand) |
(yivovrai)
(reraprov).
(Translation.)
Y e a r 30, P a c h o n 23. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a for t h e 30th y e a r b y I s a k i s son of S t r a t o n , f o u r a n d a q u a r t e r (artabai) of b a r l e y , t o t a l 4^. (2nd h a n d ) I , H e r m o k r a t e s , m e a s u r e d f o u r a n d a q u a r t e r (artabai) of b a r l e y , t o t a l 4^.
N o . 80 Thebes. 0. Cambr. 10. "Erovs
K8 Xoia%
6r)(aavpdv) 8ip,oipov prjpiai) fi'
n t h January, 157 B.C.
vrrep |51 (rrvpov)
I (yivovrai)
t/5. p.e(perpr)Kev)
\ rov
rorrov
(yivovrai) yf$'. {rrvpov)
yfi'. |
Ky
\ els rov (erovs)
IJavas
(3rd h a n d )
ev Aids
IIoXXovs \
(2nd
TIroXep.aios
rroiXei)
| Ap8aios
hand)
rrji
ArroXXatvios
pie(perpr)p.ai)
pe(ydXr)i)
(rrvpov)
rpeis p>e(p,er-
rrvpov
rpeis
yfi'. 4.1. ApSatov
(Translation.)
Y e a r 24, C h o i a c h 12. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a on b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t for t h e 23rd y e a r , b y P o l l o u s son of A b d a i o s , t h r e e a n d t w o - t h i r d s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 3 § . P a n a s . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d 3 § (artabai) of w h e a t . (3rd h a n d ) I , P t o l e m y , m e a s u r e d t h r e e a n d f of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3 § .
N o . 81 Thebes. W O 7 2 3 ; cf. BL ii. 1. 74. "Erovs
K8 Mex(elp)
6th March, 157 B.C.
£. | p,e(p,erpr)K€v)
els rov iv Aids
rrd(Aet) | rrji
p,e(ydXrji)
214
SECTION
6rj(aavpdv)
vrrep
rov
[ • • • • ] etSocrt avrov (Translation.)
V: NOS.
\ Korr(rlrov) | [
Ky
81-86
(erovs)
|5j [A]oooldeos
IJaxpdrov
\
] e/e[.. . ] .
Y e a r 24, M e c h e i r 7. M e a s u r e d i n t o the g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a on b e h a l f of t h e K o p t i t e n o m e for t h e 23rd y e a r , b y D o s i t h e o s son
of
Pachrates . . . .
N o . 82 Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 160. "Erovs
29th January, 157 B.C.
K S Xolax
Orjoavpov
vrrep
htpboipov
^* P>e(p.erpr]K€v)
rov
rorrov
15 j {(yivovrai))
(rrvpov)
(Translation)
(rrvpov)
rov
ev Aids
\ "EXXrjv
navas.
SlpiOipov
\
(yivovrai)
(2nd
rroXeu rrji
AtogtBeov
£j8', root S e rrporepov
pur) xP'h ] '
errrd
\ els
(erovs)
07 1
I (pierprjpiai)
Ky
yp(a<j>evri) hand)
(rrvpov)
pLeydXrji
(rrvpov)
j
errrd
| rov
avrov
ArroXXoovcos
fte-
£j5'.
Y e a r 24, C h o i a c h 30. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a on b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t for t h e 23rd y e a r , b y H e l l e n son of D o s i t h e o s , s e v e n a n d t w o - t h i r d s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 7 § of w h e a t . T h e (receipt) p r e v i o u s l y m a d e o u t for t h e a b o v e . . . is n o t v a l i d . P a n a s . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d s e v e n a n d t w o - t h i r d s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 7 § of w h e a t .
N o . 83 Thebes. 0 . Cambr. 137. "Erovs
Ke
25th November, 157 B.C.
&aootf>L K?. pLe(pLerpr)Kev) els
drjaavpdv
\ vrrep
Atoaideov
S t d rov
(rrvpov)
/xsy'
(rrvpov)
rov
(
K S (erovs) |51
|
(2nd
hand)
(yivovrai)
pLS"y'.
e£ y
ev \
\r\eaaapaKovra
rroXei
ALOS
Ac^v(rjs)
rrvpov
Ap,j3pvoov.
reaoapaKovra
(Translation.)
Korrrlrov
rrarpds
rov
rrju
vp..... e£
pbeydXrp, |
rplrov
"EXXrjv (yivovrai)
[IJroX]efjLatos
fie(pierprjpbai)
Y e a r 25, P h a o p h i 26. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a on b e h a l f of t h e K o p t i t e n o m e for t h e 24th y e a r , L i b y
, b y Hellen
son of D o s i t h e o s t h r o u g h his f a t h e r , f o r t y - s i x a n d a t h i r d (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 46^. A m b r y on. (2nd h a n d ) I , P t o l e m y , m e a s u r e d f o r t y - s i x £ (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 46
N o . 84 Thebes. WO 724.
14th July, 157 B.C.
"Erovs
K S IJavvL
(Jr)(o;avpdv) errrd
vrrep
| reraprov
(rjpuav)
t £ . pue(p*erprjKev) els
rov
rorrov
(yivovrai)
t'j8' (yivovrai)
K S (erovs) (rrvpov)
K^ptdrjs)
rov
ev | Zlto? Tro(Aet) rrjc
\ AooolOeos K£
(reraprov),
tS (rjpuav)
if$'.
IIvppov KpuOrjs
\ S\ aXXas
pLe(ydXrji)
rrvpov
et/coat
(dprdfiai)
{rrvpov)
tS
eiKocrc
JEWISH
rpeis
TAX-COLLECTORS,
(rjpiav)
(yivovrai)
p,e(perpr)pai) (rjpiav)
(rrvpov)
if?
(yivovrai)
ctAAa? (rrvpov) Kpi8(rjs)
10
eiKoai
(rrvpov) eiKoai
Ky (rjpiav).
errrd
(rrvpov) rpeis
OFFICIALS, AND PEASANTS
/c£ (reraprov),
rjpiav
Apj3pva>v.
reraprov,
(yivovrai)
Kp(idrjs) K(pidrjs)
\
IIroXep,aios
oeKa
reaaapas
10 (rjpiav)
(rrvpov) v (rjpiav)
215
ifi',
|
(reraprov),
\
(rjpiav)
(Translation.)
Year
24, P a y n i 1 7 . M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t
Diospolis
M a g n a o n b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t for t h e 24th y e a r , b y D o s i t h e o s son of P y r r h o s , t w e n t y - s e v e n a n d a q u a r t e r (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l 27J, 1 4 ^ a r t a b a i of b a r l e y , t o t a l of b a r l e y 1 4 ^ . A n o t h e r t w e n t y - t h r e e a n d a half of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 23^. A m b r y o n . I , P t o l e m y , m e a s u r e d t w e n t y - s e v e n a n d a q u a r t e r of w h e a t , f o u r t e e n a n d a half a n d ^ of b a r l e y , t o t a l of w h e a t 27^, of b a r l e y 1 4 ^ a n d ^ , a n o t h e r t w e n t y t h r e e a n d a half of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 50I, of b a r l e y 1 4 ^ .
N o . 85 Thebes. W O 1 3 5 0 ; cf.
"Erovs
7 t h J u l y , 156 B.C. BL
ii. 1. 104.
K€ Uavvi
1. pe(perprjKev)
6r)(aavp6v)
vrrep
rov
|51 rpiaKovra
rrvpov
| rov rorrov
TIroXepaios
pe(perprjpai)
( 3 r d hand)
ArroXXcovios
el[s] \ rov ev Aios
/cS (erovs)
(yivovrai)
®eoxpr)aros
(rrvpov)
(rrvpov)
(yivovrai)
(rrvpov)
pie(ydXr)i)
\ UaXapivios
X. \ Ap(3pva>v.
rpiaKovra
pe(perprjpiai)
rr6(Xei) rrji
| (2nd hand) (rrvpov)
rpiaKovra
X.
|
(yivovrai)
rrvpov X. (Translation.)
Year
M a g n a on behalf
25, P a y n i 10. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t
Diospolis
of t h e d i s t r i c t for t h e 24th y e a r , b y T h e o c h r e s t o s
s o n of
S a l a m i n i s . . . t h i r t y (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 30. A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , P t o l e m y , m e a s u r e d t h i r t y (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 30. (3rd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d t h i r t y (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 30.
No. Thebes. 0 . Bodl. 162.
"Erovs dr)(aavpdv)
27th and 29th N o v e m b e r , 156 B.C. and 30th March, 155 B.C.
KS" &ai7xf>i k~rj. pe(perprjKev) KS" (erovs)
0aa>(f)i X 6 avros ayrgs
8 6
NoyfSicpv
\ rrvpov
rrypgy rrevre rjpiav
(Translation.)
'Qvlov
rpeis
(yivovrai)
els rov ev |^dt6?TrdAet rfji | rrvpov rpeis
(yivovrai) (rrvpov)
(rrvpov) e (rjp,iav).
(yivovrai) y. \
pey(dXr)i) (rrvpov)
0apevd)0
y.
a |51 p
Apftpytoy.
Y e a r 26, P h a o p h i 28. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a for t h e 26th y e a r b y N o u b i o n son of O n i a s t h r e e (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3. P h a o p h i 30, t h e s a m e person, t h r e e (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3. P h a m e n o t h 1, t h e s a m e person, five a n d a half of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 5^. Ambryon.
216
SECTION
V : N O S . 87-92
N o . 87 Thebes. W O 1505; cf. "Erovs
K£> 0apevd)6
0rj(aavp6v) rrevre
y
9th April, 154 B.C. ii. 1. 1 1 6 .
BL
id. pe(perprjKev)
I /c£ (erovs) i'j8 (yivovrai)
pLe(perpr)pai)
K(pidrjs)
Kpid(rjs)
(^Translation)
| els rov evAios
Eapfiaraios
oeKa
Aftirjrov
le y
tj8. | Apfipvarv.
\ rrevre
y
rr6(Xei)
\ IJoavepovv
rrji
| ( 2 N D hand)
tj8 (yivovrai)
p,ey(dXrji)
Kpidrjs
ic(pidrjs)
|51 S e / c a ArroXXa>vios
ie y
t/5.
Y e a r 27, P h a m e n o t h 1 1 . M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r b y S a m b a t a i o s son of A b i e t e s P o a n e m o u n , fifteen a n d ^
of b a r l e y , t o t a l of b a r l e y 1 5 ^ . A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d fifteen a n d ^ of b a r l e y , t o t a l of b a r l e y 1 5 ^ .
N o . 88 Thebes. W O 728.
16th June, 154 B.C.
"Erovs
K £ IJaxdjv
6rj(aavp6v) (i)p.iav) (2nd
(rpirov) hand)
(yivovrai)
(yivovrai)
(rrvpov)
(rjpiiav)
Elpojv
ArroXXwvios
p,e(perprjpai)
3. [rod
id. pe(perprjKev)
| #c£ (erovs)
| els rov evAi6srr6(Xei)
'Epp.iov
(rrvpov)
vrr(ep)
y
p.e(perprjpiai) y
(rrvpov)
(rjpiav) rpeis
(rjpiiav)
(rpirov). \ rpeis |
(3rd
(rpirov)
|
T(r}i)
rorr(ov)]
(rrvpov) (rpirov).
(rjpiav)
[rov
p.(e)y(dXr]i) \ rrvpov
|5|
rpeis
ApfSpvwv.
(rjpiav)
|
(rpirov)
hand)
'EppoKpdnqs
(yivovrai)
(rrvpov)
y
(rpirov). T6TT(OV)]
(Translation)
restored b y m e . Y e a r 27, P a c h o n 19. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y S i m o n son of H e r m i a s , on b e h a l f of t h e d i s t r i c t , t h r e e a n d f i v e - s i x t h s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3$. A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d t h r e e a n d f i v e - s i x t h s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3^. (3rd h a n d ) I , H e r m o k r a t e s , m e a s u r e d t h r e e a n d f i v e - s i x t h s (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 3§.
N o . 89 Thebes. W O 7 2 9 ; cf. BL ii. 1. 74. LIT. : Juster, ii. 67 n. 4. "Erovs 6r)(aavp6v) 8vo
K £ IJavvi
8. p,e(perpr)Kev)
/c£ (erovs)
(yivovrai)
pe(p,erprjpai) (Translation)
1st July, 154 B.C.
Kporatvos Kpora>vos
els
TlvOdyyeXos j3. 8vo
rov
\ ev Aids
\ *Ia>ar]rrios Apifipvcov.
(yivovrai)
|5|
ra
rr6(Xei)
rrji
p,ey(d\r]i)
ei. . p . . .Kporwvos
( 2 N D hand)
\
ArroXXwvios\
j3.
Y e a r 27, P a y n i 4. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s M a g n a
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
A N D PEASANTS
217
for t h e 2 7 t h y e a r , b y P y t h a n g e l o s s o n of J o s e p i s . . . t w o . . . of . . . c a s t o r - o i l seeds, t o t a l of castor-oil seeds 2. A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d t w o (artabai) of c a s t o r - o i l seeds, t o t a l 2.
N o . 90 Thebes. Sayce, JQR ii. 1890, 400 sqq. W O 1255. LIT.:
R o s t o v t z e f f , Wochensckr.
J. Klass.
12th February, 153 B.C.
Philol.
1900, S p . 124.
O t t o , Priester
und
Tempel,
ii. 88.
Wilcken, Ant. 788, A n m . 3. Juster, ii. 67 n . 4. "Erovs
KYJ
( y i v o v r a i ) (rrvpov)
Tvfii
KTj
6r)(oavpov)
f.
(rrvpov)
evevrpcovra
evevrjKovra
| Elpuov
*I
{ a ) t
(Api)j3pvojv. ( y i v o v r a i )
( y i v o v r a i )
(Translation.)
els r(d)v
i d . pLe(pLerprjKev)
(erovs)
|5
>
| evAids
j (2nd hand)
(rrvpov)
rrd(Xei) rrji
e(£)eiXrj
d p o v
rrvpov
pi€y(dXrji)
|
evevrjKovra
ArroXXcbvios
| (3rd hand)
pie(pierprjpLai)
'EppLOKpdrrjs
(rrvpov) <
(rrvpov)
f.
Y e a r 28, T y b i . M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y in D i o s p o l i s M a g n a
for t h e 28th y e a r b y S i m o n s o n of I a z a r o s , t a x - f a r m e r , n i n e t y (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90. A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d n i n e t y of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90. (3rd h a n d ) H e r m o k r a t e s . N i n e t y of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90.
N o . 91 Thebes.
7th A u g u s t , 153 B.c.
S a y c e , Proc.
"Erovs
of the Soc. of Bibl.
K t ] 'Errltf>..
6rj(aavpdv) (rrvpov)
*jf.
evevrjKovra
(rrvpov)
v i i (1884), p p . 1 1 s q q . ; v i i (1885), p p . 8 9 , 1 9 5 s q q . W O 1 5 1 1 .
pie (pierprjKev)
KTJ (erovs)
| Eipiajv
Apifipvtov.
evevrpcovra
els rov
'Qpaiov
(rrvpov)
(yivovrai)
\ ev Aids
. . . rrvpov
\5 \ ( 2 n d h a n d )
( y i v o v r a i )
(Translation.)
Arch,
ArroXXwvios
7rd(Aei) rrji
pLe(ydXrji)
\ ivevqKovra
(yivovrai)
pie(pierpr)piai)
*/. \ ( 3 r d h a n d ) 'EppioKpdrrjs
(rrvpov)
[pie(pierpr]piai)]
<
(rrvpov)
jf.
Y e a r 28, E p i p h . . . M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t D i o s p o l i s
M a g n a f o r t h e 28th y e a r b y S i m o n son of H o r a i o s , n i n e t y (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90. A m b r y o n . (2nd h a n d ) I , A p o l l o n i o s , m e a s u r e d n i n e t y of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90. (3rd h a n d ) I , H e r m o k r a t e s , m e a s u r e d n i n e t y of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 90.
N o . 92 Thebes. O. Petrie 43. ["Erovs.].
153 , . B
Tlavvi
i d . pie(pierpr)Kev)
drj(aavpdv)
| [..
(reraprov)
[(yivovrai)
pie(pi€rprjpLai)]
(erovs)
(rrvpov)
els \ [rov ev Aid]s
EipiQ)]y 'Qpatov (rrvpov) rrevre
e
\ [
(reraprov).]
(reraprov).
rro(Xei) ]5| .
Afi^pvcov.
c
rrjipiey(dXrji) (rrvpov) \ [
rrevre
218
SECTION
(Translation.)
V : N O S . 92-99
Y e a r . . ., P a y n i n .
Measured into the granary at
Diospolis
M a g n a for t h e . . . y e a r b y S i m o n son of H o r a i o s , . . . five a n d a q u a r t e r (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t ,
Ambryon.
I , . . ., m e a s u r e d five a n d a q u a r t e r of w h e a t .
N o . 93 Upper E g y p t . W O 7 5 3 ; cf. BL ii. 1. 76. ("Erovs) oi
£x {
)
(rrvpov)
pO
17th August, 121 B.C.
y
Errei
A.
ApiarofiovAos
a
£ (reraprov).
(yivovrai)
(rrvpov)
pe(perprjKev)
I Eapivov Ay .
£
|51
(erovs) errrd
*Hpa(i
\ (rjpiav)
(reraprov) (rrvpov)
dprd^rjs
\
(yivovrai)
errrd
(reraprov)
(reraprov). oi
2. Zx ( (Translation.)
pQ
(rrvpov)
)i
s t
n
e
n a m e of a place.
Y e a r 49, E p e i p h 30. M e a s u r e d for t h e 49th y e a r for S c h o i . . . ,
half a n a r t a b a . B y A r i s t o b o u l o s son of S a m i n o s s e v e n a n d a q u a r t e r of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 7 j . A g . . . . H e r a k l e i d e s , s e v e n a n d a q u a r t e r of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 7J.
N o . 94 Thebes. W O 7 1 8 ; cf. Wilcken, Ant. 789, A n m . 1. ("Erovs) 6rj(aavpdv) (yivovrai)
i^Meaopr)
id. pe(perprjKev) Elpatvos
ZOAOKJOS
(rrvpov)
Perhaps 30th August, 97 B.C.
j8 (rjptav).
\
els rov Kal
3 1.
(Translation.)
ol
\ Avrloxos
ev | Aios
rro(Aei) rrjc
p,e(roxoi)
(rrvpov)
pe(ydAr)i)
8vo
rjpvav
| 5 | (line in D e m o t i c ) .
rjfiiav.
Y e a r 17, M e s o r e 19. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t
Diospolis
M a g n a S o l o k t o s son of S i m o n a n d his p a r t n e r s , t w o a n d a half (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t
2\. Antiochos.
No.
9
S
Apollinopolis Magna(?) B G U 1436. [
Second century B.C.
IJaxdj>]y /c£. pe(perpr)i
(erovs)
*laeajs
\ Aajaudeov
(rrvpov
dprdftai)
1 (rjpiav)
t
EppoKpdrrjs
(rrvpov (yivovrai)
pe(perprjpai)
dprdfiai)
1 (rjpiav)
[1 (rjpiav) 2.1.
(Translation.)
Alvv((f>os)
els rov oef<[a
(StpSeKaroy) (rrvpov)
|
Se/ca
(SwSeKarpy).
\ e[v\
6r)(aavpov)
rjpiav]
(SatSeKarpy)
^[TroAAJaJfvto]? rjpiav |
|51
8a>8e\Karov
8e[/ca]
(rjpiav)
rj
(yivovrai) (2nd h a n d ) (yivovrai) (StpSeKarpy)
(8o)oeKarov)]. 'Ia€vs.
4. T h e reading of il[7roAA]w[vio]? is doubtful.
. . . P a c h o n 27. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t . . . for t h e 8 t h
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
219
y e a r b y J a p h e a s son of D o s i t h e o s , w e a v e r , t e n a n d s e v e n - t w e l f t h s , t o t a l 1 0 ^ a r t a b a i of w h e a t . A p o l l o n i o s . (2nd h a n d ) I , H e r m o k r a t e s , m e a s u r e d t e n a n d s e v e n - t w e l f t h s of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 10/2 a r t a b a i . Ten and seven-twelfths, total iof . 2
N o . 96 Ombos.
Third or second century B.C.
BGU 1443. ("ETOVS)
els
[0]a{xeychB
K
eTriyp(ar)v) \
TT)V
UafiSaios
A. | [elcrjpLepLeTprjKev els TOV
IJTo\Xepbalov
t. I Evdv9r)S.
(eTovs)
[CLV]TOV
o V ApiOTOtxXeovs
'0/A|5
TOV
\ (rrvpov)
I dXXcov Xgycpv S e / c a (ylvovTai)
(Translation.)
\ [ev "0/x]jStot
TOV
virep
(irvpov)
9rj(aavpdv) ^Apia^
\J$ITOV
S e / c a (ylvovTai)
irvpov
1.
Y e a r 20, P h a m e n o t h 30. M e a s u r e d i n t o t h e g r a n a r y a t O m b o s
in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e a s s e s s m e n t for t h e a b o v e y e a r o n b e h a l f of O m b i t e s , b y S a b d a i o s son of P t o l e m y , t h r o u g h A r i s t o k l e s , t e n (artabai) of w h e a t , t o t a l of w h e a t 10. E u a n t h e s . T o o t h e r a c c o u n t s , t e n , t o t a l of w h e a t 10.
N o . 97 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 230.
Late third or early second century B.C.
j8 Tlaxdiv
("ETOVS)
Eafj,^a9alov
[dxv(pov)
(Translation.)
7
s . irap[ahe\\htoKev
7 7 e r € t t [ . . . ] [ xeaBcovTov
pbcota] |51 irevTr\Kov[ra
(ylvovTai)
.[
] |
/xc6(ta) v\.
|A K [
Y e a r 2, P a c h o n 6. P a i d . . . (by) . . . son of S a m b a t h a i o s ,
fifty
j a r s of chaff, t o t a l 50 j a r s . A k . . .
N o . 98 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 2 3 2 . ("ETOVS)
(eTovs)
K
2 8 t h June, 1 6 1 B.C.
TIaxcov
i
I Iacf)eas
A. irapaSedcoKey
pLtoca te (ylvovTac)
3. 1.
(Translation.)
| els
TO
Ka(9rJKOv)
te. | (2nd hand)
dxvpov
TOV
CLVTOV
'Idcrtov.
'Ia€vs.
Y e a r 20, P a c h o n 30. H a n d e d o v e r in r e s p e c t of t h e c h a f f - l e v y
d u e for t h e a b o v e y e a r b y J a p h e a s 15 jars, t o t a l 1 5 . Jason.
N o . 99 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 2 3 4 . "ETOVS
KS"
1 5 5 or 1 4 4 B.C.
\
&appLOv9i
K . irapa\hehtOKev
els
TO
Ka(9rJKov)
| dxvpov
TOV
SECTION
220 avrov
(erovs)
ivfipoxov.
T
| 5 | Qpos
| AXe^dvhpan
EovAios
V : N O S . 99-106 dxv(pov)
A. | Eip,ajvi
p.d>(ia)
Ae£id(vovs)
As* | e7ravTXr]r(ov)
Kal
s*.
B e t w e e n 11. 6 and 7 space vacant (Ed.). (Translation.)
Y e a r 26, P h a r m o u t h i 20. H a n d e d o v e r in r e s p e c t of t h e chaff-
l e v y d u e for t h e a b o v e y e a r , b y H o r o s son of Soulis, 36 j a r s of chaff w e l l w a t e r e d a n d s o a k e d ; t o A l e x a n d e r 30, t o S i m o n son of D e x i p h a n e s 6.
No.
100
Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 233. "Erovs
K £ . 7rapaoe&a)K€y
Wevapovvis I T . .Ov(
155/4 B.C.
"Qpov
| els T O Kadfj(Kov)
pa>(ia) p. | (yivovrai)
dxv(pov)
p,d>(ia) p.
rov
av(rov)
| 5 | 'IwarjTros.
(erovs)
| B.p.
\
.rtoy
).
(Translation.)
Y e a r 27. H a n d e d o v e r in r e s p e c t of t h e c h a f f - l e v y d u e for t h e
a b o v e y e a r , b y P s e n a m o u n i s son of H o r o s , 40 j a r s , t o t a l 40 j a r s . . . . Josepos.
No.
101
Upper E g y p t . Sayce 79. W O 1513; cf. B L ii. 1, p . 116. "Erovs
KT). 7rapaoeSa>(K€v)
dxv(pov)
pd)(ia)
(Translation.)
p (yivovrai)
154/3 B.C.
J els p.
rd
av(r6)
\ 'Ia>ar)7ros.
(eros)
|51
Elp,a)v
'Idaajv.
A^njrov
\ Eipav
\
Afiirjrov.
Y e a r 28. H a n d e d o v e r for t h e a b o v e y e a r b y S i m o n son of
A b i e t o s , 100 j a r s of chaff, t o t a l 100. Josepos Jason S i m o n son of A b i e t o s .
No.
102
Upper E g y p t . Sayce 3. W O 1514. B L ii. 1, p . 116. "Erovs dxv(pov) vavrrji
K T ) . TrapaoeooiKev p,a>(ia)
(yivovrai)
(Translation.)
$ (yivovrai) pK.
\ els
154/3 B.C.
T O av(ro)
£. | 'IdtarjTros.
TIAdra}(v)
(eros)
"Eppiwv
|5 | 'Idawv.
Tlepiyevovs
\ ^A(Aas') £
\ &1A0-
Aiayvos-
Y e a r 28. H a n d e d o v e r for t h e a b o v e y e a r b y H e r m o n son of
P e r i g e n e s , 60 j a r s of chaff, t o t a l 60. Josepos Jason A n o t h e r 60 t o P h i l o n a u t e s , t o t a l 120. P l a t o n son of D i o n .
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
221
N o . 103 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Strassb. 326. "ETOVS TOTTOV]
E n d of second or first century B.C.
Ky Ilaxoov UlpLtov
KOL
1 ? . rrapa8€\8ooK€V Xdprjs
/xco(ta) KfS (rjfiLcry). (Translation.)
dyvpov
|5|
els
avTo
TO
\ pubca
vrrep
(CTOS)
eiKoai
8vo
j
TOV
(rjfALcry)
[avTov
(ylvovTai)
EapL^ad[atos.
Y e a r 23, P a c h o n 16. H a n d e d o v e r for t h e a b o v e y e a r in r e s p e c t
of t h e ( a b o v e district) b y S i m o n a n d C h a r e s , t w e n t y - t w o a n d a h a l f j a r s of chaff, t o t a l 22^. Sambathaios.
N o . 104 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Ashmol. Mus. 2. "ETOVS
Xovpaos
27th J u l y , 156 B.C.
rrevrrTov
| Kal
|51 TrpofiaTOiV
Ilavvi
CIKOOTOV
Kal
alytbv
I . 1. 7rcfnrrov
(Translation.)
| A. T e r a t / c r a t
\ e^rJKovTa
8vo
| Eaufiadatos
(ylvovTai)
EoX-
^j8. |
ASacos.
3. 1. r e V a / f r o i
T w e n t y - f i f t h y e a r , P a y n i 30.
Paid b y
S a m b a t h a i o s son
of
S o l l o u m i s in r e s p e c t of c a t t l e a n d g o a t s , s i x t y - t w o d r a c h m a i , t o t a l 62. Adaios.
No.
l o g
Upper Egypt. 0 . Bodl. 1 1 8 . "ETOVS
Ilaxtbv
155 or 144 B.C.
KS" Tlavvi TOV
avTov
(Translation.)
vy.
| r e x a / c r a t Tayyovpiis
•
(CTOVS)
|51
\
(2nd hand)
TO
TCXOS
TOV
&ap[i,ov9t,
| Kal
A^ciJTrjs.
Y e a r 26, P a y n i 1 3 . P a i d b y T a c h n o u m i s , t h e t a x for P h a r -
m o u t h i a n d P a c h o n of t h e a b o v e y e a r . (2nd h a n d ) A b i e t e s .
N o . 106 Upper E g y p t . 0 . W i l b . Brk. 3. "ETOVS
dp(vas)
n t h J u n e , 152 B.C.
K$ IJaxtbv A, alyas
le.
| drreypd^saTo
t e , cpLtfroi
Tpv\tf>a>v
e |5| (ylvovTai)
©r)8a>pov
rrp(6^aTa)
rrt, \
pXt, cov K O L r d TeXrj r e V a / c r a t S t d
A\8alov. 7. 1. ipl<j>ovs (Translation.)
Y e a r 29, P a c h o n 1 5 . D e c l a r e d b y T r y p h o n t h e s o n of T h e o
d o r o s , 87 c a t t l e , 30 s h e e p , 15 s h e - g o a t s , 5 k i d s , t o t a l 137. T h e t a x for t h e s e w a s also paid, t h r o u g h A d a i o s .
SECTION
222
V : N O S . 107-113
N o . 107 Probably Thebes. Sayce, JQR ii, 1890, 400 sqq. W O 1233. BL ii. 1, p p . 97-98. L I T . : Juster, i. 365 n . 2. F u c h s 1 1 7 . ( 2 n d h a n d ) MeTelXrj(a). TeTaprrjv
I
aov
\
et?
dXirjcov
TCOV
TO
TeXos
/ctcr^tAtas" (ylvovTai) ( T O ) pr) etSeVat
els
'A.
OVTOV
TO KT) (CTOS)
(1st
Iat,dpov
| 5 | Meagrjpei
TCOV
vlcdv \ ev rcoi
eypaifrev
| AeXXovs
Tvfii
6 e£ei\Ar)cbs ^;a(t/)etv).
p*(r)vl)
ELptovos
rr)v
e^a) Trapd
xa(A/co£)
Terpaj-
| 1 0 | d£tcbaavTOS
old |
ypd(ppaTa). 4. 1.
(Translation.)
9
| ( 1 s t h a n d ) Zlpcov
aov /cat
154/3 B.C.
aXUiov.
(2nd h a n d ) I h a v e r e c e i v e d . . . .
h a n d ) S i m o n s o n of J a z a r o s , t a x - f a r m e r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e 25 p e r c e n t , of
fisher's-tax f o r t h e 28th y e a r , t o Mesoeris, g r e e t i n g s . I h a v e r e c e i v e d f r o m y o u , in r e s p e c t of t a x for y o u a n d y o u r sons, in t h e m o n t h of T y b i , four t h o u s a n d d r a c h m a i i n c o p p e r , t o t a l 4,000. W r i t t e n b y D e l l o u s a t t h e r e q u e s t of S i m o n , b e c a u s e h e is illiterate.
N o . 108 T
Thebes. Sayce 4. W O 1510. BL ii. 1 , p . 1 1 6 . x&{lpet
AoaiosElpcovi T O J /c£ (eros) Tift
xa(A/co£) Tpiax^Xlas
eiTTa |Koalas
T O V Trepl
TeaaapaKovra
5 5 / 4 B.C.
@rjf$as
els
| 5 | (ytVovTat)
p..
(Translation.) You
A d a i o s t o Simon, greetings.
h a v e p a i d i n r e s p e c t of t h e p a s t u r e - t a x for t h e l a n d a t T h e b e s for t h e
27th y e a r three thousand seven hundred a n d f o r t y drachmai in copper, t o t a l 3>74<>.
N o . 109 Upper E g y p t . W O 1 2 3 1 ; cf. BL ii. 1, p . 97. ("ETOVS)
^a(tpetv).
Ke Mexelp exopev
Trapd
Ptolemaic period.
e. \ ©eoScopos
Kal Afihiovs
| aov xa(A/co£)
(opaxpds)
7revT7]/covTa ( y t v o v r a t ) A T v { v } . | eypaxfjev (Translation.)
Kal
EKV\PVOS
'Iaelprj
^ e t A t a ? evaKoalas
|51
Afibiovs.
Y e a r 25, M e c h e i r 5. T h e o d o r o s , A b d i o u s , a n d S k y m n o s t o
Jaeires, g r e e t i n g s . We
h a v e r e c e i v e d f r o m y o u o n e t h o u s a n d n i n e h u n d r e d a n d fifty d r a c h m a i
in c o p p e r , t o t a l 1,950. Written b y Abdious.
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
No.
AND PEASANTS
IIO
Upper E g y p t . Sayce 57. W O 1536.
(Spaxpial)
| ^atpetv.
aWfj^ctf
irapa
GOV]
|
c o t ? ] | oivtKcov ^ a A [ / c o u S p a ^ / x d ? ] | 5 |
pL[EPLLOD(copL€vcov) TAI)
Second century B.C.
Eav\fiaricoi\
Arj/xeas
*B
(Translation.)
223
[KOV64V
croc]
| e W a A c o irepl
TOV
6pov
(ylvov
S«rj£tAtas'
(eTovs)
[TOVTCOV.]
TCOV
.[
D e m e a s to Sanbatios, greetings.
I h a v e r e c e i v e d f r o m y o u , as t a x on t h e d a t e - t r e e s w h i c h y o u r e n t ,
two
t h o u s a n d d r a c h m a i i n c o p p e r , t o t a l 2,000 d r a c h m a i , a n d h a v e n o c l a i m a g a i n s t y o u in r e s p e c t of t h e m . Year . . . .
No. in Apollinopolis Magna.
89/88 or 86/85 B.C.
O.E. 367. "ETOVS 6T€S
MeGo[pr)
KB
[TTJV
s'
| . . IlToXepLaTos
a.Kpo(8pvcov)]
TCOV
I
TOV
els
A7TO(XACOVO)TTOX(ITOV)
15 I Acoaideov')t^al(peiv).
[ATTOXXCOVLCOL]
|
K[OL
Tera(/cTat)
TO
ol
e^eiXrj-
at)(TO)
(CTOS)
T6Te]Xos[rcbvvTrapx6vTCOV
aVTCOL OLKpoSpVCOV Kal tf>OlVLKCOV €V TCOI Arro(XX covo)TTo(XiTr]i)
. . . .
4-5. For Apollonios son of Dositheos cf. N o s . 70-72. (Translation.) t h e \th.
T h e 2 9 t h y e a r M e s o r e . . . P t o l e m a i o s a n d . . . t h e f a r m e r s of
of t h e fruit-trees of t h e A p o l l i n o p o l i t e n o m e for t h e
same year to
A p o l l o n i o s t h e son of D o s i t h e o s g r e e t i n g . H e h a s p a i d t h e t a x o n f r u i t - t r e e s a n d d a t e - p a l m s b e l o n g i n g t o h i m in t h e A p o l l i n o p o l i t e . . . .
No. 112 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 340. Ovapcvt
Third century B.C.
(rjpiiav)
[0LXovpiivT]L
a [\ KaXapccoL jS [| AKpdaTcoi
[ | Sap,orp\coL
[|
(YLVOVTAI)
Distribution of wheat t o some persons, one of w h o m a t least (Translation.)
j8 [| Kal
TTJL
d8eA^t[|5|
rrvpcbv [ (UafwrjXos)
is a J e w .
T o O u a r i s 1 a n d a half, t o K a l a m o s 2, t o A k r a s t o s 2, a n d t o
his sister P h i l o u m e n e . . ., t o S a m o e l o s . . ., t o t a l of w h e a t . . . .
No. 113 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 285. e. 6-7
Third or second century B.C.
I Ilepiyevrjs.
\ 'IgXas.
\ Ulpicov
AoXgv
|5|
'IcbtrrjTros
MrjvgScpppy.
illegible. (Translation.)
doros . . . .
P e r i g e n e s , I o l a s , S i m o n son of L o l o u s , J o s e p o s , son of M e n o -
224
SECTION
V: NOS.
114-123
N o . 114 Second century B.C.
Upper E g y p t . 0 . B o d l . 301. ( y t v o v r a t ) t e . | Uafi^araLCOL (Translation.)
Aalftios
\
Tavptvos.
A t o t a l of 15 d r a c h m a i , (paid to) S a m b a t a i o s son of A s i b i s b y
Taurinos.
No.
II£ Second century B.C.
Upper E g y p t . 0 . Strassb. 590 TIax<*>v vrj. j UapL^aOe
6.
| tee 1...
.rvvi
j8 j EapfiaQov
...
|5 J . . . ] . . .
N o . 116 Upper E g y p t . B G U 1474. [.]
Second century B.C.
Ap,pcbvios
A.7roXka)[
rav
.Ei>rvx[
(Translation.)
|
\.K.€tf>aka>v
rav
|.iVarav
|.TlroXepiaLos
$.[?]
|5| .
...[.
Ammonios, Kephalon, Natan, Ptolemaios, Apollo . . . E u t y c h . . .
N o . 117 c. 154 B.C.
Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 300. £apfSa]daios
TOV
Af$i,r)Tov.
(Translation.)
S a m b a t h a i o s son of
Abietos.
N o . 118 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 252.
Second century B.c.
iVi/aaVa>[t] y . >
Ir)aovji
ypap,p4vous
A^irjjoy
| Af3irJTLpL jS. j <£>iAcovt j8. | Eipco(vi) y.
| ( y t v o v r a t ) t y . | Acovvatos^
e K a c r | r a > t TO TrapaKeipevov
TrArjdos.
Eapfia(dalov) r
r
crov
p4( P ) ) \ Avalp.axos'
TOLS
y. \
|5j
npoye-
p4(rprjaov).
A n order t o assign t o five persons a quantity of a n unknown produce. Three persons (11. 2,4,5) are J e w s , a n d so it is possible that t h e whole group w a s Jewish. T h e y were probably peasants, or fieldhands, w h e n w e assume that t h e produce given o u t t o t h e m w a s wheat or barley in artabai. (Translation.)
T o N i k i a t o s 3, t o A b i e t o s 2, t o P h i l o 2, t o S i m o n son of
Sam
b a t h a i o s 3, t o J e s o u s son of A b i e t o s 3, t o t a l 1 3 . D i o n y s i o s : m e a s u r e o u t t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d q u a n t i t i e s for e a c h of t h e a b o v e named. L y s i m a c h o s : measure out.
JEWISH
TAX-COLLECTORS,
OFFICIALS,
AND PEASANTS
225
N o . 119 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 40.
16th August, 191 or 190 B.C.
9
("Erovs)
t e Eirei
Eaprradaios
els
ypa(pparevs),
id.
Kg*
els
TO te (eros)
\ (rjpiav)
|5[ Bid Aio8d>pgv
eiKoai (rjpiav)
\ K
/cat AaKXcovias
(yivovrai)
(r)piav)
/c.
\ /cat AIOKXTJS
K .
3. T h e meaning of KSC is n o t clear. (Translation.)
Y e a r 1 5 , E p e i p h 1 1 . F o r t h e 1 5 t h y e a r . ( P a i d b y ) K . . ., A s k l o -
n i a s a n d S a m p a t h a i o s for t h e 26th(?), t w e n t y a n d a half, t o t a l 20^. D i o k l e s , scribe, t h r o u g h D i o d o r o s , t w e n t y a n d a half.
N o . 120 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 299.
Second or first century B.C.
*Iap,arjXov
tepecos.
(Translation.)
. . . O f t h e priest I s m a e l o s . . . .
N o . 121 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Ashm. 12.
Second or first century B.C.
0 e o S [ . ] . i A e t I . . . t e p e t | J e A A a t a ? | Aj8 (rjpiav) (Translation.)
To Theod
(SatbeKarov)
/c'S'.
t h e p r i e s t . D e l l a i a s , 32H.
N o . 122 Upper E g y p t . WO 1161.
Ptolemaic period.
EappaOaiwi
. \ 06s
Afipodetoi
(Translation.)
T o Sambathaios.
\ (rrvpov)
(dprdprjv)
piiav
(yiverai)
a.
G i v e H a b r o t h e o s o n e a r t a b a of w h e a t , t o t a l 1.
N o . 123 Upper E g y p t , 0 . Strassb. 5 1 9 . Ae£idvr)s Ap,{$..
Second century B.C.
Aiv...
| 5 | TIroXepaios
\ Avaipaxos tov
Arjprjo.. ..
| AaaKXr)mdhr)s
The persons in 11. 3 and 6 are perhaps J e w s . (Translation.) B2909
\ £ip.tov
6. 1.
X ©ego
\
t
o
u
I
Alveas ov.
AoKXrjmdorjs.
D e x i p h a n e s son of L i n . . . L y s i m a c h o s son of D e m e o . . . 0
226
SECTIONS V - V I : NOS.
123-126
S i m o n son of . . . chios, A i n e a s son of A m b . . . P t o l e m y . . . A s k l e p i a d e s , son of Theod....
N o . 124 Upper E g y p t . 0 . Bodl. 3 2 5 . IJpos Ao(wTCtt)
Late second century B.C.
..A....( [[...]]
) a . . a . . |a.
I 5 j Elpilo(vC)
j>TT.
Ayi
v
i& )
\ virkp
A4OV(TOS)
|
61
e'x !-]]
SECTION VI
VARIOUS D O C U M E N T S OF THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD T H I S s e c t i o n i n c l u d e s all t h e d o c u m e n t s of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d w h i c h c o u l d n o t b e i n c l u d e d in a n y of t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s .
I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e c o n
t e n t s of t h i s s e c t i o n are b o u n d t o b e v e r y v a r i e d .
N o . i2£. A n account of payments F a y u m . 10 x 7*5 c m . P . Tebt. 1077. An
Mid-third century B.C.
account of p a y m e n t s due to Horos, 'the carpet-weaver', for some pieces of
clothing made b y him. T h e domicile of Horos is described as being 'in the c i t y , in the apartments of A n t i p a t r o s the Jew'. W h e t h e r the J e w w a s a house-owner or the owner of a weaver's workshop we do not know. *Ev iv
rrji TO is
Tpov T
Qpos
5
TToXet, AvTma'IovSatov, TtnnSv-
OLVT7]S 1(J.Q(TIOV)
KS,
GK€7TaVLCrpLOV IS",
/cara[ (Translation.)
I n t h e c i t y , in t h e a p a r t m e n t s of A n t i p a t r o s t h e J e w . H o r o s t h e
c a r p e t - w e a v e r (is o w e d ) 24 ( d r a c h m a i ?) for a c l o a k a n d 16 for a w o v e n c o v e r ing . . . . 1. I t is not clear which city in the F a y u m is meant. Arsinoe and Philadelpheia, a s contrasted with small villages, are frequently called voXeis. 2. iv rots
m a y be translated 'in t h e house o f . . . ' . Cf. v . Groningen, A Family
N o . 3 3 , 1 . 2 : eV rots
ISlois,
'in h i s o w n
Archive
from
Tebtunis.
house'.
6. 'The word oKeiraviafiov is n e w ; probably i t means a covering of w o v e n material' (Edd.).
N o . 126. A Greek testament Krokodilopolis ( F a y u m ) .
238/7 B.C.
P . Petr. iii, N o . 7, p . 14 (cf. ibid, ii, p . 2 3 , 1 1 . 1 - 1 6 ; Revillout, Precis, ii. 2. 109. LIT. : Wilcken, Berl. Phil.
Woch.
p . 405). R o t h , 2. BL i. 3 7 8 ;
1896, 1493. Juster, i. 172 n. 4 ; ii. 17 n. 4 ; ii. 232 n. 2. Vaggi, Aeg.
xvii. 34 n. 3. A Greek will drawn u p in the form of a avyypari attested b y six witnesses, as is usual in the Ptolemaic wills of the third century B . C . (cf. S P 8 2 ; M . Chr. 301). T h e testator,
228
SECTION
VI: NO
126
a citizen of Cyrene, leaves his whole fortune, including slaves, to his wife and daughter. Following the names of the slaves, a 'stranger' (7rap67rt8r;/Ao?) bearing a 'Syrian' name Jonathas is mentioned. Unfortunately the left edge of the papyrus, comprising c. 1 2 letters, is missing, so t h a t the passage concerning J o n a t h a s cannot be restored with certainty. BaoiXevovros
TIroXepai]ov
cbv *AjbeXtp\tbv (erovs) bpov
Kal
decbv
Upaivorjs
0iXa8eXcf>ov ey]
8ieder]o
10 Keiv.
edv
rrji
pev]
rrjs]
p,e, pieXixpovs,
p,oi
vyialvovra
y]vvaiKi
drjXvKa Tlapdeviov,
]ra
Kal
xmoxpecov]
rov
ey IIroXep,a]iov
BepeviKrpv 20 /cat rd
poi
e]Trirp6rrovs
rr)]v
rovrco]v rrjs]
Kal
reKva.
v]rrep
oetjiov
dXavros,
ovXr)]
25
6daXp,6v,
decdv
rtdvra
rd
.MTTOAA-
'Icovadas pv.
aXXcoi
oe ovdevQ.)
ovdev
TIroXepaiov
ABeXcpcbv
/cat
dbeXr)v /cat
fiaaiXiaaav yvvaiKa
KXeoBrjpov
vs", XevKoxp
aKpcoi Kal
pot,
epaeviKa
TArjiroXepios
cbs
Kal
jSaatAea
(ercov)
erriyovrjs,
vrrdpx\pv]rd
ev orjpioalcoi
(opaxpds)
TIroXep,aiov
cbs
pvKrrjpl
] rrjs
dpyvpiov
pdprvpes'
Stot-
Kvprjvalai
Mvpivrjv, rr)v
(eros)
p,eyedei,
Kal Uvpiarl
Apaivorjs
erriyov\rjs],
rrjs] erriyovrjs,
os
be alpovpiai
ftaaiXecos
rd
rrji el* Elprjvrjs
KaB* vrroypacfyrjv
rraperrlorjpov,
/ c a A e t r a t , 6<j>ei]Aovrd KaraXeirrco.
At]pot
j3
Kv-
ep.avrov
AaKXrjmdoov
dvyarpl
r[6]
6pvv
rrddco KaraXeirrco
Elprjvrji
Kal rrji epavr]ov atop]ara
rd
AXe[^dv-
Apaivotrov.
peaos
vrrep
avrov
oiKeriKa
15 tdviov
Mooxltovos
0iXdppovos
rroXei rov
ex<*>v percbrrcoi
be ri dvd]pcbmvov
epavrov
rov
de
Kavrjcf>6pov
Kal (f>povcbv
] cos (ercov)
eir]
Apaiv6r)[s
ArroXXcovlbov
Mev]eKpareia\s
] ovXrjv betjidv
Kal
decbv Evepyercbv,
K[po]/c[oSt]XOJV
vocbv
prjvaios
TIroXep.aiov
1 ecfS lepecos]
Hhe]Xcbv Kal
5 p,rjv6s rdoe
rov
reravds... AAetjipdxov
XevKoxpcos, aAAat vrro
KXaarodpitj, yeveicoi
[
dva]
(ercov)
[»V7r]6aKvi
a[ X
14. ' AnoX\(cbvi.ov)
apparently inserted after t h e end of t h e
line' (Edd.). (Translation.)
I n t h e 10th y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y son of P t o l e m y
and
A r s i n o e , g o d s A d e l p h o i , A p o l l o n i d e s son of M o s c h i o n b e i n g priest of A l e x a n d e r and the gods Adelphoi and the gods Euergetai,
a n d M e n e k r a t e i a d a u g h t e r of
P h i l a m m o n b e i n g k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s for t h e 2nd y e a r , in t h e month o f . . .
in t h e c i t y of K r o k o d i l o p o l i s of t h e A r s i n o i t e d i s t r i c t . P h i l o n son of
Herakleides, a Cyrenean,
c. 4 5 y e a r s of a g e , of
fair c o m p l e x i o n a n d
medium
h e i g h t . . . w i t h a s c a r o n t h e f o r e h e a d a b o v e t h e r i g h t e y e b r o w , b e i n g of s o u n d and h e a l t h y mind, m a d e the following disposition:
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
229
M a y I e n j o y g o o d h e a l t h t o o r d e r m y o w n affairs. B u t if I u n d e r g o t h e f a t e of m o r t a l s , I l e a v e all m y b e l o n g i n g s t o m y w i f e E i r e n e , d a u g h t e r of A s k l e p i a d e s , a C y r e n e a n , a n d t o D e m o , m y d a u g h t e r b y E i r e n e ; also m y
slaves,
females
P a r t h e n i o s a n d M y r i n e , m a l e s . . . ; also A p o l l o n i o s , a r e s i d e n t alien, also k n o w n b y t h e S y r i a n n a m e of J o n a t h a s , a d e b t o r in b o n d t o m e for a d e b t of 150 s i l v e r drachmai, according to the sentence recorded in the public archives. I leave n o t h i n g t o a n y b o d y else. I c h o o s e a s e x e c u t o r s K i n g P t o l e m y t h e son of P t o l e m y a n d A r s i n o e , g o d s A d e l p h o i , a n d Q u e e n B e r e n i k e , sister a n d w i f e of K i n g P t o l e m y , a n d
their
children. W i t n e s s e s : T l e p o l e m o s son of K l e o d e m o s . . . of t h e E p i g o n e , c. 56 y e a r s of a g e , of p a l e c o m p l e x i o n , l o n g - h a i r e d , ( w i t h a scar) a b o v e t h e r i g h t e y e . T e l e s a r c h o s son of A l e x i m a c h o s , . . . of t h e E p i g o n e , c. 53 y e a r s o l d , p a l e c o m p l e x i o n , c u r l y - h a i r e d , b a l d f o r e h e a d , o n e s c a r o n t h e nose a n d s e v e r a l b e l o w the chin. . . .
of t h e E p i g o n e , c. . . . y e a r s , r a t h e r s h o r t - s i g h t e d .
9. Segidv restored b y m e . I t exactly fits the lacuna. 13. olKfTuca ou>fi]ara restored b y m e . i-ndpxovra awfijara, as proposed b y editors, seems t o be super fluous in v i e w of vndpxovra in 1. 10; i t ought also t o h a v e been followed b y pot, for which there is n o place in t h e lacuna. For O I V C T I K O odipara cf. N o . 4 , 1 . 4. See also M. Chr. 302,1. 6, where this term is used in a will offering a parallel t o t h e present document. 14. T h e names of the male slaves are lost in the lacuna. T h e last n a m e ended with -ra, e.g. Aiovra. T h e vnoypcufit) meant in t h e Ptolemaic period a protocol including a sentence of a tribunal: cf. U P Z 118 ( = M. C h r . 29 = S P 264), 1. 1 ; U P Z 162 ( = M. C h r . 31), Col. V I I , 1. 33; P . Petr. iii. 25 ( R . , 1. 2); and especially P . Tebt. 934 (a sentence of xpVt 0I t follows that Apoll(onios) w a s forced into t h e situation in which he found himself (see below), in consequence of a trial, a n d t h e charge brought against h i m w a s probably that of his inability t o p a y t o t h e testator t h e s u m referred t o in 1. 16. T h e sentence of the tribunal was preserved in t h e 8t}(t6aiov, the public archives, probably the archives of t h e district. See Wilcken, P. Freib. iii, p . 64. 14-15. AiroXX[dvT)v], AITOX\[68OTOV], &c. T h e latter would h a v e been a n interesting parallel t o t h e Hebrew n a m e of t h e m a n : 'Apollo h a s given' instead of 'Jahveh h a s given*. Cf. a b o v e , p . 28, n. 70. 15. A7roXX[<6viov vnoxpctov] restored b y m e . Since Apollonios is n a m e d together w i t h slaves a n d was bequeathed b y t h e testator t o his heirs, h e could n o t be a free m a n ; o n t h e other hand, h e is described a s 7rapcmor](tos, a term n o t applicable t o a slave (see below). S o w e m u s t draw t h e conclu sion that h e belonged t o that strange group of 'enslaved persons w h o were free', whose legal standing was elucidated with great skill b y Westermann (see his article in AJP l i x , 1938, 1 s q q . a n d his book Upon Slavery in Ptolemaic Egypt', cf. also his article 'Sklaverei' in RE, Suppl. v i . 931). Our knowledge of these persons is based o n t h e Columbia papyrus edited b y Westermann (now S P 205) and referring t o vrroxpetov ocopdrutv 5aa dv c\cv[0c]pa ovra ( 1 . 23). I cannot discuss here t h e various interpretations of this passage given b y different scholars (see, besides Westermann, Schonbauer in Arch. x . 182 sqq. a n d Preaux in Chr. d'£gypte xi. 590 s q q . ; cf. also B . Welles in Arch. d. Droits de V Antiquitd, iii. 512 n. 20); w h a t seems t o be very likely is that t h e term Mxpea amiiara w a s used in Ptolemaic E g y p t for free m e n w h o were enslaved a s a result of their inability t o m e e t their debts. T h e enslavement of a defaulting debtor w a s customary throughout t h e ancient Near E a s t . 'The fate of a defaulting debtor w a s slavery. T h e creditor had t h e right t o seize h i m . . . and force h i m t o per form compulsory service. This right of t h e creditor w a s recognized b y t h e Sumerian l a w , b y t h e H a m m u r a b i code, a n d b y t h e Assyrian law' (Mendelsohn, Slavery in the Ancient Near East, 1949, p . 26). It seems, further, that these persons were reduced t o slavery for a certain time only, being obliged t o carry o u t various tasks o n behalf of their temporary masters. Such persons were called in R o m a n l a w nexus, according t o Varro, de 1.1. v i i . 105: 'Liber, q u i suas operas i n servitutem pro pecunia, q u a m debet, d a t d u m solveret, n e x u s vocatur.' I n R o m a n E g y p t t h e status of persons taTtara
SECTION
230 corresponding t o nexus
w a s called Trapapovrj;
1 9 1 0 , 1 3 s q q . ; W e s t e r m e u m , Journ.
Jur. Pap.
V I : N O S . 126-127 see L e w a l d , Zur
Personalexekution
ii, 1948,9 s q q . ; cf. t h e list of irapap.oval
im
Recht
der
Papyri,
drawn up by Angela
Zambon, Aeg. xiii. 653. I n 1. 16 of our papyrus a sum of 150 dr., due from Apoll(onios) t o Philon, is recorded; so it is likely that Apollonios, in consequence of the sentence of a tribunal, w a s handed over t o Philon and obliged t o carry out certain tasks for him over a certain period of time until the whole sum should be paid off. I h a v e ventured, therefore, t o restore vnoxpeav. 15. I n classical Greek irapeTri8T]p.4u> has t h e meaning of 'to be sojourning in a strange place', and, consequently, a -rrap€m8T]p.os is something like 'a stranger'. In Hellenistic E g y p t also the term had the same sense, a n d w a s used for people living temporarily outside their permanent domiciles (cf. Taubenschlag, ii. 23). Sometimes it w a s used of a m a n whose origin w a s outside E g y p t , b u t w h o nevertheless was a permanent resident of that country (cf. Bickermann, Arch. viii. 232). That a napem8r)p.os, in any case, is a free m a n is frequently d e m o n s t r a t e d ; see, for example M. Chr. 301, 1. 22; P S I 385, 389; P . Col. Zen. 72 (in the t w o latter cases the term Trapem8rjp.os is attached t o Zenon, the well-known agent of Apollonios). The term is such as t o preclude its use for s l a v e s : it presupposes a free decision t o change one's abode, a right not granted t o slaves. 15. os Kal Zvpiorl 'Icovad&s K o A e i r a i . The m a n was n o doubt a J e w , 'IcovaO&s being t h e Biblical irttirP. The term Evpiorl does not mean t h a t 'Icuvad&s was a 'Syrian' name (so Vaggi, Aeg. xvii. 34 n. 3); the Ptolemaic Palestine and Transjordan were called officially 'Syria', and consequently all inhabi t a n t s of these countries were 'Syrians' and their language 'Syrian' (see above, p . 5). I t is for this reason that t h e author of t h e 'Letter of Aristeas' warns his readers n o t t o confound Hebrew with Syrian (Arist. n ) . L i t t m a n n in NB correctly refers t h e name 'IwvaOas t o t h e group of 'Kanaanaische N a m e n ' (i.e. Hebrew and Phoenician), and n o t t o t h e Aramaic o n e , which would correspond more exactly to the term Uvpiorl, if taken in its strict sense as 'in the Syrian language' (cf. Tramon tano in his commentary t o t h e 'Letter of Aristeas', p p . 14 s q . : 'II Siriaco e l'Aramaico'). F o r t h e use of double names see a b o v e , p . 28. 19. BepeviKTjv
T ^ ] I > — B L i. 378. Bepevt,Krj\v
Edd.
Drimylos T h e third B o o k of the Maccabees tells the story of an a t t e m p t on the life of P t o l e m y I V Philopator on the e v e of the b a t t l e of R a p h i a . According to this story, the king w a s saved b y a renegade J e w , Dositheos son of D r i m y l o s (AiootOeos 6 ApipvXov .... . TO yevos KTX.
3 Mace. 1 . 3 ) , w h o is said to h a v e placed another m a n in the royal tent before the
attempt. The story, and the v e r y existence of Dositheos son of Drimylos, has been disbelieved b y some scholars. Willrich (Hermes, x x x i x , 1904, 2 5 7 ; RE s.v. 'Dositheos';
Judaica,
19 s q q . ; Jud. und Griech., 1 3 1 sq.) maintained t h a t the episode was a fabrication based on the saving of A h a s h v e r b y Mordecai, and t h a t the name of Dositheos h a d been brought into the story from the time of P t o l e m y V I and K l e o p a t r a I I , when a Jewish general Dositheos
p l a y e d an important role in the dynastic quarrels (cf. above,
pp. 20 sq.). A c c o r d i n g to Willrich there never w a s a n y highly placed person n a m e d Dositheos son of D r i m y l o s a t the Ptolemaic court a t the time of the battle of R a p h i a . T h e following five p a p y r i (and a demotic ostrakon, cf. note on N o . 1 2 7 ^ ) show t h a t a t about the time to which the third B o o k of the Maccabees refers, Dositheos son of D r i m y los was an important personage a t the Ptolemaic court. Since the name of D r i m y l o s is v e r y rare ( s e e n o t e o n N o . 1 2 7 ^ , 1 . 1 ) , whereas the chronology of the p a p y r i is well in accord w i t h the story of 3 M a c e , it would seem t h a t w e can identify Dositheos son of D r i m y l o s of the p a p y r i w i t h the m a n of this name spoken of in the third B o o k of Maccabees. 1
After t h e papyri N o s . 127^ a n d e became k n o w n , Willrich admitted t h a t there was a m a n called Dositheos s o n of Drimylos, b u t adhered
1
t o his other views as stated a b o v e ; cf. Klio, v i i , 1907, 293 sq.
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
231
W a s the great man at the court of P t o l e m y I I I and P t o l e m y I V , Dositheos son of Drimylos, a J e w b y origin ( T O yevos 'IovSalos) as the B o o k of Maccabees has it ? W e would suspect him of being a J e w even if we had not the evidence of 3 Mace. T o be sure not every Theodotos is a Jehonathan, and not every Dositheos a M a t h a t h y a h u , but whereas most of the theophoric names are suspect in this connexion, Dositheos seems to h a v e been particularly favoured b y Jews. I t is a rare name in the Greek world (there seems to be hardly a n y Dositheos in Greece proper before the end of the fourth century B . C . ) ; there are b u t few men bearing this name who can be proved to be of non-Jewish origin, while there are m a n y Jews bearing this name (e.g. one of the high officers of Judas Maccabee, 2 Mace. 1 2 . 1 9 - 2 4 , cf. 1 2 . 3 5 ; Dositheos of Alexandria Joseph, ant. 1 4 . 2 3 6 ; the general Dositheos mentioned a b o v e ; see also I n d e x to this volume, s.v. Acoo-ldeos). T h o u g h not sufficient to establish the Jewishness of Dositheos son of Drimylos, the name itself would seem to m a k e it probable. Furthermore, it is hard to see w h y the apologetic author of 3 Mace, should invent a renegade J e w in this connexion. His intense hatred of such renegades is quite clear from 7. 1 0 - 1 4 and especially from eotoicev (sc. P t o l e m y I V ) avrots (viz. the orthodox Jews) . . . ontos TOVS
irapa&eBiqKOTas TOV 9eov TOV vopov igoAcOpevacooiv. Dositheos son of Drimylos of the papyri is attested to h a v e been an eponymdus priest of Alexander and the deified Ptolemies (Nos. 1 2 7 ^ and e). One such J e w would hardly be an appropriate hero for the rather fanatical author of the third B o o k of Maccabees. I t would seem better to suppose, in v i e w of the remarkable coincidence of the literary and the papyrological evidence, t h a t Dositheos was a renegade Jew, and that he was mentioned in 3 Mace, not because of the apologetic tendency of the author b u t because he appeared in one of his sources. T h e story of the a t t e m p t on the king's life, as told b y P o l y bios 5. 8 1 , differs in several points from t h a t in 3 Mace. T h e a t t e m p t was carried out b y Theodotos from the Seleucid c a m p , while the impression given b y 3 Mace, is t h a t it was an internal con spiracy; according to Polybios (who does not mention the name of Dositheos) the a t t e m p t miscarried since Theodotos did not k n o w t h a t the king was in the habit of taking his rest outside the royal tent, while according to 3 Mace. Dositheos, who knew of the proposed a t t e m p t , caused the king to leave his tent. T h o u g h the author of 3 Mace, was occasionally using sources of some historical value (see Bickermann, RE, s.v. 'Makkabaerbucher', col. 799), the version which has the weight of the authority of Polybios would seem to be a priori preferable. However, the fact t h a t Dositheos was, say, with the king when the unsuccessful a t t e m p t was carried out might well h a v e given rise in E g y p t i a n court circles to such a story—complimentary to Dositheos—as is told in 3 Mace. B u t the question of the historical value of the story of the a t t e m p t as told in the B o o k of Maccabees does not seem to h a v e a direct bearing on the conclusion t h a t a renegade J e w Dositheos son of Drimylos is an historical personage. His career can be traced with the help of the p a p y r i as follows: (1) In 240 Dositheos holds the office of vTTopvrjpaToypdcf>os, i.e. one of the t w o heads of the royal secretariat — N o . 1 2 7 a (in N o . 1 2 7 6 he seems to be holding the same office, see n o t e ; the date is un known) ; (2) in 225/4 Dositheos is travelling in E g y p t with P t o l e m y I I I (peTa. TOV / W I Xecos)—No. 1 2 7 c ; (3) in 222 he appears as the eponymous priest of Alexander and the deified Ptolemies, the highest priesthood in Hellenistic E g y p t — N o . 1 2 7 ^ , e; (4) in 2 1 7 Dositheos accompanies P t o l e m y I V Philopator during the battle of R a p h i a (3 Mace. 1 . 3 ) .
232
SECTION
V I : N O . 127
No. 127a Philadelpheia ( F a y u m ) . 36 x 11*5 c m . Spring of 240 B.C. P . Mich. Zen. 55. LIT. : Peremans v a n ' t Dack, Prosopogr. Ptol. (Stud. Hellen. v i ) , p . 2 n o . 8. P . E n t . , p . 52. Berneker, Prozesseinleitung,
1930,
1 2 ; Sondergerichtsbarkeit,
1935, 62. T a u b e n s c h l a g , i. 365 n. 2. A . F u k s ,
Journ.
Jur. Pap. vii-viii, 1954, 208. A letter from Philon to Zenon. Philon resided, when writing this letter, in Alexandria, b u t h a d some interests at Philadelpheia. T h e editor identifies him w i t h Philon of P S I 3 8 5 . T h e part of the letter which is of interest here is 1 1 . 1 1 sqq. One Hermokrates has been arrested on certain charges, not specified in the papyrus, and subjected to a preliminary examination (avaKpiais). Philon tells of the exertions of some of H e r m o krates' friends on his behalf (cf. Hermokrates' letter to Zenon, bearing on the same case, in P S I 3 9 2 , cf. P . Mich. Zen., p. 1 2 6 ) . T h e result of the inquiry has been favourable to Hermokrates and he is expected to be released after the documents concerning his case h a v e been submitted t o the king b y Atooideos 6 vnopvr/fiaToypttyos (11. 2 3 - 2 4 ) .
€>lXcov
Zrjvtovi
avros
re
\alpeiv.
K
eppoi[Lt]v he
OVS
avros.
KOL
r)oeis vrrep cov 5
dheXcpds
irpos
KOL
hovd
vrrep avrov
avrov
orrev-
Kal avros aKal ar6etjto
rjVLOxXrjdrjtrav Kal
rrXelovs,
he /zdAtcrra
tf>Ltrocov 6 tPiXlrrrrov Kal rr)v avaKpioiv avrov
ae
r)p,epcov dXlycov
eaeoQai.
errereXeaev
'EpfiOKpdrov
7rerror\Kevai
h* vrrep avrov
20
yap
evrevBev.
S t d T O rjltrdrjcrOat
vepdv avrcoi hp* otopai
ra-
edv
he 001 Kal irepl
rrpdrepov, 9
irpos tva
avvrop^tos
Set drrorpexeiv eypatf/a
TTOL-
dvaarpecf>rjL
fxr) emKcoXvcopLai
S e n t dvarrXetv 10
KOXCOS
hioiKr)oas,
pie
epptoarai
IlroXepiatos
dvarrerrXevKev
ok impLeXcbs Xetos
el
ueAeis, ev av e ^ o r
Ka-
rov larpov
vlos.
rr)v vrrep
yeypapLpLevrjv, r) /cat
erreXvev
avrov
emKArjOevrcov,
rrdvrcov
rcov
c t ^ e v rjhrj
Acooi-
Oeos d vrropivr]pLaroypdcf>os,
tva
d jSacriAev? erravayvcoi
rov
dedrjvai
avrov
rrapd
rrpd
rd edos elvai
ov-
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
Ttos ylveaSai. Xpv
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
iv
OLKCOL
r)pas'
KOI
hi, Kav avros
hiaT7)prio\as]
233
Trpoabi-
TO, 8 ' aAAa avvropcos
Kal avrovs
PERIOD
TCOV
dXi/Srji
ip>oy rov
TOTTOV
T[
Verso. [e]ls
[o]4X€tav. 14. ireiroijK€vai:
vai written above the line.
27. rios yiveodtu
written above the line.
(Translation.)
26. airov
written above the line.
P h i l o n t o Z e n o n g r e e t i n g . If y o u y o u r s e l f a n d t h o s e w h o m y o u
w i s h t o b e so are in g o o d h e a l t h , i t w o u l d b e w e l l . I t o o a m k e e p i n g w e l l . P l e a s e m a k e a serious effort t o settle t h e m a t t e r a b o u t w h i c h m y b r o t h e r P t o l e m a i o s h a s sailed u p t o see y o u , in order t h a t h e m a y r e t u r n t o m e q u i c k l y a n d t h a t I s h a l l n o t b e p r e v e n t e d f r o m sailing u p if I n e e d t o ; for I m u s t b e off f r o m here s h o r t l y . I w r o t e t o y o u o n c e before a b o u t H e r m o k r a t e s , a s I h a d h e a r d t h a t y o u w e r e e x e r t i n g y o u r s e l f t o h e l p h i m , a n d h a d m y s e l f i n f o r m e d h i m of t h i s , a n d I r e a l l y t h i n k t h a t h e will b e set free in a f e w d a y s . S e v e r a l o t h e r p e o p l e p u t t h e m s e l v e s t o t r o u b l e o n his behalf, b u t t h e m o s t effective w a s K a p h i s o p h o n son of P h i l i p p o s t h e p h y s i c i a n . T h e w r i t t e n r e p o r t of t h e i n q u i r y , w h i c h a c q u i t s h i m of all t h e c h a r g e s , is a l r e a d y in t h e h a n d s of D o s i t h e o s t h e m e m o r a n d u m w r i t e r in order t h a t t h e k i n g m a y r e a d i t before l e t t i n g h i m b e released, a s t h i s is t h e r e g u l a r p r o c e d u r e . F o r t h e rest b e p r e p a r e d t o r e c e i v e a v i s i t f r o m m y s e l f s h o r t l y . A n d of t h i n g s a t h o m e , e v e n if i t t r o u b l e y o u t o k e e p w a t c h o n m y place . . . . (Address): T o Zenon. (Further address): T o Philadelpheia. 18-19. T h e editor identifies Kaphisophon with the
theoros
sent b y P t o l e m y I I or P t o l e m y I I I to
K o s ( O G I S 42). 20. For dvaKptois 392;
Dikaiom.,
and the
6 npos reus AvaKploeoi cf. the parallel t e x t P S I 392, Prozesseinleit. 26 s q . ; Taubenschlag, i. 378.
2 ; Wilcken,
Arch.
vi.
p . 32; Berneker,
23 sqq. I t seems that Dositheos had nothing to do with the inquiry itself; he received the documents bearing on the case after the inquiry had been closed (elx^v 17817
KTX.),
and has to submit them to the
king for his final approval (that was—Philon explains to Zenon—the normal procedure). Dositheos was the king's hypomnematographos, i.e. head of one of the t w o branches of the royal secretariat; on the hypomnematographos and epistolographos in Hellenistic E g y p t see Collomp,
chancell. et diplom. 9 sqq., esp. p. 169; Berneker, Prozesseinl. 18
14 s q q . ; Bickermann,
Ph.Woch.
Rech. sur la
1926, 1241 sqq. j Wilcken, U P Z , i,
sqq.
No. 1276 Magdola ( F a y u m ) .
5 x 3 0 . 5 cm.
Reign of Euergetes I or Philopator.
P. E n t . 19. L I T . : Taubenschlag, i. 141 n. 1 9 ; ii. 19 n. 1 1 . A . F u k s , op. cit., 208 sq.
A case of disputed inheritance. Diodoros, the writer of this plaint, claims the inheritance of the property (including a private sanctuary of Demeter) of his deceased relative Diogenes. Diodoros went to Alexandria and there obtained an order of Dositheos establishing his right to the property in question (ipov . . . K€KOP,IKOTOS Trapd
SECTION
234 AaxjiOdov
V I : N O . 127
I t seems t h a t during his absence D a m a s i p p a , another claimant
Trpoarayfia).
to the property of Diogenes, succeeded in securing a division of the disputed inherit ance. Diodoros seeks to reverse this decision.
BaaiXei TlToXepa\i\coi ' O£vpvyx
rrapd Acoaideov
T[O]V P o 8 o / c A e [ o ] y s ' , TOV oiKeiov
VTrapxovTOiv
hid
TO
KaBrJK\eiv\
avTcbi
iv
iv 'O£vpvyxois,
t
[£avhpeiai
ipov
[KOI
TCOV
TCOV
AIO-
TOVS
vopovs,
Kal
tbaavTcos
he Kal
tf>apivr)
].'-?''• .hiaipeaw
TCOV
Kara
Tr)v K.Xr]povo~
iv
]..[
hio\_to~\K.\_... .~\y ix^tv Kal
/cara
av]vKvpovTcov,
Aapaavrrrra
OVTOS
rrepl
AiKalov
5 pt/ceta [ . . .]ai> . . [ . ] . . [
piav Tavr\r)v\
rrpoOTaypa
pot Tr)v KXrjpovopiav
TTJL
9eapooplov ArjprjTpos
dXXov
Aapaalrrrras,
VTTO
p\ov\,
t
vrrapxovTLov Kcbprji
dhiKovpai
IIoXepco[vos]
epov ydp KeKopiKOTOs
yevovs
Aiohopos.
^atpetv
Trjs
].[
]....ev
iv Trjt Ai[Kal]ov
Kcbpuqi
Kaprrl-
[c^eadat
]e
e[
Verso. ("ETOVS)[
Aiohcopos rrpos Aapaairrrrav Trepl KXrj[povopias\. (Translation.) by
T o K i n g P t o l e m y from Diodoros, greeting. I a m being wronged
D a m a s i p p a w h o l i v e s in O x y r h y n c h a in t h e d i v i s i o n of P o l e m o n . I h a d
o b t a i n e d a n order f r o m D o s i t h e o s c o n c e r n i n g t h e possessions of D i o g e n e s son of R h o d o k l e s , a r e l a t i v e of m i n e , since his b e l o n g i n g s d e s c e n d e d t o m e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a w ; a n d h e h a d a thesmophorion
of D e m e t e r in D i k a i o u K o m e , a n d l i k e w i s e
a n o t h e r in O x y r h y n c h a . B u t D a m a s i p p a , w h o c l a i m s t o b e a r e l a t i v e . . .
a
d i v i s i o n of t h e effects c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i n h e r i t a n c e , w h i l e I w a s in A l e x a n d r i a . . . i n D i k a i o u K o m e h a s g i v e n (her) t o h a v e a n d e n j o y . . . (Endorsed) Diodoros against D a m a s i p p a a b o u t an inheritance. 2. Whether a special vpoarayfia was needed because the case was o n e of intestate succession or because sacred property was involved cannot be said with certainty. N o official title of Dositheos is indicated. I t is, however, clear t h a t he was a high official residing in Alexandria (11. 5-6). H e seems t o have acted in this case independently, and had the right, it would seem, t o issue the prostagma mentioned above in his own name. T h a t could be, perhaps, squared with t h e competence of a hypomnematographos, though w e have n o other evidence of his dealing w i t h such cases. 4. On private sanctuaries cf. editor's note a d loc.
No. 127c Hibeh ( F a y u m ) .
1 4 x 7-5 c m . (PI. I. 3).
P. G r a d e n w i t z 2 (ed. P l a u m a n n , Sitzb.
225/4 B.C. Heid.
Akad.,
1914, A b h .
15).
LIT. : P . E n t . , p . 52. Schnebel, 340. A . F u k s , o p . cit. 207 sq. A n official letter from Herakleides to Kleitarchos concerning the supply of 'five fat ted geese' for Dositheos, w h o is travelling in the king's entourage (the king is Euergetes
Trjs
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
235
I). T h e birds are to be supplied as $dvia, i.e. contributions in kind supplied b y the locali ties for the needs of the king, or of the high officials, on their travels in the chora (for contributions in connexion with the napovoia of the king, or of high officials, cf., for example, P . Petr. ii. 39(e); 3 , 1 3 ; 8, 2 4 ; W . Chr. 409, 4 1 1 ; W O 1 4 8 1 ; P . Petr. iii. 53(m) ; P . T e b t . i. 1 2 1 , 95 s q q . ; 2 5 3 ; P . Petr. ii. io(l); P . T e b t . 5. 1 7 8 s q q . ; P . H a l . 7, 5 ; cf. Wilcken, Grundz. 356 sqq.). Kleitarchos, to w h o m this letter is addressed, is known from P . Grad. to h a v e been a
TP&TTCI^ITTJS
TOV KLOLTOV
(cf. P . Grad., p p . 26 s q . ) ; the writer
m a y well h a v e been an oikonomos or an epimeletes of the district (cf. E d . , p p . 23 sq.). T h e e x a c t rank of Dositheos is not mentioned. T h a t m a y be due to the habit of dis pensing with the official title; however, Dositheos must h a v e been well known to b o t h the writer and the addressee, since no explanation was needed. T h e fact t h a t he is entitled to special $4via
when travelling with the king seems to show t h a t he was a
rather important person in the king's entourage. W h e t h e r he was still a h y p o m n e m a t o graphos we cannot tell; it is, however, worth noting t h a t the hypomnematographos accompanied the king on his journeys in the chora (Berneker, Prozesseinl.
19).
'HpaKXelbrjs KXeLTdpXLOL Xalpeiv.
rrpos TT)V
Acoacdeov 5
pcera
ftacriXecos
rov
TTtxpovalav KaXtOS
7TOLrjO€LS
aTTOGTeiXas
Xfjvas
orLjeve
[TO\S
Verso.
[&apL€]vcpd
Ky
("ETOVS)
irepl tjeyicpy coy S e t
f
'HpaKXeiSrjs
KO-TCL-
KAEITAPX[QT\
7roo-ret[Aati (Translation.)
H e r a k l e i d e s t o K l e i t a r c h o s , g r e e t i n g . P l e a s e s e n d 5 f a t t e d geese
for D o s i t h e o s ' v i s i t w i t h t h e k i n g . ( E n d o r s e d ) Y e a r 23, P h a m e n o t h 6. H e r a k l e i d e s a b o u t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o b e sent. T o Kleitarchos.
No. 127J Arsinoe 'on t h e embankment' ( F a y u m ) . P . Tebt. 815, col. I I , fr. 3, recto, 11. 1 - 3 . L I T . : P . H i b . , p . 376. Willrich, Klio,
BaoiXevovTos €TOVS
5th February, 222 B.C.
v i i , 1907, 293. A . F u k s , o p . c i t . , 207.
/ T r o A e / x a t o u TOV TTroAe/xatou Kal Apmvorjs 7T€pl7TTOV
HXetjdvSpov
Kal
decov
cov
€LKOOTOV €<j) UpeCOS AcOOldeOV TOV
ApiplvXoV
>
Kal 9ecb[v
AbeXcficov Kal decov EvepyeTcov,
Kavrjtfiopov Apoivorjs
0iXaheX<j>ov
BepeveiKrjs
236
SECTION rrjs
TlvdayyeXov, iv
CIKOLBL,
%cbp,aros
rrjs
p.rjv6s
Apaworji Oepiorov
(Translation.)
V I : N O S . 127-128
Fopmalov
rrji
irrl
Alyvrrrlcov
Be
1 1
Xolax
i ^
1
K
a
L
r[ov
pieplBos
rov
Apaivolrov
vop.ov.
I n t h e t w e n t y - f i f t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y son of P t o l e m y
a n d A r s i n o e t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i , w h e n D o s i t h e o s s o n of D r i m y l o s w a s p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e g o d s E u e r g e t a i , t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g B e r e n i k e d a u g h t e r of P y t h a n g e l o s , o n t h e t w e n t y first, t h e m o n t h G o r p i a i o s , in E g y p t i a n C h o i a c h , in A r s i n o e w h i c h is o n
the
e m b a n k m e n t , of t h e d i v i s i o n of T h e m i s t e s in t h e A r s i n o i t e n o m e . i . ApifivXos is a Greek n a m e (from Spifivs, sharp) though a n unusual one (cf. Luc. Gall. 1 4 ; it occurs also in t w o Palestinian papyri P S I 406 and P . l a n d . inv. 413 recto, cf. N o . 3). For the e p o n y m o u s priest of Alexander and t h e deified Ptolemies a s the most important priestly office of Hellenistic E g y p t , cf. P l a u m a n n , RE, s.v. 'Hiereis', col. 1436 s q . ; Bouch^-Leclercq, iii. 42 s q q . ; see also P . H i b . , p p . 367 sqq. It w a s conferred b y t h e king a n d seems t o h a v e been a sign of special royal favour. Dositheos is mentioned a s a priest also in a D e m o t i c o s t r a k o n ; see Rev. Egypt., i v , p . 152; Spiegelberg, dent. P.
Berl.,
p . 6; cf. P . H i b . , p . 376.
No.
i2je
Tholthis (Oxyrhynchite district). P . Hibeh 90,11. 1 - 4 . L I T . : Willrich, Klio, vii. 1907, 292. [BaaiXevovros
TIro]Xep,alov
decbv
TlroXepbalov
Kal]
K [ O I Apaivorjs
exKoarov
itjf
Up4a)s
6ecb]v
ABeX-
Acoaideov
rod
AX]e£dvBpov
A\BeXcj>cb]v
BeXov Krjs rrjs
r[ov]
7jre[p.rrrov
[ApipxiXov KOI
J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y , 222 B.C.
Kal
decbv
Evepyercbv,
Kavrj
[Apaivorjs
0iXa\-
Bepevl-
TIvd[ayye]Xov
(Translation.)
p/qvos
Fopmalov
iv
©cbXdi
r[ov
*
O^vpvyxl]fov.
I n t h e t w e n t y - f i f t h y e a r of t h e r e i g n of P t o l e m y s o n of P t o l e m y
a n d A r s i n o e t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i , w h e n D o s i t h e o s s o n of D r i m y l o s w a s p r i e s t of A l e x a n d e r a n d t h e g o d s A d e l p h o i a n d t h e g o d s E u e r g e t a i , t h e k a n e p h o r o s of A r s i n o e P h i l a d e l p h o s b e i n g B e r e n i k e d a u g h t e r of P y t h a n g e l o s , in t h e
month
G o r p i a i o s , a t T h o l t h i s in t h e O x y r h y n c h i t e n o m e . A.
F.
N o . 128. A plaint of a wife against her husband Magdola ( F a y u m ) . P . E n t . 23.
1 0 x 6 - 5 and 1 0 x 5 - 5 c m .
LIT. : B e r n e k e r , Krit. Aeg. and
x i v . 212 s q q . post-classical
Vierteljahrschr.f.
S c h o n b a u e r , Arch. Roman
Law,
Gesetzgeb.
n t h May, 218 B.C. u. Rechtswiss.
x i i i . 5 1 . Wolff, Written
1939, 24 n. 8 6 ; 28 n . 9 6 ;
and
3. F o l g e , x x v i , 1 9 3 3 , 3 9 2 . F . B o z z a , Unwritten
Marriages
in
Hellenistic
76.
T h i s p a p y r u s belongs to the documents from Magdola published b y Gueraud (P. Ent.)
and is written in the usual form of an evrevgis
(cf. N o s . 3 7 , 3 8 , 1 2 7 & , 1 2 9 ) . Unfortu
n a t e l y only the left and the right edges of the p a p y r u s are preserved, the whole of t h e central part being missing. T h e size of the lacuna can be estimated a p p r o x i m a t e l y
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
237
w i t h the help of 1. 7, the only one t h a t can be restored almost in full: it makes c. 60 letters. W i t h so great a g a p there is no hope of restoring the lost t e x t , and we can only guess w h a t its contents might h a v e been. T h e p a p y r u s refers to family m a t t e r s : it is the plaint of a woman insulted in some w a y b y her husband. T h e m a n w a s a J e w ; whether his wife was a Jewess (in spite of her Greek name) we cannot know. T h e main interest of the document is confined to 1. 2, where there is an obscure reference to a Jewish law concerning marriage.
BaaiXei
/TroAe/xfatcot
*Icovd6ov avrov
yap
Balcov
xalpew
'Iovoalov
/xot
~\.ov.
ixevos* aTra8t,K€iv
.[
55
Kara
TT)V
[TTJS
].
]
55
—c.
OLK[
o t / a W /xou
TOV
lett.—
— c. 60 l e t t . —
5 ( S p a ^ / x d ? ) p dXXd Kal e/c/cAetet r e jtxe e/c
—c.
dSt/cov/xat
&L\COVLOOV.
vdpiov
TTJOXLTLKOV
vvvel
IKOV
8e
TCOV
['IOV]~
j8[ot>Ad]-
Tjva y lett.—
rd
— c . 45 l e t t . —
7r/>oo~r)]/covTa
ov
rrapix^i,
J- ?*' iravTeXcds /xe 7
e/c rrdvTCov d S t / c e t . [Se'ojuat odv crov, /JacriAeu, TrpooTa^ai Trjycot, ypdiftai
U7ro
ovvypaxjja[jievov\
— c . 45 l e t t . —
p.€ yvv\aiKa
€X€iv
'EAAaSorr)
Aiocpdvei
TCOL
aTpa-
enioTaTrji
]COL TCOI
re]Ta.xOat dirorpex^w l^a» [£]api,ap€Las a
fir) €7TLT[peiT€iv
irrl Aiocf>dvT]v 1 0 cov aveyvrjs €K\ TTjgavros yap
TOVTOV
— c . 55 l e t t . —
— c . 60. l e t t . —
OTTCO\S
fiedr)yai[
— c . 60 l e t t . —
yicovaddv
Jre.Tt. .at. ]vaav
diroGTCiXai
.pas
d/xa ot/encrav.[ ]
avTOV
y€vopidvov[
— c . 60 l e t t . —
] euTu^et.
Verso. ("ETOVS)
8,
'EXXahoTT) irepl
Alov
&api€v[cbd
0LXCOV18OV
tj>epvf]s K O L
(Translation.)
y,
/c£],
.[
iyy[
T o K i n g P t o l e m y g r e e t i n g f r o m H e l l a d o t e , d a u g h t e r of P h i l o -
n i d e s . I a m b e i n g w r o n g e d b y J o n a t h a s , t h e J e w . . . . H e h a s a g r e e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e l a w of t h e J e w s t o h o l d m e as w i f e . . . . N o w h e w a n t s t o w i t h h o l d , . . . h u n d r e d d r a c h m a i , a n d also t h e h o u s e . . . d o e s n o t g i v e m e m y d u e , a n d s h u t s m e o u t of m y h o u s e . . . a n d a b s o l u t e l y w r o n g s m e in e v e r y r e s p e c t . I b e g y o u therefore, m y k i n g , t o order D i o p h a n e s , t h e s t r a t e g o s , t o w r i t e t o . . . t h e e p i s t a t e s of S a m a r e i a n o t t o l e t . . . t o s e n d J o n a t h a s t o D i o p h a n e s in o r d e r . . . . F o r b y this means [ Farewell. V e r s o : Y e a r 4, D i o s 3, P h a m e n o t h 27. H e l l a d o t e d a u g h t e r of P h i l o n i d e s c o n c e r n i n g d o w r y a n d 1. Restored b y m e . Gueraud presents t h e end of t h e prescript only. T h e name of t h e plaintiff, preserved o n t h e verso, is Greek; y e t I would n o t venture t o agree with B o z z a , o p . cit. 214, t h a t w e h a v e here a case of a mixed marriage between a 'Greek lady' and a J e w : t h e Greek name alone is n o t sufficient evidence. My restoration is c. 10 letters t o o s h o r t ; it m a y be t h a t 'Iovoata stood after t h e n a m e of t h e plaintiff, or avopos pov a t t h e end of t h e lacuna.
238
SECTION
V I : N O S . 128-129
2. Some suggestions a s t o the restoration of this line were made b y Bozza and Wolff. T h e restoration of t h e former runs a s follows: 2vyypaifia[p.evov] yap avrov p,oi ey[yvrjoiv KCU epvr/v (or eyyvqoecos KOX epvi)s 6p.oXoyiav), d)p.oX6yrjoe npos T O TT]Q\ITIK6V ratv 'Iovoaicov e x yvv[aiKa yap.err)v. This restoration is made according t o t h e general opinion held b y Bozza that iyyvrjois, t h e typical Greek form of marriage, w a s brought from Greece t o Ptolemaic E g y p t . According t o the same principle, she restores the verso a s w e l l : rtepl epvrjs Kal eyy[vTJoeu>s. Y e t t h e existence of eyyvr)ois i n E g y p t is still a n open question, a n d t h e term itself does n o t occur in t h e p a p y r i ; n o wonder t h a t m a n y scholars disagree with Bozza or treat her theory with great reserve (see Schonbauer, Arch. xiii. 5 1 ; Wolff, o p . cit. 2 4 , n. 8 6 ; Taubenschlag i. 8 5 ; cf. Wilcken, UPZ i. 652 sq.). Moreover, her restoration cannot be accepted b y reason of her rather arbitrary change of e*[ into ey[: the x is quite certain, a s I a m informed b y M. Bataille, w h o w a s good enough t o revise t h e papyrus. Wolff suggests t h e following s u p p l e m e n t : € l v
ovyypaijia[p.evov]
ydp
avrov
p,oi ex[pvra
rr/v npooevexOeloav
iir* ep.ol epvrjv Kara
rov vop.ov rov
-
•n ]pAm/coi>
KTX. This restoration is also a little t o o short; a s t o its contents, there is n o reason either t o accept or t o reject them. I n m y opinion, in this case w e m u s t frankly a v o w our ignorance. T h e end of the restora tion o n l y : K a r a rov v6p.ov TTJOXITIKOV TCOV ' / o v S a t w i ' m a y be accepted as quite probable. A s t o the crucial word 7T]OAITIKOV here is Gueraud's s t a t e m e n t : 'On pense a n]o\irtK6v; mais les lettres o A sont assez douteuses. S'agit-il d'une loi o u d'un usage national d e s Juifs?' M. Bataille writes t o m e : 'le A e s t tres vraisemblable et m e m e sur . . . L ' o , lui, est beaucoup moins sur . . . Cependant il faut avouer q u e cet o ne ressemble a. aucune autre lettre.' If this reading njoXiriKov and t h e restoration Kara rov v6p.ov are right, we have here t h e only instance in the Greek papyri of Jewish national law being applied t o the legal life of members of the Jewish c o m m u n i t y (in this special case as regards laws concerning marriage). T h e v6p,os noXiriKos rd>v Iovoaicov would mean consequently the 'civil law' of the J e w s , or 'the laws of t h e Jewish TroXCrevp.a', and this term would h a v e been formed as a parallel t o t h e vop.01 -noXtriKoi of t h e Greeks (see a b o v e , p . 33, n. 85). Y e t it is worth noting that n o trace of a n y mention of Jewish law concerning marriage can be found in t h e remaining parts of the papyrus, whereas some detached words point t o Hellenistic parallels (see below). Is it because there existed no fundamental discrepancies between t h e Hellenistic a n d the Jewish law i n marriage matters, Jewish law in E g y p t being influenced b y Hellenistic? Or must another restoration, e.g. npos T O dpxetov -n^gXirLKov rG>v 'IovSalwv, be preferred ? Such a restoration would mean only that the marriage between Helladote and Jonathas w a s performed in a Jewish office, and would leave unsettled the question whether the docu ments drawn u p in this office were modelled upon a specific Jewish or a c o m m o n Hellenistic pattern. For dpxctov ITOXLTIKOV (though n o t Jewish b u t Alexandrian) see B G U 1 1 3 1 , 1 1 . 1 4 , 22. T h e question of the relations between Jewish a n d Hellenistic law is discussed above, p . 33. 1
3 . P e r h a p s vop.ov
rroXi\riKOV
or ' i o v o J c u / c o O .
5. Perhaps KOX rty olic\iav p.ov. I n marriage contracts of t h e Ptolemaic period the husband binds himself n o t t o dwell in a house over which his wife is n o t t h e mistress ( f c oi Kvpievoei); cf. M. Chr. 2 8 4 , 1 . 5 ; S P 2 , 1 . 2 1 . From one document w e m a y draw t h e conclusion that sometimes the dowry a n d the maintenance of the wife were secured upon t h e whole property of the husband, including the house, so that he w a s unable either t o sell it or t o assign it a s a surety for t h e p a y m e n t of taxes ( P . Tebt. 7 7 6 ) . rd TTpoarj\Kovra oi irapexei '• a standing clause i n Hellenistic marriage contracts; cf. S P 1, 11. 4 s q . ; S P 2 , 1 1 . 1 6 s q . ; M. Chr.
2 8 4 , 1 1 . 2 sq.
6. Perhaps e V / c A a e t re p.e 4K [rrjs o i V i ' a s p.ov. T h e obligation of the husband not t o drive his wife o u t of the house (eK^oAetv) is a usual clause in every marriage contract of t h e Ptolemaic period. 8. Jonathas and his wife were obviously inhabitants of Samareia, since the strategos w a s requested b y Helladote t o order t h e epistates of this village t o investigate t h e case. 9. 'A la fin, pdprvpas pourrait etre l u , quoique tres efface et douteux. L e m o t precedent n'est p a s p . 0 1 ' (Gueraud). 1 1 . Probably t h e usual end of a n enteuxis, e.g. T O U T O U yap yevop.evov [81a ae, fiaoiXev, T € w £ o / x a t T O V SlKOlOV.
Verso, 1. 3 . T h e restoration m a y b e nepl epvijs Kal eyy[vrjs. Helladote, evidently, requests from her husband the return of her dowry (cf., for e x a m p l e , P . O x y . 281) a n d t h e fulfilment of the obligations undertaken b y h i m t o support his wife. Another restoration m a y be eyy[aiwv, since a house is mentioned in t h e plaint. On the restoration eyy[vyoeu>s see note t o 1. 2.
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
239
N o . 129. A complaint concerning the theft of a mantle Alexandrou-Nesos (Fayum).
1 0 x 1 5 cm.
n t h May, 218 B.C.
P . Magd. 35 (Jouguet and Lefebvre in BCH x x v i i , 1903, 199 sq.).
Melanges
Nicole,
451 s q . ( T h .
Reinach). W . Chr. 56 (Wilcken). P . Lille ii. 35 (Lesquier). R o t h , 6. P . E n t . 30 (Gueraud). L I T . : W i l c k e n , Arch. 11 Vessillo
Israelitico
iii. 309; i v . 54 sq. L u m b r o s o , Arch.
i v . 3 1 7 . Juster, i. 454 n. 6; ii. 205 n. 4.
l x x , 1922, 1 1 4 . F u c h s , 59. T r a m o n t a n o , 28.
A charge brought b y a woman in Alexandrou-Nesos against a certain Dorotheos w h o h a d stolen her mantle. In circumstances not k n o w n to us the mantle was brought into the Jewish synagogue of the village and deposited there b y Nikomachos, the vaKopos (attendant) of the synagogue. T h e w o m a n requests the summoning of b o t h Dorotheos and Nikomachos before the judge in order to recover the stolen object. I t is not clear whether all the persons involved in this case were J e w s ; this is certain for Nikomachos, less certain for Dorotheos, and quite uncertain for the offended woman. T h e complaint is written in the usual form of an evrevgis known to us from other documents of Magdola (cf. N o . 128). T h e right half only of the papyrus is preserved, and all the endeavours of Reinach to restore the missing part h a v e failed, since his restoration was based on the false assumption t h a t the number of missing letters was nearly 50, whereas their real number does not exceed 32 (the length of the lacuna can be estab lished on the basis of 11. 9 and 1 1 ) . I h a v e resisted the temptation to restore the lost t e x t , every such a t t e m p t being rather arbitrary. T h e papyrus has been edited no less than five times; I quote the various readings of the editors under the letters J - L (Jouguet and Lefebvre), R (Reinach), W (Wilcken), L (Lesquier), and G (Gueraud). The main interest of the papyrus consists in the statement t h a t there was a syna gogue in Alexandrou-Nesos. a
[BaatXet
i7roAe/xaia>i
KOVflCU
TCO\V
iv
TTJL
AXe£dvSpov
vrjtrcoi.
dSi-
VTTO
[AcopoOiov
'Iovoatov
KOLTOIKOVVTOS
cos at irpoooSoi, [
€LV
x ^P
TT)V
Kcopvqv.
\[GL]VTT)V]\
TOV
yap
e (erovs)
f
<PapL€Vtb[6]
d Acopodeos
ptov ovv
]
TTJL
avvepidcoi
npoovo'ijcras
pov,
i/xdVioV piov
(Spaxpids)
[a£iov Si
] avTO
aladopLevtis
dit^ero e^tov.
piov /care[ T O lpl\dTLOV iv TT]l TTpOOeVXTJl
5
Saicov
TCOV
'IoV-
imXa-
[
]CO7TOVS.
£eXpus
67rt7ra/oaytVeTa[t] Se
Atj-
(eKaTOVTapovpos)
[
TO
t / x a j n o v NiKopidxcoi
TCOI
vaKopcoi
icos
Kpiaecos [
] Siopav
ovv
oov,
fiacnXev,
nrpo-
o r d £ c u Aiotf)dv€L [TCOL
GTpaTTjycoL ypdiftai KOL
NL-
TCOI
e V t J o r d T e t drrooTeiXai,
TOV
AcopoOcov
240
SECTION
V I : N O S . 129-130
io [/
avrov
ttx]ATTOI> en
ypd<j>a)
dXrjOrj,
[irravayKaaai
avrov
drroSovvai
p,oi T O lpi\driov
r) rrjv
Kal,
npL'qv,
idv
irepl
T)L d
8c
rrjs
paioiovpylas [
rovrov S t d ae,
yap
ye.vop.ivov,
€oroixa[t]
j3acriAe[t}],
[TOU St/catou rerevxvia], (Translation.)
€vr[v\x€i,.
T o K i n g P t o l e m y , g r e e t i n g f r o m . . . w h o l i v e s in A l e x a n d r o u
Nesos. I h a v e b e e n w r o n g e d b y D o r o t h e o s , (a J e w w h o l i v e s in t h e ) s a m e v i l l a g e . I n t h e 5 t h y e a r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i n a n c i a l c a l e n d a r , on P h a m e n o t h . . . (as I w a s t a l k i n g to) m y w o r k m a t e , m y c l o a k ( w h i c h is w o r t h . . . d r a c h m a i ) c a u g h t D o r o t h e o s ' e y e , a n d h e m a d e off w i t h i t . W h e n I s a w h i m (he fled) t o t h e J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e (holding) t h e c l o a k , (while I c a l l e d for h e l p ) . L e z e l m i s , a h o l d e r of ioo a r o u r a i , c a m e u p t o h e l p (and g a v e ) t h e c l o a k t o N i k o m a c h o s t h e s y n a g o g u e v e r g e r t o k e e p t i l l t h e c a s e w a s tried. T h e r e f o r e I b e g y o u , m y k i n g , t o c o m m a n d D i o p h a n e s t h e s t r a t e g o s (to w r i t e t o the) e p i s t a t e s t e l l i n g h i m t o order D o r o t h e o s a n d N i k o m a c h o s t o h a n d o v e r t h e c l o a k t o h i m , a n d , if w h a t I w r i t e is t r u e (to m a k e h i m g i v e m e t h e ) c l o a k or i t s v a l u e ; a s for t h e i n j u r y . . . . If t h i s h a p p e n s , I s h a l l h a v e r e c e i v e d j u s t i c e through you, m y king. Farewell.
1. T<SV G ; rcav KarotKovow]v R . Gudraud points o u t t h a t the designation of the domicile b y r&v iv instead of r&v eV or ru>v diro, is u n u s u a l ; y e t t h e restoration of R is t o o long and leaves n o space for the name of the petitioner. 2. Restored according t o t h e suggestion of W . [Acopodiov os Karoiicei rr)v a]vr^v][ L. \Aotpo9iov ajunjv]] G. a j u T i j v ] ] is cancelled. For u>s at irpoooSoi (the dating according t o t h e 'financial year') see t h e commentary of Gudraud a d l o c . ; cf. Wilcken, Grundz., p . l v i i ; Frank in Arch. x i . 39 s q q . 3. Restored b y W . On irpoovorjoas G. remarks as f o l l o w s : ' Trpoovorjoas ne signifie pas "s'&ant c o n certe" ( R ) , ni "il projeta" (L), mais "ayant surveilM du regard, a y a n t 6pi6, guett£".' 4. Restored b y L . Here t h e plaintiff m u s t h a v e fixed t h e value of her mantle, since in 1. n she demands 'the mantle or the value of it'. Cf. P . E n t . 83,11. 7 and 9 sq. 5. Various suggestions m a y b e made t o explain w h y Dorotheos entered t h e s y n a g o g u e : (1) if h e was a J e w h e could hope t o find friends in t h e synagogue w h o would help h i m t o conceal t h e stolen o b j e c t ; (2) if t h e theft came t o light before h e entered t h e synagogue i t m a y b e t h a t h e sought refuge in a holy place (there were synagogues in E g y p t enjoying the right of 'asylum', cf. OGIS 129); (3) if both Dorotheos and t h e injured w o m a n were J e w s , and if Dorotheos had a n y means of clearing h i m self of the charge, his intention w a s , perhaps, t o bring his case before t h e Jewish authorities sitting in the synagogue. I t is obvious t h a t the number of possible solutions m a y b e multiplied, w i t h n o hope of finding t h e correct one. 4—5. KaTe[vycv
6 AoipoBeos
R.
5-6. Gueraud suggests «nAa[/3o/x€Vij and ifioiov dvdp]cpirovs, cf. B G U 1007,1. 8. The last word is n o t c e r t a i n : ].irovs J - L , L . 6]\tyovs W. 6. Ar^fXpxs is a Thracian n a m e . I t is n o t clear w h y a Thracian appeared in a Jewish synagogue. H e was a rich military settler owning 100 arourai, a n d probably a powerful m a n i n t h e v i l l a g e ; his intervention p u t a n e n d t o t h e quarrel and t h e part played b y h i m was perhaps t h a t of a n arbiter (so L and G). W e h a v e instances in the papyri illustrating the great influence of rich settlers over t h e village p o p u l a t i o n ; t h e d o c u m e n t s mention quite arbitrary acts o n their part—as, for e x a m p l e ,
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
241
P . H a u n . 9 (third century. B.C.). I t m a y be that the intervention of Lezelmis w a s t h e reason for t h e mantle being left with N i k o m a c h o s ( W ) . 7. N i k o m a c h o s received t h e mantle i n order t o preserve i t ecos Kpiaecos. 'In dieser Beschrankung liegt doch, daB er nicht ein K o m p a g n o n des Diebes war [against J - L a n d R ] , sondern vielmehr eine Vertrauensperson' (W). Naxopos is a Doric form of vecoKopos. Reinach suggested that t h e plaintiff was a Greek w o m a n of Doric origin; y e t i t is likely t h a t her complaint, like all ivrevgcis of Magdola, w a s written b y a n experienced scribe: there is n o other w a y of explaining w h y all t h e evrevfas of Magdola are modelled upon t h e same pattern. Our w o m a n was n o more Doric than t h e Jewish guard Samoelis, w h o also used a Doric form i n his letter ( N o . 12, 1. 2). T h e Greek term vecoKopos is used here for t h e Hebrew hazzan QTn); t h e part played b y h i m in t h e synagogues of t h e Hellenistic-Roman period was n o t t h a t of a modern hazzan (cantor), b u t rather t h a t of a shamash (tPDW), i . e . caretaker a n d verger. F o r various meanings of hazzan in t h e T a l m u d see Jastrow, s . v . ]Tn"; S. Krauss, Syn. Altertiim., 121 s q q . ; Moore, Judaism, i. 289 s q . T h e Greek term vecoKopos, though taken from t h e pagan cult, w a s used b y Jewish authors (such as Josephus and Philo) i n reference t o t h e Jewish cult as w e l l ; see Lumbroso, Arch. i v . 317. lp.d]nov J - L . , L . ; ]8iov W . ; T O lpd]rtov G. 10. Nt,[KO^.a\ov
rov vaxopov
Kopl^ovra
T O lpi\drtov
L.
11. [irravayKaoai airovs KTX.] L . This restoration is hardly correct, since Nikomachos h a d t o appear before t h e court n o t a s t h e accused b u t a s a trustee, w i t h w h o m t h e mantle h a d been left. Cf. note t o 1. 7. 12. [Ato(f>dvT)V 8tayvd>vai cos av avrcot cuvT)rai\ OT the like (G).
N o . 130. Petition concerning crops Ibidn Argaiou ( F a y u m ) . P . Tebt. 793, Col. I I , F r a g m . I , recto I I .
183 B.C.
A fragment of a long p a p y r u s comprising numerous rrpoaayyeXfiara, i.e. applica tions directed t o officials and concerning matters of theft, injury, and the like. T h e fragment, the first 1 3 lines of which are lost, is v e r y b a d l y preserved. I t seems to be a complaint referring t o the crops of the years 20, 2 1 , and 22 of P t o l e m y V E p i p h a n e s , 12 artabai of which were handed over t o the scribe of the village of Ibidn A r g a i o u . A f t e r the resignation (or death) of the latter, the 1 2 artabai seem to h a v e been hidden (if this is the sense of iaKerrdudrj in 1. 27) somewhere, and the new scribe is approached b y the petitioners to deal w i t h the matter. W h a t part was p l a y e d b y the t w o J e w s (11.19-20) is not clear, b u t it seems t h a t t h e y were officials supervising the p a y m e n t of the annual q u o t a of corn, i.e. sitologoi (see note to 1. 20). A b o u t 13 lines l o s t . drrg..[...].[ imXoy.
] Tupdvtop .vros
gy KadrjKovrtps od aoi
T O V Ar)p,r\rplov
e S e t dvaXrjtf>dfjvaL rd
e/c r[o]y
rd
K (erovs)
.vf$p[. . ] • [ • • ] • 'V avrtot
vrroKeirai yevrjpara Kal rd
ravrrjs IK rov
rrypcov eypeperprjKe
els TO /C/J (eros)
K O L Utogi^loJi
ol S u o 'IovSaioi
(hv / c a [ t ] drreSodr) 'Ifiitbvos ...[...] B 2909
Apyalov
R
{'Iovoattpi} dprdfias,
7rp6(repov)
vrrep
ev o v v . . . [ . . ] . . .ypeX
ey
T>, a /cat
]OJVL
StoSe/ca
K (erei)
yrjs
(erovs)
(aprdfiais)
rcbi
.ov on
rrjs K\O\
&[
AaKXrjrndSrji iv rtbi
KaXyfi..
TO 6vop,a
rrjs
yrjs
Ktop.oypapp.arel rav[rr)s
242
SECTION
17. s of rfjs above t h e line. 21. Kojfio above the line.
(Translation.)
V I : N O S . 130-131
18. The sign for 28.
1.
ITOS
twice n o t certain.
Kcop-oypap-p-arelav.
( A p p e a l b y T i m a n o r a g a i n s t a w r o n g d o n e t o h i m in
that)
K a l y b . . . os t h e son of D e m e t r i o s , w h o s e n a m e y o u h a v e a l r e a d y , u n j u s t l y b l a m e s h i m b e c a u s e t h e t a x for t h e p r o d u c e of t h i s l a n d since t h e 20th a n d 2 1 s t y e a r s h o u l d h a v e b e e n r e c e i v e d , a m o u n t i n g t o 900 a r t a b a i of w h e a t , t h o u g h h e m e a s u r e d t h e m o u t t o P h . . . o n a n d S o s i b i o s , b o t h J e w s , (as t a x ) for t h e 22nd y e a r , 12 a r t a b a i of w h i c h . . . w a s p a i d t o A s k l e p i a d e s t h e f o r m e r scribe of I b i o n A r g a i o u in t h e 20th y e a r i n p a y m e n t for t h i s l a n d . T h i s w a s t a k e n t o
Ibion
A r g a i o u a n d h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e a s s i s t a n t of A s k l e p i a d e s t h e v i l l a g e scribe a n d H e r . . . t e s t h e chief official a n d T h e o p h a n e s a n d P s e n o b a s t i s t h e police officers. A f t e r he r e m o v e d t h e p r o d u c e w a s h i d d e n , a n d n o w t h a t y o u h a v e t a k e n o v e r t h e office of v i l l a g e scribe w e h a v e e n t r u s t e d y o u w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n .
We
s h o u l d therefore b e o b l i g e d if y o u w o u l d issue a n o r d e r a b o u t t h i s , so t h a t t h e k i n g shall n o t suffer a n y loss. F o r in t h i s w a y t h e k i n g ' s scribe a n d t h e o i k o n o m o s a n d Argeios the epimeletes will receive their p a y m e n t . W e h a v e g i v e n this letter t o H a r m a i s t h e s e c r e t a r y of t h e t o p a r c h y a b o u t t h e s e m a t t e r s , (to) H a r m a i s , o n t h e 1 4 t h T y b i in t h e 2 n d y e a r . 19 sqq. The crops mentioned in 1. 17 were 'measured out' els TO *CJ8 ( I T O S ) ; that means t h a t a fixed quantity of corn (in this case 12 artabai) was paid into the king's granary as a t a x on landed property, the expression els TO eros being a standing term for such p a y m e n t s (cf. a b o v e , p . 197). A s t o iyp.ep.erprjKc, t h e expressions p.ep.erpr)Ke or elap.ep.erpT]Ke would better correspond t o t h e usual formula, y e t €Kp.€rpiLv in t h e sense of delivering corn t o or from t h e granary is equally possible (cf. WB. s.v. eKp-erpeai). The expression vnep TTJS yrjs Tavrqs in 1. 22 m a y be likened t o the standing term vnep rov TOTTOV, used for p a y m e n t s of land-taxes in kind (see a b o v e , p . 197). The concern about t h e king's profits in 1. 30 m a y also serve a s an argument in favour of the supposition that the 12 artabai referred to in 1. 20 were part of the regular income of the government, due t o it from a certain landed estate. 19. < P [ i A i t m ' ] w v i would fit the lacuna. Cf. for the n a m e N o . 21. 20. The t w o J e w s , t o w h o m the 12 artabai were delivered, could not be private individuals (peasants, workers, or the like), since the corn received b y t h e m was 'measured out' a s a land-tax for a certain year (see note t o 19 sqq.). So w e m a y infer t h a t t h e y were government officials, whose d u t y it w a s t o
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
243
receive the corn delivered b y taxpayers t o the king's granaries. T h e most probable suggestion, there fore, is that t h e y were sitologoi (cf. a b o v e , p . 198). 21. T h e editors print irpoKa>p.oypap,p,aTeZ. Y e t t h e y themselves declare, t h a t 'neither irpoypap.p.a.Tevs nor TtpoK
N o . 131. A police-report F a y u m . i 4 ' 5 X 18-3 c m . P . Tebt. 730. S P 335 0 1 . 1-6).
n t h December, 178 or 8th December, 167 B . C .
A police report presented to the
ftaaiAiKos
ypapparevs and to the secretary of the
t o p a r c h y referring to an alleged murder which h a d occurred in the environs of an un named village. T h e m a n supposed to h a v e been murdered is called Theodotos, son of Dositheos. There is no evidence of his being a J e w ; y e t the coincidence of t w o theo phoric names (especially Dositheos) makes it probable. {"Erovs)
8 ABvp
'Oaoporjpet
s-.
jSa(criAt/ca)i)
yp(apLpLarei).
rrji
e rov
ivearcoros
pLr)(vds)
i<j>o-
8evcov[ X rd
rrepl
rr)v
\[acop,a
Kco(p,rjv)
7reSta efipov
S e /xe 6VJJ, rrvvddvop,ai
5 @€o8orov
Acocnddov
pLrjKir* irriarpiijjai.
i^eXOovra
cos irrl
' 0[aoporjp€L
rjcoi
eKyyoiv
aupa[ros
Kc6pLrj[s
ravra
r) avrrj.
rrpoaeridrj
84'
jSa(criAi/ca»i) yp(apLpLaret)
4. oatp.a he p^e ov enclosed in round brackets. (Translation.)
e/c rrjs
dvacpipco.
AvKocppovu rorroyp(apLpLar€i) X S e Kal
\[aipt,aros]\
S e rcov
yiypa(tj>a)\_
rrepl
rcov
avrcbv.
5. OJS above the line.
4 t h y e a r , H a t h y r 6. T o Osoroeris, r o y a l scribe. O n t h e 5 t h of
t h e p r e s e n t m o n t h w h e n p a t r o l l i n g t h e fields n e a r t h e v i l l a g e I f o u n d a n effusion of b l o o d (deleted:
b u t no b o d y ) , a n d I learn from the villagers t h a t T h e o d o t o s
son of D o s i t h e o s , h a v i n g set o u t in t h a t d i r e c t i o n , h a s n o t y e t r e t u r n e d . I m a k e this report. The
s a m e t o L y k o p h r o n t h e d i s t r i c t scribe. I n a d d i t i o n : T h a v e also w r i t t e n
t o Osoroeris, t h e r o y a l scribe, a b o u t t h e a b o v e m a t t e r . ' 1. 'The 4th year m a y refer either t o t h e reign of Philometor alone or t o his joint reign with Euergetes' (Edd.). 1-2. T h e n a m e of the same j5aaiAi/c<5? ypap.p.arevs, Osoroeris, occurs in P. Tebt. 6i(6), 1. 195 and 72 1 1 . 1 1 0 - 1 5 t o o . On the date of the latter passage see the note of the editors t o 11. 1-2.
SECTION
244
V I : N O . 132
N o . 132. Letter from Herodes to Onias Serapieion near Memphis.
21st September, 164 B.C.
P . Par. 63, I - V I I (ed. b y Brunet d e Presle, according t o Letronne). P . Petrie iii, p p . 15 s q q . (Mahaffy). U P Z n o . L I T . ( s e l e c t i o n ) : L u m b r o s o , Atti
Mdtrologie
etc., 1895, 253 s q q .
de R. Acad,
di Torino,
1869, 207 s q q .
Bouche-Leclercq, iii. 3 1 6 sqq.
R e v i l l o u t , Melanges
sur
la
T r a m o n t a n o , 27.
T h i s p a p y r u s contains three letters from the dioiketes Herodes to Onias (11. 1 - 1 9 ) , Dorion (11. 2 0 - 1 9 2 ) , a n d T h e o n (11. 1 9 3 - 2 1 3 ) . T h e first letter only is reprinted here on account of the name of Onias (Greek transliteration of the Hebrew V i l l i ) . T h e reading of this name w a s first established b y W i l c k e n in U P Z ; formerly it was read T h e o n . I t follows t h a t all previous editions of this v e r y important document, from the editio princeps in P . P a r . 6 3 on, as well as the extensive literature connected w i t h it, could never h a v e touched on the question of the national provenance of 'Theon' and h a v e , consequently, no direct bearing on C. P . J u d . T h e same m a y be said of the contents of the document, which deals w i t h questions of the administration of the realm, especially of the organization of agricultural work on the estates of the king. I h a v e therefore not quoted a b o v e the whole literature on this p a p y r u s . According to Wilcken, Onias was a high official of the government, perhaps the strategos of the Heliopolite nome.
eppcorai pkv fHaa[iAevs] TIroXepaios KalftaaiXevsTIroXepaios 6 doeAcj>ds K[OI] fiaalXcaaa KXeorrdrpa r) doeAtfrr) Kal rd reKva Kal rd irpdypar { a r } avrois e^ei Kara rporrov I S e *Hpcbior)s
5
9
Ovi[ai\
K O I av vyiyaivis 77 dv cos yopev.
eTnaroXfjs
10
ris
Kal raXXd
ftovXopeda, rrjs
ficbv ovv
viroKirai
OTTCOS
copyeiv
evpeaiv,
eKaara
4. Ttpayfiara
avrois
line.
19. 1.
(Translation.)
rcbv
irpaypd-
rr)v TraKal
pr\re
7rp[o]voye-
rcbv
prjoepiav
S ' eTrireXeadfji
( L e t r o n n e ) ; rtpayp.ara
5 . 1 . vyialvcis.
SiaXa-
arropov cf>pov-
ovva-
trap-
Kara
rov 9
iv rcbi TT€p9evri aoi Trap
iv* vyiyaivrjis,
M a h a f f y ) ; I = el
rois
prjdels Kara
impeXopevos eppcoao. ravrols
(erovs)
vrror)pcbv
S e Kal
aav-
s" Mea[op]r)
( L u m b r o s o ) ; •npayp.ara
6 . 1 . Kairoi.
et-
erravr]-
rcbv dhvvarovvrcov
VTTopuvrjpari rpoTrov. rov,
rov
eKreveiav
pr)re{y}
iariv,
VTroSioiKrjrrjv
KaXcbs Troirjaeis
TrepiaTrdrai
Xoyov
S ' [{C^Kavcbs rov
irrifiaXXei
aKeTrd^rjrai
SeSeiypievov
Kara
aoi ro dvriypacf>ov.
TrpoaeveyKapevos
pevcov
aoi
cos r) Trepl [r]cbv Kara
Koivrji rraaiv
rjdeis,
15
Kalrol
Acopicova
77736?
rcov KrjSopevois, aav
xaipeiv.
n . noi-qoeis'.
r
K8. avrois
(Witkowski,
c written a b o v e t h e
vyialveis.
Herodes to Onias greeting.
K i n g P t o l e m y is w e l l a n d k i n g
P t o l e m y his b r o t h e r a n d q u e e n K l e o p a t r a his sister a n d t h e i r c h i l d r e n , a n d t h e i r
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
245
affairs also are a s u s u a l ; if y o u also are in g o o d h e a l t h a n d all else is i n o r d e r w i t h y o u , i t w o u l d b e a s w e w i s h ; w e t o o are p r o g r e s s i n g w e l l e n o u g h . T h e c o p y of t h e l e t t e r a d d r e s s e d t o D o r i o n t h e h y p o d i o i k e t e s is s u b j o i n e d . U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e r e f o r e t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n for t h o s e e n g a g e d in s o w i n g t h e seed is a c o m m o n d u t y i n c u m b e n t o n all t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d in t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b e g o o d e n o u g h t o use e v e r y effort a n d t a k e e v e r y p r e c a u t i o n b o t h t h a t n o n e of t h o s e u n a b l e t o w o r k i n t h e fields b e i m p r e s s e d , a n d t h a t n o n e of t h o s e w h o are a b l e b e s h i e l d e d o n a n y p r e t e x t w h a t s o e v e r ; a n d f u r t h e r t h a t e v e r y t h i n g b e p e r f o r m e d in t h e m a n n e r l a i d d o w n in t h e m i n u t e s e n t t o y o u b y us. T a k e c a r e of y o u r s e l f t o k e e p in g o o d h e a l t h . F a r e w e l l . Y e a r 6, M e s o r e 24. 'Ov([ai W i l c k e n ; [0ea>]vt. L e t r o n n e ; [ . . . ] » { . ] Mahaffy. Wilcken gives t h e following account of h i s reading: 'bei meiner letzten Revision des Originals (1913) glaube ich n u n den N a m e n ' G V [ a i ] m i t ziemlicher Sicherheit hergestellt z u haben . . . . I c h s a h vor d e m v . . . deutlich die linke u n d untere R u n d u n g d e s Omikron, hinter d e m v ein deutliches J o t a . Mit Berucksichtigung der Raumverhaltnisse kann k a u m etwas anders als ' O w ' f a i ] erganzt werden . . .' W h o was this m a n ? T h e very polite tone used b y t h e dioiketes i n his letter t o Onias (sharply contrasting w i t h t h e bitter words used b y h i m i n t w o other letters) induced Wilcken t o suggest t h a t Onias w a s a State official of high rank, probably a strategos. It w a s further suggested b y Wilcken that Onias might h a v e been the strategos of t h e Heliopolite n o m e (the district n e x t t o Memphis), since t h e strategos of t h e Memphite n o m e itself (where the papyrus was found), mentioned t h e following year, was another m a n a n d n o t Onias. This suggestion m a y be a c c e p t a b l e ; b u t it seems t o m e that from t h e tone of t h e letter w e can draw conclusions more far-reaching t h a n those of Wilcken. I t is n o t merely p o l i t e ; t h e prescript of t h e letter, mentioning t h e health of t h e king, t h e king's brother, t h e queen, and t h e royal children, i s , according t o Wilcken himself, unique in t h e whole of t h e official correspondence k n o w n t o u s . I t is unlikely t h a t a letter w i t h such a prescript would b e addressed b y t h e dioiketes t o a m a n w h o was a mere s t r a t e g o s : there were m a n y strategoi in E g y p t , one in every n o m e , a n d from t h e dioiketes' point of v i e w t h e office w a s not of such great importance a s t o call for a quite unusual formula of greeting such as t h a t used i n this case. So w e m a y conclude that Onias w a s a member of t h e court, known personally t o t h e king, a n d , consequently, t o t h e dioiketes a s well. I t m a y be recalled o n this occa sion that t h e king in question w a s t h e well-known 'philo-Semite' P t o l e m y V I Philometor (cf. above, p p . 20 sq.). T h e name Onias, in connexion with the high rank of its bearer, leads naturally to t h e suppo sition t h a t the person in question was t h e high priest, t h e founder of the well-known 'Temple of Onias' in Leontopolis. This supposition would be even more likely could w e be certain t h a t the Onias of our document was really t h e strategos of Heliopolites, since Leontopolis w a s a village i n this district. H i s high position a t the court would fit in very well with the political r61e played b y t h e high priest Onias in E g y p t after t h e death of Philometor (Jos. c. Ap. 2. 50). Y e t t h e question is n o t so easily settled. T h e identification with t h e high priest would be certain if w e could identify t h e founder of the temple of Onias w i t h t h e high priest Onias I I I , a s w a s done once b y Wellhausen a n d Willrich. Y e t , according t o 2 Mace. 4. 34, Onias I I I w a s slain b y Andronikos in D a p h n e near Antiocheia (c. 170 B.C.), a n d this evidence is n o w c o m m o n l y accepted (see, however, S. Zeitlin, The Second Jewish
Commonwealth,
p p . 26 s q q . , a n d
S e e l i g m a n n , The Septuagint
Version
of Isaiah,
91 s q q . ) .
The
founder of the temple w a s , in all probability, Onias I V , t h e son of Onias I I I . Y e t Onias I V cannot be identified with t h e Onias of our p a p y r u s : according t o Josephus (ant. 12. 387), Onias I V left Palestine for E g y p t after t h e execution of Menelaos a n d t h e nomination of Alkimos t o t h e office of high priest, i.e. after 162 B.C., whereas our document was written in 164 B.C. On t h e other h a n d , it would be very strange were w e t o find in E g y p t at the same time t w o persons b o t h called Onias, b o t h o n good terms w i t h t h e king's court, a n d b o t h connected i n some w a y with Memphis or districts around Memphis. Such coincidences are far t o o unlikely t o be credible. T h u s t h e riddle seems t o be insoluble. I should, nevertheless, like t o venture a suggestion. W e m a y assume, perhaps, t h a t Josephus wrongly placed t h e flight of Onias I V a t a later date, whereas, as a matter of fact, it could h a v e happened before 164 B.C. (perhaps immediately after the assassination of Onias I I I a n d in connexion with it). This suggestion ought n o t t o b e rejected as a n arbitrary o n e , since Josephus'
246
SECTION
V I : N O S . 132-134
chronology concerning the whole of the period preceding the Maccabaean revolt is very confused and cannot be regarded as certain. Supposing Onias I V arrived in E g y p t before 164 B.C., n o reason can be put forward against his identification with the Onias of our papyrus. See o n Onias and his temple above, p p . 44 sq. 10. The expression i r a v r c ? 01 TCOV -rpayfidriov K7)o6(ievoi is too vague t o give a n y idea of what could have been t h e real office of Onias.
N o . 133. A complaint of assault Samareia(?) ( F a y u m ) . 15*5x8-5 c m . (fr. 2). 17th July, 153 B.C. or 15th July, 142 B.C. P . Tebt. 800 (two fragments). L I T . : B e m e k e r , Sondergerichtsbarkeit, 1935, 1 1 7 . Taubenschlag, i. 332 s q . A complaint sent to a village scribe b y a J e w whose pregnant wife has been injured b y another Jewess, Johanna. According to the editors, 'it is highly probable t h a t the scene was the village of Samareia, which was concerned in another piece from the same cartonnage'. Y e t the cartonnage in question contains documents from various places in the F a y u m besides Samareia (see the lists of numerous p a p y r i belonging to carton nage N o . 80 in P . T e b t . iii. 1 , p. x v and P . T e b t . iii. 2, p. x i x ) , so t h a t the suggestion of the editors cannot be regarded as certain. T h e p a p y r u s is v e r y b a d l y preserved, and the editors h a v e not printed 11. 6 - 2 5 , where only a few words are recognizable. T h e missing part of the papyrus evidently contained a detailed description of the assault; see for similar assaults on pregnant women P S I 167 and P . Mich. 228. KCopoy\papparei Tra\pd rov
Eafifiaralov
S e t v a *Iov]oaiov ].
rcbv
puadap-
vcbv e/c rrjs avrrj]s (erovs)
KYJ riavvi\
Kcbprjs. rfji
K,
ovros
pov... r e m a i n s of 17 lines 25
. . . VTTO] rcbv rrXrjycb[v] /cat r[o]y ros
oeivcbs
/ca/co7r[a]0etv
/cat KXivo7T[erovs Kivhvvevei 30
rraihlov
yeyo]vvlas
[ o ] e'^et ey
ei<\r\pcopa
peraXAd^ay
rxrcbpa-
r[o]v
y[a\prpl
•yt[vecr]0a[t jStov.
em-
StScOjLtt CTOt T O VTTOpVrjpa OTTCOS eneXOcbv els rov
rorrov
Kal e t .
S . . . 77171^ . [ . . . ] o . . 9 S t a / c e t j a t 35
dacpaXiadrJi rd
Kar
avpfirju,
1
r) ^Icodvva peXP
avrr)v
drrg^ijaat
a T 0 7 r [ o u ] rivos
Kal
r
°v pr)
rrpdypargs
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS yevopevov, 'Iwdvvav
4°
(erovs) (2nd h a n d )
huacpvyetv
PERIOD
247
rr)v
ddojiav.
KTJ TI\a\vvi
exoj(pcardr])
(Translation.)
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
Ka
IIav(vi)
Ke.
T o . . . , scribe of t h e v i l l a g e of . . . , f r o m S a b b a t a i o s son of . . . ,
a J e w , one of t h e h i r e d l a b o u r e r s of t h e s a m e v i l l a g e . O n P a y n i 20 in t h e 28th year, when I was . . . . I n c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e b l o w s a n d fall she is suffering s e v e r e l y ; she h a s h a d t o t a k e t o her b e d a n d h e r c h i l d is in d a n g e r of m i s c a r r i a g e a n d d e a t h . I p r e s e n t y o u t h i s p e t i t i o n in order t h a t , w h e n y o u h a v e v i s i t e d t h e s p o t a n d o b s e r v e d h e r (?) c o n d i t i o n , J o h a n n a m a y b e s e c u r e d u n t i l t h e result is a p p a r e n t a n d t h a t it m a y n o t h a p p e n t h a t J o h a n n a in case of a n y u n t o w a r d e v e n t g o scot-free. The
28th y e a r , P a y n i 2 1 . R e g i s t e r e d P a y n i 25.
2. [Hafiapelas
ira]pa Edd.
4-5. T h e restoration of these t w o lines is very difficult. KaroiKowrcov in l. 4 is impossible, since in this case an indirect complement in the dative (e.g. iv rrjt airrji Kiofnji) would b e required. T h e genitive i n l. 5 requires t h e supplement e V rijs avrij]s Ka>p.r)s, a n d then there is n o space for p.io-9ap[vovvrtov. Mio9apva>v (gen. plur. from p,t,oddpvr)s) would fit t h e lacuna. F o r l. 4 a suitable restoration could b e something like ipyat,op.ivcov KO\C. T h e ' p,io9ap[ ] ' in 1. 4 shows a t any rate t h a t the J e w belonged t o the class of hired workers in t h e village. 6. Restored b y m e in accordance w i t h 1. 40. 33-34. 'The subject of SiaKeirat was n o doubt the injured wife whose n a m e m a y h a v e stood earlier in t h e line a n d t o w h o m avrrjv in 1. 36 refers. A t t h e end of 1. 33 e t rj is possible, or perhaps ii\8d>v (cf. P . Tebt. 751, 10; B G U 1253, 13) avrrjv . . . OTTCOS could b e read, the participles t h e n being o u t of construction' (Edd.). 35 sqq. F o r punishments incurred b y persons guilty of assaults o n pregnant w o m e n see T a u b e n schlag, I.e. 40. T h e editors date our document 142 B.C. taking for granted that t h e 28th year belongs t o t h e reign of Euergetes I I . W h y n o t t o t h e reign of Philometor? W e h a v e seen (above p p . 202 sq.) t h a t documents of the second century, bearing the dates of the years 25 t o 36, can belong t o either of t h e t w o reigns. There is n o hint i n t h e papyrus as t o whose reign was m e a n t here, and t h e cartonnage N o . 80, t o which t h e papyrus belongs, contains various documents from t h e middle of t h e second century w i t h o u t a n y further specification of time. So t h e papyrus m a y b e ascribed t o either 153 or 142.
N o . 134. Land-survey at Arsinoe Arsinoe ( F a y u m ) . 27-5 x 29 c m . Late second century B.C. P. Tebt. 86 (11. 1 4 - 3 1 ) . L I T . : Juster, i. 428, n. 4. N e p p i Modona, Aeg. ii. 268. R o t h , p . 48. Schnebel, Landwirtschaft, 33
n
-
5> 34
Philologus,
n
-
2
>
2
1
0
n
*
S u p p l . 1 2 , 38.
2
'
Zucker, Beitrdge
z.
Kenntnis
B e r n e k e r , Prozesseinleitung,
d.
Gerichtsorganisation
in
Aegypten,
1930, 28 s q .
A part of the land-survey in the environs of Arsinoe-Krokodilopolis. See for similar surveys P . A c h m i m 6 (BIFAO Etudes de Pap.
x x x i , 1 9 3 1 , 57 sqq.) and on land-surveys in general cf.
ii. 9 1 . A Jewish synagogue on the outskirts of the town is mentioned.
T h i s synagogue, in all probability, was built in the reign of P t o l e m y I I I Euergetes and dedicated to the king, his wife, and his children, as we are told b y an inscription
248
SECTION
V I : N O S . 134-135
published b y Vogliano in Ann. d. Serv.xxxix, 692 (SB 8 9 3 9 ) . W e do not know whether this synagogue is identical with t h a t mentioned in Arsinoe in the R o m a n period (No. 4 3 2 ) : a metropolis like Arsinoe could h a v e h a d several synagogues. T h e area owned b y the synagogue was bordered on the south (and p a r t l y on the north) b y private estates, on the west (and p a r t l y on the north) b y the irtpioTams noXetos (a strip of land marking the boundary of the town), and on the east b y a canal called ApyalriSos oubpvg. W e cannot explain w h y it should stand on the outskirts of the town. I t m a y be t h a t the vicinity of the canal determined the choice of the place, a great consumption of water being, it seems, a characteristic feature in the e v e r y d a y life of the synagogues (cf. N o . 4 3 2 ) . T h e plot (or a part of it?) a t t a c h e d to the synagogue was called iepd irapdSeio-os; it amounted to c. 4 arourai and was leased to an E g y p t i a n peasant. A n o t h e r plot of 1 ^ arourai of garden land was also leased to the same person. 'A great m a n y figures in a minute hand h a v e at some later time been inserted in the margins and between the lines . . . . Their reference and meaning is often v e r y doubt ful' (Edd.). T h e y are omitted here, since t h e y h a v e , a t a n y rate, no reference to the synagogue. Col. [fio(ppa)
ixo(pevr)s)
*Eppi\6vqi
15
ArroXXtoviSov
vTroho(x€Lov)
(tov)
II Upas
(riraprov),
7rapa(Selaov), rr€piar€(ptovos)
iprj(pov) A'/r,
X€(paov)
erj.
7rpoa€v(x'fj),
yel(rov€s)
Xi(ftds)
vo(rov)
Arjpryrpiov
rrepiaraais
©pa(Kos)
7r6(Xctos),
x<E(paos),
amy) (Xitorov)
/?o(ppa) Apya(lrioos) Sitbpv(£).
(3o(ppa) Sid
[ejxipipzvys)]
pi(adtorov)
20
Upas
Trpoaevx^js
IJcTeaovxov
7rapa(o€iaov)
y€i(rov€s)
vo(rov)
rrepiaraais
rrjs
ixo(pevrj)
hid
IJeproXXov
Mapprjovs
y (rjpiav) a
Po(ppa)
'Iovoaitov
rov
(reraprov)
is"', [a]retf>d(vois)
Kal
Xaxd(vois)
(rjpiiav). 'Epp,i6vr)s
rrjs
7r6(X€tos),
ArroXXtovihov,
d7rr)(Xitbrov)
\<e\la^ai(vovaa)
At(j36?)
f$o(ppa)
Apya(inhos)
rrapd
rr)v
7r6(Xiv)
(
oiKitbv
Kal
Xi(^os)
oitbpv(£). axoi(vtov)
h
(rjp.iav) 25 Eaparritov
6 rrapd
iprj(p,tov)
rrjs
(rjpiav),
f3a(aiXiaar]s) iprj(p.ov)
Upd
a,
(rjpiiav).
[[
Col.
Ill
J
irj.
.[...].«•[ y€i(roves)
v d ( r o u ) rrpoaevxrjs
*Iovhaitov,
f$o(ppa)
[koI
Xi(j36s)
rrepiara(ais) rroXecos,
30 drrrj(Xitbrov) etos
Apyainhos
rrepiardaetos
Col.
II.
rr6(Xetos)
18. w e of w e p r o A A o u corr.(?).
(Translation.)
oitbpv(£). f$o(ppa).[ 25. o irapa TTJS j3a above <7*ceAiSa which is crossed through.
S i t u a t e d t o t h e n o r t h , a c o n s e c r a t e d g a r d e n t h e p r o p e r t y of
H e r m i o n e d a u g h t e r of A p o l l o n i d e s ( 5 ^ arourai). O f t h e s e , a q u a r t e r (of
an
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
aroura) o c c u p i e d b y a storehouse,
OF T H E PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
249
b y a n e m p t y d o v e c o t e , a n d 5 ^ are w a s t e
land. Neighbours: to the south, waste land belonging to Demetrios the T h r a c i a n ; to the north, a s y n a g o g u e ; t o t h e west the c i t y b o u n d a r y ; t o the east t h e canal of A r g a i t i s . Situated to the north, a Jewish
s y n a g o g u e represented b y Pertollos, a n d
a consecrated garden cultivated b y a tenant, Petesouchos
son of M a r r e s , of
3-^f a r o u r a i a n d i \ a r o u r a i p l a n t e d w i t h flowers a n d v e g e t a b l e s . N e i g h b o u r s : t o t h e s o u t h H e r m i o n e d a u g h t e r of A p o l l o n i d e s ; t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t t h e c i t y b o u n d a r y ; t o t h e e a s t t h e c a n a l of A r g a i t i s . S i t u a t e d t o t h e n o r t h , a n d n a r r o w i n g t o t h e w e s t o u t s i d e t h e c i t y for 4 ^ schoinia,
Sarapion, w h o holds
from t h e queen
1 a r o u r a of s a c r e d l a n d , of
w h i c h half is o c c u p i e d b y e m p t y h o u s e s , a n d half is u n o c c u p i e d . Col. I l l . . . Neighbours: to the south the Jewish synagogue; to the north and west t h e c i t y b o u n d a r y ; t o t h e e a s t t h e c a n a l of A r g a i t i s . N o r t h w a r d s a s f a r a s t h e city boundary . . . 16-17. According t o t h e editors, t h e land subject t o t h e survey 'lay t o t h e east of t h e city, t h e wherever it is mentioned being on the west side'. If this suggestion is right, the synagogue would have been situated outside the city. Y e t the document does not tell u s t h a t the -neploTaois was on the west side of the city, but only that it was on the west side of some estates registered in the survey, and w e cannot know whether these estates were a part of the t o w n area or were situated outside i t , If the first supposition is right, the nepCaraais lay to the west of the city, and the estates i n question (including the synagogue) were part of the t o w n area, t h o u g h touching its limit. 18. S t a riepTo^Xov. S i a w i t h genitive h a s t h e meaning of 'represented b y ' ; consequently Pertollos m a y h a v e been a member of the Jewish c o m m u n i t y i n Arsinoe, representing t h e synagogue before the authorities. The name i s not mentioned elsewhere; y e t it m a y be t h a t the reading is false. 20. Whether the term rrapdSeiaos should be applied to the landed property of the synagogue, or the estate in question was a part of the Upd yij leased b y the synagogue, is a question open to discussion. 'The application of the term lepd t o the land of the synagogue is remarkable. I t can hardly imply official recognition of t h e Jewish religious establishment' (Edd.). W h y n o t ? T h e Jewish religion w a s n o t forbidden in E g y p t , and the recognition of the sanctity of the synagogue territory is n o more striking a fact than the grant of davXta t o a synagogue (OGIS 129). B u t another of the editors' arguments seems to be decisive: t h e y refer to 1. 14, where the Upd rrapdheiaos is mentioned, t o o , n o t as a part of the synagogue estate, but a s a plot of land owned or leased b y a certain Hermione. I t m a y therefore be suggested that the whole place was part of a lepd yr}—'sacred land', or 'land of gods', divided into plots and leased t o various lessees. Cf. Neppi Modona, l.c. irepiaraais
N o . 13^7. A letter from Menon to Hermokrates Thebais. 1 0 x 1 1 - 5 c m . P . Grenf. i. 4 3 + i b i d . ii, p . 216. Witkowski, Epist. LIT.:
Woch.f.
Klass.
Phil.
1896,
1
priv. graecae ,
1140 ( W e s s e l y ) .
Theol.
Second c e n t u r y B.C. 58. W . Chr. 57. R o t h 7.
Literaturz.
1896,
522 ( S c h i i r e r ) .
REJ
x x x v i i . 219 (Th. Reinach). Willrich, Juden und Griechen, 152 s q . ; Mahaffy, Athenaeum, N o . 3527, 712 sq. Wilcken, Ant. 789 sq. N. Jahrb. 1908, ii. 160 (Scherling). Juster, ii. 67 n . 4 ; 299 n . 9. F u c h s , 59, 62. B e v a n , 112 n . 1. Taubenschlag, 351 n . 200. W o o d h e a d , Mnemosyne, series I V , vol. V , 1952, 103 s q . A private letter from Menon t o his brother Hermokrates. T h e latter authorized a J e w t o hand over a mare t o Menon, b u t the J e w did not carry out the order. T h i s is the only clear knowledge we can g e t from the papyrus, all other suggestions being mere guess-work. T h e papyrus on the whole is well preserved, b u t unfortunately t w o
250
SECTION
V I : N O S . 135-137
important verbs (in 11. 4 and 6) are missing, and just these words are necessary for a better understanding of the letter. Y e t even if we had them, the sense of the letter would naturally remain obscure, as would a n y private letter read b y outsiders. T h i s obscurity accounts for the superficial anti-Semitic interpretations which have been a t t a c h e d to this papyrus. F o r details see the notes.
5
10
Verso: ^p/xo/cpdVei. I . 1 . r a i l dSeA^ak.
(Translation.)
M e n o n t o his b r o t h e r H e r m o k r a t e s , g r e e t i n g . I h o p e y o u are
w e l l . I a m , a n d so are A p h r o d i s i a a n d o u r d a u g h t e r , a n d t h e s l a v e - g i r l a n d h e r d a u g h t e r . Y o u w r o t e t o s a y t h a t y o u h a d (sent?) m e t h e m a r e , a n d i t w o u l d b e (handed over?) b y a J e w whose name I do not know. I a m writing to say t h a t he did not g i v e m e the mare, nor the carriage w h i c h w e n t w i t h it. I s h o u l d b e o b l i g e d if y o u w o u l d b u y t w o s t a t e r s of p u r p l e d y e for m e a n d t w o for A p h r o d i s i a . 2. After eppaioai a saying like €117 dv
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF T H E PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
251
of iropela as 'cost of t h e transport', or 'travelling expenses', is nowhere attested, cf. Woodhead, op. cit., 94 sqq. N o w it is clear from €TTIO€8O>K6TOS that Menon was waiting for the mare and for some thing else in addition. A s nopeia cannot be interpreted in this w a y , I would venture t o suppose a slip of the pen o n the part of M e n o n : he probably wrote rr)v nopeiav instead of T O nopelov (for the meaning of iropeiov see WB, s.v., L S J , s.v.). The sentence would m e a n : 'he did not deliver t h e mare nor t h e carriage.' If m y suggestion is right, Menon was waiting for a mare and a carriage which were t o be sent t o him b y his brother, and t h e J e w in question was perhaps a coachman employed b y Hermo krates. W h a t happened t o him o n t h e w a y from Hermokrates' home t o Menon's w e cannot k n o w : the number of possibilities is unlimited.
N o . 136. Summons before a tribunal Herakleopolites. 7-2 x 14-5 c m . Aeg. xiii. 611 sqq. (Schafer). S B 7610.
12th August, 51 B.C.
A J e w , Alexander son of Isakis, was summoned to appear before a tribunal (prob a b l y of the strategos) a n d did not obey the order. W e do n o t know w h a t measures were taken against him, as the papyrus breaks u p before the end of the first sentence. For all the juridical questions connected with this document see the editor's c o m mentary.
(2nd hand) pcerayp( (1st hand) S t d rov
'IoaKios
eKKeKArjpievov
vrrd AXe^dvSpov BlatVOS,
pLLKev
rov
Kad* OX) K€KO-
fiaoiXiKa
[rrpoardypiara], rrjKora 10
A Kal a, ErTei t a .
rrpoyp(dpp,aros)
A\e£av8pov 5
i
) (erovs)
diro
per) drrrjvrrjs
[ye]vr)deLcrrjS avrdJL
(Translation.) (1st
(2nd h a n d ) T r a n s c r i p t . . . Y e a r 3 1 , E p e i p h n .
h a n d ) A l e x a n d e r s o n of I s a k i s , s u m m o n e d b y a p r o c l a m a t i o n b y A l e x
a n d e r s o n of B i o n t h r o u g h w h o m h e r e c e i v e d a r o y a l s u m m o n s , h a v i n g f a i l e d t o p r e s e n t himself a f t e r t h e . . . h e r e c e i v e d . . . . I. The editor gives various restorations: p.eTayp(a<jyrj), p.eTayp(deiv) or p.eTayp(a<pr)Ta>), and prefers the last. I I . The editor suggests the restorations: e V / c A i f a e w ? , irpooKXrjaecos, or napayyeXlas.
N o . 137. A Prostagma of the king and queen Probably Herakleopolites. 3 3 x 1 2 - 5 c m . Arch. viii. 214 (Kunkel). S B 7419. B G U 1730. S P 209. L I T . (selection): Kunkel, Arch. viii. 214. Heichelheim, Wirtschqftsgesch. Arch.
x i . 120 s q .
Leider, Der Handel
von Alexandr.
6th N o v e m b e r , 50 B.C. d. Altertutns,
541. W i l c k e n ,
17 s q . , 7 1 . B e r n e k e r , Sondergerichtsbarkeit,
1935,
55, 63. Taubenschlag, i. 8 n. 32. A prostagma of P t o l e m y X I I I and K l e o p a t r a V I I (so according to B G U 1 7 3 0 :
252
SECTION
in t h e editio princeps
V I : N O S . 137-138
the prostagma was referred t o P t o l e m y X I I A u l e t e s and K l e o
patra T r y p h a i n a , i.e. t o t h e y e a r 7 9 B . C . ) concerning some measures t o b e t a k e n as t o the b u y i n g a n d exporting of wheat. See t h e detailed c o m m e n t a r y of this prostagma b y K u n k e l , I.e., a n d the literature mentioned a b o v e . F o r the Ttpoordyparra in general cf. J . Modrzejewski, Journ.
Jur. Pap. v , 187 sqq. W e are interested only in t h e last
lines of the document, which h a v e no connexion with the contents of the edict itself: a c o p y of the prostagma w a s published ('hung out') somewhere in E g y p t (according to the editor—probably in the Herakleopolites)
b y a minor official, w h o bore t h e
Hebrew name Onias. T
17 (2nd hand) Qpos
rorroypapp,arevs
€Kre0€LKa
pevov
ivavrl[ov
ypap(parecos)
Trpoardyparos. (erovs)
(Translation.)
. . S t ' 'Oytov rov 7RPOE/c]/c€[t-
y
(Docketed)
Advp
.e.
I , H o r o s , d i s t r i c t scribe, a c t i n g t h r o u g h
Onias,
scribe, h a v e p o s t e d u p (this e d i c t ) o p p o s i t e t h e o n e p u b l i s h e d b e f o r e . Y e a r 3 , Hathyr (.) . 5
17. T h e official w h o ordered the publishing of the edict was a TonoypappaTevs and it is likely t h a t Onias, w h o carried out the order, was his secretary (ypap.p,a.Tevs). 18. T h e t e x t adopted here is that of Wilcken (Arch. x i . 120 sq.). The editor gives eKTedeixa ev dvri[ypa(f>ov rov 7rp]gKe[i.]p.evov irpoordypaTos. Wilcken points out t h a t the ev is incomprehensible. H i s o w n reading means t h a t the edict was 'hung out' opposite another edict published some time before the new one.
N o . 138. Resolution of a Jewish Association Provenance unknown, P . R y l . 590. LIT.:
n x 12 c m .
T a u b e n s c h l a g , Journ.
Jur.
Papyr.
T h e reign of K l e o p a t r a ? v i , 1952, 299.
P r e a u x , Chr.
aV £gypte,
N o . 5 5 , 1 9 5 3 , p . 158.
A b a d l y preserved p a p y r u s which on palaeographical grounds has t o b e attributed to t h e second half of t h e first century B . C I t seems t o refer t o a meeting of a awoSos in a -npoozvyji, and this makes it probable t h a t w e h a v e here a Jewish association, b u t the present state of t h e document does n o t allow us t o define either the nature of t h e (wvoBos or the contents of the resolution t a k e n b y it. One m i g h t perhaps think t h a t there is here (11. 1 0 , 13) some allusion t o a Jewish society which assisted the c o m m u n i t y in t h e burial of its members. I t is well k n o w n t h a t t h e Greek associations, although created for quite different purposes, displayed ever-increasing interest con cerning the burial of their members (cf. Gueraud, E n t . , introduction t o Nos. 2 0 - 2 1 , p. 5 3 ; P . Mich. 2 4 3 - 4 ) , and the same holds true also for the n a t i v e E g y p t i a n associa tions as attested b y D e m o t i c documents (cf. A . E . R . B o a k , TAP A lxviii, 1 9 3 7 , 2 1 8 ;
C Preaux, Revue internationale des droits de I'antiquite, i, 1948, 194). B u t all these documents derive from associations for w h o m arrangements for proper burial of their members constituted only one of their concerns, while here is mentioned, or so it seems from o-innai,d[oTov\ of 1. 1 3 (cf. also 1. 1 0 ) , some guild connected mainly w i t h burial (cf. t h e avw€Kpordoi of P . R y l . 5 7 4 which carries back t h e evidence for guilds of burial-workers t o the first century B . c . ) or w i t h some action preceding it. H a v e w e t o assume t h a t the needs of the Jewish c o m m u n i t y g a v e birth to a specific burial organization similar t o t h e priestly E g y p t i a n ones? N o t h i n g of this kind is
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF THE PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
253
known to h a v e existed amongst Jews during the Hellenistic age, and the T a l m u d i c evidence attests at most the activities of associations of a m u c h more general charac ter in Jerusalem in the years before the destruction of the T e m p l e (Tos. Meg. iv. 15, Semahoth xii, cf. Buchler, REJ x l v i , 1903, 76 sq.; Baron, SRH ii, 288 sq). L . Ginzberg, A Commentary on the Palestinian Talmud, ii. 5 5 , thinks t h a t the Jerusalem societies used only to comfort mourners, b u t had nothing to do with burying the dead. A passage like b. Mo'ed Q a t a n 27b, as well as the inscriptions bearing on this question, refers to too late an age to be of m u c h help to us. Therefore in v i e w of the condition of our document and the scanty comparative material it is safer to suspend j u d g e m e n t . 2
]. — e V t
ylejyrjOetcrrjs
TTJS
iv
gyyayajyfjs
vpoaevxrji
TTJL
[(TrpcoTOjv)] i\a>v K A L D[v(PA>pd)v)]
ArjfxrjTJplcoiTCOV
( ? ) K A L elaayyeXeoov r
KAL €
T
v
dpxVV" ]P { <*> ) [...]..[
]~KdfiaKos . . ]
5
]f[
].[.
[
.]ov
crvv
]PKO)S
TO
].PA(nos
€ . [ . ] . C t A A €jLt[. . . .]v
.][!€ S t / c a t . [ . . ]
KAL
TOt?
€V
10
€TO[S
.jet
€7TT.[
e.[.]CROV
TOV
.].t[
. . j c r e r a t [o]ts l
5
.]els lepo.[.
12 l e t t .
12
.].a7r[
[
ot)]S' [[tj]
7rppcr[7]K€L
TO]is" Aet[rou]^)[y
... ]
...TA<J)T\AGTCT>V
KAT[VOV
lett.
12 l e t t .
15
lett.
]rpy
7 lett. ]ta
TOV
DR)0€TAI
jLte[.]e
e/c
TTJS
lett.]
iv ayAcD[t 2 - 6 l e t t . ] AVVTAid[OTOV]
y]pa/x/xaTet
]crvvd8ov ].
]>
y . t A t . . .cot
]j>aXXt,OPICOV KA [2-5
IOOFXEVOV
. ,]/xat Ev8[.
]tou
K[OLVOV(7)
. .]re are[.].7rov[ ].o
t(?X°'[']VT(1S
]•$•]••[•••
KAJ*
,]IVOJV
a[vvo8ov
TTJV
auAAeAd^tarat
]eiv icf)' cStre eVed? [.]?
[
CR]vv68ov[ .]O)L
els
]KVOV
...[
TOL[S.].
.YPAP]FJ,AT€V9
dKoX[OVDOJS]
8eA.[ TOV[ £[
(Translation.) 1
. . . A t t h e session h e l d in t h e p r o s e u c h e
2
T o D e m e t r i o s of t h e first friends a n d t h e d o o r - k e e p e r s (?) a n d t h e ushers a n d
3
. . . of K a m a x . . . s e c r e t a r y . . .
t h e chief officials 4 5
to the association with . . .
and has been incorporated
7
on condition t h a t
8
association
9
. . . every year
10
. . .
12
future new
13 14 16
the times t h e c o r p o r a t i o n of . . . t a p h i a s t a i the syntaphiastes
. . . w h o m it concerns
to the secretary according the association
SECTION
254
V I : N O S . 138-140
1. For the phrase c m rrjs yevrjddcrqs awaycoyijs cf. for e x a m p l e , BSAA, x x x i i - x x x i i i (1938-9), p . 27. It is consonant w i t h the development of the Jewish prayer-houses, which gradually became the centres of communal life, t h a t t h e meeting took place in a irpooevxTJ (cf. Baron, op. cit. i i , p p . 285 sqq.). A s t o t h e connexion between pagan temples and o w o S o i cf. R o b e r t s - S k e a t - N o c k , HTR xxix,i936, 75 s q q . 2. ' A-qpvqr]pioji is only a guess and h e is n o t identifiable' ( E d d . ) . W a s h e a J e w ? T h e n a m e Demetrios is n o t unusual for Jews a n d w a s borne b y some important personages among E g y p t i a n J e w r y : for e x a m p l e , t h e historian Demetrios, w h o wrote a book about t h e ancient kings of Judaea (Schurer, iii. 472 s q q . ) ; a n d in R o m a n times D e m e t r i o s , an alabarch and one of the leaders of t h e Alexandrian c o m m u n i t y (ant. 20. 147). Demetrios, a s it would appear from his honorary titles, w a s a person of some standing in the Ptolemaic hierarchy. For -nputroi ^t'Aoi cf. Strack, Rhein. Mus., Iv, 1900, 161 s q q . ; K . Chrimes Atkinson, Aeg., x x x i i , 1952, 204 sqq. For rcov elaayyeXecov cf. Schubart, Klio xii, 1912, 3 7 1 ; U P Z , p p . 149, 471 n. 3. T h e dpxvrrripir-qs h a s till n o w only been known in connexion w i t h Hellenistic armies. Cf. L a u n e y , p . 364. I t is difficult t o define the part played here b y D e m e t rios^) and also w h y h i s n a m e occurs in t h e dative. 2
3. KdpaKos—which might also be read K d X X a K o s — i s taken b y the editors t o be a name. ypap.p.arevs—one of t h e commonest a m o n g t h e officials of the Greek associations of all kinds (cf. San Nicolo, Vereinwesen ii. 1, p p . 73 sqq.). 4. For the various meanings of ovvoSos cf. Poland, RE iv 1420 sqq. 5. avXXeXoxtarai means here t o be incorporated in t h e owob'os. 13. avvra<j>id[arov] occurs here for t h e first time. Cf. H . C. Youtie's treatment of various words denoting professions connected with burial in TAP A , Ixxi, 1940, 654. 15. 'For Upo.[, perhaps p.epo.[ should be read' ( E d d . ) . M.S.
N o . 139. Jewish dining-club at Apollinopolis Magna Apollinopolis Magna O.E. 368.
i s t century B.C.
A list of contributions to common feasts (rroaeis) to be held on the 15th and 16th of an unknown month. A m o n g those contributing there is a Jewish priest (1. 5 : 'Iwarj-ros Upevs) and a m a n bearing the H e b r e w n a m e of Ze6d'Cs (1. 4 ; cf. note ad l o c ) . I t is possible t h a t the designation o-ocf>6s (1. 3) stands for the H e b r e w DDn while
0rjpds
(1.8) m a y be either a Semitic or a Greek n a m e ; Tevi\os (1. 10) is one of the theophoric names often borne b y Jews. I t is probable, therefore, t h a t the ostrakon records a Jewish club.
rpirrj rroais \ ©ev£ov[. ..] | Avaipa^os ao[6s? | Ue6dis iva(ya>y6s) *Iojorj7ros Upev(s) e v [ (yivovrai) A | is rerdprrj rroais \ ©rjpas 100rovr.[ j 'IwarjTTOS i€pe(vs) [ | I O | Tev(/)iXos r [ | rd i7rio6p[a\ra] >as <j> \ ii
e[ J 5 J
(Translation.)
1 5 t h . T h i r d f e a s t : T h e u x ( ? ) . . . L y s i m a c h o s , a sage(?), S e p h -
t h a i s . . . J o s e p o s , a p r i e s t ; (total) 1,000. 1 6 t h . F o u r t h f e a s t : T h e m a s , J o s e p o s , a priest . . . T e u p h i l o s . . . , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s . . . . 1.
rroais (cf. rerdpr-q noms in 1. 7)—for club-feasts in E g y p t lasting several days cf. W e s t e r m a n n , x i x , 1932, 23. 2. ® € u £ o i > [ . . . ] Manteuffel; perhaps OCaaov? 3.2o(f>6s m a y be perhaps taken in t h e sense of DDI! (wise m a n , scholar), a very usual designation of J e w s learned in t h e L a w . 4.2e
JEA
ManteuffePs iva(ytoy6s) is u n a t t e s t e d ; one would think of the enaywyol (mentioned in an inscription of a n association of tax-farmers from K y z i k o s of t h e first century B . C . ) ; see Ziebarth, Vereinswesen, 1896, p. 24. 5. Jewish priests, though connected w i t h t h e temple-cult of Jerusalem only, are frequently men tioned in the D i a s p o r a ; cf. for E g y p t N o s . 120-1, CIJ 930,1514. I n the Diaspora, there were n o other
VARIOUS
DOCUMENTS
OF T H E PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
255
grounds for calling oneself 'priest' t h a n the desire t o stress descent from Aharon. Y e t i t m a y be that e v e n as early a s t h e Hellenistic period, priests had t o perform some functions in t h e synagogue. Cf. S. K r a u s s , Synag.
8. ©rjfias
Altertum.,
p p . 122, 168 s q q .
either deriving from t h e Semitic DSD, cf. W u t h n o w s.v., or from t h e Greek
Qadfias,
©cofias.
n - 1 2 . Manteuffel r e a d s : rd e m 86p.a, see, however, for im86p.araa.s contributions to c o m m o n dinners, or feasts, A t h e n . 364 F : 6vop.dt,ovoi 8' oi dpxo-toi Kal €m86oip.d riva Setnva direp AXe£av8pets Xeyovoiv i$ im8op.drcov. Cf. also P . O x y . iv. 705, 76; Syll. 1028, 15-17. My friend, Dr. Y . Brandt, points out the possibility that w e have here a c o m m o n Passover feast. T w o of the feasts of Passover in the Diaspora fall o n t h e 15th and t h e 16th of the m o n t h Nissan. A. F.
N o . 140 8th October, 49 B.C. O E 371 (Edfu). A list of names dated year 4, Phaophi 5, of an unknown reign. Manteuffel ascribes the ostrakon to the end of the Ptolemaic period. A great number of R o m a n names (Antonius, Quintus, Vibius, Gaius, Marcus, Decimus, Aurelius, Pompeius) points to the v e r y end of the period, i.e. to the reign of K l e o p a t r a V I . T h e list is preceded b y the word olvoSixicu, which can mean only 'distributions of wine'. Manteuffel assumed t h a t the persons in question were merchants of w i n e ; y e t R o m a n names would seem to allow other suggestions. T h e persons in the list were, probably, members of the R o m a n garrison, located in Alexandria in 55 B . C . b y Gabinius and known as 'Gabiniani milites' (Val.
M a x . 4. 1 . 1 5 ) ; t h e y remained in Alexandria till the arrival of Julius Caesar in
47 B . C . (cf. Bouche-Leclercq, ii. 1 6 4 ) . W e m a y suppose t h a t some members of this garrison were sent to E d f u in order to perform some military or administrative tasks. I n these tasks t h e y were assisted b y natives of Greek and E g y p t i a n origin. A n o t h e r suggestion would be t h a t the R o m a n s were members of the garrison (three cohorts) situated a t Elephantine and Syene (Str. x v i i , 8 1 9 - 2 0 ) ; in this case 'year 4' would b e the fourth y e a r of A u g u s t u s . A s to Jews, there are no t y p i c a l Jewish names in t h e list, but four of the names quoted below m a y , perhaps, be Hebrew.
(erovs)
e
8, 0aaxf)L
olvo8t)(tat Col. I.
Col. I I
I 15.
AoTKLS
AoTKLS
16. Zavvdts
Col. I l l 7.
AfSSrjXoS
8. Zavv(dts)
3. Evteis 23. ApbrjXos 15. Zavvdts AorKis. Perhaps derived from t h e Biblical B i b ; cf. Aor-qis in N o . 168. T h e name does not occur elsewhere (the reading AarKiop in P . R y l . 604,1. 30, is probably a slip of pen for 8a.Krv\ltp, cf. Y o u t i e , TAPA
83, 105).
Perhaps rPTI, or N n . The name was very popular in the Talmudic period: cf. Jastrow, s . v . ; Sefer ha-Yishuv, i. 1, Inde x, 194 (Hebrew). v,
Evicts.
Zavvdcs.
Cf. Eawaios
"Ap8 Xo . v
S
in N o . 3.
or V l C i n y is a Biblical n a m e ; cf. Jer. 36. 26; 1 Chr. 5. 15.
256
SECTION
V I : N O . 141
N o . 141. A letter from Herakles to Ptolemy First half of the first century B.C. P I F A O 104 (unpublished). T h i s p a p y r u s w a s first deciphered b y Mr. Beare. I express m y thanks to Monsieur J . Schwartz to w h o m we owe our knowledge of the papyrus. His reading is given here. Mr. C H . Roberts, w h o saw the photostat, was kind enough to send to me his v a l u a b l e remarks; his readings are marked with R . T h e state of preservation of the p a p y r u s is bad, and the reading v e r y difficult. Practically the only clear thing in this t a n t a lizing private letter is the statement in 11. 8 - 9 : olSas ydp ton j8SeAvo-<(cr>ovTCH
'IovSalovs.
Unfortunately, the identity of the people who are said to 'loathe the Jews', a n d whether the writer and the addressee were Jews themselves, cannot be ascertained. Since, according to Mr. Roberts, the p a p y r u s belongs to the first half of the first century B . C . , it would seem to be the first known example of anti-Semitic feeling in the daily life of Hellenistic E g y p t . T h e letter seems to deal with one matter o n l y ; its nature, however, is difficult even to guess at.
'HpaKXfjs Kal
TlToXepalcoL
k'ppcoaTai.
lepecos
r)pcbTr)aa
TOV
TT)S
[.. .]ov
r
ev
ols
edv
UpTCplhcopOS
TOV
lepea
Kal
yap
COTL
]./ca[ (Translation.)
KaTaA.
ypdiftai
rov
OVTCOL
ipcorcb
eijL
Kal
ae
TTOLCOV
TTpOS
otSa?
darrd^ov Tpvcovav
]
TO[
[O]VTCO
.ariv.
'Iovhalovs.
^ErrLpevrjv
]
VTtep
r i
OVTCOL
KCL[L]
iv
^tAaycuy^cov
/3oeXva(a)ovTaL
. [ . . . . ] . jfiav
a
x lp
MipcpL
iarlv.
avT[toL.~\
xp )^ ) • £ [ • • • ] • • $[...]
XcOLTTOLS'
ayv
[. . .] iv
/C[.].[.]TT€.
COTL
ov KaraaKt$r\a€.Tai.
COTTCOS
10
ihto
rrXiaTa
-]'K7)T[.]
^ITTTT
Te^Tvveps
eViCTTpAtStv tva 5
rjv[.
impiXov
H e r a k l e s t o P t o l e m a i o s . . . m a n y g r e e t i n g s a n d w i s h e s of g o o d
h e a l t h . I h a v e a s k e d H i p p a l o s ( ? ) in M e m p h i s a b o u t t h e p r i e s t of T e b t y n i s . W r i t e t o h i m a l e t t e r in order t h a t I m a y k n o w w h a t is t h e m a t t e r . I a s k y o u t h a t , so t h a t h e (?) w i l l n o t b e d e t a i n e d . M a n a g e . . . in w h a t h e m a y n e e d . Y o u k n o w that t h e y loathe the Jews. Greet . . . and E p i m e n e and T r y p h o n a . . . t a k e care . . . 1. ?jv[. . ] . K I J T [ . ] . Roberts suspects a patronymic. 2. ripdiT-qaa KTX. R . ; h e suggests 'Imra[Xo]v.—vrtkp rov either 'about the priest' (though vrtip in this sense would be unusual), or 'on behalf o f . 3. / f [ a ] l [ e f ] 7 r e p (?), Schwartz thinks of [ K ] C U [ e ] w « ' ( ? ) . 4. I n t h e sense of 'what is t h e position w i t h regard t o ' (?). 5.1. KaraoxnOyoerai. (Schwartz), i.e. t o be 'held u p ' , 'delayed', 'detained': either T O rrpa.yp.a or t h e man.—1. x^pay^>YV —perhaps x P Y<*>Y l [9VT\° some such sense as 'manage h i m ' or 'cope with him'. 6.1. i v o t s e d v xpiji^t—'in w h a t might be necessary'(P). 'The letter after XPV^V might b e a 8 (cf. the 8 of fiSeXvoovrcu); if so r6]nov... §[ovs] would be possible.' R . a0V
ei
a
1 aov
V
m
1
7. Xayiirois
1. Xoiirots
R.—Apr€p.l8copos
8[e 7ro]Ae/xoi(?)
R.
9-10. ' Y o u know t h a t t h e y loathe t h e Jews.' W h o are t h e Jew-haters? A s i t does not seem t o b e probable that a Jewish priest would b e called simply Upevs rrjs Tefirweos (for t h e E g y p t i a n priests of T e b t y n i s cf., for e x a m p l e , P . H a u n . 10), it might b e supposed that t h e priest is a n E g y p t i a n and that it is h e (and his like, perhaps also the mysterious Artemidoros in 11. 7-8) w h o are k n o w n t o hate the J e w s . I n this case it would seem that the writer (the nature of whose dealings w i t h the priest is obscure) a n d t h e addressee—who, i t seems, was expected b y Herakles t o help h i m in his dealings with the priest—were J e w s . If this be correct, the sense of 11.8-9 could perhaps b e : w h e n dealing w i t h the priest remember t h a t t h e y hate (us) J e w s . A.F.
INDEXES
INDEX T O THE PROLEGOMENA Aaron, personal n a m e , 83, 84. A b a h u , R a b b i , Palestinian A m o r a , visited Alex andria (4th century), 106.
J u d a e u s , 53; R o m a n prefect of E g y p t and renegade from J u d a i s m , 75, 78, 79. AXe^avhpels, group of Alexandrian citizens, 41
A b d a i o s , Hebrew period, 27.
n. 102, 62, 70 n. 45. Alexandria, officially
personal
name,
Hellenistic
Egypt,
Abiel, Hebrew personal n a m e , Hellenistic period, 27. A b i e t e s , Hebrew persona n a m e , Hellenistic period, 27. A b r a h a m , personal n a m e , 83, 84. A b r a h a m , patriarch, 76 n. 57. A b r a m o s , J e w i s h leader of t w o communities in Leontopolis and elsewhere, 7 n. 21. Abusir el-meleq, papyri from, important source for Jewish life in Alexandria, early R o m a n period, 48. A c t s of the Alexandrian Martyrs, 65 n. 36, 86; Acta
Isidori,
69-70; Acta
Pauli
converted
Jewish
physician
near
— Arabian conquest of, 100 n. 19. — beating w i t h blades in, 41. — business and administrative centre, 36. — citizens of, true Hellenes as viewed b y the R o m a n s , 59; n e w citizens created b y P t o l e m y V I I I in, 23 n. 58. — civic rights, 39-41; see also civic rights. — corn the principal trade in R o m a n t i m e s , 49. — cultural centre, 36-37. — Cyrene, v o y a g e from Alexandria t o , 105.
Antonini,
— Greek language, spread of, 30. — Greeks from, anti-Semitism of, 25; see antiSemitism.
(4th
century),
— Greeks and J e w s in, under P t o l e m y V I I I ,
t o Christianity, 99 n. 15, n o
n.
59adaptation of personal n a m e s , 28 n. 70. Agathokles, Greek personal n a m e , 29 n. 71. 'agoranomical' contracts, 33. agoranomos, government official, 33. agriculture, 15-16. Agrippa I, Jewish k i n g : 'a Syrian in origin', 5 n. 1 3 ; loan b y Philo's brother Alexander t o , 49; and the Jewish question, 65-66,71; attacked b y the anti-Semites, 72; leaves R o m e for J u d a e a , 72. dyatyt/ios, deprivation-clause imposed o n 'Per sians of the Epigone', 51 n. 10. 'alabarch', aXafidpxqs, term applied to Alex ander, brother of Philo J u d a e u s , 49 n. 4, 53 n. 13. Alexander, personal n a m e , no Hebrew equivalent k n o w n for, 29. Alexander, Alexandrian banker, brother of Philo J u d a e u s , 53, 67, 7 5 ; loan to king Agrippa I b y , 49; term 'alabarch' applied b y Josephus t o , 49 n. 4. Alexander the Great: Jewish emigration from Palestine hardly started under, 1 - 2 ; and J e w s in Alexandria, 3, 14-15. — e p o n y m o u s priest of, 17. Alexander, Jannai, king of the
Alexandria
et
88-89. Adamantios,
called
61.
Hasmonaeans,
n
3 - 6, 24. Alexander, Jewish vine-dresser, 16. Alexander, Tiberius Julius, n e p h e w
of
Philo
23-25— — — —
Hebrew personal names in, use of, 84. hellenization centred in, 36-37. J e w i s h artisans in, 16, 50. Jewish c o m m u n i t y a t : account of, 9-10; called politeuma in Letter of Aristeas, 6, 9. — J e w i s h ethnarch (official), 10, 32 n. 84; post abolished b y A u g u s t u s , 57 and n. 22. — J e w i s h leaders in, 9-10. — J e w i s h notary's office (dpx^iov) in, 10 and n. 27. — Jewish revolt in, 88; the main place where J e w s are known t o h a v e survived after, 93. — Jewish settlements in, 3 and n. 7, 40 n. 101, 62, 69-72, 70 n. 45. — J e w i s h principal synagogue in 8, destruction °f> 87, 93 and n. 87. — J e w i s h tribunals of, 32, 34. — J e w s in, see under Alexandrian J e w s . — J e w s and civic rights in, 39-41, 57 n. 5 1 ; n o t mentioned in the edict of Claudius, 72; Philo's v i e w s o n , 78. — J e w s expelled from, 99; re-established, 100. — J e w s and Greeks in, under P t o l e m y
VIII,
23-25— J e w s and n o n - J e w s in, disturbances b e t w e e n (A.D. 415), 98-99. — library of, 37. — R o m e and the P t o l e m i e s , m a n y reasons for opposing, 55-56. — synagogues, scattered all over the t o w n , 6, 8.
26o
INDEX
TO THE
Alexandrian citizens, various groups of, 41 n. 102. — Greeks: anti-Semitic m o v e m e n t fostered b y , 64; Caligula's support of, 65; Claudius did n o t favour, 7 2 ; embassy t o R o m e , 67, 7 1 ; a n d t h e Jewish question, 64-65; a n d t h e laographia, 64; P t o l e m y V I I I ' s treatment of, 23. — J e w s , arms smuggled i n t o t h e Jewish quarter b y , 68. Augustus a n d , 56, 62-63. Caligula opposes, 65. civic rights, see under civic rights. Claudius' edict in favour of, 56, 57 n. 22, 71-73cultural intercourse between Talmudic authorities of Palestine and Alexandrian J e w r y , B y z a n t i n e period, 106-8. economic opportunities made t h e most of, 49. education of, 37-40. and E g y p t i a n s , officially regarded a s E g y p t i a n s , early R o m a n period, 61. the epheboi, m o v e m e n t t o exclude t h e m from joining, 64-65. expulsion from Alexandria, 99; re-estab lishment, 100. fluminis custodia,
53 n. 14.
foreigners, 23 n . 58, 66, 74. — — Greek personal n a m e s of, 84. Greek life a n d t h o u g h t , influence of, 37. Greeks, quarrels w i t h (A.D. 70-115), 85-87. Hebrew personal n a m e s of, 84. Hellenistic l a w a n d family business a n d life, 34-36. and J e w s in t h e E g y p t i a n chora a n d in Palestine, 68. Kleopatra said to h a v e been deserted b y , in favour of Octavianus, 55 n. 19. laographia, liability t o p a y , 82. legal s t a t u s , necessity of proving, 62. life in Alexandria differed from that else where in E g y p t , 43. literary output (2nd century B.C.), 41-43. maritime trade, 105. moneylending, 48, 105. Palestine, influence o n , 47, 67. persecution of, 21-23. pogrom of A.D. 38: Philo o n , 48, 57 n. 22; its accomplishment and first results, 66-74. p o v e r t y , evidence of t h e papyri concern ing, 50-51P t o l e m y V I I I a n d , 23-25. punishment o f : Ptolemaic period, 4 1 ; early R o m a n period, 66. regarded as foreigners b y t h e prefect Flac cus and b y t h e Emperor Claudius, 23 n. 58, 66, 74.
PROLEGOMENA revolt of A.D. 41, 74-78; of A.D. 66-70, 7 8 85; of A.D. 1 1 5 - 1 7 , 86-93. R o m e , e m b a s s y t o , 67, 69, 7 1 . segregation not complete, B y z a n t i n e period, 109. settlement i n Alexandria, 3 a n d n. 7, 40 n. 101, 62, 69-72. shipowners, B y z a n t i n e period, 105. sources of information, early Roman period, 48. tributary, 100 n . 19, 103 n. 31. wealth of, 48, 105. — literature: a rich source of information, 1 ; influence of Palestine o n , 47; minor products of, important evidence for Jewish life i n early R o m a n period, 48. Alexandrians: anti-Semitism of, 43; Hadrian's description of, 49 n . 7. Alexandros, Greek personal n a m e , 29 n . 7 1 . Alexandrou-Nesos, t h e F a y u m : synagogue a t , 8; Jewish c o m m u n i t y a t , 9. Alkimos, see Eliaqim. allegorical interpretation of the Bible, 76-77. allegorists, extreme, 77 a n d n. 61. allotment of land t o soldiers, 13, 15. Ambrosius, 97 n. 8. A m m o n , a n E g y p t i a n g o d , Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. 'Amr ibn al-'As, Arab conqueror of E g y p t , treaty concerning t h e J e w s (A.D. 641), 100 n. 19. Ananias, Hebrew personal n a m e , Hellenistic period, 27. A n a n i a s , conversion t o Christianity (7th cen t u r y ) , n o n . 59. Ananias, general of Kleopatra I I I , 24, 46. Anastasios, emperor, 99 n. 16. dvaxooprjois (running a w a y ) , 44 n . 112, 104 n. 34. anchorites of t h e Thebaid, 107. Andreias, see Loukuas-Andreias. Andron, n a m e of a member of the Jewish gerousia in Alexandria, 57 n. 22. Anikhah, head of t h e Kneseth (in O x y r h y n c h o s ?), 101. annona, R o m a n imperial, 49, 49 n. 6. dvoaioi (impious), applied t o J e w s , 89, 90, 96. avriKardaTaais,
73 n. 47.
Antinoopolis: Jewish dyer from, B y z a n t i n e period, 106; Hebrew inscription from, 108 a n d n. 50. Antiochenes, ambiguous use of t h e term, 62 n. 29. Antiochos I I I , Seleucid k i n g : conquest of Pales tine (198 B.C.), 2; and rights of Jews in Jerusa lem t o live according t o their ancestral laws, 7, 7 n. 1 9 ; E g y p t i a n war against, 12.
INDEX
TO
THE
Antiochos IV Epiphanes, Seleucid k i n g : conquest of E g y p t , 20; effect of his persecution of Jewish religion, 26; Jerusalem renamed Antiocheia after h i m , 26; Jason of Cyrene and, 47 n. 121. Antipatros, personal n a m e , n o Hebrew equiva lent k n o w n for, 29. a n t i - S e m i t e s : and the obligation of J e w s to p a y poll-tax, 63; attack on king Agrippa, 72. anti-Semitism, 24-25,41 n. 105,43,55; fostered b y Alexandrian Greeks, 64; growth of anti-semitic Christian literature, 96-97. A p a m e a , Syria, 4th-century inscription from, 102 n. 27. dirapxai, 81. Aphrodisia, n a m e of European J e w e s s , 29 n. 72. Aphroditopolis, g y m n a s i u m in, 38 n. 98. A p i o n , E g y p t i a n anti-Semitic leader, 62, 63 n. 31, 64, 65 n. 36, 67, 71. A p i o n , F l a v i u s , rich landowner near Oxyrhyn chos, 105. Apiones, t h e , family of, 105-6. diroiKia,
TrapoiKia (galulh),
74 n. 49.
Apollinopolis-Heptakomias, Upper E g y p t , 88,89. Apollinopolis Magna, see E d f u . Apollo, the Greek g o d , Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. Apol(lodotos?), see J o n a t h a n . Apol(lonios ?), see J o n a t h a n . Apollonios, E g y p t i a n minister, 26; his estate in Philadelpheia, 44. Apollonios, strategos of the district of Apollino polis-Heptakomias, evidence concerning the Jewish revolt (A.D. I 15-17), 88, 89. apologetic t e n d e n c y : of Josephus, 2, 12, 62; of Jewish Alexandrian literature, 41 n. 105. a p o s t a s y , 37; voluntary, B y z a n t i n e period, n o . A p p i a n , on the Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 87. Aquila, R o m a n prefect, 57 n. 22. A r a b archers (Apafiorogorai), in E g y p t , 17 n. 47. — conquest of E g y p t , 100 n. 19. — policemen in E g y p t , 17 n. 47. •— quarters in Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. -— traders in perfumes, precious stones, and gold, 11 n. 30. dpa^dpx-qs,
49 n. 4-
Arabs, use of g y m n a s i a b y , 38 n. 98. Aramaic l a n g u a g e : c o m m o n t o Syrians and J e w s in E g y p t , 5 ; confusion w i t h Hebrew, 5 ; its widespread use, 30; not the national language of the J e w s , 30, 43, nor of the H o l y Scriptures, 3 1 ; superseded b y Hebrew in the 5th century A.D., 102. — papyri from E l e p h a n t i n e : attest Jewish immi gration into E g y p t , 1 ; Jewish garrisons settled in frontier fortresses, 12, 12 n. 32.
PROLEGOMENA
261
— proper n a m e s , uses of, 4-5, 84. ftpat/i
(policeman), 17 n. 47.
Arcadius, emperor, 105. archons (dpxovres), Jewish officials of Thebais in Arsinoe, 10. A r i a n s : supported b y the J e w s against t h e Christian Church, 97-98; struggle of the Catho lic Church against, 98. A r i s t e a s : and Jewish immigration into E g y p t , 1 ; and Jewish prisoners taken into E g y p t , 2, 1 2 ; and Jewish c o m m u n i t y of Alexandria (poli teuma), 6, 9; numbers of J e w s in E g y p t , 4; and gerousia at Alexandria, 9, 9 n. 24; story of the translation of the L X X , 32 n. 83; literary value of his Letter, 37; date of his writings, 37; description of a s y m p o s i u m , 37; the evidence of a tendency t o bring Judaism and Hellenism together, 42; proclaimed that Greeks and J e w s worshipped the same g o d , 42; his admiration for the Greek Torah, 42-43, 7 7 ; profound ad miration and reverence for the temple in Jerusalem, 45; account of Palestine and Jeru salem, 45 n. 1 1 6 ; account of the t e m p l e , 45 n. 1 1 5 ; no s y m p a t h y with the H a s m o n a e a n s , 47; Philo's policy directly in line w i t h the ideas of, 67. Aristoboulos, Greek personal n a m e , 29 n. 71. Aristoboulos, Jewish philosopher: alleged 'teacher' (SiSdoKaXos) of P t o l e m y V I Philo metor, 20; a follower of the school of Aristotle 37a r m y : E g y p t i a n , 1 2 - 1 6 ; Galatian, 1 3 ; Jewish, 1 1 - 1 5 , 34; R o m a n , 52; Seleucid, 1 1 . Arsinoe, personal n a m e , n o Hebrew equivalent k n o w n for, 29. Arsinoe, archons (dpxovres), Jewish officials of Thebais in, 10. —fiscus Judaicus, t h e , papyri concerning, 80. — Jewish traders or artisans in, in R o m a n times, 54-
#
— national quarters in, 5 n. 14. — Jewish c o m m u n i t y in, in R o m a n t i m e s , 6. — ovvrd£ip.ov (laographia and some other t a x e s ) , a m o u n t of, 81-82. Artapanos, Jewish writer: date of his writings, 37; attributed to Moses the foundation of pagan cults in E g y p t , 42. artisans (rexvtrai), J e w i s h : in E g y p t , 16-17, 43» 50, 52; collegia of, in Alexandria, 16, 50; in Arsinoe in R o m a n times, 54. dpxetov (Jewish notary's office), in Alexandria and Hierapolis, 10, 10 n. 27, 33. dpx^epevs, *} n. 18. dpx
262
INDEX
TO T H E PROLEGOMENA
doTot, group of Alexandrian citizens, 41 n . 102. a s y l u m , right of, granted t o some synagogues b y Ptolemaic kings, 8. Athanasios, bishop of Alexandria, 97, 98. 'atheism', Jewish, 89-90.
business, Jewish a n d other military settlers e n gaged in, 16, 16 n. 42. Bithynian quarters in Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. B y z a n t i n e Period (A.D. 337-641/2), 98-111.
A t h e n e , t h e Greek goddess, Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. Athenian citizenship: granted t o Samians, 40 n. 101; laws, 41 and n. 103. Athribis (Nile D e l t a ) : and t h e Jewish revolt, 88; synagogue a t , 8. — Jewish landowners in n o m e of, 53. Athronges, shepherd, self-styled Jewish 'king', 90 n. 82. droKos (loans without interest), between Jews and others, 35-36. A u g u s t u s , emperor: a n d t h e Alexandrian J e w s , 56; and civic rights of, 56. — census introduced b y , 58. — and t h e Jewish a r m y i n E g y p t , 52-53. — Jewish ethnarch, post of in Alexandria, abolished b y , 57. — and t h e Jewish question, 64-65. •— poll-tax introduced into E g y p t b y , 60. Aurelia—Habiba, instance of complementary n a m e s , 28 n. 70.
Caesar, J u l i u s : his debts, 51 n. 10; a t t e m p t to re-establish Kleopatra V I I o n t h e throne, 55; a n d t h e Jews in E g y p t , 56; charter of liberty granted t o Alexandria b y Augustus wrongly attributed b y Josephus t o , 56 n . 20.
Aurelii,
100.
Azakiel—Heras, instance n a m e s , 28 n. 70. A z o v , Sea of, 95.
of
complementary
Babylonia, loans without interest i n , 36 n . 94. banks and bankers, n n . 29, 16, 54 n. 16. baptism of J e w s , forcible, 103. B a r - K o c h b a , Jewish Messiah (A.D. 132), 91. Bar Zakharias, see Samuel. baraitha,
30 n . 77.
barbarians, Greeks, a n d J e w s , 75, 76 n . 54. Barbillos, head of Greek delegation from Alex andria, 72. Barichius, R o m a n soldier, possibly a J e w , 52 n. 12. fiaoiXiKol yeajpyol ('king's peasants'), Jewish, 15-16. 'battle' (fidxr}), between J e w s a n d R o m a n s , 88. Berenike, Cyrene, Jewish c o m m u n i t y of, called •noXlrevfia, beth ha-Kneseth
6, 92 n. 85. ( s y n a g o g u e ) , 102.
Bible, prohibits lending m o n e y a t interest t o a Jew, 35. Biblical c o m m a n d m e n t s , 102,109; proper n a m e s , 83-85, 109. blades, beating w i t h , in Alexandria, 41. Boiotian iroXlrevfia, 6 n. 16. /JouAiJ-papyrus, so called, 64.
Caligula, Gaius, emperor, 57 n. 22, 62, 64, 6 7 ; on Jews and E g y p t i a n s , 63; his support of t h e Alexandrian Greeks against t h e J e w s , 65; assassination of, 69. capitalists (-nopioTaC), Jewish, and t h e pogrom of A.D. 38, 48. Caracalla, Constitutio
Antoniniana,
100.
Carthage, 68 n . 42. Catilina, 51 n . 10. Cato, t h e censor, 48 n. 3. cavalry, t h e most aristocratic part of t h e E g y p tian army, 12-13. c e n s u s : introduced b y Augustus, 58; effect of, in Judaea (A.D. 7), 68. centurio, Jewish, in t h e R o m a n army, 52. 'cession, deeds o f (ovyypaal dnooTaoiov), 33. 'charge of t h e river' (iroTap.ovXaKia), 53 n. 14. 'charter of liberty' granted t o Alexandrian J e w s b y Augustus, 56. Chios, 7 n. 20. chora, J e w s i n : Ptolemaic period, 17, 1 9 ; early R o m a n period, 52-55, 6 1 ; beginning of later R o m a n period, 94; Byzantine period, 105. social and intellectual level lower than that of Alexandria, 43. — E g y p t i a n , 39, 68. — Greek-speaking population of, 59. Christian Church, effect of i t s antagonism o n the free development of t h e Jewish people, 96-98. — personal n a m e s , unrestricted use of b y Euro pean J e w s in t h e 19th century, 27 n. 67. Christianity, conversion t o , 99. Christians, u s e of t h e same Hebrew forms o f n a m e s as the B y z a n t i n e J e w s , 109 n. 54. Chrysostom, J o h n , 97 n . 8, 109 n. 56. 'civic laws' (TTOXCTIKOI vopoc), 33. civic r i g h t s : connexion between g y m n a s i u m edu cation and, 29 n. 99, 4 1 ; bestowed b y the coun cil a n d t h e demos,
40.
A l e x a n d r i a n : granted t o strangers, 23 n. 58, 40; n o important rights or privileges associated w i t h in Ptolemaic times, 4 1 ; more a question of pride than material benefit, 4 1 ; of great importance in R o m a n times, 41, 61 sq.
INDEX civic rights
(contd.)
of Alexandrian J e w s : Augustus a n d , 56; Josephus a n d , 56, 62-63; effect o n Jewish literature of t h e struggle for, early R o m a n period, 62-64; n o t mentioned in t h e Edict of Claudius, 7 2 ; author of 3 Mace, o n , 75 n . 5 1 ; Philo's views o n , 78. civil service: R o m a n government preferred Greeks to Jews in E g y p t , 52-53; renegade J e w s in, 53. Claudius, emperor: proclaimed emperor, 69; h i s character, 7 1 ; proclaimed a philo-Semite b y modern scholars, 7 3 ; this view contested, 73— and Alexandrian J e w s , 7 1 - 7 4 ; t w o Jewish delegations appear before h i m , 73. — Edict of, settling the Jewish question in Alex andria (A.D. 41), 3 n . 7, 40 n . 101, 56, 57 n . 22, 62, 69-72, 70 n. 45; the question of its authenti c i t y , 70 n. 45. — J e w s expelled from t h e g y m n a s i a b y , 38. — J e w s in Alexandria regarded as foreigners b y , 23 n. 58, 66, 74; rights of, probably discussed b y Philo before h i m , 78. — and t h e Jewish question in Alexandria, 72. — Letter of, displayed publicly in E g y p t o n 10 N o v e m b e r , A.D. 41, 69, 73, 97 n . 8; t h e Letter and t h e Edict compared, 70 n . 45. cleruchies (/cA^pou^t'at), E g y p t i a n a r m y settle m e n t s , 13. clubs in Alexandria, 66; persecution of, 23 n . 58. Coele-Syria, Helkias killed in, 24. collegia,
104.
commercial relations between E g y p t a n d Pales tine, 2. communities, Jewish, 6, 9. in Alexandria, account of, 9 - 1 0 ; persecu tion of, 23 n. 58. complementary personal n a m e s , 28 n . 70. Constantine, 9 7 ; death of (A.D. 337), marks a convenient date of division between t h e R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e periods, 94. Constantinople: grain shipped t o , b y Alexandrian J e w s (A.D. 390), 105; E g y p t i a n opposition t o the government i n , 107. Constitutio
Antoniniana
263
TO T H E PROLEGOMENA
of Caracalla, 100.
Coptic Church, organization of, 107. — writing, use of, 107. corn, 58, 105; principal trade in Alexandria in R o m a n times, 49, 50. corn-dealers, Jewish, in Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, referred t o b y Philo, 50. Cornelius Gallus, C , R o m a n prefect, 48 n. 1. 'Court of Ten', Greek, 33. courtiers, Jewish, in E g y p t , 17. cultural segregation of E g y p t i a n Jewry, B y z a n tine period, causes of, 107-9.
Cyrene: Jews in, and t h e Jewish revolt (A.D. 1 1 5 17), 86, 90 n. 8 1 , 9 1 - 9 2 ; from Alexandria t o , 105. haveiarai, t h e role of, in Athenian sea-trade, 48 n. 3. D a p h n a i , Lower E g y p t : pre-Hellenistic J e w i s h settlement i n , 3 ; military garrison founded in b y king Psammetichos, 12 n. 33. D a v i d , proper n a m e , 83, 84. D e a d Sea Scrolls, 107 n. 48. decuriones,
104.
d e m e s ( S ^ o t ) and tribes, Alexandrian citizens enlisted i n , 14 n. 38, 41 n. 102, 62 n. 29. Demetrios, Jewish historian, 32, 37. demos, the, and t h e bestowal of civic rights, 40. D e m o s t h e n e s , a n d t h e role of t h e oaveiaral in Athenian sea-trade, 48 n. 3. denarii duo Judaeorum, official name of the J e w ish t a x , 81. d e t a c h m e n t s , of infantry in t h e Ptolemaic a r m y , 12-13. Siaypdnnara,
33.
diaspora, v i e w of the author of the Third B o o k of Maccabees o n , 74. didrachmon, ordered t o be paid b y t h e J e w s t o Jupiter Capitolinus, 80. 8Ucua, term used for J e w s ' rights b y Philo, 63. SiKaicopara, 83 n. 68; term used for J e w s ' rights b y Philo, 63. D i o Cassius, o n t h e Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 86, 90. D i o d o t o s , n a m e of an E g y p t i a n banker, 54. D i o n y s i a , Jewess, her inheritance, 5 1 . D i o n y s i o s , Alexandrian anti-Semite, 65. D i o n y s o s , t h e Greek god, Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. divorce, deed of, in Alexandria, 34. Djizya, poll-tax paid b y non-Muslims in E g y p t 103 n. 31. D o m i t i a n , a n d t h e jiscus
Judaicus,
80, 81.
D o m n u s , Jewish physician (5th century), living in Alexandria, 99 n. 16. donkey-driver, Jewish, early B y z a n t i n e period 104. Dositheos, became in a sense a Jewish n a m e , 29. Dositheos, name of a member of t h e g y m n a s i u m in Iasos, 39 n . 99. Dositheos (son of Drimylos), e p o n y m o u s priest of Alexander a n d of t h e deified Ptolemies (222 B.C.), 1 7 ; his apostasy, 37. Dositheos and his s o n P t o l e m y , and t h e B o o k of Esther ('The Letter of Purim'), 46 n . 119. Dositheos, E g y p t i a n banker, 54 n. 16. D o s i t h e o s , Jewish general in E g y p t , 20, 21. D o s i t h e o s — S t o e t i s , instance of c o m p l e m e n t a r y n a m e s , 28 n. 70.
264
INDEX
dyer, Jewish, period, 106.
from
Antinoopolis,
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
Byzantine
early R o m a n period (30 B . C . - A . D . 117), 48-93. E a s t e r n provinces, R o m a n , 58. economic conditions of life of J e w s in E g y p t under t h e P t o l e m i e s , 10-19; early R o m a n period, 48-55; B y z a n t i n e period, 104-6. E d f u (Apollinopolis M a g n a ) : ostraka from, con cerning Fiscus Judaicus 80; Hebrew proper n a m e s used i n , 84; J e w s i n , 53-54; assimilated t o E g y p t i a n s , 94. education: of Alexandrian J e w s , 37-40; prohibited in Greek educational institutions, 38. — Greek, pre-eminence of, 75. E g y p t : Arab conquest of, 100 n. 1 9 ; A r a b police m e n i n , 17 n. 47. — commercial relations b e t w e e n Palestine a n d , 2. — Greeks and non-Greeks i n , 59. — i m m i g r a t i o n : from Palestine, 1 - 3 ; from Syria, 2, 4, 5— g h e t t o , see under g h e t t o . — J e w s i n , see under Jewish and J e w s . — Persian conquest of (525 B.C.), 12 n. 32; Per sians in, 103 n. 30. — poll-tax (Djizya) paid b y non-Muslims, 103 n. 31. — R o m a n conquest of inaugurated a n e w epoch, 48. legions maintain law and order i n , 52. — slave trade b e t w e e n Palestine a n d , 2. E g y p t i a n bankers, early R o m a n period, 54 n. 16. — chora,
see under
chora.
— culture, effect o n Greeks and J e w s , 43. — J e w s and Hellenistic law after A . D . 70, 83; almost wholly exterminated (A.D. 117), 92-93. — l a n g u a g e : used b y J e w i s h villagers, 44; re generation of, 107. — nationalism, rise of, B y z a n t i n e period, 107. — officials, & c , in Palestine, 2-3. — policemen, 17 n. 47. — poll-tax, see laographia. — proper n a m e s , 43, 84, 94. — Sambathions, 95-96. — troops, arrogant and seditious after t h e w a r on Antiochos I I I (217 B.C.), 12. E g y p t i a n s , and t h e g y m n a s i a , 38. — and J e w s compared after t h e imposition of laographia,
63-64.
— under the R o m a n s , 48. edviKov (national designation), 15 n. 40. iK6piov (ground rent), 15. elders, Jewish {gerousia): in Alexandria, 9, 9 n. 24; superseded t h e Jewish ethnarch, 57 and n. 22; seize Jewish sicarii, 79. Eleazar, proper n a m e , 84.
Eleazaros, prayer of, 74 n. 49. Elephantine, Aramaic language used i n , 30. — g y m n a s i u m i n , 38 n. 98. — J e w i s h garrison in frontier fortresses attested b y Aramaic papyri from, 12 and n. 32. — Jewish immigration into E g y p t attested b y Aramaic papyri from, 1, 3. — military garrison founded b y K i n g P s a m m e t i c h o s , 12 n. 33. E l i a q i m — A l k i m o s , instance of sound-assimila tion, 28 n. 69. Eliezer b e n Josi, private letter from mentioned, 109 n. 52. e m i g r a t i o n : from Palestine t o E g y p t , 1 - 3 ; from Syria t o E g y p t , 2 ; of Onias I V t o E g y p t , 2, 20-21. ivdrjKai ('deposit'), 48 n. 2. cvrevgis, 33. ephebeion, erected in Jerusalem, 26, 38. epheboi, 38; divisions of, 39 n. 99; registrations of m e m b e r s , 59 n. 24, 61 n. 27; m o v e m e n t t o e x clude J e w s from joining, 64-65, 74; origin of their families recorded, 59, 61 n. 27. Epigone (imyovrj), younger-generation E g y p t i a n soldiers, 13, 51 a n d n. 10. imaraT-qs rcov v\aKircov, Jewish police chief in Athribis, Lower E g y p t , 17 and n. 46. Eques, R o m a n , 53. Esidora, n a m e of European J e w e s s , 29 n. 72. Esidorus, n a m e of European J e w , 29 n. 72. Esther, B o o k of, 46 n. 119, 47 and n. 120. ethnarch, J e w i s h : official in Alexandria, 10, 32 n. 84; post abolished b y A u g u s t u s , 57 and n. 22, 71 n. 45. eucheion (eixelov), term for synagogue in E g y p t , 8. Euergetes I I , see P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I . E u o d o s , n a m e of a member of the Jewish gerousia in Alexandria, 57 n. 22. E u p h r o s y n e , see Johanna. Euripides, imitated b y Ezekiel, 37. E u s e b i o s : a n d t h e Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 86, 90, 92 n. 86; a n d Hadrian's reconstruction of Alexandria, 87. E u t y c h e s , see Gad. exhedra, additional building attached t o a syna g o g u e , 8. E z e c h i a s , Jewish high priest, Hekataios' story of in E g y p t , q u o t e d b y Josephus, 7, 7 n. 18. Ezekiel, Jewish d r a m a t i s t : date of his writings, 37; a n imitator of Euripides, 37. Ezra, t h e first of t h e so-called scribes (soferim), 27; said t o h a v e established the Great A s s e m b l y (ha-Kneseth
ha-gedolah),
r,yovp.evoi., 'elders' of period, 102 n. 28.
102.
the
Hellenistic-Roman
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
265
farmers, J e w i s h : in Apollinopolis Magna (Edfu), 53; in Alexandria in early R o m a n period, re ferred t o b y Philo, 50.
5 ; d e v e l o p m e n t of, 5-6, 82-83; beginnings of (early R o m a n period), 6 1 ; g h e t t o in Alexandria established in A.D. 38, 73.
'Fathers', n a m e s of, 84. F a y u m , t h e : Greek proper n a m e s a m o n g J e w s preponderate over Hebrew n a m e s in the Helle nistic period, 27-28.
'God's murderers' (deoKrovoi), 96. government officials in E g y p t , supplant t a x col lectors, early R o m a n period, 52.
— Hellenistic law used b y Jewish soldiers and military settlers in, 34.
ypap.parevs (secretary), Jewish, in E g y p t , 17. Great A s s e m b l y , Hebrew ha-Kneseth ha-gedolah, 102.
— J e w i s h potters in a 'Syrian village' in, 17.
Greek business m e n and J e w s in partnership, 49.
— J e w i s h revolt and, 88; Karanis, only one J e w recorded in, in A.D. 117, 94.
— convictions, and the J e w s , 26. — c u s t o m s , and the J e w s , 25-26. — deities and deified kings, festivals in honour of in Alexandria, 37.
— Jewish rural population in, 15. — Jewish settlements in, 3, 8, 9, 34. — Jewish soldiers in, 13, 34. — Magdola, Syrian village in, 4 n. 12. — Samareia, village in, 5 n. 12. — synagogues at Krokodilopolis-Arsinoe Alexandrou N e s o s , 8, 9.
and
fiscus Judaicus (Jewish t a x ) , 60; foundation of, 80; economic burden of, 81-82; political and social significance of, 82-85; all J e w s liable t o p a y , 82; regarded as more degrading than lao graphia, 82; did n o t affect fundamental prin ciples of R o m a n policy towards J e w s , 83. Flaccus, R o m a n prefect, and Alexandrian antiSemites, 65-66, 74.
— education, pre-eminence of, 75. — l a n g u a g e : and the J e w s , 25-26; substitution of, for Hebrew, 30-32; continued t o be used in B y z a n t i n e E g y p t , 109 n. 58. — military settlers, engaged in business, 16 n. 42. — opinions, and the J e w s , 26. — personal n a m e s adopted b y J e w s in E g y p t during the Hellenistic period, 27-29. —polis,
59.
— quarters in Memphis and Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. — theophoric n a m e s , 29. Greeks and J e w s : fierce hatred and conflicts b e t w e e n , 23, 25, 47, 55, 89; Philo on similarity of, 63.
— and J e w s in Alexandria, 23 n. 58, 35, 66, 67, 74; orders a search for arms in the J e w i s h quarter of Alexandria, 68 n. 42.
— and non-Greeks in E g y p t , 59; distinction be t w e e n , 59.
— and the 'mother-land' problem, 75. fluminis custodia, entrusted t o J e w s , 52 n. 12,
— and R o m a n s in E g y p t , 48, 58-59; co-operate over imposition of laographia, 64.
53 n. 14. flute-player, at Samareia, 17. F u s t a t (Misr), principal t o w n of E g y p t in the A r a b period, 101 n. 25.
— in Psenyris, 9. — , J e w s , and barbarians, 75, 76 n. 54. — , — , and Macedonians in E g y p t , 20-21.
Gabinius, R o m a n general, a t t e m p t t o re-estab lish P t o l e m y X I I I Auletes on the throne (55 B.C.), 55. G a d — E u t y c h e s , instance of n a m e translation, 28 n. 69. Gaius, see Caligula. Galatian soldiers in E g y p t , 13. galuth
(irapoLKia,
diroiKia),
74 n.
49.
g a m e s , Jewish devotion t o , 109 n. 56. Gaza, commercial role of, n n. 30. Gelasios, see Isaak. gerousia (Jewish elders), at Alexandria, 9,9 n. 24, 57 n. 22, 79. yetopyol (Jewish p e a s a n t s ) : in t h e P t o l e m a i c period, 15, 1 6 ; in Alexandria in the early R o m a n period, referred t o b y Philo, 50; in the B y z a n t i n e period, 105. ycupyol
p.iada>i (field hands), 16.
g h e t t o : no g h e t t o s in E g y p t (Ptolemaic period),
— under the Ptolemies in E g y p t , 20. — under P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I in A l e x andria, 23-25. Gregorios, nominated bishop of Alexandria, 98. ground rent (iK6pi.ov), 15. guard, J e w i s h , early B y z a n t i n e period, 104. 'guardian' (xvpios), m a n representing a w o m a n in t h e Greek courts, 34-35. g y m n a s i a , 23 n. 58, 26, 38 n. 98, 38-39. gymnasiarchoi,
73.
g y m n a s i u m , erected in Jerusalem, 26, 38. — education, 39 n. 99, 41, 59. g y m n a s t i c contests, & c . : erroneously stated t o be abhorred b y J e w s , 39 n. 99; J e w s forbidden t o participate in, 73; Philo a n d , 76. H a b i b a , see Aurelia. H a d r i a n : description of the Alexandrians in t h e early R o m a n period, 49 n. 7; reconstruction after d a m a g e caused b y the J e w i s h revolt, 87 and n. 79; trial of J e w s and Greeks before, 88.
266
INDEX
TO T H E PROLEGOMENA
Haggai ('born o n a holiday'), Hebrew personal name used during t h e Hellenistic period, 27, 29 n. 73. ha-Kneseth
ha-gedolah
(Great A s s e m b l y ) ,
102.
H a m a n , anti-Semitic minister in t h e book of E s t h e r , termed a Macedonian, 24, 47. H a n a n 'the E g y p t i a n ' , R a b b i , born in Alexandria, 106. Hanukkah, n e w feast inaugurated b y t h e Has m o n a e a n s , 46. ha-qahcd
ha-qadosh
(holy congregation),
102.
H a s m o n a e a n s , t h e : Jewish s t a t e of, 2-3, 46, 6 7 ; Alexander Jannai, king of, 3 n . 6, 24; writers like Aristeas h a d n o s y m p a t h y w i t h , 47. hazzan
(neokoros),
official
of
a
synagogue,
in
Alexandria, 10. Hebrew l a n g u a g e : confusion w i t h Aramaic, 5 ; m a y h a v e been used b y E g y p t i a n J e w s in t h e Persian period, 30; substitution of Greek for, 30-32; made obsolete b y translation of t h e T o r a h i n t o Greek, 3 1 , 44; official tongue i n fifth-century E g y p t i a n c o m m u n i t i e s , 1 0 1 - 2 ; change of language caused a change in ter minology, 102; revival of, B y z a n t i n e period, 107-8. — personal n a m e s , 27, 29-30, 84, 92 n . 85, 94. H e k a t a i o s , story of a Jewish high priest (Ezechias) in E g y p t (quoted b y Josephus), 7, 7 n. 18. Heliopolis, nome of, 17, 21. Helkias, personal n a m e , 84. Helkias, general of Kleopatra I I I , 17, 17 n . 45,
Hermoupolis, Jewish quarters mentioned i n , 2nd century A.D., 94. — nome of, 4 n. 1 2 ; and t h e Jewish revolt, 88. Herod, king, h i s pro-Hellenic a n d p r o - R o m a n policy, 67-68. H e r o d o t o s , h i s evidence o n military garrisons in E g y p t , 12, 12 n. 33. Heroonopolis, revolt i n , 48 n . 1. Hezekiah, Hebrew personal name used during the Hellenistic period, 27. Hezekias, 'brigand' (guerilla-fighter), 90 n . 82. Hierapolis, Jewish notary's office (dpxeTov) i n , 10, 10 n. 27. Hierax, supporter of bishop Kyrillos, 98. H i e r o n y m o s , a n d Hadrian's reconstruction of Alexandria, 87. 'Highest God' (deos Hillel, 30 n . 77.
VI}/I.OTOS),
95.
hipparchies, divisions of t h e E g y p t i a n cavalry, 12-13. holy congregation, Hebrew ha-qahal ha-qadosh,io2. — precincts ( r e / x e V i j ) , 90 n. 81. H o l y Scriptures, effect of translation into Greek, 31-32. hostel, use of synagogue a s , 8, 8 n. 22. 'house of prayer' (evxelov), for J e w s from Thebais in R o m a n times a t Krokodilopolis-Arsinoe, 8. H y p a i p a (near Sardeis), group of y o u n g J e w s called 'IovoaToi
vewrepoi
i n , 39 n . 99.
H y r k a n o s , J o h n , H a s m o n a e a n king, 3 n . 6. deoKTovoi ('God's murderers'), 96.
24, 46; killed in Coele-Syria, 24. Hellenism, Torah principal link between Judaism and, 77.
deos vt/iioros
Hellenistic a n d Jewish l a w , 32-36. Hellenistic-Roman l a w , u s e of b y B y z a n t i n e J e w s , 109.
Iasos, n a m e s of members of t h e g y m n a s i u m i n ,
hellenization and tradition of E g y p t i a n J e w r y , 25-47H e r a , t h e Greek goddess, Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. Herakleopolis, g y m n a s i a in, 38 n. 98. — nome of, 1 7 ; Jewish landowners i n , 5 3 ; a n d the Jewish revolt, 88. Herakles, t h e Greek hero, Jewish name derived from, 29. Heraklios, emperor: persecution of J e w s in Syria and Palestine (7th century), 100; compulsory conversion of J e w s t o Christianity (A.D. 632), 103. Heras, see Azakiel. Hermias, name of European J e w , 29 n. 72. Hermione, n a m e of European J e w e s s , 29 n . 72. Hermogenes, an Alexandrian J e w , 51. Hermogenes, n a m e of European J e w , 29 n. 72.
Oepanevral,
( ' H i g h e s t G o d ' ) , 95. 77 n . 61.
n
39 - 99Ibrahimiya, necropolis of, Greek and Aramaic in scriptions from, mentioned, 3. I d u m a e a n 7roXlrevp.a,
6, 6 n . 16.
aTa
lepd xpw ('sacred m o n e y ' ) , 82. illiteracy, 43-44. immigrants from Palestine t o E g y p t , opponents of the H a s m o n a e a n rulers, 2 sq., 46. i m m i g r a t i o n : from Palestine, 1-3, 20; from Syria, 2, 4-5i m p i e t y , J e w i s h , 89-90. impious ( d v d a i o t ) , applied t o J e w s , 89, 90. infantry, of t h e E g y p t i a n a r m y , 1 2 - 1 3 . inscriptions, Hebrew, B y z a n t i n e period, 108. 'IovSatoi veuirepot, group of y o u n g J e w s so-called in H y p a i p a (near Sardeis), 39 n. 99. Isaac, personal n a m e , 84. Isaac, patriarch, 76 n . 57. Isaak—Gelasios, instance of name-translation, 28 n. 69.
INDEX
TO
267
THE PROLEGOMENA
Isidoros, Alexandrian anti-Semitic leader in the time of Caligula: on Jews and E g y p t i a n s , 63, 65-66, 7 1 ; trial of, 69-70; p u t t o d e a t h , 7 2 ; accuser of king Agrippa, 72. Isis, E g y p t i a n goddess, Jewish n a m e derived from 29; N e m e s i s frequently identified w i t h , 90 n. 81. Ismael, Hebrew personal name used during t h e Hellenistic period, 27. 'isopolity' (larj TToXtTela), grant of citizenship t o all citizens of another c i t y , 40 n. 101, 62, 63, 70 n. 45. Israel, congregation of, Hebrew Kneseth Israel, 102.
— apostasy, voluntary, B y z a n t i n e period, n o . — apostates, Jason of Cyrene's opinion of, 47 n. 121. — aristocracy in E g y p t under A u g u s t u s , 10, 57. — a r m y , see under army. — artisans in E g y p t , 16-17 >
national m o v e m e n t in Palestine, summarized b y a n E g y p t i a n J e w as t h e Second B o o k of Maccabees, 47. Jehoiakhin, king of J u d a h , exile of, 4 n. 10. J e h o n a t h a n , Hebrew personal n a m e , 29. Jeremiah, p r o p h e t : Jewish immigration into E g y p t attested b y , 1 ; Jewish settlements in E g y p t attested b y , 12, 12 n. 33. Jericho, fifth-century inscription from, 102 n. 27. J e r o m e , S t . , his evidence o n Jewish immigrants from Judaea, 2. Jerusalem (p.r)Tp6iroXis), 74 n. 50. — Antiochos I I I and his edict allowing J e w s t o live according t o their ancestral laws, 7 and n. 19. — Aristeas o n Jerusalem a n d Palestine, 45 n. 116. — ephebeion erected i n , 26, 38. — g y m n a s i u m erected in, 26, 38. — Hellenistic reform i n , 26. — pilgrimage t o , 45. — temple of, 45 and n n . 115, 116. Jesus ('ITJOOVS), proper n a m e , 84 and n. 73. J e s u s — S a m b a t h i o n , instance of complementary n a m e s , 28 n. 70. 'Jew of Alexandria', 62. Jewish (see also under Jews) Alexandrian litera ture : derived from the L X X , 3 1 ; apologetic t en d enc y, 4 and n. 105. — ancestral laws, edict concerning, 7 and n. 19.
Egyptian names,
43-
(rexvfTcu) in Alexandria in the early R o m a n period: referred t o b y Philo, 50; collegia of, in Alexandria, 16, 50. in Arsinoe in R o m a n times, 54. — assimilation among E g y p t i a n s , B y z a n t i n e period, n o . — atheism, 89-90. —
J a c o b , personal n a m e , 84. J a c o b , patriarch, 76 n. 57. J a c o b ben Isaac, private letter t o , mentioned, 109 n. 52. Jaffa, Jewish official (foovTiorys), recorded from t h e necropolis a t , 10 n. 28. J a s o n , see Joshu'a. J a s o n , high priest, initiator of Hellenistic reform in Jerusalem, 26. Jason of Cyrene, history in five books of t h e
u s e
Aurelii,
100.
— bankers, in E g y p t , n n. 29. — capitalists (nopiaraC), and t h e pogrom of A.D. 38, 48. — centurio in the R o m a n army in E g y p t , 52. — c o m m u n i t i e s : in E g y p t , 6,9,83 (A.D. 70), 101-3 (5th century A.D.); account of the c o m m u n i t y at Alexandria, 9-10. and quarters n o t s y n o n y m o u s terms, 6. — courtiers, in E g y p t , 17. — donkey-driver, early B y z a n t i n e period, 104. — dyer from Antinoopolis, B y z a n t i n e period, 106. — economic and social life, early B y z a n t i n e period, 104-6. — education in Alexandria, 37-40; see under education. — elders (gerousia), a t Alexandria, 9, 9 n. 24,57 n. 22. — e t h n a r c h : official in Alexandria, 10, 32 n. 84; post abolished b y Augustus, 57 and n. 22, 71 n. 45. — farmers: in E g y p t , 1 5 - 1 6 ; in Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, referred t o b y Philo, 50; in Apollinopolis Magna (Edfu), 53. — field-hands, in E g y p t , 15, 16. — fighters (sicarii),
seized b y Jewish
gerousia,
79. — guard, early B y z a n t i n e period, 104. — and Hellenistic l a w , 32-36. — i m m i g r a n t s : from Judaea, 2; from Palestine, 20. — impiety, 89-90. — 'kings', 90 and n. 82. — 'king's peasants', in E g y p t , 15-16. — landowners, early R o m a n period, 53. — law, symbiosis of Jewish and non-Jewish l a w , 36. — leaders, a t Alexandria, 9-10. — lease-holders, in E g y p t , 15. — legal basis of Jewish communities in E g y p t , 2
6-7, 3 -
268
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
J e w i s h (contd.) — literature, effect of struggle for civic rights in Alexandria o n , early R o m a n period, 62-64. — loans, in Alexandria, 34-36, 48-49. — managers of royal b a n k s (rpaire^lrai), 17. — manner of life in Alexandria differed from t h a t elsewhere in E g y p t , 43. •— mercenaries in E g y p t , 26; buried in t h e same cemetery with mercenaries of non-Jewish origin in t h e 3rd c e n t u r y B.C., 27 n. 66. — merchants, n o evidence for in t h e Hellenistic period, 16. •
(vavKXrjpoi. and epuropoi):
and t h e pogrom
of A.D. 38, 48; account of, 49-50. — military s e t t l e r s : in E g y p t , 9; a s w e a l t h y landowners, 1 5 - 1 6 ; agriculture, 1 5 - 1 6 ; use of Hellenistic l a w , 34; abolished in t h e early R o m a n period, 52. — moneylenders, 16, 35-36, 48-49; in t h e early R o m a n period, 48-49; in O x y r h y n c h o s in R o m a n t i m e s , 54. — national a u t o n o m y , a t t e m p t s t o undermine the fundamental principles of (c. A.D. 600), 103. — navicularii,
105.
— notary's office (dpxetov), in Alexandria a n d Hierapolis, 10, 10 n. 27, 33. — officials: archons (dpxovres), of Thebais in Arsinoe, 10; -npoordTai: 101, a t X e n e p h y r i s , 10, 10 n. 28; (ppovTioT-qs, recorded from necro polis of Jaffa, 10 n. 28; in E g y p t , 17, 104. — organization adopted in t h e c o m m u n i t i e s (5th century A.D.), 101 s q q . — p e a s a n t s : B y z a n t i n e period, 104, 105-6; (yetopyol) in Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, referred t o b y Philo, 50; in E d f u , 5 3 ; in E g y p t , use E g y p t i a n n a m e s , 43; in Upper l 6
Egypt* i5» > 43— personal n a m e s , see under personal n a m e s . — pilgrims t o t h e H o l y L a n d from t h e diaspora, 45 n . 116. — police chief (emordTTjs TO>V (ftvXaKircov), in Athribis (Lower E g y p t ) , 17, 17 n . 46. —politeuma a t Alexandria, 6, 9, 9 n. 24, 32, 5 6 57, 61, 70 n . 45. — political history in E g y p t : under t h e Ptole mies, 19-25; early R o m a n period, 55-93; late R o m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e periods, 94-111. — 'political law' referred t o , 33. — potters in a 'Syrian village' in t h e F a y u m , 17, 43-44— p o v e r t y , in Alexandria, 50-52. — prisoners of war in E g y p t , 2 , 1 2 , 1 9 . — question in E g y p t , 57 s q q . ; solution proposed b y t h e anti-Semitic Greeks, 64-65; n o t ac cepted b y A u g u s t u s , Claudius, or Tiberius, 65;
embassies sent t o R o m e concerning, 67, 69; s u m m a r y of t h e deliberations before Claudius, 7 1 - 7 3 ; third a t t e m p t of Claudius t o deal w i t h t h e question in Alexandria, 72-78; later R o m a n period, 98. — revolt (A.D. 115-17), 86-92. — rural population, in t h e F a y u m , 15. — secretary (ypap.po.revi), in E g y p t , 17. — 'sestarius' (gecrros), period, 106. — settlements
wine measure, B y z a n t i n e
in Alexandria
and
elsewhere,
3-4— shepherds in E g y p t , 15-16, 54; use E g y p t i a n n a m e s , 43. — shipowner, B y z a n t i n e period, 105. — soldiers in E g y p t , 1 1 - 1 5 ; use Hellenistic l a w , 34; abolished in t h e early R o m a n period, 52. — street in Alexandria (6th century), 99. — tanners, B y z a n t i n e period, 106. — t a x , 4, 8 1 ; see
fiscus
Judaicus.
— t a x a t i o n , 80 s q q . , 103. — tax-gatherers and tax-farmers (reXwvai), in E g y p t , 18-19. — temple a t Leontopolis, reasons of Onias I V for building, 44-45. — theatre-going, 109. — traders, in Arsinoe in R o m a n t i m e s , 54. — treason, early R o m a n period, 55 and n . 19. — tribunals of Alexandria, 32. — villagers a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n population, 43; E g y p t i a n language used b y , 44. — villages, in E g y p t , 9. — vine-dressers, 15, 16, 54. — w e a v e r : in Upper E g y p t , 1 7 ; in Apollinopolis Magna (Edfu) in R o m a n t i m e s , 54. — wine merchants, B y z a n t i n e period, 106. — vXj (tribe), 14 n. 38, 15. Jewish-Hellenistic literature, 37. J e w s (see also J e w i s h ) : regarded throughout t h e Orient a s seditious, 52. — of Antiocheia, 83 n. 68. — of t h e chora, 43, 6 1 ; see under chora. — in Cyrene, 91-92. — in E g y p t : under t h e Ptolemies, 19-25; early R o m a n period (30 B . C - A . D . 117), 48-93; changes in t h e political life of E g y p t i a n Jewry: t o A.D. 41, 55-74; A.D. 41-66, 74-78; A.D. 66-70, 78-85; A.D. 70-115, 85-86; A.D. 1 1 5 - 1 7 , 8 6 - 9 3 ; late R o m a n and B y z a n t i n e periods: A.D. 1 1 7 337, 94-96; A.D. 338-641, 96-111. Alexandrian, see Alexandrian J e w s . ancestral laws, right t o live according t o ,
1,
32. Aramaic language used b y , 30. character of t h e first immigrants Palestine, 26.
from
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
Jews
(contd.) communities of, 5-10. cultural segregation of, B y z a n t i n e period, 107-9. economic c o n d i t i o n s : early R o m a n period, 48-55; s u m m a r y , 54-55; under the Ptolemies, 10-19. E g y p t i a n names used b y , 43. and E g y p t i a n s compared after t h e im position of laographia, 63-64; regarded as E g y p t i a n s , early R o m a n period, 60.
evidence for, Ptolemaic period and in R o m a n times, 7. forcible baptisms and conversion to Chris tianity, 103. hellenization and tradition, 25-47; hellenistic c o m m o n law freely used b y , 33-35. Jewish influence strongly opposed, 24-25. in the king's service, 17. and Kleopatra I I I , 24. legal s t a t u s , late R o m a n and B y z a n t i n e periods, 98, 100-1. in local administration, 17. Macedonian, 20-21. numbers of, 4-5, 81. in Oxyrhynchos, 7. Persians favour (A.D. 616-27), 100. and t h e R o m a n a r m y , 52 and n. 12. R o m a n government preferred Greeks t o J e w s in the civil service, 52-53. reasons for supporting R o m e against Alex andria, 56. R o m a n s helped t o re-establish P t o l e m y XIII
and
Kleopatra
VII
on
the
throne
b y , 55Syrians and J e w s confused, 5. Torah fundamental law of all Jewish com munities in E g y p t , 7. transportation trade in R o m a n times, 54. — and Greeks; fierce hatred between, 23; con flict between at the end of the Ptolemaic period in E g y p t , 47; Philo on similarity of Greeks and J e w s , 63; hatred towards the Graeco-Roman world, 82; during the Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 89. — Greeks, barbarians, a n d , 75, 76 n. 54. — in Palestine, 91. and Transjordan, Hellenization and tradi tion, 25 sqq. — in Psenyris and elsewhere, 9. — T h e b a n , 83. J o h a n a n , personal n a m e , 84. J o h a n a n ben N a p a h a , Rabbi of Tiberias (3rd century), 104 n. 34. J o h a n a n ha-Sandlar, Rabbi, born in Alexandria, 106.
269
J o h a n n a , Hebrew personal name used during t h e Hellenistic period, 27. J o h a n n a — E u p h r o s y n e , instance of complemen tary n a m e s , 28 n. 70. J o h n of Nikiou, 99 n. 14, 100 n. 19, n o n. 59. J o n a t h a n , Hebrew personal n a m e used during the Hellenistic period, 27. J o n a t h a n — A p o l ( l o d o t o s ?), instance of n a m e translation, 28 n. 70. Jonathan—Apol(lonios ?), instance of n a m e adaptation, 28 n. 70. Jordanis, evidence of anti-Jewish a c t i v i t y in E g y p t , 25 n. 63. J o s e p h , Hebrew personal n a m e , 27, 29, 30, 84. J o s e p h , son of Toubias, Jewish tax-farmer and business m a n in P a l e s t i n e , 18, 26. J o s e p h u s : evidence of Jewish emigration from Palestine somewhat suspect, 2; his apologetic tendency, 2 , 1 2 n. 35, 40 n. 101, 62; H e k a t a i o s ' story of a Jewish high priest (Ezechias) in E g y p t quoted b y , 7, 7 n. 18; o n the TroXtrevfta and the irXijdos, 9 n. 24; on Hellenistic rulers' trust of J e w s , 12 n. 35; and 'Macedonian J e w s ' , 1 4 - 1 5 ; and domicile of rich J e w s , 1 6 ; on P t o l e m y V I Philometor and Kleopatra I I , 20; story of the elephants, 21-22; and persecution of Alexandrian J e w s , 22; Strabo o n Kleopatra I l l ' s struggle against her son q u o t e d b y , 24; on Helkias and Ananias, 24; on J o s e p h , son of Toubias, 26; date of the flight of Onias I V , 45 n. 1 1 3 ; an important source for Jewish life in Alexandria in the early R o m a n period, 48; on the loan of m o n e y to the Jewish king Agrippa I b y Philo's brother Alexander, 49; and J e w s a s civil servants, 53; importance ascribed b y , to the Jluminis custodia entrusted t o the Alexandrian J e w s , 53 n. 14; o n J e w s and the R o m a n cause, 55 n. 19; wrongly attributes t o Julius Caesar the 'charter of liberty' granted t o Alexandrian J e w s b y A u g u s t u s , 56 n. 20; and civic rights of Alexandrian J e w s , 56,62-63; and settlement of J e w s in Alexandria, 62; and civic rights of J e w s , 62, 62 n. 29; o n E g y p t i a n s and J e w s , 63 n. 33; and the edict of Claudius, 70; story of disturbances of the Alexandrian J e w s (A.D. 66), 78-79. J o s h u ' a — J a s o n , instance of sound-assimilation, 28 n. 69. Joshu'a ben Hananijah, R a b b i , 106. J o s h u ' a ben Perahiah, Rabbi, 3 n. 6. Joshu'a-Jesus, conqueror of Palestine, n a m e s of, 84. Josi, Rabbi, Palestinian Amora, wrote Responsa to the Alexandrians, 106. Josi—Theophilos, instance of complementary n a m e s , 28 n. 70.
270
INDEX
TO
THE
J o v i n u s , n a m e of European J e w , 29 n. 72. J u d a b e n Tabbai, R a b b i , 3 n. 6. J u d a e a : revolt of J u d a s Maccabaeus i n , 2; J e w ish emigrants to E g y p t , 2; effect of transforma tion of Judaea into a R o m a n province (A.D. 6), 68; of census (A.D. 7), 68. J u d a i s m : its transformation into a n international philosophy, 7 7 ; Torah principal link b e t w e e n Judaism and Hellenism, 77. J u d a s , Hebrew personal n a m e , 27, 84. J u d a s , name of member of t h e g y m n a s i u m in Iasos, 39 n. 99. J u d a s of Galilee, founder of t h e Zealots' p a r t y , 68 n. 4 1 ; 90 n. 82. J u d a s Maccabaeus: revolt of, in J u d a e a , 2; praised b y Jason of Cyrene, 47. J u d i t h , story of, popularity of, a m o n g E g y p t i a n J e w s , 46, 47 n. 120. Julian, emperor, abolishes all t a x e s imposed o n Jews b y previous emperors, 103. Jupiter Capitolinus, R o m a n g o d , 80; temple of: Jews ordered to p a y the didrachmon t o , 80; and to reconstruct it after it had been burnt d o w n in A.D. 69, 80. J u s t i n , o n P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I a n d his treatment of Alexandrian Greeks, 23 n. 58. J u s t u s , see Zaduq. Kallinikon, t o w n o n the Euphrates, bishop of, 97 n. 8. Karanis, F a y u m village, 80, 94, 95. KarotKiai (cleruchies),
E g y p t i a n a r m y settlements
13-
kethuboth, language of, 30 n. 77. Kilikian 7roXlrevp,a, 6 n. 1 6 ; quarters in Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. 'King' of the J e w s , definition of, 88. king's counsellors (lXot,), 24 n. 61. 'king's peasants' (fiaoiXiKol yetopyoC), Jewish, 15-16. king's service, J e w s in t h e , in E g y p t , 17. Kleopatra I I I , wife of P t o l e m y V I Philometor, 20; conflict w i t h P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I , 2 1 ; marries h i m , 22; struggle against her s o n , 24; her generals, Helkias a n d Ananias, 24, 46. Kleopatra V I I : Caesar's a t t e m p t to re-establish her o n t h e throne helped b y J e w s , 55; Alex andrian J e w s said t o h a v e deserted her for Octavianus, 55 n. 19. KXTJPOS,
38.
Kneseth: term used for a Jewish c o m m u n i t y in E g y p t (5th century A.D.), 101, 102; letter from the head of, 109. Kneseth Israel (Jewish nation), 102. Konfliklsherde, local, of anti-Semitism, 25 n. 62. kosmetai,
73.
PROLEGOMENA K r e t a n •noXirevp.a,
6 n. 16, 14 n.
37.
Krokodilopolis-Arsinoe, t h e F a y u m , synagogue a t , 8. K y n o p o l i s , n o m e of: Jewish landowners i n , 5 3 ; and the Jewish revolt, 88. Kyrillos, bishop of Alexandria, 98-99. Kvpios ('guardian'), m a n representing a w o m a n in the Greek courts, 34-35. K y r o s , patriarch of Alexandria, treaty concern ing t h e Jews (A.D. 641), 100 n. 19. Lagina-Stratonikeia, 7 n. 20. L a m p o n : Alexandrian anti-Semite, 65, 66; trial of, 69; death of, 72. l a n d : E g y p t i a n army settlement plots, 1 3 ; allotted t o soldiers, 15. Land of Onias, 21, 22, 24, 28, 52, 80. l a n d o w n e r s : Jewish and other military settlers a s , 13, 1 5 - 1 6 ; Jewish, early R o m a n period, 5 3 ; growing power of, in R o m a n times, 54. language, E g y p t i a n , regeneration of, 107. — H e b r e w : substitution of Greek for, 30-32; revival of, B y z a n t i n e period, 107-8. — Latin adopted in Western R o m a n provinces, 58. laographia: E g y p t i a n poll-tax, 60 and n. 26; a sign of political a n d cultural degradation, 60, 61 s q q . ; Third B o o k of Maccabees a n d , 64; welcomed b y t h e Greeks, 64; a m o u n t of, in Upper E g y p t and Arsinoe, 81-82. late R o m a n period (A.D. 117-337), 93-98. Latin language adopted in Western R o m a n pro vinces, 58. 'Latin rights', 58. l a w : Hellenistic, influence on Jewish family life and business, 34, 83; Jewish and Hellenistic, 32-36; 'the law of t h e [governing] state is t h e law', 36; symbiosis of Jewish and non-Jewish law, 36; and order in E g y p t maintained b y R o m a n legions in the early R o m a n period, 52; use of Hellenistic-Roman law b y B y z a n t i n e J e w s , 109. leaders, Jewish, at Alexandria, 9-10. lease-holders, Jewish, 15. legal basis of Jewish communities in E g y p t , 6-7. — institutions of conquered countries, R o m a n s a n d , 7. — status of J e w s , late R o m a n and B y z a n t i n e periods, 98, 100-1. leitourgia (liturgy), title of a R o m a n government institution, 52 and n. 13. Leontopolis, near M e m p h i s : Jewish military colony in, founded b y Onias I V , 3 ; Abramos, leader of Jewish c o m m u n i t y in, 7 n. 2 1 ; temple of Onias I V , 1 7 ; his reasons for building it, 44-46.
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
L e v i , personal n a m e , 84. L i b y a , Jewish revolt in, 87. literature: of Alexandrian J e w s , a rich source of information, 1 ; o u t p u t of (2nd century B.C.), 41-43; effect of t h e struggle for civic rights in Alexandria o n , early R o m a n period, 62-64. l o a n s : J e w i s h , in Alexandria, 34-36, 48-49; a m o u n t s of, 51. local administration, J e w s i n , 17. A o t / x o i (political criminals), 3. Loukuas-Andreias, 'king' of the J e w s in Cyrene, 86, 89, 90 and n. 83. Lucius, Arian bishop, 98. L u p u s , see Rutilius Lupus, M. Lusius Quietus, R o m a n military commander, 86-87. L y k i a n koinon, 7 n. 20. —
woAiTeujLta, 6, 6 n.
16.
— quarters in Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. L y s i m a c h o s , Greek writer, a n t i - S e m i t i s m
of,
25. Maccabees, Second Book of, 47; Hellenistic style of, 37; a t t e m p t s t o make the E g y p t i a n J e w s celebrate t h e Hasmonaean feast, H a n u k k a h , mentioned i n , 46 n. 118. — Third B o o k of: Hellenistic style of, 37; antihellenistic tone of, 47, 74; o n Greek business m e n and J e w s in partnership, 49; and the lao graphia, 64; evidence of the hatred of Alex andrian J e w s for R o m e , 68; views of the author of, o n the diaspora, 74; and Alexandrian J e w s , 75 SiMacedonian, H a m a n so called, 24, 47. 'Macedonian J e w s ' , 14-15, 21, 62. Macedonian quarters in Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. — soldiers in E g y p t , 13. Macedonians, 13-15. Magdola, Syrian village in the F a y u m , 4 n. 12, 9. Mayo&XaMipri,—/ZeTC^oDvros',—BOVKOXWV,—'Qpov
271
Maplcov, Alexandrian banker under A u g u s t u s , 54 n. 16. maritime trade of Alexandrian J e w s , 105. M a t h a t h y a h u , Hebrew personal n a m e , 29. Maurikios, emperor, forcible baptisms of J e w s (c. A.D. 600), 103. p.dx'q ('battle'), between J e w s and R o m a n s , 88. p.eWdpxtov, 10 n. 25. Memphis, 3 ; Syro-Persian and Greek quarters in, 5 n. 14; and the Jewish revolt. 88, 89. Men, a pagan g o d , Jewish name derived from, 29. Menachem, self-styled Jewish 'king', 90 n. 82. Menophilos, n a m e of European J e w , 29 n. 72. mercenaries: from various Hellenistic countries, 12; Jewish, in E g y p t , 26; Jewish and nonJewish buried in t h e same cemetery in t h e third century B.C., 27 n. 66. merchants, J e w i s h : no evidence for in t h e Helle nistic period, 1 6 ; and t h e pogrom of A.D. 38, 48; account of, 49-50. p.eooi, division of t h e epheboi, 39 n. 99. Mesopotamia, 86; crushing of the Jewish revolt b y Lusius Quietus, 87. Messianic character of the Jewish revolt, 88, 89-92. p,iroiKoi, term applied b y Strabo t o a minority group in Cyrene, 91 n. 85. Metrodoros, name of European J e w , 29 n. 72. metropoleis, 59, 60, 94. metropolitai, 59, 60; tightly closed t o outsiders, 61 and n. 27. p.^Tr]p rrjs avvaycoyrjs, IO n. 25. prjTpoiroXis (Jerusalem), 74 n. 50. Migdal, Lower E g y p t , pre-Hellenistic Jewish settlement in, 3, 4 n. 12. Miletos, special place in t h e theatre reserved for Jewish members of t h e audience, 39 n. 99. military service and agriculture, 15. — settlements, Jewish, in E g y p t , 9, 12. — s e t t l e r s : Jewish, agriculture, 1 5 - 1 6 ; Jewish and others, as wealthy landowners, 1 5 - 1 6 ; J e w i s h , abolished in the early R o m a n period, 52.
Syrian villages in t h e Hermoupolite district of E g y p t , 4 n. 12. magic papyri, n o . miracles and conversion, n o n. 59. Magius Maximus, R o m a n prefect, 57 n. 22. Mishna Y o m a , 106,109. Maiovpd, Semitic E g y p t i a n place-name, 4 n. 12. Misr, see F u s t a t . Manetho, E g y p t i a n priest, author of a History of Mnaseias, Greek writer, anti-Semitism of, 25. Egypt published in the reign of P t o l e m y I I monarchy (rrepl ^aaiXelas), pamphlets o n , 37 Philadelphos, 25, 65 n. 36, 89 n. 80. n. 97. 'many thanks t o the gods' (noXXi) xa-pis rots deots), monasteries, E g y p t i a n , B y z a n t i n e period, 107. 26. moneylenders, J e w i s h : n o evidence for in t h e Mar Samuel, 'the law of the [governing] state is Hellenistic period, 1 6 ; in R o m a n Alexandria, the law', 36. 49; in Oxyrhynchos in R o m a n t i m e s , 54. Marea, military garrison founded in b y king Monophysite church a n d doctrine, 107. P s a m m e t i c h o s , 12 n. 33. Mordecai, conflict between H a m a n a n d , 24. Marion, Hebrew personal name used during the Moses, personal name, 83, 84. Hellenistic period, 27. Zapwov,
272
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
Moses, laws of, 7 ; teachings of, h o w affected b y translation of the H o l y Scriptures i n t o Greek, 3 1 ; alleged tolerant a t t i t u d e towards h e a t h e n g o d s , 42; foundation of pagan cults in E g y p t attributed t o , b y Artapanos, 42; allegedly educated b y Greek teachers, 7 5 ; and the teach ing of Philo, 76. Mouseion (academy for arts a n d sciences) at Alexandria, 37. musician, probably professional, at
Samareia,
17. Mysian hipparchy, 13 a n d n. 37. n a m e s of E g y p t i a n bankers, early R o m a n period, 54 n. 16. N a t h a n y a h u , Hebrew personal n a m e , 29. national designation (idviKov), 13-15. naukleroi (Jewish shipowners), 49-50, 105; and the pogrom of A.D. 38,48. Naukratis, citizens of, true Hellenes, 59. navicularii, Jewish, 105. Nebuchadnezzar, king of B a b y l o n , number of Jewish captives during reign of, 4 n. 10. N e m e s i s , g o d d e s s : in E g y p t frequently identified w i t h Isis, 90 n. 8 1 ; temple of (Alexandria), d e v a s t a t e d b y J e w s , 87, 90 n. 81.
neokoros (hazzan), official of a synagogue, in Alexandrou-Nesos, 10.
Nerva, emperor, and the fiscus Judaicus, 80. vecorcpoi, division of the epheboi, 39 n. 99. Niger, see The odotos. N i k o m e d e s , Greek personal n a m e , 29 n. 7 1 . Nile, police service, 53 n. 14. Nitriai, Lower E g y p t : synagogue a t , 8; Christian m o n k s from, 99. non-Greeks in E g y p t , 59. notary's office, Jewish (dpxetov), in Alexandria and Hierapolis, 10, 10 n. 27.
(sestarius), Jewish wine measure, B y z a n tine period, 106.
georos
Octavianus, Alexandrian J e w s said t o h a v e de serted Kleopatra for h i m , 55 n. 19. officials, J e w i s h , in E g y p t , 17, 104. ol irpos 7*27 avvrd^ei, E g y p t i a n army settlement officials, 13. Omboi, g y m n a s i u m i n , 38 n. 98. Onias, possibly Onias I V , a Jewish courtier, probably t h e strategos of t h e nome of Heliopolis, 17. Onias I I I , assassinated, 2. Onias I V , son of Onias I I I : emigrates t o E g y p t , 2; founds Jewish military colony in Leonto polis, 3 ; his importance, 13, 20-24 > date of his flight t o E g y p t , 45 n. 1 1 3 ; his sons Helkias a n d
Ananias, 24; his Jewish temple at L e o n t o p o l i s : reasons for building, 44-46; n o t mentioned in Alexandrian literature, 45; possible date of its building, 45 n. 1 1 3 ; closed a n d demolished b y the R o m a n s in A.D. 73, 52, 80. Onias, Land of, 21, 22, 24, 28, 52, 80. Orestes, R o m a n prefect, and Alexandrian dis turbances (A.D. 415), 98-99. Orosius: on t h e Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), in L i b y a , E g y p t , Cyrene, and t h e Thebaid, 87; his account confirmed b y inscriptions from Africa, 87-88. Oxyrhynchite n o m e , Jewish shepherds a n d owners of herds i n , 54. O x y r h y n c h o s : national quarters i n , 5 n. 1 4 ; Jewish c o m m u n i t y in, 7 ; Jewish moneylenders in, in R o m a n t i m e s , 54; Jewish serving-maid and t w o children redeemed from slavery (A.D. 291), 94; Jewish quarters mentioned (2nd century A.D.), 94; metropolis of, and t h e Jewish revolt, 89; papyri from, 101, 108-9; influence of Jewish c o m m u n i t y in, B y z a n t i n e period, n o . — n o m e o f : Jewish landowners in, 53; a n d t h e Jewish revolt, 88. p a g a n temples, ruthless destruction of b y J e w s during t h e revolt, 90. Palestine, a n d Alexandrian J e w s , 67-68, 106-8. — a n d Alexandrian literature, 47. — A n t i o c h o s I l l ' s conquest of, 2. — Aramaic t h e vernacular language of, 30. — Aristeas' account of, 45 n. 116. — commercial relations between E g y p t a n d , 2. — E g y p t i a n officials, & c , in, 2. — Jewish emigration t o E g y p t from, 1-2, 20. — Jewish revolt crushed b y Lusius Quietus, 87. — J e w s in, subject to Jewish t a x , 91. — Julius Caesar and Palestinian J e w s , 56. — national m o v e m e n t (5th century A.D.) centred in, 102, 106, — persecution of J e w s in (7th century), 100. — Ptolemaic treatment of, 2, 4, 5, 26, 44. — slave trade between E g y p t a n d , 2. — Syria confused w i t h , 5 n. 13. — Talmudic authorities in, cultural intercourse b e t w e e n Alexandrian Jews a n d , B y z a n t i n e period, 106-8. P a l m y r a , Queen Zenobia of, and her s o n , 94. Palmyrenes, in t h e R o m a n a r m y , 52 n. 12. p a p y r i : principal source of information, 1, 10; evidence from, concerning t h e Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 88-90; P. N a s h , 107-8; of Zenon, see Zenon.
INDEX
TO T H E
PROLEGOMENA
papyri magicae, 110. Paregorios, see T a n h u m . TrapoiKia,
anoiKia
(galuth),
74 n . 49.
Parthian war, 9r. •narr)p
rrjs
ovvayuyyfjs,
10 n. 25.
P a t r i a r c h s : t y p e s of soul s y m b o l i s m , 76 n. 5 7 ; n a m e s of, 84. (patron) of a J e w e s s i n Alexandria, 52. P a u l u s , see Saulus. rrarptbv
pax Romana, 58. peasants, J e w i s h : B y z a n t i n e period, 104, 105-6; (yecopyoC) i n Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, referred t o b y P h i l o , 50; i n E d f u , 5 3 ; in t h e chora, use E g y p t i a n n a m e s , 43; in Upper l 6
E g y p t , 15, > 43Pelousion, 4 n . 12, 53 n . 14, 87. P e r g a m o n , 7 n. 20. •ncpl
jSaacAet'as
('on m o n a r c h y ' ) : p a m p h l e t s o n ,
37 n. 97Persian conquest of E g y p t (525 B.C.), 12 n. 32. — Empire, western, Aramaic t h e official language of, 30. — hipparchy, 13, 51 n. 10. P e r s i a n s : g y m n a s i a used b y , 38 n . 98; military garrisons in E g y p t maintained b y , 12 n . 3 3 ; pseudo-ethnic group, 13, 38 n . 98, 51 n . 1 0 ; pseudo-military group, 51 n. 1 0 ; in E g y p t (A.D. 616-27), ioo> i ° 3 - 3°'Persians of t h e E p i g o n e ' (Tlepaat rrjs iiriyovrjs), 13 n. 37, 14, 51, 51 n. 10. personal n a m e s , environment a n d , 27. Hebrew, E g y p t i a n , & c , 94-96; trans literated from t h e Hebrew, 109. in t h e hellenization of E g y p t i a n J e w r y , 27-30. Ptolemaic a n d R o m a n periods, 29, 84. right t o change, 28 n . 70. tradition a n d , 27, 83-85. Petrus, bishop of Alexandria, 98. Pharaohs, last, military s e t t l e m e n t s under, 12, 12 n. 33. n
78; De specialibus legibus intended as a simple interpretation of Biblical precepts, 7 8 ; last Jewish author in Alexandrian literature, 107. 'philo-Semitism' of P t o l e m y V I Philometor, 202r. P h i l o x e n o s , rich Alexandrian J e w (6th c e n t u r y ) : mentioned in a Christian sermon, 99 n. 1 6 ; well k n o w n a s rich a n d generous, 105. Phineas, conversion t o Christianity, n o n. 59. Phoenicia a n d Syria, third-century P t o l e m a i c provinces in south Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, and Transjordan officially called Syria a n d Phoenicia, 5.
P h a r i s e e s : developed from t h e sqferim, 27; flight of some of t h e m into E g y p t , 3, 46-47. Philadelpheia, J e w s i n , 9 ; g y m n a s i u m i n , 38 n. 98; Apollonios a n d Zenon of, 44. Philargios, R o m a n prefect, 98.
Phrygian noXtrevp-a,
Philippos, Greek personal n a m e , 29 n . 71.
piyutim, the, literature of, 108.
P h i l o , t h e J e w i s h p o e t ; d a t e of his poetic writings a n d their literary v a l u e , 37.
rrXrjdos,
6 n. 16.
P l a t o , 37. 9 n. 24.
Plutarch, 48 n. 3. pogrom of A.D. 38: Philo o n , 48, 57 n. 22; i t s accomplishment a n d first results, 66-74.
Philo J u d a e u s , philosopher, brother of A l e x ander t h e rich banker of A l e x a n d r i a : o n J e w s in E g y p t , 3 ; numbers of, 4, 8 1 ; a t t e s t s t h a t in Alexandria m a n y J e w s dwelt a w a y from their quarters, 5 - 6 ; opinion of tax-collectors, 1 8 ; believed n o t t o h a v e k n o w n Hebrew, 3 1 , 1 0 1 ; and t h e juridical practice of Jewish tribunals B 2909
273
in Alexandria, 3 2 ; a n d t h e annual celebration of the d a y of completion of t h e L X X , 32 n. 83; and t h e J e w i s h laws a n d regulations of Alexandria, 32 n. 84; Philo's l a w s , 32 n . 84; and position of J e w i s h w o m e n in Alexandria, 35; a n d Greek t h o u g h t , 39; o n g y m n a s i u m c o n t e s t s , 39 n. 99, 7 6 ; educational teachings of, 39 n . 99; a n important source for J e w i s h life in Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, 48; Alexandrian J e w s mentioned b y , 48-50; and t h e pogrom of A . D . 38, 48, 57 n. 22, 66 s q q . ; o n t h e evils of money-lenders, 49; h i s silence about Jewish p o v e r t y in Alexandria, 50; o n t h e 'charter of liberty' granted t o A l e x andrian J e w s b y A u g u s t u s , 56; and members of t h e gerousia, 57 n. 22; o n civic rights of A l e x andrian J e w s , 63, 78; quotation from Vita Mosis o n position of J e w s i n E g y p t , 6 3 ; o n similarity of Greeks and J e w s , 63; In Flaccum and Legatio perhaps intended t o h a v e been presented t o R o m a n authorities, 63 n. 3 1 ; o n E g y p t i a n s a n d J e w s , 63 n . 33; his a t t i t u d e t o wards R o m e , 66-67; received b y Caligula, 7 1 ; his position in Alexandrian life and literature, 75-78; structure of his philosophy a n enormous c o m m e n t a r y o n t h e Torah, 76; a n d t h e teach ing of Moses, 7 6 ; creator of a religious philo s o p h y anticipating some fundamental principles of Christian theology, 7 6 ; h i s allegorical i n terpretation of t h e Bible, 76-97; headed e m b a s s y t o Caligula, 7 8 ; probably discussed Jewish rights i n Alexandria before Claudius,
policemen (vXaKirai), 17 a n d n. 47.
polis (TTOXIS), Greek, 6, 40 n. 101, 59. politeuma (rroXtrevpa), Hellenistic political t u t i o n , 6, 7 n . 21. T
insti
INDEX
274 politeuma
TO THE PROLEGOMENA
(contd.)
— Jewish, 61, 102; a t Alexandria, 6, 9 and n. 24, 32, 56, 57; a t Berenike, Cyrene, 92 n. 85. — of the Kretans, 6 n . 16, 14. — non-Greek, n o instance of the granting of 'sympolity' b y a Greek polis t o , 40 n. 101. politeumata, definitions, 6 n. 15. — and 'civic laws', 33 n. 85. — always under t h e central government of a realm, 61. political criminals ( A o i j u o i ) , 3. — history of t h e J e w s in E g y p t , see Jewish. — law, Jewish, referred t o , 33. •— refugees in E g y p t , 3. iroXiriKol vofioi ('civic laws'), 33. poll-tax, E g y p t i a n , 59 s q q . ; as a sign of degrada tion, 60, 6 1 ; k n o w n in E g y p t as laographia (q.v.), 60, 60 n. 26; t h e Djizya, paid b y nonMuslims, 103 n. 31. *d/Hs TOTS deots ('many thanks t o the gods'), 26. Polybios, 48 n. 3. •nopiarat (Jewish capitalists), a n d t h e pogrom of A.D. 38, 48. iroTap.o
praedia praefectus
populi
Romani,
Aegypii,
57.
53.
'praktors' (npaKropes), R o m a n official tax-collec tors, 52. prayer-house, use of synagogue a s , 8 n. 22. prayers, Greek language still used i n B y z a n t i n e E g y p t , 109 n. 58. irpeofUvTepoi,
d i v i s i o n of t h e epheboi,
39 n.
99.
prisoners of w a r , J e w i s h , i n E g y p t , 2, 12, 19, 26. private initiative, 49. Prolegomena, general divisions: Ptolemaic Period (323-30 B.C.), 1 - 4 7 ; early R o m a n Period (30 B.C.-A.D. 117), 48-93; late R o m a n and the B y z a n t i n e Period (A.D. 117-641/2), 93-111. proseuche (rrpooevxri), E g y p t , 8. •jrpoara.yp.aTa,
term
for s y n a g o g u e in
33.
rrpoordrai, Jewish officials, 10,10 n. 28,101. Protarchos, administrator of justice in A l e x andria, 34. proxeniai, so-called (honorary citizenship), in Greek cities, 40 n. 101. Trpwrevovres, term for t h e heads of the Alexand rian c o m m u n i t y used b y Sokrates in A . D . 415, 102 n 28.
P s a m m e t i c h o s , E g y p t i a n king, founded military garrisons, 12 n. 33. Psenamosis, g y m n a s i u m i n , 38 n. 98. Psenyris, Greeks a n d Jews i n , 9. pseudo-ethnic groups, 13, 38 n. 98, 51 n. 10. Pseudo-Kyrillos, 105. pseudo-military groups (Persians, & c ) , 51 n. 10. Ptolemaic a r m y , abolition of, in the early R o m a n period, 52. — banks a n d bankers under state control, 16. — economics, 'totalitarian principles', 49. — E g y p t , Greek city-states (noXeis) in, 6. — garrison in southern Syria, Syrian natives in, 2 . — king, sole source of law in E g y p t , 6-7. — kings, granted right of asylum t o some syna gogues, 8. — period (323-30 B.C.), 1-47. — Syria, importance of papyri of Zenon for s t u d y of, 2. Ptolemaios, Greek personal n a m e , 29 n. 71. P t o l e m a i s : citizen of, styled a Kretan, 14 n. 3 7 ; citizens of, true Hellenes, a s viewed b y t h e R o m a n s , 59; inscription probably from, 39 n. 99. Ptolemais-Akko, commercial role of, n n. 30. Ptolemies, deified, e p o n y m o u s priest of, 17. — economic conditions of life of J e w s in E g y p t under, 10-19. — J e w s in t h e armies of, n . — national army built without native elements, 12. — Palestine in the hands of (301-198 B.C.), 2. — political history of the Jews in E g y p t under, 19-25. — said t o h a v e been deserted b y t h e J e w s , 55. P t o l e m y , personal n a m e , n o Hebrew equivalent k n o w n for, 29. Ptolemy I S o t e r : Palestine conquered b y (320 B . C . ; 312; 302; 301), 2 ; inscriptions of t h e reign of, 3 ; numbers of Jewish prisoners of war brought from Palestine into E g y p t b y , 4, 1 2 ; a n d Ezechias (Jewish high priest), 7 n . 18. P t o l e m y I I Philadelphos: inscriptions of t h e reign of, 3 ; Supia Kal $oiv'ua\, edict of, official n a m e used in, 5 n. 1 3 ; his E g y p t i a n a r m y , 1 3 ; Jewish prisoners of war i n E g y p t released b y , 19; Septuagint produced during t h e reign of, 32. P t o l e m y I V P h i l o p a t o r : story of t h e elephants attributed t o t h e reign of, 22; Third Book of Maccabees allegedly depicts t h e reign of, 68. P t o l e m y V I P h i l o m e t o r : his reign divides t w o Ptolemaic periods, 1 9 ; bad relations with his younger brother Euergetes I I , 20; h i s 'philoSemitic' policy in E g y p t , 20-21, 40.
INDEX
TO
THE PROLEGOMENA
P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I : and political refu gees, 3 ; bad relations with his elder brother Philometor, 20; conflict with Kleopatra I I I , 2 1 ; persecution of the J e w s , 21-22; and the story of drunken elephants, 22; marries Kleopatra I I I , 22; attitude t o Greeks and J e w s in Alexandria, 23-25; grants civic rights t o strangers, 23 n. 58, 40. P t o l e m y I X Lathyros, son of Kleopatra long struggle against his mother, 24. P t o l e m y X I I I A u l e t e s : Gabinius' a t t e m p t
III: to
275
— Senate, opposed t o the a t t e m p t to conquer E g y p t , 55romanization of the Western provinces, 58. R o m a n s : and legal institutions of conquered countries, 7; and Greeks in E g y p t , 58-59; re ceive co-operation from Greeks over imposi tion of laographia, 64. royal b a n k s , Jewish managers of, 17. rural population, Jewish, in the F a y u m , 15. Rutilius L u p u s , M . , R o m a n prefect in E g y p t , 86, 88.
re-establish him on the throne helped b y J e w s , 55P t o l e m y , son of D o s i t h e o s , 46 n. 119. public institutions, synagogues often accom m o d a t e d , 8. — meeting, use of synagogue as place of, 8 n. 22. publicani, participation of, in the economic life of the R o m a n Republic as depicted b y P o l y bios, 48 n. 3. P u n i c W a r , third, 68 n. 42. Purim, celebration of, in E g y p t , part of the H a s m o n a e a n propaganda, 46. P u r i m , Letter of, n a m e for the B o o k of Esther, 46 n. 119. pylon, additional building attached t o a syna gogue, 8. Qahal, term used for a Jewish congregation in E g y p t (5th century A.D.), 101, 102. quarters, national, 5. Rabbinical and the so-called 'Palestinian' law in modern Palestine, symbiosis of, 36. R a m m i u s Martialis, R o m a n prefect, founds a n e w Jewish settlement outside Alexandria after the revolt, 93. R e b e c c a , personal n a m e , 83, 84. religious syncretism, B y z a n t i n e period, i i o - n . R e u b e n , personal n a m e , 84. R h o d e s , 7 n. 20. R o m a n : a r m y , J e w s permitted to join, till the beginning of the 5th century, 52 and n. 1 2 ; Palmyrenes in, 52 n. 12. — citizenship conferred o n t h e Western pro vinces, 58. — culture adopted in Western provinces, 58. — E m p i r e , totalitarianism in, 104. — g o v e r n m e n t , preferred Greeks t o J e w s in the civil service, 52-53. •— legions, maintain law and order in E g y p t , 52. — personal n a m e s , 84. •— policy in the Orient, 57-60. — provinces, new m e t h o d s of rule introduced, 57-58.
S a b b a t h : Jewish observance of, 4 4 ; observed b y n o n - J e w s as a holy d a y , B y z a n t i n e period, no. Sabbathai, Hebrew personal n a m e , frequently used in the Ptolemaic period, and usually given t o a child born on the Sabbath, 29. Sabbathaios or Sambathaios ('born o n the Sab bath'), Hebrew personal n a m e , 27, 29 n. 73, 84, 94-96. 'Sabbath-observers' (oafil3a.Ti(,ovTes),
95.
oaPPa.TiZ.ovres ('Sabbath-observers'), 95. 'sacred m o n e y ' (Upd xp"qpo.Ta), 82. UaSdXeiov, Semitic E g y p t i a n place-name, 4 n. 12. 'Sadducean' kings, 3 n . 6,47. Samareia (Zap,dpeia), village in the F a y u m : pos sibly founded b y Samaritans from Palestine, 5 n. 1 2 ; J e w s in, 9; flute-player a t , 1 7 ; g y m n a sium erected in, 38. Sambathaios, see Sabbathaios. S a m b a t h i o n — J e s u s , instance of complementary n a m e s , 28 n. 70. S a m b a t h i o n s , s u m m a r y account of, 94-96. S a m b e t h e , n a m e of a mythical Phrygian goddess n
95 - 3Samians, Athenian citizenship granted t o , 40 n. 101. Samuel, Hebrew personal name in frequent use during the Hellenistic period, 27, 84. Samuel, Jewish vine-dresser, 16. S a m u e l — B a r Zakharias, instance of comple m e n t a r y n a m e s , 5, 28 n. 70. Samuel—Theodoros, instance of c o m p l e m e n t a r y n a m e s , 28 n. 70. Sapientia
Solomonis,
75 and
n.
52.
Sarah, Hebrew personal name used during the Hellenistic period, 27; during the R o m a n B y z a n t i n e period, 83, 84. Sarapis, a pagan g o d , 86; Jewish n a m e derived from, 29. Sargon, Assyrian king, numbers of J e w i s h cap t i v e s , 4 n. 10. S a u l u s — P a u l u s , instance of sound-assimilation, 28 n. 69. Schedia, near Alexandria, synagogue a t , 8.
276
INDEX
TO T H E PROLEGOMENA
school, use of synagogue a s , 8 n. 22. 'scribes' so-called, see soferim. Sebennytos, g y m n a s i u m in, 38, n. 98. secretary (ypap,p.arevs), Jewish, i n E g y p t , 17. sedition, Jews regarded throughout t h e Orient a s seditious people, 52, 80. Sejanus and t h e Jewish question, 65 n . 37. Seleucians, ambiguous use of t h e term, 62 n. 29. Seleucid kings, 7. Seleucids, J e w s in t h e armies of, 1 1 . Sennacherib, Assyrian king, numbers of Jewish captives, 4 n . 10. Septuagint, t h e : account of, 3 1 - 3 2 ; annual celebration of t h e d a y of completion of, 32, 97 n. 7 ; laid t h e foundations for t h e structure of Hellenistic literature, 3 7 ; Hellenistic s t y l e of, 37, 42; first step towards brotherhood w i t h Greeks, 41-42; admiration of Aristeas for, 4 2 43; i t s transformation into a philosophy, 7 6 ; form of personal n a m e s i n , 109.
Sokrates, t h e principal source concerning t h e disturbances between J e w s a n d non-Jews i n Alexandria (A.D. 415), 98-99; a n d a p o s t a s y , n o n. 59. soldiers, J e w i s h : i n E g y p t , n - 1 5 , 26; abolished in t h e early R o m a n period, 52. Solomon, personal n a m e , 83, 84. S o l o m o n , W i s d o m of, anti-Hellenistic tone of, 47. sound-assimilation i n personal n a m e s , 28 n. 69. Spartianus, a n d a Jewish revolt in Palestine, 87. State-slavery in t h e R o m a n Empire, 104. arrjA-q ('slab') o n which t h e 'charter of liberty'
granted t o Alexandrian J e w s b y A u g u s t u s w a s engraved, 56. S t o e t i s , see D o s i t h e o s . S t r a b o : on functions of t h e Jewish ethnarch i n Alexandria, 1 0 ; o n Kleopatra I l l ' s struggle against her s o n , 24; customs duties referred t o b y , 53 n. 1 4 ; a n d J e w s i n Cyrene, 91 n. 85. strategos, 17, 19. sestarius (£eal dirooraalov ('deeds of cession'), 33. E g y p t i a n a r m y , 13. ovyypafpcu. igap.dprvpot ('six-witness deeds'), 33. 'Shema' Israel', prayer of, Hebrew papyrus con ovyxtoprjoets, d o c u m e n t s issued b y t h e courts of taining, 107-8. justice i n Alexandria, 34. shepherds, J e w i s h , i n E g y p t , 15, 16, 26, 43, 54. symbiosis of Jewish and non-Jewish l a w , 36. shipowner, Jewish, B y z a n t i n e period, 105. 'sympolity' granted to a non-Greek iroMrevna by sicarii, Jewish fighters, 79. a Greek iroXis, n o instance of, 40 n. 101. Simeon, personal n a m e , 29, 84. s y m p o s i u m , a Greek literary form, 37, 42. Simeon b e n Gamaliel, R a b b i , 93 n. 87. owayutyrj, term applied t o Jewish c o m m u n i t y in S i m o n , Greek personal n a m e , 29. O x y r h y n c h o s , 7 n. 21. S i m o n , Hebrew personal n a m e , 27, 29, 84. s y n a g o g u e ( s ) : i n Alexandria, scattered all over S i m o n , high priest of t h e J e w s , and extradition the t o w n , 6; i n different places in E g y p t , 8; of political refugees from E g y p t , 3. neokoros (hazzan), official of, i n Alexandrou S i m o n , slave of king Herod, self-styled Jewish N e s o s , 1 0 ; synagogues dedicated t o P t o l e m y 'king', 90 n. 82. V I I I Euergetes I I , 23 n. 56; pollution of t h e synagogues b y Alexandrian Greeks, 65-66; re Simon, son of Ja'ezer, mother tongue unlikely t o cords of synagogues in 1st century B.C., 83 a n d h a v e been Aramaic, 44. n. 69; destruction of t h e great synagogue in Simon b e n Giora, self-styled Jewish 'king', 90 Alexandria, 87,93 and n. 87; right of a s y l u m o f n. 82. a Jewish s y n a g o g u e renewed b y Queen Zenobia Sirach, J e s u s : book of, popularity of, a m o n g of Palmyra a n d h e r s o n (A.D. 270), 94; s y n a E g y p t i a n J e w s , 46; his philosophy, 46 n. 120; gogues called fontes persecutorum b y Tertuland t h e translation of t h e L X X , 32 n. 82. lian, 9 7 ; Jewish synagogues attacked b y sitologos, Jewish, 53. bishop Kyrillos, 98; Hebrew beth hakneseth, 102. 'six-witness deeds' (ovyypaal i£ap.dpTvpoi), 33. 'slab' (c7T7/Aij), o n which t h e 'charter of liberty' Synesios, a bishop, his account of a v o y a g e from granted t o Alexandrian J e w s b y A u g u s t u s w a s Alexandria t o Cyrene o n a Jewish ship, 105. engraved, 56. Synkellos, and the Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 87. slave trade, b e t w e e n E g y p t and Palestine, 2. awTd£ip,ov {laographia a n d some additional slavery, a Jewish serving-maid and t w o children t a x e s ) , a m o u n t of, i n Arsinoe, 81. redeemed from (A.D. 291), 94. syntaxis, 60. social distinctions i n R o m a n E g y p t , 60. Evpia, applied t o Palestine, frequently used in t h e soferim (so-called 'scribes'): took t h e cultural papyri of Zenon, 5 n. 13. leadership of Palestinian J e w r y , 27; fore Syria, Antiochos I V , king of, conquest of E g y p t , runners of t h e Pharisees, 27. 20.
INDEX
Syria (contd.) — — — — —
Aramaic t h e vernacular of, 30. confusion w i t h Palestine, 5 n. 13. persecution of J e w s in (7th century), 100. Ptolemaic, 2, 5. a n d P h o e n i c i a : third-century Ptolemaic pro vinces in south Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, and Transjordan officially so called, 5 a n d n. 13. Syrian Goddess, cults of, attested in papyri for 3rd a n d 2nd centuries B.C., 5. — natives in Ptolemaic garrisons in southern Syria, 2. — personal n a m e s in E g y p t during t h e Ptole maic period, 4-5. — quarters i n Arsinoe, 5 n. 14. Syrians, in E g y p t : immigration t o , 4 - 5 ; account of, 5Syro-Persian a n d Greek quarters in Memphis,
5 n. 14. ZvponepoiKov, quarter in Memphis, 5 n. 14. Uvpcov Ku>p.ax, Syrian villages in E g y p t , 4 n . 1 2 , 1 7 . oojrrjp
Kal evepydrr/s,
277
TO THE PROLEGOMENA
24 n. 61.
Tabai, 7 n. 20. T a l m u d , t h e : records a story of a political refugee in E g y p t , 3 ; and Jewish artisans in Alexandria, 16; a n d g y m n a s t i c contests, 39 n. 99,109 n. 56; and J e w i s h life i n Alexandria i n t h e early R o m a n period, 48; number of t h e members of
T e r m e s s o s , 7 n. 20. Tertullian called J e w i s h synagogues fontes perse-
cutorum, 97. r e x v t r a i ( J e w i s h artisans), i n Alexandria in t h e early R o m a n period, referred t o b y Philo, 50. T h e a d e l p h e i a , village, 95; g y m n a s i u m in, 38 n. 98. t h e a t r e a t Miletos, special place reserved for J e w i s h members of t h e audience, 39 n. 99. theatre-going, Jewish, 109. T h e b a i d , t h e : a n d t h e Jewish revolt, 87, 88; anchorites of t h e , 107. T h e b a n J e w s , 83. T h e b e s , Upper E g y p t : Jewish settlement i n , 3 ; migration t o Arsinoe, 6; archons (dpxovres), Jewish officials of Thebais in Arsinoe, 10; riots in, 48 n. 1. Theodoros, n a m e of a n E g y p t i a n banker, 54. Theodoros, see Samuel. Theodosios I , emperor, 97 n. 8, 105. T h e o d o t o s , inscription of, 8 n. 22. T h e o d o t o s — N i g e r , instance of complementary n a m e s , 28 n. 70. Theophilos, became i n a sense a Jewish n a m e , 29. Theophilos, n a m e of a member of the g y m n a s i u m in Iasos, 39 n. 99. Theophilos, J e w (c. A.D. n o ) , seeks work o n t h e estate of a rich landowner, 54. Theophilos, see also Josi. theophoric n a m e s , 29, 54 n. 16.
the gerousia recorded i n , 57 n . 22; a n d t h e therapeutai (depairevTai), tj n. 61. Jewish revolt (A.D. 115-17), 87. Talmudic authorities of Palestine, cultural inter course between Alexandrian J e w s a n d , B y zantine period, 106-8. — J u d a i s m , 27. — period, personal n a m e s , 83-84. — regulations concerning money-lending, 35. Tanais, Hellenistic city o n t h e shores of t h e S e a of A z o v , 95. Tanhum—Paregorios, instance of n a m e transla tion, 28 n. 69. T a n h u m b e n P a p a , R a b b i , Palestinian A m o r a , had temporary domicile in Alexandria, 106. Tannaites, L a w of t h e , 32 n. 84. tanners, Jewish, B y z a n t i n e period, 106. t a x a t i o n , 58, 60, 80 sqq., 103-4. tax-collectors, 52, 53 n. 14. tax-farmers ( r e A w v c u ) , J e w i s h , i n Upper E g y p t , 18-19. tax-gatherers, Jewish, in Upper E g y p t , 18-19. reXcovat (tax-farmers), in Upper E g y p t , 18-19. rep.evrj (holy precincts), 90 n. 81. t e m p l e s , ruthless destruction of b y J e w s during the revolt, 90. T e n C o m m a n d m e n t s , Hebrew papyrus contain ing, 107.
Thessalian hipparchy, 1 3 ; pseudo-ethnic group, 51 n. 10. Theudas, n a m e of member of the g y m n a s i u m in Iasos, 39 n . 99. Thracian hipparchy, 13. — quarters i n Arsinoe, 5 n . 14. — soldiers in E g y p t , 13. Thracians, pseudo-ethnic group, 1 3 , 38 n . 98, 51 n. 10; use of g y m n a s i a b y , 38 n. 98. Tiberias, 104 n . 34. Tiberius, emperor, 58; o n t h e J e w i s h question, 65 and n. 37. rots Trarpiois vop.ois xPV ^ > 7T o m e i , Lower E g y p t , compulsory conversion of J e w s t o Christianity i n , 103. toparchy, 19. Torah, t h e , fundamental law of all J e w i s h com munities i n E g y p t , 7-8. a
ai
— Aristeas' admiration of t h e Greek Torah, 4 2 43, 77— Jesus Sirach a n d , 47 n. 120. — Jewish observance of t h e c o m m a n d m e n t s of, 26-27, 44— Judaism and Hellenism linked b y , 77. — Philo a n d , 76. — read b y E g y p t i a n J e w s only in Greek, 42.
278
INDEX
Torah
TO T H E PROLEGOMENA
(contd.).
— and the Sabbath, n . — translation into Greek, 31-32, 42-43. totalitarianism, 104. Toubias, head of a military cleruchy (3rd century B . C . ) , 1 3 ; father of J o s e p h (Jewish tax-farmer), 18, 26. towns and villages in E g y p t , inhabited b y J e w s , 4traders: Arab, 11 n . 30; J e w i s h , in Arsinoe in R o m a n times, 54. t r a d i t i o n : and hellenization of E g y p t i a n J e w r y , 25-47; a n d personal n a m e s , 83-85. traitors, attitude towards in t h e Third B o o k of Maccabees, 68, 75 n . 51. Trajan, emperor: quarrel b e t w e e n Greeks a n d J e w s brought before h i s court in R o m e , 86; and' the Parthian war, 9 1 ; extermination of J e w s in E g y p t , 92 n . 86. Transjordan, third-century Ptolemaic province of, officially formed part of Syria and Phoenicia, 5, 13._ translation of personal n a m e s , 28 n . 70. transportation, Jews engaged in, in R o m a n t i m e s ,
vectigal,
60.
Vespasian, emperor: his punishment of the J e w s , 80; e d i c t c o n c e r n i n g t h e fiscus Judaicus,
80,103.
villages, Jewish, i n E g y p t , 9. vine-dressers, Jewish, 15, 16, 54. w a t c h m e n ( ^ u A a / c c s ) , 17. weaver, J e w i s h : in Upper E g y p t , 1 7 ; in Apollino polis Magna (Edfu) in R o m a n times, 54. Western provinces, R o m a n , 58. w e t - n u r s e s : engagements of, in Alexandria, 34, 52; normal salary in t h e reign of A u g u s t u s , 52 n. 1 1 . wine merchants, Jewish, B y z a n t i n e period, 106. w o m e n i n society, relative position of Greek and Jewish w o m e n , 34-35. (king's counsellors), 24 n. 61. tppovriaT-qs, Jewish official, recorded from necro polis of Jaffa, 10 n. 28. tplXoi
ippovpal,
e V i f f T o A i j rcov ( L e t t e r of P u r i m ) , 46 n . 119.
(f>v\al: (Jewish tribes), 14 n. 3 8 , 1 5 ; (Alexandrian tribes), 41 n . 102, 62 n . 29. 4>vXaK€s, w a t c h m e n , 17. (j>vXaKtrat, p o l i c e m e n , 17.
54Tpdire^ai,
54 n . 16.
y
rpaTre LTat, Jewish managers of royal banks, 17. treason, Jewish, early R o m a n period, 55 and n. 19. tribes a n d d e m e s , Alexandrian citizens enlisted i n , 41 n. 102. tribunal, use of synagogue for, 8 n . 22. tributum,
60.
Tryphaina, personal n a m e , n o H e b r e w equiva lent k n o w n for, 29 and n . 71. Tryphon, personal n a m e , n o Hebrew equivalent k n o w n for, 29. T r y p h o n , n a m e of a m e m b e r of t h e J e w i s h gerousia
i n A l e x a n d r i a , 57 n . 22.
Tryphon, n a m e of a m e m b e r of the g y m n a s i u m in Iasos, 39 n. 99. Turbo, Marcius, R o m a n military commander, 86, 92 n. 86. Upper E g y p t : Jewish peasants in, 1 5 , 1 6 ; Jewish tax-gatherers and tax-farmers ( r c A w v a i ) i n , 1 8 19; a m o u n t of laographia paid i n , 81-82. U r b i b , J e w (5th-6th centuries): living in Alex andria, 99 n . 1 6 ; distributes food during a famine, 104-5. Ushiah ben-I(saak) (5th century A.D.), IOI. Valens, Arian emperor, 98. Valentinianus, emperor, 105. Valerius Maximus, o n P t o l e m y V I I I Euergetes I I and h i s treatment of Alexandrian Greeks, 23 n . 58.
Xavaavaiv, Semitic E g y p t i a n place-name, 4 n. 12. X e n e p h y r i s , Lower E g y p t , synagogue a t , 8; Jewish officials (•npoardrai) a t , 10, 10 n. 28. gevoi Kal i^f)Xvoes (foreigners a n d aliens), term applied t o Alexandrian J e w s in a n edict b y Flaccus, 66. X e n o p h o n , 37. XP"tp.o.Tl €iv ('to style o n e s e l f ) , 15 n . 40. r
Yiddish, discarded in favour of English b y J e w s in America, 31 n . 78. Z a d u q — J u s t u s , instance of name translation, 28 n. 69. Zakkai, R a b b i , born in Alexandria, 106. Zealots' party, patriotic a n d revolutionary fac tion in Judaea, 68-69, 90. Zedekiah, exile of, 4 n. 10. 'Zekenim' (elders), 102. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, and her son, 94. Zenodora, n a m e of European Jewess, 29 n. 72. Zenon, emperor, 99 n. 16. Zenon of Philadelpheia, 44; Jewish vine-dressers farm a vineyard from, 16. Zenon p a p y r i : importance for s t u d y of Ptole maic Syria, 2 ; t h e n a m e Uvpta, for Palestine, frequently used in, 5 n . 1 3 ; commercial role o f Greek cities i n , n n . 30. Zeus, the Greek g o d , Jewish name derived from, Zeis
vipioros,
95 n . 4.
INDEX T O THE D O C U M E N T S i.
A L E X A N D E R
T H E
F A M I L Y
AXegavSpos
G R E A T
O F
T H E
I . 2, 1 2 ; l 8 . 2, 1 8 ; 1 9 . 2, 29; 2 2 . 2,
I I (0iAa8€A<£o?),I. 2,12;l 8 . 2,18519. 1,3,
30; 2 2 . 4, 2 1 ; 23. 6; 24. 6; 25. 5 ; 126. i , 4 , 1 8 ;
ApaivoTj
I I I (^PiXoTrdrcop),
22.
I,
1 7 ; 23.
I,
6;
24. 7 ; 25. 6. BepeviKTj
(Eiepyerts),
1 9 . 1 ; 126.
R O Y A L
1, 1 8 ; I 2 7 d . I, e. I.
I I I (Evepyerrjs),
19. I, 42; 37. I J 126.
1, 17, 1 9 ; I 2 7 d . I, e. I. TIroXepaios 1;
I 2 7 d . 1, 2 ; e. 1, 2.
T H E
P T O L E M I E S
IlToXepaios
1 8 ; 23. 3 ; 24. 3 ; 25. 2 ; 126. 2 ; I 2 7 d . i , e. 1. Apoivorf
A N D
I V ((PiXoTrdrcop),
128.
TIroXepaios
1 ; 129.
22. I, 1 7 ; 23. I ; 38*
1.
V ('ETTKpavrjs),
22. I, 1 7 ; 23. I ; 24.
I;
25. I22.
3,
20;
23.
5;
24.
5;
25. 4 ; 126. 19.
TIroXepaios
V I (^tAo/i^rwp), 25. I J 132. 2.
B r o t h e r of TIroXepaios
KXeoirdrpa
I , W. of IlroXepalos
KXeondrpa
I I , W. of IlToXepacos
IIroXep.aios
I (Ziorrfp);
nroXep-atos
I I (
V , 24.
I ; 25.
I.
V I , 132. 3.
I . 1, 1 1 ; 1 8 . I, 17. I.
I, I I J 18. I, 1 7 ;
TIroXep.aios 1,11;
6 vios
V I , 132. 2.
C O - r e g e n t of TIroXep.aios
I I , I.
18. 1 , 1 7 .
IlroXepaios
I I I or I V , 127b. 1.
IIroXep.alos
( i s t half of i s t c e n t u r y B.C.), 1 4 1 . I.
2.
P E R S O N A L
N A M E S
28. 1. Ap8atos, f. of L y s i m a c h o s , 32. 4. ApSatos, f. of Pollous, 80. 4. AftorjXos, 140. 7, 23. Aflbtas, i. of Josepos, 7 5 . 3.
.MiWas, s. of J o n a t h a n , 24. 19.
Afihiovs,
109.
Avhpoviicos,
.fljSSious,
s . of Karouris, 65. 6.
AfiirjXos,
66.
AffijjoTos,
105. 118.
13.
I4» i> !3>
f. of A l e x a n d r e s , 18. 4, 21.
AvSptov,
5.
19. 5.
\[Awaios]\,
3- 9-
.HvTiyeVi7?, a b a n k e r , 50.
f. of Indos, 74. 4.
A^rrjs,
f. of P t o l e m a i o s , 35.
• M v S p d V i / c o s , 18. 4, 6, 7, 20, 23, 24, v .
5.
AfiirJTOS,
f. of . . os, I • 6, 17.
Avavlas, Avhp6p.a\os,
2, 6.
^ j S S i o O s , f. of S i m o n , 7 3 .
Avavlas,
Avrtyovrjs,
2, 5.
8. 5.
•HiTiKAiJs, f. of Philte, 22. 4, 21.
5.
^ V T I ' O X O S , 94*
4-
Afiijjros,
f. of J e s o u s , 118. 5.
AvriTrarpos,
12$.
Apirjros,
s. of . . m o u s , 48. 4.
Avrlnarpos, Avrinarpos,
S . of Dositheos, 29. 10. f. of Joannes, 28. 20.
Af3irjros
f. of S a m b a t h a i o s , 87.
AfiirjTos,
f. of S i m o n , 101.
Afipaiios,
3 ; 1 1 7 . 1.
2, 6.
Amcov,
50. 3.
Afipodeos,
122.
2.
^ y a . ..,93«4J l y a t f o K A i f c , s. of P t o l e m a i o s , 24. AyjiOtov,
1 1 , 16, 20, 29.
s. of D e m e t r i o s , 28. 19.
Ayrjvcop,
14. 8, 24.
Aypeo
a t a x farmer, 104.
ASatos,
s. of Gorgias, 22. 2 , 1 8 .
19. 1 5 .
Ano(
) , s . of Salamis, 68. 4.
3TTO(
) , s. of Sollaios, 67.
Airo[X\,
f. of Sara, 26.
AiroXXoScopos,
7.
s. of A s k l e p i a d e s , 36.
i 4 f , t o ? , 4. 7.
[ATTO\]\U>VIOS,
33. 1 1 .
A V < : ' a s , 4. 4 ; 5. 3.
ArroXX[cbvios],
cf. 'Icovadas,
y l t V e ' a s , s. of A m b . . . , 123.
4.
AiroXXtbvios,
4«r[, 97- 6. AKpaaros,
1 1 2 . 3.
A\4£avopos,
13.
I. 7.
AXt^avhpos,
95-
5.
A\e£avopos,
3.
s. of I s a k i s , 136.
A\4£[avopos\,
f. of S p a r t a k o s , 25.
26.
AM$avSpos,
s. of T h e o d o t o s , 47.
A\eglp.axos,
f. of T e l e s a r c h o s , 126.
22.
92. 5116.
Ap,(p.d>)vios,
Apatois,
V}
I.
a b a n k e r , 49.
3, 10.
2 1 . 2, 5.
8; 77* 6; 80.6;
82.
s. of Dositheos, 70. 4 ; 7 1 . 3 ; 72. 4 ;
i l l . 4. -MjT-oAAawtoff, f. of I s i d o r a , 24.
f. of Neilos, 30. 20.
AnoXXtbvios,
s. of P r o t o g e n e s , 23. 9 , 1 8 , 1 9 , 21, 26,
[AiroXXu>v]ios,
f. of Sarapias,
Apyetos,
32.
130.
45
84.
91-
f. of I s a k i s , 42.
25.
5.
n.
s . of P r o t e a s , Athenian, 19. 37. ApioriTTiros, s. of Jakoubis, 47. 6. ApioToflovXos, s. of Saminos, 93. 2.
Apiorihris,
[ApioroKXeia], 8.
7.
^TTOAAOJVIOS,
Apioroyivrjs, 3, 6.
f. of T h e o d o s i o s , 29. 38.
73.
4-
ApeefjXdos,
7 5 . 4, 7 ; 78. 5 ; 83. 6 ;
5 ; 85. 6; 86. 6; 87. 6; 88. 5 ; 89. 4 ; 90.
Ap.vvras,
I . 4, i o , 15, 21 j 4 . 1 ,
28, 33-
2.
^/ij3., f. of Aineas, 123. 4. a sitologos,
a sitologos,
AiroXXcovios,
• M A e ' f a v S p o s , s. of B i o n , 136.
Ap.p.a>vios,
t
14.
4.
8; 85. 8; 87. 7 ; 88. 6; 89. 5 ; 90. 5 ; 91. 5 ;
a v i n e dresser, 14. 2, 1 5 ; 15. 26, 41. s. of Andronikos, 18. 4, 7, 20, 23, v .
JlAe'^avSpos,
Ap,p.d>Vl0S,
t h e 8ioiKi)rrjs
AiroXXcovios,
I.
J l A c ^ a v S p o s , 99.
4;
2.
5-1. v.
[ i l A e | a v ] o > o s , 6.
Anfipvcw,
126.
J l w o A A a J w o s , a b a n k e r , 48.
f. of Deinias, 24. 23.
Alvtas.
4.
13.
il7roAAo^dv7ys, s. of Asklepiades, 36. 2. [il7roAAo^di^s], f. of Herakleodoros, 25. 2. ^7roAAa>[, 1 1 6 . 5. AnoXXojvla, d. of asis, 28. 28. Airo\Xa)vlSr]s, f. of Hermione, 134. 14, 21. ^77oAAtovtSijs, s . of Moschion, 126. 2.
f. of . o s , I . 18.
Ayy&is,
2.
2*J. 7.
d. of Demetrios, 25. 6.
ApioTOKXrjs,
96.
ApioTOKXrjs,
f. of Hermogenes, 29. 12.
ApioroKpaTrjs,
8.
6.
2.
P E R S O N A L Apiarofiaxos,
19- 7-
ApioTop.ev7}s,
49*
A-qp.'qrpios, 134' [ J i j / x ^ T J p i o s , I38.
4-
27. 6.
^ / j 7 r a A p [ s , 23.
A-qpoKpdr-qs,
16.
Qpoevs, f. of Hariotes, 22. 7, 24. Apaivorj, d. of Solon, 22. 4, 21. 2d. 13.
Aprepihoipos,
9a. 2, 5*
AprepiScopos, Aprepiocopos,
141* 7s. of Asklepiades, 36. 3.
Aioyevqs,
ftpreploiopos,
f. of D o s i t h e o s , 30. 18.
Ai68copos,
Uptfiis,
s. of Harseus, 22. 7, n , 24, 31.
f. of Sambathaios, 114. 2.
.. .aats,
AarKXrj7fid8ris,
^ l a K A i j j T t a S i ; ? , 130.
21, 25.
^ I f f i f A i j m a S ^ ? , a banker, 6 6 . 3 , 7 ; 67. 3 , 7 ; 6 8 . 1 .#o-KAi77ud877?, f. of E i r e n e , 126.
n.
s. of T h e o d . . . , 123. 6.
/Iff/cAoivtay, H9.
2.
d. of Chrysermos, 24. 6.
^ T I / C O ? , 4.
7. 2
AvafjXos, 3' ' Av8opx>s, 4. 7^ p o S i o r ' a , 135.
A..a.ios, BepevUt),
3, 13.
f. of Orsenouphis, 22. 7, 25. d. of P y t h a n g e l o s , I27d. 2, e. 2.
BepeviKt], d. of Sosipolis, 19. 30. Bltov, f. of Alexandros, 136. 6. B6TT]S,
f. of Timopolis, I . 8, 19.
Bovfidicqs, ra88atos,
23. 32 (cf. Zdevevs). 37. I, V . s. of Philistion, 19. 29. f. of Adaios, 22. 2, 18.
[FaAeaJTij?,
Topyias,
50.
AIOKXTJS,
1 1 9 . 4.
4.
29. 26.
[J]ipvv(wos, 18. v .
3^' 2
Aorraota,
127b. 1, v .
AIOKXTJS,
J t o / i i j ' 8 i j ? , 19. 5.
I.
AoicX'qtTido'-qs, 37' »
AoK\r)md8-qs,
s. of R h o d o k l e s , 127b. 2.
J t d S c o p o ? , 119. 5.
Aiop.fi...,
f. of Apollonia, 28. 28.
^lffKAij7na8[ij?], 33.
22. 15, 35, V .
AtipoorpaTos, s. of D i o n y s i o s , Aspendian, 1. 9, 20. Arjpoj, d. of Philon, 126. 12. Ai8vp.os, 41. 3AUaxos, 33. 9.
AprepiScopos,
Apvibrrjs,
2.
Arjp,rJTptos, f. of Angais, 28. 19. [J?7/M7T]/?IOS, f. of Aristokleia, 25. 6. Atip.-qrpi.os, f. of K a l y b . . . o s , 130. 16. Arjp-qrpios, f. of Sarapion, 30. 17.
Apfuus, 130. 33, 35. App.evots, 38. 1 (cf. 38. v ) . AppuGois, 38. v (cf. 38. 1). Apvovipis,
281
N A M E S
Aap.a[s,
8. 3. 127b. I, 4, v . Aapeios, S. of Ionas, 35. 18. A ape t o s , f. of T h e o d o t o s , 3 1 . 70. Aapeios, s. of T h e o d o t o s , 31. 70. Aeivias, s. of Aineas, 24. 23, 28, 31. AeXXaias, 1 2 1 . 3. AeXXovs, 107. 9. Ae£i
Aiovvoios, 27. 6. Aiovvaios, I l 8 . 7. J i o r w f f i o s , f. of D e m o s t r a t o s , 1. 9, 21. Aiowo68topos, K r o m n i a n , 18. 1 2 , 1 6 , 29, 33, v . A16080TOS, f. of Herakleia, 19. 13. AiooKovplSrjs, s. of S i m o n , 32. 5. AioTperjs, 19. 6. Aioavros, s. of T h e o d o t o s , 22. 14, 35. Aicov, f. of P l a t o n , 102. 6. Aito£av8pos,
18. 15, 32.
ApipvXos, f. of D o s i t h e o s , I27d. 1, e. 1. Acoplojv, 132. 7. J w [ p i ' o ) ] v , f. of Dorion, 30. 16. [Aco]pi
, 30.
21.
Aiop60eos, 129. 2, 3, 9. J c u a a y , s. of Sabbataios, 4 6 . 1 . AwoiOea, d. of Theodotos, 47. 8. Acoaideos, 19. 12, 35. Awaide[os, 20. 21. AojoWeos, 24. 26. AtooWeos, 28. 15. Aoiaideos, 32. V . Jtoffi'[0]eos, a banker, 69. 2, 7. Acoaideos, f. of Antipatros, 29. 10. Acoaideos, f. of Apollonios, 70. 4 ; 7 * 4> 7 « 4> i l l . 5. 1
2
Acoaideos, s. of Artemidoros, 30. 18. AcooWeos, s. of Drimylos, 127a. 23, b . 2, c. 4, d. 1, e. 1. Acoaideos, Acoaideos,
f. of Hellen, 82. 4 ; 83. 4. f. of J a p h e a s , 95. 3.
J c o f f i ' f o o s , f. of J u d a s , 43.
Acoaideos, Acoaideos,
3.
s . of K a i m i o n , 29. 6. f. of K a r . [ . . ] , 29. 1 1 .
282
PERSONAL
[A]tooldeos,
s. of P a c h r a t e s , 81.
[Aaijaideos,
s. of P s a . . 7 6 . 3.
A
s. of P t o l e m a i o s , 3 1 .
'HpaKXeio-qs,
AtooLdeos,
f. of T h e o d o r o s , 32.
1.
'HpaKXijs,
141* ! •
'HpaKtov,
21. 3, 6.
[A]coai6eos,
s. of T h e o d o r o s , 47.
4.
'Hpa>i8r)S,
[Au>ol]6eos,
s. of T h e o d o t o s , 28.
8.
'H(paior[ia>v,
Atoaldeos,
I2JC.
I, V.
'HpaKXelSrjs, f. of Philon, 126. 6. 'HpaKXetros, s. of Philippos, A t h e n i a n , I . 8, 20. 'HpaKXeobtopos, s. of Apollophanes, 25. 2.
78.
AcoaWeos,
Au)o(C)deos,
' H p o ( / c A « ' 8 i j s ) , 9 3 . 5.
5.
s. of Pyrrhos, 84. 3. f. of Seuthes, 31. 63. f. of Theodoros, 28. 5.
Acootdeos,
NAMES
132.
I.
f. of Ptolemaios, 25. 8.
f. of T h e o d o t o s , 131. 5.
Awo-Weos,
f. of Theophilos, 21. 8.
Oeoyevris,
Acpgldeos,
s. of T y c h o n , 28.
@ e [ o ] y 6 ^ j , f. of T h e o g e n e s , 29.
18.
0eo8...,
'EE,eiKias,
s. of T h e o g e n e s , 29.
f.
of A s k l e p i a d e s ,
s. of Ezeikias, 29. 2. 'E^iKias), f. of Ezeikias, 29. 2. E l p r j v q , d. of Asklepiades, Cyrenean, 126. n , 12. Elfrqvr), d. of P t o l e m y , 24. 8; 25. 7.
© e o 8 [ . ] . i A i s , 1 2 1 . 1.
' £ A A a 8 o T i j , d. of P h i l o n i d e s , 128.
©e68or[os,
"EXXrjv,
[
s. of D o s i t h e o s , 82.
1, v .
4; 83.
4.
] e o s , s. of Sambathaios, 28. 9.
'Emp-evr),
©edSoro?,
©eoboros,
141. 10.
'Eppias,
f. of S i m o n , 88.
'Epp,i6vrj,
©eoodoios,
0e68oros,
3.
©eoSoros,
d . of A p o l l o n i d e s , 134.
14, 21.
©eoSoros,
1.
123.
6.
s. of A m m o n i o s , 29. 8. s. of Zoilos, 29. 22.
®eoSd(rios,
©eoSoros,
1.
37.
1, v .
f. of A l e x a n d r a s , 47.
2.
s. of Alexandras, 47. 2. s. of Dareios, 31. 70. f. of D i o p h a n t o s , 22. 14, 35. f. of Dositheos, 28. 8. s. of Dositheos, 131. 5. s. of J a s o n , 22. 14, 34. s. of Kassandros, Paionian, 22. 6, n ,
'i?p^o[y€V77s], s. of Aristokles, 29. 12.
©eoSoros,
'Epp.oKp6.rris,
127a.
II.
'Epp.OKpa.rris,
135-
I> V .
'Epp-oKpar-qs,
a sitologos,
©eoboros, 23. 3 i ©eoboros, s. of Theodoras, 47. 8. ©eoboros, f. of Theomnestos, 32. 3.
79. 7 ; 88.
8; 90.
6;
91.
6 ; 95-5-
s. of Perigenes, 102. 2.
"Epp.o)v,
' 2 ? p . . T T J S , 130.
Evicts,
4.
12. 3.
EvdvdrjS,
96. 130.
7. 3.
s. of E u m a c h o s , 29. 3. f. of E u m a c h o s , 29. 3. £<5™x[, 116. 5. Evp.a%os,
Evp.a\os,
"Eeoos,
7. 161, 167.
ZafldXvos,
3- 4-
Zavvats,
140.
Zrjv6dep.is,
8, 15, 16.
19. 5-
Z i p w v , 3. 7.
29. 7. s. of Agreophon, K a u n i a n , 1 . 4 , 1 5 ; 6 . 2 , 3 ; 7. 160; 9a. 1 ; 12. 1 ; 13. 1 ; 14. 3, 5, 16, 20; 16. 4; 127a. 1, v . Zrjvcov, s. of Timarchos, Kolophonian, 1. 9, 20. Z-qvwv,
• Z o u A o ? , 18. 5, 13, 21, 30. ZcotXos,
22.
Zwnvpos,
43'
Zconvpos,
s. of S y m m a c h o s , Persian, 19. 34.
Zd>oip.os,
f. of Milon, 22.
'HpaKXeia, 'HpaKXeibrjs,
-
©eobcopos,
7'
80.
109.
2.
©eobcopos, s. of Dositheos, 28. 5. ©eobcopos, s. of Dositheos, 32. 1. ©eobcopos, f. of Dositheos, 47. 4. ©eobcopos, f. of Sambathaios, 28. 16. ©eobcopos, f. of Theodoros, 24. 25. ©eobcopos, s. of Theodoros (cf. Z a / x d ^ A o s ) , 24. 25©eobcopos, s. of Theodoras, Macedonian, 30. 19, 22. ©eobcopos, f. of Theodoras, 30. 19, 22. ©eobcopos, f. of Theodotos, 47. 8. ©eop-vrjoros, s. of Dositheos, 47. 4. ©e6p.vqoros,
©eo£eva,
s. of T h e o d o t o s , 32.
15, 35.
3.
d. of Leukias, 28. 25.
©eoiropiiTOs,
I 4 « 9> 26.
©eo
I 9 « 5-
&eodvrjs,
130.
26.
s. of Dositheos, 21. 8. ©eoxpfforos, s. of Salaminis, 85. 3. ©ev£ov[...],
d. of D i o s d o t o s , 1 9 . 9, 12, 13, 37, 41. 48.
,31.
©e6
f. of T h e o d o s i o s , 29. 2
S . of T i
©eobdopa, d. of L e o n , 47. 3.
. . . e r e a i o ? , f. of P a n e c h a t e s , 69. 'Ereapxos,
©eoboros,
26.
139.
2.
27. 5. © 7 7 / W , s. of Phanokles, 24. 24. ©rjbcopos, f. of Tryphon, 106. 3. 0 e W ,
© i ^ a s , 139.
©paoeas,
7.
s. of Sosibios, 24. 24.
PERSONAL [ . . . . . > , 1 4 . 7'Iaelprjs, IOQ. 3. 'IdZapos, f. of S i m o n , 90. 3 ; 107. 2. 'IaKovfas, f. of Aristippos, 47. 6. 'IaKoCfSis, s. of Jakoubis, 28. 22. 'IaKovpis, f. of J a k o u b i s , 28. 22. 'IaKovfiis, f. of Marion, 28. 27. 'Iaotfiis, 27. 7. 'Idotuv, a n official of t h e dxvpodrJKT), 98. 4; I S ; 102. 5. V a a w v , s. of Mnason, 28. 17. 'Idacov, f. of Nikanor, 24. 26. 'Idacov, f. of T h e o d o t o s , 22. 14, 34. 'Iatpevs, 98. 3. 'Itvpevs, s. of D o s i t h e o s , 95. 2. ' / S c ' A A a s , s. of Sabathois, 39. 49. V « £ | 8 , 36.
5.
' J e S S o t ; ? , 6.
2, 6.
'Iepoovs,
s. of T i m o t h e o s , 2 2 . 1 4 , 1 6 , 3 5 , 37. ' / £ t . . . i s , f. of Lasaites, 20. 18. ' / i j a o u s , s. of A b i e t o s , 1 1 8 . 5. 'Ip-ovBris, 27. 6. 'Ivodis, s. of Abiestos, 74. 3. ' / p A a ? , 112.
KdXap,os, 1 1 2 . 2. K a A A t K p a ( T i j s ) , f. of Chairemon, 46. 20. / f a A A i 7 r 7 r o s , 19.
KdXXiirnos,
24.
KaXgfl. ..os, s. of Demetrios, 130. 15. Kdpai, 138. 3. K a p [ . . . ] , s. of Dositheos, 29. n . KapoCpis, f. of Abdious, 65. 6. K a a a o v S p o ? , f. of T h e o d o t o s , 22. 6, 24. Karvris, s. of P e t . . . . , 22. 8, 12, 25, 32. Karvris, s. of P y m i s , 22. 8, 12, 26, 32. Kat.oodXojv, I l 6 . 2. Kiveas, 25. 9, 24. KXeirapxos, 127c. 2, V . KXe68r)p.os, f. of Tlepolemos, 126. 20. . . . K A 7 7 ? , f. of Straton, 18. 13, 3 1 . K os, f. of Sabbathaios, 22. 15, 36. Koop.ia, 36. 4. KovavarSvos, 3« I I Kpdrepos, 36. 5. KpoTos, 9a. I , v .
3. [ v l a J / i e S c o v , 2b.
'IITIT[.
;leW,
141.
2.
"ImraXos, 2J. 7. ['/•7r]ird8a/«>ff, 30. I , 2. ' IirirooTpaTOS,
18, 23,
29. 21.
'Ioaios, f. of . . .nisasnak (?), 16. 1. ' T b u ' S a s , s. of D o s i t h e o s , 43. 3. ' / o u ' S o ? , s. of Josephos, 24. 10, 16, 17, 20. ..],
283
NAMES
3*
' / c r a w ? , f. of Alexandres, 136. 3. 7 < r a w s , s. of Hareselthos, 42. 10, 1 1 . 'IadKis, s. of Straton, 78. 3 ; 79. 3. 'IatSwpa, d. of Apollonios, 24. 7. 2
'IaparjXos, 13- 'IopafjXos, 120. I . 'Icodva, 7- 159, 166. 'Itodv-qs, f. of Samaelos, 24. 24. 'Iojdwa, 133. 35, 39. 'Icpdyyys, s. of Antipatros, 28. 20. 'Iojvadds, 128. 1, 8 . 'Icovadds, 126. 15. Cf. - M T T O A A W M O ? . 'IcovaBds, f. of Ananias, 24. 19. 'Icovadds, f. of S a m b a t h i o n , 2 8 . 26. 'Iojvds, f. of Dareios, 35. 18. 'Icoa-qms, f. of P y t h a n g e l o s , 89. 3. 'Icoorjuos, 139. 5, 8. 'IcoarjTros, an official of t h e dxvpoOrjKT), 100 101. 4 ; 102. 4. 'Itbo-qiTos, s. of Abdias, 7 5 . 3. 'Itoar/nos, s. of Menodoros, 113. 5. 'Itotn}(pos, f. of J u d a s , 24. 10. K , 119. 2. K
6.
/lao-cu'-njj, S . of I z i . . . i s , 20. 18, 20. f. of T h e o x e n a , 28. 25. 124. 3. Aetov, s. of Marios, 47. 3. / l T ^ c A / i i ? , 129.
6.
A v . . . , f. of D e x i p h a n e s , 123. 1. [...]. .Xis, s. of Syrion, 28. 7. 27. 7. / l o A o u s , f. of S i m o n , 1 1 3 . 4. AOTKIS, AVKOS,
140.
1, 15.
s. of Seuthes, 3 1 . 63.
AvKocppojv,
131.
8.
/lufftp;axo?, Il8.
Avoipaxos, Avolp,axos, Avoipaxos,
II.
139-3s. of Abdaios, 32. 4. s. of D e m e o . . . , 123. 2.
M c u d V S p i o s , 19.
5.
Mdpiov, 40. 47. [ M J a p i o v , d. of Jakoubis, 28. 27. Mdpios, Mdpios, Mapprjs, Mappijs,
f. of L e o n , 47. 3. f. of Sabbathion (cf. 27aj3j3afo?), 47. 7. 43. 10. f. of Petesouchos, 134. 19.
Meyiodiv7]s,
27. 7.
M e A e ' a y p o s , 37.
9,
v.
[Mev]€Kpdreia, d. of P h i l a m m o n , 126. 4. M e w e ' o s , f. of Sarra, 41. 3. Mevcov, 3. 6. [ M ] f V o » v , 135.
Meagypis,
1.
1 0 J . 5.
284
PERSONAL 1. of Josepos, 1 1 3 . 5. s. of Zosimos, 22. 15, 35.
MrjvoSojpgs, [MlXaiv], Mvaalarparos,
f. of S i m o n , 3 1 .
Mvdacov,
f. of J a s o n , 28.
M6Xoag{g}gs, Mooxto>v,
17.
24. I I . 2.
f. of A b i e t o s , 48. 5. s. of Simon, 20. 17.
Movaaios, Mvpivtj,
126.
IJaaVTis,
13.
21.
nepiyivys,
113- 2.
nepiyerqs,
f. of H e r m o n , 102. 2.
IJfproXXos,
I l 6 . 3.
NaravfldaX,
5.
i V e f A o s , s. of Apollonios, Macedonian, 30. 20. [ J V e o 7 r T ? ] d A e / « > ? , 28.
10.
NeoirroAepLos, f. of Sostratos, 23. 10. Nfepu>s, s. of Petesouchos, 46. 4. iVex^ *' ' s, ' ° f Petesouchos, 46. 4. NiKdvtop, s. of Jason, 24. 26. Nixdvcop, s. of X e n o k l e s , Knidian, 1. 3 , 1 4 . aV0
fl
Nixlas,
l
s
2
37'
NiKiaros,
134.
18.
9J.
2.
IJereooCxos, s. of Marres, 134. 19. llfTcoovxos, f. of Nepheros, 46. 3. Ilivas, f. of Sambathaios, 42. 8. IJtaiKXijs,
Tliaros,
9a.
4.
s. of Menelaos, 35. 18.
/7tTt?, f. of Pachrates, 42. 9. FIXdro)(v),
s. of D i o n , 102. 6.
Jloavepuovv,
87.
4-
noX4p.u>v, s. of Ptolemaios, 29. 13. IloX4n
-
JViKia?, f. of . . . p h a n e s , 19.
4, 6, 7, V.
, f. of K a t y t i s , 22. 8, 25.
nerep.[....],
36.
I.
TleidoXaos,
i7er Ndrav,
19. 16, 17.
IJarpo<j>iXa, 36.
riaxpar-qs, f. of Dositheos, 8l. 5. IJaxp(drrjs), s. of P h a r . . . , 42. I I . TIaxp{dT7}s), s. of Pitis, 42. 9.
76.
f. of A p o l l o n i d e s , 126.
.. .fiovs,
NAMES
34.
J7oAAot>s, s. of A b d a i o s , 80.
l l S . I.
NiKofiios, Chalkidian, 18. 12, 29, v . Nt.K6Bpop.os, s. of Philippos, 46. 23.
IIoXvBfVKijs,
NiKop,axos,
77[. ..]<*, 25. 15.
NtKotv,
129.
7, 9.
3. 12.
] p t p - a o r a * , s. of I o s i o s , 16.
NoyQlatv,
29.
36.
5.
6.
flp-[>3- 13Tlpoirias, f. of Aristides, 19. 38.
I.
s. of Onias, 86. 2.
Novp.yvios,
JJoXvKXrjs, 10.
IJordficov,
NiKLov, f. of Sabaidon, 46. 22.
3.
I9« 6, 8, 32.
JJpcoToyevqs,
9-
IlToXep.atos,
f. of Apollonios, 23. 9. 27.
5'
[/TrjoAe/xafos', Macedonian, 30. 5, 6, 7, 8. SevoKXfjs,
f. of Nikanor, 1. 3, 14.
"OKa.ip.os,
4« 7'
]o/cAe«t>v, 28.
12.
' O w a s , 137.
17.
'Opoevovfas,
s . of A . p h . s . i o s , 22.
'Opvas,
6.
7 , 1 2 , 25, 32.
I, v .
JtlroXefiatos,
47*
TlToXep.atos,
111.
TIroXep.atos,
1 1 6 . 4.
TlroXepLatos,
123.
nroXep-atos,
12*]3L. 4.
nToXep,atos,
14I> ! •
TlToXep.atos,
a banker, 49. 6; 5 1 . 4, 6 ; 52. 2 , 4 ;
28. I I . ] . o s , s. of A g a t h o n , Persian, I . 18. . . . o s , s. of Ananias, Persian, 1. 6, 17. 3' 8.
' Oaopofjpis,
66.
IlavaflijXos,
4. 3. 3.
i7ova?, a sitologos, 82. 7. S . of
JJayexdrrjs, TIavloKOS,
7 3 . 6; 74. 5 ; 77. 5 ; 80. 5 ; ..eteaios,
69.
4.
74* 6-
s. of Sabbatios, 46. 6.
Tlaovs,
napaifJdrrjs,
s. of P a r a i b a t e s , 29.
riapaifldrris,
f. of P a r a i b a t e s , 29.
IlapdivLOs, IJaais,
9a.
126.
13.
2, 7, b .
80.
7 ; | 8 3 . 7 ; 84.
5.
5.
TlroXep-atos,
s. of Ananias, 35. 13.
TlroXeyiatos,
s. of Asklepiades, 36. 3.
6;
85.
IlToXep.atos,
f. of Dositheos, 3 1 . 78.
nroXefiatos,
f. of Eirene, 24. 8; 25. 7.
nroXep-atos,
s. of Hephaistion, 25. 8 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 20,
23IlTo(Xep.atos), f. of P o l e m o n , 29. 13. TlToXep,atos, f. of Sabdaios, 96. 5. IJvddyyeXos, f. of Berenike, I27d. 2, e. 3. IlvddyyeXos, S . of Josepos, 89. 2. 77
6ll.
a sitologos,
7. iTroAe/mios, f. of Agathokles, 24. n .
O u a / H ? , 1X2. I .
IJaicov,
63- 3 , 7 ; 64. 2 ; 65. 3, 5. TlroXepatos,
1 3 1 . 2, 9.
5-
53- 3, 6; 54. 2, 4 ; 55. 3, 7 ; 56. 2, 6 ; 57. 3, 7 ; 58. 2, 5 ; 59. 2, 4; 60. 3 , 6 ; 61. 2, 7 ; 62. 2, 5 ;
[.. . ] o s ,
'Oaatos,
2.
IJvppos,
u'/xis, f. of K a t y t i s , 22.
f. of Dositheos, 84. 3.
8.
P E R S O N A L 'PayeaopdaX,
36. 4.
'POOOKMJS,
f. of D i o g e n e s , 127b. 2.
SafiaOLs,
34* 1*
285
N A M E S
Elpuov,
s. of A b d i o u s , 7 3 . 5.
Eip.oiv,
s. of A b i e t o s , i o i . 2, 6.
Eip.oiv,
s. of . . . c h i o s , 123. 3.
Eip.tov,
s . of D e x i p h a n e s , 99. 8.
EapaOcois,
f. of I d e l l a s , 39. 49.
Eip.tov,
f. of D i o s k o u r i d e s , 32. 5.
EafLaiooiv,
s. of N i k o n , 46. 22.
Eip.tov,
s . o f H e r m i a s , 88. 3.
Eaparais,
f. of H o r o s , 44. 61.
Eip.tov,
s. o f H o r a i o s , 9 1 . 3 ; 92. 3.
Eipaav,
s. of I a z a r o s , a t a x f a n n e r , 61. 3 ; 62. 3, 5 ;
[iTJajSjSaflaros, 30. 9. EaPPadaios,
S . o f K . . , 22. 1 5 , 36, V .
6 3 . 4 5 9 0 - 3 ; 107. 2, 9.
EaPPdOiov,
d. of A r i s t i p p o s , 47. 6.
Eip.o)v,
s. of L o l o u s , 1 1 3 . 4 .
Eappddiov,
d . of S a b b a i o s , 47. 7.
Eip.cov,
s. of M n a s i s t r a t o s , 3 1 . 76.
Elp.tov,
f. of M o u s a i o s , 20. 1 7 .
EapPaTos,
f. of S a b b a t h i o n (cf. Mdpios),
47. 7.
EaPParaios,
1 3 3 . 2.
Eip.io(v),
EaPParaios,
S . of H o r o s , 46. I .
ELpLotv,
s. of S a m b a t h a i o s , 1 1 8 . 4.
EapParaios,
f. of P a o u s , 46. 6.
Eip.tov,
f. of S i m o n , 32. 1.
EaPoaXos,
s . of P t o l e m a i o s , 96. 5.
Eip.cov,
f. of S o l o k t o s , 94. 2.
s. o f S i m o n , 32. 1.
•TaAd/wvis, f. o f T h e o c h r e s t o s , 85. 4-
Eioivrjs,
28. 24.
EdXap.is,
EiolvTjs,
f. of S e n e u s , 28. 4.
f. of A p o (
ZdXpcov,
) , 68. 4.
45. 8.
EtrdXiOfs,
36. 5. 2
2Jap.dr}Xos,
s. of J o a n e s , 24. 24.
Exvpvos,
Zap.dj)Xos,
f. of T h e o d o r o s (cf. © e d S c o p o s ) , 24. 25.
27oAAafo?, f. of A p o ( . . . ) , 67. 4.
Eap.pa80.ios, EapPa8[aios,
109* *
ZoAAou/xu, f. o f S a m b a t h a i o s , 64. 4 ; 104. 4.
97' 4 -
EOXOKTOS,
IO3. 5.
s. of S i m o n , 94*
Zapfiadaios,
122. I .
EOXOJV,
EapPaOaios,
a t a x farmer, 5 1 . 5 ; 52. 3 ; 5 3 . 4 ;
27o/uoi}A[t?, 1 2 . 1.
54- 3 ; 55- 4 5 5 6 . 3 ; 57- 4 ; 58. 3 ; 59- 3 ; 60. 4 . Eap.padaios,
s. of A b i e t o s , 87. 3 ; 1 1 7 . 1.
ZapfiaOaios,
f. of
Eappadatos,
s. of P i n a s , 42. 8.
Eap.pa(6aios), Eap-PaOaios, UapPadaios, Zap.pdOiov, Hdppados,
e o s , 28. 9.
f. o f S i m o n , 1 1 8 . 4.
Sdpxvos,
EovXis,
f. o f H o r o s , 99. 5.
EirdpraKos,
s . o f A l e x a n d r a s , 25. 26.
ETpdnirnos,
f. of S t r a t i p p o s , 28. 2 1 .
Erpdrnrnos,
s. of S t r a t i p p o s , 28. 2 1 .
Erpdrcov,
6. 3, 5.
[iriTpaVcov, M a c e d o n i a n , 30. 3 , 4.
s. o f T h e o d o r o s , 28. 16.
Erpdrcov,
s. o f . . . k l e s , E r y t h r i a n , 18. 13, 30, v .
Erpdrcov,
f. of P o l e m o n , 1. 7, 18.
d. o f J o n a t h a n , 28. 26.
s. of A s i b i s , 1 1 4 . 2. f. o f A r i s t o b o u l o s , 93. 3.
Erpdrcov,
s. of S t r a t o n , 7 7 . 3 ; 78. 3.
Erpdrcov,
f. of S t r a t o n , 7 7 . 4 ; 78. 3 ; 7 9 . 3.
Evp.p.axos,
f. o f Z o p y r o s , 19. 34.
Sap.or]Xis,
a v i n e dresser, 14. 2, 1 5 ; 1 5 . 26, 4 1 .
Evpiwv,
Eap.6i}Xos,
112. 6.
Ecppayis,
I . 5>
ECOVIKOS,
19* 6.
Eaprradaios,
#
s . o f S o l l u m i s , 64. 3 ; 104. 4.
1 1 5 . 2, 4.
EapParaios,
2
f. o f A r s i n o e , 22. 5, 22.
119- 3«
f. o f . . . . l i s , 28. 7.
27av[/3d-uos], IIO. I .
Ecoirarpa,
23. 16.
2 7 o w o i o s , 3 . 10.
Ecpgipios,
130. 20.
Edpa,
Ecoaipios,
f. of T h r a s e a s , 24. 24.
d . o f A p o l . . . , 26. 13.
[Eapanias],
d . of A p o l l o n i o s , 25. 5.
27cucrMroA[is], f. of B e r e n i k e , 1 9 . 30. Ecoarrparos,
1 4 . 3, 5, 1 7 , 20; 1 5 . 26.
[iTjopamW, s . of D e m e t r i o s , M a c e d o n i a n , 30. 1 7 .
Ecoarparos,
26. 18.
Edppa,
Ecoarparos,
s. of N e o p t o l e m o s , 23. 10, 1 7 , 18, 2 1 ,
Eapamcov,
Eevdys, EetpddTs,
2
134- 5 -
d . of M e n n e o s , 4 1 . 3. s. o f D o s i t h e o s , 3 1 . 63. 139. 4.
2 7 e c 3 ? , 38. 2, 5, 8 , v . ETJP€VS,
26,28,35.
T a v p i w s , H 4 « 3'
S . of S i s i n e s , 28. 4.
Edevfvs,
23. 32 (cf.
EipvXos,
2d. 16.
BovpdK-qs).
Taxvovpus, .[ TeXeoapxos,
105. 2. ].7pa,
1 4 1 . 10.
s. of A l e x i m a c h o s , 126. 22.
Eipchv,
2e. 22.
TeXovcpis,
Elp.cov,
103. 3.
Te'os, 2 1 . 1, 2, v .
Eipcov,
108. I .
TeviXos,
Eip.to(y),
124. 5.
f. of T i m a i o s , 21. 9.
IO
I39» *
7f.[, f. of T h e o d o t o s , 3 1 . 80.
286
PERSONAL s. of Telouphis, 21. 9.
Tifiatos, Tifidvcop,
130.
Tlpapxos,
27.
Tip.apxos,
f. of Z e n o n , 1. 9, 20.
[v,
14. 8.
0lXcov,
18.
TXr)Tr6Xep.os, Tovpias,
6, 7, 8 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 9 ;
2b.
127a.
1.
s. of Herakleides, Cyrenean, 126. 6. 4>iXtovt8r)s, f. of Helladote, 128. 1, v .
v.
s. of K l e o d e m o s , 126.
I.
5. 3.
0t'Awv,
Ti^diToAts,
[Tljp.6oTpa.TOS,
26.
0i'Atuv, I l 8 .
f. of Hieroous, 22. 14, 16, 35, 37. s. of B o t e s , Milesian, 1. 8, 19.
Tip.69eos,
NAMES
8;
20. c. 2 , 1 8 ;
0 u A e i f c , 22. d.
7,
V,
10,
24.
130. 19-
15, 175 4- * > v ; 5 . 1, 9, v . TovfSLas,
17.
Tpv
s. of Thedoros, 106. 2.
I. y
Tpv(f>(x)va,
141
Xd apos,
• IO.
] , s. of Dorion, Macedonian, 30. 21. ...d.vr)s, s. of Nikias, Thracian, 19. 34.
.Xdpijs, I O 3 .
3.
Xapp-oyevr/s,
JO.
0[
<Pavias,
37.
&avoi<Xrjs,
I,
f. of T h e b o n , 24.
f. of Menekrateia, 126. 10.
s. of P h e n b . . . , 8. 6.
^ a f . . . , f. of D o s i t h e o s , 76. 3. W(vap.ovvis, 4.
3.
f. of H e r a k l e i t o s , 1. 8, 20.
0 i A i 7 r 7 r o s , f. of K a p h i s o p h o n , 127a. 19.
f. of N i k o d r o m o s , 46. 23.
&iXioTia>v,
21.
Xpvoepp,os,
s. of H o r o s , 100. 3.
Vevoi
, 42. I I .
WevofldoTis,
QiXtas,
0iXimros,
8.
130.
'flw'[as], I 3 2 .
'Qpatos, *Qpos,
^ I A O V O W T T J J , 102.
*Qpos,
6.
112.
2. 5.
I.
f. of S i m o n , 91. 3 ; 92. 3. 21.
• f l p o s , 36.
[0lAdffT/3GtTOs], 24.
26,
f. of N o u b i o n , 86. 2.
'Qvlas,
0 i A « m W , f. of Galestos, 19. 29.
QiXovp.e'vi},
6.
f. of Simon, 123. 3. f. of Aspasia, 23. 6.
24.
f. of P a c h r a t e s , 42. 1 1 . 0 e ! > 0 . . . . , f. of Philinis, 8. 6.
0iXt,mros,
125.
* P p o , 137. ?
10. 6. 4. 17.
'Qpos,
f. of P s e n a m o u n i s , 100.
4>tXrr),
d. of A n t i k l e s , 22. 4, 20.
*Qpos,
s. of Sabatais, 44. 61.
0iX
3.
*&po?,
f. o f Sabbataios, 46. 1.
*iipos,
s. of Soulis, 99. 5.
0t'AoH>, 18.
5. v.
20.
v.
&ap...,
0iXdp.p.cov,
4.
s. of Kallikrates, 46.
•Xavowcuoj, 10. 41, 66, 75'
f. of D o s i t h e o s , 28. 18.
Tvxcov,
36.
Xaip-qp.cov,
3.
3. AfieXXa,
G E O G R A P H I C A L
2a. 5, d . i o .
Adrjvaios,
I . 8, 20; 19.
Mapavdis,
38.
38.
2.
'Ifiitov
Apyaiov,
'Iep[d
Nrjaos],
3,
5, 6, 7; 38. 105127b. 5. . M A e f d v o p o v Nfjoos,
129.
A N D iOvwd I30. 75.
'IepoaoXvpa,
^ A ^ d V S p e t a , I . 2, 1 3 ; 4 . v ; 5. v ; 19. 2, 3 ; 23.
^/xovSe.[
N A M E S
2a. 3, b . 7-
'Iovoala,
19. 13.
'ZouSatos, 8.
5 ; 9a. 2, b . 6 1 1 ; 18. 4, 2 1 ; 19. 1 2 ;
20. 1 7 , 1 8 ; 2 1 .
I.
22, 24.
3.
22. 16, 3 6 ; 23. 9,
io;
io;
24.
10, I I , 19, 25, 2 6 ; 25. 22; 26. 1 5 ; 30. I , 2,
] , 12. 2.
}4p,p.aviTi.s,
I . 3, 13.
9, 1 8 ; 33. 6 ; 38. 2 ; 43. 2 ; 46. 2 - 3 ; 125. 3 ;
- M m ' a s , 23.
14.
128. 1, 2 - 3 ; 129. 5 ; 130. 19, 20; 133. 3 ; 134. 18, 29; 135. 5 ; 141. 9.
-MTTOAAWWO.?, 21. 2, 5. ^TToAAtOVOTroAlTT/S, I I I . ^wdAAcovos
4, 5-
7rdAt? 17 p.eydXr],
JO.
i;
JI.
2;
J2.
2.
Kavvios,
I . 4, 15-
K e [ p ] K e d c n p i s , 21. 13.
Apews
Kojprj,
44*
6o.
KepKeofjfas,
Apatvorq r) erri T[OV xto/uaTOs], I 2 7 d . 2. Apoivolrqs,
126.
Apaivotrqs
Kvloios,
KoXo<j>a}vios,
5-
vop,6s,
ig.
4, 7 , 1 6 , 3 2 ; 2 2 . 6, 23; 23.
8;
24. 10; 25. 5 ; i27d. 3. AanevStos,
I . 9, 20.
Ba.iTtdya.Ta,
2a. I O .
Bovftdaros,
(vopos),
K6TT(TOS),
69.
4> 83.
3-
KpoKooiXcov
•JTOXIS, 19. 4 , 1 6 ; 23. 8; 38. 18. 12, 30.
1; I26.
5.
2a. 11. 126.
Kojirrjs
32.
8l.
2.
Kptop,viTrjs,
Kvprjvaios,
15,
9, 28.
I . 9, 20.
KOTTTLTTIS
KvSiaos,
B i p r a , I . 3, 13. B O I W T I O S , 18.
22.
1. 3, 14.
6, I I .
(vop.6s?),
18. 3, 19.
37« 9* /ld/cacra, 2a. 7*
rdXiXa, 2e. 18, 22. MaKeoibv, AtKaLov
Ka>p.r),
4ids iroXis,
127b.
50.
2.
Mep.is,
Si5 2 . 1 ; 53. 2; 5 4 . 1 ; 5 5 - 2 ; 56. 2557. 2 58.
J i d ? 7rdAis 17 p.eydXr),
59. 66. 77. 84. 91.
2J.
4; 48.
I . 7, 1 8 ; 30.
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 19,
20, 21.
3, 6.
2 ; 49.
2
2;
9a. 5 ; 141. 2.
MiXr\aios,
I . 8, 19.
2;
1 ; 60. 2J 6 l . 2; 62. 2; 63. 2 ; 64. 2 6 5 . 2 ;
NeiXov
2 ; 67. 2 ; 6 8 . 3 ; 73. 2 ; 74. 2 ; 75. 2
Nor),
76.1;
TTOXIS, 46.
7.
2a. 8.
2 ; 78. 2; 79. 2 ; 80. 2; 81. 2 ; 82. 2 8 3 . 2 ; 2 ; 85. 2 ; 86. 2 ; 87. 2; 88. 2 ; 89. 2 90.2;
'OPPLTTJS
2 ; 92. 2 ; 94. 2.
["cv]£o , 96.3.
(vop.6s),
96.
4-
S
Elroyi,
2a.
'0£vpvyxa, 9.
127b. T
'£/)iXo[f], 2a. 'EpvBpiTrjs,
['0£upvyx(] '?s
4.
18. 13, 30.
TJaiiov,
22.
I , 4.
1 2 7 c 3.
(vofios),
6, 24.
/Tepees, I . 6, 17, 1 8 ; 19. 34. ' / / p . . . . , 4 1 . 3. 'HpatcXea,
37*
2
RIOXEPTO\YOS] -
p.epis,
TlToXep.ais,
'HpaKXeoTToXiTrjs,
24.
Eapdpeia,
22.
[ Z x S o t y , 2e. pepis,
23.
1 4 ; 24. 9 ; 37. 2 ; I 2 7 d . 3.
6, 23; 28.
I
EiSibvios,
I . 5> 6 -
2.
ZovpafiiT..
© f l j B a f e , 27.
5.
Z V p c t T t o v f o ] ? TTvpyos,
@ p c u | , 19. 34; 25. 127c
3.
9.
Evptov
2 ; 128.
18.
©TJ/JCU, 108.
@X6is,
I.
12.
'H«£ai[e*Tias], 25. 7OepLiarov
127b.
2a. 12.
., 2a.
K(I>pr),
46.
)> 9 3 - 2.
6 (cf. 2d.
2.
2a.
2.
14).
8.
288
G E O G R A P H I C A L
27O>H3I'TT[ . . . , 2d. 14 ( c f . 2a. 6).
N A M E S
0iAaSe'A<£e«x,
12.
i , 1 2 ; 14.
127a. v . Tdvis,
10. I I , 14, 19.
T f / S r u w s , 1 4 1 . 3. TPTKCOFIIA,
XaA/aSews,
l 8 . 1 2 , 29.
24. 91
^evCpis , 3 3 * 4« 0 e j 3 r i ? , 1 8 . 3 , 19. X
2,
14,
21;
43.
4;
4. dp.ircXovpyos, dpurtXcov,
14.
3, 5,
T E C H N I C A L
15.
6eop,o6piov, 12J.
14. 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 28; 21.
16.
Orjaavpds,
5.
dnopotpa,
3 ; 70.
64.
apx^vXaKirrfS,
I4«
dpxvirripirrfs,
3 ; 7 1 . 2 ; 72.
!> *4J 27.
138.
3.
2.
i e p d irapdScioos, ('epetfc,
2 ; 99. 4, 5; 100.
2; I 0 X . 3 ;
102.
125.
innapxia, yewpyoi,
22.
fSaoiXiKOV ( T O ) , 46.
8,
26.
18; 25.
ypapparev's,
21.
imrets,
9-
J 7$-
2
>
0
* 2, 29; 22.
2,
18;
24.
5J I 3 ° *
15.
5; 21. I O , 40, 42, 43, 44; 23.
1 9 . 39, 41. 1 9 . 31, 32, 47.
S i K a a n j y , I . 18; 1 9 . 5, elaayyeXevs,
138.
cloaytayevs,
19* 6, 32.
27,
46.
Ktpapxvs,
Sucaorypiov,
27; 25.
21; 27.
8.
46.
43.
14. 2, 7, 16.
4. K ^ P ° S ,
SiKaiibpaTa,
8.
3*>
Kcpapxlov, 10; 36.
2, 3 ; 1 4 1 .
5; I 2 9 . 3, 5, 7, 10, I I .
I . 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, 19; 1 2 . 8.
KaXafios,
y e c o p y o ' ? , 12. 8; 25.
19.
2
lnTroKop.05, 2 d . 17.
I , 17; 27.
131. 9. Pajccav, 65. 3.
hidypap.p.a,
2
4>
2, 18; 1 9 .
I , e . 1; 139.
Ifidriov,
Se/cavt/cd?, l8.
I
134*
I . 2, 12; l 8 .
I27d.
3J I O 3 . 3 .
fiaoiXiKOS
J 75'
23. 2 ; 24. 2 ; 25. 2 ; 1 2 0 . 1; 1 2 1 . 2 ; 126. 2 ;
22.
o x u / ) o v , 97. 4 ; 98.
PCLOIXIKOI
2
3J 74'
7.
aroKOs, 23. I I . OWATJTIJS, 28.
64.
1 2 . 9, I I ; 73.
77. 2; 78. 2; 79. 2; 80. 2; 81. 3 ; 82. 3, 83. 2; 84. 2; 85. 2; 86. 2; 87. 2; 88.3; 89. 2; 90.2; 91. 2; 92. 2; 94. 2; 95. 2; 96.3.
x
dirtptTurjTOS, 4« 5> 4 d w o S o x i a , 33.
T E R M S
20.
2
37-
>
*9' 8
xXijpovxos,
1 . 6 , 7 , » 14, i7>
*tfpioy, 18.
I I , 28; 1 9 . 37; 22.
!913, 34; 23.
31;
24.
i ; 3 *
1
63;
14, 34; 24.
23;
23,31; 26.14,16; 46.19. K(ap.dpxj]S, 130. 26. Ka>p.oypap.fiarfvs,
10.
21.
2, 5; 27.
6; 28.
43. 10; 130. 21, 25, 28; 133.
I.
2. A e t r o u p y d s , 18. 14, 15, 31, 33. Xlvvfos,
eKarovrdpovpos, 129. 6.
95.
3.
eK^opiov, 37. 3; 43. 6, 8, 12. fidprvpes,
cvaycoyos, 139* evixvpa,
6.
two piov, 50. 3 ; 108. I . « < T « ; f i f f , 16. 5; 19-9J e(ciXr)
I
0
3 ; I I I . 3.
emticXr/rrjs,
43.
48.
5 ; 94.
3.
vdxopos
( =
vecoKopos),
12$.
oiKovopos,
I30.
4, 31.
32.
olvoSixia,
I40.
2.
OfioXoyla,
24.
18. 1
o5 d A A a y ^ ( c f . x ^ t o i )
o«J d A A a y i J ) , S *
2
55 5 «
35
53- 4 , 5 ; 54- 3> 4; 55- 4 , 5 ; 56.35 57- 4 , 6 ; 60. 4, 5; 61. 4, 6; 62. 4, 5; 63.4-
19* I ; 130.
7.
d y S o i j / c o v r d p o v p o t , 24* 27; 28.
3*
«UfcaTaj3oAij, 23«
12, 29; 22.
-
16; 1 5 . 42; 90.
139*
H4TO OI, X
37-
iiripyos, 19. 34. e m y o v ^ , 18. 4,14, I S , 20, 31,32; 19.13, 35,38; 20. 17,18; 2 1 . 1 1 ; 23. 9,10; 24.11,20,25; 26.15; 126. 21, 23, 25. imyparj, 73. 4 ; 96. 3. imBopLara,
1. 6, 18; l 8 .
25. 20; 126. 20.
4.
32. 8
emordTi)s, 33- 9; 37- 95 3 « 7J129. 9. emardrTjS Vnirapxios, 2f. 8. iirirporros,
epyaaia e p i a , 9a.
126.
iraiodpia,
/tera/SoAi/aj, 2, 7; 38.
4« 4, l 6 j 1 2 . 13.
iraxhiaicr), I . 16; 135*
17.
irapdoeioos,
24. 18.
2, 5, 6, 9,
irapfmorjpns,
15.
2 1 . 7; 126.
J
4»
2
0
*
15. I
7T€pireTp,rjp.evos, 4« 3 ,
ipUpLTTOpOS, 38. I , 14.
3'
134*
*4'
TToAtTtKOt VOfJ.01, I 9 . 44; 128. i j y f / i c o v , 27. ypudXiov,
B2909
23.
•nopBpiots,
7. 29; 24.
23; 26.
51.4;
52.2;
53.3;
5 7 . 3 ; 5 8 . 3 ; 5 9 . 2 ; 60.3.
8.
u
2. 2
54. ;
55- 3 ;
56.3;
290 voats,
TECHNICAL
TOTToypapparevs, 2J. 6; I30. 33; 1 3 1 . 8; 137. 17.
I39. I , 2.
7rp6ypap.pa, 7rp6eopos,
136.
TpdneCa,
2.
14.
T r p o o r c u x i I29. npoarayp-a,
I , 13; 21.
5; I34.
19.
8; 127b.
(n-ptSTOt) lXot, 138.
ZdftfiaTa,
10.
6.
oradp-os,
22.
9,
c r T p a - n j y d s , 14.
3, 5.
1 7 , 18, 29; 138. 2 ; 136.
I.
8; 137*
2 ; 5 1 . 3 ; 52.
2; 53.
2;
4 ; 53.
6; 55. 7; 56.
6;
57.
58. 5 ; 59- 45 60. 6; 61. 7 ; 63. 7 ; 65. 5 ; 66. 7; 67. 7 ; 68. 1 ; 69. 7 ; 70. 6; 72. 6. 2
2
u W p TOW TOTJOV, 74« 3> 7 7 '
3> 80.
TpiaKovrdpovpoi, 28. 5, 3 > 37* * 27.
8, 25; 37.
13.
2 ; 50.
7;
9, i o ; 38.
7, 8; 128.
7;
85.
ovyypatpr),
3 ; 49.
T p a x r e t f n j s , 5 1 . 6; 52.
19-
2.
129.9. O T p c m t o T c u , 2'7-
48.
54. 2 ; 55. 2 ; 56. 2 ; 57. 2 ; 58. 2 ; 5 9 . 1 ; 60. 3 ; 61. 2 ; 62. 2 ; 63. 2 ; 64. 2 ; 65. 2 ; 66. 2; 67. 3 ; 68. 3 ; 69. 2; 70. 2 ; 7 1 . 2 ; 72. 3.
19* 4*
•npoadyyeXpa,
TERMS
8* 28. 6; l8.
6. 13, 34; 23.
31;
24. 18, 23, 30; 26. 1 6 ; 37. 4. 18. 3,
ovyypa<povXa£, l 8 .
l6,
88. 3 ; 103.
VTroypajfyrj, 126.
I I , 28; 22.
avyypaj) diroaraaiov,
2;
33;
vnodrjicri,
20. 20.
vnoScoiicriTfjs,
vn6p,vrip.a, 2 1 ; 22.
16,
37;
3 ; 84.
2;
14.
I32. 23.
2J 82.
2.
7-
12, 20, 21, 25.
1 3 . 1 ; 21. I J I 3 2 .
viropv7)pa.Toypd<pos, 12ja.
18; I 3 3 .
32.
24.
24. 19, 28, 31. ovvaycoyrj,
138.
owepiOos,
I.
129.
X O A K O U laovop.ov,
3.
a w o S o ? , I38.
4, 8, 16.
avvra
138.
oarrrip,
16.
22.
Tam8vdvT7)s, T e A o s otvov,
r e A o ? OKVTtiov, rerdpTti dXUcov, T O K O S , 20.
19;
X a p i s T O I S Scots,
7, 24; 24.
66. 6l. 23.
12.
4.
4 ; 49.
6pos, 46. 3. 4 ; 68.
4.
3;
62.
3 ; 63.
3', 107*
24.
14,
2i;
26.
2,
2. 4,
8.
4;
1 9 ; 48*
5 ! 49* 50.
45 ^4*
63. 4 ; 66. 5.
14*
6.
14.
^uAaKiTTjs,
14.
<£uAa|, 21.
10.
3.
7* 9, 26; 25.
22J I 3 0 .
4*
5 ; 58' 4 J
4* 2.
I i ; 110.
povpapxos, 27.
3 ; 67.
30;
61. 4 ; 62.
X a p a ^ Ka.Xdp.ivos,
12.
12$. 48.
5;
13.
7 ; 38.
raKTopnaQos,
20.
X a A w o u OJ5 d A A o y i j ( c f . oS dXXayrf),
27.
60.
INDEX OF SOURCES 1 CP.Jud. B G U 1272 . BGU1282 . BGU BGU BGU BGU
1339 1340 1341 1436
• . . .
B G U 1443 • B G U 1474 . B G U 1730 . M. Chr. 21 . 0 . A s h m . Mus. 2 . 0 . A s h m . Mus. 12 0 . Bodl. 40 0 . Bodl. 46 0 . Bodl. 49 0 , B o d l . 53 0 . B o d l . 54 0 . Bodl. 55 0 . Bodl. 56 0 . B o d l . 60 0 . Bodl. 64 0 . B o d l . 103 0 . Bodl. 118 0 . B o d l . 153 0 . B o d l . 156 0 . B o d l . 158 0 . B o d l . 160 0 . B o d l . 162 0 . B o d l . 163 0 . B o d l . 164 0 . B o d l . 230 0 . B o d l . 232 0 . B o d l . 233 0 . B o d l . 234 0 . B o d l . 252 0 . Bodl. 285 0 . Bodl. 299 0 . Bodl. 300 0 . B o d l . 301 0 . Bodl. 325 0 . B o d l . 340 0 . Camb. 10 0 . Camb. 137 O E 367 O E 368 O E 371 . 0 . Petrie 43 0 . Petrie 50 0 . Strassb. 10
•
. .
. .
. .
• . . . .
25 46 72 70 71
• . .
95 96 116
• . . .
137 19 104 121 119
. .
48 50 51
• • .
56 58 59
. . .
64 67 69 105
• .
73 74
•
77 82 86
. . . . . . . .
78 79 97 98 100 99 118 113 120
. . . .
117 114 124 112 80
•
•
•
• . . . .
83 in 139 140 92
.
.
.
. .
76 49
CP.Jud. 0 . Strassb. 326 . 0 . Strassb. 519 . 0 . Strassb. 590 . 0 . Wilb. Brkl. 3 . P . Col. Zen. 2 P . Cornell 1 PCZ 59003 . . . . PCZ 59004 . . . . PCZ 59005 . . . . PCZ 59018 . . . . PCZ 59075 . . . . PCZ 59076 . . . . PCZ 59241 . . . . PCZ 59292,1. 611 PCZ 59367, Col. I I PCZ 59377 . . . . PCZ 59509 . . . . PCZ 59618 . . . . PCZ 59710 PCZ 59762 . . . . PCZ 59802 . . . . P. Ent. 2 . P . E n t . 19 . P . E n t . 23 . P. E n t . 30 . P . E n t . 59 . . . . P . Freib. 12 b . P . Gradenwitz 2 . P . Grenf. i. 4 3 + i b i d . ii, p . 216 P . Gurob 2 . P . Gurob 8 . P . Gurob 22 P . Gurob 26 P. H a u n . 11 P . H i b . 9 0 , 1 1 . 1-4 P . H i b . 96 . . . . P . l a n d . inv. 413 verso P I F A O 104 (unpublished) . P. Lille I, 5. P. Lille I I , 3 . . P . L o n d o n I I , p . 10, n o . 402 P . L o n d . inv. 2358(A) . P . L o n d . inv. 2378, fr. 1, verso P . Magd. 3 P . Magd. 35 . P. Mich. Zen. 30 . P . Mich. Zen. 55 . P . Par. 6 3 , 1 - V I I . P . Petrie i, p . 43 .
• •
103 123
• .
115 106 2e 7 1 2a 2b 6
5 4 9a
.
: •
.
b
9
l
3
.
12
.
16 11 10 2C
•
38
.
I276
. .
128 129
• . .
37 26 i27<;
• •
135 19
21 • • . . . .
39 32 27 I27e 18 3 141
• • •
35 37 42 2d
• • . . .
17 37 129 8 127a 132
•
33
292
INDEX
OF
SOURCES CP.Jud
CP.Jud. P . Pctrie iii. 7
.
.
126
SP256
P . Petrie iii. 21(g)
.
19
SP334
•
•
•
P . Petrie iii. 59c .
• .
34 132
SP335 SP376
• .
•
•
P . Petrie iii, p p . 15 sqq. P . R y l . 72
•
44
UPZ
• •
14
W . Chr. 57 .
•
31
W . Chr. 198
•
134
.
P . R y l . 578 P . R y l . 590
•
P S I 3 9 3 + P S I v i , p . xiii P . T e b t . 79 P . T e b t . 86 (11. 1 4 - 3 1 )
.
.
19 21
.
131
.
50
.
•
132
43
W . Chr. 55 .
138
W . Chr. 56 .
• .
33 129
no
W O 334 W O 335
. . .
.
.
•
135
• .
36 66
• .
54 61
.
62
.
63
P . T e b t . 90
•
45
P . T e b t . 730
131 130
W O 337
P . T e b t . 793, Col. I I , fr. 1, recto
• .
W O 339
.
P . T e b t . 800
•
133 20
W O 340
.
W O 718
.
.
94
.
I2^d
W O 721
• .
23 24
W O 723
.
• .
75 81
W O 724
.
.
84
22
W O 728
.
.
88
P . T e b t . 8 1 5 , fr. 2, recto P . T e b t . 8 1 5 , Col. I I , fr. 3, recto, 11. P . T e b t . 817 P . T e b t . 818
1-3
P . T e b t . 820 P . T e b t . 863, fr. 1
.
41
W O 729
.
P . T e b t . 882
.
28
W O 753
.
P . T e b t . 1019
.
29
W O 1161
P . T e b t . 1075
• .
3o 125 40
W O 1231 W O 1233 W O 1255
.
5o 70
W O 1350
.
W O I 3 5 I
.
W O 1354
P . T e b t . 1077 P . T e b t . 1084, Col. I I S B 1093
.
.
. .
.
S B 4632
.
.
.
.
• .
S B 4633
.
.
.
.
•
S B 6709
.
.
.
.
7i 1
S B 6710
.
.
.
.
6
WO 1 3 5 9 W O 1504
.
.
.
.
.
89
.
• .
93 122
.
.
109
.
.
107
.
90
•
85
.
• .
52 60
•
.
68
• .
53 87
•
•
.
S B 6719
.
.
.
.
5
W O 1505
.
S B 6790
.
.
.
.
4
W O 1507
.
•
55
S B 6796
.
.
.
.
7 9a
W O 1508
.
57 108
S B 6991
.
.
.
.
S B 7419
.
.
.
.
S B 7610
.
.
.
.
Schiirer iii, p p . 4 5 - 4 6
.
SP31
.
.
.
.
S P 209
.
.
.
.
• .
137 136
•
47 1
•
137
.
W O 1510
.
• .
WOI5II
.
.
91
WOI5I3
.
.
101
.
102
• .
65 no
W O I 5 I 4
.
WOI5I6
.
W O 1536
.
.
No,.
No. 1
S B 6709. P C Z 59003. S P 31
7
2a
P C Z 59004
8
P . Mich. Z e n . 30
2b
P C Z 59005
ga
S B 6991. P C Z 59241
2c
PCZ 59802
2d
P . L o n d . i n v . 2358(A)
.
gb
S B 6796. P . Cornell 1
P C Z 59292,1. 6 1 1
10
P C Z 59762 P C Z 59710
2
P . Col. Z e n . 2
11
3
P . l a n d . inv. 4 1 3 verso
12
P C Z 59509
4
S B 6790. P C Z 59076
13
P C Z 59377
5
S B 6 7 1 9 . P C Z 59075
14
P S I 3 9 3 + P S I v i , p . xiii
6
S B 6 7 1 0 . P C Z 59018
15
P C Z 59367, Col. I I
.
I N D E X
OF
No. 16 i7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3i 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4i 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
SOURCES
No. PCZ 59618 P . L o n d . i n v . 2378, fr. 1, verso P . H i b . 96 P . Petrie iii 21 (g). M. Chr. 2 1 . P . Gurob 2. S P 256 P . T e b t . 8 1 5 , fr. 2, recto P . Gurob 8. S P 334 P . T e b t . 820 P . T e b t . 817 P . T e b t . 818 B G U 1272 P . Freib. 12 b . P . H a u n . 11 P . T e b t . 882 P . T e b t . 1019 P . T e b t . 1075 P . T e b t . 79 P . Gurob 26 P . Petr. i, p . 43. W . Chr. 55 P . Petr. iii. 59^ P . Lille I , 5 W . Chr. 198 P . Magd. 3. P . Lille I I , 3. P . E n t . 59 P. Ent. 2 P . Gurob 22 P . T e b t . 1084, Col. I I P . T e b t . 863, fr. 1 P . L o n d o n I I , p . 10, n o . 402 P . R y l . 578 P . R y l . 72 P . T e b t . 90 B G U 1282 Schurer iii, p p . 45-46 0 . B o d l . 46 0 . Strassb. 10 S B 1093. 0 . B o d l . 49. S P 376 0 . B o d l . 53 W O 1351 W O 1504 W O 335 W O 1507 0 . B o d l . 54 W O 1508 0 . B o d l . 55 0 . Bodl. 56 W O 1354 W O 337 W O 339 W O 340 0 . B o d l . 60 W O 1516 W O 334 0 . B o d l . 64 W O 1359 0 . B o d l . 103
70
S B 4632. B G U 1340
7i 72
S B 4633. B G U 1341 B G U 1339 0 . Bodl. 153 0 . B o d l . 156 W O 721 0 . Petrie 50 0 . B o d l . 158 0 . B o d l . 163 0 . Bodl. 164 0 . Cambr. 10 W O 723 0 . Bodl. 160 0 . Cambr. 137 W O 724 W O 1350 0 . B o d l . 162 W O 1505 W O 728 W O 729 W O 1255 WO 1511 0 . Petrie 43 W O 753 W O 718 B G U 1436
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 9i 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 i°5
106 107 108 109 no in 112 "3 114 "5 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
B G U 1443 0 . B o d l . 230 0 . Bodl. 232 0 . B o d l . 234 0 . B o d l . 233 WO 1513 WO 1514 0 . Strassb. 326 0 . A s h m . Mus. 2 0 . Bodl. 118 0 . W i l b . Brkl. 3 W O 1233 W O 1510 W O 1231 W O 1536 O E 367 0 . B o d l . 340 0 . B o d l . 285 0 . B o d l . 301 0 . Strassb. 590 B G U 1474 0 . B o d l . 300 0 . B o d l . 252 0 . Bodl. 40 0 . B o d l . 299 0 . A s h m . Mus. 12 WO 1161 0 . Strassb. 519 0 . B o d l . 325
INDEX
294
OF
No. 125 126 127a 127& 127c 127c? 127c 128 129 130 131
SOURCES No.
P. P. P. P. P. P.
T e b t . 1077 Petrie iii. 7 Mich. Zen. 55 E n t . 19 Gradenwitz 2 Tebt. 815, Col. I I , fr. 3, recto, 11. 1-3
P. Hib.
P. P. P. P.
90,11.
1-4
E n t . 23 Magd. 35. W . Chr. 56. P . E n t . 30 T e b t . 793, Col. I I , fr. 1, recto T e b t . 730. S P 335
132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
P . Par. 63, i - v i i . P . Petrie iii, p p . 15 sqq. UPZ n o P . T e b t . 800 P . T e b t . 86 (11. 14-31) P . Grenf. i. 4 3 + i b i d . ii, p . 216. W . Chr. 57 S B 7610 S B 7419. B G U 1730. S P 209 P. R y l . 59° O E 368 O E 371 P I F A O 104 (unpublished)
